DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

BlCHENO BOTTISHAM

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

EDITED P,Y

LESLIE STEPHEN

VOL. V.

BlCHENO BOTTISHAM

MACMILLAN AND CO,

LONDON: SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1886

.^ VL1 •. .

18

v.S

LIST OF WBITEES

IN THE FIFTH VOLUME.

A. J. A. .

T. A. A. . .

J. A

W. E. A. A.
G. F. E. B.

R. B

G. T. B.
A. S. B-L. .
W. G-. B. . .
G-. C. B.
H. B-R. . . ,

H. B

R. H. B. . ,
A. R. B. . ,
A. H. B. .
H. M. C. . .
A. M. C. . ,

T. C

C. H. C. . .
W. P. C. . ,
M. C. . . . .

A. D

R. K. D. . .
T. F. T. D.,
J. W. E. .

F. E. . . .
L. F. . . .
C. H. F. .
F. J. F. .
J. G. . . .
R. CK . . .
J. W.-G. .
J. T. G.

SIR ALEXANDER JOHN ARBUTHNOT,

K.C.S.I.
T. A. ARCHER.
JOHN ASHTON.
W, E. A. AXON.
G. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
G. T. BETTANY.

A. S. BlCKNELL.

THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D.
G. C. BOASE.

HORATIUS BONAR.

HENRY BRADLEY.

R. H. BRODIE.

THE REV. A. R. BUCKLAND.

A. H. BULLEN.

H. MANNERS CHICHESTER.

Miss A. M. CLERKE.

THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A..

C. H. COOTE.

W. P. COURTNEY.

THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.

AUSTIN DOBSON.

PROFESSOR R. K. DOUGLAS.

THE REV. T. F. THISELTON DYER.

THE REV. J. W. EBSWORTH,

F.S.A.

FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
Louis FAG AN.
C. H. FIRTH.
F. J. FURNIVALL, PH.D.
JAMES GAIRDNER.
RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
JOHN WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D.
J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.

A. G-T. .
G. G. . .
A. G. . .
E. G. . .
A. H. G.
R. E. G.
A. B. G.
N. G. . .

A. E. H.
J. A. H.
R. H. . .
T. F. H.
W. H-H.
J. H. . '.
R. H-T. .
W. H. . .

B. D. J.
A. J. . .

C. K. . .
J. K. . .
J. K. L.
S. L. L.
G. P. M.
M. M. .
W. D. M.
C. T. M.
J. M. . .
A. M. . .
C. M. . .
N. M. . . ,
J. H. 0.
J. F. P. ,
R. L. P.
S. L.-P. .
E. R. .

. MRS. ANNE GILCHRIST.
, . GORDON GOODWIN.

. THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.

. EDMUND GOSSE.

. A. H. GRANT.

. R. E. GRAVES.

. THE REV. A. B. GROSART, LL.D.

. NEWCOMEN GROVES.

. A. EGMONT HAKE.

. J. A. HAMILTON.

. ROBERT HARRISON.

. T. F. HENDERSON.

. WALTER HEPWORTH.

. Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS.

. ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S.

. THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.

. B. D. JACKSON.*

. THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D.

. CHARLES KENT.

. JOSEPH KNIGHT.

. PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON.

. S. L. LEE.

. G. P. MACDONELL.

. -3SNEAS MACKAY.
, . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.

. C. TRICE MARTIN.

. JAMES MEW.

. ARTHUR MILLER.

. COSMO MONKHOUSK

. NORMAN MOORE, M.D.

. THE REV. CANON OVERTON.
. J. F. PAYNE, M.D.

. R. L. POOLE.

. STANLEY LANE«POOLE.

. ERNEST RADFORD.

VI

List of Writers.

J. M. E. . . J. M. RIGG.

C. J. R. . . THE REV. C. J. ROBINSON.

J. H. R. . . J. H. ROUND.

W. R WALTER RYE.

E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH.
B. C. S. . . . B. C. SKOTTOWE.
G. B. S. . . G. BAENETT SMITH.
W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE.

L. S LESLIE STEPHEN.

H. M. S. . . H. MOESE STEPHENS.

W. R. W. S. THE REV. CANON STEPHENS.

C. W. S. . . C. W. BUTTON.

E. M. T. . . E. MATJNDE THOMPSON.

J. H. T. . . J. H. THORPE.

T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.

W. H. T. . . W. H. TREGELLAS.

E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES.

J. V JOHN VENN.

F. W-T. . . . FRANCIS WATT.

T. W-R. . . . THOMAS WHITTAKER.
H. T. W. . . H. TRUEMAN WOOD.
W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH.

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

Bicheno

Bicheno

BICHENO, JAMES EBENEZER (1785-

1851), colonial secretary in Van Diemen's
Land, and a writer on economic and scientific
subjects, was the son of the Rev. James
Bicheno, a dissenting minister and school-
master at Newbury, Berkshire, who died
9 April 1831, and was the author of ' Friendly
Address to the Jews ' (1787) ; ' Signs of the
Times ' (1 792-4) ; < A Word in Season ' (1795) ;
and other politico-theological works. James
Ebenezer was born in 1785. He spent the
first part of his life at Newbury, and there
wrote i An Inquiry into the Nature of Be-
nevolence, chiefly with a view to elucidate
the Principles of the Poor Laws ' (London,
1817 ; republished in an extended form,
and under the title of ' An Inquiry into the
Poor Laws/ London, 1824). This was an
attack on the system of poor-law admini-
stration then prevailing in England. The
relief afforded by it, he said, ' multiplied in-
stead of mitigating distress.' He gave an
historical sketch of poor-law legislation, and
argued in favour of a gradual change to a
method of dealing with pauperism such as is
now in force. He married a Miss Lloyd in
1821, but lost his wife within a year. He
was called to the bar by the Middle Temple
17 May 1822.

Whilst still a student he published a work
on the ' Philosophy of Criminal Jurispru-
dence ' (London, 1819), in which, after point-
ing out that to defend society and improve
the wretched are ' the only proper ends of
punishment which reason and virtue sanction/
he urged that the penalties of the then cri-
minal code were too severe. He proposed
that the punishment of death should be re-
stricted to a few cases, that whipping should
be abolished, and that we should not ' burden
the colonies with the refuse of our prisons.'

Although Bicheno, after his call to the bar,

VOL, v.

joined the Oxford circuit, he did not engage
seriously in the practice of his profession, but
devoted himself to economic and scientific
studies. He could the more easily do this,
as his father was a man of some property, and
he was his only surviving son and heir. He
was a member of the chief English learned
societies, and in 1824 he was appointed
secretary to the Linnean Society. He con-
tributed to their Transactions as well as to
those of other societies, and assisted in the
publication of several works, of which Jardine
and Selby's ' Illustrations of Ornithology '
(Edinburgh, 1830 ?) may be mentioned.

Bicheno engaged for some time in mining
speculations in Wales, and the better to ma-
nage them he resided at Tymaen, near Pyle,
in Glamorganshire, and here he filled several
local offices. He was obliged finally to with-
draw, with some loss, from this undertaking.
In 1829 he made, in company with Mr. Fre-
derick Page, a deputy-lieutenant of Berkshire
and bencher of the Middle Temple, a very
extensive tour through Ireland. This re-
sulted in the publication of ' Ireland and
its Economy ' (London, 1830), in which he
records his impressions of 'this land of strange
anomalies/ as he calls it. The work is valu-
able as a fair account of the state of Ireland
at the time.

In 1833 a commission, under the chairman-
ship of Archbishop Whately, was appointed to
investigate the condition of the poor in Ire-
land. Bicheno was afterwards nominated a
member, and he signed its second and third
reports. To the last of these, presented in
1836, he appended some remarks of his
own, in which he discussed the social condi-
tion of Ireland at considerable length. In
his opinion, after all that could be done for
that country, ' her real improvement must
spring from herself, her own inhabitants, and

B

Bickerstaff

Bickerstaffe

her own indigenous institutions, irrespective
of legislation and of English interference/

In September 1842 he was appointed colo-
nial secretary in Van Diemen's Land, and
shortly after proceeded to that country, where j
he fulfilled the duties of his office to the satis-
faction alike of the colonists and of the home
government. He was one of the founders, i
a vice-president, and member of council of ;
the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land,
and a contributor to its papers. He died at
Hobart Town, after a short illness, 25 Feb. i
1851.

Bicheno's scientific writings took usually [
the form of papers contributed to the publi-
cations of the various learned bodies with
which he was connected. He was elected
fellow of the Linnean Society 7 April 1812,
and was secretary from 1825 to 1832. His
herbarium is in the public museum at Swan- |
sea. His papers were : ' Observations on the j
Orchis militaris of Linnaeus' (Linn. Soc.
Trans, xii., 1818) ; ' Observations on the Lin-
nean Genus Juncus ' (Linn. Soc. Trans, xii.,
1818) ; < On Systems and Methods in Natural j
History ' (Linn. Soc. Trans, xv., 1827 ; ' Philo-
sophical Mag.' iii., 1828) ; < On the Plant in- ,
tended by the Shamrock of Ireland ' (Royal \
Inst. Journ. i., 1831) ; ' On the Potato in :
connexion with Distress in Ireland ' (Van
Diemen's Land Royal Soc. Papers, i., 1851) ;
and (to the same volume) ' On a Specimen
of Pristis cirrhatus.'

[G-ent. Mag. vol. xxxvi., new series ; Annual Re-
gister for 1851 ; Nicholls's History of the Irish
Poor Law (London, 1856) ; Report of the Royal |
Society of Van Diemen's Land for 1851 (Hobart
Town, 1852).] F. W-T.

BICKERSTAFF, WILLIAM (1728- j
1789), antiquary, was born at Leicester j
17 July 1728, where he was appointed under- j
master of the Lower Free Grammar School j
30 Jan. 1749-50. He took orders in December |
1770, being successively curate at most of J
the churches at Leicester, and also at Great
"Wigston and Ayleston, two villages in the
neighbourhood. He died suddenly at his
lodgings in Leicester on 26 Jan. 1789. He
possessed good classical attainments, and had
a wide knowledge of antiquarian and histori-
cal subjects, being a frequent contributor to
the ' Gentleman's Magazine.' From a corre-
spondence published in that periodical after
his death it appears that he was in straitened
circumstances throughout the greater part of
his career, receiving a salary of only 19/. 16s.
for his services at the Leicester grammar
school. At fifty-eight years of age he speaks
of himself as ' a poor curate, unsupported by
private property.' Among his antiquarian re-

searches may be noticed several valuable com-
munications, which Mr. Nichols embodied in
his ' History of Leicester.'

[Gent. Mag. 1789, lix. 181,203-5; Bibliotheca
Topographica Britannica, 1790, viii. 1371.]

T. F. T. D.

BICKERSTAFFE, ISAAC (d. 1812?),
dramatic writer, was born in Ireland about
1735. At the age of eleven he was ap-
pointed one of the pages to Lord Chester-
field, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland. His
earliest production was ' Leucothoe,' a tragic
opera, printed in 1756, but never acted. In
1762 his comic opera, ( Love in a Village,'
was acted with great applause at Covent
Garden. For the plot the author was in-
debted to Charles Johnson's l Village Opera,'
Wycherley's ' Gentleman Dancing-Master,'
and Marivaux's ' Jeu de 1' Amour et du Hazard.'
The piece was printed in 1763, and has been
included in Bell's * British Theatre ' and other
collections. In 1765 was published the
1 Maid of the Mill,' founded on Richardson's
'* Pamela.' It met with much success, and
as an after-piece continued to be acted with
applause for many years. Between 1760
and 1771 BickerstaiFe produced a score of
pieces for the stage. Mrs. Inchbald con-
sidered him second only to Gay as a farce
writer. His songs are written with some
gusto, and the dialogue is often sparkling.
While he was engaged in writing for the
stage, Bickerstaffe enjoyed the society of the
most famous men of his time. On 16 Oct.
1769, as recorded by Boswell, he was one of
a company that dined in Boswell's rooms in
Old Bond Street. The others were Dr.
Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Goldsmith,
Garrick, and Murphy. From an honourable
position he afterwards sank into the deepest
ignominy. He had been an officer in the
marines, but was dismissed from the service
under discreditable circumstances. In 1772,
being suspected of a capital crime, he fled
abroad. For a time he was living at St.
Malo under an assumed name ; and from
that place he wrote in French a piteous
letter to Garrick, dated 24 June 1772, in
which he says : * Ayant perdu mes amis, mes
esp6rances, tomb6, exile et livre au desespoir
comme je suis, la vie est un fardeau presque
insupportable; j'etois loin de soupconner
que la derniere ibis que j'entrais dans votre
librairie, serait la derniere fois quej'yentrerais
de ma vie, et que je ne reverrais plus le
maitre.' The letter is endorsed by Garrick,
'From that poor wretch Bickerstaffe. I
could not answer it.' In 1805 the author of
the ' Thespian Dictionary ' speaks of Bicker-
staffe as then living abroad ; and in 1812, if

Bickersteth

Bickersteth

the statement of Stephen Jones in the ' Bio-
graphia Dramatica ' is to be trusted, he was
still dragging out his life (after forty years'
exile), ' poor and despised of all orders of
people.' What became of him afterwards is !
unknown. In 1812 he was an old man of j
seventy-seven years. Shortly after his flight j
in 1772 the malignant Dr. Kenrick published '
anonymously a venomous satire, ' Love in |
the Suds, a Town Eclogue ; being the lamen- I
tation of Roscius for the loss of his Nyky/
fol., in which he did not scruple to -make the
grossest charges against Garrick. Doubtless !
Garrick had rejected some play offered by
Kenrick, and the latter avenged himself by
penning his abominable libel. A full account
of Bickerstaffe's dramatic productions is given j
in 'Biographia Dramatica,' 1812. A copy,
preserved in the British Museum, of a tract j
entitled ' The Life and Strange Unparallel'd •
and Unheard-of Voyages and Adventures of j
Ambrose Gwinet. . . . Written by Himself,'
8vo, 1770, has the following manuscript note
by a former owner : ' Dr. Percy told me that
he had heard that this pamphlet was a mere
fiction, written by Mr. Bickerstaffe, the dra-
matic poet.'

[Thespian Dictionary, 1805 ; Biographia Dra-
matica, ed. Stephen Jones, 1812; Private Cor-
respondence of David Garrick, 1831, i. 266-7,
273-5, 277, 417-18 ; Preface to the Maid of the
Mill, invol.viii. of Bell's British Theatre, 1797.]

A. H. B.

BICKERSTETH, EDWARD (1786-
1850), evangelical divine, was the fourth son
of Henry Bickersteth, surgeon, of Kirkby
Lonsdale, Westmoreland, author of * Medical
Hints for the Use of Clergymen ' (London,
1829), and Elizabeth, daughter of John Batty.
His third eldest brother was Henry, Lord
Langdale [see BICKEKSTETH, HENKY], master
of the rolls. After a few years at Kirkby
Lonsdale grammar school he received at the
age of fourteen an appointment in the General
Post Office, and left his father's house to live
in London. In 1803 he joined the Blooms-
bury Volunteer Association. Becomingweary
of the monotonous nature of his employment
and the slender prospect of advancement, he j
engaged himself in 1806 to work in a solicitor s
office, after his regular work for the day was
done. His employer, Mr. Bleasdale, was struck
by his industry, and the next year took him j
as an articled clerk on advantageous terms. [
In 1805 he was under strong religious impres-
sions. He laid down exact rules for his con- |
duct, and kept a weekly diary in which he I
noted any failure in his observance of them.
These impressions increased in strength, and
in 1808 his correspondence was almost wholly

on spiritual matters, and his diary was filled
with religious meditations. At the same time
he was diligent at the office, working from

9 a.m. till 9 p.m., and doing, his employer said,
' the work of three or four clerks.' With this
work, however, he now combined an active
part in the administration of the Widows'
Friend and the Spitalfields Benevolent So-
cieties. In 1812 he left Mr. Bleasdale's
office, married Sarah, the daughter of Thomas
Bignold, and entered into partnership with
his brother-in-law, a solicitor at Norwich.
During his residence at Norwich he took
an active part in religious matters. At
this time also he wrote his ' Help to Study-
ing the Scriptures,' which passed through
twenty-one editions. In 1815 he gave up
the practice of law, was ordained deacon

10 Dec., and as he engaged himself to go out
to Africa at once in the service of the Church
Missionary Society, he received priest's orders
21 Dec. The object of his mission was to
inspect and report on the work of the society
in Africa, and on certain disputes between the
missionaries. Leaving Portsmouth 24 Jan.
1816, he arrived at Sierra Leone on 7 March.
He returned home by Barbadoes, and arrived
in England 17 Aug. An account of his work
in Africa will be found in the Church Mis-
sionary Society's sixteenth annual report.
Immediately on his return he was engaged
as one of the society's secretaries. During
the next fourteen years he constantly travelled
from place to place as a Church Missionary
Society's ' deputation,' and on the few Sun-
days when he was at home acted as assistant
minister of Wheler Episcopal Chapel, Spital-
fields. Up to 1820 he lived in the Church
Missionary Society's house in Salisbury
Square, and in that year moved to another
house belonging to the society in Barnsbury
Park, Islington. In spite of his constant jour-
neys he wrote several religious books which
had a large sale. In 1827 he was sent to Basel
to inspect the working of the missionary insti-
tution there which was in connection with the
English Church Missionary Society. Find-
ing that his constant absence from home
hindered him from paying sufficient atten-
tion to his family, to the congregation of
Wheler Chapel, and even to his committee
work, he pressed the society not to give him
more than six Sundays' travelling in the year.
His request was refused ; he therefore gladly
accepted the rectory of Watton, Hertford-
shire, offered him by Mr. Abel Smith, and
moved thither in November 1830.

Although Bickersteth resigned his secre-
taryship on accepting the living of Watton,
he continued all through his life to travel
for the Church Missionary Society. He also

Bickersteth

Bickersteth

frequently acted as ' a deputation ' for the
Society for the Conversion of the Jews, and
for other religious associations. In 1832 he I
was much engaged in editing the ' Christian's i
Family Library,' a series of republications of }
various theological works. He was a strong ]
protestant and ' Millenarian.' He opposed j
the action of the Bible Society in admitting j
Unitarian ministers to a share in its manage- i
ment. While, however, he upheld the Trini- i
tarian Bible Society which was established
at this crisis, he did not separate himself
from the older association. About this time
Bickersteth compiled his ' Christian Psalm- .
ody,' a collection of over 700 hymns, to which !
he subsequently added about 200 more. This
collection met with great popularity, and in !
about seven years after its first appearance j
reached its fifty-ninth edition. It long con- ;
tinued the most popular hymn-book of the j
evangelical party, and forms the basis of a |
collection compiled by Bickersteth's son, the
Rev. E. H. Bickersteth, entitled the 'Hymnal
Companion to the Book of Common Prayer.' i
In order to counteract the tendency of the i
' Tracts for the Times,' Bickersteth, in 1836, |
edited the ' Testimony of the Reformers/ j
In the introduction to this work, afterwards '
republished in a separate form under the title
of the ' Progress of Popery,' he made some \
strictures on the character of the publications j
of the Society for the Propagation of Christian !
Knowledge, which led some of the evangelical
party to withdraw their support from the
society, and caused considerable discussion in
the religious world. With the same object
he took part in 1840 in the formation of the
Parker Society for republishing the works
of the English reformers. An attack of pa-
ralysis in the next year incapacitated him
for some months. He was active in promot-
ing the ' Protest against Tractarianism ' of
1843, and in forwarding the formation of the !
Evangelical Alliance. In October 1845 he
took a prominent part in the meeting held at
Liverpool to settle the basis of the Alliance,
and the next year answered the attack made
on the meeting by the ' Christian Observer.'
A severe accident befell him in February
1846. While on his way to an Alliance
meeting, he was thrown out of his carriage
and run over, the cart which passed over
him, oddly enough, being engaged in hauling •
materials for the erection of a Roman catholic i
church. For a while his life was despaired |
of, and for two months he was unable to leave i
his room. The Maynooth grant strongly ex-
cited his indignation, and in 1847 he inte-
rested himself in the 'Special Appeal for
Ireland' which the next year led to the
establishment of the Irish Church Missions

Society. He took part in the foundation of
this society, and visited Ireland in order to
promote it. Early in 1850 Bickersteth again
suffered from paralysis, and died on 28 Feb.
He left one son, Rev. E. H. Bickersteth, at
present (1885) vicar of Christ Church, Hamp-
stead (the author of ' Yesterday, To-day, and
Forever,' a poem, and other works), and five
daughters, of whom the eldest married Rev.
T. R. Birks [q. v.], the author, among other
books, of the life of his father-in-law. Bicker-
steth's works are numerous. A collective
edition of the more important of them was
published (London, 1853) in 16 vols. 8vo,
including ' A Scripture Help,' 21st edition ;
'A Treatise on Prayer,' 18th edition; 'A
Treatise on the Lord's Supper,' 13th edition ;
' The Christian Hearer/ 5th edition ; ' The
Christian Student,' 2 vols., 5th edition; 'The
Chief Concerns of Man/ a volume of sermons -r
1 A Guide to the Prophecies, embodying Prac-
tical Remarks 011 Prophecy/ also published
separately, 8th edition; 'Christian Truth/
4th edition ; ' On Baptism/ 3rd edition ; ' Re-
storation of the Jews/ 3rd edition ; ' Family
Prayers/ 18th thousand ; ' The Promised
Glory of the Church/ 3rd edition ; ' Divine
Warning/ 5th edition; ' Family Expositions,1"
2nd edition ; ' Signs of the Times in the
East/ 2nd edition. To these must be added
the 'Christian Psalmody/ 1833 ; a 'Harmony
of the Gospels/ 1833; 'Domestic Portraiture/
1833; 'The Testimony of the Reformers/
including the ' Progress of Popery/ also pub-
lished separately, 1836 ; ' Letters on Christian
Union/ 1845 ; ' Destruction of Babylon/ &c.,
1848 ; ' Defence of Baptismal Services/ 1850 ;•
together with much editorial work, prefaces,
and introductions, as well as a large number
of small publications, sermons, tracts, &c.

[Birks's Memoir of Rev. E. Bickersteth, 2 vols.
8vo; Memoir by Sir C. E. Eardley, Bart., 16mo,
reprinted from Evangelical Christendom ; Record
newspaper, 1845-50; Christian Observer, 1846 T

W.H.

BICKERSTETH, HENRY, BAKON LANG-
DALE (1783-1851), master of the rolls, was
born at Kirkby Lonsdale on 18 June 1783,
and was the third son of Henry Bicker-
steth, and brother of Edward Bickersteth
[q. v.] After receiving an education at the
grammar school of his native place, he was;
apprenticed to his father in 1797, and in
the following year was sent up to London
further to qualify himself for the medical
profession under the guidance of his mater-
nal uncle, Dr. Robert Batty [q. v.] By the
advice of this uncle, in Octdbe'r 1801, he went
to Edinburgh to pursue his medical studies,
and in the following year was called home-

Bickersteth

Bickersteth

to take his father's practice in his temporary
absence. Disliking the idea of settling down
in the country as a general practitioner,
young Bickersteth determined to become a
London physician. With a view to obtaining
.a medical degree, on 22 June 1802 his name !
was entered in the books of Caius College,
Cambridge, and, on 27 Oct. in the same year,
he was elected a scholar on the Hewitt
foundation. Owing to his intense applica-
tion to work, his health broke down after his
first term. A change of scene being deemed
necessary to insure his recovery, he obtained,
through Dr. Batty, the post of medical at-
tendant to Edward, fifth earl of Oxford, who
was then on a tour in Italy. After his return
from the continent he continued with the
Earl of Oxford until 1805, when he returned
to Cambridge. At this time he had a great
wish to enter the army, but gave it up in
deference to his parents' disapproval.

After three years of indefatigable industry
he became the senior wrangler, and senior '
Smith's mathematical prizeman of his year
(1808), Miles Bland, the mathematical writer, '
Blomfield, bishop of London, and Adam j
Sedgwick, the geologist, being amongst his :
most distinguished competitors. Having j
taken his degree, he was immediately elected |
-a fellow of his college, and thereupon made
up his mind to enter the profession of the |
law. On 8 April 1808 he was admitted to
the Inner Temple as a student, and, in the
beginning of 1810, became a pupil of John
Bell [q. v.], an eminent chancery counsel.
He was called to the bar on 22 Nov. 1811,
and in the same year took his degree of M.A.

At first his professional progress was so
slow that he seems to have doubted whether
he ought to have occasioned his father any
further expense by continuing at the bar.
In 1819 he was offered a seat in parliament,
through the Hon. Douglas Kinnaird, but this
he refused, and he never sat in the House of
Commons. His business and reputation so
much advanced, however, that, in August
1824, he was examined before the commission
appointed to inquire into the procedure of
the court of chancery. His examination
lasted four days, and the evidence which he
gave showed the thorough grasp which he
had of the subject, and the necessity of the
reforms which he advocated. In May 1827
he was appointed a king's counsel, and thence-
forth confined his practice wholly to the
court of Sir John Leach, master of the rolls,
where he shared the lead of the court with
Mr. Pemberton Leigh for many years. He
was called to the bench of his inn on 22 June
1827. In 1831 he declined the newly created
office of chief judge in bankruptcy, in Febru- i

ary 1834 that of baron of the exchequer, and
in September of the same year the post of soli-
citor-general. On 16 Jan. 1836 he was sworn
a member of the privy council, and on the
19th of that month was appointed master of
the rolls in the place of Pepys, who had been
made lord chancellor. By letters patent,
dated 23 Jan. 1836, he was created Baron
Langdale of Langdale in the county of
"Westmoreland. It was not without a con-
siderable struggle that he consented to take
a peerage, and at length only withdrew his
objections on the conditions that he might
have entire political independence and be
allowed to devote himself to law reform.
During the fifteen years that he held the
post of master of the rolls his judicial cha-
racter stood deservedly high. Eminently
patient in listening to argument, and pains-
taking in getting hold of the whole facts of
the case, he has rarely been surpassed on the
bench in impartiality, sound reasoning, or
clearness of language. The appeals against
his decisions were few and rarely successful.
The reports of his more important judgments
in the rolls court will be found in Beavan,
vols. i. to xiii. The earliest of his decisions is
the case of ' Tullett v. Armstrong,' so familiar
to lawyers as a leading case on the law of
married women's property, a subject about
which he was always especially vigilant. By
far the best known of his judgments, however,
is that which he drew up and delivered in
* Gorham v. the Bishop of Exeter/ which came
before the judicial committee of the privy
council on appeal from the dean of arches.
As keeper of the rolls he gained the name of
the ' father of record reform.' It was through
his unremitting perseverance that the go-
vernment at last consented to provide an
adequate repository for the national records.
In the House of Lords he abstained from
party controversy as being inconsistent with
his judicial office, and devoted his time there
to the prosecution of legal reforms. He con-
ducted the act for the amendment of wills
through the house, and was the principal
author of the acts for abolishing the six
clerks' office and for amending the law in
relation to attorneys and solicitors. His
speech on the second reading of the bill for
the better administration of justice in the
High Court of Chancery, which he delivered
on 13 June 1836, was published as a pam-
phlet. His labours, however, as a reformer
of the court of chancery fell far short of his
intentions, for his time was fully occupied by
his judicial and other numerous duties. He
also gave unremitting attention to his duties
as trustee of the British Museum and as head
of the registration and conveyancing commis-

Bickersteth

Bickerton

sion which was issued 18 Feb. 1847. During
the illness of Lord Cottenham in 1850 he
undertook the duties of speaker of the House
of Lords. Under the strain of this incessant
labour his health gave way, and, in May 1850,
when he was offered the post of lord chan-
cellor by Lord John Russell, he felt obliged
to decline it. He, however, consented to
act as the head of a commission until a lord
chancellor was appointed and the seal was
delivered to him, Sir Lancelot Shadwell, the
vice-chancellor of England, and Baron Rolfe,
on 19 June 1850. This additional work over-
taxed his failing health, and on 28 March
1851 he resigned the office of master of the
rolls. Three weeks afterwards, on 18 April,
he died at Tunbridge AVells, whither he had
been ordered by the doctors, and on the 24th
was buried in the Temple Church, close to the
last resting-place of Sir William Follett.

He was a man of most admirable character,
both in private and public life, of high prin-
ciple, great integrity, and of wonderful in-
dustry. In politics he was throughout his
life devoted to the cause of liberal opinions,
and in his early life was the friend of Sir
Francis Burdett and Jeremy Bentham, a
circumstance which somewhat retarded his
career at the bar. He married Lady Jane
Elizabeth Harley, the eldest daughter of his
friend and patron the Earl of Oxford, on
17 Aug. 1835, and by her had an only
daughter, Jane Frances, who married Alex-
ander, Count Teleki, and died on 3 May
1870. In default of male issue the barony
became extinct on Lord Langdale's death.
His wife survived him, and upon the death
of her brother Alfred, the sixth and last earl
of Oxford, resumed her maiden name as the
heiress of the Oxford family. She died on
1 Sept. 1872.

[Hardy's Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852);
Foss's Judges (1864), ix. 136-46 ; Annual Ee-
gister, 1851, appendix, pp. 280-1; Gent. Mag.
1851, xxxv. N.S. 661-3; Law Magazine, xlv.
O.S. 283-93 ; Law Eeview, xiv. 434-6 ; Legal
Observer, xlii. 436-7 ; Law Times, xvii. 59, 60 ;
Campbell's Lord Chancellors, viii. passim ; Edin-
burgh Review, Ixxxv. 476-90 ; Quarterly Eeview,
xci. 461-503.] G. F. E. B.

BICKERSTETH,ROBERT(1816-1884),
bishop of Ripon, the fourth son of the Rev.
John Bickersteth, rector of Sapcote, Leices-
tershire, and Henrietta, daughter of Mr. G.
Lang, was born at Acton, Suffolk. His father
was brother of Edward Bickersteth [q. v.l
After some medical training, he entered
Queens' College, Cambridge, and graduated
as a junior optime in 1841. He was ordained
the same year to the curacy of Sapcote, where
he remained until 1843. The next year he

was appointed curate of St. Giles's, Reading,
and the year after of Holy Trinity, Clapham.
In 1845 he was appointed to the incumbency
of St. John's, Clapham, which he held for six
years. During this period he attained conside-
rable popularity as an evangelical preacher.
In 1846 he married Elizabeth, daughter of
Mr. J. Garde of Cork. On the death of his
uncle, the Rev. Edward Bickersteth of Wat-
ton [q. v.], in 1850, he took up his work as
an hon. secretary of the Irish Church Mis-
sions. He left Clapham for the living of St.
Giles's-in-the-Fields, where he had a large
congregation. In 1854 he was appointed
canon residentiary and treasurer of the cathe-
dral church of Salisbury. On the translation
of Bishop Longley to the see of Durham in
1856 Bickersteth succeeded to the bishopric
of Ripon, and was consecrated 18 June 1857.
The bishop was a liberal in politics. He occa-
sionally took part in the debates in the House
of Lords. He opposed the disestablishment
of the Irish church, and on 17 June 1869
spoke with considerable ability against the
bill. He strongly advocated the legalisa-
tion of marriage with a deceased wife's sis-
ter. As long as his health allowed he was
active in the discharge of his official duties.
During his episcopate he consecrated 155
churches. The restoration of his cathedral
church was begun in June 1862, and carried
out at the cost of 40,0007. He preached con-
stantly in different parts of his diocese, some-
times as often as three times in a single Sun-
day. Although he was not a total abstainer,
he was zealous in promoting temperance. He
was regarded as one of the leaders of the
evangelical school, and was strongly opposed
to the introduction of any ceremonies or doc-
trines not strictly in accord with the opinions
of his party. At the same time his long epi-
scopate seems to have been free from all ac-
tions at law on matters of ritual. During the
last two years of his life he was disabled by
sickness from active work, and some news-
paper attacks were made on him for not re-
signing his see. As, however, eminent phy-
sicians assured him that he might hope to be
restored to health, he did not see fit to resign.
He died at his palace at Ripon 15 April 1884,
leaving four sons and one daughter. Bishop
Bickersteth published his speech on the Irish
Church Disestablishment Bill, London, 1869,
and several charges, sermons, lectures, tracts,
and prefaces to books.

[Record, 18 April 1884; Leeds Mercury,
16 April 1884; Guardian, May 1883; private
information.] W. H.

BICKERTOlSr, SIR RICHARD (1727-
1792), vice-admiral, son of a captain in the

Bickerton

Bickerton

4th dragoon guards, entered the navy in 1739,
on the outbreak of the war with Spain. In
the following year he was appointed to the
Suffolk, of 70 guns, with Captain Davers,
and sailed in her to the West Indies, to form
part of the expedition against Cartagena in
the spring of 1741. After more than two
years in the Suffolk he was for a few months
in the Stirling Castle in the Mediterranean;
he was then appointed to the Channel station,
with Sir Charles Hardy or Sir John Norris, in
the St. George, Duke, and Victory. Fortu-
nately for himself [see BALCHEN, Sir JOHN],
he was early in 1744 appointed from the Vic-
tory to the Cornwall, of 80 guns, bearing the
flag of his old captain, now Vice-admiral
Davers, who was going out as commander-
in-chief to the West Indies. Admiral Davers
promoted him to a lieutenancy on 8 Feb.
1745-6, and he continued on the same
station, in the Worcester, till the peace of
1748. In 1759 he commanded the ^Etna
fireship in the Mediterranean with Boscawen,
by whom he was advanced to post rank on
21 Aug. after the destruction of M. de la
Clue's squadron at Lagos. He was then ap-
pointed to the Glasgow frigate in the West
Indies, and in 1761 to the Lively in the
Channel. In 1767 he commanded the Re-
nown in the West Indies ; on the dispute about
the Falkland Islands in 1770 he was ap-
pointed to the Marlborough, which he com-
manded for three years, and at the naval re-
view, June 1773, steered the king's barge and
received the honour of knighthood. For the
next four years he commanded the Augusta
yacht, and, when war with France was immi-
nent in the spring of 1778, was appointed to
the Terrible, of 74 guns, which he commanded
in the battle of Ushant, 27 July. During the
shameful summer of 1779, while the com-
bined fleets of France and Spain swept the
Channel, the Terrible was one of the fleet at
Spit head under Sir Charles Hardy. In 1780
Bickerton commanded the Fortitude, of 74
guns, still in the Channel, under Admirals
Geary and Darby, and assisted in the second
relief of Gibraltar, April 1781. He was
shortly afterwards appointed to the Gibraltar,
80, as commodore of the first class ; and with
six other ships of the line and two frigates
under his orders, he sailed for the East Indies
on 6 Feb. 1782. The squadron did not j
arrive on the station till the beginning of the
following year, with many men sick of
scurvy. They were, however, able to take
part in the indecisive action oft' Cuddalore,
20 June 1783. Sir Richard returned to Eng-
land in 1784, and in 1786 was appointed
commander-in-chief at the Leeward Islands,
with his broad pennant on board the Jupiter,

from which he was superseded on his promo-
tion to flag rank 24 Sept 1787. During the
Spanish armament of 1790 he held a command
in the fleet under Lord Howe, and hoisted
his flag in the Impregnable, of 90 guns. He
became a vice-admiral on 21 September, and
the dispute with Spain being happily arranged,
he was appointed port-admiral at Plymouth,
with his flag in the St. George. He was
still holding that office when he died, of an
apoplectic fit, 25 Feb. 1792.

He was created a baronet 29 May 1778,
on the occasion of the king's visit to Ports-
mouth. At the time of his death he was
member of parliament for Rochester. He
married, in 1758, Mary Anne, daughter of
Thomas Hussey, Esq., of Wrexham, and had
issue two sons and two daughters.

[Charnock's Biog. Nav. vi. 349 ; Beatson's
Naval and Military Memoirs (under date) ;
Burke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies.]

J. K. L.

BICKERTON, SIK RICHARD HUS-
SEY (1759-1832), admiral, son of Vice-admi-
ral Sir Richard Bickerton [q. v.], entered the
navy in December 1771, on board the Marl-
borough, then commanded by his father. In
the Marlborough, and afterwards in the Au-
gusta yacht, he continued with his father till
1774, when he was appointed to the Med-
way,of 60 guns, flagship in the Mediterranean.
Two years later he was transferred to the En-
terprise frigate, and afterwards to the Invin-
cible with Captain Hyde Parker. On 16 Dec.
1777 he was made lieutenant in the Prince
George, commanded by Captain Middleton,
afterwards Lord Barham. He followed Mid-
dleton to the Jupiter, of 50 guns, where he
remained as first lieutenant with Captain Rey-
nolds, who afterwards succeeded to the com-
mand. On 20 Oct. 1778 the Jupiter, in com-
pany with the Medea frigate, fell in with the
French 64-gun ship Triton on the coast of
Portugal. A brisk action followed (BEATSON,
Nav. and Mil. Memoirs, iv. 441), in which
both ships suffered severely ; and though no
particular advantage was gained on either
side, the odds against the Jupiter were con-
sidered so great as to render her equal en-
gagement equivalent to a victory. Her
first lieutenant was accordingly promoted
20 March 1779, and appointed to the command
of the Swallow sloop. After nearly two
years' service in the Channel the Swallow
was sent out to join Sir George Rodney in
the West Indies ; and on 8 Feb. 1781 Bicker-
ton was posted into the Gibraltar. In the
action between Hood and De Grasse off
Martinique, 29 April 1781, he commanded
the Invincible, and was soon afterwards sent

Bickerton

8

Bickley

home in command of the Amazon frigate.
From 1787 to 1790 he commanded the Sibylle
frigate in the West Indies. By the death of i
his father in 1792 he succeeded to the baro-
netcy, and in 1793 commissioned the Ruby,
64, for service in the Channel. Towards the
end of 1794 he was transferred to the Ramil-
lies, in which he went to the West Indies
and Newfoundland, returning in the end of
1795 to form part of the North Sea fleet, in
1796, under Admiral Duncan, and of the
Channel fleet in 1797 under Lord Bridport.
In 1798 he commanded the Terrible, still in |
the Channel fleet, and attained the rank of j
rear-admiral 14 Feb. 1799. In the autumn |
of the same year he hoisted his flag at Ports-
mouth as assistant to the port-admiral ; in
May 1800 he was sent out to the Mediterra-
nean, and, with his flag on board the Swift-
sure, had the immediate command of the
blockade of Cadiz until joined by Lord Keith
in October. During the following year, with '•
his flag in the Kent, he was employed on the
coast of Egypt, conducting the blockade in
the absence of the commander-in-chief, and
afterwards superintending the embarkation
of the French army. For his services at this
time he was rewarded by the sultan with
the order of the Crescent, \vith the insignia
of which he was ceremoniously invested by
the capitan pasha 8 Oct. 1801. During the
short peace he remained in the Mediterranean
as commander-in-chief, and, on the renewal
of the war, as second in command under
Lord Nelson, with whom he served, during
1804 and the early months of 1805, in the
blockade of Toulon. In May, when Nelson
sailed for the West Indies, Bickerton, with
his flag in the Royal Sovereign, was left in
command (Nelson Despatches, vi. 421), but
was soon afterwards called home to take
office at the admiralty, where he continued
till 1812, when he was appointed commander-
in-chief at Portsmouth. His active service
ended shortly after the grand review in 1814,
at which he commanded in the second post
under the Duke of Clarence. He attained
the rank of vice-admiral 9 Nov. 1805, of ad-
miral 31 July 1810, was made K.C.B. 2 Jan.
1815, lieutenant-general of marines 5 Jan.
1818, and succeeded William IV as general
of marines in June 1830. In 1823 he assumed,
by royal permission, the name of Hussey
before that of Bickerton. He married, in
1788, Anne, daughter of Dr. James Athill,
of Antigua, but had no children, and on his
death, 9 Feb. 1832, the baronetcy became
extinct.

[Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. i. 125; Ealfe's
Naval Biog. ii. 277 ; Gent. Mag. cii. i. 175.1

J. K. L.

BICKHAM, GEORGE, the elder (d.
1769), writing-master and engraver, was born
about the end of the seventeenth century.
He was the most celebrated penman of his
time, and published in 1743 a folio volume
entitled ' The Universal Penman . . . ex-
emplified in all the useful and ornamental
branches of modern Penmanship, &c. ; the
whole embellished with 200 beautiful decora-
tions for the amusement of the curious.' He
also practised engraving, but his productions
in this department had little merit. He
engraved Rubens's ' Peace and War ' and
* Golden and Silver Ages ; ' ' Philosophy,' a
large plate from his own design ; a few por-
traits, including those of Sir Isaac Newton,
Bishop Blackall, Stephen Duck the poet, and
George Shelly, John Clark, and Robert More,
writing-masters ; the plates to ' British Mo-
narchy, or a new ChorogTaphical Description
of all the Dominions subject to the King of
Great Britain,' 1748; and those to 'The
Beauties of Stow,' 1753. Bickham was a
member of "the Free Society of Artists, and
exhibited with them from 1761 to 1765. His
stock-in-trade, plates, &c., were sold by auc-
tion in May 1767, and he died at Richmond
in 1769.

[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Wornum),
p. 969 ; Strutt's Biog. Diet, of Engravers (1785) ;
Brian's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers
(ed. Graves), 1885 ; Redgrave's Dictionary of
Artists (1878); MS. notes in British Museum.]

L. R

BICKHAM, GEORGE, the younger (d.
1758), engraver, son of George Bickham (d.
1769), [q. v.], was one of the earliest political
caricaturists, and executed many of the hu-
morous designs published by Messrs. Bowles.
He engraved ' A View and Representation
of the Battle of Zenta, fought 11 Sept. 1696,'
and ' The Description of the Loss of his
Majesty's Ship the Northumberland, taken
by the French, 8 May 1744 ; ' also many
head-pieces for songs, portraits of himself
and his father, and that of Serjeant Thomas
Barnardiston [q. v.] The younger Bickham
was the author of ' An Introductive Essay
on Drawing, with the Nature and Beauty of
Light and Shadows,' &c., 1747. He died in
1758.

[Strutt's Biog. Diet, of Engravers (1785);
Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists (1878); MS.
notes in British Museum.] L. F.

BICKLEY, THOMAS,D.D. (1518-1596),
bishop of Chichester, was born at Stow, in
Buckinghamshire, and began his education
as a chorister in the free school of Magdalen
College, Oxford. He afterwards became
demy, and in 1541 was elected a fellow of the

Bickley

Bicknell

college. He acquired considerable reputa-
tion as a reformer and preacher of reformed
doctrine, and soon after the accession of Ed-
ward VI was appointed one of the king's
chaplains at Windsor. It is hard, however,
to believe a story told by Fuller ( Worthies,
j). 131), that, to show his contempt for the
doctrine of transubstantiation, he on one oc-
casion broke the Host in pieces in the col-
lege chapel at evening prayers and trampled
it under his feet. Anyhow, he was too
notable a man to stay with safety in the
country during the reign of Mary, and ac-
cordingly he retired to France, where he
spent most of his time in study at Paris and
Orleans. Returning to England after the
accession of Elizabeth, he enjoyed rapid pro-
motion, being made, within ten years, chaplain
to Archbishop Parker, rector of Biddenden
in Kent, of Sutton Waldron in Dorsetshire,
archdeacon of Stafford, chancellor in Lich-
field Cathedral, and warden of Merton Col-
lege, Oxford.

He was made bishop of Chichester in 1585,
consecrated at Lambeth on 30 Jan., and
enthroned by proxy on 3 March. He was
diligent in discharging the duties of his
office, and was much respected and beloved
in the diocese. Some of the returns to
articles of inquiry made at his visitations
have been preserved amongst the episcopal
records, and supply curious information re-
specting the condition of the church at that
time. The altars had, as a rule, been moved
out from the east end, and complaints are \
numerous that ' the floor was not paved
where the altar had stode.' The walls of all ;
churches were required to be ' whyted and
beautyfied with sentences from Holy Scrip-
ture.' A quarterly sermon from the parish
parson was considered a sufficient allowance ;
but even this was not always regularly given, |
and in some parishes it is stated that there j
had not been any sermon for a year or more.
Bishop Bickley died in 1596, and was buried |
in the cathedral on 26 May, when 'his body
was accompanied to the earthe with dyverse
woorshipfull persons' (note in Heralds' Office;
KENNETT). He bequeathed 40/. to Magda-
len College, to be expended on ceiling and
paving the school, and 100/. to Merton for
the purchase of land, the revenue of which
was bestowed annually on one of the fellows
who preached a sermon to the university on
May day in the college chapel.

A tablet to Bickley 's memory is attached
to the north wall of the lady chapel in
Chichester Cathedral. The inscription (in
Latin) states that he administered his diocese
* piously and religiously, with sobriety and
sincerity, the highest justice and singular

prudence.' The tablet is surmounted by a
small kneeling effigy of the bishop, * which
shows him,' says Wood, Ho have been a
comely and handsome man.' If so, ideas of
manly beauty must have changed very much
since Wood's time.

[Fuller's Worthies, p. 131 ; Wood's Athenae
Oxon. ii. 839 ; Bickley's Eegister in Chichester
Cathedral ; Lansd. MSS. 982, f. 238.1

W. R. W. S.

BICKNELL, ALEXANDER (d. 1796),
author, was an industrious litterateur of the
last quarter of the eighteenth century, whose
writings received their due meed of ridicule
or faint praise in the ' Monthly Review,' and
are now forgotten. He died 22 Aug. 1796 in
St. Thomas's Hospital, London.

He published the following books and
pamphlets: 1. ' History of Edward Prince of
Wales, commonly termed the Black Prince,'
8vo, 1777. 2. ' Life of Alfred the Great, King
of the Anglo-Saxons,' 8vo, 1777. 3. ' The
Putrid Soul, a Poetical Epistle to Joseph
Priestley, LL.D.,' 4to, 1780. 4. < The Patriot
King, or Alfred and Elvida, an Historical
Tragedy,' 8vo, 1788. 5. < History of Lady
Anne Neville.' 6. ( Isabella, or the Rewards
of Good Nature.' 7. * The Benevolent Man,
a Novel.' 8. * Prince Arthur, an Allegorical
Romance.' 9. * Doncaster Races, or the His-
tory of Miss Maitland, a True Tale, in a series
of letters,' 2 vols. 12mo, 1790. 10. < A His-
tory of England and the British Empire,'
12mo, 1791. 11. < The Grammatical Wreath,
or a Complete System of English Grammar,'
12mo, 1790. 12. ' Instances of the Mutabi-
lity of Fortune, selected from Ancient and
Modern History,' 8vo, 1792. 13. ' Philoso-
phical Disquisitions on the Christian Religion,
addressed to Soame Jenyns, Esq., and Dr.
Kenrick.' It is stated on the title-page of
No. 9 that Bicknell edited Captain J. Car-
ver's < Travels through the Interior Parts of
North America,' 8vo, 1778, and Mrs. George
Anne Bellamy's 'Apology for her Life,' 6 vols.
12mo, 1785.

[Monthly Review, vols. Ivii. Iviii. Ixiii. Ixxviii.,
New Series, ii. iv. v. ix. ; Gent. Mag. ; Watt's
Bibl. Brit.] C. W. S.

BICKNELL, ELHANAN (1788-1861),
patron of art, was born 21 Dec. 1788, in
Blackman Street, London, being the son of
William Bicknell, serge manufacturer there,
and of Elizabeth Bicknell, previously a Miss
Randall, of Sevenoaks, Kent. Elhanan Bick-
nell's father had been partly educated at
Wesley's school at Kingswood, Bristol, and
always entertained John Wesley in Black-
man Street when he came to preach at Snow's

Bicknell

10

Bicknell

Fields. Another divine among the most
cherished friends of Elhanan's parents at this
time, after whom he was named, was Elhanan
Winchester, author of « Universal Restora-
tion ' ( Christian Reformer, xviii. 56) . William
Bicknell bought the copyright of this work
in the year of his son Elhanan s birth, and
on finding that his bargain was profitable,
he generously surrendered it to the author
in 1789, with a characteristic letter (ibid.}
Elhanan Bicknell was educated by his father,
who, having established a school at Ponder's
End in 1789, when Elhanan was an infant,
removed it to Tooting Common in 1804 ;
and there, among Elhanan's schoolfellows,
was Thomas Wilde, afterwards Lord Chan-
cellor Truro. In 1808 Elhanan was sent
to Cause, near Shrewsbury, to learn farm^-
ing ; but at the end of a year this project
was abandoned. He returned to London and
joined a firm at Newington Butts, engaged
in the sperm whale fishery, into which, for
over half a century, he threw all his active
energies and financial aptitude. About 1835
he foresaw how the repeal of the navigation
laws, then in agitation, would injure his indi-
vidual trade, yet he magnanimously supported
the movement, together with the abolition
of all protection ; and when the inevitable
crippling of his undertakings and his income
came, he cheerfully accepted it. In 1838,
having occupied his residence at Herne Hill,
Surrey, since 1819, Bicknell commenced
there his magnificent collection of pictures,
all of the modern British school. In the
course of twelve years, 1838-50, he be-
came the possessor of masterpieces of Gains-
borough, Turner, Roberts, Landseer, Stan-
field, Webster, Collins, Etty, Callcott, &c.
(WAAGEtf, Treasures of Art, ii. 359 ; Art
Journal, 1862, p. 45) ; and, in default of
a gallery, these splendid works, with many
pieces of sculpture, such as Baily's ' Eve,' en-
riched all the principal apartments of his
house, and were always hospitably open to
the inspection of art connoisseurs. Bicknell,
moreover, became acquainted with artists
themselves, as well as with their works ; he
was munificent in his payments, and gene-
rously entertained them. Bicknell had bought
many of Turner's best works before Mr. Rus-
kin's ad vocacy had made their beauties knoAvn.
He had a strong desire to leave his collec-
tion to the nation ; but for family reasons
his pictures, which numbered 122 at his
death, were eventually sold at Christie's
auction rooms, realising a sum little short
of 80,000/. (Times, 27 April 1863). The
Marquis of Hertford bought about one-third
for his own gallery.

In politics and in theology Elhanan Bick-

nell was an ardent and advanced liberal.
He supported unitarianism consistently and
warmly, was a principal contributor to the
building of the Unitarian chapel at Brixton,
and gave 1,000/. to the British and Foreign
Unitarian Association (Inquirer, 7 Dec. 1861,
p. 895). His remarkable business powers,
which were recognised on all sides, led to
his being invited to become a partner in the
great firm of Maudslay, the eminent engineer,
but this offer was declined. In 1859 his
health began to fail, and he retired from
business. He passed the rest of his time at
Herne Hill, where he died 27 Nov. 1861, aged
72 (Inquirer, 30 Nov. 1861). He was buried
at Norwood.

In 1829 Bicknell married Lucinda Browne,
a sister of Hablot Knight Browne (' Phiz ').
He left a large family by this and a previous
marriage, and several of his sons (one of whom
married the only child of David Roberts,
R.A.), in succeeding to his fortune, have
made names for themselves in the various
departments of art patronage, travel, and re-
form, in which he himself took such constant
delight.

[Waagen's Treasures of Art in Great Britain,
i. 36, ii. 349 ; Christian Eeformer. xviii. 55
et seq. ; Inquirer, 1861, p. 895; Art Journal,
1862, p. 45 ; Athenaeum, 7 Dec. 1861 ; Times,
27 April 1863 ; private information.] J. H.

BICKNELL, HERMAN (1830-1875),
author, orientalist, and traveller, third son of
Elhanan Bicknell [q. v.], born at Herne Hill
2 April 1830, received his education at Paris,
Hanover, University College, and St. Bartho-
lomew's Hospital. After taking his degree at
the College of Surgeons in 1854, and passing
the military medical examination, he joined
the 59th regiment at Hong Kong in 1855 as
assistant surgeon, whence he was transferred,
in 1856, to the 81st regiment at Mianmir,
Lahore. Whilst serving four years in India,
throughout the period of the great mutiny,
he assiduously studied oriental dialects, at
intervals exploring portions of Java, Thibet,
and the Himalayas. On returning to Eng-
land, by the Indus and Palestine, he ex-
changed into the 84th regiment, and was soon
placed on the staff at Aldershot, but speedily
resigned his commission, that he might devote
himself entirely to travel and languages.
From this period he undertook many journeys
of various duration and difficulty, extending
from the Arctic regions to the Andes of Ecua-
dor, and from America to the far East, more
especially with the object of improving him-
self in ethnology, botany, and general science.
In 1862 he started from London in the as-
sumed character of an English Mohammedan

Bicknell

Bicknor

gentleman, and, without holding intercourse
with Europeans, proceeded to Cairo, where he
lived for a considerable period in the native
quarter of the city. By this time so inti-
mately acquainted had he become with the
habits and manners of Islam, that in the
spring of the same year he boldly joined the
annual pilgrimage to the shrine of Moham-
med at Mecca, and successfully accomplished
a dangerous exploit which no. other English-
man had achieved without disguise of person
or of nationality. In 1868 he passed by Aleppo
and the Euphrates to Shiraz, wrhere he resided
some months in 1869, employed in making him-
self thoroughly acquainted with the scenes
and life of Persia, in order to carry out more
efficiently the great work of his life, a metri-
cal and literal translation of the chief poems
of Hafiz, which, during fifteen, years, had been
under revision. But on 14 March 1875, before
the manuscripts had received their final cor-
rections, his life was abruptly terminated by
disease, induced or hastened by the wear of
constant change of climate, exposure in moun-
tain exploration, and by an accident in an at-
tempt to ascend the Matterhorn. He died
in London, and was buried at Ramsgate. As
a traveller he had great powers of endurance,
he was a fair draughtsman, and as a linguist
of unsurpassed ability ; his varied accomplish-
ments being also united with the happiest
power of lucidly explaining the most abstruse
theories of metaphysics and etymology, which
his extensive reading had mastered. Besides
the translation of Hafiz (posthumously issued)
he published a few pamphlets.

[Bicknell's Hafiz of Shiraz, 4to, 1875 ; Times,
25 Aug. 1862; reviews in periodical literature,
December 1875 to September 1876; private in-
formation.] A. S. B-L.

BICKNELL, M— (1695 P-1723), actress,
was sister of Mrs. Younger, an actress, who
survived her some years. Mrs. Younger in-
formed Mrs. Saunders, a well-known actress
who had for some years quitted the stage,
that her father and mother, James and Mar-
garet Younger, were born in Scotland ; that
the former rode in the third troop of the
Guards, and served several years in Flanders
under King "William, and that the latter was
a Keith, ' nearly related to the late earl
marshall.' The letter giving these facts is
written from Watford to the author of the
' History of the English Stage,' obviously in
response to a request for information, and is
dated 22 June 1736. It does not appear
whether the name of Bicknell, which is
frequently written Bignell, was taken for
the purpose of distinguishing the bearer from
her sister, or whether it is that of a husband.

On 7 Nov. 1706 we first hear of Mrs. Bick-
nell playing, at the Haymarket, ' Edging, a
Chambermaid,' in * The Careless Husband' of
Gibber, her associates including Wilks, Gibber,
Mrs. Oldfield, and Mrs. Barry. Subsequent
years saw her appear as Miss Prue in Con-
greve's ' Love for Love/ Miss Hoyden in the
' Relapse ' of Vanbrugh, Melantha (the great
role of Mrs. Mountfort) in i Marriage a la
Mode,' and other characters of which sauci-
ness and coquetry are the chief features.
Her name appears to a petition signed by
Barton Booth and other actors of Drury
Lane Theatre, presented apparently about
1710 to Queen Anne, complaining of the re-
strictions upon the performances of the peti-
tioners imposed by the lord chamberlain.
She remained at Drury Lane from 1708 to
1721, on 14 Feb. of which year she ' created r
the character of Lady Wrangle in Gibber's
comedy, the ' Refusal.' Her last recorded ap-
pearance was on 2 April 1723. The ' Daily
Journal' of 25 May following announces her
death from consumption. Steele had a high
opinion of her. In the < Tatler ' for5 May 1709
he calls her pretty Mrs. Bignell, and in that for
16 April previous he says that in the l Country
Wife ' she ' did her part very happily, and had
a certain grace in her rusticity, which gave
us hopes of seeing her a very skilful player,
and in some parts supply our loss of Mrs.
Verbruggen.' In the ' Spectator ' for Mon-
day, 5 May 1712, he talks of her ' agreeable
girlish person,' and her ' capacity of imita-
tion,' and in the ' Guardian ' for 8 May 1713
he calls her his friend, and gives a singularly
pleasant picture of her winning ways. Her
signature to the petition mentioned above is
M. Bicknell, suggesting that her name might
be Margaret, like her mother.

[Genest's English Stage ; History of the Eng-
lish Stage (Curll), 1741 ; Davies's Dramatic
Miscellanies; Chalmers's British Essayists, vols.
i., xi., 16.] J. K.

BICKNOR or BYKENORE, ALEX-
ANDER (d. 1349), archbishop of Dublin, was
prebendary of Maynooth and treasurer of Ire-
land, when in 1310 he was elected to the arch-
bishopric by the two cathedral chapters of
Dublin on the resignation of Ferings. His
election, however, was set aside by Edward II
in favour of Lech. On the death of Lech in
1313 Walter Thombury was elected, but died
before consecration ; and on 29 Jan. 1314
Bicknor received a letter from the king to
Clement V asking that his election might
be confirmed, and stating that he was well
spoken of by Richard de Burgh, earl of
Ulster, and other nobles of Ireland (Fcedera,
ii. 468). Being employed on the king's

Bicknor

12

Bidder

business, he was for some time unable to j
go to Rome ; nor was it until 22 July
1317 that he was consecrated by Nicolas of
Prato, cardinal of Ostium. The next year
he was made lord justice of Ireland, and, '
After receiving this appointment, visited
Dublin and was enthroned. He received a
summons to the English parliament, though
by what right does not appear (First Report
on the Peerage, 276) ; and on 24 Sept. of l
the same year joined the Archbishop of
Canterbury and the Bishop of Winchester
in publishing the excommunication of Robert l
Bruce in a consistorial court held at St.
Paul's (Ann. Paul. 283). That he had \
some care for the welfare of his province is
evident from his foundation of a college in
St. Patrick's church in 1320. This founda- j
tion was confirmed by John XXII, but the
scheme fell through for lack of students |
(WAKE ; D' ALTON). About the same time
he made the church of Inisboyne a prebend
of St. Patrick's. In 1323 he was sent on an
embassy to France, in company with Ed-
mund, earl of Kent, the king's brother.
Their mission was unsuccessful (Ypodigma
Neustrice, 258). Again the next year he
went with the earl to negotiate peace with
France, and to treat for the marriage of the
Prince of Wales with a daughter of the
King of Aragon (Fcedera, iii. 45 ; Ann.
Paul. 307). On his return the king accused
him of causing the surrender of La Rozelle
in Aquitaine. It was probably during his
stay in France that he was persuaded to
join the plan that was formed there for the
overthrow of the Despensers, for in May
1325 the king wrote to Pope John setting
forth his causes of complaint against him,
declaring that he was an enemy of his
minister, the younger Despenser, and that
he had wasted the revenues of Ireland, and
praying the pope to remove him (by trans-
lation) from the kingdom (Fcedera, iii. 152).
When Queen Isabella returned to England
in 1326, Bicknor joined her party, and united
with other prelates and barons in declaring
the Prince of Wales guardian of the king-
dom in an assembly held at Bristol in
October. In January he took the oath
administered in the Guildhall to maintain
the cause of the queen. The next year the
see of Dublin was in the king's hands, the
revenues being seized probably in order to
insure a settlement of the accounts of Bick-
nor's financial administration. In 1330 the
archbishop was appointed papal collector.
About this time he sheltered certain persons
who were prosecuted as heretics by Richard,
bishop of Ossory. The bishop complained
to the king ; but Edward, instead of taking

his part, kept him in exile for nine years.
During his absence, the archbishop, in 1335,
held a visitation in Ossory, and seized the
revenues of the see, until the pope suspended
his metropolitical power over the diocese.
On 13 July 1338 he was present at the
consecration of Richard Brintworth to the
see of London. He is said to have preached
a sermon in Christ Church, Dublin, against
the swarms of beggars who infested the
city, which stirred up the mayor to take
measures to put down the evil. He built
the bishop's house at Taulaght. In 1348 he
presided at a synod held at Dublin, in which
several important decrees were made con-
cerning ecclesiastical discipline and govern-
ment. During the last years of his life he
was engaged in a dispute with Ralph, arch-
bishop of Armagh, concerning the right to
the primacy of Ireland. He died in 1349.

[D' Alton's Archbishops of Dublin ; Sir James
Ware's Antiquities of Ireland ; Bymer's Fcedera,
ed. 1704; Annales Paulini ap. Materials for
the Hist, of Edw. I and Edw. H, ed. Stubbs
(Rolls Ser.) ; Stubbs's Constitutional History, ii.
360.] W. H.

BIDDER,, GEORGE PARKER (1806-
1878), the rapid calculator and engineer, was
born at Moreton Hampstead, a village on the
borders of Dartmoor, where his father was a
stonemason. As a child he showed a most
extraordinary power of mental calculation, a
power in which he was equalled by few and
perhaps surpassed by none who have ever
lived. He was about six years of age when
he first commenced the study of figures, by
learning to count up to ten. His instructor
was an elder brother, and the instruction
ceased when he could count up to one
hundred. The gradual steps by which he
acquired his powers of calculation, and the
system on which he worked, are fully given
in a paper read by him in 1856 before
the Institution of Civil Engineers. In this
paper, without disclaiming for himself special
powers, he went so far as to assert that
mental arithmetic could be taught as easily
as ordinary arithmetic, and that its practice
required no extraordinary powers of memory.
From the account he gave it appeared that
his own powers were only limited by the
power of registering the various steps of a
calculation as he proceeded, but that this
ability of registration was carried to a point
very far beyond the limits of an ordinary
mind. It may probably be assumed without
much question that he possessed in a great
degree the faculty of ' visualising ' numbers,
first recognised by Mr. Francis Galton, and
that this faculty gave him his wonderful

Bidder

Biddle

command over figures. His son and his
grandchildren possess this visualising power,
and they also inherit considerable calculating |
abilities. A study of Bidder's system, partly I
natural and partly elaborated, cannot fail to j
be of value to all who wish to improve their |
calculating powers; but the power with
which he used it will not readily be rivalled.
The lad's peculiar talents, evinced by the
rapidity with which he answered arithmetical •
questions requiring the performance of intri- j
cate calculations, soon drew public attention
to him, and his father found it more profitable
to carry him about the country and exhibit
him as the ' calculating phenomenon ' than to
leave him at school. Fortunately for him his
powers attracted the attention of several emv-
iient men, by whom he was placed at school,
first at Camberwell, and afterwards at Edin- •
burgh. His education was completed at the
university of Edinburgh, where, in 1822, he .
obtained the prize given for the study of the
higher mathematics by the magistrates of ;
Edinburgh. It is pleasant to note that many !
years afterwards, in 1846, Bidder founded a }
bursary or scholarship for poor students of ',
401. a year, which he named the ' Jardine j
Bursary/ in joint recognition of the univer-
sity where he had obtained his education, and
of the eminent man by whose influence he had
been sent thither. After a brief employment
in the Ordnance Survey and a still briefer trial
of a clerkship in the office of a life assurance
company, he took regularly to engineering.
He was employed on several works of more
or less importance, and became associated
with Robert Stephenson in 1834m the London
and Birmingham railway. A year or so later
this brought him into parliamentary work,
and here he soon found full scope for his mar-
vellous powers of calculation. He could work
out on the instant, and in his head, calcula-
tions which would take most men a conside-
rable time and require the use of paper and
pencil. He was never disconcerted, and he
was always minutely accurate. So great did
his reputation soon become that on one oc-
casion an opposing counsel asked that he
should not be allowed to remain in the com-
mittee-room, on the ground that ' nature had
endowed him with qualities that did not
place his opponents on a fair footing/ Nu-
merous stories are still extant, attesting the
skill with which he would detect a flaw in
some elaborate set of calculations, thereby up-
setting an opponent's case, or would support
his own conclusions by an argument based
on mathematical data, possibly only then put
before him. Probably nowhere else could he
have found so suitable a field for the exercise
of his peculiar talents as in a parliamentary

committee-room, nor is it easy to conceive
a man better adapted to this special sort of
work.

But, besides his parliamentary practice,
Bidder was also much employed in the actual
practice of his profession, and as engineer
constructed numerous railways and other
works at home and abroad. The Victoria
Docks (London) are considered one of his
chief constructive works, and, after railway
matters, hydraulic engineering principally en-
gaged his attention. But he was more or less
interested in a large proportion of the subjects
coming within the wide range of engineering
science. He was the originator of the railway
swing bridge, the first of which was designed
and erected by him at Reedham on the Nor-
wich and Lowestoft Railway ; he was one of
the founders of the Electric Telegraph Com-
pany (the first company formed to provide
telegraphic communication), and he was as-
sociated, either as adviser or constructor, in
many of the great engineering works carried
out during the time covered by his professional
career. He died at Dartmouth on 20 Sept.
1878, and was buried in the churchyard of
Stoke Fleming, an adjacent village.

[A very full life is given in the Proc. Inst.
C.E. Ivii. 294 ; other interesting details will be
found in the paper on Mental Calculation, ibid.
xv. 251.] H. T. W.

BIDDLE, JOHN (1615-1662), unita-
rian, was son of a tailor of Wotton-under-
! Edge, Gloucestershire, where he was baptised
on 14 Jan. 1615. He early showed himself
. a youth of great promise. He was fortunate
enough to come under the notice of George,
j eighth Lord Berkeley, who allowed him,
I with other scholars, an annual exhibition of
ten pounds, though he was not yet ten
years old. ' He was educated/ says Wood,
' in grammar-learning in the free school, by
John Rugg and John Turner, successive
| teachers.' Under the latter he ' outran his
! instructors, and became tutor to himself/
! While still a schoolboy he ' english'd '
' Virgil's Bucolics and the two first Satyrs of
Juvenal/ These were printed in 1634, and
dedicated to ' John Smith, Esq., of Nibley/
Gloucestershire, and the 'Mecsenas of the
Wottonian muses/ He likewise 'compos'd
and recited before a full auditory/ in the begin-
| ning of 1634, ' an elaborate oration in Latin
I for the funeral of an honourable school-
i fellow/ He was a dutiful son to his mother
i who was left a widow in straitened circum-
I stances at this period.

He proceeded in 1634 to Oxford, and was
| entered a student of Magdalen Hall. ' And
j for a time/ says Anthony a Wood, ' if I

Biddle

Biddle

mistake not, was put under the tuition of
John Oxenbridge, a person noted to be of
no good principles.' In his college, an early
biographer informs us, 'he did so philosophize,
as it might be observed, he was determined
more by reason than authority : however,
in divine things he did not much dissent
from the common doctrine, as may be col-
lected from a little tract he wrote against
dancing/

On 23 June 1638 he passed B.A., and then
became an eminent tutor in his college. On
20 May 1641 he proceeded M.A. Before this
date he had been ' invited to take upon him
the care of teaching the school wherein he had
been educated \Athence Oxon.) Soon after the
magistrates of Gloucester, ' upon ample recom-
mendations from the principal persons in the j
university,' chose him ' master of the free school
in the parish of St. Mary le Crypt in that j
city.' He accepted this appointment, and i
* he was much esteemed for his diligence in j
his profession, serenity of manners, and sane- |
tity of life/ < At length,' says Wood, < the
nation being brought into confusion by the
restless presbyterians, the said city garrison'd ;
for the use of the parliament, and every one j
vented his or their opinions as they pleased,
he began to be free of his discourses of what j
he studied there at leisure hours concerning I
the Trinity, from the Holy Scriptures, having j
not then, as he pretended, convers'd with i
Socinian books. . . . But the presbyterian
party, then prevalent, having notice of these |
matters, and knowing well what mischief he
might do among his disciples, the magistrate
summon'd him to appear before him ; and
after several interrogatories, a form of con- j
fession under three heads was proposed to
him. to make, which he accordingly did
2 May 1644, but not altogether in the words j
proposed. Which matter giving them no
satisfaction, he made another confession in !
the same month, more evident than the j
former, to avoid the danger of imprisonment
which was to follow if he did deny it/

The matter seemed to have blown over, and I
Biddle quietly pursued his study in Holy |
Scripture. His manuscript — which ultimately
he meant to print and publish — containing a
statement of his religious opinions, was trea-
cherously obtained by a supposed friend.
The parliamentary commissioners were then
sitting in Gloucester, and were put in posses-
sion of his manuscript on 2 Dec. 1645. The j
commissioners read his ' Arguments,'and forth-
with committed their author to the common
gaol till opportunity should offer of bringing
his case before the House of Commons. A
local gentleman interposing on his behalf, and
becoming bail for him, he was allowed out

' on condition of his appearing before parlia-
ment when required, to answer any charges
which might be brought against him/

In June 1646 Archbishop Ussher, passing-
through Gloucester on his way to London,
held a conference with the bailed prisoner of
state, but could not convince him of his errors.
The great prelate ' spoke to and used him
with all fairness and pity, as well as strength
of argument/ and it must be added with
all respect ; ' for the truth is/ observes An-
thony a Wood, ' except his opinions there
was little or nothing blameworthy in him/

About six months after he had been libe-
rated on bail, he was cited to Westminster
to make his defence. The parliament ap-
p^ointed a committee to examine him. He
admitted that he did not believe in the
Divinity of the Holy Ghost, and expressed
his readiness to discuss the subject with
any theologian whom they might appoint.
There was delay, and Biddle desired Sir
Henry Vane of the committee to see that his
cause might be heard or he be set at liberty.
Vane proposed this on the floor of the house,
and otherwise showed a friendliness to Biddle
which did not improve his prospects. Biddle
therefore boldly published < Twelve Questions
or Arguments drawn out of Scripture, where-
in the commonly received Opinion touching
the Deity of the Holy Spirit is clearly and
fully refuted/ 1647. Prefixed is a letter to
Vane, and at the end ' An Exposition of five
principal Passages of the Scripture alledged
by the Adversaries to prove the Deity of the
Holy Ghost/ Called to the bar of the house,
he owned the book, and was remanded to
prison, and on 6 Sept. 1647 the * Twelve
Arguments ' was ordered to be burnt by the
hangman as being blasphemous.

The ' Twelve Arguments ' attracted great
attention, and was reprinted in the same year.
It was answered by Matthew Poole in his
1 Plea for the Godhead of the Holy Ghost/
subsequently enlarged. The letter to Vane
is able and dignified. Nicholas Estwick,
B.D., and others, exposed mistakes of fact in
the book, but Biddle, who read all, would
not admit that he was confuted.

On 2 May 1648 an ordinance was passed
that inflicted the penalty of death upon those
who denied the doctrine of the Trinity.
None the less Biddle published in the same
year his < Confession of Faith touching the
Holy Trinity according to Scripture/ and in
quick succession 'The Testimonies of Ire-
naeus, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Novatianus,
Theophilus, Origen (who lived in the first
two centuries after Christ was born or there-
abouts), as also of Arnobius, Lactantius, &c,,
concerning that One God and the Persons ot

Biddle

Biddle

the Trinity, with observations on the same.
Upon the publication of the * Testimonies '
the assembly of divines sitting at Westminster
made their appeal to the parliament that he
might suffer death. The divines had given
him up as hopelessly unconvertible. Dr. Peter
Gunning, indeed, visited him still, but with
no success. But parliament did not confirm
the divines' appeal. He never was brought to j
trial, and at length personal friends united, :
and one of their number once more procured j
his liberation l by becoming surety for his
appearance whenever he might be called
upon.' He went down with a friend to \
Staffordshire, and not only became his chap- |
lain, but also a preacher in a church there.
Tidings of these things having been conveyed
to the lord president Bradshaw, Biddle was
once more apprehended and closely confined.
Almost contemporaneously his Staffordshire
benefactor died, and left him a small legacy.
This was ' soon devoured by the payment of
prison fees,' and he was left in utter indi-
gence. His chief support, it is pathetically
recorded, consisted of ' a draught of milk from
the cow every morning and evening.'

Relief came unexpectedly. A learned man,
who knew his competency, recommended him
as a corrector of the press to Roger Daniel,
printer, who was about to publish an edition
of the Septuagint. This and other like lite-
rary employment enabled him, while it lasted,
to procure a comfortable subsistence. Thomas
Firmin dared to deliver also at this time
to Cromwell a petition for his release from
Newgate. Bishop Kennet thus reports the
Protector's answer : * You curl-pate boy, do
you think I'll show any favour to a man who
denies his Saviour, and disturbs the govern-
ment P ' (Register and Chronicle, p. 761).

On 10 Feb. 1652, by the will of Oliver,
the parliament passed a general act of ob-
livion. This restored Biddle and many others
to their full liberty. The first use which
he made of his recovered freedom was l to
meet each Lord's day those friends whom
he had gained in London, and expound the
Scriptures to them.' He is also alleged to
have translated and published at home and
in Holland a number of Socinian books. It
is very uncertain which were really trans-
lated by him. He further organised a con-
venticle, and conducted public worship.

In 1654 he again laid himself open to
legal penalties. He published now 'A Two-
fold Catechism, the one simply called A
Scripture Catechism, the other A Brief
Scripture Catechism for Children.' Com-
plaint was made of these catechisms in parlia-
ment. Early in December 1654 the author
was placed at the bar of parliament and

asked whether he wrote the books. He
replied by asking whether it seemed reason-
able that one brought before a judgment-seat
as a criminal should accuse himself. After
debate and resolutions, he was on 13 Dec.
' committed a close prisoner to the Gatehouse
and forbidden the use of pen, ink, and paper,
or the access of any visitant ; and all the
copies of his books which could be found were
ordered to be burnt.'

This resolution was earned out on the
following day, and a bill afterwards ordered
to be brought in for punishing him. But after
about six months' imprisonment he obtained
his liberty at the court of the Upper or King's
Bench, 28 May 1655. He was only out a month
when he was entangled in a disputation with
one John Griffin, pastor of a baptist church.
Griffin was illiterate, and could not possibly
have held his own against Biddle. But instead
of mere disputation the law was invoked, an
information was lodged against Biddle, and
he was apprehended, and put first into the
Poultry Compter and then into Newgate.
At the next sessions he was indicted a't the
Old Bailey under the obsolete and abrogated
ordinance called the 'Draconick ordinance,'
which had been passed on 2 May 1648, but had
never acquired the force of law. At first the
aid of counsel was denied him, but after a
time, on putting in a bill of exceptions, his
request was complied with, and the trial
was fixed for the next day. But Cromwell
interposed his authority and put a stop to
the proceedings. A miserable tangle ensued.
The upshot of the whole was that, as the
lesser of two evils, he was ' banished to the
Scilly Islands 5 Oct. 1655, to remain in
close custody in the castle of St. Mary's
during his life.' On the day previous (4 Oct.)
there came out ' Two Letters of Mr. John
Biddle, late Prisoner in Newgate, but now
hurried away to some remote Island. One
to the Lord Protector, the other to the Lord
President LaAvrence, 1655.' He expressly
separates himself from Socinus as to the per-
sonality of the Holy Spirit.

The Protector allowed him 100 crowns
per annum. He remained in prison until
1658. In the interval many means were
taken to obtain his release. "Calamy inter-
ceded. Baptist ministers interceded. He
himself wrote with pathos and power. At
length, through the intercession of manv
friends, he was conveyed from St. Marys
Castle by habeas corpus to the Upper Bench
at Westminster, and, no accuser appearing,
he was discharged by Lord Chief Justice
Glynn.

Hereupon with alacrity he re-founded a
1 society on congregational principles, and

Biddlecombe

16

Biddlecombe

, it is believed, the lord chief
was a prudent step, though he

resumed his long suspended classes among
his friends.' Thus he continued until Crom-
well's death on 3 Sept. following. Before
the parliament summoned by Richard Crom-
well met, he was advised to retire into the
country by
justice. It

was reluctant to assent. A committee was
appointed by the house to examine into the
state of religion, and one of its first acts was
to institute an inquiry into his liberation.
The matter subsided. He ventured back to
London. But on 1 June 1662 he was seized in
his lodging ' with a few of his friends who
were assembled for divine worship, and
carried before a justice of the peace, Sir
Eichard Brown.' They were ' all sent to prison
without bail.' The trial lingered. At last
he was brought in guilty and fined ' one
hundred pounds, and to lie in prison till
paid ; and each of his hearers in the sum of
twenty pounds.' In less than five weeks
after the sentence, the closeness of his im-
prisonment and the foulness of the air brought
on a disease which terminated fatally. Sir
Richard Brown refused any mitigation of the
prison rules in his favour ; but the sheriff',
whose name was Meynell, granted permission
for him to be removed ' into a situation more
favourable to his recovery.' The indulgence
came too late. In less than two days he
died l between the hours of five and six on
the morning of 22 Sept. 1662, in the forty-
seventh year of his age.'

[Johannis Biddelii (Angli) Acad. Oxon. quon-
dam A. M. celeb. Vita, 1682 ; Short Account of
the Life of John Biddle, M.A., 1691 ; Wood's Ath.
Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 593-603 ; Biog.Brit.; Toul-
min's Review of the Life. Character, and Writ-
ings, 1791 ; Edwards's Gangrsena, iii. 87 ; White-
locke's Mem. pp. 270-1, 500, 591 ; Kushworth,
vi. 259, 261 ; Crosby's Hist, of Baptists, i. 206-
16; Life of Thomas Firmin, 1698, p. 10;
Wallace's Anti-Trinitarian Biography ; Biddle's
Works.] A. B. G.

BIDDLECOMBE, SIB GEORGE (1807-
1878), captain and author, born at Portsea on
5 Nov. 1807, was the son of Thomas Biddle-
combe of Sheerness Dockyard, who died on
12 Sept. 1844. He was educated at a school
kept by Dr. Neave at Portsea, and joined the
ship Ocean of Whitby as a midshipman in
1823. After some years he left the mercan-
tile marine, and, passing as a second master in
the royal navy in May 1828, was soon after
employed in surveying in the JEtna and the
Blonde until 1833. He was in active service
in various ships from this date until 1854,
being specially noted for the great skill which
he displayed in conducting naval surveys in

many parts of the world. Whilst in the Ac-
| tseon, in 1836, he surveyed a group of islands
! discovered by her in the Pacific. When at-
tached to the Talbot, 1838-42, he surveyed
numerous anchorages on the Ionian station,
! in the Archipelago, and up the Dardanelles
i and Bosphorus ; examined the south shore of
the Black Sea as far as Trebizond, as well as
the port of Varna, and prepared a survey,
published by the admiralty, of the bays and
banks of Acre. He also displayed much skill
and perseverance in surveying the Sherki
shoals, where he discovered many unknown
patches. A plan which he proposed for a
' hauling-up slip ' was approved of by the au-
thorities, and money was voted for its con-
struction. For his survey of Port Royal
and Kingston he received the thanks of the
common council of Kingston, and on 20 Aug.
1843, on the occurrence of a destructive fire-
in that town, the services rendered by Biddle-
combe at imminent risk to himself obtained
for him a letter of acknowledgment from the
merchants and other inhabitants. Few officers
saw more active service. As master of the
Baltic fleet, 14 March 1854, he reconnoitered
the southern parts of the Aland islands,
Hango Bay, Baro Sund, and the anchorage
of Sweaborg, preparatory to taking the fleet
to those places. He conducted the allied
fleets to Cronstadt, and taking charge in Led
Sund of the Prince steamer, with upwards
of 2,000 French troops on board, he carried
that ship to Bomarsund, and was afterwards
present at the fall of that fortress. He was
employed as assistant master attendant at
Keyham Yard, Devonport, 1855-64, and from
the latter date to January 1868 as master
attendant of Woolwich Yard. He was made
a C.B. 13 March 1867, but the highest rank
he obtained in the navy was that of staff
captain, 1 July in the same year. He was
knighted by the queen at Windsor, 26 June
1873, and received a Greenwich Hospital
pension soon afterwards. His death took
place at Lewisham, 22 July 1878. He had
been twice married, first in 1842 to Emma
Louisa, third daughter of Thomas Kent, who
died 13 Aug. 1865, and secondly, in the fol-
lowing year, to Emma Sarah, daughter of
William Middleton, who died 6 May 1878,

~\ Af\ *

aged 49.

Sir George Biddlecombe published the fol-
lowing works : 1. * A Treatise on the Art of
Rigging,' 1848. 2. ' Remarks on the English
Channel,' 1850; sixth edition, 1863. 3. 'Naval
Tactics and Trials of Sailing,' 1850. 4. < Steam
Fleet Tactics,' 1857. This list does not in-
clude the accounts of the surveys made by
him in various parts of the world, and which
were published by order of the admiralty.

Biddulph

Biddulph

[The Autobiography of Sir George Buldle- j
combe (1878) ; O'Byrne's Naval Biographical
Dictionary (1861 edition), pp. 80-2.]

G. C. B.

BIDDULPH, SIR THOMAS MYDDLE-

TON (1809-1878), general, born 29 July :
1809, was the second son of Robert Bid- '
dulph, Esq., of Ledbury; his mother was
Charlotte, the daughter of Richard Myddle-
ton, Esq., M.P., of Chirk Castle, of the old
Welsh family of Myddleton of Gwaynenog.
He became a cornet in the 1st life guards
7 Oct. 1826, lieutenant 23 Feb. 1829, captain
16 May 1834, and brevet-major 9 Nov. 1846.
( )n 31 Oct. 1851 he was major in the 7th light
dragoons, and lieutenant-colonel unattached.
He had been gazetted 16 July 1851 as master
of her majesty's household, for which office
he had been selected by Baron Stockmar
(MARTIN, Life of the Prince Consort, ii.
382-3). On 16 July 1854 he was appointed
an extra equerry to her majesty, and became
colonel 28 Nov. 1854. Colonel Biddulph mar-
ried, 16 Feb. 1857, Mary Frederica, only
daughter of Mr. Frederick Charles "W. Sey- ,
mour, who was at one time maid of honour,
and afterwards honorary bedchamber woman
to the queen. He was created, 27 March 1863,
a knight commander of the order of the Bath
for his civil services, and was appointed,
3 March 1866, one of the joint keepers of her \
majesty's privy purse, in succession to the !
Hon. Sir C. B. Phipps, and in conjunction
with General the Hon. Charles Grey. On
Grey's appointment to be private secretary
to her majesty, 30 April 1867, Sir Thomas Bid-
dulph became sole keeper of the privy purse.
He became major-general 31 May 1865, and
lieutenant-general 29 Dec. 1873, and he was
gazetted, 1 Oct. 1877, to the brevet rank of
general, as one of a large number of officers
who obtained promotion under the provisions
of article 137 of the royal warrant of 13 Aug.
1877. Later in the same year he was sworn
a member of the privy council. The official
duties of Sir Thomas Biddulph involved a
very close attendance upon the queen. He
died at Abergeldie Mains, near Balmoral,
after a short illness, during which he was
daily visited by her majesty, 28 Sept. 1878,
and was buried at Clewer. Sir Theodore
Martin says of Sir Thomas Biddulph that ' he
was the last survivor of the three very able
men — Sir Charles Phipps and General Grey
being the other two — who had been inti-
mately associated with the prince from their
position as leading members of her majesty's
household,' and who always served the queen
with generous devotion {Life of the Prince
Consort, iv. 12).
VOL. v.

[Aberdeen Free Press, 30 Sept. 1878 ; Times,
30 Sept. and 3 and 8 Oct. 1878; Army List;
London Gazette; Illustrated London News,
5 Oct. 1878; Martin's Life of the Prince Consort,
1875-80; Queen Victoria's More Leaves from the
Journal of a Life in the Highlands, 1884.]

A. H. G.

BIDDULPH, THOMAS TREGENNA

(1763-1838), evangelical divine, was the
only son of the Rev. Thomas Biddulph by
his first wife, -Martha, daughter and coheir
of Rev. John Tregenna, rector of Mawgan
in Cornwall. He was born at Claines,
Worcestershire, 5 July 1763, but his father
became in 1770 the vicar of Padstow in
Cornwall, and the younger Biddulph was
educated at the grammar school of Truro in
that county. In his eighteenth year he ma-
triculated at Queen's College, Oxford (23 Nov.
1780), and took his degree of B.A. and M.A.
in 1784 and 1787 respectively. He was or-
dained deacon by Bishop Ross of Exeter,
26 Sept. 1785, being licensed to the curacy
of Padstow, and preaching his first sermon
in its church, and after holding many cura-
cies became the incumbent of Bengeworth
near Evesham in 1793. Though he retained
this small benefice for ten years, he resided
for the greater part of his time at Bristol, •"
and it was as the incumbent from 1799 to
1838 of St. James's, Bristol, that his reputa-
tion as a preacher and a parish priest was
acquired. His doctrines were at first un-
popular among the citizens of Bristol, but in
the course of years his services were rewarded
by the respect and affection of his fellow-
townsmen. He died at St. James's Square,
Bristol, 19 May 1838, and was buried 29 May.
His wife, Rachel, daughter of Zachariah
Shrapnel, whom he married at Bradford,
Wiltshire, 19 Feb. 1789, died at St. James's
Square, Bristol, 10 Aug. 1828. Portraits
by Opie of the Rev. Thomas Tregenna Bid-
dulph and of his father and mother are in the
possession of Mr. W. P. Punchard of Taun-
ton. The catalogue of the writings of Mr.
Biddulph occupies more than six pages of the
'' Bibliotheca Cornubiensis.' All his works
were of a theological character, and were
written in support of evangelical doctrines.
On their behalf he engaged in controversy
with the Rev. John Hey, the Rev. Richard
Warner, and the Rev. Richard (afterwards
bishop) Mant. A periodical called at first
1 Zion's Trumpet,' but afterwards known for
many years under the title of ' The Christian
Guardian,' was established by him in 1798.

[Gent. Mag. x. 331-34 (1838); Bibl. Cornub.
i. and iii. ; May's Evesham, 148 ; Rogers's Opie,
74-5- Christian Guardian, 1838, pp. 257-63.]

W. P. C.

Bidgood

18

Bidwill

BIDGOOD, JOHN, M.D. (1624-1690), the
son of Humphrey Bidgood, an apothecary of
Exeter, was born in that city 13 March 1623-4.
His father was poisoned in 1641 by his ser-
: vant, Peter Moore, a crime for which the
offender was tried at the Exeter assizes, and
executed on * the Magdalen gibbet belonging
to the city,' his dying confession being printed
and preserved in the British Museum. The
son was sent to Exeter College about 1640,
and admitted a Petreian fellow 1 July 1642.
On 1 Feb. 1647-8 he became a bachelor
of physic at Oxford, but in the following
June was ejected from his fellowship by the
parliamentarian visitors. After this loss of
nis income he withdrew to Padua, then a
noted school of medicine, and became M.D.
. of that university. With this diploma he re-
turned to England, and, after a few years'
practice at Chard, settled in his native city,
where he remained until his death. On the
restoration in 1660, Bidgood resumed his fel-
lowship, and in the same year (20 Sept. 1660)
was incorporated M.D. at Oxford. Two years
later he resigned his fellowship, possibly be-
cause a kinsman, who had matriculated in
1661, was then qualified to hold it. His skill
in medicine was shown by his admission, in
December 1664, to the College of Physicians
in London as honorary fellow — an honour
which he acknowledged by the gift of 100/.
towards the erection of their new college in
Warwick Lane — and by his subsequent elec-
tion in 1686 as an ordinary fellow. Some
years before his death he retired to his coun-
try house of Rockbeare. near Exeter, but he
died in the Close, Exeter, 13 Jan. 1690-1,
and was buried in the lady chapel in the
cathedral. A flat stone, with an English in-
scription, in the pavement indicated the place
of his burial, and a marble monument with a
Latin inscription to his memory was fixed in
the wall of the same chapel by his nephew
and heir. An extensive practice brought
Dr. Bidgood a large fortune, but his good
•qualities were marred by a morose disposition
and by a satirical vein of humour. He left
the sum of 600J. to St. John's Hospital at
Exeter.

[Prince's Worthies; Munk's College of Phy-
sicians (ed. 1878), i. 348 ; Boase's Exeter Coll.
•67, 212, 229 ; Davidson's Bibliotheca Devon. 138 ;
Izacke's Exeter (ed. 1731), p. 189; Eegister of
Visitors of Oxford Univ. (Gamden Soc. 1881), pp.
13,60,93,138.] W. P. C.

BIDLAKE, JOHN (1755-1814), divine
and poet, was the son of a jeweller at Ply-
mouth, and was born in that town in 1755.
His education was begun at the grammar
school of that town, and he proceeded thence

to Christ Church, Oxford, being entered on
its books as a servitor 10 March 1774, where
he took his degree of B.A. in: 1778, and those
of M.A. and D.D. in 1808. He was for many
years master of the Plymouth grammar
school, and minister of the chapel of ease at
Stonehouse. Neither of these posts brought
much gain to their holder, nor were his pe-
cuniary troubles lightened by his obtaining
the offices of chaplain to the prince regent
and the Duke of Clarence. He was appointed
Bampton lecturer in 1811, but during the de-
livery of the third discourse he was attacked
with cerebral affection, which terminated in
blindness. In consequence of this crushing
misfortune he was forced to resign his curacy
at Stonehouse, and as he was totally without
the means of support, an appeal to the chari-
table was made on his behalf in June 1813.
On 17 Feb. in the following year he died at
Plymouth.

Bidlake's works were very numerous, both
in divinity and poetry. He published sepa-
. rately at least seven sermons, in addition to
| three volumes of collected discourses on
' various subjects (1795, 1799, and 1808).
! His earliest poem was an anonymous l Elegy
written on the author's revisiting the place
of his former residence' (1788). It was
followed by < The Sea ' (1796), < The Country
Parson' (1797), 'Summer's Eve' (1800),
i ' Virginia or the Fall of the Decemvirs, a
tragedy' (1800), < Youth' (1802), and < The
Year ' (1813). Three volumes of his poeti-
cal works were issued in 1794, 1804, and

1814 respectively. In 1799 he composed
a moral tale entitled 'Eugenic, or the
Precepts of Prudentius,' and in 1808 he is-
sued an ' Introduction to the Study of Geo-
graphy.' His Bampton lectures were entitled
* The Truth and Consistency of Divine Reve-
lation ' (1811). Three numbers of a periodi-
cal called ' The Selector ' were published by
him at Plymouth in 1809, but with the third
number it expired. Bidlake was a man of
varied talents and considerable acquirements,
but his poetry was imitative, and the interest
of his theological works was ephemeral.

[Watt's Bibl. Brit,; Gent. Mag. 1813, pt. i.
560, 1814, pt. i. 410; Worth's Plymouth (2nded.)
p. 322 ; Worth's Three Towns Bibliotheca (Trans.
Plymouth Instit. vol. iv.] W. P. C.

BIDWILL, JOHN CAENE (1815-
1853), botanist and traveller, was born in

1815 at Exeter, his father being a well-
known citizen of that place. At an early age
he went out to New South Wales, and entered
into business as a merchant at Sydney. In
February 1839 he started upon an exploring
expedition in New Zealand. From Tawranga

Biffin

he made his way into hitherto unknown
regions. So savage were the native tribes
,at that period that, shortly before the travel- :
ler's arrival at Tawranga, a band from Koturoa
had seized a number of people and cooked
•them absolutely in sight of the inhabitants
of the surrounding villages. Bidwill ex-
plored the shores of Lake Taupo ; amongst j
other discoveries made, he found in the vici- j
nity of Koturoa a species of eugenia, identi-
fied as the Earina mucronata. In the moun-
tains of the Arrohaw he met with the
gigantic tree fern, the Mummuke. He next
•investigated the great plain of the Thames
or Wai ho.

Bidwill fell a victim to the spirit of inves-
tigation. While engaged in marking out a
new road he was accidentally separated from
his party, and lost himself, without his com-
pass, in the bush. He struggled to extricate '
himself, remaining on one occasion eight
•days without food. In cutting his way with
.a pocket-hook through the scrub, he brought
on internal inflammation, of which he even-
tually died. Bidwill was an ardent botanist.
He contributed to the ' Gardener's Chronicle ' |
many interesting papers upon horticultural •
subjects, but more especially on hybridising,
in which he was an adept. f To him,' says
Professor Lindley, ' we owe the discovery of |
the famous Bunya-Bunya tree, subsequently j
named after him Araucaria Bidwilli, and of j
the Nymphcea giyantea, that Australian rival '
of the Victoria. By his friends, of whom he
had more than most men, his loss will be
found to be irreparable, and the colony in
which he died could ill afford to lose him.'
Bidwill, who died at Tinana, Maryborough,
in March 1853, was commissioner of crown
lands and chairman of the bench of magis-
trates for the district of Wide Bay, New
South Wales.

[Bidwill's Rambles in New Zealand, 1841 ;
'Gardener's Chronicle, March 1853 ; Gent. Mag.
1853.] G. B. S.

BIFFIN or BEFFIN, SARAH (1784-
1850), miniature painter, was born at East
>Quantoxhead, near Bridgwater, Somerset,
in 1784. Her parents were apparently of
very humble station. She was born without
-arms, hands, or legs (Handbill in British Mu-
seum, 1881 a 2, where her name is printed
Benin). Her height never exceeded thirty-
seven inches ; but by indomitable perseverance
she contrived, by means of her mouth, to use
the pen, the pencil, and paint-brush, and even
the scissors and needle. Her first instructor
was a Mr. Dukes (Gent. Mag. xxxiv. new
series, 668), to whom she bound herself, and
with whom she stayed sixteen years. In

1812 she was carried round the country to
exhibit her powers and ingenuity, and was
at Swaffham in October, the race week
(Sandbilf). A commodious booth was hired
there for her : the pit seats were Is., the
gallery seats Qd. Miss Biffin wrote her auto-
graph for her visitors, drew landscapes before
them, and painted miniatures (the charge for
which, on ivory, was three guineas) ; and
her ' conductor^' probably Mr. Dukes, pro-
mised to give a thousand guineas if she were
not found to produce all he described. It is
complained that Miss Biffin received only 51.
per annum from Mr. Dukes (Gent. Mag.}
The Earl of Morton, becoming acquainted
with Miss Biffin's talents, had further in-
struction given to her in painting by Mr.
Craig, then popular for his portraits and
'Keepsake' illustrations (REDGRAVE, Dic-
tionary of Artists). The poor little artist was
patronised by the royal family, and she ma-
naged to support herself by her art, receiving
a medal from the Society of Artists in 1821.
She finally retired to Liverpool. There age
overtook her, exertions of her extraordinary
kind grew very painful, and she fell into
poverty, which was only lightened by the
benevolence of Mr. Richard Rathbone, who
organised a subscription for her benefit. She
died 2 Oct. 1850, aged sixty-six years.

[Chambers's Book of Days, vol. ii. p. 404 ;
Redgrave's Diet of Artists of British School ;
Handbill to the Nobility, Ladies, and Gentle-
men, No. 1881 a 2, Brit. Mus. ; Gent. Mag. vol.
xxxiv. new series, 1850, p. 668.] J. H.

BIFIELD, NICHOLAS. [See BYFIELD.]

BIGG, JOHN STANYAN (1828-1865),
poet and journalist, was born at Ulverston
14 July 1828. He was educated at the old
Town Bank School in that town, and at an
early age began to exhibit strong literary
predilections. It is said that the ' Arabian
Nights' Entertainments ' first fired him with
imaginative ardour. He would recite the
oriental stories to his companions, and as
the latter recompensed him for so doing,
young Bigg was able to indulge the love of
books, and became possessed of the works of
the best English poets. At thirteen he was
sent by his father to a boarding school in
Warwickshire. On his return to his native
town, he assisted his father in the conduct of
his business. Soon afterwards the family re-
moved to the beautiful vicinity of Penny
Bridge. His poetical enthusiasm was here
stirred into action, and he penned many
attractive lyrics.

Returning to Ulverston, he published in
1848 his first work, ' The Sea King,' a metri-

c 2

Bigg

20

Bigland

cal romance in six cantos, with very copious
historical and illustrative notes. The ro-
mance arose out of a study of Sharon Tur-
ner's 'History of the Anglo-Saxons.' In
conception it has something in common with
Fouq ue's l Undine/ though Bigg states that
book to have been unknown to him at the time
of the composition of his own work. The
* Sea King ' interested several men of letters,
including Lord Lytton and James Mont-
gomery. Bigg was now appointed editor
of the ' Ulverston Advertiser/ a post which
he occupied for several years. He subse-
quently went to Ireland, and edited for some
years the ' Downshire Protestant/ the pro-
prietor of which was Mr. W. Johnston, of
Ballykilbeg House, the author of ' Night-
shade/ and other works. At Downpatrick
Bigg married Miss R. A. H. Pridham. In

1859 the Burns centenary was celebrated,
and his ode competing for the Crystal Palace
prize was selected by the three judges as
one of the six best.

Previous to his Irish experiences, Bigg
had written his most important poem, t Night
and the Soul.' It appeared in 1854. Bigg
belonged to that class of poets which acquired
the name of the l Spasmodic School/ a school
severely travestied by Professor Ay toun in his
spasmodic tragedy of l Firmilian.'

In 1860 Bigg left Ireland and returned to
Ulverston, where he became both editor and
proprietor of the f Advertiser/ which position
he continued to occupy until his death. In !

1860 he also published a novel in one volume, :
entitled ' Alfred Staunton/ which met with a
favourable reception. In 1862 appeared his
last work, ( Shifting Scenes, and other Poems.'
In the course of his brief career Bigg was
a contributor to the ' Critic/ { Literary Ga-
zette/ ' London Quarterly Review/ l Eclectic
Review/ 'Church of England Review/ 'Scot-
tish Quarterly Review/ ' Dublin University
Magazine/ and ' Hogg's Instructor.' In all
the private relations of life he was most
estimable, and his premature death was
widely lamented. He died 19 May 1865, in
his thirty-seventh year.

[Works of Bigg; Gent. Mag. 1865; Gilfillan's
Literary Portraits ; Athenfeum, 1854 and 1862 ;
Ulverston Advertiser, 25 May 1865.] a. B. S.

BIGG, WILLIAM REDMORE (1755-
1828), painter, was a pupil of Edward Penny,
R.A., and by choice of his subjects at least a
faithful follower of his master. In 1778 he
entered the Academy schools. Bigg de-
lighted in depicting florid children. The
first of many engaging works of this class
was exhibited in 1778, 'Schoolboys giving
Charity to a Blind Man.' It was followed

a year later by one similar, ' A Lady and
her Children relieving a Distressed Cot-
tager.' Besides these his ' Palemon and
Lavinia/ the ' Shipwrecked Sailor Boy/ and
' Youths relieving a Blind Man ' were highly
popular works, and were all engraved. Two-
good pictures from his easel are preserved in
the Cottonian Museum at Plymouth. He
had not the naive rusticity of Wheatley, nor
the rough and ready naturalism of Morland,
though by choice of subjects and general man-
ner of treatment he would rightly be classed
with those painters. He was highly popular
in his day, and the best engravers were em-
ployed upon his work. In 1787 he became
A.R.A., and was elected academician in 1814.
He sat to C. R. Leslie for the knight in ' Sir
Roger de Coverley.' The younger painter
spoke eloquently of his fine presence and ge-
nial nature. He died in Great Russell Street
on 6 Feb. 1828.

[G-ent. Mag. vol. xcviii. pt. i. p. 376 ; Red-
grave's Diet, of Artists of the Eng. School.]

E. R.

BIGLAND, JOHN (1750-1832), school-
master and author, was born of poor parents
at Skirlaugh, or Skirlaw, in Holderness in
Yorkshire, and died, at the age of eighty-
two, at Aldbrough (PouLSON, History of Hoi'
derness, ii. 19) or, according to other authori-
ties, at Finningley near Doncaster. He began
life as a village schoolmaster. At the age-
of fifty (1803) he published his first work,
' Reflections on the Resurrection and Ascen-
sion of Christ/ occasioned, as he tells us him-
self, by his religious scepticism. Having
removed his own doubts, he ventured to
place the reasons for his convictions in print.
His work was a success, and the encourage-
ment he received in consequence determined
him to follow a literary career. He soon
developed into a professional author, and pub-
lished in rapid succession a series of popular
books, chiefly connected with geography and
history. Towards the end of his life he re-
sided at Finningley, and used to spend a
portion of his time in his garden rearing
flowers and vegetables. His long scholastic
life has given to the majority of his books a
distinctly practical turn.

He was the author of sundry articles in
the magazines ; of a continuation to April
1808 of Lord Lyttletons 'History of Eng-
land in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman
to his Son ; ' and of an addition of the whole
period of the third George to Dr. Goldsmith's
' History of England.' His other works are :
1. ' Reflections on the Resurrection and As-
cension of Christ/ 1803. 2. ' Letters on the
Study and Use of Ancient and Modern His-

Bigland

21

Bigod

tory,' 1804. 3. 'Letters on the Modern
History and Political Aspect of Europe/
1804. 4. ' Essays on Various Subjects/ 2
vols. 1805. 5. ' Letters on Natural History/
1806. 6. 'A Geographical and Historical
View of the World, exhibiting a complete
Delineation of the Natural and Artificial Fea-
tures of each Country/ &c., 5 vols. 1810.
7. 'A History of Spain from the Earliest
Period to the close of the year 1809 ' (trans-
lated and continued by Le Comte Mathieu
Dumas to the epoch of the Restoration, 1814),
2 vols. 1810. 8. « A Sketch of the History
of Europe from the year 1783 to the Present
Time/ in a later edition continued to 1814
{translated, and augmented in the military
part, and continued to 1819 by J. MacCarthy,
Paris, 1819), 2 vols. 1811. 9. /The Philo-
sophical AVanderers, or the History of the
Roman Tribune and the Priestess of Minerva,
exhibiting the vicissitudes that diversify the
fortunes of nations and individuals/ 1811.

10. 'Yorkshire/ being the 16th volume of
the * Beauties of England and Wales,' 1812.

11. ' A History of England from the Earliest
Period to the Close of the War, 1814,' 2 vols.

1815. 12. l A System of Geography for the
Use of Schools and Private Students/ 1816.
13. ' An Historical Display of the Effects of
Physical and Moral Causes on the Character
and Circumstances of Nations, including a
Comparison of the Ancients and Moderns in
regard to their Intellectual and Social State/

1816. 14. ' Letters on English History for
the Use of Schools/ 1817. 15. 'Letters on
French History for the Use of Schools/
1818. 16. ' A Compendious History of the
Jews/ 1820.

[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Rhodes's Yorkshire Rce-
nery ; Gent. Mag. 1832; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Poul-
son's History of Holderness, ii. 19; Annual Bio-
graphy.] J. M.

BIGLAND, RALPH (1711-1784), Gar-
ter king-of-arms, was born at Kendal in
Westmoreland in 1711, his father being
Richard Bigland, the descendant of an old
family originally from Bigland in Lancashire.
He was appointed head of the College of Arms
in 1780, after passing through all the minor
offices. He had been elected Bluemantle in
1757, Somerset and registrar 17(53, Norroy
Idng-of-arms May 1773, Clarenceux August
1774 ; but he enjoyed his elevation as Garter
Idng-of-arms only a few years, dying 27 March
1784 at the age of seventy-three", in St. James's
Street , Bedford Row. He married at Frocester,
13 June 1737, Ann, daughter of John Wil-
kins of that town, by whom he had one son,
born on 3 April 1738 /and who died at the early
age of twenty-two on 1 Dec. 1738. Bigland

afterwards married Ann, daughter of Robert
Weir ; this marriage also being of short du-
ration, for she died 5 April 17<K>, leaving no
issue. The collections which he had made
during his lifetime for a history of Glouces-
tershire were intended to have been arranged
and presented by him to the public. After his
death they were partly published by his son,
Richard Bigland of Frocester, Gloucester-
shire, under the title of ' Historical, Monu-
mental, and Genealogical Collections relative
to the County of Gloucester' (fol. 1791-2)^1-
Among some of his other literary labours may
be mentioned his 'Account of the Parish of
Fairford, co. Gloucester, with a description
of the celebrated windows and monuments.'
In 1764 he also published a small work en-
titled l Observations on Marriages, Baptisms,
and Burials, as preserved in Parochial Regis-
ters/ in which he pointed out the necessity of
these documents being accurately kept '"for
the benefit of society.' An interesting cor-
respondence between him and Mr. G. Allan
on various subjects was published in Nichols's
' Literary Anecdotes.'

[Noble's History of the College of Arms, 1804,
417-18; Lowndes's Bibliographers' Manual, 1864,
i. 203 ; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, 1814, viii.
713-18 ; Gent. Mag. 1788, Iviii. 344 ; 1791, Ixi.
345, 725 ; 1793, Ixiii. 655.] T. F. T. D.

BIGNELL, HENRY (1611-1660?), di-#/
vine, the son of Foulk Bignell of Souldern, * c<
Oxfordshire, was born in the parish of St. ^3<
Mary, Oxford, in July 1611. In 1629 he
became a servitor of Brasenose College, and
subsequently entered at St. Mary's IlalL
After taking the degree of B.A. he was or-
dAined and set up as a schoolmaster. In
1645 he was made rector of St. Peter-le-
Bayly, Oxford, but was ejected from his
benefice for scandalous conduct. Shortly
before the Restoration he went out to the
WTest Indies, where he seems to have died.
According to Wood he published, in 1640, a
book ' for the education of youth in know-
ledge/ called ' The Son's Portion/ and was
the author of some other ' trivial things not
worth mentioning.'

[Wood's Athense, iii. 406, and Fasti, i. 465.1

A. R. B.

BIGNELL, MRS. [See BICKNELL,
M .]

BIGOD or BYGOD, SIR FRANCIS

(1508-1537), rebel, of Settrington and Mul-
grave Castle in Yorkshire, was descended from
John, brother and heir of Roger Bigod, sixth
earl of Norfolk. His grandfather, Sir Ralph
Bigod, died in 1515, leaving Francis, then
aged seven, his heir (Inq. p.m. 7 Hen. VIII,

Bigod

22

Bigod

Nos. 139, 144) ; for his father, John Bigod,
had fallen in the Scotch wars. He had
livery of lands by patent, 21 Dec. 1529
(Pat. 21 Hen. VIII, p. i., m. 28), and was
soon afterwards knighted. He spent some
time at Oxford, but took no degree, though
his letters show that he was a scholar. In
1527 and the following years he was in the
service of Cardinal Wolsey, and under Crom-
well, Wolsey's successor in the favour of
Henry VIII, was engaged in advancing in
Yorkshire the king's reforms in church mat-
ters. Nevertheless in 1536 we find him
implicated (though unwillingly) in the Pil-
grimage for Grace, an insurrection produced
by these reforms. In January 1537 he
headed an unsuccessful rising at Beverley,
and for this was hanged at Tyburn on 2 June
1537. By his wife Katharine, daughter of
William, Lord Conyers, he left a son, Ralph,
who was restored in blood by act of parlia-
ment, 3 Edward VI, but died without issue,
and a daughter, Dorothy, through whom the
estates passed to the family of KadclyiFe.
Rastell (the chronicler) in a letter to Crom-
well, 17 Aug. [1534] (Cal. of State Papers
Hen. FZZJ, vol. vii. no. 1070), calls Bigod wise
and well learned ; and Bale describes him as
' homo naturalium splendore nobilis ac doctus
et evangelicse veritatis amator.' His letters
to Cromwell, many of which are preserved
in the Public Record Office, show him to
have been deeply in debt, He wrote a trea-
tise on ' Impropriations,' against the impro-
priation of parsonages by the monasteries
(London, by Tho. Godfray cum privileyio re-
ffali, small 8vo). It appears to have been
written after the birth of Elizabeth aud
before Anne Boleyn's disgrace, i.e. betwe&n
September 1533 and April 1536. Copies are
in the British Museum and in Lambeth li-
brary, and the preface is reprinted at the
end of Sir Henry Spelman's ' Larger work of
Tithes ' (1647 edition). Bigod also translated
some Latin works, and, during the insurrec-
tion, wrote against the royal supremacy.

[Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII, vols.
iv. and onwards; Tanner's Bibliotheca ; Bale;
Fuller's Worthies, ii. 209 ; Wood's Athen. Oxon.
i. 101 ; Wriothesley's Chronicle, i. 64; Blome-
field's Norfolk, v. 228.] E. H. B.

BIGOD, HUGH, first EARL OF NORFOLK
(d. 1176 or 1177), was the second son of
Roger Bigod, the founder of the house in Eng-
land after the Conquest. The origin of the
name is quite uncertain. The French called
the Normans ' bigoz e draschiers ' (Pom. de
Ron, iii. 4780) in contempt. The second word
is said to mean beer-drinkers ; the other has j
been explained as a nickname derived from i

the oath ' bi got ' commonly used by the early
Normans. But whether the family name
Bigod had any connection with this term
or not, it is evident that in England in the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it was
punned upon in words of profane swearing
(WRIGHT'S Political Songs, pp. 67, 68 j HEM-
IITGBTJRGH'S Chronicle, ii. 121).

The first person who, bearing the name of
Bigod or Bigot, appears in history is Robert
le Bigod, a poor knight, who gained the
favour of William, duke of Normandy, by
discovering to him the intended treachery of
William, count of Mortain. This Robert
may have been the father of Roger, and one or
the other, or both, may have been present at
the battle of Hastings. In the ' Roman de
Rou,' iii. 8571-82, the ancestor of Hugh Bigod
(perhaps the above Robert) is named as
holding lands at Malitot, Loges, and Chanon
in Normandy, and as serving the duke in his
household as one of his seneschals. He was
small of body, but brave and bold, and as-
saulted the English gallantly. Roger Bigod
is not traced in English records before 1079,
but by this time he may have been endowed
with the forfeited estates of Ralph de Guader,
earl of Norfolk, whose downfall took place
in 1074. In Domesday he appears as hold-
ing six lordships in Essex, and 117 in Suffolk.
From Henry I he received the gift of Fram-
lingham, which became the principal strong-
hold of him and his descendants. He like-
wise held the office of king's dapifer, or
steward, under William Rufus and Henry I.
He died in 1107, and was succeeded by his
eldest son, William, who, however (26 Nov.
1120), was drowned in the wreck of the
White Ship. Roger's second son, Hugh, thus
entered into possession of the estates.

At the time of his father's death, whom
he survived some seventy years, Hugh must
have been quite a young child. Little, is
heard of him at first, no doubt on account of
his youth, but he appears as king's dapifer in.
1123, and before that date he was constable
of Norwich Castle and governor of the city
down to 1122, when it obtained a charter
from the crown. Passing the best years of
his manhood in the distractions of the civil
wars of Stephen and Matilda, when men's
oaths of fealty sat lightly on their con-
sciences, he appears to have surpassed his
fellows in acts of desertion and treachery,
and to have been never more in his element
than when in rebellion. His first prominent
action in history was on the death of Henry I
in 1135, when he is said to have hastened to
England, and to have sworn to Archbishop
William Corbois that the dying king, on
some quarrel with his daughter Matilda, had

Bigod s

disinherited her, and named Stephen of Blois
his successor. Stephen's prompt arrival in
England settled the matter, and the waver-
ing prelate placed the crown on his head.
Hugh's reward was the earldom of Norfolk.
The new king's energy at first kept his fol-
lowers together, but before Whitsuntide in
the next year Stephen was stricken with
sickness, a lethargy fastened on him, and the
report of his death was quickly spread abroad/
A rising of the turbulent barons necessarily j
followed, and Bigod was the first to take up j
arms. He seized and held Norwich ; but j
Stephen, quickly recovering, laid siege to the j
city, and Hugh was compelled to surrender. I
Acting with unusual clemency, Stephen |
spared the traitor, who for a short time re- !
mained faithful. But in 1140 he is said to
have declared for the empress, and to have j
stood a siege in his castle of Bungay ; yet I
in the next year he is in the ranks of
Stephen's army which fought the disastrous
battle of Lincoln. In the few years which j
followed, while the war dragged on, and
Stephen's time was fully occupied in subdu-
ing the so-called adherents of the empress,
who were really fighting for their own hand,
the Earl of Norfolk probably remained within !
his own domains, consolidating his power, |
and fortifying his castles, although in 1143-4 j
he is reported to have been concerned in the j
rising of Geoffrey de Mandeville. The quar-
rel between the king and Archbishop Theo-
bald in 1148 gave the next occasion for
Hugh to come forward ; he this time sided
with the archbishop, and received him in
his castle of Framlingham, but joined with
others in effecting a reconciliation. Five
years later, in 1153, when Henry of Anjou j
landed to assert his claim to the throne, Bi-
god threw in his lot with the rising power, |
and held out in Ipswich against Stephen's '
forces, while Henry, on the other side, laid
siege to Stamford. Both places fell, but in '
the critical state of his fortunes Stephen was ,
in no position to punish the rebel. Nego-
tiations were also going on between the two
parties, and Hugh again escaped.

On Henry's accession in December 1154,
Bigod at once received a confirmation of his
earldom and stewardship by charter issued
apparently in January of the next year. The
first years of the new reign were spent in
restoring order to the shattered kingdom,
and in breaking the power of the independent
barons. It was scarcely to be expected that
Hugh should rest quiet. He showed signs
of resistance, but was at once put down. In
1 157 Henry marched into the eastern coun-
ties and received the earl's submission. After
this Hugh appears but little in the chronicles

5 Bigod

for some time ; only in 1169 he is named
among those who had been excommunicated
by Becket. This, however, was in conse-
quence of his retention of lands belonging to
the monastery of Pentney in Norfolk. In
1173 the revolt of the young crowned prince
Henry against his father, and the league of
the English barons with the kings of France
and Scotland in his favour, gave the Earl of
Norfolk another opportunity for rebellion.
He at once became a moving spirit in the'
cause, eager to revive the feudal power
which Henry had curtailed. The honour of
Eye and the custody of Norwich Castle were
promised by the young prince as his reward.
But the king's energy and good fortune were
equal to the occasion. While he held in
check his rebel vassals in France, the loyal
barons in England defeated his enemies here.'
Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester (d.
1190) fq. v.], landing at Walton, in Suffolk,
on 29 Sept. 1173, had marched to Framling-
ham and joined forces with Hugh. Together
they besieged and took, 13 Oct., the castle of
Ha genet in Suffolk, held by Randal de Broc
for the crown. But Leicester, setting out
from Framlingham, was defeated and taken
prisoner at Fornham St. Genevieve, near
Bury, by the justiciar, Richard de Lucy, and
other barons, who then turned their arms
against Earl Hugh. Not strong enough to
fight, he opened negotiations with his as-
sailants, and, it is said, bought them off, at
the same time securing for the Flemings in
his service a safe passage home. In the next
year, however, he was again in the field, with
the aid of the troops of Philip of Flanders,
and laid siege to Norwich, which he took by
assault and burned. But Henry returned to
England in the summer, and straightway
marched into the eastern counties ; and when
Hugh heard that the king had already de-
stroyed his castle of Walton, and was ap-
proachingFramlingham, he hastened to make
his submission at Laleham on 25 July, sur-
! rendering his castles, which were afterwards
; dismantled, and paying a fine. After these
! events Hugh Bigod ceases to appear in his-
1 tory. His death is briefly recorded under
the year 1177, and is generally mentioned as
i occurring in the Holy Land, whither he had
accompanied Philip of Flanders on a pil-
grimage. It is to be observed, however,
that on 1 March of that year his son Roger
appealed to the king on a dispute with his
i stepmother, Hugh being then dead, and that
' the date of his death is fixed ' ante caput
! jejunii,' i.e. before 9 March. If, then, he
I died in Palestine, his death must have taken
i place in the preceding year, 1176, to allow
time for the arrival of the news in England.

Bigod

Bigod

Henry took advantage of Roger's appeal to
seize upon the late earl's treasure. Besides
the vast estates which he inherited, Hugh
Bigod was in receipt of the third penny
levied in the county of Norfolk. He was
twice married, his first wife being Juliana,
sister of Alberic de Vere, earl of Oxford, by j
whom he had a son, Roger, d. 1221 [q. v. J, j
his successor ; and his second, Gundreda,
who after his death was married to Roger
de Glaiiville.

[Chronicles of Henry of Huntingdon, Rog. de |
Hoveden, Had. de Diceto, Benedict of Peter- j
borough, Gervase of Canterbury (Rolls Series, j
passim) ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 132 ; Blom-
tield's Hist, of Norfolk, iii. 24 seq. ; Stubbs's j
Constitutional History and Early PJantagenets ;
Eyton's Itinerary of Henry II ; Additional MS.
31939 (Eyton's Pedigrees), f. 129.] E. M. T.

BIGOD, HUGH (d. 1266), the justiciar, i
was the younger son of Hugh Bigod, third !
earl of Norfolk. Nothing is known of his '
early life. In 39 Henry III he was made
chief ranger of Farndale Forest, Yorkshire,
in consideration of a payment of 500 marks, ;
and in the next year became governor of the !
castle of Pickering. In 1257 he accompanied
Henry in his expedition into Wales. In 1258,
on the formation of the government under
the Provisions of Oxford, of which his brother,
Roger, d. 1270 [q. v.], earl of Norfolk and mar-
shal of England, was a member, Bigod was
named chief justiciar, and in that capacity had
the custody of the Tower of London. He was
likewise made governor of Dover Castle, but
resigned that place in 1261. He must at this
period have been very wealthy, for he paid
3,000/. for the wardship of William de Kime,
of Lincolnshire. His character as a judge has
been placed high by Matthew Paris : t legum
terrae peritum, qui officium justiciaries strenue
peragens nullatenus permittat jus regni va-
cillare.' In 1259-60 he went with two of
the principal judges on a circuit to adminis-
ter justice throughout the kingdom. Soon
after he became governor of Scarborough, and
about the end of 1260 he resigned his office
of justiciar, probably from dissatisfaction
with the conduct of the barons. He after-
wards, in 1263, joined the royal party, and
was present on the king's side at the "battle
of Lewes on 14 May 1264, but fled from the
field. He was afterwards reappointed to the
government of Pickering Castle. He died
about November 1266, leaving a son, Roger,
who became in 1270 the fifth earl of Norfolk
[q. v.] Bigod was twice married : first to
Joanna, daughter of Robert Burnet : and
secondly to Joanna, daughter of Nicholas de
Stuteville and widow of Hugh Wake.

[Chronicles of Matthew Paris and Gervase of
Canterbury (Rolls Ser.) ; Dugdale's Baronage-, i.
135 ; Foss's Judges of England, ii. 239 ; Stubbs's
Constitutional History.] E. M. T.

BIGOD, ROGER (d. 1221), second EARL
OF NORFOLK, was son of Hugh, first earl [q. v. ]
On the death of his father in 1176, he and his
stepmother, Gundreda, appealed to the king-
on a dispute touching the inheritance, the
countess pressing the claims of her own son.
Henry thereupon seized the treasures of Earl
Hugh into his own hands, and it seems that
during the remainder of this reign Roger had
small power, even if his succession was al-
lowed. His position, however, was not en-
tirely overlooked. He appears as a witness
to Henry's award between the kings of
Navarre and Castile on 16 March 1177, and
in 1186 he did his feudal service as steward
in the court held at Guildford.

On Richard's succession to the throne,
3 Sept. 1189, Bigod was taken into favour.
By charter of 27 Nov. the new king con-
firmed him in all his honours, in the earldom
of Norfolk, and in the stewardship of the
royal household, as freely as Roger, his
grandfather, and Hugh, his father, had held
it. He was next appointed one of the ambas-
sadors to Philip of France to arrange for the
crusade, and during Richard's absence from
England on that expedition he supported
the king's authority against the designs of
Prince John. On the pacification of the

guarrel between the prince and the chancel-
)r, William Longchamp, bishop of Ely, oil
28 July 1191, Bigod was put into possession
of the castle of Hereford, one of the strong-
holds surrendered by John, and was one of
the chancellor's sureties in the agreement.
In April 1193 he was summoned with cer-
tain other barons and prelates to attend the
chancellor into Germany, where negotiations
were being carried on to effect Richard's re-
lease from captivity ; and in 1194, after the
surrender of Nottingham to the king, he was
present in that city at the great council held
on 30 March. At Richard's re-coronation,
17 April, he assisted in bearing the canopy.
In July or August of the same year he ap-
pears as one of the commissioners sent to
York to settle a quarrel between the arch-
bishop and the canons.

After Richard's return home, Bigod's name
is found on the records as a justiciar, fines
being levied before him in the fifth year of
that king's reign, and from the seventh on-
wards. He also appears as a justice itinerant
in Norfolk. After Richard's death, Bigod suc-
ceeded in gaining John's favour, and in the
first years of his reign continued to act as a
judge. In October 1200 he was one of the

Bigod

Bigod

•envoys sent to summon William of Scotland
to do homage at Lincoln, and was a witness
.at the ceremony on '22 Nov. following ; but
at a later period he appears to have fallen
into disgrace, and was imprisoned in 1213.
In the course of the same year, however, he j
was released and apparently restored to fa-
vour, as he accompanied the king to Poitou
in February 1214, and about the same time
compounded by a fine of 2,000 marks for the
service of 120 knights and all arrears of
scutages. Next year he joined the confede-
rate barons in the movement which resulted
in the grant of Magna Charta on 15 June
1215, and was one of the twenty-five execu-
tors, or trustees, of its provisions. He was
•consequently included in the sentence of ex-
communication which Innocent III soon
afterwards declared against the king's oppo-
nents, and his lands were cruelly harried by
John's troops in their incursions into the
eastern counties.

After the accession of Henry III, Bigod
returned to his allegiance, and his hereditary
right to the stewardship of the royal house-
hold was finally recognised at the council of
Oxford on 1 May 1221. But before the fol-
lowing August he died. He was succeeded
by his eldest son, Hugh, as third earl, who, i
liowever, survived him only four years.

[Chronicles of K. de Hoveden, Boned, of Peter-
borough, and Matthew Paris (Kolls Ser.); Dug-
dale's Baronage, i. 132; Foss's Judges of England,
ii. 40 ; Stubbs's Constitutional History ; Eyton's
Itinerary of Henry II.] E. M. T.

BIGOD, ROGER, fourth EARL OF NORFOLK
(d. 1270), marshal of England, was grandson
of Roger, second earl [q. v.], and son of Hugh,
third earl, by his wife Matilda, daughter of
William Marshal, earl of Pembroke. Being
A minor at the time of his father's death,
early in 1225, his wardship was granted to
William de Longespee, earl of Salisbury, but
was transferred to Alexander, king of Scot-
land, on the marriage of Roger with Isabella,
the king's sister. In 1233, when he probably
came of age, he was knighted by Henry III
at Gloucester, and in the same year received
livery of the castle of Framlingham. He was
head of the commission of justices itinerant
into Essex and Hertfordshire, issued 1 Aug.
1234. In 1237 he greatly distinguished him-
.self by his prowess at the tournament at
Blythe, Nottinghamshire, in which the rival
barons of the north and south had a serious
•encounter. A serious illness, as late as 1257,
was attributed to the exertions he went
through on that occasion. He took part in
Henry's costly expedition to France in 1242,

and displayed great bravery in the skirmish
at Saintes, 22 July ; but soon after he and
other nobles asked leave to retire and re-
turned to England. In the parliament or
assembly of the magnates in 1244 Roger
Bigod was appointed one of the twelve re-
presentatives of the two estates present, lay
and clerical, to obtain measures of reform
from the king in return for a money grant,
and in the next year he was one of the envoys
sent to the council of Lyons to protest against
papal exactions. Redress was refused, and
the embassy retired, threatening and pro-
testing ; and in the parliament which met on
18 March 1246, Bigod took part in drawing
up a list of grievances and addressing a letter
of remonstrance to the pope.

In 1246 also Roger Bigod was invested
with the office of earl marshal in right of
his mother, eldest daughter of William, earl
of Pembroke, on whom it devolved on failure
of the male line. Matthew Paris, the chroni-
cler, has narrated two anecdotes of Roger
which illustrate his resolute character. In
1249, when the Count of Guines was passing
through England, Roger ordered his arrest,
in retaliation for a road tax which he had
been forced to pay when traversing the count's
territories on his embassy to Lyons. And
in 1255, when, by speaking in favour of
Robert de Ros who was in disgrace, he in-
curred the king's anger, he openly defied
Henry, and did not hesitate to give him the
lie when the latter called him traitor.

In 1253 Roger was present at the solemn
confirmation of the charters, when sentence
of excommunication was formally passed
against all who violated them. He was with
the king in France in the same year ; but in
January 1254 was sent to England to obtain
money from parliament. Soon after he with
othe/nobles retired in disgust from the army
in Gascony. In 1257 he was member of an
abortive embassy to France to demand certain
rights. The next year he played an important
part in the reforms introduced under the title
of the Provisions of Oxford, being one of
the twelve chosen to represent the barons,
and subsequently being also a member of the
council formed to advise the king. In 1258
he was one of the ambassadors to attend the
conference at Cambray between the repre-
! sentatives of England, France, and Germany.
The dissensions which sprang up among the
! barons in the course of 1 259 eventually sent
; Roger Bigod, together with others, over to
the king's side in opposition to Simon de
Montfort. It is in reference to the events of
this period that he is invoked in the political
poem preserved by liishanger (WRIGHT'S
Polit. Sonys, 121):"

Bigod

Bigod

O tu comes le Bigot, pactum serva sanum ;

Cum sis miles strenuus, nunc exerce manum.
But the award of the French king, who was
appealed to to arbitrate, and who now set
aside the Provisions of Oxford, probably
ranged Bigod again on the popular side.
After the decisive battle of Lewes he is found
holding the castle of Oxford for De Mont-
fort's party, and he was one of the five earls
who were summoned to the parliament of
1265. Nothing further is known of him to
the time of his death in 1270. He was buried
at Thetford, and, dying without issue, was
succeeded in his honours by his nephew
Roger [q. v.l He had put away his wife
Isabella of Scotland on the pretext of con-
sanguinity, but took her again in 1253.

[Matthew Paris (Rolls Ser.) ; Dugdale's Ba-
ronage, i. 133 ; Foss's Judges of England, ii. 241 ;
Htubbs's Constitutional History.] E. M. T.

BIGOD, KOGER, fifth EAEL OF NOKFOLK
(1245-1306), marshal of England, was born in
1245, and was the son of Hugh Bigod [q. v.],
the justiciar, and nephew of Roger, fourth
earl [q. v.], whom he succeeded in 1270. The
period of his life as a baron being nearly
synchronous with the reign of Edward I, his
career is closely identified with the constitu-
tional struggle with the crown in which the
baronage played so large a part. He was
present in the Welsh campaign of 1282, and
had the custody of the castles of Bristol and
Nottingham, which, however, he afterwards
surrendered. In 1288 he was found prepar-
ing to levy private war, but was repressed
by Edmund of Cornwall, regent during the
king's absence in Gascony. Edward's reforms
had alarmed the barons, who foresaw the
curtailment of their power under a strong
and well-ordered government. In 1289 the
spirit of opposition was manifested in the
refusal of a subsidy. Then the wars with
France, Wales, and Scotland, which are the
principal events in the history of 1294-6,
forced Edward to resort to measures of
arbitrary taxation ; and when, on 24 Feb.
1297, he summoned the baronage to meet at
Salisbury with the view of making an effort
for the invasion of France, the barons re-
belled. Roger Bigod and Humphrey Bohun,
earl of Hereford, were at the head of the
opposition. When Edward called upon them
to serve in Gascony while he took command
in Flanders, they refused to go, on the plea
that their tenure obliged them only to serve
beyond seas in company with the king.
Turning to Bigod Edward tried persuasion.
' With you, 0 king,' Bigod answered, l I will
gladly go ; as belongs to me by hereditary-
right, I will go in the front of the host before

your face.' ,' But without me,' Edward urged,
1 you will go with the rest.' ' Without you,
0 king/ was the answer, ' I am not bound
to go, and go I will not.' Edward lost. his
temper, ' By God, earl, you shall either go or
hang.' 'By God/ said Roger, <O king, I
will neither go nor hang ' (HEMINGBTJKGH'S
Chronicle, ii. 121 ; STUBBS'S Const. Hist. ii.
144). The council broke up, and Bigod and
Bohun were joined by more than thirty of
the great vassals and assembled a force, but
were content with preventing the. levy of
money or seizure of wool and other com-
modities on their own domains. In answer
to a general levy of the military strength
of the kingdom, on 7 July, the two earls re-
fused to serve their offices of marshal and
constable, and were therefore deprived. The
barons then drew up a list of grievances, in
which they were joined by Archbishop Win-,
chelsey, the clergy having also been taxed
with undue severity. Edward, however,
managed to effect a reconciliation with the
archbishop, and promised to confirm the
charters on condition of receiving a grant.
The archbishop undertook to consult the
clergy, and the king persuaded the chief men
of the commons who had attended the mili-
tary levy to grant him an aid. But the two
earls still kept aloof. Finally, however, they
presented their list of grievances. But Ed-
ward was now at the end of his patience.
On 20 Aug. he laid a tax on the clergy, and
two days after embarked for Flanders, leaving
Prince Edward regent during his absence.
The earls did not fail to use their opportunity.
They protested against the exactions on wool,
and "prevented the collection of an aid until
the charters should be confirmed. In these
proceedings they were supported by the
citizens of London. An assembly of the mag-
nates and knights of the shires was sum-
moned early in October. Bigod and Bohun
appeared in arms and with an armed force,
and the charters, with additional articles
whereby the king was to renounce the right
of taxation without national consent, were
submitted to the regent for confirmation. By
the advice of his counsellors the prince
yielded, and the charters were confirmed
on 10 Oct. Early in the following month
this confirmation was ratified by Edward at
Ghent.

The king returned to England in March
1298, and, having concluded a peace with
France, proceeded in the summer to the in-
vasion of Scotland. As the price of their
attendance the earls demanded a confirmation
of the charters by the king in person. The
question of the limits and jurisdiction of the
forests was the principal cause of contention.

Bigsby

and Edward hesitated long. At last, at the
parliament of Lincoln, the charters were fully
confirmed, 14 Feb. 1301.

Throughout these events Roger Bigod had
been a prominent figure ; but no sooner had
the object of the struggle been attained than
his power appears to have collapsed. Hum-
phrey Bohun had died in 1298, and the loss
of his support to Bigod no doubt made it
easier for the king to deal summarily with j
the survivor. In 1301 the Earl of Norfolk i
made the king his heir, and gave up the j
marshal's rod ; and on 12 April 1302 he sur- j
rendered his lands and title, receiving them
back in tail on 12 July following. Seeking
for a cause for this surrender, the chronicler
Hemingburgh has ascribed it, not satisfac-
torily, to a quarrel between Roger and his j
brother John. Roger Bigod died on 11 Dec.
1 806, without issue, and, in consequence of his
.surrender, his dignities vested in the crown.
He married twice : first, Alina, daughter and
coheir of Philip Basset, chief justiciar of
England in 1261, and widow of Hugh le De-
spencer, chief justiciar of the barons ; and,
secondly, Alice, daughter of John II d'Avesne, j
count of Hainault.

[Chronicles of Rishanger and Hemingburgh ;
Dugdale's Baronage, i. 135; Foss's Judges of
England, ii. 221 ; Anselme's Histoire Grenealo-
gique, ii. 783 ; Stubbs's Constitutional History
and Early Plantagenets.] E. M. T.

BIGSBY, JOHN JEREMIAH (1792-
1881), geologist, born at Nottingham 14 Aug.
1792, was the son of Dr. John Bigsby. He
studied medicine at Edinburgh, where he
took the degree of M.D. in 1814, and pub-
lished a ( Disputatio de vi arsenic! vitiosa.'
Soon afterwards he joined the army as a
medical officer, and served at the Cape in
1817. In the following year he was sent to
Canada, where he chiefly developed his inte-
rest in geology. In 1819 he was commissioned
to report on the geology of Upper Canada.
In 1822 he became British secretary and
medical officer of the Canadian boundary
commission. Five years later he returned to
England, and practised medicine at Newark,
Nottinghamshire. There he remained until
1846, when he permanently settled in Lon-
don. He was elected a fellow of the Geolo-
gical Society in 1823, and of the Royal Society
in 1869. In 1874 the former society presented
him with the Murchison medal. In 1877 he
presented to the Geological Society a sum of
money to provide for a gold medal to be called
after him, and to be awarded biennially to
students of American geology under forty-
five years of age. He died at Gloucester
Place, London, 10 Feb. 1881.

r Bigsby

Bigsby was the author of: 1. ' A Lecture
on Mendicity,' Worksop, 1836. 2. ' Seaside
Manual of Invalids and Bathers,' 1841.
3. * The Shoe and Canoe,' 1850 ; a narrative
of travel in Canada. 4. ' Thesaurus Silu-
ricus : the flora and fauna of the Silurian pe-
riod, with addenda from recent acquisitions ; r
a very laborious compilation, published with
the aid of a Royal Society grant in 1868.
5. 'Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferus: the
flora and fauna of the Devonian and Carbo-
niferous periods,' 1878. Bigsby had nearly
completed a 'Permian Thesaurus' at the time
of his death. The Royal Society's ' Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers ' (1800-73) gives
the names of twenty-seven by Bigsby, almost
all treating of American geology. His ear-
liest paper, 'Remarks on the Environs of
Carthage Bridge, near the mouth of the Ge-
nesee River,' appeared in Silliman's 'American
Journal ' for 1820. His later papers were con-
tributed to the l Geological Society's Trans-
actions,' to the ' Philosophical Magazine,' and
to the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural
History.'

[Memoir by Mr. Robert Etheridge, F.R.S.,
in Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,
xxxvii. 41 ; Cat. of Scientific Papers, vols. i. vii. ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.]

BIGSBY, ROBERT, LLD. (1806-1873),

of thirty-one years. ' He had the honour/
according to his son, ' to be a frequent guest
of the illustrious Washington while visiting
America in 1787.' His son was born at
Nottingham in 1806, and was educated at
Repton school. Disappointed in the legal
prospects to which he had been brought up,
he turned his attention to the study of an-
tiquities, and began to collect materials for
a history of Repton. He was then residing1
at Wilfrid Cottage, Ashby-de-la-Zouche,
having left Repton, where he had stayed for
eleven years. The greater part of his life was
spent in the accumulation and reproduction
of archseologic material. He died 27 Sept.
1873 at 4 Beaufort Terrace, Peckham Rye,
aged 67.

Bigsby distinguished himself as a virtuoso
or collector of curiosities, ' relics and memo-
rials,' as he calls them, of ' illustrious cha-
racters.' Amongst his most cherished pos-
sessions was Drake's astrolabe. This astro-
labe, constructed for Captain (afterwards Sir
Francis) Drake, prior to his first expedition
to the West Indies in 1570, and subse-
quently preserved in a cabinet of antiques
belonging to the Stanhope family, was pre-

Bigsby

sented in 1783 by Philip, earl of Chesterfield,
on quitting England as ambassador to the
court of Spain, to Bigsby's uncle, Rev.
Thomas Bigsby, A.M., of Stanton Manor,
Derbyshire, who had, in the preceding year,
married the Hon. Frances Stanhope, widow,
the earl's stepmother. In 1812 Thomas
Bigsby gave it to Bigsby's father, who left it
to his son. In 1831 Bigsby presented it to
William IV, who, in his turn gave it to
Greenwich Hospital. Other relics of a like
interesting character were bestowed by Bigsby \
on the British Museum. Some, however, he !
retained in his own possession, and of these ;
was Sir F. Drake's tobacco-box, constructed,
he tells us, of the horn of a ' foreign animal,'
and bearing the celebrated navigator's arms i
and name. He also kept a chain to which
Drake suspended his compass and other j
nautical instruments. This chain, about
twenty feet long, was worn by Drake round
his neck in the manner of a cordon, passed,
however, thrice round the body. A fine
original portrait of William Burton [q. v.], the
antiquary, aet. 29 (the brother of the author
of the ' Anatomy '), painted in 1604, was pre-
sented in 1837 by Bigsby to the Society of
Antiquaries.

Bigsby describes himself in his works as J
LL.D., F.S.A., F.R.S., and as member of a |
great number of foreign societies. The full
titles of his books in the order of their
publication are : 1. * The Triumph of Drake, i
or the Dawn of England's Naval Power, a
Poem,' London, 1839. 2. ' Miscellaneous i
Poems and Essays,' London, 1842. 3. ' Vi- \
sions of the Times of Old, or the Antiqua- j
rian Enthusiast,' 3 vols., London, 1848. |
4. ' Boldon Delaval, a Love Story;' also ' My
Cousin's Story; The Man on the Grey j
Horse ; ' Derby and London, 1850. 7. ' Dr. j
Bigsby and the Evangelicals, a Vindication !
of Boldon Delaval,' 12mo, Derby, 1850. 8. 'A j
Supplement to the Rev. Jos. Jones's Appen- j
dix to the Vindication of Boldon Delaval,' I
12mo, Derby, 1850. 9. ' Old Places revisited,
or the Antiquarian Enthusiast,' 3 vols., Lon-
don, 1851. 10. ' Scraps from my Note-Book,
or Gleanings of Curious Facts connected with

the Family History (sic) of D shire;'

Part I. (1) ' The Lucky Lackey ; ' (2) ' A Tale
of a Cask ; ' (3) ' The Dilemma, London,
1853. 11. 'Ombo, a Dramatic Romance in
twelve acts, with an historical introduction
and notes,' London and Derby, 1853. 12. 'His-
torical and Topographical Description of Rep-
ton, in the County of Derby, comprising an
incidental view of objects of note in its vi-
cinity, with seventy illustrations on copper,
stone, and wood,' London and Derby, 1854.
13. ' Remarks on the Expediency of founding

J Bill

a National Institution in honour of Litera-
ture.' 14. ' Irminsula, or the Great Pillar, a
mythological research,' 1864. 15. 'A Tribute
to the Memory of Scanderbeg the Great,'
1866. 16. ' National Honours and their No-
blest Claimants.' London, 1867. 17. 'Me-
moir of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem
from the Capitulation of Malta till 1798,'
1869. He edited the ' History and Antiqui-
ties of the Parish Church of St. Matthew,
Morley, in the County of Derby, by the late
Rev. Samuel Fox, M.A., rector, with seven-
teen illustrations from original drawings by
George Bailey,' London and Derby, 1872. He
also contributed largely to various magazines
and reviews.

[Times, 2 Oct. 1 873 ; Men of the Time, 8th ed. ;
New Quarterly Review, July 1853 ; Brit, Mus.
Catal.; the Freemason, 18 Oct. 1873.] J. M.

BILFRITH (f. 750), anchorite of Lin-
disfarne, is referred to by Simeon of Durham
as skilled in goldsmith's work, and as having,
on that account, been employed by ^Ethel-
wold, bishop of Lindisfarne (724-40), to
adorn with gold and gems the famous manu-
script of the Gospels known as the 'Durham
Book,' now in the Cottonian Library (Nero
D. iv.) The entry made in the manuscript
itself by the glossator Aldred in the tenth
century, and recording the names of those
who worked in its production, mentions Bil-
frith the anchorite as the one who * wrought
in smith's work the ornaments that are on
the outside, and adorned it with gold and
gems,' &c. Bilfrith's name also appears
among the * nomina anchoritarum ' in the
'Liber Vitse' of the church of Durham
(Cotton MS. Domitian A. vii.) His bones
were removed to Durham, together with those
of other saints, in the eleventh century.

[Simeon of Durham's Hist. Dunelm. Eccl., ed.
Arnold (Rolls Series), vol. i. 1882, pp. 68, 88;
Liber Vita? Dunelm. (Snrtees Soc.), 1841, p. 6,
col. 2 ; Skeat, Gospel ace. to St. John in A.-Saxon
and Northumbrian versions, 1878, p. viii ; Cat.
of Anct. MSS. in the Br. Museum, pt. ii. 1884,
pp. 16, 82.] E. M. T.

BILL, ROBERT (1754-1827), an inge-
nious mechanician and inventor, was de-
scended from an old Staffordshire family, the
Bills of Farley Hall, and was born in 1754.
His father and uncle had married coheiresses,
Dorothy and Mary, the daughters of Hall
Walton, a near relative of Izaak Walton, from
whom they inherited the freehold estate of
Stanhope in Staffordshire. Bill was designed
for the army, and therefore did not enter
the university; but instead of following
the military profession he occupied himself
with literary pursuits and experiments in

Bill

Bill

natural science. His ingenuity was first j
manifested in the invention of minor im-
provements in the details of domestic con-
struction : he built his garden-walls on a
plan fitted to increase the capability of the
walls for retaining heat ; he devised a new ,
method of warming hothouses by means of ;
iron cylinders ; and introduced an ingenious
contrivance for the heating of dwelling-
houses. In a pamphlet ' On the Danger of a
Paper Currency,' printed for private circula-
tion in 1795, he incidentally and somewhat
irrelevantly recommended the use of iron
tanks for preserving water on shipboard, a
plan which was afterwards followed with
great benefit in the navy. On the intro- <
auction of gas for lighting houses and streets
he joined one of the London companies, to j
whom he gave the advantage of his chemi- :
cal and mechanical knowledge in erecting
the apparatus and regulating its use ; but
he afterwards retired from the concern on
account of some disagreement among the
proprietors. He expended much time and
money in promoting the introduction of
Massey's logs for measuring a ship's way at
sea, printing and circulating on this subject
in 1806 f A. short Account of Massey's Patent
Log and Sounding Machine, with the opinions
of certain captains in the navy, merchant
service, and pilots who have made practical
use or experimental trials with them.' He
also exerted himself to promote the adop-
tion of elastic springs in pianofortes, so as to
keep them in tune for an indefinite time. In
1820 he took out a patent for making ship's
masts of iron, but on trial they were not
considered sufficiently strong, a defect he
attributed to the fact that his instructions
were not properly carried out. In his later
years he was engaged in experiments for
rendering inferior timber — such as elm, ash,
beech, and poplar — harder and more durable
than any other species of wood. He ob-
tained permission from government to carry
his experiment into practical effect in the
construction of a ship at Deptford dockyard,
but did not live to witness the result. He
died on 23 Sept. 1827. By his marriage to
Sarah Perks, the daughter of a solicitor, he
left three daughters.

[Gent. Mag. xcvii. pt. ii. 466-8 ; Burke's His-
tory of the Landed Gentry, i. 128.] T. F. H.

BILL, WILLIAM (d. 1561), dean of
Westminster, son of John Bill of Ashwell,
Hertfordshire, and brother of Thomas Bill,
M.I)., of the same place, and of St. Bartho-
lomew's, London, physician to Henry VIII
and Edward VI, was educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A.

in 1532-3, was elected fellow 7 Nov. 1535,
took the degree of M. A. in 1536, that of B.D.
in 1544, and that of D.I), in 1547, having
(10 March 1546-7) been admitted master of
the college. While an undergraduate he was
a pupil of both Cheke and Smith, from whom
he learned a more accurate mode of pro-
nouncing Greek than that which was then in
vogue. Strype {Life of Cheke, p. 8) says
that it was only through the influence of
Cheke and Parker, then (1535) one of the
queen's chaplains, that Bill was able to raise
sufficient funds to qualify himself for election
to a fellowship by discharging his debts to
the college. By an act passed in the year pre-
ceding Bill's election (26 Hen. VIII, cap. 3) the
first year's income of a fellowship was payable
to the crown as ' first-fruits ; ' but (s. 23) in
the case of fellowships of the annual value of
not more than eight marks not until the fourth
year from election, security being given in the
meantime. Bill's fellowship was only of the
annual value of five marks, and John Bill of
Ashwell, presumably his father, gave security
for the payment of the first-fruits. Probably
the amount was never paid, as an act (27
Hen. VIII, cap. 42) exempting the universities
from the tax, which appears to have been re-
trospective, was passed in 1535-6. As fellow
of St. John's, Bill was a contemporary of As-
cham, in whose letters he is sometimes men-
tioned. At the date of his election to the
mastership he held the Linacre lectureship
in physic, which he retained for two years
after. One of his first acts after his election
was to give away two of the college leases,
one to Cheke in consideration of his services
to the college, the other to one Thomas Bill,
doubtless his brother the physician, as a pure
gratuity. In 1548-9, a year marked by the
visit of a royal commission, he held the office
of vice-chancellor. In November 1551 he re-
| signed the mastership of St. John's to be
j elected master of Trinity, and in the follow-
j ing December he was appointed one of the
j king's itinerary chaplains, whose duty it was
! l to preach sound doctrine in all the remotest
j parts of the kingdom for the instruction of
• the ignorant in right religion to God and obe-
I dience to the king.' For this service he seems
to have received 40/. per annum. Next year
(2 Oct.) he was placed on the committee to
| which the articles of religion were referred
i for consideration. Soon after her accession
Queen Mary thought fit to deprive Bill of the
i mastership of Trinity. Her commands ap-
pear to have been executed in a rather brutal
fashion, the master being forcibly removed
from his stall in the chapel by two of the
fellows, Boys and Gray. It is curious that
we find him mentioned as chief almoner

Bill

Billing

under date 1 Jan. 1553-4. It seems likelyth.it !
he held that office under Edward VI, but it
is -urprising that Mary should not have dis- |
missed him immediately upon her accession, j
Probably she did so shortly afterwards, for i
he spent the greater part of her brief reign
in retirement at Sandy, in Bedfordshire, of '.
which one of his kinsmen, Burgoyne, was
rector. On 20 Nov. 1558, the Sunday after
the proclamation of Elizabeth as queen, he
preached at St. Paul's Cross, striving to allay i
the popular excitement which was manifesting .
itself in brutal outrages upon the catholics. |
The same year he was appointed to assist j
Parker in revising the liturgy of Edward VI, !
.and was reinstated in the office of chief al-
moner and in the mastership of Trinity. In
Lent of the following year he preached before
the queen, and (20 June) was appointed, with
Sir W. Cecil, Parker, and others, visitor of
Eton College and of the university of Cam-
bridge, and on 5 July following was appointed
provost of Eton College, having been elected
fellow on 20 June. On 20 Sept. of the same
year he instituted himself to the prebend of
Milton Ecclesia, in the county of Oxford and
•church of Lincoln, the advowson of which
had been devised to him by his brother
Thomas, who died in 1551-2. He again
preached before the queen on 6 March 1559-
00, and in the same year was placed on a
•commission, of which Parker and the bishop
of London were also members, for the revision
of the prayer-book. On 30 June he was in-
stalled dean of Westminster. On his appoint-
ment he framed a set of statutes for the regu-
lation of the collegiate church, which were
adopted by his successor, Gabriel Goodman.
In this year one of the hostages given by the
£cots for the due fulfilment of their part of
the treaty of Berwick (April 1560), Archi-
bald, son of Lord Ruthven, was placed under
his care. The boy was still with him at his
death, which took place 15 July of the fol-
lowing year. He was buried on the 20th in
the chapel of St. Benedict in Westminster
Abbey, to which, as also to Trinity College,
Cambridge, he was a donor by his will. Five
couplets of Latin elegiac verse of no particular
merit are still legible beneath his effigy in the
-abbey, and may also be read by the curious
in Cooper's 'Athense Cantabrigienses ' (i. 210),
-where also will be found an abstract of his will.

[Cussans's Hertfordshire, Hd. of Odsey, i. 28,
30; Neale and Brayley's Westminster, "i. 109,
116 ; Dart's Westm. i. 101 ; Keepe's Westm. 53,
226 ; Strype's Cheke (8vo), 18 ; Strype's Smith,
•cap. ii. ad fin., cap. vii. ad init. ; Strype's Grindal
(fol.), 7, 24, 39 ; Strype's Cranmer (fol.), 273,
•301 ; Strype's Parker (fol.), i. 43, 79 ; Strype's
Whitgift, App. bk. i. No. vii.; Strype's Mem.

(fol.), ii. pt. i. 297, pt. ii. 523, 529 ; Strype's
Ann. (fol.), i. pt. i. 167, 199, 270, ii. pt. ii. 490,
App. bk. ii. No. x. iv., Suppl. No. ix. ; Rymer's
Fcedera (2nd ed.), xv. 494, 590 ; Machyn's
Diary (Camd. Soc.), 264 ; Harwood's Alumni
Eton. 9, 59 ; Ascham's Epist. 75, 87, 203, 311 ;
Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 4; 3IS.
Baker, xx. 151 ; T. Baker's Hist, of St. John's
(Mayor), 127, 129, 146; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. (1547-80), 56; Scotland, i. 138; Burnet's
Reform. (Pocock), ii. 294, 600, ii. 59, 502;
Froude, vii. 18.] J. M. R.

BILLING, ARCHIBALD (1791-1881),
physician and writer on art, was the son
of Theodore Billing of Cromlyn, in the
county of Dublin, and was born there on
10 Jan. 1791. He entered Trinity College,

' Dublin, in 1807, graduated A.B. 1811, M.B.
1814, M.D. 1818, and was incorporated M.D.
at Oxford on his Dublin degree on 22 Oct.
1818. He says himself that he spent seven
years in clinical study at Irish, British, and
continental hospitals before he sought a fee,
but about 1815 must have settled in Lon-
don, was admitted candidate (member) of
the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. 1818,
and fellow on 22 Dec. 1819. He was cen-

! sor of the college in 1823, and councillor
1852-5. Billing was long connected with
the London Hospital, to which foundation,
after having been engaged in teaching there
since 1817, he was elected physician on 2 July
1822. In 1823 he began a course of clinical
lectures, the first course of that kind, com-

i bined with regular bedside teaching, given
in London. He ceased to lecture in 1836,
and resigned the post of physician on 4 June

; 1845. On the foundation of the university
of London in 1836, Billing was invited to
become a member of the senate, and occu-
pied an influential position on that body for
many years. He was also for a considerable
time examiner in medicine. He was fellow
of the Royal Society, and an active member
of many other scientific and medical societies.
After a long and distinguished professional
career, he retired from practice many years
before his death, which occurred on 2 Sept.
1881 at his house in Park Lane.

Billing was a physician of high general
culture, and possessed of many accomplish-
ments not professional. His acute and logi-
cal intellect served him well in embodying
his large experience in a well-known manual,
' The First Principles of Medicine/ which,
in its first issue in 1831 hardly more than a
pamphlet, grew to a bulky text-book. It
was at one time very popular, and ran to six
editions, though now almost forgotten. He
gave special attention to diseases of the
chest, and was among the earliest medical

Billing

Billing

teachers in London to make auscultation, as
introduced by Laennec, a part of regular in-
struction. His original views respecting the
cause of the sounds of the heart, which have
only. partially been accepted, were first put
forth in 1832. He restated them in the
> London Medical Gazette ' (1840, xxvi. 64),
and also in his ' Practical Observations 011
Diseases of the Lungs and Heart,' a work
much less successful than the ' Principles of
Medicine.' In all Billing's writings his
avowed aim was to base medicine on patho-
logy ; their most striking feature is clearness
of thought, and a striving after logical accu-
racy which sometimes appears overstrained.
Beginning as an innovator, he came in the
end to be conservative, and was much op-
posed to what he regarded as the teachings
of the German school.' He took great in-
terest in art, was himself a fair amateur
artist, and a keen connoisseur in engraved
gems, coins, and similar objects. On this
subject he published an elaborate text-book,
illustrated with photographs, which has
reached a second edition. Billing was a man
of great physical as well as mental activity,
and was perhaps the last London physician
who occasionally visited his patients on
horseback. No portrait of him appears to
have been published, except a very poor
woodcut in the ' Medical Circular,' 1852.

He wrote (all published at London in 8vo):
1. 'First Principles of Medicine,' 1st ed.
1831 ; 6th ed. 1868. 2. < On the Treatment
of Asiatic Cholera,' 1st ed. 1848. 3. ' Prac-
tical Observations on Diseases of the Lungs
and Heart,' 1852. 4. ' The Science of Gems,
Jewels, Coins, and Medals, Ancient and
Modern,' 1867. Also ' Clinical Lectures,'
published in the ' Lancet,' 1831, and several
papers, &c., in the medical journals.

[Medical Circular, 1852, i. 243; Medical
Times and Gazette, 1881, ii. 373 ; Proceedings
Royal Med. and Chirurg. Soc. 1882, ix. 129;
Medical Directory, 1881 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys.
1878, iii. 203 ; Calendar of London Hospital.]

J. F. P.

BILLING, SIB THOMAS (d. 1481 ?),
•chief justice, is said by Fuller ( Worthies, ii.
166) to have been a native of Northampton-
shire, where two villages near Northampton
bear his name, and to have afterwards lived in
state at Ash well in that county. Lord Camp-
bell (Lives of the Chief Justices, i. 145) says
he was an attorney's clerk ; but this seems
doubtful. He was, at any rate, a member of
•Gray's Inn. Writing to one Ledam, Billing
says : ' I would ye should do well, because
ye 'are a fellow of Gray's Inn, where I was
fellow ' (Paston Letters, i. 43, 53), and, ac-

cording to a Gray's Inn manuscript, he was
a reader there. His social position was suffi-
cient to enable him to be on terms of intimacv
with the families of Paston and of Lord Grey
de Ruthin. In 1448 he was member of par-
liament for London, and was recorder in 1451.
Along with seven others he received the coif
as serjeant-at-law 2 Jan. 1453-4, and in the
Hilary term of that year is first mentioned as
arguing at the bar. "Thenceforward his name
is frequent in the reports. Lord-chancellor
j Waynflete appointed him king's Serjeant
I 21 April 1458, and Lord Campbell, citing
I an otherwise unknown pamphlet of Billing
in favour of the Lancastrian cause, says that
with the attorney-general and solicitor-gene-
ral he argued the cause of King Henry VI
at the bar of the House of Lords. The entry
in the Parliamentary Rolls, however (v. 376),
indicates that the judges and king's Serjeants
excused themselves from giving an opinion in
the matter. About the same time Billing
appears to have been knighted, and on the ac-
! cession of Edward IV his patent of king's
Serjeant was renewed, and in the first parlia-
ment of this reign he was named, along with
Serjeants Lyttelton and Laken, a referee in
a cause between the Bishop of Winchester
and some of his tenants. He is said by Lord
Campbell to have exerted himself actively
against King Henry, Queen Margaret, and the
Lancastrians, and to have helped to frame the
act of attainder of Sir John Fortescue, chief
i justice of the king's bench, for being engaged
in the battle of Towton, and to have advised
the grant of a pardon, on condition that the
opinions of the treatise * De Laudibus ' should
be retracted (see Eot. Parl vi. 2629). At
any rate, in 1464 (9 Aug.), Billing was added
| to the three judges of the king's bench, but
I by the king's writ only : and the question be-
ing thereupon raised, it was decided that a
i commission in addition to the writ was re-
quired for the appointment of a justice of as-
size. Baker in his l Chronology,' and Hale
! in his * Pleas of the Crown,' says that on the
: trial of Walter Walker for treason in 1460, for
| having said to his son, ' Tom, if thou behavest
thyself well, I will make thee heir to the
Crown ' — i.e. of the Crown Inn, of which he
was landlord — Billing ruled a conviction, and
Lord Campbell accepts the story. But it
would seem from the report of the judgment
of Chief-justice Bromley in the trial of Sir
Nicholas Throckmorton, 17 April 1554, that
I the judge at that trial was John Markham
[q.v.], afterwards chief justice next before
Billing, and that he directed an acquittal
1 (see STOW, 415; FABYAN, 633).

Billing succeeded Markham as chief justice
| of the king's bench 23 Jan. 1468-9 (DuGDALE

Billingham

Billings

and Foss, arts. ' Billing1 ' and ' Markham ') , hav-
ing precedence over Yelverton and Bingham,
justices of the king's bench ; and this office
he retained in spite of political changes. For
when Henry VI for a few months regained
the throne new patents were at once issued,
9 Oct. 1470; and when Edward IV overthrew
him, 17 June 1471 (DUGDALE, wrongly, 1472,
and so CAMPBELL), he, along with almost
all the other judges, was confirmed in his seat.
It is suggested that he may have owed this
less to his legal talents than to the support
of the Earl of Warwick. In 1477 (not as
Campbell, 1470 ; see HUME, iii. 261) Billing
tried Burdet of Arrow, in Warwickshire, a
dependent of the Duke of Clarence, for trea-
son, committed in 1474, in saying of a stag,
' I wish that the buck, horns and all, were in
the king's belly,' for which he was executed
(1 State Trials, 275). Billing is also said to
have been concerned in the trial of the Duke
of Clarence himself (Hot. Parl vi. 193). He
continued to sit in court until 5 May 1481
(1482, CAMPBELL), when he died and was
buried in Bittlesden Abbey. His tombstone
is now in Wappenham Church, Northamp-
tonshire. His successor was Sir JohnHussey
or Husee. He was twice married, first to
Katerina, who died 8 March 1479, second to
Mary, daughter and heir of Robert Wesenham
of Conington in Huntingdonshire, who had
previously been married to Thomas Lang, and
then to William Cotton of Redware, Stafford-
shire. She died in 1499, and was buried in
St. Margaret's, Westminster, which she and
Sir Thomas Billing had rebuilt. By his first
wife he had issue four daughters and five sons,
one of whom, Thomas, his heir, died in 1500
without male issue, and was buried with his
father and mother.

[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's Lives
of the Lord Chief Justices ; Dugclale's Origines
Juridiciales ; Coke's Institutes, preface; Graird-
ner's Paston Letters, i. 302 ; Close Roll, 13
Edw. IV, m. 5.1 J. A. H.

BILLINGHAM or BULLINGHAM
RICHARD (fi. 1350), a schoolman, whose
name appears on the rolls of Merton College,
Oxford, between 1344 and 1356 (TANNEK,
Bibl Brit. p. 100), is mentioned by Wood
(Antiquities of Oxford, i. 447 seqq.) as having
been concerned in a riot arising about an
election to the chancellorship of the univer-
sity in 1349. Tanner states that he became
a priest of Sion, but as that religious house
was not founded until 1414 we must suppose
that he has confounded two different persons.
Billingham's works, all of a theological and
scholastic character, are enumerated by Bale,
'Script. Brit. Cat.'vi. 8. Among the nume-

rous ways in which the name is spelled, the
only one that calls for special notice is Gil-
lingham, and this is easily accounted for as
a paliBOgraphical blunder.

[Authorities cited above.] R. L. P.

BILLINGS, JOSEPH (£.1758 ?), explorer,
j captain in the Russian navy, in 1776 entered
on board the Discovery, one of the two shipa
| that sailed under the command of Captain
Gook on his last fatal voyage. He was rated
as A.B., and in September 1779, after Cook's
death, was transferred with the same rating'
to the Resolution. He is described in the
pay-book of the Resolution as a native of
Turnham Green, and at that time aged twenty-
one. Some time after the return of the ex-
pedition to England Billings being at St.
Petersburg, whither he had probably gone
as mate of a merchant ship, was induced to
enter into the Russian navy with the rank
of lieutenant ; and when, in 1784, the empress
determined to send out an expedition to ex-
plore the extreme north-eastern parts of
Asia, Billings, known by repute as the ' com-
panion ' of Cook, was judged a fitting man
to command it. He was definitely appointed
in August 1785, the objects of the expedition,
as laid down in his instructions, being ' the
exact determination of the latitude and lon-
gitude of the mouth of the river Kovima,
and the situation of the great promontory of
the Tchukchees as far as the East Cape ; the
forming an exact chart of the islands in the
Eastern Ocean extending to the coast of
America ; and, in short, the bringing to per-
fection the knowledge of the seas lying be-
tween the continent of Siberia and the oppo-
site coast of America.' He received at the
same time the rank of captain-lieutenant,
and was instructed, on arriving at certain
definite points, to take the further rank of
captain of the second class and captain of the
first class. Early in September an officer,
with a competent staff, was sent on to
Ochotsk to make arrangements for construct-
ing two ships ; and the expedition, in several
detachments, proceeded to Irkutsk, where it
assembled in February 1786.

A very full account of the expedition was
published by the secretary, Mr. Sauer. In
the course of nine years it carried out the
objects prescribed for it with such exact-
ness as was then attainable. Of Billings
personally we have no information beyond
what is contained in Mr. Sauer's book. Mr.
Sauer did not love his captain, and im-
plies that he was greedy, selfish, ignorant,
and tyrannical, but makes no definite charge.
We can only say that Billings successfully
commanded the expedition during the whole

Billings

33

Billingsley

time, and that by it were made many large
additions to our knowledge of the geography
of those inclement regions. Of his further
life, or the date and manner of his death, we
know nothing.

[An Account of a Geographical and Astrono-
mical Expedition to the Northern Parts of
Eussia . . . performed ... by Commodore
Joseph Billings in the years 1785-1794, narrated
from the original papers by Martin Sauer, Secre-
tary to the Expedition, 1802, 4to; Beloe's Sexa-
genarian, ii. 10.] J. K. L.

BILLINGS, EGBERT WILLIAM

(1813-1874), architect and author, was born
in London in 1813, and became, at the age
of thirteen, a pupil of John Britton, the emi-
nent topographical draughtsman. During the
seven years of his articles Billings imbibed
a taste for similar pursuits, which he after-
wards exemplified in a series of beautiful
works, published at brief intervals for the
space of fifteen years. In 1837 he was em-
ployed in illustrating, for Mr. George God-
win, a ' History and Description of St. Paul's
Cathedral,' and two years later, with Frede-
rick Mackenzie, the ' Churches of London,'
in two volumes, of which the plates were
chiefly engraved by John le Keux. He also
assisted Sir Jeffery Wyatville on drawings
of Windsor Castle, and prepared numerous
views of the ruins of the old Houses of Par-
liament after the disastrous fire.

Among the works he undertook on his own
account may be mentioned ' Illustrations of
the Temple Church, London,' 1838 ; l Gothic
Panelling in Brancepeth Church, Durham,'
1841 ; ' Kettering Church, Northampton-
shire,' 1843. Still greater efforts were the
important works on Carlisle and Durham
Cathedrals, published in 1840 and 1843, as
also an excellent work of the Britton school,
called ' Illustrations of the Architectural
Antiquities of the County of Durham,'
which appeared in 1846. But his greatest
achievement in this style, and the one with
which his name is chiefly associated, was the
' Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of
Scotland,' 4 vols. 1845-52, a noble collection
of 240 illustrations, with ample explanatory
letterpress. His other works deal almost ex- |
clusively with the technicalities of his art, j
and are : ' An Attempt to define the Geo- !
metric Proportions of Gothic Architecture,
as illustrated by the Cathedrals of Carlisle
and Worcester,' 1840 ; ' Illustrations of Geo-

Powerof Form applied to Geometric Tracery,'

VOL. v.

After giving up authorship, Billings de-
voted himself entirely to his practice, which
soon grew very considerable. He was em-
ployed upon the restoration of the chapel of
Edinburgh Castle (a government commis-
sion), the Douglas Room in Stirling Castle,
Gosford House, Haddingtonshire, for the
Earl of Wemyss ; the restoration of Han-
bury Hall, Worcestershire ; Crosby-upon-
Eden Church, Cumberland ; Kemble House,
Wiltshire ; and additions to Castle Wemyss,
Renfrewshire, for Mr. John Burns, upon
which he was engaged at the time of his
death, having built the castle itself many
years before. After 1865 Billings lived at
Putney, where he purchased an old English
residence, the Moulinere, which had once
been occupied by the famous Duchess of
Marlborough. He died there 14 Nov. 1874.

\ During the latter years of his life, at intervals

S of leisure, he had again occupied himself
upon one of his old and favourite themes — a
view from the dome of the interior of St.

i Paul's Cathedral. In this drawing his en-
deavour was to modify the rendering of out-
lying portions according to strict rules, so as

I to bring them within the range of possible
and undistorted vision. The drawing, which
is on a very large scale, and was unfortu-
nately left unfinished, has been lately (1884)
deposited in the library of the dean and

: chapter.

[Information from Mr. J. Drayton Wyatt ;
Builder for 1874, xxxii. 982, 1035.] G. G.

BILLINGSLEY, SIB HENRY (d. 16QO),

lord mayor of London, and first translator of
Euclid into English, was the son of Roger
Billingsley of Canterbury. He was admitted
a Lad v Margaret scholar of St. John's College,
Cambridge, in 1551. He is said to have also
studied for several years at Oxford, although
he never took a degree at either university.
At Oxford he developed, according to Wood,
a taste for mathematics under the tuition of
'an eminent mathematician called Whyte-
head/ at one time ' a fryar of the order of St.
Augustine.' Billingsley was afterwards ap-
prenticed to a London haberdasher, and ra-
pidly became a wealthy merchant. He was
chosen sheriff of London in 1584, and alder-
man of Tower ward on 16 Nov. 1585. He
removed to Candlewick ward in 1592, and on
31 Dec. 1596 was elected lord mayor on the
death, during his year of office, of Sir Thomas
Skinner. He was apparently knighted during
1597. In 1594 he had been appointed presi-
dent of St. Thomas's Hospital, and was from
1589 one of the queen's four ' customers/ or
farmers of the customs, at the port of London.
He sat as member for London in the parlia-

D

Billingsley

34

Billingsley

ment that met on 19 March 1603-4. He died i Queen Anne in 1613 at his house at Listen,
92 Nov 1606, and was buried in the church Gloucestershire, which his father had pur-

-1 ' ' * 1598 ~

of St. Catharine Coleman. To the poor of
that parish he bequeathed 200J. In 1591 he
had already founded three scholarships at
St. John's College, Cambridge, for poor stu-
dents, and had given to the college for their
maintenance two messuages and tenements
in Tower Street and in Mark Lane, Allhal-
lows Barking (BAKER, St. John's College,
ed. Mayor, i. 434).

Billingsley published in 1570 the first
translation of Euclid's ' Elements of Geome-
try ' that had appeared in English. His ori-

chased in 1598 (NICHOLS, Progresses of
James I, i. 192, ii. 647, 666).

[Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 442; Wood's
Athen. Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 762 ; Chalmers's Biog.
Diet, : Cal. Dom. State Papers from 1 590 to 1 606.1

S. L. L.

BILLINGSLEY, JOHN, the elder
(1625-1684), divine, was born at Chatham,
Kent, on 14 Sept. 1625. Wood says 'he
Avas educated mostly in St. John's College,
Cambridge, but, coming with the rout to

ginal was the Latin version attributed to Cam- Oxon to obtain preferment on the visita-
panus, which had been first printed in 1482, tion made by the parliament in 1648, he was
and again in 1509. A lengthy essay on ma- fortunate to be supplied with a Kentish
thematical science from the pen of Dr. John j fellowship of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Dee prefaced the volume, and De Morgan has (as having been born in that county).' In
suggested that Dee, and not Billingsley, was I i «<Q v,Q ™«c. < i-n*n™™.Qi-a. ' "R A Qv,^ -wia^norl
the actual author of the translation. Dee,

incorporate ' B. A., and ordained
on 26 Sept. of that year in the church of St.

however, in his autobiographical tracts, dis- Andrew Undershaft, London,
tinctly states that, besides the introduction, While in residence at Oxford he used to act
he only contributed ' divers and many Anno- j as an evangelist in the neighbourhood, preach-
tations and Inventions Mathematicall added t ing with uncommon force. ' At length '
in sundry places of the foresaid English j (Calamy and Palmer tell us) ' he had a call

into one of the remote and dark corners of the

letters from Billingsley to Lord Burghley
matters connected with the London custoi

Euclide after the tenth booke of the same '
(Miscellanies of Chetham Soc. i. 73). Wood
asserts that Whytehead, Billingsley's Oxford
tutor, who lived during his old age in Bil-
lingsley's house, bequeathed to his old pupil
a valuable collection of manuscripts, which
Billingsley utilised in his ' Elements of Geo-
metric.' In his prefatory address Billingsley
makes no mention of assistance, but pro-
mises to translate, if his first effort is well
received, ' other good authors both pertaining
to religion (as partly I have already done),
and also pertaining to Mathematicall Artes.'
But this promise was never fulfilled. Two

on

customs

are among the Lansdowne MSS. (62 No. 19,
67 No. 88), and several documents at the
Record Office dealing with his official duties
between 1590 and the date of his death bear
his signature. One of these papers, dated
11 Nov. 1604, consists of observations on the
danger of decay in shipping, and in the ex-
portation of English cloth (Cal. State Papers,
1603-10, p. 166). Billingsley was a member
of the Society of Antiquaries founded by
Archbishop Parker in 1572 (Archceologia,
i. 20).

1 Billingsley was twice married, (1) in 1572
to Elizabeth Boorne, who died in 1577, aged
-35, and (2) to Bridget, second daughter of
Sir Christopher Draper, who was lord mayor
in 1566. By his first wife he had a large
family. His eldest son, Henry, was knighted
by James I on 28 June 1603, and entertained

kingdom to preach the gospel.' This he did
1 very assiduously, viz. at Addinghamin Cum-
berland.' He instituted catechising, and
joined a county association for revival of the
scriptural discipline of particular churches.'
Thence he removed to Chesterfield in Derby-
shire, which Anthony a Wood thought to
be his first charge. He had many disputa-
tions with the disciples of George Fox. He
published ' Strong Comforts for Weak Chris-
tians, with due Cautions against Presumption.
Being the substance of several lectures lately
preached at Chest erfield in Derbyshire, 1656 ; '
' The grand Quaker prov'd a gross Liar ; or a
Short Reply to a little Pamphlet entitled
A Dispute between James Naylor and the
Parish Teacher of Chesterfield by a Chal-
lenge against him,' &c., printed with 'Strong
Comforts.' George Fox himself replied to
Billingsley in 'The great Mystery of the
great Whore unfolded, and Anti-Christ's
Kingdom revealed with Destruction,' 1659.
As his reputation grew, he 'had great
temptations from (increased) secular advan-
tages and the importunity of friends to have
quitted' Chesterfield; but 'he would not
yield to a thought of lea ving that people, who
were dear to him as his own soul, and it was
in his heart to live and die with them.' He
was one of the two thousand deprived in
1662. He continued to labour among his
parishioners in private, as he found oppor-
tunity. He was silenced by the act of
1664 against conventicles. He retired to

Billingsley

35

Billingsley

Mansfield, which ' was to him and several
others a little Zoar.' He went once a fort-
night to Chesterfield, preached twice on each
visit, ' and often expounded and catechised/
.and visited the sick. Having to travel fre-
'quently at night, his health was greatly
weakened. Though he was an avowed non-
conformist, he lived ' in hearty love and con-
cord with the worthy minister of the parish' at
Mansfield, who, with reference to Billingsley,
said that he ' counted it no schism to endeavour
to help his people in their way to heaven.'

At the Restoration he was a zealous royalist.
Bishop Hacket earnestly entreated him to
conform, but in vain. ' He knew not,' were
his words, ' how to mollify oaths by forced
interpretations, or stretch his conscience to
'Comply with human will, in cases wherein
if he should happen to be in the wrong (as
he strongly suspected he should be in this)
he knew human power could not defend
him.' He died 30 May 1684. < Out of his
great modesty' (PALMER'S Nonconf. Mem.
i. 401) ' he left an express order in his will
that there was to be no sermon preached
at his funeral; but a suitable consolatory
discourse was addressed to the family on the
Lord's day folio wing by [Matthew] Sylvester'
,on Romans xii. 12. Posthumously appeared
•* The Believer's Daily Exercise, or the Scrip-
ture Precept of being in the Fear of the
Lord examined and urged in Four Sermons,'
1690. He had two sons who became well
known as nonconformist ministers at Hull
and London [see BILLINGSLEY, JOHN, jun.]

[Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iv. 611-2 ; Palmer's
Nonconf. Mem. i. 400-2 ; Calamy's Account ;
.Billingsley's own writings.] A. B. Gr.

BILLINGSLEY, JOHN, the younger
.(1657-1722), nonconformist divine, son of
John Billingsley [q. v.], was born at Chester-
field, Derbyshire, in 1657. First trained by his
father, he proceeded to the university of Cam-
bridge, being entered of Trinity College.
Wilson (History of Dissenting Churches,
i. 77) says : ' When neither his inclination
.nor circumstances allowed his longer continu-
ance at the university, he was placed under
the care of the famous Mr. Edward Baynes,
of Lincoln.' On leaving Lincoln he com-
pleted his theological and classical prepara-
tions under his father, and under an uncle
Whitlock of Nottingham. He was after-
wards duly ordained.

He first preached at Chesterfield. On the
•-death of his father — for whose monument
he composed an elegant and pathetic Latin
inscription (given by Calamy) — he appears to
.have served with the celebrated Rev. Edward
Prime, of Sheffield. For seven years he was

settled at Selston with l a plain but serious
auditory.' From this he removed to Kingston-
upon-Hull, where he ministered for about ten
years. About 1706 he was chosen colleague
of Dr. William Harris at Crutched Friars, and
accepting the call was thus placed practically
in the foremost place among protestant dis-
senters. He was associated with Dr. Harris
for fifteen years. ' I ever esteemed him,'
i says Dr. Harris, l a great blessing to the con-
j gregation, and I believe he was thought so
[ by every one in it. We lived together through
that course of time in a most perfect uninter-
| rupted friendship and endearment ; his labours
i and his memory will be always precious in
! my account.'

Besides his work at Crutched Friars, he
I spent Sunday evening during the winter ' in
I a catechetical exercise to a numerous con-
i gregation at Old Jewry.' His text-book was
I ' The Larger and Shorter Catechisms ' of the
: assembly of divines. He also went over the
main points in the popish controversy.

When the unhappy controversy concern-
ing the Trinity agitated England at the
commencement of the eighteenth century,
the protestant dissenters convened a synod
at Salters' Hall in 1719. They split upon
the rock of subscription. Billingsley sided
with those who opposed subscription. This
was the more honourable to him, as per-
sonally he was rigidly orthodox. He declined
to approve of subscription on the broad prin-
ciple of opposition to all tests in matters of
religion. He died 22 May 1722, in his sixty-
fifth year, and was buried in Bunhill Fields.
He does not appear to have published any-
thing. A son John, originally a dissenting
minister at Dover, married a sister of Sir
Philip Yorke, afterwards Lord-chancellor
Hardwicke, conformed and accepted a good
living in the national church with a prebend
in Bristol Cathedral. It is to his honour
that, notwithstanding his conformity, he re-
mained 'moderate, and maintained friendly
intercourse with the dissenters to the last.'

[Wilson's Hist, of Dissenting Churches, i. 77-
82 ; Palmer's Nonconf. Mem. i. 402 ; Harris's
Funeral Sermon for Billingsley ; Le Neve's Fasti ;
and authorities on his father.] A. B. Gf.

BILLINGSLEY, MARTIN (J. 1618-
1637), writing-master, was born in 1591, as
an inscription round his portrait, prefixed to
his ' Pens Excellencie,' shows ; but where he
was born, or of whom, there is no evidence.
He was residing in London, in Bush Lane,
near London Stone, on 22 Dec. 1618, when
he dedicated his first dainty little work, « The
Pens Excellencie, or the Secretarys Delight,'
to Prince Charles. He would appear to have

1)2

Billingsley

Billingsley

been the prince's writing master from a sen-
tence in his dedication : ' This humble worke
. . . first devoted to yr highness gratious
regard and now . . . putt forth into the
world,' and from another sentence in the
preface, ' This little booke hath found gracious
acceptation at the hands of him to whom it
was first privately intended.' Copies set out
in the book itself give ample testimony to
Billingsley's skill. His portrait proves him
to have been of good appearance, and repre-
sents him in huge pleated ruff and ornamented
doublet. In 1623, there was another issue
of the l Pens Excellencie, both issues being
notable as early productions of the rolling-
press (MASSBY, Origin of Letters, part ii.
p. 24). In 1637, Billingsley published 'A
Coppie Booke, containing Varieties of Ex-
amples of all the most curious Hands written.'
This was printed and sold at the Globe and
Compasses, at the west end of St. Paul's,
towards Ludgate. It pronounces itself to
be the second edition. In its few pages of
directions it refers to a previous work, ' The
Pens Transcendency,' ' wherein are directions
for every particular letter.' On the back of
the last page there is a list of works (includ-
ing ' The Pens Transcendency ') — ' The Pens
Celerity,' 'The Pens Triumph,' 'The Pens
Paradise,' and 'The Pens Facility '—all of
which were probably Billingsley's, and pub-
lished between 1618 and 1637. An edition of
' The Pens Excellencie ' seems to have been
issued in 1641, 4to (WATT, Bibl. Brit.} No
later fact concerning Billingsley is to be found.
Billingsley, like his immediate predecessor
in his art, Peter Bales [q. v.], throws very in-
teresting light on penmen and penmanship.
1 Let not your breast lie on the desk you write
on, nor your nose on the paper, but sit in as
majestical a posture as you can,' he says (A
Coppie Book, 1637). He speaks also ( The Pens
Excellencie, 1618) of London, ' this famous
citie,' swarming with ' lame pen-men,' with 'a
worlde of squirting teachers . . . botchers,'
whose ' worke is such weake stuffe as he
would rather imagine it to bee the scratching
of a hen than the worke of a profest pen-
man,' who yet ' clap bills upon every post . . .
and make curriculer progresse over all places
in this kingdom,' with ' audatious brags and
lying promises . . . professing to teach any
one a sufficient hand in a month, and some
of them doe say in a fortnight.' The num-
ber of hands set out by Billingsley with
examples was six, with some additional
subdivisions. The six were the Secretary,
' the usuall hand of England ' (yet getting
its name from secret, he said) ; the Bastard
Secretary, or Text : the Roman ; the Italian,
' meere botching and detestable ; ' the Court

(because used in the courts of King s Bench
and Common Pleas) ; and the Chancery.
The Roman hand, Billingsley said, was the
hand ' usually taught to women, because they
are phantasticall and humorsome.' He dis-
agreed with those that ' affirme writing to
be altogether unnecessarie for women,' and
was of opinion that ' no woman surviving her
husband, and who hath an estate left her,,
ought to be without the use thereof.'

[Billingsley's own Works ; Massey's Origin-
and Progress of Letters, part ii. p. 24 ; Watt's-
Bibl. Brit.] J. H.

BILLINGSLEY, NICHOLAS (1633-
1709), poet and divine, was a native of Fa-
versham, Kent. He was probably son of
Nicholas Billingsley, one of the masters of
Faversham School and rector of Belshanger
from 23 Nov. 1644 till 4 July 1651. The
parish register of Faversham has, under bap-
tisms, the entry, '1633, 1 November, Nicholas,
son of Nicholas and Letitia Billingsley.' It
has been stated that in 1658, when he pro-
ceeded B.D. [?B.A.], he was in his sixteenth
year ; but this is a mistake caused by a mis-
interpretation of certain allusions in his
poems. In his epistle before his 'Infancy
of the World ' to Francis Rous of Eton,,
he writes : ' It is now [1656] six years coin-
pleat since I was through your favour re-
moved from my late reverend father's side
and placed in that famous and flourish-
ing school of Eaton ; from whence, after
some continuance there, having not the hap-
pinesse (nor was I alone) to be transplanted
elsewhere in a college of the same founda-
tion, whatever want of learning or somewhat
else, of much (what if I say more ?) looked
upon by many now-a-days, or both, were im-
pediments, I shall not now stand to deter-
mine ; ' and then he adds that his poetry
was ' as good as the third lustrum of his age
was then able to produce.' This epistle is
dated from Canterbury, 29 Dec. 1656. But
the mentioning of ' third lustrum ' implies
not that in 1656 he was about fifteen, but
that he was so when the poetry first pub-
lished in 1656 was composed or produced.
Similarly one John Swan, among the pre-
fixed commendatory poems, addresses him 'in
his fifteenth year.'

In his ' Brachy-Martyrology ' the young
author styles himself of 'Merton College,
Oxford.' But his academic attendances must
have been interrupted by sickness, for he
tells us that he composed ' Brachy-Martyro-
logy ' at his father's house when ' dispensed
from college by illness.' The second part of"
' Brachy-Martyrology ' is dated from Wick—
ham-Brook, 5 June 1657.

JBillingsley

37

Billington

He was deprived of the living of Weobley
in Herefordshire on the passing of the Act of
Uniformity in 1662. He was then married
to a daughter of Richard Hawes of Lantmar-
tine (Herefordshire), who was ejected, and
took up his residence with his son-in-law at
Abergavenny. There Billingsley kept school
until, ; by the good offices of Sir Edward
Haiiey, he was settled at Blakeney in the
parish of Awre in Gloucestershire.' The
maintenance of this small living (50/. per
.annum) depended upon an impropriation,
which, '' by the generosity of a gentleman, had
been annexed to a chapel of ease' in the vil-
lage. He was simultaneously offered the
vicarage, but the principle and conscience
which had made him give up Weobley con-
.strained him to decline it. While Dr. Nichol-
son (d. 1670-1) was bishop (of Gloucester)
.and a Mr. Jordan, a moderate and pious man,
was vicar of the parish, he was left in peace.
But the vicar died in 1668, and two suc-
cessive high-church vicars did all in their
power to molest and ruin him. After the
death of Bishop Pritchet in 1680-1, the
succeeding bishop (Frampton) and the chan-
cellor (Parsons) were his bitter opponents.
The chancellor after hearing Billingsley
preach a visitation-sermon, in which he re-
proved the vices of the clergy, so far forgot him-
.self as in the open street to pluck the preacher
by the hair, with these words : ' Sirrah, you are
.a rogue, and I'll bind you to your good be-
haviour.' After this disreputable incident Bil-
lingsley had many suspensions and pains and
penalties for ' want of that conformity to
which his place did not oblige him.' He com-
plied so far as ' to read more or less of the Com-
mon Prayer, and to wear the surplice, after the
bishop had given it under his hand that it
was not required to be worn upon the ac-
count of any supposed holiness in the gar-
ment, but only for decency and comeliness.'
Afterwards Frampton's chancellor satisfied
Ms own long-nursed wrath by again suspend-
ing Billingsley. On this, in the anonymous
4 Life of Frampton,' published for the first
time so recently as 1876 (edited by T. Simp-
son Evans, M.A., pp. 174-7), the truculent
writer denounces Billingsley (though he knew
so little of him as to misname him Ben-
jamin) as ' always of an anti-monarchical arid
rebellious temper, and if against the king no
wonder against the bishop ' (p. 174). When,
however, Dr. Fowler succeeded as bishop,
he blamed the chancellor and took steps to
induce Billingsley to return, and kept the
place open for a whole year. But, worn out
by his many persecutions and sufferings, Bil-
lingsley respectfully declined to reconsider
Qiis decision finally to leave Awre. Thence-

forward he exercised his ministry among the
nonconformists in different places in Glou-
cestershire. He at length became very feeble,
and died at Bristol in December 1709.

Anthony u Wood ignored his ministerial
offices, whilst both Calamy and Palmer kne\v
nothing of his poems. Richard Baxter had
in his possession a manuscript of his entitled
* Theological Reflections on God's admirable
Master-piece,' and he wrote on the fly-leaf
as follows : < The poetry of this book lleave
to the judgment and relish of the reader ;
the philosophical and theological matter, as
far as I had leisure to peruse it, is such as is
agreeable to the authors that are most com-
monly esteemed.' Billingsley, in his ' Treasury
of Divine Raptures,' dubs himself ' a pri-
vate chaplain to the muse.' His books are :
1 . ' Brachy-Martyrologia ; or a Breviary of all
| the greatest Persecutions which have befallen
the Saints and People of God from the Crea-
tion to our Present Times : Paraphras'd by
Nicholas Billingsley of Mert. Coll. Oxon.,.?
1657. 2. ' Koo-/io/3pe(£ta, or the Infancy of the
World ; with an Appendix of God's Resting,
Eden's Garden, Man's Happiness before,
Misery after, his Fall. WThereunto is added,
the Praise of Nothing: Divine Ejaculations;
the Four Ages of the World ; the Birth of
Christ ; also a Century of Historical Applica-
tions ; with a Taste of Poetical Fictions.
Written some years since by N. B., then of
Eaton School, and now published at the re-
quest of his Friends,' 1658. 3. ' Thesauro-
Phulakion, a Treasury of Divine Raptures,
consisting of Serious Observations, Pious
Ejaculations, Select Epigrams, alphabetically
rank'd and fill'd by a Private Chaplain to the
illustrious and renowned Lady Urania, the
Divine and Heavenly Muse,' 1667. Various
sub-title-pages are introduced an$ many
dedications. He left two sons : Richard, who
died minister of Whit church, Hampshire,
father of the Rev. Samuel Billingsley (PAL-
MER'S Nonconf. Mem. i. 402), and Nicholas,
minister of Ashwick, Somersetshire (ib. ii.
298).

[Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 213; Calamy and
Palmer, ii. 297-8. 477 ; Hunter's MS. Chorus
Vatum in Brit. Mus. ; Life of Eobert Frampton,
Bishop of Gloucester, deprived as a non-jurist
(an interesting but partisan book, 1876.) ; local
researches by Mr. Charles Smith, Faversham,
Kent,] A. B. G.

BILLINGTON, ELIZABETH (1768-
1818), the greatest singer England has ever
produced, was probably born about 1768 in
Litchfield Street, Soho. She was the daugh-
ter (according to the author of the scurrilous
' Memoirs ' published in 1792, the illegitimate
daughter) of Carl Weichsel, a native of Frei-

Billington

Billington

berg, in Saxony, principal oboist at the King's
Theatre. Her mother, an English vocalist of
some distinction, was a pupil of John Chris-
tian Bach, and sang at Vauxhall with success
between 1765 and 1775. Elizabeth Weichsel
received her earliest musical instruction, in
company with her brother Charles (who after-
wards was known as a violinist) from her
father, under whom she studied the pianoforte
with such assiduity that on 10 March 1774 she
played at a concert at the Haymarket for her
mother's benefit. In addition to her father's !
instruction she studied under Schroeter, I
and before she was twelve years old pub- I
lished two sets of pianoforte sonatas. She |
now began to turn her attention to the cul-
tivation of her voice, and at the early age of
fourteen appeared at a public concert in Ox-
ford. On 13 Oct. 1783 she was secretly married
(under the assumed name of ' Elizabeth Wier- j
man ') at Lambeth Church to James Billing-
ton, a double-bass player in the Drury Lane
orchestra, from whom she had had lessons in |
singing. Immediately after their marriage
the Billingtons went to Dublin, where she
made her first appearance on the stage in the
part of Eurydice. After singing at Water-
ford and other towns in Ireland she returned j
to London in 1786, and was offered an en-
gagement at Covent Garden for three nights j
only, but she insisted on being engaged for
twelve nights, at a salary of 12Z. a week. |
On these terms she was announced to appear
on 14 Feb. 1786, but the renown she had
already won in Dublin had preceded her, and
' by command of their majesties ' she ap-
peared on the 13th as Rosetta in Arne's
* Love in a Village.' Her performance seems
to have struck the public by its originality,
and her success was enormous. At the end
of the twelve nights she was engaged for
the rest of the season at a salary of 1,000/.
A contemporary account of her at this period
says that her voice was of great sweetness,
compass, and power, and that she possessed
' a great deal of genuine beauty and very
unaffected and charming manners ; ' but the
secret of her great success was the unremit-
ting zeal with which she studied her art.
Her brother-in-law, Thomas Billington [q.v.],
says that she had originally 'a very in-
different voice and manner,' which she com-
pletely changed by the industry with which,
throughout her public career, she pursued
her studies. At the end of her first season
she went to Paris, and had lessons from the
veteran Sacchini, whose last pupil she was,
and at different periods of her career she
also studied with Morelli, Paer, and Himmel.
She returned to London for the season of
1786-7, and continued to sing there, at

Covent Garden, the Concerts of Ancient Mu-
sic, the so-called Oratorios, and the Handel
Commemorations, until the end of 1793.
Shield wrote his operas of ' Marian ' and ' The
Prophet ' for her, and in 1789 she appeared as
Yarico in Dr. Arnold's long-popular compila-
tion, 'Inkle and Yarico.' Others of her fa-
vourite parts were Mandane (in 'Artaxerxes '),
and the heroines in * Polly,' the ' Duenna,' the
' Castle of Andalusia/ ' Corali/ ' Clara/ the
' Flitch of Bacon/ &c.

Mrs. Billington was not happy in her mar-
riage, and even before she had appeared on the
London stage rumour had been busy Avith her
fair fame. In 1792 there appeared an anony-
mous publication, which professed to con-
tain her private correspondence with her
mother. This work was of so disgraceful
and scurrilous a description that Mrs. Bil-
lington was forced to take legal proceedings
against the publishers. An answer to the
' Memoirs ' appeared in due course ; but it
seems probable that the scandal induced:
Mrs. Billington to abandon her profession
and retire to the Continent. Accompanied
by her brother and her husband, she left
England early in 1794, and travelled by way
of Germany to Italy. At Naples she was
induced by Sir William Hamilton, the Eng-
lish ambassador, to sing in private before the
royal family. This led to her singing at the-
San Carlo, where she appeared in a new
1 opera, ( Inez di Castro/ written expressly for
| her by Bianchi, on 30 May 1794. Her sing-
j ing created an extraordinary impression, but
] her triumph was cut short by the sudden
death of her husband, which took place the-
| day after her first appearance, as he was pre-
paring to accompany his wife to the theatre,.
i after dining with the Bishop of Winchester.
Her enemies did not hesitate to accuse Mrs.
' Billington of causing her husband's death ;
but frail as she undoubtedly was, there was
no reason to lay such a crime to her charge.
She stayed at Naples sixteen months, and
then sang at Florence, Leghorn, Milan,.
Venice, and Trieste. In 1797, when singing
at Venice, she was prostrated with a severe
illness for six weeks. On her recovery the
opera house was illuminated for three nights.
At Milan she was received with much favour
by the Empress Josephine, and here she met
a young Frenchman, M. Felissent, to whom
she was married in 1799. After her second
marriage she went to live at St. Artien, an
estate she had bought between Venice and
Treviso ; but her life was rendered so insup-
portable by the ill-treatment she received from
her husband that in 1801 she left him and
returned to England. Felissent, who, it was
said, had been publicly flogged as an impostor

Billington

39

Billington

at Milan, followed her to London, but lie was \ ments in good taste and judicious, but that
arrested and expelled the country as an alien, j she lacked feeling, and was no actress. Miss
Mrs. Billington's return to London caused i Seward writes of her : ( She has too much
a great stir in the musical world, and the i sense to gambol like Mara in the sacred
managers both of Covent Garden (Harris) and ' songs;' but George III, who was no mean
Drury Lane (Sheridan) were eager to secure judge — by suggesting in a written memo-
her services. After some negotiation it was random (Egerton MS. 2159), that Lord Car-
arranged that she should appear alternately marthen ' if he can get her to sing pathetick
at both houses, the terms she was to receive
being 3,000 guineas for the season, together

with a benefit guaranteed to amount to

500/., and 500/. to her brother for leading

the orchestra on the nights she appeared.

Her reappearance took place at Covent

Garden on 3 Oct. 1801, in Arne's ' Artaxerxes,'

in which she sang the part of Mandane, | fingers,' and quite late in life she played a

Incledon singing that of Arbaces. During • in public with J. B. Cramer. In person

songs, and not to over-grace them, will be
doing an essential service to the court ' — seems
to imply that she had the great fault of the
singers of that day, viz. the excessive and in-
discriminate use of vocal embellishments. She
was all through her life a finished pianist.
Salomon used to say that ' she sang with her

a duet
Mrs.

1801 she made from 10,000/. to 15,000/., and at ! Billington was very handsome, though in-
one time her fortune is said to have amounted ' clined to stoutness. Her portrait was painted

to 65,000/. In 1802 Mrs. Billington appeared ; by Sir Joshua Reynolds as Saint Cecilia, and

has been engraved by James Ward, Pastorini,
and Cardon. The exhibition of old masters
at Burlington House in 1885 contained a
small portrait by Reynolds, said to be of Mrs.

Billington in her youth, a statement which is
probably inaccurate. Two miniatures of her

in Italian opera at the King's Theatre, on the
occasion of the farewell of Banti, when both
these great artists sang in Nasolini's * Merope.'
A similar performance took place on 3 June
of the same year, when she was induced to
sing a duet with Mara, at the farewell con-
cert of her great rival. From this time until ; were painted, one by Daniel, and there are en-
her retirement in 1811 she continued to sing gravings of her by T. Burke after De Koster,
in Italian opera. Winter wrote his l Ca- as Mandane by Heath after Stothard, by
lypso ' (1803) expressly for her, and in 1806 Bartolozzi after Cosway, by Dunkarton after
she distinguished herself by producing, for Downman, and by Assen. A portrait of
her benefit, ' La Clemenza di Tito,' the first Clara in the ' Duenna,' painted and engraved
opera by Mozart performed in this country, by J. R. Smith in 1797, probably represents
During 1809-10 she suffered much from ill- Mrs. Billington.

health, and at length she retired from the pro- j [Genfc> Mag< lxiv> 671 > ]XXniii. 69 ; Georgian
fession, her last appearance being announced . Era (1832), iv. 291 ; Egerton MRS. 2159, if. 57,

at her brother's benefit concert on 3 May 1811.
She appeared, however, once more at White-

Earl of Mount, Edgcumbe's Musical Re-
miniscences (2nd ed. 1827), § vi. ; Busby's Con-

hall Chapel in 1814, at a concert in aid of the cert Room Anecdotes, i. 151, 212, 217, ii. 4;

sufferers by the German war. After her re- Eaton's Musical Criticism (1872), 172 ; Seward's

tirement she lived in princely style at a villa Letters (1811), i. 153 ; Harmonicon for 1830, 93 ;

at Fulham, where she was rejoined in 1817 by Public Characters (1802-3), 394 ; H. Bromley's

M.Felissent, who induced her to return with Cat. of Engraved Portraits, 431; Memoirs of

him to St. Artien in the following year. Here Mrs. Bilhngton (1792); An Answer to the Me

i T T ^~ i -i m n • ° •. • Tnoirs of Mrs Kimnfrton (17921! (rrovft s Diet

she died on 25 Aug. 1818, owing, it is some-
times said, to the effects of a blow she received
from her worthless husband. Her child by
her first husband had died in infancy ; but it
was believed that an adopted child, whom she
had placed in a convent at Brussels, was her
own daughter.

Contemporary opinions as to the merits of
Mrs. Billington as a singer differ to a singular
degree. It was always her misfortune to be

moirs of Mrs. Billington (1792) ; Grove's Diet,
of Music, i. 242a; Cat. of Library of Sacred
Harmonic Society; Musical "World, viii. 109;
Parke's Musical Memoirs (1830); Fetis's Bio-
graphie des Musiciens, ii. 195 ; Thos. Billington's
at. George and the Dragon ; Quarterly Musical
Magazine, i. 175; Registers of Lambeth; Thes-
pian Dictionary (1805).] W. B. S.

BILLINGTON, THOMAS (d. 1832), a

__0 _, j native of Exeter, was a well-known harpsi-

forced into a position of rivalry with some j chord and singing master towards the close
other great artist, and thus partisanship often of the eighteenth century. On 6 April 1777
guided the judgments of her critics. As to he was elected a member of the Royal Society
the perfect finish of her singing all are ! of Musicians. His brother James (the hus-
agreed. The Earl of Mount Edgcumbe says , band of Mrs. Billington [q. v.]) was elected
that her voice was sweet and flexible, her ; a member of the same society on 6 Jan. 1782.
execution neat and precise, her embellish- ( A third brother, Horace, was an artist, and

Billington

Bilney

died at Glasshouse Street on 17 Nov. 1812.
Billington was an industrious composer and
compiler. His most remarkable productions
are his settings of poems like Gray's * Elegy,
Pope's ' Eloisa,' and parts of Young's ' Night
Thoughts' to heterogeneous collections of
his own and other composers' music. In one ;
of these curious compilations he arranged
Handel's Dead March in ' Saul ' as a four-
part glee, while Jomelli's ' Chaconne ' figures
as a song. Besides these works, Billington
published several sets of instrumental trios,
quartetts, and sonatas ; and canzonets and
ballads for one and more voices. During the
greater part, of his life he lived at 24 Char-
lotte Street, but towards 1825 he removed to
Sunbury, Middlesex. He died at Tunis in
1832.

[Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Kecords of Royal Society of
Musicians; Gent. Mag. Ixxxii. pt. ii. 501, cii.
382.] W. B. S.

BILLINGTON, WILLIAM (1827-
1884), dialect writer, was born at the Yew
Trees, Samlesbury, near Blackburn and was
one of the three sons of a contractor for road-
making. The father died when the boy was
between seven and eight years of age, and
in consequence he had little or no schooling,
but as soon as possible entered upon factory
life as a 'doffer.' In 1839 the family re-
moved to Blackburn, and Billington passed
through various stages of employment in the
cotton mills, from ' doffer ' to weaver and
* taper.' He was also for some time a publi-
can. His intimate knowledge of the ways
of thought and speech of Lancashire work-
ing people was turned to account in the
period of the Lancashire cotton famine, when
his homelv rhymes were circulated in thou-
sands of broadsides. Of the ballad of * Th'
Shurat Weyvur' 14,000 copies were sold in
that time of distress. Another popular rhyme,
' Th' Tay and Rum Ditty,' usually attributed
to him, was written by l Adam Chester,' the
pseudonym of Charles Rothwell. The most
important of his sketches, in prose and verse,
have been collected in two works, 'Sheen
and Shade,' which appeared in 1861, and
t Lancashire Poems with other Sketches,' pub-
lished in 1883, some copies of which have a
photographic portrait. High literary merit
cannot be claimed for Billington, but he is a
faithful painter of the life of the district, and
a certain philological value attaches to his
representation of the East Lancashire dia-
. lect. He was twice married, and died on
.1 Jan. 1884.

[Sutton's List of Lancashire Authors ; Biblio-
. graphical List published by the English Dialect
Society; private information.] W. E. A. A.

BILNEY or BYLNEY, THOMAS (d.
1531), martyr, was a member of a Norfolk
family which took its name from the villages
of the same designation in that county. Local
historians (BLOMEFIELD'S Norfolk, iii. 199,
ix. 461) assert that he was born either at
East Bilney or Norwich ; but these state-
ments seem to rest on probability rather than
definite evidence. The date of his ordination
as priest makes it impossible for him to have
been bom before 1495, and as both his parents
were alive at his death, it is improbable that
he was born much earlier. When still very
young he went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
His ardent religious temperament drew him
from legal studies towards an active clerical
life. In the summer of 1519 he was ordained
priest by Bishop West, at Ely, on the title of
the Priory of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield
(MS. Cole, xxvi. 151, from West's Register ;
MS. Add. 5827). The absence of any refer-
ence to his status in Bishop West's Register
proves that he did not take his degree of
LL.B. or become a fellow of his college until
some subsequent time.

The earlier period of Bilney's manhood seems
to have been passed in a series of spiritual
struggles analogous to those of Luther. He
sought for relief in those mechanical theories
of ' good works ' which the reigning scholas-
ticism inculcated. But fastings and watch-
ings, penances and masses were powerless to
relieve the sense of sin that weighed so
heavily on his sensitive temperament. At
last the fame of the great scholar's Latinity
attracted Bilney to the edition of the New
Testament which Erasmus had published in
1516. That Erasmus's Latin, rather than
the Greek text, should have allured Bilney,
suggests that he, whose early studies had
been in the civil and canon laws, had little
or no knowledge of the latter language.
Like Luther, Bilney found in the teaching
of St. Paul what he had so long sought for
in vain in the arid tenets of the schoolmen.
i Immediately I felt,' he exclaims, * a mar-
vellous comfort and quietness, insomuch as
my bruised bones leapt for joy.' Hencefor-
ward the scriptures were his chief study. A
bible which once belonged to Bilney is still
preserved in the library of Corpus College,
Cambridge. Its frequent annotations and
interlineations show how diligent he had
been in its study. The doctrines of justifi-
cation by faith, of the nothingness of human
efforts without Christ, of the vanity of a
merely external religion of rites and cere-
monies, became for Bilney, as for so many
others of his generation, the starting points
of a new and. brighter existence. Other young
Cambridge men were groping on the same

Bilney

Bilney

path, and these earliest English protestants |
formed a sort of society, of which Bilney !
became one of the leaders. Barnes and Lam-
bert ascribed their conversion to his influ-
ence. Matthew Parker, who, in 1521, had
come up from Norwich to Corpus College, soon \
acquired an enthusiastic affection for one who
was perhaps his fellow-toAviisman. In 1524 ,
Hugh Latimer, then as ardent a conservative i
as he afterwards became a strenuous reformer, !
read for his B.D. thesis a violent philippic
against Melanchthon. Bilney, who had per- ,
haps studied Lutheran books in secret, and j
who had been present at the recital of the |
dissertation, visited Latimer the next day,
and reasoned with him with such convincing
subtlety that Latimer ended by completely
accepting his position. From that day began
a lifelong friendship between Bilney and
Latimer. Henceforth they were constantly
in each other's society, and in their daily
walks on ' Heretic's Hill,' as the people calle*d
their favourite place of exercise, Bilney
quite won over his new friend. ' By his
confession,' said Latimer, ' I learned more
than in twenty years before.' Their position
had this in common, that with a burning
ze&l for righteousness and spiritual religion
their unspeculative intellects were never
seriously troubled with mere doctrinal and
theological difficulties. To the last Bilney
remained orthodox, after mediaeval standards
on the power of the pope, the sacrifice of the
mass, the doctrine of transubstantiatiori and
the powers of the church. Foxe is quite
pitiful on his blindness and grossness on these
points. Bilney remained where Luther started,
and died too early to be influenced, like Lati-
mer, by external changes of a later date.

The little band of Cambridge reformers
were zealous in preaching and in works of cha-
rity, however opposed they were to the formal

* good works ' of the schoolmen. Bilney and
Latimer constantly visited together the foul
lazar-house and equally foul prison of Cam-
bridge. On one occasion they discovered
a woman in- gaol who had been unjustlx
sentenced to death for child-murder, ana
Latimer's influence with the king procured (
her pardon. This must have been at the
very end of Bilney's career.

Though a zealous opponent of the cere-
monial fastings of the church, Bilney set in
his own life a rare example of abstinence and
self-denial. He allowed himself little sleep.
He generally contented himself with one
meal a day, and distributed the rest of his
commons to the prisoners and the poor.

* He could abide,' says Foxe, ' neither sing-
ing nor swearing.' The < dainty singing ' of
the greater churches was to him mere ' mock-

ing against God ; ' and whenever Thirlby, the
future bishop, who had rooms beneath him,
played upon his recorder, Bilney ' would resort
straight to his prayer.' Latimer is always en-
thusiastic upon the simplicity, the unworld-
liness, and the transparent honesty of ' little
Bilney,' as he affectionately calls him. He
was 'meek and charitable, a simple good soul
not fit for this world.'

In the propagation of his teaching, Bilney
gave his small and spare frame no rest. Cam-
bridge and London were not enough for him.
The election of Stephen Gardiner to the
mastership of Trinity Hall in 1 525 may have
made his college a less pleasant place of abode
to him. On 23 July 1525 he obtained from
Bishop West a license to preach throughout
the whole diocese of Ely (Cole MS. as above,
xxvi. 116). He also preached frequently in
Norfolk and Suffolk, but his admission into
so many churches almost proves that his
general teaching seemed orthodox in cha-
racter. But his denunciations of saint and
relic worship, and of pilgrimages to Wal-
singham and Canterbury, his rejection of
the mediation of saints, and of many other
cherished portions of the popular religion,
drew the attention of Wolsey to his case, who,
as legate a latere, then exercised a jurisdic-
tion that transcended both the diocesan and
metropolitical authorities. Wolsey had been
accused of remissness in dealing with heresy.
He began to take a severer line. About
1526 he seems to have had Bilney before him
and to have dismissed him on taking an oath
that he did not hold, and would not dissemi-
nate, the doctrines of Luther (FoxE, iv. 622).
But next year (1527) Bilney, in conjunction
with his Cambridge friend Arthur, fell into
more serious trouble. About Whitsuntide
he preached a series of sermons in and near
London. At St .Magnus's, near London Bridge,
he exclaimed: 'Pray you only to God, and to
noo saynts, rehersing the Litany, and when
he came to Sancta Maria, ora pro nobis, he
said Stay there.' He also said that ' Chris-
ten men ought to worship God only and not
Saynts.' At Willesden, in Middlesex, he
taught the same doctrines in the same Whit-
sun week, and declared that but for the ido-
latry of the Christians the Jews would long-
ago have been converted to the Christian faith.
At Newington, in Surrey, which was also in
the diocese of London, he again denounced
prayer to saints. A sermon at Christ Church,
Ipswich, on 28 May, and a disputation in
that town with Friar Brasiard against image
worship, together with a previous ' most
ghostly sermon' on 7 March, had excited
general suspicion. Tunstal, who had ob-
tained evidence of his Ipswich proceedings

Bilney 4

(Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. iv. I
pt. 2, No. 4396, Denham's confession), caused
Bilney and Arthur to be arrested. They were j
confined in the Tower, where the society of !
a fellow-sufferer for his religion somewhat j
consoled Bilney. On 27 Nov. 1527 Wolsey, !
after solemn mass and sermon in the abbey, !
held a great court in the chapter house at >
Westminster. The Archbishop of Canterbury,
yielding precedence to the legate a later e, the
bishops of London, Norwich, and several other
bishops, with a large number of theologians
and jurists, were present. Bilney and Arthur
were brought before them. Bilney was asked
by the cardinal whether he had not, con- j
trary to his oath, again taught the doctrines
of Luther. He replied l not wittingly,' and j
willingly swore to answer plainly the articles \
brought against him. In the afternoon wit-
nesses were heard. Next day (28 Nov.) the
court met at the house of Richard Nix,
bishop of Norwich, who, with the bishops of
London, Ely, and Rochester, heard the case
as the legate's deputies. On 2 Dec. another
meeting was held at the same place, and
elaborate articles and interrogatories were
laid before the two prisoners. In his answers
Bilney, while assenting altogether to the
majority of the articles, while admitting
that Luther was ' a wicked and detestable
heretic,' and accepting power of the pope,
expressed a desire that at least some part
of the scriptures should be in the vulgar
tongue, and that pardons should be restrained,
and, by his qualified and elaborate answers
to other points, seemed not to be fully in
agreement with his interrogators. Accord-
ingly, when on 4 Dec. the court met again
in the chapter house of Westminster, Tun-
stal, who had now taken the chief place in it,
exhorted Bilney to recant and abjure. He
replied, 'Fiat justitia et judicium in nomine
Domini.' Then the bishop solemnly declared
him convicted of heresy, but deferred sen-
tence to the next day. Tunstal seems to have
acted with much moderation and forbearance
to Bilney, if, indeed, the very unsubstantial
character of his heresies did not almost re-
quire his acquittal. On 5 Dec. Bilney was
again brought up, and again refused to re-
cant. Tunstal exhorted him to retire again
and consult with his friends ; but in the after-
noon Bilney returned with a request that his
witnesses might be heard, and said that if
they could prove that he was guilty he would
willingly yield himself. But the bishops
resolved that it was irregular for him to
renew the trial, and again pressed his abjura-
tion. He refused point-blank, though peti-
tioning again for more time. After some
reluctance Tunstal gave him two days more,

i Bilney

which he employed in consulting with his
friends Farmer and Dancaster. On Saturday,
7 Dec., the court met finally, and in answer
to the stereotyped request to abjure, Bilney
said that by Dancaster's advice he was re-
solved to abjure, and trusted they would deal
lightly with him. He then formally read
and subscribed his abjuration, and the bishop,
after absolving him, imposed as penance that
he should the next day (Sunday) go before
the procession at St. Paul's bareheaded with
a faggot on his shoulder, that he should
stand before the preacher at Paul's Cross all
sermon time, and that he should remain in
a prison appointed by the cardinal as long as
the latter thought fit.

Bilney seems to have been kept in the Tower
for more than a year. In 1529 he was re-
leased, and went back to Cambridge. Per-
haps the influence of Latimer, which had
been actively used to help him all through
the proceedings, may have led to his release.
But freedom brought no relief to Bilney.
His sensitive temperament and scrupulous
conscience were tormented with remorse for
his apostasy. His friends did their best to
console him, but to no purpose.

' The comfortable places of scripture,' says
Latimer, l to bring them unto him, it was as
though a man should run him through the
heart with a sword, for he thought the whole
scriptures sounded to his condemnation/
Into such despondency did he fall, that his
friends were afraid to leave him day or night.
He endured this life of misery for more than
two years. At last he resolved to go out
again and preach the truth which he had
denied. Late one night he took leave of
his friends in Trinity Hall, and said 'that he
would go to Jerusalem/ Forthwith he set
out for Norfolk. At first he taught privately,
but growing bolder he preached publicly in the
fields, for, his license to preach having been
withdrawn, the churches were no longer open
to him. Ultimately he went to Norwich,
where he gave ' the anchoress of Norwich y
u copy of Tyndale's Testament. Soon after
he was apprehended by the officers of the
bishop.

Convocation was now assembled in Lon-
don, and on 3 March it drew up articles
against Bilney, Latimer, and Crome. Court
| favour made it easier for the latter two to
I escape, but Bilney 's case as a relapsed heretic
! was now desperate. He seems to have taken
up a bolder line in the last short period of
j field preaching in Norfolk, and even Latimer
. disavowed any sympathy with hirn if he were
a heretic (Letters and Papers of Henry VIIIr
v. 607). Arraigned before Dr. Pellis, chan-
[ cellor of the. bishop, Bilney was degraded

Bilney

43

Bilson

from his orders, and handed over to the se-
cular arm for execution. With great cheer-
fulness and fortitude he prepared for his end.
He wrote a letter of farewell, that still sur-
vives (NASMITH, Cat. MSS. in C. C. C. Cam-
bridge, p. 355), to his father and mother, and
drew up two discourses (printed in TOWNS-
EXD'S Foxe, vol. iv. ap. v. ) that are almost
wholly devotional in their character. He
was constantly assailed by the arguments and
entreaties of the chiefs of the four orders of
friars who had houses in Norwich ; and Dr.
Pellis also pressed him to recant. Bilney's
gentle and simple soul could hardly be un-
moved by these efforts. Differing so little
as he did from the church, it was doubtless a
great consolation to him to hear mass, to con-
fess, to receive the eucharist and absolution.
The clergy and the Norwich townsmen were
glad to see him so penitent. On the morn-
ing of his execution (19 Aug. 1531) he heard
mass in the chapel of the Guildhall where he
was imprisoned, and was exhorted to make
a thorough recantation before the people
at his execution. He was led through the
Bishopsgate into a low valley called the Lol-
lard's Pit under St. Leonard's Hill, which
was thronged with the crowd assembled to
witness his martyrdom. He spoke to the
crowd, admitted his error in preaching against
fasting, exculpated the anchoress and even
the friars, but exhorted the people to believe
in the church and eulogised chastity. Dr.
Pellis then produced a bill, saying, ' Thomas,
here is a bill ; ye know it well enough.' 'Ye
say truly, Mr. Doctor/ answered Bilnev/
He then read the bill, but apparently either
to himself or in an inaudible voice, so/that
none knew what the tenor of the document
was (Appendices to FOXE ; Letters and Papers
of Henry VIII, vol. v. No. 372-3, but cf. 522
and 560. Foxe's account seems the less trust-
worthy).

The flames were then lighted, and Bilney
soon perished. A controversy as to the pre- !
cise nature of his last utterances sprang up !
between Read the mayor and an alderman
Curatt, and their contradictory depositions j
still remain. Sir Thomas More, relying upon
Curatt, asserted in the preface to his pamphlet \
against Tyndale that Bilney recanted all his !
heresies. This the protestants denied. Foxe j
argues with much violence against More, but
More had seen the depositions of which Foxe
was ignorant, and Foxe's main argument
is the denial of Matthew Parker, who was
present at his old teacher's execution. The
truth seems to be that Bilney was so little
of a heretic, that a mere statement of his ;
views would have borne the appearance of a ;
recantation to those who, like More, regarded ,

him as a thorough Lutheran. Had Bilney's
over-scrupulous conscience allowed him to
stay quietly at Cambridge a year or two more,
he would have found all and more than he
contended for accepted by the very men who
hounded him on to death. The execution of
a man so gentle and harmless as Bilney was
peculiarly disgraceful to the government,
even if, as most people then admitted, it was
right to burn heretics and sacramentaries.

[Our main authority for Bilney's life is Foxe's
Acts and Monuments, vol. iv. in Townsend's edi-
tion, which also gives valuable appendices of docu-
ments and state papers, all of which, with the
other documents bearing on the subject, are sum-
marised in Letters and Papers of the Reign of
Henry VIII, vol. v., edited by Mr. Gairdner;
Foxe's account can be verified and checked by
comparison with the extracts from the register
of Tunstal, MS. Baker xxi., and by Cole's tran-
scripts from the register of West, MS. Cole xxvi. ;
Latimer's Sermons ; Blomefield's Norfolk ; Tan-
ner's Bibliographia Britannica; an excellent
modern summary is in Cooper's Athenae Canta-
brigienses, i. 42, a longer one in Dean Hook's
Ecclesiastical Biography.] T. F. T.

BILSON, THOMAS (1546-7-1616),
bishop of Winchester, was eldest son of
Herman Bilson, grandson of Arnold Bilson,
whose wife is said to have been a daughter of
the Duke of Bavaria, ' natural or legitimate/
says Anthony a Wood, ' I know not.' He was
by6rn in the city of Winchester in 1546-7, and
^ent to the school there . Thence he proceeded
/to Oxford and entered New College, where he
passed B.A., 10 Oct. 1566 ; M.A., 25 April
1570 ; B.D., 24 June 1579 ; and D.D., 24 Jan.
1 580-1 . He became ' a most noted preacher ' on
taking holy orders, in l these parts and else-
where,' says Wood. He is also stated by some
(adds the Athena)iQ have been a schoolmaster.
He was installed a prebendary of Winchester
on 12 Jan. 1576, and warden of the college
there. He was consecrated bishop of Wor-
cester on 13 June- 1596, and translated to
Winchester on 13 May 1597. 'He was/
continues Anthony a Wood, 'as reverend
and learned a prelate as England ever afforded,
a deep and profound scholar, exactly read in
ecclesiastical authors and with Dr. Richard
Field of Oxon (as Whitaker of Cambridge)
a principal maintainer of the church of Eng-
land, while Jo. Rainolds and Thomas Sparke
were upholders of puritanism and noncon-
formity. ... In his younger years he was in-
finitely studious and industrious in poetry,
philosophy, and physics,' and also in eccle-
siastical divinity. To the last, 'his geny
chiefly inciting him, he became,' says the
same authority, ' so complete in it, so well
skill'd in languages, so read in the fathers

Bilson

44

Binckes

and schoolmen, so judicious in making use
of his readings, that at length he was found
to be no longer a soldier but a commander-
in-chief of the spiritual warfare, especially
when he became a bishop and carried prela-
ture in his very aspect.' His ' True Dif-
ference between Christian Subjection and
Unchristian Rebellion, where the Princes
lawful power to command and bear the
sword are defended against the Pope's cen-
sure and Jesuits' sophisms in their Apology
and Defence of English Catholics; also a
Demonstration that the Things reformed in
the Church of England by the Laws of the
Realm are truly Catholic against the Catho-
lic Rhemish Testament ' (Oxford, 1585), is a
powerful answer to Dr. William Allen's ( De-
fence of English Catholics/ but otherwise
shows want of judgment. Elizabeth had
given him the task in view of her intended
aid to protestant Holland; and, as was
swiftly perceived by nonconformists, Bilson
(in Wood's words) ' gave strange liberty
in many cases, especially concerning religion,
for subjects to cast off their obedience.' His-
torically, it is unquestionable that whilst
this ( True Difference ' served the queen's pre-
sent purpose, it contributed more than any
other to the humiliation, ruin, and death of
Charles I. The weapons forged to beat back
the king 'of Spain were used against the
Stuart.

His ' Perpetual Government of Christ his
Church ' (1593), and his ' Effect of certain
Sermons concerning the Full Redemption of
Mankind by the Death and Blood of Christ
Jesus ' (1599), are superfluously learned and
unattractive. His magnum opus was also
assigned him by Elizabeth, who commanded
him to answer Henry Jacob. It is entitled
< Survey of Christ's Sufferings and Descent
into Hell,' and is, like Bilson's other works,
halting in its logic and commonplace in its
proofs. ' At length,' concludes Wood, ' after
he had gone through many employments and
had lived in continual drudgery as 'twere,
for the public good, he surrendered up his
pious soul, 18 June 1616,' and on the same
date he was interred in Westminster Abbey.
Curiously enough, John Dunbar (a Scottish
poet) furnishes the only contemporary praise
of him in an epigram Avhich the Oxford his-
torian deigns to allow might have been in-
scribed for his epitaph. It runs thus :—
Ad Thomam Bilsonum, episcopum Vintoniensem.
Castaliclum commune decus, dignissime prsesul

Bilsone seternis commemorande moclis :
Quam valide adversus Christi inperterritus hostes

Bella geras, libri sunt monumenta tui.
His Hydne ficlei quotquot capita alta resurgunt,

Tu novus Alcides tot resecare soles.

I Anthony u Wood possessed various manu-

I scripts of his — Orationes, Carmina Yaria,

j £c., £c. Besides 'occasional' sermons, there is

among the Lambeth MSS. Bilson's l Letter on

the Election of Warden of Winchester and

New College ' (943, f. 149). There is also a

j ' Letter to the Lord Treasurer soliciting his

I Interest for the Bishoprick of Worcester ' in

1 Strype's 'Annals of the Reformation,' iv. 227,

and there are letters of Bishop Bilson at

Hatfield. Letters of administration were

! granted to his relict Anne on 25 June 1616.

j The baptism of a grandson on 5 Dec. 1616 is

entered in Westminster Abbey Registers.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 169-71 ;
Chester's Westminster Abbey Reg. 113; Bodleian
Wood MSS.; Lambeth MSS.; Hatfield MSS.;
Bilson's books.] A. B. G.

BINCKES, WILLIAM (d. 1712), dean of

Lichfield, was educated at St. John's College,
| Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1674,
i was elected to a fellowship at Peterhouse, and
I took the degree of M.A. in 1678. He was
I instituted to the prebend of Nassington, in
| the church of Lincoln, 2 May 1683, and to
I that of Basset Parva, in the church of Lich-
! field, 15 July 1697. In 1699 he took the
I degree of D.D. .On 30 Jan. 1701, being then
proctor of the diocese of Lichfield, he preached
before the lower house of convocation a ser-
mon on the martyrdom of Charles I, in which
he drew a parallel between it and the cruci-
fixion of Jesus Christ, maintaining that having
; regard to the superior dignity of a king of
England in actual possession of his crown as
; compared with one who was merely an un-
crowned king of the Jews, and moreover dis-
I claimed temporal sovereignty, the execution at
| Whitehall was an act of greater enormity than
was committed at Calvary. The sermon having
been printed was brought to the notice of the
House of Lords, and a suggestion was made
that it should be publicly burned. The peers,
however, contented themselves with resolving
that it contained * several expressions that
give just scandal and offence to all Christian
people.' In 1703 he was installed dean of
Lichfield (19 June). In 1705 he Avas ap-
pointed prolocutor to convocation. He died
19 June 1712, and was buried at Learning-ton,
of which place he had been vicar. Dean
Binckes built the existing deanery at Lich-
field. He published his sermons between
1702 and 1710.

[Grad. Cantab.; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i.
564, 600, ii. 193 ; Allibone'sDict. of British and
American Authors ; Parl. Hist. vi. 22, 23 ; Har-
wood's Lichfield, 186; Shaw's Staffordshire i
289.] J. M. R.

Bindley

45

Bindley

BINDLEY, CHARLES, better known
as HARRY HIEOVER (1795-1859), sporting-
writer, was born in 1795. His favourite
topics were limiting and stable management.
His first work of any importance was * Stable
Talk and Table Talk, or Spectacles for Young
Sportsmen,' '2 vols. 8vo, the first published
in 1845 and the second in 1846. His auto-
graph was prefixed to the book under a life-
like portrait of him which formed its frontis-
piece. A rollicking ' Hunting Song,' and ' The
Doctor, a true Tale,' comically rhymed, helped
to enliven his animated prose. His second
venture was ' The Pocket and the Stud, or
Practical Hints for the Management of the
Stable,' 1848, 16mo, pp. 215, the frontispiece
being here again a portrait of Harry Hieover
' on his favourite horse Harlequin.' His next
book was ' The Stud for Practical Purposes
and Practical Men,' 1849, 16mo, pp. 205.
Two admirable illustrations in the volume,
each engraved 'from a painting by the author,'
represented respectively a well-shaped road-
ster, 'A pretty good sort for most pur-
poses,' and a wicked-looking, unsightly hack,
' Rayther a bad sort for any purpose.' Another
book from the same hand, similarly illus-
trated, was ' Practical Horsemanship,' 1850,
16mo, pp. 213, the engravings, again from
paintings by the author, portraying the one
k Going like workmen,' and the other ' Going
like muffs.' In the same year (1850) Harry
Hieover brought out another book called
'The Hunting Field,' 16mo, pp. 221, with
pictures of ' The Right Sort ' and ' The Wrong
Sort.' In 1852 Harry Hieover produced a
new edition, carefully revised and corrected
by him, of Delabere Elaine's e Encyclopaedia
of Rural Sports, or complete account, His-
torical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunt-
ing, Shooting-, Fishing. Racing, &c.,' 8vo,
pp. 1246. His next works were: 'Bipeds
and Quadrupeds,' 1853, 16mo, pp. 174 ;
' Sporting Facts and Sporting Fancies/ 1853,
8vo, pp. 452 ; l The World : How to square
it,' 1854, 8vo, pp. 290; and 'Hints to Horse-
men: Shewing how to make Money by
Horses,' 1856, 8vo, pp. 214. Harry Hieover
had long been writing in several of the most
important of the sporting periodicals. Essays
from the ' Field ' on such subjects as •' Bridles,'
'Martingals/ 'Buck-jumpers,' 'Kicking in
Harness/ £c., were in 1857 reprinted under
the title of ' Precept and Practice/ 8vo, pp.
267. Another collection from the ' Sport-
ing Magazine' upon 'Red Coats and Silk
Jackets/ ' Nobs and Snobs/ ' Hints on
Coachmanship/ 'Imperturbable Jack/ and
' Dare-devils,' appeared in 1857, entitled
' The Sportsman's Friend in a Frost/ 8vo,
pp. 416. In 1858 appeared 'The Sporting

World/ 8vo, pp. 261, and in 1859 'Things
worth knowing about Horses/ 8vo, pp. 266.
His health had been seriously declining, and
in November 1858, in hopes of improving itr
he left London for Brighton, where he be-
came the guest of his friend, Sir Thomas
Barrett-Lennard, Bart., and died in his friend's
house on 10 Feb. 1859, aged 63. In the
number for that very month of the ' Sporting
Review 'and the 'Sportsman' appeared his
last contribution to the magazine, ' Riding
to Hounds, by Harry Hieover.' He was a
I sporting writer of the old school, and seemed
to write under the same exhilaration of spirits
as he might have felt when going across
country.

[Times, 15 Feb. 1859 ; Field. 19 Feb. 1859. p.
! 137; Era, 20 Feb. 1859, p. 3; Sporting Re-
! view, March 1859, xli. 155.] C. K.

BINDLEY, JAMES (1737-1818), book

i collect or, second son of John Bindley, distiller,

I of St. John Street, Smithfield, was born in

! London on 16 Jan. 1737. He was educated

at the Charterhouse under Dr. Crusius, and

then proceeded to Peterhouse, Cambridger

where he was elected to a fellowship (B.A.

! 1759, M.A. 1762). In 1765 he succeeded his

1 elder brother John as one of the commission-

! ers of the stamp duties, and in that capacity

| he served the public for upwards of fifty-three

years. He was the senior commissioner from

1781 until his death, which occurred at his

house in Somerset Place on 11 Sept. 1818.

A fine monument to his memory was erected

in the church of St. Mary-le-Strand. At the

time of his decease he was the ' father ' of the

Society of Antiquaries, having been elected a.

| fellow in 1765. Bindley devoted his leisure

to literary pursuits, and formed a valuable

! collection of rare books, engravings, and

medals, which were sold by auction after his

| death. He read every proof-sheet of Nichols's

j ' Literary Anecdotes/ which are dedicated to

I him, and of the subsequent ' Illustrations of

I the Literary History of the Eighteenth Cen-

j tury/ frequently suggesting useful emenda-

! tions or adding explanatory notes. A similar

; service he rendered nearly at the close of his

! life to his friend Mr. Bray, in the publication

! of Evelyn's ' Diary.' The only work he him-

i self published was ' A Collection of the Sta-

I tutes now in force relating to the Stamp

! Duties/ London, 1775, 4to. His portrait is

i prefixed to the fourth volume of Nichols's

I ' Illustrations ' (1822), and that volume is

dedicated to his memory.

[Evans's Catalogue of Engraved Portraits,
12842 ; Gent. Mag. Lxxxviii. (ii.) 280, 293, 631,
Ixxxix. (i.) 579 ; New Monthly Mag. x. 374 ;
Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ; Nichols's Illustrations of

Bindon

46

Binghatn

Literature ; Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 27 ;
Marvin's Legal Bibliography, 119; Cat. of
Printed Books in Brit.Mus. ; Addit. MSS. 15951
if. 3, 5, 12 ; 20081 ff. 19, 26 ; 22,308 ff. 11, 31;
27952 f. 115; Cat. of Dawson Turner's Manu-
script Library, 52, 53, 382.] T. C.

BINDON, FRANCIS (d. 1765), painter
.and architect, was born of a respectable
family of Limerick, towards the close of the
seventeenth century. He travelled on the
•continent, and acquired reputation in Ireland
both as an architect and a painter. Bindon
was more than once employed by the Duke
of Dorset, lord lieutenant of Ireland, in 1734
to paint his portrait, and entries of the pay-
ments made to him appear in an unpublished
account-book of that viceroy. In 1735 Bindon
painted a portrait of Swift, who sat for it at [
the request of Lord Howth. This picture is \
of full length, and in it Wood, the patentee for j
the noted halfpence, is represented as writhing
in agony at the feet of the dean. In 1738
Bindon painted for the chapter of St. Patrick's j
Cathedral, Dublin, another full-length por- ,
trait of Swift, The chapter paid 36/. 16s. for ;
this picture, which is preserved at the Deanery
House, St. Patrick's, Dublin. A contempo- j
fary mezzotinto of large size was published j
of it, and it was also engraved by Edward I
Scriven in 1818. In connection with this |
portrait an epistle, in Latin verse, was ad- j
•dressed to Bindon by William Dunkin, A.M., •
4 Epistola ad Franciscum Bindonum.' Of this |
An English poetical version was published in
1740, ' An Epistle to Mr. Bindon, occasioned >
by his painting a picture of the Rev. Dr.
Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's/ From Swift's
•correspondence it appears that Bindon also I
painted a portrait of him for Mr. Nugent, sub- j
:sequently Lord Clare. In a letter from Bath, |
in 1740, Nugent writes to Mrs. Whiteway : |
* I must beg that you will let Mr. Bindon j
know I would have the picture no more j
than a head, upon a three-quarter cloth, to |
match one which I now have of Mr. Pope.'
A bust-portrait of Swift, ascribed to Bindon,
and formerly in the possession of the Rev.
Edward Berwick, editor of the ' Rawdon I
Papers,' 1819, is now in the National Gal-
lery, Dublin. Bindon executed a full-length j
portrait of Richard Baldwin [q. v.], pro- j
vost of Trinity College, Dublin. Among
the portraits by Bindon, of which con-
temporary engravings appeared, were those
•of the following- : Hugh Boulter, primate of
Ireland, 1742 ; Charles Cobbe, archbishop of
Dublin, 1746 ; General Richard St. George, !
1755 ; Henry Singleton, chief justice, Ire-
land ; and Hercules L. Rowley. Bindon's
chief architectural works were three mansions j
— one erected in the county of Wicklow for

the Earl of Milltown, and two in Kilkenny for
Lord Bessborough and Sir William Fownes
respectively. Bindon was granted an annual
pension of 100/. on the Irish establishment
in 1750, about which time he retired from
his profession, owing to age and failure of
sight. He died on 2 June 1765, ' suddenly,
as he was taking the air in his chariot,' In
Sir Walter Scott's edition of Swift's works
Bindon's Christian name is erroneously given
as Samuel.

[MSS. of Lionel Cranfield, Duke of Dorset ;
Establishments Ireland 1750, MS. ; Dublin
Journal, 1765 ; Mason's History of St. Patrick's,
Dublin, 1820; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists.l

J. T.JG.

BINGHA.M, GEORGE (1715-1800), di-
vine and antiquary, the sixth son of Richard
Bingham, and Philadelphia, daughter and
heir of John Potinger, by Philadelphia,
daughter of Sir John Ernie, knight, chan-
cellor of the exchequer, was born on 7 Nov.
1715 at Melcombe, Dorsetshire, where the
family had resided for several centuries.
He was brought up under the care of his
maternal grandfather, Mr. Potinger. At
twelve years of age he was sent to West-
minster School, and in 1732 he was elected
from the foundation to a scholarship at Trinity
College, Cambridge, but entered as a com-
moner at Christ Church, Oxford. After
taking his B.A. degree he was elected a fel-
low of All Souls, and there graduated M.A.
in 1739 and B.D. in 1748. At All Souls he
formed lasting friendships with Sir William
Blackstone and Dr. Benjamin Buckler, whom
he assisted in drawing up the ' Stemmata
Chicheliana.' In 1745-6, during the rebel-
lion, he served the office of proctor in the
university, and acted with great spirit. On
the death of the Rev. Christopher Pitt, the
translator of the ' JEneid,' Bingham was in-
stituted, on 23 May 1748, to the rectory of
Pimperne, Dorsetshire. He resigned his fel-
lowship on his marriage ; but his wife, by
whom he had a daughter and two sons,
died in 1756 at the age of thirty-five. He
had just been presented by Sir Gerard Napier
to the living of More Critchell (1755), to
which that of Long Critchell was annexed
in 1774. He was elected proctor for the
diocese of Salisbury in the convocations of
1761, 1768, 1774, and 1780. His eldest son,
the senior scholar at Winchester, was acci-
dentally drowned while bathing in the river
Itchin in 1768. In 1781 Bishop Bagot offered
him the Warburtonian lecture, but he de-
clined to preach it, because he held that the
church of Rome, though corrupt, was not
chargeable, as Warburton meant to prove,

Bingham

47

Bingham

with apostasy. He died at Pimperne on
11. Oct. 1800, aged 85, and was buried in the
chancel of the church, where a marble monu-
ment, with a long inscription in Latin, was
erected to his memory.

Bingham enjoyed a considerable reputa-
tion for great abilities and profound learning ;
he was a good Hebrew scholar and an eminent
divine. The only works he published in his
lifetime are : 1. An anonymous essay on the
Millennium, entitled <Ta ^tAia en;,' 1772.
2. 'A Vindication of the Doctrine and Liturgy
of the Church of England, occasioned by the
Apology of the Rev. Theophilus Lindsey,
M.A., on resigning the vicarage of Catterick,
Yorkshire,' Oxford, 1774, 8vo. This was
dedicated to Dr. Newton, bishop of Bristol,
who made favourable mention of it in a
charge to the clergy of his diocese in 1776.
Both these works were reprinted in a col-
lection of his l Dissertations, Essays, and Ser-
mons ' (2 vols., London, 1804), edited, with a
biographical memoir, by his son, Peregrine
Bingham the elder [q. v.], rector of Ed-
mondsham, Dorsetshire. The collection also
includes: 3. * Dissertationes Apocalypticae,' in
three parts. 4. 'Paul at Athens,' an essay.
5. ' Commentary on Solomon's Song.' 6. Four
sermons.

Bingham was an able archaeologist and
rendered valuable assistance to the Rev.
John Hutchins in the compilation of the
' History of Dorsetshire.' His ' Biographical
Anecdotes ' of Hutchins are printed in the
* Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica/ No.
xxxiv., 2nd ed. London, 1813, 4to.

[Memoir by Rev. Peregrine Bingham ; Gent.
Mag. Ixxiii. 1017-20, Ixxiv. 117-120, 1041,
Ixxv. 423, 445, xcvi. (ii.) 91, 92; Hutchins's
Dorsetshire, 2nd edit. i. liii, 177, ii. 492, iii. 107,
€19, iv. 200-202; Welch's Alumni Westmon.
(1852), 291, 297, 304, 306 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]

T. C.

BINGHAM, SIK GEORGE RIDOUT

-(1777-1833), major-general and colonel-com-
mandant of 2nd battalion rifle brigade, was
the son of Richard Bingham, colonel of the
Dorset militia, by his second wife, Eliza-
beth, daughter of J. Ridout, and was born
on 21 July 1777. He entered the army
in June 1793 as ensign in the 69th foot,
serving with it in Corsica and with one of
the detachments embarked as marines under
Admiral Hotham, in the Gulf of Genoa.
Promoted to a company in the 81st foot in
1796, he served with that regiment at the
Cape, and took part in the Kaffir war of 1800
on the Sundays River. In 1801 he became
major in the 82nd foot, and was with it in
Minorca until that island was finally restored

to Spain at the peace of Amiens. In 1805 he
was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the newly
raised 2nd battalion 53rd foot in Ireland, and,
proceeding with it to Portugal four years
later, fought at its head throughout its dis-
tinguished Peninsular career, beginning with
the expulsion of the French from Oporto in
1809, and ending with the close of the Burgos
retreat in 1812. The battalion being then
reduced to a skeleton, and having no home
battalion to relieve or reinforce it (the 1st
battalion was in India), was sent home, but
four companies were left in Portugal, and
these, with four companies of 2nd Queen's
similarly circumstanced, were formed into a
provisional battalion which, under the com-
mand of Colonel Bingham, performed gallant
service in the subsequent campaigns in Spain
and the south of France, including the vic-
tories at Vittoria, in the Pyrenees, and on the
Nivelle. When it was decided to consign the
Emperor Napoleon to St. Helena, Colonel
(now Sir George) Bingham was senior officer
of the troops sent thither, and continued to
serve in the island with the rank of brigadier-
general, as second in command under Sir
Hudson Lowe, until 1819, when he returned
home on promotion. Some unpublished
letters and memoranda of Bingham relating
to St. Helena are among the British Museum
Additional MSS. Sir George was afterwards
on the Irish staff, and commanded the Cork
district from 1827 to 1832, a most distracted
period, when the discord fomented by the ca-
tholic emancipation debates was aggravated
i by agrarian crime, famine, and latterly by
| pestilence. In Ireland, as at St. Helena, Sir
I George Bingham's fine tact and kindliness of
i disposition appear to have won general esteem.
He is described as having been a thorough
gentleman as well as a brilliant soldier. He
died in London on 3 Jan. 1833.

[Hutchins's Hist, of Dorset (ed. 1815, iv. 203) ;
Cannon's Hist. Eecord 53rd (Shropshire) Regt.
of Foot; Gent. Mag. ciii. (i.) 274; Ann. Biog.
! vol. xviii.] H. M. C.

BINGHAM, JOHN (1607-1689), divine,
was born at Derby, and as he was in his
eighty-second year when he died in 1689, his
birth-date must have been in 1606-7. He was
educated at Repton school. Later he proceeded
to Cambridge, and was entered of St. John's
College. He ran the usual academical course,
and left in his twenty-fourth year (1631-2) for
London, * for the cure of a foot which was
hurt when he was a child.' After two years
under the surgeons he was compelled to
have his leg amputated. The pain caused by
his injured foot had turned his hair white at
twenty-six. He acted as domestic chaplain in

Bingham

48

Bingham

one of the county families. About 1640 he
was chosen as what was called middle-master
of the free school at Derby, and afterwards
head-master. The school soon won under
him more than a provincial fame. He had
some scruples as to subscription,'but the Earl
of Devonshire having presented him to the
vicarage of Marston-upon-Dove (Derbyshire),
he was prevailed upon to accept it. He con-
tinued in his cure until his ejection in 1662.
Having an intimacy of long standing with
Sheldon, archbishop of Canterbury, that pre-
late condescended to write to him with
his own hand to persuade him to conform,
telling him l that he lay so near his heart
that he would help him to any preferment
he desired.' The vicar acknowledged the
personal kindness shown, but reminded the
archbishop t that they two had not been
such strangers but that his grace might
very well know his sentiments on the sub-
ject,' and added l that he would not offer
violence to his conscience for the best pre-
ferment in the world.'

Upon the passing of the Five Mile Act
( 1665) Bingham retired to Bradley Hall. For
three years he was occupied in teaching sons
of the gentry who boarded with him. After-
wards he lived for seven years at Brailsford.
Here he met with much trouble. He was
excommunicated by the church incumbent,
though every one knew that the ejected vicar
was a man of great moderation. He and his
family used to attend their parish church
every Lord's-day morning, but he was wont
of an afternoon to preach at his own house,
but only to the number allowed by the act.
Upon the Indulgence he preached at Holling-
ton, in rotation with other ejected ministers.
The excommunication of Bingham made a
great sensation in Brailsford parish, and there-
fore to avoid further uproar he removed, with
all his household, to Upper Thurneston in the
parish of Sutton.

Bingham was well acquainted not only
with Latin and Greek, but with Hebrew,
Syriac, and Arabic. He helped Walton with
his great polyglot Bible. He was himself a
subscriber to it, and by a wide correspondence
rallied others around the illustrious scholar.
When he was about seventy he broke an
arm by a fall from his horse. The next year
he was taken with a quartan ague, which
afflicted him seven years. He had an im-
pression 'borne in upon him that, old and
frail as he was, he should live to see a very
great change.' He lived to welcome Wil-
liam and Mary, whose coming to the throne
he regarded as the fulfilment of his impres-
sion. He died 3 Feb. 1689. His funeral ser-
mon was preached by Crompton from Psalm

xii. 1. He was interred at Upper Thurneston.
He appears to have published nothing.

[Calamy's Account ; Palmer's Nonconf. Mem.
i. 415-17 ; Simpson's Hist, of Derby and Derby-
shire ; local researches show that so late as 1768
descendants occupied influential positions in
Derby.] A. B. G.

BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723),
author of the ' Origines Ecclesiasticse,' or
' Antiquities of the Christian Church,' was
born at Wakefield in September 1768, and edu-
cated in his native town until 1684, when he
went to University College, Oxford. Even in
his undergraduate days he devoted himself to
the studies which afterwards made his name
famous. He took his B. A. degree in 1688, and
was elected fellow of University in 1689. In
1691 he was made a college tutor, and in that
capacity developed the talents and directed
the tastes of a fellow-townsman, John Potter,
who had followed him from Wakefield to
University, and afterwards became arch-
bishop of Canterbury, and author of the well-
known works oh ' Church Government ' and
the 'Antiquities of Greece.' In 1695, when
the Trinitarian controversy was at its height,
Bingham preached a perfectly orthodox ser-
mon on the subject at St. Mary's, in which
he gave a most accurate sketch of the opi-
nions of the early fathers on the terms { per-
son' and 'substance.' The Hebdomadal Board,
however, charged him with having ' asserted
doctrines false, impious, and heretical, con-
trary and dissonant to those of the catholic
church.' This severe censure was followed
by other charges in the public press, ac-
cusing him of Arianism, Tritheism, and the-
heresy of Valentinus Gentilis. The result
was that he was obliged to resign his fellow-
ship and withdraw from the university. The
blunder does not appear to have been re-
corded in the books of the university, but
the sad fact remains that Oxford drove from
her walls one of her most distinguished sons,
on charges of which he was perfectly inno-
cent. Bingham was not left quite destitute ;
as soon as he resigned his fellowship he was
presented by the well-known Dr. Radcliffe,
without any solicitation, to the living of
Headbourn- Worthy. It was worth only 100/.
a year, but it had the advantage of being
close to Winchester, where Bingham could
make use of the excellent cathedral library
founded by Bishop Morley. Soon after his
appointment to Worthy, Bingham was in-
vited to preach a visitation sermon in Win-
chester Cathedral, and he chose the same
subjects and expressed the same sentiments
which had given such deep offence at Ox-
ford. The sermon gave so much satisfaction.

Bingham

49

Bingham

that he was invited to preach again on a
similar occasion in the following year, when
he brought to a conclusion what he wished
to say further on the subject of the Trinity.
All the three sermons may be found in his
published works, and every competent per-
son must admit that they are not only a most
orthodox, but also a most valuable contribu-
tion to the literature of this mysterious sub-
ject. In 170:2 Bingham married Dorothy,
daughter of the Rev. R. Pocock, rector of
Elmore, and by her became the father of ten
children. In 1708 the first volume of the
1 Antiquities ' was published, the tenth and
last in 1722, the year before his death, and a
large proportion of these fourteen years was
occupied in the composition of this great
work. In 1712 he was collated by the Bishop
of Winchester to the living of Havant, near
Portsmouth. As Havant was a better living
than Worthy, and his writings began to bring
him in a little money, he was for a time less
straitened by poverty than he had hitherto
been. But he foolishly embarked his money
in the South Sea Bubble, and in 1720 the
bubble burst. His constitution, which was
naturally weak, was still, further enfeebled
by his sedentary habits, and after a long
struggle with delicate health, anxiety, and
poverty, he died 17 Aug. 1723, and was buried
in his old parish of Headbourn-Worthy.

In one respect, at any rate, Bingham was
fortunate, viz. in hitting upon a subject which
wanted dealing with, and for dealing with
which he was admirably adapted. ' He was
the first,' says a German writer, 'that pub-
lished a complete archaeology [of the Chris-
tian church] and one worthy of the name.'
And, we may add, he will probably be the
last. What he did he did so thoroughly and
exhaustively, that he would be a bold man
who should attempt again to go over ground
so completely traversed. His object is thus
stated by himself : l The design which I have
formed to myself is to give such a methodical
account of the antiquities of the Christian
church as others have done of the Greek and
Roman and Jewish antiquities, by reducing
the ancient customs, usages, and practices of
the church under certain proper heads, where-
by the reader may take a view at once of any
particular usage or custom of Christians for four
or five centuries.' Not a name, not an office,
not a usage, not a law is omitted, or, indeed,
left without the very fullest explanation. In
ten substantial volumes, in which not a word
is wasted, he completely exhausts his great
subject, treating it with consummate learn-
ing and admirable impartiality. He is too
full of matter to trouble himself much about
style, but he writes naturally, and with a

VOL. V.

quiet, scholarly simplicity which is very at-
tractive. The work was one not only for the
church of England, but for every Christian
community; it was very fitting, therefore,
that it should be translated into Latin ; the
universal language is the most suitable ve-
| hicle for a work which is of universal interest.
The ' Antiquities ' is, of course, the one
j imperishable monument which Bingham has
raised for himself ; but his lesser works,
though now forgotten, are written in the
same exhaustive fashion. The largest of these
| is entitled 'The French Church's Apology
for the Church of England,' which * contains
I a modest vindication of the doctrine, worship,
• government, and discipline of our church
I from the chief objections of dissenters, and
I returns answer to them upon the principles
I of the reformed church of France.' The work
! was a very seasonable one, being written at
I a time when this country was flooded with
French refugees, who were thought likely to
! swell the ranks of nonconformists. Bingham
appeals to the refugees as well as to the Eng-
lish dissenters, urging them that, 'as they
regarded the venerable authority of their own
national synods, and of the avowed prin-
ciples of that church, into which they were
baptised, they should vigorously maintain and
assert the cause of the church of England
against all that set up distinct communions,
&c.' He takes point by point, and works out
each with extraordinary ingenuity and accu-
racy; but the subject "is now quite out of
date. Another of his lesser works is a ' Scho-
lastical History of the Practice of the Church
in reference to Administration of Baptism by
Laymen.' This was at first intended to be
only a single chapter in the ' Antiquities,
but the subject grew upon his hands (partly
through the fact of a Mr. Lawrence taking
up an opposite view, which Bingham felt
bound to controvert), and he published it as
a separate treatise. He contends that in ex-
traordinary cases baptism by a layman in
full communion with the church is valid,
and he brings his inexhaustible store of
learning to bear upon the case. Two long
letters on 'Absolution/ addressed to the
Bishop of Winchester, which are a sort of
appendix to the treatise on lay baptism, and
which finally dispose of Mr. Lawrence, and
an excellent discourse ' On the Mercy of God,'
intended for the use of persons troubled in
mind, complete the list of this great writer's
works. Though the list is not a long one,
Bingham's literary industry must have been
enormous ; the ' Antiquities ' alone is suffi-
cient to prove this. The work bears on the
face of it traces of many years' reading, be-
fore the writing began at all, and the labour

Bingham

Bingham

must have been all the more severe because
lie was sadly cramped for books in spite of
his proximity to Bishop Morleys library.
His family preserved a copy of Pearson
' On the Creed,' in which were eight pages
neatly transcribed in his own hand, because
he could not afford the few shillings requi-
site to purchase a new copy in the place of
his own mutilated one. But never was lite-
rary industry less thrown away. Bingham
has not only written an invaluable work,
but he has secured for the English church
the glory of supplying a serious deficiency in
ecclesiastical literature. Even Komanists
have been forced to confess that the * Anti-
quities ' is a most important addition to theo-
logical libraries, and the fact that it was
translated into Latin by a German protestant
(Professor Grischovius or Grischow) shows
how highly it was appreciated by the reformed
churches abroad. Bingham,'s reward was pos-
thumous. His eldest son, Richard, was pre-
sented to the living of Havant in recognition
of his father's merits, and the Bishop of Lon-
don (Dr. Robert Lowth) bestowed a living on
his grandson, saying: 'I venerate the memory
of your grandfather. He was not rewarded as
he ought to have been. I therefore give you
this living as a small recompense of his great
and inestimable merits.' His biographer tells
us that * his disposition was of the purest and
mildest cast, and was never ruffled by the
common accidents and occurrences of life.' He
had every kind of wisdom but worldly wisdom.
All pecuniary matters were managed by his
wife, who, we are sorry to learn, was left de-
pendent upon charity, for she died in 1755
in Bishop Warner's College for Clergymen's
Widows at Bromley. The only occupation
which diverted him from his studies was
the care of his parish, to which he attended
conscientiously. Within a short time of his
death he was busy collecting materials for a
new work, and revising the l Antiquities/ for
a new edition. His second son, Joseph, was
. educated at the Charterhouse and Corpus
College, Oxford. He was a scholar of great
promise, and died of over-work at the age
of 22.

The order of Bingham's works as published
in his lifetime appears to have been as fol-
lows : 1. ' Three Sermons on the Trinity,'
1695-7. 2. * The French Church's Apology,'
&c., 1706. 3. The < Origines Ecclesiastic^,'
published volume by volume at intervals be-
tween 1708 and 1722. 4. < The Scholastical
History of Lay Baptism,' &c., part i. in 1712,
part ii. 1714, virtually concluded by the
' Dissertation upon the 8th Canon of the
Council of Nice ' (1710 ?). 5. The ' Discourse
concerning the Mercy of God,' &c.; about 1720.

The first collective edition of his works was
published in 2 vols. folio in 1726. The misfor-
tunes which haunted Bingham during his life
pursued him after death. This edition was not
so perfect as it easily might have been made ;
for, in her poverty, * Mrs. Bingham was in-
duced to sell the copyright of her late hus-
band's writings to the booksellers, who im-
mediately republished the whole of his works
without making any alteration whatever ;
and though the eldest son undertook the
office of correcting the press, he did not in-
sert any of the manuscript additions which
his father had prepared ; he was then so
young that he probably had not the oppor-
tunity of examining his father's books and
papers sufficiently to discover that any such
preparations for a new edition had been
made ' (Memoir^). Bingham also died just
too soon to see the commencement of a work
for which he had long been anxious. In
1724 appeared the first volume of the ' Ori-
gines,' published in Latin by J. H. Grischow
at Halle. The other volumes followed in due
l course, and the whole appeared under the fol-
io wing title :f Josephi Binghami Origines, sive
Antiquitates Ecclesiasticae. Ex Lingua An-
glicana in Latinam vertit J. H. Grischovius.
Accedit Prsefatio J. F. Buddsei. 10 torn. 4to.
Halae, 1724-1729.' Another edition of the
same is dated ' Halae Magdeburgicae, 1751-
1781.' The best edition of Bingham's full
| works, including the sermons on the Trinity,
| &c., was published by Bingham's lineal de-
scendant in 9 vols. 8vo, 1821-9, with a short
de- j but interesting memoir prefixed to vol. i. by
I Bingham's great-grandson, Richard Bingham
the elder [q. v.] Another edition of the above,
with the quotations at length in the original
languages, was published by the Rev. J. R.
Pitman, 1838-40. And another edition of
the same was published by the Clarendon
Press, Oxford, in 10 vols., in 1855. A reprint
of the 'Antiquities,' 2 vols. imp. 8vo, was-
j issued by Bohn in 1845 and 1852. As early
as 1722 'a summary of Christian antiqui-
ties, abridged from Bingham's Antiquities,'
entitled l Ecclesiae Primitives Notitia,' was
published in 2 vols. 8vo by A. Blackamore.

[Article in Biog. Brit. .communicated by his son
Richard; Life in Works (1829), by his great-
grandson, -who was also author of the life in
Chalmers's Biog. Diet.] J. H. 0.

BINGHAM, MARGARET, COUNTESS OF
LUCAN (d. 1814), amateur painter— a lady
who, according to Horace Walpole, ' arrived
at copying the most exquisite works of Isaac
and Peter Oliver, Hoskins, and Cooper, with
a genius that almost depreciates those masters
when we consider that they spent their lives

Bingham

Bingham

in attaining perfection ; and who, soaring1 |
above their modest timidity, has transferred j
the vigour of Raphael to her copies in water j
colours ' — was the daughter and coheir of !
James Smyth. In 17(50 she married Sir ;
Charles Bingham, bart. (1735-1799), created j
(1776) Baron Lucan of Castlebar, county !
Mayo, and in 1795 Earl of Lucan. There
are frequent allusions to her in Walpole's
letters, and in the memoirs of Mrs. Delany. !
' Mrs. Delany used to admire and wonder at ''
her talent for painting, and yet her want of
eye for drawing, as she would often totally
mistake the distance between one feature
and another (till i£ was pointed out to her)
and yet imitate colouring and finish to per- j
fection.' Horace Walpole becomes some- |
what silly upon the subject of her perfec- '.
tions, and is laughed at therefore by Peter
Pindar. In one place he writes : l Lady
Bingham is, I assure you, another miracle ; ' j
in another : ' They are so amazed and charmed
at Paris with Lady Bingham's miniatures,
that the Duke of Orleans has given her a
room at the Palais Royal to copy which of
his pictures she pleases.' She seems, indeed,
to have been a clever amateur, but of little
originality, and not careful, as the above-
quoted criticism would show, to be exact in
her drawing. She spent much time upon
a great work, the embellishment of Shake-
speare's historical plays. Of this monumental
labour an account is preserved in Dibdin's
* yEdes Althorpianae ' (i. 200) : l During six-
teen years this accomplished lady pursued I
the pleasurable toil of illustration, having
commenced in her fiftieth and finished in her
sixty-sixth year. Whatever of taste, beauty,
and judgment in decoration, by means of
portraits, landscapes, houses and tombs,
flowers, birds, insects, heraldic ornaments and
devices, could dress our immortal bard in a
yet more fascinating form, has been accom-
plished by a noble hand which undertook a
Herculean task, and with a truth, delicacy,
and finish of execution which have been very
rarely imitated.' The work was completed
in five volumes. The binding was by Herring,
and was considered his best work. The colo-
phon of the last volume has a portrait of
Lady Lucan, with attendant virtues, drawn
by her daughter, Lady Lavinia Spencer. This
work is preserved in the library of Althorp.
She died on 27 Feb. 1814, leaving five
children : Lavinia, who married the second
Earl Spencer in 1781 ; Eleanor Margaret,
married Thomas Lindsay, Esq. ; Louisa and
Anne, both died unmarried; and Richard,
second Earl Lucan, an only son and heir.

[Walpole's Letters, v., Gen. Index ; Anecdotes
of Painting, i., Introduction, pp. xviii, xix ; Au-

tobiography and Letters of Mrs. Delany, v.,
Gen. Index, vol. vi. ; Lodge's Genealogy of the
Peerage, 1859 ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of
English School; Gent. Mag.lxxxiv (i.) 301,lxxxv.
(i.) 280 ; Foster's Peerage, s.v. 'Lucan.'] E. R.

BINGHAM, PEREGRINE, the elder
(1754-182(3), biographer and poet, was son of
George Bingham, B.D., rector of Pimperne,
Dorsetshire [q. v.] He was educated at New
College, Oxford (B.C.L. 1780); became rector
of Edmondsham, Dorset, in 1782, and of Ber-
wick St. John, Wiltshire, in 1817. At one
time he was chaplain of H.M.S. Agincourt.
He died on 28 May 1826, aged 72.

He wrote Memoirs of his father, prefixed
to 'Dissertations, Essays, and Sermons, by
the late George Bingham, B.D.,' 2 vols.,
1804. These Memoirs, which are abridged
in Hutchins's 'Dorset,' new edit. iv. 201,
gave rise to a controversy between the author
and the rector of Critchill (Gent. Mag.
Ixxv. 445). Bingham also wrote * The Pains
of Memory, a poem, in two books,' London,
1811, 12mo, 2nd edit., with vignettes, 1812.

[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors (18 16), 27; Cat.
of Oxford Graduates (1851), 59; Gent. Mag.
xcv. (ii.) 91 ; Burke's Diet, of the Landed Gentry
(1868), 100.] T. C.

BINGHAM, PEREGRINE, the younger
(1788-1864), legal writer, was the eldest son
of Peregrine Bingham the elder [q. v.], by
Amy, daughter of William Bowles. He was
educated at Winchester School and Magdalen
College, Oxford (B.A. 1810), was called to
the bar at the Middle Temple in 1818, and
Avas for many years a legal reporter. He also
took great interest in literature, and was one
of the principal contributors to the ' West-
minster Review,' which was established in
1824. John Stuart Mill in describing the
appearance of the first number says : ' The
literary and artistic department had rested
chiefly on Mr. Bingham, a barrister (subse-
quently a police magistrate), who had been
for some years a frequenter of Bentham,
was a friend of both the Austins, and had
adopted with great ardour Bentham's philo-
sophical opinions. Partly from accident there
were in the first number as many as five
articles by Bingham, and we were extremely
pleased with them.' He edited Bentham's
* Book of Fallacies.'

Bingham became one of the police magis-
trates at Great Marlborough Street, and re-
signed that appointment about four years be-
fore his death, which occurred on 2 Nov. 1864.
His works are : 1. ' The Law and Practice
of Judgments and Executions, including ex-
tents at the suit of the Crown,' London, 1815,
8vo. 2. ' The Law of Infancy and Coverture,

E 2

Bingham

Bingham

London, 181G, 8vo, first American edition,
Exeter, U.S., 1824, 8vo. 3. 'A Digest of
the Law of Landlord and Tenant,' London,
•1820, 8vo. 4. ' A System of Shorthand, on
the principle of the Association of Ideas,'
London, 1821, 8vo; a stenographic system
of no practical value. 5. ' Reports of Cases
argued and determined in the Court of Com-
mon Pleas and other Courts,' from Easter
term 1819, to Michaelmas term 1840, 19 vols.,
London, 1821-40, 8vo. The first three volumes
of these reports were compiled jointly with
W. J. Broderip.

[Law Times, 5 Nov. 1864, p. 6; Addit. MS.
29539, f. 126; Burke's Diet, of the Landed
Gentry (1868), 100; Gent. Mag. ccxvii. 806;
Mill's Autobiography, 95, 114; Cat. of Oxford
Graduates (1851), 59 ; Wallace's Reporters, 330 ;
Clarke's Bibl. Legum, 258, 301 ; Marvin's Legal
Bibliography, 109.] T. C.

BINGHAM or BYNGHAM, SIR
RICHARD (1528-1599), governor of Con-
naught, was the third son of Richard Bing-
ham, of Melconibe-Bingham, Dorsetshire, by
his wife Alice, daughter of Thomas Coker.
Born in 1528, he was trained as a soldier
from youth, and apparently took part in the
Protector Somerset's expedition to Scotland
in 1547. He was one of the Englishmen
serving with the Spaniards against the French
at the battle of St. Quentin in 1557, and in
October 1558, just before the death of Queen
Mary, was engaged in a naval expedition
against the ' Out-isles ' of Scotland. In the
early years of Elizabeth's reign he fought
with the Spaniards and Venetians, under
Don John of Austria, against the Turks, and
seems to have token part in the conquest of
Cyprus and the battle of Lepanto (7 Oct.
1572). In 1573 and the following year
Bingham was in the Low Countries, com-
municating to Burghley the details of the
struggle with Spain. In 1576 he accom-
panied Sir Edward Horsey on an abortive
mission to Don John of Austria to effect a
peace between Spain and the States-General
of Holland. On 17 March 1577-8 Elizabeth
granted Bingham an annuity of fifty marks in
recognition of his military and diplomatic
services, and later in 1578 he fought with
exceptional valour as a volunteer under the
Dutch flag against the Spaniards. In 1579
he was sent to Ireland to aid in the repres-
sion of the Desmond insurrection. In Sep-
tember 1580 he was captain of the Swiftsure
in the expedition sent under the command of
Admiral "Winter to dislodge the Spaniards
and Italians from Smerwick, where they had
landed to support the Irish rebels, and Bing-
ham took part in the massacre of the invaders

which followed the attack upon them by sea
and laud. A full account of the action, sent
by Bingham to Walsingham, is now in the
Public Record Office. On 30 Sept. 1583 a
commission was issued to Bingham to ap-
prehend pirates in the narrow seas, and the
queen directed Burghley to instruct Bing-
ham to seize Dutch ships for debts due to
her, under colour of looking for pirates.

In the following year (1584) Bingham
was appointed governor of Connaught, and
knighted at Dublin Castle by Lord-deputy
! Perrot on 12 July. He was from the first re-
j solved to make the Irish conform to English
customs, but he administered the province in
the early days of his government with suffi-
| cient fairness to satisfy most of his subjects
| as well as the home government. But during
j the Connaught rebellion of 1586 Bingham
• knew no mercy. At Galway early in 1586 he
! presided at the assizes, when seventy persons
were condemned to death for disloyalty. In
| the same year he laid siege to Cluain-Dub-
I hain or Cloonoon, in Clare, the strongest
! castle in Ireland, and had the owner, a re-
puted rebel (Mahon O'Briain) shot, and the
garrison put to the sword. Later in 1586 the
Bourkes of Mayo broke into open revolt, and
Bingham reduced their castle of Lough Mask
and hanged its occupants. He confiscated
the greater part of the Bourkes' property, and
defeated in August, with terrible slaughter,
by the river Moy, a party of 3,000 High-
landers who had come over to the aid of the
rebels. Sir John Perrot, the lord-deputy,
visited Connaught after the suppression of
the rebellion and was dissatisfied with Bing-
ham's rigorous action. For the ten following
years Perrot and Bingham were repeatedly in
personal conflict, and appeal was frequently
made to Walsingham to settle the various
matters in dispute between them. Bingham
was perpetually complaining to Walsingham
of the smallness of his salary, and asserted
that most of the expenses of government were
defrayed out of his own purse. The lord-
: deputy represented that Bingham was in re-
ceipt of an official income of 1,941/. 12s. 4d.;
\ but Bingham, in a detailed examination of
| his sources of revenue, showed that he never
I received more than 505/. a year. In 1587
Bingham was temporarily recalled from Ire-
land to take part in the war in the Nether-
lands, and Lord Willoughby, who highly
respected Bingham, was anxious that he
should take the command of the army at the
close of 1587, when Leicester was ordered
home (LADY G. BERTIE'S Account of Bertie,
; 132, 138, 143). In 1588 Bingham was fre-
I quently in consultation with Burghley and
I the other ministers as to the defence of the

Bingham

53

Bingham

country against the Spaniards. But before
the close of 1588 he had resumed his post
in Connaught, and in September he issued
orders that all Spanish refugees landing on
the coast of his province should be brought to
Galway and there put to death. He after-
wards claimed to have thus rid his country j
of 1,000 of the enemy. In 1590-1 Bingham >
was engaged in repressing the revolt of Sir
Bryan O'Rourke, of Leitrim, who was
captured, sent to England, and hanged at ,
Tyburn on 28 Oct. 1591. Bingham's account j
of his proceedings against Rourke is printed
in the <• Egerton Papers ' (Camden Soc.,
pp. 144-57). In the following year Perrot
formally complained to the queen of Bing-
ham's habitual severity and insubordination,
and in September 1596 Bingham, fearful that
his adversaries would do him serious injury,
hurriedly came to England to appeal (as he
said) for justice. He left Ireland without
leave, and on arriving in London was sent
to the Fleet prison. On 2 Oct. 1596 he ad-
dressed a piteous letter to Burghley, praying
for release. This petition was apparently
granted soon afterwards, but Bingham was
suspended from his office. The outbreak of
O'Neill's rebellion in 1598 induced the au-
thorities to reinstate him. His knowledge of
Irish affairs was judged to be without parallel
in England, and when the Cecils first sug-
gested that Essex should command the expe-
dition against the Irish rebels Bacon strongly
urged Essex to take Bingham's advice (SPED-
DISTG'S Bacon, ii. 95-6). In September 1598
Bingham left England with five thousand
men to assume the office of marshal of Ire-
land, vacated by the death in battle at Black-
water of Sir Henry Bagnall. But Bingham
had scarcely entered on his new duties when
he died at Dublin on 19 Jan. 1598-9.

A cenotaph was erected to 'his memory in
the south aisle of the choir of AVestminster j
Abbey by Sir John Bingley, at one time j
Bingham's servant. On it was inscribed a I
highly laudatory account of his military
achievements. 'Sir Henry Docwra, after-
wards commander of the forces in Ireland, \
drew up a * relation ' of Bingham's early ser-
vices in Connaught, which was published for
the first time by the Celtic Society in 1849.
The manuscript is in the library of Trinity \
College, Dublin. Bingham was described by j
Sir Nicholas Lestrange as * a man eminent
hoth for spiritt and martiall knowledge, but
of a very small stature ' (THOM'S Anecdotes
and Traditions (Camden Society), p. 18).

Sir Richard was aided in his Irish admi-
nistration by two younger brothers, George
and John. Both were assistant commis-
sioners in Connaught. John distinguished

himself in the battle with the Highlanders
by the Moy, and was granted by his brother
Edmund Burke's castle of Castlebarry, near
Castlebar. George \vas for many years sheriff
of Sligo, took a leading part in' the massacre
of the Spaniards in 1588, and was killed by
Ulrick O Bourke in 1595. Bingham's memory
was long execrated by the native Irish, but
Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Henry
Wallop always held him in high esteem.
Sir Richard married Sarah, daughter of
John Heigham, of Gifford's Hall, Wickham-
brook, Suffolk (by banns), 11 Jan. 1587-8.
Lady Bingham survived her husband, and
married after his death Edward W aide-
grave, of Lawford, Essex. She died at Law-
ford, and wras buried in the church there
9 Sept. 1034, aged 69. Sir Richard left
no male issue, and he wras succeeded in his
Dorsetshire estates by Henry, the eldest son
of his brother George, who had been killed
in 1595. Henry was created a Nova .Scotian
baronet in 1634. Sir John Bingham, the
fifth in descent from George, was governor
of county Mayo, and contributed to William
Ill's success in Ireland by deserting from
James II at the battle of Aughrim (1691).
He married a grand-niece of Patrick Sarsfield,
earl of Lucan, and died in 1749. His second
son Charles was created baron Lucan of Cas-
tlebar 24 July 1776, and earl of Lucan 6 Oct.
1795 [see BINGHAM, MARGARET].

[Froude's History, x. xi. xii. ; Chamberlain's
Letters, temp. Eliz. (Camel. Soc.), pp. 14, 18, 34 ;
Spedding's Bacon, ii. 95-6, 100; Hutchins's
Dorset, iv. 203 ; Cal. State Papers (Irish series),
1509-73, 1574-85, 1586-8; Notes and Queries,
1st ser. iii. 156; Celtic Soc. Miscellany (1849),
ed. O'Donovan, 187-229 ; O'Flaherty's Corogra-
phical Description of Ireland, ed. Hardiman
(1846), p. 394; Annals of the Four Masters, ed.
Donovan, vol. vi. ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.),
1581-90, 1591-4, 1595-7. Several of Bingham's
letters to Burghley and to Sir Robert Cecil are
at Hatfield.] S. L. L.

BINGHAM, RICHARD, the elder (1765-
1858), divine, was born 1 April 1765. He
was son of the Rev. Isaac Moody Bingham,
rector of Birchanger and Runwell, Essex, and
great-grandson of Joseph Bingham, author of
the ' Origines Ecclesiasticse.' He was edu-
cated successively at Winchester, where he
was on the foundation, and at New College,
Oxford, where he took the degrees respec-
tively of B.A. 19 Oct. 1787 and B.C.L.
18 July 1801 (Oaford Graduates). He was
married at Bristol to Lydia Mary Anne,
eldest daughter of Rear-admiral Sir Charles
Douglas, bart., 10 Nov. 1788, at which time
he was a fellow of his college and in holy
orders (Gent. Mag. November 1788). In

Bingham

54

Bingham

1790, or more probably in 1788 or 1789
(Preface to Proceedings, &c. 8vo, London,
1814, p. vi, and Proceedings, &c., p. 174 &c.),
he was appointed to the perpetual curacy of
Trinity Church, Gosport ; in 1796 he became
vicar of Great Hale, near Sleaford, Lincoln-
shire, and was appointed, 22 July 1807, in
succession to his father, to the prebendal
stall of Bargham in Chichester Cathedral.
In 1813, being then a magistrate for Hamp-
shire of twelve years' standing, he was con-
victed at the Winchester summer assizes of
having illegally obtained a license for a
public-house, when no such public-house was
in existence, and of having stated, in the con-
veyance of such house, a false consideration
of the same, with intent to defraud the
revenue by evading an additional stamp duty
of IOL (Annual Register, 1813). On 10 Nov.
1813 a motion was made in the King's Bench
for a new trial on behalf of the defendant.
He was brought up for judgment on the 26th
of the same month, and in spite of many affi-
davits to his character was sentenced to six
months' imprisonment in the county gaol at |
Winchester. In an appeal to public opinion
dated 23 Dec. 1813, Bingham asserted his
innocence with the most vehement depreca-
tions. The appeal is embodied in the Preface
to l Proceedings in a Trial, The King, on the
Prosecution of James Cooper, against the
Rev. Richard Bingham, and on a Motion for
a new Trial, and on the Defendant's being
brought up for Judgment. Taken in short-
hand by Mr. Gurney. With explanatory
Preface and Notes and an Appendix,' 8vo,
London, 1814. In 1829 Mr. Bingham pub-
lished, by subscription, the third edition of
the ' Origines Ecclesiastics ' of his ancestor.
He reprinted all the contents of the old
octavo and folio editions, introducing into
the notes some further references from the
author's manuscript annotations in a private
copy of his own book, and adding for the
first time an impression of the author's three
•' Trinity Sermons,' besides prefixing a * Life
of the Author, by his Great-grandson.' The
bankruptcy of the printer while the work
was passing through the press caused much
delay in its distribution (Prolegomena, &c. i.
p. x). Bingham died at his residence of New-
house on the beach at Gosport, on Sunday,
18 July 1858, and was buried on Tuesday,
the 27th of the same month, in the vaults of
Trinity Church, in the presence of a very
large number of his friends and parishioners.
[Gradual! Cantabrigienses, 4to, Cambridge,
1787 ; Gent. Mag. March 1807, April 1847, and
September 1858 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Proceedings,
&c. London, 1814; Annual Register, 1813:
Origines Ecclesiastics, London. 1829; Miss

Bingham's Short Poems, Bolton, 1848 ; Hamp-
shire Telegraph, 24 and 31 July 1858.]

BINGHAM, RICHARD, the younger
(1798-1872), divine, was the eldest son of
Richard Bingham the elder [q. v.] He was
born in 1798, and was educated at Magdalen
Hall, Oxford, where he became B.A. 1821,
M.A. 1827. He was ordained deacon in 1821,
and priest in 1822, and became curate to his
father in his incumbency of Holy Trinity
Church, Gosport. Here he remained for over
twenty-two years. He married, 4 May 1824r
' Frances Campbell, daughter of the late J.
Barton, Esq., of Mount Pleasant, Jamaica '
( Gent. May. June 1824), and took pupils. He
published by subscription two small volumes
of sermons in 1826 and 1827, and in 1829
< The Warning Voice, or an awakening Ques-
tion for all British Protestants in general,
and Members of the Church of England in
particular, at the present Juncture/ He
seceded from the British and Foreign Bible
Society, on account of its readiness to co-
operate with Socinians, in 1831, and soon
after published an account of the circum-
stances. He issued by subscription a volume
of ' Sermons' in 1835, and in 1843 l Imma-
nuel, or God with us, a Series of Lectures on
the Divinity and Humanity of our Lord,' 8vo»
, London, 1843. The preface mentions his
desire to bring out a new edition of his an-
cestor's book. Twelve years afterwards Bing-
ham produced, at the expense of the delegates
of the Oxford University Press, the standard
edition of ' The Works of the Rev. Joseph
I Bingham, M.A.,' 10 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1855.
j In 1844 he was presented by the trustees to
the perpetual curacy of Christ Church, Har-
wood, Bolton-le-Moors, during his incum-
bency of which he lost (28 Feb. 1847) his
eldest daughter, aged 21, and his youngest
j son. Miss Bingham had early published
! ' Hubert, or the Orphans of St. Madelaine, a
I Legend of the persecuted Vaudois/ London,
• 1845, and at the time of her death left a
I considerable number of pieces, which were
published by her father in 1848 as 'Short
i Poems, religious and sentimental/ and passed
; through two editions. Bingham became in
; 1853 curate at St. Mary's, Marylebone, the
\ rector of which was John Hampden Gurney7
; to whom he afterwards dedicated a volume
of ' Sermons ' in 1858. In 1856 he be-
came vicar of Queenborough in the isle of
Sheppey. He vacated this preferment in
1870, and took up his residence at Sutton,
' Surrey, where he died on Monday, 22 Jan.
i 1872, at the age of seventy-four. Bingham
i was a fervid advocate of liturgical revision,
and a member of the council of the Praver

Bingley

55

Bingley

Book Revision Society. In 1860 he pub-
lished ' Liturgia Recusa, or Suggestions for
revising and reconstructing the daily and
occasional Services of the United Church of
England and Ireland.' He supplemented
this volume by an elaborate model of a
liturgy, which he dedicated to Lord Ebury,
' Liturgire Recusre Exemplar. The Prayer
Book as it might be, or Formularies old, re-
vised, and new, suggesting a reconstructed
and amplified Liturgy,' 1863. Bingham also ,
published ; The Gospel according to Isaiah, I
in a Course of Lectures/ &c. in 1870 ; and |
' Hymnologia Christiana Latina, or a Century j
of Psalms and Hymns and Spiritual Songs,
by various Authors, from Luther to Heber j
and Keble, translated into Latin Verse, either |
metrical or accentuated Rhyme,' 1871.

[Catalogue of all the Graduates in the Uni-
versity of Oxford, Oxford, 1857; Gent. Mag.
June, 1824; Crockford's Clerical Directory, :
1360-1872 ; Clergy List, 1841-1872 ; Guardian, j
31 Jan. 1872; and various prefaces and intro- j
ductions.] A. H. G.

BINGLEY, LORD. [See BENSON, Ro- !
BERT, 1676-1731.]

BINGLEY, WILLIAM (1774-1823), ;
miscellaneous writer, was born at Doncas-
ter in 1774, and left an orphan at a very
early age. His friends designed him for
the law, but his own inclinations were for
the church. In 1795 he was entered at
St. Peter's College, Cambridge, and took the
degree of B.A. in 1799, and of M.A. in 1803.
Whilst an undergraduate he travelled in
Wales, and 'A Tour round North Wales'
was the subject of his first publication. For
many years after his ordination he served
the curacy of Christ Church in Hampshire,
but in 1816 he was the minister of the pro-
prietary chapel in London known as Fitzroy
Chapel, Charlotte Street, and he was engaged
in its ministry at the time of his death. He
died in Charlotte Street, 11 March t!823.
and was buried in a vault under the middle
aisle of Bloomsbury Church. His life was
devoid of incident ; his days were passed in
compilation. He was a prolific writer, and
several of his works enjoyed great popu-
larity. His ' Tour round North Wales/ the
result of his college vacation of 1798, was
published in 1800 in two volumes. He
visited the same district in 1801, and in 1804
issued 'North Wales . . . delineated from
two excursions.' A second edition appeared
in 1814, and a third, with corrections and
additions by his son, W. R. Bingley, in 1839.
As a companion to these works there ap-
peared a volume entitled ' Sixty of the most
admired Welsh Airs, collected by W. Bing-

ley,' arranged for the pianoforte by W. Rus-
sell, junior, in 1803, and again in 1810. One
of the most popular of his compilations
was ' Animal Biography ' (1802), which was
written with the object of creating a taste
for natural history. The sixth edition ap-
peared in 1824, and the work was translated
into several European languages. A cognate
volume from his pen, ' Memoirs of British
Quadrupeds,' appeared in 1809. Mr. Bingley
was a learned botanist and a fellow of the
Linnean Society. His ' Practical Introduc-
tion to Botany ' was published in 1817, and
republished after the author's death in 1827.
In 1814 he drew up a volume on ' Animated
Nature,' and two years later he compiled a
work 011 ' Useful Knowledge, an account of
the various~"productions"of nature, mineral ,
vegetable, and animal.' The last of these
volumes was frequently reissued, the seventh
edition appearing so recently as 1852. One
set of his works was composed of ' biographi-
cal conversatiqns ' on eminent characters. In
this manner he narrated the lives of British
characters,' ' eminent Toyagers,^ celebrated
travellers/laid t Roman cnaracters7"Another
consisted of condensed accounts ^from modern
writers' of the various continents of the world :
Africa, South America, North America,
South Europe, North Europe, and Asia were
consecutively described by him, the six
volumes appearing separately between_18J^
and 1 822, and "being reproduced with a gene-
raT title-page of ; Modern Travels.' His
dictionary of { Musical Biography' appeared
anonymously in 1814 ; it was reissued with
his name on the title-page, but without any
other alteration, in 1834. Whilst at Christ
Church he published (1805), from the origi-
nals in the possession of a Wiltshire lady,
three volumes of ' Correspondence between
Frances, Countess of Hereford, and the Coun-
tess of Pomfret, 1738-41.' Most of the copies
of the second edition were destroyed by fire,
but a few were saved. He was long engaged
on a history of Hampshire, and in 1817,
when the manuscripts amounted to 6,000
pages, explained in an address to his subscri-
bers the causes which retarded and finally
prevented its completion. Thirty copies of
a small portion of it, however, entitled ' The
Topographical Account of the Hundred of
Bosmere,' were printed for private circula-
tion. In addition to these works, Bingley
was the author of a sermon, the f Economy
of a Christian Life ' (1822), and a handbook
to the Leverian museum.

[Gent, Mag. 1823 ; Biog. Dictionary of 1816 ;
Memoir prefixed to his 'Roman Characters'
(1824).] W. P. C.

Binham

Binney

BINHAM or BYNHAM, SIMON (/*.

1335), chronicler, a monk of the priory of
Binham, Norfolk, one of the cells belonging
to the abbey of St. Albans, upheld his prior,
William Somerton, in resisting the unjust
exactions of Hugh, abbot of St. Albans
(1308-1326). The cause of the Binham
monks was taken up by the gentry of the
neighbourhood, and Sir Robert Walkefare,
the patron of the cell, prevailed on Thomas,
earl of Lancaster, to uphold them. Embol-
dened by this support, the prior and his
monks refused to admit the visitation of the
abbot, and the gentlemen of their party gar-
risoned the priory against him. The abbot,
however, appealed to the king, Edward II,
who ordered the prior's supporters to return
to their homes. Simon and the other rebel-
lious monks were brought to St. Albans
and imprisoned. After a while they were
released and admitted into the brotherhood,
but as a mark of disgrace were sentenced to
walk in fetters in all processipns of the con-
vent. Simon lived to become an influential
member of the house, for in the time of Abbot
Michael (1335-13-49) he was chosen by the
chapter as one of the three receivers or trea-
surers of the collections made for the sup-
port of scholars and needy brethren. In a
notice of the historians of St. Albans, he is
said to have written after Henry Blankfrount
or Blaneforde [q.v.], and before Richard
Savage. The works of Binham and Savage
are lost, or at least are unidentified. It has,
however, been suggested that Binham may
have written some of the fragments pub-
lished in the Rolls edition of the * Chronicle
of Rishanger.'

[Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, ii. 131, 305,
Kolls ser. ; Job. Amundesham Ann. Introd. Ixvi,
303, Eolls ser. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 144."]

W. H.

BINHAM or BYNHAM, WILLIAM

(fl. 1370), theologian, was a native of Bin-
ham in Norfolk, where there was a Benedic-
tine priory dependent on the abbey of St.
Albans. Doubtless through this connection
he entered the monastic profession at the
abbey, and became ultimately prior of Wal-
lingford, which was also a cell belonging to
St. Albans. He had been a student at Ox-
ford, of which university he is described as
doctor of divinity, and had there come into
close intimacy with John Wycliffe. Binham,
however, remained true to the traditions of
the church, and after a while separated him-
self from his friend, with whom at length he
engaged in controversy, and proved, as the
catholic Leland confesses, no match for his
antagonist. His only recorded work was

Avritten on this occasion, ' Contra Positiones
Wiclevi.' It is not known to be extant, but
Wyclif 's reply (' Contra Willelmum Vynham
monachum S. Albani Determinatio ') is pre-
served in a Paris manuscript, Lat. 3184, if.
49-52 (SHIKLEY, Catal. of the original Works
of Wyclif, p. 20). The last notice of Bin-
ham's life occurs in 1396, when he, as prior
of Wallingford, was detained by illness from
attending the election of an abbot of St.
Albans on 9 Oct. (Gesta Abbatum Monasterii
S. Albani, iii. 426, ed. H. T. Riley, 1869).

[Leland's Comm. de Script. Brit, dcxxviii.
p. 381; Bale's Script. Brit. Cat. vi. 5, p. 456;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 101.] R. L. P.

BINNEMAN, HENRY. [See BYNNE-
MAN, HENRY.]

BINNEY, EDWARD WILLIAM

(1812-1881), geologist, was born at Morton
in Nottinghamshire in 1812. Little is known
of his early education ; he appears, however,
to have acquired strong scientific tastes,
which continually betrayed themselves during
his apprenticeship to a' solicitor. He became
a resident in Manchester in 1836 ; his legal
knowledge and strong common sense soon
gained for him many clients, and his practice
as a lawyer was favourably established in that
city. The interesting coal-field of Lancashire
soon claimed his attention, and he directed
most of his leisure to the study of the
geological phenomena of the district around
Manchester. Similar tastes soon drew to-
gether a circle of students, many of whom
had been trained in experimental science by
John Dalton, and others in mechanical and
physical research by William Fairbairn. Out
of these, principally by Binney's influence, a
small select band was formed, and in October
1838 they founded the Manchester Geological
Society, Lord Francis Egerton being the first
president, and J. F. Bateman and Binney the
first honorary secretaries.

The second article in the i Transactions ' of
this society, after the president's address,
was a l Sketch of the Geology of Manchester
and its Vicinity,' illustrated by coloured
sections, contributed by Binney. The first
volume of the ' Transactions' affords evidence
of his industry, four papers connected with
the geology of the Lancashire and Cheshire
coal-field having been contributed by him.
Binney was president of the Manchester
Geological Society in 1857-9, and again in
1865-7. In 1853 he was elected a member
of the Geological Society of London, and in
1856 a fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1858 Binney communicated to the local
geological society a paper ' On Sigillaria and

Binney 57

Binney

its Roots/ which was his first contribution
towards the solution of a problem of con-
siderable interest, .connected with the forma-
tion of our coal-beds. It had already been
noticed by Sir William Logan that every
seam of coal rests on a bed of rock usually
known as ( seat-stone and 'underclay;' that
this was devoid of stratification, and fre-
quently full of filaments, running in all direc-
tions, having a root-like appearance. These
vegetable fibres were called l stigmaria.'
Binney discovered, in a railway cutting near
St. Helen's in Lancashire, a number of trunks
of trees standing erect as they grew, with the
roots still attached to them, these being the
so-called * stigmaria.' M. Ad. Brongniart
was disposed to regard these plants as gigan-
tic tree ferns, but Dr. (now Sir J. D.) Hooker
believed that those Sigillaria, as they were
named, were cryptogamous, though more
highly developed than any flowering plants
now living. In May 1861 another paper bear-
ing the above title was communicated by the
author to the Manchester Geological Society,
and we find in the sixth volume of the
' Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
of London ' a memoir by him entitled ' Re-
marks on Sigillaria and some Spores found
imbedded in the inside of its roots.' Thus
Binney completed the proof that all coal
seams rest on old soils which are constituted
entirely of vegetable matter; this was the
seat-stone of a seam of coal. The roots
(Stigmaria) show that those soils supported
a luxuriant vegetation (Sigillaria), which,
growing rapidly in vast swamps, under a
moist atmosphere of high temperature, formed
by decomposition the fossil fuel, to which we
owe the extent of our manufacturing indus-
tries.

At this time Binney was actively engaged
in investigating the fossil shells of the lower
coal measures. In April 1860 he read a
paper on the results of his inquiry, asserting
that two groups of the mollusca were occa-
sionally found together in the same coal-bed ; |
but some geologists venture to differ from !
one whom they call •' a keen-eyed observer,' |
expressing their belief that the specimens, j
thought to be obtained from the same bed, i
were derived from two closely adjoining :
layers.

Binney studied with much diligence the
coal measure, Calamites, which he was led |
to consider as divisible into two perfectly ;
distinct but outwardly similar types ; one
of these, Calamodendron, being a gvmno- i
spermous exogen, allied to our fir trees, while
the true calamite is regarded as equiseta-
ceous. In 1866 he read a paper * On the .'
Upper Coal Measures of England and Scot- i

land,' and in 1871 one, being a ' Descrip-
tion and Specimens of Bituminous Shale
from New South Wales.' These are imme-
! diately due to his connection with Mr. James
I Young, whose name is associated with the
paraffin industry of Scotland. Binney's geo-
i logical experience helped Mr. Young to the
! discovery of the Torbane Hill mineral, or
| Boghead cannel, a bituminous shale from
| which have resulted the enormous paraffin
| works at Bathgate. Between the years 1839
and 1872, Binney contributed thirty-three
papers to the Manchester Geological Society,
and some others to the Geological Society of
London. He was also a zealous supporter of
the Philosophical Society of Manchester, and
rendered important aid to the Geological
Survey of the United Kingdom, by furnishing
the surveyors with the results of his long ex-
perience over the coal-fields of Lancashire
and Cheshire.

On 25 October 1881 Binney presided at the
council meeting of the Manchester Geological
Society for the last time. He died in Man-
chester on 19 Dec. in the same year, especially
regretted by his associates, who found that
in him they had lost the man who possessed
the most exact knowledge of the coal-fields
of Lancashire and Cheshire, and of the geology
| of the whole district.

[Transactions of the Geological Society of Man-
chester ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological
Society of London ; Ormerod's Classified Index of
Transactions, &c. ; Coal, its History and Use,
edited by Professor Thorpe ; Ly ell's Principles of
G eology ; personal knowledge.] R. H-T.

BINNEY, THOMAS, D.D.,LL.D. (1798-
1874), a distinguished nonconformist divine,
was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the year
1798. After a period of tuition in an ordi-
nary day school, he was apprenticed for seven
years to a bookseller. In giving an account
of his early life Binney stated that his
hours with the Newcastle bookseller were for
two years from seven in the morning until
eight in the evening, and for five years from
seven to seven. He was, however, sometimes
engaged from six a.m. until ten p.m. Not-
withstanding this pressure he found opportu-
nities, especially from his fourteenth to his
twentieth year/ for considerable reading and
much original composition. The elements of
Latin and Greek he acquired by studying on
two evenings in the week with a presbyterian
clergyman. The elder Binney. who was of
Scotch extraction, was an elder of the jpres-
byterian congregation in the Wall Knoll,
and the son took an active part in connection
\vith a religious and intellectual institution
attached to this church. It is not known.

Binney i

how he came to sever himself from the pres-
byterians and to connect himself with the
congregationalists. He was recommended,
however, to the theological seminary at Wy-
mondley, Hertfordshire, an institution which
was afterwards merged in New College, a
well-known training establishment for con-
gregational ministers. He remained here for
three years, and while tradition states that
he was not a very severe student, it appears
that he excited no ordinary expectations.

After leaving college Binney was for
about twelve months minister of the New
Meeting, Bedford, of which John Howard
was one of the founders. In August 1824 he
accepted the pastorate of St. James's Street
Chapel, Newport, Isle of Wight. Here he
became acquainted with Samuel Wilberforce.
Binney's first work, a ' Memoir of Stephen
Morrell,' was published during his residence
at Newport. He also prepared for the press
a volume of sermons on ' The Practical Power
of Faith.' In 1829 he removed to London,
to take charge of the church assembling at
Weigh House. In a short time he acquired
a high reputation as a pulpit orator.

Binney was a strong controversialist, and
he attacked the church of England with
much vehemence. A furious paper war took
place over a phrase which occurred in an ad-
dress delivered by him at the laying of the
foundation-stone of the new Weigh House
Chapel on 16 Oct. 1833. He was affirmed
to have said that ' the church of England
damned more souls than she saved.' Several
bishops, a great number of the clergy, and
the entire religious press mingled in the fierce
discussion which ensued. The actual words
used by Binney were these : * It is with
me a matter of deep serious religious convic-
tion that the established church is a great
national evil ; that it is an obstacle to the
progress of truth and godliness in the land ;
that it destroys more souls than it saves ;
and therefore its end is devoutly to be wished
by every lover of God and man. Right or
wrong, this is my belief.' Binney was a
voluminous writer on polemical subjects.
He published a number of letters under the
signature of ' Fiat Justitia,' which quickly
went through six editions, and in 1834 he
published ' The Ultimate Object of the Evan-
gelical Dissenters,' a sermon preached in the
Weigh House Chapel on the occasion of pe-
titions to parliament for the removal of dis-
senters' grievances. In the following year
he replied, by a discourse entitled ' Dissent
not Schism,' to a charge by the Bishop of
London which had been pronounced intole-
rant in many quarters. In 1841 a Mr. Wil-
liam Baines was imprisoned in Leicester Gaol

5 Binney

for non-payment of church rates, and Bin-
ney, under the pseudonym, of ' A. Balance,
Esq., of the Middle Temple,' wrote a severe
pamphlet dealing with the case and entitled
' Leicester Gaol.' In 1850 he wrote a series
of papers on the ' Aspects of Baptismal Rege-
neration as taught in the Established Church,'
suggested by the famous Gorham case. In
1853 he published a work for young men en-
titled 'Is it possible to make the Best of
both Worlds ? ' The question was answered
warmly in the negative by several writers,
but its original propounder defended his pro-
positions with considerable dialectical skill.
This work was Binney's most successful
venture as an author. For the first twelve
months after its publication it sold at the
rate of one hundred copies per day.

In 1857 Binney visited Australia. The
Bishop of Adelaide having addressed to him
a letter on the relations of the episcopal
church in the colonies to nonconforming
churches, and the possibility of an inter-
change of ministerial services, a correspon-
dence followed. A memorial was addressed
to the bishop by a number of episcopalian
laymen, including the governor of the colony
and the ministers of the state, requesting
that Binney should be invited to preach in
the cathedral. In the end, however, the
bishop decided that he was not at liberty to
comply with the request. The visitor then
delivered an address from the presidential
chair of the Tasmanian Congregational Union
on ' The Church of the Future/ an address
which was afterwards incorporated in a
volume entitled ' Lights and Shadows of
Australian Life,' published in 1862. The
year just named being the year of the bicen-
tenary commemoration of the ejection of
the two thousand clergymen, Binney, who
had some time before returned to England,
preached and published two sermons entitled
' Farewell Sunday ' and ' St. Bartholomew's
Day.' In 1863 he published a pamphlet with
the title ' Breakers on both Sides : Thoughts
on Creeds, Subscriptions, Trust Deeds, &c.,
in relation to Protestantism and Dissent.'
The rapid spread of the ritualistic movement
in the church of England also led him to
write and publish in 1867 a volume entitled
' Micah, the Priest Maker,' an enlargement
of a course of lectures delivered at the Weigh
House Chapel. Binney edited and pub-
lished an American work on liturgies by the
Rev. Charles' W. Baird, D.D., of New York,
being ' Historical Sketches of the Liturgical
Forms of the Reformed Churches.' The editor
prefixed an introduction and added an ap-
pendix on the question, 'Are Dissenters to
have a Liturgy ? ' expressing a conviction

Binning

59

Binning

that something more was demanded in non-
conformist services than had yet been wit-
nessed. He was himself one of the first
ministers to introduce into nonconformist
churches the chanting of the rhythmical
psalms of the Old Testament according to
the authorised version, and he gave a great
impetus to the movement for improved ser-
vices, which afterwards spread through the
nonconformist churches.

For many years before he died Binney
was regarded as the Nestor of the denomina-
tion to which he belonged, and his influence
spread to the other side of the Atlantic and
also to the colonies. In 1852 he received the
degree of LL.D. from the university of Aber-
deen, and an American university subse-
quently conferred upon him the degree of
D.D. He was twice elected chairman of the
Congregational Union of England and Wales,
and he preached a great number of special
sermons before that body. In 1869 he re-
tired from the pastorate at Weigh House
Chapel after a ministry of forty years in that
place. He subsequently undertook some pro-
fessorial duties in connection with New Col-
lege, and occasionally preached in London
pulpits, his last sermon being delivered in
Westminster Chapel in November 1873.
• The closing months of his life saw him
afflicted by a depressing and insidious disease.
Dr. Allon states that he fell into a condition
of great despondency, but it was a failure of
the body rather than of the mind. Before
the end the cloud lifted, and he died on
24 Feb. 1874. Dean Stanley was amongst
the divines who took part in the funeral ser-
vice at Abney Park Cemetery.

Binney was a voluminous writer of verse,
chiefly of a religious character. His poetry,
however, was distinguished rather for its
devotional element than for any imagina-
tive qualities. One of his hymns, * Eternal
Light ! Eternal Light ! ' is widely known.

[Sermons preached in the King's "Weigh House
Chapel, London, 1829-69, by T. Binney, LL.D.,
1st and 2nd series, edited, with a Biographical
and Critical Sketch, by Henry Allon, D.D. ;
Thomas Binney, a Memorial, by the Eev. J.
Stoughton, D.D. ; Thomas Binney, his Mind,
Life, and Opinions, by the Eev. E. Paxton Hood ;
Annual Register, 1874, and the journals of the
time ; the works of Dr. Binney.] G. B. S.

BINNING, LOED. [See HAMILTON,
CHAELES.]

BINNING, HUGH (1627-1653), Scotch
divine, was son of John Binning of Dalvenan,
Ayrshire, by Margaret M'Kell, daughter of
Matthew M'Kell (or M'Kail), the parish
clergyman of Both-well, Lanarkshire, and

sister to Hugh M'Kail, one of the ministers
of Edinburgh, and uncle to one of the youth-
[ ful martyrs of Scotland — Hugh M'Kail, who
j was hanged at Edinburgh on 22 Dec. 1666,
for his alleged participation in the rising
at Pentland. Binning was born at Dalvenan
in 1627. His father had a considerable in-
herited landed estate, and Hugh was given
a liberal education. He easily outstripped
his schoolfellows of twice and thrice his years,
and in his thirteenth and fourteenth years his
i gravity and piety were recognised with a kind
| of awe by all. Before his fourteenth year he
I proceeded to the university of Glasgow, en-
I tering himself for philosophy. The profes-
sors were startled by his premature learning
! and philosophical capacity. He took his de-
gree of M.A. 'with much applause.' He
I then commenced the study of divinity, ' with
; a view to serve God in the holy ministry.'
James Dalrymple (afterwards Lord Stair),
who had been his professor of philosophy,
having resigned in 1647, Binning was induced
to become a candidate for the chair. All
members of the universities in the kingdom
who had ' a mind to the profession of philoso-
phy ' were invited to * sist ' themselves before
the Senatusand 'compete for the preferment.'
The principal of the university (Dr. Strang)
had his candidate, and strenuous efforts were
put forth to carry him, mainly on the ground
that the candidate was a 'citizen's son,'
and subsidiarily ' of competent learning,' and
of ' more years.' An extempore disputation
, between the two candidates was suggested ;
l thereupon Binning's rival withdrew, and left
, him to be unanimously elected before he was
I nineteen years of age. He delivered at once
a brilliant course of lectures, and tried to
j rescue philosophy in Scotland from the ' bar-
| barous terms and unintelligible jargon of the
i schoolmen.' He held the post with increas-
| ing influence for about three years. At the
I same time he pursued his theological studies,
! and having obtained license as a minister of
the Gospel, he received a call to the parish
of Govan near Glasgow on 25 Oct. 1649.
On 8 Jan. following he was ordained at Govan,
and resigned his professorship in the follow-
ing year. Soon after he married Mary (some-
times erroneously given as Barbara), daughter
of the Rev. James Simpson, parish minister
of Airth (Stirlingshire), who has been wrongly
described as an Irish minister. He still car-
ried on his philosophical and other studies,
but was duly attentive to his sermons and
pastoral duties. Wherever he was announced
as a preacher, vast crowds assembled. When in
1651 the unhappy division took place in the
church into resolutioners and protesters, he
sided with the latter. He then wrote and

Binning

Binns

published his ' Treatise on Christian Love' as
an Eirenicon. He played a prominent part
in the historical dispute before Cromwell at
Glasgow (April 1651) between the indepen- |
dents and presbyterians. His learning, theo-
logical knowledge, and eloquent fervour bore
down all opposition. The Protector was
astonished, and, finding his party (of the in- j
dependents) nonplussed, is said to have asked J
the name ' of that learned and bold young
man,' and, when told it was Mr. Hugh Bin- j
ning, to have replied, ' He hath bound well |
indeed, but' (putting his hand on his sword) i
1 this will loose all again.' Subsequently he
still more publicly vindicated the church's j
rights as against the invasion of the state,
from Deuteronomy xxxii. 4—5. He died of
consumption in September 1653, when only in
his twenty-seventh year. Patrick Gillespie
— no common judge — pronounced him'philo-
logus, philosophus, et theologus eximius.'
James Durham said < There was 110 speaking
after Mr. Binning.' The following are his
chief books : 1. ' The common Principles of
the Christian Religion clearly proved and
singularly improved, or a Practical Cate-
chism wherein some of the most concerning
Foundations of our Faith are solidly laid
down, and that Doctrine which is accord-
ing to Godliness is sweetly yet pungently
pressed home and most satisfyingly handled,'
Glasgow, 1659. 2. ' The Sinner's Sanctuary,
being xl. Sermons upon the Eighth Chapter
of Romans from the first verse to the six-
teenth,' Edinburgh, 1670. 3. 'Fellowship
with God, being xxviii. Sermons on the First
Epistle of John c. i. and ii. vv. 1, 2, 3,' Edin-
burgh, 1671. 4. 'Heart Humiliation, or
Miscellany Sermons, preached upon choice
Texts at several Solemn Occasions,' Edin-
burgh, 1671. 5. ' An Useful Case of Con-
science . . . 1693.' 6. ' A Treatise of Chris-
tian Love on John xiii. 35,' 1651, but only
1743 ed. (Glasgow) now known. 7. * Several
Sermons upon the most important Subjects
of Practical Religion,' Glasgow, 1760. The
best collective edition of the works is that by
Dr. Leishman, a successor at Govan, in one
large volume (imperial 8vo), 3rd ed. 1851.
Various of these books were translated into
Dutch.

Binning's widow was afterwards married
to the Rev. James Gordon, presbyterian
minister of Comber, co. Down, Ireland. She
died at Paisley in 1694. Binning's only son
John inherited the family estate of Dalvenan
on the death of his grandfather ; but having
been engaged in the affair of Bothwell
Bridge in 1679, he was attainted and his pro-
perty forfeited. But in 1690 forfeiture and
fines and attainder were rescinded by parlia-

ment, with little advantage nevertheless to
him, through the roguery of one Mackenzie,
who claimed to have advanced money on the
estate far beyond its value. There are pa-
thetic glimpses of the younger Binning in the
' proceedings ' of the assembly of the church
of Scotland in 1704, when he sued for the as-
sembly's approval of an edition of his father's
works. The assembly recommended ' every
minister within the kingdom to take a
double of the same book, or to subscribe for
the same.' The last application he made for
procuring aid was in 1717.

[Scott's Fasti, ii. 67-8 ; Minutes Univ. Glasg. ;
Wodrow's Analecta; Reid's Presbyterianism of
Ireland, i. ; Edin. Christian Instructor, xxii.;
Acts of Assembly; New Statistical Account, vi. ;
Chalmers's Biogi-. Diet. ; Scots Worthies, i. 205-
10, ed. Macgavin, 1837.] A. B. G.

BINNS, JOHN (1772-1860), journalist
and politician, was the son of an ironmonger
in Dublin, and was born on 22 Dec. 1772.
In his second year he lost his father, who
left behind him a considerable property.
After receiving a good education, first at a
common school, and afterwards at a classi-
cal academy, he was in 1786 apprenticed to
a soapboiler. At the request of his elder
brother, who inherited the estate of his
father, he accompanied him in 1794 to Lon-
don, where for some months he acted as his
assistant in the plumbing business. Shortly
after his arrival in London he became a
member of the London Corresponding Com-
pany, which was afterwards an influential
political association. In 1797 he hired a
large room in the Strand for political debates,
a charge of one shilling being made for ad-
mission. On account of his connection with
the schemes of the United Irishmen, the
grand jury of the county of Warwick found
! a true bill against him, but after trial he was
1 acquitted. On 21 Feb. 1798 he left London
for France, but was arrested at Margate, and
after an examination by the privy council he
was committed to the Tower. At Maidstone
he was tried, along with Arthur O'Connor,
i for high treason, but acquitted. Shortly
afterwards he was arrested and confined in
! Clerkenwell Prison, whence he was trans-
ferred to Gloucester, where he remained till
i March 1801. In July following he embarked
j for America. Proceeding to Northumber-
land, Pennsylvania, he in March 1802 began
| there a newspaper, 'The Republican Argus,'
! by which he acquired great influence among
; the republican party, not only in Northum-
berland but in the neighbouring counties.
In March 1807 he removed to Philadelphia
( to edit the ' Democratic Press,' which soon

Binyon

61

Biondi

became the leading paper in the state. In
December 1822 he was chosen alderman of
the city of Philadelphia, an office which he
held till 1844. He died at Philadelphia on
16 June 1860.

[Recollections of John Binns— Twenty-nine
years in Europe and Fifty-three in the United
States — written by himself, Philadelphia, 1854.1

T. F. H.

BINYON, EDWARD (1830 P-1876),
landscape painter, born about the year 1830,
was a member of the Society of Friends. He
painted both in oil and in water-colours, and
his works show much power of colouring ;
one of them, ' The Bay of Mentone,' has fre-
quently been reproduced. He contributed
from 1857 to 1876 to the exhibitions of the
Dudley Gallery and the Royal Academy,
among the pictures which he sent to the
latter being, in 1859, < The Arch of Titus ; '
in 1860 < Capri ; ' in 1873 ' Marina di Lacco,
Ischia ; ' in 1875 ' Coral Boat at dawn, Bay
of Naples ; ' and in 1876 ' Hidden Fires, Ve-
suvius from Capodimonte.' He lived many
years in the island of Capri, where he died
in 1876, from the effects of bathing while
overheated.

[Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and En-
gravers, eel. Graves, 1884 ; Royal Academy Ex-
hibition Catalogues, 1859-76.] R. E. G.

BIONDI, SIR GIOVANNI FRAN-
CESCO (1572-1644), historian and romance
writer, was born in 1572 at Lesina, an
island in the Gulf of Venice off Dalmatia.
Entering the service of the Venetian republic,
he was appointed secretary to Senator So-
ranzo, the Venetian ambassador at Paris ; but
he soon afterwards returned to Venice, and
at the suggestion of Sir Henry Wotton, the
English ambassador there, came to England
to seek his fortunes. Arriving in 1609 (Cat.
Dom. State Papers, 1629-31, p. 347), with
an introduction to James I, he was at first
employed in negotiating with the Duke of
Savoy marriages between his children and
Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth, but
the scheme never reached maturity. He was
settled in London in the latter half of 1612,
when Prince Henry's death ended ' all hope
of a Savoyan match,' and was well received
by the king, who granted him a pension.
Fifteen interesting Italian letters, written
between 9 Oct. 1612 and 24 Nov. 1613, by
Biondi in London to Carleton, who was then
the English ambassador at Venice, are extant
among the i State Papers.' ' In one of them,
dated 28 Oct. 1613, Biondi promises to follow
Carleton's advice, and remain permanently in
London j and in the latest of them he an-

nounces his intention of going to Paris with Sir
Henry Wotton, should Wotton be appointed
to the English legation there. He had been
in early life converted to the protestant
faith ; but Archbishop Abbot informed Carle-
ton (30 Nov. 1613) that, although he knew
nothing to Biondi's disadvantage, he was as
suspicious of him as of all ' Italian conver-
, titos.' In 1615 Biondi proceeded to the
! general Calvinist assembly held at Grenoble
as James I's representative, and he assured
the assembly of the English king's protection
and favour (MARSOLLIER, Histoire de Henri,
due de Bouillon, 1719, livre vii. p. 27). On
6 Sept. 1622 Biondi was knighted by James I
' at Windsor, and married about the same time
; Mary, the sister of the king's physician, Sir
• Theodore Mayerne, 'a very great lump or
great piece of flesh,' as Chamberlain describes
I her (NICHOLS, Progresses, iii. 777 ; Cal. Dom.
\ State Papers, 1619-23, p. 495). Soon after-
| wards Biondi became a gentleman of the
i king's privy chamber. On 22 Feb. 1625-0
he resigned two small pensions which he had
previously held, and received in behalf of
himself and his wife, during their lives, a
| new pension of 200/. On 13 June 1628 an
exemption from all taxation was granted
I him. On 25 Sept. 1630 he sent to Carleton,
j who had now become Viscount Dorchester and
secretary of state, a statement of his affairs,
and desired it to be laid before the king.
After giving an account of his early life, and of
the loss which he had sustained in the death,
in 1628, of his patron, William Cavendish,
earl of Devonshire, he complained that his
pension had been rarely paid, and prayed for
its increase by 100/. and its regular payment.
The justices of the peace for Middlesex re-
ported (11 May 1636) that Biondi, with
other l persons of quality' residing in Clerken-
well, had refused to contribute 'to the relief
of the infected' of the district.. There is
extant at the Record Office a certificate of
payment of Biondi's pension on 7 May 1638.
Two years later he left England for the house
of his brother-in-law, Mayerne, at Aubonne,
near Lausanne, Switzerland. He died there
in 1644, and the epitaph on his tomb in the
neighbouring church was legible in 1737. An
admirable portrait of Biondi is given in ' Le
Glorie de gli Incogniti,' p. 240, This book,
published at Venice in 1647, is an account
of deceased members of the Venetian ' Ac-
cademia de' Signori Incogniti/ to which
Biondi belonged.

Biondi was the author of three tedious
chivalric romances, which tell a continuous
story, and of a work on English history.
They were all written in Italian, but became
very popular in this country in English

Birch

Birch

translations. They are entitled : 1. * L'Ero-
mena divisa in sei libri,' published at Venice
in 1624, and again in 1628. It was trans-
lated into English as ' Eromena, or Love
and Revenge ' (fol., 1631), by James Hay-
ward, and dedicated to the Duke of Rich-
mond and Lennox. A German translation
appeared in parts at Nuremberg between
1656 and 1659, and was republished in 1667.
2. ' La Donzella desterrada,' published at
Venice in 1627 and at Bologna in 1637, and
dedicated to the Duke of Savoy. The dedi-
cation is dated from London, 4 July 1626,
and in it Biondi mentions a former promise
to undertake for the duke a translation of
Sidney's l Arcadia.' James Hayward trans-
lated the book into English, under the title of
' Donzella desterrada, or the Banish'd Virgin'
(fol.), in 1635. 3. 'II Coralbo; segue la
Donzella desterrada' (Venice, 1635). It was
translated into English by A. G. in 1655, with
a dedication to the (second) Earl of Strafford.
The translator states that Coralbo was re-
garded by Biondi as the most perfect of his
romances. 4. * L' istoria delle guerre civili
d'Inghilterra tra le due case di Lancastre e
di lore,' published in three quarto volumes
at Venice between 1637 and 1644, with a
dedication to Charles I. It was translated
into English, apparently while still in manu-
script, by Henry Gary, earl of Monmouth,
and published in two volumes in London in
1641, under the title of ' An History of the
Civil Warres of England between the two
Houses of Lancaster and Yorke.' It is a
laborious but useless compilation.

[Le Gloriede gli Incogniti (1647), pp. 241-3;
Niceron's Memoires pour servir, xxxvii. 391—4;
Cal. Dom. Slate Papers for 1612, 1613, 1622,
1624, 1626, 1628, 1630, 1636, 1638; Granger's
Biographical History, ii. 36 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

S. L. L.

BIRCH, JAMES (ft. 1759-1795), here-
siarch, was born in Wales, but the date is un-
known. He became a watch-motion maker
in London, living in Brewer's Yard, Golden
Lane, Old Street Road, afterwards in Little
Moorfields. He was converted to the Mug-
gletonians, his name first appearing in their
records 1 July 1759 ; that of Mrs. Birch is
mentioned 22 July 1759. He wrote in 1771
a rhythmical account of his conversion
('Travels from the sixth to the ninth
hour'), fifteen stanzas of eight lines each,
dated 5 Dec. (unprinted). In 1772 he
rejected two points of Muggletonian ortho-
doxy : viz. the doctrine that believers have
present assurance of salvation (this, Birch
thought, was often withheld till death) ; and
the doctrine that God exercises no immediate

oversight in human affairs, and affords 110
| present inspiration (on these points Birch
j reverted to the original views of John Reeve,
the founder, along with Lodowicke Mug-
gleton, of the sect). So far he only led a
' party within the Muggletonian body, which
has always been liable to eruptions of Reevite
heresy. But in 1778 Birch began to claim
personal inspiration ; this lost him ten fol-
lowers, headed by Martha, wife of Henry
Collier. The Collierites were regarded by Mug-
gletonians as mistaken friends ; the Birch-
ites were known as the Anti-church. Birch
was maintained in independence by his fol-
lowers, his right-hand man being William
Matthews, of Bristol. In 1786 there were
some thirty Birchites in London, and a
larger number in Pembrokeshire. In 1809
they are alluded to in a * divine song ' by
James Frost as ' anti-followers ; ' at this time
and subsequently they had a place of meet-
ing in the Barbican. Whether Birch him-
self was living in 1809 is not known ; the
last occurrence of his name in the Muggle-
tonian archives is in 1795 ; two of his Lon-
don followers were surviving in 1871 in old
age. Birch published, about the end of last
century, ' The Book of Cherubical Reason,
with its Law and Nature ; or of the Law and
Priesthood of Reason,' &c. ; and ' The Book
upon the Gospel and Regeneration,' <&c. They
bear no date, but were sold by T. Herald,
60 Portpool Lane, Gray's Inn Lane. Very
incoherent, they are scarcely intelligible even
to the initiated in the small controversies
from which they sprang. One of Birch's
opinions is curious : * Not one of the seed of
Faith dies in childhood' (Cher. Reas. p. 46).

[MS. Records of the Muggletonian Church ;
Birch's Works (Brit. Mus. 1114 i. 3, 1 and 2);
paper Ancient and Mod. Muggletonians, Trans.
Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc. 1870.] A. G-.

BIRCH, JOHN (1616-1691), presby-
terian colonel during the civil war, belonged
to a younger branch of the Birches of Birch,
and was the eldest son of Samuel Birch of
Ardwick, Lancashire, by Mary, daughter of
Ralph Smith of Doblane House, Lancashire
(DFGDALE'S Visit, of Lancas. 1664 in Chet.
Soc. Pub. Ixxxiv. (1872), p. 34). He was
born 7 April 1616, not 1626, the date now in-
scribed on his tombstone (WooD, ed. Bliss,
Life, cxviii). It was the general custom of
his political opponents to refer to him as of
ignoble origin, and the coarseness of his
manners gave a colour of probability to the
insinuation. - In f A more exact and neces-
sary Catalogue of Pensioners than is yet ex-
tant' (SOMEKS'S Tracts, vii. p. 60), he appears
as ' J. B., once a carrier, now a colonel ; ' and

Birch

Birch

Burnet states that when a member of parlia- \
ment he ' retained still, even to affectation, ;
the clownishness of liis manner.' He also
quotes a speech 'of Birch, in which he admits
that he had l been a carrier once.' Similar
insinuations of the lowness of his origin occur
in the traditions as to how he joined the army.
According to the Barrett MSS. in the library
of the Chetharn Society, quoted in note by j
Thomas Heywood to Newcome's ' Diary ' '
(p. 203), « being of great stature,' he ' enlisted !
as a private trooper in the parliamentary ,
army, which being known of Colonel Birch
of Birch to be his namesake and countryman,
was by him favoured and preferred in the ;
army from post to post.' According to i
another account, while driving his packhorses j
along the road, he so resolutely resisted the
attempt of some parliamentary soldiers under
Cromwell to rob him, that he attracted the !
notice of that commander, who offered him {
a commission in his troop (TowNSEND, Hist.
of Leominster, p. 109). The pedigree above
quoted sufficiently refutes the tradition of his
ignoble birth, and his letters prove incontes-
tably that he had received more than a j
' clownish education.' That both of the above
statements in regard to his early connection
with the army are totally groundless, is also
evident from his ' Military Memoir,' in which
he makes his first appearance as captain of
volunteers at the siege of Bristol. Either
previously or subsequently he may have acted
as ' a carrier,' and ' driven packhorses/ but
when he joined the army he had a large
business as a merchant in Bristol, and, accord-
ing to the * Visitation of Lancashire ' above
quoted, had married Alice, daughter of
Thomas Deane, and widow of Thomas Selfe
of Bristol, grocer. It is, however, not an im-
probable conjecture that Birch came into the
possession of his business by marrying the
widow of his master, whose goods' he may
previously have been in the habit of deliver-
ing to the customers. In any case, he
inherited a combination of talents certain to
bring him into prominence in troublous times
such as those in which he lived : great per-
sonal strength, remarkable coolness in the
most perplexing surroundings, an inborn
capacity for military command, a rugged elo-
quence which rendered him one of the most
formidable orators of his time, and a keen
business instinct which let slip no oppor-
tunity of advancing his personal interests.
After the surrender of Bristol to the royalists
Birch went to London and levied there a
regiment, with which he served as colonel
under Sir William Waller in his campaigns
in the west. In the assault of Arundel he
was so severely wounded as to be left for

dead ; but the cold stopped the haemorrhage,
and thus accidentally saved his life. After
obtaining medical assistance in London, he
returned to his command, and was present at
the battle of Alresford, the blockade of Ox-
ford, and the prolonged skirmish at Cropredy
Bridge. Waller's troops having deserted him
in the subsequent aimless march towards
London, Birch obtained the command of a
Kentish regiment of newly levied troops, with
which he assisted at the defence of Plymouth.
The institution of the New Model was a
serious blow to his hopes, for his presbyterian
principles were even dearer to him than his
own advancement. On its institution he was
ordered to join the army of Fairfax and Crom-
well near Bridgewater, and was entrusted
with the care of Bath. It was in a great
degree owing to his representations that in
September 1645 it was decided to storm Bris-
tol, and he assisted in its assault with a con-
siderable command of horse and foot, receiving
special commendation in the report of Crom-
well to the parliament (CARLYLE, Cromwell,
letter xxxi.) Notwithstanding this, he re-
mained only a colonel of volunteers with the
joint care of Bath and Bristol, a position with
so few advantages to compensate for its diffi-
culties that he contemplated resigning his
commission, when, goingto London in Novem-
ber 1645 to inform the committee of safety of
his intention, he received a new commission
along with Colonel Morgan, governor of
Gloucester, to ' distress the city of Hereford.'
Only a few months previously the city had suc-
cessfully withstood the assaults of the Scotch
army under Leven ; but Birch, after obtaining
secret information of the strength, disposition,
and habits of the garrison, succeeded in de-
vising a clever stratagem which enabled him
to enter the gates before a proper alarm could
be raised. Such a remarkable stroke of for-
tune was received with general rejoicing in
London, and formed the turning-point in
Birch's career. He received the special thanks
of parliament, who voted 6,000/. for the pay-
ment of his men, was appointed governor of
Hereford, and shortly afterwards was chosen
member for Leominster. With the capture
of Goodrich castle in 1646, his career as a
soldier of the parliament practically closes.
Throughout it, it is not difficult to trace the
predominance of his schemes as a man of
business. It was possibly to secure compen-
sation for the loss of his property in Bristol
that he first became a captain of volunteers.
When forced to suspend his business as a
merchant, he lent his money to the parlia-
ment at the high interest of 8 per cent., and his
governorship of Hereford supplied him with
admirable opportunities for speculating in

Birch

64

Birch

church lands, of which he took full advan-
tage, purchasing Whitbourne, a county resi-
dence attached to the see of Hereford, for
l,348/.,and afterwards the palace of Hereford
and various bishop's manors for 2,476/. (Me-
moir, 154-5). These purchases were of course
nullified at the Restoration, and Richard
Baxter mentions that Birch sought to per-
suade him to take the bishopric of Hereford
' because he thought to make a better bargain
with me than with another ' (KENNET, Re-
gister, 303). At the same time Birch made
his worldly interests entirely subservient to
his presbyterian principles. According to his
own statement in the debate of 10 Feb. 1672-
73, he suffered, on account of his opposition
to the extreme measures of the Cromwellian
party, as many as twenty- one imprisonments.
When Charles II appeared in England as the
champion of presbyterianism, Birch's wari-
ness did not prevent him from being seen
riding with Charles in Worcester the day be-
fore the battle. This was remembered against
him when fears arose in 1654 of a rising in
Hereford, and he suffered an imprisonment
in Hereford gaol from March of that year to
November 1655 (TiiuRLOE, iv. 237). He was
returned to the parliament which met in
March 1656, but was excluded, and, along
with eighty others, signed a protest (TiiUK-
LOE, v. 453). He took a prominent part in
the restoration of Charles II, being chosen in
February 1659-60 a member of the new coun-
cil of state, of which General Monk was the
head (KENXET, Register, 66). Notwith-
standing his dubious political action, he had
held during the later years of the protector-
ship an important situation in the excise, and
at the Restoration he was made auditor.
That under the new regime his business in-
stincts were still unimpaired is further shown
by the entries in the State Papers ( Calendar,
Domestic Series (1664-5), pp. 361 and 383) re-
garding his rental, along with James Hamil-
ton, ranger of Hyde Park, of 55 acres of land at
the north-west corner of the park, at an annual
rental of 5s., to be planted with apple-trees for
cider, one half of the apples being for the use
of the king's household. In February 1660-61 •
he acted as commissioner for disbanding 'the ;
general's regiment of foot,' and in March fol- ;
lowing as commissioner for disbanding the
navy (KENNET, 389). In the convention par-
liament he sat for Leominster, from 1671 to !
1678 for Penrhyn, and during the remainder of
his life for Weobly, the property of Weobly
and also that of Garnstone having been pur-
chased by him. in 1661. His practical busi-
ness talents and his acquaintance with mili-
tary affairs enabled him in the debates to !
make use of his oratorical gifts with remark-

! able effect. His plan for the rebuilding of
\ London after the great fire indicated great
! practical shrewdness, and, had it been fol-
• lowed both then and thereafter up to the pre-
; sent time, the question of housing the poor
Avould have been completely solved. He pro-
i posed that the whole land should be sold to
trustees, and resold again by them with
; preference to the old owner, l which,' as Pepys
, justly remarks, ' would certainly have caused
the city to be built where these trustees
pleased' (PEPYS, Diary, iii. 412). Burnetsays
of Birch : < He was the roughest and boldest
speaker in the house, and talked in the lan-
guage and phrases of a carrier, but with a
beauty and eloquence that was always ac-
ceptable. I heard Coventry say he was the
best speaker to carry a popular assembly be-
fore him that he had ever known.' He died
10 May 1691, and was buried at Weobly,
where a monument was erected to his memory,
the inscription of which was defaced by the
Bishop of Hereford. In the new inscription
the year of his birth is wrongly given as 1626
instead of 1616.

[Memoir by Heywood in edition of Newcome's
Diary. Chetham Soc. Pub. xviii. 203-206 ; Mili-
tary Memoir of Colonel John Birch, written by
Koe, his secretary, Camden Soc. Pub. 1873 ;
Townsend's Hist, of Leominster, 109-11 ; Pepys,
Diary ; Burnet's Hist, of Own Time ; Whiteloeke's
Memorials ; .Rennet's Register ; Thurloe's State
Papers.] T. F. H.

BIRCH, JOHN (1745 P-1815), surgeon,
was born in 1745 or 1746, but where cannot
now be traced. He served some years as a
surgeon in the army, and afterwards settled
in London. He was elected on 12 May 1784
surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and held
office till his death on 3 Feb. 1815. He was
also surgeon extraordinary to the prince re-
gent. Birch was a surgeon of much repute
in his day, both in hospital and private prac-
tice, but was chiefly known for his enthusi-
astic advocacy of electricity as a remedial
agent, and for his equally ardent opposition
to the introduction of vaccination. He served
the cause of medical electricity by founding
an electrical department at St. Thomas's
Hospital, and carrying it on with much
energy. For more than twenty-one years,
he says, he performed the manipulations
himself, since he found it difficult to induce
the students to take much interest in the
subject. The kind of electricity employed
was exclusively the frictional, which is now
known to be of little use, the therapeutical
value of galvanism being not at that time
understood. Nevertheless his writings on
the subject, which were widely circulated
both in this country and abroad, must have

Birch

Birch

done much in keeping alive professional in-
terest in investigations which have turned
out to be remarkably fruitful in practical
results.

Birch published several pamphlets in op- ;
position to the practice of vaccination, and j
in favour of inoculation, for the small-pox. I
He also gave evidence before a committee of j
the House of Commons in the same sense. |
His objections have no longer much scien- |
tific interest, but the point of view from j
which he regarded the subject is probably j
fairly represented in his monumental epi- :
taph, as follows : ' The practice of cow-
poxing, which first became general in his
day, undaunted by the overwhelming influ-
ence of power and prejudice, and by the ;
voice of nations, he uniformly and until !
death perseveringly opposed, conscientiously
believing it to be a public infatuation, fraught
with peril of the most mischievous conse- j
quences to mankind.' Birch was buried in !
the church in Rood Lane, Fenchurch Street, j
where a monument was erected to his me- !
mory by his sister Penelope Birch. The j
epitaph, from which some of the dates given !
above are quoted, is printed in a posthu-
mous edition of his tracts on vaccination.
His portrait, painted by T. Phillips and en-
graved by J. Lewis, is rather commonly met
with.

He wrote : 1. ' Considerations on the Effi-
cacy of Electricity in removing Female j
Obstructions,' London, 1779, 8vo : 4th edi- !
tion 1798 (translated into German). 2. 'A
Letter on Medical Electricity,' published in
George Adams's { Essay on Electricity,' Lon-
don, 1798, 4to (4th edition) ; also separately,
1792, 8vo. 3. ' An Essay on the Medical
Applications of Electricity^' 1802, 8vo (trans-
lated into German, Italian, and Russian).
4. ( Pharmacopoeia Chirurgica in usum noso-
comii Londinensis S. Thomse,' London, 1803.
12mo. 5. t A Letter occasioned by the many
failures of the Cow-pox,' addressed to W. R.
Rogers. Published in the latter writer's
' Examination of Evidence relative to Cow-
pox delivered to the Committee of the House
of Commons by two of the Surgeons of St.
Thomas's Hospital,' 2nd edition, 1805. 6. 'Se-
rious Reasons for objecting to the Practice of
Vaccination. In answer to the Report of j
the Jennerian Society,' 1806, 8vo. 7. ' Copy
of an Answer to the Queries of the London
College of Surgeons and of a Letter to the
College of Physicians respecting the Cow-pox,'
1807, 8vo. The last two were reprinted by
Penelope Birch, with the title ' An Appeal
to the Public on the Hazard and Peril of
"V accination, otherwise Cow-pox,' 1817, 8vo.
8. ' The Fatal Effects of Cow-pox Protection,'

TOL. v.

1808, 12mo (anonymous, but ascribed to
Birch in the ' Diet, of Living Authors,' 1816).
9. < A Report of the True State of the Ex-
periment of Cow-pox/ 1810 (on the same
authority).

[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors (1816) ; Calli-
sen's Meclicinisches Schriftsteller-Lexikon (Co-
penhagen, 1830-45), i. 264, and Appendix; Ar-
chives of St. Thomas's Hospital ; Birch's Works.!

J. F. P.

BIRCH, JONATHAN (1783-1847),
translator of * Faust,' was born in Holborn,.
London, on 4 July 1783. When a lad he had
a strong desire to become a sculptor, but in
October 1798 he was apprenticed to an uncle
in the city. In 1803 he entered the house
of John Argelander, a timber-merchant at
Memel, where he remained until Argelander's
death, in 1812, much of his time being em-
ployed in travelling in Russia, Sweden, and
Denmark. In 1807 the three eldest sons of
Frederick William III of Prussia took refuge
with Argelander for eighteen months, and
became warmly attached to Birch, in whose
company they took delight.

In 1812 Birch returned to England and
turned to literary pursuits. In 1823 he
married Miss Esther Brooke, of Lancaster,
who bore him five children, of whom only two
survived, a boy and a girl. His son, Charles
Bell Birch, A.R.A., became a sculptor.

After many minor essays in literature he
published t Fifty-one Original Fables, with
Morals and Ethical Index. Embellished
with eighty-five original designs by Robert
Cruickshank ; also a translation of Plutarch's
" Banquet of the Seven Sages," revised for
this work,' London, 1833, 8vo. The preface
is signed ' Job Crithannah,' an anagram of
the author's name. The Crown Prince of
Prussia accepted a copy, and renewed the
friendship formed at Memel. Birch next
produced ' Divine Emblems ; embellished
with etchings on copper [by Robert Cruick-
shank], after the fashion of Master Francis
Quarles. Designed and written by Johann
Albricht, A.M.' (another anagram of Jona-
than Birch), London, 1838, 8vo ; Dublin,
1839, 8vo. On sending the crown prince a
copy he received in return a gold medal, of
which only thirty were struck, and given by
the prince to his particular friends. He
now undertook a complete translation of
Goethe's ' Faust,' being the first to attempt
the two parts. The first was published in
1839, and dedicated to the crown prince,
who, on coming to the throne in 1840 as
Frederick William IV, sent him the ' great
gold medal of homage.' In 1841 Birch was
elected ' foreign honorary member of the

P

Birch

66

Literary Society of Berlin,' the only other :
Englishman thus honoured being Thomas ;
Oarlyle. The second part of * Faust ' was j
published in 1843, and dedicated to the King i
of Prussia. Birch also translated, from the i
German of Bishop Eylert, two works upon !
Frederick William III. In 1846 the King j
of Prussia offered him a choice of apartments
in three of his palaces. He chose Bellevue,
near Berlin, mainly for the sake of his son's
artistic studies. At the end of 1846 he settled
in Prussia, and completed his last work, a
translation of the ' Nibelungen Lied,' Berlin,
1 848, 8vo. He was greatly aided by Professor
Carl Lachmaiin, whose text he mainly fol-
lowed, and by the brothers Grimm. While
his work was still in the press he was taken
ill, and died at Bellevue on 8 Sept. 1847.
[Private information.] T. C.

BIRCH, PETER, D.D. (1652 P-1710),
divine, was son of Thomas Birch of the an-
•cient family of that name settled at Birch
in Lancashire. He was educated in presby-
terian principles. In 1670 he and his brother
Andrew went to Oxford, where they lived
as sojourners in the house of an apothecary,
became students in the public library, and
had a tutor to instruct them in philosophical
learning, 'but yet did not wear gowns.'
After a time Peter left Oxford and entered
the university of Cambridge, though no entry
of his matriculation can be discovered. Sub-
sequently he returned to Oxford, and, having
declared" his conformity to the established
•church, Dr. John Fell procured certain let-
ters from the chancellor of the university in
his behalf. These were read in the convo-
cation held on 6 May 1672, with a request
that Birch might be allowed to take the de-
gree of B.A. after he had performed his
-exercise and to compute his time from his
matriculation at Cambridge. On the 12th
of the same month he wras matriculated as a
member of Christ Church, and being soon
after admitted B.A. (1673-4) he was made
one of the chaplains or petty canons of that
house by Dr. Fell. He graduated M.A. in
1674, B.D. in 1683, and D.D. in 1688. For
a time he was curate of St. Thomas's parish,
Oxford, then rector of St. Ebbe's church and
«, lecturer at Carfax, and subsequently, being
recommended to the service of James, duke
of Ormond, he was appointed by that noble-
man one of his chaplains. He became chap-
lain to the House of Commons and a pre-
bendary of Westminster in 1689. King
William III, just before one of his visits to
Holland, gave the rectory of St. James's,
Westminster, to Dr. Thomas Tenison, and
after the advancement of that divine to the

Birch

see of Lincoln, the Bishop of London, pre-
tending that he had a title to the rectory,
conferred it on Dr. Birch, 11 July 1692.
The queen, being satisfied that the presenta-
tion belonged to the crown, granted the
living to Dr. William Wake. These con-
flicting claims led to litigation between Birch
and Wake in the court of king's. bench, and
eventually the House of Lords decided the
case on appeal, 12 Jan. 1694-5, in favour of
the latter. Shortly afterwards, on 19 March
1694-5, Birch was presented by the dean
and chapter of Westminster to the vicarage
of St. Bride's, Fleet Street. Abel Boyer,
referring to the dispute about the rectory,
states what was probably the real reason of
Birch being ousted from it. He says Birch
'was a great stickler for the High-church
party; and 'tis remarkable, that in King
William's reign, and on the Prince's birth-
day, he preach'd a sermon in St. James's
Church, of which he was then rector, on this
text, "Sufficient to each day is the evil
thereof;" which having given great offence
to the court, he was removed from that
church, and afterwards chosen vicar of St.
Bride's ' (History of Queen Anne, 1711, 421).
In September 1697 l Dr. Birch was married
to the lady Millington, a widdow, worth
20,0007. ' (LuTTKELL, Relation of State Af-
fairs, iv. 284). He died on 2 July 1710.
His will, dated on 27 June in that year, is
printed in the Rev. John Booker's ' History
of the Ancient Chapel of Birch.' By his
wife Sybil, youngest daughter and coheir of
Humphrey Wyrley of Hampstead in Stafford-
shire, he had issue two sons, Humphrey Birch
and John Wyrley Birch.

He published: 1. 'A Sermon before the
House of Commons, 5 Nov.,' London, 1689,
4to. 2. ' A Sermon preached before the
honourable House of Commons at St. Mar-
garet's, Westminster, 30 Jan. 1694,' London,
1694, 4to. Some of the members took offence
at some passages in this discourse, which
elicited two replies, entitled respectively ' A
Birchen Rod for Dr. Birch ; or, some Ani-
madversions upon his Sermon. . . . In a Letter
to Sir T[homas] D[yke] and Mr. H[unger-
ford],' London, 1694, 4to, and < A New- Year's
Gift for Dr. Birch ; or, a Mirror discovering
the different opinions of some Doctors in re-
lation to the present Government,' London,
1696, 4to. 3. ' A Funeral Sermon preach'd
on the decease of Grace Lady Gethin, wife
of Sir Richard Gethin, Baronet, on the 28 day
of March 1700, at West minster- Abby. And
for perpetuating her memory a sermon is to
be preach'd in Westminster- Abby, yearly, on
Ash Wednesday for ever,' London, 1700, 4to.
Reprinted in ' Reliquiae Gethinians6.'

Birch

Birch

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 659; Wood's
Fasti, ii. 334, 344, 387, 404 ; Compleat History
of Europe for 1710, Remarkables, p. 34; Le
Neve's Mormmenta Anglicana (1700-15), 209;
Luttrell's Eelation of State Affairs, ii. 45, 520,
iii. 426, 451, iv. 284, v. 251, 298, 627; Mal-
colm's Londinium Eedivivura, i. 161, 358; Atter-
bury's Epistolary Correspondence, i. 211 ; New-
court's Kepertoriura, i. 317, 661, 922 ; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. ix. 658; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy),
iii. 362 ; Booker's Hist, of the Ancient Chapel of
Birch (Chetham Soc.), 100-104.] T. C.

BIRCH, SIR RICHARD JAMES HOL-
WELL (1803-1875), general, came of a
well-known Anglo-Indian family, and was
the son of Richard Comyns Birch, of the Ben-
gal civil service, and afterwards of Writtle,
Essex, who was a grandson of John Zepha-
niah Holwell, of the Bengal civil service,
author of the famous account of his sufferings
in the Black Hole of Calcutta. Birch was
born in 1803, and received a commission as
an ensign in the Bengal infantry in 1821.
His numerous circle of relations in India
insured his rapid promotion and almost
continuous service on the staff, and after
acting as deputy-judge advocate-general at
Meerut, and as assistant secretary in the mili-
tary department at Calcutta, he was appointed
judge-advocate-general to the forces in Bengal
in 1 841 . In the same capacity he accompanied
the army in the first Sikh war (1845-6), was
mentioned in despatches, and was promoted
lieutenant-colonel for his services. In the
second Sikh war (1849) he was appointed to
the temporary command of a brigade after the
battle of Chillianwallah. He distinguished
himself at the battle of Goojerat, and was
made a C.B. in 1849, and continued to serve
as brigadier-general in Sir Colin Campbell's
campaign in the Kohat pass in 1850. He
then reverted to his appointment at head-
quarters, and in 1852 received the still more
important post of secretary to the Indian
government in the military department. He
was promoted colonel in 1854, major-general
in 1858, and still held the secretaryship when
the Indian mutiny broke out in 1857. His
services at this time were most valuable,
though he never left Calcutta, for his thorough
knowledge of the routine duties of his office
.and his long official experience enabled him
to give valuable advice to Lord Canning, the
governor-general, and to Sir Colin Campbell
when he arrived to take up the command in
chief. These services were recognised by
liis being made aK.C.B. in 1860, and in 1861
he left India, In the following year he was
promoted lieutenant-general and retired on
full pay, and on 25 Feb. 1875 he died at
Yenice, aged 72.

[Hart's Army List; Times, 10 March 1875;
East India Register and Army List.] H. M. S.

BIRCH, SAMUEL (1757-1841), drama-
tist and pastrycook, was born in London
8 Nov. 1757. He was the son of Lucas
Birch, who carried on the business of a pas-
trycook and confectioner at 15 Cornhill. This
; shop, though the upper portion of the house
I had been rebuilt, still (1885) retains its old-
fashioned front, and is probably the oldest
shop of the kind in the city. The business
was established in the reign of George I
i by a Mr. Horton, the immediate predecessor
I of Lucas Birch. Samuel was educated at
a private school kept by Mr. Crawford at
Newington Butts, and upon leaving school
I was apprenticed to his father. P]arly in life,
! in 1778, he married the daughter of Dr. John
| Fordyce, by whom he had a family of thirteen
I children. He was elected one of the common
j council on 21 Dec. 1781, and in 1789 became
i deputy of the Cornhill ward. In May 1807
| he was elected alderman of the Candlewick
| ward in the place of Alderman Hankey.
When young he devoted much of his leisure
time to the cultivation of his mental powers
and the improvement of his literary taste ;
he was a frequent attendant of a debating
| society which met in one of the large rooms
formerly belonging to the King's Arms Tavern,
Cornhill, and there, in the winter of 1778,
he made his first essay in public speaking.
In politics he was a strenuous supporter of
Pitt's administration, though he vigorously
opposed the repeal of the Test and Corpora-
tion Acts. He became a frequent speaker at
the common council meetings. When he first
proposed the formation of volunteer regiments
at the outbreak of the French revolution, not
a single common councilman supported him.
Subsequently, when the measure was adopted,
he became the lieutenant-colonel commandant
of the 1st regiment of Loyal London volun-
teers. The speech which he delivered in the
j Guildhall on 5 March 1805 against the Ro-
man catholic petition was severely criticised
in an article entitled 'Deputy Birch and others
on the Catholic Claims,' which appeared in
the ' Edinburgh Review' (x. 124-36). It
was, however, highly commended by the king,
and the freedom of the city of Dublin was
i twice voted him at the midsummer quarter
assembly of the corporation of that city on
! 19 July 1805 and 18 July 1806, for his advo-
| cacy of the protest ant ascendency in Ireland.
j In 1811 he was appointed one of the sheriffs
| of London, and on 9 Nov. 1814 Birch entered
i on his duties as lord mayor. Tory though
! he was, he opposed the Corn Bill of 1815, and
i presided at a meeting of the livery in com-
j mon hall on 23 Feb. 1815, when he made a

F2

Birch

68

Birch

vigorous attack upon the intended prohibition
of the free importation of foreign corn. The
course he took on this occasion is commemo-
rated by a medal struck in his honour, on the
obverse side of which is the bust of the lord
mayor, and on the reverse a representation of
a wheatsheaf, with the legend, { Free Impor-
tation, Peace and Plenty.' During his mayor- i
alty the marble statue of George III by
Chantrey, the inscription on which was writ-
ten by Birch, was placed in the council
chamber of Guildhall. Almost his last act
as lord mayor was to lay the foundation-stone
of the London Institution in Finsbury Circus
(then called the Amphitheatre, Moorfields)
on 4 Nov. 1815. In 1836 Birch, who had for j
many years carried on his father's old business |
in Cornhill, disposed of it to Messrs. Ring & |
Brymer, the present proprietors. He retired j
from the court of aldermen in 1840, and died
at his house, 107 Guildford Street, London,
on 10 Dec. 1841, aged 84. Birch was a man
of considerable literary attainments, and
wrote a number of poems and musical dramas,
of which the t Adopted Child ' was by far the
most successful. His plays were frequently
produced at Drury Lane, Covent Garden,
and Haymarket theatres. His varied ac-
tivity was the subject of a clever skit, in which
a French visitor to London meeting with
' Birch the pastrycook ' in such different ca-
pacities as Guildhall-orator, militia-colonel,
poet, &c., returned to France, believing him
to be the emperor of London ! His portrait,
presented by his granddaughter in 1877, hangs
in the Guildhall library.

He published the following works : 1. 'The
Abbey of Ambresbury,' in two parts, 1788-9,
4to (a poem). 2. ' Consilia, or Thoughts on
several Subjects,' 1785, 12mo. 3. 'The
Adopted Child,' 1795, 8vo (a musical drama,
first produced at Drury Lane 1 May 1795 ;
music by Thomas Attwood). 4. ' The Smug-
glers/ 1796, 8vo (a musical drama, first pro-
duced at Drury Lane 13 April 1796 ; music by
Thomas Attwood [q. v.]). 5. ' Speech in the
Common Council against the Roman Catholic
Petition,' 8yo, 1805. 6. ' Speech in the Com-
mon Council on the Admission of Papists to
hold Commissions in the Army,' March 1807.
He also wrote the following dramatic pieces,
which were never published : 7. ' The Man-
ners/ 1793 (a musical entertainment, first
produced at the opera house in the Hay-
market 10 May 1793). 8. 'The Packet Boat,
or a Peep behind the Veil,' 1794 (a masque,
first produced at Covent Garden 13 May
1794 ; music by Thomas Attwood). 9. ' Fast
Asleep, 1797 (a musical entertainment, pro-
duced at Drury Lane 28 Oct. 1795, and never
acted again). 10. 'Albert and Adelaide, or

the Victim of Romance,' 1798 (a romance first
produced at Covent Garden 11 Dec. 1798).

[Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, i. 41-3 ;
Chambers's Book of Days, 1869, p. 64 ; Thorn-
bury 's Old and New London, 1st ed. i. 412-3, ii.
172 ; Era, 15 Jan. 1881, p. 7 ; Annual Register,
1841, appendix, p. 238.] G. F. R. B.

BIRCH, THOMAS, D.D. (1705-1766;,
historian and biographer, was born of quaker
parents in St. George's Court, Clerkenwell,.
on 23 Nov. 1705. His father, Joseph Birch,
was a coffee-mill maker. The son received
the rudiments of a good education, and when
he left school spent his spare time in study.
He was baptised, 15 Dec. 1730, at St. James'sr
Clerkenwell, having been bred as a quaker
(Register of St. James's, Harleian Soc. ii. 191).
He is believed to have assisted a clergyman
called Cox in his parochial duty, and he is
known to have married, in the summer of
1728, Cox's daughter Hannah. His wife's-
strength had been undermined by a decline,
but her death was caused by a puerperal
fever between 31 July and 3 Aug. 1729. A
copy of verses which the widowed husband
wrote on her coffin on the latter day is printed
in the ' Miscellaneous Works of Mrs. Rowe/
ii. 133-7, and in the 'Biographica Britannica.'
Birch was ordained deacon in the church of
England on 17 Jan. 1730, and priest on 21 Dec.
1731. Being a diligent student of English
history and a firm supporter of the whig
doctrines in church and state, he basked in
the patronage of the Hardwicke family, and
passed from one ecclesiastical preferment to-
another. The small rectory of lilting in
Essex was conferred upon him 20 May 1732,
and the sinecure rectory of Llandewi-Velfrey
in Pembroke in May 1743. In January 1744
he was nominated to the rectory of Sidding-
ton, near Cirencester, but he probably never
took possession of its emoluments, as on
24 Feb. in the same year he was instituted
to the rectory of St. Michael, Wood Street,
London. Two years later he became the-
rector of St. Margaret Pattens, London, and
on 25 Feb. 1761 he was appointed to the
rectory of Depden in Suffolk. The last two>
livings he retained until his death. Birch
never received the benefit of a university
education, but in 1753 he was created D.D.
of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, and of
Lambeth. He was elected F.R.S. 20 Feb.
1735, and F.S.A. 11 Dec. 1735. From 1752
to 1765 he discharged the duties of secretary
to the Royal Society. Whilst riding in the
Hampstead Road he fell from his horse, it is
believed in an apoplectic fit, and died on
9 Jan. 1766. He was buried in the chancel
of the church of St. Margaret Pattens.

Birch

69

Birch

Horace "Walpole, in a letter to his anti-
•quarian friend Cole, makes merry over the
insertion of a life of Dr. Birch in the edition
of the ' Biographica Britannica ' which was
edited by Kippis, and styles the doctor ' a
worthy good-natured soul, full of industry
and activity, and running about like a young
setting-dog in quest of anything new or old,
and with no parts, taste, or judgment.' In
another letter the newswriter of Strawbeny
Hill asks the question, ( Who would give a
rush for Dr. Birch's correspondence ? ' Wai-
pole's censure, though exaggerated, rests on
a basis of truth, but the fact remains that,
in spite of their wearisome minuteness of
detail and their dulness of style, the works
of Dr. Birch are indispensable to the literary
or historical student. His principal books
were: 1. 'Life of the Right Honourable
Robert Boyle,' 1744. 2. 'An Inquiry into
the Share which King Charles I had in the
Transactions of the Earl of Glamorgan, after-
wards Marquis of Worcester, for bringing
•over a body of Irish Rebels to assist that
King,' 1747 and 1756, an anonymous treatise
written in reply to Carte's account of the
same transaction, and answered by Mr. John
Boswell of Taunton, in ' The Case of the
Royal Martyr considered with candour, 1758.'
5. Lives and characters written to accom-
pany i Heads of Illustrious Persons of Great
Britain, engraven by Houbraken and Vertue,'
1747-52, and reprinted in 1756 and 1813.
4. ' Historical View of Negotiations between
the Courts of England, France, and Brussels,
1592-1617,' 1749. 5. 'Life of Archbishop
Tillotson,' 1752 and 1753, a whig memoir
which provoked a thrice-issued pamphlet from
the opposite camp of 'Remarks upon the
Life of Dr. John Tillotson, compiled by
Thomas Birch.' 6. ' Memoirs of reign of
•Queen Elizabeth from 1581 till her death
[chiefly from the papers of Anthony Bacon],'
1754, 2 vols. 7. 'History of Royal Society
of London,' 1756-7, 4 vols. 8. 'A Collection
of Yearly Bills of Mortality from 1657 to 1758,'
1759, an anonymous publication. 9. ' Life of
Henry, Prince of Wales,' 1760. 10. 'Let-
ters between Colonel Robert Hammond and
the Committee at Derby House relating to
•Charles I while confined in Carisbrooke Castle/
1764, also anonymous. 11. 'Account of Life
of John Ward, LL.D., Professor of Rhetoric
in Gresham College,' which was published in
1766, after its author's death. These works,
important and numerous as they are, by no
means exhausted Dr. Birch's contributions to
literature. He assisted, in common with the
other members of the literary circle which
was formed around the Hardwicke family,
in composing the ' Athenian Letters ... of

an agent of the King of Persia residing at
Athens during the Peloponnesian War ; he
edited the ' State Papers of John Thurloe '
| in seven folio volumes, and corrected Murdin's
! ' State Papers of Queen Elizabeth,' 1759.
When Dr. Maty was carrying on the ' Journal
Britannique,' he obtained the aid of Dr. Birch,
and when Cave Avas editing the ' Gentleman's
Magazine ' he sought the assistance of Birch
both in the general articles and in the par-
liamentary debates. Most of the English
' lives in the ' General Dictionary, Historical
| and Critical,' which appeared in ten folio
| volumes (1734-41), were written by him, and
j his communications in the ' Philosophical
I Transactions ' were numerous and valuable.
I His biographies Avere held in such high esti-
i mation that his memoirs of Chillingworth,
j Mrs. Cockburn, Cudworth, Du Fresnoy,
i Greaves, Rev. James Hervey, Milton, and
| Raleigh were prefixed to editions of their
works, which appeared between 1742 and
1753, and his critical aid was sought for the
superintendence of an edition of the works
and letters of Bacon and of Spenser's ' Fairy
Queen.' He bequeathed his books and manu-
i scripts to the British Museum, together with
a sum of about 500Z. for increasing the stipend
of the three assistant librarians. The manu-
scripts are numbered 4101 to 4478 in the
' Additional MSS.,' and are described in the
catalogue of the Rev. Samuel Ayscough
(1782). They relate chiefly to English his-
tory and biography. Among them were a
series of letters transcribed from the originals
at his expense and in course of arrangement
for publication at his death. These were
published in 1849 in four volumes, under the
title of ' The Court and Times of James the
First ' and ' The Court and Times of Charles
the First.' Numerous letters between Dr.
Birch and the principal men of his age are
printed in Nichols's ' Literary Anecdotes '
and ' Literary Illustrations,' the <• Biblio-
theca Topographica Britannica,' iii. 398-4 16,
and in Boswell's 'Johnson.' Dr. Johnson
acknowledged that Dr. Birch ' had more anec-
dotes than any man,' and is reported to have
said that ' Tom Birch is as brisk as a bee in
conversation, but no sooner does he take a
pen in his hand than it becomes a torpedo
to him and numbs all his faculties.' The
justice of this condemnation of his writings
is apparent to every one who consults them.
The high estimation of his good qualities
which was held by the tory and high-church
Johnson in social life is confirmed by those
who agreed with the political and religious
opinions of Dr. Birch.

[Kippis's'Biog. Brit.; Boswell's Johnson (ed.
1848), pp. 48, 351 ; Ayscough's Catalogue, pp.

Birch

Birchensha

v-vi; Weld's Koy. Soc. ii. 561 ; Thomson's Roy.
Soc. p. 14, and App. p. xl ; Edwards's Brit. Mus.
ii. 415 ; Walpole's Letters, i. 384, vii. 326 ; viii.
260; Pink's Clerkenwell, 269-71 ; Morunt's Essex,
ii. 565 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 585-637, ii. 507,
iii. 258, v. 40-3, 53, 282-90; Lit. Illust. ir. 241 ;
Gent. Mag. 1766, pp. 43, 47.] W. P. C.

BIRCH, THOMAS LEDLIE (d. 1808),
Irish presbyterian minister, was ordained
minister of Saintfield, co. Down, on 21 May
1776. In 1794 he preached a sermon before
the synod of Ulster, in which he specified
1848 as the date of the fall of the papacy.
He was much opposed to the doctrines and
ways of the seceders, and in 1796 published
a pamphlet in which he tells how, by taking
the bull by the horns, he kept them out of
Saintfield. In 1798 he was mixed up with
the insurrection, and, having1 been tried by
court martial at Lisburn on 18 and 20 June,
was permitted to emigrate to America, where
he died on 12 April 1808. He published :
1. 'The Obligation upon Christians, and espe-
cially Ministers, to be Exemplary in their
Lives ; particularly at this important period
when the prophecies are seemingly about to
be fulfilled,' &c., Belfast, 1794 (synodical
sermon, Matt. v. 16). 2. 'Physicians lan-
guishing under Disease. An Address to the
Seceding or Associate Synod of Ireland upon
certain tenets and practices/ &c., Belfast,1796.

[Belfast News-Letter, June 1798 ; Witherow's
Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyterianism in Ire-
land, 2nd series, 1880.] A. G.

BIRCH, WILLIAM (d. 1794?), enamel
painter and engraver, was born in Warwick
about 1760, and practised in London. In
1781 and the following year he exhibited
enamels at the Royal Academy, and in 1785
received a medal from the Society of Arts
for the excellence of his work in this kind,
and the improvements which he had intro-
duced into it. He was a fairly good engraver,
as is shown by his one published work,
' Delices de la Grande Bretagne,' which con-
tains views of some of the principal seats and
chief places of interest in England. There
is one charming etching by Birch, ' The
Porcupine Inn Yard, Rushmore Hill, etched
upon the spot.' This little work is quiet,
natural, balanced, and thoroughly pictu-
resque. Unhappily we have not much more
of this quality. In 1794 he went to America.
He settled in Philadelphia, and painted a
portrait of Washington. On the title of his
work above referred to he describes himself as
' enamel painter, Hampstead Heath.' The
date of his death is uncertain.

[Birch's Delices de la Grande Bretagne, 1791 ;
Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878.] E. R.

BIRCHENSHA, JOHN (ft. 1664-1672),
musician, was probably a member of the-
Burchinshaw, Burchinsha, Byrchinshaw, or
By rchinsha family, the senior branch of which
were settled at Llansannan in Denbighshire,
and the junior branch (in which the name
John was of frequent occurrence) at Ryw,
Dymeirchion, Flintshire, in the first half of
i the seventeenth century. Very little is known
I concerning him. In his early life he resided
! at Dublin in the family of the Earl of Kil-
I dare, but he left Ireland at the time of the
j rebellion, and after the Restoration lived in
\ London, where he taught the viol. Haw-
i kins adds that he was remarkable for his
I ' genteel behaviour and person.' In 1664 he
! published a translation of the { Templum
Musicum ' of Johannes Henricus Alstedius,.
on the title-page of which work he designated
himself as ' Philomath.' He occupied him-
! self largely with the study of the mathema-
I tical basis of music, his theories as to which
i seem to have attracted some attention at that
j time. Bircheiisha's notion, according to a
| letter from John Baynard to Dr. Holder,.
! dated 20 March 1693-4 (Sloane MS. 1388, f.
167 #), was ' That all musical whole-notes are
equall ; and no difference of half-notes from
one another, and that the diversitie of keyes
| is no more than the musical pitch higher or
j lower, or will pass for that without any great
i inconvenience.' A manuscript volume of frag-
mentary calculations, made in all probability
largely by Birchensha in 1666-6, is preserved
in the British Museum (Add. MS. 4388)r
where may also be seen a copy of the pro-
spectus, or 'Animadversion' as he called it,
which he issued in 1672 requesting subscrip-
tions to the amount of 500/. in order to en-
able him to publish the results of his inves-
tigations under the title of ' Syntagma
Musicse.' This work was to be published
before 24 March 1674, and in it Birchensha
promised that he would teach how to make
' airy tunes of all sorts ' by rule, and how to-
compose in two parts ' exquisitely and with
all the elegancies of music' within two
months. The book was apparently never
published, as no copies of it are known to
exist. Birchensha's proposals are alluded to
in a play of Shadwell's (quoted in HAWKINS'S
Hist, of Music (1853), ii. 725), where it is
said that he claimed to be able to ' teach men
to compose that are deaf, dumb, and blind.'
This seems to allude to some intended work,,
the manuscript title-page for which (in the
British Museum manuscript quoted above)
runs as follows : ' Surdus Melopseus, or the
Deafe Composer of Tunes to 4 voices, Cantus?
Altus, Tenor, Bassus. By helpe whereof a
t deafe man may easily compose good melo-

Birchington

Bird

dies. Gathered by observation.' In 1672 !
Birchensha published Thomas Salmon's * Es-
say to the Advancement of Musick/for which !
he wrote a preface. He also printed a single
sheet of < Rules for Composing in Parts.' Of
his music almost the only specimens extant
are preserved in the Music School Collec-
tion, Oxford, where are some vocal pieces by |
him for treble and bass, with lute accom- i
paniment, and twelve manuscript voluntaries
in the Christ Church collection. John Evelyn
in 1667 (Aug. 3) heard Birchensha play. He
mentions him as ' that rare artist who in-
vented a mathematical way of composure
very extraordinary, true as to the exact rules
of art, but without much harmonie ' (Diary,
ed. Bray, p. 297). The date of his death is
unknown, but one John Birchenshaw, who
may possibly have been the subject of this
notice, was buried in the cloisters of West-
minster Abbey 14 May 1681. *

[Hawkins's Hist, of Music (1853), ii. 716, 725 ;
Burney's Hist, of Music, iii. 472 ; Heraldic Visi-
tations of Wales (ed. Meyrick, 1846), 300, 347 ;
Add. MSS. 4388, 4910; Cat. Music School Col-
lection ; Chester's Registers of Westminster Ab-
bey ; information from the Rev. J. H. Mee.l

W. B. S.

BIRCHINGTON, STEPHEN 0/.1382),
historical writer, probably derived his name
from a village in the isle of Thanet. He
became a monk of Christ Church, Canter-
bury, in 1382, though it is said that he was
closely connected with that house before. For
some time he held the offices of treasurer and
warden of the manors of the monastery. The
year of his death is not recorded. He wrote
t Vitse Archiepiscoporum Cant./ edited by
Wharton in his ' Anglia Sacra,' and, accord-
ing to his editor's belief, another and longer
book on the 'Lives of the Archbishops,' which
has not been preserved. In the same codex
with the manuscript of the ' Vitse ' Wharton
found three other histories, viz. ' De Regibus
Anglorum,' ' De Pontificibus Romanis,' and
* Be Imperatoribus Romanis,' which he also
assigns to Birchington.

[Wharton's Anglia Sacra, Pref. i.] W. H.

BIRCHLEY, WILLIAM. [See AUSTIN,
JOHN.]

BIRCKBEK, SIMON (1584-1656), di-
vine, was born at Hornby in Westmoreland.
At the age of sixteen he became a student
of Queen's College, Oxford, where he was
1 successively a poor serving child, tabarder,
or poor child, and at length fellow, being
then master of arts.' He proceeded B.A. in
1604, and B.D. in 1616. Entering holy

orders about 1607, he became noted as a
preacher and disputant, as well as for his ex-
tensive knowledge of the fathers and school-
men. In 1616 he was admitted to the reading
of the sentences, and the year after was made
vicar of the church of Gilling in Yorkshire,
and also of the chapel of Forcet, near Rich-
mond, in the same county. He received these
preferments l by the favour of his kinsman,
Humphrey Wharton.' During the troubles-
of the civil war he * submitted to the men in
power,' and therefore l kept his benefice with-
out fear of sequestration.' His most im-
portant work is entitled * The Protestant's
Evidence, showing that for 1,500 years after
Christ divers Guides of God's Church have
in sundry Points of Religion taught as the
Church of England now doth,' London, 1634.
The book is thrown into the form of a dia-
logue between a papist and a protestant, and
was valued by Selden. A friend having for-
warded to Birckbek a copy of his book covered
with marginal glosses, which the annotator
entitled 'An Antidote necessary for the
reader thereof,' an elaborate ' Answer to the
Antidotist ' was appended to a second edi-
tion of the 'Evidence' in 1657. The 1657
edition, with this appendix, was published
again in 1849 in the supplement to Gibson's
1 Preservative from Popery,' by the Reforma-
tion Society, the Rev. John Gumming being
the editor. Birckbek also wrote a ' Treatise
of the Last Four Things' (death, judgment,,
hell, and heaven), London, 1655. He died
14 Sept. 1656, and was buried in Forcet
Chapel.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 421, and
Fasti, i. 302, 366 ; B. M. Catalogue.] R. B.

BIRD, CHARLES SMITH (1795-1862),
theological writer, has written his own bio-
graphy. He traces his descent from John Bird
[q.v.], the first protestant bishop of Chester
and prior of the Carmelite monks in the reign
of Henry VIII. The father of Charles Smith
Bird was a West Indian merchant, who was
taken prisoner in one of his voyages during"
the war of American independence. He was
of a highly religious character, objecting, for
instance, to his children reading Shakespeare.
He died in 1814. Charles Smith was the last
but one of six children, born in Union Street,
Liverpool, 28 May 1795. After attending
several private schools, he was articled to a
firm of conveyancing solicitors at Liverpool
in 1812. His leisure time w^as spent at the
Athenaeum reading-room in the study of
theology. He returned to school at Dr.
Davies's, of Macclesfield, in 1815, and thence
went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he 'chose no companion unless there was

Bird

Bird

•Christianity in him.' He became a scholar
of Trinity in 1818, was third wrangler in
1820, and elected a fellow of his college.
He was then ordained and became curate of
Burghfield, six miles from Reading. He took
;a house at Culverlands, near Burghfield, in
1823. He added to his income by taking
pupils, a practice he continued for twenty
years. One of them was Lord Macaulay.
On 24 June of this year he was married to
Margaret Wrangham, of Bowdon, Cheshire.
He now frequently sent contributions to the
* Christian Observer,' edited by Mr. Cunning-
ham. It was against the Irish educational
measures that he wrote his ' Call to the Pro-
testants of England,' now inserted among his
poems. In 1839 Bird edited a monthly perio-
dical called the ' Reading Church Guardian,'
in the interests of protestant truth. The
publication languished for a year and then
died. In 1840 Bird became a sort of Sunday
curate to a Mr. Briscoe at Sulhamstead.
Having given up his house at Burghfield, he
was glad to accept the curacy of Fawley,
some three miles from Henley-on-Thames.
In 1843 he secured the vicarage of Gains-
borough, to which was attached a prebendal
stall of Lincoln. In this old-fashioned
market town Bell passed many happy years.
His course of life was regular" and tranquil.
Occasionally he lectured at the Gainsborough
Literary and Mechanics' Institute on natural
history, English literature, and other sub-
jects of interest. In the summer of 1844
e went to Scotland, and in the next year
preached before Cambridge university four
sermons on the parable of the sower. About
this time the proposal for the admission of
Jews into parliament aroused Bird's indigna-
tion. His ' Call to Britain to remember the
Fate of Jerusalem,' one of his longer poems,
may be read with interest. In 1849 the
cholera ravaged Gainsborough. Bird assidu-
ously and bravely administered to the wants
of the sufferers. His conduct was marked
by exemplary devotion to the wants of his
parishioners, to his own great and abiding
honour. In 1852 Bird suffered himself a
severe illness. In 1859 he was appointed
chancellor of the cathedral of Lincoln, and
left Gainsborough. He died at the Chancery,
aged 67. The grateful people of Gainsbo-
rough decorated their church with a painted
window in his memory. He was buried in
the country churchyard of Riseholme.

Bird was an ardent entomologist, and had
managed to satisfy himself that insects were
almost, if not entirely, destitute of feeling ; yet
he would not allow any to be killed by his
children until he was convinced of their rarity.
He became a fellow of the Linnean Society

•i;

in 1828. There is an excellent article of his
in the ' Entomological Magazine ' for August

| 1833, and the Liverpool feather-horned Tinea,
or Lepidocera Birdella, was honoured by

| Curtis with his name. As a proof of his
conscientiousness we read in his ' Diary ' that

1 when young he embezzled 6d., and spent it
in pegtops and lollipops. His modesty pre-

j vented him from forming many acquaintances.

I Among his friends were Sir Claudius S.

i Hunter, bart., of Mortimer, Berkshire, Rev.

! G. Hutton, rector of Gate-Burton, Alfred
Ollivant, D.D., regius professor of divinity at
Cambridge, and the Rev. J. Jones, of Repton.
Besides sermons he published: 1. 'For
Ever, and other Devotional Poems,' 1833.
2. ' The Oxford Tract System considered with
reference to the principle of Reserve in
Preaching,' 1838. 3. ' Transubstantiation
tried by Scripture and Reason, addressed to
the Protestant inhabitants of Reading, in con-
sequence of the attempts recently made to
introduce Romanism amongst them,' 1839.
4. ' A Plea for the Reformed Church, or Obser-
vations on a plain and most important declara-
tion of theTractarians in the " British Critic "
for July,' 1841. 5. ' The Baptismal Privileges,
the Baptismal Vow, and the Means of Grace,
as they are set forth in the Church Catechism,
considered in six Lent Lectures preached at
Sulhamstead, Berks,' 1841; 2nd ed. 1843.
6. ' A Defence of the Principles of the Eng-
lish Reformation from the Attacks of the
Tractarians ; or a Second Plea for the Re-
formed Church,' 1843. 7. 'The Parable of
the Sower, four Sermons preached before the
University of Cambridge in May 1845.'
8. 'The Dangers attending an immediate
Revival of Convocation detailed in a letter
to the Rev. G. Hutton, rector of Gate-Burton,'
1852. 9. 'The Sacramental and Priestly
System examined ; or Strictures on Arch-
deacon Wilberforce's Works on the Incarna-
tion and Eucharist,' 1854. 10. ' The Eve of
the Crucifixion/ 1858.

[Gent. Mag. (1862), ii. 786 ; Brit. Mus. Catal. ;
Bird's Sketches, &c.] J. M.

BIRD, EDWARD (1772-1819), sub-
ject painter, was born at Wolverhampton,
12 April 1772, and educated himself. His
father bound him apprentice to a maker of
tea-trays in Birmingham. He is said to have
embellished these articles with taste and skill,
so that at the end of his apprenticeship he
had very alluring offers from the 'trade.'
Bird rejected all such offers, and went, with-
out any definite prospect, to Bristol. He
busied himself with painting, and there con-
ducted a drawing school. In 1807 he sent
some pictures to an exhibition at Bath, and

Bird

73

Bird

was fortunate in finding purchasers for them.
1 The Interior of a Volunteer's Cottage ' was
the subject of one ; some * Clowns dancing
in an Alehouse ' that of another. In 1809 he
sent to the Royal Academy a picture called
* Good News/ which at once made known his
name, and established it. This was followed
by other successful works — ' Choristers re-
hearsing,' and the ' Will.' In 1812 he was
made an associate of the Academy. Both in
his early development and late departures,
the history of Bird, as an artist, is curiously
like that of Wilkie, and, although the genius
of the latter was incomparably greater, Bird
had yet talent enough to suggest to some in-
terested people that he might be made to
rival the too popular Scotchman. Of this
little intrigue got up against "Wilkie, in which
Bird, it should be said, was innocent of play-
ing a part, an interesting account is preserved
in Haydon's ' Journals ' (i. 142, 1st ed. 1853).
After his election to the honours of the Aca-
demy, and under some delusion as to the
quality of his genius, Bird turned his at-
tention to religious and historical subjects.
He painted successively the ' Surrender of
Calais,' the ' Death of Eli,' and the ' Field of
Chevy Chase.' The last of these is esteemed
his greatest work. It was bought by the Mar-
quis of Stafford for three hundred guineas ;
the original sketch for the same was sold to
Sir Walter Scott. That this was indeed a
powerful picture can be best understood by
those acquainted with the fact that it moved
Allan Cunningham to tears. The Marquis
of Stafford also bought the ' Death of Eli ' for
five hundred guineas. The British Institu-
tion awarded the painter its premium of three
hundred guineas in respect of this picture. In
1815 he was elected a full member of the
Royal Academy. In the following three years
he exhibited the ' Crucifixion,' * Christ led to
be crucified,' the 'Death of Sapphira,' and
the 'Burning of Bishops Ridley andLattimer.'
The < Chevy Chase procured for him the
appointment of court painter to Queen Char-
lotte. His last historical work was the ' Em-
barcation of the French King. ' For the com-
pletion of this painting many contemporary
portraits were required, and, according to
Cunningham's account, the painter's health
was broken by the scant courtesy he received
in his efforts to get them. The death of a son
and daughterincreasedhis trouble. His spirits
forsook him, and he died. He was buried in
the cloisters of Bristol Cathedral November
1819.

He was properly a genre painter, only occa-
sionally and partially successful in other de-
partments of art. Upon such paintings as
the * Good News,' the ' Country Auction,' the

' Gipsy Boy,' and others of this class, his re-
putation depends. ' He showed great skill in
the conception of his higher class pictures,
! but he had not the power suited to their com-
pletion, and his colouring was crude and
tasteless.'

[Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxix. pt. ii. ; Life of B. R.
! Haydon, 1853; Cunningham's Lives of British
' Painters ; Pilkington's Dictionary of Artists ;
I Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of Eng. School ; Cata-
1 logue of Works of Ed. Bird exhibited the year
after his death at Bristol; Brit. Mns. Gen. Cat.

\ sub cap. ' Bird.'] E. R.

I

BIRD, FRANCIS (1667-1731), sculptor,
was born in Piccadilly. He was sent when
eleven years old to Brussels, and there studied
(WALPOLE) under one Cozins, a sculptor
who had been in England. From Flanders
he found his way, on foot it is said, to Rome,
and worked under Le Gros. At nineteen,
I * scarce remembering his own language,' he
! came home, and studied under Gibbons and
Gibber. Redgrave gives 1716 as the date of
his return, which seems, however, to be a
i mistake. After another short journey to
Rome, performed also on foot, he succeeded to
! Gibber's practice and set up for himself. The
! work which raised his reputation, and which
i alone maintains it now, was the statue of
Dr. Busby for Westminster Abbey. Though
not in itself superexcellent, it is yet a marvel
of art if we compare it only with other
works by the same hand. Bird secured the
favour of Christopher Wren, and was largely
employed upon the decoration of St. Paul's.
He executed the group for the pediment of
the west end, ' The Conversion of St. Paul,'
of which Horace Walpole remarks : ' Any
statuary was good enough for an ornament
at that height, and a great statuary had been
too good.' The same observation applies to
the five figures of apostles which maybe dimly
descried upon the roof of either transept.
For the statue of Queen Anne which con-
fronts Ludgate Hill Bird received 1,130/. A
public statue in London needs to be very bad
to attract to its demerits any special atten-
tion. The fact, therefore, that our public
took peculiar delight in mutilating this
group may be attributed rather to the ad-
vantage of its position than to its undoubted
meanness as a piece of art. It was re-
moved in 1885, and is to be replaced. His
monument of Sir ClowdisleySho veil in West-
minster Abbey is one of the worst works in
the world. It was to this that Pope ap-
plied the epithet ' the bathos of sculpture.'
His work, Nagler says, is barbarous in style
and devoid of any charm. He was, however,
for a long period at the head of his profession

Bird

74

Bird

in England, and produced a vast number of ! elected assistant physician to Guy's, and
statues. Many of these may be seen by the i joint lecturer on materia medica in the medi-

• • TTTT i • All TT _ 1 * J * 1 _ — T 1 T« T Q/4 ^7 !-»,/-». -rrrrt r» rtln rf~*O fm 4vM» + V»tk

curious in Westminster Abbey.
1731.

He died in j cal school. In 1847 he was chosen for the
triennial appointment of lecturer on materia
medica at the College of Physicians, and

[Gent. Mag. vol. i. ; Walpole's Anecdotes of ] « » «S° ' ^J --<-<=»<—

tinting, ii. 636: Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of \ gave some important lectures on the thera-

Painting, ii. 636 ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of
the Eng. School ; Nagler's Allgemeines Kiinstler-
Lexikon.] E. K.

BIRD, GOLDING (1814-1854), physi-
cian, was born on 9 Dec. 1814 at Downham,
Norfolk. He was educated at a private
school, where he occupied himself out of
school hours with the study of chemistry
and botany, and even undertook to give lec-

peutical uses of electricity, and the influ-
ence of researches in organic chemistry on
therapeutics. While thus occupied in medi-
cal practice and teaching, Bird was keenly
interested in the natural sciences, and pub-
lished one or two short papers on natural
history subjects. He belonged to the Lin-
nean and Geological, and was a fellow of
the Royal Society. He was also a corre-

tures on those subjects to his schoolfellows, spending member of several learned societies
These proceedings, however, met with the on the continent.

disapproval of his schoolmaster, and led to | There can be little doubt that Bird did too
his being taken away from the school. In j much. His foible was perhaps ambition,
December 1829 he was apprenticed to Wil- | which led him to overstrain his powers in
liam Pretty, an apothecary, of Burton Cres- ; the twofold effort to obtain a large practice,
cent, London, and remained his pupil till and also to make a name in science. An
October 1833. In 1832 he entered as a stu- ! attack of rheumatism in early life had per-
dent at Guy's Hospital, where his industry ; manently damaged the heart ; and the weak-
and scientific knowledge attracted the notice ness thus induced, combined with overwork,
of his teachers, especially of Dr. Addison | caused a breakdown of his health in 1849.
and Sir Astley Cooper, the latter of whom j Two years later a still more serious warning
availed himself of his pupil's assistance in j compelled him to take rest. He resigned his
the chemical section of his work on diseases ; appointments at Guy's Hospital on 4 Aug.

of the breast. He was also occupied in
giving private tuition to some of his fellow-
students. When barely twenty-one he went
up for examination at Apothecaries' Hall ;
but the court of examiners, in consideration

1853, and in June 1854 retired to Tunbridge
Wells, where he died on 27 Oct. of the same
year. He married in 1842, and left a widow
with five children, one of whom, Mr. Cuth-
bertH. Golding Bird, is now (1885) a lecturer

of the reputation he had already attained, on physiology and assistant-surgeon at his
declined to examine him, and gave him at ; father's hospital.

once the license to practise, with the * honours i Bird was a remarkable instance of intel-
of the court,' on 21 Jan. 1836. i lectual precocity. He was very successful

Bird started in general practice in London, ! in practice, and there are few instances of a
but, not meeting with much encouragement, i London physician having earned as large an
resolved to begin anew as a physician. He | income as he did so early in life. But he
accordingly took the degree of M.D. at j was more especially known for his researches
St. Andrews on 24 April 1838, as was then I in scientific medicine, which, though not
possible without residence, and on 18 April placing him in the first rank of investiga-
1840 that of M.A. He became licentiate of tors, still show considerable originality. He
the College of Physicians of London on carried on the work of Prout in applying
30 Sept. 1840, and was elected a fellow on | chemistry to medical practice, and in study-
9 July 1845. In 1836 he was appointed lee- ing morbid conditions of the urine. Although
turer on natural philosophy at Guy's Hos- ! some of the novelties on which he laid great
pital, and in this capacity delivered the lee- ! stress, especially ' oxaluria,' have not turned
tures which were the basis of his book on out to be so important as he believed, the-
that subject. He afterwards lectured also work on ' Urinary Deposits,' in its five edi-
on medical botany and on urinary patho- tions from 1844 to 1857, had great influence
logy. His course on the latter subject ap- on the development of medical chemistry in
peared in the l London Medical Gazette ' in England. Bird's * Elements of Natural Phi-
1843 as a series of papers, which were twice losophy ' was for many years a very popular
translated into German, and were ultimately text-book, especially with medical students,
incorporated in the author's well-known work for whom its attractive style, and its compara-
on urinary deposits. About the same time he tive freedom from mathematical reasonings,
became physician to the Finsbury Dispensary, alike fitted it ; although, indeed, the writer's
After seven years' hard work he was in 1843 i want of rigorous mathematical training con-

Bird

75

Bird

stituted, from a scientific point of view, its
weakness. It was strengthened on the ma-
thematical side, and otherwise enlarged, by
Mr. Charles Brooke, under whose editorship
the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions appeared.
Bird's shorter papers exhibit considerable
originality and inventive capacity. One of
them (London Medical Gazette,lIDec. 1840)
contains the description of a flexible stetho-
scope, an invention revived of late years.
In another (1839) he suggests a method of
printing figures of natural objects by sun-
light on paper impregnated with the salt
ferridcyanide of potassium, which anticipates
some of the modern photographic processes.
In private life Bird was a man of amiable
disposition and winning manners. His earnest
piety led him to take a deep interest in the
religious welfare of medical students, and
hence to become one of the founders of the
' London Christian Medical Association.' He
wrote : 1. l Urinary Deposits, their Diagnosis,
Pathology, and Therapeutical Indications,'
1st ed. 12mo, London, 1844 ; 5th ed., edited
by Dr. E. L. Birkett, 1857. 2. ' The Ele-
ments of Natural Philosophy,' 1st ed. 12mo,
London, 1839, edited by Charles Brooke;
4th ed. 1854, also 5th ed. 1860, 6th ed. 1867,
American edition, Philadelphia, 1848 (from
the 3rd ed. London). 3. ' Lectures on Elec-
tricity and Galvanism in their Physiological

; The Chemical Nature of Mucous and Puru-
lent Secretions,' ser. i. iii. 35 ; ' Report on
Electricity as a Remedial Agent,' ser. I. vi.
84 ; ' Report on Diseases of Children treated
in Guy's Hospital,' 1843-4, ser. n. iii. 108 ;
and others. 5. 'Lectures on Oxaluria,' 'Lon-
don Medical Gazette/ July 1842, xxx. 637 ;

6. ' The Influence of Researches in Organic
Chemistry upon Therapeutics' (being lec-
tures at Royal Coll. Physicians), 'London
Medical Gazette,' 1848, vols. xli. and xlii.

7. 'The Medico-Chemical History of Milk,'
' London Medical Gazette,' March 1840 (and
in Sir Astley Cooper's work on the 'Anatomy
of the Breast,' 4to, 1840) ; besides very
numerous lectures and papers in medical
journals, some of which are incorporated in
the separately published works.

[Biographical notice by his brother, Dr. Frede-
ric Bird, reprinted from Association Medical
Journal, 5 Jan. 1855; Balfours Biographical
.Sketch, Edinburgh, 1855 ; Lancet, 11 Nov. 1854 ;
Medical Times and Gazette, 11 Nov. 1854; manu-
script communications from family.] J. F. P.

~~BIRD, JAMES (1788-1839), poetical
writer and dramatist, was the son of Samuel

Bird, a farmer of Earl's Stonham, Suffolk,,
where he was born on 10 Nov. 1788. After
receiving a scanty education he was appren-
ticed to a miller, and at the same time began
to study by himself literature and the drama.
The fame of John Kemble, the actor, reached
his native village, and as a youth he made a
romantic journey to London to witness his
performance, returning on foot and penniless.
About 1814 he was in a position to hire two
windmills at Yoxford, but after five years of
j ill success in his trade he abandoned it, and
opened early in 1820 a stationer's shop in
i the same place, which maintained him until
j his death in 1839.

Before Bird was sixteen years old he had
written poetry, and later he contributed some
of his early poems to the ' Suffolk Chronicle,'
whose editor, Thomas Harral, became his-
most intimate friend. In 1819 he published
his first long poem, ' The Vale of Slaughden,y
a story of the invasion of East Anglia by the
Danes. First issued by subscription, its suc-
cess induced a London publisher, three months-
after its appearance, to undertake an edition
for the public. In 1820 Dr. Nathan Drake
in his '"Winter Nights' (ii. 184-244) re-
viewed it at length, and claimed for Bird
the same rank in literature as that attained
by Robert Bloomfield. Bird's second ven-
ture was a mock-heroic poem entitled ' The
White Hats' (1819), in which he humor-
ously attacked the radical reformers. His sub-
sequent narratives in verse were : 1. ' Machinr
or the Discovery of Madeira,' 1821. 2. 'Poeti-
cal Memoirs : the Exile, a tale in verse,' 1823r
and second edition 1824 ; the first part of'
this volume is a spirited imitation of Byron's
'Don Juan.' 3. 'Dunwich, a Tale of the
Splendid City, in four cantos,' 1828. 4. 'Fram-
lingham, a Narrative of the Castle,' 1831,
5. ' The Emigrant's Tale and Miscellaneous
Poems,' 1833 (cf. the review in Gent. Mag.
ciii. pt. ii. p. 152, and Bird's good-humoured
reply, p. 229). 6. ' Francis Abbott, the Re-
cluse of Niagara [founded on Captain Alex-
ander's ' Transatlantic Sketches, ii. 147-55] :
Metropolitan Sketches/ 1837. Bird alsa
wrote two dramas, the one entitled ' Cosmo,
Duke of Florence, a Tragedy,' published in
1822, and the other ' The Smuggler's Daughter,
a Drama,' published in 1836. The first, it is
stated, was performed several times at small
London theatres, but the managers of the
chief playhouses refused to examine it. The
second was successfully produced at Sadler's
Wells in October 1835. Bird edited ' A Short
Account of Leiston Abbey ' in 1823. Most
of his verse indicates an intimate acquaint-
ance with Dryden and Pope, and the influ-
ence of Byron and Campbell. But Bird has

Bird

76

Bird

.an habitual command of forcible yet melo-
dious language. Late in life he began with
much success the study of Greek.

His portrait was exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1829. He was the father of
.sixteen children, of whom a son George be-
came a surgeon of London and married a
daughter of the poetical writer Edwin Ather-
•stone [q. v.] After Bird's death, his friend
Thomas Harral, in 1840, published with a
memoir selections from his poems.

[Davy's MS. Suffolk Collections, in Addit. MS.
19118 ff. 289 et seq. ; Harral's Selections with
Memoir; Gent. Mag., new series, ii. 550; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.

BIRD, JOHN, D.D. (d. 1558), bishop of
'Chester, is said by Wood to have been pro-
bably descended from the ancient Cheshire
family of his name. He became a Carme-
lite friar, and appears to have studied in the
houses of that order in both the universities
of England. He proceeded B.D. at Oxford
in 1510, and commenced D.D. there in 1513.
Bishop Godwin states that he was D.D. at
^Cambridge, but this may be doubted. * In
1516 he was, at a general chapter held at
Lynn, elected the provincial of his order.
He governed for the usual period of three
years, when he was succeeded by Robert
Lesbury, who held the office till 1522, when
Dr. Bird was again elected thereto at a
general chapter held at York. When the
papal power began to decline in this country,
he became a strenuous supporter of, and
preacher for, the king's supremacy. His
•character was that of a temporiser, and he
was engaged in state intrigues. He was one
of the divines sent in 1531 to confer and
argue with Thomas Bilney, the reformer,
in prison; and in 1535 he, with Bishop
Fox, the royal almoner, and Thomas Bedyl
[q. v.], a clerk of the council, were sent by
Henry VIII to his divorced queen, Katharine
of Arragon, to endeavour to persuade her to
forbear the name of queen, ( which never-
theless she would not do' (STRYPE, Eccle-
siastical Memorials, i. 61).

On 24 June 1537 he was consecrated at
Lambeth suffragan to the bishop of Llandaff,
with the title of bishop of Penrith. In the
beginning of the year 1539 we find him and
Wotton on an embassy in Germany; and
Cromwell, writing to him in or about April,
desired him to get ' the picture of the lady,'
meaning Anne of Cleves, whom the king
was induced to marry on seeing her portrait.
In July of the same year he was elected
bishop of Bangor. He was present at the
•convocation of 1540, and subscribed the de-
cree in favour of the divorce from Anne of

Cleves, though he had probably been to a
great extent instrumental in bringing about
her marriage. By letters patent, dated Wai-
den, 4 Aug. 1541, he was translated to the
newly created bishopric of Chester, being
also then, or soon afterwards, invested with
archidiaconal powers over the whole dio-
cese. An account by him of the sale and
appropriation of church ornaments, plate,
and jewels within his diocese is preserved in
the Public Record Office (State Papers, Dom.
Edward VI, vol. iii. art. 4). On 16 March
1553-4, when Queen Mary had succeeded to
the throne, he was deprived of his bishopric
by a royal commission on account of his
being married (STETPE, Ecclesiastical Me-
morials, iii. 99). At this time he owed the
crown 1,087/. 18*. Ofd. A < Foxian MS./
quoted by Strype, states that he at once re-
pudiated his wife, whom he had, as he alleged,
married against his will, and ' for bearing with
the time ; ' and in fact he showed such signs
of repentance, that soon afterwards Bonner,
bishop of London, appointed him his suffra-
gan, and on 6 Nov. 1554 presented him to
the vicarage of Great Dunmow in Essex.
The manuscript just cited says : ' This Dr.
Byrd was well stricken in years, having but
one eye ; and though he, to flatter with the
time, had renounced his wife, being made of
a young Protestant an old Catholic ; yet as
Catholick as he was, such devotion he bare
to his man's wife that he had them both
dwelling with him in his own vicarage, she
being both young, fair, and newly married,
that either the voice of the parish lied or
else he loved h£r more than enough.' He
died in an obscure condition about the close
of 1558, and was buried in Chester Cathedral
according to Wood, but at Dunmow accord-
ing to Le Neve. Bale, in his ' Exposition
on the Revelations,' makes him one of the
ten horns.

His works, none of which appear to have
been printed, are : 1. i De fide justificante.'

2. l Contra missam papist icam ex doctoribus.'

3. l Homelise eruditse per annum.' 4. ' Lec-
tures on St. Paul.' 5. ' Contra transubstan-
tiationem.' 6. ' Epicedium in quendam Ed-
munduin Berye obdormientem in Calisia.'
7. ' Conciones corain Henrico VIII contra
papse suprematum.'

[Godwin, De Praesulibus Anglise, ed. Richard-
son, 776 ; Bale's Scriptorum Brytannie Cat.
(1559), 724; Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss,
i. 238, ii. 773; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 102; New-
court's Repertorium Ecclesiasticum, ii. 225 ;
Strype's Eccl. Memorials, ii. 466, 486, iii. 99,
138, 139,206: Strype's Grindal, 308; Strype's
Cranmer, 61, 62, 63, 309, 362, App. 257 ; Brad-
ford's Writings, ed. Townsend, ii. 1 ; Grindal's

Bird

77

Bird

Eemains, introd. i. ; Lo Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic,
ed. Hardy ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, i. 190, 551 ;
Calendars of State Papers ; Machyn's Diary, 58,
78, 341 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, i. 75, 126, 145.]

T. C.

BIRD, JOHN (1709-1776), mathematical
instrument maker, was a native of the county
of Durham, and by trade a cloth-weaver.
Finding himself one day in a clockmaker's
shop, he was struck with the irregularity of
the divisions on a dial-plate, thought out a
plan for improving them, and for some time
engraved dial-plates for recreation. On the
strength of a certain reputation thus gained he
came to London about 1740, and was engaged
by Sisson to cut the divisions on his instru-
ments. Countenanced and instructed by
Graham, he perfected his methods, and by
1 745 was carrying on business independently.
His well-known premises were situated in
the Strand.

As the mechanical coadjutor of Bradley,
he acquired European fame. An instru-
mental refit for the Royal Observatory was
sanctioned towards the close of 1748. In
February 1749 Bird received an order for a
brass quadrant of 8-feet radius, which in June
1750 was ready for use. The construction of
this instrument, by rendering possible the con-
summate accuracy of Bradley's observations,
marked an epoch in practical astronomy. It
was built with the utmost solidity, weighing
about 8 cwt., and bore a double arc, one
with ninety, the other with ninety-six divi-
sions, accurately cut by Graham's method of
( continual bisections.' Its price of 300/.
was compensated by sixty-two years of valu-
able service, and although replaced in 1812
(by which time it had become eccentric with
use) by Troughton's circle, it is still reve-
rently preserved at Greenwich. A half-size
model was, by order of the commissioners of
longitude, prepared by Bird in 1767, and de-
posited in the British Museum.

No sooner was the Greenwich quadrant
completed than a duplicate was ordered for
the observatory of St. Petersburg, another
reached Cadiz, and a fourth^ was used by
D' Agelet and Lalande at the Ecole Militaire.
With a similar instrument of 3-feet radius,
Tobias Mayer made his lunar observations at
Gottingen. Indeed, most of the chief con-
tinental observatories still possess a Bird's
quadrant, valuable even now as affording a
measure of the probable errors of earlier ob-
servations(MAEDLER, Gesch. d.Himmelskunde,
i. 455). Of their necessarily imperfect kind,
these instruments could scarcely be surpassed.

Bird further supplied Bradley, about 1750,
with a new transit instrument, as well as
with a 40-inch movable quadrant, and put

a fresh set of divisions, in 1753, upon the-
great mural arc constructed by Graham for
Halley. The extraordinary value attached
to his work is evinced by the fact that a sum
of 500/. was paid to him by the commis-
sioners of longitude, on the conditions that
he should during seven years instruct an ap-
prentice in his methods, and deliver in writ-
ing, upon oath, a full and unreserved account
of them. Such was the origin of the two-
treatises entitled respectively 'The Method
of dividing Astronomical Instruments,' Lon-
don, 1767, and ' The Method of constructing
Mural Quadrants exemplified by a Descrip-
tion of the Brass Mural Quadrant in the
Royal Observatory at Greenwich,' London,
1768, both published by order of the com-
missioners, and furnished each with a preface
by the astronomer-royal (Maskelyne), setting
forth the singular circumstances under which
they had been composed. They were bound
together, so as to form one work, were re-
issued in 1785, and supplemented by W. Lud-
lam's ' Introduction and Notes on Mr. Bird's
Method of dividing Astronomical Instru-
ments,' solemnly vouched for as accurate by
Bird in June 1773, and published at the ex-
pense of Alexander Aubert [q. v.] in 1786.

The standard yards of 1758 and 1760,
destroyed in the conflagration of the houses
of parliament, 16 Oct. 1834, were both con-
structed by Bird (see BAILY, Mem. R. A. Soc.
ix. 80-1). He observed the transit of Venusr
6 June 1761, at Greenwich with Bliss and
Green, and the annular eclipse of 1 April
1765, using on both occasions reflectors made
by himself (Phil. Trans, lii. 175-6, liv. 142).
He died, 31 March 1776, aged 67.

[Ludlam's Preface to Introduction and Notes
on Mr. Bird's Method ; Bradley's Miscellaneous
Works, passim ; Poggendorff :s Biog.-Lit. Hand-
worterbuch ; MS. Addit, 5728 ; Gent. Mag. xlvi.
192 ; Bromley's Catalogue of Engraved Portraits,
p. 398.] A. M. C.

BIRD, RICHARD, D.D. (d. 1609), canon
of Canterbury, matriculated at Cambridge
as a sizar of Trinity College in February
1564-5, was elected a scholar of that house
in 1568, and took the degree of B.D. in
1568-9. He was subsequently elected a fel-
low, and in 1572 he commenced M.A. It
appears probable that in 1576 he was serving-
a cure at, or in the neighbourhood of, Saffron
Walden in Essex, where a new sect of dis-
senters, calling themselves 'pure brethren/
had arisen. ' A sort of libertines they were/
who considered that they were not bound to
the observance of the moral law of the ten
commandments, which they held to be bind-
ing only upon Jews ; and we are told that

Bird

Bird

* one Bird ' wrote to Dr. Whitgift soliciting
his advice as to the best mode of answering
•certain questions which the sectaries had
propounded (SxRYPE, Annals of the Refor-
mation, ii. 451). Bird proceeded B.D. at
Cambridge in 1580. Subsequently he tra-
velled as tutor with William Cecil, eldest
son of Sir Thomas Cecil, eldest son of Lord
Burghley. In France Cecil embraced the j
Roman catholic faith, and this led to Bird j
being subjected to harsh treatment by Sir j
Edward Stafford, the English ambassador j
at Paris. Bird protested that he had been j

* robbed of the sowle of that young gentle-
man by wicked and treacherous men ' (MS.
Lansd. 46, f. 18).

On 21 March 1588-9 he was collated to
the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and on 29 Sept.
1590 he became a canon of Canterbury. He
resigned his archdeaconry in or before April
1001, was created D.D. in 1608, and, dying
in June 1609, was buried in Canterbury
Cathedral on the 19th of that month.

He is the author of: 1. ' Latin verses on
"Whitaker's translation of Jewel against Har-
ding,' 1578. 2. ' Appeal to Lord Burghley
against the cruel treatment of Sir Edward
Stafford, ambassador in France ' (MS. Lansd.
46, art. 9). 3. i A communication dialogue
wise to be learned of the ignorant,' London,
1595, 8vo. This seems to have been com-
monly known as ' Bird's Catechism.'

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 102 ; Strype's Annals of
the Eeformation, i. 207, ii. 433, 451, iii. 189;
Strype's Life of Whitgift, 75 ; Cooper's Athenae
•Cantab, ii. 521 ; MS. Baker, xxxiii. 282 ; Ames's
Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, 1305 ; Le Neve's
Fasti Eccl. Anglic, i. 58, iii. 148 ; Hasted's Kent,
xii. 98.] T. C.

BIRD, EGBERT MERTTINS (1788-
1853), a Bengal civil servant, arrived in India
on 9 Nov. 1808, and, commencing his service
-as an assistant to the registrar of the court of
Sadr Diwani Adalat, the company's chief court
of appeal at Calcutta, was subsequently em-
ployed in the provinces in various judicial
posts, from which in 1829 he was transferred
to the appointment of commissioner of reve-
nue and circuit for the Gorakhpur division.
In the discharge of his duties as a judicial
officer Bird acquired a remarkable insight
into the landed tenures of the country and
the effect upon them of the laws then in force,
which ' referred to a state of things wholly
distinct from that which existed among the
people' (Fourth Report from, the Select Com-
mittee on Indian Territories, 1853 — Minutes
of Evidence, p. 29). Upon his appointment
as a revenue commissioner, the soundness and
clearness of his views and his remarkable ad-
ministrative capacity speedily stamped him as

the ablest revenue officer in Bengal; and when
it was determined in 1833 to revise the set-
tlement of the land revenue of the north-
western provinces, the governor-general fixed
upon Bird as the fittest man in the service to
undertake that task. In the previous year
he had been appointed a member of the board
of revenue, then newly constituted at Alla-
habad. Retaining his seat as a member of
the board, he took sole charge of the settle-
ment operations, which he brought to a com-
pletion at the close of 1841. The result was
recorded in a report which he laid before go-
vernment early in the following year, and in
which he explained that the work had not
been confined to f such an accurate ascertain-
ment of the resources of the land as would
insure to government its full share of the
rents or produce ; ' but that it ' included the
decision and demarcation of boundaries, the
defining and recording the separate possession,
rights, privileges, and liabilities of the mem-
bers of those communities who hold their land
in several ty ; the framing a record of the
several interests of those who hold their land
in common ; the providing a system of self-
government for the communities ; the rules
framed with their own consent according to
the principles of the constitution of the dif-
ferent tenures ; the preparation of the record
of the fields and of the rights of cultivators
possessing rights ; and the reform of the vil-
lage accounts and completion of a plan of
record by their own established accountants,
and according to their own method, by refer-
ence to which the above points of possession
and right might, under the various changes
to which property is subject, continue to be
ascertained.' A corresponding system of ac-
counts for the offices of the tahsildars, or
native collectors, and for those of the collec-
tors of districts, was also framed. The set-
tlement was the most complete that had yet
been made in India. It embraced an area of
seventy-two thousand square miles, and a
population of twenty-three millions. It is
especially remarkable from the fact that it
was designed and carried out by an officer
whose duties during the greater part of his
service had been judicial. Bird retired from
the service in 1842, and spent the remainder of
his life in England, where he became an ac-
tive member of the committee of the Church
Missionary Society, travelling on deputation
and attending meetings in various parts of
the country on behalf of the society. A few
months before his death, which occurred at
Torquay on 22 Aug. 1853, he gave evidence
before the committee of the House of Com-
mons on the renewal of the East India Com-
pany's charter.

Bird

79

Birdsall

[General Register of the Honourable East
India Company's Civil Servants on the Bengal
Establishment from 1790 to 1842, by the Hon.
H. T. Prinsep, India Office ; Marshman's History
•of India (1867), iii. 47, 48 ; Bird's Report on j
the Settlement of the North-West Provinces, I
1859 ; Fourth Report from the Select Committee j
of the House of Commons on Indian Territories, j
1853 ; Minutes of Evidence ; private letters.]

A. J. A.

BIRD, SAMUEL ( /. 1600), divine, j
was a native of Essex, and matriculated j
as a pensioner of Queens' College, Cam- |
bridge, in June 1566. He proceeded B.A.
1569-70, and commenced M.A. 1573. In
November 1573 he was elected a fellow
of Corpus Christ! College, being admitted
30 April 1574. He vacated his fellowship in
or before 1576. He must also have been fel-
low of Benet College, as his earliest title-page
shows : ' A friendlie Communication or Dia-
logue between Paule and Demas, wherein
is disputed how we are to vse the pleasures
of this life. By Samuel Byrd, M.A., and fel-
low not long since of Benet Colledge,' 1580.

It is further known that Bird was minister
of St. Peter's, Ipswich, which was at the time
a, perpetual curacy, very poorly endowed.
Unfortunately the church-books at present
•extant date back only to 1667, whilst a list
of the incumbents from the year 1604 com-
mences with his successor. His perpetual
curacy he must have filled for a quarter of a
century — say 1580 to 1604. He vacated the
living in 1604. It must have been by ces-
sion or resignation, as in 1604 he was ad-
mitted a student at the Bodleian Library,
Oxford, and on 8 May 1605 was incorporated
M.A. in that university. Nothing is known
of him at a later date.

In Bacon's MSS. belonging to the corpo-
ration of Ipswich, which date 16 July 1595
(38 Elizabeth), is the following entry : —

' Exhibition of a poore scholler. Petition
for exhibition for Mr. Bird's sonne at Cam-
bridge. It's ordered the gift of Mr. Barney
shall be considered and what money is laid
out, and thereuppon order shall farther be
made.' Then, on 14 Aug. (same year) : ' It
was ordered by the Great Court that 4 li.
shall be given yearly to Samuel Bird, sonne
of Mr. Bird, minister of St. Peter's, at Cam-
bridge, to his maintenance in learning till
20 li. be laid out.'

Besides 'A Friendlie Communication,' pub-
lished in 1580, Bird issued ' The Principles
of the True Christian Religion briefly selected
out of many good books. By S. B.' 1590 ;
•* The Lectvres of Samvel Bird of Ipswidge
vpon the 8 and 9 chapters of the Second
Epistle to the Corinthians,' 1598 ; ' The Lec-

tvres of Samvel Bird of Ipswidge vpon the
11 chapter of the Epistle unto the He-
brewes, and upon the 38 Psalme,' 1598 (an
edition of 1594 is also recorded). The ' He-
brewes ' is dedicated to M. Edward Bacon
of Shrubland Hall. Finally Bird published
' Lectvres ... on the Seventh Chapter of
the 2nd Epistle to the Corinthians,' 1598.

[Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses, ii. 429-30;
Cole MSS. (B. Museum), B. 128; Hunter's MS.
Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. ; Herbert's Ames,
1011, 1357, 1426; Lowncles (Bohn); Masters's
History of C. C. C. C. (Lamb), 326 ; Wood's
Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 307 ; communications from
Rev. Alexander Jeffrey, Ipswich.] A. B. G.

BIRD, WILLIAM, musician. [See
BYRD.]

BIRDSALL, JOHN AUGUSTINE

(1775-1837), president-general of the Bene-
dictines in England, was born at Liverpool
27 June 1775. His father, a well-to-do grocer,
sent him at an early age to the Dominican Col-
lege of Bornhem in Flanders. He entered him-
self among the Benedictines at Lamspringe
in Hanover in October 1795. He was there
admitted to his solemn profession 6 Nov. 1796.
On 30 May 1801 he was ordained priest at
Hildesheim in Westphalia. During September
1802 he was appointed prefect of the students
at Lamspringe, where Peter Baines [q. v.],
afterwards bishop, was one of his pupils. On
the suppression of the abbey of Lamspringe
by the Prussians, 3 Jan. 1803, Father Birdsall
had to return hurriedly to England. After
remaining for a while at St. Lawrence's Col-
lege, Ampleforth, he was sent on the mission
in the south, or, as it was still called, the
Canterbury province of the Benedictine order
in this country. On 30 May 1806 he arrived
at Bath, whither he had been despatched to
assist the incumbent of St. John the Evan-
gelist, where the Benedictines had long been
established. In October 1 809 he left, in order
to establish a new mission at Cheltenham,
and on 3 June 1810 opened the first catholic
chapel known there since the Reformation.
A French refugee, the Abbe Alexandre Caesar,
who had been saying mass on Sundays and
holy days in the back room of a low public
house, died in his eightieth year on 24 Sept.
1811. Many obstacles to the foundation of
the mission were overcome by the untiring
i zeal of Father Birdsall. He remained in ac-
tive charge of the mission for twenty-five
years altogether. Twenty years after his
arrival in Cheltenham he established a new
mission at Broadway, in Worcestershire. On
15 May 1828 he began there the new chapel
of St. Saviour's Retreat. That mission in

Birdsall

Birkbeck

its completed form was publicly inaugurated
in 1830, as an appendage to its founder's prin-
cipal enterprise at Cheltenham. Four years
afterwards, however, when he had at length
succeeded in establishing at Broadway, in
due collegiate organisation, something like his |
old community of Lamspringe, he withdrew
altogether from Cheltenham in 1834, settling
down thenceforth permanently in. his new j
home, which he loved to call by its old Roman
name of Vialta, in Worcestershire, and resided <
there till his death on 2 Aug. 1837, in the
sixty-third year of his age.

Meanwhile he had been steadily advanced
in his order as a Benedictine. In 1814 he
was appointed one of the definitors of the
southern province in England, and in 1822
was elected the provincial of Canterbury.
Re-elected provincial of Canterbury in 1826,
Father Birdsall was promoted in the same
year to the highest office of all within his
reach in this country, that, namely, of presi-
dent-general of the English congregation of
the order of St. Benedict. It proved an anx-
ious and painful pre-eminence. It brought
him into direct conflict with Bishop Baines,
the vicar apostolic of the western district in
England, whom he regarded from the outset
as endeavouring to extend beyond due limits
his episcopal jurisdiction to the prejudice of
the exemptions enjoyed by the religious orders.
The holy see eventually decided the dispute
in favour of the Benedictines. Father Bird-
sall also saved from extinction the thenceforth
flourishing Benedictine college of Ampleforth
in Yorkshire.

Father Birdsall was made cathedral prior
of Winchester in 1826, and in 1830 abbot of
Westminster. His multifarious employments
prevented his giving much attention to lite-
rary pursuits. Besides an unpublished ac-
count of Lamspringe, found among his papers
after his death, the only work he is known
to have produced was ' Christian Reflections
for Every Day in the Year,' 1822, translated
from the ' Pensees Chretiennes,' &c., published
anonymously at Paris in 1718, and attributed
to the Sieur de Saint e-Beuve. Father Birdsall's
mother wit rendered him a delightful as well
as a powerful controversialist. He was one
of the most valued correspondents of William
Cobbett (between 29 Nov. 1824 and 9 July
1827) when the latter was writing his his-
tory of the Protestant Reformation. Father
Birdsall occasionally in his catechetical in-
structions enforced his argument by humorous
illustrations. * We catholics are said to be
idolaters of images,' he once remarked, adding,
as he pointed to two carved angels that
flanked the altar-steps of the chapel at Chel-
tenham : ' Now I gave 4/. 16s. for those two

statues, and if anybody will send me a five-
pound note for the pair I'll let him have them
with pleasure. That's how I worship them ! '

On 6 Nov. 1877 the homely old chapel built
up by Father Birdsall at Cheltenham was re-
placed by the handsome Gothic church of St.
Gregory ; while on 7 Oct. 1850 the last mis-
sion established by him at Broadway was
given up by the outgoing Benedictines to the
Passionists from Woodchester. The tablet
erected in his honour at Cheltenham has been
removed in the transformation of the chapel,
and is no longer discoverable ; while the in-
scription on his tomb at Broadway can only
be here and there deciphered.

[Dr. Oliver's Collections illustrating the His-
tory of the Catholic Religion in the Counties of
Cornwall, &c., 1857, 8vo, pp. 119, 120, and 242;
Snow's Necrology of the English Congregation of
the Order of St. Benedict from 1600 to 1883,
8vo, p. 148.] C. K.

BIRINUS, SAIXT (d. 650), bishop of Dor-
chester, was a Benedictine monk of Rome, whor
receiving a mission from Pope Honorius to
visit Britain, landed in Wessex in 634, having
first received episcopal consecration at the
hands of Asterius, bishop of Genoa. Preach-
ing the gospel to the heathen people he suc-
ceeded in converting them to Christianity,
and in 635 baptised Cynegils, king of Wes-
sex, Oswald, king of Northumbria, standing
sponsor. Then was founded the see of Dor-
chester, Birinus being the first bishop settled
at Dorcic or Dorchester, Oxfordshire, a city
conferred upon him by the two kings. ' After
many churches had been built and conse-
crated and many peoples called to the Lord
by his pious labour ' (BJEDJE, IT. E. iii. 7),
Birinus died and was buried at Dorchester
in the year 650, his body being afterwards
removed to Winchester, and subsequently
enshrined by Bishop ^Ethelwold (963-84).
The influence obtained by Birinus, not only
; in Wessex but also in the neighbouring king-
i dorn of Mercia, is indicated by the references
made in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to the
! baptism by him of different princes.

[Hacldan and Stubbs. Councils, vol. iii. 1871,

I p. 90 (quoting Bseda and the A.-Saxon Chronicle) ;

Rudborne's Hist. Major Winton. in Wharton's

' Anglia Sacra, pt. i. 1691, p. 190: Kennett's

i Parochial Antiquities. Oxford, 1818, i. 36 sqq. ;

see also, for Birinus's Life as a Saint, Hardy's

Catalogue of Materials for English History

(Rolls Series), vol. i. 1862, p. 236.] E. M. T.

BIRKBECK, GEORGE, M.D. (1776-
1841), the founder of mechanics' institutions,
Avas the son of William Birkbeck, a banker
and merchant of Settle. Yorkshire, where he
was born 10 Jan. 1776. He studied medi-

Birkbeck

81

Birkenhead

cine at Edinburgh and London, taking his
degree of M.D. in 1799 at the university of the
former city. Among his friends and fellow-
students at Edinburgh were Brougham and
Jeffrey. Soon afterwards, when only twenty-
three years old, he succeeded Dr. Garnett as
professor of natural philosophy at the Ander-
sonian University (now Anderson's College),
Glasgow, and while holding that post he
commenced his efforts at popular education.
Having had his attention drawn to the diffi-
culties in the way of intelligent artisans who
were anxious to acquire information on scien-
tific matters, he established in 1800 courses of
lectures to which Avorking men were admitted
at a low fee. These lectures were for long a
successful department of the university, but
eventually the ' mechanics' class ' became in
1823 the ' Glasgow Mechanics' Institution,'
apparently the first genuine institution of the
sort. In 1804 he left Glasgow for London,
and here he established himself as a physician,
first in Finsbury Square, then in Cateaton
Street, and afterwards in Old Broad Street.
For some years he seems to have devoted him-
self entirely to the practice of his profession, in
which he attained a considerable reputation,
but the foundation of the Glasgow Institution
above mentioned led to his once more taking
up the cause of popular education. On the
suggestion being made in the ' Mechanics'
Magazine ' that a similar institution should
be provided for London, Dr. Birkbeck at once
assumed the lead in the movement. He lent
3,700/. for the building of a lecture-room,
and, having been elected president, delivered
the opening address 20 Feb. 1824. It was
thus that the London Mechanics' Institution
was founded, which many years afterwards,
in honour of its first president, was called the
* Birkbeck Institution.' In the enterprise he
was associated with Lord Brougham, both of
them being amongst the first trustees. For
some time the new enterprise had but a
fluctuating success ; it was, however, assisted
by the capital as well as the influence of its
founder, and neither the ridicule of its
enemies nor the quarrels of its promoters
sufficed to prevent its eventual establishment.
Dr. Birkbeck took an active interest in the
fortunes of the institution till his death,
1 Dec. 1841. The institution is now (1885)
one of the most successful organisations of ,
its class in existence. These foundations in j
Glasgow and London were soon imitated [
throughout the country, and thus was esta-
blished an organisation which prepared the
way for the existing system of popular scien-
tific instruction, as it is carried out by the
Science and Art Department.

Dr. Birkbeck also took his share in other

VOL. V.

popular educational movements besides the
one in which he was principally interested.
He was a founder and one of the first council
of University College, London (1827) ; he
took a prominent part in the agitation for
the repeal of the tax on newspapers (1835-6);
and he — many years before any change was
effected — endeavoured (in 1827) to promote
a reform in the patent laws. He was a fre-
quent lecturer, not only at his own institu-
tion, but at the London Institution and else-
where, and was always ready to do his best
to promote whatever he thought a useful
application of science to practical purposes.
[J. a. Godarcl's Life of Dr. Birkbeck, 1884.]

H. T. W.

BIRKENHEAD or BERKENHEAD
SIB JOHN (1616-1679), author of the ' Mer-
curius Aulicus ' and satirical poems, is said by
Anthony a Wood to have been son of Ran-
dall Birkenhead, of Northwich in Cheshire,
saddler, and born there (Athence Oxon. ed.
Bliss, iii. 1203), and T. W. Barlow (Ches.
Biogr. 1852, pp. 20-1) says, 'he was born
on the edge of Rudheath,' which is near
Northwich, and partly in Davenham parish
and partly in the chapelry of Witton, parish of
Great Budworth. In accordance with this,
the Witton register contains a number of
entries of children of Randall Berchenhead
(so spelled) from 1580 to 1631, with his own
death, being then ' parish clarke/ in 1633 ;
among these, under 24 March 1615-6, is
'Johes. fil. Randulphi Birchenhead.' Un-
luckily experts have pronounced this entry to
be a comparatively modern forgery, but it
gives nevertheless the correct date. Ormerod
(under ' Northwich ') states that Birkenhead
1 descended possibly from the antient family
of that name in this county (who first held
property here in 1508), but of low immediate
origin, being the son of a saddler.'

At the free grammar school of the town
in the churchyard of Witton, John Birken-
head doubtless received his early education
from the worthy schoolmaster, Thomas Far-
mer. In the beginning of 1 632, aged 1 7 (which
harmonises with the forged date in the Wit-
ton register), Wood informs us, he pro-
ceeded to Oxford, being entered at Oriel
College as servitor, and under the tuition of
Humphrey Lloyd, afterwards bishop of Ban-
gor. He remained ' till B. A/ (Athence Oxon.}
He was introduced to Laud and appointed
his amanuensis, and Laud, l taking a liking to
him for his ingenuity, did by his diploma make
him M. A.' in 1639. Nor was this all, for « by
his letters commendatory thereupon he was
elected probation-fellow of All Souls College
in 1640.' During the civil war, while the

Birkenhead

Birkenhead

king and court were at Oxford, Birkenhead
was a leading spirit. The thick-coming
events of the time compelled almost daily
publication of news. The parliament had
their l Mercurius Britannicus ' and others, j
The royalists were in need of ajournaltillBir-
kenhead devised, and was appointed to write, !
the ' Mercurii Aulici ' (Athence Oxon.} The j

* Mercurius Aulicus ' communicated ' the in- |
telligence and affairs of the court ' at Ox- !
ford ' to the rest of the kingdom.' No. 1 is !
dated January 1642. It went on without \
break till 1645, and occasionally after, 'weekly
in one sheet ' (a small quarto). The ' Mer- [
•curius Aulicus ' has not received that critical j
attention which it deserves. When it is ;
remembered that, with very occasional help
later by Dr. Peter Heylin and others, the ,
burden of carrying on the ' Mercurius Auli- !
cus ' fell on Birkenhead, it must be recognised I
that he proved himself by this achievement '
^ilone a man of intellectual capacity and wit. I
The ' Mercurius Aulicus ' — now extremely J
rare complete — has never been reprinted or
•edited. Its literary quality gives it a far
superior interest to that attaching to the

4 Mercurius Britannicus.'

The t Mercurius Aulicus ' having proved

* very pleasing to the loyal party, his ma- '
jesty recommended him [Birkenhead] to the

electors that they would chuse him for
moral philosophy reader ' (Athence Oxon.") \
His duties were discharged l with little profit,' ;
says Wood ambiguously.

The year 1648 found him in exile with the |
prince (afterwards Charles II). We have
a glimpse of both in a letter from Birkenhead
to John Raymond, worked into the preface
of Raymond's ( Itinerary contayning a Voyage
made through Italy in the Years 1646 and
1647 ' (1648). The letter is dated 'Amiens,
11 July 1648,' and is a characteristic speci-
men of his style.

After the ' parliamentary visitors ' finally
deprived him of his posts and fellowship, he
appears to have gone and come between
France, Holland, and England. Ultimately,
according to Wood, having suffered several
imprisonments, he lived at Oxford 'by his wits
in helping young gentlemen out at dead lifts
in making poems, songs, and epistles to their
respective mistresses, as also in translating
and writing several little things and other
petite employments.' Of his own 'petite
things ' we have in 1647 (though not pub-
lished till 1662-3), 'The Assembly Man,
or the Character of an Assembly Man ;' in
1648, 'News from Pembroke and Mont-
gomery, or Oxford Manchester'd ; ' in 1649,
4 Paul's Churchyard, Libri Theologici, Poli-
tici, Historic!,' enlarged in 1653 as follows :

' Two Centvries of Paul's Churchyard. Una
cum Indice Expurgatorio in Bibliothecam
Parliament!, sive Librorum, qui prostant
venales in vico vulgo vocato Little-Brittain.
Done into English for the Benefit of the
Assembly of Divines, and the two Univer-
sities;' in 1659, 'The Four-legg'd Quaker,
a Ballad to the Tune of the Dog and Elder's
Maid.' There were also 'A Poem on his
staying in London after the Act of the
Banishment for Cavaliers,' and ' The Jolt '
on Cromwell's famous overturn of the coach.
There is much drollery in these productions,
and his language is always nervous and effec-
tive.

The Restoration brought Birkenhead to
the winning side. On 22 Aug. 1649, at
St. Germains, he received a grant of arms,
and probably his knighthood (Harleian MS.
1144, f. 82 b~). On 6 April 1661, on the king's
letters he was created D.C.L. by Oxford, and
as such was one of the eminent civilians con-
sulted by the convocation on the question
' whether bishops ought to be present in capi-
tal cases,' and with the rest on 2 Feb. 1661-2
said ' Yes.' He was returned M.P. for Wil-
ton, was made a member of the Royal So-
ciety, and was appointed one of the masters of
requests. But he failed to win the respect of
even so ultra a royalist partisan as Anthony a
Wood, who says of him : ' A certain anony-
mous (" A Seasonable Argument to persuade
. . . for a New Parliament, 1677 ") says he
was a poor ale-keeper's son, and that he got
by lying and buffoonery at court 3,000/. . . .
The truth is, had he not been given too
much to bantering, which is now taken
up by vain and idle people, he might have
passed for a good wit. And had he also ex-
| pressed himself grateful and respectful to
those that had been his benefactors in the
i time of his necessity, which he did not, but
i rather slighted them (shewing thereby the
baseness of his spirit), he might have passed
i for a friend and a loving companion.'

Except the 'Assembly-Man ' — delayed from
1647 — he gave to the press nothing of any
extent after the Restoration. He has verses in
the Beaumont and Fletcher folio (1675), and
Latin lines under Fletcher's portrait. Pro-
bably the ' Miscellanies ' of ' Wit and Loyal tv '
received contributions from him, but they re-
main unidentified. He died at Whitehall
4 Dec. 1679, 'leaving behind him a choice
collection of pamphlets, which came into the
hands of his executors, Sir Richard Mason
and Sir Muddford Bramston ' (Ath. Oxon.}
He does not appear to have married.

[Wood's Athenge, iii. 1203; Hunter's MS.
Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. ; letters from Mr.
John Weston, The Heysoms, Hartford, North-

Birkenshaw

Birkhead

wich; Birkenheacl's Works ; the nuncupative will I
of Kandall Birkenhead (in Probate Registry at |
Chester) leaves all his goods to his wife Margaret, j
not mentioning his occupation or children.]

BIRKENSHAW, JOHN, musician, j
[See BIRCHENSHA.]

BIRKHEAD or BIRKET, GEORGE
(A. 1614), archpriest, was a native of the
county of Durham. He entered the English
college at Douay in 1575, and was ordained
priest C April 1577. In January 1578 he set
•out from Rheims, accompanied by the Rev.
Richard Haddock and four students, and pro-
ceeded to the English college at Rome, which
liad just been founded by Dr. Allen under the
auspices of Pope Gregory XIII. Returning
to Rheims in 1580 he was sent in the same
year to labour on the English mission, and
we are told that he was < well esteemed by
all parties upon account of his peaceable and
reconciling temper.' In 1583 he took relics
of the Jesuit Father Campion to Rheims. Dr.
Allen, notifying this circumstance to Father j
Alfonso Agazzari, says: 'Nobis egregiampar- •
tern cutis, variis aromatibiis ad durabilitatem I
•conditam, Campiani nostri detulit ibidem P.
Georgius ' (Records of the English Catholics,
ii. 202). On 22 Jan. 1607-8 Pope Paul V nomi-
nated him archpriest of England, from which
office Dr. George Blackwell [q. v.] had been
deposed in consequence of his acceptance of
the oath of allegiance devised by the govern- ;
ment of King James I. The new archpriest
was admonished to dissuade catholics from
taking the oath and frequenting the protestant
worship (State Papers, Domestic, James I,
vol. xxxi.) Birkhead retained the dignity till
his death in 1614. From his deathbed he ad-
dressed farewell letters (5 April 1614) to his
clergy and to the superior of the Jesuits. At
different times he assumed the names of Hall,
Lambton, and Salvin. He was succeeded as
.archpriest by the Rev. William Harrison.
The catholic church historian of England
states that < Mr. Birket was a person of sin-
gular merit, studious of the reputation of the
clergy, yet not inclinable to lessen that of
others, as it appears from several original let-
ters I have read between him and Father Par-
sons ; wherein some controversies are handled
between the Jesuits and clergy, which he
toucheth with all tenderness and circumspec-
tion that things of that kind require, and with
a due regard to the pretensions and passions
of parties.'

[Dodd's Church Hist. (1737) ii. 377, 483-99;
-also Tierney's edit. iv. 77, App. 157, 159, 161,
v. 8, 12, 13-30, 48, 60, App. 27, 57, 58, 103, 106,

117, 141, 158, 159, 160-4; Berington's Memoirs
of Panzani ; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic
Forefathers, 2nd series, 53, 57, 408 ; Calendar of
State Papers, Dom. James I, 397, 455 ; Bartoli's
Istoria della Compagnia di Giesu, L'Inghilterra,
294 ; Diaries of th«> English College, Douay ;
Ullathorne's Hist, of the Restoration of the Cath.
Hierarchy, 9 ; Letters and Memorials of Cardinal
Allen; Butler's Hist, Memoirs (1822), ii. 266.]

T. C.

BIRKHEAD, HENRY (1617?-! 69(5)
Latin poet, was born in the parish of St.
Gregory, near St. Paul's Cathedral. Aubrey
(Tanner MS. 24, f. 159) states that he was
bora in 1617, i at the Paul's Head, which his
father kept/ but Wood fixes the date of his
birth four years earlier. Having been edu-
cated in grammar learning by the most famous
schoolmaster of that time, Thomas Farnabif,
he became a commoner of Trinity College,
Oxford, in Midsummer term 1633, and was
admitted scholar on 28 May 1635. Induced
by the persuasions of a Jesuit, he shortly
afterwards entered the college of St. Omer.
But he soon abandoned Romanism, and in
1638, by the influence of Archbishop Laud,
was elected fellow of All Souls, being then
bachelor of arts, ; and esteemed a good philo-
logist,' After taking his master's degree
(5 June 1641), he devoted himself to the
study of law. In May 1643 he submitted to
the authority of the visitors appointed by
parliament. " In 1653 he was allowed by the
delegates of the university to propose a dis-
pensation in convocation for taking the degree
of doctor of physic by accumulation, provided
that he should perform the necessary exer-
cises ; but it is uncertain whether he took
the degree. He resigned his fellowship in
1657, and at the Restoration became registrar
of the diocese of Norwich, an office which he
continued to hold until 1681. He also had
a chamber in the Middle Temple, where he
frequently resided. In 1645 he issued at
Oxford a quarto volume of ' Poemata,' printed
for private circulation. In 1656 appeared
1 Poematia in Elegiaca, lambica, Polymetra
Antitechnemata et Metaphrases membratim
quadripertita,' Oxonii, 8vo. He joined with
Henry Stubbe, of Christ Church, in publish-
ing another volume of Latin verse in the
same year, < Otium Literatum siye Miscel-
lanea qugedam Poemata ab H. Birchead et
H. Stubbe edita,' Oxon., 16mo. A second
edition of this little volume appeared in 1658.
Birkhead also edited, with a preface, some
philological works of Henry Jacob in 1652 ;
and wrote several Latin elegies, 'scatteredly
printed in various books, under the covert
letters sometimes of H. G.,' to persons who
had suffered for their devotion to Charles I.

Birks

84

Birks

An unpublished allegorical play by Birkhead,
' The Female Rebellion,' is preserved among
the Tanner MSS. (40(3) ; it has little merit.
In 1643 there was published at Oxford a
collection of ' Verses on the death of the
right valiant Sir Bevill Grenvill, knight.
Who was slaine by the rebells, on Lans-
downe-hill neare Bath, July 5, 1643,' 4to.
Birkhead was one of the contributors to this
collection, which included elegies by Jasper
Mayne, William Cartwright, Dudley Digges,
and others. Forty-one years afterwards, in
1684, the collection was reprinted, and Henry
Birkhead, the only survivor with one excep-
tion of the thirteen contributors, addressed a
long 'Epistle Dedicatory' to the Earl of
Bath, son of Sir Bevill Grenvill. Wood
vaguely says that after the Restoration he
' lived ... in a retired and scholastical con-
dition,' adding that he ( was always accounted
an excellent Latin poet, a good Grecian, and
well vers'd in all human learning.' He died
on Michaelmas Eve, 1696, and was buried at
St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. The
professorship of poetry at Oxford was founded
in 1708 from funds bequeathed by Birkhead.

[Tanner MS. 24, f. 159; Wood's Afhense
Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, iv. 573-4 ; Wood's Hist,
and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, ed.
Gutch, ii. 434 ; Martin's Archives of All Souls,
381 ; Burrows's Eegister of the Visitors of the
University of Oxford, 1647-58 (Camden Society),
pp. 43, 117 ; Hazlitt's Handbook ; Corser's Col-
lectanea Anglo-Poetica, ii. 285-8.] A. H. B.

BIRKS, THOMAS RAWSON (1810-
1883), theologian and controversialist, was
born on 28 Sept. 1810 at Staveley in Derby-
shire. His father was a tenant farmer under
the Duke of Devonshire. The family being
nonconformists, young Birks was educated
first at Chesterfield and then at the Dissent-
ing College at Mill Hill. Funds were pro-
vided to send him to Cambridge. He won
a sizarship and a scholarship at Trinity, and
in his third year gained the chief English
declamation prize. As the holder of this
prize he delivered the customary oration in
the college hall. The subject chosen was
1 Mathematical and Moral Certainty/ and, in
a letter to Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Whewell spoke
very highly of this oration. In January 1834
Birks came out as second wrangler and second
Smith's prizeman.

Having joined the church of England on
leaving the university, Birks settled at Wat-
ton as tutor and then curate to the Rev. Ed-
ward Bickersteth [q. v.] During his stay there
he devoted much time to the study of the
prophetic scriptures, and took the affirmative
side in the warm controversy which arose on

the subject of the premillennial theory of th&
Lord's return. In 1843-4 Birks won the
Seatonian prize for the best English poem
at Trinity. Some years before he had been
elected a fellow of his college. He ardently
engaged in many religious controversies, and
one of these, on the future of the lost, led ta
the severance of private friendships and reli-
gious connections. In his views on this sub-
ject he was equally opposed to the univer-
salists and the annihilationists. In the year
1844 Birks married Miss Bickersteth, the
daughter of his friend, and accepted the-
living of Kelshall in Hertfordshire.

In 1850 Birks published his edition of
Paley's ' Horse Paulinae/ with notes and a
supplementary treatise entitled ' Horse Apo-
stolicae.' Two years later the work was fol-
lowed by ' Horee Evangelicse/ and in 1853
appeared his ( Modern Rationalism ' and ( The
Inspiration of the Scriptures.' In 1856 Birks
lost his wife, and the severity of the afflic-
tion caused the suspension of his literary
labours for several years.

The year 1861, however, witnessed the
publication of another of his more important
works, ' The Bible and Modern Thought,' at
the request of the committee of the Religious
Tract Society. The author subsequently en-
larged his work by a series of notes on the
evidential school of theology, the limits of
religious thought, the Bible and ancient
Egypt, the human element in Scripture, and
Genesis and geology.

Birks left Kelshall in 1864, and in 1866'
accepted the important charge of Trinity
Church, Cambridge. In the latter year he
married a second time. By his first marriage
he had eight children, one of whom, his
eldest son, also attained distinction, succeed-
ing him as a fellow of Trinity. At the time
of the disestablishment of the Irish church
Birks came forward with a lengthy treatise
on ' Church and State/ which was an elabo-
ration of a treatise written thirty years be-
fore, and now republished as bearing upon
the ecclesiastical change proposed by Mr.
Gladstone and carried into effect by parlia-
ment. Birks was installed honorary canon of
Ely Cathedral in 1871, and in 1872, on the
death of the Rev. Frederick Denison Maurice,
he was elected professor of moral philosophy
at Cambridge. This appointment led to a
stormy controversy. It was regarded as a
retrograde step by the large body of liberal
thinkers who sympathised with the views of
Mr. Maurice. While pastor at Cambridge,
Birks laboured assiduously in giving reli-
gious instruction to the undergraduates, to
older members of the university, and also to
the residents in the town. In the year of

Birks

Birmingham

his appointment he published his ' Scripture
Doctrine of Creation ' and ' The Philosophy
•of Human Responsibility.' His inaugural
lecture as professor of moral philosophy was
on * The Present Importance of Moral Sci-
-ence.'

In 1873 appeared his ' First Principles of
Moral Science/ being a course of lectures
delivered during his professorship. This
work was followed in 1874 by ' Modern
Utilitarianism/ in which the systems of
Paley, Bentham, and Mill were examined
and compared. In 1876 Birks delivered the
annual address to the Victoria Institute, his
subject being l The Uncertainties of Modern
Physical Science.' Birks published in 1876
his work on ' Modern Physical Fatalism and
the Doctrine of Evolution.' It contained
the substance of a course of lectures devoted
to the examination of the philosophy un-
folded in Mr. Herbert Spencer's ( First Prin-
ciples.' Birks held the views expressed by
Mr. Spencer { to be radically unsound, full
of logical inconsistency and contradiction,
.and flatly opposed to the fundamental doc-
trines of Christianity and even the very ex-
istence of moral science.' To the strictures
upon his ' First Principles ' Mr. Spencer re-
plied at length, and this led to the re-publi-
cation, in 1882, of Birks's treatise, with an
introduction by Dr. Pritchard, F.R.S., Sa-
vilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, in
which Mr. Spencer's rejoinder was dealt with,
and the original arguments of Birks illustrated
and further explained.

Birks resigned the vicarage of Trinity in
1877, and in the same year published a
volume on ' Manuscript Evidence in the
Text of the New Testament/ being an en-
deavour to bring ' mathematical reasoning
to bear on the probable value of the manu-
scripts of different ages, with a general in-
ference in favour of the high value of the
cursive manuscripts as a class.' In the same
year Birks issued his * Supernatural Revela-
tion/ being an answer to a work on ' Super-
natural Religion/ which had given rise to
much criticism. Birks's treatise was repub-
lished at a later period by Professor Pritchard,
with a reply to objections that had been
urged against it.

Early in 1875 Birks suffered from a para-
lytic seizure, and this was followed by a
.second stroke in 1877. He still took a deep
interest in questions of the day, and was
able to dictate various works, pamphlets,
.and letters bearing upon these questions.
In April 1880, while residing in the New
Forest, he was stricken for a third time,
and fatally, with paralysis. He was con-
veyed home to Cambridge, where he lin-

gered for three years, being incapacitated
for intellectual effort. He died on 19 July
1883.

Birks was for twenty-one years honorary
i secretary to the Evangelical Alliance. He
| was an examiner for the theological exami-
| nation at Cambridge in 1867 and 1868, and
I was a member of the board of theological
I studies. He took an active part in all uni-
; versity affairs during his connection with
| Cambridge, was appointed to preach the
| Ramsden sermon in 1867, and was frequently
! a select preacher before the university. In
I addition to the works named in the course
! of this article, Birks was the author of a
j considerable number of treatises on prophecy
i and other subjects connected with the older
j revelation, as well as of a l Memoir of the
' Rev. Edward Bickersteth.'

[The works of Professor Birks ; Record, 27 July
1 1883 ; Men of the Time (llth edition) ; Times,
23 July 1883; Guardian, 25 July 1883.1

G. B. S.

BIRMINGHAM, JOHN (1816-1884),
astronomer, was a country gentleman residing
at Millbrook, near Tuam, Ireland, whose
I attention was directed to astronomy by his
' discovery of a remarkable new star in Corona
I Borealis on 12 May 1866 (Month. Ato.,xxvi.
310). In 1872, at the suggestion of the Rev.
T. W. Webb, he undertook a revision of
Schjellerup's i Catalogue of Red Stars/ and
extended the scope of his task so as to in-
I elude Schmidt's list from the ' Astronomische
1 Nachrichten' (No. 1902), some ninety ruddy
stars found by Webb and himself, with
| others pointed out by the late C. E. Burton
| — in all, 658 such objects reobserved with a
I 4^-inch refractor, and a magnifying power of
53. The spectra of several, as described by
! Secchi, D'Arrest, and others, were added.
I This valuable work was presented to the
Royal Irish Academy on 26 June 1876, and
published in their * Transactions ' (xxvi. 249,
1879). Its merit was acknowledged by the
bestowal of the Cunningham medal early in
1884. Birmingham was engaged in revising
and extending it at the time of his death,
which occurred at Millbrook, from an attack
of jaundice, on 7 Sept. 1884. He was unmar-
ried, a pious catholic, liberal, kindly, and
unassuming. He possessed considerable lin-
guistic accomplishments, had travelled in
most parts of Europe, and was in correspon-
dence with several foreign astronomers,
notably with Father Secchi of Rome. He
held for some time the post of inspector
under the board of works.

On 22 May 1881 he discovered a deep red
star in Cygnus, which proved strikingly vari-

Birnie

86

Birnie

able, and became known by his name. The
particulars of his observations on the meteor-
showers of 12-13 Dec. 1866, and 27 Nov. 1872,
on the transit of Venus of 6 Dec. 1882, on
sun-spots and variables, were published in
' Monthly Notices/ t Astronornische Nach-
richten/ and ' Nature.' He communicated to
the British Association in 1857 a paper on
* The Drift of West Galway and the Eastern
Parts of Mayo ' (Report, ii. 64), published in
cxtenso in the ' Journal of the Geological
Society of Dublin ' (viii. 28, 111). The same
volume contains (p. 26) his remarks on the
1 Junction of the Limestone, Sandstone, and
Granite at Oughterard, co. Galway.' His
only separate publication was a small poeti-
cal work of a controversial character entitled
' Anglicania, or England's Mission to the
Celt ' (London, 1863).

[Athenaeum, 20 Sept. 1884 ; Tuam News,
12 Sept. 1884; R. Soc. Cat. Scientific Papers,
i. 388, vii. 178.] A. M. C.

BIRNIE, ALEXANDER (1826-1862),
poet and journalist, was born in the north of
Scotland, it is believed in Morayshire. The
place and exact date of his birth are un-
known ; but he has himself left it on record
that he was born in 1826. His life was
erratic. At an early age he came to Eng-
land, and was at one time a baptist minister
in Preston. He was in that town when it
passed through its great labour strikes, and
he wrote letters to the local journals on the
events of the day. In 1860 he arrived in
Falkirk, foot sore and penniless, having walked
all the way from Lancashire. He obtained
some employment, but, being dismissed from
it, entered the Carron works, Falkirk, as a
painter. He appears to have struck all with
whom he came in contact by his brilliant
powers. Birnie was ultimately dismissed
from the Carron works for intemperance.
While in Carron he began his journalistic
notes under the signature of f Cock of the
Steeple.' He was ultimately taken upon the
regular staff of the f Falkirk Advertiser ; ' but
several weeks before that journal ceased pub-
lication, he began the 'Falkirk Liberal/
which was published at one halfpenny per
copy, and printed in Stirling. Although this
journal was the recognised organ of the
feuars of Falkirk, it speedily began to be
apparent that it could not succeed. The
printers lost by the speculation, and Birnie,
' sorrowing and penitent for his sins, went
to his death, crushed in spirit that he could
only raise 3/. 10*. to pay an account of 27/.'
It is stated that his party promised to sup-
port him, but failed to do so.

Birnie's death was melancholy. One morn-

ing in March 1862, he was found in a straw
stack near Stobhill brick works, Morpethr
where he had been concealed without food
or drink for a fortnight. His statement to>
this effect was corroborated by a diary which
he had carefully kept for some weeks. He
j was removed to the workhouse hospital ;.
mortification of both feet set in, and he suc-
cumbed at the age of thirty-six years. It
1 appears that Birnie made his way to Edin-
: burgh, hoping to meet with employment
there. In one of the dens of that city he was
robbed of the whole of his little stock of
money, and resolved to commit suicide. He
obtained a large quantity of laudanum, which
he swallowed ; but his stomach being unable
to retain the quantity of poison, which was
far too large, his life was saved. He now
started on foot for Newcastle, and made daily
entries in a little journal which has been
printed. Reaching Morpeth late in the even-
ing, he spent his last penny on a roll. Mis-
taking his road, fatigue overpowered him,
and he crept into a stack, with the intention
of sleeping or starving to death, as the last
entry in his diary testified. He requested
in it that some kind hand might make a se-
lection of his articles and speeches in this
and in another diary at Chester-le-Street,
as well as from the ' Chester-le-Street Libe-
ral/ and ' Falkirk Advertiser and Liberal/ and
publish them on behalf of his widow and
family. A subscription was raised on behalf
of Mrs. Birnie and her children, but it does
not appear that the request for a collection
from the deceased's writings was carried out.

[Gent, Mag. 1862 ; Falkirk Herald. March
1862; Newcastle Chronicle, March 1862; and
other journals of the time.] Gr. B. S.

BIRNIE, SIB RICHARD (1760 P-1832),
police magistrate of Bow Street, London,
was a native of Banff, Scotland, and was
born about 1760. After serving his ap-
prenticeship to a saddler he came to London,
where he obtained a situation in the house of
j Macintosh & Co. in the Haymarket, sad-
i dlers and harness-makers to the royal family.
i Having on one occasion been accidentally
j called upon to attend on the Prince of Wales,
: he did his work so satisfactorily that the
prince on similar occasions was accustomed
to ask that the 'young Scotchman' might
be sent to him. The patronage of the
prince secured his advancement with the
firm, and he was made foreman and eventu-
ally a partner in the establishment. Through
his marriage with the daughter of a wealthy
baker he also obtained a considerable fortune,
including a cottage with adjoining land at
Acton, Middlesex. After his marriage he

Birnie

Birnie

rented a house in St. Martin's parish, and

office except that of watchman and beadle.
In 1805 he was appointed churchwarden
and, along with his colleague and the vicar, ;
he established a number of almshouses for
decayed parishioners in Pratt Street, Camden
Town. He also gave proof of his public .
spirit by enrolling himself in the Royal West-
minster Volunteers, in which he became a i
captain. At the special request of the Duke
of Northumberland he was placed in the |
commission of the peace, and from this time \
he began to frequent the Bow Street police ;
court, in order to obtain a practical acquaint- !
ance with magisterial duties. In the absence
of the stipendiary magistrates he sometimes
presided on the bench, and with such effi-
ciency that he was at length appointed police j
magistrate at Union Hall, from which he \
was a few years afterwards promoted to the j
Bow Street office. In February 1820 he j
headed the police officers in the apprehension
of the Cato-street conspirators. He took the j
responsibility, in the absence of the soldiers, j
who failed, as they had been ordered, to turn !
out at a moment's notice, of proceeding at
once to attempt the capture of the band, be-
fore they were fully prepared and armed.
In this dangerous enterprise he, according
to a contemporary account, ' exposed himself
everywhere, encouraging officers to do their
duty, while the balls were whizzing about
his head.' At the funeral of Queen Caroline
in August 1821 he displayed similar decision
and presence of mind in a like critical emer-
gency, and when Sir Robert Baker, the chief
magistrate, refused to read the riot act, took
upon himself the responsibility of reading it.
Shortly afterwards Baker resigned, and he
was appointed to succeed him, the honour of
knighthood being also conferred on him in Sep-
tember following. During his term of office
he was held in high respect by the ministers
in power, who were accustomed to consult
him on all matters of importance relating to
the metropolis. He also retained throughout
life the special favour of George IV. He
died on 29 April 1832.

[Gent. Mag. cii. pt. i. pp. 470-1 ; Ann. Reg.
Ixxiv. 198-9.] T. F. H.

BIRNIE, WILLIAM(1563-1619),Scotch
divine, was only son of a fabulously ancient
house, William Birnie of ' that ilk.' He was
born at Edinburgh in 1563, entered student in
St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews, 3 Dec.
1584, proceeded in his degree of M.A. in 1588,
became a ship-master merchant, but sustain-

ing heavy losses at sea returned to his studies,
and attended divinity three years in Leyden.
He is found in exercise at Edinburgh 25 Jan.
1596, and wras presented to the vicarage of
Lanark by James VI on 28 Dec. 1597. There
had been internecine feuds in the parish for a
number of years. ]Jut Birnie, a man of com-
manding presence, was able to wield a sword,
and thus is said to have gradually reconciled

rrties. He was constituted by the king,
Aug. 1603, master and economus of the
hospital and almshouse of St. Leonard's, and
appointed dean of the Chapel Royal 20 Sept.
1612. Earlier he had shown sympathy with
the brethren confined in Blackness Castle
previous to their trial in 1606 at Linlithgow.
He appears as a member of the general as-
sembly of the kirk of Scotland in 1602, 1608,
1610. He was nominated * constant mode-
rator of the presbytery ' by the assembly of
1606, and the presbytery were l charged by
the privy council 17 Jan. thereafter, to serve
him as such within twenty-four hours after
notice, under pain of rebellion.' He was
also named on the court of high commission
15 Feb. 1610, and presented to the deanery
of the Chapel Royal of Stirling, which was
1 to be hereafter callit the Chapel Royal of
Scotland,' 20 Sept. 1612. The acceptance of
the f constant moderatorship ' showed episco-
pal leanings. In 1612 he was transferred
from Lanark to Ayr, to l parsonages prima
and secundo, and vicarages of the same, and
to the parsonage and vicarage of Alloway ' —
the scene of the Tarn o' Shanter of Burns —
on 16 June 1614. He was a member again
of the high commission 21 Dec. 1615, and one
of the commissioners for the suppression of
popery agreed to by the assembly in 1616. He
married Elizabeth, daughter of John Lindsay,,
parson of Carstairs. Their issue were three
sons and two daughters. He died on 19 Jan.
1619 in the fifty-sixth year of his age and
twenty-second of his ministry. A kind of
doggerel epitaph runs : —

He waited on his charge with care and pains
At Air on little hopes, and smaller gains.

For generations stories were told of him
all over the southern shires of Scotland. One
represents him as so agile that he could make
the salmon's leap ' by stretching himself on
the grass, leaping to his feet, and again
throwing them over his head.' He was the
author of a prose book entitled l The Blame
ofKirk-bvriall, tending to perswade Cemete-
riall Civilitie. First preached, then penned,
and now at last propyned to the Lord's inheri-
tance in the Presbyterie of Lanark by M.
William Birnie, the Lord his minister in that
ilk, as a pledge of his zeale and care of that

Birnston

88

Bischoff

reformation. Edinburgh, printed by Robert
Charteris, printer to the king's most excellent
maiestie, 1606 ' (4to). This was reprinted in
1833, in one hundred copies, by W. B. D.
Turnbull. Birnie here deprecates interment
within the church. There is considerable
learning in the book, but its lack of arrange-
ment and an absurdly alliterative style make
it wearisome reading.

[Scott's Fasti, ii. 86-7, 306 ; Eeid's History
of Presbyterianism in Ireland, i. ; Blair's Auto-
biography ; Stevenson's Hist, of Church of Scot-
land ; Calderwood's History ; Boke of the Kirke,
318; Orig. Letters; Melvill's Autob.; Nisbet's
Heraldry, ii. ; Anderson's Scottish Nation, for
ancestry and descendants.] A. B. (r.

BIRNSTON. [See BTENSTON.]

BIRREL, ROBERT (Ji. 1567-1605), dia-
rist, was a burgess of Edinburgh. His
' Diary, containing Divers passages of Staite,
and Uthers Memorable Accidents. From the
1532 yeir of our Redemption, till ye Begin-
ning of the yeir 1605,' was published in 1798
in * Fragments of Scottish History,' edited by
Sir John Graham Dalyell. Extracts from the
* Diary ' were also published in 1820. There
is not much minuteness in the record of events
till about 1567, when Birrel probably began
to keep a note of them. There is no evidence
in the ' Diary ' regarding the political or re-
ligious views of the writer, facts being simply
recorded as they happened, without comment
or any apparent bias of opinion. There is
some evidence that the work was intended
for publication, the writer having apparently
taken some trouble to collect his facts. A con-
siderable part of it was incorporated by Sir
James Balfour in his ' Annals.' The original
manuscript is in the Advocates' Library.

[Diary as above.] T. F. H.

BISBY or BISBIE, XATHANIEL,D.D.

(1635-1695), divine, son of the Rev. John
Bisbie, of Tipton, Staffordshire, who was
ejected from a prebend in Lichfield Cathedral
about 1644, and of Margaret, daughter of
Anthony Hoo, of Bradely Hall in the same
county, was born 5 June 1635. He was
elected student of Christ Church, Oxford, from
Westminster School, in 1654, proceeded B. A.
1657 and M.A. 1660, and accumulated his
degrees in divinity on 7 June 1668. At the
Restoration he was presented to the rectory
of Long Melford, Sudbury, Suffolk. He was
then, says Anthony a Wood, l esteemed an
excellent preacher and a zealous person for
the church of England.' He married Eliza-
beth, daughter of John Wall, of Radwater
Grange, Essex, in 1672. He published a
number of occasional sermons, entitled ' The

Modern Pharisees,' 1673; * Prosecution no
Persecution, or the Difference between Suf-
fering for Disobedience and Faction and
Suffering for Righteousness and Christ's
sake,' 1682; 'Mischiefs of Anarchy,' 1682;
' Korah and his Company proved to be the
Seminary and Seed-plot of Sedition and Re-
bellion,' 1684 ; i The Bishop visiting,' 1686.
On the accession of William and Mary he re-
fused to take the oath of allegiance, and as
a nonjuror was deprived of his rectory of
Melford in February 1690. His publications
consist nearly wholly of violent invectives
against the nonconformists. He died 14 May
1695, and was buried at Long Melford.

[Wood's Athense (Bliss), iv. 640; Walker's
Sufferings ; Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library ;
Fuller's Worthies; Welch's Scholars of West-
minster (1852), 142-3.] A. B. G.

BISCHOFF, JAMES (1776-1845), author
of works on the wool trade, was of a German
family which settled in Leeds in 1718. He
was born at Leeds about 1776,and was brought
up there. His early mercantile pursuits were
connected with the wool and woollen trades,
and he took a lively interest in all measures
likely to affect them. Being convinced that
the restrictive laws relating to wool were bad,
he used his utmost endeavours to bring about
a change. He published some letters on the
subject in 1816 in the 'Leeds Mercury' and
the 'Farmer's Journal.' In 1819 he was ap-
pointed one of the deputies from the manu-
facturing districts to promote a repeal of the
Wool Act, and wrote a pamphlet entitled
'Reasons for the Immediate Repeal of the
Tax on Foreign Wool' (1819, 8vo, pp. 47).
In the following year he published ' Obser-
i vations on the Report of the Earl of Sheffield
to the Meeting at Lewes Wool Fair, July 20,
1820.' In 1825 Huskisson, then president
of the board of trade, invited the counsel of
Bischoff with regard to some proposed altera-
tions in commercial policy, particularly a re-
duction of the duty on foreign manufactured
goods. Bischoff gave his opinion strongly
in the direction of freedom of trade, and the
reasons he advanced had great weight with
the minister in the proposals which he subse-
quently made in parliament. He was examined
in 1828 before the privy council on the subject
of the wool trade, and in the same year pub-
lished' The Wool Question considered: being
an Examination of the Report of the Select
Committee of the House of Lords appointed
to take into consideration the State of the
British Wool Trade, and an Answer to Earl
Stanhope's Letter to the Owners and Occu-
j piers of Sheep Farms' (8vo, pp. 112). In
| 1832 he issued a ' Sketch of the History of

Biscoe

89

Bishop

Van Dieman's Land,' 8vo, and in 1836 an
essay' on ' Marine Insurances, their Impor-
tance, their Rise, Progress, and Decline, and
their Claim to Freedom from Taxation/ 8vo,
pp. 34. BischoiFs most important work has
the following title : ' A comprehensive His-
tory of the Woollen and Worsted Manufac-
tures, and the Natural and Commercial His-
tory of Sheep, from the Earliest Records to
the Present Period ' (Leeds, 1842,2 vols. 8vo).
His last publication was a pamphlet on
' Foreign Tariffs ; their Injurious Effects on
British Manufactures, especially the Woollen
Manufacture ; with proposed remedies. Being
chiefly a series of Articles inserted in the
" Leeds Mercury" from October 1842 to
February 1843 ' (1843, 8vo, pp. 69).

Bischoff, who married in 1802 Peggy,
daughter of Mr. David Stansfeld of Leeds,
carried on business as a merchant and in-
surance broker for many years in London,
and died at his residence, Highbury Terrace,
on 8 Feb. 1845, in his seventieth year.

Mount Bischoff, in the north-west corner
of Tasmania, is said to derive its name from
James Bischoff.

[Gent. Mag., April 1845, p. 443; Preface to
Bischoff's Hist, of the Woollen and Worsted
Manufactures ; Stansfeld pedigree in Foster's
Yorkshire Pedigrees.] C. W. S.

BISCOE, JOHN (rf.1679), puritan divine,
was born at High Wycombe, Buckingham-
shire, and educated at New Inn Hall, Oxford.
In'Athense Oxonienses' (ed. Bliss, iii. 1198)
Wood states that he was born in 1646,
which is probably a literal error for 1606.
From the ' Fasti ' we learn that he took his
bachelor's degree on 1 Feb. 1626-7. He left
the university about two years afterwards,
and became a preacher at Abingdon. Hav-
ing joined the puritan party he was ap-
pointed minister of St. Thomas's, South-
wark. He served as assistant to the com-
missioners of Surrey appointed to eject
' scandalous and insufficient ministers.' At
the Restoration, being ejected from his living,
he preached in conventicles. He died at
High Wycombe, where he was buried on
9 June 1679. Biscoe is the author of:
1. ' Glorious Mystery of God's Mercy, or a
Precious Cordial for Fainting Souls/ 1647,
8vo. 2. 'The Grand Trial of True Conversion,
or Sanctifying Grace appearing and acting
first and chiefly in the Thoughts,' 8vo, 1655.
S. ' Mystery of Free Grace in the Gospel,
and Mystery of the Gospel in the Law,' n.d.

[Wood's Athense Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, iii.
1198; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 426 ; Calamy's
Nonconformist's Memorial, ed. Palmer, i. 135.1

A. H. B.

BISCOE, RICHARD (d. 1748), divine,
was educated at an academy kept by Dr.
Benion at Shrewsbury, and on 19 Dec.^1716
was made a dissenting minister at a meeting-
house in the Old Jewry. In 1727 he con-
formed and was made rector of St. Martin
Outwich, in the city of London. He also
held the living of Northwald, near Epping,
and was a minor canon of St. Paul's and
a chaplain to George II. He died in May
1748. He delivered the Boyle lectures in
1736, 1737, and 1738, and in 1742 published
in two volumes the substance of his prelec-
tions under the title ' History of the Acts of the
Holy Apostles confirmed from other authors ;
and considered as full evidence of the truth
of Christianity, with a prefatory discourse 011
the nature of that evidence.' The work is
highly eulogised by Dr. Doddridge as showing
* in the most convincing manner how incon-
testably the Acts of the Apostles demonstrate
the truth of Christianity.' It was reprinted
in 1829 and 1840. A German translation
w^as published at Magdeburg in 1751. He
was also the author of ' Remarks on a Book
lately published entitled " A Plain Account
of the Nature and End of the Sacrament of the
Lord's Supper," ' 1735.

[London Magazine, xvii . ( 1 ? 48) 284 ; Protestant
Dissenters' Magazine, vi. 306-7 ; Chalmers's
Biog. Diet. v. 298 ; British Museum Catalogue.]

BISHOP, ANN (1814-1884), vocalist, was
the daughter of a drawing-master named
Riviere, and was born in London in 1 814. As a
child she showed talent for the pianoforte, and
studied under Moscheles. On 12 June 1824
she was elected a student at the Royal Aca-
demy of Music, where she soon distinguished
herself by her singing. On leaving the aca-
demy she became (in 1831) the second wife of
Sir Henry Rowley Bishop, the composer, and
in the same year appeared at the Philharmonic
Concerts as a singer. Her reputation quickly
increased, and for the next few years she took
a prominent place at Vauxhall, the so-called
1 Oratorios,' and the country festivals. At
first Mrs. Bishop devoted herself to clas-
sical music, but she was induced to turn her
attention to the Italian school by Bochsa, the
harp-player, with whom she went on a pro-
vincial tour in the spring of 1839. On their
return to London she sang at a benefit con-
cert given by Bochsa, at which she achieved
great success, although Grisi, Persiani, and
Viardot were among the performers. A few
days later she left her husband and eloped
with Bochsa to the continent. From Sep-
tember 1839 to May 1843 she visited the
principal towns of Europe, and sang at no
less than 260 concerts. Among other places

Bishop <

she visited St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Odessa,
and Kasan, in which latter town she is said
to have sung in the Tartar language. From
1843 to 1846 she sang in Italy with great
success ; at the San Carlo at Naples she ap-

Cred in twenty operas, her engagement
ing for twenty-seven months. In 1846
she returned to England, together with
Bochsa, and sang at several concerts. In
1847 Mrs. Bishop went to America, where
she sanjy in the United States, Mexico, and
California. In 1855 she went to Australia,
•where Bochsa died, and Mrs. Bishop re-
turned to England by way of South America
and New York, where she married a Mr.
Schulz. She sang at the Crystal Palace in

1858, and, after a farewell concert on 17 Aug.

1859, returned to America, and sang with
great success throughout Canada, the United
States, Mexico, and at Havana. In 1865
she left New York and went to California,
whence she sailed for the Sandwich Islands.
In February 1866 the ship in which she
was sailing from Honolulu to China was
wrecked on a coral reef, and Mrs. Bishop
lost all her music, jewels, and wardrobe.
After forty days' privation the shipwrecked
crew reached the Ladrone Islands, whence
the indefatigable singer went to Manilla, and
after singing there and in China arrived in
India in 1867. In May 1868 she was once
more in Australia, and after visiting London
she went to New York, where the remainder
of her life was spent. She died of apoplexy in
March 1884. Mrs., or Madame Anna Bishop,
as she was generally called, possessed a high
soprano voice, and was a brilliant but some-
what unsympathetic singer. She was a mem-
ber of many foreign musical societies, and her
popularity in the United States was great.

[Times, 24 March 1884 ; Moore's Encyclopaedia
of Music ; Cazalet's History of the Eoyal Aca-
demy of Music, p. 138 ; Men of the Time (10th
ed.); Musical World, xii. 11, 179, 235; Add.
MS. 29261.] W.B. S.

BISHOP, GEORGE (1785-1861), astro-
nomer, was born at Leicester 21 Aug. 1785.
At the age of eighteen he entered a British
wine-making business in London, to which
he afterwards, as its proprietor, gave such
extension that the excise returns were said
to exhibit half of all home-made wines as
of his manufacture. His scientific career
may be said to date from his admission to the
Royal Astronomical Society in 1830. The
amount and stability of his fortune by that
time permitted the indulgence of tastes
hitherto in abeyance. He took lessons in
algebra from Professor De Morgan, with a
view to reading the t Mecanique Celeste,' and

>. Bishop

acquired, when near fifty, sufficient mathe-
matical knowledge to enable him to compre-
hend the scope of its methods. In 1836 he
realised a long-cherished desire by erecting
an observatory near his residence at South.
Villa, Regent's Park. No expense was spared
in its equipment, and the excellence of the
equatorial furnished by Dollond (aperture,,
seven inches) confirmed his resolve that some
higher purpose than mere amusement should
be served by the establishment. ' I am de-
termined,' he said when choosing its site,
' that this observatory shall do something/
He attained his aim by securing the best
observers. The Rev. William Dawes con-
| ducted his noted investigations of double
j stars at South Villa 1839-44 ; Mr. John
I Russell Hind began his memorable career
| there in October of the latter year. From
| the time that Hencke's detection of Astnea,
8 Dec. 1845, showed a prospect of success in
I the search for new planets, the resources of
Bishop's observatory were turned in that di-
rection, and with conspicuous results. Be-
tween 1847 and 1854 Mr. Hind discovered
ten small planets, and Mr. Marth one, making
i a total of eleven dating from South Villa.
' The ecliptic charts undertaken by Mr. Hind
| for the purpose of facilitating the search were
' continued, after his appointment in 1853 as
! superintendent of the ' Nautical Almanac,' by
Pogson, Vogel, Marth, and Talmage succes-
sively, under his supervision. They embraced
all stars down to the eleventh magnitude in-
clusive, and extended over a zone of three
degrees on each side of the ecliptic. Seven-
teen of the twenty-four hours were engraved
when the observatory was broken up on the
death of its owner.

A testimonial was awarded to Bishop by
the Astronomical Society, 14 Jan. 1848, 'for
the foundation of an observatory leading to-
various astronomical discoveries,' and pre-
sented, with a warmly commendatory ad-
dress, by Sir John Herschel, 11 Feb. (Month.
Not. R. A. Soc. viii. 105). He acted as se-
cretary to the society 1833-9, as treasurer
1840-57, and was chosen president in two
successive years, 1857 and 1858, although the
state of his health rendered him unable to
i take the chair. After a long period of bodilv
prostration, his mind remaining, however, un-
clouded, he died 14 June 1861, in his seventy-
sixth year. His character, both social and
! commercial, was of the highest, and his dis-
\ criminating patronage of science raised him to-
the front rank of amateurs. He was elected
a fellow of the Royal Society 9 June 1848r
i was also a fellow of the Society of Arts,
and sat for some years on the council of Uni-
versity College. He published in 1852, in one

Bishop

91

quarto volume, * Astronomical Observations
taken at the Observatory, South Villa, Re-
gent's Park, during the years 1839-51,' in-
cluding a catalogue of double stars observed |
by Dawes and Hind, with valuable t historical j
and descriptive notes ' by the latter, observa- •
tions of new planets and comets, and of the
temporary star discovered by Hind in Ophiu-
chus 27 April 1848, besides a description of
the observatory, &c. After Bishop's death
the instruments and dome were removed to ;
the residence of George Bishop, jun., at .
Twickenham, where the same system of work j
was pursued.

[Month. Not. E. A. Soc. xxii. 104 ; L'Astro-
nomie Pratique, Andre et Rayet, i. 95 ; Ann. Reg.
ciii. 402.] A. M. C.

BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY |

(1786-1855), musical composer, was the;
son of a London merchant whose family j
came from Shropshire, and was born in Great !
Portland Street on 18 Nov. 1786. He seems
to have received all his instruction in music
from Francesco Bianchi, an Italian who came
to England in 1793, where he lived for the !
rest of his life, enjoying a great reputation, !
not only as a composer, but also as a teacher
and theoretical musician. Bishop's earliest !
compositions are a set of twelve glees and
several Italian songs, in all of which the in-
fluence of his master — an influence wrhich
remained with him throughout his life — is !
plainly discernible. In 1804 his first operatic |
work/- Angelina,' was played at the Theatre ;
Royal, Margate. He soon after began to j
write ballet music for the King's Theatre |
and Drury Lane. At the former house the |
success of his l Tamerlan et Bajazet ' (1806) i
led to his permanent engagement, and he
began at once to write the immense mass of
compilations, arrangements, and incidental
music which for thirty years he continued to
produce. In this manner he was more or
less concerned in ' Armide et Renaud ' (15 May
1806), 'Narcisse et les Graces ' (June 1806),
and ' Love in a Tub ' (November 1806). At
Drury Lane he wrote or arranged music for
1 ( 'aractacus,' a pantomime-ballet (22 April
1808), < The Wife of Two Husbands ' (9 May
1808), 'The Mysterious Bride ' (1 June 1808),
' The Siege of St. Quentin ' (10 Nov. 1808),
besides contributing some new music to * The
Cabinet.' Other works of this period are ' The
Corsair, or the Italian Nuptials,' described as
a •' pantomimical drama,' and ' The Travellers
at Spa,' an entertainment of Mrs. Mountain's,
for which Bishop wrote music. At the begin-
ning of 1809 his first important opera, * The
Circassian Bride,' was accepted at Drury
Lane, and was brought out with great suc-

Bishop

cess on 23 Feb., but on the following night
the theatre was burnt down, and the score
of the opera, which Bishop subsequently re-
wrote from memory, perished in the flames.
On 15 June of the same year his ballet,
1 Mora's Love,' was performed at the Kings
Theatre in the Haymarket, which was fol-
lowed at the same house by ' The Vintagers '
on 1 Aug. After the burning of Drury Lane
the company of that house moved to the Ly-
ceum Theatre, and here Bishop produced, on
13 March 1810, ' The Maniac, or Swiss Ban-
ditti/ which was acted twenty-six times. He
was next engaged for three years as composer
and director of the music at Covent Garden
Theatre, where the first work upon which he
was employed was the music to ' The Knight
of Snowdoun,' a musical drama, founded on
Sir Walter Scott's ' Lady of the Lake,' which
was produced on 5 Feb. 1811, and was acted
twenty-three times. This was followed in
rapid succession by 'The Virgin of Sun'
(31 Jan. 1812), ' The ^Ethiop ' (6 Oct. 1812),
new music for ' The Lord of the Manor '
(22 Oct. 1812), 'The Renegade' (2 Dec.
1812), ' Haroun al Raschid,' a new version
of ' The yEthiop,' produced on 11 Jan. 1813,
and withdrawn after one performance, new
music to ' Poor Vulcan ' (8 Feb. 1813), ' The
Brazen Bust ' (29 May 1813), and ' Harry le
Roy,' an 'heroic pastoral burletta' (2 July
1813). On the expiration of his first engage-
ment at Covent Garden he was re-engaged for
five years, during which his most noteworthy
production was the music to the melodrama
' The Miller and his Men,' which was per-
formed for the first time on 21 Oct. 1813,
but received additions in 1814. In 1813, on
the foundation of the Philharmonic Society,
Bishop was one of the original members, but
none of his compositions were performed by
the new society until some years later. In-
deed the whole of his energies at this time
must have been devoted to his duties at
Covent Garden, where he continued to pro-
duce in rapid succession a series of original
compositions and compilations, which, though
often of the slightest quality, must have
kept him too fully occupied to devote him-
self seriously to the cultivation of his un-
doubted talent. ' The Miller and his Men r
was followed on 15 Dec. 1813 by 'For Eng-
land Ho ! ' and this (in collaboration with
Davy, Reeve, and others) by ' The Farmer's
Wife ' (1 Feb. 1814), ' The Wandering Boys r
(24 Feb. 1814), ' Hanover,' a cantata written
for Braham and performed at the oratorios
at Covent Garden in March 1814, 'Sadak
and Kalastrade ' (11 April 1814), fresh music
to ' Lionel and Clarissa ' (3 May 1814), < The
Grand Alliance,' announced as ' an allegorical

Bishop

festival ' (13 June 1814), ' Aurora ' and ' Doc-
tor Sangrado,' both ballets (September 1814),
a compressed version of Arne's ' Artaxerxes,'
with recitatives by Bishop, and ' The Forest
of Bondy ' (both" on 30 Sept. 1814), addi-
tional music in 'The Maid of the Mill'
(18 Oct. 1814), a compilation from Boi'el-
dieu's 'John of Paris' (12 Nov. 1814),
* Brother and Sister,' in collaboration with
Reeve (1 Feb. 1815), 'The Noble Outlaw'
(7 April 1815), ' Telemachus ' (7 June 1815),
4 The Magpie or the Maid ' (15 Sept. 1815),
4 John du Bart' (25 Oct. 1815), additions to
'Cymon' (20 Nov. 1815), ' Comus ' (same
year), and ' Midsummer Night's Dream '
(17 Jan. 1816), ' Guy Mannering,' a collabo-
ration with Attwood. Whittaker, and others,
Bishop's best work in it being the famous

flee 'The Chough and Crow' (12 March
816), ' Who wants a Wife ' (16 April 1816),
a version of 'Kreutzer's ' Lodoiska ' (15 Oct.
1816), 'The Slave' (12 Nov. 1816), ' Royal
Nuptials' (November 1816), 'The Humour-
ous Lieutenant ' (18 Jan. 1817), ' The Heir
of Vironi ' (27 Feb. 1817), ' The Apostate '
(13 May 1817), ' The Libertine,' a very free
adaptation of Mozart's ' Don Juan ' (20 May
1817), ' The Duke of Savoy ' (29 Sept, 1817),
and ' The Father and his Children ' (25 Oct.
1817). In 1816 and 1817, in addition to his
post at Covent Garden, Bishop was director
of the music at the King's Theatre in the
Haymarket, where he wrote music for ' Exit
by Mistake,' a comedy ballet (22 July 1816),
and ' Teasing made Easy ' (30 July 1817).
But Covent Garden remained the chief scene
of his labours, and here during the next few
years he wrote or adapted music for the fol-
lowing plays and operas : ' The Illustrious
Traveller' (3 Feb. 1818), ' Fazio ; (5 Feb.
1818), ' Zuma,' in collaboration with Braham
(21 Feb. 1818), additions to 'The Devil's
Bridge ' (11 April 1818), ' X Y Z ' (13 June
1818), ' The Burgomaster of Saardam '
(23 Sept. 1818), ' The Barber of Seville,' a
version of Rossini's opera (13 Oct. 1818),
4 The Marriage of Figaro,' a free adaptation
from Mozart (6 March 1819), 'Fortunatus
and his Sons ' (12 April 1819), ' The Heart
of Midlothian ' (17 April 1819), 'A Roland
for an Oliver' (29 April 1819), 'Swedish
Patriotism' (19 May 1819), 'The' Gnome
King ' (6 Oct. 1819), ' The Comedy of Errors '
(11 Dec. 1819), 'The Antiquary' (25 Jan.
1820), 'Henri Quatre' (22 April 1820),
4 Montoni ' (3 May 1820), ' Bothwell Brigg '
(22 May 1820), 'Twelfth Night' (8 Nov.
1820), 'Don John.' (20 Feb. 1821), music to
4 Henry IV,' part ii. (25 June 1821), ' Two
Gentlemen of Verona' (29 Nov. 1821),' Mont-
rose' (14 Feb. 1822), 'The Law of Java,'

Bishop

which contains the well-known 'Mynheer
van Dunck ' (11 May 1822), ' Maid Marian '
(3 Dec. 1822), 'The Vision of the Sun'
(31 March 1823), ' Clari ' (8 May 1823), in
which Bishop introduced or composed (for
the origin of the tune is a matter of dispute)
the ever-popular ' Home, sweet Home,' ' The
Beacon of Liberty ' (8 Oct. 1823), ' Cortez '
(5 Nov. 1823), 'The Vespers of Palermo'
(12 Dec. 1823), 'Native Land' (10 Feb.
1824), ' Charles II ' (9 May 1824), and i As
you like it' (10 Dec. 1824). With the
last-named work Bishop's long connection
with Covent Garden terminated. In 1819
he had entered into partnership with the

I management of the theatre in conducting
the so-called ' oratorios,' concerts of the most
I heterogeneous description, which were given
at the opera-houses during Lent, and in 1820
Bishop became the sole manager of these
curious entertainments. His management,
however, ceased after one season. In the
autumn of the same year he went to Dublin,
where he was received with great honour,
the freedom of the city being unanimously
voted and bestowed upon him (2 Aug. 1820).
In 1825 Bishop was engaged by Elliston at
Drury Lane, where he produced on 19 Jan.
1825*' The Fall of Algiers.' This was fol-
lowed by versions of Auber's ' Masaniello '
(17 Feb. 1825), and Rossini's ' Guillaume
Tell' (11 May 1825). In the same year he
brought out a revised version of his early
work, 'Angelina/ and wrote (in collabora-
tion with Cooke and Horn) music to ' Faustus '
(16 May) and the ' Coronation of Charles X '
(5 July). The year 1826 was memorable in
the annals of music in England for the pro-
duction of Weber's ' Oberon ' at Covent Gar-
den, under the composer's own direction.
By way of a counter-attraction, the manage-
ment of Drury Lane commissioned Bishop
to write a grand opera on the subject of
' Aladdin.' He took more than usual pains
over this work, the composition of which oc-
cupied him for at least a year, but the book
was even worse than that of ' Oberon,' and
the music, though written with much care,
was found to be inferior to Bishop's best
compositions, probably because, by attempt-
ing to meet Weber on his own ground, he
had only succeeded in producing a weak imi-
tation of the style of the German master.
1 Aladdin,' which Avas produced on 29 April
1826, shortly after Weber's opera, was fol-
lowed by several unimportant works, 'The
i Knights of the Cross ' (29 May 1826), ' Eng-
! lishmen in India' (27 Jan. 1827), 'Edward
! the Black Prince ' (28 Jan. 1828), and ' Don
i Pedro' (10 Feb. 1828). Bishop's permanent
[connection with Drury Lane ceased about

Bishop

93

Bishop

this time, and his remaining writings for the J
stage were produced as follows : ' The Ren-
contre ' (Haymarket, 12 July 1828), ' Yelva '
(Covent Garden, 5 Feb. 1829), ' Home, sweet
Home' (Covent Garden, 19 March 1829),
' The Night before the Wedding,' a version j
of Boieldieu's ' Les Deux Nuits ' (Covent j
Garden, 17 Nov. 1829). 'Ninetta' (Covent I
Garden, 4 Feb. 1830), ' Hofer ' (Drury Lane, |
1 May 1830), ' Under the Oak ' (Vauxhall, !
25 June 1830), 'Adelaide, or the Royal i
William' (Vauxhall, 23 July 1830), 'the i
Romance of a Day' (1831), 'The Tyrolese
Peasant' (Drury Lane, May 1832), 'The
Election' (Drury Lane, 1832), which was ;
composed by Carter, but scored by Bishop, j
' The Magic Fan ' (Vauxhall, 18 June 1832), i
'The Sedan Chair' (Vauxhall, 1832), 'The !
Bottle of Champagne' (Vauxhall, 1832), and j
' The Demon,' a version of Meyerbeer's ' Ro-
bert le Diable,' in which he collaborated with ;
T. Cooke and R. Hughes (Drury Lane, 1832). j
He also wrote music for ' Hamlet ' at Drury j
Lane (1830), for Stanfield's diorama at the
same theatre (1830), and for ' Kenil worth ' :
(1832),'Waverley'(1832),'Manfred'(1834),
' The Captain and the Colonel ' (1835), and
' The Doom Kiss ' (1836). The long list of
Bishop's writings for the stage is closed by ;
' Rural Felicity ' (Haymarket, 9 June 1839),
additions to 'The Beggars' Opera' (Covent
Garden, 1839), music to 'Love's Labour's
Lost' (1839), and the masque of 'The Fortu-
nate Isles,' written to celebrate the marriage
of Queen Victoria, and produced at Covent
Garden under Madame Vestris's management
on 12 Feb. 1840.

In 1830 Bishop left Drury Lane and was
appointed musical director of Vauxhall Gar- j
dens, which post he occupied for three years, j
In 1832 he was commissioned by the Phil-
harmonic Society to write a work for their
concerts, in fulfilment of which he composed j
a sacred cantata, ' The Seventh Day,' which |
was performed in the following year, with- j
out, however, achieving any great success.
Two years later (1836) another cantata of
Bishop's, ' The Departure from Paradise,' was
sung at the same concerts by Malibran. Other
cantatas composed by him are ' Waterloo '
(performed at Vauxhall in 1826), and a set-
ting of Burns's ' Jolly Beggars.' In 1838, ac-
cording to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (1838,
i. 539), he was appointed composer to her
majesty ; but this statement is proved to be
inaccurate by the absence of any record of his
appointment in the official documents of the
lord steward's and lord chamberlain's offices,
as well as by the fact that in 1847 he was
desirous of obtaining the post on its becom-
ing vacant. In the following year he received

the degree of Mus. Bac. at Oxford. He was for
some time professor of harmony and composi-
tion at the Royal Academy of Music, and in
November 1841 was elected to the Reid profes-
sorship at Edinburgh, which appointment he
continued to hold until December 1843, when
he was succeeded by Henry Hugo Pierson.
From 1840 to 1848 he conducted the Antient
Concerts, and in 1842 he was knighted by
the queen, this being the first occasion on
which a musician had been so honoured. In
1848 he succeeded Dr. Crotch as professor of
music at Oxford, where in 1853 he received
the degree of Mus. Doc., his exercise being
an ode performed on the installation of the
Earl of Derby as chancellor of the university.
Between 1819 and 1826 Bishop had been
occupied at various times with arranging
different ' Melodies of Various Nations ' and
' National Melodies ' to English words, and
in 1851 he began a similar undertaking, his
collaborator in this case being Dr. Charles
Mackay. Of these arrangements, which are
extremely free and much altered from the
originals, Bishop wrote that he was more
proud than of any musical composition that
he had ever produced. He also edited
Handel's ' Messiah ' and many other works.
Though at one time Bishop must have been
in receipt of a considerable income, he was
extravagant in his habits and made no pro-
vision for his old age, in which he was
harassed by pecuniary difficulties. In a let-
ter (Egerton, 2159) written in 1840 he says:
'I have worked hard, and during many a
long year, for fame ! and have had many
difficulties to encounter in obtaining that
portion of it which I am proud to know I
possess. I have been a slavish servant to
the public; and too often, when I have
turned each way their weathercock taste
pointed, they have turned round on me and
upbraided me for not remaining where I was I
. . . Had the public remained truly and loyally
English, I would have remained so too ! But
I had my bread to get, and was obliged to
watch their caprices, and give them an exotic
fragrance if I could not give them the plant,
when I found they were tired of, and neg-
lecting the native production.' In writing
these words Bishop doubtless had in mind
the failure of his ' Aladdin,' but the reason-
why in his later years he suffered from neg-
lect was perhaps not so much the fault of the
public as he thought. Possessed of a won-
derful wealth of melody and great facility in
composition, during the best years of his life
he frittered away his talents on compositions
which were not strong enough to survive be-
yond the season which saw their production ;
and worse than this, he not only wrote down,

Bishop

94

Bishop

to the level of the taste of the day, but in
his adaptations from the works of great
foreign musicians he altered and defaced
them so as to bring them to a level with his
own weak productions. If, as he complained,
he suffered from the public taste veering
round to the music of continental composers,
it was in some sort a revenge brought about
by the whirligig of time, for from no one did
the works of the great masters receive worse
treatment than they met with at the hands
of Bishop himself. Amongst the manuscript
scores in his handwriting which are preserved
in the Liverpool Free Library there is a volume
entirely consisting of l additional accompani-
ments ' (mostly for brass and percussion in-
struments), and alterations which he made
in works by Beethoven, Mozart, Cherubini,
Rossini, and many others, a volume which
must ever remain a disgrace to the man who
wrote it, and a record of the low state of
musical opinion that could have allowed
such barbarisms to be perpetrated without
a protest. With regard to his original com-
positions, there is no doubt that his style
was very much based upon that of his
master Bianchi, as an examination of the
somewhat rare compositions of the latter will
show. But, though Bishop's music is in this
respect less original than is usually supposed,
he was possessed of a singularly fertile vein
of melody, in which the national character
can be perpetually recognised, although the
dress in which it is presented is rather Italian
than English. In this respect Bishop may
be regarded as the successor of Arne, who in
the latter part of his career came under the
influence of the Italian school in which Bishop
received his early training. In his glees
Bishop was without a rival, and it is pro-
bable that it is on this form of composition
that his future fame will rest ; for his songs,
with the exception of a very few, are even
now but seldom heard, and it is safe to pre-
dict that the entire operas in which all his best
glees and songs originally appeared will never
bear revival.

Bishop was twice married. His first wife
was a Miss Lyon, who came out as a singer
at Drury Lane in ' Love in a Village ' on
10 Oct. 1807, and to whom he was married
soon after the production of ' The Circassian
Bride/ in which opera and l The Maniac ' she
sang small parts. By her he had two sons
and a daughter. By his second wife [see
BISHOP, ANN] he had two daughters and a
son.

During the greater part of his life he lived
at 4 Albion Place and 13 Cambridge Street,
Hyde Park. In his latter years he suffered
much from cancer, and eventually died from

| the effects of an operation he underwent for
that disease. His death took place at his
house in Cambridge Street on Monday eve-
ning, 30 April 1855. He was buried on the
Saturday following at the Marylebone Ceme-
tery, Finchley Road, where a monument was
! erected to his memory by public subscription.
I The manuscript scores of most of Bishop's
I operas are preserved in the libraries of the
j British Museum, the Royal College of Music,
and the Free Library of Liverpool. There
I are two portraits of him in the National
| Portrait Gallery, both by unknown painters.
There are engravings of him (1) drawn by
Wageman, engraved by Woolnoth, and
! published on 1 June 1820 ; (2) engraved by
S. W. Reynolds from a painting by J. Foster,
published in July 1822; and (3) engraved by
B. Holl and published 1 April 1828.

[Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 245 ; Dictionary
of Musicians, i. (1827); Add. MSS. 19569,
29905 ; Musical World, xxxiii. 282 ; Musical
Times for April 1885 ; Athenaeum, 5 May 1855 ;
Fitzball's Memoirs, i. 152, 196, ii. 276 ; Parke's
Memoirs, ii. 36; Gent. Mag. 1838, i. 539; manu-
script scores in the Royal College of Music and
Liverpool Free Library; Genest's Hist, of the
Stage, viii. and ix. ; information from Messrs.
G. Scharf, H. Wakeford, Doyne C. Bell, and
A. D. Coleridge.] W. B. S.

BISHOP, JOHN (1665-1737), musical
composer, was born in 1665, and (according
to Hawkins) educated under Daniel Rosein-
grave, but, as the latter was organist of Win-
chester Cathedral from June 1682 to June
1692, and Bishop only came to Winchester
in 1695, this is probably an error. Between
Michaelmas and Christmas 1687 he became a
lay clerk of King's College, Cambridge, where
in the following year he was appointed to
teach the choristers. In 1695 he was ap-
pointed organist of Winchester College, on
the resignation of Jeremiah Clarke, but he
continued to receive his stipend at Cambridge
until the Easter term of 1 696. In November
1696 he was elected a lay-vicar of Winchester
Cathedral in the place of Thomas Corfe, and
on 30 June 1729 he succeeded Vaughan
Richardson as organist and master of the
choristers of the same cathedral. Bishop's
rival for this post was James Kent, who Avass
esteemed a better player, but the * age and
amiable disposition ' of the former, coupled
with the sympathy felt for some family mis-
fortune he had suffered, induced the dean and
chapter to give him the appointment, Bishop
remained at Winchester until his death, which
took place 19 Dec. 1737. He was buried on
the Avest side of the college cloister, where his
epitaph styles him ' Vir singular! probit ate, in-
tegerrima vita, moribus innocuis, musicaeque

Bishop

95

Bishop

scientise bene peritus.' Bishop published some
collections of psalm tunes and anthems, copies
of which are now but rarely met with. Manu-
script compositions by him are preserved in the
British Museum (Add. MS. 17841 , and Harl.
MS. 7341), and in the libraries of the Royal
•College of Music (1649), and of Christ Church,
Oxford. In the latter collection is a complete
•copy of his i Morning and Evening Service '
in I), the Te Deum from which is to be found
in other collections. Dr. Philip Hayes's ' Har-
monia Wiccamica' (1780) also contains some
Latin compositions by Bishop for the use of
Winchester College. All his extant works
are interesting as showing the manner in
which the disregard of proper emphasis and
the introduction of meaningless embellish-
ments gradually corrupted the style of the
school of which Purcell was the greatest orna-
ment, and led to the inanities of writers like
Kent. Hawkins, who has been followed by
other biographers, says that Bishop was at
one time organist of Salisbury, but this is in-
accurate. The organists of Salisbury (and
the dates of their appointments) during
Bishop's life were as follows : Michael Wise
(1668), Peter Isaacke (1687), Daniel Rosein-
grave (1692), Anthony Walkley (1700), and
Edward Thompson (1718).

[Hawkins's Hist, of Music (ed. 1853), p. 767 ;
Hayes's Harmonia Wiccamica (1780) ; Records of
King's Coll. Cambridge (communicated by the
Rev. A. Austen Leigh) ; Chapter Registers of
Salisbury (communicated by the Rev. S. M.
Lakin) ; Chapter Registers of Winchester ; in-
formation from the Rev. J. H. Mee ; Catalogues
of the British Museum and Royal College of
Music.] W. B. S.

BISHOP, JOHN (1797-1873), surgeon,
was the fourth son of Mr. Samuel Bishop,
•of Pimperne, Dorsetshire. He was born on
15 Sept. 1797, and he received his education
at the grammar school at Childe Okeford in
Dorsetshire, where he remained for several
years. Bishop was originally intended for
the legal profession, but this intention was
never carried out, and for many years he led
the life of a country gentleman. When about
twenty-five years of age Bishop was induced
by his cousin, Mr. John Tucker of Bridport,
to enter the medical profession. After a short
preliminary practice, under the direction of
his relative, at Bridport, he came to London
and entered at St. George's Hospital under
Sir Everard Home. While studying in this
hospital Bishop attended the lectures of Sir
Charles Bell, of Mr. Guthrie, and Dr. George
Pearson, and he was a regular attendant at
the chemical courses which were delivered at
the Royal Institution. In 1824 he obtained

the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons,
and entered regularly into his profession. He
soon acquired a reputation as a careful and
skilful observer. This secured for him the
offices of senior surgeon to the Islington
Dispensary, and surgeon to the Northern and
St. Pancras dispensaries, and to the Drapers'
Benevolent Institution. In 1844 Bishop
contributed a paper to the 'Philosophical
Transactions ' of the Royal Society, on the
' Physiology of the Human Voice.' He was
shortly afterwards elected a fellow of the
Royal Society, and a corresponding member
of the medical societies of Berlin and Ma-
drid. The Royal Academy of Science of
Paris awarded him two, prizes for memoirs
1 On the Human and Comparative Anatomy
and Physiology of Voice.' He was the au-
thor of a work l On Distortions of the Hu-
man Body,' another l On Impediments of
Speech,' and one ' On Hearing and Speaking
Instruments.' These works were remarkable
for the careful examinations which the author
had made on the subjects under investigation,
and for the mathematical demonstration given
of each theory advanced by him. Bishop con-
tributed several articles to Todd's { Cyclopae-
dia,' and many papers of more or less impor-
tance to the medical literature of the day.
Bishop was a man of varied attainments ; he
was conversant with continental as well as
English literature, and to within a few months
of his death he was deeply interested in the
progress of science. On 29 Sept. 1873 he died
at Strange way s-Marshale, Dorsetshire, within
a few miles of his birthplace.

[Proceedings of the Royal Societj^ xxi. 5
(1873); Catalogue of Scientific Papers, vol. i.
(1877).] R. H-T.

BISHOP, SAMUEL (1731-1795), poet,
was born in St. John Street, London, on
21 Sept. 1731, but his father, George Bishop,
came from Dorset, and his mother from
Sussex. He was entered at Merchant Taylors'
School in June 1743, and soon became known
among his fellow scholars for aptitude and
knowledge. In June 1750 he was elected to
St. John's College, Oxford, and became a
scholar of that institution on 25 June, his
matriculation entry at the university being
' 1750, June 28, St. John's, Samuel Bishop,
18, Georgii, Londini, pleb. fil.' Three years
later (June 1753) he was elected a fellow of
his college, and in the following April took
his degree of B.A. Not long afterwards he
was ordained to the curacy of Headley in
Surrey, and resided either in that village or
at Oxford until 1758, when he took his M.A.
degree. On 26 July 1758 Bishop was ap-
pointed third under-master of his old school,

Bishop

96

Bishop

rose to the second under-mastership 11 Feb.
1772, became the first under-master 12 Aug.
1778, and the head-master 22 Jan. 1783. His
preferments in the church were two, the first
being the rectory of Ditton in Kent, and the
second the rectory of St. Martin Outwich
in London, 1 March 1789. He had married
in 1763, at St. Austin's, Watling Street,
Mary, daughter of Joseph Palmer, of Old
Mailing, near Lewes, and at her husband's
death, on 17 Nov. 1795, she survived him
with one daughter. Bishop was buried in
St. Martin Outwich. Bishop published
during his lifetime an anonymous 'Ode to
the Earl of Lincoln on the Duke of New-
castle's retirement' J 762, an effusion said to
have been prompted by the connection of his
future wife's family with the duke ; numerous
essays and poems, signed S. and P. in a
division of the 'Publick Ledger' for 1763
and 1764 ; a Latin translation of an ode of
Sir Charles Hanbury Williams to Stephen
Poyntz ; a volume entitled ' Ferige Poeticse,
sive Carmina Anglicana . . . Latine reddita/
1766 ; and a sermon on the anniversary of
Mr. Henry Raine's charity, 1 May 1783.
After his death the Rev. Thomas Clare col-
lected and printed a volume of 'Sermons
chiefly upon Practical Subjects, by the Rev.
Samuel Bishop, A.M./ 1798, and two volumes
of the ' Poetical Works of the Rev. Samuel
Bishop, A.M./ 1796, with a life of the author.
A second edition was issued in 1800, a third
in 1802, and the poems were embodied in
Ezekiel Sanford's 'Works of British Poets/
vol. xxxvii., a collection printed at Phila-
delphia. The smaller poems are very grace-
ful and pleasing; those to his wife on the
recurring anniversaries of their wedding-day,
and to their daughter on her various birth-
days, breathy the purest affection. Southey
said of Bishop that * no other poet crowds
so many syllables into a verse. . . . His

domestic poems breathe a Dutch spirit by

which I mean a very amiable and happy
feeling of domestic duties and enjoyments.'
Bishop's widow subsequently married the
Rev. Thomas Clare, who became the vicar of
St. Bride's, Fleet Street.

[Gent. Mag. 1795, pt. ii. 972, 994, 1052 ; Life j
by Clare ; Southey's Commonplace Book. iv. I
308-9 ; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' !
School, i. p. xv ; Wilson's Merchant Taylors'
School, 450, 510-20, 1098, 1130. 1137, 1178;
Malcolm's Loncl. Redivivum, iv. 407.1

W. P. C.

BISHOP, WILLIAM, D.D. (1554-1624),
bishop of Chalcedon, the son of John Bishop,
who died in 1601 at the age of ninety-two,
was born of a ' genteel family ' at Brailes in

Warwickshire in or about 1554. l Though
always a catholic ' (DoDD, Church Hist. ii.
361), he was sent to the university of Oxford
in the seventeenth year of his age, ' in 1570,
or thereabouts ;' and Wood conjectures that
he studied either in Gloucester Hall or
Lincoln College, which societies were then
governed by men who were catholics at heart.
It has indeed been surmised, with some ap-
pearance of probability, that he was the Wil-
liam Bishop who matriculated at Cambridge,
as a member of Trinity College, on 2 Dec.
1572, and who took the degree of B.A. in
| that university in 1585 (MS. Addit. 5863
f. 156 #), but the biography in Pits's work,
' De illustribus Anglise Scriptoribus ' (1619),
the preface to which was written by Bishop
himself, must be taken as conclusive evidence
that he studied at Oxford. After remaining
j there three or four years he settled his pater-
nal estate, which was considerable, upon his
younger brother, and went over to the Eng-
j lish college at Rheims, where he began his-
| theological studies, which he subsequently
j pursued at Rome. He then returned to>
Rheims, was ordained priest at Loan in May
1583, and was sent to the English mission,
t but being arrested on his landing, he was-
j taken before secretary Walsingham and was
imprisoned in the Marshalsea with other
priests. Towards the close of the year 1584
i he was released, and proceeded to Paris, where
! he studied with great application for several
i years, and was made a licentiate of divinity.
He returned to England upon the mission,
15 May 1591 . After labouring here for about
two years he returned to Paris to complete
the degree of D.D., and then came back to
England.

When a dispute arose between George
Blackwell [q.v.], the archpriest, and a num-
ber of his clergy, who appealed against him for
maladministration and exceeding his commis-
sion, Bishop and John Charnock were sent to<
Rome by their brethren to remonstrate against
him. On their arrival they were both taken
into custody by order of Cardinal Cajetan, the
protector of the English nation, who had been
informed that they were turbulent persons
and the head of a factious party. They were
confined in the English college under the
inspection of Father Robert Parsons, the
j esuit. After a t ime they regained their liberty
and returned to England. [For the result of
the dispute see BLACKWELL, GEOKGE.] The
catholics were greatly alarmed in King
James's reign by the new oath of allegiance,
and Bishop had his share in those troubles ;
he was committed prisoner to the Gatehouse,
although he and twelve other priests had
given ample satisfaction as to all parts of

Bishop

97

Bissait

civil allegiance in a declaration published by
them in the last year of Queen Elizabeth's
reign. He was examined on 4 May 1611,
when he said he was opposed to the Jesuits,
but declined to take the oath of allegiance,
as Blackwell and others had done, because he
wished to uphold the credit of the secular
priests at Rome, and to get the English col-
lege there out of the hands of the Jesuits
(State Papers, James I, Dom. vol. Ixiii.) On
being again set at liberty he went to Paris
and joined the small community of contro-
versial writers which had been formed in
Arras College.

Ever since the death of Thomas Goldwell,
bishop of St. Asaph, in 1585, when, accord-
ing to the view taken by Roman catholics,
the ancient hierarchy came to an end, the
holy see had been frequently importuned to
appoint a bishop for England. Some obstacle
always intervened, but at length, after three
archpriests had been appointed in succession
to govern the secular clergy, the holy see ac-
ceded to the wishes of the English catholics,
and nominated Bishop as vicar-apostolic and
bishop elect of Chalcedon in February 1622-3.
In the following month a bull issued for his
consecration, and it was followed almost im-
mediately by a brief, conferring on him epi-
scopal jurisdiction over the catholics of Eng-
land and Scotland. ' When thou shalt be
arrived in those kingdoms/ says the brief,
' we give thee license, at the good will of our-
selves and our successors in the holy see,
freely and lawfully to enjoy and use all and
each of those faculties committed by our pre-
decessors to the archpriests, as also such as
ordinaries enjoy and exercise in their cities
and dioceses.' Thus Bishop had ordinary
jurisdiction over the catholics of England and
Scotland, but it was revocable at the pleasure
of the pope, so that in the language of cu-
rialists he was vicar-apostolic with ordinary
jurisdiction. In exercise of his power he
instituted a dean and a chapter as a standing
council for his own assistance, with power,
during the vacancy of the see, to exercise
episcopal ordinary jurisdiction, professing at
the same time that ' what defect might be
in his own power he would supplicate his
holiness to make good from the plenitude of
his own.' The appointment of this chapter
occasioned many warm debates between the
secular and the regular clergy. Bishop was
consecrated at Paris on 4 June 1623, and he
landed at Dover on 31 July. The summer
he spent in administering the sacrament of
confirmation to the catholics in and near
London. He passed most of the winter in
retirement, intending to visit the more re-
mote parts of the kingdom in the spring,

YOL. V.

but falling sick at the residence of Sir Basil
Brook, at Bishop's-court near London, he
died on 13 April 1624. Wood is mistaken in
supposing that Bishop was in his latter days
a member of the order of St. Benedict.

His works are : 1. ( Reformation of a Ca-
tholic deformed by Will. Perkins,' 2 parts,
1604-7, 4to. 2. ' A Reproofe of M. Doct,
1 Abbot's Defence of the Catholike Deformed
by M.W. Perkins. Wherein his sundry abuses
of Gods sacred word, and most manifold
mangling, misaplying, and falsifying the
auncient Fathers sentences, be so plainely
• discouered, euen to the eye of euery indif-
ferent reader, that whosouer hath any due
care of his owne saluation, can neuer here-
| after giue him more credit, in matter of faith
| and religion,' 2 parts, Loud. 1608, 4to. 3. 'Dis-
proof of Dr. R. Abbots counter-proof against
i Dr. Bishops reproof of the defence of Mr.
Perkins' reform. Cath./ Paris 1614, 4to,
i part i. 4. ' Defence of the King's honour
i and his title to the Kingdom of England.'
5. Several pieces concerning the archpriest's
| jurisdiction. 6. Preface to John Pits's book,
j <De illustribus Angliae Scriptoribus,' Paris,
1619. 7. ' An Account of the Faction and
Disturbances in the Castle of Wisbech, oc-
casioned by Father Weston, a Jesuit/ MS.

In the second part of Thomas Scot's * Vox
Populi, or Newes from Spayne ' (1624), there
is a curious picture of Bishop presiding at
a meeting of the ' lesuits and prists : as they
vse to sitt at Counsell in England to further
ye Catholicke Cause.'

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 356, 862 ;
Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 361, iii. 58, and Tierney's
edit. iv. 137, App. 269 et seq. v. 92, App. 246 ;
Husenbeth's Notices of English Colleges, 18;
Douay Diaries ; Berington's Memoirs of Pan-
zani ; Ullathorne's Hist, of the Restoration of
the Catholic Hierarchy, 12 ; Flanagan's Hist, of
the Church in England, ii. 290, 306-308 ; Pits,
De illustr. Angl. Script. 810 ; Weldon's Chrono-
logical Notes, 129, 130, 193; Cal. of State
Papers, Dom. 1611-18, p. 28, Dom. Addend.
1580-1625, p. 296, 312, 411, 412, 414; MS.
Burney 368, f. 100, 1006; Butler's Hist. Me-
moirs, ii. 269 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England
(1824), ii. 77; Fuller's Worthies, ed. Nichols,
i. 417.] T. C.

BISLEY, GEORGE (d. 1591), catholic

missioner. [See BEESLEY.]

BISSAIT or BISSET, BALDRED (Jl.
1303), a native of the county of Stirling,
became rector of Kinghorn, in the diocese of
St. Andrews. When in 1300 and 1301 a dis-
cussion arose between the pope Boniface VIII,
King Edward of England, and the Scottish
government, with regard to the independence

H

Bisse

98

Bisse

of Scotland, Bisset was appointed one of the
commissioners to the pope to represent the
claims of Scotland. These commissioners were
provided with ' instructions ' on which to base
their arguments, and from these instructions
Bisset composed 'Progressus contra figmenta
regis Angliae.' Both are printed in the ' Sco-
tichronicon.' It is in the ' Progressus ' that
we have the first mention of the coronation-
stone of Scotland, which Bisset states Scot a,
daughter of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, brought !
to Scotland with her. W. F. Skene is of
opinion that ' we owe the legend entirely to '
the patriotic ingenuity of Baldred Bisset.'
Another writing of Bisset is also printed in
the ' Scotichronicon : ' i Lamentatio pro rege
S. Davidis.' He is also said to have written
'Contra Ecclesiam Anglicanam,' 'Pro Pri- I
vilegiis Ecclesiae Scoticanae,' and 'Defensio !
Ecclesiae Catholicse.'

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 102 ; Skene's Chroni- |
cles of the Picts and Scots (1867), pp. Ixi, Ixx, !
271-84 ; Skene's Coronation Stone (1869), pp. 19- i
21 ; Skene's edition of Johannis deFordun Chro- (
nica in Historians of Scotland, i. pp. xxxv, 332, \
ii. 325, 394.] T. F. H.

BISSE,PHILIP,D.D.(1667-1721),bishop
of St. David's and of Hereford, was a native
of Oldbury in Gloucestershire — * a sacerdotum
stemmate per quinque successiones deducto '
— and received his education at Winchester
School, whence he was sent to New College,
Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship (B. A.
1690, M.A. 1693, B.D. and D.D. 1705). On
13 Feb. 1705-6 he was elected a fellow of the
Royal Society. He was consecrated bishop
of St. David's 19 Nov. 1710, and was trans-
lated to the see of Hereford 16 Feb. 1712-3.
He died at Westminster 6 Sept. 1721, in the
fifty-fifth year of his age, and was buried in
his cathedral between two pillars above the
episcopal throne, under a very sumptuous
monument of fine marble. Dr. Bisse was |
' a person most universally lamented, being '
of great sanctity and sweetness of manners ;
of clear honour, integrity, and steadiness in
all times to the constitution in church and
state : of excellent parts, judgment, and
penetration, in most kinds of learning, and of
equal discernment and temper in business ;
a great benefactor to his cathedral church,
and especially to his palace, which last he
in a manner rebuilt ' (BoYER, Political State
of Great JBritain, xxii. 329). Noble states
that Bisse was more indebted to his fine
person than his fine preaching for prefer-
ment, and refers to a report that the Duchess
Dowager of Northumberland gave him her
hand because she had by mistake received
the pressure of his lips in the dark in a

kiss intended for her waiting gentlewoman
( Continuation of Granger, ii. 100). In reality
Bisse married in 1706 Bridget, third daughter
of Thomas Osborne,duke of Leeds, and widow
of Charles Fitz-Charles, earl of Plymouth
(LuTTRELL, Relation of State Affairs, vi. 76).
The bishop published several of his sermons.
One was preached before the House of Com-
mons 15 March 1709-10, being the day ap-
pointed for a general fast, and another was
delivered before the House of Peers 29 May
1711, being the day of public thanksgiving
to Almighty God for having put an end to
the great rebellion. There is a portrait of
him engraved by Vertue from a painting
by Thomas Hill. Another portrait of him
will be found in the Oxford Almanac for
1738.

[Godwin, De Prsesulibus (Richardson), 498 ;
Browne Willis's Survey of the Cathedrals, ii. 530-
532 ; Thomson's Hist, of the Royal Soc. Append,
p. xxxt ; Addit. MSS. 6693, p. 163, 22136, f. 8 ;
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Historical Re-
gister (1721), Chronological Diary, 36 ; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. i. 120, 703, vi. 225, viii. 391 ; Lut-
trell's Relation of State Affairs, vi. 76, 548, 558,
643; Manby's Hist, of St. David's, 167; Jones
and Freeman's Hist, of St. David's, 334 ; Notes
and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 53. 54 ; Cat. of Oxford
Graduates (1851), 62 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy),
i. 304, 473 ; Cooke's Contin. of Duncumb's Here-
fordshire, iii. 223, 224; Britton's Cathedral
Church of Hereford, 33, 61, 71.] ;T. C.

BISSE, THOMAS, D.D. (d. 1731), divine,
was a younger brother of Dr. Philip Bisse,
bishop of Hereford. He was educated at
Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he gra-
duated B.A. in 1695, M.A. in 1698, B.D. in
1708, and D.D. in 1712. In 1715 he was
chosen preacher at the Rolls Chapel, London,
and in the following year, on the deprivation
of John Harvey, M.A., a nonjuror, he was
collated to the chancellorship of Hereford on
the presentation of his brother the bishop.
He was made prebendary of Colwall in the
church of Hereford in 1731, and he also held
the rectories of Cradley and Weston in Here-
fordshire. His death "occurred on 22 April
1731. He was a frequent and an eloquent
preacher, and several of his occasional ser-
mons were published. Those of most per-
manent reputation are: 1. <The Beauty of
Holiness in the Common Prayer, as set forth
in four sermons preached at the Rolls Chapel,'
London, 1716, 8vo. 2. ' A Rationale on Ca-
thedral Worship or Choir-Service,' 1720 ; this
and the preceding work have been frequently
reprinted. A new edition of them in one
volume appeared at Cambridge in 1842.
3. 'Decency and Order in Public Worship
recommended, in three discourses preached

Bisset

99

Bisset

in the cathedral church of Hereford/ 1723.
4. ' A Course of Sermons on the Lord's
Prayer, preach'd at the Rolls' [Oxford? 1740],
8vo ; edited from the author's manuscripts
by his relative Thomas Bisse, M.A., chaplain
of All Souls College, Oxford. He was also
the author of ' Microscopium,' a Latin poem,
printed in l Musarum Anglican arum Ana-
lecta' (London, 1721), i. 200-79.

There is a portrait of him, engraved by
Vertue from a painting by T. Hill.

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 120, 130, 139, 186,
193, 236, 328, 385, 392 ; Noble's Continuation of
Granger, iii. 100; Gent. Mag. i. 1J4 ; Cat. of
Oxford Graduates (1851), 62 ; Le Neve's Fasti
(Hardy), i. 493, 499.] T. C.

BISSET, CHARLES, M.D. (1717-1791), i
physician and military engineer, was son !
of a lawyer of that name of some local repute
for his attainments in Latin and in Scots law,
and was born at Glenalbert, near Dunkeld,
Perthshire, in 1717. He studied medicine
at Edinburgh, and in 1740 was appointed
second surgeon of the military hospital, |
Jamaica, lie afterwards served on board
Admiral Vernon's fleet, by some accounts as
a naval surgeon, and by others as surgeon of
one of the marine regiments subsequently j
disbanded. After spending five years in the !
West Indies and America he returned home
in ill-health in 1745. In May 1746 he ob- j
tained an ensigncy in the 42nd Highlanders,
then commanded by Lord John Murray, with l
which corps he served in the unsuccessful j
descent on the French coast near L'Orient '•
in September the same year. After wintering j
with his regiment at Limerick, he accom-
panied it to the Low Countries, where it was
first engaged at Sandberg, near Hulst, in
Dutch Flanders, in April 1747. A military :
sketch of this affair, and another of the de-
fences of Bergen-op-Zoom, drawn by him,
having been submitted by Lord John Murray
to the Duke of Cumberland, Bisset was
ordered to the latter fortress to prepare re- ;
ports of the progress of the siege. For his |
brave and skilful performance of this duty ;
he was recommended by the Duke of Cum- j
berland for the post of engineer-extraordinary j
in the brigade of engineers attached to the
army, in which capacity he served with credit
during the remainder of the war. At the
peace of 1748 the engineer brigade was !
broken up, and Bisset was placed on half-
pay as a lieutenant of the reduced additional
companies of Lord John Murray's High- '
landers, under which heading his name ap- !
peared in the annual army lists up to his !
death. After travelling in France he pub-
lished his ; Theory and Construction of For-

tifications,' with plans, 4to (London, 1751).
! He subsequently reverted to the medical
profession, and went into practice at the
village of Skelton, near Cleveland, York-
shire, where he continued during the rest
of his life. When war threatened in 1755,
he published his ' Treatise on Scurvy, with
remarks on Scorbutic Ulcers,' 8vo (dedicated
I to the lords of the admiralty) ; and in 1762
he brought out < An Essay on the Medical
Constitution of Great Britain, to which is
added Observations on the Weather and the
Diseases which appeared during the period
from 1st January 1758 to the summer solstice
of 1760. Together with an account of the
Throat Distemper and Miliary Fever which
were epidemic in 1760 ' (London, 8vo). This
work, to which was also appended a paper
on the properties of bearsfoot (hellebore)
as a vermifuge, was translated into German
by J. G. Moeller (Breslau, 1779). In 1766
the university of St. Andrews conferred on
Bisset the degree of doctor of medicine, and
the same year he published * Medical Essays
and Observations' (Newcastle-on-Tyrie, 8vo),
of which a German translation by Moeller
was published in 1781, and an Italian one
about 1790. Bisset wrote several minor
works on medical subjects, and is stated to
have likewise published a small treatise on
naval tactics and some political essays. A
manuscript treatise by him on ' Permanent
and Temporary Fortifications and the Attack
and Defence of Temporary Defensive Works,'
which is dedicated to George, prince of
Wales, and dated 1778, is preserved in the
British Museum (Add. MS. 19695). Bisset
presented to the Leeds Infirmary a manu-
script of observations for his ' Medical Con-
stitution of Great Britain,' extending over
700 pages, all traces of which are now lost
(information supplied by Leeds Philosophical
Society). A copy of Cullen's ' First Lines
of Practice of Physic,' with numerous manu-
script notes by him, is preserved in the
library of the London Medical Society. An
interesting medical correspondence between
Drs. Bisset and Lettsom is published in
Pettigrew's ' Memoirs and Correspondence
of Dr. Lettsom.' Bisset, who is described
as thin in person and of weakly habit, had
a very extensive country practice in which
he amassed an ample fortune. He died at
Knayton, near Thirsk, on 14 June 1791, in
his seventy-fifth year.

[Gent. Mag. Ixi. i. p. 598, ii. p. 965 (par-
ticulars stated to be taken from memoranda
in possession of Mrs. Bisset 1 ; Cannon's Hist.
Record 42nd Highlanders ; Watts's Cat. Printed
Books; Rose's Biog. Diet. vol. iv. ; Brit. Mtis.
Cat.] H. M. C.

H 2

Bisset

100

Bisset

BISSET, JAMES (1762 P-1832), artist, he pleased ; and by paying for the engraving-
publisher, and writer of verse, was born in it has enabled the author to lay a magnificent
the city of Perth about 1762. He received work before the public for only five shillings,
his early education at a dame's school, where which otherwise would cost nearly fifty.' A
the fee for him and his sister together was a second edition of the Directory appeared in
penny a week, with ' a peat for firing every 1808, with several additional plates, but
Monday morning during winter.' His love without ' The Poetic Survey.' In 1804 he
of art and literature received its first impulse published ' Critical Essays on the Dramatic
from the perusal of several copies of the Essays of the Young Roscius.' In 1813 he
* Gentleman's Magazine ' and some old books removed to Leamington, where he had opened
with prints, the whole being purchased in a museum, newsroom, and picture gallery in
early childhood at an old bookstall for a the preceding year. A ' Picturesque Guide
dollar given him by General Elliot, then on to Leamington,' enlivened by stray scraps
a visit to Perth. From his ninth year he ! of verse, was published by him in 1814 ;
began regularly to take in the magazine by ' Variorum, or Momentary and Miscellaneous

the help of pocket-money supplied by an in-
dulgent uncle. At the age of fifteen he
became an artist's apprentice at Birmingham.
In the ' Birmingham Directory ' of 1785 his
name appears as miniature painter, New-
market, and in that of 1797 as fancy painter,

Effusions,' 1823 ; and ' Comic Strictures on
Birmingham's Fine Arts and Conversaziones,
by an Old Townsman/ 1829. His verses
also appeared occasionally in the 'Gentle-
man's Magazine.' He boasted that he had
sold over 100,000 of his different works, and

New Street. In the latter premises he esta- that many had reached the fifteenth andsix-
blished a museum and shop for the sale of i teenth editions. He died on 17 Aug. 1832,

curiosities. He was also a coiner of medals,
and was permitted to use the designation
' medallist to his majesty.' On the title-page
of one of his books he advertises medallions
of their majesties and of several leading
statesmen, and a medal commemorating the
death and victory of Nelson. He had great
facility in composing amusing and grandilo-
quent verses on the topics of the day so as
to hit the popular fancy, and, while he ob-
tained a considerable profit from their sale,

and was buried at Leamington, where a
monument was erected by his friends to his
memory. By his enterprise and public spirit
he secured himself an honourable place in
the annals both of Birmingham and Leaming-
ton. Widely known from his superficial ec-
centricities, lie won general esteem by his ami-
ability and good humour, while his social gifts
rendered him highly popular among his own
friends. In Birmingham he belonged to the
Minerva Club, consisting of twelve members,

they served to attract customers to his ' mu- nicknamed ' The Apostles.' whose meetings
seum ' and to advertise his medals. Among j at the Leicester Arms to discuss political
his earlier volumes of verse were 'The Orphan j subjects may be regarded as the small begin-
Boy,' ' Flights of Fancy,' ' Theatrum Oceani,' j nings of the political gatherings for which
' Songs of Peace,' 1802, and * The Patriotic Birmingham is now so famous. A picture
Clarion, or Britain's Call to Glory, original j of the members was painted by Eckstein, a
Songs written on the threatened Invasion,' | Prussian artist, to which Bisset, as the oldest
1803. The last was dedicated by permission j surviving member, fell heir. Bisset's collec-
to the Duke of York, and the presentation j tion of pictures, which included several
copy to George III with Bisset's inscription j celebrated paintings, as well as some pieces
is in the British Museum. The work, how- | by himself, were sold by auction after his
ever, by which he will be longest remembered,
and one quite unique in its kind, is his 'Poetic
Survey round Birmingham, with a Brief
Description of the different Curiosities and
Manufactures of the place, accompanied with
a magnificent Directory, with the names and
professions, &c. superbly engraved in em-
blematic plates,' 1800. From the preface we

learn that the charge for engraving single ad- Adamson, his wife. He was born 20 April
dresses in a general plate in the Directory was | 1795 in the parish of Udny in Aberdeenshire,
ten shillings and sixpence, and for half a plate where his father was parish schoolmaster and
ten guineas, and that various designs were head master of a private academy and board-

death.

[Gent. Mag. cii. pt. ii. pp. 648-50; Langford's
Century of Birmingham Life, ii. 118-22 ; Dent's-
Old and New Birmingham, pp. 212-13, 289-92.]

T. F. H.

BISSET, JAMES, D.D. (1795-1872),
scholar, was son of George Bisset and Mary

inserted at one and two guineas each. ' Thus,'
it is added with amusing naivete, ' every gen-
tleman had an opportunity of having his ad-
dress inserted in the work at whatever price

ing-school. James was the second son of
a numerous family, one of whom became
vicar of Pontefract, another incumbent of
Upholland in Wigan, and a third attainect

Bisset

101

Bisset

the rank of colonel in the East India Com-
pany's service. He was well trained by his
father, and then proceeded to Marischal
College and University, Aberdeen. At the
early age of seventeen, in consequence of the
death of his father, he was obliged to as-
sume all the responsibilities of school teach- !
ing, and of educating his younger brothers
and sisters. Like his father he developed
remarkable teaching ability, and his private
school became celebrated. Many of the local
gentry were educated by him, and not a few
of his pupils became men of mark, among
them being Sir James Outram and Canon \
Robertson, the ecclesiastical historian. He '
was aided by very able assistants ; Dr. James
Melvin, afterwards rector of Aberdeen Gram-
mar School, and Dr. Adam Thorn, sometime
recorder of Hudson's Bay Company, were both j
members of his staff. He qualified himself
for the ministry of the church of Scotland,
studying divinity at Aberdeen and Edinburgh.
In 1826 he became minister of the small parish
of Bourtrie, Aberdeenshire. The duties of his
limited parochial charge left him leisure to
continue his philological studies, as well !
as to educate his children. He was twice
married : (1 ) in 1829 to Mary Bannerman,
eldest daughter of Rev. Robert Sessel of In-
verurie ; (2) in 1840 to Elizabeth Sinclair,
daughter of Rev. William Smith of Bowes, i
He had issue by both. In 1851 the degree ;
of D.D. was conferred upon him by the uni- •
versity of Aberdeen.

Bisset became an ardent politician on |
what was designated the ' constitutional j
side/ and ecclesiastically was a prominent i
figure in the prolonged conflict within and j
without the church courts which terminated '•
in the founding of the free church of Scot-
land. Bisset did not support the secession
headed by Chalmers and Candlish and Guth-
rie. In 1862 he was chosen moderator of the
general assembly of the church of Scotland, j
His repute as a scholar was unsustained by i
any publication of permanent value. He I
died on 8 Sept. 1872.

[Obituary notices ; letters from son and son-in- j
law and other members of the family.] A. B. Gr.

BISSET, SIB JOHN (1777-1854), com- |
inissary-general, served in the commissariat
at home from 1795 to 1800, in Germany from
May 1800 to June 1802, at home from 1802
to 1806, in South America in 1806-7, and at
the Scheldt in 1809. He was appointed com-
missary-general in Spain in 1811, and had
charge of the commissariat of the Duke of
Wellington's army at one of the most impor-
tant periods of the Peninsular war, before
and after the battle of Salamanca. Bisset,

who was made a knight-bachelor and knight-
commander of the Guelphic order in 1830,
was the author of a small work entitled
'Memoranda regarding the Duties of the
Commissariat on Field Service abroad'
(London, 1846). He was made K.C.B. in
1850. He died at Perth, N.B., on 3 April
1854.

[War Office Kecords; Eeport Select Comm. on
Army and Ordnance Expenditure (Commissariat),
1850 ; Perth Advertiser, April 1854.]

H. M. C.

BISSET, BISSAT, orBISSART, PETER

(d. 1508), professor of canon law in the uni-
versity of Bologna, Italy, was a native of
the county of Fife, and a descendant by a
previous marriage of Sir Thomas Bisset, who
after his marriage with the Countess Isabel,
daughter and heiress of Duncan MacDuff,
earl of Fife, received a charter from David II
granting him the earldom, but left no issue
by her. After completing his studies in
grammar and philosophy at the university of
St. Andrews, Bisset attended the classes of
law at the university of Paris. Proceeding
to Italy he received the degree of LL.D. from
the university of Bologna, where he after-
wards became professor of civil law. Tanner
(Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica, 102), on
the authority of Dempster (Historia JEccle-
siastica Gentis Scotorum, ii. 95), states that
he flourished in 1401, a palpable error. He
assigns to him, also on the authority of
Dempster, ' De Irregularitate liber unus,' and
'Lectiones Seriales liber unus,' and to a
Petrus Bizarrus, who flourished in 1565,
' Orationes aliquot et poemata.' This Petrus
Bizarrus he conjectures to have been possibly
identical with Pietro Bizari [q.v.], called also
Petrus Perusinus, but in reality Bizarrus here
is a misspelt form of jBissartus, and Peter
Bisset, the author of ' De Irregularitate,' is
identical with the author of ' Orationes aliquot
et Poemata.' Both works were included in
the volume entitled ' Patricii Bissarti Opera
omnia, viz. Poemata, Orationes, Lectiones
Seriales, et Liber de Irregularitate,' published
at Venice in 1565. Bisset died in the latter
part of 1568.

[Dempster's HistoriaEcclesiastica Gentis Sco-
torum, ii. 95; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 102; Mac-
kenzie's Lives of Scottish Writers, iii. 99, 101 ;
Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen, i.
129 • Notes and Queries, 5th series, vi. 389-90.]

T. F. H.

BISSET, ROBERT, LL.D. (1759-1805),
biographer and historian, born in 1759, was
master of an academy in Sloane Street,
Chelsea. He published, in 1796, a ' Sketch

Bisset

102

Bisset

of Democracy/ 8vo, the aim of which was
to show, by a surrey of the democratic states
of ancient times, that democracy is a vicious
form of government. His next work was a
* Life of Edmund Burke, comprehending an
impartial account of his Literary and Poeti-
cal Efforts, and a Sketch of the Conduct and
Character of his most eminent. Associates,
Coadjutors, and Opponents,' 1798, 8vo. In
1800 he published a novel, entitled ' Douglas,
or the Highlander,' 4 vols. 12mo. Another
novel, entitled ' Modern Literature,' 3 vols,
12ino, appeared in 1804 ; and in the same year
he published his ' History of George III to
the Termination of the* late War/ in six
volumes, 8vo. He died in 1805, and his
death is said to have been caused by ' chagrin
under embarrassed circumstances.' An edi-
tion of the ' Spectator/ in eight volumes, was
edited by Bisset in 1796. Two anonymous
tracts in the librarv of the British Museum,
(1) ' A Defence of the Slave Trade/ 1804,
8vo, (2) ' Essays on the Negro Slave Trade/
8vo (1805 ?), are attributed, in manuscript
notes on the title-pages, to Bisset.

[Gent. Mag. Ixxr. 494 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit]

A. H. B.

BISSET, WILLIAM (d. 1747), clergy-
man and pamphleteer, was a native of
Middlesex. His father was, he says, a
royalist, but was not rewarded for his de-
votion to the crown. After passing some
years as a scholar of Westminster, he went in
1687 to Trinity College, Cambridge, where
he took his B.A. degree in 1690. Having
taken orders, he was for some time in
charge of the parish of Iver. While there
he married a wife who brought him some
money. On this he set up a coach, which
gave his enemies occasion to make many
sneers at his foolish ostentation in the
pamphlet war he afterwards engaged in.
He defended himself by declaring that he
bought this < leathern conveniency ' in order
to enable himself to fulfil an engagement to
preach three times a week in a neighbouring
parish. During this period of his life he
appears to have been industrious in his
clerical work. He became rector of Whiston
in 1697. Having been elected elder brother
of St. Catherine's Collegiate Church in 1699,
he resided much in London, leaving his wife
and children at Whiston. As a low church-
man and a whig he was much offended at Dr.
SacheverelPs sermon at St. Paul's on 5 Nov.
1709, and at once preached and published a
reply to it. He followed up this attack by
a pamphlet entitled ' The Modern Fanatick/
which appeared in 1710. This pamphlet
called forth many replies, and among them

one by Dr. W. King. A second part of t The
Modern Fanatick ' appeared in Feb. 1711, and
a third in May 1714. Cole, in his manuscript
' Athense Cantabrigienses/ says that he was
1 almost a madman : ' the character of the
pamphlets put forth by both sides in this
controversy is little proof of the sanity of
any of the parties concerned in it. Bisset
was the champion of an unpopular cause.
He fought with courage, and bad as his
weapons were, they were of much the same
kind as those used against him. There is
no reason to doubt the truth of his assertion
that he was constantly mobbed and insulted,
especially by Sacheverell's * female prose-
lytes.' He also declares that his life was
attempted three times. He deserves credit
for having raised an indignant protest
against the cruel floggings then often in-
flicted on soldiers. A revolting and probably
exaggerated account of the flogging of a man
and his wife is given in the collective edition
of the i Fanatick ' tracts. He was made chap-
lain to Queen Caroline. He died 7 Nov.
1747 ( Gent. Mag.} He published : 1. ' Verses
on the Revolution/ 1689, in poems of Cam-
bridge scholars. 2. ' Plain English, a Sermon
i for the Reformation of Manners/ 8vo, 1704r
which reached a sixth edition. 3. l More
Plain English, two more Sermons for/ &c.,
1704. 4. ' Remarks on Dr. Sacheverell's
Sermon at St. Paul's/ 4to, 1709. 5. < Fair
Warning, or a Taste of French Government
at Home/ 1710. 6. < The Modern Fanatick,
with a Large and True Account of the Life,

Actions, Endowments, &c., of Dr. S l,r

8vo, 1710. 7. ' The Modern Fanatick, pt. ii.,
containing what is Necessary to clear all
Matters of Fact, &c., with a Postscript/
1711. 8. 'The Modern Fanatick, pt, iii.,
being a further Account of the famous
Doctor and his Brother of like renown, with
a Postscript/ 1714. In the collective edition
of these pamphlets part i. is stated to be the
eleventh edition : it is a reprint, witn the
correction of a few typographical errors,
from the first edition ; it was reprinted as a
twelfth edition in 1715. 9. ' A Funeral Ser-
mon on Mrs. Catesby/ 1727. 10. 'Verses
composed for the Birthday of Queen Caro-
line/ fol., 1728.

[The Modern Fanatick, 1710-14 ; Vindication
of the Rev. Dr. H. S. from the False, &c. ;
Cole's Athense, B. 145 ; Addit. MSS. ; Welch's-
Alumni Westmon. 209 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd.
i. 32.] W. H.

BISSET, WILLIAM, D.D. (1758-1834),
Irish bishop, was a member of the ancient
family of Bisset of Lessendrum, Drumblade,

Bisset

103

Bizari

near Huntly, in Aberdeenshire. His father |
was the Rev. Alexander Bisset, D.D., chan-
cellor of Armagh, who died in 1782. Wil-
liam Bisset. who was born 27 Oct. 1758, was,
like his father, educated at Westminster,
where he was admitted a king's scholar in
1771, and at Christ Church, Oxford, to which ;
he was elected a scholar in 1775, and where I
he took his degree of B.A. 4 Nov. 1779, !
and proceeded M.A. 7 Feb. 1782 (Cat. Oxford \
Graduates}. He was presented in 1784 to
the rectory of Dunbin, in the county of Louth,
which he resigned upon his collation, 31 Jan.
1791, to the prebend of Loughgall; or Leval-
leaglish, in the cathedral church of Armagh.
In 1794 he became rector of Clonmore, and
in 1804 was collated, 29 Sept., to the arch-
deaconry of Ross, in what had been, since
1583, the united episcopate of Cork, Cloyne,
and Ross. In 1807 he resigned his prebendal
stall of Loughgall in order to become rector
of Donoghmore, and was appointed, 1812, to
the rectory of Loughgilly. All his prefer-
ments, with the exception of the archdeaconry
of Ross, were within the diocese of Armagh.
A few years afterwards he was appointed to
the chancellorship of Armagh, to which he
was collated on 23 August 1817, thus suc-
ceeding his father after an interval of twenty-
five years. As his final preferment, Bisset
was promoted by the Marquis of Wellesley,
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1821-1828, to the
bishopric of Raphoe. His patent was dated
5 June 1822. He administered the affairs of
the diocese with general approval. On the
death of Dr. Magee, archbishop of Dublin,
19 Aug. 1831, Bisset was pressed to be-
come his successor, but he declined on the
ground of increasing infirmities. He built
several churches in his diocese, and expended
a considerable sum of money on the improve-
ment of the palace at Raphoe ; and when the
parliamentary grant was withdrawn from the j
Association for discountenancing Vice, his |
lordship supplied the loss. Bisset died
5 Sept. 1834, whilst on a visit to his nephew
at Lessendrum. His clergy erected to his
memory a monument in the cathedral, with
an inscription by W. Archer Butler. At his
death the see of Raphoe became annexed to !
that of Derry. The authorship of a l Life of \
Edmund Burke,' London, 1798, was errone- j
ously claimed for him, the real author being |
Robert Bisset, LL.D. [q. v.]

[Douglas's Baronage of Scotland, Edinburgh,
1798 ; New Statistical Account of Scotland,
vol. xii. Edinburgh, 1844; Cotton's Fasti Eccle-
sise Hibernicse ; Cork Evening Herald, quoted in
the Record, 15 Sept. 1834 ; Dublin Evening Mail,
quoted in the St. James's Chronicle, 16 Sept.
1834.] A. H. G.

BIX, ANGEL (d. 1695), Franciscan friar,
after filling the office of confessor to the Poor
Clares at Aire, and to the community at
Princenhoft', Bruges, was sent to England, and
became chaplain to the Spanish ambassador
in London in the reign of James II. He died
early in 1695 whilst guardian of his order at
York. Bix preached ' A Sermon on the Pas-
sion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.
Preach'd before her majesty the queen-dow-
ager in her chapel at Somerset House, upon
Good Friday, 13 April 1688 ; ' published by
royal authority, London, 1688, 4to, and re-
printed in * A Select Collection of Catholick
Sermons,' 2 vols., London, 1741. -

[Dodd's Church Hist. In. 491; Oliver's Hist,
of the Catholic Religion in Cornwall, 545 ; Oat.
of the Grenville Library ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man.,
ed. Bohn, 2243.] T. C.

BIZARI, PIETRO (1530 P-1586 ?), an
Italian historian and poet, long resident in
England, was born at Sassoferrato in Umbria,
or, according to some writers, at Perugia,
whence he is sometimes called PETRTJS PE-
RUSINUS. When young he went to Venice,
but having adopted the reformed faith he
left that city for England. He describes
himself as l an exile from Italy, his native
country, by reason of his confession of the
doctrine of the gospel' (Original Letters
relative to the English Reformation, ed. Ro-
binson [Parker Soc.], 339). He was patro-
nised by the Earl of Bedford, and on 4 July
1549 was admitted a fellow of St. John's
College, Cambridge, by the royal commis-
sioners for the visitation of the university,
being incorporated there in the same degree
which he had taken ' in partibus transmarinis '
(BAKER, Hist, of St. Johns College, ed. Mayor,
i. 285 n). It does not appear how he dis-
posed of himself during the reign of Queen
Mary. If he left England he returned in
the reign of Elizabeth, for in 1567 Bishop
Jewel, at the instance of Archbishop Parker,
gave him the prebend of Alton Pancras in
the church of Sarum, worth 20/. a year
(STRYPE, Life ofAbp. Parker, 255 fol.) Fail-
ing in his expectations of receiving church
preferment in this country, he obtained, in
1570, a license from secretary Cecil to go
abroad, partly for the purpose of printing his
own works, and partly to collect news of
foreign affairs for the English government.
He passed some time at Genoa, though at
what precise period it is difficult to deter-
mine, for he appears to have led a very mi-
gratory life on the continent, and the various
statements which have been made respecting
his place of abode cannot be easily reconciled
with one another. Passing to Germany he.

Bizari

104

Bizari

obtained, through the influence of the cele-
brated Hubert Languet, some employment
from the elector of Saxony. On 20 Oct.
1573 he addressed from Augsburg a letter
in Italian to Lord Burghley, containing seve-
ral items of intelligence, chiefly relating to
affairs at Rome (MS. Cotton. Titus B. ii. f. 386).
Writing to Sir Philip Sidney from Vienna
on 19 Nov. 1573, Hubert Languet says : ' I
send you an epistle of Pietro Bizarro of
Perugia, that you may have before your eyes
his surpassing eloquence and make it your
model. You will now perceive how un-
wisely you English acted in not appreciating
all this excellence and not treating it with
the respect it deserves. You judged your-
selves unworthy of immortality, which he
surely would have bestowed on you by his
eloquence if you had known how to use the
fortunate opportunity of earning the good
will of such a man ' ( Correspondence of Sid-
ney and Languet, 2). Soon after this Bizari
went to Antwerp, where he formed an inti-
macy with the scholars who frequented the
house of Christopher Plantin (MS. Sloan.
2764, f. 44). A letter of Justus Lipsius in-
forms us that in 1581 Bizari, on passing
through Leyden, left with him the manu-
script of a 'Universal History' in eight
volumes, with a request that he would seek
for a publisher who would undertake to
bring it out at his own expense (BuRMANN",
Sylloge Epistolamm, i. 258, 259). Bizari
was at Antwerp in December 1583. On
23 Nov. 1586 he addressed a Latin letter
from the Hague to Lord Burghley, wherein
he gives a detailed and interesting account
of his literary labours, and alludes to certain
verses which he had lately printed (STRYPE,
Annals, iii. 448, fol.) Neither the place
nor the time of his death appears to be re-
corded.

His works are : 1. ' Yaria Opuscula,'
Venice (Aldus), 1565, 8vo. Dedicated to
Queen Elizabeth. This work is divided into
two parts. The first comprises declamations
in the manner of the ancient rhetoricians —
' De optimo principe,' ' De bello et pace,'
' Pro philosophia et eloquentia,' ' .'Emilii ac-
cusatio et defensio,' ' Pro L. Virginio contra
Ap. Claudium.' The second part consists
of poems, several of which are reprinted in
Gherus's < Delitiae 200 Italorum Poetarum,'
236, and in ' Carmina illust. Poetarum Ita-
licorum,' ii. 250. Wiffen, in his memoirs
of the house of Russell, has given English
metrical versions of two short poems ad--
dressed to members of that family. 2. ' His-
toria della guerra fatta in Ungheria dall'
inuittissimo Imperatore de' Christiani, contra
quello de' Turchi : con la Narratione di tutte

I quelle cose che sono auuenute in Europa,
I dall' anno 1564, insino all' anno 1568,' Lyons,
1568, 8vo, and, with a slightly different title,
\ 1569. A Latin translation by the author
himself was printed under the title of ' Pan-
i nonicum Bellum, sub Maximiliano II Rom.
et Solymano Turcarum Imperatoribus ges-
tum : cumque Arcis Sigethi expugnatione,
iam pridem magna cura et studio descriptum.
I Vna cum Epitome illarum rerum quae in
' Europa insigniores gestse sunt : et praesertim
de Belgaruin motibus, ab anno LXIIII us-
! que ad LXXIII,' Basle, 1573, 8vo. The first
treatise in this volume is included by Jacques
' Bongars in his ' Rerum Hungaricarum Scrip-
: tores varii,' Frankfort, 1600, and by Matthew
Bell in his reprint, Vienna, 1746. 3. ' Cyprium
j Bellum inter Venetos et Selymum, Turcarum
i imperatorem, gestum,' Basle, 1573, 8vo. A
I French translation appeared with this title :
* Histoire de la Guerre qui s'est passee entre
les Venitiens et la saincte Ligue centre les
i Turcs, pour 1'Isle de Cypre, es anii6es 1570,
I 1571, & 1572, mise en Francoys par F. de
Belleforest,' Paris, 1573, 8vo. 4. ' Seiiatus
! Populiq. Geneuensis Rerum domi, forisque,
I gestarum Histories atque Annales : cum lu-
I culenta variarum rerum cognitione dignissi-
marum, quse diversis temporibus, & potissi-
mum hac nostra ternpestate contigerunt,
enarratione,' Antwerp, 1579, fol. Graevius
has printed two pieces from this work in the
first volume of his 'Thesaurus Antiquitat.
Italicar.' 5. ' Rerum Persicarum historia,
initia gentis, resque gestas ad hsec usque
tempora complectens : accedunt varia opus-
cula diversorum scriptorum ad historiam
Persicam recentiorem spectantia,' Antwerp,
1583, fol.; Frankfort, 1601, fol. The Frank-
fort edition contains some opuscula not to
be found in the other. 6. Universal His-
tory. MS. in 8 vols. 7. ' De Principe trac-
tatus ; ad reginam Elizabethan!,' Royal
MS. in Brit. Mus. 12 A, 48. This differs
slightly from the printed treatise ' De op-
timo principe ' in the l Varia Opuscula.' The
dedication of the manuscript is dated 5 Dec.
1561. Bizari also brought out a new edition
of ' La Santa Comedia ' of Mario Cardoini,
Venice, 1566, 8vo.

[Lamb's Cambridge Documents, 119; Saxius,
Onomasticon Literarium, iii. 413, 414; Murdin's

i State Papers, 287 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 595 ;

I MS. Addit, 5864, f. 38 ; MS. Lansd. 50, art. 14 ;

1 Fabricius's Conspectus Thesauri Literarii Italiae,
82 ; Jacobillo's Bibliotheca Umbrise, i. 221 •
Biog. Universelle, Iviii. 315; Casley's Cat. of
MSS. in the King's Library, 198 ; David Clement's
Bibl. Curieuse, iv. 262-5 ; Bradford's Writings,
ed. Townsend (Parker Soc.), ii. p. xxi, 352, 353 ;
Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 8 ; Correspondence

Blaauw

I05

Black

of Sir P. Sidney and Languet, ed. Pears, 2, 46 ;
Index to Strype's Works ; Thomas's Hist. Notes,
i. 395.] T. C.

BLAAUW, WILLIAM HENRY (1793-
1870), antiquary, was born in London 25 May
1793. He was" educated at Eton and Christ
Church, Oxford, where, after taking a first
class in classics, he graduated B.A. in 1813,
and M.A. in 1815. He was elected a fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries in 1850 ; was
treasurer of the Camden Society for many
years, and member of many other learned
societies. Blaauw resided at Newick, near
Lewes, Sussex, and under his guidance the
Sussex Archaeological Society was founded
in 1846. He was the editor of the society's
collections till 1856, when the eighth volume
was issued, and was its honorary secretary
until 1867. He died 26 April 1870.

Blaauw's chief work was a history of the
"barons' war of Henry Ill's reign, which was
first published in 1844. It is a very care-
ful production, is especially valuable in its
topographical details, and forms the chief
modern authority on its subject. Its author
was engaged at the time of his death in pre-
paring a revised edition, and this was issued
under Mr. C. H. Pearson's editorship in 1871.
Between 1846 and 1861 Blaauw contributed
nearly thirty papers on Sussex archaeology to
the ' Sussex Archaeological Collections.' He
communicated a paper on Queen Matilda and
her daughter to the * Archaeologia' (xxxii. 108)
in 1846, and he exhibited many archaeologi-
cal treasures at meetings of the Society of
Antiquaries and of the Archaeological Insti-
tute in London. A portrait of Blaauw is
prefixed to vol. xxii. of the * Sussex Archaeo-
logical Collections.'

[Sussex Archaeological Collections, xxii. 9-11 ;
index to the first twenty-five volumes of the
Sussex Archaeological Collections, where a full
list of Blaauw's papers may be found.]

S. L. L.

BLACADER or BLACKADER, RO-
BERT (d. 1508), archbishop of Glasgow,
was the son of Sir Robert Blacader, of Tulli-
allan, by Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress
of Sir James Edmestone, of Edmestone. He
is first mentioned as a prebendary of Glas-

?ow and rector of Cardross. On 23 June
480 he sat among the lords of council as
bishop elect of Aberdeen. He was trans-
lated to the see of Glasgow previously to
February 1484. The see was erected into
an archbishopric 9 Jan. 1492. On account
of this a bitter rivalry ensued between him
and the archbishop of St. Andrews, and the
estates had to intervene to silence their quar-
rels. Archbishop Blacader was frequently

employed in the public transactions with the
English, especially in 1505. Along with the
Earl of Bothwell and Andrew Foreman, prior
of Pittenweem, he negotiated a marriage be-
tween King James IV and Margaret, eldest
daughter of Henry VII. In 1494 the arch-
bishop sent up thirty persons from the district
of Kyle, in Ayrshire, who had been convicted
of the Lollard heresy by the ecclesiastical ju-
dicatories, for punishment by the civil power ;
but nothing further was done in the matter.
He died 8 July 1508 (Regist. Episcop. Glasg.
ii. 616). According to Knox ( Works, i. 12)
and Bishop Lesley (Hist. ed. 1830, p. 78), the
latter of whom gives the date of his death as
26 July, he died in the Holy Land, during a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem. David Laing, in
' Proceedings of the Scottish Society of An-
tiquaries,' ii. 222, quotes extracts from the
contemporary diary of the Venetian, Maria
Sanuto, describing the reception by the doge
of Venice of the * rich Scottish bishop,' who
arrived there in May 1508 on his way to Je-
rusalem. This diary also states that the vessel
from Jaffa, in Palestine, returned to Venice
in November 1508, and that the ' rich bishop '
was one of the twenty-seven pilgrims who
died on the voyage.

[Keith's Scottish Bishops, ed. 1824, pp.
254-5 ; Gordon's Eccles. Chron. of Scotland, ii.
512-4; Knox's Works, ed. Laing, i. 7, 10, 12, vi.
663-4.] T. F. H.

BLACATER, ADAM (fi. 1319), was de-
scended from a family of good position in
Scotland, and after studying at several uni-
versities on the continent became successively
professor of philosophy at Cracow in Poland,
professor of the same subject at Bologna, and
rector of one of the colleges of the university
of Paris. He wrote ' Dissertatio pro Alex-
andro M. contra T. Livii locum ex decade i.
lib. ix.,' which was published at Lyons.

[Dempster's Hist. Eccles. Scot. Gent. (1627),
124 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 102 ; Mackenzie's
Scottish Writers, i. 420-2.]

BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874), politician
and publisher, was the son of a builder in
Edinburgh, and was born 20 Feb. 1784 in
Charles Street, a few doors from the birth-
place of Lord Jeffrey. He was educated at
the High School of Edinburgh, and during
one session attended the Greek class at the
university. After serving an apprenticeship
of five years to a bookseller in Edinburgh, he
went to London, where he was for two years
assistant in the house of Lackington, Allen,
& Co., the < Temple of the Muses,' Finsbury.
In 1808 he returned to Edinburgh, where,
after carrying on a bookselling business for

Black

1 06

Black

some years in his own name, he took his ne- j
phew into partnership, and established the i
house of Adam and Charles Black. On the
failure of Archibald Constable & Co. in 1827
the firm acquired the copyright of the ' Ency-
clopaedia Britannica,' the seventh and eighth j
editions of this important work being under- ;
taken while he was head of the firm. In 1851 j
they purchased from the representatives of !
Mr." Cadell, for 27,000/., the copyright of Sir
Walter Scott's "VVaverley novels and other
works, which they immediately began to I
issue in editions suited to all classes of the j
community with remarkable success.

Very soon after he settled in Edinburgh !
he began, at considerable risk to his business j
prospects, to take a prominent part in burgh 1
and general politics as a liberal politician. |
As a member of the Merchant Company, of i
which he was elected master in 1831, his |
energetic advocacy of a thoroughgoing mea- |
sure of burgh reform was of great assistance
in hastening the downfall of close corpora-
tions, and in regard to the Corporations and
Test Acts his procedure was equally uncom-
promising. Having become a member of the
first town council of Edinburgh after the
passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, he was
chosen treasurer of the city at the time of its
liquidation, and materially assisted in ar-
ranging its affairs. He was twice elected
lord provost, and on account of his successful
administration of the affairs of the city at this
critical period, 1843-8, received the offer of
knighthood, which he declined. In all pro-
minent public schemes connected with the
city he took an active interest, and on the
foundation of the well-known Philosophical
Institution in 1845 was elected its first presi-
dent. He was instrumental in introducing
Macaulay to the electors of Edinburgh, and,
when the latter was elevated to the peerage
in 1856, succeeded him as member for the
city, which he continued to represent till
1865. His practical shrewdness and straight-
forward honesty secured him the special con-
fidence of the leaders of the liberal party in
parliament, by whom he was much consulted
in matters relating to Scotland. He died in
Edinburgh, in his ninetieth year, 24 Jan. 1874.
By his wife, the sister of William Tait, of
' Tait's Magazine,' he left issue, and he was
succeeded by his sons in the business of A. & C.
Black. In recognition of his services to Edin-
burgh a bronze statue was in 1877 erected to
his memory in East Prince's Street Gardens.

[Scotsman, 26 Jan. 1874; Men of the Time,
8th ed. ; Crombie's Modern Athenians, ed. Scott
Douglas (1882), pp. 179-83; Trevelyan's Life of
Lord Macaulay ; Nicolson's Memoirs of Adam
Black (1885).] T. F. H.

BLACK, ALEXANDER, D.D. (1789-
1864), Scottish theologian, was born in
Aberdeen in 1789, where his father, John
Black, owned a few fields and carried on the
business of a gardener. He was educated at
t&<e grammar school and Marischal College,
arid after studying medicine devoted himself
to preparation for the ministry. His abili-
ties and application to study were so remark-
able that, when a vacancy occurred in the
chair of divinity in King's College, Aber-
deen, he offered himself as a candidate, and
went through the examinations prescribed
to the applicants. His fellow-candidates
were the late Dr. Mearns, then minister of
Tarves, who was successful, and the late Dr.
Love, of Glasgow. Young Black, though
unsuccessful, attracted the attention of the
Earl of Aberdeen, who on the promotion of
Dr. Mearns to the chair presented him to the
parish of Tarves, and there Black was or-
dained in 1818. From Tarves Black was
transferred to Aberdeen in 1832 as professor
of divinity in Marischal College. His great
powers as a linguist and his very large and
particular acquaintance with rabbinical lite-
rature caused him to be selected in 1839 by a
committee of the general assembly, along
with the Rev. Dr. Keith, St. Cyrus, Rev.
R. M. McCheyne, Dundee, and Rev. A. A.
Bonar, Collace, to go to the East to make
inquiries as to the expediency of beginning
a mission to the Jews. After a good many
difficulties and trials Black and his brethren
returned to Scotland, and an interesting
report of their mission was presented to the
general assembly. At the disruption in
1843, joining the Free church, he gave up his
chair at Aberdeen and removed to Edin-
burgh, where he was connected with the
New College. Referring to the linguistic
powers of Black and his colleague, Dr. John
Duncan (Colloquia Peripateticcf), Dr. Guthrie
used to say that ' they could speak their way
to the wall of China ; ' yet no corresponding
products of their learning were given to the
public. Black published a ' Letter on the
Exegetical Study of the Scriptures to the
Moderator of the General Assembly of the
Free Church.' He also contributed a dis-
course to the volume on the ' Inauguration
of the New College.' He died at Edinburgh
in January 1864.

[Keport of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews
in 1839, by Rev. A. A. Bonar ; Scott's Fasti ;
letter to the writer from Mr. Alexander Black,
son of the subject of this notice.] W. Gr. B.

BLACK, JAMES (1788 P-1867), physi-
cian, was born in Scotland about 1788. He
was admitted a licentiate of the Edinburgh

Black

107

Black

College of Surgeons in 1808, and then en-
tered the royal navy. At the end of the war
he retired on half-pay and began practice at
Newton Stewart, but shortly afterwards re-
moved to Bolton, where he resided until
1839. From that date to 1848 he practised
at Manchester, and again at Bolton until
1856. He eventually removed to Edinburgh,
where he died on 30 April 1867, aged 79.
Dr. Black was an M.D. of Glasgow, 1820 ;
a licentiate of the Royal College of Sur-
geons, 1823 ; and F.R.C.P., 1860. He was
for some time physician to the Bolton In-
firmary and Dispensary, and to the Man-
chester Union Hospital ; president of the
British Medical Association, 1842 ; and of
the Manchester Geological Society. His cqn-
tributions to medical literature include :
1. 'An Inquiry into the Capillary Circula-
tion of the Blood and the intimate Nature
of Inflammation,' London, 1825, 8vo. 2. 'A
Comparative View of the more intimate
Nature of Fever,' London, 1826, 8vo. 3. 'A
Manual of the Bowels and the Treatment of
their principal Disorders/ London, 1840,
12mo. 4. ' Retrospective Address in Medi-
cine,' 1842. 5. 'Observations and Instruc-
tions on Cold and Warm Bathing/ Man-
chester, 1846, 8vo. Dr. Black published
several papers on geological subjects, and
communicated to the Literary and Philo-
4sophical Society of Manchester '• Some Re-
marks on the Seteia and Belisama of Ptolemy,
and on the Roman Garrison of Mancunium '
(2nd edition, Edinburgh, 1856, 8vo). In 1837
he published a paper of 100 pages in the
' Transactions of the Provincial Medical and
Surgical Association/ entitled ' A Medico-
Topographical, Geological, and Statistical
Sketch of Bolton and its Neighbourhood.'
On the establishment of a free library in
Bolton, Dr. Black was chosen as a member
of the committee, and he published ' A few
"Words in aid of Literature and Science, on
the occasion of opening the Public Library,
Bolton/ 1853.

[Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physi-
cians, 1878, iii. 277 ; Brit. Med. Journal, 25 May

1867, p. 623 ; Whittle's Bolton-le-Moors, p. 372;
Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers, 1867,
i. 401 ; Proceedings of the Geological Society,

1868, p. xxxviii]. C. W. S.

BLACK, JOHN (1783-1855), journalist,
editor of the * Morning Chronicle/ was
born in a poor cottage on the farm called
Burnhouses, four miles north of Dunse in
Berwickshire. His father, Ebenezer Black,
had been a pedlar in Perthshire, of the stamp
of Wordsworth's hero in the ' Excursion.'
In the decline of life he accepted employ-

ment at Burnhouses, and married Janet Gray,
another worker on the farm. Four years
afterwards Janet was left a widow with one
daughter and a son, John, and before the
latter had reached his twelfth year mother
and sister died. The orphan was sheltered
and fed by his mother's brother, John Gray, a
labourer on the same farm, who sent him to
the parish school at Dunse, four miles off.
Black gained at Dunse a knowledge of Eng-
lish, Latin, and Greek. He became the friend
of James Gray, scholar, poet, and missionary,
of Adam Dickenson, of James Cleghorn, of
Jock M'Crie, brother of the biographer of
Knox, and others. At the age of thirteen
Black was articled by his uncle to Mr. Turn-
bull, a writer of Dunse, with whom he re-
mained four years. During this time he read
all the books of the subscription library in
the town, and formed a very creditable collec-
tion of his own. He accepted a well-paid
clerkship in the branch bank of the British
Linen Company, but was obliged to leave
the town on account of a practical joke
played upon one of the ' respectabilities.'

Black found a situation in Edinburgh in
the office of Mr. Selkrig, an accountant, who,
in addition to an adequate salary, allowed
his clerk time to attend classes at the uni-
versity. His official duties were strictly

| performed, his attendance in the lecture-

• rooms never failed, and he undertook any
remunerative work that offered, notably some
translations from the German for Sir David

1 Brewster's ' Edinburgh Cyclopaedia.' He met
with an intellectual companion in William

! Mudford, the son of a London shopkeeper.
'Cobbett's Political Register' was then a
popular serial, and there Black and Mudford
engaged in another ' battle of the books/
the former defending ancient classical study,
the latter insisting on the acquisition of
modern learning as better. *' Doctor Black,
the feel-osopher/ seemed to be at a rather
later time Cobbett's favourite aversion.

In Edinburgh Black is reported to have
delivered a dozen challenges before he was
thirty years old. His schoolfellow James Gray
was now classical master at Edinburgh High
School, and exercised a moderating influence
upon him. In 1809 he was in the way of
making a happy marriage with a lady from
Carlisle, but the engagement was broken off
by him because he was disappointed of an
expected increase of income. The failure of
this engagement seems to have had a de-
moralising effect upon Black. He fell into
the coarse indulgences of low dissipation,
quarrelled with his employer, from whom
he was receiving a salary of 150/. a year,
and distressed his best friends. His friend

Black

108

Black

Mudford was then in London and editor of a
1 Universal Magazine/ to which Black con-
tributed articles on the Italian drama and
on German literature in 1807-8-9.

By Mudford's persuasion he left Edinburgh
for London in 1810. Dr. C. Mackay gives
as a doubtful statement of Black himself,
that he walked with a few pence in his pocket
all the way from Berwickshire to London,
subsisting on the hospitality of farmers. He
carried a letter of introduction to Mr. Cromek,
engraver and publisher, who received him at
once into his friendly home. Three months
after his arrival in London he was engaged
as a reporter by James Perry, an Aberdonian,
who, with another Scotsman named Gray, had
in 1789 become proprietors of the i Morning
Chronicle.' Besides reporting Black had to
translate the foreign correspondence. As
a reporter he was considered to be very
rapid, but Mr. Proby, the manager of the
paper, used to say that Black's principal
merit consisted in the celerity with which
he made his way from the House of Commons
to the Strand. He was already, in 1810,
engaged in translating into English ' Hum-
boldt's Political Essay on New Spain,' which
was published in four volumes (1811-12).
In 1813 Black completed the translation of
a quarto volume of * Travels in Norway and
Lapland, by Leopold von Buch,' and, in
1814, * Berzelius on a System of Mineralogy.'
In 1814 he translated ' Schlegel's Lectures
on Dramatic Literature,' and the ' Memoirs
of Goldoni.'

At the house of one of his London friends
Black was introduced, in the autumn of
1812, to his friend's mistress, who was not
averse to a marriage which her old lover
seemed anxious to promote. Black fell into
the snare, and five days later, in the month
of December 1812, they were married. The
union was a most unhappy one. His wife
made no pretence of love for him. In the
space of two months she had involved him
in debt, sold some of his furniture, and
clandestinely renewed acquaintance with her
former lover. Black bore patiently with her
whims. Before the beginning of March 1813
she left him altogether, and Black knew how
much she and their common friend had be-
fooled him. He challenged the betrayer.
But the spell was not broken. His wife had
only to write him a penitent letter to obtain
from him the money supplies she demanded.
In 1814, however, he sought a divorce. An
arrangement was made that the wife should
go to Scotland and be domiciled there long
enough to sue for a divorce on her petition.
The project, however, failed, the proof of
domicile of both parties not being deemed

adequate by the court. Black, in full ex-
pectation of a divorce, had offered marriage
to an old friend, who became his housekeeper
and bore the name of Mrs. Black. The
undivorced wife did not fail to extract money
from her husband. This pertinacious perse-
cution went on for many years.

This episode in Black's career explains the
disorganisation of his official labours which
led to a quarrel with Mr. Perry. Due ex-
planation being given the breach was healed.
' In 1817 Mr. Perry's health was giving way,
I and the functions of editor gradually devolved
i on Black.

The ' Morning Chronicle ' was the most
uncompromising of all the opposition papers,
andBlack maintained its position, being much
assisted by the counsels of Mr. James Mill.
I At one time there was scarcely a day that
I they did not walk together from the India
; House giving and receiving political inspira-
: tion. John Stuart Mill wrote of Black :
. l He played a really important part in the
I progress of English opinion for a number of
years which was not properly recognised. I
have always considered Black as the first
, journalist who carried criticism and the spirit
of reform into the details of English insti-
tutions. Those who are not old enough to
remember those times can hardly believe
what the state of public discussion then was.
People now and then attacked the constitu-
tion and the boroughmongers, but no one
thought of censuring the law or the courts
of justice, and to say a word against the
unpaid magistracy was a sort of blasphemy.
Black was the writer who carried the war-
| fare into these subjects, and by doing so he
, broke the spell. Very early in his editorship
! he fought a great battle for the freedom of
! reporting preliminary investigations in the
| police courts. He carried his point, and the
1 victory was permanent. Another subject on
which his writings were of the greatest
[ service was the freedom of the press on
I matters of religion. All these subjects were
! Black's own' (Private Letter, 1869). At
• the outset of his editorial career he attracted
! much public attention by his determined
j condemnation of the authorities in their con-
duct at Manchester in the affair long known
i as the Peterloo massacre (16 Aug. 1819).
I In the matter of the queen's trial the
t Chronicle' leaned to the unpopular side,
j deeming her majesty guilty, and the circula-
I tion of the paper was greatly diminished.

In 1821 Mr. Perry died, and his executors
sold for 42,OOOZ. the newspaper which thirty
years before had been bought for 150/. Black
retained his post of editor, but the new pro-
prietor, Mr. Clement, owner also of the * Ob-

Black

109

Black

server ' and of ( Bell's Life/ had not the ;
public spirit of his predecessor, and the paper
began to decline in a commercial sense. In !
1834 it was again sold for the sum of 16,5007. '
to Sir John East hope and two partners. The
' Times ' had distanced the ' Chronicle,' when, j
by a sudden change in its politics in 1835, <
it caused numbers of its whig subscribers
to abandon it and support the ( Chronicle.' ;
Black was so elated by this turn of fortune :
that he exclaimed, ' Now our readers will
follow me anywhere I like to lead them ! ' j

In 1835 Black fought a duel with John
Arthur Roebuck. The latter had published
a pamphlet in which cowardice was attri-
buted to the editor of the ' Chronicle.' A •
meeting took place at which the principals
fired twice, and the seconds nearly engaged
in mortal combat.

When Lord Melbourne returned to office
(8 April 1835) he found a useful ally and a
congenial companion in Black. A story is
told of the prime minister having vowed he
would make Black a bishop on an occasion
when he was foiled of his intention to confer
that dignity on Sydney Smith. Black sup-
ported the ministry with all his powers, and
wrote some specially vigorous articles against
Sir Robert Peel in 1839. Melbourne during his '
next administration professed a desire to serve
Black, who declined the offer on the ground
that he l lived happily on his income.' ' Then
by - - I envy you,' said the peer, * and
you're the only man I ever did.' With Lord
Palmerston he did not get on quite so well.
He once vexed the soul of the busy foreign
secretary by launching out into half an hour's
dissertation on the ethnological peculiarities
of the yellow-haired races of Finland, when
the business of the interview was simply to
know what the government meant to do
at a certain crisis in foreign affairs. Lord
Brougham was very intimate with 'Dear
Doctor,' as he styled Black, a title derisively
applied by Cobbett, and not agreeable to
Black's ears. It was Black's great pleasure
to encourage the budding talents of the young
writers around him, and among others that
of Charles Dickens, who began his literary
career as a reporter for the ' Chronicle.' Lat-
terly there was thought to be a decline of
energy in the management of the paper, and
Black, in 1843, received an intimation that
his resignation would be accepted. Black,
who was now sixty years old, had saved no
money, and had to part with his beloved
books, some 30,000 volumes. Friends and
admirers rallied round him, and a sum, to
which the proprietors of the ' Chronicle ' con-
tributed, was raised sufficient to buy him an
annuity of 150/. His old friend Mr. Walter

Coulson placed a comfortable cottage at Snod-
land, near Maidstone, at his disposal, and
there Black passed the remaining twelve
years of his life in the study of his favourite
Greek, chiefly the Septuagint version of the
Scriptures, and in the assiduous practice of
gardening. Black's Newfoundland dogs, Cato
and Plutus, were as well known as himself.
One of them rescued from the Thames a boy
who subsequently attained a seat on the
judicial bench. Mr. James Grant describes
Black in his latter years as having ' the blunt
and bluff appearance of a thickset farmer
. . . never seen in the streets without being
accompanied by a large mastiff (? Newfound-
land), and a robust stick in his hand.' He
died 15 June 1855.

[Hunt's Fourth Estate ; Mackay's Forty Years'
Recollections ; Grant's Newspaper Press ; Black's
Private Papers.] R. H.

BLACK, JOSEPH, M.D. (1728-1799),
an eminent chemist, was born in 1728 at
Bordeaux, where his father, John Black,
carried on the business of a wine-merchant.
John Black was a native of Belfast, but of
Scottish extraction, and married a daughter
of Robert Gordon, of the Gordons of Hill-
head in Aberdeenshire, like himself engaged
in the Bordeaux wine trade, by whom he
had eight sons and five daughters. The
worth of his sterling character and well-
informed mind obtained for him the friend-
ship of Montesquieu. At the age of twelve
Joseph Black was placed at a grammar school
in Belfast, and in 1746 proceeded thence to
the university of Glasgow. There he chose
medicine as his profession, and became en-
amoured of chemistry through the teachings
of William Cullen, the first in Great Britain
to raise the science to its true dignity. Cullen
noted Black's aptitude, promoted him from
the class-room to the laboratory, and im-
parted to him, as his assistant, his own
singular dexterity in experiment.

When Black went to Edinburgh to com-
plete his medical education in 1750 or 1751,
he found an active controversy in progress
as to the mode of action of the lithontriptic
medicines then recently introduced into the
pharmacopoeia. He took up the subject, and
finding himself, in 1752, on the brink of an
important discovery, he postponed taking his
degree until its proofs were assured. There
is, perhaps, no other instance of a graduation
thesis so weighted with significant novelty
as Black's ' De humore acido a cibis orto, et
Magnesia alba,' presented to the faculty
11 June 1754. Developed and perfected, it
was read before the Medical Society of Edin-
burgh 5 June 1755, published in the second

Black

IIO

Black

volume of 'Essays and Observations' (1756),
with the title * Experiments upon Magnesia
alba. Quicklime, and some other Alkaline
Substances/ and subsequently twice reprinted
(1777 and 1782).

As a model for philosophical investigation
this essay was, by Brougham and Robison,
placed second only to the ' Optics ' of Newton.
Its importance in chemical history is two-
fold. By setting an example of the success-
ful use of the balance, it laid the foundation
of quantitative analysis ; and by the distinc-
tion of qualities conveyed in it between
* fixed ' and common air, it opened the door
to pneumatic chemistry. Up to that time
the causticity of alkalis after exposure to
strong heat had been universally attributed
to an acrid principle derived from fire. Black
showed that they lost instead of gained in
weight by calcination ; and that what they
lost was a kind of ' air ' previously ' fixed ' in
them, and neutralising, by its acid qualities,
their native causticity. The effervescence of
' mild ' and non-effervescence of ( caustic '
alkalis when dissolved in acids were alleged
in countenance of the new theory, which,
nevertheless, encountered a vigorous, though
futile, opposition in Germany. It was pointed
out in the same remarkable treatise that
magnesia, until then generally held to be a
variety of lime, formed, with the same acids,
wholly different salts, and was consequently
to be regarded as a distinct substance.

Black was fully aware of the vast ness of
the field of research thrown wide by the dis-
covery (or rather individualisation) of fixed
air, named by Lavoisier in 1784 ' carbonic
acid' (Mem. de TAcad. 1781, p. 455). In
1757 he ascertained its effects upon animals,
and its production by respiration, fermenta-
tion, and the burning of charcoal (Lectures,
ii. 87-8). He also inferred its invariable pre-
sence, in small quantities, in the atmosphere.
Here, however, he stopped, leaving the path
which he had struck out to be pursued by
Cavendish, Priestley, and Lavoisier.

On the removal of Culien to Edinburgh,
Black was appointed in 1756 to replace him
in the chair of anatomy and chemistry in the
university of Glasgow ; but dissatisfied with
his qualifications for the former post, he ex-
changed duties with the professor of medicine,
•and lectured during the ensuing ten years
with much care and success on the institutes
of medicine. He was at the same time in
large practice as a physician, and devoted the
most anxious care to the welfare of his
^patients. Nevertheless he found time to
complete the second achievement in science
with which his name remains associated.
'This is the discovery of what is termed 'latent

heat.' In 1756 he began to meditate on the
perplexing slowness with which ice melts, and
water is dissipated in boiling. He divined the
cause in 1757, and ascertained it in 1761. A
large quantity of heat, he found, is consumed
in bringing about these changes in the state
of aggregation, and is thus rendered insen-
sible to the thermometer. The cause of this
disappearance, according to modern theory,
is the employment of the absorbed heat in
l doing work — that is, conferring ' potential
; energy ' on material particles ; in Black's
; view it was the formation of a quasi-chemi-
| cal combination between those particles and
i the subtle fluid of heat. But this erroneous
| conception in no way detracted from the im-
I portance of his discovery. The decisive ex-
I periment of obtaining from water during
I congelation an amount of heat equal to that
expended or rendered ' latent ' in its liquefac-
I tion was performed in December 1761. This
| quantity he measured at rather more than
[ would have sufficed to raise the temperature
| of the same weight of water 140° Fahrenheit
i (accurately 143°). He, however, considerably
underestimated the latent heat of steam,
fixing it, with his pupil Irvine's assistance,
9 Oct. 1764, at 750° (later at 810°) instead of
967°. The results of this brilliant investi-
gation not only formed the basis of modern
thermal science, but gave the first impulse
to Watt's improvements in the steam-engine,
and thereby to modern industrial develop-
ments. Black read an account of his suc-
cessful experiments before a literary society
in Glasgow, '23 April 1762, and from 1761
downwards carefully taught the doctrine of
latent heat in his lectures, dwelling with
sedate eloquence on the beneficent effects of
the arrangement in checking and regulating
the processes of nature. But he published
nothing on the subject, and was thus scarcely
entitled to complain if his ideas were appro-
priated with little or no acknowledgment.
To the same society he detailed, 28 March
1760, a series of experiments instituted with
the object of testing the validity of thermo-
metrical indications. He originated, more-
over, the theory of * specific heat,' or of the
various thermal ' capacities ' of different
bodies, but committed it to Irvine to workout.
Still treading in his master's footsteps,
Black became, on Cullen's advancement to
a higher post in 1766, professor of medicine
and chemistry in the university of Edinburgh.
His career thenceforward was exclusively that
of a teacher. Restricting his medical practice
to a narrow circle of friends, and abandoning
all thought of original research, he concen-
trated his powers upon the effective discharge
of his official duties. His success was con-

Black

III

Black

spicuous. During above thirty years he in-
culcated the elements of chemistry upon en-
thusiastic and continually growing audiences.
1 It could not be otherwise/ Robison wrote
in 1803. * His personal appearance and i
manner were those of a gentleman, and pecu-
liarly pleasing. His voice in lecturing was
low/ but fine ; and his articulation so dis-
tinct that he was perfectly well heard by an
audience consisting of several hundreds. His
discourse was so plain and perspicuous, his |
illustrations by experiment so apposite, that j
his sentiments on any subject never could i
be mistaken, even by the most illiterate ; and
his instructions were so clear of all hypo- i
thesis or conjecture, that the hearer rested
on his conclusions with a confidence scarcely
exceeded in matters of his own experience ' !
(BLACK'S Lectures, preface, Ixii). His lectures
had thus a powerful effect in popularising
chemistry ; and attendance upon them even i
came to be a fashionable amusement.

Black was a prominent member of the !
intellectual society by which Edinburgh was
then distinguished. Amongst his intimates
were his relative and colleague Adam Per- j
guson, Hume, Hutton, A. Carlyle, Dugald
Stewart, and John Robison. Adam Smith,
with whom he knit a close friendship at
Glasgow, used to say that * no man had less
nonsense in his head than Dr. Black.' He
was one of James Watt's earliest patrons,
and kept up a constant correspondence with
him. • Though grave and reserved, Black was
gentle and sincere, and it is recorded of him
that he never lost a friend. He was at the
same time gifted with a keen judgment of
character, and with the power of expressing
that judgment in an ' indelible phrase.' In
person he is described as ' rather above the
middle size ; he was of a slender make ; his
countenance was placid, and exceedingly
engaging ' (THOMSON). As he advanced in
years, Robison tells us, he preserved a pleas-
ing air of inward contentment. Graceful
and unaffected in manner, ' he was of most
easy approach, affable, and readily entered
into conversation, whether serious or trivial.'
Nor did he disdain elegant accomplishments.
In his youth he both sang and played taste-
fully upon the flute. He had talent for
painting, and ' figure of every kind excited
his attention . . . even a retort or a crucible
was to his eye an example of beauty or de-
formity.' But love of propriety, the same
authority informs us, was his leading senti-
ment. Indeed, his mind was so nicely balanced
as to be deficient in motive power. He had
all the faculties of invention, but lacked
fervour to keep them at work. Hence the
slackness with which he pursued discoveries

which his genius, as it were, compelled him
to make.

A perhaps more prevailing reason for his
inaction was the weakness of his constitution.
The least undue strain, whether physical or
mental, produced spitting of blood, and it
was only by the most watchful precautions
that he maintained unbroken, though feeble,
health. From 1793, however, it visibly de-
clined, and he led, more and more completely,
the life of a valetudinarian. In 1795 Charles
Hope Avas appointed his coadjutor in his pro-
fessorship ; in 1797 he lectured for the last
time. The end came 6 Dec. 1799 (Dr. G.
WILSON, in Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, ii.
238), just in the way he had often desired.
* Being at table,' Ferguson relates, ' with his
usual fare, some bread, a few prunes, and a
measured quantity of milk diluted with water,
and having the cup in his hand when the last
stroke of the pulse was to be given, he ap-
peared to have set it down on his knees,
which were joined together, and in the action
expired without spilling a drop, as if an ex-
periment had been purposely made to evince
the facility with which he departed.' The
provisions of his will curiously illustrated
the just but cold precision of his modes of
thought. He divided his property, without
specification of its amount, into 10,000 por-
tions, ' parcelled to a numerous list of rela-
tives, in shares, in numbers or fractions of
shares, according to the degree in which they
were proper objects of his care or solicitude.'
He was never married, but lived on the best
! terms with his family. His morals were
irreproachable, his habits abstemious, his
frugality was free from parsimony. Indif-
ferent to fame, he disliked the publicity of
authorship, and never could be induced to
vindicate claims which his friends held to be,
in many quarters, encroached upon. He
enjoyed, nevertheless, a unique reputation.
Fourcroy called him ' the Nestor of the che-
mistry of the eighteenth century ' (HoEFER,
Hist, de la Chimie, ii. 353) ; Lavoisier ac-
knowledged himself his disciple. Black, on
! his side, while professing the highest admira-
| tion for Lavoisier's genius, and admitting his
i discoveries, intensely disliked what he re-
garded as his premature generalisations. 'Che-
mistry,' he observed, 'is not yet a science.
We are very far from the knowledge of first
principles. We should avoid everything that
has the pretensions of a full system ' (Lectures,
note xxvi.) This philosophic caution was
eminently characteristic.

Amongst other honours Black was elected
member of the Paris and St. Petersburg Aca-
demies of Sciences, of the Society of Medi-
cine of Paris, as well as of the Royal Society

Black

112

Black

of Edinburgh, and of the Koyal College of
Physicians. He was, besides, first physician
to his majesty for Scotland. It is worth
notice that he made, in 1767, the first attempt
to inflate a balloon with hydrogen (Ed. En-
cycl. iii. (pt. ii.) 553). His lectures were
published by Robison in 1803 from notes
found after his death, eked out by those of
his hearers, in two quarto volumes, entitled
' Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry,
delivered in the University of Edinburgh.'
A German translation by Crell appeared at
Hamburg in 1804-5, and again in 1818, in
four vols. 8vo. Black communicated to the
Royal Society of London a paper * On the
supposed Effect of Boiling upon Water in
disposing it to freeze more readily, ascertained
by Experiment' (Phil. Trans. Ixv. 124), and
to that of Edinburgh ' An Analysis of the |
Waters of some Hot Springs in Iceland ' j
(Trans. JR. Spc. Ed. iii. 95). Two letters by
him on chemical subjects were published, one
by Lavoisier in the ' Annales de Chimie,' the
other by Crell in his ' Collections ' for 1783.

[Ferguson, Trans. E. Soc. Ed. v. 101 (Hist, of
Soc.) ; Kobison's Pref. to Black's Lectures ;
Thomas Thomson, M.D., Brewster's Ed. Encycl.
iii. (pt. ii.), 548 ; Sir A. Grant's University of
Edinburgh, ii. 395 ; Bibl. Britannique, xxviii.
133, 324 (1805); Phil. Mag. x. 157 (1801);
Ann. Phil. iii. 324 ; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved
Portraits, 383.] A. M. C.

BLACK, PATRICK, M.D. (1813-1879),
physician, was son of Colonel Patrick Black,
of the Bengal cavalry, and like his father
was called after his ancestor, Sir Patrick
Dun, president of the Irish College of Phy-
sicians in 1681. He was born at Aberdeen
in 1813, was sent to Eton in 1828, matri-
culated at Christ Church in 1831, and gra-
duated M.D. at Oxford in 1836. In 1842 he
was elected assistant physician to St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital, in 1851 warden of its
college, in 1860 physician to the hospital,
and somewhat later lecturer on medicine in
the school. Black was a tall and handsome
man, and the trust which his open counte-
nance encouraged was never disappointed.
He was a careful observer, a just reasoner,
well read in medicine, a scholar who enjoyed
literature, a physician who, as one of his
patients remarked, hastened no one into the
grave, yet he never attained a large prac-
tice. That he was a man of considerable pro-
perty perhaps stood in his way, but another
reason was that he had so little belief in
treatment that both students and patients
perceived that he regarded his own prescrip-
tion as a ceremonial observance rather than
as a practical measure. He even questioned

the value of quinine as a remedy for ague.
In 1855 Black wrote a short treatise : ' Chlo-
! roform ; how shall we ensure safety in its
I administration ? ' In 1867 he revised the
1 Latin part of the l Nomenclature of Diseases '
j for the College of Physicians, of which he
j was a fellow and three times censor. In 1876
j he published a popular lecture on ' Respira-
tion,' a pamphlet on ( Scurvy,' and an l Essay
I on the tTse of the Spleen.' His sceptical
j turn of mind is noticeable in all : he doubts
j whether chloroform ever causes death except
by simple suffocation, doubts whether lime
| juice prevents scurvy, and doubts whether
the spleen does anything but regulate the
current of the blood. His scepticism was an
infirmity which prevented his accumulated
observation from yielding its proper fruit,
but it did not affect his personal relations
with mankind. He was sound in his judg-
ment of character, firm in his friendship, and
universal in his kindness. He died on 12 Oct.
1879. His colleague, Dr. Reginald Southey,
wrote his memoir in the St. Bartholomew's
Hospital Reports, vol. xv., and his former
house physician, Dr. R. Bridges, published in
1876 a Latin poem dedicated to Dr. Black,
and describing in Ovidian verse his personal
appearance, character, and manner of teach-
ing.

[Southey's Memoir ; personal knowledge.]

N.M.

BLACK, ROBERT, D.D. (1752-1817),
Irish presbyterian minister, was born in
1752, the eldest son of Valentine Black, a
farmer at Mullabrack, co. Armagh. In 1770
he entered the class of ethics under Dr.
Thomas Reid at Glasgow. He was licensed
by the Armagh presbytery, declined in 1776
a call to Keady, co. Armagh, and in the
following year, on the death of Alexander
Colville, M.D., the non-subscribing minister
of Dromore, co. Down, he accepted the call
of this congregation, which returned to the
jurisdiction of the general synod of Ulster.
Black was ordained at Dromore by the
Armagh presbytery on 18 June 1777. On
15 Feb. 1782 he attended the convention of
Irish volunteers at Dungannon as Captain
Robert Black, and seconded the resolution
adopted in favour of catholic emancipation.
Like other ministers of that date, he some-
times preached in regimentals, and with
drumhead for book-rest. He attended also
the second great Dungannon convention on
8 Sept. 1783, when his eloquence attracted
the attention of Frederick Augustus, earl of
Bristol and bishop of Derry, and of Robert
Moore of Molenan near Derry. Hence his
call to First Derry, where he was installed

Black

Black

by the Deny presbytery on 7 Jan. 1784 as i
colleague to David Young. On '2 Dec. 1788 j
lie was elected synod agent for the reyium !
donum, in succession to James Laing. He
delivered an applauded oration at the cen-
tenary commemoration (7 Dec. 1788) of the
closing of the gates of Derry. As agent for
the royal bounty, he exerted himself to se-
cure its augmentation ; in 1792, by help of
the Earl of Charlemont, Henry Grattan, and
Colonel Stewart of Killymoon, the Irish par- ;
liament passed a favourable resolution, and '
500J. a year was added to the grant, thus in-
creasing the dividend from about 10/. to 321.
(Irish currency). In gratitude for his ser-
vices the synod in 1793 presented Black with
a piece of plate. The seditious tendencies
now beginning to appear in the volunteer
movement excited his alarm, and he delivered
a solemn warning against them in a speech
at a meeting of the parishioners of Temple-
more held in Derry Cathedral on 14 Jan.
1793 (see abstract in Belfast News-Letter, \
25 Jan. 1793). He never, however, receded j
from the positions he had taken in favour of j
parliamentary reform and catholic ernanci- ,
pation. In the rebellion of 1798 he was j
strongly on the side of constituted authority, j
and had great influence as the friend and j
correspondent of Castlereagh. One form in j
which this influence was exercised was a j
further increase of the reyium donum, which ,
from 1804 was distributed in three classes
(100/., 75/., and 50/.), the agent being hence-
forth appointed not by the synod but by the
government. Black held this office till his
death, and did not scruple to use the power
it gave him. Opponents called him ' the un-
mitred bishop ' and ' chief consul of the
general synod.' In 1800 or 1801 the degree
of D.D. was sent him by an American col-
lege. As a speaker he had no equal in his
day. In theology he was strongly suspected
of heresy, a view which is countenanced by
the fact that in 1804 he endeavoured to se-
cure as his colleague William Porter, whose
Arianism was openly known. His local
prestige was impaired by the circumstances
of Castlereagh's defeat at the county Down
election of 1805, but his influence at Dublin
Castle was equally strong with all ministries.
In 1809 the synod publicly thanked him for
his exertions in procuring the act of parlia-
ment incorporating the widows' fund. In
1813 his controversy with William Steele
Dickson, D.D. [q. v.], one of the chief victims
of the rebellion of 1798, was ended by a
synodical resolution declaring that words in
a previous resolution (1799), complained of
by Dickson, had been 'inaccurately used;'
but Black's influence was still powerful
VOL. T.

enough to cause the expulsion of an elder
who, in the course of debate, had laid charges
against him in connection with the bounty.
Black was a strong opponent of the esta-
blishment of the Belfast Academical Insti-
tution (opened 1814) j at the synod of 1815,
in Black's absence from ill-health, a resolution
was passed in its favour ; in the same year
government made the institution an annual
grant of 1,500/. Next year the grant was
withdrawn on political grounds, but Black
vainly endeavoured, in two successive years,
to procure the rescinding of the synod's reso-
lution. His defeat was softened by a not
very successful public dinner, given by his
admirers in Belfast. Black was a man whose
ambition could not brook repulses ; his tem-
perament alternated between geniality and
gloom. Loss of leadership unhinged his
spirit. He threw himself over the railing of
Derry Bridge, and was drowned in the Foyle,
on the evening of 4 Dec. 1817. His body
appears to have been filched from its grave.
There is a curious caricature engraving of
Black in ' The Patriotic Miscellany,' 1805, a
collection of squibs relating to the Down
election of that year. It represents him as
a short corpulent man, with a large head and
strong profile. He had married his cousin,
Margaret Black (who died in April 1824),
and left three sons and two daughters. He
published: 1. ' A Catechism.' 2. 'Substance
of Two Speeches delivered at the Meeting of
Synod in 1812, with an Abstract of the Pro-
ceedings relative to the Eev. Dr. Dickson,'
Dublin, 1812.

[Glasgow Matriculation Book; Keid's Hist.
Presb. Church in Ireland, 1853, vol. iii. ; Withe-
row's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyterianism in
Ireland, 2nd series, 1880; Porter's Irish Presb.
Biog. Sketches, 1883; Min. of Gen. Synod, 1824.]

A. G.

BLACK, WILLIAM (1749-1829), phy-
sician, was born in Ireland; studied medicine
(according to MUNK, Coll. Phys. iii. 367) at
Leyden, and took his degree as M.D. there
20 March 1772 with an inaugural disserta-
tion l De diagnosi, prognosi, et causis mortis
in febribus.' He received the license of the
College of Physicians 2 April 1787, and
afterwards practised in London, residing in
Piccadilly. He appears to have retired from
practice before his death, which occurred at
Hammersmith in December 1829.

Black did not attain any remarkable emi-
nence in his profession, but wrote some
books which are not without value as illus-
trating the application of the statistical
method to medicine. He was one of the
first writers, at least in England, who

I

Black

114

Blackadder

showed that statistics, which had been pre-
viously employed chiefly in political and
commercial matters, might he of great ser-
vice to the progress of medicine.

Being invited to deliver the ' annual ora-
tion' before the Medical Society of London, he
expanded this lecture into an octavo volume,
entitled ' A Comparative View of the Mor-
tality of the Human Species at all Ages, and
of Diseases and Casualties, with Charts and
Tables,' published in 1788. Before half the
first edition was sold he cancelled the re-
mainder and brought out a second and cor-
rected edition, as ' An Arithmetical and
Medical Analysis of the Diseases and Mor-
tality of the Human Species/ 8vo, London,
1789. In this his design was to exhibit
births, mortality, diseases, and casualties as
being subject to arithmetical proof, to con-
struct in fact a * medical arithmetic/ a
phrase evidently suggested by the ' Political
Arithmetic' of Sir W. Petty. Although
the efforts of Black have long been eclipsed
by the brilliant results of Louis, Quetelet,
and others in the same field, they had con-
siderable importance in their day. The l Dis-
sertation on Insanity ' is an expansion of a
chapter in this book, and was based on ob-
servations furnished by an official of Bethle-
hem Hospital. His ' Sketch of the History
of Medicine ' is a slight work, but was trans-
lated into French by Coray.

He wrote : 1. ' A Historical Sketch of
Medicine and Surgery from their Origin to
the Present Time, with a Chronological Chart
of Medical and Surgical Authors/ 8vo, Lon-
don, 1782. In French, Paris, an vi. (1798).
2. 'A Dissertation on Insanity, illustrated
with tables from between two and three
thousand cases in Bedlam/ 8vo, London,
1810; second edition 1811. 3. 'Observa-
tions, Medical and Political, on the Small-
pox, the Advantages and Disadvantages of
General Inoculation, and on the Mortality of
Mankind at every age/ 8vo, London, 1781.
4. 'Reasons for preventing the French, under
the mask of Liberty, from trampling on
Europe/ 8 vo, 1792. 5. ' Observations on Mili-
tary and Political Affairs by General Monk/
new edition, 8vo, 1796 (the last on authority
of Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816). His
portrait, engraved by Stanier, was published
by Sewell, 1790.

[Hunk's Coll. Physicians, ii. 367 ; Biog. Diet.
of Living Authors (1816).] J. E. P.

BLACK, WILLIAM HENRY (1808-
1872), antiquary, was the eldest son of John
Black of Kintore, in Aberdeenshire, and
was born 7 May 1808. From his mother,
who came of a good family (the Langleys),

possessing estates in Oxfordshire and Buck-

; inghamshire, he imbibed his love of religion,

and also his thirst for antiquarian knowledge.

l He was educated at a private school, and at

seventeen years of age became himself a

tutor among families residing at Tulse Hill

and neighbourhood.

As a reader at the British Museum he
; became acquainted with many literary men,
through whose influence he obtained a situa-
tion in the Public Record Office, attaining at
last to the position of assistant keeper. It
I was during the time he filled this post that
j he corrected the errors in Rymer's ' Foedera/
He was a prolific writer, especially on anti-
quarian subjects. He prepared an edition of
the British part of the f Itinerary of Anto-
ninus ' (never issued), and contributed to
Samuel Bentley's ' Excerpta Historical He
catalogued the manuscripts of the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford, the Arundel MSS. in the
library of the College of Arms, and Colfe's
library at Lewisham, and left behind him a
monograph on the Roman mile, which still
awaits editing and publication.

At the time of his death he was in nomi-
nation for, and would have been elected on,
the council of the Society of Antiquaries.
He was one of the earliest members of the
British Archaeological Society, the Surrey,
London and Middlesex, and Wiltshire
Archaeological Societies, and the founder of
the Chronological Institute of London, Pales-
tine Archaeological Association, and Anglo-
biblical Institute, besides being a member of
the Camden Society.

His religious views were somewhat pecu-
liar. He was the pastor of a small sect
called the Seventh Day Baptists, whose
chapel is in Mill Yard, Leman Street, White-
chapel, and maintained that Saturday was
the Sabbath. Black died 12 April 1872.
As a conscientious and painstaking antiquary,,
he has had few equals in the present century.

[Private information.] J. A.

BLACKADDER, ADAM (/. 1674-
1696), covenanter, was second son of the
elder John Blackadder [q. v.], brother of Dr.
William Blackadder [q. v.], physician to Wil-
liam III, and of Lieutenant-colonel John
Blackadder [q. v.] He was born about 1659.
He was bred to the mercantile profession in
Stirling, and in November 1674, while still an
apprentice, he was, along with several others,
apprehended, because he had not subscribed
the 'Black Bond' of history, and for attending
conventicles. The entire household remained
steadfast to their father. His eldest brother
(Dr. Blackadder) presented a petition to the
privy council, and obtained his temporary re-

Blackadder

Blackadder

lease. He was at least twice subsequently im- I
prisoned, once in Fife, and once in Blackness
Castle. In the latter his and Welsh's dun- |
geons are still shown. His seizure and im- j
prisonment in Blackness was for having been !
present at his father's preaching near Bor-
rowstownness(Linlithgowshire), on which oc-
casion no fewer than twenty-six children were \
baptised. Compelled by persecution to be an
exile, Blackadder is found next in Sweden.
He was a merchant in Sweden for nine years.
Having married a Swedish lady, whom he
had converted from Lutheranism to presbyte- j
rian Calvinism, they were obliged to fly the !
country. The penalty at the time for a |
Swede who changed to Catholicism or Cal- !
vinism was death. About the close of 1684 |
he was settled in Edinburgh. Twelve years
later his name is found in the Darien Papers
(Bannatyne Club, 1849) among the sub-
scribers to the Darien Company — ' 26 March
1696. Adam Blackader, merchant in Edin-
burgh, as factor for his brother, Captain John
Blackader, in Flanders, 100/.' He wrote a
narrative of his father's sufferings, worked
into Dr. Crichton's full ' Life/ which he sub-
mitted to Wodrow. He is also known to
have written a number of political tractates
on the state of parties and the Darien scheme.
The date of his death is not discoverable.

[Authorities cited under BLACKADDER, JOHN ;
Anderson's Scottish Nation; Wodrow MSS. ;
Howie's Scots Worthies ; Dodd's Scottish Cove-
nanters: Gilfillan's Scottish Covenanters.]

A. B. G.

BLACKADDER, JOHN the elder
(1615-1686), Scotch divine, was son of John
Blackadder, of the families of Blackadder
of Blairhall and Tulliealan, whose ancestry
were famous in border story, and joined
in the wars of the Roses. He was born in
December 1615, but where is not known.
According to Scott (Fasti, i. 604), he was
born in 1623. He studied at Glasgow under
Principal Strang, his uncle. He was early
distinguished for his scholarship — Oriental,
Latin, and Greek. He took his degree of M. A.
in 1650. Having received license he was una-
nimously called to the parish of Troqueer in
1652, ' one of the kirks of Galloway within
the presbytery of Dumfries,' and was or-
dained 7 June 1653. The condition of his
parish and of the county was deplorable.
Bastardy and profanity were everywhere.
The Bible was practically unknown. Black-
adder worked hard to* correct these evils.
Upon the ' intrusion ' of episcopacy on pres-
byterian Scotland in 1662, the minister of
Troqueer was 'extruded' from his church
and temporarily imprisoned at Edinburgh.

He afterwards retired with wife and family
to Caitloch, Corsack Wood, and other places.
But holding his clerical orders to be inde-
feasible and the enforcement of episcopacy a
violation of the Act of Union, as well as the
imposition of a non-scriptural form of church
government, he preached eloquently to for-
bidden conventicles among the mountains and
in the moors and glens and caves. War-
rants were again and again issued against
him, but he contrived to escape imprison-
ment, and with Welsh, Peden, Cargill, and
other covenanters, continued to preach.

In 1666, 1674, 1677, the records of the
privy^ council show that letters for his appre-
hension were issued. On one particular oc-
casion, when he delivered a sermon at Kinkell,
the people crowded to hear him, notwith-
standing the absolute commands, with threats,
of Archbishop Sharp. When the irate pre-
late— a renegade presbyterian — ordered the
provost to march out the militia to disperse
the congregation, he was told it was impos-
sible, l as the militia had gone there as wor-
shippers.' In 1674 Blackadder was outlawed,
and a heavy reward offered for his body. He
fled to Rotterdam in 1678, and there aided
in * healing differences ' between the presby-
terian ministers, Fleming and M'Ward. He
was again in Edinburgh in June 1679. On
5 April 1681 he was ' made prisoner in his
house at ^Edinburgh,' and after a form of
examination was sent to the Bass Rock.
After four years of rigid imprisonment his
health finally gave way. The privy council,
in hot haste, gave permission to him to leave,
on condition of confining himself to Edin-
burgh. But it was too late, and he died on
the Bass in January 1686.

Blackadder succeeded to, but never assumed,
a baronetcy which had been conferred on a
member of an elder branch of his family in
1626. He married, in 1646, Janet Haining,
daughter of Homer Haining of Dumfries.
She died 9 Nov. 1688. Their issue were five
sons (of whom Adam, John, and William are
separately noticed) and two daughters.

[Scott's Fasti, i. 604; Anderson's Scottish
Nation; Min. Glasg. Univ. Ill; Edin. Guild
and Reg. (Bass) ; Wodrow and Kirkton's Hist. ;
Analecta ; Edin. Christian Instructor, xxiii. ;
New Statistical Ace. ii. iv. viii. &c. ; Crichton's
Memoirs, 2nd ed. 1826, full and valuable ; Two
Sermons on Isaiah liii. 11, in Howie of Loch-
goin's Faithful Coiitendings, 1780, pp. 72-104 ;
Bishop Burnet's Life.] A. B. G.

BLACKADDER, JOHN the younger
(1664-1729), lieutenant-colonel of the Came-
ronian regiment, was the fifth son of John
Blackadder the elder [q. v.], and was bom

i2

Blackadder

116

Blackader

in the parish of Glencairn, Dumfriesshire,
14 Sept. 1664. Notwithstanding the persecu-
tions to which the father was subject, the son,
after receiving from him the rudiments of
classical learning, attended the courses of hu-
manity and philosophy in the university of
Edinburgh. Accustomed from infancy to
frequent conventicles and communions, he ac-
quired at an early period strong Calvinistic
convictions and strict and stern views of con-
duct and duty. When the regiment raised by
the covenanting Cameronians (now the 26th
of the line) was embodied by the Earl of Angus
in 1689, he volunteered into it as a cadet at the
pay of sixpence a day. Probably through his
intimacy with the commander, Colonel Cle-
land, who was an old college acquaintance,
he was in a few months promoted lieutenant.
The regiment, by the remarkable stand it
made against the Highlanders at Dunkeld,
did service of the highest importance in quell-
ing the rebellion. After the reduction of the
Highlands he embarked with the regiment
for Flanders, and took part in the principal
sieges and battles in the campaigns of the
Prince of Orange until the peace of Ryswick in
1697. On the resumption of the war in 1702,
Blackadder, who had previously obtained
his captain's commission, served with his old
regiment in the campaigns of Marlborough.
In December 1705 he was promoted major,and
in October 1709 raised to the command of the
regiment. Shortly before the peace of Utrecht
he sold his commission, and taking up his
residence at Edinburgh, and afterwards at
Stirling, he occupied much of his attention
with ecclesiastical affairs, becoming a member
of the Society for Propagating Christianity,
and also of the general assembly of the
church of Scotland. Upon the news of a
rising in the north in 1715 in behalf of the
Pretender, he was appointed colonel of the
regiment raised by the city of Glasgow, which
he posted at the bridge of Stirling to guard
against an attack of the highlanders, who,
however, were defeated at the battle of She-
riffmuir. In consideration of his services
during the rebellion he was, in March 1717,
appointed deputy governor of Stirling Castle.
He died 31 Aug. 1729, and was buried in the
West church of Stirling, where a marble
tablet was erected to his memory.

[Life and Diary of Lieut.-col. J. Blackader. ed.
Crichton, 1824.] T. F. H.

BLACKADDER, WILLIAM, M.D.
(1647-1704), physician to William III, the
eldest son of the elder John Blackadder
[q. v.], was born in 1647. He was sent to
the university of Edinburgh in 1665, and he
graduated in medicine at Leyden in 1680.

Having in Holland made the acquaintance of
some of the principal political refugees of
England, he was frequently employed by them
in important negotiations. He accompanied
the Earl of Argyle in his expedition to Scot-
land in 1685, and having, along with Spence,
the earl's secretary, put ashore at Orkney to
obtain information regarding the sentiments
of the people, he was apprehended and sent
for examination to Edinburgh. After landing
at Leith he succeeded by signs in communi-
cating to his sister, who had joined the crowd,
the necessity of burning some papers amongst
the luggage forwarded to his lodgings. A
search therefore revealed nothing of a com-
promising character : but he was retained
in prison for more than a year until, through
a clever device of his brother, he obtained
writing materials, and sent a letter to Fagel,
the pensioner of Holland, who represented
the case to the British envoy in such a
way that King James ordered his liberation.
Thereupon he went to Holland, whence, in
1688, he was sent to Edinburgh to carry on
secret negotiations on behalf of the Prince of
Orange. Having imprudently ventured into
the castle, he was seized by order of the go-
vernor and committed for trial ; but on the
news of the landing of the Prince of Orange
he was set at liberty. After the revolution
he was, in reward of his services, appointed
physician to King William. He died about
1704.

[Crichton's Memoirs of Rev. John Blackadder,
2nd ed. pp.295-301, and Life and Diary of Lieut.-
col. J. Blackader, pp. 28-31; "Wodrow's History
of the Church of Scotland, ed. Burns, iv. 231,
285, 313.] T. F. H.

BLACKADER, CUTHBERT (d. 1485),
a chieftain of the Scottish border, received
his surname and estate from James II in
1452 for his success in repelling the English
marauders on the Scottish frontier. By his
prowess he earned for himself the title of the
( chieftain of the south.' He and his seven
sons who accompanied him on his expeditions
were also named, from the darkness of their
complexions, the ' Black band of the Black-
aders.' When the kingdom was placed in a
posture of defence against Edward IV, the
Blackaders raised a force of two hundred and
seventeen men, and also planted their castle
with artillery, and left in it a strong garrison.
During the wars of York and Lancaster
Cuthbert and his sons took service in Eng-
land, and fought under the banner of the red
rose. In the fatal battle of Bosworth, 22 Aug.
1485, he and three of his sons were slain.

[Crichton's Memoirs of the Eev. John Black-
adder (2nd ed. 1826), pp.. 2-4.]. T. F. H.

Blackader

Blackall

BLACKADER, ROBERT. [See BLAC-

ADEE.l

BLACKALL, JOHN, M.D. (1771-1860),
physician, sixth son of the Rev. Theophilus
Blackall, a prebendary of Exeter cathedral,
by his wife Elizabeth Ley, and grandson
of Bishop Offspring Blackall [q. v.], was
born in St. Paul's Street, Exeter, 24 Dec.
1771. He was educated at the Exeter gram-
mar school, whence he proceeded to Balliol
College, Oxford, as a member of which he
graduated BA. 1793, M.A. 1796, M.B. 1797,
and M.D. 2 March 1801. Immediately after
taking his first degree he applied himself to
the study of medicine at St. Bartholomew's
Hospital, and it was in its wards, while
working as the clinical clerk of Dr. John
Latham, that he made the observations on
albuminuria which were afterwards stated and
enlarged in his treatise on dropsies. In 1797
he settled in his native city, and on 1 June in '
that year was chosen physician to the Devon
and Exeter Hospital. At this period, how- i
ever, the medical practice of Exeter was j
engrossed by Dr. Hugh Downman, Dr. Bar-
tholomew Parr, and Dr. George Daniell, and
in 1801 Dr. Blackall resigned his appointment
at Exeter, and settled at Totness, where he ;
became the physician of the district. His i
reputation increased, and in 1807 he returned j
to Exeter, where he was a second time elected j
physician to the Devon and Exeter Hospital, i
and in 1812 was appointed physician to St. j
Thomas's Lunatic Asylum. In 1813 he :
published his well-known and admirable i
1 Observations on the Nature and Cure of j
Dropsies,' London, 8vo, of which there are I
four editions, and which entitles its author to |
a position among medical discoverers. Dropsy |
is the morbid effusion of the serum of the i
blood into the cavities of the body and into j
the meshes of its tissues. It had been ob- j
served from the beginning of medicine, but |
up to the time of Lower (1669) nothing was
known of its morbid anatomy. He made
the first step, which was the demonstration
that dropsy of a limb always follows direct
obstruction of its veins. Blackall's discovery
came next, and was that dropsy is often as-
sociated with the presence of albumen in the
urine. His treatise states clearly the relation
between albuminuria and dropsy, and shows
that he suspected that the kidneys were dis-
eased in these cases. The further discovery
of Bright (1836) of the constant relation be-
tween renal disease and albuminuria is based
upon the observations first made by Blackall.
Blackall also published (1813) some ob-
servations on angina pectoris, a disease then
much discussed, owing to Heberden's writings
upon it. Blackall was admitted a candi-

date of the College of Physicians, 22 Dec.
1814, and a fellow, 22 Dec. 1815. His pro-
gress from this period was rapid and unin-
terrupted, and for a long series of years he
had a great practice in the west of England.
He was famed for his skill in diagnosis, and it
was based upon a thorough method of clinical
examination. He used no complicated re-
medies, was patient in waiting for results, and
was justly confident in the conclusions to
which he had attained with so much care.

Dr. Blackall retained his strength and fa-
culties to an advanced age, and he did not
relinquish private practice till he was eighty.
He died at Southernhay, Exeter, 10 Jan.
1860, and was followed to the grave in the
burial-ground of Holy Trinity Church by a
large body of relations and friends and the
Avhole of the medical profession resident
within the city.

[British Medical Journal (Memoir by Thomas
Shapter, M.D.), 1860, pp. 75-6 ; Munk's Boll of
College of Physicians (1878), iii. 138-41.]

GK C. B.

BLACKALL or BLACKBALL, OFF-
SPRING (1654-1716), bishop of Exeter, did
not come into public notice until he was a
middle-aged man, and of his early years little
is known. He was born in London, and in
due time became a member of St. Catherine's
Hall, Cambridge, where, it may be presumed,
he lived a strictly religious life, for he is men-
tioned as one of the intimate college friends of
the saintly James Bonnell [q. v.], who chose
none but the godly for his companions. In
1690 he became rector of South Okenden or
Ockenden in Essex, and in 1694 rector of St.
Mary Aldermary in London ; with this latter
preferment he also held successively two lec-
tureships in the city. He was next made
chaplain to King William III, although he
was so strongly suspected of inclining to the
exiled dynasty that he was charged in a
pamphlet of 1705 with having continued a
nonjuror for two years after the revolution.
A sermon preached before the House of Com-
mons on 30 Jan. 1699 first brought him into
notice as a controversialist. The sermon is
really a very moderate one, in comparison
with many which were wont to be preached
on such occasions, but in it the preacher
made a passing reference — it only takes up
about a twentieth part of the sermon — to
John Toland, against whom everybody was
then preaching. In 1698 Toland in his ' Life
of Milton ' disputed the royal authorship of
the ' Icon Basilike,' and took occasion, more
suo, to insinuate that, as people were mis-
taken on this point, so they might be about
the authenticity of many of the early writings

Blackall

nS

Blackall

about Christianity. Blackball not unnaturally
supposed tbat Toland referred to tbe New (
Testament, and binted to the House of Com-
mons tbat their pious designs to suppress |
vice and immorality would not be of much ,
effect if the foundations of all revealed religion
were thus openly struck at. Toland replied
in his well-known i Amyntor,' declaring that ,
he had not referred to the holy scriptures at \
all. Blackball rejoined, and the controversy
brought him into such notice that the next
year (1700) he was chosen Boyle lecturer. ,
The subject he chose was ( The Sufficiency of ,
a standing Revelation,' and the seven ser-
mons, preached at St. Paul's, which formed
the lecture, may be found in bis published
works. On 8 March 1704, the anniversary
of Queen Anne's accession, Blackball preached
at St. Dunstaii's, and on the same occasion in
1708 at St. James's, before the queen, ser-
mons which called forth the wrath of the
whigs. In 1709 Benjamin Hoadly attacked
him, and a long and rather warm contro-
versy ensued. Pamphlet after pamphlet
poured forth from the press. Among the
supporters of Blackball one is supposed to
have been the famous Charles Leslie, and the
pamphlet with the curious title ' The best
answer ever was made, and to which no
answer ever will be made (not to be behind
Mr. Hoadly in assurance), &c.,' bears strong
internal evidence of having been written by
Leslie. Among the supporters of Hoadly
were the wits of the ' Tatler.' Blackball
had by this time become a bishop. In January
1707-8 Queen Anne, on the recommendation
of her spiritual director, Archbishop Sharp,
conferred upon him the see of Exeter, to the
great annoyance of the low-church party.
Burnet, while admitting that Blackball was
' a man of value and worth,' strongly repro-
bates the appointment because ' his notions
were all on the other side,' and declares that
'he [Blackball] seemed to condemn the
Revolution and all that had been done pur-
suant to it ' (Own Times, book vii.) Black-
hall also, as we learn from Le Neve (Fasti
Ecclesice Anglicance, vol. i.), held with his
bishopric the archdeaconry of Exeter until
his death. Little is known of Blackhall's
management of his diocese, except that he
took a deep interest in the newly formed
scheme of charity schools, and endeavoured
to rouse his clergy into activity on their be-
half. But he had a great reputation in his
day both as a preacher and a writer. His
friend and editor, Sir William Dawes, tells
us in the posthumous edition of Blackhall's
sermons that he had ' universally acquired
the reputation of being one of the best
preachers of his time,' and the published ser-

mons bear out this reputation. They are
105 in number, no less than eighty-seven of
them being an exposition of the sermon on
the Mount. These eighty-seven, in especial,
are remarkably clear and exhaustive ; they
are written in the homely style which be-
came fashionable soon after the Restoration.
Unlike the sermons of an earlier date, they
contain no quotations from foreign languages,
no fine words, no similes or metaphors, but
they thoroughly grapple with the difficulties,
never diverge from tbe subject in hand, and
are full of weighty matter. We are not sur-
prised to learn that 'vast numbers both of
clergy and laity flocked to hear them/ and
that he was importuned by many friends to
print them. He intended to do so, but a
long sickness, which terminated in his death
(29 Nov. 1716). prevented him from carrying
out his intention, so the task was left for his
friend and brother prelate, Sir William Dawes,
who executed it with fidelity and judgment.
The drawback to the series (not to the indi-
| vidual sermons, for each would take not more
i than half an hour in. delivery) is its inordi-
! nate length. It fills no less than 939 folio
pages, and this, perhaps, is the reason why it
i has not been accepted as a standard exposi-
tion of the sermon on the Mount. Many of
the other sermons have been published sepa-
rately. Writing from a literary point of view,
; Felton, in his 'Classics,' describes Blackball
I as 'an excellent writer,' and De la Roche,
in his l Memoirs of Literature,' calls him ' one
| of those English divines who, when they un-
j dertake to treat a subject, dive into the bottom
j of it and exhaust the matter.' As to his per-
j sonal character, his friend Sir W. Dawes thus
! describes it, in language which evidently
| came from the heart : ' I, who had the happi-
| ness of a long and intimate friendship with
| him, do sincerely declare that in my whole
! conversation I never met with a more per-
fect pattern of a true Christian life in all its
I parts than in him.' He showed such ' primi-
j tive simplicity and integrity, such constant
evenness of mind, such unaffected and yet
| most ardent piety towards God.' His son
i Theophilus (d. 1737) was the father of Samuel
| Blackall [q. v.], and his grandson, also Theo-
| philus (d. 1781), was father of John Blackall

! [q- v.]

[Authorities indicated in the text.] J. H. 0.

BLACKALL, SAMUEL (d. 1792), di-
vine, was the son of the Rev. Theophilus
Blackall, chancellor of the diocese of Ex-
eter, and a grandson of Dr. Offspring Black-
all, bishop of Exeter. He received his edu-
cation at Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
of which he became a fellow and mathe-

Blackbourne

TI9

Blackbourne

matical tutor (B. A. 1760, M. A. 1763, B.D. a scholar and divine. To keep himself inde-
1770). Cole, in his manuscript ' Athenae pendent, he became corrector of the press to
Cantabrigienses,' says : ' This gent, in 1771, Mr. Bowyer, printer, and was, indeed, one
on Mr. Hubbard, a fellow of his college, and of the most accurate of any that ever took
one to whom he had great obligations, pre- upon him that laborious employ ' (NICHOLS,
paring a Grace, or voting for it, contrary to Literary Anecdotes, i. 252). He was power-
the inclination and disposition of this person, fully recommended to f King James III ' by
publicly hissed him in the Senate House, j Lord Winchelsea and other nobles of his
which was a method so unusual and thought j faction, and was consecrated bishop of the
so indecent, that even he himself was, or pre- nonjurors 11 June 1725 (BLUNT, Theological
tended to be, ashamed of it, and made excuses Dictionary, 1872) by the nonjuring prelates,

Spinckes, Gandy, and Doughty, with the last

about it. On the petitioners against the
Liturgy and Thirty-nine Articles applying to
parliament for relief, he was a busy and active
petitioner and . . . wrote a spirited pamphlet

two of whom he took part in the consecra-
tion of Richard Rawlinson, 25 March 1728,
and subsequently with Gandy and Rawlin-

son in the consecration of George Smith.
Blackbourne belonged to that section of the
nonjurors which, in respect to the ' usages/

against Dr. Hallifax's three sermons. He is

a little black man, of no humane aspect, and

carries his malignancy in his forehead : he is

lame of one leg by some accident, and a great adhered to the practice of the English church

rower on the water ; a lively and ingenious as it stood at the time of the separation, and

man, plays well on the harpsichord, sings | who were known as ' nonusagers,' in contra-

"\VOll sin/1 rlvQTirc on/'l o+nliac iir\i- amice TTft H 1 s1".m P^",i ATI T,n T.nfi ^noonrovc* ' TrrTi^ -nriol-*/-!/-! -f^».

well, and draws and etches not amiss,
is son to a dignitary of Exeter, and probably
a degenerate grandson to a quondam bishop
of that see. I think the Grace Mr. Hubbard
opposed was that brought in by Mr. Jebb to
abolish subscription in the university.' Black-
all is mentioned in a silly poem called ' Pot
Fair' (1780). On 12 July 1786 he was ad-
mitted to the valuable rectory of Lough-
borough in Leicestershire on the presentation
of his college. He died there on 8 May 1792,
and a monument to his memory was placed in
the parish church of Sidmouth, Devonshire.
Besides publishing some detached sermons he
took part in the ' confessional controversy '
by addressing l A Letter to Dr. Hallifax upon
the subject of his three discourses preached
before the University of Cambridge, occa-
sioned by an attempt to abolish subscription
to the Thirty-nine Articles,' 1772.

[Addit. MS. 5864, f. 65 ; Cantabrigienses Gra-
duati (1787), 40 ; Gent. Mas;, xxvii. 531 ; xlii.
265, 446, 516, 572, xliii. 69, 1. 225, Ixii. (i.) 483;
Dyer's Hist, of the Univ. of Cambridge, ii. 390 ;
Lond. Mag. 1757, p. 563 ; Lysons's Devonshire,
447 ; Nichols's Leicestershire, iii. pt. ii. 900.]

T. C.

BLACKBOURNE, JOHN (1683-1741),
nonjuror, was born in 1683, and educated
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
became B.A. in 1700, and M.A. in 1705.
His refusal to recognise the revolutionary
settlement excluded him from clerical prefer-
ment. According to Dr. Bowes, who ' waited
on him often in Little Britain, where he lived
almost lost to the world and hid amongst
old books,' Blackbourne 'lived a very ex-
emplary, good life, and studied hard, en-
deavouring to be useful to mankind, both as

distinction to the ' usagers,' who wished to
introduce chiefly into their eucharistic li-
turgy certain catholic practices. The two
parties remained separate, each consecrating
several bishops, from the year 1718 to 1733,
when a reconciliation took place on the
basis of a general adoption of the catholic
< usages:' but Blackbourne still refused,
though almost alone, to relinquish the use
of the communion office of the Anglican
church. Blackbourne published an edition
of Johan Bale's 'Brefe Chronycle concern-
ynge the Examinacyon and Death of the
Blessed Martyr of Christ, Syr Johan Olde-
castell the Lorde Cobham. To which is
added an Appendix of original Instruments/
8vo, London, 1729 ; and an edition of ' The
Works of the Lord Bacon. Francisci Baconi,
Baronis de Verulamio, Vicecomitis Sancti
Albani, Magni Anglise Cancellarii, Opera
omnia, quatuor Voluminibus comprehensa ;
hactenus edita, ad autographorum maxime
fidem, emendantur ; nonnulla etiam ex MSS.
Codicibus deprompta, mine primum prodeunt/
fol. London, 1730. He is also credited with
editing the 'Castrations to Holinshed's Chro-
nicle,' 1728, fol. Blackbourne died 17 Nov.
1741, and his library was sold by auction in
February 1742. He was buried^in Islington
churchyard. His widow, Philadelphia, after
having contracted a second marriage with
Richard Heybourne, a citizen of London,
died 10 Jan. 1750, at the age of 70, and was
buried by the side of her first husband.

[Graduati Cantab. 1787; Nichols's Literary
Anecdotes ; Lathbury's History of the Nonjurors,
London, 1845; Blunt's Dictionary of Theology,
London, 2nd ed. 1872; Lee's Glossary of Litur-
gical and Ecclesiastical Terms, London, 1877.1

A. H. G.

Blackburn

I2O

Blackburn

BLACKBURN, WILLIAM (1750-1790),
surveyor and architect, was born in South-
•\vark. His father was a tradesman of St.
John's parish, and his mother a native of
Spain. His limited education was derived

ment, useful labour, and moral reform, pro-
posed premiums for the best plans for such
buildings ; and the highest premium of one
hundred guineas was unanimously awarded
to Blackburn in March 1782. In due course

from a common school, and at a proper age ' he was appointed to the office of architect
he was placed under a surveyor — one, how- and surveyor of the proposed buildings. But
ever, of so little note that few advantages after the plan of a penitentiary for male
could be obtained in the knowledge of his j offenders had been arranged, and a great part
profession. But his intelligence and persever- j of the work contracted for, the attention of
ance soon overcame these early drawbacks, public men was diverted from this important
and he managed to make the acquaintance of i social scheme, and the designs of government
men of reputation, several of whom belonged were not carried into execution. Popular
to the Royal Academy. Encouraged and feeling had become so strongly stimulated in

assisted by them, he became a student in that
institution, and worked so industriously that
in 1773 he was presented with the medal
for the best drawing of the interior of St.
Stephen's church .Walbrook/ the chef d'ceuvre
of Sir Christopher Wren,' as Pennant has
justly called it ; and on receiving the prize,
Sir Joshua Reynolds, the president, highly
eulogised his abilities and prognosticated his
future success.

Soon after entering into business on his own
account in Southwark, his reputation steadily
increased, until at length his name was
brought into public notice by the following
circumstance. An act of parliament had
passed in 1779 declaring that 'if any offenders
convicted of crimes for which transportation
had been usually inflicted were ordered to
solitary confinement, accompanied by well
regulated labour and religious instruction, it
might be the means, under Providence, not

favour of the erection of prisons in confor-
mity to his plans, that many gaols and other
structures throughout the country were built
under Blackburn's inspection. But before
he had reached his fortieth year, he died sud-
denly at Preston, in Lancashire, on 28 Oct.
1790, while on a journey to Scotland, taken
at the instance of the Duke of Buccleuch
and the lord provost of Glasgow, with a view
to erect a new gaol in that city. His body
was removed to London, and interred in the-
Bunhill Fields burial-ground.

During Blackburn's short career his labour
had been very extensive. The gaol of New-
gate in Dublin was indebted to him for many
of its improvements : the plan of anew prison
for Limerick wras his design, and, shortly
before his death, negotiations had commenced
for the erection of a penitentiary house for
Ireland ; he constructed the tank in Cornhill
and the prison at Oxford. His abilities were

only of deterring others from the commis- employed also in preparing designs of churches,,
sion of the like crimes, but also of reforming,' j houses, villas ; and of three elegant designs for
&c. &c. By this act his majesty was autho- a new church at Hackney, one had been se-
rised to appoint three supervisors of the build- lected for early execution, when his untimely
ings to be erected, who were to fix upon any j death set aside the undertaking. It was at one-
common, heath, or waste in Middlesex, Essex, \ time intended to have engraved and published
Kent, or Surrey, on which should be built ' a series of his principal drawings, which dis-
two plain strong edifices, to be called ' Peni- ! played great taste and a thorough mastery of
tentiary Houses,' one for six hundred males [ his favourite study of architecture, but we^
the other for three hundred females. In the cannot find, that this project was ever carried

same year three supervisors were appointed :
John Howard (who had been strongly soli-
cited by Sir William Blackstone, a great friend

out.

Blackburn belonged to the presbyterian

denomination, and was intimate with the

of the scheme), John Fothergill, M.D. (a most prominent members of that persuasion
friend of Howard's), and George Whatley, both in town and country. The most agree-
treasurer of the Foundling Hospital. This
commission, however, was soon dissolved, for
Dr. Fothergill died in 1780, and Mr. Howard,
not being able to coalesce with his remaining
colleague, resigned shortly afterwards. In
1781 a new commission was formed, consist-
ing of Sir Gilbert Elliot, bart., Sir Charles
Bunbury, bart., and Thomas Bowdler. These

gentlemen being desirous that the penitentiary i youth was very corpulent. A widow, Lydia,
houses should be constructed in the manner daughter of Joshua Hobson, a well-known
most conducive to the ends of solitary co n fine builder of Southwark, whom he had married

able association connected with his memory
is his intimate friendship with John Howard,,
whose benevolent designs he endeavoured to.
promote. Howard used to say that Black-
burn was the only man who was capable of
delineating to his mind upon paper his ideas,
of what a prison ought to be. In person he
was of middle stature, and from his early;

Blackburne

121

Blackburne

in 1783, and four young children survived
him.

[Gent. Mag. xlix. 567, lv. 325, lx. 1053;
Aikin's Life of Howard.] J. W.-G-.

BLACKBURNE, ANNA (d. 1794),

botanist, daughter of John Blackburne [q.y.]
of Orford, was accomplished in natural his-
tory, and formed a large and varied collection.
She was a friend and constant correspondent
of Linnseus. She died at Fail-field, near
Warring-ton, in 1794.

[Gent, Mag. Ixiv. 180-1 G- T- B-

BLACKBURNE, FRANCIS (1705-
1787), divine, was born at Richmond, York-
shire, on 9 June 1705. He was educated at
Kendal, Hawkshead, and Sedbergh, and was
admitted (May 1722) at Catherine Hall, Cam-
bridge, where he seems to have already shown
his liberal principles. ' Young man,' said a
worthy old lay gentleman to him, ' let the first
book thou readest at Cambridge be Locke upon
government.' Blackburne thoroughly assimi-
lated Locke's politics and theology, and,
though the only qualified candidate, was re-
fused a fellowship in consequence. He was
ordained deacon 17 March 1728, and became
' conduct ' of his college. He left it on being
refused a fellowship, and lived with an uncle
in Yorkshire till 1739, when he was ordained
priest to take the rectory of Richmond in
Yorkshire, which had been promised to him
on the first vacancy. He resided there till
his death. In 1744 he married a widow,
Hannah, formerly Hotham, who had (in
1737) married Joshua Elsworth. He was
collated to the archdeaconry of Cleveland in
July 1750, and in August 1750 to the prebend
of Bilton, by Archbishop Hutton of York ;
but his principles prevented any further pre-
ferment, and he early made up his mind never
again to subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles.
In 1749 John Jones, vicar of Alconbury,
published his ( Free and Candid Disquisitions
relating to the Church of England,' which
made some noise at the time, by proposing
modifications of the church services and
ritual with a view to meeting difficulties of
the latitudinarian party. Blackburne had
read the book in manuscript, but denied that
he had any share in the composition. Its
phraseology was too ' milky ' for his taste.
He defended it in an apology (1750). In
1752 he published anonymously an attack
upon Bishop Butler's well-known charge
(1751), called 'A Serious Inquiry into the
Use and Importance of External Religion,' and
accusing Butler of deficient protestantism.
This was first printed with his name in 1767
in the ' Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy

shaken,' a collection by R. Baron. He sup-
ported the semi-materialist theory of the ' sleep
of the soul' of his college friend Bishop Law,
in a tract called 'No Proof in the Scriptures
of an Intermediate State,' &c., 1755 ; and in
1758 he argued against the casuistry whicli
j would permit subscription to the articles to
j be made with considerable latitude of niean-
I ing, in l Remarks on the Rev. Dr. Powell's
j Sermon in Defence of Subscriptions.' This
j controversy led to his best known work. He
had reconciled himself with some difficulty
to the subscriptions necessary for his later
preferments, but his doubts had increased
when the prospect of a further appointment
led to a fresh consideration. He then studied
the history of the tests imposed by protestant
churches, and his studies resulted in the
composition of l The Confessional, or a full
and free inquiry into the right, utility, and
success of establishing confessions of faith
and doctrine in protestant churches.' The
manuscript remained unpublished for some
years, when the one confidential friend who
had seen it mentioned it to the republican
Thomas Hollis, through whom Millar, the
well-known bookseller, was introduced to
! the author, and published the book anony-
mously in May 1766 ; a second edition ap-
peared in June 1767. The l Confessional '
argues, as a corollary from Chillingworth's
; principle — 'The Bible is the religion of
protestants ' — that a profession of belief in
the scriptures as the word of God, and a
i promise to teach the people from the scrip-
| tures, should be the sole pledges demanded
from protestant pastors. This is supported
by historical considerations, and the device
of lax interpretation of the articles is de-
nounced as a casuistical artifice of Laud's
in defence of Arminianism. A lively con-
, troversy arose. A list of the pamphlets is
given in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' xlu
405, xlii. 263, and in a ' Short View of the
Controversy ' (by Dr. Disney), 1773. A third
• edition of the ' Confessional ' appeared in
1770. In 1772 a meeting was held at the-
Feathers Tavern, and a petition signed by
200 persons for giving effect to Blackburne's
i proposal. It was rejected by 217 to 71 after
a speech in condemnation by Burke, pub-
lished in his Works.

Theophilus Lindsey, who married a step-
daughter of Blackburne's, and Dr. Disney,
; who married his eldest daughter, joined in
this agitation, and both of them afterwards left
the church of England to become Unitarians.
Blackburne was naturally supposed to sym-
pathise with their views. On Disney's se-
cession he drew up a paper called 'An Answer
to the Question, Why are you not a Socinian ? *

Blackburne

122

Blackburne

He declares his belief in the divinity of |
Christ, though he confesses to certain doubts !
and guards his assertions. He had qualified ,
for his preferment by subscribing tests to j
which he would not again submit, but we j
are told that his preferments produced only
150/. a year, and that he declined an offer to i
succeed S. Chandler at the Old Jewry at a
salary of 400/.

He had made some preparations for a life j
of Luther, but abandoned his plan in order
to write the memoirs of his friend Thomas
Hollis [see HOLLIS, THOMAS]. These ap-
peared in 1780. In 1787 he performed his
thirty-eighth visitation in Cleveland, and
died, 7 Aug. 1787, a few weeks later. He
left a widow (died 20 Aug. 1799) and four
children: Jane, married to Dr. Disney;
Francis, vicar of Brignal ; Sarah, married to
the Rev. John Hall, vicar of Chew Magna ;
and William, a physician in London. A son,
Thomas, a physician, died, aged thirty-three,
in 1782. His ' Works, Theological and Mis-
cellaneous, including some pieces not before
printed,' with a memoir, were published by
his son Francis in 1804, in seven volumes.
The ' Confessional ' occupies the fifth volume.
The third volume contains ' A Historical View
of the Controversy concerning an Interme-
diate State,' of which the first edition appeared
in 1765, and the second, much enlarged, in

1772. It brought him into collision with
Bishop Warburton. His ' Remarks on Dr.
Warburton's Account of the Sentiments of
the Jews concerning the Soul' is said to
be his masterpiece. The fourth volume of
the Works contains his charges, as arch-
deacon, in 1765, 1766, 1767, 1769, 1771, and

1773. They show that he was not prepared to
extend full toleration to catholics. The other
volumes contain miscellaneous pamphlets.

[Life by himself and his son, prefixed to
Works.] * L. S.

BLACKBURNE, FRANCIS (1782-
1867), lord chancellor of Ireland, was born
at Great Footstown, county Meath, on 11 Nov.
1782. In 1792 he was sent to school at the
village of Dunshaughlin, where he remained
a year and a half. At this time the effects
of the French revolution were severely felt
in some parts of Ireland. A conspiracy was
discovered for an attack upon the house at
Footstown, and the family removed to the
village of Kells, and ultimately to Dublin.
After some time spent in the school of the
Rev. William White in the Irish capital,
Blackburne entered Trinity College, Dublin,
in July 1798, where he acquired numerous
distinctions.

Blackburne kept the usual terms at King's
Inn, Dublin, and subsequently proceeded to
Lincoln's Inn, London. He was called to
the bar in 1805, and went the home circuit.
In the course of four years he was able to
clear off the charges upon the paternal pro-
perty to which he had succeeded. In 1809
he married the daughter of Mr. William
Martley of Ballyfallon, by whom he had
fourteen children. Five only of these sur-
vived him. The condition of Ireland in 1822
was very turbulent, and it was necessary to
renew the Insurrection Act. Blackburne,
now called within the bar, administered the
act in the county and city of Limerick for
two years, and he effectually restored order
in the district. In 1824 Blackburne was ex-
amined on the state of Ireland before com-
mittees of both houses of parliament. Two
years later he was appointed Serjeant. Al-
though Blackburne's political opinions were
distinctly conservative, on the accession of
Earl Grey to power in 1830 he became
attorney-general for Ireland, and speedily
achieved a legal victory over Daniel O'Con-
nell, who had threatened to teach him law.
A conspiracy was formed in 1831 for the
purpose of resisting the payment of tithe,
and riots and murders took place in several
of the disturbed districts. The government
failed to obtain convictions against the agi-
tators, in spite of the evidence accumulated
by Blackburne. After the anti-tithe meet-
ings in Ireland were suppressed, the condition
of the country grew more alarming. A new
coercion act was considered to be necessary
and passed in March 1833.

Blackburne was called upon to draw up
a report to the lord-lieutenant on the con-
dition of the country at about the same time.
His activity was very distasteful to O'Con-
nell and his followers, who fiercely attacked
him in a series of letters to Lord Duncannon,
the home secretary. On the recall of Lord
Melbourne to power in 1834, Blackburne re-
signed. Post after post on the bench became
vacant during the premiership of Lord Mel-
bourne, but Blackburne was overlooked. It
is said that Lord Melbourne was not a free
agent in this matter, being bound to O'Con-
nell and his followers, who were bitterly hos-
tile to Blackburne.

In 1841 Sir Robert Peel again appointed
Blackburne attorney-general for Ireland.
Upon the death of Sir Michael O'Loghlen in
1842 he became master of the rolls in Ireland.
Soon afterwards he assisted the lord-chan-
cellor in preparing a code of general orders
for the court of chancery. In January 1846
Blackburne was appointed chief justice of the
queen's bench. He presided with conspicuous

Blackburne

123

Blackburne

ability at the assizes during the critical period
of 18-47-8. He delivered the charge in the
prosecution of Smith O'Brien and his confede- j
rates, who were convicted of high treason.
Referring to this charge, Lord Brougham
said : ' I never in the course of my experience
read a more able and satisfactory argument
in every respect than that of Chief-justice j
Blackburne' (House of Lords' Cases, ii. 496). j
Blackburne also delivered an important i
charge to the grand jury at Monaghan in |
1851, in connection with the outbreak of j
Ribbonism.

When Lord Derby came into office in '
February 1852, Blackburne was made chan-
cellor of Ireland, but he resigned the post
on the formation of a coalition government
under Lord Aberdeen in December of the !
same year.

In 1852, at the wish of the government, !
Blackburne became one of the commissioners
of national education, but he retired from it j
in the following year along with Archbishop
"Whately and Lord Greene. In 1854 Black-
burne, when examined at great length before |
a committee of the House of Lords as to the \
circumstances which led to his retirement, j
stated that he joined the board under the i
conviction that it would afford a large amount
of religious, combined with secular, instruc- j
tion, but that a substantial part of the reli- j
gious instruction had been subtracted from i
the course (Report of the Select Committee \
of the House of Lords, $c.)

In 1856 Blackburne was appointed by
Lord Palmerston lord justice of appeal in j
Ireland. Two years later he was invited by j
Lord Derby again to become lord chancellor,
but he declined on account of his advanced
age and failing health. On the accession
to power of Lord Derby in 1866 he consented,
however, to accept the appointment, but being
warmly attacked he was ultimately induced
to resign. In May 1867 Blackburne declined
Lord Derby's offer of a baronetcy. He died
on 17 Sept. 1867, in' the eighty-fifth year of
his age. Blackburne was for some years
vice-chancellor of Dublin University.

In private character Blackburne was gene-
rous and urbane. As a lawyer he possessed
extraordinary power of mental concentration,
wide experience, and profound acquaintance
with every branch of law and equity. He
had a dignified and courteous manner, a style
nervous, terse, and perspicuous, a distinct and
melodious voice, and a fluent delivery. His
mind was clear to the last.
- [Life of the Eight Hon. Francis Blackburne,
late Lord Chancellor of Ireland, by his son Ed-
ward Blackburne, Q.C., 1874 ; Annual Register,
1867.] G. B. S.

BLACKBURNE, JOHN (1090-1786),
botanist, of Orford, near Warrington, main-
tained an extensive garden, including very
many exotic species. A catalogue was pub-
lished by his gardener, Adam Neal, at War-
rington, in 1779.

[Gent. Mag. Ivii. 204.] G. T. B.

BLACKBURNE, LANCELOT (1658-
1743), archbishop of York, was the son of
Richard Blackburne of London, whom the
archbishop claimed to have been connected
with the Blackburnes of Marricke Abbey, and
after being educated at "Westminster School
matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on
20 Oct. 1676, aged 17. At the close of 1681,
shortly after his ordination, he went to the
West Indies, the sum of 20/. appearing in the
record of ' Moneys paid for Secret Services '
(Camden Soc. 1851) to have been paid ' to
Launcelott Blackburne, clerk, bounty for his
transportation to Ant ego.' On 28 Jan. 1683 he
proceeded M. A., and having attached himself
to Bishop Trelawny on his appointment to
the see of Exeter, received considerable pre-
ferment in that diocese. He became a pre-
bendary in June 1691 and sub-dean in January

1695. Among the correspondence of John
Ellis in the British Museum, * Additional
MSS.' 28880-88, occur several letters from
Blackburne, and among them (28880, f. 169)
is one requesting the influence of Ellis on
behalf of his appointment to the duchy rec-
tory of Calstock in Cornwall (29 May 1696).
This preferment Blackburne obtained, and
during his tenure of it he built the old rectory
house. A letter from Blackburne to Bishop
Trelawny, describing the evidence given in
a trial at Exeter for witchcraft in September

1696, was printed in l Notes and Queries,'
1st series, xi. 498-9 (1855), and reprinted in
the < Western Antiquary,' iii. 226-7 (1884).
Rumours injurious to his reputation were
freely circulated during his lifetime, and in
1702 they forced him to resign his sub-deanery.
In July 1704, however, he was reinstated,
and from that time his rise was rapid. He
became the dean of Exeter on 3 Nov. 1705,
archdeacon of Cornwall in January 1715,
and bishop of Exeter in January 1717. This
preferment he retained until 1724, and it is
stated that he desired to hold it in commendam
with the deanery of St. Paul's, but that he
was prevailed upon to accept the archbishopric
of York, a piece of preferment which, ac-
cording to scandal, was bestowed upon him
for having united George I in marriage with
his mistress, the Duchess of Munster. ^ Two
ballads, printed in 1736, represented him as
contending with Hoadly and Gibson for the
primacy of Canterbury, but that prize was

Blackburne

124

Blackburne

missed by all three. Blackburne's rise in the I
church was originally due to the patronage of j
Bishop Trelawny, but it was probably accele- '
rated through his marriage, at the Savoy
Chapel, 2 Sept. 1684, with Catherine, j
daughter of William Talbot, of Stourton |
Castle, Staffordshire, and widow of Walter
Littleton of Lichfield. From her brother, !
William Talbot, bishop of Durham, father of ,
lord-chancellor Talbot, is descended the pre- !
sent Earl of Shrewsbury, and her issue by i
her first husband was a direct ancestor of
Lord Teynham. She was older than the
archbishop, and predeceased him. He died
at a time of extreme cold, 23 March 1743,
and was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster,
on 1 April.

Archbishop Blackburne was gay and witty.
His enemies repeated the story that he acted
as chaplain on board one of the ships engaged
in buccaneering, and that he shared the booty,
the joke running that one of the buccaneers
on his arrival in England asked what had
become of his old chum Blackburne, and was
answered that he was archbishop of York, j
The freeness of his manners is shown by two j
anecdotes: (1) That on a visitation at St.
Mary's, Nottingham, he ordered pipes and
tobacco and some liquor to be brought into
the vestry 'for his refreshment after the
fatigue of confirmation ; ' whereupon the vicar,
Mr. Disney, remonstrated with the archbishop
for his conduct, and, with the remark that the
vestry should not be turned into a smoking-
room, forbad their introduction. (2) That he
applauded the conduct of Queen Caroline in not
objecting to the king's new mistress. It was
at one time insinuated that Francis Black-
burne, the archdeacon [q. v.], was a natural
son of the archbishop, but this was a slander.
Horace Walpole more than once asserted that
Bishop Hayter of Norwich, was an illegiti-
mate son of the archbishop, but this assertion
is refuted in the ' Quarterly Review/ xxvii.
186. One of Walpole's sentences combines
all the reckless charges which were repeated
by the prelate's slanderers : ' The jolly old
archbishop of York, who had all the manners
of a man of quality, though he had been a
buccaneer and was a clergyman ; but he re-
tained nothing of his first profession except
his seraglio.' The popular opinion concerning
the character of Blackburne's life may be
gathered from a poem entitled ' Priestcraft
and Lust, or Lancelot to his Ladies, an
Epistle from the Shades/ 1743, fo. Hayter
was one of Blackburne's executors, and with
two Talbots was residuary legatee to the
estate. In a charge to the clergy of the arch-
deaconry of York (1732) he pays a warm
tribute to the archbishop, styling him 'my

indulgent benefactor.' Archbishop Black-
burne was the author of a sermon in Latin
to convocation, three sermons before Queen
Anne, and one before the House of Commons.
When Queen Caroline inquired whether
Butler, the author of the 'Analogy/ was not
dead, a ready remark of the witty prelate —
'No, madam, he is not dead, but buried/ an
allusion to his retirement at Stanhope — led
to Butler's appointment as clerk of the closet,
and to the queen's recommendation of him
to Archbishop Potter when she was on her
deathbed. A fine engraving of the archbishop
by Vertue, from a painting by Zeernan, is
dated 'Aged 68, 10 Dec. 1726.'

[Walpole's Last Ten Years of George II (1822),
i. 75; Letters, i. 235, 250; Atterbiiry's Cor-
respondence,!. 253; Bliss's Wood, iv. 661 ; Raw-
linson MSS. 4to, i. 299, Bodleian Library; Noble's
Continuation of Granger, iii. 68-9 ; Granger's
Letters, 199; Polwhele's Devon, i. 313; Life of
F. Blackburne, i. p. viii (1805); Notes and
Queries, ,4th ser. ix. 226, 289, 396; Oliver's
Bishops of Exeter, 161, 273, 277, 296 ; Bartlett's
Life of Bp. Butler, 38 ; Welch's Westminster
Scholars, 178-9; Sir C. Hanbury Williams's
Works (1822), ii. 133-5.] W. P. C.

BLACKBURNE, RICHARD, M.D.

(b. 1652), physician, was born in London
in 1652, and was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he took his degree of
B. A. in 1669. ' He was entered on the physic
line at Leyden, 23 May 1676, being then
twenty-four years of age, and he graduated
doctor of medicine in that university '
(MuNx's Roll, i. 451), where his thesis was
published as ' Disputatio medica inauguralis
de Sanguificatione/ &c., 8vo, Lugduni Bata-
vorum, 1676. About the year 1681 Dr. Black-
burne co-operated with John Aubrey, who
says that he was ' one of the College of
Physicians, and practiseth yearly at Tun-
bridge Wells/ to bring into public repute
for their curative properties the chalybeate
springs discovered by Aubrey in 1666 at
Seend, near Devizes, and which Dr. Black-
burne declared ' to be of the nature and virtue
of those at Tunbridge, and altogether as
good;' but 'it was about 1688 before they be-
came to be frequented ' (BRiTTOtf , Memoir of
Aubrey, p. 17). Blackburne was admitted an
honorary fellow of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians of London, 25 June 1685, and, being
created a fellow of the college by the charter of
King James II, was admitted as such at the
extraordinary comitia of 12 April 1687, and
was censor in 1688. The time of his death
is unknown. Dr. Blackburne had a great re-
gard and admiration for Thomas Hobbes of
Malmesbury, and it is probable that he
wrote the short Latin memoir sometimes re-

Blackburne

I25

Blacker

ferred to Hobbes himself, entitled 'Thorme
Hobbes Angli Malmesburiensis Philosophi
Vita.' This short ' Life ' of the philosopher !
lias also been attributed to Ralph Bathurst,
dean of Bath. Dr. Blackburne certainly '
wrote a Latin supplement to the short 'Life,' ;
entitled f Vitee Hobbianre Auctarium,' the
first sentence of which supplies the chief
evidence of his authorship of the ' Life.' Both
these works would seem to have been derived
from a larger and fuller f Life ' in manuscript
written in English by John Aubrey, and
used with the knowledge and consent of the
latter, and possibly with the assistance of
Hobbes himself. The 'Vita,' the 'Aucta-
rium,' and the autobiographic Latin verses,
1 Thornae Hobbes Malmesburiensis Vita Car-
mine expressa, Authore Seipso,' were issued
together in a volume inscribed to William,
earl of Devonshire, and bearing on its title-
page the mystifying imprint ' Carolopoli :
Apud Eleutherium Anglicum, sub signo
Veritatis, MDCLXXXI.' The penultimate
page gives the place of production. 'Londini :
Apud Guil. Cooke, ad Insigne Viridis Dra-
conis juxta portam vulgo dictam Temple
Bar.' -These productions form the basis of
the ' Life ' prefixed to the first collection of
' The Moral and Political Works of Thomas
Hobbes of Malmesbury,' &c., fol. London,
1750.

[Graduati Cantab. 1787 ; Britton's Memoir of
John Aubrey, 1845; Munk's Roll of the College
of Physicians.] A. H. G-.

BLACKBURNE, SIR WILLIAM

(1764-1839), major-general, an Indian officer,
entered the Madras army as a cadet of in-
fantry in 1782, and in 1784 served with the
force employed under Colonel Fullarton in
the reduction of the Poligars in Madura and
Tinnevelly. He subsequently served in the
campaign which ended in the defeat of
Tippoo Sultan in 1792. His proficiency as a
linguist led to his being employed in 1787 as
Mahratta interpreter at Tanjore, on the occa-
sion of an inquiry into the right of succes-
sion to the Tanjore Raj, and he afterwards
held for some years the post of Mahratta
interpreter under the British resident at
Tanjore. In 1801, having then attained to
the military rank of captain, he was appointed
resident at the Tanjore court, and held that
office until he left India in 1823.

Very shortly after his appointment as resi-
dent, Blackburne was called upon to take
the field at the head of his escort and of the
raja's troops, to repel two invasions of the
province by insurgents from the adjoining
districts. This duty was successfully per-
formed, and the neighbouring province of

Ramnad was recovered. In 1804 Black-
burne, having brought to light extensive
frauds and oppression on the part of the
native officials in Tanjore, the civil administra-
tion of which was under officers independent
of the resident, was employed by the Madras
government to remodel the administration
both in Tanjore and in the native state of
Pudukota. He was twice sent on special
missions to Travancore. His political services
elicited the high approval of Lord Wellesley,
and also of successive governors of Madras.
On his retirement from the residency of
Tanjore, Sir Thomas Munro recorded a minute
testifying to the value of Blackburne's ser-
vices and influence in Tanjore. Blackburne,
being then a major-general, received the
honour of knighthood in 1838, and died
16 Oct. in the following year.

[Records of the Madras Government ; East
India Military Calendar, containing the services
of the general and field officers of the Indian
army, 1824 ; Gent. Mag. 1840, p. 92.] A. J. A.

BLACKER, GEORGE (1791-1871), an-
tiquary, elder son of James Blacker, a Dublin
magistrate, was born in 1791, was elected a
scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1809,
and proceeded B.A. in 1811 and M.A. in
1858. He was for several years curate of
St. Andrew's, Dublin, chaplain of the city
corporation, and rector of Taghadoe. In
1840 he became vicar of Maynooth and a
prebendary in St. Patrick's Cathedral. He
died at Maynooth on 23 May 1871, and was
buried in the Leinster mausoleum, by the
parish church. Blacker wrote (for private
circulation) : 1. ' Castle of Maynooth,' 1853;
2nd edition 1860. 2. ' Castle of Kilkea,'
1860. 3. « A Record of Maynooth Church,'
1867.

[Irish Ecclesiastical Gazette (June 1871), xiii.
731; Cotton's Fasti Eccles. Hibern. ii. 168;
information from Rev. B. H. Blacker.]

BLACKER, VALENTINE (1780?-
1826), lieutenant-colonel, historian of the
Mahratta war of 1817-18-19, obtained his
commission in the Madras cavalry in 1798,
and served as a cornet in the Mysore cam-
paign of 1799, with a troop of cavalry of the
Nizam's contingent. A year later he was em-

gloyed in Wainad as aide-de-camp to Colonel
tevenson, and subsequently served with his
regiment in the southern provinces of the
Madras presidency under Colonel Agnew, by
whom he was thanked in despatches for hav-
ing surprised a party of the enemy, and for a
successful charge with the troop of cavalry
under his command. The remainder of his
military service was in the quartermaster-

Blackerby

126

Blacket

general's department, to the head of which
h§ was raised in. 1810. In 1815 he served
with the army of reserve under Lieutenant-
general Sir Thomas Hislop, and in 1817
under the same commander with the army
of the Deccan at the battle of Mahidpur, and
the other operations in the Deccari. His
services at Mahidpur and the reconnaissances
made by him before the battle were specially
brought to the notice of the governor-general.

Lieutenant-colonel Blacker was subse-
quently appointed surveyor-general of India,
and on returning to Europe in 1821 was
thanked in general orders by the commander-
in-chief of the Madras army for his ( eminent
and scientific services as quartermaster-ge-
neral of the army of Fort St. George during
a period of ten years.' He died at Calcutta
in 1826.

He was appointed a companion of the
Bath in 1818.

[Blacker's Memoir of the Operations of the
British Army in India during the MahrattaWar
of 1817-18-19, London, 1821 ; India Office Ee-
cords.] A. J. A.

BLACKERBY, RICHARD (1574-
1648), puritan, was born in 1574 at Worling- |
ton, Suffolk. He was the second son of Thomas I
Blackerby, a man of ' good estate and quality.' j
Of their nine sons Richard was by his parents i
designed from his birth for the ministry. After j
attending school at St. Edmundsbury, in his |
fifteenth year he was entered of Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he continued nine
years, and was renowned for his Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew scholarship. Perkins was the
great preacher of Cambridge at the time, and
Blackerby came under his spell. From the uni-
versity— where he proceeded B.A. and M.A.
— he went as chaplain to Sir Thomas Jermin of
Rushbrook in Suffolk, father of the Earl of St.
Albans. Leaving Rushbrook he ' removed to
the house of the renowned and pious knight
Sir Edward Lewknor, of Denham in Suffolk.'
Here he married Sarah, eldest daughter of the
Rev. Timothy Prick, alias Oldman, 'which
alias Oldman was assumed by the family in
the days of Queen Mary, the father of the
said Timothy being forced then to abscond
and to change his name, being prescribed for
the protestant religion.' He resided with
his father-in-law at Denham for two years.
Thence he was called to Feltwell in Norfolk,
' where he continued without institution or
induction for some time ; but then, by reason
of his nonconformity, he was forced to re-
move and hired a house at Ashen (Ashdon) |
in Essex.' He here received as boarders for
their classical and theological education a
select number of young men, many of whom

became subsequently eminent clergy of the
church of England. Dr. Bernard, the bio-
grapher of L'ssher, was one, and Samuel
Fairclough another. Blackerby never saw
his way to take orders in the established
church. But he was constantly preaching
! wherever opportunity was afforded, although,
i being unable to subscribe conscientiously, he
could take no benefice. There are many ex-
tant testimonies to his power as a preacher.
Daniel Rogers of Wethersfield ' told another
i divine that he could never come into the
! presence of Mr. Blackerby without some kind
of trembling upon him, because of the divine
majesty and holiness which seemed to shine
in him.' It is much to be lamented that three
diaries which he kept — in Latin, Greek, and
English respectively — were lost in a fire.

In his fifty-fifth year his son-in-law, Chris-
topher Burrell, having been presented to the
! rectory of Great Wrating (Suffolk), Black-
erby went with him. Afterwards he was
called to a congregation at Great Thurlow,
where he died in 1648, in his seventy-fourth
year. Another of his daughters was mar-
ried to Rev. Samuel Fairclough. Blackerby
printed nothing.

[Clark's Lives ; Brook's Puritans, iii. 96-100 ;
local researches.] A. B. Gr.

BLACKET, JOSEPH (1786-1810), poet,
was born, according to his own testimony, at
an obscure village called Tunstill, in the
north of Yorkshire, two miles from Catte-
rick, and about five from Richmond. His
father was a day labourer, and had for many
years been employed in the service of Sir
John Lawson, bart., whose goodness and
humanity to the neighbouring poor rendered
him, according to Blacket's account, uni-
versally beloved. Joseph was the youngest
but one — not the youngest, as is commonly
stated — of a dozen children. Up to the age
of eleven he received an elementary educa-
tion ; in 1797 his brother, a ladies' shoe-
maker in London, offered him work as his
apprentice, with provision for seven years.
He reached the metropolis by wagon in ten
days. Young Blacket was addicted to books,
and before he was fifteen had read Josephus,
Eusebius's 'Ecclesiastical History,' Foxe's
' Martyrs,' and a number of other religious
works. A visit to the theatre to see Kemble
play Richard III turned his attention to
Shakespeare. He married in 1804, and in
1807 his wife died of consumption. He
suffered much from poverty, but sought con-
solation in composing poetry, and especially
in attempting dramatic verse.

Blacket's first patron was his printer, Wil-
liam Marchant, who set up his poetry for

Blackball

127

Blacklock

nothing, and introduced him to his second
patron, Mr. Pratt. * In the autumn of 1808,'
says this gentleman, ' I received a variety of
manuscripts, with a request that I should
read and give my opinion of them.' Mr.
Pratt was at once' struck by Joseph's genius.
He drew a detailed parallel between Blacket
and Bloomfield, whose muse had been che-
rished by Capel Lofft. Mr. Pratt took Blacket
under his protection, and introduced him to
the public with pride as a literary rarity.
Meanwhile, however, Blacket was not inat-
tentive to his trade, but ill-health compelled
him to relinquish it. Friends enabled him
to take a sea voyage. He embarked, and
arrived at the house of his brother-in-law,
John Dixon, gamekeeper of Sir Ralph Mil-
banke, at Seaham, Sunderland, in August
1809. Milbanke, his wife and daughter, in-
terested themselves in him. He is satirically
noticed in Byron's ' English Bards and Scotch
Reviewers.' The Duchess of Leeds troubled
herself to obtain subscriptions towards ' Spe-
cimens ' of his poetry. But he died on 23
Aug., and was buried in Seaham churchyard.
A plain monument bears the concluding lines
of his own poem, ' Reflections at Midnight,'
written in 1802, when he was but sixteen.

The ' Dying Horse,' in blank verse, is sup-
posed to best exhibit Blacket's power of
moral declamation. Of his dramatic skill
'The Earl of Devon, or the Patriots,' a
tragedy in five acts, is quoted as a leading
and conspicuous example. Mr. Pratt col-
lected and published his l Remains ' with a
memoir. As, however, he knew him little
more than eighteen months, he has fallen
back upon the poet's letters to his brother,
mother, &c., in writing his life. The letters
are arranged in seven distinct series. Thus
Joseph Blacket becomes his own biographer.
He corresponded with the author of the
'Farmer's Boy.'

The full titles of his works are : 1. ' Speci-
mens of the Poetry of Joseph Blacket,' Lon-
don, 1809 (a private edition for limited cir-
culation). 2. 'The Remains of Joseph
Blacket, consisting of Poems, Dramatic
Sketches, and the "Times," an ode, and a
Memoir of his Life, by Mr. Pratt,' 2 vols.
London, 1811.

[Gent. Mag. Ixxx. ii. 544 ; Monthly Review
(1811), Ixvi. 392, (1809) lix. 100; Pratt's Re-
mains, &c. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]

J. M.

BLACKBALL, GILBERT (ft. 1667),
catholic missioner, is believed to have been
a native of the diocese of Aberdeen. He
entered the Scotch college at Rome in 1626,
was ordained priest, and returned to Scot-

land in 1630, but encountered so much op-
position from the Jesuits that he withdrew
to Paris, where he became confessor to Lady
Isabella Hay, eldest daughter of Francis,
Earl of Errol. In 1637 he returned to Scot-
land, where he performed the duties of a
missionary in the shires of Aberdeen and
Banff, acting at the same time as chaplain to
the Countess of Aboyne at Aboyne castle.
After her death he returned to France in
1643, with the view of inducing the Mar-
chioness of Huntly to withdraw from Scot-
land her young granddaughter, the only child
of the Countess of Aboyne, and bring her to
France to be educated. Having failed in
this purpose he applied to the queen of France
to use her influence in accomplishing his
object, in which he was ultimately success-
ful. He wrote his autobiography in Paris
in 1666 or 1667, but how long the author
survived the composition of it is unknown.
It contains accounts of his relations with
Lady Isabella Hay, with the' Countess of
Aboyne, and with her daughter. The title
is ' A breiffe Narration of the Services done
to three noble Ladyes, by Gilbert Blakal,
Preist of the Scots Mission in France, in the
Low Countries, and in Scotland. Dedicated
to Madame de Gourdon, one of the forsaid
three, and now Dame d'Attour to Madame.'
This work is a valuable addition to the history
of the eventful times in which Blackball lived.
It was edited by Mr. John Stuart from the
original manuscript in the possession of Bishop
Kyle, and printed at Aberdeen for the Spald-
ing Club in 1844, 4to.

[Stuart's preface to the Breiffe Narration;
Gordon's Roman Catholic Mission in Scotland,
introd. v. 523.] T. C.

BLACKBALL, OFFSPRING. [See
BLACKALL.]

BLACKLOCK, THOMAS (1721-1791),
poet, was born at Annan, Dumfriesshire, in
1721. His parents were natives of Cumber-
land, poor but well educated. His father
was a bricklayer. When six months old he
lost his sight by an attack of smallpox. His
misfortune and his gentle disposition won
much sympathy. His friends read poetry
to him, especially Spenser, Milton, Prior,
Addison, Pope, and A. Ramsay. He acquired
a little Latin, and at the age of twelve at-
tempted to write poetry himself. His father
was killed by an accident when the son was
nineteen. Meanwhile his manuscripts were
handed about and gained some attention.
Dr. Stevenson, an eminent physician at Edin-
burgh, brought him to that city in 1741, and
supported him entirely at the grammar school
for four years. Upon the rebellion of 1745

Blacklock

128

Blacklock

he retired to Dumfries, and lived with a Mr.
McMurdo, who had married his sister; he
afterwards returned to Edinburgh to study
at the university. In 1746 he had published
an octavo volume of poems. A second edition
of these was published in the winter of
1753-4. Blacklock had meanwhile become
known to David Hume, who exerted himself
to serve the young man by circulating his
poems and recommending their author for
tutorships or similar employments. In De- '
cember 1754 Hume, who had been appointed !
librarian in 1752 by the Faculty of Advocates j
at a salary of 40£., had a dispute as to the '
management of the library. He was un-
willing to give up his right to use the books,
and therefore showed his indignation by
giving to Blacklock a ' bond of annuity ' for '
the salary, whilst retaining the office. Hume
resigned the office two years afterwards ]
(BURTON'S Hume, i. 393, ii. 18). Meanwhile '
he had written a long and interesting account !
of Blacklock to Joseph Spence, the friend of
Pope (printed in BURTON, i. 388, and SPENCE'S j
Anecdotes, 448). Blacklock, we learn from
this, had been patronised by Stevenson and |
Provost Alexander ; he had learnt Latin !
and Greek, and would have been made pro-
fessor of Greek at Aberdeen but for a timidity
which disqualified him for managing boys.
He had made 100 guineas by the last edition
of his poems ; he had a bursary of 61. a year ;
and Hume with some friends had allowed him
12 guineas a year for five years. Thirty pounds
a year, added Hume, would make this ( man
of fine genius ' easy and happy. Spence had
already seen Blacklock's poems, Hume having
sent some copies to Dodsley for distribution
among men of taste, and had undertaken to
bring out an edition by subscription. An
4 Account of the Life, Character, and Poems of
Mr. Blacklock, Student of Philosophy in the
University of Edinburgh/ written by Spence,
appeared in 1754, and was prefixed to an edi-
tion of the poems in 1756. All reference to
Hume is avoided in the account ; and Spence
insisted upon the omission of a complimentary
mention of Hume in an ode on 'Refinements
in Metaphysical Philosophy.' Blacklock re-
sisted, but Hume, accidentally hearing of the
controversy, authorised Spence to make the
omission (BURTON, i. 436). 'That foolish
fellow, Spence,' said Johnson to Boswell
(5 Aug. 1763), 'has laboured to explain
philosophically ' how Blacklock achieved an
impossibility, viz. to describe visible objects
without sight. The explanation, indeed, is
easy, for Blacklock's poems are mere echoes
of the poetical language of his time, and
show little more than a facility for stringing
together rhymes. He would, we are told,

dictate thirty or forty verses as fast as they
could be written down. Whilst doing so he
acquired a trick of nervous vibration of his
body which became habitual.

By Hume's advice Blacklock abandoned a
project of lecturing on oratory, and studied
divinity. He was licensed as a preacher in
1759. In 1762 he married Miss Sara John-
ston, daughter of a surgeon in Dumfries, and
about the same time was presented by the
crown, on the application of Lord Selkirk,
to the ministry of Kirkcudbright. The pa-
rishioners objected to him on account of his
blindness, and Blacklock, whose nervous
timidity was much tried by the controversy,
retired after two years' legal dispute, receiv-
ing a small annuity from the parish. He re-
turned to Edinburgh in 1764, and took pupils
to board in his house. Amongst them was
Joseph, eldest son of Hume's elder brother,
John Hume of Nine wells (BURTON, ii. 399).
For some unexplained reason Blacklock be-
came alienated from Hume, who at this time
was still trying to help him. In 1770 he
published in the l Edinburgh Courant ' a brief
analysis of Beattie's ' Essay on Truth,' di-
rected against Hume's principles (FORBES'S
Beattie, i. 173, 218). He continued to take
pupils till growing infirmity caused his re-
tirement in 1787.

In 1767 the university and Marischal Col-
lege of Aberdeen conferred upon him the
degree of D.D. at the suggestion of Beattie,
who had exchanged complimentary verses
with him, and who became his friend and
correspondent. He wrote a letter (4 Sept.
1786) to Burns upon the first appearance of
the poems. Burns says that this letter in-
duced him to give up his intended emigration
and to go to Edinburgh, where Blacklock
received him kindly and introduced him to
many friends. Some complimentary poems
afterwards passed between the two. He died
7 July 1791, after a week's illness. He seems
to have been very amiable, playful, and kindly
to the young, though subject to nervous de-
pression. A curious story is told by Anderson
(British Poets, vol. xi.) of his joining a party
in a state of somnambulism. He was fond
of music and carried a flageolet in his pocket,
the use of which he said had been suggested
to him in a dream. A ' Pastoral Song,' set
to music by him, appeared in 1774.

Besides the above works he published:
1. Paraclesis, or Consolations deduced from
Natural and Revealed Religion; two dis-
sertations, the first (erroneously) supposed to
have been composed by Cicero, now rendered
into English, the last originally written by
Dr. Blacklock,' 1767. 2. Translation from
the French of Armand of two discourses on

Blacklock

129

Blackmore

the Spirit and Evidences of Christianity, with
a dedication from his own pen, 1768. 3. ' The
Graham, an heroic ballad in four cantos/
1774. This poem, intended to promote har-
mony between Scotch and English, was
thought unworthy of a place in his works.
He wrote an article on blindness for the
' Encyclopaedia Britannica, and perhaps one
on poetry. A conversation with Johnson is
given in the 'Tour to the Hebrides,' and a
letter of Blacklock's to Boswell in regard to
it is given in an appendix to later editions.
He also wrote, in 1756, an l Essay towards
Universal Etymology/ in verse ; and in 1773
a satire called 'A Panegyric upon Great
Britain.' An edition of his poems was pub-
lished in 1793, \vith a life by Henry Mac-
kenzie, the 'man of feeling.' He left a trans-
lation (never published) of the Abbe Haiiy's
work on the education of the blind.,

[Lives by Spenee ( 1 756) and Anderson ; Forbes's
Life of Beattie ; Burton's Life of Hume ; Kerr's
Memoirs of W. Smellie (1811), ii. 14-30.]

L. S.

BLACKLOCK, WILLIAM JAMES

(1815 P-1858), landscape painter, was born
at Curnwhitton, near Carlisle, about 1815,
and as a youth was apprenticed to a book-
seller of Carlisle. He had always been re-
markable for his love of drawing, and so
strong did this predilection become that he
determined to adopt art as a profession, and
accordingly proceeded to London, where he
at once began to exercise his talent. In the
year 1836 he sent his first pictures to the
Royal Academy and continued to exhibit
there, as well as at the British Institution and
Society of British Artists, until 1855, in which
year he contributed to the Royal Academy
exhibition four pictures : l Hermitage Castle/
1 The Border Keep/ ' Elter Water, and the
Langdale Pikes/ and ' Belted Will's Tower,
Naworth Castle.' He resided principally in
London for about fifteen years, when de-
clining health compelled him to return to
his native county, where he continued to
follow his profession until within a year or
two of his decease, when the malady with
which he was afflicted obliged him to relin-
quish its pursuit. He died at Dumfries on
12 March 1858, at the age of 42, and was
buried at Cumwhitton. His works are prin-
cipally views of the landscape scenery of the
north of England, and their chief character-
istics are picturesqueness and truthfulness.
Lonely border towers, deeply embosomed in
waving foliage, and bathing in the light of a
golden sunset ; remote and almost inacces-
sible tarns, surrounded by rough mountains,
upon whose sides the shadows of the light
VOL. v.

clouds danced merrily ; brawling brooks with
overhanging rocks and waving trees were
the scenes which he admired and loved to
paint.

[Carlisle Journal, 19 March 1858 ; Royal
Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1836-55; Art
Journal, 1858, p. 157 ; Athenaeum, 1858, p. 439 }

E. E. G. '

BLACKLOE, THOMAS. [See WHITE,
THOMAS.]

BLACKMORE, SiRRICHARD(rf. 1729),
physician and voluminous writer in verse
and prose, son of Robert Blackmore, an at-
torney-at-law, was born at Corsham, in Wilt-
shire, and educated at Westminster School.
He entered St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, in
1668, took his B. A. degree on 4 April 1674, and
proceeded M. A. on 3 June 1676. His neces-
sities compelled him to temporarily adopt
the profession of schoolmaster. With this,
fact his enemies frequently taunted him in
later years.

By nature form'd, by want a pedant made,
Blackmore at first set up the whipping trade.
Next quack commenced ; then fierce with pride

he swore
That toothache, gripes, and corns should be no

more ;

In vain his drugs as well as birch he tried,
His boys grew blockheads and his patients died.

After abandoning school work Blackmore
spent some time abroad, visited France, Ger-
many, and the Low Countries, and took the
degree of M.D. at Padua. On his return to
England he was admitted fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians, under the charter of
James II, at the Comitia Majora Extraordi-
naria of 12 April 1687, became censor of the
college in 1716, and was named an elect on
22 Aug. 1716, which oflice he resigned on
22 Oct. 1722. In 1695 he published < Prince
Arthur, an Heroick Poem in X books,' fol.,
which reached a second edition in 1696, and
a third in 1714 ; an enlarged edition, in
twelve books, appeared in 1697. The writer
tells us that his work was written in such
scant moments of leisure as his professional
duties afforded, ' and for the greatest part in
coffee-houses, or in passing up and down the
streets.' Shortly after its appearance the
poem, if so it must be called, was attacked
by John Dennis in a criticism which Dr.
Johnson pronounced to be ' more tedious and
disgusting than the work which he con-
demns.' Far from resenting the attack,
Blackmore took occasion in a later work to
praise Dennis as ( equal to Boileau in poetry,
and superior to him in literary abilities/
When Dr. Johnson wrote his ' Life of Black-

Blackmore

130

Blackmore

more/ the poem was completely forgotten ;
but at the time of its publication ' Prince
Arthur' found an admirer in no less dis-
tinguished a person than John Locke. In
1697 Blackmore was appointed physician in
ordinary to William III, and received the
honour of knighthood. On the latter cir-
cumstance Pope has some lines in the ' Imi-
tations of Horace' (Epistles, ii. 1) —

The Hero William and the Martyr Charles,
One knighted Blackmore and one pension'd

Quarles ;
Which made old Ben and surly Dennis swear,

* No Lord's anointed, but a Kussian Bear.'

Blackmore was strongly attached to the
principles of the Revolution, and may per-
haps have owed his advancement to some
political services rendered to King William.
He was afterwards one of the physicians
to Queen Anne. In 1699 he published
a, ' Short History of the Last Parliament,'
fol., which was followed in 1700 by a

* Satyr against Wit.' The publication of the

* Satyr,' in which the wits of the time were
attacked on the score of grossness and irre-
ligion, raised up a swarm of enemies against
the writer. Sir Richard had for some time
past been residing in Cheapside ; his friends
belonged chiefly to the City, and he had little
acquaintance with men of letters. Imme-
diately after the publication of the ' Satyr '
there appeared a collection of satirical ' Com-
mendatory Verses on the Author of the two
Arthurs and the Satyr against Wit. By some
of his particular friends,' fol. The verses
were by various hands, but the chief contri-
butor was Tom Brown. Blackmore lost no
time in replying with ' Discommendatory
Verses on those which are truly commenda-
tory on the Author of the two Arthurs, &c.,'
fol. Dryden, who had previously castigated
Blackmore in the preface to his l Fables,'
assailed him very vigorously in the Prologue
to the 'Pilgrim' (1700). Garth attacked
him in the ' Dispensary ' (iv. 172, &c.), bid-
ding him ( learn to rise in sense and sink in
sound.' Sedley, Steele, and others had their
fling. But ridicule was powerless to check
Blackmore's literary aspirations. In 1700 he
was before the public with a book of ( Para-
phrases on Job,' &c., fol. But when he launched
another epic in 1705, l Eliza, an Epic Poem in
X books,' fol., the portentous folio was received
in absolute silence by an indifferent public.
•* I do not remember,' says Dr. Johnson, f that
by any author, serious or comical, I have
found " Eliza " either praised or blamed.'
,In 1711 appeared the * Nature of Man ; a
poem in three books,' 8vo, and in 1712
'* Creation ; a philosophical Poem demonstrat-

ing the Existence and Providence of God,'
8vo. The last-named work, which to modern
readers presents few attractions, was warmly
praised by Addison in the ' Spectator ' (No.
339). Dr. Johnson prophesied that this
poem alone, ' if he had written nothing else,
would have transmitted him to posterity as
one of the first favourites of the English
Muse.' Even the splenetic John Dennis was
excited to admiration. In beauty of versifi-
cation, according to this critic, the long-de-
funct ' Creation ' equalled the l De Rerum
Natura ' of Lucretius, while in solidity and
strength of reasoning the august Roman was
far excelled by Sir Richard. A volume of
' Essays on several Subjects,' 8vo, appeared
in 1716, a second edition (in two vols. 8vo)
following in 1717. One of the essays con-
tained an allusion to a ' godless author ' who
had burlesqued a psalm. The charge was
understood to refer to Pope, who afterwards
avenged himself by including his critic in
the 'Dunciad' (ii. 259-68). In No. 45 of
the ' Freeholder,' Addison says, ' I have lately
read with much pleasure the essays upon
several subjects published by Sir Richard
Blackmore,' on which statement Swift,
( Works by Scott, ed. 2, xii. 140) makes the
remark, ' I admire to see such praises from
this author to so insipid a scoundrel, whom
I know he despised.' After publishing in
1716 a volume of * Poems on several Sub-
jects,' 8vo, the indefatigable writer turned his
attention to controversial divinity, and in
1721 was ready with ' Just Prejudices against
the Arian Hypothesis,' 8vo (2nd edition
1725), which was immediately followed by
( Modern Arians unmasked/ 1721, 8vo.
Having thrown off in the same year a l New
Version of the Psalms of David,' 8vo, he
lost no time in issuing ' Redemption, a Di-
vine Poem in VI books,' 1722. Never was
a man afflicted with a scribendi caco'ethes
more incurable. No sooner was he delivered
of * Redemption' than he was at work on
' Alfred, an Epic Poem in XII books,' which
was published in 1723, fol. In the same
year appeared ' History of the Conspiracy
against the Person and Government of King
William the Third in the year 1695,' 8vo.
During the next few years he employed his
leisure in writing medical treatises, but in
1728 he reverted to divine studies, and pub-
lished 'Natural Theology, or Moral Duties
considered apart from Positive,' 8vo. This
was the last work published in his lifetime.
He died on 9 Oct. 1729, and was buried at
Boxted, Essex, whither he had retired in
1722. There is a monument in the church
at Boxted bearing an inscription to the
memory of his wife, Dame Mary Blackmore,

Blackmore

Blackmore

and of himself. To the very last he continued
writing, and left at his death ' The Accom-
plished Preacher ; or an Essay on Divine Elo-
quence/ which was edited in 1731, Svo, by
the Rev. John White, of Nayland, in Essex,
who had administered to him on his deathbed
the last spiritual consolation. It remains to \
mention Blackniore's medical treatises. These \
are: 1. 'Discourse on the Plague/ 1720,
Svo. 2. 'Treatise on the Small Pox/ 1723,
Svo. 3. ' Treatise on Consumptions/ &c. |

1724, Svo. 4. ' Treatise on the Spleen/ &c.

1725, Svo. 5. ' Critical Dissertation on the |
Spleen/ 1 725, Svo. 6. ' Discourses on the I
Gout, Rheumatism, and King's Evil/ 1726, j
Svo. 7. ' Dissertations on a Dropsy/ &c. j
1727, Svo. A portrait of Sir Richard Black-
more by Colsterman hangs in the hall of the
Royal College of Physicians. It was pre-
sented to the college in 1863 by Richard
Almack, Esq. Swift gives a ludicrous rhym-
ing list of Blackniore's writings in a copy of j
verses ' to be placed under the picture of Eng-
land's Arch-Poet/ &c.

[Hunk's College of Physicians, i. 467-9 ; John-
son's Lives of the Poets ; Scott's Dryden, i. 417-
22, viii. 442-5; Scott's Swift, ed. 2. xii. 140,
xiii. 374-5 ; Wood's Fasti, ed Bliss, ii. 380.]

A. H. B.

BLACKMORE, THOMAS (1740 ?-
1780?), mezzotint engraver, was born in
London about 1740, and from the dates upon
his prints, which range from 1769 to 1771,
lie appears to have practised his art for a
very limited period of time. There are by
him several well-drawn and brilliantly exe-
cuted plates, which include portraits after Sir
Joshua Reynolds of Samuel Foote, the actor,
Mrs. Cholmondeley, Mrs. Anne James, as a
Madonna, and, as a youth, Henry William I
Bunbury, the caricaturist, who afterwards
married Miss Catharine Horneck, the ' Little
'Comedy ' of Goldsmith. Among his other!
plates are ' Sigismonda/ after Cosway ; a
4 Dutch Lady/ after Frans Hals ; a ' Man in
u Cloak/ after Van Dyck ; and ' Innocence ; '
as well as subjects after Molenaer and other
painters. He died about 1780.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, 1878; Smith's British Mezzotinto
Portraits, 1878-83, i. 61-3.] R. E. G.

BLACKMORE, WILLIAM (d. 1684), j
ejected minister, came of an Essex family,
and was the second son of William Black- |
more of London, a member of the Fish-
mongers' Company, whose elder son, Sir John
Blackmore, knight, was in the confidence of
Cromwell, and became governor of St. Helena
after the Restoration. William was a mem-

ber of Lincoln College, Oxford, and graduated
M.A. there, although he is not mentioned
by Wood. Having been ordained deacon
he was appointed in December 1645 to the
rectory of Pentloe, Essex, sequestered from
Edward Alston. On 1 Sept. 1646 his re-
signation of Pentloe was accepted by the
committee for plundered ministers, and lit'
removed to London, and became curate to
Thomas Coleman ('Rabbi 'Coleman, who died
March 1647) at St. Peter's, Cornhill. He
was ordained presbyter by the Fourth Lon-
don Classis on 20 April 1647, but did not
take the covenant, and was duly presented
to the rectory of St. Peter's by the corpora-
tion of London on 13 May 1656, after tin-
death in 1655 of William Fairfax, D.D., se-
questered in August 1643. On 1 Dec. 1646
the London presbyterians published a de-
fence of their system, 'Jus Divinum Regi-
minis Ecclesiastici/ &c., of which Blackmore
wrote the part relating to ordination. Hether-
ington (Hist. West. Assemb. p. 288) describes
the book as 'the most complete and able
defence of presbyterian church government
that has yet appeared.' In 1648 Blackmore
was one of the scribes to the London pro-
vincial assembly. He signed (probably on
20 Jan. 1649) the presbyterian remonstrance
to Cromwell on the meditated death of the
king. He was one of the thirteen clergy
arrested on a charge of complicity in Chris-
topher Love's plot in 1651 ; being liberated
through the influence of his brother Sir John,
he rendered great assistance to Love during
his trial. In 1662 Blackmore seceded with
the nonconformists, and retired into Essex,
where he lived on his ample means and
gathered a small flock. In April 1672 lie
was licensed as 'a presbyterian teacher in
his own house ' in Hornchurch, near Rom-
ford. He died at Hare Street, a hamlet
within a mile of Romford, in 1684, and was
buried at Romford on 18 July. He married

(1) on 1 May 1660 Mary Chewning, from
Leeds, Kent, who died in November 1678, and

(2) before 1681, Sarah Luttrell, who survived
him. His only son, CHEWNING BLACKMOKE,
born on 1 Jan. 1663, was educated for the minis-
try at the Rev. John Woodhouse's academy,
Sheriff-Hales, near Shifnall, Salop, settled at
Worcester in 1 688 as assistant to Thomas Bad-
land (ejected in 1663 from Willenhall, Staf-
fordshire, and died 1689), and remained there
till his death on 2 Aug. 1737. He married
in 1694 Abigail (died in April 1734), daughter
of Edward Higgins, and left two sons :
(1) Francis, presbyterian minister ut Evesham
(1728-30), Coventry (1730-42), and Wor-
cester (1743-61), and (2) Edward Chewning.
presbvterian minister at Stoke, near Malvern.

K 2

Blackner

132

Blackstone

[Minutes of Fourth London Classis (now in
Dr. Williams's Library) ; Blackmore Papers,
Christian Reformer, 1851, p. 413, 1852, pp.
1, 218; cf. 1852, p. 609, 1858, pp. 529, 532;
Calamy's Contin. i. 43 ; Sibree's Indep. in War-
wickshire, 1855, pp. 44, 46 ; Davids' Ann. of
Noncon. in Essex, 1863, pp. 443, 599.] A. Gr.

BLACKNER, JOHN (1770-1816),
author of a history of Nottingham, was born
at Ilkeston, Derbyshire, about 1770. After
serving an apprenticeship to a stocking-maker
in his native place, he migrated to Nottingham.
He did not receive even the rudiments of edu-
cation, but being possessed of strong natural
abilities, a facility for making rhymes, and a
readiness of speech, he became a great favour-
ite with his associates. His ardent radical
sympathies afterwards brought him into pro-
minence as a leader of a section of local poli-
ticians, and he acquired such literary ability
and reputation as to obtain in 1812 the edi-
torship of the radical daily paper ' The States-
man,' published in London. Through failure
of health he held this post only a short time.
Soon afterwards he took the editorship of the
' Nottingham Review.' He published several
pamphlets, including one in 1805 on the
i Utility of Commerce,' and in 1815 he issued
his ' History of Nottingham ' (4to, pp. 459),
a Avork which displays much industry and
research, though later writers complain of its
bombast and party spleen. He was the land-
lord for some years of the Rancliffe Arms,
Sussex Street, Nottingham, and died there
on 22 Dec. 1816, in his forty-seventh year.

[Bailey's Annals of Nottinghamshire, 1853-5,
iv. 285; Wylie's Old and New Nottingham,
1853, p. 232 ; Orange's Hist, and Antiq. of Not-
tingham, 1848, ii. 939.] C. W. S.

BLACKRIE, ALEXANDER (d. 1772),
apothecary, was a native of Scotland, and
for nearly forty years carried on his business
at Bromley, Kent, where he died 29 May
1772. In "October 1763 he contributed a
letter to the ' Scots Magazine,' in which he
exposed the secret of Dr. Chittick's cure for
gravel. This letter was expanded into a
volume, and published in 1766 under the
title, ' A Disquisition on Medicines which
dissolve the Stone ; in which Dr. Chittick's
Secret is considered and discovered.' A second
edition, enlarged and improved, appeared in
1771.

[Gent. Mag. xlii. 295 ; Scots Mig. xxxiv. 278 ;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. i. 118.]

BLACKSTONE, JOHN (d. 1753), bota-
nist, was a London apothecary. He published
' Fasciculus Plantarum circa Harefield (Mid-
dlesex) sponte nascentium/ London, 1737 ;

' PlanUe rariores Angliae,' London, 1737 ;
' Specimen Botanicum quo Plantarum plu-
rium rariorum Anglue indigenarum loci na-
turales illustrantur,' London, 1746, to which
a number of other botanists contributed. In
it several species were added to the British
flora. The author intended to publish a
second volume of the ' Specimen/ for which
he had collected materials, but he died in
1753 before its completion.

[Pulteney's Sketches of the Progress of Botany,,
ii. 270, London, 1790.] G. T. B.

BLACKSTONE or BLAXTON, WIL-
LIAM (d. 1675), one of the earliest episcopal
clergymen resident in New England as dis-
tinguished from the puritan founders of New
England, must, according to the records" of
Massachusetts, have arrived in the colony
between 1620 and 1630. In the ' Literary-
Diary ' of President Stiles he is called ' an
episcopal clergyman ' — his name being vari-
antly spelled Blackstone, Blackston, and
Blaxton. He was found by the Massachusetts
Bay colony, on their arrival in 1630, settled
on the peninsula of Shawmut, where the-
city of Boston now stands. He had had a
pleasant cottage built and a garden planted.
Difficulties beset him with the new-comers.
As a consequence he sold his property and
removed to the more tolerant colony of Roger
Williams in 1631, observing that 'he had
left England to escape the power of the lord
bishops, but he found himself in the hands
of the Lord's brethren.' According to Stiles's
' Diary ' he ' removed to Blaxton river, and
I settled six miles north of Providence.' Else--
| where in the same diary we learn that he was
| ' a great student with a large library/ that
he 'rode a bull for want of a horse/ and'
'preached occasionally/ and that his home
and library were burnt in King Philip's war.
He married, 4 July 1659, widow Sarah
Stephenson, who died in June 1673. Black-
stone died 26 May 1675. 'He was buried/'
says the ' Massachusetts Historical Collec-
tions ' (2nd series, x. 710), ' in classic ground,
on Study Hill, where it is said a white stone
marks his grave.' President Stiles visited
his grave in 1771, and left a careful map of
the whole region, marking the homes of Black-
stone, Roger Williams, and Samuel Gorton,
the patriarchs of New England (local) his-
tory. The high ground on which his secondt
I New England home was built — about six
| miles from Providence — still bears the name
of ' Study Hill/ because it was on this hill
that Blackstone pursued his studies which
gave him a wide reputation. The Blackstone
river (formerly Pawtucket) and the Black-
stone canal also preserve his name.

Blackstone

Blackstone

L>r. Samuel Hopkins speaks of Blackstone
AS ' a man of learning/ and doubtfully adds :
' He seems to have been of the puritan per-
suasion, and to have left his country for his
nonconformity.' He tells us also that ' he
used to come to Providence and preach, and
to encourage his hearers gave them the first
.apples they ever saw ' — his orchard having
been as celebrated as his library. Lechford,
who wrote in 1641, thus mentions him :
* One Mr. Blackstone, a minister sent from
Boston, having lived there nine or ten years,
because he would not join the church : he
lives with Mr. [Roger] Williams, but is far
from his opinions/

[Massachusetts Historical Collections, iv. 202,
x. 710; Johnson's Wonder-working Providence,
where is to be found a notice of one who sym-
pathised with Blackstone: 'Mr. Samuel Maverick,
living on Noddle's Island in Boston Harbour . . .
a,n enemy to the reformation in hand, being strong
for the lordly prelatical power ; ' Holmes's An-
nals, i. 377 ; Savage's Winthrop, i. 44 ; Everett's
Address, Second Century, 29 ; Sprague's Annals
of the American Pulpit, v. 1-3.] A. B. Gr.

BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-
1780), legal writer and judge, was born in
Cheapside, London, on 10 July 1723. He was
the posthumous son of Charles Blackstone,
who is described as ' a silkman, and citizen and
bowyer of London,' and who came of a Wilt-
shire family. His mother, a daughter of Love-
lace Bigg of Chilton Foliot in Wiltshire, died
before he was twelve years of age, leaving him
to the care of his brother, a London surgeon.
Through being thus early left an orphan, he
was saved, it has been reasonably suggested,
from passing through life as a prosperous
tradesman. He had already gone to Charter-
house School, and after his mother's death
was, on the nomination of Sir Robert Wai-
pole, admitted on the foundation. When he
left for Oxford in 1738, he was head of the
school ; and perhaps from the fact that he
gained a gold medal for some verses on
Milton, we may gather that his mind had
already received its strong literary bent. At
Pembroke College, whicli he entered at the
age of fifteen, his studies were chiefly in
•classical learning. Among his contemporaries
was Shenstone the poet ; and doubtless at this
time were written most of the ' originals and
translations ' which he is said to have after-
wards collected in an unpublished volume.
Prom the pieces which can still be traced to
him, and which are full of the strained and
.stilted mannerisms of the period, we can
judge that nothing has been lost to English
literature by Blackstone's seeking in poetiy
only a relaxation. In 1741 he entered him-

self at the Middle Temple, solemnly marking
the change in his life by a poem entitled
' The Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse,' wherein
English law is figured, in the spirit of his
1 Commentaries,' as a complex yet harmonious
whole. The poem has been often reprinted,
i e.g. in Dodsley, vol. in., Southey's ' Speci-
mens of English Poetry,' Irving Browne's
i ' Law and Lawyers in Literature.' Of his
: legal studies we know nothing except from a
! letter written by him in 1745 (see Law Stud.
Mag. ii. 279), in which he describes himself
| as following the plan sketched out by C. J.
; Reeve (see Coll. Jurid. i. 79), and as having
| already finished one book of Littleton with-
out experiencing much difficulty. ' In my
apprehension,' he says, again anticipating the
' Commentaries,' ' the learning out of use is
as necessary to a beginner as that of every
day's practice.' The vow of exclusive at-
tachment to law was not rigorously kept.
Before completing his twentieth year he had
written a treatise on the ' Elements of Archi-
tecture,' which has never been published, but
which was highly spoken of by those to
whom it was shown. He became a careful
student of Shakespeare; Malone tells us that
' the notes which he gave me on Shakespeare
show him to have been a man of excellent
taste and accuracy, and a good critick '
(PRIOR, Life of Malone, 431. The notes are
initialed l — E' in Malone's supplement).
Even verse was not abandoned, though he
had to write in secret. His friends particu-
larly admired a poem written by him in
1751 on the death of Frederick, prince of
Wales ; but it has now little interest except
to collectors of literary parallels, who will
compare with ' the cock's shrill clarion ' of
Gray's ' Elegy ' (published in the same year)

The bird of day
'Gan morn's approach with clarion shrill declare.

It appeared under the name of Blackstone's
brother-in-law, Clitherow, and is, reprinted
in 'Gent, Mag.' li. 335. This interest in
literature never left him. Thus in his last
years, when he sat on the bench, we find
him carefully discussing, as if it were an im-
portant legal case, the quarrel between Pope
and Addison, and criticising by the light of
Pope's letters the account of the quarrel given
in Ruff head's < Life.'

He had already been elected a fellow of
All Souls (1744) and had taken the degree
of B.C.L. (1745), when, after the usual period
of probation, then five years, he was called
to the bar in 1740. For a long time he
made little way, ' not being/ it is said,
'happy in a graceful delivery or a flow of
elocution (both of which he much wanted),

Blackstone

134

Blackstone

nor having- any powerful friends or con-
nections to recommend him.' Perhaps his
lack of friends is exaggerated, for only three
years after his call he succeeded one of his
uncles as recorder of Wallingford. Still his
practice must have been small. He attended
the courts assiduously, but in the notes which
he took of important cases his own name
occurs only twice in the period from 1746
to 1760. He was busy, however, at Oxford.
He assisted in bringing to completion the
Codrington Library, and as bursar of his
college and steward of its manors, he had an
opportunity of exercising his almost exces-
sive love of order and regularity, ' applying
his legal mind/ says Professor Burrows, ' to
the examination of all the documents bearing
on the college property, re-arranging its ar-
chives, and leaving ... a characteristic re-
cord of the labour he had bestowed on its
accounts in a special manuscript book for the
benefit of his successors ' ( Worthies of All
Souls, p. 400 ; CHALMERS, i. 179). With the
same earnestness he entered into the question
of founder's kin, which then agitated the col-
lege. Claims had been made J3y remote col-
lateral descendants to the privileges which
Archbishop Chichele declared in favour of his
kin. The college held that some bounds should
be put to the meaning of kindred, but their i
decisions in particular cases were uniformly !
overruled by the visitors. Blackstone defended !
the college in a tract on * Collateral Consan- j
guinity ' (1750, reprinted in ' Law Tracts '),
arguing that if there were no collateral limit j
all men would be founder's kin, and con- j
eluding in favour of the limit of the canon j
law, namely the seventh degree. It was <
probably due in great part to the assistance ;•
which he thus gave that in his lifetime a ;
regulation was made limiting the number of >
privileged fellows. He found fresh work in \
un attempt to reform the administration of j
the Clarendon Press. On being appointed a j
delegate in 1755 he saw the Press * languish- :
ing in a lazy obscurity,' and set himself to ;
discover the cause. He studied the charters,
statutes, and registers relating to it, and i

* had repeated conferences,*' he says, ' with
the most eminent masters, in London and
other places, with regard to the mechanical
part of printing.' His recommendations, i
many of which were earned into effect, he
set out in a letter to Dr. Randolph, the j
vice-chancellor, which still retains some in-
terest from its details as to the cost of |
printing. Blackstone himself gave an ex-
ample of admirable printing in his edition of

* Magna Charta,' published by the Clarendon
Press in 1758, under the direction of Dr.
Prince (THOMSON, Magna Charta).

He had meanwhile been led to the chief
work of his life. Murray, the solicitor-
general (afterwards Lord Mansfield), had
recommended him to the Duke of Newcastle
for the professorship of civil law at Oxford,
which fell vacant in 1752; but owing, it is
said, to his want of readiness to promise that
he would give the duke his political support
at the university, he was passed over (see an
account of his interview with the duke in
HOLLIDAY'S Life of Mansfield, i. 88). The
disappointment was great, but Murray, who
seems even then to have understood where
Blackst one's strength lay, advised him to go
to Oxford and read lectures on English law.
As it turned out, he could not have had
better advice. Not only were his lectures
received with great favour, but they sug-
gested to Mr. Viner the idea of founding a
chair of English law (HOLLIDAY, p. 89).
Mr. Viner, who had himself done useful
work in compiling his l Abridgment of Law
and Equity,' bequeathed a sum of 12,000/.
for the purpose ; and so clear wrere his direc-
tions that in 1758, only two years after his
death, his scheme was carried to completion,
and Blackstone, as the first professor, began
his lectures (see an account of Yiner's bene-
faction in BLACKSTONE'S Commentaries, i. 28rc).
Among his hearers at one time was Bentham,
who claims to have even then detected the
fallacies that were to appear in the i Com-
mentaries,' and who describes him as 'a
formal, precise, and affected lecturer — just
what you would expect from the character
of his writings ; cold, reserved, and wary —
exhibiting a frigid pride ' (BowRiNG, Bent-
ham, x. 45). The subject was a novel one
in an English university ; and Blackstone's
lectures, which showed the skill of the man
of letters quite as much as the learning of
the lawyer, attracted considerable attention,
and quickly led to a bettering of his own
prospects. He took up lawr once more, and
for several years lived a twofold life : in
London, practising at Westminster, and sit-
ting in parliament as member for the rotten
borough of Hindon in Wiltshire (1761) ; and
at Oxford, holding not only his professorship,
but also the principalship of New Inn Hall,,
to which he was appointed in 1761. From
this time onward his name occurs frequently
in his own reports of cases ; and, seeing that
in 1761 he was offered and that he declined
the chief justiceship of the Common Pleas in
Ireland, and that two years later he was
made solicitor-general to the queen, he must
have rapidly risen to a high place in his pro-
fession. Through his published wrorks, too,
he was becoming known as a careful student
of legal history. He had been counsel in the

Blackstone

'35

Blackstone

case of the Oxfordshire election in 1754,
when one of the questions raised was whether
tenants holding by copy of court roll ac-
cording to the custom of the manor, though ;
not at the will of the lord, were freeholders |
qualified to vote in elections for knights of j
the shire. The case exciting great interest, |
Blackstone elaborately discussed the ques- I
tion in his ' Considerations on Copyholders,' |
tracing the history of the tenures in dispute, !
and arguing that they could not confer the I
freehold vote. The matter was settled by
the passing of the act 31 Geo. II, cap. 14,
which declared all tenants holding by copy
of court roll incapable of voting. Apart
from its own value, Blackstone 's tract shows
that he had made a far more careful study
of the history of English tenures than his
' Commentaries ' would lead one to imagine.
But here, as elsewhere, he accepted too
readily the conclusions of previous writers,
never questioning, for instance, the theory,
afterwards repeated in a balder form in the
* Commentaries,' and still almost universally
received as true, that copyholders were ori-
ginally villeins in a state of bondage, who
after the Conquest, by the ' good-nature and
benevolence ' of their lords, had been per-
mitted to hold their lands without interrup-
tion till finally they got fixity of tenure ac-
cording to the custom of the manor. (Black-
stone is not to blame for originating the
theory ; see COKE'S Compleat Copyholder,
sect, xxxii. ; BACON'S Use of the Law ;
WRIGHT'S Tenures, 3rd ed. p. 220; GIL-
BERT'S Tenures, p. 155. A great part of the
passage in the ' Commentaries,' in fact, is in
Wright's words) . In 1 759 Blackstone brought
out his first important work, an edition of
the Great Charter and the Charter of the
Forest. It contains the Articles of the
Barons, the issues of the Great Charter in
1215, 1216, and 1217, with several charters
of confirmation, the Charter of the Forest,
and the Statute of Marlebridge. In a long
introduction he traces the history of the
charter up to the 29 Edw. I, and gives an
account of the various manuscripts known
to him, most of which he had himself ex-
amined (see in the Introd. to Statutes of the
Realm the results of later research compared
with Blackstone's work).

Some imperfect reports of his lectures
having been circulated, and some having
' fallen,' as he says, ' into mercenary hands,
and become the object of clandestine sale,' |
Blackstone determined to prepare them for I
publication in the form of a general sur-
vey of English law. The manuscript notes |
of his lectures, in his own handwriting, j
are in the library of the Incorporated Law

Society. They are in four volumes, written
with great neatness, and with scarcely a
single erasure. He produced the first volume
of the ' Commentaries ' in 1765, and the other
three volumes at intervals during the next
four years. The work begins with his first
Yinerian lecture on the study of the law, an
elegant plea, once much admired, 'that a
competent knowledge of the laws of that
society in which we live is the proper accom-
plishment of every gentleman and scholar r
(cf. the preface to WOOD'S Institutes). He
goes on, by way of introduction, to discuss
the nature of laws in general (in a chapter
which, says Sir H. Maine, ' may almost be
said to have made Bentham and Austin into
jurists by virtue of sheer repulsion '), the
sources of English law, the countries subject
to that law, and the legal divisions of Eng-
land. In the exposition of the law he fol-
lows the arrangement of which he had pub-
lished the outline on beginning his lectures
(Analysis of the Law, 1754), and which in
substance he adopted from Hale's ' Analysis
of the Civil part of the Law.' He treats
first of the rights commanded or recognised
by the law, and secondly of the wrongs
which it prohibits ; rights again he divides,
accepting Hale's unfortunate translation from
Roman law, into rights of persons and rights
of things (or property), and wrongs into
private wrongs, or civil injuries, and public
wrongs, or ' crimes and misdemeanors.' To
each of these four divisions is allotted a
volume (see a table representing in detail
* the arrangement which seems to have been
intended by Sir William Blackstone ' in
AUSTIN, ii. 1018). The work closes with a
chapter on the rise, progress, and gradual
improvements of the laws of England, which
is interesting as having suggested to Reeves-
the utility of a history of English law filled
up with some minuteness upon the outline
there drawn. The work thus covers the field
of law, and though its critics have remarked
some disproportion in its parts, such subjects
as public law, equity, ecclesiastical law, and
the constitution and jurisdiction of the courts-
receiving less than their due attention, yet
there is a singular completeness in the
whole.

Few books have been more successful than
the ' Commentaries.' From his lectures, and
from the sale of the work, he is said to-
have made altogether about 14,000/. (PRIOR,
Malone, p. 431 ; in BOHMER'S Litteratur de»
Criminal-Rechts the sum is said to have
been 16,0007.) Eight editions appeared in
the author's lifetime, and the ninth edition
was ready for publication. For sixty years
after his death editions continued to follow

Blackstone

136

Blackstone

•one another almost as quickly ; editors were ;
found in men like Burn, Christian, Coleridge, j
and Chitty, who felt that they were render- :
ing a service to their profession in annotat- ;
ing Blackstone with minute and almost tender
care ; and laymen turned to him to find for
the first time English law made readable.
So great have been the growth and the changes
of law during the last century that to keep
the work up to date by means of footnotes
is now an almost hopeless task. The attempt
is not abandoned in America (see Cooley's
edition, 1884), but Blackstone's text has
not been reprinted in England since the
edition of 1844. As an institutional treatise,
however, it still stands alone. When anno-
tation grew too cumbersome, less reverent
editors came who laid hands 011 the text itself,
.and by mechanically inserting corrections and
additions adapted it to modern use. In most
cases, from a strange desire for uniformity,
they have even removed from the lecture on
the study of the law the form of oral address
and all the references which it contains to
the circumstances of its delivery, and have
given it thus maimed as aformal introductory
chapter ; while Blackstone's worn-out theories
on the origin and nature of law and govern-
ment have been considered to need only
abridgment and not revision. The best known
of the adaptations, in point of arrangement
and otherwise composed with a freer hand
than the rest (the poor laws, for example,
being no longer treated under the head of
overseers of the poor), is Stephen's 'New
Commentaries on the Laws of England,' first
published in 1841. It reached a ninth edition
in 1883, and is now the recognised text-book
by which solicitors are introduced to law.
It is still to Blackstone, in some form or other,
that English law students turn who seek a
general view of the subject. The ' Commen-
taries has had a yet higher legal fame, having
almost, but not quite, reached the distinction
accorded to those treatises which, as Black-
stone himself says, ' are cited as authority . . .
and do not entirely depend on the strength
of their quotations from older authors.' (But
see Lord Redesdale's protest against the
citing of the ' Commentaries ' as an authority,
1 Sch. and Lef. 327.) His name is constantly
heard in our courts, and to this day judges
fortify their decisions by quoting his state-
ment of the law. ' If he has fallen into some
minute mistakes in matter of detail,' said
Lord Campbell, in the famous case of the
Queen v. Mills, ' I believe that upon a great
question like this, as to the constitution of
marriage, there is no authority to be more
relied upon ' (10 CL and Fin. 767). How
wide his influence has been may be judged on

the one side from the fact that throughout
Digby's ( History of the Law of Real Pro-
perty ' his work is referred to ' as at once the
most available and the most trustworthy
authority on the law of the eighteenth cen-
tury,' and on the other side from the publi-
cation in 1822 of Sir J. E. Eardley-Wilmot's
Abridgment, ' intended for the use of young
persons, and comprised in a series of letters
from a father to his daughter,' and from the
existence of a ' Comic Blackstone/ His re-
putation is not confined to England. (See
translations in bibliography.) It was made,
indeed, matter of reproach to French jurists
that they incessantly cited Blackstone as a
great authority, rating him even higher than
did his own countrymen ; and it is still to the
' Commentaries ' that most continental writers
refer on points of English law. Nowhere has
his work been more widely read than in
America. 1 1 hear,' said Burke, in 1775,
' that they have sold nearly as many of Black-
stone's Commentaries in America as in Eng-
land.' It has been edited and abridged in
America nearly as often as in England ; it
suggested to Chancellor Kent the idea of
writing his ' Commentaries on American
Law :' and there, as here, it has shaped the
course of legal education.

Yet while edition after edition was ap-
pearing the work had many hard things said
about it. There were some who looked with
apprehension on an attempt to make smooth
the path of the student of law. President
Jeiferson is reported to have doubted the pro-
priety of citing in America English autho-
rities after the period of emigration, and still
more after the declaration of independence,
and to have said that the consequence of ex-
cluding them would be ' to uncanonise Black-
stone, whose book, although the most eloquent
and best digested of our law catalogue, has
been perverted more than all others to the
degeneracy of legal science. A student finds
there a smattering of everything, and his
indolence easily persuades him that if he
understands that book he is master of the
whole body of the law ' (TuCKEK, Life of
Jefferson, ii. 361. See a similar opinion in
RITSO'S Introduction to the Science of Law).
Blackstone sustained more vigorous attacks
at home. In 1769, when the publication of
the first edition was completed, Dr. Priestley
wrote what Blackstone called ( a very angTy
pamphlet ' on some passages in the ' Com-
mentaries' relating to dissenters. Black-
stone replied in a conciliatory tone, admit-
ting that the passages needed some revision
in point of expression, but confessing to no
material change of opinion: and Priestley
wrote a second letter of explanation, in which,

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137

Blackstone

as one of his friends said, ' there is rather too ;
much submission for the honour of having
"been noticed ' (RuTT, Memoirs of Priestley,
i. 73). The same part of the work was sub-
jected to a more careful examination in cer-
tain letters on the Toleration Act, addressed \
to Blackstone by Dr. Furneaux, who not only
condemned its illiberal spirit, but found grave
fault with it as an incomplete statement of
the law. These criticisms were so far suc-
cessful that in subsequent editions the ob-
noxious passages were considerably modified ;
the doubt, for example, being no longer ex- !
pressed whether, as compared with those of |
the papists, ' the spirit, the doctrines, and the '
practice of the sectaries are better calculated '
to make men good subjects.' A few years
later (1776) came Bentham's famous ' Frag-
ment on Government/ directed against the
digression on the legislative power of govern- |
ment which occurs (pp. 47-50) in Black- |
stone's chapter on the nature of laws in
general, where he states his quaint proof of
the perfection of the British constitution.
Bentham did not notice, nor did Blackstone
acknowledge, that much of this chapter comes
•from Burlamaqui, the very words being some-
times reproduced. Even the digression? which
to Bentham seemed to be made without any
reason, occurs in Burlamaqui with the same
context (Droit de la Nature, part i. ch. 8.
Evidently Blackstone had before him Nu-
gent's translation published in 1748). In
the preface to the tract Bentham summed up
his opinion of the ' Commentaries' as a whole,
and while frankly recognising Blackstone's
merits, ' who, first of all institutional writers,
has taught jurisprudence to speak the lan-
guage of the scholar and the gentleman,'
urged that the work is thoroughly vitiated
by its tone of intolerance and of blind ad-
miration. We have only Bentham's own
account of the way in which Blackstone re-
ceived the criticism ; when asked if he would
answer it, he said, 'No, not even if it had
been better written.' (For Bent ham's opinion
of Blackstone see also the very strongly
worded remarks extracted from his common-
place book in BOWRING'S Bentham, x. 141.)
The judgment of Austin was not less severe.
To him Blackstone's arrangement is a slavish
and blundering copy of Hale's ; in the whole
work (; the far too celebrated Commentaries'
he calls it) there is not a single particle of
original or discriminating thought ; its flattery
of English institutions is ' a paltry but effec-
tual artifice' which has made it popular;
and its style, for which other critics have
only one voice of admiration, is ' a style which
is fitted to tickle the ear, though it never or
xarely satisfies a severe and masculine taste '

(i. 71). There should be mentioned one other
critic, long ago forgotten, Sedgwick, the editor
of Gilbert's ' Law of Evidence,' who, with
strong dissent, yet in a spirit of great fair-
ness and with minute care, discusses Black-
stone's first volume, chapter by chapter
(Remarks Critical and Miscellaneous on the
Commentaries of Sir W. Blackstone, 1800 ;
2nd ed. 1808). A weak reply to Sedgwick
was made by W. H. Rowe in a f Vindication
of Blackstone's Commentaries ' (1806).

The criticisms of Bentham and of Austin
had weight enough to bring Blackstone into
undue discredit. To read the ' Commentaries '
ceased to be considered an essential part of
the liberal education of gentlemen and
scholars, and it grew the fashion to speak
lightly of the work. There seems now to be
the beginning of a more just appreciation.
Most of the specific charges against Black-
stone were indeed well founded. His was
not a mind of much analytical power, nor in
any high sense was he an original thinker.
His philosophy of law was but a confused
mingling of the theories of Puffendorf, Locke,
and Montesquieu ; and its importance now
consists only in its having created, by repul-
sion, the later English school of jurispru-
dence. Of the spirit of intellectual inde-
pendence he had very little. Partly by nature,
partly through his political sympathies, partly
also, it must be remembered, from a truly
worthy admiration of a great system of law
and government, he was conservative almost
to rigidity. In a characteristic passage he
declared that the legal restraints to which
Englishmen were subject in his day were
' so gentle and moderate . . . that no man
of sense or probity would wish to see them
slackened ' (i. 144) ; and, with not less bold-
ness, speaking of the time of Charles II, and
drawing a distinction bet ween the theoretical
perfection of law and its practical working,
he said that * by the law, as it then stood,
. . . the people had as large a portion of
real liberty as is consistent with a state of
society ' (iv. 439 ; see AM os's The English Con-
stitution in the Reign of Charles II, which is
a detailed examination of this opinion ; it is
discussed also in Fox's History, in ROSE'S
Observations, and in HEYWOOD'S Vindication ;
and see also how Blackstone himself explains
his habit of defending legal anomalies, i. 172).
The extent of his learning, moreover, has
been often exaggerated. He never knew the
civil law otherwise than superficially, and
frequently states it inaccurately ; and even
in English law his work is not more remark-
able for original research than for the sin-
gular skill which it shows in making a happy
use of the labours of previous text-writers.

Blackstone

138

Blackstone

As Lord Ellenborough suggested, he made
himself a learned lawyer by writing the
' Commentaries' (see the discussion on Black-
stone's merits in 23 Parl. Hist. 1078). But
within his own sphere of exposition his merits
are very great. ' It requires, perhaps,' says
Coleridge, in the preface to his edition of the
' Commentaries,' ' the study necessarily im-
posed upon an editor to understand fully the
whole extent of praise to which the author
is entitled ; his materials should be seen in
their crude and scattered state ; the contro-
versies examined, of which the sum only is
shortly given ; what he has rejected, what he
has forborne to say should be Known ; before
his learning, judgment, taste, and, above all,
his total want of self-display can be justly
appreciated.' To this just eulogy one need
only add that Blackstone had formed the true
conception of an institutional work, which
not merely should state the principles of ex-
isting law, but by means of ' the learning out
of use ' should explain their growth. And so
well did he carry out his plan that in the
' Commentaries ' there is still to be found the
best general history of English law, needing
comparatively little correction, and told with
admirable clearness and spirit. To his style
Austin did less than justice. It lacks variety
and restraint ; but, except amid the loose
generalities of the introductory chapters, it is
never obscure, and at its best it rises to con-
siderable dignity. Fox thought it ' the very
best among our modern writers, always easy
and intelligible ; far more correct than Hume,
and less studied and made up than Robert-
son ' (TROTTER, Memoirs ; see also Fox's
speech on Lord Ellenborough's admission to
the cabinet).

In 1766 Blackstone, with a growing prac-
tice and failing health, resigned both his
professorship and his principalship. He still
continued to sit in the House of Commons,
being returned for the new parliament of
1 768 as member for Westbury, in Wiltshire.
But beyond a slight connection with Dr. Mus-
grave's report on the peace of 1763 (16 Parl.
Hist. 763), his political career was marked by
only a single incident. In the exciting de-
bates on Wilkes he played an unfortunate part.
On the motion to declare Luttrell elected,
Blackstone gave it as his opinion that Wilkes
was by common law disqualified from sitting
in the house. Grenville retorted by quoting
from the ' Commentaries ' (i. 162) the causes
of disqualification, none of which applied to
Wilkes. ' It is well known,' says Philo-
Junius, describing the scene, ' that there was
n pause of some minutes in the house, from
a general expectation that the doctor would
say something in his own defence; but it-

seems his faculties were too much over-
powered to think of those subtleties and re-
finements which have since occurred to him.'
The matter gave rise to a prolonged paper
controversy, in which Sir W. Meredith,
Blackstone, Jimius, Dr. Johnson, and others
took part. Blackstone, who argued that the
expulsion of a member creates in him an in-
capacity of being re-elected, had certainly
the worst of the controversy, maintaining
without great dignity an indefensible posi-
tion (see MAY'S Parliamentary Practice, p. 63).
Without allowing himself to have been in
the wrong, he took pains in his next edition
to state the causes of disqualification so as to
include such a case as that of Wilkes (i. 162-3 ;
the last sentence of the paragraph does not
occur in the first edition). Hence came the
toast at opposition banquets : ' The first edi-
tion of Dr. Blackstone*s " Commentaries on
the Laws of England"' (MAHON, Hist. v.
352).

After this experience, Blackstone was no
doubt glad to retire from parliament. He
was invited to be solicitor-general, but he de-
clined the office, as hopes of ajudgeship were
at the same time held out to him. In Fe-
bruary 1770 he was made a justice of the
Common Pleas, but he immediately exchanged
places with Mr. Justice Yates, and for a few
months sat with Lord Mansfield in the court
of King's Bench. On Yates's death in the
same year he returned to the Common Pleas.
He acquired the reputation of being a pains-
taking judge, and nothing more. Although
he had now unquestionably made himself a
learned lawyer, his excessive caution and a
scrupulous adherence to formalities stood
sadly in his Avay. What Malone tells us of
him is in keeping with his general character:.
'There were more new trials granted in
causes which came before him on circuit than
were granted on the decisions of any other
"-} — who sat at Westminster in his time.

'he reason was that, being extremely diffi-
dent of his opinion, he never supported it
with much warmth or pertinacity in the
court above if a new trial was moved for *
(PRIOR, Malone, p. 432 ; see the chief case&
in which he took part in his own reports,
vol. ii., also in Burrow's and in Wilson's re-
ports. His most famous judgment is that
delivered in Perrin v. Blake, in which he dis-
cussed the reason, the antiquity, and the extent
of the rule in Shelley's case. He took part
also in the leading case of Scott v. Shepherd,
where he differed from the rest of the court
in holding that the action was not maintain-
able ; and in the case of Crosby, the lord
mayor, reported also in 8 St. Tr. 31, and 19
St. Tr. 1137). In his later years he sue-

Blackstone

139

Blackstone

ceeded in procuring an increase in the salaries
of judges; and he devoted much of his time
to advocating a reform in the system of
criminal punishment. He strongly supported
the penitentiary system, and it was mainly
owing to him and Eden (Lord Auckland)
that the act 19 George III c. 74 was passed.

He died 14 Feh. 1780, and was buried in
the parish church of Wallingford, where he
had spent much of the latter part of his life.
He had married in 1761 Sarah Clitherow,
and of his nine children one followed so far
in his footsteps as to become a fellow of All
Souls, principal of New Inn Hall, Vinerian
professor, and assessor in the vice-chancellor's
court. Henry Blackstone, the law reporter,
was his nephew.

In personal character he ever showed that
almost oppressive spirit of orderliness which
kept him busy at Oxford, and which exhibited
itself throughout his life in habits of scrupu-
lous punctuality. He was both languid and
hot-tempered. So languid was he, it is said,
that in writing the ' Commentaries ' he re-
quired a bottle of port before him, being
' invigorated and supported in the fatigue of
his great work by a temperate use of it ' (Cuo-
KEK, Boswell, iv. 465) ; and Lord Stowell,
who is the authority for the story, also said
that Blackstone was the only man he had
ever known who acknowledged and lamented
his bad temper. Physically as well as men-
tally he was lethargic ; he grew stout, and
came more and more to dislike all forms of
exercise, and he seems really to have died
from the want of it.

His statue by Bacon, representing him with
his right hand on the ' Commentaries,' and
with Magna Charta in his left, stands in the
Codrington Library. His works are: 1.' Essay
on Collateral Consanguinity,' 1750 (reprinted
in 'LaAv Tracts'). See the other side of the
question put in ' An Argument in favour of
Collateral Consanguinity ' in Wynne's * Law
Tracts.' "2. 'Analysis of the Laws of England,'
1 754 ; 6th ed. 1771 ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th editions
contain the discourse on the study of the law
(reprinted in ' Law Tracts '). 3. * Letter to
the llev. Dr. Randolph, Vice-Chancellor of

the study of
6. 'The Great Charter and Charter of the
Forest, with other authentic instruments, to
which is prefixed an introductory discourse,
containing the history of the Charters,' 1759
(reprinted in ' Law Tracts '). 7. * A treatise
on the law of descents in fee-simple,' 1759.
* ' Reflections on the opinions of Messrs.

8.

Pratt, Morton, and Wilbraham, relating to
Lord Leitchfield's disqualifications,' 1759.

9. ' A case for the opinion of counsel on the
' right of the university to make new statutes/
1759. (For these two pamphlets see life by
Clitherow; they are not mentioned elsewhere.)
| 10. ' Tracts, chiefly relating to the antiqui-
ties and laws of England,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1762
; (tracts on collateral consanguinity, copy-
! holders, laws of descent, and a reprint of his
i Great Charter) ; 3rd ed. 1771, 1 vol. 4to (same
i tracts, except that on laws of descent ; in
: addition his * Analysis ' and the letter to
I Dr. Randolph) ; German translation, 1779.
11. 'Commentaries on the Laws of England/
j 4 vols. Editions: 1st, 1765-9, 4to; 2nd, 1768,
I 4to (see LOWNDES); 3rd, 1768, 4to (the 2nd and
i 3rd seem to be editions of only vols. i. and ii.) ;
4th, 1770, 4to ; 5th, 1773 ; 6th, 1774, 4to
(Dublin edition, 1775, 12mo) ; 7th, 1775 (this
edition and all the subsequent ones are 8vo) ;
8th, 1778 ; 9th (by Burn), 1783 ; 10th and
llth (Burn and Williams), 1787, 1791 : 12th,
13th, 14th, and 1 5th (Christian), 1793-5, 1800,
1803, 1809 (the 12th edition was published
in numbers, with portraits of sages of the
law, which were inserted by the bookseller
without the editor's sanction) ; ' a new edi-
tion ' (Archbold), 1811 ; another edition not
numbered (J. Williams), 1822 ; 16th (Cole-
ridge), 1825; 'a new edition' (Chitty), 1826;
17th (' enlarged and continued by the editor
of " Warton?s History of English Poetry,'"
Price. 1830) ; 18th (Lee, Hovenden, and
Ryland), 1829; 19th (Hovenden and Ry-
land), 1836; 20th (adapted by Stewart),
1837-41 ; 21st (Hargrave, Sweet, Couch, and
Welsby), 1844 ; 22nd (adapted by Stewart),
1844-9; 23rd (adapted by Stewart), 1854.
Other adaptations : (by Stephen, ' partly
founded on Blackstone ') 1st ed. 1848-9 ; 9th
ed. 1883 ; (by Kerr) 1st ed. 1857, 4th ed.
1876 : (by Broom and Hadley) 1869. The
abridgments and volumes of selections are
numerous. Among them are Curry's, 1796
and 1809 ; Gifford's, 1821 ; Bayly's, 1840 ;
Warren's, 1855 and 1856. Also < The Comic
Blackstone,' by G. A. a Beckett, 1867. The
American editions nearly equal in number
the English. The first edition is the Phila-
delphia reprint of 1771-2 ; the last and test
are Sharswood's, 2 vols. 1878, and Cooley's,
2 vols. 1884. There are also American
adaptations, including an edition of Broom
and Hadley, by Wait (1875), and abridg-
ments, the last being Ewell's (1883). Trans-
lations (French) : From the 4th ed. by
I). G . . . (de Gomicourt), 6 vols. 1774-6, a
translation ' qui n'est ni exacte ni francaise *
(CAMUS, Biblioth. des livres de draft) ', it
omits the notes and references. From the
15th ed. by N. M. Chompre, 6 vols. 1822.
' Coinmentaires sur le code criminel,' by the

Blackstone

140

Blackwall

Abbe Coyer, 2 vols. 1776, is & free transla-
tion of Blackstone's 4th volume. Other
translations of parts of the same volume ap-
peared at the end of the century (see QUE-
KARD'S La France Litter air e). (German) :
A translation of Giffard's abridgment by ;
H. F. C. von Colditz, with preface by Falck, !
2 vols. 1822-3. (Italian) : The first 2 vols. |
of ' Classici Criminalist! ' (1813) contain
Blackstone's 4th vol. (Russian) : Cathe- j
rine II is said to have caused a Russian trans- j
lation to be made (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii.
553), but it is mentioned in no catalogue of I
foreign law-books. (See bibliographies of MAE- \
VIN, SOULE, LOWNDES, BRUNEI, &c. and Cat . of
Brit. Mus.) 12. < A Reply to Dr. Priestley's |
Remarks on the fourth volume of the " Com- !
mentaries on the Laws of England." By the j
author of the Commentaries,' 1769 (reprinted
in a volume called ' An interesting Appendix
to Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries,
Ac.,' Philadelphia, 1773, another edition of |
which appeared in 1774 with the further title
of the ' Palladium of Conscience.' Besides
Blackstone's reply, it contains Priestley's j
and Furneaux's letters, and f The case of the
late election, &c.') 13. The Wilkes Case.
4 An answer to the question stated,' 1769 ;
published anonymously in answer to l The
question stated, a pamphlet attributed to I
Sir W. Meredith. To a new edition Black-
stone added i A Postscript to Junius ' (see :
JUNIUS'S letters of 29 July and 8 Aug. 1769). j
' The case of the late election of the County j
of Middlesex considered on the principles of j
the constitution and the authorities of law,'
probably by Blackstone (reprinted in ' The
Interesting Appendix, &c.'). *A speech with-
out-doors upon the subject of a vote given
on the 9th day of May, 1769 ; ' it appeared in
the ' Public Advertiser' of 28 July 1769 ('see
letter of PniLO-JuNirs of 1 Aug. 1769). !
14. i Reports of cases determined in the seve- j
ral courts of Westminster Hall from 1746 to
1779/ 2 vols. fol. 1781 ; Dublin edition, |
2 vols. 8vo, 1781 ; with notes by Elsley,
2 vols. 8vo, 1828. His reports have never
been held in high esteem (see WALLACE'S
Reporters, but see the testimony of Best, ;
C. J., to their accuracy, 1 Moore and Payne,
553). 15. ' A memoir in answer to the late
Dean of Exeter, now Bishop of Carlisle ;' I
read before Society of Antiquaries in 1762.
When Blackstone was preparing his edition
of the Great Charter, Dean Lyttelton lent j
him an ancient parchment roll containing the I
Great Charter and Charter of the Forest of
9 Henry III. Blackstone considered it a
copy, and now, in answer to a communica-
tion made by the dean to the society, he
gives his reasons in detail (in GUTCH'S Col-

lect. Cur. ii. 357, and in Bioy. Hist, of Black-
stone). 16. 'A letter from Sir William
Blackstone Knt., to the Hon. Daines Bar-
rington, describing an antique seal, &c. ; '
read before Society of Antiquaries in 1775.
He discusses the seals directed by 1 Ed-
ward VI, cap. ii. to be used by persons having
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the circum-
stances of their disuse (in Archceol. iii. 414,
and in Bioy. Hist, of BLACKSTONE). 17. ' Ac-
count of the Quarrel between Pope and Addi-
son' (in Bioy. Brit. 2nd ed. i. 56 n.). 18. < An
Argument in the Exchequer Chamber on
giving judgment in the case of Perrin and
another v. Blake' (in HARGKAVE'S Law
Tracts, p. 487).

[Life by Clitherow, prefixed to reports ; The
Biographical History of Sir W. Blackstone,
&c., by a gentleman of Lincoln's Inn (Dr. Dou-
glns), 1782 — a rambling expansion of Clitherow's
Life ; Life in Law. Mag. vol. xv., reprinted
in Welsby's Judges; article by Marquardsen in
Bluntschli-Brater's Staats-Wo'rterbuch ; Glas-
son's Hist, du Droit et des Instit. de 1'Angle-
terre ; Burrow's Worthies of All Souls ; Prior's
Malone; Chalmers's Oxford; Junius.]

G. P. M.

BLACKWALL, ANTHONY (1674-
1730), classical scholar, was born at Black-
wall, a hamlet for many generations the seat
of his family in the parish of Kirk Ireton,
and the hundred of Wirksworth, Derbyshire,
in 1674, educated at Derby grammar school,
admitted sizar at Emmanuel College, Cam-
bridge, on 30 Sept. 1690, took the degree of
B.A. in 1694, and that of M.A. in 1698, and
was shortly afterwards appointed headmaster
of the Derby School, and lecturer of All
Saints' Church, Derby.

In 1706 he distinguished himself in his
first literary venture by the publication of
'Oeoyvidos IVai/Aat : Theognidis Megarensis
Sententiee Morales ' — the original Greek, with
a Latin translation, notes, &c.,8vo, to which
was prefixed an address in Greek to Joshua
Barnes [q. v.] , the well-known Greek professor.
In 1718 he published ' An Introduction to the
Classics, containing a short discourse on their
Excellencies, and Directions how to study
them to advantage ; with an Essay on the
Nature and use of those Emphatical and
beautiful figures which give strength and
ornament to Writing,' London, 12mo. This
work gives the beauties of the ancient writers
in a clear and concise manner, illustrated
from the author's rich stores of knowledge, and
with sound criticism. In 1719 appeared the
second edition, with additions and an index,
London, 12mo, and there were other London
editions in 12mo (3rd ed. 1725, 4th ed.,
5th ed. 1737, 6th ed. 1746), issued both be-

Blackwall

141

Blackwall

fore and after the author's death in 1730 ;
and Dr. William Mayor, while at Woodstock
in 1809, reissued the work as i BlackwaH's
Introduction to the Classics,' London, 12mo,
with an ' Essay on Rhetoric/ and a ' Biblio-
graphy of the best English Translations of
Greek and Roman Classics,' and describes it
as a work most invaluable to those who have
not received a sound education.

In 1722 Blackwall was appointed head
master of the grammar school of Market Bos-
worth, Leicestershire, a school founded in
the time of Henry VIII, but much increased
in revenue by endowments of the Dixie
family. Here, in the quiet of a thoroughly
pastoral district, he produced his most cele-
brated work, ' The Sacred Classics defended
and illustrated, or an Essay humbly offered
towards proving the Purity, Propriety, and
True Eloquence of the Writers of the New
Testament ; ' in two parts, 4to, London, 1725 ;
2nd ed. 8vo, London, 1727. ' Not with-
out very great labour and pains, though ac-
companied with pleasures,' as he says, he
completed the second and last volume of this
work a few weeks before his death in 1730,
and it was published under the same title
in 1731, London, 8vo, with his portrait by
Vertue. The two volumes were reprinted
at Leipsic by Christopher Wollius, 4to, 1736,
with Bernigeroth's copy of the portrait. The
third London edition appeared in 2 vols. 8vo,
1737. This work is chiefly on the plan of
Raphelius, and is of very fair merit in its
fund of general learning and its useful obser-
vations. Words and phrases in the New
Testament long considered to be barbarisms
or solecisms are shown to have been used by
the old Greek writers of the best reputation,
but the critics thought he had failed to prove
the general purity and elegance of the lan-
guage of the Testament. Orme, Bickersteth,
Dr. Williams, and especially his great oppo-
nent, Dr. Clarke, make light of his work ;
while, on the other hand, Dr. Doddridge and
T. H. Home speak highly of its value. In any
case, his work can claim the merit of leading
the wray to sounder biblical criticism.

At both Derby and Bosworth he had the
happiness to bring up a number of excellent
scholars, among whom were the well-known
Richard Dawes, author of ' Miscellanea Cri-
tica,' and Budworth, the master of Bishop
Hurd. One of his pupils, Sir Henry Atkins,
presented him to the rectory of Clapham,
Surrey, on 12 Oct. 1726. About this time
he went up for ordination and waited upon
Dr. Gibson, then bishop of London, when a
young chaplain of the bishop began to ex-
amine Blackwall in the Greek Testament.
The bishop, whom Blackwall had known well

in the see of Lincoln, on entering the room,
good-naturedly asked what the chaplain was
about. ' Mr. B. knows more of the Greek
Testament than you do, or I to help you.' The
Latin grammar which Blackwall made use of
in the Derby and Market Bosworth schools
was of his own composition, and he was pre-
vailed upon to publish it, but anonymously,
as he did not wish to appear to prescribe rules
to other instructors of youth. It was entitled
* A new Latin Grammar, being a short, clear,
and easy introduction of young Scholars to
the Knowledge of the Latin Tongue, &c.,r
London, 12ino, 1728.

Although the Clapham living was the only
preferment received by l the good old school-
master,' as Gilbert Cooper calls him in his
'Letters on Taste,' he relinquished it by 1729,
when he was again master of Bosworth gram-
mar school, with an income of less than a third
of that yielded by the clerical living. About
this time Samuel Johnson became his ' usher,r
.but the dates of the association are very diffi-
cult to unravel. Blackwall returned to Bos-
worth early in 1729 ; Johnson left college
about December 1729, and even if he went
direct to assist Blackwall it could only have
been for a few months, as the latter died at
the schoolhouse on 8 April 1730. After the
master's death, the usher may have continued
to teach, and when we study Johnson's his-
tory, and read of his going on foot to the
school in a forlorn state of circumstances on
16 July 1732, that can only refer to his
last attendance at Bosworth, probably at
the close of the summer holidays. He left
the house of Sir Wolstan Dixie, a patron of
the school, eleven days after, and thus-
we may conclude he taught in the school
for two and a half years, of which only a few
months were under Blackwall. The dis-
tressing experiences of which we read so-
much in Boswell's memoir and elsewhere
must therefore be referred to the time subse-
quent to Blackwall's death, and when the
control of the Dixies as 'patrons of the
school ' seems to have weighed very heavily
upon Johnson. The present writer, when
under-master of this school, 1854-1863, was
unable to find any records of the association
of Johnson with Blackwall.

Blackwall was twice married. The only
child by the first wife, named Toplis, was An-
thony, who was B.A. of Emmanuel College in
1721 ; by the second wife, who was widow
of — Cantrell, his predecessor in the Derby
school, and mother of Henry Cantrell [q.v.]r
he had four sons : Henry, B.A. Emmanuel
College 1721 ; Robert, a dragoon; John, at-
torney at Stoke Golding, near Bosworth,
who died in 1762 ; and William, who died

Blackwall

142

Blackwell

young. He had also one daughter, who
married Mr. Pickering. The daughter of
John Blackwall married William Cantrell,
bookseller, Derby.

[Nichols's Leic. iv. 2, 509 ; Glover's Derby-
shire, i. 106 ; Boswell's Johnson (Croker's). pp.
18, 20; Cooper's Letters on Taste, p. 119;
Home's Introd. 10th ed. iv. 22; Nichols's Lit.
Anecd. i. 130, ii. 551, iii. 332, ix. 809; and
Blackwall's works.] J. W.-GK

BLACKWALL, JOHN (1790-1881),
zoologist, was born at Manchester 20 Jan.
1790. After some years' partnership with
his father, an importer of Irish linen, he re-
tired in 1833 to North Wales, settling ulti-
mately at Llanrwst. As early as 1821 he
published, in Thomson's l Annals of Philo-
sophy,' observations on diurnal mean tempe-
rature, and in 1822 some notes by him on
migratory birds appeared in the * Memoirs of
the Manchester Philosophical Society.' This
was followed by observations on the notes
of birds. Fifteen of his first twenty-five
papers were ornithological. Being attracted
to the study of spiders and their webs, he
was surprised to find scarcely any available
authorities, and this determined his choice of
a principal lifework. His first paper on
spiders appeared in 1827 in the ' Transactions
•of the Linnean Society,'. on the means by
which gossamer spiders effect their aerial ex-
cursions. In 1830 he published, in the
>l Zoological Journal,' a paper on the manner
m which the geometric spiders construct
their nets. His papers were collected in
'Researches in Zoology,' 1834; the second
-edition, 1873, was not brought up to date.
Blackwall pursued the study of the spiders
of his own neighbourhood and their habits
with extreme painstaking, almost wholly un-
aided by any British or foreign worker. His
great work, ' A History of the Spiders of
"Great Britain and Ireland,' 1861-4, published
by the Ray Society, was unfortunately in the
hands of the society ten years before its
publication. It is full of minute detail, giv-
ing an almost photographic picture of the
object. Nearly all his work was done with-
out any aid but that of a pocket lens. Some
of his type-specimens are lost, owing to their
having been kept indiscriminately with
others. His writing for the press was most
remarkably clear, and scarcely a single cor-
rection was needed in his proof-sheets. He
died 11 May 1881.

[Obit, notice in the Entomologist, xiv. 145-50,
"'by Rev. 0. Pickard-Cambridge ; see also xiv.
190, and Entomologist's Monthly Mag. xviii. 45.]

GK T. B.

BLACKWELL, ALEXANDER (d.

1747), was an adventurer, whose career is
for the most part enveloped in mystery and
contradiction. It is admitted that he was
born in Aberdeen early in the eighteenth cen-
tury; Fryxell, the Swedish historian of the
intrigue which brought him to the scaffold,
says in 1709, but this seems too late. Ac-
cording to a contemporary memoir, his father
was a petty shopkeeper ; but this production,
although professedly written at Stockholm,
was to all appearance fabricated in London
to serve a political object ; and there seems
no reasonable doubt that he was the brother
of Dr. Thomas Blackwell [q. v.], and conse-
quently the son of another Thomas Blackwell
[q. v.] According to the anonymous bio-
graphy referred to, he studied medicine at
Leyden, under Boerhaave, and he may very
probably have represented himself to have
done so. As, however, we find him practis-
ing the trade of a printer in London about
1730, there is far more probability in the
statement of an apparently well-informed
correspondent of the f Bath Journal,' ab-
stracted in ' The Gentleman's Magazine ' for
September 1747, that Blackwell, urged by
ambition and restlessness, left the university
of Aberdeen without taking a degree, and
! came up to seek his fortune in the metropo-
lis. Having obtained employment from the
printer Wilkins as corrector of the press, he
married an excellent wife with a consider-
able portion, and set up as a printer on his
own account. He seemed on the high road
to prosperity, when he was ruined by a com-
bination of the London printers, who opposed
him as an interloper who had never been ap-
prenticed to the trade. He spent two years
in a debtor's prison, from which he was de-
! livered by the enterprise of his wife [see
! BLACKWELL, ELIZABETH] He then took up
i the study of medicine and agriculture, and was
frequently cor suited respecting the manage-
| ment of estates. Being introduced to the
Duke of Chandos, he obtained employment
as the director of that nobleman's improve-
ments at Cannons, which situation he for-
feited under circumstances not explained,
but apparently little to his credit. ' It kept
him/ says the editor of the ' Gentleman's
Magazine/ annotating the article in the
'Bath Journal/ 'from other employment.'
The printer of the magazine was probably
one of Blackwell's persecutors, yet this may
have been the reason why, as stated in
Chalmers's 'Dictionary/ 'Mr. Blackwell's
family were not very desirous of preserving
his memory/ and allowed the circulation of
erroneous statements which have hitherto
entirely misled his biographers. In 1741,

Blackwell

143

Blackwell

while still in the duke's service, he had heir, was to have been poisoned, that ' a cer-
published ' A New Method of improving tain young prince,' the Duke of Cumberland,
Cold, Wet, and Clayey Grounds,' of which was to have been set upon the throne, and
there is no copy in the British Museum or | that Adolphus Frederick's son, afterwards

the Bodleian. It may have attracted atten-
tion abroad, for the indomitable adventurer
next turns up in Sweden in 1742. Here he
represented himself as a phvsician, prescribed

Gustavus III,was to have been indemnified bv
a principality in Germany. On these charges,
of most if not of all of which he was unques-
tionably innocent, Blackwell was condemned

successfully for the king, and was actually , without any public trial to be broken on the
appointed one of his physicians in ordinary, j wheel, a punishment commuted into decapita-
but soon incurred the suspicion of quackery, j tion. He met his fate on 9 Aug. 1747 with
and fell back upon his old trade of practical I remarkable fortitude, apologising for laying
agriculturist. He published in 1745 ' An Essay ; his head on the wrong side of the block on the
on the Improvement of Swedish Agriculture,' I ground that it was the first time he had ever
which was suspected of being a translation been beheaded. The speech he endeavoured to
from the English ; and was entrusted with j address to the bystanders was drowned in
the direction of a model farm at Allestad. I the roll of drums, and a paper published in
This was alleged to have deteriorated under j his name is probably spurious. The real
his management, and the precariousness of j object and secret springs of his intrigue re-
his appointment may perhaps have driven main a mystery. Some have thought that it
him to engage in political intrigue. Sweden, was a device of his own to gain the king's
under the weak rule of King Frederick, j favour and magnify his own importance, and
was at the time distracted by the contending j that the alleged anonymous letter was a
factions of the ' Hats ' and the ' Caps,' the figment. Others deem him the instrument
former under French influence, the latter ! of a foreign court, probably England. The
inclining to England. An unquiet spirit j ' Hats ' regarded him as an agent of their ad-

like Blackwell would be prone to fish in
these troubled waters, and as his political re-
lations were chiefly with the English party,
the representatives of his own country might
well seek to make a tool of him. In March
1747 he presented himself to the king with a
mysterious verbal communication purporting
to come from the Queen of Denmark (Louisa,
George II's daughter), vaguely hinting at a
large sum of money to be bestowed on con-
dition of altering the succession to the ex- | most plausible, but for the evident pains taken
elusion of the infant crown prince. The king by the English government to vindicate itself
at first referred Blackwell to two of his con- at his expense. According to the corre-

versaries ; the ' Caps ' insisted that he had been
made the stalking-horse of a fictitious plot.
Not a few suspected that he had been ensnared
by the minister Tessin, who was supposed to
be jealous of his influence, and certainly
took the leading part in his torture and
execution. Blackwell is universally repre-
sented as meddlesome, pragmatical, and lo-
quacious, and the theory that his plot was
wholly concocted by himself would appear the

fidants, but on the following day, becoming
alarmed, disclosed the incident to his minis-
ters, who immediately arrested Blackwell.
The latter admitted making the communica-
tion, and declared that he had been prompted
to do so by an anonymous letter which he had
destroyed, and the source of which was un-
known to him. To extract further revelations
he was cruelly tortured. He long with-
stood his sufferings with the greatest con-
stancy, and although he ultimately suc-
cumbed, he revoked his confession, and it is
difficult to ascertain what it really was. It
certainly implicated no other person, for no
one else was proceeded against. The sentence
of his judges, if correctly cited, condemned
him for ' designing to alter the present con-
stitution, and to render the crown absolute ;
to set aside the present established succession ;
and to procure large sums of money to enable
him to execute these schemes.' It was in-
sinuated that Adolphus Frederick, the next

spondent of the ( Bath Journal ' Blackwell
was an excellent scholar in his youth. His
eminent talents were marred by want of prin-
ciple and unsoundness of judgment, but he
must have possessed enterprise, courage, and
versatility.

[Gent. Mag. 1747, pp. 424-6 ; A Genuine Copy
of a Letter from a Merchant in Stockholm to his
Correspondent in London (London, 1747) ; Chal-
mers's Dictionary, art. ' Blackwell (Elizabeth) ;
Credercreutz, Srerige under Ulrica, Eleonora,
och Fredric I (1821); Fryxell, Berattelser ur
Svenska Historien, pt. xxxvii., Stockholm, 1868.
The proceedings of the tribunal which condemned
Blackwell were sealed up by order of Count Tes-
sin, and remained unexamined for thirty-three
years, when Gustavus III deposited them in the
public archives. Their contents were first di-
vulged in 1846, in an essay contributed to the
newspaper Frey, by N. Arfvidsson, upon which
Fryxell's circumstantial and interesting narra-
tive is mainly founded.] B. G.

Blackwell

144

Blackwell

BLACKWELL, ELIZABETH (ft. 1737),
wife of Alexander Blackwell [q. v.], is posi-
tively asserted by James Bruce (Lives of Emi-
nent Men of Aberdeen, p. 307) to have been
the daughter of a stocking merchant in Aber-
deen, and to have eloped with her husband
to London before he found employment as a
corrector of the press. No authority is given
for these statements. Blackwell's biographer
in the ' Bath Journal,' who seems to write
with a knowledge of the family, asserts on ;
the other hand that the marriage took place !
subsequently, and describes Elizabeth as ' a j
virtuous gentlewoman, the daughter of a \
worthy merchant,' who gave his daughter a
handsome portion. ' Virtuous ' and ' worthy ' j
were unquestionably epithets applicable to
Elizabeth herself, who extricated her hus- !
band from his pecuniary difficulties by apply-
ing her talent for painting to the delineation i
of medicinal plants with the colours of nature.
She was encouraged by Sir Hans Sloane, Dr.
Mead, and Mr. Rand, curator of the botanical ,
garden at Chelsea. By his advice she took
lodgings close by the garden, where she was
supplied with plants, which she depicted with
extreme skill and fidelity, while Blackwell
himself supplied the scientific and foreign
nomenclature, and, with the original author's i
consent, abridged the descriptions in Philip I
Miller's ' Botanicum Officinale.' After finish-
ing the drawings, Elizabeth engraved them
on copper herself, and coloured the prints
with her own hands. The work at length
appeared in 1737, in 2 vols. folio, under the
title of ' A Curious Herbal, containing five j
hundred cuts of the most useful plants which !
are now used in the practice of Physic.' It j
was accompanied by laudatory certificates j
from the College of Physicians and College
of Surgeons, and dedications to Drs. Mead,
Pellet, and Stuart. As a monument of female
devotion it is most touching and admirable,
and its practical value was very great. l If/
says a writer in Chalmers's 'Dictionary,'
' there is wanting that accuracy which mo-
dern improvements have rendered necessary
in delineating the more minute parts ; yet,
upon the whole, the figures are sufficiently |
distinctive of the subject.' Rousseau com- I
plains of its want of method, but it was not
designed to accompany treatises on botany.
Its merits received the most substantial re-
cognition from the fine republication under-
taken by Trew (Nuremberg, 1757-73), with
the addition of a sixth century of plants, and j
a preface pointing out its superiority to the
more scientific work of Morandi alike in ac-
curacy and delicacy of colouring and in the
copiousness of representations of exotic plants.
Having performed her task of delivering her

husband and temporarily re-establishing his
affairs, Elizabeth Blackwell disappears from
observation. According to the contemporary
pamphlet on her husband's execution, she
was then in England, but had been upon tha
point of joining him in Sweden. The date
of her death is not recorded. She must have
left children if, as has been stated, descend-
ants from her exist at the present day.

[Gent. Mag. vol. xvii. ; Chalmers's Diet. ;
Br uce's Eminent Men of Aberdeen, 1841.1

E.G.

BLACKWELL, GEORGE (1545 P-1613),
archpriest, was born in Middlesex in or about
1545. A secular priest, in a controversial
letter addressed to him, says : ' Your father
was indeed a pewterer by Newgate in Lon-
don, a man of honest occupation it is most
true, but not the best neighbour to dwell by/
He was admitted scholar of Trinity College,.
Oxford, 27 May 1562, graduated B.A. in 1563,
became probationer of his college in 1565, per-
petual fellow in the following year, and M.A.
in 1567. ' But his mind being more addicted
to the catholic than to the reformed religion he
left his fellowship and retired to Gloucester
Hall for a time, where he was held in good
repute by Edm. Rainolds and Thomas Allen,
the two learned seniors ' (WooD, Athence
Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 122). Leaving the uni-
versity he went over to the English college
at Douay, where he was admitted in 1574, and
being already far advanced in learning was
ordained priest in 1575. He took the degree
of B.D. the same year in the university of
Douay, and returned to England upon the
mission in November 1576.

As early as 1578 he was in prison (J)oua\f
Diaries, 147). To this occasion perhaps the
secular priest already mentioned refers when
he says : l About twenty years since, to my
remembrance, you were imprisoned in Lon-
don : but your brother, being the bishop of
London's register, procured your release very
shortly after.' Blackwell lodged for seven
or eight years in the house of Mrs. Meany in
Westminster, and was constantly in fear of"
arrest and imprisonment. Once he owed his
deliverance from impending danger to the in-
tervention of the Countess of Arundel and
Surrey, whose anonymous biographer informs -
us that < he being forced for his own and the
gentlewoman's security he liv'd with to hide
himself in a secret place of the house when
search was made after [him] by the hereticks :
and being in great danger of being taken or
famish'd by reason that all the catholicks of
the house were cariy'd away to prison, and
heretick watchmen put into the house to keep
it and hinder any from helping him. She-

Blackwell

145

Blackwell

haveing notice of his distress dealt so with the
officer who had the principal charge of that
business that after three dayes he was content
two of her servants should come to that house
at the time when the guard was chang'd, take
Mr. Blackwell out of the hideing-place, and
convey him away, as they speedily did, bring-
ing him betwixt them, he not being able to
go alone, to their lady's house, where, after
some dayes for refreshing he had stay'd, she
sent him safe to the place he desir'd to go '
(Lives of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel,
and of Anne Dacres, his wife, 216, 217). It
would seem that he sometimes visited the
continent, as he is said to have formed a per-
sonal acquaintance with Cardinal Bellarmin
And other eminent writers, who give an ex- ;
cellent character of his learning and capacity
which they discovered while he had occasion
to reside in Rome (DoDD, Church Hist. ii. 380). j

After the decease of Cardinal Allen the at- \
fairs of the English catholic clergy fell into
a state of confusion, owing to the absence of j
any means of enforcing regular discipline.
The petitions for the appointment of a bishop
were not favourably received at Rome, but
on 7 March 1597-8 Cardinal Cajetan, the pro- j
tector of the English nation, addressed a letter
to Blackwell, announcing to him the command
of the pope, Clement VIII, that he should be
archpriest over the secular clergy. Unlimited
power was given to Blackwell to restrain or
revoke the faculties of the clergy, to remove
them from place to place at his pleasure, and
to punish the refractory by deprivation or j
censures. The cardinal named six persons to
be his assistants, and empowered him to ap-
point six others. ' The Jesuits,' the cardinal
continues, ' neither have nor pretend to have
any jurisdiction or authority over the clergy,
-or seek to disquiet them ; it seemeth, there-
fore, a manifest subtlety and deceit of the
devil, complotted for the overthrow of the
whole English cause, that any catholic should
practice or stir up emulation against them.'
This letter was accompanied by private in-
structions, which prohibited the archpriest j
and his twelve assistants from determining \
any matter of importance without advising i
with the superior of the Jesuits and some j
others of the order.

The appointment of Blackwell gave rise to i
serious and protracted dissensions among the I
.clergy, which were secretly fomented by the I
English government (FoLEY, Records, i. 12
v-et seq.) Thirty-one secular priests, headed
by Dr. Bishop, sent an appeal to Rome, and
on 6 April 1599 the pope issued a bull, fully
.recognising and sanctioning the letter of Car-
dinal Cajetan, and the appointment of the arch- |
Driest and his acts, declaring the letter to have j

VOL. V.

been valid from the first, and explicitly or-
dering it to be obeyed and its regulations to
be complied with. The appellant priests at
once submitted to the bull without any linii-
: tation. It was contended, however, that the
actual submission of the appellants did not
undo or atone for the criminality of their
former appeal, and on this ground the arch-
priest and his adherents continued to treat
them as schismatics. They again appealed to
i Rome, and the pope addressed to the arch-
priest a brief (17 Aug. 1601), recommending
him to temper severity with mildness, and
exhorting all parties to a general oblivion of
the offence. This letter, however, did not
entirely pacify the troubles ; the clergy sent
a third deputation to Rome, and a second
letter was addressed by the pope to the arch-
priest (6 Oct. 1602). His holiness blamed him
for proceeding by suspension and censures
against the appellant priests, and commanded
him to communicate no business of his office
to the provincial of the Society of Jesus, or
to any members of the society in England,
lest it should be a cause of animosity and dis-
cord between the society and the appellants ;
and with the same view he revoked the con-
trary injunctions given by Cardinal Cajetan.
Thus the matters in dispute were finally set-
tled by papal authority.

For some time after this Blackwell exer-
cised his authority as archpriest without
opposition ; but he eventually got entangled
in a controversy of another kind, and drew
upon himself the censures of the holy see.
In 1606 the government of King James I im-
posed on catholics a new oath, which was
to be the test of their civil allegiance. The
wording of the oath was entrusted to Arch-
bishop Bancroft, who, with the assistance of
Sir Christopher Perkins, a ' renegado Jesuit/
so framed it as to give to the designs of the
ministry the desired effect, ' which was first
to divide the catholics about the lawfulness
of the oath ; secondly, to expose them to daily
prosecutions in case of refusal, and, in con-
sequence of this, to misrepresent them as dis-
affected persons, and of unsound principles in
regard of civil government ' (Dors, Church
Hist. ii. 366). Blackwell told his clergy by
a circular letter, dated 22 July 1606, that it
was his holiness's pleasure that they should
behave themselves peaceably with regard to
all civil matters. ' Sua sanctitas nullo modo
probat, tales tractatus agitari inter catholicos:
imo jubet, ut hujusmodi cogitationes depo-
nantur.' Previously, on 28 Nov. 1605, he had
written a similar letter to the catholic laity.
At several meetings of the secular and regu-
lar clergy, convened to consider the oath,
Blackwell advised them to take it. Cardinal

Blackwell

146

Blackwell

Bellarmin wrote to him an admonitory letter
on this subject, to which he replied. Being
apprehended near Clerkenwell on 24 June
1607, he was committed prisoner to the Gate-
house in Westminster, and thence was re-
moved to the Clink prison in Southwark,
where he was frequently examined upon
several articles, especially concerning the oath
of allegiance. In fine, he took the oath, and
several of the clergy and laity followed his
example, notwithstanding the fact that the
oath had twice been formally condemned by
Pope Paul V in 1606 and 1607. Blackwell's
conversion being despaired of, the sovereign
pontiff deprived him of the office of archpriest
in 1608, and appointed George Birket [q. v.]
to supply his place.

Blackwell died on 12 Jan. 1612-13, per-
sisting to the last in his approbation of the
oath. On being taken suddenly ill some
priests attended him, and he assured them
that he deemed it to be a lawful oath, and
that in taking it he had done nothing con-
trary to conscience (WIDDKINGTON, Dispu-
tatio Theologica de Juramento Fidelitatis,
393-5).

A large number of books were published
against him, chiefly by Watson, Colleton, Dr.
Bishop, Dr. Champney, and other catholic
divines. The principal other works relating
to the controversies in which he was engaged
are : 1. ' The Hope of Peace, by laying open
such doubts and manifest untruthes as are de-
vulged by the Archpriest in his letter or an-
swere to the Bookes which were published by
the priestes,' Frankfort, 1601, 4to. 2. ' Mr.
George Blackwel (made by Pope Clement 8,
Archpriest of England), his Answeres vpon
sundry his Examinations : together with his
Approbation and taking of the Oath of Alle-
geance : and his Letter written to his assis-
tants and brethren, moouing them not onely
to take the said Oath, but to aduise all Ro-
mish Catholikes so to doe,' London, 1607, 4to.
3. ' A large Examination taken at Lambeth,
according to his Maiesties direction, point by
point, of M. George Blakwell, made Arch-
priest of England, by pope Clement 8. Vpon
occasion of a certaine answere of his, without
the priuitie of the State, to a Letter lately
sent vnto him from Cardinall Bellarmine,
blaming him for taking the Oath of Allegeance.
Together with the Cardinals Letter, and M.
Blakwels said answere vnto it. Also M.
Blakwels Letter to the Romish Catholickes
in England, as well Ecclesiasticall as Lay,'
London, 1607, 4to ; also printed in French at
Amsterdam, 1609. 4. ' In Georgium Black-
vellum Anglige Archipresbyterum a Clemente
Papa Octavo designatum Quaestio bipartita :
Cuius Actio prior Archipresbyteri iusiuran-

dum de Fidelitate prestitum, Altera eiusdem
iuramenti Assertionem, contra Cardinalis Bel-
larmini Literas, continet,' London, 1609, 4to.
5. ' Relatio compendiosa turbarum quas le-
suitae Angli, vna cum D. Georgio Blackwello
Archipresbytero, Sacerdotibus Seminariorum
populoq; Catholico cociuere ob schismatis &
aliorum criminum inuidiam illis iniuriose
impactam sacro sanctee inquisitionis officio
exhibita, vt rerum veritate cognita ab inte-
gerrimis eiusdem iudicibus lites & causse dis-
cutiantur et terminentur,' Rouen, 4to.

[Dodd's Church Hist. (1737), ii. 251-65, 366,
380, also Tierney's edit. iv. 70 et seq., App. 110.
142, 147, 148, 157, v. 8, 12 ; Wood's Athen. Oxon.
ed. Bliss, ii. 122, Fasti, i. 162, 179 ; Berington's
Memoirs of Panzani ; Ullathorne's Hist, of the
Restoration of the Cath. Hierarchy, 7 ; Flana-
gan's Hist, of the Church in England, ii. 265-69,
299, 301 ; Anatomie of Popish Tyrannie (1603),
177; Diaries of the English College, Douay;
Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers,
2nd ser. 23, 153, 154, 3rd ser. 116; MS. HarL
6809, art. 190; MS. Lansd. 983 f. 123; MS.
Cotton. Titus B. vii. 468 ; MS. Addit. 30, 662 f.
726. ; Butler's Hist. Memoirs of the English
Catholics (1822), ii. 204 et seq. 254 ; Lingard's
Hist, of England (1849), vii. 91-95; Foley'&
Records ; Calendars of State Papers.] T. C.

BLACKWELL, JOHN (1797-1840),
Welsh poet and prose writer, was born at
Mold, in Flintshire, in 1797, and for many
years followed the trade of a shoemaker in
his native town. From an early age he showed
the greatest avidity for books, and he carried
off' several prizes offered for poems and essays
in the Welsh language. By the liberality of
friends he was enabled to enter Jesus College,
Oxford, in 1824, and he took the degree of
B.A. in 1828. In the autumn of the latter
year, at the Royal Denbigh Eisteddvod, a
prize was adjudged to him for his beautiful
Welsh elegy on the death of Bishop Heber.
In 1829 he was ordained to the curacy of
Holy well. During his residence there he con-
tributed largely to the columns of the t Gwy-
liedydd,' a periodical conducted on the prin-
ciples of the established church, and in 1832
he was presented with a prize medal at the
Beaumaris Eisteddvod. In 1833 he was pre-
sented by Lord-chancellor Brougham to the
living of Manor Deivy, in Pembrokeshire.
I Soon afterwards he became editor of an illus-
trated magazine in the Welsh language, en-
1 titled ' Y Cylchgrawn,' and he conducted this
j periodical with remarkable ability. He died on
14 May 1840, and was buried at Manor Deivy.
t His poems and essays, with a memoir of his
j life, were edited by the Rev. Griffith Edwards
I of Minera, in a volume entitled 'Ceinion.
! Alun,' Ruthin, 1851, 8vo.

Blackwell

147

Blackweli

[Williams's Eminent Welshmen, 554 ; Gent.
Mag. (New Set.), xiv. 100.] T. C.

BLACKWELL, THOMAS, the elder
(1660 P-1728), a learned Scotch minister, is
sometimes confounded with his more cele-
brated son of the same name. He was called
to the charge as presbyterian minister at Pais-
ley, Renfrewshire, on 5 April 1693, but his or-
dination was delayed to 28 Aug. 1694 for
various reasons, one being his own ' unclear-
ness ' about accepting the call. He was trans-
lated to Aberdeen on 9 Oct. 1700, and in 1710
he was elected professor of divinity in the
Marischal College of the university of Aber-
deen. In the same year he published * Ratio
Sacra, or an appeal unto the Rational World
about the reasonableness of Revealed Religion
. . . directed against the three grand prevailing
errors of Atheism, Deism, and Bourignonism/
Edin. 12mo. The same year his second work
appeared : ( Schema Sacrum, or a Sacred
Scheme of Natural and Revealed Religion,
making a Scriptural-Rational Account of
these Three Heads ... of Creation ... of
Divine Predestination . . . and of the Wise
Divine Procedure in accomplishing the
Scheme/ Edin. 8vo, pp. 340. A second edi-
tion in 12mo was published at Paisley in
1800. An American edition was brought
out by a New Hampshire minister, with a
list of over 700 names of subscribers, under
the altered title of ' Forma Sacra, or a Sacred
Platform of Natural and Revealed Religion
... by the pious and learned Thomas Black-
well ' (with a lengthy introduction on the-
position and prospects of religion in America),
by Simon Williams, M.A.,' 12mo, Boston,
1774. The latter was minister of the gospel
at Wyndham, New Hampshire, and he
speaks of Blackwell as ' a minister much es-
teemed in Peasley, North Britain/ his in-
formant, the Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, then
president of the college in the Jerseys, having
been one of his successors in the church at
Paisley. Blackwell appears to have taken a
prominent part in the disturbed affairs of the
Scottish church. The first of the ' Tracts con-
cerning Patronage by some eminent Lairds ;
with a candid inquiry about the constitu-
tion of the Church of Scotland in relation to
the Settlement of Ministers/ 8vo, Edin. 1770,
is entitled, < Representation by Mr. William
Carstairs, Thomas Blackwell, and Robert
Baillie, Ministers of the Church of Scotland,
offered by them in the name and by appoint-
ment of the General Assembly against the
bill for restoring patronages/ 1712. Another
work of his was published in 1712 entitled
'Methodus Evangelica/ 8vo, London.

Black well's appointment as professor of

divinity in the Marischal College was by pre-
sentation vested in the Marischal family

George Keith, fifth Earl Marischal, being
the founder — but on the forfeiture of their
rights consequent upon their adherence to the
cause of the Stuarts, the patronage in 1715
was vested in the crown ; and the office of
principal being vacant in 1717, George I re-
cognised the merits of Blackwell by appoint-
ing- him to the same, a position which, along
with his previous professorship, he held until
his death in 1728. The names associated
with this famous institution in Blackwell's
time and during his son's career, or early in
the eighteenth century, are of great emi-
nence. Among many others, there occur to
us those of Bishop Burnet, Dr. Arbuthnot,
Dr. Reid, the poet Beattie, Bishop Keith,
Dr. Turnbull, the Fordyces (his grandsons),
Gibbs the architect, and Professors Mac-
laurin, Duncan, Stewart, Gerard, and George
Campbell.

Blackwell married a sister of Dr. Johnston,
many years professor of medicine in the uni-
versity of Glasgow, and by her had two sons,
Alexander [q. v.] and Thomas [q. v.] ; and
one daughter, married to Provost Fordyce of
Aberdeen, by whom she had nineteen children ,
some of whom became well known : David
Fordyce the professor, James Fordyce the
popular preacher, and Sir William Fordyce
the physician.

[Blackwell's works ; Williams's Forma Sacra ;
New Statist. H. of Scotland, vii. 235, xii. 11,
1190 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 93] J. W.-G.

BLACKWELL, THOMAS, the younger
(1701-1757), classical scholar, born on 4 Aug.
1701 in the city of Aberdeen, was the son of
the Rev. Thomas Blackwell [see BLACZWELL,
THOMAS, the elder]. He was educated at the
grammar school of Aberdeen, and studied
Greek and philosophy in the Marischal College
of the university of the same city, of which his
father occupied the chair of divinity from 1 710,
and had become principal in 1717. He took
the degree of M.A. in 1718, a remarkable in-
stance of proficiency in a young man of seven-
teen, and in recognition of his ability he was
presented on 28 Nov. 1723 to the professor-
ship of Greek in the same college, and took
office on 13 Dec. following. He soon made
his mark as a successful teacher of the Greek
language. It was not in his favourite Greek
literature only, but also in the Latin classics,
that he exerted himself. He was held in high
estimation by the celebrated Berkeley, who
selected him as a professor in the projected
college at Bermuda.

In 1735 Blackwell published in London
an octavo volume, without bookseller's or

L 2

Blackwell

148

Blackwell

author's name, 'An Enquiry into the Life
and Writings of Homer/ arranged in twelve
sections, as an answer to the question, ' By
what fate or disposition of things it has hap-
pened that no poet has equalled him for
2,700 years, nor any that we know ever sur-
passed him before ? ' A second London edi-
tion in octavo, and also anonymous, came
out in 1736, followed soon after by ' Proofs
of the Enquiry into Homer's Life and
Writings, translated into English ; being a
Key to the ^nquiry . . . .' With a curious
Frontispiece, 8vo, London, 1747. This was
merely a translation of the learned and co-
pious notes originally given in Greek, Latin,
Spanish, Italian, and French. The t Enquiry '
was considered a remarkable book at the
time, and opinions on its merits have varied
considerably. Gibbon, without any expla-
nation of his assertion, speaks of it as ' by
Blackwell of Aberdeen, or rather by Bishop
Berkeley, a fine, though sometimes fanciful,
effort of genius ! '

In 1748 appeared another work by Black-
well, 'Letters concerning Mythology,' 8vo,
London, without his name or the bookseller's
(Andrew Millar) imprint. The preface in-
timates that some of the first letters ' passed
in correspondence written by a learned and
worthy man, whose death prevented his pro-
secuting his plan,' the additions to the seventh
and eighth letters, and all following, being
by the author of ' An Enquiry . . .^JEEomer/
&c. No clue is afforded to the original
writer, whose letters are given in a very
pleasant and lively style, and chiefly refer
to the Homeric ' Enquiry.' The later writer
continues throughout in the same vein, and
makes a very readable book. The second
edition, 8vo, London, 1757, appeared soon
after the author's death, and gives his name.
In the first volume of the ' Archseologia '
there is a letter, dated 18 Aug. 1748, ad-
dressed by Dr. T. Blackwell to Mr. Ames,
with an explanation of an ancient Greek
inscription on a white marble found in the
Isle of Tasso by Captain Hales.

On 7 Oct. 1748 George II appointed Black-
well principal of the Marischal College in
Aberdeen, a position which he held, along
with the Greek chair, till his death. Black-
well is the only layman ever appointed prin-
cipal of this college since the patronage was
vested in the crown. When the well-known
Glasgow printers, Robert and Andrew Foulis,
projected an edition of Plato, Blackwell pro-
posed to furnish them with critical notes,
together with an account of Plato's life and
philosophy ; his terms being too high, the
design was relinquished. He then published
in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' for 1751 a

Latin advertisement of a similar venture* of
his own. This work was never published,
however, and his manuscripts, after death,
offered no traces of such a scheme.

On 30 March 1752 he took the degree of
doctor of laws, and in the following year ap-
peared the first volume of his ' Memoirs of
the Court of Augustus,' 4to, Edinburgh. The
second volume was published, 4to, Edin-
burgh, in 1755, and the third volume, which
was posthumous and left incomplete by the
author (whose text reached to p. 144 only),
was prepared for the press, with additional
pages, by Mr. John Mills, and published in
4to, London, 1764 (seven years after his
death), along with the third edition of the
two former volumes. This work contains
fine impressions of heads of great personages
from genuine antiques. It had a good recep-
tion, but unfortunately it was written with so
much parade and in such a peculiar style that
it offered a wide field for adverse criticism.
Johnson reviewed it sarcastically in the
Literary Magazine,' 1756, but concludes :
' This book is the work of a man of letters ; it
is full of events displayed with accuracy and
related with vivacity.' A French translation
by M. Feutry of this work was published in
12mo, 3 vols., Paris, 1781.

Several years before his death Blackwell's
health began to decline, and compelled him
to take assistance in his Greek class. Even-
tually he was forced to travel, and in February
1757 he reached Edinburgh, but could pro-
ceed no further. In that city he died on
8 March, in his fifty-sixth year. During
a protracted illness he had displayed an
equable flow of temper, endearing him to
all. Before he started on his journey he
drew together all the professors of the col-
lege and spent two hours of pleasant con-
ference with them, and on the day of his
death he wrote letters to several of his
friends, and took leave of them in a cheerful
and contented strain. In private life his
habits were very agreeable ; his conversation
ever instructive and affable, accompanied
with a flow of good humour, even when pro-
voked to some display of passion.

Soon after his appointment as principal of
his college he married Barbara Black, daugh-
ter of an Aberdeen merchant, by whom he
had no children. This lady survived him
many years and died in 1793. She be-
queathed her estates, partly to found a chair
of chemistry in the college with which the
names of her husband, her father-in-law,
and the Fordyces (her nephews) had been so
long associated, and partly for the premium
of an English essay and for the augmenta-
tion of the professorial salaries.

Blackwood

149

Blackwood

[Nichols's Lit. Illust. ii. 35, 69, 814, 820, 851,
iv. 84; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. v. 641 ; Kames's
H. of Man ; Beattie's Dissertations ; Stat. H. of
Scot. xii. 1169 ; Archseologia, i. ; Gent. Mag. xvii.
298, xxi. 283 ; Lit. Mag. 1756 ; Johnson's Works,
1835, vi. 9 ; Warburton's Pamphlets; Blackwell's
Works, &c.] J. W.-G.

BLACKWOOD, ADAM (1539-1613),
Scottish writer, was descended from a family
in good circumstances, and was born at Dun-
fermline in 1539. His father, William Black-
wood, was slain in battle before the son reached
his tenth, year, and his mother did not long
survive the loss of her husband. Thereupon he
was taken in charge by her uncle, Robert Reid,
bishop of Orkney, who, recognising his excep-
tional abilities, sent him to the university of
Paris, where he enjoyed the tuition of the two
celebrated professors, Turnebus, and Auratus
or Dorat, from the latter of whom he acquired
an ambition to excel in Latin poetry. After
the death of Bishop Reid in 1558, Blackwood
went to Scotland ; but finding, on account of
the disquiet of the times, no prospect of con-
tinuing his studies, he returned to Paris,
where, through the munificence of Queen
Mary, then residing with her first husband,
the dauphin, at the court of France, he was
enabled to resume his university course.
After prosecuting the study of mathematics,
philosophy, and oriental languages, he passed
two years at Toulouse, reading civil law. On
his return to Paris he began to employ him-
self in teaching philosophy. In 1574 he pub-
lished at Paris a eulogistic memorial poem
on Charles IX of France, entitled l Caroli IX
Pompa Funebris versiculis expressa per A. B.
J.C.' (Juris Consultum), and in 1575, also at
Paris, a work on the relation between religion
and government, entitled ' De Vinculo ; seu
Conjunctione Religionis et Imperil libri duo,
quibus conjurationum traducuntur insidiee
fuco religionis adumbratse.' A third book
appeared in 1612. The work was dedicated
to Queen Mary of Scotland, and, in keeping
with his poem commemorating the author of
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, was in-
tended to demonstrate the necessity laid upon
rulers to extirpate heresy as a phase of rebel-
lion against a divinely constituted authority.
The work was so highly esteemed by James
Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, that he re-
commended Queen Mary to bestow on him the
office of counsellor or judge of the parliament
of Poictiers, the province of Poitou having by
letters patent from Henry III been assigned to
her in payment of a dowry. Some misunder-
standing regarding the nature of this office
seems to have given rise to the statement of
Mackenzie and others that Blackwood was
professor of civil law at Poictiers. He now

collected an extensive library, and, encouraged
by the success of his previous work, he set
himself to the hard and ambitious task of
grappling with George Buchanan, whose
views he denounced with great bitterness
and severity in ' Apologia pro Regibus, ad-
versus Georgii Buchanani Dialogum de Jure
Regni apud Scotos,' Pictavis, 1581 ; Parisiis,
1588. During Queen Mary's captivity in
England he paid her frequent visits, and was
untiring in his efforts to do her all the service
in his power. After her death he published
a long exposure of her treatment in imprison-
ment, interspersed with passionate denuncia-
tions of her enemies, especially Knox and
Elizabeth. The work bears to have been
printed 'a Edimbourg chez Jean Nafield.
1587,' but the name is fictitious, and it was
in reality printed at Paris. It was reprinted
at Antwerp in 1588, and again in 1589, and
is also included in the collection of Jebb ' De
Vita et Rebus gestis Mariee Scotorum Reginse
Autores sedecim,' torn, ii., London, 1725. The
title of the work is l Martyre de la Royne
d'Escosse, Douairiere de France ; contenant
le vray discours des trai'sons a elle faictes a la
suscitation d'Elizabet Angloise, par lequel les
mensonges, calomnies, et faulses accusations
dressees contre ceste tresvertueuse, trescatho-
lique et tresillustre princesse son esclarcies
et son innocence averee.' At the end of the
volume there is a collection of verses in Latin,
French, and Italian, on Mary and Elizabeth.
A fragment of a translation of the work into
English, the manuscript of which belongs to
the end of the sixteenth or beginning of the
seventeenth century, was published by the
Maitland Club in 1834. The work contains
no contribution of importance towards the
settlement of the vexed question regarding
the character of the unhappy queen, but is
of special interest as a graphic presentment
of the sentiments and feelings which her piti-
able fate aroused in her devoted adherents.
In 1606 Blackwood published a poem on the
accession of James VI of Scotland to the
English throne, entitled ' Inauguratio Jacobi
Magnse Britanniae Regis,' Paris, 1606. He
was also the author of pious meditations in
prose and verse, entitled ' Sanctarum Preca-
tionum Prooemia, seu mavis, Ejaculationes
Animse ad Orandum se preeparantis,' Aug.
Pict. 1598 and 1608 ; of a penitential study,
1 In Psalmum Davidis quinquagesimum, cujus
initium est Miserere mei Deus, Adami Blac-
vodaei Meditatio,' Aug. Pict. 1608 ; and of
miscellaneous poems, * Varii generis Poemata,'
Pictavis, 1609. He died in 1613, and was
buried in the St. Porcharius church at Poic-
tiers, where a marble monument was erected
to his memory. By his marriage to Catherine

Blackwood

Blackwood

Court inier, daughter of the ' procureur de roi '
of Poictiers, he left four sons and seven
daughters. His collected works in Latin and
French appeared at Paris in 1644, with a life
and eulogistic notice by Gabriel Naud6. The
volume contains a portrait of the author by
Picart, in his official robes.

[Life by Naud£ in collected ed. of his Works ;
Mackenzie's Writers of the Scots Nation, iii.
487-513; Irving's Scottish Writers, i. 161-9;
Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen, i.
142-3.] T. F.H.

BLACKWOOD, GEORGE FREDE-
RICK (1838-1880), major, was second son of
Major William Blackwood, of the Bengal
army, and grandson of the founder of the
• firm [see BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM].

He was born in 1838 ; was educated at the
Edinburgh academy and at Addiscombe :
and was gazetted a second lieutenant in the
Bengal artillery on 11 Dec. 1857. He ar-
rived in India "in the midst of the Indian
mutiny, and was at once appointed to com-
mand two guns in Colonel Wilkinson's Ro-
hilcund movable column. He was promoted
first lieutenant on 27 Aug. 1858, and filled
the post of adjutant first to the Bareilly
and Gwalior divisions, and then to the
twenty-second and nineteenth brigades of
royal artillery from 1859 to 1864. He was
promoted captain on 20 Feb. 1867, and in
1 872 was appointed to command the artillery
attached to General Bourchier's column in
the Looshai expedition. In that capacity
he was present at the attacks on Tipar-Mukh,
Kiing-Is iing and Taikooni, and he gave such
satisfaction that his services were specially
mentioned in the general's despatch of
19 March 1872, and he was promoted major
by brevet on 11 Sept. following. He gave
further evidence of his ability as an artillery
officer by his very able report on the use of
guns in such country as that in which he had
been recently engaged, with hints on the
calibre best suited for mountain guns, which
was printed by the Indian government and
circulated by it among its officers. Black-
wood was promoted major on 10 Feb. 1875,
and after temporarily commanding a battery
of royal horse artillery came to England on
sick leave. He thus missed the first Afghan
campaign of 1878-79, but was in India when
on the news of Cavagnari's death it was
determined to once more occupy both Cabul
and Candahar. Blackwood was posted to the
command of the E battery B brigade of royal
horse artillery, and ordered to join the force
destined for Candahar. While stationed there
the news arrived of the advance of Ayoub
Khan, and a column was ordered out under

the command of Brigadier-general Burrows
to assist the wali placed in command by Ab-
dur-rahman Khan, and to investigate the
strength of the enemy. To that column Black-
wood's battery was attached ; the column was
cut to pieces in the terrible battle of Maiwand
on 27 July 1880, where Blackwood was killed
and two of his guns lost.

[Times, 2 Oct. 1880.] H. M. S.

BLACKWOOD, HENRY, M.D. (d. 1614),
physician, was descended from a family of
good position in Fifeshire, and was a brother
of Adam Blackwood [q. v.], judge of the par-
liament of Poitiers. He was born at Dun-
fermline, and after studying belles lettres and
philosophy was sent by his uncle, Robert
Reid, bishop of Orkney, to the university of
Paris, where he taught philosophy about the
year 1551. Having afterwards studied medi-
cine he graduated M.D., was incorporated a
member of the College of Physicians of Paris,
and ultimately became dean of the faculty.
He died in 1614. He edited < In Organum
Aristotelis Commentaria,' * Collatio Philoso-
phise atque Medicinae,' and 'De Claris Me-
dicis ; ' and left in manuscript ' Animadversio
in omnes Galeni libros,' ' Hippocratis quse-
dam cum MSS. collata,' 'In Alexandrum
Trallianum Comment.,' and ' Locorum quo-
rumdam Plinii explicatio.' Mackenzie also
attributes to him ' Hippocratis Coi Progno-
sticorum libri tres, cum Latina interpreta-
tione, ad veterum exemplarium fidem emen-
dati et recogniti,' Paris, 1625, but the work
was really edited by his son Henry, who was
also a professor of medicine and surgery at
Paris, and who died at Rouen, 17 Oct. 1634.
George Blackwood, a brother of the father,
taught philosophy at Paris about the year
1571, but subsequently took holy orders, and
, obtained considerable preferment in the
French Church.

[Dempster's Hist. Eccles. Scot. Gent. (1627),
116-17; Biographie Universelle, iv. 549 ; Moreri's
Dictionnaire Historiqne, ii. 489 ; Mackenzie's
Writers of the Scots Nation, iii. 479-87 ; Irving's
Scottish Writers, i. 168-9.] T. F. H.

BLACKWOOD, SIB HENRY (1770-
1832), vice-admiral, fourth son of Sir John
Blackwood, bart., of Ballyleidy, co. Down,
and of Dorcas, Baroness Dufferin, and Clane-
boye, was born on 28 Dec. 1770. In April
1781 he entered the navy as a volunteer on
board the Artois frigate, with Captain Mac-
bride, and in her was present at the battle on
the Doggerbank. He afterwards served with
Captains Montgomery and Whitshed, and for
four years in the Trusty with Commodore
Cosby in the Mediterranean. In 1790 he

Blackwood

Blackwood

was signal midshipman 011 board the Queen
Charlotte with Lord Howe, by whom he was
made lieutenant 3 Nov. 1790. In 1791 he
was in the Proserpine frigate with Captain
Curzon, and towards the close of that year
obtained leave to go to France in order to
improve himself in the French language.
During the greater part of 1792 he was in
Paris, and on one occasion was in consider-
able danger, having been denounced as a spy,
and eventually had to fly for his life. He
was almost immediately appointed to the
Active frigate, from which, a few months
later, he was transferred to the Invincible
at the special request of Captain Pakenham.
Of this ship Blackwood was first lieutenant
on 1 June 1794, and as such was promoted,
along with all the other first lieutenants of
the ships of the line, on 6 July. He was
immediately appointed to the Megaera, and
continued in her, attached to the fleet under
Lord Howe and afterwards Lord Bridport,
until he was promoted to the rank of captain
2 June 1795. After a few months in com-
mand of the guardship at Hull he was ap-
pointed to the Brilliant frigate, of 28 guns,
which for the next two years was attached
to the North Sea fleet under the command
of Admiral Duncan. Early in 1798 the
Brilliant was sent out to join Admiral Wal-
degrave on the Newfoundland station : and
on 26 July, whilst standing close in to the bay
of Santa Cruz, in quest of a French privateer,
she was sighted and chased by two French
frigates of the largest size. By admirable
seamanship, promptitude, and courage, Black-
wood succeeded in checking -the pursuit and
in escaping (JAMES, Naval History, ed. I860,
ii. 250). His conduct at this critical time
was deservedly commended. Early in 1799
the Brilliant returned to England, and Black-
wood was appointed to the Penelope frigate,
of 36 guns, in which, after a few months of
Channel service, he Avas sent out to the
Mediterranean, and employed during the
winter and following spring in the close
blockade of Malta. On the night of 30 March
1800 the Guillaume Tell, of 80 guns, taking
advantage of a southerly gale and intense
darkness, weighed and ran out of the har-
bour. As she passed the Penelope, Black-
wood immediately followed, and, having the
advantage of sailing, quickly came up with
her : then— in the words of the log — ' luffed
under her stern, and gave him the larboard
broadside, bore up under the larboard quarter
and gave him the starboard broadside, receiv-
ing from him only his stern-chase guns. From
this hour till daylight, finding that we could
place ourselves on either quarter, the action
continued in the foregoing manner, and with

such success on our side that, when day broke,
the Guillaume Tell was found in a most dis-
mantled state' (Log of the Penelope, kept
by Lieutenant Charles Inglis). At five
o'clock the Lion, of 64 guns, and some little
time afterwards the Foudroyant, of 80 guns,
came up, and after a determined and gallant
resistance the Guillaume Tell surrendered ;
j but that she was brought to action at all was
entirely due to the unparalleled brilliancy of
i the Penelope's action. Nelson wrote from
Palermo (5 April 1809) to Blackwood him-
self: ' Is there a sympathy which ties men
together in the bonds of friendship without
1 having a personal knowledge of each other ?
If so (and I believe it was so to you), I was
your friend and acquaintance before I saw
you. Your conduct and character on the
late glorious occasion stamps your fame be-
yond the reach of envy. It was like your-
i self; it was like the Penelope. Thanks: and
I say everything kind for me to your brave
j officers and men' (Blackwood 's Magazine,
j xxxiv. 7).

On the peace of Amiens the Penelope was
| paid off; and in April 1803, when war again
j broke out, Blackwood was appointed to the
| Euryalus, of 36 guns. During the next two
| years he was employed on the coast of Ire-
land or in the Channel, and in July 1805
was sent to watch the movements of the
allied fleet under Villeneuve after its de-
feat by Sir Kobert Calder. On his return
with the news that Villeneuve had gone to
Cadiz, he stopped on his way to London to
see Nelson, who went with him to the Ad-
miralty, and received his final instructions to
resume the command of the fleet without
delay. Blackwood, in the Euryalus, accom-
panied him to Cadiz, and was appointed to
the command of the inshore squadron, with
the duty of keeping the admiral informed of
every movement of the enemy. He was
offered a line-of-battle ship, but preferred
to remain in the Euryalus, believing that he
would have more opportunity of distinc-
tion ; for Villeneuve, he was convinced,
would not venture out in the presence of
Nelson. When he saw the combined fleets
outside, Blackwood could not but regret his
decision. On the morning of 21 Oct., in
writing to his wife, he added : ' My signal
just made on board the Victory — I hope to
order me into a vacant line-of-battle ship/
This signal was made at six o'clock, and from
that time till after noon, when the shot were
already flying thickly over the Victory,
Blackwood remained on board, receiving the
admiral's last instructions, and, together with
Captain Hardy, witnessing the so shamefully
disregarded codicil to the admiral's will

Blackwood

152

Blackwood

(Nelson Despatches, vii. 140). He was then
ordered to return to his ship. ' God bless

wrote it) i not only gave me the command of
all the frigates, for the purpose of assisting
disabled ships, but he also gave me a latitude j
seldom or ever given, that of making any ,
use I pleased of his name in ordering any of
the sternmost line-of-battle ships to do what
struck me as best' (ibid. vii. 226).

Immediately after the battle Collingwood j
hoisted his flag on board the Euryalus, but j
after ten days removed it to the Queen, and
the Euryalus was sent home with despatches '
and with the French admiral. Blackwood
was thus in England at the time of Lord
Nelson's funeral (8 Jan. 1806), on which
occasion he acted as train-bearer of the chief
mourner, Sir Peter Parker, the aged admiral
of the fleet.

After this Blackwood was appointed to
the Ajax, of 80 guns, in which he joined
Lord Collingwood off Cadiz on the first an-
niversary of Trafalgar, and early in the fol-
lowing year was detached with the squadron
under Sir John Duckworth in the expedi-
tion up the Dardanelles. At the entrance
of the straits, on the night of 14 Feb., the
Ajax caught fire through the drunken care-
lessness of the purser's steward, and was
totally destroyed, with the loss of nearly
half the ship's company. Blackwood himself
was picked up hanging on to an oar, well
nigh perished with the cold, after being
nearly an hour in the water. During the
following operations in the straits he served
as a volunteer on board the flagship, and
arrived in England in May. He was now
offered the situation of pay-commissioner at
the navy board, which he declined, prefer-
ring to be appointed to the command of the
Warspite, of 74 guns. In this, after some
uneventful service in the North Sea, he again
went out to the Mediterranean, where the
principal duty of the fleet was the very
harassing blockade of Toulon. Here, for
some time during the summer of 1810,
Blackwood had command of the inshore
squadron, and on 20 July had the credit
of driving back a sortie made by a very
superior French force. He returned to Eng-
land at the end of 1812, but remained in
command of the Warspite for another year.
In May 1814, on the occasion of the visit
of the allied sovereigns, he was appointed
captain of the fleet under the Duke of
Clarence, a special service which was nomi-
nally rewarded by a baronetcy. On 4 June
1814 he attained the rank of rear-admiral,

and in August 1819 was nominated aK.C.B.,.
and appointed commander-in-chief in the
East Indies, from which station he returned
in December 1822. He became vice-admiral
on 19 July 1821, and from 1827 to 1830 he
commanded in chief at the Nore ; and still in
the full vigour of life he died after a short ill-
ness, differently stated as typhus or scarlet
fever, on 17 Dec. 1832, atBallyleidy,theseatof
his eldest brother, Lord Dufferin and Clanboye.
He was married three times, and left a
large family, the descendants of which are
now numerous. His portrait, presented by
one of his sons, is in the Painted Hall at
Greenwich.

[Blackwood's Magazine, xxxiv. 1 ; Marshall's,
Eoyal Naval Biog. ii. (vol. i. part ii.) 642.]

J. K. L.

BLACKWOOD, JOHN ' (1818-1879),
publisher, editor of ' Blackwood's Magazine/'
sixth surviving son of its founder [see BLACK-
WOOD, WILLIAM], was born at Edinburgh on
7 Dec. 1818. Educated at the high school
and university of Edinburgh, he early dis-
played literary tastes, which procured for him
the nickname of l the little editor.' At the
close of his college career he spent three years
in continental travel. Soon after his return,
his father having meanwhile died and been
succeeded by two of his elder brothers, he-
entered, in 1839, to learn business, the house-
of a then eminent London publishing firm.
In 1840 he was entrusted with the superin-
tendence of the branch which his brother's
Edinburgh house was establishing in Lon-
don. He occupied this position for six years,,
during which his office in Pall Mall became
a literary rendezvous, among his visitors being
Lockhart of the ' Quarterly Review/ Delane-
of the l Times/ and Thackeray, with the last
two of wrhom he formed an intimate friend-
ship. One of his functions was to procure
recruits for 'Blackwood's Magazine/ then
edited by his eldest brother, and to him was
due the connection formed with it by the
first Lord Lytton, who began in 1842 to con-
tribute to it'his translation of the poems and
ballads of Schiller. In 1845 he returned to
Edinburgh on the death of his eldest brother,
whom he succeeded in the editorship of
1 Blackwood's Magazine.' In 1852, by the
death of another elder brother, he became
virtual head of the publishing business also,
and he retained both positions until his death.
As an editor he was critical and suggestive,
as well as appreciative. As a publisher he
preferred quality to the production of quan-
tity ; in both capacities he displayed heredi-
tary acumen and liberality. He quickly dis-
cerned the genius of George Eliot, forthwith

Blackwood

153

Blackwood

accepting and publishing in his magazine the
first instalment of her earliest fiction the
; Scenes of Clerical Life/ which had been sent
to him without the name of the author, for
whom thus early he predicted a great career
as a novelist. This commencement of a busi-
ness connection was soon followed by a per-
sonal acquaintance between author and pub-
lisher, which ripened into intimacy. In her
husband's biography of George Eliot there
are many indications of her readiness to ac-
cept Blackwood's friendly criticisms and sug-
gestions, and of her grateful regard for him.
On hearing of the probably fatal termination
of his last illness she wrote : ' He will be a
heavy loss to me. He has been bound up
with what I most cared for in my life for more
than twenty years, and his good qualities
have made many things easy to me that with-
out him would often have been difficult.' All
her books, after the l Scenes of Clerical Life/
were, with one exception, first published by
his firm. Although Blackwood was a staunch
conservative and the conductor of the chief
monthly organ of conservatism, he always wel-
comed, whether as editor or publisher, what
he considered to be literary ability, without
regard to the political or religious opinions
of its possessors. A genial and convivial host
and companion, he delighted to dispense, at
his house in Edinburgh, and his country
house, Strathtyrum, near St. Andrews, a libe-
ral hospitality to authors with whom he had
formed a business connection. To his maga-
zine he contributed directly only occasional
obituary notices of prominent contributors.
A fragmentary paper of his, entitled ' Suther-
landia/ described as ( racy/ was published in
Mr. Clark's work on l Golf/ a game to which
he was devoted. He died at Strathtyrum on
29 Oct. 1879.

[A selection from the Obituary Notices of the
late John Blackwood, editor of Blackwood's
Magazine, printed for private circulation, Edin-
burgh, 1880 ; George Eliot's Life, as related in
her Letters and Journals, arranged and edited
by her husband, J. W. Cross, 1885.] F. E.

BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM (1776-
1834), publisher, founder of 'Blackwood's
Magazine/ was born at Edinburgh in Novem-
ber 1776. The circumstances of his parents
were very moderate, but he received a sound
education. Intelligent and fond of reading,
he was apprenticed at fourteen to a bookselling
firm in Edinburgh, and while in their service
was a diligent student of the historical and
archaeological literature of Scotland. At the
early age of twenty he was thought worthy
by an Edinburgh publishing firm of some
eminence to be entrusted with the manage-

ment of a branch of their business which they
were establishing in Glasgow. There he re-
mained a year, and then resumed for another
year his connection with his first employers.
Entering afterwards into partnership with an
Edinburgh bookseller and auctioneer, he found
this conjunction of vocations distasteful, and
migrating to London he completed his biblio-
graphical education in the antiquarian de-
partment of a bookseller noted for his cata-
logues of old publications. Having acquired
through industry and frugality some capital,
he returned to Edinburgh in 1804 and be-
gan business on his own account, dealing
chiefly in old books. He soon became the
head of that branch of the trade in Scotland,
and his catalogue of old books, published in
1812, is said to have been the first in which
classification was attempted, and to have long
remained a standard authority. Meanwhile
he had begun to exhibit some enterprise and
judgment as a publisher. In or about 1810
he took a principal part in founding the elabo-
rate and costly 'Edinburgh Encyclopaedia/
edited by Mr. (afterwards Sir) David Brew-
ster. In 1811 he published what remains the
standard biography of John Knox by Dr.
McCrie, and it was, it is said, at Blackwood's
instance that the university of Edinburgh
conferred on its author, though not a minister
of the Scottish establishment, the degree of
D.D. Having become the Edinburgh agent
of the first John Murray of Albemarle Street,
Blackwood published, in conjunction with
him, the first series of Sir Walter Scott's
* Tales of my Landlord.' In this transaction
he showed his reliance on his own literary
judgment by suggesting an alteration in the
finale of the ' Black Dwarf.' Scott indig-
nantly rejected the suggestion, in making
which, it must be added, Blackwood had been
fortified by the opinion of Murray's chief
literary adviser, William Gifford.

In 1816 Blackwood took what was con-
sidered the bold step of removing his business
from the old town of Edinburgh to Prince's
Street, at that time a fashionable thoroughfare
of the new town. Soon afterwards he resolved
to establish a monthly periodical which would
combat the influence, in politics and litera-
ture, of the ' Edinburgh Review/ then still
published in the city from which it derived
its name. On 1 April 1817 he issued No. 1
of the * Edinburgh Monthly Magazine/ But ,
probably through precipitancy in his selection
of its two editors [see CLEGHOEN, WILLIAM ;
PKISTGLE, THOMAS], the tone and tenor of the
new periodical wTere calculated to strengthen
instead of to counteract the influence of the
1 Edinburgh Review/ The June number ac-
cordingly contained an intimation that in

Black wood

Bladen

three months from that date it would be dis-
continued ; but on 1 Oct. following was is-
sued as No. 7 ' Blackwood's Edinburgh Maga-
zine,' Its publisher was, and until his death
continued to be, its sole editor. John Wilson
and John Gibson Lockhart were the chief
contributors to the magazine under its new
name. Its first issue produced a considerable
sensation from the appearance in it of the
Chaldee Manuscript, which was chiefly their
composition. In style and phraseology a some-
what audacious imitation of the Old Testa-
ment, this piece satirised the chief contributors
to and the publisher of the * Edinburgh Re-
view,' and the leading Edinburgh whigs, while
giving a glowing description of the parentage
and prospects of * Blackwood's Magazine.'
Probably its apparent profanity offended in
presbyterian Scotland many who would have
relished its personalities. With the caution
which, as wrell as enterprise, characterised
him, Blackwood excluded the Chaldee Manu-
script from the second edition, immediately |
called for, of the number in which it had
appeared.

With Wilson and Lockhart among its prin-
cipal contributors, and its sagacious publisher
to edit it, l Blackwood's Magazine ' prospered
and took a leading position among British
periodicals. New contributors of mark or
likelihood were always welcomed and libe-
rally treated. Blackwood was the first to re-
cognise the merits of John Gait as a novelist :
his i Ayrshire Legatees,' the earliest pub-
lished of his prose fictions, was at once ac-
cepted, and speedily appeared in the magazine.
While encouraging and rewarding his con-
tributors, Blackwood kept in check the exu-
berance of some of them. The restraining
influence which he exercised over Wilson him-
self, the most powerful and prolific of them
all, is shown in those of Blackwood's letters
to him published in Mrs. Gordon's ' Christo-
pher North.' Among the latest and most
telling of his editorial acquisitions was Samuel
Warren's l Diary of a Late Physician,' the
first chapter of which, declined by the editors
of the principal London magazines, was at
once accepted by Blackwood.

As a publisher Blackwood was largely, but
by no means exclusively, occupied with the
reissue, in book form, of prominent contribu-
tions to his magazine. In 1818 he published
4 Marriage,' the earliest of Miss Ferrier's fic-
tions. He lived to see completed in 1830
the publication, begun by him twenty years
before, of the ' Edinburgh Encyclopaedia.'
The publication of the voluminous and valu-
able ' New Statistical Account of Scotland '
he undertook more from patriotic motives
than with a view to profit. One of the latest

and most spirited of his enterprises he did
not live to see completed, Alison's l History
of Europe,' which he at once undertook to
publish on a perusal of the first volume in
manuscript, though he foresaw that it would
be a voluminous work. In spite of his en-
grossing business avocations he found time to
attend, as an active member of the town coun-
cil of Edinburgh, to the interests of his native
city, and, while as a staunch tory opposed
to parliamentary reform, he is said to have
been a zealous promoter of all civic improve-
ments. He died at Edinburgh on 16 Sept.
1834, after an illness of some months, during
which he was attended by D. M. Moir, poet
and physician, the l Delta ' of his magazine. To
the last John Wilson was a visitor to his sick
room. In * Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk '
Lockhart has described him in his prime
among the literary loungers in his Prince's
Street shop as ( nimble, active-looking, with
a complexion very sanguineous.' ' Nothing,'
it is added, ' can be more sagacious than the
expression of his whole physiognomy — the
grey eyes and eyebrows full of locomotion.'
He is said to have contributed three papers
to his magazine, but their subjects and dates
have not been specified.

[Obituary Notice (by Lockhart) in Black-
wood's Magazine for October 1834 ; Christopher
North, a Memoir of John Wilson, by his daugh-
ter Mrs. Gordon (edition of 1879); Chambers's
Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ;
Histories of Publishing Houses : the House of
Blackwood, in (London) Critic for July-August
I860.] F.E.

BLADEN, MAKTIN (1680-1746), sol* ^
dier and politician, was the son of Nathaniel - ' !-e p
Bladen of Hemsworth, Yorkshire, by Isabella,
daughter of Sir William Fairfax of Steeton,
and was born in 1680. He is said to have
passed a short time at a small private school
in the country with the great Duke of Marl-
borough, and from 1695 to 1697 was at West-
minster School. He went into the army,
and served in the low countries and in Spain,
becoming aide-de-camp to Lord Galway, and
rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
When he determined upon adopting a parlia-
mentary career, he contested the Cornish con-
stituency of Saltash in 1713 and 1715 in the
whig interest, but was rejected on both occa-
sions. For nineteen years (1715-34) he sat
for Stockbridge in Hampshire, from 1734 to
1741 he represented Maldon in Essex, and
from the latter year until his death he sat for
Portsmouth. In 1714he was appointed comp-
troller of the mint, and from 1717 to 1746 he
was a commissioner of trade and plantations.
So complete a sinecure was the latter post

Blagden

155

Blagden

that \vlien the colonel applied himself to the
business, such as it was, of his office, he went
by the name of l trade,' while his colleagues
were called the 'board.' He refused in 1717
the appointment of envoy extraordinary to
Spain, but accepted the post of first commis-
sary and plenipotentiary to the conference at
Antwerp in 1732 for drawing up the tariffs
between this country, the Emperor of Ger-
many, and the States General. He ranked
among the steadiest supporters of Sir Robert
Walpole, and often spoke in the debates on
fiscal, naval, or military matters, his adhe-
rence being so marked that Horace Walpole
says (Letters, i. 130) that it was proposed to
impeach him for his share in the Antwerp
conference. Bladen died 15 Feb. 1746, and
was buried in the chancel of Stepney Church,
the inscription on the tomb being preserved
in Lysons s l Environs.' His first wife was
Mary, daughter of Colonel Gibbs; the second,
whom he married in 1728, was Frances, niece
and heir of Colonel Joseph Jory, and widow
of John Foche of Aldborough Hatch, Essex.
With her he acquired a considerable estate,
and on it he built a new house, now de-
stroyed, at a considerable cost. She died
14 Aug. 1747. His sister was the mother of
Lord Hawke, the great admiral, in whose ad-
vancement he materially aided. The colonel
composed adulltragl-comedy, ' Solon, or Phi-
losophy no Defence against Love. With the
masque of Orpheus and Euridice ' (1705), and
translated ' Caesar's Commentaries of his Wars
in Gaul, and Civil War with Poinpey, with
supplement commentaries and life.' The lat-
ter work, which was dedicated to the Duke
of Marlborough, originally appeared in 1712,
and the seventh edition was published in
1770. To an issue which was brought out in
1750, Bowyer, the learned printer, added
many notes signed 'Typogr.' These were in-
cluded, with manv additional observations,
in BoAvyer's 'Miscell. Tracts' (1785), pp. 189-
222. A person of the name of Bladen is
satirised in the fourth book of Pope's i Dun-
ciad,' line 5GO, and this ifi sometimes sup-
posed to have referred to Martin Bladen.

[Welch's Westminster Scholars, p. 230 ; Ly-
sons's Environs, iii. 430-1, iv. 86; Nichols's
Lit. Anecdotes, ii. "222-3 ; Morant's Essex, i. 7 ;
Blore's Entland, 180-1 ; Burro ws's Lord Hawke,
77, 110-32; Notes and Queries, 2nd series, vii.
326, 1865.] W. P. C.

BLAGDEN, SIB CHARLES (1748-
1820), physician, was born on 17 April 1748.
In 1768 he graduated M.D. at the university
of Edinburgh, selecting as the subject of his
thesis for the occasion ' De Causis Apoplexise.'
This treatise was afterwards published. Blag-

den then entered the army as a medical officer,
and remained in the service till 1814, in which
year he was present in Paris with the allied
armies, as a physician of the British forces.
During his military career he is said to have
acquired a considerable fortune, and this was
augmented by a legacy of 16,000/. bequeathed
to him by the celebrated chemist, Cavendish,
with whom he was on intimate terms. Blag-
den also enjoyed for fifty years the friendship
of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal
Society, and to this circumstance he owed
his election as secretary of the society at a
disturbed period in its history. Blagden was
elected fellow on 25 June 1772, and was ad-
mitted 12 Nov. of the same year. In 1784
arose the quarrel between Banks and his op-
ponents [see BANKS, SIR JOSEPH], in conse-
quence ol which Mr. Maty resigned the secre-
taryship, and Sir Joseph Banks proposed
Blagden for the vacant post. In the result
he was elected on 5 May 1784 by a large
majority in a crowded meeting. Blagden
was a careful worker in physical research,
and contributed many papers to the ' Philoso-
phical Transactions,' besides publishing several
papers on medical subjects. Perhaps the
most noteworthy of his physical papers is that
on the i Cooling of Water below its Freezing
Point,' read on 31 Jan. 1788.

He would seem also to have interested
himself to some extent in antiquarian matters,
as we find him mentioned in a letter of the
Rev. Sam. Denne (1799) as inspecting, in
company with Lord Palmerston, the ancient
Clausenturn at Southampton (NICHOLS'S Il-
lustrations of Literature, vol. vi.) Among
the ' Johnson iana ' which Langton commu-
nicated to Boswell is the statement that,
talking of Blagden's copiousness and pre-
cision of communication, Dr. Johnson said :
' Blagden, sir, is a delightful fellow ' (Bos-
WELL'S Johnson, vii. 377). Hannah More
describes him as so modest, so sensible, and
so knowing, that he exemplifies Pope's line :
'Willing to teach, and yet not proud to
know' (Life, ii. 98).

Blagden travelled a good deal abroad, and
for the last six years of his life always passed
six months of the year in France. He was
elected in 1789 a correspondent of the Aca-
demie des Sciences of Paris. He died sud-
denly on 26 March 1820 at the house of his
friend Berthollet, the renowned chemist, at
Arcueil, near Paris.

Blagden was author of the following :
1. ' Experiments and Observations in a
Heated Room' (Phil. Trans. 1775). 2. < On
the Heat of the Water in the Gulf Stream '
(ib. 1781). 3. * History of the Congelation of
Quicksilver ' (ib. 1783). 4. ' An Account of

Blagge

156

Blagrave

some late Fiery Meteors ' (Phil. Trans. 1784).
5. ' On the Cooling of Water below its Freez-
ing Point' (ib. 1788). 6. < On the Effect of
various Substances in lowering the Point of
Congelation of Water ' (ib. 1788). 7. ' Re-
port on the best Method of proportioning the
Excise on Spirituous Liquors' (ib. 1790).
8. < On the Tides of Naples *(tb. 1793). 9. < On
Vision' (ib. 1813). 9. <Sur la chaleur des
rayons solaires ' (Bullet. Soc. Philomat.,
Ann. viii.) 10. i Sur la production de la lu-
miere solaire ' (ib. x.) 11. < Letters to Crell/
published in Crell's Annals, 1786, 1787, 1788.

[Weld's Hist, of Boyal Society ; Philosophical
Transactions; Biographie Nouvelle Grenerale;
Revue Encyclopedique, tome 6, 1820 ; Poggen-
doriFs Handworterbuch zur Greschichte der ex-
acten Wissenschaften ; Candolle's Histoire des
Sciences et des Savants; Army List, 1814.]

E.H.

BLAGGE or BLAGE, ROBERT (d.
1522 ?), judge, was of a Suffolk family, and
was son of Stephen Blagge of Broke Montague
in Somersetshire, by Alice, his wife. In 1502
(6 Dec.) he received a grant for life of the
office of king's remembrancer in the ex-
chequer, with the same fees as John Fitz-
Herbert, his predecessor, had, and on 27 June
1511 was raised to the bench as third baron
of the exchequer, having a deputy in the
office of remembrancer. On 28 Oct. 1511 he
was, with four others, appointed on a com-
mission of inquiry into the death of William
Lymster of London. On 23 May 1514 he
received a patent of succession on his death
or the first vacancy to the office of remem-
brancer, to be held for life, for his son Bar-
naby. This patent, however, was annulled
on the ground that at its date and from
and after Blagge's appointment as baron he
had no legal estate in the remembrancership
(DYER'S Reports, 3 Eliz., Easter Term, 47).
In 1514 (1 Feb.) he is mentioned as receiving,
with others, a pardon for the alienation of
the manor of Halton, and was repeatedly in
the commissions of the peace for Kent and
Middlesex. On 2 June 1515 he received a
grant to himself during pleasure of 80 marks
annually out of the tonnage and poundage of
London. His salary was fixed in 1516 at
46/. 13*. 4«?. as baron of the exchequer, and
65/. 17s. 4:d. as king's remembrancer, all
during the king's pleasure. In 1515, along
with Sir Edward Bealknap of the privy
council and Baron "Westby of the exchequer,
he was appointed a surveyor of crown lands,
pursuant to the act of 6 Hen. VIII, and is
found as such advising a lease of the manor
of Bewmaner 6 Oct. 1515, and of Staunford,
part of 'Warwick's lands/ He was reap-

pointed 30 Sept. 1517, and was acting as
such also in 1518. He had also been ap-
pointed one of the general purveyors of the
king's revenues 22 May 1515. He was a
commissioner of sewers in Cambridgeshire
and Lincolnshire in 1515, in Middlesex,
Essex, and Hertfordshire in 1516, and in
Kent in 1517. On 6 May 1518 he is found
appointed to be guardian of William, son
and heir of George Carleton. He was still
acting as surveyor of crown lands on 29 Nov.
1520 and 21 March 1522. In May 1520,
being seized of the manor of Peddon, and
other land in Stone, in Kent, to the use of
Sir Roger Cholmley, license was given him
to have free warren in his lands in Stoynye.
Foss says he was alive in 1524 ; but it seems
more probable that he died in London 13 Sept.
1522, and was buried near his wife in St.
Bartholomew's Church. In a grant, how-
ever, of 1532, he is mentioned as deceased,
but not apparently so long as ten years pre-
viously. His will was dated 8 Sept. 1522.
He was twice married, first to Katherine, sole
daughter and heiress to Thomas Brune or
Brown, who brought him Horsman's Place,
near Dartford, and estates in Kent, and
bore him two sons, Barnaby and Robert (or
John), neither of whom had issue. He mar-
ried for the second time, on the feast of St.
Matthew 1506, Mary, daughter of John, Lord
Cobham, who survived him, and was ap-
pointed his administratrix cum testamento
annexo. She bore him in 1512 a son George,
said to have been afterwards gentleman of
the bedchamber to Henry VIII, and a knight,
who married a maid of honour, Dorothy,
daughter of "William Badby of Essex, and
died at Stanmore in Middlesex 17 June 1551.

[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
Juridiciales ; Dyer's Eeports; Gaze's Suffolk,
520; cf. Collect. Topographica, iv. 126 ; Cooper's
Ath. Cantab, i. 105; Brewer's Letters, &c., of
Hen. VIH, vol. i. Nos. 1747, 1921, 4699, 5118,
vol. ii. part i. pp. 40, 876, Nos. 1172, 359, 667,
1440, 2161, 3354, 4151, 102, 1007, 3710,495,
2870, 2138, 552, 3290, vol. iii. 1076, 2121, 854,
vol. v. 1499.] J. A. H.

BLAGRAVE, DANIEL (1603-1668),
the regicide, was a nephew of John Blagrave
of Reading, the mathematician [q. v.] He was
born in 1603, and was bred for the bar. He
sat in parliament 3 Nov. 1640 for the borough
of Reading, and five years later was recorder
of the same town, being dismissed the office
in 1656, but reinstated in 1658. During the
trial of Charles I he attended the high court
of justice, and was one of those who signed
the king's death-warrant. He was appointed
by the parliament to the office of exigenter

Blagrave

157

Blagrave

of the court of common pleas, said to have
been worth 6001. per annum, and also became
a master in chancery. He was also parlia-
mentary treasurer for the county of Berk-
shire, and in 1654 was named one of the com-
missioners for the ejection of scandalous and
inefficient ministers, in which capacity he is
accused by his enemies of using undue se-
verity and of proving a vexatious persecutor
of the clergy. By the means which he had
acquired from his different offices he was able
to purchase the fee-farm rent of the manor of
Sunning, Berkshire, and other estates, as it is
said, on easy terms. He sat in the Conven-
tion parliament of 1658 ; but on the Resto-
ration he fled the kingdom and settled at
Aachen, where he died in 1668.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (ed. Bliss), ii. 97 ;
Noble's Lives of English Kegicides, i. 95 ; Coates's
Hist, of Reading, 1802, p. 433.] E. M. T.

BLAGRAVE, JOHN (d. 1611), mathe-
matician, was the son of John Blagrave of
Bullmarsh, near Sunning, Berkshire, by Anne,
daughter of Sir Anthony Hungerford of
Down-Ampney, Gloucestershire, knight. He
was born at Reading, but the date of his
birth is unknown. He received his early
education in his native town, and afterwards
entered St. John's College, Oxford. He did
not, however, take a degree, but retired to
his patrimony at Southcote Lodge, Reading,
and devoted himself to his favourite study
of mathematics, being esteemed, as Anthony
"Wood declares, 'the flower of mathematicians
of his age.' He published four works, viz. :
1. 'The Mathematical Jewel, shewing the
making and most excellent use of a singuler
instrument so called, in that it performeth
with wonderfull dexteritie whatever is to be
done either by Quadrant, Ship, Circle, Cylin-
der, Ring, Diall, Horoscope, Astrolabe, Sphere,
Globe, or any such like heretofore devised,'
1585. 2. ' Baculum Familliare Catholicon
sive Generale : a booke of the making and
use of a Staffe newly invented by the Author,
called the Familiar Staife, as well for that it
may be made usually and familiarlie to walke
with, as for that it performeth the Geometri-
cal mensurations of all Altitudes,' &c., 1590.

3. ' Astrolabium Uranicum Generale : a ne-
cessary and pleasaunt solace and recreation
for Navigators in their long jorneying,' 1596.

4. < The Art of Dyalling, in two parts/ 1609.
In private life Blagrave was distinguished

for his charity. His father settled upon him
in 1591 the lease for ninety-nine years of
lands in Southcote, which he in turn be-
queathed to his nephews and their descen-
dants, of whom as many as eighty are said
to have benefited. To his native town of

Reading he left certain legacies, one of which
provided annually the sum of twenty nobles
to be competed for by three maid servants
of good character and five years' service under
one master, to be selected by the three parishes
of the town. The whimsical conditions of
this bequest required that the maids should
appear on Good Friday in the town-hall
before the mayor and aldermen, and there
cast lots for the prize. The losers had the
right of competing a second and third time.
Blagrave died on 9 Aug. 1611, and was
buried, in the same grave as his mother, in the
church of St. Lawrence, wherein an elaborate
monument of himself, surrounded by alle-
gorical figures, was erected. He married a
widow, whose daughter is named in his will,
but he left no issue.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (ed. Bliss), ii. 96 ; Ash-
mole's Antiq. of Berkshire, 1723, ii. 371 ; Coates's
Hist, of Reading, 1802, p. 430 ; Biog. Britannica ;
Chalmers's Biog. Diet.] E. M. T.

BLAGRAVE, JOSEPH (1610-1682), as-
trologer, was born in the parish of St. Giles,
Reading, in 1610 ; he was probably a nephew
of John Blagrave, the mathematician [q. v.j,
fromwhom he appears to have inherited a small
estate in Swallowfield, five miles from his
native town. Of his personal history we have
no knowledge beyond what is to be gleaned
from a perusal of his books. His youthful
years were spent in the study of astronomy
and astrology, afterwards in philosophy and
the practice of physic, upon which he writes :
{ Without some knowledge in astronomy one
can be no astrologer, and without know-
ledge in astrology one can be no philosopher,
and without knowledge both in astrology and
philosophy one can be no good physician, the
practice of which must be laid upon the five
substantial pillars of time, virtue, number,
sympathy, and antipathy' (Astrological Prac-
tice ofPhysick, Preface). His first appearance
as an author was in a series of : 1. 'Epheme-
rides, with Rules for Husbandly for the years
1658, 1659, 1660, and 1665,' London, 8vo ;
no copy of the ' Ephemeris ' for 1658 is now
preserved to us, as we learn from the volume
for 1660 that ' it came into but few hands, by
reason of the slackness of the printer before
it came forth.' Copies for the years 1659 and
1660 are in the British Museum library, and
one for the year 1665 in the Bodleian library at
Oxford. The next work ascribed to him, and
probably with justice, is (2) ' The Epitome of
the Art of Husbandry, by J. B., gent.,' Lon-
don, 1669, 8vo. That this work is by Blagrave
seems to be proved by the fact that it was
edited by his nephew, Obadiah Blagrave, a
bookseller in St. Paul's Churchyard, who

Blagrave

158

Blagrove

published this and all the subsequent works
of his uncle, two of which were posthumous.
This was followed by (3) ' Blagrave's Astro-
logical Practice of Physick,' London, 1671,
8vo, already referred to. That it first saw
the light in Trinity term for this year is cer-
tain ; the copies usually met with bear date
1689, being reprints published in Hilary term
1689-90 (cf. CLAVEL, infra). His next was
(4) 'Supplement or Enlargement to Mr.
Nich. Culpepper's English Physitian, to which
is annexed a new Tract for the Cure of
Wounds by Gunshot,' London, 1674, 8vo.
The preface to this work is dated l From my
house called Copt Hall, upon the seven
bridges in Reading.' (5) Blagrave's latest
and posthumously published work is his ' In-
troduction to Astrology,' in three parts, Lon-
don, 1682, 8vo. The interest attached to this
work is that it contains an engraved portrait
of our author at the age of seventy-two years,
and is dedicated to his friend Elias Ashmole
the antiquary. Lowndes ascribes to Joseph
Blagrave ' Planispherium Catholicum.' This is
certainly an error, for the work referred to is
a revised version of the ' Mathematical Jewel '
of John Blagrave, edited by J. Palmer, and
published in London in 1658, 4to (cf. GRAN-
GER, i. 274). Another work also ascribed to
Blagrave is a manuscript, now lost, l A Re-
monstrance in favour of Antient Learning
against the Proud Pretensions of the Moderns,
more especially in respect to the Doctrine of
the Stars/ about 1669-70. It was never pub-
lished ; but from the account of it preserved
(Biog. Brit. ii. 804) we should infer from its
wide range of subjects, and in point of style,
that it was superior to anything that could
have been produced by Blagrave. His cha-
racter appears to have been a curious mixture
of earnest piety with a profound belief in the
virtues of astrology. Of the various cures
which he claims to have effected, one of the
most curious is that of casting out a dumb
devil from a maid at Basingstoke, where we
are quaintly informed that, after invoking the
name of the Tetragrammaton with that of the I
blessed Trinity, ' the devil came forth, but in- i
visible, with a great cry and hideous noise, I
raising a sudden gust of wind, and so vanished ' I
(Astrological Practice of Physick^.lZty. The !
whole story is a curious study in the demo- !
nology of the seventeenth century.

[Allibone's Diet. Eng. Literature, 1859, i. 200 ; i
Biog. Brit. Lond. 17-47, fol. ; Clavel's^Mercurius
Librarius, or Cat. of Books from 1668 to 1700,
fol. Nos. 6 and 35 ; Coates's Hist, of Beading, I
1802, p. 234 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, I
1775 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual, ed. Bohn, 1864, i
i. 214; Lysons's Mag. Brit. i. pt. 2, Berkshire,
1813, fol. p. 545.] C. H. C.

BLAGRAVE, THOMAS (d. 1688), mu-
sician, was a member of an old Berkshire
family. Dr. Rimbault and Colonel Chester
state that he was the eldest son of Richard
Blagrave (eldest son of John Blagrave [q.v.]
j of Bullmarsh and Reading, Berkshire) by his
! third wife Anne, daughter of Thomas Mason
j of Northwood, Isle of Wight ; but it is diffi-
I cult to reconcile this statement with the very
| detailed family tree of the Blagraves in Berry's
i 'County Genealogies of Berkshire' (145-8).
Blagrave's name occurs amongst the gen-
tlemen of the chapel at the coronation of
Charles II (23 April 1661), and about 22 Oct.
in the following year he was appointed clerk
of the cheque. He was also a member of
Charles II's private band, and Wood says
that he was 'a player for the most part on the
cornet-flute, and a gentill and honest man.'
Blagrave's name occasionally occurs in Pepys's
' Diary.' On 7 March 1662 by his means Pepys
obtained admission to the Chapel Royal,
Whitehall, and on 11 Sept. 1664 the same
chronicler records that he had been ' with Mr.
Blagrave, walking in the Abbey, he telling
me the whole government and discipline of
White Hall Chapel, and the caution now used
against admitting any debauched persons.'
Blagrave is also mentioned as one of the
king's ' musick' at whom Pelham Humphreys
laughed on his return from France in 1667,
saying ( that they cannot keep time nor tune,
nor understand anything.' On 14 Oct. 1645
Blagrave was married, at St. Margaret's, West-
minster, to Margaret Clarevell or Clairvox of
Parson's Green. He died 21 Nov. 1688, and
was buried in the north cloister of West-
minster Abbey on 24 Nov. By his will (dated
14 May 1686) he left to his widow his house
and lands at Teddington, and bequeathed
various sums to his kinsmen, among whom
were another Thomas Blagrave, and John
Blagrave, 'my brother Anthony Blagrave's
youngest sonne.' A portrait by J. V. Souman
of a Thomas Blagrave, which is preserved in
the Music School at Oxford, has always been
said to represent the subject of this biography ;
but this clearly cannot be the case, as the
picture represents a boy, and bears the in-
scription 'eet. 12, 1702.' A few songs by him
may be found in the publications of Playford
and other contemporary collections.

[Chester's Registers of Westminster Abbey ;
Old Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal (ed. Rim-
bault); Probate Registers ; Egerton MS. 2159 ;
Hawkins's Hist, of Music (1853), ii. 767 ; Pepys's
Diary (ed. 1848), i. 332, ii. 375, iv. 263.]

W. B. S.

BLAGROVE, HENRY GAMBLE
(1811-1872), musician, was born at Notting-
ham 20 Oct. 1811. He was the eldest son of

Blagrove

159

Blague

a professor of music, from whom, when only
four years old, he received his earliest instruc-
tion in the violin. At the age of five he played
in public, and in 1817 he appeared as a violinist
at Drury Lane Theatre in an entertainment
called ' The Liliputians,' as well as in a succes-
sion of concerts at the Exhibition Rooms in
Spring Gardens. In 1821 he studied with
Spagnoletti, and two years later, on the
opening of the Royal Academy of Music, he
entered that institution, where he became the
pupil of Dr. Crotch and F. Cramer. In 1824
Blagrove was awarded a silver medal for his
violin-playing, and in 1830 he received the
appointment of solo-violinist in the royal pri-
vate band, a post he held until 1837. Queen
Adelaide took great interest in his career, and
at her wish he went (in 1832) to Cassel, where
he spent two years studying with Spohr. Sub-
sequently he travelled on the continent for
some time, playing with great success at
Vienna and elsewhere. On his return to Eng-
land he appeared as a soloist at the Philhar-
monic concerts, and in 1836 assumed the
leadership of a string quartett party, the
other members of which were H. Gattie,
J. B. Dando, and C. Lucas, who gave a
series of admirable concerts at the Hanover
Square Rooms. At the coronation of Queen
Victoria he led the State band, with which
he was connected until his death. At about
the same time he gave lessons on the violin
to the Duke of Cambridge. On 17 Aug. 1841
Blagrove married Etheldred, daughter of Mr.
Henry Combe, by whom he had three chil-
dren. In the course of his long and brilliant
professional career he was successively prin-
cipal violin in Jullien's band, at both opera
houses, at most of the provincial festivals, the
Handel celebrations at the Crystal Palace,
and the leading musical societies in London,
besides teaching the violin at the Royal
Academy of Music. In 1858 he was for a
short time in Germany, and a few years later
he played at the Lower Rhine Festival at
Diisseldorf. On 8 Jan. 1869 Mrs. Blagrove
died, and before long Blagrove began to show
signs of declining health. He still, however,
continued occasionally to perform, and in
1872 was presented with a public testimonial
in recognition of his merits. In the December
following he was seized with paralysis while
playing at a private concert, and on the 15th
of the same month died at his house, 224
Marylebone Road. He was buried at Kensal
Green. Blagrove's published works comprise
some valuable exercises and studies for the
violin and a few solos. As a performer he
ranked among the best of Spohr's pupils, his
tone and execution being alike admirable.
Personally he was very popular with all with

whom he came in contact, and he was a most
persevering and successful teacher.

[Information from Mrs. Murray ; Grove's Diet,
of Music, i. 246 ; Musical Directory for 1874, 8.1

W. B. S.

BLAGUE or BLAGE, THOMAS (d.
1611), dean of Rochester, was of Queens' Col-
lege, Cambridge. He was undoubtedly the
author in early life of 'A Schoole of wise Con-
ceytes. Wherein as euery conceyte hath wit,
so the most haue much mirth, set forth in
common places by order of the alphabet.
Translated out of diuers Greeke and Latin
wryters by Thomas Blage, student of the
Queenes Colledge in Cambridge. Printed at
| London by Henrie Binneman. Anno 1572.
Cvm Privilegio ' (12mo). He was admitted,
9 Sept. 1570, to the rectory of Braxted
Magna in Essex. Local inquiries prove
that he was non-resident. On 2 Sept. 1571,
being A.B., he was presented to the church of
St. Vedast, Foster Lane, London. Again, on
20 July 1580, he is found ' presented by the
queen' to Ewelme, Oxfordshire, which he
resigned in 1596. On 2 April 1582, at Ox-
ford, being described as ' student in divinity
! and one of the chaplains in ordinary to
| the queen/ he ' supplicated for D.D., but
1 whether admitted appears not' (WooD,
Fasti, i. 222). On 1 Feb. 1591, being then
D.D., he was installed dean of Rochester in
the place of John Coldwell, M.D. Wood
erroneously states that at the time he was
master of Clare Hall, confounding him with
another dean of Rochester (Dr. Scott). In

1602 he, as dean, presented John Wallis (or
Wallys), father of the more famous Dr. John
Wallis, to the living of Ashford, Kent. In

1603 he printed and published a sermon on
I Psalm i. 1-2, which had been preached at the
• Charter House. In 1604 he was appointed
| rector of Bangor, but never resided. He

died 11 Oct. 1611. Wood, in recording the
above solitary sermon, adds, ' and perhaps
others ; ' but all appear to have perished.
He had a son named John, who, in his
father's lifetime, was a commoner of Oriel
College, Oxford (Fasti, i. 222). Later a Colonel
John Blague was the person by whom Isaac
I Waltonrestored to Charles II his t George ' that
had been lost. Another Thomas Blague — per-
haps another son — wrote the following trac-
tate : ' A great Fight at Market Harborough
in Leicestershire betwixt the Presbyterians
and Independents, some declaring for his Ex-
cellency Sir Thomas Fairfax, others for the late
elected Generals Maine and Poynts. With
the number that were slain and wounded,
and the manner how the Presbyterians were
put to flight. By Thomas Blague,' 1647

Blair

160

Blair

(4to). He casually names a ' cosen Blague
the surgeon' as ' attending on the wounded.'

[Le Neve's Fasti, i. 577 ; Reg. Abbot ; Wood's
Fasti, ii. 184; Reg. Whitgift, 3, 269; Keg.
G-rindall et Bancroft, Kennet; "Wood's Fasti, i.
222, 227 ; communications from present Dean of
Rochester, rectors of Bangor, Ewelme, Great
Braxted, &c. &c. ; Newcourt's Repertorium, ii.
91-2.] A. B. G-.

BLAIR, HUGH (1718-1800), divine,
was born in Edinburgh 7 April 1718. His
father, John Blair, was an Edinburgh mer-
chant, son of Hugh and grandson of Robert
Blair, 1593-1666 [q.v.], chaplain to Charles I.
Hugh Blair was educated at Edinburgh, and
entered the university in 1730. An essay irepl
rot) KCI\OV, written whilst he was a student,
was highly praised by Professor Stevenson and
always cherished by its author. Boswell says
(Johnson, 1760) that Blair with his cousin, Q-.
Bannatyne, composed a poem on the resurrec-
tion, which was published as his own by a Dr.
Douglas. He graduated as M. A. in 1739, and
printed a thesis, * De fundamentis et obliga-
tione legis naturae.' On 21 Oct. 1741 he was
licensed to preach by the presbytery of Edin-
burgh. A sermon in the West church pro-
cured him the favour of Lord Leven, through
whose interest he was ordained minister of
Colessie, Fife, 23 Sept. 1742. In July 1743
he returned to Edinburgh, where he was
elected as second minister of the Canongate
after a contest. On 11 Oct. 1754 he was
appointed by the town council and gene-
ral sessions to Lady Tester's, one of the city
churches; and on 15 June 1758 was ap-
pointed, at the request of the lords of council
and session, to the High church, a charge
which he retained during life. On 11 Dec.
1759 he began to read lectures upon compo-
sition in the university ; in August 1760 the
town council made Mm professor of rhetoric ;
and on 7 April 1762 a regius professorship
of rhetoric and belles lettres was founded,
to which Blair was appointed with a salary
of 70Z.

These appointments indicate the general
estimate of Blair's merits as preacher and
critic. He was one of the distinguished
literary circle which nourished at Edinburgh
throughout the century. He was a member,
with Hume, A. Carlyle, Adam Ferguson,
Adam Smith, Robertson, and others, of the
famous Poker Club (TYTLER'S Kames, iii. 78).
He was on very friendly terms with Hume,
whose house he occupied during its owner's
stay in France. Their friendship was not
disturbed by Blair's sympathy with Hume's
theological opponents, as Hume judiciously
avoided discussions of such matters (B

i. 427, ii. 116). He defended Kames, his
intimate friend, when Kames's 'Essays on
Morality ' exposed their author to a charge
of infidelity, and brought Campbell's answer
to Hume's essay upon Miracles under the
notice of Hume (TYTLER'S Kames, i. 198,
266). He was intimate with Henry Dundas,
, afterwards Lord Melville, and through him
had some influence upon Scotch patronage.
He declined to use it in order to succeed
Robertson as principal of the university, but
is said to have been annoyed at being passed
over in favour of Dr. Baird. Blair encouraged
MacPherson to publish the 'Fragments of
Ancient Poetry ' in 1760, and eulogised their
merits with more zeal than discretion in ' A
Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian,
the son of Fingal,' 1763. In an appendix to a
third edition (1765) he adduces some external
testimony to their authenticity. The essay
was much admired at the time ; the substance
had been given in his lectures. These were
not published till 1783, when he resigned
the professorship. He states in a note that
he had borrowed some ideas from a manu-
script treatise upon rhetoric (afterwards de-
stroyed) by Adam Smith, who had given the
first lectures in Scotland on the same subject
in 1748-51. Smith and his friends seem to
have thought the acknowledgment insuffi-
cient (HiLL, p. 266). The lectures expressed
the canons of taste of the time in which
Addison, Pope, and Swift were recognised
as the sole models of English style, and are
feeble in thought, though written with a
certain elegance of manner. A tenth edition
appeared in 1806, and they have been trans-
lated into French. The same qualities are
obvious in the sermons, which for a long time
enjoyed extraordinary popularity. The first
volume was declined by Strahan. Strahan,
however, showed one of them to Johnson,
who saii that he 'had read it with more
than approbation ; to say it is good is to say
too little.' Strahan hereupon bought it for
100/., and upon its success doubled the price.
For a second volume he paid 3007., and for a
third and fourth 600/. each. The first ap-
peared in 1777 ; a nineteenth edition of the
first volume and a fifteenth of the second
appeared in 1794. A fifth volume, with an
account of Blair's life by the Rev. Dr. Fin-
lay son, appeared in 1801. A pension of 200 J.
a year was conferred upon the author in
1780, which he enjoyed till his death. The
sermons were translated into many languages,
and until the rise of a new school passed as
models of the art. They are carefully com-
posed ; he took a week over one (BOSWELL'S
Tour, ch. iii.), and they are the best examples
of the sensible, if unimpassioned and rather

Blair

161

Blair

affected, style of the moderate divines of the
time. They have gone through many editions.
Johnson seems to have had a warm esteem
for Blair, who had been introduced to him
shortly before Boswell's first introduction in !
1763, and had been told by the doctor that i
* many men, many women, and many chil- |
dren ' could have written Ossian (BOSWELL'S |
Johnson, 24 May 1763). Blair omitted from
his published lectures a passage in which he
had censured Johnson's pomposity (BoswELL, ,
1777). Blair is described by Hill and A. Car- j
lyle as very amiable, ready to read manu-
scripts of young authors, fall of harmless [
vanity and simplicity, and rather finical |
in his dress and manners. He had con- j
siderable influence in the church, and was j
reckoned as one of the leading men amongst !
the ' moderate ' divines. But his diffidence |
disqualified him from public speaking, and j
he declined to become moderator of the
general assembly. He married his cousin. \
Katharine Bannatyne, in April 1748, who died
long before him. He had a son who died in j
infancy, and a daughter who died at the age
of twenty-one. He preached his last sermon |
before the Society for the Benefit of the Sons |
of the Clergy in the seventy-ninth year of i
his age (1797). He died, after an illness of
three days, on 27 Dec. 1800. Besides the
writings above mentioned, Blair contributed
to the short-lived ' Edinburgh Review ' of
1755 a review of Hutcheson's ' Moral Philo- j
sophy,' and of Dodsley's collection of poems.
His early system of notes led to the ' Chrono- |
logical Tables ' published by his relative, John
Blair. A collection of the 'sentimental
beauties' in his writings was published in |
1809, with a life by W. H. Reed.

[Life by Finlayson; Life by John Hill, 1807;
Burton's Life of Hume ; A. Carlyle's Autobio-
graphy, pp. 291-4; Tytler's Life of Kames.l

L.S.

BLAIR, JAMES, D.D. (1656-1743), epi-
scopalian divine, was born in Scotland (it is
believed in Edinburgh) in 1656. He was
educated in ' one of the Scottish universities,'
but none of the notices of him specifies which
it was. He obtained a benefice in the revived
episcopal church in Scotland, but where does
not appear. He retreated to England before
the tempest which threatened the episcopal
church after 1679. There, having been intro-
duced to Dr. Compton, bishop of London, he
was sent as a missionary to Virginia, where
he arrived in 1685. He soon secured the con-
fidence of the provincial government and of
the planters, and proved himself far in ad-
vance of his contemporaries on the question of
slavery. In 1689, when Sir Francis Nichol-

VOL. v.

son was appointed lieutenant-governor of
Virginia, Blair was appointed commissary,
the highest ecclesiastical office in the pro-
vince. By this office he had a seat in the
council of the colonial government, presided
over the trials of clergymen — a strangely
mixed class at the period — and pronounced
sentence upon conviction of ' crimes or mis-
demeanours.'

Being * deeply affected with the low state
of both learning and religion' in Virginia,
he endeavoured to establish a college, and
set on foot a subscription with this object,
which, being headed by the lieutenant-
governor and his council, soon amounted to
2,500Z. The project was warmly supported
in the first assembly held by Sir Francis
Nicholson in 1691, and was recommended to
the sovereigns, William and Mary, in an ad-
dress prepared for the assembly by Blair,
which he was unanimously appointed to pre-
sent. He accordingly proceeded to England ;
William and Mary favoured the plan; on
14 Feb. 1692 a charter for the college was
granted, the Bishop of London being ap-
pointed chancellor and Blair president, and
the college was named ' William and Mary.'
Among the most liberal contributors to the
college was Robert Boyle.

On Blair's return to Virginia the opening
of the college was repeatedly deferred, al-
though Blair's enthusiasm never waned. In
1705 a destructive fire practically reduced the
college buildings to ruins. Under the loyal
support of the new lieutenant-governor, Spo-
tiswoode, the edifice was re-erected, and
classes were afterwards commenced. But,
according to the records of the college, it was
not until 1729 that Blair entered formally on
the duties of his office as president. Blair
was for some time president of the council of
Virginia and rector of Williamsburgh.

In 1722 he published his one work : t Our
Saviour's Divine Sermon on the Mount, con-
tained in the fifth, sixth, and seventh chapters
of St. Matthew's Gospel, explained, and the
practice of it recommended in divers Sermons
and Discourses,' 4 vols. 8vo. A second edition
was published in 1732, under the supervision
of Dr. Daniel Waterland, who prefixed a
' commendatory notice.'

Blair died on 1 Aug. 1743, aged 87. He
bequeathed his library to his college. Two
portraits of him are preserved in the college,
one taken in youth and the other in later life.
Bishop Burnet (History of his Own Times}
calls him < a worthy and good man.' George
Whitefield wrote in his journal for 15 Dec.
1740: 'Paid my respects to Mr. Blair,
commissary of Virginia. His discourse was
savoury, such as tended to the use of edifying.

Blair

162

Blair

He received me with joy, asked me to preach,
and wished my stay were longer.'

[Preface to liis Sermon on the Mount. 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd editions ; Dr. Miller's Retrospect, ii. ;
Bishop Burnet's History of his Own Times;
Hawks' s Ecclesiastical Contributions ; History of
Virginia ; Dr. Totten MS. ; Sprague's Annals of
the American Pulpit, v. 7-9.] A. B. G.

BLAIR, SIR JAMES HUNTER (1741-

1787), was the son of John Hunter, a mer-
chant in Ayr, where he was born 21 Feb.
1741. In 1756 he was apprenticed in the
house of the brothers Coutts, bankers in
Edinburgh, where he made the acquaintance
of Sir William Forbes, and the two being-
admitted to a share in the business on the
death of the senior partner of the firm, they
gradually rose to the head of the copartnery.
In 1770 he married Jane, eldest daughter of
Mr. John Blair of Dunksey, Wigtonshire,
and on his wife succeeding to the family es-
tate in 1777, he assumed the name of Blair.
On his estate he effected remarkable improve-
ments, introducing to his tenants the most
approved modes of farming, and nearly re-
building the town of Portpatrick, at which
he established larger and better packet-boats
on the passage to Donaghadee in Ireland. In
1781 he was chosen to represent the city of
Edinburgh in parliament, and again in 1784,
but on account of the claims of his profes-
sional duties he resigned a few months after-
wards. In the same year, however, he con-
sented, at the urgent request of the town
council, to accept the lord-provostship. It was
chiefly due to his energy and public spirit
during his term of office that several impor-
tant schemes for the improvement of the city
were successfully carried out. He did much
to further the rebuilding of the university,
and contrived a plan for obtaining funds to
erect the South Bridge over the Cowgate.
Chiefly by his strenuous perseverance against
strong opposition the scheme was successfully
carried out, thus opening up a convenient
communication between the southern suburbs
and the city. He died of a putrid fever at
Harrogate, Yorkshire, 1 July 1787, and
was buried in the Greyfriars churchyard.
Hunter Square and Blair Street, Edinburgh,
are named after him. He held the appoint-
ment of king's printer.

Robert Burns, whose special regard for
Blair was increased by his enlightened in-
terest in agriculture, wrote an elegy on his
death, a performance he acknowledged to be
' but mediocre,' although his grief was sin-
cere. ' The last time,' says Burns, { I saw
the worthy, public-spirited man, he pressed
my hand and asked me with the most friendly

warmth if it was in his power to serve me.'
In a letter to Robert Aiken of Ayr, en-
closing the poem, Burns also wrote, ' That I
have lost a friend is but repeating after
Caledonia.'

[Gent. Mag. Ivii. pt. ii. 641-2; Edinburgh
Magazine, vi. 43-4 ; Kay's Edinburgh Portraits,
1838, i. 62-4 ; Arnot's 'History of Edinburgh,
pp. 256, 264 ; "Works of Eobert Burns.]

T. E. H.

BLAIR, JOHN (jft. 1300), chaplain of
Sir William Wallace, was a native of Fife,
and is said to have been educated at Dun-
dee in the same school with Wallace. After
continuing his studies at the university of
Paris he entered holy orders, and under the
name of Arnoldus became a monk of the
order of St. Benedict at Dunfermline. When
Wallace became governor of the kingdom,
Blair was appointed his chaplain. According
to Henry the Minstrel, Blair, along with
Thomas Gray, parson of Liberton, ( oft one,
oft both,' accompanied Wallace in almost all
'his travels,' and one or the other kept a
record of his achievements. From these notes
Blair l compiled in dyte the Latin book of
Wallace life,' from which Henry the Minstrel
professed to derive the principal materials
for his poem on the ' Acts and Deeds of Sir
William Wallace.' The work of Blair is
supposed to have been written in 1327. A
professed fragment of it from a manuscript
in the Cottonian Library was published with
notes by Sir Robert Si'bbald in 1705 under
the title ' Relationes qusedam Arnoldi Blair
Monachi de Dumfermelem et Capellani D.
Gulielmi Wallas militis/ 1327, and was also
reprinted along with the poem of Henry the
Minstrel in 1758. These so-called l Relationes r
are, however, nothing more than a plagiarism
from the ' Scotichronicon.' He is said to have
been also the author of a work entitled ' De
liberata tyrannide Scotia,' which is now lost.
[The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace,
by Henry the Minstrel, especially Book V.,
chap, i., lines 525-50 ; Dempster's Hist. Eccl.
Scot. Gent. (1627), p. 86 ; Mackenzie's Writers of
the Scots Nation, i. 247-8, 264; Ross's Scottish
History and Literature (1884), p. 60.] T. E. H.

BLAIR, JOHN, LL.D. (d. 1782), chrono-
logist, erroneously said to have been a de-
scendant of the Rev. Robert Blair (1593-
1666) [q. v.], really belonged to the Blairs
of Balthayock, Perthshire. The date of his
birth is unknown, but he was born and edu-
cated in Edinburgh. Leaving Scotland as^a
young man, he became usher of a school in
Hedge Lane, London, in succession to An-
drew Henderson, author of a well-known
history of the rebellion of 1745. In 1754 he

Blair

163

Blair

published, after elaborate preparations, his
magnum opus, which he designated ' The
Chronology and History of the World, from
the Creation to the Year of Christ 1753,
illustrated in fifty-six tables/ It was mo-
destly dedicated to the lord chancellor (Hard-
wicke), and was published by subscription.
In the preface he acknowledged great obli-
gations to the Earl of Bute, and announced
certain supplementary dissertations, which
never appeared. The plan and scope of the
work originated with Dr. Hugh Blair's scheme
of chronological tables. The ' Chronology '
was reprinted in 1756, 1768, and 1814. It
was ' revised and enlarged ' by Willoughby
Rosse in Bohn's 'Scientific Library/ 1856.
In 1768 Blair published ' Fourteen Maps of
Ancient and Modern Geography, for the il-
lustration of the Tables of Chronology and
History ; to which is prefixed a dissertation
on the Rise and Progress of Geography.'
The dissertation was separately republished
in 1784.

Blair's first book was well received. In
1755 he was elected a fellow of the Royal
Society, and in its ' Transactions ' appeared
a paper by him on the 'Agitation of the
Waters near Reading' (Phil. Trans, x. 651,
1755). He had previously obtained orders
in the church of England, and in September
1757 was appointed chaplain to the Princess-
dowager of Wales and mathematical tutor to
the Duke of York. In March 1761, on the
promotion of Dr. Townshend to the deanery
of Norwich, Blair was given a prebend al stall
at Westminster. Within a week the dean
and chapter of Westminster presented him
to the vicarage of Hinckley. In the same
year he was chosen fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries. In September 1763 he left with
the Duke of York on a tour on the continent,
and was absent until 1764. In 1771 he was
transferred, by presentation of the dean and
chapter of Westminster, to the vicarage of
St. Bride, London, and again to the rectory
of St. John the Evangelist, Westminster, in
April 1776. He was also rector of Horton
(Milton's Horton) in Buckinghamshire. He
died on 24 June 1782. The statement that
his last illness was aggravated by the sad
death of his gallant brother, Captain Blair
[see BLAIK, WILLIAM, 1741-1782], is erro-
neous. They were only cousins. Blair's 'Lec-
tures on the Canons of the Old Testament,
comprehending a Dissertation on the Sep-
tuagint Version/ 1785, was a posthumous
publication.

[Notes and Queries, 6th series, vii. 48 ; An-
derson's Scottish Nation; researches in Edin-
burgh.] A. B. G-.

BLAIR, PATRICK, M.D. (Jl. 1728),
botanist and surgeon, was born at Dundee,
where he practised as a doctor, and in 1706
dissected and mounted the bones of an ele-
phant which had died in the neighbourhood,
and of which he contributed a description,
under the title of ' Osteographia Elephantina/
to the Royal Society of London, published in
1713. Being a nonjuror and Jacobite, he
was imprisoned as a suspect in 1715. He
subsequently removed to London, and de-
livered some discourses before the Royal So-
ciety on the sexes of flowers. But he soon
settled at Boston, Lincolnshire, where he
published ' Miscellaneous Observations on
the Practice of Physick, Anatomy, and Sur-
gery' in 1718, 'Botanick Essays' in 1720,
and 'Pharmaco-botanologia' in 1723-8, which
closed with the letter H, it is presumed
through his death. His l Botanick Essays '
formed his most valuable work. In them he
clearly expounded the progress of the classi-
fication of plants up to his time, and the then
new views as to the sexual characters of
flowering plants, which he confirmed by his
own observations.

[Pulteney's Progress of Botany in England,
1790, ii. 134-140; Chalmers's Biog. Diet.]

O. T. B.

BLAIR, ROBERT (1593-1666), divine,
a native of Irvine, Ayrshire, was born in
1593. His father was a merchant>adventurer,
John Blair of Windyedge, a younger brother
of the ancient family of Blair of that ilk ; his
mother was Beatrix Muir (of the house of
Rowallan), who lived for nearly a century.

From the parish school at Irvine Blair pro-
ceeded to the university of Glasgow, where
he took his degree of M.A. He is stated to
have acted as a schoolmaster in Glasgow. In
his twenty-second year he was appointed a
regent or professor in the university. In
1616 he was licensed as a preacher of the
gospel in connection with the established
church (presbyterian) of Scotland. In 1622
he resigned his professorship, ' in conse-
quence/ it is alleged, ' of the appointment
of Dr. Cameron, who favoured episcopacy,
as principal of the university ' (ANDEKSON,
Scottish Nation). This reason seems im-
probable, for having gone over to Ireland he
was called to Bangor there and ordained by
the Bishop of Down on 10 July 1623. But he
was suspended in the autumn of 1631, and
deposed in 1632 for nonconformity. By the
interposition of the king (Charles I) he was
restored in May 1634. Yet the former sen-
tence was renewed, with excommunication,
by Bramhall, bishop of Derry, the same year.

M 2

Blair

164

Blair

It would appear that even in Scotland [see
WILLIAM BIBNIE] and in Ireland presby-
terians were received into the episcopal
church without subscription.

Excommunicated and ejected, Blair, along
with a company of others, ' fitted out a ship,'
intending to go to New England in 1635.
But the weather proved so boisterous that
they were beaten back, and, returning to
Scotland, he lived partly in that country
and partly in England. Orders were issued
in England for his apprehension in 1637, but
he escaped to Scotland, and preached for
some time in Ayr. He was invited to go to
France as chaplain to Colonel Hepburn's regi-
ment, but alter embarking at Leith he was
threatened by a soldier whom he had reproved
for swearing, and thereupon went ashore
again. He also petitioned the privy council
'for liberty to preach the gospel,' and re-
ceived an appointment at Burntisland in
April 1638. He was nominated to St. An-
drews in the same year, and was admitted
there on 8 Oct. 1639. In 1640 he accom-
panied the Scottish army into England on its
famous march. He assisted in the negotia-
tions for the treaty of peace presented by
Charles I, 8 Nov. 1641. After the Irish re-
bellion of 1641 he once more proceeded to
Ireland with several other clergymen of the
' kirk,' the Irish general assembly (presby-
terian) having petitioned for supplies for their
vacant charges. He afterwards returned to
St. Andrews. In 1645 he attended the lord
president (Spottiswoode) and others to the
scaffold. In the same year he was one of the
Scottish ministers who went to Newcastle to
speak very plainly to the king. In 1646 he
was elected to the highest seat of honour in
his church, that of moderator of the general
assembly (3 June 1646). Later, on the death
of Henderson, he was appointed chaplain-
in-ordinary to the king, ' being paid by the
revenues of the Chapel Royal.' The com-
mission of the general assembly, in 1648,
named him one of those for ' endeavouring
to get Cromwell to establish a uniformity of
religion in England.' The endeavour was a
valorous one to impose presbyterianism on
England. At the division of the church, in
1650, into resolutioners and protesters, he
leaned to the former, ' but bitterly lamented
the strife.' Summoned with others to London
in 1654, that l a method might be devised for
settling affairs of the church,' he pleaded ill-
health and declined to go. In the same year
he was appointed by the council of England
' one of those for the admission to the ministry
in Perth, Fife, and Angus.'

At the Restoration he came under the
lash of Archbishop Sharp. He had to resign

his charge in September 1661, and was con-
fined to certain places, first of all to Mussel-
burgh, afterwards to Kirkcaldy (where he
remained three and a half years), and finally
to Meikle Couston near Aberdour. As a
covenanter he preached at the hazard of life
in moor and glen. He died at Aberdour on
27 Aug. 1666, and was buried in the parish
churchyard. He left behind him a manu-
script commentary on the book of Proverbs,
and manuscripts on political and theological
subjects. None were printed, and they
appear to have perished. Fortunately his
' Autobiography was preserved, and has
been published by the Wodrow Society
(1848) ; fragments were published in 1754.
He married first Beatrix, daughter of Robert
Hamilton, merchant, in right of whom he
became a burgess of Edinburgh on 16 July
1626 ; she died in July 1632, aged 27. Their
issue were two sons and a daughter : James,
one of the ministers of Dysart, Robert, and
Jean, who married William Row, minister
of Ceres. His second wife was Katherine,
daughter of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane,
afterwards Viscount Airds. Their issue were
seven sons and a daughter. One of these
sons, David, was father of Robert Blair [q. v.],
the poet of the t Grave,' and another, Hugh,
grandfather of Dr. Hugh Blair [q. v.]

[Autobiography, 1593-1636 ; Reed's Presbyte-
rianism of Ireland, i. ; Row and Stevenson's Hist. ;
Rutherford's and Baillie's Letters; Kirkcaldy
Presb. Reg. ; Connolly's Fifeshire ; Chambers's
Biogr. ; Scott's Fasti, ii. 91 ; Hill's Life of Hugh
Blair.] A. B. G.

BLAIE, ROBERT (1699-1746), author
of the ' Grave/ was born in Edinburgh in
1699, the eldest son of the Rev. David Blair,
a minister of the old church of Edinburgh,
and one of the chaplains to the king. His
mother's maiden name was Euphemia Nisbet,
daughter of Alexander Nisbet of Carfin.
Hugh Blair, the writer on oratory, was his
first cousin. David Blair died in his son's
infancy, on 10 June 1710. Robert was edu-
cated at the university of Edinburgh, and
took a degree in Holland. Nothing has been
discovered with regard to the details of either
curriculum. From about 1718 to 1730 he
seems to have lived in Edinburgh as an un-
employed probationer, having received license
to preach, 15 Aug. 1729. In the second part
of a miscellany, entitled ' Lugubres Cantus/
published at Edinburgh in 1719, there occurs
an 'Epistle to Robert Blair,' which adds
nothing to our particular information. He
is believed to have belonged to the Athenian
Society, a small literary club in Edinburgh,
which published in 1720 the 'Edinburgh

Blair

165

Blair

Miscellany.' The pieces in this volume are
anonymous, but family tradition has attri-
buted to Robert Blair two brief paraphrases
of scripture which it contains, and Callender,
its editor, is known to have been his intimate
friend. In 1728 he published, in a quarto
pamphlet, a < Poem dedicated to the Memory
of William Law,' professor of philosophy in
Edinburgh. This contained 140 lines of elegiac
verse. In 1731 Blair was appointed to the ,
living of Athelstaneford in East Lothian, to |
which he was ordained by the presbytery of j
Haddington on 5 Jan. of that year. In 1738 ;
he married Isabella, the daughter of his de-
ceased friend, Professor Law ; she bore him
five sons and one daughter, and survived
him until 1774. He possessed a private for-
tune, and he gave up so much of his leisure
as his duties would grant him to the study
of botany and of the old English poets.
Before he left Edinburgh he had begun to
sketch a poem on the subject of the * Grave.'
At Athelstaneford he leisurely composed this
poem, and about 1742 began to make arrange- j
ments for its publication. He had formed the i
acquaintance of Dr. Isaac Watts, who had j
paid him, he says, ' many civilities.' He sent j
the manuscript of the l Grave ' to Dr. Watts, |
who offered it ' to two different London book- I
sellers, both of whom, however, declined to j
publish it, expressing a doubt whether any j
person living three hundred miles from town
could write so as to be acceptable to the
fashionable and the polite.' In the same j
year, however, 1742, Blair wrote to Dr. Dod- ;
dridge, and interested him in the poem, which ,
was eventually published, in quarto, in 1743. i
It enjoyed an instant and signal success, but i
Blair was neither tempted out of his solitude
nor persuaded to repeat the experiment which
had been so happy. His biographer says : i
' His tastes were elegant and domestic. Books ,
and flowers seem to have been the only rivals I
in his thoughts. His rambles were from his |
fireside to his garden : and, although the only
record of his genius is of a gloomy character, <•
it is evident that his habits and life contri- :
buted to render him cheerful and happy.' He !
died of a fever on 4 Feb. 1746, and was
buried under a plain stone, which bears the
initials R. B., in the churchyard of Athel-
staneford. Although he had published so
little, no posthumous poems were found in his
possession, and his entire works do not amount
to one thousand lines. His third son, Ro-
bert [q. v.], was afterwards judge.

The < Grave ' was the first and best of a
whole series of mortuary poems. In spite of
the epigrams of conflicting partisans, * Night
Thoughts' must be considered as contem-
poraneous with it, and neither preceding nor

following it. There can be no doubt, how-
ever, that the success of Blair encouraged
Young to persevere in his far longer and more
laborious undertaking. Blair's verse is less
rhetorical, more exquisite, than Young's, and,
indeed, his relation to that writer, though
too striking to be overlooked, is superficial.
He forms a connecting link between Otway
and Crabbe, who are his nearest poetical
kinsmen. His one poem, the ' Grave,' con-
tains seven hundred and sixty-seven lines
of blank verse. It is very unequal in merit,
but supports the examination of modern
criticism far better than most productions of
the second quarter of the eighteenth century.
As philosophical literature it is quite with-
out value ; and it adds nothing to theology ;
it rests solely upon its merit as romantic
poetry. The poet introduces his theme with
an appeal to the grave as the monarch whose
arm sustains the keys of hell and death
(1—10) ; he describes, in verse that singularly
reminds us of the seventeenth century, the
physical horror of the tomb (11-27), and the
ghastly solitude of a lonely church at night
(28-44) . He proceeds to describe the church-
yard (45-84), bringing in the schoolboy
1 whistling aloud to keep his courage up,' and
the widow. This leads him to a reflection
on friendship, and how sorrow's crown of
sorrow is put on in bereavement (85-110).
The poetry up to this point has been of a
very fine order ; here it declines. A con-
sideration of the social changes produced by
death (111-122), and the passage of persons
of distinction (123-155), leads on to a homily
upon the vain pomp and show of funerals
(156-182). Commonplaces about the de-
vouring tooth of time (183-206) lead to the
consideration that in the grave rank and
precedency (207-236), beauty (237-256),
strength (257-285), science (286-296), and
eloquence (297-318) become a mockery and
a jest ; and the idle pretensions of doctors
(319-336) and of misers (337-368) are ridi-
culed. At this point the poem recovers its
dignity and music. The terror of death is
very nobly described (369-381), and the mad-
ness of suicides is scourged in verse which is
almost Shakespearian (382-430). Our igno-
rance of the after world (431-446), and the
universality of death, with man's unconscious-
ness of his position (447-500), lead the poet
to a fine description of the medley of death
(501-540) and the brevity of life (541-599).
The horror of the grave is next attributed to
sin (600-633), and the poem closes some-
what feebly and ineffectually with certain
timid and perfunctory speculations about the
mode in which the grave will respond to the
Resurrection trumpet.

Blair

166

Blair

[The ' Grave ' was constantly reprinted after
Blair's death, but with no authoritative details
about the author. Dr. William Anderson, in
1796, exactly half a century after Blairs death, I
collected from surviving members of his family |
such particulars as could still be recovered, and \
prefixed them to an edition of the ' Grave ' pub- !
lished that year in a prefatory biography which
contains all of a biographical nature which has
been preserved about Robert Blair. Various
brief accounts of his life which had appeared
previous to that date had been entirely apocry-
phal.] E. G.

BLAIR, EGBERT, of Avontoun (1741-
1811), judge, was the third son of the Rev.
Robert Blair, the author of the 'Grave' I
[q. v.], and Isabella his wife, the daughter I
of Mr. William Law of Elvingston, East i
Lothian. He was born in 1741 at Athel- !
staneford, where his father was the minister, i
Young Blair commenced his education at the j
grammar school at Haddington, where he |
formed a friendship with Henry Dundas, after-
wards Viscount Melville, which only ended
with their lives. From Haddington he was
removed to the high school at Edinburgh,
and thence was transferred to the university.
In 1764 he was admitted a member of the
Faculty of Advocates, and soon obtained a
considerable practice at the bar, where he and
Henry Erskine were often pitted against each
other. In 1789 Blair was appointed by his
friend Dundas one of the depute advocates,
which office he continued to hold until 1806.
For some years also he was one of the asses-
sors of the city of Edinburgh. In 1789, at
the age of forty-seven, Blair became solicitor-
general for Scotland. This post he continued
to occupy until the change of ministry which
was occasioned by Pitt's death in 1806.
During this period he twice refused the offer
of a seat on the judicial bench, and both in
1802 and 1805 declined to accept the office
of lord advocate. In 1801 he was elected
dean of the faculty of advocates. Upon the
return of his friends to power in 1807 he re-
fused the offices of solicitor-general and lord
advocate, but in the next year, upon the re-
signation of Sir Hay Campbell, he accepted
the presidency of the college of justice. This
dignity, however, he did not long enjoy. He
died suddenly on 20 May 1811. His old
friend, Viscount Melville, who came to Edin-
burgh purposely to attend the funeral, was
taken ill, and died on the very day the presi-
dent was buried. This singular coincidence
gave rise to. a i Monody on the Death of the
Right Hon. Henry Lord Viscount Melville,
and Right Hon. Robert Blair of Avontown,
Lord President of the College of Justice'
(Edinburgh, 1811), written by an anonymous

author. Blair married Isabella Cornelia, the
youngest daughter of Colonel Charles Craigie
Halkett of Lawhill, Fifeshire. His widow,
one son, and three daughters, survived him ;
but he left them so badly off that a pension
was granted by the crown to his widow and
daughters through the instrumentality of Mr.
Perceval. He was a man of a very powerful
understanding, with a thoroughly logical
mind and a firm grasp of legal principles, but
without any gift of eloquence or even of flu-
ency of speech. He had such l an innate love
of justice and abhorrence of iniquity,' and took
so liberal and enlarged a view of law, that he
was eminently qualified to fill the post which
he held for so short a time. It is somewhat
remarkable that Blair never sat in parliament.
As a recreation he took much pleasure in
agricultural pursuits, and he brought his small
estate at Avontoun, near Linlithgow, to the
highest state of cultivation. His statue by
Chantrey stands in the first division of the
inner house of the Court of Session. Two
portraits of him were taken by Kay of Edin-
burgh, one in 1793, and the other in 1799,
etchings of which will be found in vol. i. of
Kay's ' Portraits,' Nos. 127-8.

[Law Eeview, ii. 341-52 ; Kay's Original Por-^
traits and Caricature Etchings, 1877, i. 313-6 ;
Edinburgh Eeview, Ixix. 31-2, 281-3 ; Scots
Magazine, 1811, pp. 403-7.] G. F. E. B.

BLAIR, ROBERT, M.D. (d. 1828), in-
ventor of the ' aplanatic ' telescope, was born
(there is reason to believe) at Murchiston,
near Edinburgh. He was, in all proba-
bility, identical with the Robert Blair who
wrote 'A Description of an accurate and
simple Method of adjusting Hadley's Qua-
drant for the Back Observation,' appended to
the ' Nautical Almanac ' for 1788 (published
1783), and printed separately by order of the
commissioners of longitude. But the first
fact authentically known about him is his
appointment by a royal commission, dated
25 Sept. 1785, to the chair of practical astro-
nomy erected for his benefit in the university
of Edinburgh, with a yearly salary of 120£.
Being unprovided with instruments or an ob-
servatory, he held the post as a complete
sinecure for forty-three years, eight of which
he is said to have spent in London, where his
only son, Archibald Blair, was established as
an optician. When in Edinburgh he rarely
entered the Senatus Academicus, and his name
was even omitted from the list of professors
furnished to the university commission, which
began its sittings in 1826. In 1787 Blair
undertook, with a view to finding a substitute
for flint glass, the first systematic investiga-
tion yet attempted of the dispersive powers

Blair

167

Blair

of various media, the results of which were
lengthily detailed in a paper read before the
Royal Society of Edinburgh 3 Jan. and
4 April 1791. He was the first to attempt
the removal of the ; secondary spectrum/
and succeeded in his attempt by a triple
combination of two essential oils, such as
naphtha and oil of turpentine, with crown
glass ; but his discovery of fluid media pos-
sessing the same relative, though a different
absolute dispersion from glass, gave a far
more brilliant prospect of practical suc-
cess. This valuable optical property he found
to belong to metallic solutions, especially of
antimony and mercury, mixed with chlorhy-
dric acid, and to the absolutely colourless re-
fraction thus rendered possible he gave the
name of ' aplanatic/ or < free from aberration '
(Ed. Phil Trans, iii. 53). < Could solid media
of such properties be discovered,' Sir John
Herschel remarked (Encycl. Metr. iv. 429),
1 the telescope would become a new instru-
ment.' Blair constructed object-glasses upon
this principle, of which the performance was
highly praised, in one case, at least, ventur-
ing successfully upon the unexampled feat of
giving to an aperture of three inches a focal
length of only nine. He took out a patent for
his invention, and entrusted the fabrication
of the new instruments to a London optician,
George Adams the younger [q. v.] ; but they
never came into general use. An equally
fruitless effort to establish a regular manu-
facture and sale of them in Edinburgh was
made by Archibald Blair, under his father's
directions, in 1827 (Ed. Journ. of Science, vii.
336). The fluid used in the lenses appears,
in course of time, to have lost its transparency
by evaporation or crystallisation, and the
difficulty offered by the secondary spectrum is,
by modern art, rather evaded than overcome.

Sir David Brewster relates (Encycl. llrit.
art. ' Optics,' p. 586, eighth edition) that an
instrument for magnifying by means of prisms,
similar to the ' teinoscope ' invented by him-
self in 1812 (Ed. Phil. Journ. vi. 334), was
shown him by Archibald Blair as having been
constructed by his father at an unknown date.
The principle of the contrivance was arrived
at independently by Amici of Modena in 1821.

Blair became a fellow of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh in January 1786, and at one
period held the appointment of first commis-
sioner of the board for the care of sick and
wounded seamen. In this capacity he was
instrumental in banishing scurvy from the
navy by introducing the use of lime-juice, a
method of preserving which for an indefinite
time at sea he had previously ascertained
(Ed. Journ. of Science, vii. 341). In 1827 he
published at Edinburgh a small volume, en-

' titled ' Scientific Aphorisms, being the out-
1 line of an attempt to establish fixed principles
of science, and to explain from them the gene-
ral nature of the constitution and mechanism
of the material system, and the dependence
! of that system upon mind.' The large pro-
[ mise of the title-page is but imperfectly ful-
filled by the contents. Extending Lesage's
machinery for producing the effects of gravi-
tation, he divided matter into three classes,
distinguished by the size of the constituting
' projected,' ' jaculatory,' and ' quiescent ' par-
ticles, in the mutual collisions of which he
sought a universal explanation of phenomena
of the material order, all motion being, how-
ever, in the last resort, referred to the action
of mind. His health was by this time much
broken, and he died at Westlock, in Berwick-
shire, 22 Dec. 1828.

An abridgment of his l Experiments and
Observations on the unequal Refrangibility
of Light,' originally published in the ' Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh '
(iii. 3-76, 1794), appeared in Nicholson's
' Journal of Natural Philosophy ' with the
title, ' The Principles and Application of a
new Method of constructing Achromatic
Telescopes ' (i. 1, 1797), and, in a German
translation, in Gilbert's ' Annalen der Physik'
(vi. 129, 1800). The best account of the
principle of his * fluid lens,' or aplanatic tele-
scopes, will be found in Sir John Herschel's
article on Light in the * Encyclopaedia Me-
I tropolitana ' (pars. 474-7).

[Sir Alexander Grant's Story of the University
1 of Edinburgh (1884), i. 339, ii. 361 ; Cat, of
Scientific Papers, i. 1867.] A. M. C.

BLAIR,, WILLIAM (1741-1782), cap-
tain in the royal navy, was the son of Daniel

i Blair of Edinburgh, collaterally related to

I the Blairs of Balthayock. He became a
lieutenant in the navy on 9 Oct. 1760, but

| did not attain his commander's rank till
6 Dec. 1777. He was posted on 18 April
1778, and commanded the Dolphin, of 44
guns, in the stubborn battle on the Dog-
gerbank, 5 Aug. 1781. Notwithstanding her
small force, the exigencies of the case com-
pelled the Dolphin to take her place in the
line of battle. Blair's conduct was worthy
of the distinction thrust upon him, and won
for him the special approval of the admiralty,
and his appointment to the Anson, a new

i 64-gun ship, then fitting for service in the
West Indies. In the January following
Blair sailed in company with Sir George Rod-
ney, and on 12 April, when the French were
completely defeated to leeward of Dominica,
the Anson was in the leading squadron under
the immediate command of Rear-admiral

Blair

168

Blair

Drake, and was warmly engaged from the |
very beginning of the battle. Her loss was i
not especially great in point of numbers, but j
one of her killed was Captain Blair. A monu- ;
ment to his memory, jointly with his brother j
officers, Captains Bayne and Lord Robert i
Manners, was erected in Westminster Abbey j
at the public expense.

[Beatson's Memoirs, v. 405, 475, 479 ; Gent, j
Mag. (1782), lii. 337; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. •
vii. 122.] J. K, L.

BLAIR, WILLIAM (1766-1822), sur-
geon, youngest son of William Blair, M.D.,
and Ann Gideon, his wife, was born at La-
venham in Suffolk 28 Jan. 1766. He qualified
himself for surgical practice in London under
Mr. J. Pearson of Golden Square, by whom
he was introduced to the Lock Hospital, and
on a vacancy was elected surgeon to that
charity. Blair was a master of arts, but it is
not stated at what university he graduated.
He became very eminent in his profession,
and was surgeon to the Asylum, the Finsbury
Dispensary, the Bloomsbury Dispensary in
Great Russell Street, the Female Peniten-
tiary at Cumming House, Pentonville, and the
New Rupture Society. He was a member
of the Royal College of Surgeons, London,
and of the medical societies of London, Paris,
Brussels, and Aberdeen. For some time he
was editor of the ' London Medical Review
and Magazine.' Blair was a very earnest
protestant of the methodist persuasion, and
laboured zealously in the cause of the British
and Foreign JBible Society, to which he pre-
sented his valuable collection of rare and cu-
rious editions of the Bible, and many scarce
commentaries in different languages. Once
or twice he attempted lectures on anatomy
and other subjects, but with little success.
On his wife's death in March 1822 he resolved
to give up professional practice, and to retire
into the country. He accordingly took a
house in the neighbourhood of Colchester, but
before the preparations for removing were
completed he was seized with illness, and died
at his residence in Great Russell Street,
Bloomsbury, 6 Dec. 1822.

His works are: 1. 'The Soldier's Friend,
containing familiar instructions to the loyal
volunteers, yeomanry corps, and military men
in general, on the preservation and recovery
of their health,' London, 1798, 12mo, 2nd
edition 1803, 3rd edition 1804. 2. ' Essays
on the Venereal Disease and its concomitant
Effects,' London, 1798, 8vo, 3rd edition 1808.
3. ' Anthropology, or the Natural History of
Man, with a comparative view of the structure
and functions of animated beings in general,'
London, 1805, 8vo. 4. ' The Vaccine Con-

test, being an exact outline of the arguments
adduced by the principal combatants on both
sides respecting Cow-Pox inoculation, includ-
ing a late official report by the medical council
of the Royal Jennerian Society/ London,
1806, 8vo ; written in defence of vaccination
in answer to Dr. Rowley. 5. ( Hints for the
consideration of Parliament in a letter to Dr.
Jenner on the supposed failure of vaccination
at Ringwood, including a report of the Royal
Jennerian Society, also remarks on the pre-
valent abuse of variolous inoculation, and on
the exposure of out-patients attending at the
Small-pox Hospital,' London, 1808, 8vo.

6. ' Prostitutes Reclaimed and Penitents Pro-
tected, being an answer to some objections
against the Female Penitentiary,' 1809, 8vo.

7. 'Strictures on Mr. Hale's reply to the
pamphlets lately published in defence of the
London Penitentiary,' 1809, 8vo. 8. 'The
Pastor and Deacon examined, or remarks on
the Rev. John Thomas's appeal in vindication
of Mr. Hale's character, and in opposition to
Female Penitentiaries,' 1810, 8vo. 9. 'The
Correspondence on the Formation, Objects,
and Plan of the Roman Catholic Bible So-
ciety,' 1814 ; this engaged him in a contro-
versy with Charles Butler of Lincoln's Inn
(vide Gent. Mag. Ixxxiv. pts. i. and ii.).
10. A long and elaborate article on ' Cipher/
in Rees's < Cyclopedia ' (1819), vol. viii. The
engraved illustrative plates are erroneously
inserted under the heading of f Writing by
Cipher' in the volume of 'Plates/ vol. iv.
This article is incomparably the best treatise
in the English language on secret writing and
the art of deciphering. It includes a cipher
method invented by Blair, which he declared
to be inscrutable ; but the key was discovered
by Michael Gage, who published at Norwich
in 1819 (though it is by a typographical error
dated 1809) 'An Extract taken from Dr. Rees's
New Cyclopaedia on the article Cipher, being
a real improvement on all the various ciphers
which have been made public, and is the first
method ever published on a scientific prin-
ciple. Lately invented by W. Blair, Esq.,
A.M. ; to which is now first added a Full
Discovery of the Principle/ 8vo. 11. An ar-
ticle on 'Stenography' in Rees's 'Cyclopaedia/
vol. xxxiv. 12. ' The Revival of Popery, its
intolerant character, political tendency, en-
croaching demands, and unceasing usurpa-
tions, in letters to William Wilberforce/
London, 1819, 8vo. 13. 'A New Alphabet
of Fifteen Letters, including the vowels/ in
William Harding's ' Universal Stenography/
2nd edit. 1824. 14. Correspondence respect-
ing his method of Secret Writing, containing
original letters to him on the subject from the
Right Hon. W. Windham, G. Canning, the

Blak

169

Blake

Earl of Harrowby, J. Symmons of Padding- |
ton, and Michael Gage of Swaft'ham, with the j
whole of his system of ciphers. Manuscript |
sold at the dispersion of William Upcott's I
collection in 1846.

[MS. Addit. 19170, ff. 23, 24; Page's Sup- |
plement to the Suffolk Traveller, v. 946 ; Collet's
Relics of Literature, 112 ; Notes and Queries, 1st j
ser. xii. 384, 2ndser. iii. 17 ; Biog. Diet, of Living \
Authors (1816), 29 ; Some Account of the Death
of William Blair, Lond. (1823), 12mo; Orthodox j
Journal, iv. 139, 140 ; Cat. of William Upcott's
MSS. and Autographs, art. 23 ; Gent. Mag. xcii. I
(ii.) 646, xciii. (i.) 213 ; Cat. of Printed Books !
in Brit. Mus. ; Cotton's Rhemes and Doway, 78, '
95, 98, 107, 115.] T. C.

BLAK or BLACK, JOHN (d. 1563), a
Dominican friar of Aberdeen, wrote 'De reali
prsesentia Christ! in Sacramento Altaris;'
' Acta coltoquii cum Willoxio symmysta ; '
1 Conciones pise ; ' and ' Monita ad Apostatas.'
His public disputation with John Willox took
place in Edinburgh in the summer of 1561.
Bishop Lesley gives the three heads of their
disputation, and adds that in the end nothing i
was agreed. Indeed it would seem that the
only important result of such discussions was
to exasperate the temper of the people, for
Blak was stoned to death by a protestant mob
in Edinburgh on 7 Jan. 1562-3.

[Camerarius, De Scot. Fort. p. 202; Collec-
tions for the Shire of Aberdeen and Banff (Spald-
ing Club, 1843), i. 202 ; Lesley's History of
Scotland (Baimatyne Club, 1830), p. 295 ; Sir
James Balfour's Annals (1824), i. 325; Wod-
row's Biog. Collections, i. 110 ; Dempster's Hist.
Eccles. Gent. Scot. (1627), p. 85 ; Tanner's Bibl.
Brit. p. 104.] T. F. H.

BLAKE, CHARLES, D.D. (1664-1730),
divine and poet, was born at Reading, Berk-
shire, being the son of John Blake, ' gent.,' I
of that town, and educated at the Merchant I
Taylors' School and St. John's College, Ox- !
ford, of which he was scholar and afterwards !
fellow (B.A. 1683, MA. 1687-8, D.D. 1696). !
He was domestic chaplain to Sir William |
Dawes, afterwards bishop of Chester and arch- I
bishop of York, who was his close friend.
Among his preferments were the rectory of
St. Sepulchre's, London, of Wheldrake in '
Yorkshire, and of St. Mary's, Hull, and he was
successively a prebendary of Chester, a pre-
bendary of York (1716), and archdeacon of
York (1720). He died 22 Nov. 1730. He
published a small collection of Latin verses,
consisting of a translation into Latin of the
poem of Musaeus on Hero and Leander, and of
part of the fifth book of Milton's l Paradise
Lost;' and two original poems, one called
1 Hibernia Plorans/ written in 1689, the year

of the siege of Londonderry, deploring Ire-
land's woes, in the style of Virgil's Eclogues,
and the other an elegy on the death, in 1688,
of Frederick, the Great Elector of Branden-
burg. These were all published together in
a little sixpenny pamphlet, under the title
of ( Lusus Amatorius, sive Musaei de Herone
et Leandro carmen ; cui accedunt Tres Nugae
Poeticae,' at London in 1693.

[Wood's Athense Oxonienses ; Lists, &c. of
Scholars of the Merchant Taylors' School, ed.
Hessy ; Robinson's Eegister of Merchant Taylors'
School, i. 296; Allen's History of Yorkshire;
Ormerod's History of Cheshire.] R. B.

BLAKE, SIR FRANCIS (1708-1780),
first baronet, mathematician, born 1708, was
descended from the house of Menlough, co.
Galway. His father, Robert Blake, by his
marriage with Sarah, third daughter of his
kinsman, Sir Francis Blake, knight, of Ford
Castle, Northumberland, became possessed of
the Twisell estate, in the county of Durham.
The son rendered active support to the go-
vernment during the rebellion of 1745, and
was created a baronet 3 May 1774. He de-
voted much of his time to mechanics and
experimental philosophy, and upon becoming
a fellow of the Royal Society, in 1746,
wrote some papers in the 'Philosophical
Transactions.' Sir Francis died at Tilmouth
29 March 1780, and was buried at Houghton-
le-Spring.

[Raine's North Durham, pp. 314, 316 ;
Betham's Baronetage, iii. 439.] G-. G.

BLAKE, SIR FRANCIS (1738 P-1818),
second baronet, political writer, was the
eldest surviving son of Sir Francis, the first
baronet [q. v.], by Isabel, his wife, second
daughter and coheiress of Mr. Samuel Ayton
of West Herrington, Durham. He was edu-
cated at Westminster, whence he removed
to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and proceeded
LL.B. in 1763. He died at Twisell Castle
2 June 1818, at the age of 81. He wrote :

1. 'The Efficacy of a Sinking Fund of One
Million per annum considered,' 8vo, 1786.

2. < The Propriety of an Actual Payment of
the Public Debt considered,' 8vo, 1786.

3. ' The True Policy of Great Britain con-
sidered,' 8vo, 1787. These, with other pieces,
were republished collectively under the title
of ' Political Tracts,' 8vo, Berwick, 1788, and
again at London in 1795. His eldest son and
successor, Francis, represented Berwick in
several parliaments. He published some se-
vere criticisms on the action of the House of
Lords in regard to the corn laws, and died
10 Sept. I860, aged 85.

Blake

170

Blake

[Eaine's North Durham, pp. 3 1 3-1 4, 316-17 ;
Cooper's Biog. Diet. p. 234 ; Biog. Diet, of Living >.
Authors (1816), p. 29; Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 641 !
(1860), ix. 445-6.] GK G.

BLAKE, JAMES (1049-1728), also
known as JAMES CROSS, Jesuit, born in Lon- ;
don in 1649, entered the Society of Jesus
at Watten, in Belgium, in 1675, and was
admitted a professed father 1 July 1675. He
is named in Titus Oates's list of Jesuits in
1678 as Mr. Blake, alias Cross, living in Spain.
On 3 April 1701 he was declared provincial
of his brethren in England, and he held that i
office for nearly four years. He was chaplain
at Mr. Mannock's, Bromley Hall, Colchester,
from 1720 till his death, on 29 Jan. 1728.
His only published work is ' A Sermon of
the Blessed Sacrament, Preach'd in the
Chappel of his Excellency the Spanish Em-
bassador on Corpus Christ! day, June 3,
1686,' London, 1686, 4to, reprinted in vol. ii.
of 'A Select Collection of Catholick Ser-
mons/ London, 1741, 8vo.

[Foley's Eecords, v. 98, 108, 161, 537, vii. 64 ;
Oliver's Collections S. J. ; Backer's Bibl. des
Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus (1869), i.
653.] T. C.

BLAKE, JOHN BRADBY (1745-1773),
naturalist, son of John Blake of Great Par-
liament Street, Westminster, was born in
Great Marlboro ugh Street, London, on 4 Nov.
1745, and received his education at West-
minster School. In 1766 he was sent out to
China as one of the East India Company's
supercargoes at Canton. There he devoted
all his spare time to the advancement of na-
tural science, His plan was to procure the
seeds of all the vegetables found in China
which are used in medicine, manufactures, or
food, or which are in any way serviceable to
mankind, and to send to Europe not only
such seeds, but also the plants by which they
are produced. His idea was that they might
be propagated in Great Britain and Ireland,
or in some of our colonies. His scheme was
attended with success. Cochin-China rice
was grown in Jamaica and South Carolina ;
the tallow-tree prospered in Jamaica, in Caro-
lina, and in other American colonies ; and
many of the plants the seeds of which he
transmitted were raised in several botanical
gardens near London. He likewise forwarded
to England some specimens of fossils and ores.
By attending too closely to these pursuits he
contracted a disease, of which he died at Can-
ton on 16 Nov. 1773, when he had just en-
tered the twenty-ninth year of his age.

'[Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 359; Annual Reg.
xviii. pt. ii. 30-5.] . T. C.

BLAKE, MALACHI (1687-1760), dis-
senting minister, was born at Blagdon, near
Taunton, and was the son of the Rev. Malachi
Blake. The family, a collateral branch of
that of Admiral Blake, descends from Wil-
liam Blake of Pitminster (died 1642), whose
second son was John (1597-1645), the father
of John (1629-1682), the father of Malachi
(born 1651). This last-named, the presby-
terian minister of Blagdon, and founder of
the dissenting cause at Wellington, Somer-
setshire, was implicated in Monmouth's re-
bellion, and fled to London in disguise. His
second son Malachi, born in 1687, was pres-
byterian minister of Blandford, where he
died in 1760. He published : ' A Brief Ac-
count of the dreadful Fire at Blandford
Forum in the county of Dorset, which hap-
pened 4 June 1731. With sermons [4 June
1735] in remembrance, and serious address
to the inhabitants of the town,' London
[1735]. His younger brother, William (1688-
1772), a woolstapler, was father of Malachi
(1724-1795), presbyterian minister of Whit-
ney and Fullwood, and of William (1730-
1799), presbyterian minister of Crewkerne
[see BLAKE, WILLIAM, 1773-1821].

[Blake pedigree, MS.; March's Hist. Presb.
and Gren. Bapt. Churches in West of England,
1835, p. 244.] A. G-.

BLAKE, ROBERT (1599-1657), admiral
and general at sea, of a family formerly of
Bishop's Lydiard, near Taunton, and after-
wards merchants of Bridgwater, was born at
Bridgwater in August 1599, the eldest of
the twelve sons of Humphrey Blake and of
Sarah, daughter and coheiress of Humphrey
Williams of Plansfield. He received his early
education at the grammar school of the town,
and in 1615 was sent up to Oxford, where he
matriculated as a member of St. Alban Hall,
whence he removed shortly afterwards to
Wadharn College, then recently founded.
Here he remained for nearly ten years, gradu-
ating in due course, and standing for a fellow-
ship at Merton, though without success. Ac-
cording to the tradition, the cause of his
failure was his short, squat, ungainly figure,
which offended the artistic sense of the war-
den. In 1625 he left Oxford. His father
had died intestate and far from wealthy.
When Plansfield had been sold, and all avail-
able property had been realised, there was
little more than 200Z. a year. Two of the
elder brothers went to push their fortunes in
London, the younger ones were still at school ;
Robert, with his second brother Humphrey,
would seem to have continued the business,
and not without success, for a few years later,
and through the rest of his life he was in

Blake

171

Blake

easy circumstances. It is perhaps probable
that at this time he himself made voyages to
distant seas ; to do so was almost the common
course for a pushing merchant. It is said
that once, when Humphrey, as churchwarden,
was censured by the bishop for conniving at
certain irregularities in the service of the
church, Robert signed a remonstrance against
the bishop's conduct. The story is, however,
very vague and uncertain. He was returned
as member for his native place in the short
parliament of 1640, but in the election of
the following autumn he was unsuccessful ;
he was not a member of the Long parliament
till 1645, when, on the expulsion of Colonel
Windham, he was again returned for Bridg-
water. As a young man at Oxford he is said
to have professed republican sentiments; he
undoubtedly held republican opinions in his
later years. v But these were, in the main, theo-
retical preferences, which do not seem to have
dictated his course of action ; that was ruled
by his judgment of passing events, which, as
he interpreted them, gave him but the choice
between submission to arbitrary tyranny and
a manly resistance. Even before the appeal
to arms his mind was fully made up, and
amongst the very first he joined the army
raised by Sir John Homer in 1642. In July
1643 he commanded an important post in
Bristol when it was besieged by the royalists;
the town,however, was surrendered by Colonel
Fiennes, the governor, after a very feeble de-
fence, and though Blake, unwilling to believe
this, held his post for twenty-four hours after
the capitulation, he was at last compelled to
accede to its terms. It is said, but without
probability, that Rupert was with difficulty
persuaded not to hang him. Blake's resolute
conduct was warmly approved by the parlia-
mentary leaders ; he was named one of the
Somerset committee of ways and means, and
was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Popham's
regiment, fifteen hundred strong, in which also
his brother Samuel, born 1608, had a com-
pany. With a detachment of this regiment
he made a dash at Bridgwater, hoping to sur-
prise the castle. He failed in doing so, and,
being quite unprepared for a more formal at-
tack, at once drew off. There had been no
fighting in the town, but straggling down the
river Samuel Blake was killed in an acci-
dental skirmish. We are told that when the
loss was reported to the colonel, he said
calmly, ' Sam had no business there;' but
presently, retiring to a private room, he wailed
aloud in a transport of grief, crying ' Died
Abner as a fool dieth.' Samuel left a son
Robert, whose fortunes were afterwards very
closely linked with those of his uncle and
godfather.

After the fall of Bristol the royalists swept
the west of England, and there were but few
places which still held out for the parliament.
| One of these was Lyme in Dorsetshire, little
j more than a fishing village ; and though it
! was protected by a few earthworks hastily
thrown up, Prince Maurice had no expecta-
| tion of resistance when, at the head of some
| five thousand men, he summoned it to sur-
render. It happened, however, that Blake
I had been stationed there with a detachment
of about five hundred men, and had prepared
! himself as he best could to hold the post,
had raised volunteers in the neighbourhood,
; and had strengthened the defences. The sum-
I mons was rejected, and the assault which
I immediately followed was bloodily repulsed.
Maurice found that the place could not be
! taken without attacking in form, and accor-
1 dingly sat down before it ; but the defences
! grew as the siege' went on, and ' after he had
lain before it a month it was much more like
to hold out than it was the first day he came
before it ' (CLARENDON) ; so that when, on
23 May 1644, the garrison was relieved by the
fleet under Warwick, and Maurice had tidings
of the near approach of the Earl of Essex, he
hastily retired to Exeter, l with some loss of
reputation for having lain so long, with such
! a strength, before so vile and untenable a
[ place, without reducing it ' (ibid.}

The stand at Lyme had been of very great
I service to the parliamentary cause, and had
given time for Essex to come into that part
of the country. But Essex, by marching
into Cornwall, lost the opportunity, and com-
mitted a mistake which, had it not been for
Blake's prompt action, might have been fatal.
Among the many places in Somersetshire
held by the royalists Taunton was one ; it
was quite unfortified, and the garrison was
small ; but it was the point on which all the
main roads of the county converged, it com-
manded the lines of communication, and had
thus a peculiar strategic importance, which
Blake alone seems to have understood. He
had been promoted after his brilliant defence
of Lyme, and had an independent command,
with which, 8 July 1644, he suddenly threw
himself on Taunton. It was held by only
eighty men, who made no opposition, and in
Blake's hands the place 'became a sharp thorn
in the sides of all that populous country.'
The position was one of extreme peril, for it
was quite isolated ; and when Essex's army
was overwhelmed in August no relief could
be expected. Blake, however, determined to
hold his ground as long as possible ; the roads
were barricaded, breastworks thrown up, guns
planted, houses loopholed, and when the royal-
ists advanced on the place, which they had

Blake

172

Blake

judged it madness to defend, they received so
rude a check that they contented themselves
with investing it and waiting for famine to
do their work. From time to time more ener- j
getic attempts were made, but through all, |
against sword and famine and repeated bom-
bardments, the place was held for nearly a
year, till after the battle of Naseby, 14 June, ;
1645, had left the parliament free to under- j
take the subjugation of the west. When the |
siege was finally raised, Blake continued to
act as governor of Taunton. The town was j
little more than a heap of rubbish, the land
round about was desolate, the people were
impoverished. Money was granted 'by the
parliament to meet the immediate necessities,
and public collections were made for rebuild-
ing the ruined houses ; but through the au-
tumn and winter Blake was fully occupied !
with the task of administering relief and re-
storing order, and though returned to parlia-
ment he did not at that time take any part
in the parliamentary proceedings. His repu-
tation in Somerset stood extremely high, and
has been supposed to have excited the jealousy
of Cromwell himself. Of this there is no evi-
dence ; but it appears certain that Blake was
not of Cromwell's party, and, unlike a large
majority of the foremost men of the time, he
was neither relation nor connection of Crom-
well. It is said that he openly declared that
' he would as freely venture his life to save
the king as ever he had done it to serve the
parliament ' (History and Life, 28). This
is utter nonsense, and would, had he said it,
have been a strong condemnation of Blake,
a dark stain on his character ; for it is per-
fectly certain that he took no active measures,
either in word or deed, to stay the king's exe-
cution. It is probable enough that he con-
sidered it as a blunder ; but his appointment
27 Feb. 1648-9, a very few days after the
king's death, to share in the chief command
of the fleet, is a proof that the dominant fac-
tion had neither doubt of his goodwill nor
jealousy of his reputation. The events of
1648 had indeed shown that it was necessary
to have in command of the fleet a man whom
the council of state could trust [see BATTEN,
SIR WILLIAM] ; and it is very probable that
some familiarity with ships and maritime af-
fairs, gained as a merchant of Bridgwater,
may have directed the appointment of Blake,
as one of the admirals and generals at sea, to
command the fleet during the summer of
1649. The duty immediately before them was
to suppress Prince Rupert, who, with the re-
volted ships and some others, had begun a
naval war against the parliament on a system
scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from piracy
(WARBURTON, Prince Rupert, iii. 275 n.), and

had meantime established his headquarters at
Kinsale. Here Blake blockaded him, and the
summer of 1649 slipped away without his
being able to stir out of the port ; but so far
was Cromwell from the jealousy with which
he is commonly credited, that he suggested
and procured for Blake the offer of a command
with himself in the army in Ireland as major-
general of foot. The choice was left with
Blake (Calendar S. P., Dom. 2 Oct. 1649), who
preferred the more adventurous service, and
continued in command of the fleet.

Towards the end of October a gale of wind
blew Blake's squadron off shore, and Prince
Rupert, taking hasty advantage of the chance,
made good his escape to the coast of Portugal
and the straits of Gibraltar, where he was on
the main line of all foreign trade, and his pi-
racies rapidly filled his treasury. A winter
fleet was at once ordered to be got ready, and,
Deane being sick, the sole command was, in
the first instance, given to Blake (ibid. 4 Dec.),
who was ordered to reside at Plymouth to
expedite matters, and to get to sea as soon
as possible ; while Popham, the third of the
generals, was to follow with reinforcements.
He was directed to hunt down the princes
as public enemies, to seize or destroy them
wherever he should come up with them, and
to treat as enemies any foreign powers who
might support them (17 Jan. 1649-50 ; THTJR-
LOE, State Papers, i. 136). It was not till
the beginning of March that Blake got to sea,
and when he arrived at the mouth of the
Tagus he found that the princes were in the
river, and had obtained a promise of support
from the king of Portugal. The English resi-
dent in vain urged that these were pirates,
in vain demanded satisfaction for the in-
sults they received from the princes, whose
men fought with, and even killed, the English
sailors on shore ; whilst Rupert, always dis-
tinguished for his mechanical genius, at-
tempted to shorten matters by sending,
23 April, a species of torpedo — not very dis-
similar from those of our own time — on board
the vice-admiral, in hopes to set fire to his
ship (WARBURTON, iii. 305: THTTRLOE,!. 146).
Suspicion was excited, and the thing was not
received on board ; but though the attempt
was patent enough, and though the murder
of some of the English seamen was publicly
known, the king refused to give the English
any satisfaction. The case was provided for
j in Blake's instructions, and was rendered more
I pressing by the belief that a French squadron
j was expected, which was to act in concert
I with the princes. Accordingly, on 21 May,
| he seized nine ships going out of the river,
bound for the Brazils with rich cargoes.
i These ships were English, hired by the Por-

Blake

173

Blake

tuguese ; and Blake, taking out their officers
and strengthening their crews, converted them
into men-of-war. Five days later his fleet
was reinforced by Popham with several large
ships, and definite instructions to seize or de-
stroy any ships or goods belonging to the king |
of Portugal or his subjects. The king, on the I
other hand, was enraged at the injury which |
had been done him, and still more when the j
homeward-bound Brazil fleet ran ignorantly !
in amongst the blockading squadron, and was
captured ; he went on board Prince Rupert's
ship, and besought him to go out at once,
with his own squadron and all the Por-
tuguese fleet, and drive awray the English.
Rupert was nothing loth to attempt this ;
but a foul wind in the first place, and after-
wards a want of cooperation on the part of
the Portuguese, prevented his gaining any
distinct success, though Blake had with him
but a very small force, his ships being appa-
rently distributed at Cadiz and along the
coast (WARBURTON, iii. 313; THTJKLOE, i.
1 57). All the same, the blockade was raised ;
and the Portuguese, determined to make
peace with the parliamentary government,
desired the princes to leave the Tagus. The
latter accordingly set sail from Lisbon on
29 Sept. 1650, and ran through the straits into
the Mediterranean, plundering as they went.
They had already made several captures when,
in the early days of November, Blake came
up with the greater part of their squadron,
which had been separated from the ships in
which the princes sailed in a storm off Cape
Gata. Blake chased the detached ships into
Cartagena, and, without standing on any close
observance of the rights of a neutral port,
followed them in, drove them ashore, and set
fire to them (WARBURTON, iii. 317 ; HEATH,
275). The princes, with three ships only, got
to Toulon, and thither Blake followed them ;
he at once sent in a protest against their being
allowed the succour of a French port, and when
this produced no effect he ordered reprisals
against French ships. These measures of re-
taliation cooled the warmth of the French wel-
come, and the princes thought it best to quit
the port, and to make what haste they could
out of the Mediterranean. They did, in fact,
sail to the West Indies, where, some eighteen
months later, Maurice was lost in a hurricane
(WARBURTON, iii. 324, 382). And meantime
Blake, having instructions that Penn was on
his way to relieve him [see PENN, SIR WIL-
LIAM], returned to England, where he arrived
towards the middle of February 1650-1. On
his passage down the Mediterranean he met, it
is said, a French ship of war, mounting forty
guns, * whose captain he commanded on board,
and asked him if he was willing to lay down his

sword. The captain answered No! Then Blake
bade him return to his ship and fight it out as
long as he was able, which he did ; and after
two hours' fight he came in and submitted,
and kissing his sword delivered it to Blake,
who sent him and his ship with the rest into
England ' (WHITELOCKE'S Memorials, 16 Jan.
1650-1). The story is so evidently absurd in
every particular that it would not be worth
repeating were it not that it is strictly con-
temporary, and, though resting on no autho-
rity beyond mere gossip, is, so far, evidence
of the peculiarly chivalrous character which
popular opinion attributed to Blake. The
official approval is better attested : the thanks
of parliament were given him ' for his great
and faithful service,' and a sum of 1,000/. as
a mark of the parliament's favour (Calendar,
13 Feb. 1651). He was shortly afterwards
(15 March) appointed to command the squa-
dron designed for the Irish seas and the Isle
of Man, and on news of a powerful Dutch
fleet, commanded by Tromp, being in the
neighbourhood of the Scilly islands, he was
ordered (1 April) to proceed thither, with all
his force, to demand of Tromp for what pur-
pose he had come, and with what intentions ;
and if the explanation should not be satisfac-
tory, then to require him to desist, and, if
necessary, ' to use the best ways and means
to enforce him, and in all things to preserve
the honour and interest of this nation.' The
threatened collision with the Dutch passed
over for the time, but the alarm was sufficient
to point out to the parliament the necessity
of subjugating the Scilly islands, which were
held as strongholds of the royalist privateers.
Blake was accordingly ordered to reduce them
, — no easy task, for the navigation wras diffi-
cult, the fortifications strong, and the garrison
numerous. Negotiations proved unavailing ;
but Blake, by seizing on Tresco, succeeded in
establishing a strict blockade of St. Mary's,
and having brought some of his smaller ships
in front of the castle he effected a practicable
breach, and compelled the governor to sur-
render on easy terms (Calendar, 23 May,
6 June). There were indeed murmurings at
the leniency shown to these very stiff-necked
! malignants ; but the council of state wras quite
well aware of the importance of the capture,
: and approved of the whole business (28 June).
Blake continued in the west, taking mea-
I sures for the security of the Scilly islands
j and refitting his ships. In August he received
j a commission l to command in chief, in the
absence of Major-general Disbrowe, all forces
in the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset,
and Dorset ' (19 Aug.), a commission which
was cancelled only three days later ; for Pop-
ham had just died, Deane was with the army,

Blake

174

Blake

and Blake received pressing orders ' forthwith
to go to sea in person, to keep those affairs in
good order, and prevent any impressions that
may be made on the seamen by misrepresen-
tation of affairs,' and also ' to prevent any
supplies being sent from foreign parts to the
king of Scotland ' (22 Aug.) Accordingly,
with his flag in the Victory, he took his
station in the Downs, whence he effectually
prevented any foreign assistance being sent
to the king, or to any of the king's supporters.
The hopes of the king were crushed at Wor-
cester on 3 Sept. ; but all through the autumn
attempts were made to carry arms and stores
to his partisans in Ireland, and the watch
from the Downs was continued till well into
the winter. In September Colonel Heane
was ordered to reduce Jersey, held, as the

he bore up and ran down towards the Eng-
lish, his fleet following without further signal.
Blake, observing this sudden alteration of
course, at once understood that Trornp meant
to attack him, and prepared for battle. As
the Dutchman drew near and came within
musket-shot, without striking flag or lowering
topsails, he ordered a gun to be fired as a
summons. This was done and repeated ; the
third shot Tromp answered with a broadside,
and made the general signal to engage. The
Dutch fleet consisted of between forty and
fifty ships. Blake had with him only fifteen ;
but these were, as a rule, larger and more
powerful than the Dutch. On either side
there was no attempt at formation; Tromp's
fleet had come on in a straggling line, which
would have closed round Blake's squadron

Scilly islands had been, by an enterprising j had not Bourne, with his division, arrived in
and piratical body of cavaliers. Blake was j the nick of time, and fallen heavily on the
ordered to accompany him l with such ships ! Dutch rear. Thus reinforced the English fully
as he thought fit, and to give his best advice , held their own. The battle raged for four
and assistance for its reduction' (20 Sept.) ! hours, and ended only with the day, when
Against an attack in force, Jersey, now com- Tromp, having lost two ships, drew off, and
pletely isolated, could do very little, and be- \ the English anchored oft* Hythe. The next
fore October was out this last of the royalist j day the Dutch were seen steering towards
strongholds had surrendered to the parlia- the coast of France, and Blake, having col-
mentary army. ! lected his fleet at Dover, went into the Downs.

On 1 Dec. 1651 the council of state for the | The exact history of this battle and the trans-
year began its sittings. Blake was for the first actions which preceded it is to be found in
time a member, and during the next months an official pamphlet, entitled l The Answer
attended with some regularity (Calendar, I of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of
1651-2, Introd., p. xlvii), which was brought j England to three papers delivered in to the
abruptly to an end by the imminence of war Council of State by the Lords Ambassadors
with Holland. On 10 March 1651-2 he at- ! Extraordinary of the States General of the
tended the council for the last time j only i United Provinces.' It contains the letters of
eleven members were present, when, probably j Blake, Bourne, and Tromp, as well as a num-
at his own suggestion, he was ordered to re- j ber of depositions and other papers. The
pair to Deptford, Woolwich, and Chatham, to I popular story, which has been repeated by Mr.
hasten forth the summer fleet, f for which there I Dixon, is absurdly incorrect. It is unnecessary
is extraordinary occasion' (11 March). The to examine it in detail, but it may be well to

war broke out in May, and though there had
been an accidental collision off the Start some
days earlier, the first brunt of it fell on the fleet
which had been got together in the Downs.
Blake, with the bulk of his force, had gone
along the coast to Rye, leaving Bourne, his
rear-admiral, with only nine ships in the
Downs, when, on 18 May, Tromp, with a large
fleet, appeared outside, blown over, as he said,
by stress of weather, from Dunkirk. His pro-
fessions were amicable, but his bearing was
most insolent ; he anchored off Dover, did not
salute the castle, and during the rest of the
day exercised his men with small arms, firing
repeated volleys. The next day about noon
Blake was seen approaching from the west-
ward ; but the wind was foul, and his pro-
gress slow. Tromp weighed and stood over
towards the French coast, but afterwards, on
getting news of the encounter off the Start,

point out that Tromp's attack was certainly
not a surprise to Blake ; that as his ship, the
James, was lying to, whilst Tromp's, the Bre-
derode, was coming down before the wind,
the first broadside could not have been fired
into the James's stern ; that as the James was
cleared for action she had, for the time, neither
cabin nor cabin windows ; that it is in the
highest degree improbable that Blake, whilst
ordering shotted guns to be fired on an in-
sulting enemy, was below, either reading or
drinking; and lastly, that as, according to
every picture, tradition, and the custom of
the age, he had a smooth, clean-shaven face,
it is quite impossible that he could curl his
whiskers in his anger.

On the news of this battle the parliament
took immediate measures for strengthening
the fleet; but during the summer of 1652
Blake was alone in his office of general at sea,

Blake

175

Blake

Sir George Ayscue being subordinate to him,
although employed in a distinct command.
In the North Sea nothing of importance oc-
curred, and after the check which Ayscue
sustained from De Ruyter, 16 Aug., Blake,
with the main fleet, cruised in the Channel,
hoping to intercept De Ruyter on his home-
ward voyage. Bad weather and fog, how-
ever, enabled the Dutch fleet to escape with-
out any serious difficulty, and De Ruyter
joined fee With off Dunkirk on 22 Sept. He
was closely followed by Blake, and the two
fleets, each numbering about sixty-five ships,
met off the mouth of the Thames on 28 Sept.
The battle began about four o'clock in the
afternoon, and raged with great fury where
De With, De Ruyter, or Evertsen was ac-
tually present ; but political intrigue had, for
the moment, destroyed the usual spirit of the
Dutch officers, and the approach of evening
permitted them to draw on. No decisive ad-
vantage was gained, but the next morning the
Dutch were at some distance and would not
renew the battle ; in the afternoon the wind
was favourable, but on the English standing
towards them they turned and fled. The
victory was undoubted, but it was misunder- !
stood ; even Blake appears to have supposed
that the battle had been fought out, and to '
have been led into something very like con-
tempt for the enemy. The batteries which
had been constructed to protect the anchorage
in the Downs were dismantled and the fleet
dispersed, either on different detached services
or to refit ; Blake was left with not more than
thirty-seven ships for the guard of the Chan-
nel. In Holland, meanwhile, great exertions
had been made. It was necessary for the life
of the country that the trade which had been
stopped for several months by the English
fleet should be liberated, and towards the end
of November Tromp, again in command, put
to sea with some eighty ships of war and a
convoy of about three hundred merchantmen.
This last he left astern till he had cleared
the way, and on the morning of 29 Nov. ap-
peared with his fleet at the back of the Good-
win, standing towards the southward. Blake,
who was then lying in the Downs, held a
hasty council of war, weighed, and stood out
to meet him. It is impossible now to say
what induced the council to recommend, or
Blake to adopt, this extraordinary step, which,
to us, seems rash to the verge of madness.
All that can be said with certainty is that
the commonly received story is incorrect, and
that he was not influenced by any idea of
covering the approach to London, which in-
deed he left exposed, if Tromp had had any
design against it. It is perhaps most pro-
bable that he had not fully recognised the

enemy's great superiority until he was well
under way ; for the wind, which had been at
south-west, veered almost suddenly, and blew
very hard from the north-west. The Dutch
were swept down to the southward, the Eng-
lish avoided being carried in amongst them
| only by hugging the shore, slipping close
round the Foreland, and anchoring off Dover ;
whilst Tromp, unable to withstand the force
of the gale, anchored a couple of leagues dead
to leeward. The next morning, 30 Nov., the
two fleets weighed nearly together, and with
a fresh wind at from N. to N.N.W. stood to
the westward along the coast, Tromp unable,
Blake, it may be, unwilling, to attack. But
as they came near Dungeness the English
were forced to the southward by the trend
of the coast ; with or without their will they
were obliged to close, and their leading ships
were thus brought to action. Amongst the
first the Triumph, carrying Blake's flag, sup-
ported by Lane in the ^'^ictory, and Mildmay
in the Vanguard, was closely engaged by De
Ruyter and Evertsen. The Garland and
Bonaventure attacked Tromp himself in the
Brederode ; but other ships came up to their
admiral's support, and the English ships
were overpowered and taken after a gallant
resistance, in which both their captains were
slain. By those ships that did engage, the
fight was stoutly maintained, though against
tremendous odds ; but a great many, whether
fearing the superiority of the enemy, or cor-
rupted, as it was thought, by the emissaries of
the king in Holland, persistently remained to
windward ; whilst fortunately, on the side of
the Dutch, several which had fallen too far to
leeward were unable to get into the action.
Towards evening the English had lost, besides
the Garland and Bonaventure, one ship burnt
and three blown up ; the Triumph had lost
her foremast, and was unmanageable : the
other ships that had engaged had suffered se-
verely, and those that had not engaged still
kept aloof. With a sorrowful heart Blake
drew back, and under cover of the darkness
anchored off Dover ; the next day he went
into the Downs. Tromp, unable by the force
and direction of the wind to follow him in,
crossed over to the French coast, and anchored
off Boulogne, whence he sent word to the
convoy to pass on. For the next three weeks
the Channel was alive with Dutch ships, and
Tromp, having remained at Boulogne till the
trade had all passed, proceeded to the ren-
dezvous in the Basque roads. It was at this
time that, according to the popular story, he
wore the broom at the masthead, as signify-
ing that he had swept, or was going to sweep,
the English from the seas. There is no reason
to believe that he ever did anything of the

Blake

176

Blake

sort ; the statement is entirely unsupported
by contemporary evidence ; not one writer of
any credit, English or Dutch, mentions it even
as a rumour ; but months afterwards an anony-
mous and unauthenticated writer in a news-
paper wrote : ' Mr. Trump, when he was in
France, we understand, wore a flag1 of broom '
(Daily Intelligencer, No. 113, 9 March 1652-
3). The story was probably invented as a joke
in the fleet, without a shadow of foundation.
Blake had meantime written to the council
of state a narrative of his defeat, complain-
ing that ' there was much baseness of spirit,
not among the merchant men only, but many
of the state's ships.' He was sick at heart, and
prayed that he might be discharged from his
employment, but before everything he made
it his earnest request that commissioners
might be sent down to take an impartial
and strict examination of the deportment of
several commanders.' The council, however,
refused to supersede him, although they as-
sociated two others with him as generals of
the fleet, his old colleague, Deane, and Monck,
now for the first time appointed to a naval
command. Blake they thanked for his con-
duct, and instituted the commission he had
desired, to investigate both the conduct of
the officers and the internal economy of the
fleet. Many improvements were ordered,
and the organisation of the navy began to
approach more nearly to that which after-
wards prevailed ; but most of all were efforts
made to increase the number and effective
force of the ships. It was determined that
Tromp should not return through the Channel
unchallenged, and every nerve was strained
to get together a fleet equal to the work before
it. By the middle of February 1652-3 a fleet
of between seventy and eighty ships was as-
sembled at Portsmouth, and sailed to cruise to
the westward ; it was known that Tromp was
approaching with a fleet about equal in point
of numbers, and a convoy of some 200 mer-
chant ships. On the morning of the 18th
they were sighted coming up Channel with :
a leading wind. Blake was then off Port- j
land and standing to the south ; his fleet in i
no formation, but gathered in squadrons ac- !
cording to the several flag-officers. Penn, I
with the blue squadron, was well to the
southward ; Monck, with the white squadron,
was a long way to leeward ; neither of them
was in a position to help the red squadron,
commanded by Blake and Deane together on
board the Triumph. Tromp was not slow to
understand this, though it seems altogether
to have escaped Blake ; he saw that it was im- |
possible for him to pass without doing battle ]
or endangering his convoy, and, at once taking
advantage of Blake's gross tactical blunder,

threw himself in force on the red squadron.
The Triumph was the very centre of the
attack, and round her the battle raged fiercely.
Blake was severely wounded ; Ball, her
captain, was killed ; so also was Sparrow,
the admiral's secretary, and very many other
brave men. The fight seemed likely to prove
disastrous to the English, when Penn with
the whole blue squadron, and Lawson with
the van of the red, who had struggled to
windward and tacked, bore in amongst the
Dutch. Later on, too, Monck with the
white squadron came up, and the battle
continued on equal terms till nightfall, when
Tromp, seeing some of the English threaten-
ing his convoy, drew off to its support.
Neither side could as yet claim the vic-
tory, and the loss of both, though very great,
was fairly equal. During the night Tromp
passed with his whole convoy ; when morn-
ing dawned they were off St. Catharine's,
and running freely up Channel. The Eng-
lish followed ; but Tromp ranged his fleet
astern of the merchant ships, so that they
could not be got at but by passing through
the ships of war ; and though many severe
partial actions occurred, nothing very de-
cisive was done. The chase continued
during that day and the next ; five Dutch
ships of war were sunk, four were captured,
and some thirty or forty merchant- ships ;
but Tromp kept up a semblance of order
and protection to the last, and got the re-
mainder away safely. The advantage was very
markedly with the English ; but the Dutch,
though worsted, were not dismayed, and
immediately began preparing for a further
struggle.

Blake's wound proved more serious than
was at first expected. He was put on shore at
Portsmouth, but his recovery was slow, and
a month afterwards his surgeon, Dr. Whistler,
wrote : ' General Blake, I hope, mends, but
my hopes are checked by the maxim " De
senibus non temere sperandum." I trust the
Great Physician's protection may be on him
and on all public instruments of our safety '
(21 March). A few weeks later he went to
London, where he attended to admiralty
business (Col. 12 May) ; but it was only the
news of the Dutch fleet being again at sea
that impelled him, weak as he was, to resume
the command. He hoisted his flag on board
the Essex, then in the river (Cal. 2 June),
but before he could get to the fleet the great
battle of 3 June 1653 had been fought. He,
with his squadron, did not arrive till late in
the afternoon, and, coming fresh on the field,
contributed largely to render the victory more
complete. Deane had been slain in the battle,
and for the next few weeks Blake shared the

Blake

177

Blake

command with Monck ; but his health gave
way under the strain, and he was compelled
to go on shore at Southwold. ' We found
him/ wrote the secretary of the admiralty,
who had visited him, ' in a very weak con-
dition, full of pain both in his head and left
side, which had put him into a fever, besides
the anguish he endures by the gravel, inso-
much that he has no rest night or day, but
continues groaning very sadly. This place
affords no accommodation at all for one in
his condition, there being no physician to be
had hereabouts, nor any to attend him with
necessary applications' (0 July). He had
thus no share in the final victory of the war,
31 July, but equally with Monck was pre-
sented with a gold chain worth 300/. ' as a
mark of favour for his services against the
Dutch ' (6 Aug.) ; Penn and Lawson were
also at the same time presented each with
a chain of TOO/, value ; and all four with a
large gold medal (VAX LOON, Hist. Met.
ii. 367). One of these medals, believed to
be Blake's, was bought for William IV in
1832 (Gent. Mag. cii. i. 352), and is now kept
at Windsor. The junior flag officers received
chains of value 40/., and smaller medals, one
of which is now in the British Museum.

A few weeks' rest happily restored Blake's
health so far as to permit him to return to
the fleet (Gal. 20 Sept.) ; but the press of
work was over, and during the winter his
time was divided between admiralty business
in London and his executive duties at Ports-
mouth(Ca/.19Nov.;2,31Dec;4,25Feb.,&c.)
After the peace with Holland in April 1654,
he still continued the senior commissioner
of the admiralty, and in July was appointed
to command the fleet, which sailed on 29 Sept.
for the Mediterranean, where, during the war,
English interests had been very inadequately
represented. His instructions seem to have
been to carry on reprisals against the French,
to repress the African pirates, to demand re-
dress for injuries done to English ships, and,
in general terms, to visit the different ports
-of the Mediterranean, in order — as it is now
called — to show the flag. In this way he
visited Cadiz, Gibraltar, Alicant, Naples,
and Leghorn (14 March 1654-5, Add. MS.
9304) ; but his earlier letters have unfor-
tunately not been preserved, and there is no
authentic account of his proceedings at this
time. It is said that he also visited Malaga,
and that whilst there he compelled the go-
vernor to make reparation for an outrage
inflicted on an English seaman. The man
liad committed a gross offence : he had insulted
the procession of the host. If complaint had
been made, he should have been punished ;
•' but,' said Blake, ' I will have you know,
VOL. v.

and the whole world know, that none but
an Englishman shall chastise an English-
man.' The story is extremely doubtful. It
i rests only on the evidence of Bishop Burnet
(Hist, of Own Times (Oxford edit.), i. 137),
whose testimony is by no means unimpeach-
able ; it is told in a very hearsay sort of
manner, without any date ; and it is difficult
to believe that had any such thing occurred,
it would not be referred to in some of the
existing official correspondence. It is, how-
ever, a story which has been very generally
accepted, and, together with that of his cap-
ture of the French frigate already referred to,
has perhaps done more than the whole of
his historical career to fix the popular idea
of Blake's character. At Leghorn he is said
(LuDLOw's Memoirs, ii. 507) to have de-
manded and obtained from the Grand Duke
of Tuscany and from the pope reparation for
the countenance shown to Prince Rupert,
and for the loss sustained at the hands of
Van Galen (see APPLETON, HENRY ; BADILEY,
RICHARD) ; and 60,000/. is said to have been
actually paid (CAMPBELL, ii. 43). The state-
ment is, however, entirely unsupported by
exact evidence, and is virtually contradicted
by Blake's silence in his extant letters from
Leghorn, and his reference to others from the
same place, as of little importance (12 Jan.
1654-5, Add. MS. 9304).

From Leghorn he went on to Tunis, where,
according to his instructions, he demanded
restitution or satisfaction for piracies com-
mitted on English subjects. This was posi-
tively refused, and finding negotiations vain
and the Turks insolent, Blake finally resolved
to reduce them by force to terms of civility.
On the morning of 4 April 1655, his fleet
sailed into Porto Farina, and anchored under
the castles. As the fight began, a light wind
off the sea blew the smoke over the town
and shielded the English, so that after some
hours' cannonade, having set on fire all
the ships, to the number of nine, they re-
| treated into the roadstead with no greater
I loss than twenty-five killed and about forty
wounded. Blake was doubtful whether, in
thus attacking the Tunis pirates in their
stronghold, he had not exceeded his instruc-
tions, and in his official report expressed a hope
that ' his highness will not be offended at it,
nor any who regard duly the honour of our
nation' (18 April; THURLOE, in. 232). Crom-
well's reply was most gracious (13 June ;
ibid. iii. 547) ; at the same time he sent orders
to proceed off Cadiz, and carry on hostilities
against Spain, with an especial view to inter-
cept the Plate ships, or to prevent reinforce-
ments being sent to the West Indies. In
May Blake had visited Algiers, where the

Jf

Blake

178

Blake

dey, convinced by the arguments put in I Spanish ship was burnt, blown up, or sunk,
force at Tunis, entered into a friendly agree- [ and by seven o'clock the English ships had
ment ; and, in anticipation of his later in- all drawn off ; not one was lost. ' We had
structions, he was, by the beginning of June, not above fifty slain outright and 120 wounded,
at Cadiz, off which he cruised during the rest and the damage to our ships was such as
of the summer. The strain on his ships and in two days' time we indifferently well re-
the health of his ships' companies was very ' -
great ; and as winter approached he deter-
mined, in accordance with the discretion en-
trusted to him (THTJRLOE, i. 724) to return to

England, where he arrived on 9 Oct.

In the following spring, as soon as the
season permitted, he returned to the same
cruising ground in company with Colonel
Edward Mountagu, appointed also general
at sea. Mountagu remained during the sum-
mer, and with Blake and the bulk of the
fleet had gone to Aveiro in September, when
Stayner [see STAYNER, SIR RICHARD], in com-
mand of the light squadron, fell in with, cap-
tured, and destroyed the Plate fleet (8 Sept.),
with a loss to Spain estimated at nearly two
millions sterling in treasure alone, exclusive
of the ships and cargoes (Narrative of the

paired for present security. "Which we had no
sooner done, but the wind veered to the
south-west, which is rare among those islands,
and lasted just to bring us to our former
station near Cape Santa Maria, where we
arrived 2 May following' (Narrative, fyc.,
by order of parliament, 28 May 1657). The
news of this great victory, of the daring and
success of this extraordinary attack, which
compares with the most brilliant of naval
achievements, excited the greatest enthusi-
asm in England. A public thanksgiving was
ordered for 3 June, and the Protector wrote
(10 June) : ' We cannot but take notice how
eminently it hath pleased God to make use
of you in this service, assisting you with
wisdom in the conduct and courage in the
execution ; and have sent you a small jewel

late Success, fyc., published by order of par- j ps a testimony of our own and the parlia-
liament, 4 Oct. 1656). After this severe ment's good acceptance of your carriage in
blow to the enemy, several of the larger ships, this action ' (TnuRLOE, vi. 342). The jewel

referred to was a portrait set in gold and
diamonds, the cost of which amounted to
575/. (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi. 444). We
may suppose that it reached Blake in safety,
but nothing further is known of it. A story
has been told and repeated that Blake's

with Stayner and Mountagu, went home for
the winter. Blake continued on the station,
and early in April 1657 he had news that
a large fleet from America had arrived at
Santa Cruz of Teneriffe. In a council of war

he announced his resolution of going thither

and attacking it. They sailed on the 13th, i brother, Benjamin, commanded a ship at

made the land on the 18th, and on the morn- ; Santa Cruz, was there guilty of cowardice,

ing of the 20th by daybreak were off Santa
Cruz. By signal from a frigate ahead they
learned that the West India fleet was still
in the bay. l Whereupon,' says the official
report, * after a short conference how to order
the attempt and earnest seeking to the Lord
for his presence, wre fell in amongst them, and
by eight of the clock were all at an anchor,
some under the castle and forts, and others
by the ships' sides, as we could berth ourselves

was tried by court martial at Blake's order,
was sentenced to death, with a recommenda-
tion to mercy, to which the general yielded,
and sent the culprit home with an order ' he
shall never be employed more.' The story is
utterly false. Benjamin Blake went out to
the West Indies with Penn, and was ap-
pointed by him vice-admiral of the fleet left
there.

under Goodsonn as commander-in-
chief. Between these two a quarrel arose,

to keep clear one of another and best annoy apparently as to the right of command. The
the enemy. They had there five or six galeons details are not known, but the result was that
and other considerable ships, making up the \ Goodsonn sent his second in command home
number of sixteen; most of them were fur- : (25 June 1656; THURLOE, v. 154). From
nished with brass ordnance, and had their | beginning to end the general had nothing to
full companies of seamen and soldiers, kept \ do with the matter, except indeed that, out
continually on board. They were moored of respect to him, the case was not pressed
close along the shore, which lies in a semi- \ as it otherwise might have been.

circle, commanded as far as the ships lay by
the castle, and surrounded besides with six
or seven forts, with almost a continued line
for musketeers and great shot.' This was
the position which Blake, with a fleet barely
superior in nominal force to that of the enemy,
had attacked at the very closest quarters,
with the result that before evening every

With the destruction of the Spanish fleet,
Blake's work before Cadiz was finished. He
was ordered to return to England. He did
not live to reach it. His health had long
been extremely feeble ; and worn out by the
fatigues and excitement of the campaign and
by what the doctors called ' a scorbutic fever,'
he died on board his ship, the George, at the

Blake

'79

Blake

very entrance of Plymouth Sound, 7 Aug. j
1657. His body was embalmed ; was carried i
round by sea to Greenwich, where it lay in
state for some days ; was taken in procession |
up the river on 4 Sept. and placed in a vault
in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey. |
Out of this royal burial-place it was removed |
after the Restoration, and, with a score of j
others, was cast into a pit dug on the north
side of the abbey (STANLEY, Historical Me-
morials of Westminster, 5th edit., 209).

The peculiar and especial distinction which
attaches to the name of Blake is by no means
due solely to the brilliance of his achieve-
ments in the command of fleets, nor yet to
that exceeding care and forethought in their
organisation and government to which his
constant success must be mainly attributed, j
Where he led or ordered them his men were |
willing and able to go ; the work was done j
heartily and well ; but the tactics of a fleet |
were still in their infancy, and in this respect |
Blake was unquestionably inferior to his j
great Dutch rival, Martin Tromp. But more
even than by his glory and by his success,
the memory of Blake is dear to the English
people by the traditions of his chivalrous
character and of his unselfish patriotism.
These cannot be proved by historical evidence, |
but all indications tend to the same purpose, j
and compel us to believe that his object was, j
before everything, to uphold the honour and
the interests of England. It is said that
when urged to declare against Cromwell's
assumption of supreme power, he replied, ' It
is not for us to mind state affairs, but to keep
foreigners from fooling us.' The reply is
traditional; but its sentiment agrees with
what he wrote on hearing of the dissolution
of parliament, 22 Jan. 1654-5 : ' I cannot but
exceedingly wonder that there should yet
remain so strong a spirit of prejudice and
animosity in the minds of men who profess
themselves most affectionate patriots as to
postpose the necessary ways and means for
the preservation of the Commonwealth'
(THURLOE, iii. 232). It is in this spirit that
he commanded our fleets even to the end.
Except by tradition we know nothing of his
political bias ; but if in truth opposed to the
government and the usurpation of Cromwell
he never allowed his opposition to become
manifest, and, irrespective of party, devoted
his life to the service of his country.

No undoubted portrait of Blake is known
to exist. The portrait at Wadham College,
and that formerly in the possession of Joseph
Ames, are possibly originals; but the evidence
is defective. The same must be said of the
picture by Hanneman, which in 1866 was
exhibited at South Kensington, lent by Mr.

Fount aine of Narford Hall ; it may be Blake,
but proof is quite wanting. The picture in
the Painted Hall at Greenwich is a work of
modern imagination, based apparently on a
memoiy of the Ames portrait.

[Calendars of State Papers, Domestic, 1649-
1657 ; Granville Penn's Memorials of Sir Wil-
liam Penn ; Thurloe's State Papers. There are
many so-called lives of Blake : in Lives English
and Foreign (1704), ii. 74— the author of which
claims to have known some of the members of
Blake's family; by Dr. Johnson — a paraphrase of
the preceding ; by Campbell, in Lives of the Ad-
mirals, ii. 62 ; History and Life, &c., by a Gentle-
man bred in his Family — an impudent and men-
dacious chap-book ; and by Mr. Hepworth Dixon
(1852). From the historian's point of view they
are all utterly worthless. Mr. Dixon's notices of
Blake's family, so far as they are drawn from
parish and private records, may possibly be correct,
but his account of Blake's public life is grossly
inaccurate, and much of it is entirely false ; he
betrays throughout the most astonishing igno-
rance of naval matters, and a very curious inca-
pability of appreciating or interpreting historical
evidence.] J. K. L.

BLAKE, THOMAS (1597P-1657), puri-
tan, was a native of Staffordshire. As he
entered Christ Church College, Oxford, in
1616 in his nineteenth year, he must have
been born about 1597. He proceeded B.A.
and M. A., and having obtained orders, Wood
tells us, he had* some petit employment in the
church bestowed on him.' ' At length/ con-
tinues the historian, ' when the presbyterians
began to be dominant, he adhered to that
party,' and ' subscribed to the lawfulness of
the covenant in 1648 among the ministers of
Shropshire, and soon after, showing himself
a zealous brother while he was pastor of
St. Alkmond's in Shrewsbury, he received
a call to Tamworth in Staffordshire and
Warwickshire, where also being a constant
preacher up of the cause, he was thought
fit by Oliver and his council to be nominated
one of the assistants to the commissioners of
Staffordshire for the ejecting of such whom
they called ignorant and scandalous ministers
and schoolmasters.'

Blake published a large number of books
on puritan theology, but his attacks on Ri-
chard Baxter damaged his reputation with
many nonconformists. His arguments indi-
cate a narrow, if subtle, intellect. The follow-
ing are his chief works : 1. ' Birth Privilege,
or the Right of Infants to Baptism,' 1644.
2. f Infant's Baptism freed from Antichris-
tianisme. In a full Repulse given to Mr. Ch.
Blackwood in his Assault of that Part of
Christ's Possession which he holds in his Heri-
tage of Infants, entitled " The Storming of

N2

Blake

180

Blake

Antichrist," ' 1645— Wood misnames Black-
wood /Charles' for 'Christopher.' 3. <A
Moderate Answer to the Two Questions:
(1) Whether there be sufficient Ground from
Scripture to warrant the Conscience of a
Christian to present his Infants to the Sacra-
ment of Baptism ; (2) Whether it be not
sinful for a Christian to receive the Sacra-
ment in a Mixt Assembly/ 1645. 4. ' An
Answer to Mr. Tombes his Letter in Vindi-
cation of theBirth-priviledge of Believers and

•flmit* looiiQ ' 1 (\A_(\ K ( TVatirnnntr f\f tViP

BLAKE, WILLIAM (1773-1821), dis-
senting minister, was born at Crewkerne on
29 March 1773, and was the second son of
the Eev. William Blake (born on 7 July 1730,
died on 29 March 1799), who had been a
pupil of Doddridge at Northampton (1749),
and who was presbyterian minister at Crew-
kerne from 1754 (ordained 11 May 1757) till
29 July 1798. His son William, also edu-
cated at Northampton in 1790 under Horsey,
preached first at Yeovil in 1793, and, on his

their issue/ 1646.~ 5. l Testimony of the ! father's resignation, succeeded him at Crew-
Ministers of Stafford to Solemn League/ I kerne, where he remained till his death on
1648. 6. * Vindicia? Fcederis, a Treatise of ! 18 Feb. 1821. Rev. William Blake, jun.,
the Covenant of God with Mankind/ 1653. j of Crewkerne, was the last presbyterian
7. ' Infant Baptism maintain'd in its Lati- minister of his name, from a family con-
tude/ 1653. 8. ' The Covenant Sealed, or a spicuous in the ministry of West of England
Treatise of the Sacrament of both Covenants/ j dissent [see BLAKE, MALACHI]. By his time
1655. 9. ' Postscript to the Rev. and Learned i the original Calvinism of the race had changed
Mr. Richard Baxter/ 1655 — trenchantly an- | to Arianism, and he himself became humani-

swered by Baxter. 10. 'Mr. Jo. Hum-
phrey's Second Vindication of a Disciplinary
Anti-erastian, Orthodox, Free Admission to
the Lord's Supper, taken into consideration/
1656; and other pamphlets and occasional
sermons. 'Ebenezer, or Profitable Truths
after Pestilential Times/ 1666, which is
assigned to him by Wood and by Brook, was
not his, but by another Thomas Blake, who
was ejected from East Hoadley, Sussex
(PALMER, iii. 320).

Blake died at Tamworth, and was interred

tarian in his Christology.
of wealth and influence.

He was a man
He published :

1. * Devotional Services for the Public Wor-
ship of the One True God/ &c., Sherborne,
1812 (anonymous ; eight services, with occa-
sional and family prayers and 250 hymns).

2. ' Private Judgment/ Taunton, 1810 (ser-
mon before Southern Unitarian Society).
Like his father and grandfather he was twice
married, and left descendants (the Blake pedi-
gree is puzzling to trace from the constant
recurrence of the same baptismal names).

in his own church on 11 June 1657. His His elder brother, Malachi Blake, M.D., of
funeral sermon was preached by Anthony Taunton, survived till 1843 ; his portrait is
Burgesse, and was published in 1658, along j in the Taunton and Somerset Hospital,
with an oration by Samuel Shaw, then school- | where the ' Blake Ward ' is called from him.
master at Tamworth. It is entitled ' Paul's
Last Farewell, or a Sermon preached at the
Funerall of that godly and learned Minister
of Jesus Christ, Mr. Thomas Blake, by An-
thony Burgesse : appended, A Funerall Ora-
tion at the death of the most desired Mr.

[Blake pedigree, MS. ; Monthly Repository,
1821; March's Hist. Presb. and Gen. Bapt.
Churches in West of England, 1835, pp. 217,
245.] A. GK

BLAKE, WILLIAM (1757-1827), poet
Blake, by Mr. Samuel Shaw, then School- ' and painter, was born on 28 Nov. 1757, at

master at the Free School at Tamworth/
1658. In the 'Oration' Blake is thus de-
scribed : ' His kindness towards you could
not be considered without love, his awfull
gravity and secretly commanding presence
without reverence, nor his conversation
without imitation. To see him live was a

28 Broad Street, Golden Square. His father
was a hosier in sufficiently comfortable cir-
cumstances to give some furtherance to his
son's bent for art. At ten he was sent to
Par's drawing school in the Strand — the best
of its day, where he drew from the antique.
His father also bought him casts and gave

provocation to a godly life; to see him dying him occasional small sums of money to make
might have made any one weary of living, a collection of prints for study, and the auc-
When God restrained him from this place tioneer (Langford) would sometimes knock
(which was always happy in his company down a cheap lot to ' his little connoisseur '
but now), he made his chamber a church j with friendly haste in those days of 'three-
and his bed a pulpit, in which (in my hear- | penny bids.' Raphael, Michael Angelo,
ing) he offered many a heavenly prayer for | Giulio Romano, Diirer, &c. were the objects
you.' of the boy's choice at a time when Guido and

[Wood's Athenae, ed. Bliss, iii. 431-3; Brook's | the Caracciwere the idols of the connoisseur.
Puritans, iii. 269-71; local researches; Blake's Blake began to write original verse in his
Works.] i A. B. G. twelfth year, some of which was afterwards

Blake

181

Blake

printed in the ' Poetical Sketches.' One of
the most beautiful of these, * How sweet I
roam'd from field to field,' was certainly
written before fourteen (MALKIN). At that
age Blake was apprenticed to James Basire,
engraver to the Society of Antiquaries, a
liberal-minded and kind master, but his style
of engraving was flat, formal, mechanical, j
but with solid excellence of drawing. It I
was adhered to in the main by Blake till
late in life, when his mode of handling the
graver was advantageously modified by the !
study of the work of Bonosoni, &c., and, |
though redeemed by the qualities of his j
genius, was an obstacle to his acceptance by
a public accustomed to the soft and fasci- j
nating manner of Wollett, Strange, and i
Bartolozzi. In summer time Basire set !
Blake upon the congenial task of drawing j
the monuments in the old churches of Lon-
don and above all in Westminster Abbey,
where, rapt and happy, he worked for some
years acquiring a knowledge and a fervent love
of Gothic art which profoundly influenced
him through life. During winter he engraved
his summer's work for Gough's ' Sepulchral
Monuments,' one of the best plates in which,
a 'Portrait of Queen Philippa, from her
monument,' though it has Basire's name
affixed, is, on the authority of Stothard, from
Blake's hand. In the evenings he began to
make drawings of subjects from English
history or from' his own already teeming
fancy. A noteworthy example — ' Joseph of
Arimathea among the rocks of Albion ' — he
engraved so early as 1773.

The seven years' apprenticeship ended, in
1778 Blake became for a short time a student
in the newly formed Royal Academy. Moser,
the first keeper, had little to teach Blake,
who tells how he was once looking over
prints from Raphael and Michael Angelo in
the library when Moser said to him, 'You
should not study these old, hard, stiff, dry,
unfinished works of art ; I will show you
what you should study.' 'He took down
Le Brun and Rubens' " Galleries." How did
I secretly rage ! I said " These things you
call finished are not even begun ; how then
can they be finished ? " ' Here Blake drew
for a short time from the living figure, but j
early conceived a dislike to, and quickly relin- ;
quished, academic modes of study. ' Natural ,
objects always did and do now weaken, i
deaden, and obliterate imagination in me/
he said in after life. As a mere child he j
gave evidence of that visionary power, that j
faculty of seeing the creations of his imagina- |
tion with such vividness that they were as
real to him as objects of sense, which, sedu-
lously cultivated through life, became a dis-

tinguishing feature of his genius. Returning
from a ramble over the hills round Dulwich,
he said he had seen a tree filled with angels,
bright wings bespangling every bough like
stars ; or, again, that he had beheld angelic
figures walking amongst some haymakers;
and only through his mother's intercession
did he escape a flogging from his father, who
regarded the story as a deliberate lie. As a
boy, he perhaps believed these were super-
natural visions : as a man, it must be gathered
from his explicit utterances that he under-
stood their true nature as mental creations.

Blake now supported himself mainly by
engraving for the booksellers. For Harrison's
'Novelists' Magazine' he engraved those early
and beautiful designs by Stothard which first
brought the latter into notice, viz. two illus-
trations to ' Don Quixote,' one to the ' Senti-
mental Journey.' one to ' David Simple,' one
to ' Launcelot Greaves,' and three to ' Grandi-
son.' Already he had made Stothard's ac-
quaintance, who introduced him to Flaxman,
soon to prove an influential and staunch
friend. Of original work belonging to this
early date (1780) may be mentioned the
scarce engraving ' Glad Day,' and a drawing,
' The Death of Earl Godwin,' which Blake
contributed to the Royal Academy's first
exhibition in Somerset House. In this year
he found himself an involuntary participator
in the Gordon riots, having become entangled
in the mob and been carried along by it to
witness the storming of Newgate and the
release of the prisoners.

In 1782 he married Catherine Boucher,
daughter of a market-gardener at Battersea,
who proved herself one of the best wives
that ever fell to the lot of a man of genius ;
and they set up housekeeping in lodgings at
23 Green Street, Leicester Fields.

In 1784 he opened a printseller's shop in
Broad Street, in partnership with a fellow en-
graver, Parker ; and Robert, Blake's youngest
brother, between whom and himself there
was the strongest sympathy and affection,
lived with them. In this year he exhibited
at the Royal Academy ' War unchained by
an Angel, Fire, Pestilence, and Famine fol-
lowing,' and ' Breach in a City, the Morning
after a Battle.' In 1787 Robert died, the
shop was given up, and Blake removed to
28 Poland Street. Unable to find a pub-
lisher for his 'Songs of Innocence,' he adopted
a plan of reproducing them himself, revealed
to him in a dream by his dead brother
Robert, he used to tell. ' Next morning Mrs.
Blake went out with their last half-crown
to buy the necessary materials. The verse
was written, and the design and marginal
embellishments outlined on copper with an

Blake

182

Blake

impervious liquid, and then the remainder of j
the plate was eaten away with aquafortis, so :
that the letters and outlines were left pro- !
minent as in stereotype and could be printed
off in any tint required as the basis of his |
scheme of colour. He then worked up the '.
pages by hand with great variety of detail j
in the local hues. Mrs. Blake learned to j
take off the impressions with delicacy, to
help in tinting them, and to do up the pages |
in boards. Thus the little book was literally
made by husband and wife, with a result of
unique beauty ; and so far as the poems are
concerned, taken in conjunction with the
companion ' Songs of Experience ' by which j
they were supplemented five years later, they
are the most perfect Blake ever achieved.
For whilst his powers of design steadily
developed and his last completed work, the
* Inventions to the Book of Job,' was also
his grandest, as a poet his inspiration lapsed
more and more into the formless incoherence
of the so-called 'Prophetic Books,' which
were all engraved and coloured by hand in
the above manner. Indeed, the main, if not
the whole, value of these t Prophetic Books,'
of which a list is givenjbelow, consists in the
frequent splendour of the designs interwoven
with the text. For here the fullest scope is
given to the two antagonistic tendencies of
Blake's mind, on the one hand as artist to
embody in human forms of terror, sublimity,
beauty, or grotesqueness the most abstract
ideas,*and on the other, as poet and theosophic
dreamer, to resolve into shadowy symbolism
the realities of human life and the visible
world, and to express in the most crude
manner his favourite tenet, that ' all things
exist in the human imagination alone.'

In 1791 bookseller Johnson employed him
to design and engrave six plates to ' Original
Stories for Children,' by Mary Wollstonecraft,
and some to ' Elements of Morality,' trans-
lated by her from the German. At Johnson's
weekly dinners he met Drs. Price, Priestley,
Godwin, Fuseli, Tom Paine, &c., with whom
he sympathised ardently in political, but not
at all in religious, matters. He was the only
member of the group who donned the bonnet
rouge and actually walked the streets in it.
About this time, too, he made the acquaint-
ance of Mr. Thomas Butts, a steady buyer at
moderate prices for thirty years of his draw-
ings, temperas, and ' frescoes.'

In 1793 Blake removed to Hercules Build-
ings, Lambeth, where he spent seven pro-
ductive years, the most important fruits of
which, in design, were 537 illustrations to
Young's 'Night Thoughts' for Edwards's
edition. Of these only forty-seven, to the
first four books, were engraved, the book not

proving successful (see description by F. J.
Shields in GILCHKIST'S Slake, vol. ii. 2nd
edit.) Blake's industry throughout life was
unceasing, and the mass of work accom-
plished by the rare union of exhaustless
patience with a fiery, restless, creative ima-
gination exceeds belief (see catalogues by
W. M. E-ossetti in GILCHKIST'S Blake). He
literally never paused. ' I don't understand
what you mean by the want of a holiday,' he
would say. Writing and design were his
recreation after the tedious toil of engraving.
Flaxman in 1800 introduced Blake to
Hayley, who invited him to come and settle
at Felpham while engraving the illustrations
for the ' Life of Cowper.' Here, in a cottage
by the sea, he spent three years, during
which he executed eighteen tempera heads
of the poets for Hayley's library ; a miniature
of Cowper's cousin, Johnson ; two very sweet
designs to ' Little Tom the Sailor,' a broad-
sheet ballad by Hayley ; a series of illustra-
tions to Hayley's 'Ballads on Animals/
besides more engraved books and drawings
for Butts. It was not to be expected, how-
ever, that Blake could long continue to
breathe freely in the atmosphere of elegant
triviality and shallow sentiment which sur-
rounded the literary squire. Kindly as he
I was, and unwearied in endeavours to serve,
j his entire incapacity to understand the ar-
tist's genius or appreciate his work except as
! an engraver, made the constant intercourse
! between them blighting to Blake's inner life
I and to the exercise of his creative faculty.
! After three years' patient endurance, there-
| fore, he determined to return to London at
! whatever pecuniary sacrifice, that he might
j < be no longer pestered with Hayley's genteel
: ignorance and polite disapprobation.' An
j absurd charge of sedition was brought against
; him, just before he finally quitted Felpham,
by a drunken soldier whom he had turned out
! of his garden. The case was tried at Chi-
chester, and Blake was acquitted. On his
return he settled- at 17 South Moltoii Street.
! Cromek, Blake's next employer, purchased of
i him that fine series of designs to Blair's
' Grave ' by which he is most widely known.
Never has the theme of death been handled
in pictorial art with more elevation and
beauty than in some of these, notably in
' Death's Door ' and the ' Soul departing from
the Body.' Fuseli, always a warm friend of
Blake (paying him the naive tribute of re-

| marking that l he was d d good to steal

from '), wrote a laudatory notice of the de-
| signs for the preface. But it was a bitter
disappointment to Blake that, contrary to
the original agreement, he was not permitted
to engrave his own designs. They were put

Blake

183

Blake

into the hands of Schiavonetti, by whom
they were rendered with a mingled grace
and grandeur which won for them a wider
popularity than Blake's austere style could
have achieved. The breach of contract and the
consequent loss of his copyright were injuries
which Blake deeply resented ; and Cromek's
conduct in relation to his next enterprise
enhanced the sense of injustice. For, having
seen a design of Blake's from the ' Canter-
bury Pilgrimage ' and vainly endeavoured to
negotiate for its publication on the same
terms, Croniek went to Stothard and sug-
gested the subject to him, who, ignorant that
Blake was already engaged upon it, accepted
the offer, and thus was occasioned a breach
between the friends which was never closed.
Blake having completed his * Canterbury
Pilgrimage ' as a ( fresco ' — a word which he
applied to a method of his own of painting
in water-colour on a plaster ground of glue
and whiting laid on to canvas or board — ap-
pealed to the public by opening an exhibition
of this and other of his works. The ' De-
scriptive Catalogue ' written for the occasion
interprets his pictures, expounds his canons
of art, and contains some admirable writing i
on the characters in Chaucer's ' Prologue.' j
Lamb preferred Blake's to Stothard's ' Pil-
grimage,' and called it ' a work of wonderful i
power and spirit, hard and dry, yet with I
grace.' In 1808 Blake, for the last time, ex- i
hibited at the Royal Academy. He then sent
i Christ in the Sepulchre guarded by Angels ' j
and t Jacob's Dream,' one of his most poetic i
works; and also executed for Mr. Butts 'The
Whore of Babylon,' now in the British Mu- j
seum ; and for the Countess of Egremont j
' The Last Judgment,' from one of the Blair j
drawings, of which, towards the close of life, j
he painted a replica containing some thou- j
sand figures highly finished and with much j
splendour of colour.

To John Linnell, with whom Blake first
became acquainted in 1813, is due all honour
for having been the stay of the neglected
artist's declining years, and for having com-
missioned his noblest work. Through him,
too, there gathered round a circle of friends
and disciples — John Varley, George Rich-
mond, Samuel Palmer, Oliver Finch, and
others. John Varley, who gave a very ma-
terialistic interpretation to Blake's visionary
power, would sit by him far into the night
and say ' Draw me Moses ' or ' Julius Ceesar,'
straining his own eyes in the hope of seeing
what Blake saw, who would answer ' There
he is,' and draw with alacrity, looking up
from time to time as if he had a flesh-and-
blood sitter before him, sometimes suddenly
leaving off and remarking, * I can't go on, it

j is gone,' or * it has moved, the mouth is gone.'
i Thus were produced the famous visionary
j heads, or * Spiritual Portraits ' — some forty
or fifty slight pencil sketches, all original,
many full of character and power. One of
i the most curious — the 'Ghost of a Flea ' — was
1 engraved in Varley 's 'Zodiacal Physiognomy '
and in the ' Art Journal ' for August 1858.
j The original drawings all passed into the
: hands of Mr. Linnell. Blake was wont to
say to his friends respecting these l visions,'
; ' You can see what I do if you choose. Work
up imagination to the state of vision, and the
thing is done.'

In 1820 Blake designed and executed his
first and last woodcuts to illustrate Thorn-
! ton's school Virgil (the ' Pastorals '). Rude
in execution, but singularly poetic and beauti-
ful, these prints were at the time so much
ridiculed by the engravers that some of them
were recut by another hand. The obscure
little book is now much prized for their sake.
| Samples of both styles were given to illus-
i trate an article on the principles of wood
engraving in the ' Athenaeum,' 21 Jan. 1843.
Blake made his last move in 1820, to 3 Foun-
tain Court, Strand, where, amid increasing
poverty and neglect, he executed and engraved
for Linnell those sublime ' Inventions to the
Book of Job ' on which his highest claim as
an artist rests. And whilst they were in
progress the same friend, himself still a
struggling artist, commissioned a series of
drawings from the ' Divina Comrnedia,' to be
also engraved, paying him on account the
two or three pounds a week necessary for
subsistence. A hundred designs were sketched
in, some finished, but only seven engraved
and published in 1827. For Blake's labours
were drawing to a close. His strength had
been for some time declining, but he worked
on with the old ardour to within a few days
of the end. 'I cannot think of death as
more than the going out of one room into
another,' he had said in speaking of Flaxman's
death ; and in that spirit, not serene merely,
but joyous and full of radiant visions, he
gently, almost imperceptibly, drew his last
breath, 12 Aug. 1827.

The following is a list of Blake's writings,
all engraved and coloured by hand, except
those marked * which are type-printed and
unillustrated : 1. *' Poetical Sketches,' 1783.
2. ' Songs of Innocence,' 1789. 3. ' Book of
Thel,' 1789. 4. ' Marriage of Heaven and
Hell, 1790 ; consisting partly of aphorisms
or proverbs, mostly vigorous and profound,
that condensed form of expression proving

five ' memorable fancies ' in which Sweden-

singularly favourable to Blake ; partly of
five ' memorable fancies ' in which Sweden-
borg's influence upon him, very potent through

Blake

184

Blakely

life, though he was never a Swedenborgian,
is first discernible. 5. *' The French Revo-
lution/ Book i. 1791 (not thought worth
reprinting by any of Blake's editors).
6. ' Gates of Paradise,' 1793, engraved but ,
not coloured, consisting of seventeen plates
of emblems, each with a title or motto and (
rhymed ' Keys of the Gates/ described by j

'. UU.ULIUU11, Ui wiiicu. tilde u-pjjeu.1 a LU uc ;

i copy in existence. 21. 'Tiriel/ first printed i
W. M. Rossetti's ' Aldine British Poets.'

1793. 9. ' America,' 1793. 10. ' Europe :
a Prophecy,' 1794. 11. ' The Book of Urizen,'
1794 (containing Asia and Africa). 12. 'The
Song of Los,' 1795. 13. ' The Book of Ahania/
1795. 14. ' Jerusalem,' 1804. 15. 'Milton/
1804. (There are different degrees of beauty
in the samples of all these engraved books ;
not only because Blake himself bestowed
different degrees of finish and richness but ;
also because Mrs. Blake worked upon some, j
There are copies, indeed, which appear to j
have been entirely coloured by her after her
husband's death. For descriptions and inter-
pretations see SWINBURNE'S William Slake : I
a Critical Essay, 1868.) 16. *' Descriptive
Catalogue/ 1809. 1^ 'Prospectus/ 1793. j
18. Four undated ' Sibylline Leaves," viz. j
'The Laocoon/ 'Ghost of Abel/ 'On Homer's j
Poetry/ ' On Virgil.' 19. ' There is no Na- I
tural Religion ' (eight ? leaves with design), j
20. ' Outhoon/ of which there appears to be
no co
in

22. 'Ideas of Good and Evil/ from Blake s
note-book, first printed in Gilchrist's ' Blake/
vol. ii. 23. Prose from the same, viz. ' Public
Address ' and ' Vision of the Last Judgment.' j
Reprints of Blake's works have appeared as :
follows : ' Songs of Innocence and Experience/
edit, by Dr. G. Wilkinson (much altered),
1839. ' Selections/ emendated, comprising
nearly everything except ' Prophetic Books/
edited by D. G. Rossetti, forming vol. ii. of
Gilchrist's ' Life of Blake/ 1863 and 1880.
' Songs of Innocence and Experience, with j
other Poems' (verbatim), 1866. 'Poetical1
Sketches/ edit, by R. H. Shepherd (ver-
batim), 1868. ' Poetical Works, Lyrical and j
Miscellaneous/ edit., with prefatory memoir, j
by W. M. Rossetti, 1874 (verbatim). A j
facsimile, but without colour, of the ' Jeru- j
salem,' 1877, Pearson. Also one of the
' Marriage of Heaven and Hell/ colour-
printed, Camden Hotten. A reproduction of
the ' Illustrations to the Book of Job/ with
prefatory memoir by C. E. Norton, Boston,
1875. And lastly, a volume of 'Etchings
from Blake's Works/ with descriptive text
by William Bell Scott, 1878.

[Malkin's Father's Memoirs of his Child (In-
troduction to), 1806 ; Smith's Nollekens and his
Times, comprehending Memoirs of several Con-
temporary Artists, vol. ii. 1828; Cunningham's
Lives of the most eminent British Painters, &c.,
1830. Gilchrist's Life of William Blake, with
Selections from his Writings, &c., 1863, contains
impressions from some of the original plates of
' Songs of Innocence and Experience/ the ' Job,'
some of the ' visionary heads/ ' Gates of Para-
dise/ &c., 2nd edit. 1880, with additional letters,
illustrations, and a memoir of the author.]

A. G— T.

BLAKELY, FLETCHER (1783-1862),
Irish remonstrant minister, was born on
13 May 1783 at Ballyroney, county Down.
He was the youngest son of Joseph Bleakly,,
a farmer, and was named after the Rev.
William Fletcher, presbyterian minister of
Bally roney (d. 1824), who gave him his
early training ; both his parents died when
he was very young. In 1799 he entered
Glasgow College (at which time he spelled
his name Bleakly), where he graduated. On
19 Sept. 1809 he was ordained by Bangor
presbytery as minister of Moneyrea, county
Down, in succession to Samuel Patton.
Fletcher had trained him in Calvinism, but
he did not long retain this form of theology.
He became by degrees a Unitarian of what
was then a very advanced type in Ireland,
being the first avowed humanitarian preacher
in Ulster (after 1813; see Mon. Rep. 1813,
p. 515 ). Under his influence Moneyrea was-
so marked a home of heterodox opinion that
it passed into a proverb, 'Moneyrea, where
there is one God and no devil.' When, in
1821, the English Unitarians sent John Smeth-
urst (1792-1859) on a mission to Ulster, the
Moneyrea meeting-house was the first that was
opened to him ; the Arian pulpits were (with
five exceptions) refused to him. In 1829
Blakely, with his whole congregation, joined
the remonstrant secession from the synod of
Ulster ; he had throughout the previous sy no-
dical debates been one of the most powerful
coadjutors of Henry Montgomery, the leader
of the New Light party, and assisted him in
forming the remonstrant synod. On 27 April
1836 a public testimonial bore witness to his
'successful advocacy of the rights of con-
science and human freedom.' In his own
neighbourhood he did much for popular edu-
cation, for the cause of tenant right, and for
the promotion of the flax industry. He was a
joint-editor (1830-3) of the ' Bible Christian/
and published two or three tracts and ser-
mons, especially : 1. 'A Dialogue/ Belf. 1817,
8vo (anon.), on the bible and other standards
of faith (not seen ; it was answered by a
covenanting minister, not Paul). 2. ' The

Blakely

185

Blakely

Battle of the Two Dialogues, being a conver-
sation between a Rev. Covenanter and a Rev.
Presbyterian on the impropriety of adhering
to any standard of faith except the Bible,'
Belf. 1818, 8vo (also anon. ; in reply to it John
Paul, then covenanting minister of Lough-
mourne, afterwards of Carrickfergus andD.D.
(died 17 March 1848, aged 71), published his
first work, ' Creeds and Confessions defended/
&c., Belf. 1819, 8vo, which is one of the most
caustic pieces of satire ever contributed on the
orthodox side of the religious controversies in
Ulster). 3. ' The Doctrine of the Trinity not
comprised in the Faith which was once de-
livered unto the Saints ' (Jude 1-3), London,
1846, 8vo. 4. < An Explicit Avowal of Truth
the best mode of teaching it' (Romans i.
16), Belfast, 1853, 8vo (preached as presi-
dent of the Association of Irish Nonsub-
scribing Presbyterians). He resigned his
charge on 22 Sept. 1857, but continued to
preach till the installation of his successor,
John Jellie, on 27 Sept. 1859. He died on
25 Feb. 1862 at Cradley, Worcestershire, the
residence of the Rev. William Cochrane, who
had married his eldest child. He was buried
at Moneyrea. He married Margaret Lindsay
(1783-1825), and had four children : Jane, as
above; Sarah (1814-1844) ; David Lindsay,
inspector of Irish National Schools (1816-
1854) ; and William Joseph (born 17 April
1818), Unitarian minister at Billingshurst,
Sussex, in 1839, ordained on 15 Dec. 1840 by
Bangor remonstrant presbytery as minister
of York Street, Belfast, and died on 19 March
1842.

[Glasgow Matriculation Register ; Chr. Re-
former, 1822, p. 218, 1859, p. 474 ; Min. Gen.
Synod, 1824 ; Synodical Portraits in Northern
Whig, 1829; Northern Whig, 28 April, 1838;
Inquirer, 15 March 1862; Chr. Unitarian, 1862,
p. 123; Min. Rem. Synod, 1841, 1858, 1860,
1862 ; tombstones at Moneyrea.] A. G.

BLAKELY, JOHNSTON (1781-1814),
commander in the United States' navy, was
born in Dublin in October 1781. While he
was still an infant, his parents emigrated to
America and settled in North Carolina. In
1800 Blakely entered the States' navy, and,
when the war with England broke out in
1812, had attained the rank of lieutenant.
In the early months of 1813 he commanded
the brig Enterprise on the east coast, but
was promoted from her to the command of
the Wasp, a new, large, and heavily armed
sloop. In this he sailed from Portsmouth
(New Hampshire) on 1 May 1814, and, cross-
ing the Atlantic, ran boldly into the en-
trance of the English Channel, where, on
28 June, he fell in with and, after a short but

severe action, captured the English brig
Reindeer, commanded by Captain Manners,
whose gallant conduct against an enemy of
immensely superior force has called forth the
admiration of both English and American
writers. The Reindeer was so much damaged,
and the risk of her recapture so great, that
Blakely ordered her to be set on fire, after
which he made the best of his way to Lorient,
where he arrived on 8 July. For this impor-
tant service congress voted him a gold medal,
which, however, he did not live to receive.
As soon as the Wasp was refitted he sailed
from Lorient (27 Aug.) on another cruise.
Within the next three days he made two
prizes ; and on 1 Sept., having fallen in with
a convoy of ten sail under the escort of a
74-gun ship, succeeded in the course of the
afternoon in cutting off and capturing one of
the convoy laden with military stores of great
value. The same evening, after dark, he
met the English brig Avon, commanded by
Captain the Hon. James Arbuthnott. The
force of the Avon was very inferior to that
of the Wasp, and the inferiority in her gun-
nery practice was almost more marked. After
a running fight of about three-quarters of an
hour, during which the Wasp had two men
killed and one wounded, the Avon having lost
forty-two men killed and wounded, and being
in a sinking condition, hailed that she sur-
rendered. The Castilian brig, of the same
force as the Avon, now came up, and the
Tartarus sloop was made out in the distance :
so the Wasp, having her rigging a good deal
cut, ran down to leeward to gain time. The
Castilian at first followed her, but gave up
the chase on the Avon's making urgent sig-
nals of distress ; she was indeed sinking fast,
and her men were scarcely out of her before

1 she went down. The Wasp after this sailed
for the south. Making two or three prizes as
she went, on 21 Sept. she was in latitude
33°12/N.; and on 9 Oct. in latitude 18° 35' N.,
longitude 30° 10' W., she spoke a Swedish
brig. This was the last known of her ; she
was never heard of again.

The Americans have formed a very high
estimate of Blakely ; and though the great
superiority of the Wasp over both the Rein-
deer and the Avon may perhaps be considered
as leaving little room for the display of any
extraordinary courage, his conduct of these
actions, and of his venturesome cruise in the
chops of the Channel, then swarming with
English men-of-war, and his successful raid
on the Gibraltar convoy, all tend to show
that the American estimate is not exagge-
rated.

[Ripley and Dana's American Cyclopaedia;

, Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812.] J. K. L.

Blakeney

186

Blakeney

BLAKENEY, SIB EDWARD (1778- j
1868), field-marshal, was the fourth son of j
Colonel William Blakeney, of Newcastle- j
upon-Tyne, and M.P. for Athenry in Gal- j
way in the Irish parliament, 1776-83. He |
was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1778, |
and entered the army, 28 Feb. 1794, as a j
cornet in the 8th light dragoons. Accom- ;
panying the expedition under Major-general
White to the West Indies, he was present at
the capture of Demerara, Berbice, and Esse-
quibo in 1796 ; in the course of this service
he was three times taken prisoner by pri-
vateers and suffered severe hardships. In
1799 he went with the expedition to Holland,
and was present in the actions of 10 and
19 Sept., and also in those of 2 and 6 Oct.
In 1807 he sailed with the 7th regiment of
foot, the Royal Fusiliers, to the Baltic, joined j
Lord Cathcart's expedition, and took part in
the capture of the Danish fleet and the sur- ;
render of Copenhagen. He was present at |
the capture of Martinique in 1809. Obtaining
the command of the 7th foot, 20 June 1811,
he proceeded in charge of his regiment to
Lisbon, and during the campaigns of the
years 1811-1-4 he served in the battles of (
Busaco and Albuera (where he was severely
wounded through the thigh), the action at
Aldea de Ponte, the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo
and Badajoz (where he was severely wounded
through the arm in the assault), battles of
Vittoria, Pampeluna, Pyrenees, and Nivelle, j
besides various minor actions. He joined
the army in Belgium in 1815, and was present
at the capture of Paris. For those and other
services he received the gold cross and a j
silver war medal, and was made a knight of j
the Tower and Sword of Portugal in 1812. !
Having retained the command of his regi- J
ment until 2 June 1825, the first brigade of j
the army sent to Portugal was then entrusted ;
to his charge. On 20 Sept. 1832 he was re- |
warded with the colonelcy of his old regi- j
ment, the 7th foot, which he did not resign |
until 21 Dec. 1854. In the meantime, how-
ever, he was not idle, as he served in Ireland
as commander-in-chief of the troops from
1838 to 1855. On 1 Dec. in the previous j
year he was nominated colonel of the 1st foot, !
and retained the appointment to his decease. ;
After his return from Ireland he became |
lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital, !
6 Feb. 1855, and on 25 Sept. 1856 the go- |
vernor of that establishment. His general's :
commission dates from 20 June 1854, and !
the high honour of a field-marshalship was ;
conferred on him 9 Nov. 1862. In considera-
tion of his long and valuable services to his j
country, he was also made colonel-in-chief
of the Rifle Brigade, 28 Aug. 1865. Long

previous to this period he had been gazetted
K.C.B. 2 Jan. 1815, and G.C.B. 7 May 1849,
and a privy councillor in Ireland 7 May 1836.
His death took place at Chelsea Hospital
2 Aug. 1868, and he was buried at Twicken-
ham on 8 Aug.

He married in 1814 Maria, a daughter of
Colonel Gardiner of the East India Com-
pany's service. She died at Chelsea Hospital
21 Jan. 1866, aged 76.

[Times, 10 Aug. 1868, p. 9 ; Army Lists, &c.]

GK C. B.

BLAKENEY, RICHARD PAUL

(1820-1884), canon of York, was descended
from an old Norfolk family, which had re-
moved to Ireland before his birth. He was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where
he graduated B.A. in 1842, taking high
honours in theology. In 1852 he proceeded
LL.B. and LL.D. He became curate of
St. Paul's, Nottingham, in 1843, vicar of
Hyson Green, Nottinghamshire, in 1844,
vicar of Christ Church, Claughton, Birken-
head, in January 1852, vicar of Bridlington
in 1874, rural dean of Bridlington in 1876,
and canon of York in 1882. The university
of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of
D.D. in 1868. Blakeney died at Bridlington
on 31 Dec. 1884. He was well known as a
vigorous champion of evangelical doctrines
in the church of England, and was the author
of a large number of controversial books
and tracts, which attained a wide circula-
tion. The chief of these are : 1. ' Transla-
tion of the Moral Theology of Alphonsus
Liguori,' 1845, 2nd ed. 1852. 2. 'A Manual
of Romish Controversy, being a complete
Refutation of the Creed of Pope Pius IV,'
1851 (this work is stated to have passed
through ten editions). 3. l Protestant Cate-
chism, or Popery refuted and Protestantism
established by the Word of God,' 1854.
4. ' History and Interpretation of the Book
of Common Prayer,' 1865, 3rd ed. 1878.

[Times, 2 Jan.1885 ; Men of the Time (1 1th ed.),
136; Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1883.1

S. L. L.

BLAKENEY, WILLIAM, LORD BLAKE-
NEY (1672-1761), the defender of Minorca,
was an Irishman of English descent, and was
born at Mount Blakeney in the county of
Limerick in 1672. His father was a fairly
wealthy country gentleman, and repre-
sented the borough of Kilmallock in the
Irish House of Commons for many years,
and expected his eldest son to lead the same
life as himself. But young William Blake-
ney caught the martial enthusiasm of the
Revolution period, and organised a small

Blakeney

187

Blakesley

military force in 1690, when only eighteen,
out of his father's tenants, with which he
kept the Rapparees at bay, and defended the
paternal estate. He was permitted to join
the army in Flanders as a volunteer, and won
his ensigncy at the siege of Venloo in 1702.
He served throughout the campaigns ot
Marlborough as adjutant of his regiment,
and is said to have first exercised regiments
by the beating of drums and the waving ol
colours, and even to have once exercised the
whole allied army in this way before certain
German princes. After the peace of Utrecht
came a long period of peace, during which
promotion went by favour and by court or
parliamentary influence, which Blakeney did
not possess, so that he was an old man of
sixty-five when he was at last promoted
colonel in 1737. During this long period he
always remained with his regiment, taking a
fatherly interest in both officers and men,
and never going on leave or running after
promotion. This long neglect was said to
be due to the misrepresentations of Lord
Verney ; but the Duke of Richmond, when
appointed colonel of his. regiment, at last ,
took notice of him, and obtained him a com-
mand in the expedition to Carthagena, with |
the rank of brigadier-general, in 1741. His
services were highly appreciated, and by the ;
aid of the same powerful patron he was pro- |
nioted major-general in 1744, and made
lieutenant-governor of Stirling Castle. The
Scottish insurrection of 1745 gave him his op- j
port unity. The highlanders besieged Stir-
ling Castle, and Blakeney, to keep them from
joining the main body, allowed them to raise
siege works for some weeks. When, however, <
these siege works became formidable, he or-
dered a sudden attack on the highlanders,
who were utterly defeated and lost three hun- j
dred men. His good service was not forgotten |
by George II, who promoted him lieutenant-
general in 1747, and gave him the lieutenant-
governorship of the island of Minorca.

He at once went to Minorca, and as Lord
Tyrawley, the governor, preferred stopping
at home, Blakeney was left in chief command
for ten years. He earnestly pressed for more
men, and for money for repairs. But the !
ministry of Pelham and Newcastle grudged
money not spent in maintaining their par- '
liamentary majority, and neglected his en-
treaties. On the breaking out of the Seven |
Years' War in 1756 an expedition was hur- j
riedly despatched from France under the de- :
bauchee Due de Richelieu and Admiral la
Galissonniere against Minorca. The French j
government well knew how the defences of I
Minorca had been neglected, and that a rapid j
attack before reinforcements could reach the i

garrison must be successful. Blakeney knew
also that without reinforcements he could
not hold out long, but determined to wait
resolutely for those reinforcements. When
Admiral Byng retreated all hope was lost,
and Blakeney, after seventy days' defence
of an almost indefensible fortress, surren-
dered on the honourable terms that his gar-
rison was to be transported to Gibraltar,
and not made prisoners of war. The gallant
defence of Minorca had greatly excited the
minds of the English people, and the veteran
of eighty-four, wrho had never gone to bed
for seventy days, was as popular as Admiral
Byng was execrated. After giving truthful
evidence at Byng's trial as to the state of
Minorca, Blakeney received great honours
from George II, and was made a knight of
the Bath, colonel of the Enniskillen regiment
of infantry, and finally Lord Blakeney of
Mount Blakeney in the peerage of Ireland.
His popularity continued unabated ; a statue
of him by Van Most was erected in Dublin ;
and when he died, on 20 Sept, 1761, at the
patriarchal age of eighty-nine, he was buried,
amidst general mourning, in Westminster
Abbey.

Blakeney was a soldier of the soldiers,
always living among them, enjoying his
punch as well as any of them, and beloved
by them. In his family relations he was
always exemplary ; he used to live on his
pay, and to allow his brothers to live on his
estate 'of Mount Blakeney. One brother
swindled him grossly ; but he made no change
in his arrangements, and merely transferred
his estate to another brother.

[Memoirs of the Life and Actions of General
William Blakeney (anon.), London and Dublin,
1757 ; Letter to the Right Honourable Lord

B y, being an Inquiry into the merit of his

Defence of Minorca, London, 1757 ; Full Answer
to an Infamous Libel intituled a Letter to the

Right Honourable Lord B y, 1757.1

H. M. S.

BLAKESLEY, JOSEPH WILLIAMS

(1808-1885), dean of Lincoln, was born at
38 Coleman Street, in the city of London, on
6 March 1808, and baptised privately 22 April.
His parents were Jeremiah George and Eliza-
beth Blaksley, as the name was then spelt.
His father, who was a factor, died before his
son had attained his tenth year. Young
Blakesley entered St. Paul's School 3 Oct.
1819, whence, after a distinguished school
career, he passed as captain, with a Stock
scholarship and a special exhibition in con-
sideration of his merits, to Corpus Christ!
College, Cambridge, 3 Nov. 1827. Here he
immediately took a leading position, and

Blakesley

1 88

Blakesley

obtained admission to the highest intellectual
society among the younger residents. Among
his intimate friends were R. Chenevix Trench
(subsequently archbishop of Dublin), R.
Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton), Dean
Alford, the two Speddings, Alfred Tennyson,
and his brothers. So large an acquaintance
among Trinity men, together with other con-
siderations, led to Blakesley's removal from
Corpus to Trinity in Lent 1830. Dr. Words-
worth, brother of the poet and father of the
bishops of Lincoln and St. Andrews, was
then master of Trinity, and among the tutors
were Dr. Whewell, Dr. Wordsworth's suc-
cessor, and Dr. Peacock, afterwards dean of
Ely. Blakesley joined the ' youthful band of
friends ' (commemorated by Lord Tennyson,
himself a member of the body) forming the
celebrated ' Apostles' Club.' The club had
recently begun its new phase of existence
under the influence of its 'second father/
Professor F. D. Maurice, the l creator not of
its form but of its spirit ' (Maurice's Life and
Letters, i. 56, 110), and it greatly influenced
Blakesley. He was the

Clear-headed friend, whose joyful scorn,
Edged with sharp laughter, cuts atwain
The knots that tangle human creeds,

to whom Lord Tennyson addressed one of his
first published poems.

The year (1830) of Blakesley's removal to
Trinity witnessed his election to a foundation
scholarship. He graduated B.A. in 1831,
M. A. in 1834, and B.D. 5 April 1849 ; he
was a wrangler in the mathematical tripos,
and was placed third in the classical tripos,
where his chief strength lay, subsequently
obtaining the senior chancellor's medal. He
was elected a fellow of Trinity in 1831, and
became assistant tutor in 1834, and tutor in
1839. Among his pupils were Lord Lyttelton,
Lord Frederick Cavendish, Mr. Justice Den-
man, Mr. Beresford Hope, and Professor Cay-
ley. Blakesley had originally intended to
adopt the law as his profession, for which he
was well fitted in many ways ; but delicacy
of health led him to change his destination.
He was ordained deacon in 1833, and priest
in 1835. He held his tutorship till 1845.
From 1845 to 1872 he held the college living
of Ware. In 1850 he was appointed classical
examiner in the university of London. As
vicar of Ware Blakesley became widely
known as the ' Hertfordshire Incumbent,'
whose letters occupied a leading place in the
' Times ' newspaper for some years. In these
letters he directed the dry light of an acute
practical mind, free from enthusiasm or senti-
ment, to some of the chief social and political
subjects of the day. The letters greatly in-

creased Blakesley's reputation, and in 1863
he received a canonry at Canterbury from
Lord Palmerston, with whose political views
he fully sympathised. He became proctor in
Convocation for his chapter, and was an in-
fluential, although very independent, member
of the lower house till his death. Although
no scientific theologian, Blakesley took much
interest in theological studies, especially in
the critical and evidential department. He
twice occupied the university pulpit, in 1840,
and again in 1843 ; the sermons then delivered,
on the * Dispensation of Paganism ' and on
' Christian Evidences,' were subsequently
published under the title of f Conciones Aca-
demicee.' Delicacy of health drove him to
Algiers in the winter of 1857-8. On his re-
turn he published an account of his sojourn
under the title of l Four Months in Algiers,
with a Visit to Carthage.' In 1872 he suc-
ceeded Dr. Jeremie as dean of Lincoln on
Mr. Gladstone's recommendation. As dean
he made Lincoln his home, and devoted him-
self to the interests of his cathedral and of
the city of Lincoln. If not an ideal dean ac-
cording to the modern type, for which his
tone of mind and line of thought, essentially
non-ecclesiastical, entirely unfitted him, he
conscientiously fulfilled the duties of his office.
In the city itself he helped to promote all well-
considered measures for the welfare of the
community. Blakesley was a whig of the old
school as opposed to the modern radical. He
1 was master of the court of the Mercers' Com-
! pany in 1864. As one of the governors he took
! a warm interest in the welfare of St. Paul's
I School. Blakesley's chief work was an edition
of Herodotus for the l Bibliotheca Clas'sica.'
• The annotations, though always characterised
by sound sense and accurate scholarship, are
not of the highest order, and are chiefly de-
! voted to geographical and historical questions.
He contributed articles to the ' Quarterly ' and
1 Edinburgh Reviews ' and other periodicals,
and in addition to the already mentioned
' Letters of a Hertfordshire Incumbent ' he
wrote many reviews of books for the ' Times '
newspaper. He was an active member of
the committee for the revision of the trans-
lation of the New Testament. On leaving
college he married Margaret Wilson Holmes,
! the daughter of Thomas Holmes of Brooke,
in the county of Norwich. Mrs. Blakesley
predeceased her husband in 1880. He was
the father of seven sons and four daughters,
all of whom survived him. He died 18 April
1885.

The following is a list of his printed works :

1. ' Thoughts on the Recommendations of the
Ecclesiastical Commission,' London, 1837.

2. ' Commemoration Sermon in Trinity Col-

Blakeway

189

Blakey

lege,' 1836. 3. ' Life of Aristotle/ Cambridge,
1839. 4. l Commemoration Sermon in Trinity
College,' 1842. 5. * Conciones Academicae,'
London, 1843. 6. ' Where does the Evil lie ? '
(a pamphlet upon private tuition at Cam- j
bridge), London, 1845. 7. 'The Way of j
Peace,' a sermon, 1852. 8. ' Herodotus with |
a Commentary,' 2 vols., forming part of
Macleane's 'Bibliotheca Classica,' 1852-54. !
9. ' History of Greek and Roman Philosophy |
and Science,' part of the article in the ' En-
cyclopaedia Metropolitan,' ed. 2, London,
1853. 10. 'Four Months in Algeria, with a !
Visit to Carthage,' Cambridge, 1859. 11. 'Real \
Belief and True Belief,' a sermon, 1862.
12. ' A Preelection as Candidate for the Regius
Professorship,' on 1 Cor. xi. 17-31 (privately j
printed).

[Saturday Review, 25 April 1885 ; Guar-
dian, 22 April 1885 ; private information.]

E. V.

BLAKEWAY, JOHN BRICKDALE |

(1765-1826), topographer, was the eldest j
son of Joshua Blakeway, of Shrewsbury, |
by Elizabeth, sister of Matthew Brickdale,
M.P. in several parliaments for the city of
Bristol. He was born at Shrewsbury on
24 June 1765, and educated in the free
school there. In 1775 he was removed to
Westminster, at which school he remained
till 1782, when he proceeded to Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford (B.A. 1786, M.A. 1795). On
leaving the university he entered at Lincoln's
Inn, and was called to the bar in 1789. He
followed the law more as an amusement than
as a necessary means of support, and began
to go the Oxford circuit. Suddenly he found
his hereditary expectations destroyed, and
he was compelled to provide himself with an
income by his own exertions. In these cir-
cumstances the expensive profession of the
law was no longer to be thought of. He re-
solved to enter the church, and was or-
dained in 1793.

In 1794 he was presented by his uncle,
the Rev. Edward Blakeway, to the ministry
of the Royal Peculiar of St. Mary's, Shrews-
bury, and on his uncle's death he became
official of the peculiar, and also succeeded
him in the vicarage of Neen Savage, Shrop-
shire, and in the rectory of Felton, Somer-
setshire. In 1800 he was presented to the
vicarage of Kinlet. He was elected a fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries in 1807. From
1800 till 1816 he divided his time between
Kinlet and Shrewsbury, but, finding it in-
convenient to keep up two houses, he gave
up Felton and Kinlet in that year, and
thenceforward resided exclusively in his
native town. He died at the council house,

After ' Regeneration.' add ' His un-
ublished MSS. arc in the Bodleian and are

Shrewsbury, on 10 March 1826, and was
buried in St. Mary's Church, where a fine
Gothic monument, executed by John Car-
line, was erected to his memory by his
parishioners.

His works are : 1. 'An Attempt to ascer-
tain the Author of the Letters published
under the signature of Junius,' Shrewsbury,
1813, 8vo. He ascribes the authorship of
these famous letters to Home Tooke. 2. ' The
Sequel of an Attempt to ascertain the Author
of the Letters published under the signature
of Junius,' London, 1815, 8vo. 3. 'A His-
tory of Shrewsbury,' 2 vols., London, 1825,
4to. Written in collaboration with the Ven.
Hugh Owen, F.S.A., archdeacon of Salop.
4. 'The Sheriffs of Shropshire, with their
armorial bearings, and notices, biographical
and genealogical, of their families,' Shrews-
bury, 1831, fol. 5. Single sermons, and a
tract on the subject of Regeneration. ^ \,

[Salopian Journal, 15, 22, and 29 March 1826 ;
Gent. Mag.xcvi. (i.) 277, 369 ; Leighton's Guide
through the Town of Shrewsbury, 72, 73, 182 ;
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C.

BLAKEY, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1753), de-
signer and engraver, was a native of Ireland,
but resided chiefly in Paris, and died there.
The dates of his birth and death are not
recorded. He enjoyed a considerable repu-
tation about the middle of the last centurv
as an illustrator of books, and, amongst other
works, designed and engraved the plates to
Jonas Hanway's 'Travels in Persia,' 1753,
and those to an edition of Pope's works.
Blakey was associated with Francis Hay-
man, R.A., in the production of a set of
prints of subjects from English history, of
which the following bear his name only as
the designer : ' The Landing of Julius Caesar,'
'Vortigern and Rowena,' and 'Alfred in
the Island of Athelney receiving News of
a Victory over the Danes;' these were
engraved respectively by S. F. Ravenet,
G. Scotin, and F. Vivares. One of Blakey's
most graceful compositions is a vignette in
the manner of Boucher, representing nymphs
dancing under the influence of Love, en-
graved by John Ingram.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists (1878); MS.
notes in British Museum.] L. F.

BLAKEY, ROBERT (1795-1878),
cellaneous writer and professor of logic and
metaphysics at Queen's College, Belfast, was
the son of a mechanic, and was born at
Morpeth 18 May 1795. Losing his father
when only nine months old, he was taken
charge of by his grandmother. From his
ninth to his thirteenth year he assisted his

Blake, Robert, ii. 632^. This arti
• • j c^A

]„ MA,r<oi^t-> onrl *>Yn9nsir»n. i\ec

Blakey

190

Blakiston

uncle in gardening, after which he was ap-
prenticed to the fur trade at Alnwick. Much
of his spare time was devoted to reading, and
in the evenings he received private instruction
from, a schoolmaster in geometry, physical
geography, and astronomy. At an early pe-
riod he acquired a strong love of abstract
speculation, and latterly this absorbed his
chief interest. In 1815' he left Alnwick for
Morpeth, and soon afterwards began to eon-
tribute to the 'Newcastle Magazine/ the
' Black Dwarf/ ' Gobbet's Register/ and the
* Durham Chronicle.' In 1831 he published
a ' Treatise on the Divine and Human Wills/
and in 1833, in two volumes, a ' History of
Moral Science.' In the beginning of 1838 he
purchased the l Newcastle Liberator/ which,
in 1840, was amalgamated with the ' Cham-
pion/ a London weekly paper under the title
of ' The Northern Liberator and Champion/
and published both at Newcastle and London.
For the publication in his paper of an essay
on the natural right of resistance to consti-
tuted authorities, he was prosecuted by the
government, and bound over to keep the
peace. Shortly afterwards he sold the paper
at a considerable loss, and on the failure of
an attempt to start in London a paper called
' The Politician/ he went to France with the
resolution to devote 'all his time and energies
to philosophical literature.' In order to ob-
tain a more thorough knowledge of the scho-
lastic and middle-age literature, he visited the
principal libraries of Belgium. The earliest
results of his studies were seen in ' Christian
Hermits/ published in 1845. For some time
he also, for a stipulated sum, assisted a gen-
tleman in preparing a work on the ' History
of Social and Political Philosophy from the
time of Charlemagne to the French Revolu-
tion.' The work never appeared, but the line
of research into which it led him was of great
service in the preparation of his l History of
Political Literature from the Earliest Times/
two volumes of which were published in 1855.
Previous to this he had brought out his prin-
cipal work, 'History of the Philosophy of
Mind, embracing the opinions of all Writers
on Mental Science from the Earliest Times
to the Present Day/ four vols. 1848 ; and
' Historical Sketch of Logic from the Earliest
Times to the Present Day/ 1851. In philo-
sophical speculation he was an orthodox fol-
lower of the intuitive school, and his works
are popular rather than profound, but they
are characterised by close reasoning, clear and
correct statement, and comprehensive know-
ledge. In 1848 he was appointed professor
of logic and metaphysics in Queen's College,
Belfast, and in 1860 he received a pension of
IQQL from the civil list. The later years of

his life were spent in London, where he died
26 Oct. 1878.

In addition to the more elaborate treatises
above mentioned, Blakey was the author of
a number of minor works, including, along
with the Rev. Daniel Paterson, a ' Life of Dr.
James Seattle/ the poet ; f Cottage Politics,
or Letters on the New Poor Law Bill/ 1837 ;
'Temporal Benefits of Christianity/ 1849 ;
' Old Faces in New Masks/ 1859 ; and, under
the pseudonym of Nathan Oliver, ' A few
Remarkable Events in the Life of Rev. Josiah
Thompson/ a fictitious biography intended to
illustrate the evils and inconveniences of dis-
sent. It is, however, by his books on angling
that he will be remembered with pleasure and
gratitude by the largest circle of readers. In
early life he found opportunity to become a
great proficient in the art, and it was his chief
recreation till his infirmities made it no longer
possible for him to follow it. In 1846 he
published, under the pseudonym of Hackle
Palmer, ' Hints on Angling, with suggestions
for angling excursions in France and Belgium,
to which are appended some brief notices of
the English, Scotch, and Irish waters ; ' in
1853, ' The Angler's Complete Guide to the
Rivers and Lakes of England ; ' in 1854 a
similar work on Scotland ; in the same year
'Angling, or How to angle and where to
go;' in 1855, 'Historical Sketches of the
Angling Literature of all Nations ; ' and in
the same year ' The Angler's Song Book.'
The knowledge he obtained in early life of
the kindred branch of sport, through the libe-
rality of the Duke of Northumberland of that
day, who allowed any one who chose to shoot
over a large extent of his property, he also
turned to account by publishing, in 1854,
' Shooting ; a Manual of practical Informa-
tion on this Branch of British Field Sports.'

[The Memoirs of Dr. Robert Blakey, edited by
the Kev. H. Miller, and published in 1879, con-
tain interesting reminiscences of many of the
most eminent persons of his time.] T. F. H.

BLAKISTON, JOHN (1603-1649), regi-
cide, was the son of Marmaduke Blakiston,
prebendary of Durham. He was baptised
on 21 Aug. 1603, and married in November
1626 Susan Chamber. He became a mercer
in Newcastle, and prospered so well in his
business that he was able to subscribe 900/.
for the reconquest of Ireland (1642). Al-
though his father was a strong high church-
man, the friend and father-in-law of Cosin,
and a noted pluralist (see COSIN'S Correspond-
ence, i. 185), John Blakiston became a puritan,
and was, in 1636, cited before the High Com-
mission Court for nonconformity, and for
defaming the vicar of Newcastle (Records of

Blamire

191

Blamire

High Commission Court in the Diocese of
Durham (Surtees Society), p. 155). He was
fined lOOA and excommunicated till he sub-
mitted. On 30 Jan. 1641 lie was voted
member for Newcastle in place of Sir J.
Melton, whose election was annulled. When
the Scots captured Newcastle he was also
appointed mayor, in place of Sir John
Marlay (BKAND, p. 469). He suffered losses
during the war, and was accordingly, on
3 June 1645, voted an allowance of 4Z. a
week, which was continued till 20 Aug.
1646. According to Noble he was also granted
the sum of 14,0007. and given the post of
coal meter at Newcastle, worth 200/. a year.
Holies in his ' Memoirs ' describes Blakiston
as one of the ' little northern beagles ' set on to
stir up public feeling against the Scots by ex-
aggerating the contributions they had levied
on the country. He was appointed one of
the king's judges, was present at every sitting
during the trial, and signed the death-war-
rant. In April 1649 the corporation of New-
castle found it necessary to write to the
speaker to vindicate their representative from
the charges brought against him in the 'hum-
ble remonstrance ' of George Lilburn. They
praise Blakiston as * unapt to cram himself
with the riches of his ruined country, or
seek after great things ' ( Tanner MSS. Ivi.
22). He died shortly afterwards, for his
will is dated 1 June 1649, and he is spoken
of as deceased in the Commons Journals of
6 June. On 16 Aug. 1649 the house voted
3,000/. to provide for his widow and children.

[Brand's History of Newcastle ; Surtees' His-
tory of Durham, iii. 165-402 ; Noble's account
in his Lives of the Kegicides is full of errors.]

C. H. F.

BLAMIRE, SUSANNA (1747-1794),
the t Muse of Cumberland/ was the daughter |
of a Cumberland yeoman, and was born in !
1747 at Cardew Hall, about six miles from '
Carlisle. At the age of seven she lost her
mother, and on her father's second marriage
was committed to the charge of her widowed
aunt, Mrs. Simpson of Thackwood. Mrs.
Simpson seems to have been an excellent ex-
ample of the qualities engendered by the life
of a yeoman farmer. With an independent
character, strongly marked individuality, and
great practical sense, she led a busy life in the
management of her farm and household. Su-
sanna Blamire's education was conducted ac-
cording to these principles. She went to the
village school at Raughton Head, where the
fee was a shilling a quarter. There she learned
the rudiments of knowledge, and her own
taste for reading enabled her to grow up -with
a cultivated mind. She was fond of poetry,

and began to write in imitation of her fa-
vourite authors. Her earliest poem, written
at the age of nineteen, was suggested by Gray's
^ Elegy/ as is shown by its title : ' Written
in a Churchyard, on seeing a number of cattle
grazing in it.'

Susanna Blamire's life was uneventful, and
there are scarcely any records of it left. She
lived in an obscure part of England amongst
her own relatives, and her correspondence has
not been preserved. Her poems were fugi-
tive pieces, some of which appeared in maga-
zines, but were never signed by her name.
They were not collected till long after her
death, when her memory had almost faded
away, and personal details were vague. She
is described as of ' graceful form, somewhat
above the middle size, and a countenance,
though slightly marked with the smallpox,
beaming with good nature ; her dark eyes
sparkled with animation.' Her country neigh-
bours called her a 'bonnie and varra lish young
lass.' She lived among the rustics, entered
into their enjoyments, and sympathised with
their troubles. She was fond of society, and
was in great request at the l merrie-neets/
or social gatherings, where she mixed with
every class. A good farmer said sadly after
her death : ' The merrie-neets won't be worth
going to since she is no more.' The genuine
gaiety and sprightliness of her disposition may
be judged by the fact that if she met a wan-
dering musician on the road she was known
to dismount from her pony, ask for the music
of a jig, and dance, till she was weary, on the
grass.

Susanna's eldest sister married Colonel Gra-
ham, of Gartmore, in 1767. A Graham of
Gartmore was the author of the song, ' Oh,
tell me how to woo thee/ and the traditions
of culture were common to the family of Gra-
ham. Through her sister's marriage Susanna
was introduced into a circle which sympa-
thised with her poetical tastes. She often
paid visits to Scotland. Once she went, to
see a relation who lived at Chill ingham, and
while there she attracted the attention of
Lord Tankerville and his family. At his re-
quest she wrote one of her most characteristic
sketches of rustic life, a dialogue beginning,
'Why, Ned, man, thou luiks sae down-
hearted.' Her poems were mostly written in
this way, on the spur of the moment, and very
few were revised with a view to publication.
Her poetical gift was, in fact, regarded by her
as an accomplishment which she sometimes
used to please her friends. It was the cus-
tom for the wealthier families in Cumberland
to take lodgings in Carlisle for the winter
months. There Susanna Blamire made the
acquaintance of one like-minded with herself,

Blamire

192

Blamire

Catharine Gilpin of Scaleby Castle, a member
of the family which produced Bernard Gilpin,
the apostle of the north. Catharine Gilpin
was also a poet. The two ladies lodged to-
gether in Carlisle, and wrote poems in com-
mon, so that it is difficult in all cases to dis-
tinguish the authorship. What little else is
known about Susanna Blamire is gathered
from her poems. ' Stoklewath, or the Cum-
brian Village,' a poem which recalls Gold-
smith's 'Deserted Village,' gives a faithful
picture of the surroundings of her ordinary
life. A poetical ' Epistle to Friends at Gart-
more ' describes the homely occupations of her
days at Thackwood. In it she speaks of keen
suffering from rheumatism, and her poems
bear increasing signs that they were written
in the intervals of bodily pain. Her ailments
gained upon her, and she died in Carlisle on
5 April 1794 in her forty-seventh year.

Susanna Blamire was a true poet, and de-
serves more recognition than she has yet re-
ceived. Her sphere is somewhat narrow, but
everything that she has written is genuine and
truthful . She has caught the peculiar humour
of the Cumbrian folk with admirable truth,
and depicts it faithfully so far as was consis-
tent with her own refinement. As a song-
writer she deserves to rank very high. She
preferred to write songs in the Scottish dia-
lect, and three at least of her songs are ex-
quisite, 'What ails this heart o' mine ? ' t And
ye shall walk in silk attire,' and ' The Travel-
ler's Return.' Another beautiful song, ' The
Waefu' Heart,' is, with great probability, at-
tributed to her. Susanna Blamire did not
write for fame, and fame was slow in coming
to her. Her song, ' The Traveller's Return,'
or * The Nabob,' as it was sometimes called,
was printed with her name in various col-
lections of Scottish songs. It fell into the
hands of a gentleman in India, Mr. Patrick
Maxwell, and fascinated him by its appropri-
ateness to his own thoughts. When he re-
turned to England he devoted himself to the
discovery of Miss Blamire's writings. In 1829
he found that Robert Anderson, the author
of ' Cumberland Ballads,' possessed a few of
her poems in manuscript and a few materials
for a memoir. He continued his search among
the members of Susanna Blamire's family and
the families of her friends. He filled with
like enthusiasm a medical student whom he
met in Edinburgh, Dr. Lonsdale, a native of
Carlisle. By their combined energy what re-
mained of Susanna Blamire's manuscripts
were gathered together, and such records of
her life as still survived were collected. The
fruit of their labours was at length published :
'The Poetical Works of Miss Susanna Bla-
mire, "The Muse of Cumberland," now for

the first time collected by Henry Lonsdale,
M.D., with a preface, memoir, and notes by
Patrick Maxwell,' Edinburgh, 1842. To this
collection a few additions have been made in
'The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland,'
edited by Sidney Gilpin, London, 1866.

[Authorities cited above.] M. C.

BLAMIRE, WILLIAM (1790-1862),
tithe commissioner, was the nephew of Su-
sanna Blamire [q. v.], being the only son of her
brother William, who, in his early days, was a
naval surgeon, but later in life settled down on
his ancestral estate, The Oaks, near Dalston,
in Cumberland. The vicar of Dalston was
j the famous William Paley, and by him Wil-
! liam Blamire was baptised. In later life he
! attributed to his early intercourse with Paley,
j and his consequent knowledge of Paley's
' Moral and Political Philosophy,' the origin
of those ideas which he was enabled to carry
! out in practical politics. He received a good
, education, first at Westminster School, and
afterwards at Christ Church, Oxford, where
! he graduated in 1811. To the disappointment
of his father he refused to follow any of the
j learned professions, and preferred to settle on
one of his father's farms at Thackwood Nook,
j about three miles distant from his home. On
: his mother's side William Blamire was a
i nephew of John Christian Curwen [q. v.], of
Workington Hall, who was the great promoter
of agricultural improvements in Cumberland.
William Blamire imbibed his uncle's zeal for
agricultural science, and made many experi-
! ments in the breeding of stock, which cost him
| dear ; but his experience was always at the ser-
vice of his neighbours. He was well known at
agricultural dinners,where his wise advice and
! his personal geniality made him deservedly
' popular amongst the sturdy and independent
yeomen of his county. When, in 1828, he
was nominated high sheriff of Cumberland,
the yeomanry of the neighbourhood, to the
number of several hundred, mounted their
horses and escorted him to Carlisle, as a token
of their desire to do him honour.

In politics William Blamire was a strong
whig, and had taken an active part in par-
liamentary elections in behalf of his uncle,
John Christian Curwen, who, in 1820, was
elected both by the city of Carlisle and by
the county of Cumberland. In the excite-
ment about the Reform Bill the whigs in
Cumberland resolved to run two candidates
for the election of 1831. The personal popu-
larity of William Blamire marked him out as
the colleague of Sir James Graham against
Lord Lowther, who sat as a conservative.
The Cumberland election of 1831 is one of the
most exciting in the annals of parliamentary

Blamire

193

Blamire

contests. The sole polling-place was at Cocker-
mouth, at one corner of the county, in the
neighbourhood where the Lowther interest
was strongest. It needed the personal en-
thusiasm which Blamire inspired to induce
voters to incur the expense of so long a jour-
ney. But his yeoman friends rode in such
an imposing cavalcade towards Oockermouth
that Lord Lowther felt it better to retire on the
third day's polling than to be ignominiously
defeated.

In 1834 Blamire married his cousin, Doro-
thy Taubman. In parliament he showed
great knowledge of matters concerning land
tenures, and was useful on committees ; but
his reputation was made by a speech on the
Tithe Commutation Bill, which was intro-
duced by Lord John Russell in 1836. He
was complimented by Sir Robert Peel on his
consummate knowledge of the subject. His
suggestions were listened to by the govern-
ment, and the adoption of a seven years' ave-
rage of the price of corn as the basis of com-
mutation was the result of his practical expe-
rience in farming matters. When the bill
became law, Blamire was appointed the chief
commissioner for carrying it into effect. He
resigned his seat in parliament and devoted
himself exclusively to the adjustment of de-
tails which concerned every landowner and
every clergyman in England. He had able
colleagues in Colonel Wentworth Buller and
Rev. R. Jones. The work was enormous in
its extent, and beset with difficulties. First,
the sum to be paid in lieu of tithe had to be
fixed for each parish, then the rent-charge so
fixed had to be apportioned on the different
properties in the parish. There was need of
strong common sense and great power of con-
ciliation to carry out so complicated a pro-
cess. The absence of proper maps was another
difficulty, and the commissioners had fre-
quently to investigate and decide upon the
exact boundaries of parishes. It was owing
to Blamire's suggestion while engaged in this
work that the ordnance survey was under-
taken in 1842, in accordance with the report
of a committee of which Blamire was a chief
member. The work of the tithe commission
lasted from 1836 to 1851, when it was prac-
tically completed. Few reforms of such mag-
nitude, involving so many interests, have given
such universal satisfaction, and have stood
the test of time so well. The work of the tithe
commissioners has needed no amendment.

Blamire's energies, however, were not en-
tirely absorbed by the work of tithe commu-
tation. He was interested in all questions af-
fecting land tenure, and his suggestions were of
great use to Lords Lansdowne and Brougham
in framing their ; Copyhold Enfranchise-
VOL. v.

j ment Act.' When this act came into force
in 1841, Blamire was made a commissioner
for the purpose of carrying it out. At first
the enfranchisement was voluntary, but the
commissioners pressed that it should be made
compulsory, which was practically, done by
the acts of 1852 and 1858. Moreover, Blamire
was of great service to the government in pre-
paring the t Commons Enclosure Act/ passed
in 1845, by means of which large tracts of
waste land were divided and enclosed, so that
they could be brought under cultivation. The
evidence given by Blamire before the com-
mittee of the House of Commons on ' Com-
monable Lands and Enclosure Acts ' (1843)
is one of the most important sources of infor-
mation concerning the tenure and incidents
of commons. After the passing of the act
it was felt that the tithe commissioners could
not be saddled with any fresh duties; but
Blamire's assistance was considered to be so
necessary that he was requested to assume the
post of enclo&ure commissioner without any
salary. It was at his suggestion that the act
embodied clauses allowing the exchange of
lands of equal value by a simple process. In
1846 the scope of the labours of the enclosure
commissioners was still further extended by
an l Act authorising the Advance of Public
Money to promote the Drainage and Im-
provement of Land in Great Britain.'

Besides attending to these important ad-
ministrative measures Blamire was constantly
consulted by ministers on all matters con-
cerned with farming, such as the remedy for
the potato blight, and the measures necessary
to check the cattle plague. He prepared, in
1846, a Highway Act, which was postponed
at the time ; but his labours prepared the way
for future legislation, and his principles prac-
tically prevail at present in regard to the ad-
ministration of the highways. In all this work
Blamire was unsparing of himself, and often
was in his office till midnight. For months
his horse was brpught daily to the office door,
in hopes that he might find time for a ride ;
but the horse was never used. His stalwart
frame enabled him to endure much hard work ;
but in 1847 he was affected by paralysis of
the right arm. He soon recovered, and
worked as hard as before. His wife's death
in 1857 took him back to Cumberland, where
he had not visited his home for seventeen
years. His last work was the completion of
the Drainage Act by an < Outfall Bill,' which
was necessary to enable the drainage of low-
lying and swampy ground. In the summer
of 1860 his health entirely broke down. His
mental and bodily powers slowly declined,
and he died at Thackwood Nook on 12 Jan.
1862. Blamire is a conspicuous example of

Blanchard

194

Blanchard

practical capacity in an official position. His
.thorough knowledge of agriculture, combined
with his good education and sound sense,
enabled him to suggest practical solutions for
many questions of complicated detail. His
labours are of a kind that meets with small
recognition; they are embodied in statutes
and official reports. The working of the Eng-
lish parliamentary system put him in a posi-
tion where his voice could be heard. He
became an official without any previous train-
ing, and devoted to the public service remark-
able powers of business and untiring industry.

[Lonsdale's Life of William Blamire in the
Worthies of Cumberland, vol. i. 1867.] M. C.

BLANCHARD, SAMUEL LAMAN,
commonly known as LAMAN BLANCHAKD
(1804-1845), author, born at Great Yarmouth
on 15 May 1804, was the only son of Samuel
Blanchard, by his wife Mary Laman, the
widow of a Mr. Cowell. His father settled
in Southwark in 1840 as a painter and glazier,
and in 1809 young Blanchard entered St.
Olave's School, where he made rapid progress.
His parents declined the offer of the school
trustees to send him to a university, and he
became clerk to Mr. Charles Pearson, a proctor
of Doctors' Commons. His tastes from an
early period were literary, and the occupa-
tion proved distasteful to him. He made the
acquaintance of Douglas Jerrold, then a youth
of about his own age, and through Jerrold
of Buckstone, the actor. After abandoning
a notion of going to fight under Lord Byron
in Greece, Blanchard resolved to devote him-
self to the stage. He contributed dramatic
sketches, after Barry Cornwall's example, to
a paper called the ' Drama,' and joined for
a very short time a travelling troop of actors
formed by the manager of the Margate
theatre. Subsequently he became a proof-
reader in the printing office of Messrs.
Bayliss, of Fleet Street, and contributed
prose and verse to the ' Monthly Magazine.'
In 1823 he married Miss Ann Gates. In
1827, through the influence of N. A. Vigors,
M.P. for Carlow, a relation of his wife, he
was appointed secretary to the Zoological
Society. He held the post for three years,
and in that interval largely increased his
literary acquaintance and influence. In 1828
William Harrison Ainsworth, then a pub-
lisher in Old Bond Street, published for him
his ' Lyric Offerings,' a collection of verse,
which he dedicated to Charles Lamb. The
volume was highly praised by Lamb and
Allan Cunningham. In 1831 Blanchard be-
came acting editor of the ' Monthly Magazine '
under Dr. Croly, and during the next year
he began to edit the 'True Sun/ a daily

liberal paper. But the 'True Sun' failed
in 1836, and Blanchard was appointed editor
of the ' Constitutional,' an advanced liberal
organ, which soon died. During 1837 Blan-
chard edited the * Court Journal,' and from
1837 to 1839 he edited the 'Courier,' a
liberal evening newspaper, which under his
management proved of service to his party.
He retired from the paper in 1839 in conse-
quence of a change in its proprietorship and
politics, and a vain attempt was made by Sir
Edward Bulwer and other friends to obtain
for Blanchard a government clerkship or the
editorship of the 'London Gazette.' From
1841 till his death he was closely connected
with the ' Examiner.' In 1842 he edited a
monthly magazine called 'George Cruik-
shank's Omnibus,' to which he contributed
several poems. In February 1844 Mrs. Blan-
chard was seized with paralysis, and, after a
painful illness, died on 15 Dec. following.
Blanchard's health, long weakened by his un-
interrupted journalistic work, gave way under
the shock, and he died by his own hand in a
fit of delirium on 15 Feb. 1845. He left
three children, his eldest son being Sidney
Laman Blanchard.

Blanchard's personal character was sin-
gularly attractive, and his friends were very
numerous. Douglas Jerrold, J. B. Buckstone,
E. Chatfield, and John Ogden he came to
know in very early life, and in later years
he was on terms of intimacy with Serjeant
Talfourd, Charles Dickens, Leigh Hunt, John
Forster, B. W. Procter, Robert Browning,
George Cruikshank, and W. C. Macready.
In 1831 he directed, at the father's request,
the arrangements for the funeral of William
Godwin's only son, who died of cholera. He
was the firm friend of L. E. L.[andon]
throughout her literary life, and published
her 'Life and Literary Remains' in 1841.
With William Harrison Ainsworth, the
novelist, he was long in intimate relations,
and he contributed a laudatory memoir of
Ainsworth to the ' Mirror ' in 1842, which
has been frequently reprinted as a preface to

i Ainsworth's collected works. In 1832 he
made the acquaintance of Sir Edward Bulwer
Lytton, who had re viewed, his 'Lyric Offer-

i ings ' very favourably in the ' New Monthly

j Magazine,' and the friendship lasted till

\ Blanchard's death.

Blanchard was in his own day a very popu-
lar writer of light literature, but he wrote
nothing of lasting merit. His ' Sonnets ' and
his ' Lyric Offerings ' show the influence of
Wordsworth, but are commonplace in senti-
ment and versification. His vers de soci6t6
run easily, but are less readable now than
those of many of his contemporaries. His

Blanchard

195

Blanchard

prose'essays take an invariably cheerful view
of life, but they are not to be classed in the
same category as the 'Essays of Elia,' which
Blanchard clearly took as his model. Bul-
wer-Lytton warned Blanchard in early life
that ' periodical writing is the grave of true
genius,' and Blanchard's literary career
proves the wisdom of the warning.

Bulwer-Lytton collected many of Blan-
•chard's prose essays in 1846 under the title
of ' Sketches of Life ' (3 vols.) His poetical
works were collected in 1876 by Blanchard
Jerrold. The former work contains a por-
trait after a drawing by Maclise, and wood
engravings by George Cruikshank, Kenny
Meadows, and Frank Stone. The latter con-
tains a portrait from a miniature by Louisa
Stuart Costello. A series of amusing essays
by Blanchard entitled l Corporation Charac-
ters,' illustrated by Kenny Meadows, was
published in 1855.

[Bulwer-Lytton contributed a memoir of Blan-
•chard to his edition of the ' Sketches from Life,'
1846, which embodies some interesting reminis-
cences by J. B. Buckstone. Blanchard Jerrold
•wrote a memoir in the Poetical Works, 1876, and
printed a series of interesting letters from many
well-known literary men to Blanchard. Thacke-
ray contributed an article on Blanchard to
Fraser's Magazine, March 1846, which is reprinted
in vol. xxv. of the Standard edition of Thackeray's
Works, pp. 103-19.] S. L. L.

BLANCHARD, WILLIAM (1769-
1835), comedian, was born at York 2 Jan.
1769, and for a few years was educated at a
private school in that city. Losing both his
father, John Blanchard, and his mother, whose
maiden name was Clapham, while he was yet
a child, he was left to the care of his uncle,
William Blanchard, long well known as the
proprietor of the ' York Chronicle,' by whom
he was reared with a tenderness seldom dis-
played even by a parent. In 1782 he was
placed in his uncle's office. He took such
delight in Shakespeare that in 1785 he re-
solved to become an actor. He joined Mr.
Welsh's company of travelling comedians at
Buxton. His first appearance was as Allan-
a-Dale in M'Nally's < Robin Hood.' For four
years he played under the name of Bentley,
but from 1789 in his own name. He took
the parts of Achmet, Douglas, and even Ro-
meo. Asperne, of the ' European Magazine,'
wrote of him at that period : ' I knew John
Kemble in 1779, and he was not then half so
promising a performer as William Blanchard
appeared to me in 1790. Blanchard had more
fire, more nature, and more knowledge of the
stage.' He next became a manager, opening
theatres at Penrith, Hexham, Barnard Castle,

and Bishop Auckland. He lost money, and
joined Mr. Brunton's company of players on
the Norwich circuit, and took to comic parts.
His first appearance in London was made at
Covent Garden 1 Oct. 1800 as Bob Acres, in
which he succeeded remarkably, and as Crack
in the musical farce of the ' Turnpike Gate.'
By the middle of his second season Mr. Harris
cancelled the original arrangement for five
years by re-engaging him for seven, with an
increased salary. In certain classes of cha-
racter he secured a position of recognised pre-
eminence. Oxberry (p. 278) calls him ( un-
questionably the best drunken man on the
stage.' At Covent Garden Theatre, saving
only for a brief professional visit to America
in 1832, Blanchard remained continuously
for thirty-four years. He was especially noted
for his Shakespearian impersonations of Flu-
ellen, Sir Hugh Evans, Menenius, and Polo-
nius. According to Leigh Hunt, his best
performance was the Marquis de Grand-Cha-
teau in the musical toy show of the * Cabinet.'
Leigh Hunt also praises highly his Russett
in Colman's ' Jealous Wife.' Similar testi-
mony to his skill is borne by all the best dra-
matic critics of the time. The last character
created by him was that of Counsellor Crows-
foot in Douglas Jerrold's comedy of ' Nell
G wynne,' produced at Covent Garden Theatre
9 Jan. 1 833, which was warmly spoken of in
the < Athenaeum,' 12 Jan. 1833.' Blanchard's
death occurred very suddenly on 8 May 1835.
He died in his sixty-sixth year, and was
buried in the graveyard of St. Luke's Church,
Chelsea. His widow, Sarah Blanchard, who
was left with two sons, survived her husband
nearly forty years, dying at the age of eighty-
nine on 15 Feb. 1875. Among the best known
portraits of Blanchard in character are two
by De Wilde, one representing him as Sir
Andrew Aguecheek in ' Twelfth Night/ and
the other as the Marquis de Grand-Chateau.
Better known, through engravings of them,
are two famous theatrical paintings. In the
' Scene from Love, Law, and Physic,' by
George Clint, A.R.A., the original of which
is ^reserved at the Garrick Club, lifelike por-
traits are introduced of Listen as Lubin Log,
Mathews as Flexible, Blanchard as Dr. Cam-
phor, and John Emery as Andrew; while
in the scene from the ' Beggar's Opera ' the
same artist has given all but speaking like-
nesses of William Blanchard as Peachum, of
Mrs. Davenport as Mrs. Peachum, and of Miss
Maria Tree as Polly. Exactly a year and a
day after Blanchard's death his uncle died on
the very day on which he completed his
eighty-seventh year, after having honourably
conducted the 'York Chronicle' for sixty
years as editor and proprietor.

o2

Blanchard

196

Bland

[Oxberry's Dramatic Biography, April 1826,
iv. 271-82; Thespian Dictionary, p. 40; MS.
notes from his younger son. E.- L. Blanchard,
March 1884 ; Geneste. vii. 509, passim through
the rest of that and vols. viii. and ix. ; Annual
Eegister, 1835, p. 221 ; Croker's Walk from Lon-
don to Fulham, 1860, p. 81 ; Hunt's Critical Es-
says on the Performers of the London Theatres,
pp. 122-4.] C. K.

BLANCHARD, WILLIAM ISAAC (d.

1796), stenographer, was the grandson of a
French refugee, who resided in England. He
became a professional shorthand writer, and
practised his art in Westminster Hall from
1767 till his death in 1796. His offices were at
4 Dean Street, Fetter Lane, and 10 Clifford's
Inn. He was the inventor cf two separate and
distinct systems of stenography, the first of
which he published under the title of ( A Com-
plete System of Shorthand, being an improve-
ment upon all the authors whose systems have
yet been made public ; is easy to be attained,
and may be read again at any distance of time
with the greatest certainty ; it being properly
adapted to the Latin tongue, and all sorts of
technical terms, will make it extremely use-
ful for law, physic, or divinity,' Lond. 1779,
8vo, 16 pp. and two plates. This was followed
by the explanation of a much more elaborate
system in l The Complete Instructor of Short-
hand, upon principles applicable to the Euro-
pean languages ; also to the technical terms
used by anatomists, and more comprehensive
and easy to write and to read than any sys-
tem hitherto published,' Lond. 1786, 4to.
The method of stenography described in this
last work was never practised to any extent,
and it certainly does not deserve the extrava-
gant praise bestowed upon it by the author
of the ' Historical Account of Shorthand/
which passes under the name of James Henry
Lewis. Several trials taken in shorthand by
Blanchard were published between 1775 and
1791, including the trials of Admiral Keppel
and Home Tooke.

[Zeibig's Geschichte und Literatur der Ge-
schwindschreibkunst, 208; Rockwell's Teaching,
Practice, and Lit. of Shorthand, 69 ; Phonotypic
Journal, vi. 334; Lewis's Hist, of Shorthand,
158-63 ; Gent. Mag. Ixv. (ii.) 881, Ixvii. (i.) 435 ;
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Biog. Diet,
of Living Authors (1816), 30 ; Trial of the Dean
of St. Asaph on the Prosecution of Wm. Jones
(1783), 77 ; Shorthand (1883), ii. 11.] T. C.

BLAND, ELIZABETH (/. 1681-1712),
celebrated for her knowledge of Hebrew,
was the daughter and heiress of Robert Fisher,
of Long Acre, and was born about the time
of the Restoration. Her Hebrew teacher is
said to have been Francis van Helmont, com-

monly known as Baron van Helmont. She
was married on 26 April 1681 at St. Mary-le-
Savoy to Mr. Nathaniel Bland, then a mer-
chant of London and freeman of the Glovers'
Company, but who in 1692 succeeded his
father, Richard Bland, as lord of the manor
of Beeston, near Leeds, Yorkshire, where he
thenceforward resided. Of their six children
all but two, Joseph and Martha, died in in-
fancy. It appears from Thoresby's ' Ducat us
Leodiensis' that Mrs. Bland was alive in 1712.
She is known only by a phylactery in Hebrew
written at Thoresby's request for his ' Mu-
saeum Thoresbianum,' to which she also pre-
sented a ' Turkish Commission.' Dr. Nathaniel
Grew describes the phylactery as a scroll of
parchment £in. broad and 15 in. long, with
four sentences of the law (Exod. xiii. 7-11,
13-17 ; Deut. vi. 3-10; and Deut. xi. 13-19)
' most curiously written upon it in Hebrew/
She taught Hebrew to her son and daughter.

[Ballard's Memoirs of Celebrated Ladies, ed.
1752, p. 416 ; Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis,
p. 207 ; catalogue of his museum, pp. 59, 128 ;
Dr. Grew's Rarities preserved at Gresham Col-
lege, ed. 1681, p. 377.] R. H. B.

BLAND, HUMPHREY (1686 p-1 763),
of Bland's Fort, Queen's County, Ireland,
general and colonel of the King's dragoon
guards, and military writer, belonged to a
family originally of Yorkshire, settled in Ire-
land about 1664. According to fragmentary
notices in the published records of regiments
of which he was colonel, he obtained his first
commission on 4 Feb. 1704; made several
campaigns under Marlborough as lieutenant
and captain in some regiment of horse ; and
was wounded at the battle of Almanara in
1710, "whilst serving in Spain with the Royal
dragoons. The authority for these state-
ments is uncertain. In 1715, when Honey-
wood's dragoons, the present llth hussars,
were raised in Essex, Bland was appointed
major in the regiment, and served with it in.
the north of England during the Jacobite
disturbances of that year, in which he appears
to have been conspicuous by his zeal and
activity. Among the Duke of Marlboro ugh's
MSS. are lists of ' gentlemen and noblemen
of distinction taken at Preston and carryed
to London by Major Bland,' which evidently
refer to this period (see Hist. MSS. Comm. 8t/i
Report} . Subsequently he became lieutenant-
colonel of the King's regiment of horse, now
the King's dragoon guards, and while so em-
ployed brought out his ' Treatise on Disci-
pline,' a work which went through many
editions, and for the greater part of the
century was the recognised text-book of drill
and discipline in the British army. His

Bland

i97

Bland

.staunch loyalty to the reigning house, no less
than his undoubted military ability, appears
to have gained him favour, and he Avas ap-
pointed, in succession, colonel of 36th foot
and of the 13th dragoons, then both on the
Irish establishment, and afterwards of the 3rd
King's Own dragoons, which regiment was
long known as Eland's dragoons. He became
quartermaster-general at head-quarters in
1742, in succession to General John Arm-
strong, F.R.S., and in the same capacity made
the campaigns in Flanders, in which he had a
horse shot under him at Dettingen, and much
distinguished himself at Fontenoy. He held
a major-general's command under the Duke
of Cumberland in the Culloden campaign. |
In 1749 he was appointed governor of the ;
town and garrison of Gibraltar, in succession
to Lieutenant-general Hargreaves, and pro-
ceeded thither with a special mission ' to re-
dress the civil grievances of which the inha-
bitants of the city had complained ' (Lansd. |
MSS. 1234). About the same time General :
Bland and the master of the rolls were nomi- J
nated to assess the costs and damages ordered '
to be paid by General Anstruther in respect
of matters in the island of Minorca (DoD-
DINGTON'S Memoirs, p. 119). In 1752 General
Bland was transferred to the colonelcy of the
King's dragoon guards, and in the same year
{Feb. 15) he was appointed governor of Edin-
burgh Castle, an office which he retained till
his death. On 17 Nov. 1753 he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland.
The remainder of his life appears to have been
chiefly passed on his Irish property at Eland's
Fort. He died in London in 1763, without
issue, aged seventy-seven. There is a letter
in the British Museum, addressed by his wife,
Mrs. Elizabeth Bland, to Lord Bute about i
the year 1762, which shows that some attempt
was made to influence the political views of
the veteran general by measures then only too
common. 1 1 abhor the thought of shocking
Mr. Bland with the mean and indelicate pro-
posal mentioned,' writes the lady ; ' and if it
should please his majesty to deprive him of
the employments he has the honour to hold,
which I flatter myself, from the king's infinite
goodness and humanity and Mr. Eland's long
and well-intended services, will not be the
case, I will not expose my reputation to the
censure of the world by accepting any mer-
cenary consideration for the purpose ' (Add.
MS& 5726 C. f. 45). Mrs. Bland, who is '
described in a note upon the letter as ' sister-
in-law to the late Lord Stair,' survived her
husband many years, and died at Isleworth,
at a very advanced age, on 14 Oct. 1816, the
.same day as her late husband's nephew and
coheir, General Thomas Bland, colonel 5th

dragoon guards (see CANNON, Hist. lice. 5tk
Dray. Gds.}

Eland's ; Treatise on Discipline ' was first
published in 1727 ; in the preface the author
describes it as intended to record the practice
followed in the recent campaigns, personal
knowledge of which even then was fast dying
out, and as being the only work on the sub-
ject of military discipline which had appeared
in the English language since the publication,
fifty years before, of the Earl of Orrery's
treatise, which by that time had become ob-
solete. The latest edition appeared in 1762,
and is marked on the title-page as the ninth.
It contains, amongst other corrections and
additions, some curious instructions for the
drill and manoeuvre of the light troops ol
regiments of horse and dragoons, by Mr.
Fawcett, an officer of Elliot's light horse,
afterwards General Sir W. Fawcett, adjutant-
general of the forces.

In a miscellaneous volume preserved among
the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Mu-
seum, there is an autograph book of some
forty pages, which appears to have escaped the
notice of historians of Gibraltar. It is de-
scribed as 'An Account of Lieutenant-general
Eland's Conduct during the time he was
governor of Gibraltar, showing the methods
he took to establish his majesty's revenue,
the property of the inhabitants, and the civil
police of the town in all its branches. With
the methods taken by him to cultivate a good
understanding with his neighbours the Spa-
niards and Moors. Written by himself for
the information of those who may succeed
to this command. Given at Gibraltar 3rd
day of May 1751 ' (Lansdowne MS. 1234,
p. 91). The work evinces a very compre-
hensive grasp of administrative detail, civil
as well as political, and was written, the
author states, ' that his successors may not
labour under the same disadvantage as him-
self, to find everything in confusion, and no
information of any kind left to guide them.'

[Carlisle's Collections for a Hist, of Ancient
Family of Bland (London, 1826) ; Cannon's Hist.
Records 1st D™*. Gds., 3rd, llth, 13th Drags.,
36th Foot ; Lansdowne and Add. MSS. ut supra ;
Home Office, Mil. Entry Books, 1700-50 ; Eland's
Treatise on Discipline, various eds. ; Scots Mag.
1749, 1752, 1753, 1754.] H. M. C.

BLAND, JOHN (d. 1555), Marian martyr,
was born at Sedbergh on the north-west
border of Yorkshire, was educated by Dr.
Lupton, provost of Eton, and took the de-
gree of M. A. at Cambridge University. He
was for some time a * bringer-up of youth,
perhaps in the school of Furness Abbey, one
of his pupils being Edwin Sandys, afterwards

Bland

198

Bland

archbishop of York. Eventually he entered I
the ministry and became rector of Adisham
in Kent. On Mary's accession his church-
warden, heading the papists in his parish,
procured in December 1553 a priest from a j
neighbouring parish to say mass. Bland in- \
terfered before the celebration, and explained ,
to the people the ' misuse of the sacrament !
in the mass.' He was immediately arrested, j
and in May 1554, having spent ten weeks in '
prison, was examined before Harpsfield, arch- j
deacon of Canterbury, and Collins, the com- I
missary of Cardinal Pole. This examination j
and many others led to no result, and for j
some ten months Bland was kept in close j
confinement ' within the bar amongst the
felons, and irons upon our arms.' His chief •
enemy was Thorneden, suffragan bishop of j
Dover, who superseded him in his living.
Both Collins and Thorneden had turned with \
the times, and Bland was able to remind
them both to their faces publicly how he had
heard them make profession of the opinions
they were now persecuting. After many
and tedious examinations, in which Bland
gallantly held his foes at bay, he finally, in
June 1555, confessed his denial, firstly, of
the corporal presence; secondly, of the le-
gality of administration of the sacraments in
an unknown tongue ; and, thirdly, of the
legality of administration of the eucharist in
one kind ; he was consequently condemned,
and on 12 July 1555 burned at Canterbury,
along with John Sheterden, vicar of Rolven-
den, and two laymen, John Frankish and
Humfrey Middleton.

[Foxe's Acts and Monuments ; Strype's Me-
morials, iii. 211 ; Allen's History of Yorkshire,
iii. 357.] E. B.

BLAND, JOHN (1702-1750), writing-
master, was born 17 Aug. 1702 in Crutched-
friars, London, his father being a clerk in
the_ Victualling Office, Tower Hill (MASSEY,
Origin and Progress of Letters, part ii. p. 25).
About 1710 John Bland was put to West-
minster School, where he stayed four years,
and then, returning to the city, he became a
pupil of a Mr. Snell,' Foster Lane. About
1717 he took a clerkship in the Custom-house
(his own Essay on Writing, 1730, preface),
where he stayed nine years, and where he
acquired his knowledge of ship-marks, in-
voices, bill-headings, applications, petitions,
&c., which form the matter of his published
copy-plates. In 1726 he became writing-
master in Mr. William Watts's Academy in
Little Tower Street, and thence, in 1730, he
issued the ' Essay on Writing,' his preface
being dated 13 Jan. 1729-30. About the
same time Bland prepared five elaborately

flourished pieces of penmanship for George
Bickham s ' Universal Penman ' (MASSEY,
part ii. p. 27). In 1739, after thirteen years
with Mr. Watts, he established himself in
Birchin Lane as an accountant and a writing-
master. In 1740 another writing-master,
Joseph Champion, issued a work, * Penman-
ship,' &c., in which some specimens by Bland
appeared. In 1744 Bland relinquished his
office in Birchin Lane, and opened an academy
in Bishopsgate Street, and he continued at
the head of that till he died, 21 Jan. 1749-50,
aged 47. He was buried in St. Martin Out-
wich Church, at the end of Threadneedle
Street. Bland's 'Essay on Writing' was
republished in 1803.

[Massey's Origin and Progress of Letters,
part ii., article ' John Bland ; ' Preface to Bland'*
own Essay on Writing, 1730 ; Preface to Joseph
Champion's Penmanship, 1740.] J. H.

BLAND, JOHN (d. 1788), dramatist,
is the author of a solitary dramatic produc-
tion, the ' Song of Solomon,' in seven scenes,
printed in 8vo in 1750. He is therein styled
a gentleman, and is described as living in
Portpool Lane, Gray's Inn Lane, where he is-
prepared to give lessons in the art of punc-
tuation by the accent points in the Hebrew
code. The 'Biographia Dramatica' asserts
that he died at his house at Deptford about
No'vember 1788,

[Baker's Biog. Dramat. ; Egerton's Theatrical
Remembrancer, 1788; Gilliland's Dramatic
Mirror, 1808.] J. K.

BLAND, MAKIA THEEESA (1769-
1838), vocalist, was the daughter of Italian
Jews named Romanzini. Her parents came
to London soon after their daughter's birth,
and in the spring of 1773, through the influ-
ence of a hairdresser named Cady, obtained an
engagement for their child at Hughes's Riding'
School. Her vocal talent developed at a very
early age, and after singing at the Royal
Circus she was engaged by Daly for the
Dublin Theatre, where she sang with great
success. In 1782, on the retirement of Mrs.
Wrighten, she was engaged at Drury Lane to
take her parts, which were those known as
1 'singing chambermaids.' Miss Romanzini's
first appearance at Drury Lane took place
j on 24 Oct. 1786, when she played Antonio
! in an English version of Gretry's ' Richard
Cceur-de-Lion/ In 1789 she went to Liver-
pool, and sang there with such success, both
on the stage and at concerts, that she refused
to return to Drury Lane unless her salary
were raised. The management declining to
grant her request, after waiting a few weeks,
she came back to London and resumed her

Bland

199

Bland

place at Drury Lane. On 21 Oct. 1790 she
was married to Bland, a brother of Mrs. Jor-
dan of Drury Lane Theatre, and an actor of no
great distinction. Mrs. Bland remained at-
tached to the Drury Lane company for the
greater part of her life, but she also sang at
the Haymarket under Colman's management,
where her first appearance took place in 1791,
as Wowski in Arnold's l Inkle and Yarico.'
She also sang for several seasons at Vauxhall.
In 1824 she began to exhibit symptoms of
imbecility, which developed into a kind of
melancholy madness. On 5 July 1824 a
performance was given for her benefit at
Drury Lane, which produced (together with
a public subscription) about 800/. The money
was handed over to Lord Egremont, who
allowed her an annuity of 80/. She lived
for the rest of her life with a family named
Western, at the Broadway, Westminster,
where she died of a fit of apoplexy on 15 Jan.
1838. She was buried at St. Margaret's,
Westminster, on 25 Jan. Her husband,
whom it was said that she had treated badly,
left her some years earlier and went to
America, where he died. Mrs. Bland's voice
was a mezzo-soprano of very sweet quality.
Her powers were limited, but as a singer of
English ballads she was singularly perfect
and free from any blemish of style or taste.
In person she was short and dark, but her
acting was very bright and vivacious. The
following is a list of the principal engraved
portraits of her: 1, in the 'Thespian Maga-
zine,' vol. i., by J. Conde (published 1 Aug.
1792); 2, as Miss Notable in the 'Lady's
Last Stake,' by De Wilde (published 23 June
1795); 3, as Nina in the 'Prisoner' (pub-
lished 1 Feb. 1796) ; 4 and 5, as Mary Ann
in the l School for Guardians,' by Graham
(published21 Jan. 1797) ; 6, 'The Little Bland
Melodist' (coloured) (published 12 March
1805) ; 7, as Madelon in the ' Surrender of
Calais' (n. d.); and 8, as Sally in the 'Ship-
wreck,' by De Wilde (n. d.) Mrs. Bland
had two sons : Charles, a tenor singer, who
was the original Oberon in Weber's opera, and
James, a bass, who began life as an opera
singer, but was afterwards better known as
an actor of burlesque, and who died at the
Strand Theatre on 17 July 1861.

[Ann. Register, Ixxx. 197 ; Georgian Era, iv.
297 ; Genest's Hist, of the Stage, vi. 424, ix.
240; Musical World, 19 and 26 Jan. 1838;
Thespian Magazine, i. 298; Gent. Mag. 1790,
956 ; Kelly's Reminiscences, ii. 80 ; information
from Mr. W. H. Husk.] W. B. S.

BLAND, MILES (1786-1868), mathema-
tician, born in 1786, was educated at St.
John's College, Cambridge, where he gradu-

ated B.A. in 1808, as second wrangler and
I Smith's prizeman. He was afterwards
elected fellow (5 April 1808) and tutor of
I his college, and acted as moderator (1814,
! 1815, 1816) and public examiner (1817-
| 1818) in mathematics. He became rector of
Lilley, Hertfordshire, in 1823, and a preben-
dary of Wells Cathedral in 1826, when he
proceeded D.D. Bland was a fellow of the
Royal Society, of the Society of Antiquaries,
and of the Astronomical Society. He died in
1868. His chief works are : 1. 'Geometrical
Problems . . . from the first six books of Eu-
clid . . . with the elements of Plane Tri-
gonometry,'Cambridge, 1819, 2nd edit. 1821,
3rd edit. 1827. 2. 'Algebraical Problems,'
a very popular schoolbook, first published in
1812, 9th edit. 1849. 3. 'The Elements of
Hydrostatics,' 1824, 1827. 4. 'Annotations
on the Historical Books of the New Testa-
ment ; ' vol. i. St. Matthew's Gospel (1828),
vol. ii. St. Mark's Gospel (1829). 5. 'Me-
chanical and Philosophical Problems,' 1830.

[Men of the Time, 7th edit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ;
Baker's Register of St. John's College, ed. Mayor,
i. 312, 314 ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser.ix. 218.]

BLAND, ROBERT (1730-1816), the
elder, physician, was the son of an attorney at
King's Lynn, and was educated at the London
hospitals. He received the degree of M.D.
from the university of St. Andrews in 1778,
and was admitted licentiate of the College of
Physicians on 30 Sept. 1786. He obtained an
extensive practice as an accoucheur in Lon-
don, and in this department acquired so high
a reputation that he was engaged to write all
the articles on midwifery for Rees's ' Cyclo-
paedia.' To the ' Philosophical Transactions '
he contributed in 1781 a paper on ' Some
Calculations of the number of Accidents or
Deaths which happen from Parturition ; Pro-
portion of Male and Female Children born ;
| of Twins, Monstrosities, &c. ; ' and in the
same year a ' Table of the Chances of Life
from Infancy to Twenty-six years of age.' He
; published in 1794 ' Observations on Human
\ and Comparative Parturition,' and he was
; also the author of ' Proverbs chiefly taken
from the Adagia of Erasmus, with Explana-
i tions ; and illustrated by Examples from the
j Spanish, Italian, French, and English Lan-
guages,' 2 vols., 1814. He died at Leicester
Square on 29 June 1816.

[Gent. Mag. Ixxxvi. part ii. 186; Munk's
I Roil Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 365 ; Watt's Bibl.
j Brit. i. 120.]

BLAND, ROBERT (1779 P-1826), the

' younger, classical scholar, son of Robert Bland
1 [q.v.J, was born about 1779. He was educated

Bland

200

Bland

at Harrow and at Pembroke College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B. A. in 1802. On
leaving Cambridge he entered holy orders, and
became an assistant-master at Harrow. After
some years he resigned his mastership, and j
was engaged as reader and preacher at some j
London chapels. Later he was appointed |
minister to the English church at Amsterdam ; j
but l the circumstances of the times not per-
mitting him to fulfill the objects of his ap-
pointment,' he came back to England, and
received, in 1813, the curacy of Prittlewell, i
Essex, which he exchanged in 1816 for the i
curacy of Kenilworth. He died at Learning- •
ton 12 March 1825, leaving a widow and i
nine children. As a classical scholar and i
teacher he was much esteemed in his day.
His l Elements of Latin Hexameters and
Pentameters,' which has been frequently re- i
printed, is still a useful manual of instruc-
tion ; and his ' Translations, chiefly from the i
Greek Anthology, with Tales and Miscel-
laneous Poems,' 1806, 8vo, attracted con-
siderable notice. Bland's other works are : ,

1. * Edwy and Elgiva, poems/ 1808, 8vo. j

2. < The Four Slaves of Cythera, a Poetical |
Romance,' 1809, 8vo. 3. <A Collection of j
the Most Beautiful Poems of the Minor j
Poets of Greece,' 1813, 8vo. 4. < Collections [
from the Greek Anthology,' &c. 1813, 8yo. !
5. A translation, made in conjunction with j
Miss Plumptre, of the ' Memoirs of Baron |
de Grimm ' and « Diderot,' 2 vols. 1813, 8vo. j
Byron complimented Bland in ' English |
Bards and Scotch Reviewers.' Some inte-
resting letters of Bland's are printed in * Me-
moirs of Francis Hodgson,' i. 232-249.

[Gent. Mag. xcv. 646 ; Hodgson's Memoirs ;
Watt.] A. H. B.

BLAND, TOBIAS (1563 P-1604), divine,
born in or about 1563, matriculated as a
sizar of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in De-
cember 1576, and took his bachelor's degree
in 1580-1. He migrated to Corpus Christi
College in 1581, and was shortly afterwards
accused of composing a libel against the
master of that college, Dr. Norgate. The
libel was entitled ' A Necessary Cathecisme
to?:1be red every Sunday morninge.' It began
thus : ( In the name of the father, the sonn,
and the old wiffe.' Certain passages of the
libel were strongly suspected to refer to Sir
Francis Walsingham. Bland confessed his
fault before the master, fellows, and scholars,
whereupon he was ' put to shame of sytting in
the stocks,' and was afterwards expelled from
the college. In 1584 great opposition wa
shown when he wished to take his master'
degree. Among the Lansdowne MSS. is

Latin letter against Bland addressed to Lord
Burghley, and signed by fifty members of the
senate ; but the opposition failed. In 1589
he was chaplain to John, Lord St. John,
baron of Bletsoe. In 1591 he proceeded
B.D., about 1594 became sub-almoner to
Queen Elizabeth, and on 29 Oct. 1602 was
collated to a canonry in the church of Peter-
borough. He died at the end of 1604, and
was buried at King's Cliffe, Northampton-
shire. He published in 1589 a sermon on
1 Timothy iv. 1-2, under the title of <A
Baite for Momus, so called upon occasion of
a sermon at Bedford iniuriously traduced by
the factions. Now not altered but augmented.
With a briefe Patrocinie of the lawfull use
of Philosophic in the more serious and sacred
studie of diuinitie. By Tobie Bland, Chap-
lame to the right Honourable John, Lord
Saint John, Baron of Bletsoe,' 4to, black
letter. In a marginal note the author makes
mention of his i larger Apologie of Philo-
sophic in a former treatise.' But the ' former
treatise ' is not extant, and perhaps was not
published. Some quaint proverbs occur in
the l Baite for Momus.'

[Lansdowne MS. 45, art. 65-7; -Bridge's
Northamptonshire, ii. 564 ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed.
Hardy, ii.543 ; Cooper's AthenaeCantabrigienses,
ii. 395 ; Baite for Mormis, 1589 ; Ames's Typog.
Antiq. (Herbert), 1176.] A. H. B.

BLAND, WILLIAM (1789-1868),
Australian statesman, was born in London
5 Nov. 1789. He was son of Robert Bland
the elder [q. v.], and brother of Robert
Bland, classical scholar [q. v.] Bland is
said to have been educated at the Mer-
chant Taylors' School, but his name does
not appear in the Rev. C. J. Robinson's
register of that institution. His father was
his instructor in medicine and surgery ;
when scarcely nineteen he was admitted, at
an examination held by the Royal College of
Surgeons for the naval medical services, a
surgeon 5th rate 6 Jan. 1809, and soon after
received an appointment in the royal navy.
The vessel to which he was assigned sailed
for Bombay. During the voyage, some mis-
understanding having arisen between Mr.
Bland and the purser, it culminated in a
quarrel when the ship neared the Persian
Gulf, and a duel took place as soon as they
reached the land, in which the purser was
fatally wounded. An insinuation of unfair-
ness on the part of Lieutenant William Ran-
dall led to a second duel, in which neither
principal was hurt ; but both were arrested,
and subsequently tried at Calcutta and
sentenced to seven years' transportation.
Bland was exiled to Sydney, where he ar-

Blandford

201

Blandie

rived in 1814, and seven or eight months was consecrated bishop of Oxford in 16G5, was
later began to practise his profession, a free < nominated dean of the Chapel Royal soon
pardon having in the meantime been granted j afterwards, and in 1671 was translated to the
to him. Whilst smarting under domestic | see of Worcester, where he died 9 July 1675.
affliction, Bland libelled Governor Lach- It is related that when the Duchess of York
Ian Macquarie, was tried, fined 50Z. and im- : (daughter of his patron, Lord Clarendon)
prisoned for twelve months in Paramatta gaol, was dying, Dr. Blandford went to see her.
On his release he devoted himself in Australia | The duke (afterwards James II) meeting the
to public affairs and philanthropic projects. ; bishop in the drawing-room told him that she
He appears to have been in England after had been reconciled to the Roman catholic
this period, as he was passed by the Royal church, when the bishop said he made no
College of Surgeons as a naval assistant sur- doubt but that she would do well, since she
geon 2 May 1823, and as a naval surgeon j was fully convinced, and did it not out of any
7 July 1826. Next to William Charles ! worldly end : and he afterwards went into

Wentworth, Australia is indebted to Bland
for the political institutions she now enjoys.
His energetic action as a member of the
Patriotic Association, his letters to Charles
Buller, M.P., on the indefeasible rights of
the colonists, and his attention to the public
charities, gained for him a deserved popu-
larity, which resulted in his return 15 June
1843 as one of the members for Sydney to
the first elective legislature in New South
Wales. On his retirement in 1848, conse-
quent on his defeat by Mr. Lowe (the present
V iscount Sherbrooke), he devoted himself to

the room to her, and made her a short Chris-
tian exhortation, suited to the condition she
was in, and then departed (Life of James II,
ed. Clarke, i. 452, 453).

[Wood's Athenae Oxun. (Bliss), iii. 1229, 1258,
iv. 514, 829, 851, 897, and Life of Wood, p. xliv ;
Godwin, De Praesulibus (Richardson), 474. 547 ;
Egerton MS. 806 ; Lansd. MS. 986 ff. 120, 121 ;
Chambers's Worcestershire Biography, 184 ; Le
Neve's Fasti, i. 449, ii. 506, iii. 67, 478, 578.]

T. C.

BLANDIE or BLAND Y, WILLIAM

the practice of his profession, and to those j (Jl. 1580), author, born at Newbury, Berk-
philanthropic labours which endeared him to ' -1~:-~ ~J — *--* -^ ^*r-'-~i — -L.-n-n-

hundreds of his fellow-colonists. He died

suddenly at his residence, 28 College Street,
Sydney, 21 July 1868, and was buried in the
necropolis.

[Beaton's Australian Dictionary of Dates
(1879), pp. 18-19 ; Illustrated News of the World,
iv. 68 (1859), with portrait;" Carlisle's History
of the Family of Bland (1826), pp. 235-47.1

G. C. B.

BLANDFORD, WALTER, D.D. (1619-
1675), bishop successively of Oxford and
Worcester, was the son of Walter Blandford,
and was born at Melbury Abbas, Dorsetshire,
in 1619. He became a servitor of Christ
Church, Oxford, in 1635, was admitted a
scholar of Wadham College in 1638, took the
degrees in arts, and was in 1644 admitted a
fellow of the latter college. The fact that he

hire, was educated at Winchester College ;
was elected a probationer fellow of New Col-
lege, Oxford, on 8 June 1563, and was ad-
mitted B.A. 3 July 1566. Soon afterwards
he was removed from his fellowship by the
Bishop of Winchester on account of* his
strong popish leanings. He then went to Lon-
don and joined the Middle Temple, where he
| became ' fellow.' He appears to have served
i in the Low Countries with the English army
I in 1580. He was the author of: 1. 'The
i Five Books of the Famous, Learned, and Elo-
quent Man, Hieronimo Osorius [Osorio da
i Fonseca, bishop of Silves], contayning a dis-
I cussion of Ciuill and Christian Nobilitie,'
1576, dedicated ' at Newberie, 6 day of April/
j to the Earl of Leicester. 2. ' The Castle or
Picture of Pollicy, shewing forth most liuely
I the face, body, and partes of a common-
wealth, the duety .... of a perfect

was not ejected by the parliamentary visitors j souldiar, the martiall feates late done by our
in 1648 shows, in Wood's opinion, ' that he j .... nation, under the conduct of ....
did either take the covenant or submit to j J. Noris, Gecerall of the army of the states in
them.' About this time he was appointed Friesland. . . . Handled in manner of a Dia-
chaplain to John. Lord Lovelace of Hurley, logue betwixt Gefferay Gate and William
Berkshire. In 1659 he was elected warden | Blandy, souldiars,' 1581, dedicated to Sir
of Wadham College, and in the following year j Philip Sidney. An undated volume on an-
created D.D. At this period he was chamain cient chronology, by Adam and William

Cla- j Blandy, fellows of Pembroke College, Ox-

b this period he was chap
yde, afterwards earl of (

to Sir Edward Hyde

rendon, who obtained for htm a prebend in the

church of Gloucester and a chaplainship in

ford, has been erroneously ascribed to this
William Blandy. The book was certainly

ordinary to the king. In 1662-3 he served the I published early in the eighteenth century,
office of vice-chancellor of the university. He i Adam Blandy proceeded B.A. at Oxford in

Blandy

202

Blane

1704 and M.A. in 1707. William proceeded
B.A. in 1708 and M.A. in 1711, and died in
1739. They were probably descendants of I
the earlier William Blandy, and sons of |
Adam Blandy of Letcombe Regis, Berkshire j
(BERRY'S Berkshire Genealogies, 144).

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 428 ; Oxford
Eegister (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), i. 264; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; pee Notes and Queries, 8th ser., iii. 67,
119 ; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum.] S. L. L.

BLANDY, MARY (d. 1752), murderess,
was the only child of Francis Blandy, attorney,
of Henley-on-Thames, who had said that he
could leave her a fortune of 10,000/. An
officer in the marines, named William Henry
Cranstoun, son of William, fifth Lord Crans-
toun, proposed to marry her. The father ob-
jected, suspecting Cranstoun to be already
married. He had, in fact, married Anne
Murray in 1745. Hereupon Cranstoun in-
duced Miss Blandy to administer arsenic in
small doses to her father. He died after some
months on 14 Aug. 1751. Miss Blandy was
tried at Oxford on 3 March 1752, convicted
upon strong evidence, including that of her
father's physician, Anthony Addington [q. v.] ,
and hanged on 6 April 1752. Much attention
was aroused at the time, especially by the pa-
thetic circumstance that the father, when he
knew himself to be dying by his daughter's
hands, only pitied her and tried to prevent
her committing herself. He appears to have
thought that she mistook the poison which
she received from Cranstoun for a potion in-
tended to win his favour to the match. This
view was suggested at the trial and solemnly
asserted by Miss Blandy at her death, but is
inconsistent with many facts brought out in
evidence. Cranstoun escaped, but died 2 Dec.
1752. It was remarked as a strange coin-
cidence that a banker in the Strand, named
Gillingham Cooper, received, as lord of the
manor at Henley, the forfeiture of two fields
belonging to Miss Blandy and of a malthouse
belonging to Miss JefFerys, who on 28 March
1752 was hanged for the murder of her uncle
at Walthamstow.

[Tryal of Mary Blandy for the Murder of her
Father, &c., 1752, reprinted in Howell's State
Trials, xviii. 1118-1194; Annual Eegister for
1768, p. 77 ; Gent. Mag. for 1752, pp. 108, 152,
188; Universal Magazine for June 1752 : Letter
from a Clergyman to Miss Blandy, with her own
Narrative, 1752 ; Miss Blandy's own Account,
&c., London, 1752; An Answer to Miss Blandy's
Narrative ; A Candid Appeal to the Public con-
cerning, &c., 1752; Horace "Wai pole's Letters
(Cunningham), ii. 281, 285, 290, 306, 312, 346;
Notes and Queries, 5th ser., iii. 67, 119; Douglas's
Scotch Peerage, i. 368.] L. S.

BLANE, SIR GILBERT (1749-1834),
physician, was the fourth son of Mr. Gilbert
Blane of Blanefield, Ayrshire, where he was
bom on 29 Aug. (0. S.) 1749. At the age of
fourteen he was sent to the university of Edin-
burgh, being at first intended for the church,
but was ultimately led to study medicine.
After spending five years in the faculty of
arts, and five more in that of medicine at Edin-
burgh, he took the degree of M.D. in the uni-
versity of Glasgow on 28 Aug. 1778. During
his studentship he was elected one of the
presidents of the (Students') Medical Society
of Edinburgh. On leaving Edinburgh Blane
came to London furnished with introduc-
tions from his teacher, Dr. Cullen, to Dr.
William Hunter, who recommended him as
private physician to Lord Holdernesse, and
afterwards in the same capacity to Admiral
Rodney, who was then sailing on his notable
expedition to the West Indies in 1779.
Blane won Rodney's good opinion by his pro-
fessional skill and also by his personal bravery,
which was shown in conveying the admiral's
orders under fire in a dangerous emergency
to the officers at the guns. Rodney at once
placed him in the important position of phy-
sician to the fleet, which he occupied till the
close of the war, returning to England with
Admiral Francis William Drake in the spring
of 1783. He was present at six general en-
gagements, and wrote an account, which was
published, of the great victory over the French
fleet commanded by the Comte de Grasse on
12 April 1782. He also furnished materials for
Mundy's ; Life of Rodney,' and took part in a
controversy which subsequently arose respect-
ing that great admiral's originality in intro-
ducing into naval warfare the manoeuvre of
' breaking the line.' These, with many other
circumstances, show the intimate friendship
which existed between Blane and his com-
mander. The officers of the West India fleet
also marked their appreciation of Blane's ser-
vices by unanimously recommending him to
the admiralty for a special recompense, which
he received in the form of a pension from the
crown. In 1781, when Rodney was compelled
by the state of his health to come home for
a time, Blane accompanied him, and took the
opportunity of being admitted as licentiate
of the College of Physicians on 3 Dec. 1781,
but returned to the West India station early
in 1782.

The services which Blane rendered while

i in medical charge of the West India fleet,

j and the reforms which, firmly supported by

i Rodney, he was able to introduce, were indeed

of the most signal importance, not only to the

efficiency of that fleet, but as inaugurating

a new era in the sanitary condition of the

Blane

203

Blane

navy. Before his time scurvy prevailed to j
a lamentable extent among seamen, so that
important naval operations often failed from
this cause alone. Fevers and other diseases j
arising from infection and the unhealthy j
state of ships also caused great mortality.
Blane, in a memorial presented to the ad- !
miralty on 13 Oct. 1781, showed that one I
man in seven died from disease on the West j
India station in one year. He suggested
certain precautions, especially relating to the !
supply of wine, fresh fruit, and other provi- !
sions, adapted to prevent scurvy, and also
advocated the enforcement of stricter disci-
pline in sanitary matters on board ship. In ,
a second memorial (16 July 1782) he points
out the great improvement effected by the '
carrying out of these suggestions, the annual
mortality being reduced to one in twenty.
The health of the fleet during the latter part !
of Rodney's command was indeed remarkably |
good, and greatly contributed to its successes, |
as was generously acknowledged by the com- j
mander himself in the following words : — '
1 To his (Dr. Blane's) knowledge and atten-
tion it was owing that the English fleet was,
notwithstanding their excessive fatigue and
constant service, in a condition always to
attack and defeat the public enemy. In my
own ship, the Formidable, out of 900 men,
not one was buried in six months.'

In 1780 Blane brought out a small book
1 On the most effectual means for preserving
the Health of Seamen, particularly in the
Royal Navy.' Later on, in 1793, his recom-
mendation of lemon-juice as a preventive of
the scurvy to Admiral Sir Alan Gardner,
one of the lords of the admiralty, produced
such good results as led to the issuing in
1795 of regulations for the universal use of
this article in the navy. Though Blane was
by no means the discoverer of this remedy,
which had been known for more than a cen-
tury, and had been strongly recommended
by Dr. Lind and others, he was the means of
introducing those regulations which have en-
tirely banished scurvy from the queen's ships.

Shortly after Blane's return to England
a vacancy occurred for a physician at St.
Thomas's Hospital, and as he was now re-
solved to practise in London, he became a
candidate. The influence of Lord Rodney,
who after his brilliant victories was one
of the most popular men in England, was
warmly exerted on his behalf. In a letter to j
one of the governors Rodney bore the gene- i
rous testimony to Blane's merits which has j
already been quoted. After a sharp contest
Blane was elected, on 19 Sept. 1783, by 98
votes to 84. He held this office for twelve
years, resigning it in 1795.

In 1785 Blane was appointed physician
extraordinary to the Prince of Wales, on the
recommendation of the Duke of Clarence,
with whom he had become acquainted in
his naval career; and afterwards became
physician to the prince's household and his
physician in ordinary. In 1785 also he pro-
duced the first edition of his work on the
diseases of seamen, which passed through
several editions and attained the position of
a medical classic.

His court and hospital appointments, with
other connections, appear to have procured
Blane a large practice, but he was more
especially known for his services in public
affairs, naval, military, and civil.

In 1795 he was appointed one of the com-
missioners for sick and wounded seamen, a
body which was virtually the medical board
for the navy, and held this position till the
reduction of the naval and military esta-
blishments after the peace of Amiens in 1802,
when his services were rewarded with a
doubling of his former pension.

His advice was frequently sought by the
government and other authorities on sanitary
and medical matters. Thus in 1799 the
Turkey Company, which then controlled the
whole of the Levant trade, consulted him
about the quarantine regulations for the
prevention 01 the importation of plague from
the Mediterranean, and he was called upon
by the government to draw up, in conjunc-
tion with other eminent physicians, the rules
which formed the basis of the Quarantine
Act of 1799. When the army returned from
Egypt, it was transported under regulations
drawn up by Blane to guard against the
danger of introducing the plague into this
country. The Home Office consulted him on
a variety of subjects : on the means of keep-
ing contagious fevers out of prisons, on the
mortality which arose from the same cause
in ships which carried convicts to Botany
Bay, &c. The board of control sought his
aid in framing improved regulations for the
medical service in India. Hardly any de-
partment of state failed to resort to Blane's
advice on one occasion or another. But the
most important emergency on which he was
called upon to advise the government was
in connection with the disastrous Walcheren
expedition. It was felt that the critical
situation of the army, owing chiefly to the
ravages of disease, was eminently a ques-
tion requiring medical -knowledge and ex-
perience. The army medical board (con-
sisting of the physician-general, the surgeon-
general, and the inspector-general) had lost
the confidence of the government, first through
having failed to foresee the dangers arising

Blane

204

Blaneforde

from the unliealthiness of the seat of war, and
then by their supineness in meeting the crisis,
each member of the board excusing himself on
various pretexts from proceeding to the scene j
of action (see report of evidence given before a |
committee of the whole House of Commons, ,{
1810). Under these circumstances the War j
Office sent out Blane to report ; and when it i
was decided, chiefly on medical grounds, to I
recall the expedition, he was charged with ,
the arrangements for bringing home the sick ,
and wounded.

This perhaps unprecedented instance of \
employing a naval medical officer in the j
work of the army department undoubtedly (
raised Blane's reputation, whether or no i
(which does not appear) it may have given
rise to any jealousy. He was at once liberally
rewarded and thanked, and received the
honour of a baronetcy from the prince regent ,
on 26 Dec. 1812.

On the accession of George IV Blane be- j
came one of his physicians in ordinary, and '.
filled the same office in the next reign. Con- \
saltations on medico-political questions and
compensatory honours flowed in upon Blane
from foreign countries. The emperor of j
Russia, the king of Prussia, and the president ;
of the United States sought his advice and \
acknowledged his services. In 1821 the
medical officers of the navy presented him
with a piece of plate. In 1829 he founded
a prize medal for the best journal kept by
the surgeons of the royal navy. He was a
fellow of the Royal Society, a member of the j
Institute of France, and other learned bodies, j
In 1821 Blane's health began to fail, but not
seriously till 1834. He died on 26 June 1834
at his house in Sackville Street. An un- j
finished portrait of him by Sir M. A. Shee is ,
in the College of Physicians. He married,
11 July 1786, the only daughter of Mr. Abra- •
ham Gardiner, and had six sons and three
daughters. He was succeeded in the title i
by his third son, Hugh Seymour Blane ; the j
two elder died previously.

Blane was undoubtedly a man of great
original force of character, aucl QC became
a very completely equipped physician. He
united in an uncommon degree adequate
scholarship and considerable dialectical skill
with scientific acumen and great administra-
tive capacity. He does not appear to have
made any reputation as a hospital teacher,
but his books are well written and full of
original observations. Although there is no
one subject in which he made any striking
discovery, the general body of fact and argu-
ment in his writings constitutes an important
contribution to medicine and to the science of
health. His tract entitled * Medical Logic,'

intended to show the fallacies which beset
medical inquiries, contains a good deal of
common sense with some philosophical pe-
dantry. Of his other dissertations the most
important are : ' On the Comparative Health
of the British Navy from 1779 to 1814
(' Medico-Ohirurgical Transactions,' vol. vi.
1815) ; ' Observations respecting Intermittent
Fevers, the cause of the sickness of the army
in Walcheren, &c.' (ib. vol. iii. 1812) ; < On
the Comparative Prevalence and Mortality
of different Diseases in London ' (ib. vol. iv.
1813). He wrote also : ' Observations on
the Diseases of Seamen,' London, 8vo, 1st
ed. 1785, 2nd ed. 1790, 3rd ed. 1803 -(with a
pharmacopoeia for the naval service). ' Ele-
ments of Medical Logick,' London, 1819, 8 vo,
2nd ed. 1821, 3rd ed. 1825. Select Disserta-
tions on Medical Science collected,' London,
1822, 8vo, 2nd ed. 2 vols. 1833, including
those quoted above with others, namely : ' On
Muscular Motion ' (the Croonian Lecture
read before the Royal Society, 18 and 20 Nov.
1788) ; ' On the True Value and Present State
of Vaccination ' (also in i Med.-Chir. Trans.'
vol. x. 1819) ; f On the Mechanical Compres-
sion of the Head in Hydrocephalus ; ' ' On
the Yellow Fever,' &c., &c. ' Statement of
the Progressive Improvement in the Health
of the Royal Navy at the end of the eighteenth
and beginning of the nineteenth century,'
London, 1830, 8vo. ' Warning to the Public
on the Cholera of India,' London, 1831, 8vo.
1 Reflections on the Present Crisis of Public
Affairs,' 1831, 8vo, &c.

[Authentic Memoirs of Physicians and Sur-
geons, 2nd ed. 1818, p. 135 ; London Medical
Gazette, 1834, xiv. 459, 483 ; (rent. Mag. 1835,
p. 93; Mundy's Life of Rodney, 2 vols. London,
1830; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 325; Ar-
chives of St. Thomas's Hospital; Blane's Works.]

J. F. P.

BLANEFORDE, HENRY (fl. 1330),
chronicler, was a monk of St. Albans. A
fragment of his chronicle has been preserved.
Beginning with the year 1323 he possibly
intended to continue the work of Trokelowe,
which ends at 1330. What we have of his
chronicle, however, ends in 1324, though it
contains a reference to an event of 1326. The
only manuscript of Blaneforde now known to
exist is in the British Museum {Cotton MSS.f
I Claudius, D. vi.) In this Blaneforde's chro-
I nicle follows the ' Annals of Trokelowe '
. without break. From this manuscript Hearne
I printed the work in his ' Annales Edwardi II,'
j Oxford, 1729; it has been edited by H.T.Riley
i in the ' Chronica Monasterii S. Albani,' Rolls
i Ser. From a reference to this writer as Blank-
I forde in Walsingham's ' History,' i. 170, Mr.

Blankett

205

Blaquiere

Riley believes that he took his name from
Blanquefort, near Bordeaux, called Blaiicke-
forde in the ' Annals of Waverley,' p. 404.
Blaneforde's name is mentioned in a notice
of the historians of St. Albans in a fragment
printed in the Rolls edition of the ' Annals
of John Amundesham.' For a Blaneford, evi-
dently in Somerset, see a charter of Edward II
in Dugdale's l Monasticon,' vi. 415.

[Chron. Monas. S. Albani, Trokelowe, Blane-
forde, 131-152 (Rolls Ser.), see Preface ; Wal-
singham's Historia Anglorum, i. 170 (Rolls Ser.) ;
Joh. Amundesham Ann. 303 (Rolls Ser.) ; An-
nales Monastici, ii. 404 (Rolls Ser.); Descriptive
Catalogue of Hist. MSS. iii. 386 (Hardy).]

W. H.

BLANKETT, JOHN (d. 1801), admiral,
served as volunteer and midshipman in the
Somerset with Captain (afterwards Sir Ed-
ward) Hughes, and was present in her at the
reduction of Louisbourg, 1758, and of Quebec,
1759. He was thus led to consider the pos-
sible existence of a north-west passage, con-
cerning which, on his return to England, he
presented a report to the admiralty. In 1761
he was made lieutenant, and after the peace
in 1763 obtained leave to go to Russia in
quest of exact information concerning the
then recent discoveries on the east coast of
Asia. In 1770 he was lieutenant of the
Albion, with Captain Barrington, and in 1778
was first lieutenant of the Victory, then
carrying the flag of Admiral Keppel, and was
made commander 30 Jan. 1779. He was then
appointed to the Nymph sloop, and sent out
to the East Indies to join Sir Edward Hughes,
by whom he was posted into the Ripon on
23 Jan. 1780. The ship was shortly after-
wards ordered home, and Blankett held no
further appointment during that war. After
the peace of 1783 he commanded the Thetis
frigate in the Mediterranean, where he was
specially noticed by the King of Naples, who
at different times accompanied him on a
cruise, and presented him with his portrait
set in diamonds. In July 1790 he sailed for
China in the Leopard in command of con-
voy, and on his return was appointed to the
America as commodore of a small squadron
sent to the Cape of Good Hope. There, in
August 1795, he was joined by the squadron
under Sir George Elphinstone (afterwards
Lord Keith), under whom he served at the
reduction of that settlement (JAMES, Naval
History (ed. 1860), i. 333-6). In June 1798
he was appointed to the Leopard, with orders
to proceed to India. On his arrival on the
station he was sent as senior officer to the Red
Sea, where he commanded during the subse-
quent operations in Egypt. He became rear-

admiral in Feb. 1799. In August 1800 he
went for a short time to Bombay, and had
the good fortune on the passage to pick up the
Clarisse, a very active French privateer, which,
a few months before, under the command of
Robert Surcouf, had been the terror of the
commerce of the Indian seas. By JanuaryTie
was back in the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of
Suez from April to June. His constitution
had been already severely tried, and the
terrible heat of the Red Sea summer proved
fatal to him. He died on board the Leopard
near Mocha on 14 July 1801. He is described
as an unusually good linguist, having a perfect
mastery of French, Italian, and Portuguese ;
and as being universally esteemed, not only
as a good officer, but as an accomplished and
amiable gentleman, not withstanding a certain
irritability induced by gout.

[Gent. Mag. (1802), Ixxii. i. 25 (the writer
of this notice claims to have known Blankett for
more than thirty years, but he is very confused
in his dates and inaccurate in his details) ; .official
letters, &c. in the Record Office.] J. K. L.

BLANTYRE, LOKDS. [See STTJAET.]

BLAQUIERE, JOHN, BAEON DE BLA-
QTTIERE (1732-1812), politician, the fifth son
of John Blaquiere, a French emigrant, who
settled in London as a merchant, was born
5 May 1732. He was for some time in the
counting-house of a London merchant, and
then entered the army. His first official em-
ployment was as secretary of legation in
France with Lord Harcourt, 1771-2, and
when that nobleman went to Ireland in 1772
as lord lieutenant, Blaquiere accompanied
him as his chief secretary (1772-7). He
j represented a number of constituencies in the
I Irish parliament : Old Leighlin until 1783,
; Carlingford from that date to 1790, Charle-
j ville 1790-7, and Newtown from 1797 until
i the extinction of the Irish parliament. In
I 1801 he was elected for Rye in the parlia-
I ment of the United Kingdom, and in June
j 1803 he was returned for Downton in Wilt-
I shire. One of Blaquiere's first experiences on
j Irish soil was a duel with a Mr. Beauchamp
Bagenal in 1773, but he soon received con-
siderable advancement. He was sworn of
the privy council, invested in 1774 with the
military order of the Bath, created a baronet
! 5 July 1784, and raised to the Irish peerage
| Baron de Blaquiere on 30 July 1800. He
I became bailiff of Phoenix Park, alnager of
j Ireland, and commissioner of the paving
I board. Many of the chief improvements in
| Dublin were effected under his care, and even
I envy allowed that, pluralist as he was, his
j money was spent in his adopted country. A
' gourmet with social and convivial tastesr

Blathwayt

206

Blayney

possessed of much good sense, with ' no
small fund of useful and various knowledge,
heightened by many strokes of art/ he enjoyed
greater popularity than most of his prede-
cessors and successors in his difficult office.
His advocacy in 1773 of the imposition of
a tax on absentee landlords caused some ex-
citement among the Irish gentry and peers
who habitually lived away from their estates,
but did not tend to diminish his popularity
among the majority of his neighbours. When
he ceased to be in power, it was generally re-
marked that he was the only secretary who
was known to have resided in Ireland when
he no longer drew the pay of office. He died
at Bray, county Wicklow, on 27 Aug. 1812.
By his wife, Eleanor, only daughter of
Robert Dobson of Cork, whom he married
24 Dec. 1775, he had numerous children.
An engraved portrait of this genial politician
is in Barrington's l Historic Memoirs.'

[Walpole's Letters, vi. 6, 11 ; Warden Flood's
Henry Flood, 85-8, 343 ; Sir Jonah Barrington's
Personal Sketches (1869), i. 101-3, 111-13; Bar-
rington's Hist. Memoirs (1833), i. 216; Corre-
spondence of Et. Eon. John Beresford, i. 7,
125-7, 151-4, ii. 64, 290 ; Gent. Mag. 1812, pt.
ii. 288 ; Froude's English in Ireland, ii. 145-87,
394, 490, iii. 29-32, 137, 150, 240-3.]

W. P. C.

BLATHWAYT, WILLIAM (1649?-
1717), politician, the only son of "William
Blathwayt of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and
a member of the Middle Temple, who mar-
ried on 19 Oct. 1648 Anne, daughter of
Justinian Povey, was born, it is believed, in
1649. His first appointment was as one of
Sir William Temple s secretaries at the Hague
in 1668, and his correspondence shows that
he was engaged at Rome in some kind of
public business in 1672. A few years
later he seems to have been stationed at
Stockholm and Copenhagen. In August
1683 he purchased from Matthew Locke the
post of secretary-at-war, a position which
before the revolution of 1688 seems to have
been synonymous with a clerkship of a com-
mittee of council, and, according to Luttrell,
he became clerk of the council in ordinary
on 22 Oct. 1686, and clerk of the privy coun-
cil February 1689. He was in attendance on
the privy council when the seven bishops
were called in, and he was one of the chief
witnesses at their trial. As secretary-at-war
he attended James II to Salisbury, Novem-
ber 1688, with his forces. From a memo-
randum drawn up by Lord Palmerston on the
duties of that office, it appears that Blath-
wayt, whilst holding it, regulated almost the
whole of the business connected with the

army (BULWER and ASHLEY'S Lord Palmer-
ston, i. 387-90). His skill in languages
made him a great favourite with William III.
He attended that monarch during his cam-
paign in Flanders, and whilst abroad dis-
charged the duties of secretary-at-state, his
place at home being filled by a substitute.
From May 1696 to 1706 he was a commis-
! sioner of trade, and he remained secretary-at-
j war until 1704. He represented the consti-
1 tuency of Newtown in the Isle of Wight
i from 1685 to 1687, and his re-election received
I royal sanction in September of the following
j year, but he was not a member of the Con-
| vention parliament of 1689. On 20 Nov.
I 1693 he was returned by the city of Bath,
I and sat for that constituency uninterruptedly
I until 1710. He had married on 23 Dec. 1686
Mary, the only surviving daughter and heir
of John Wynter of Dyrham, Gloucestershire,
an estate which still belongs to his descen-
; dants. The present house of Dyrham Park,
i planned by Talmen, was completed at the
i cost of Blathwayt in 1698, and the gardens
' were at the same time laid out by Le Notre
in the approved Dutch style. Views of it
are in Campbell's f Vitruvius Britannicus/
and in Sir R. Atkyns's ' Gloucestershire.' His
house at Bath was fitted up for Queen Anne
I when she went to drink the waters in July
1702. It was rumoured in December 1700
that, ' in consideration of his services to his
majestic,' Blathwayt would have been created
earl of Bristol, but he was never raised to
the peerage. He was a strong whig in poli-
tics, and was pitted as the whig champion
against Harley on the points of precedent
which arose in parliamentary debate. He
retired from active life in 1710, and died at
Dyrham in August 1717, being buried in its
parish church on 30 Aug. Numerous letters
to and from him are preserved at Dyrham
Park, among the manuscripts in the British
Museum, at the Bodleian Library, and in
many of the collections described among the
reports of the Historical MSS. Commission.

[Narcissus Luttrell's Brief Relation, passim;
Bigland's Gloucestershire, p. 533 ; Atkyns's
Gloucestershire, 216; Macaulay's History, ii.
378-81 ; Pepys's Diary (ed. 1849), v. 331, 389,
453.] W. P. C.

BLAYNEY, ANDREW THOMAS,
LORD BLAYNEY (1770-1834), a distinguished
officer, was born at Blayney Castle, county
Monaghan, on 30 Nov. 1770. His father,
the ninth Lord Blayney of Monaghan in the
peerage of Ireland, was a lieutenant-general
in the army and colonel of the 38th regi-
ment, and was the representative of an an-
cient Welsh family, which had been seated

Blayney

207

Blayney

in Ireland since the reign of Elizabeth, when
Sir Edward Blayney had won a great estate
for himself and been created a peer in 1621. j
Andrew Blayney succeeded his brother as ,
eleventh Lord Blayney in 1784, and entered j
the army as an ensign in the 32nd regiment
in 1789. He became a lieutenant in the j
41st regiment in 1791, and captain in the
38th in 1792. In 1794 he raised part of the
89th regiment, which was being recruited in j
Ireland, and was gazetted a major in the
new regiment, whose fortunes he shared for
the next fifteen years. With it he landed
with Lord Moira at Ostend, and marched to •
join the Duke of York in Flanders, and with it
he shared the dangers of the horrible retreat
through Holland in the winter of 1794-5,
and distinguished himself in every encounter,
and especially in the affair of Boxtel. His
regiment was then ordered to accompany
Abercromby to the West Indies ; but the \
terrible storm, known as ' Christian's storm '
from, the name of the admiral, drove the
transports back. In the following year, 1796,
he was promoted lieutenant-colonel on half
pay, and married Lady Mabella Alexander,
daughter of the first earl of Caledon.

In 1798 he purchased the lieutenant-colo- |
nelcy of his old regiment, the 89th, and took
command of it in Ireland. He was at once
appointed by Lord Carhampton, the com-
mander-in-chief in Ireland, to the command
of one of the flying camps, by means of which
that able general, though fanatical noble-
man, attempted to terrify the Irish ; and he
managed to perform his disagreeable func-
tions to the satisfaction of Lord Cornwallis,
and without awakening the animosity of the
Irish peasantry themselves. In 1799 the
89th was ordered to form part of the garrison
of Minorca, which had just been captured by
Sir Charles Stuart, and when Lord Nelson re-
commended the despatch of troops to Sicily
to preserve that island from the army of
Championnet, Lord Blayney was sent thither
in command of the 89th and 90th regiments.
He assisted Sir Alexander Ball in reducing
the island of Malta; he was present with
Suwarrof 's army in his continental campaign,
of which he sent home an admirable account ;
and he was again in Malta in time to plant
the English flag on the ramparts of Bicasoli.
His regiment was next ordered from Malta
to co-operate in Sir Ralph Abercromby's
Egyptian expedition, and he was present at
all the engagements in Egypt. His conduct
gained him the approbation of Lord Hutch-
inson, who succeeded Abercromby ; and on
the surrender of Cairo he received the com-
mand of the two regiments, the 30th and
the 89th, which were to form the garrison.

After the rupture of the treaty of Amiens
the 89th was ordered first to the West Indies
and then to the Cape of Good Hope, and
was engaged in the recapture both of the
French sugar islands and the Dutch colony
in Africa. On its return from Africa it
formed part of Lord Cathcart's tardy and
useless expedition to Hanover, and was then
sent to Buenos Ayres in General Whitelocke's
I luckless army. Lord Blayney was only one
of the numerous excellent omcers who had
to pay the penalty of the incompetence of
their general in the immense havoc made in
their fine regiments. After the disgraceful
capitulation of Buenos Ayres the 89th was
again sent to the Cape, and in such badly
found ships that it had to land many miles
from Capetown, and to make a long and
toilsome inarch, during which many men
fell down dead from thirst and fatigue, and
] which was at last terminated successfully,
owing to the capacity of the colonel. Lord
Blayney soon found that there was no more
fighting to be expected at the Cape ; so he
hurried home, and begged the government to
employ him in the Peninsula, for which his
| knowledge of Spanish peculiarly fitted him.
He was accordingly sent to Cadiz, and pro-
moted major-general, in July 1810. He
worried General Campbell, the governor of
j Gibraltar, into sending him with a mixed
I force of 300 English, 800 Spaniards, and 500
German and Polish deserters from the French
army, to make a descent on Malaga. As
i might have been expected, the expedition
I utterly failed. At the first encounter with
i a part of General Sebastiani's corps d'armee,
I while besieging the fort of Fuengirole, the
• Spaniards ran away, the deserters misbehaved
, themselves, and Lord Blayney himself,
t whose dispositions betrayed the utmost con-
tempt of military rules' (NAPIER), was
taken prisoner.

Lord Blayney's passage as a prisoner of
war through Spain, and his imprisonment in
France at Verdun, Bitche, and Gue"ret, gave
him a novel experience. In his 'Narrative
of a forced Journey through Spain and
France as a Prisoner of War in the Years
1810 to 1814 ' he shows great powers of ob-
servation, and makes up a most interesting
book. In it he describes vividly how the
Spanish people lived when the French armies
were occupying their country, and how they
amused themselves as usual. Lord Blayney
was directly instructed by the ministry to
see to the relief of the poorer English
prisoners, and entrusted with funds for that
purpose. His book was published on his
return to England in 1814, and had, as it
deserved, considerable success; but his

Blayney

208

Bledri

health was impaired, and he saw no further
military service. He was promoted lieute-
nant-general in regular course in 1819, and
died suddenly in Dublin on 8 April 1834,
leaving behind him one son, Cadwallader
Davis Blayney, M.P. for Monaghan, who be-
came twelfth Lord Blayney, and a representa-

and was the object of several very acrimo-
nious attacks, from which he defended him-
self with exemplary fairness and courtesy.
He died at his rectory of Poulshot, Wilt-
shire, on 20 Sept. 1801, aged 73. By his
will he directed that his unpublished writings,
after being submitted to the judgment of his

[Royal Military Calendar, ed. 1820, vol. iii. ;
Napier's History of the Peninsular War. book
xii. chap, i.] H. M. S.

tive peer for Ireland, and on whose death, in | friend and patron, Dr. Barrington, bishop of

1874, the peerage of Blayney became extinct. Durham, should be deposited in the archi-

episcopal library at Lambeth. Amongst these
manuscripts may be mentioned : 1. l A New
Version of the Psalms,' 2 vols. 4to. 2. ' Criti-
cal Comment on the Psalms/ 3 vols. 3. ( Notes
BLAYNEY, BENJAMIN, D.D. (1728-

1801), Hebrew scholar, was first a member

of Worcester College, Oxford, where he

graduated B.A. in 1750 and M.A. in 1753.

He afterwards became fellow, and eventually

vice-principal, of Hertford College, and too.

the degree of B.D. in 1768. He was em

ployed by the Clarendon Press to prepare a

corrected edition of the authorised version ol

the Bible. This edition, which has receive(

very high praise for its accuracy, appearec

in 1769. Unfortunately a large part of the

on Isaiah,' 3 vols.

[Gent. Mag. Ixxi. 1054, Ixxiii. 1108; Blay-
ney's Preface to Dissertation on Dan. vii. 24.1

H. B.

impression was destroyed in a fire which
took place at the Bible Warehouse in Pater-
noster Row, and copies are now scarce
Blayney. received much assistance in his He-
brew studies from the celebrated William
Newcome, afterwards archbishop of Armagh
who was also a fellow of Hertford, and to
whom he dedicated several of his works. In
1775 he published ' A Dissertation by way
of Inquiry into the true Import and Appli-
cation of the Vision related, Dan. ix. 24 to
the End, usually called Daniel's Prophecy of
Seventy Weeks.' This work attracted con-
siderable attention, and was translated into
German by the celebrated J. D. Michaelis.
A corrected edition was published by the
author in 1797. In 1784 Blayney published
a new translation of Jeremiah and Lamenta-
tions, and in 1786 and 1788 two sermons on
' The Sign given to Ahaz,' and on ' Christ the
greater Glory of the Temple.' He was ap-
pointed regius professor of Hebrew in 1787,
and in the same year was made canon of
Christ Church and received the degree of
D.D. In 1790 he published an edition of the
Hebrew-Samaritan Pentateuch, transcribed
in ordinary Hebrew characters, with critical
notes. His last production was a new trans-
lation of the prophecy of Zechariah, 1797.
Dr. Blayney's writings, though deficient in
literary ability, display what for their time
and country may be considered a high degree
of Hebrew scholarship. Like his friend Arch-
bishop Newcome, and many other eminent
biblical scholars of the period in England, he
did not escape the imputation of heterodoxy,

BLEDRI, surnamed DDOETH or the Wise

g'. 1022 ?), was an early bishop of Llandaff.
is history is almost entirely derived from
suspicious or late sources. But, if they can
be believed, his election as bishop by the
kings, clergy, and people of Morganwg, his in-
vestiture with the pastoral staff by ^Ethelred
the Unready in the royal court, and his con-

secration by Archbishop ^Elfric of Canter-
bury, illustrate very remarkably the depen-
dence of Wales on England, which the
imperial policy of Eadgar and Dunstan had
produced, and the way in which the metro-
political jurisdiction of Canterbury followed
the temporal supremacy of the English king.
As vElfric was archbishop between 995 and
1005, Bledri's appointment must have taken
place within those years, and not in 983 as
the original authority puts it. During Ble-
dri's episcopate three important grants of land
were made to the see of Llandaff, one of which
came from Edwin, king of Gwent, as com-
pensation for an outrage inflicted upon the
bishop. A dispute had arisen between Edwin
and Bledri, which resulted in a tumult, in
which the bishop was wounded by some of
Edwin's household. A synod of the clergy
met at Llandaff, excommunicated the offen-
ders, and placed Gwent under an interdict.
The terrors of the church's censures led to
Sdwin's submission.

Bledri was called the Wise, and is said
,o have been the first scholar of his time in
Wales. At a time when the famous school
)f St. David's was falling into decay, Bledri
evived and disseminated learning in his dio-
:ese, by insisting that every priest should
stablish a sort of school in his church, ' that
very one might know his duty to God and
man.' Bledri died in 1022 or 1023.

[The Liber Landavensis, edited by the Eev.

W. T. Eees for the Welsh MSS. Society, is our

ole authority for Bledri's history, except that

Bleeck

209

Bleek

the Gwentian Chronicle, published by the Cam-
brian Archaeological Society, gives the above ac-
count of his learning and zeal for education. But
the Liber Landavensis is more often wrong than
right, and the Grwentiun ' Brut ' is the least trust-
worthy of the Welsh chronicles.] T. F. T.

BLEECK, ARTHUR HENRY (1827?-
1877), orientalist, was for some time in the
British Museum, where his remarkable lin-
guistic capacity rendered him very useful.
He afterwards went out to the East during
the Crimean war, and until the conclusion
of peace held a post in connection with the
land transport corps at Sinope. Being re-
fused readmission to the British Museum on
his return to England, he worked for several
years for Mr. Muncherjee Hormusjee Cana,
who employed him to prepare an English
version of the t Avesta.' He died in January
1877.

His works are : 1. * A Practical Grammar
of the Turkish Language, with dialogues and
vocabulary' (in conjunction with W. Burck-
hardt Barker), London, 1854, 8vo. 2. <A
concise Grammar of the Persian Language,
containing dialogues, reading lessons, and a
vocabulary : together with a new Plan for
facilitating the Study of Languages, and speci-
mens in Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Greek,
Georgian, Hindustani, Hebrew, Latin, Per-
sian, Russian, Sanskrit, Swedish, Syriac, and
Turkish,' London, 1857, 8vo. 3. ' Catalogue
of the Napoleon Library in the possession of
Mr. Joshua Bates,' London, privately printed
(1858),8vo. 4. 'Avesta: the religious books
of the Parsees ; from Professor Spiegel's Ger-
man translation of the original manuscripts,'
3 vols., London, 1864, 8vo.

[Athenaeum, 3 Feb. 1877; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C.

BLEEK, WILHELM HEINRICH
IMMANUEL (1827-1875), the leading au-
thority on South African philology, was the
son of the biblical critic Friedrich Bleek,
and was born at Berlin 8 March 1827. He
began his education at Bonn, where his
father was professor, but, after taking his
doctorate in 1850, went to Berlin to continue
his studies in classical philology. His doctor's
dissertation, l De nominum generibus lingua-
rum Africse australis,' &c., published in 1851,
shows that thus early had he been attracted
by the special branch of linguistic research
which afterwards occupied all his energies.
He set out with W. B. Baikie [q. v.] on his
expedition up the Niger in 1854, but was
compelled by ill-health to turn back at Fer-
nando Po. In the following year, however,
he was able to join Bishop Colenso in Natal,

VOL. v.

and here he devoted himself for a year and
a half to the study of the language and
habits of the Kaffirs. Settling at Cape
Town he was appointed interpreter by Sir
George Grey in 1857. Two years later he was
obliged to return to Europe on sick leave, but
1860 saw him again at his work with the
position of librarian to the valuable collec-
tion of rare books presented by Sir George
Grey to the colony. With the intermission
of a visit to England in 1869, when he was
granted a well-deserved pension on the civil
list, he remained busily engaged in the duties
of this post and in collateral investigations
into the languages of South Africa, until
his death, 17 Aug. 1875. His chief works
are: 1. 'The Languages of Mozambique/
London, 1856. 2. < The Library of Sir George
Grey, vol. i. Africa, vol. ii. Australia and
Polynesia,' virtually a handbook of African,
Australian, and Polynesian philology, London
and Capetown, 1858-9. 3. ' Comparative
Grammar of South African Languages,' parts
i. and ii., London, 1862 and 1869, in which
important distinctions between two groups
of African languages are for the first time
established. 4. f Reynard the Fox in South
Africa, or Hottentot Tales and Fables,' Lon-
don, 1864 (Weimar, 1870), an interest-
ing contribution to comparative mythology.
5. ' Bushman Folklore,' 1875. He also wrote
a little tract, * Ueber den Ursprung der
Sprache,' in which he endeavoured to trace the
origin of language to the cries of anthropoid
apes, which was published in 1868 at Weimar
with a preface by his cousin Ernst Haeckel.
Less known is his elementary Latin grammar,
published in German in 1863. He contri-
buted philological and ethnological papers to
the Berlin Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde (1853),
the Philological Society (1855 and 1874), the
Anthropological Institute (1872), and on
African folklore and mythology and kindred
subjects to the t Cape Monthly Magazine/ So
important were his researches in his special
department of linguistic science that on his
premature death a memorial was widely
signed by the first scholars of Europe to the
! effect that a successor should be appointed
to carry on his work, and to this the Cape
, Colony assembly acceded. Bleek broke fresh
j ground in his treatises on African philology,
> and his books remain the first sources on the
subject. His method of work was unusually
I thorough ; he was indefatigable in examining
! natives with a view to elucidating their lan-
i guage, and his oral investigations were often
j very protracted before he could satisfy him-
j self that he had accurately caught the precise
| sound of which he was in search. Personally
I this devoted student was kindly in disposition

Blegborough

210

Blencowe

and ready to help others at any inconvenience
to himself.

[Prof. A. H. Sayce in Academy, No. 178, N.S. ;
Haeckel in Preface to Bleek's Ursprxing der
Sprache; Unsere Zeit, 1876; Cape Monthly
Magazine, rols. xi. and xiii., 1875 and 1876.1

S. L.-P.

BLEGBOROUGH, RALPH (1769-
1827), physician, was the son of a surgeon
at Richmond, Yorkshire, where he was born
on 3 April 1769. He was educated at the
grammar school of his native town, and, after
acting for some time as apprentice to his
father, continued his medical studies first at
the university of Edinburgh, and then at
Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London.
Having become a member of the corporation
of surgeons, London, he commenced in Lon-
don as a general practitioner. He became
M.D. of the university of Aberdeen on 29 Dec.
1804, and was admitted a licentiate of the
College of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1805. About
1804 he entered into partnership with Dr.
Welshman, a practitioner in midwifery, and
henceforth devoted himself exclusively to
this branch of his profession, in which his
reputation became so high that he was se-
lected as a medical witness before the com-
mittee of the House of Peers upon the question
of the Gardner peerage. He devoted a large
proportion of his time to gratuitous practice
among the poor, and died, literally worn out
by his benevolent exertions, on 23 Jan. 1827.
Dr. Blegborough contributed several papers
to the medical journals, and also published
separately * Two Articles on the Air Pump,
extracted from the " Medical and Physical
Journal," ' 1802 ; ' Facts and Observations
respecting the Efficiency of the Air Pump
and Vapour Bath in Gout and other Diseases,'
1803 ; and ' Address to the Governors of the
Surrey Dispensary/ 1810.

[Munk's Roll Coll. of Phys. iii. 28 ; Gent. Mag.
xcvii. pt. i. 92 ; British Museum Catalogue.]

BLENCOW or BLINCOW, JOHN (fi.
1640), divine, the son of John Blencow, of
London, was born 29 Jan. 1608-9, entered
Merchant Taylors' School in 1620, and pro-
ceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1627,
when he was elected to a fellowship. He
graduated B.C.L. 25 June 1633. One Blin-
cow, fellow of New College, was expelled
from his fellowship by the parliamentary visi-
tors in 1648, on the ground that he had taken
up arms for the king, was l dangerous, and
absent.' Blencow was the author of a very
curious sermon, and, Wood adds, 'perhaps
other things.' The sermon, delivered at St.
Paul's, and inscribed to Sir Henry Martin, is

entitled ' Michael's Combat with the Divel ;
or, Moses his Funerall ' (1640).

[Wood's Fasti Oxon., ed Bliss, i. 468 ; Robin-
! son's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i.
I 1 03 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. s. v. ' Blenkow.'] S. L. L.

BLENCOWE, Sm JOHN (1642-1726),
I judge, was born in 1642 at the manor of Mar-
| ston St. Lawrence, on the Oxfordshire border
i of Northamptonshire. The family came ori-
ginally from Greystock, in Cumberland, but
this estate was granted to one Thomas Blen-
; cowe in the time of Henry VI. Fifth in
descent from him was Thomas, father of
' John Blencowe, who married as his second
wife Anne, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Francis
Savage of Ripple in Worcestershire. John
was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, with
which his family was connected. A Blen-
cowe was an early benefactor of the college,
f and Anthony Blencowe, D.C.L., was provost
from 1572 to 1617. He was entered a student
of the Inner Temple in 1663, called to the bar
1 1673, elected a master of the bench in 1687,
received the degree of serjeant-at-law 11 April
| 1689, and represented Brackley in Northamp-
| tonshire for five years in the parliament of
1690, being a firm adherent of the govern-
ment. He married Anne, eldest daughter of
Dr. John Wallis, Savilian professor of geo-
metry in Oxford. To this marriage Blencowe
in part owed his advancement ; for when the
deanery (or bishopric, according to Granger)
of Hereford was offered to Dr. Wallis he de-
clined it, and asked a favour for his son-in-
law, saying, ' I have a son-in-law, Mr. Serjeant
Blencowe, of the Inner Temple, a member of
parliament, an able lawyer, and not inferior to
many of those on the bench, of a good life and
great integrity, cordial to the government,
and serviceable to it.' Accordingly, on 17 Sept.
1696, Blencowe was raised to the bench as a
baron of the exchequer, in the room of Sir
John Turton. He was removed to the king's
bench on 18 Jan. 1697, and knighted and
transferred to the common pleas 20 Nov. 1714.
Although Baker, Noble, and others speak of
him as in the queen's bench from 1702 to
1714, and Luttrell (v. 183) says it was in-
tended to remove him at the beginning of
Queen Anne's reign, still Lord Raymond's
law reports never speak of him as sitting in
the queen's bench, but speak of him as in the
common pleas, both at Anne's accession and
George I's (LD. RAYMOND, 769, 1317). He
may then have passed directly from the ex-
chequer to the common pleas. In 1718 he is
found concurring with other judges in favour
of the king's prerogative to control the mar-
riage and education of the royal family. He
retired on a pension on 22 June 1722 at the

Blencowe

211

Blenerhasset

age of eighty, and died 6 May 1726, and
was buried at Brackley. Before his death
his faculties had decayed ; he conceived he
had discovered the longitude, and employed
his son William in copying his writings to \
lay before parliament. He is described as '
being an honest, blunt, and kindly man, but j
of no great qualifications. He had a large j
family : John, his heir ; Thomas, afterwards i
a bencher of the Inner Temple, from whom l
springs the family of Blencowe of Bincham, I
near Lewes ; William ; Mary, who married j
Alexander Prescott, of Thoby Priory, in j
Essex ; Anne, who married in 1720 Sir E.
Probyn, of Newlands, chief baron of the ex-
chequer ; Elizabeth ; and Susannah, who
married E. Jennens, of Princethorp. His
third son William, born 6 Jan. 1682-3, was I
the decipherer [see BLENCOWE, WILLIAM].
The estates, with the patronage of Marston
St. Lawrence, still continue in the family.

[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Baker's Northamp-
tonshire, i. 639 (citing the books of the Inner
Temple); Nichols's Anecdotes, ix. 273; Noble's
Continuation of Granger, ii. 180; 2 Raymond's
Reports; Wood's Antiquities, ed. Gutch, iii. 130;
Burke's Landed Gentry.] J. A. H.

BLENCOWE, WILLIAM (1683-1712),
decipherer, was the third son ' of Sir John
Blencowe [q. v.], knight, baron of the ex-
chequer, by the eldest daughter of the ma-
thematician and decipherer, Dr. Wallis, and
was born on 6 Jan. 1682-3. He was edu-
cated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where
he graduated B. A. in 1701 (List of Oxford
Graduates). On the nomination of Arch-
bishop Tenison he became a fellow of All
Souls, 21 Dec. 1702, and he was made M.A.
in 1704. He was instructed in the art of
deciphering by his maternal grandfather, and
for his encouragement in the art received the
survivorship of his pension of 100/. a year.
Wallis died 28 Oct. 1703. As a matter of
course Blencowe therefore succeeded him as
decipherer to the government, and the state-
ment of a survivor ( Gent. Mag. Iviii. 586) that
he applied for the office ' unrecommended '
cannot therefore be accepted as an accurate
representation of facts. The salary he ulti-
mately received for the office was 200Z. a year
(Archives of All Souls, 346). He desired a
dispensation permitting him to retain his fel-
lowship at All Souls without taking holy
orders, and on the warden interposing his veto
the queen interfered on his behalf. Ultimately
the dispute led to the abolition of the warden's
veto on dispensations, and the non-residence
of the fellows became from that time a lead-
ing characteristic of All Souls College. The
statement of Noble that at the trial of Bishop

Atterbury he exercised his skill in decipher-
ing certain papers is a mistake, the trial
having taken place ten years after his death.
In the prime of life Blencowe was attacked
by a violent fever, from which he was re-
covering, when, on 25 Aug. 1712, he shot
himself during temporary insanity caused
by a relapse. He was buried in All Saints
Church, Northampton, where the monument
to his memory records that he was a 'man
studious of many kinds of learning, particu-
larly of the common law, which he professed
and practised with reputation ; and of the
art of deciphering letters wherein he excelled,
and served the public for ten years.'

[Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, continua-
tion by Noble, ii. 180-1 ; Bridge's Northampton-
shire, i. 182-4; Baker's Northamptonshire, i.
645-7; Gent. Mag. Iviii. 380-1, 479-80, lix.
787-8, Ix. 521; Burrows's Worthies of All
Souls, 356-60, 363 ; Martin's Archives of All
Souls.] T. F. H.

BLENERHASSET, THOMAS (1650 P-
1625 ?), poet and writer on Ireland, was a
younger son of William Blenerhasset of
Horsford Park, near Norwich, who died in
1598. He was probably born about 1550,
and was, according to his own account, edu-
cated at Cambridge without taking a de-
gree. He subsequently entered the army,
and was stationed for some years as captain
at Guernsey Castle. At the beginning of
the seventeenth century he took service with
the English in Ireland, and in 1610 was one
of the 'undertakers' for the plantation of
Ulster. In 1611 he received 2,000 acres at
Clancally in Fermanagh, and in 1612 he,
with thirty-nine others, appealed to the lord-
deputy, Sir Arthur Chichester, to grant them
jointly a part of Sligo, 60,000 acres in Fer-
managh, and some neighbouring territory, on
their undertaking to expend 40,000/. on the
land, and to settle upon it 1 ,000 ' able men
furnished for all kinds of handiwork.' In his
signature to this appeal Blenerhasset describes
himself as being still of Horsford, Norfolk.
In 1624 Blenerhasset was stated to own the
barony of Lurge and two proportions of Ed-
dernagh and Tullenageane in Fermanagh.
According to Ware, the biographer of Irish
writers, Blenerhasset died early in the reign
of Charles I. His father's will proves him
to have been married before 1598, and to
have had several children. His eldest brother,
Sir Edward Blenerhasset, who shared with
him several grants of Irish land, died in 1618.

Blenerhasset's most important literary work
was an expansion of the f Mirrour for Magis-
trates.' This he accomplished while at Guern-
sey in 1577. He intended it for the private

p2

Blenkiron

212

Blenkiron

perusal of a friend, but during1 his absence
* beyond the seas ' it was published in Lon-
don in 1578 under the title of ' The Second
Parte of the Mirrour for Magistrates.' To it
was prefixed an interesting letter, contain-
ing some autobiographical facts, addressed by
the author to the friend for whom the work
was written. The original t Mirrour for Ma-
gistrates/ which dealt with episodes in Eng-
lish history from the time of Richard II, had
been issued in 1559, under the editorship of
William Baldwin [see BALDWIN, WILLIAM,
fl. 1 547] , and had been reprinted in 1563, when
Sackville's famous ' Induction ' was first pub-
lished as the preface. In 1574 John Higgins
wrote a new series of poems on legends drawn
from far earlier history than that of which
Baldwin's work treated. This book, bearing
the title of ' The First Parte of the Mirrour for
Magistrates,' was reprinted in 1575. Blener-
hasset's contribution to the ' Mirrour' was a
continuation of Higgins's book, ' from the con-
quest of Csesar unto the commyng of Duke
William the Conqueror.' It dealt very feebly
and prosaically with the legends of * Guide-
ricus, Carassus, Queen Hellina, Vortiger,
liter Pendragon, Cadwallader, Sigebert, Lady
Ebbe, Alurede, Elgured. Edricus, and King
Harolde.' In 1610 ten of these poems of
Blenerhasset were included in a complete
reprint of the various parts of the ' Mirrour
for Magistrates ' undertaken by Richard
Niccols, and the whole of them were re-
printed by Joseph Haslewood in his edition
of the ' Mirrour ' published in 1815 (i. 345-
479). Blenerhasset's literary work also in-
cluded a translation of Ovid's ' De Remedio
Amoris/ executed while at Cambridge but
never printed, and a poem called { A Reve-
lation of the true Minerva,' a panegyric on
Queen Elizabeth printed in London in 1582,
but of which only one copy, recently in the
Heber collection, is known to be extant. In
1610 Blenerhasset wrote a brief pamphlet
dedicated to Prince Henry, entitled ' A Di-
rection for the Plantation in Ulster/ in which
he showed how the extirpation of the Irish
in Ulster was the best means for the ' se-
curing of that wilde countrye to the crowne
of England.'

[Norfolk Archaeology, vii. 86-92 ; Irish State
Paper Calendars. 1610-24; Ware's Irish Writers,
ed. Harris, p. 333 ; Mirror for Magistrates, ed.
Haslewood, i. xxxiv-xxxv ; Eitson's Bibliotheca
Poetica, p. 132; Corser's Collectanea Anglo-
Poetica:, viii. 429.] S. L. L.

BLENKIRON, WILLIAM (1807 ?-
1871), breeder of racehorses, was born at
Marrick, seven miles from Richmond in York-
shire, about 1807. He was originally brought

up as a farmer, but, abandoning that pursuit,
came to London in 1834, and commenced
business as a general agent at 78£ Wood
Street, Cheapside ; in 1845 he added to his
establishment a manufactory of stocks and
collars, and three years later retired in
favour of his son.

Blenkiron always desired to be the owner
i of a racehorse, and in 1847, whilst residing
at Dalston, he purchased a mare named
Glance. She was by Venison out of Eyebrow,
by Whisker, one of Lord George Bentinck's
breeding. In course of time she bore a colt,
Young Beverlace, which was run at race
meetings with a moderate success. The colt
was afterwards exchanged for three mares,
and these formed the commencement of a
stud destined to become the most celebrated
of any establishment of horses in Europe.
About 1852 Blenkiron, wanting more room,
removed from Dalston to Middle Park,
Kent. He brought with him seven or eight
brood mares, and Neasham, the head of the
list of Eltham sires. The establishment now
rapidly increased, until it was augmented to
upwards of two hundred of the highest class
; and best mares that money and experience
could produce. Kingston, Touchstone, Bird-
| catcher, and Newminster were the four
! cornerstones of his extensive stud, and it was
! to the first of these that he, to a great extent,
| owed his success as a breeder ; for that horse
! was the sire of Caractacus, who was perhaps
' the most sensational Derby winner on record.
! As a breeder of stock he had few equals
I in the matter of judgment, and no superior
• in the extent of his dealings ; and whenever
! he desired to buy either brood mares or
i stallions, it was not of the least use to op-
I pose him at an auction sale. Amongst his
very numerous purchases he gave 3,000
guineas for Kingston, 5,000 guineas for Blink
Bonny, 5,800 guineas for Gladiateur, 2,000
guineas for Rosa Bonheur, and 5,000 guineas
for Blair Athol. The horses were pastured
and stabled at his three establishments at
Middle Park, Waltham Cross, and Esher; the
cost per annum for oats alone exceeded 4,000/.
He was never satisfied unless he was con-
stantly weeding and improving his stock. The
annual sales of stock at Middle Park drew
; together all connected with the turf, not only
i in England, but from France and other coun-
j tries. The first regular sale of blood stock
took place in June 1856, when 13 lots brought
1,447 /., being an average of 111/, each ; at a sale
in 1871, 46 lots produced 14,525/., the average
price being 31 5/. 15s. Middle Park was then
the largest breeding stud that any country
ever saw, and considered one of the sights of
England. After 1866 it was found necessary

Blennerhasset

213

Blessington

to hold two annual sales to dispose of the
increase, in the stock. Blenkiron bred Hermit,
the Derby winner in 1867, and Gamos, which
won the Oaks in 1870. These stud farms paid
their proprietor a handsome return on his
outlay during his lifetime, and his liberality
was shown in many ways, conspicuously,
however, in his founding the great two-year-
old race at Newmarket, to which he contri-
buted for some time 1,000/. a year. He died
at Middle Park 25 Sept. 1871, in his sixty-
fourth year, and was buried in Eltham church-
yard 30 Sept,

[Gent. Mag. iii. 451-62 (1869) ; Kice's History
of the Britisn Turf (1879), ii. 338-44; Sports-
man, 26 Sept. 1871, p. 2; Field, 30 Sept. 1871,
p. 287.] G-. C. B.

BLENNERHASSET,HARMAN(1764?

-1831), lawyer and politician, was the young-
est of three sons of Conway Blennerhasset
of Conway Castle, Killorglin, county Kerry,
Ireland, where the family had settled in the
time of Elizabeth, and his mother was the
daughter of Major Thomas Lacy, the de-
scendant of an old Anglo-Norman family.
He was born in Hampshire on 8 Oct. 1764
or 1765, during a temporary visit of his
parents to England. He received his educa-
tion at AVestminster School and at Trinity
College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in
1790 and LL.B. in the same year. Having,
through the death of his elder brother, suc-
ceeded to the family estates, he spent some
time in travel on the continent, where he
imbibed so strong republican notions that he
resolved to quit this country for the United
States of America. While in England, ob-
taining the necessary outfit, he made the ac-
quaintance of Miss Agnew, daughter of the
lieutenant-governor of the Isle of Man, whom
he married. Having disposed of his lands to
a relative, and supplied himself with an ex-
tensive library and various philosophical ap-
paratus, he shipped for New York in 1796.
In 1798 he purchased the upper part of a
beautiful island on the Ohio, about two miles
below Parkersburg, and erected on it a splen-
did mansion, surrounded by fine groiinds and
adorned with costly pictures and statues. In
this modern paradise he passed a retired and
studious life, occupied in the study of che-
mistry, galvanism, astronomy, and similar
sciences, until in 1806 he became implicated
in the treasonable schemes of Aaron Burr
without properly realising their intent. In
support of the views of Burr he published a
series of papers in the < Ohio Gazette,' under
the signature of « Querist,' and he also in-
vested a large sum in providing boats, provi-
sions, and arms in aid of Burr's contemplated

j expedition. In the spring of 1807 he was
i arrested, and although he regained his liberty,
! his house had during his absence been de-
stroyed and pillaged by the mob. and in the
abortive enterprise of Burr he had expended
a large part of his fortune, tfe thereupon
I purchased 1,000 acres of land near Gibson-
port, Mississippi, with the view of beginning
; the culture of cotton, but the venture turned
: out unsuccessful. In 1819 he removed to
Montreal and commenced practice as a lawyer,
| hoping through the favour of his old school-
| mate, the Duke of Richmond, to obtain a
1 judgeship. Disappointed in this, he sailed in
j 1822 for Ireland to endeavour to recover his
I estates by a reversionary claim. In this he
j was also unsuccessful, and again courting re-
tirement, he removed to the island of Guern-
sey, where he died in 1831.

[Hickson's Selections from Old Kerry Records,
1872 ; Reports of Trial of Colonel Aaron Burr,
late President of the United States; Safford's
Life of Harman Blennerhasset, 1853 ; Saflford,
The Blennerhasset Papers, embodying the Pri-
vate Journal of Harman Blennerhasset, 1864.]

T. F. H.

BLESSINGTON, MARGUERITE,

COUNTESS or (1789-1849), authoress, was
born at Knockbrit, near Clonmel, co. Tippe-
rary, 1 Sept. 1789. She was the second
daughter and fourth of the seven children of
Edmund Power, only son of Michael Power
of Curragheen and Clonea, a small landowner
descended from an old catholic family of some
repute in co. Waterford. Her mother, Ellen,
daughter of Edmund Sheehy, also came from
an ancient catholic stock in co. Tipperary.
Marguerite was chiefly noticeable when a girl
as the one plain member in a singularly hand-
some family. Her father being dissolute, her
home was miserable. Miss Anne Dwyer, a
friend of her mother's, out of compassion im-
parted to her the first rudiments of education.
Yet her precocity was such that by impro-
vising stories for her brothers and sisters she
became the wonder of the neighbourhood.
Her father moved his family from Knockbrit
to Clonmel. There, in 1797, he was appointed
a magistrate, both in Waterford and Tippe-
rary. When the revolt began, lie, with the
help of a troop of dragoons, resolutely hunted
down the insurgents, on one occasion shooting
with his own hand a young peasant, Joseph
Lonnergan, son of a poor widow at Mullough.
He provoked hatred all round. Besides en-
gaging in business as a corn merchant and
butter buyer, he started a newspaper. But as
proprietor of the < Clonmel Gazette or Munster
Mercury ' he began to sink money rapidly. An
attempt to redeem his fortunes by entering into

Blessington

214

Blessington

yet larger mercantile speculations with a tra-
ding firm in Waterford also failed. Impend-
ing ruin infuriated his natural irascibility until
he came at last to be a terror to his wife and
children. Arrayed like a dandy of the period
in buckskins 'and top-boots, he flaunted about
then so constantly in lace ruffles and white
cravat, that he was habitually spoken of
among the Tipperary bloods as l Shiver-the-
Frills ' or ' Beau Power.'

In 1804 Marguerite, being then a child of
fourteen and a half, was proposed for by two
officers of the 47th regiment, then stationed
at Clonmel. Her parents forced her to marry
one of these, Captain Maurice St. Leger Far-
mer of Poplar Hall and Laurel Grove, co.
Kildare, a man who indulged in such un-
governable outbursts of passion as to suggest I
insanity. Three months after their marriage, |
on 7 March 1804, upon Captain Farmer being j
ordered to join his regiment, then encamped j
on the Curragh of Kildare, Marguerite reso- |
lutely refused to accompany him, and returned
to her father's house at Clonmel. In 1807
she was at Cahir, and in 1809 at Dublin, and j
at eighteen her beauty had become so con- j
spicuous that her portrait was painted by Sir I
Thomas Lawrence. In 1816 she was in Man- !
Chester Square, London. There she was still
residing when, on 21 Oct. 1817, Captain Far-
mer was killed during a drunken orgie by
falling from a window in the King's Bench
prison. Four months afterwards his widow,
on 16 Feb. 1818, was married at the church
in Bryanston Square to Charles John Gar-
diner, second Viscount Mountjoy, and first
Earl of Blessington. Seven years her senior
and a widower, this nobleman drew from his
estates in Ireland an annual income of thirty
thousand pounds. This fortune he squandered
on every whim. Upon his first wife's funeral
four years earlier he had expended 3,000/.
Upon his new bride he lavished every luxury.
Their town mansion, 11 St. James's Square,
was fitted up like the palace of a Sybarite.
Under the influence of Lady Blessington it
soon became a centre of social attraction.
Early in 1822 she published anonymously her i
first work, ' The Magic Lantern, or Sketches
of Scenes in the Metropolis,' 16mo. In 1822 :
she also published ' Sketches and Fragments/
12mo. On 22 Aug. 1822 Lord and Lady Bles- \
sington started upon a continental tour. They j
were attended by the youngest sister of the •
countess, Mary Anne Power, afterwards, in j
1832, married to the Baron de St. Marsault ; |
by a young architect, who became famous as j
Charles Mathews the light comedian, and by j
Alfred Count d'Orsay, proverbially the hand- j
somest man of his time, and a very Crichton
in his accomplishments. With him the Coun-

tess of Blessington, down to the close of her
life, was thenceforth most intimately asso-
ciated.

At Genoa in 1823, for two months together,
from 1 April to 1 June, the Blessingtons were
in daily intercourse with Lord Byron. Before
Byron parted from the Blessingtons, his ac-
quaintance with whom had so rapidly ripened
into intimate friendship that he did so with
a passion of tears, he had sold his yacht Bo-
livar to the earl, and had written not only
a,jeu d? esprit, but one of the last of his minor
poems to the countess.

Early in Lord Blessington's Italian tour
his only legitimate son by his first wife, Luke,
Viscount Mountjoy, died in his tenth year.
Some time before its close the earl's only le-
gitimate daughter, Lady Harriet Gardiner,
then a girl of fifteen, was married on 1 Dec.
1827, at Naples, to Count d'Orsay. Towards
the end of 1828 the whole party moved home-
wards, and on arriving in Paris took up their
residence in the Hotel Marechal-Ney. There,
on 23 May 1829, the Earl of Blessington died
from a stroke of apoplexy at the age of forty-
six. The earl's estate had diminished from
30,OOOJ. to 23,000/. a year. Upon his death
all his honours became extinct. The countess
remained in Paris during the revolution of
1830. Towards the close of 1831 she took a
house in Seamore Place, Mayfair, where she
resumed her old social pre-eminence. She in
some measure, however, shared the honours of
fashionable supremacy with the Countess of
Charleville, Lady Holland, and for a while
with the Dowager Countess of Cork, down to
the latter's death in 1840 at the age of ninety-
four. ' Everybody goes to Lady Blessington/
writes Haydon in his ' Diary ' at this period
(iii. 12). N. P. Willis, shortly after this, on
calling in upon her at Seamore Place, speaks
ofher,inhis 'Pencillingsbythe Way ' (p. 356),
as ' one of the most lovely and fascinating
women I have ever seen/ and of Count d'Orsay
(p. 355) as ( the most splendid specimen of a
man, and a well-dressed one/ he had ever be-
held. Lady Blessington's income after the
earl's death was restricted to her jointure of
2,000/. a year. Besides living expensively
she had dependent upon her seven or eight
members of her own family. To maintain
her position she took to authorship. In 1833
appeared her first novel in 3 vols., 'Grace
Cassidy, or the Repealers.' She then also be-
gan writing industriously for the periodicals,
for annuals and magazines. Her house in
Seamore Place, in the summer of 1833, was
broken into and robbed of plate and jewellery
to the value of 1 ,000/. In 1 834 she began her
many years' editorship of the ' Book of Beauty/
to which she was herself the most industrious

Blessington

215

Blewitt

contributor. That year also she republished, j
from the * New Monthly/ her ' Conversations |
with Lord Byron/ 8vo. In 1835 appeared her ,
novel, in 3 vols., 'The Two Friends/ descrip- j
tive of society in the Faubourg St. -Germain. |
In 1836 were published her ' Flowers of
Loveliness/ 4to, and her ' Confessions of an |
Elderly Gentleman/ illustrated by Parris, j
8vo. Early in that year she moved into Gore
House, Kensington, where for thirteen years
she gathered around her the most distin-
guished men of intellect of that time. In
1837 she published < The Victims of Society ; '
and in 1838 the ' Gems of Beauty/ and the
1 Confessions of an Elderly Lady/ illustrated j
by Parris, 12mo. ' The Works of Lady j
Blessington ' were issued from the press in a |
collected form in 2 vols. 8vo in 1838 at Phila- |
delphia. In 1839 she produced < The Gover- j
ness ' and * Desultory Thoughts and Reflec-
tions/ besides two volumes of the most suc-
cessful of all her writings, ' The Idler in Italy.'
A third volume of that work appeared in
1840. In that year she also published, in a
quarto volume illustrated by Chalons, her
story in verse, ' The Belle of a Season.' In
1841 she produced her ' Idler in France/ (
and began her ten years' editorship of ( The
Keepsake.' By that work in 1848 she was
a loser to the extent of 700/. through the
death, in a state of bankruptcy, of Charles
Heath the engraver. In 1842 appeared, in
3 vols., her ' Lottery of Life and other Tales/ j
and in 1843, in 4 vols., ' Strathern, or Life at j
Home and Abroad : a Story of the Present
Day/ From this work, although only four
hundred copies of it were sold, she realised
nearly 600/., it having first appeared as a se-
rial in the ' Sunday Times.' When the ' Daily
News ' was started, in January 1846, the
Countess of Blessington was engaged to con-
tribute to it, at the rate of 500/. a year, ' ex-
clusive intelligence.' At the end of six months,
however, she withdrew from that engagement.
In 1846 she published her novel, in 3 vols.,
* The Memoirs of a Femme de Chambre/ and
(edited by her) ' Lionel Deerhurst, or Fashion-
able Life under the Regency.' In 1847 ap-
peared, in 3 vols., her novel founded on fact, j
' Marmaduke Herbert, or the Fatal Error.' I
One other work only appeared from her hand, j
and that posthumously in 1850, her novel in j
3 vols. , ' Country Quarters.' For nearly twenty i
years she had been earning an income, ac- j
cording to Jerdan (Autobiography, iv. 320-1), 1
of between 2,OOOJ. and 3,000/. a year. Her
annual expenditure at Gore House, however,
exceeded 4,000/., and from 1843 her pecuniary
difficulties were perpetually increasing. In
1845 the potato disease seriously affected her
jointure, which, after rapidly dwindling, in

1848 finally disappeared. Count d'Orsay'
meanwhile, who but a few months after his
marriage had been separated from his young
wife, had for the last dozen years been living
at Gore House with the Countess of Bles-
sington. In April 1849 the long-impending
crash came upon both. To escape arrest
Count d'Orsay, on the night of the 1st, fled
to Paris, taking with him his valet and a
single portmanteau. On the 14th Lady Bles-
sington followed him thither. From the auc-
tion which took place at Gore House on
10 May 1849 less than 12,00(M. was realised.
Witiun a month from that time, on 4 June
1849, the Countess of Blessington died very
suddenly in her sixtieth year in her apart-
ments in the Rue du Cercle, near the Champs-
Elysees, from an apoplectic seizure, compli-
cated by heart disease. She was buried at
Chambourcy, near St.-Germain-en-Laye, the
residence of her most intimate friends during
many years, the Duke and Duchess de Gram-
mont.

[Memoir prefixed to Country Quarters, vol. i.
pp. iii-xxiii, 1850 ; Madden's Life of the Coun-
tess of Blessington, 3 vols. 8ro, 1855; Chorley's
Authors of England, pp. 28-30, 1861 ; Grantley
Berkeley's Recollections, vol. iii. ch. x. ' Grore
House,' pp. 201-31, 1865; Jerdan's Autobiogra-
phy, iv. 320-1 ; C. Mathews's Autobiography,
i. 60-165; Annual Register for 1849, pp. 245-6 ;
Gent. Mag. August 1849, pp. 202-3; Morning
Post, 5 June 1849 ; Athenaeum, 9 June, 1849,
p. 599 ; Illustrated London News, 9 June, 1849,
p. 396.] C. K.

BLETHYN, WILLIAM (d. 1690), bishop
of LlandaiF, was born in Wales, and educated
at Oxford, at either New Inn Hall or Broad-
gates Hall (now Pembroke College). Having
taken orders he became archdeacon of Breck-
nock, and in 1575 bishop of Llandaff, holding
at the same time several livings in order to
add to the scanty endowments of the see.
He died in October 1590, leaving three sons,
and was buried in the church of Mathern,
Monmouthshire, where was his episcopal
residence.

[Godwin's Comm. de Prsesulibus Anglise, p.
612 ; Wood's Athense Oxonienses, ii. 827.]

A.M.

BLEWITT, JONAS (d. 1805), was one
of the most distinguished organists of the
latter half of the eighteenth century. He
was the pupil of Samuel Jarvis, and about
1795 was organist of the united parishes of
St. Margaret Pattens and St. Gabriel Fen-
church, and also of St. Catherine Coleman,
Fenchurch Street. He was the author of a
' Complete Treatise on the Organ/ of < Ten
Voluntaries and Twelve Preludes' for the

Blewitt

216

Blewitt

same instrument, and wrote many songs for BLEWITT, OCTAVIAN (1810-1884),
the Spa Gardens, Bermondsey, near which he secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, was
lived. His death took place in 1805. | son of John Edwards Blewitt, by his marriage

[Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 249 British Museum i with Caroline, daughter of Peter Symons,
Catalogue; preface to Blewitt's Treatise on the ! sometime mayor of Plymouth He was born
Organ 1 w. B. S. ! on 3 Oct. 1810 in St. Helen's Place, Bishops-

, gate, London, where his father was settled

BLEWITT, JONATHAN (1780?-! 853), j as a merchant. Much of his early life was
composer, son of Jonas Blewitt [q. v.], is | spent at Marazion House, in Cornwall, the
generally said to have been born in 1782 or ,, residence of his great-uncle, Hannibal Cur-
1784, but is also stated to have been at the j n0w Blewitt ; and he received his education
time of his death in his 73rd year. He was j at Plymouth grammar school. Entering the
educated by his father and his godfather, j medical profession, he served the usual five
Jonathan Battishill [q. v.], and he also re- years' apprenticeship, partly to his uncle,
ceived some instruction from Haydn. At Mr. Dryden, assistant-surgeon of Devonport
the age of eleven he acted as deputy to his j dockyard, and partly to Mr. Pollard of Tor-
father, and subsequently he held several j quay. In December 1833 he came to Lon-
appointments as organist in London. He don, where he continued his medical studies
was also successively organist of Haverhill, in the infirmary of St. George's, Hanover
Suffolk, and of Brecon, at which latter place | Square, and spent much of his time in the
he remained three years. About 1808 he j house of Sir James Clark, acting as tutor in
returned to London for the production of : classics to Clark's son and assisting him in
an opera he had written for Drury Lane, I preparing for the press his work on * Phthisis.'
but the theatre was burnt down before the ! Afterwards he visited the island of Madeira

work was brought out. Blewitt next went
to Sheffield, and thence he proceeded (in

with a patient, remained at Funchal for eight
! months, and subsequently travelled much

1811) to Ireland, where he lived for a time j in Italy, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, and other
with Lord Cahir. He was appointed organist | countries. In March 1839 he was elected
of St. Andrew's, Dublin, composer and di- ' secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, which
rector of the music at the Theatre Royal, office he continued to hold till his death,
and grand organist to the Freemasons of j During his secretarvship the institution

Ireland, the latter post being given him by

the Duke of Leinster. On Logier's intro-
ducing; his system into Ireland, Blewitt

largely extended the sphere of its opera-

tions and attained a thoroughly safe and as-
, sured position. Blewitt spent many years

joined him, and was very successful as a jn arranging the papers, literary, financial,
teacher, but in 1826 he was back in London, and historical, which constituted the records
and began the long series of pantomime j of the association ; and these documents,
compositions with which his name was con- when classified, were stitched into covers so

as to be read like a book, and are now pre-
served in 130 folio boxes. In 1872 the King
of the Belgians presided at the annual ban-

nected for the rest of his life. For upwards
of twenty-five years he wrote pantomime
music for most of the London theatres, and

his last work, ' Harlequin Hudibras,' was j quet of the Literary Fund, and testified his
brought out at Drury Lane the year before sense of the secretary's services by creating
his death. In 1828 and 1829 he was director him a knight of the order of Leopold. He
of the music at Sadler's Wells Theatre, and died in London in November 1884.
he was also, at different times, musical direc- j He was the author of: 1. 'A Panorama
tor at Vauxhall, at the Tivoli Gardens, Mar- of Torquay,' Torquay, 1830, 12mo, which was
gate, and pianist to Templeton's Vocal En- | go successful that the impression was speedily
tertainments. He wrote a few light operas i exhausted, and a second and enlarged edi-
and upwards of 2,000 pieces of vocal music, | tion, professing to be 'A Descriptive and
most of them comic songs, for which he was | Historical Sketch of the District comprised
very celebrated, the best remembered being between the Dart and Teign,' was published
'Barney Brallaghan.' In his latter years at London in 1833, 8vo. 2. 'Treatise on
Blewitt sank into great poverty, and suffered the Happiness arising from the Exercise of
much from a painful disease. He died in the Christian Faith.' 3. The preface to
London 4 Sept, 1853, and was buried at St. Glynn's ' Autograph Portfolio.' 4. l Hand-
Pancras. He left a widow and two daugh- book for Travellers in Central Italy, including
ters totally unprovided for. the Papal States, Rome, and the Cities of

[The Georgian Era, iv. 550 ; Grove's Diet, of Etruria,' London, 1843, 12mo (anon.) ; 2nd
Music, i. 249 ; Musical Times, 1 Oct. 1853 ; Gent. I edition (with the author's name), 1850. This
Mag. 3rd ser. xl. 429.] W. B. S. ] and the following work belong to the series

Blicke

217

Bligh

known as Murray's guide-books. 5. ( Hand-
book for Travellers in Southern Italy,' Lon-
don, 1853, 12mo. For twenty-nine years
Blewitt edited the newspaper portion of the
1 Gardener's Chronicle/ and he contributed
articles to the ' Quarterly Review,' ' Fraser's
Magazine,' the ' St. Paul's Magazine/ and
other periodicals.

[Biograph. v. 170; Boase and Courtney's
Bibl. Cornubiensis, iii. 1072; Times, 4 Nov. 1884;
Athenaeum, 15 Nov. 1884, p. 626; Anderson's
Book of British Topography, 93 ; Davidson's Bibl.
Devoniensis, 57; Men of the Time (1884), 137 ;
Sir C. Dilke's Memoir of his Grandfather, Charles
Wentworth Dilke, 79.] T. C.

BLICKE, SIR CHARLES (1745-1815),
surgeon, was a prominent member of his pro-
fession, and accumulated a large fortune by
its practice in London. He was educated at
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, where he was
elected assistant-surgeon, and succeeded Per-
cival Pott as surgeon 17 July 1787 (MS.
Journal St. Bartholomew's Hospital). He
was one of the court of assistants at Sur-
geons' Hall, in 1801 became a governor of the
College of Surgeons, was knighted in 1803,
and died 30 Dec. 1815. In .1772, while liv-
ing in Old Jewry, he published his only
work, 'An Essay on the Bilious or Yellow
Fever of Jamaica, collected from the manu-
script of a late Surgeon.' In the preface
Blicke states that he has abridged the original
work and simplified its style. The essayist,
whose name is not preserved, advocates the
treatment of the fever by bleeding, purging,
warm baths, fresh air, and acid drinks.
Some twenty authors are quoted to little
purpose, and the only interesting contents
of the composition are a few lines on the
sufferings of the Carthagena expedition, in
which the original writer had served, and the
mention of the fact that the water of the
Bristol hot wells was exported to Jamaica.
Whatever he may have cut out, the editor
certainly added nothing. The essay has been
translated into Italian. In 1779 Blicke,
then living in Mildred Court, received the
famous Abernethy as his apprentice in sur-
gery. The pupil thought his master fonder
of money-making than of science.

[Macllwain's Memoirs of Abernethy.]

N. M.

BLIGH or BLIGHE, EDWARD (1685-
1775), general, was a member of an old
Yorkshire family settled in Ireland. He was
second son of Thomas Blighe, of Rathmore,
county Meath, one of the knights of the shire,
and an Irish privy councillor, and was born
on 15 Jan. 1685. " His elder brother was sub-

sequently created Earl Darnley, which cir-
cumstance probably suggested the ' honour-
able ' frequently prefixed to his name by
contemporary writers. Particulars of the
early years and first military commissions of
Edward Bligh are wanting, but it appears that
he was returned to the Irish parliament as
member for Athboy, county Meath, in 1715,
and that in 1717 he held the rank of captain
on the Irish establishment, and was promoted
to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 6th horse,
now 5th dragoon guards, of which his uncle,
Lieutenant-general Robert Napier, then was
colonel. In 1737 he married Elizabeth, sister
of W. Bury, of Shannon Grove, Limerick, and
by this lady, who died in 1759, had an only
child, who'died young. In 1740 Bligh was
appointed colonel of the 20th foot, in 1745
he became a brigadier-general, and com-
manded in a very sharp action at the cause-
way of Melle when marching to reinforce the
garrison of Ghent (CANNON, Hist. Rec. ±th Lt.
Drags, p. 38). In 1746 he was transferred
from the 20th foot to the 12th dragoons, in
1747 he became a major-general, and in De-
cember the same year was transferred to the
colonelcy of his old regiment, the 5th dragoon
guards, which had then become the 2nd Irish
horse, and in 1754 became a lieutenant-
general. In 1758 preparations were made on
an extensive scale for another descent on the
French coast, to create a diversion in favour
of the army under Prince Ferdinand of
Brunswick in Germany, and Lieutenant-
general Bligh, then in his seventy-fourth
year, was appointed to command the troops.
Horace Walpole speaks of Bligh as * an old
general routed out of some horse-armoury
in Ireland' ( WALPOLE, Letters, vol. iii.), but
he appears to have been respected in the ser-
vice, and, in spite of his years, to have been
noted for a command in Germany (Chatham
Corresp. vol. i.) The fleet under Howe, with
the troops on board, quitted England at the
beginning of August 1758, and in seven days
arrived in Cherbourg roads. The troops were
landed, the town of Cherbourg was captured,
the harbour, pier, and forts were destroyed,
and the troops re-embarked, bringing away
with them the brass ordnance as trophies.
In September a landing was effected on the
coast of Brittany, as a preliminary to the
siege of St. Malo ; but, the latter being found
impracticable, the troops, after marching a
short way up the country, returned and re-
embarked in the bay of St. Cas. A strong
force of the enemy, under the Duke d'Aguil-
lon, followed and attacked the British rear,
which was most gallantly defended by Major-
general Alexander Dury (not Drury as gene-
rally written) of the Guards, and inflicted

Bligh

218

Bligh

very severe loss upon them. The most re- j
cent and most discriminating accounts of the ;
transaction will be found in Sir F. Hamil-
ton's 'Hist. Grenadier Guards/ vol. ii., and '
Burrows's ' Life of Lord Hawke.' Like other
unsuccessful commanders of the period, Lieu-
tenant-general Bligh was bitterly censured
for his conduct of the affair, and soon after
the return of the expedition to England re-
signed all his commissions and retired to his
property in Ireland. His name is omitted
from the Army Lists of 1759 and subsequent
years. Some time after his retirement Bligh
married a second wife, Frances, daughter of
Theophilus Jones, of Leitrim, by whom he had i
no issue. He died at Brittas, near Dublin, '.
in the summer of 1775, at the age of ninety, j
and was buried at Rathmore. His ample ,
fortune of 100,000/. he bequeathed to his j
younger brother, the Dean of Elphin.

[Collins's Peerage (ed. 1812), vii. 60-1 ; Cannon's
Hist. Eecords 4th Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons, j
12th Dragoons, 20th Foot; Chatham Corresp.
vols. i. and ii. ; Brit. Mus. Gen. Cat., see B- — h ; j
Entick's Hist, of the War, vol. iii. ; Hamilton's
Hist. Grenadier Guards, vol. ii. ; Burrows's Life
of Hawke ; Hist. MSS. Com. Reps. 2, 3 ; Cal. !
State Papers (Home Off. 1766-69), pp. 340, 344 ; '
Scots Mag. xxxvii. 525.] H. M. C.

BLIGH, RICHARD (1780-1838 ?), chan-
cery barrister, the son of Admiral William
Bligh [q. v.], was educated at Westminster
School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He
graduated B.A. 1803, M.A. 1806, and became
an equity draughtsman at the chancery bar.
He was a hard worker, and had a fair
amount of practice in his profession ; but a
considerable amount of his time was taken
up by reporting in the House of Lords, in
which business he was engaged for several
years.

His works, in the order of their publica-
tion, are: 1. 'A Report of the Case of Bills
of Exchange made payable at Bankers, as
decided in the House of Lords/ London, 1821.
2. ' Reports of Cases heard in the House of
Lords on Appeals and Writs of Error/ 10
vols., 1823. 3. 'A -Digest of the Bankrupt
Law/ 1832. 4. * Bellum Agrarium ; a Fore-
view of the Winter of 1835, suggested by
the Poor Law Project, with Observations on
the Report and the Bill/ 1834. 5. ' Reports
of Cases in Bankruptcy ' (a work in which
Bligh was aided by Basil Montagu), 1835.

[Welch's Alumni Westmonasterienses, p. 452 ;
Brit, Mus. Catal. ; Davy's Grad. Cantab, with
manuscript additions, i. 49.] J. M.

* BLIGH, SIR RICHARD RODNEY
(1737-1821), admiral, a native of Cornwall,
is said to have been a godson of Lord Rodney,

a statement which is highly improbable, as
in 1737 Mr. Rodney was only nineteen years
of age, and was in Newfoundland (MuNDY,
Life of Rodney, i. 38). He entered the navy
about 1751, and was a midshipman of the
Ramillies \vith Admiral Byng in the battle
of Minorca, 20 May 1756. He was made
lieutenant some time afterwards, and went
out to the West Indies with Sir George Rod-
ney, by whom he was promoted to the rank
of commander, 22 Oct. 1762. He was posted
on 6 Dec. 1777, and in 1782 commanded the
Asia under Lord Howe at the relief of Gib-
raltar. In 1793 he was appointed to the
Alexander, which during the early summer
of 1794 was one of the squadron in the Bay
of Biscay with Rear-admiral Montagu [see
MONTAGU, GEORGE]. In the autumn the
Alexander, accompanied by the Canada, had
convoyed the Lisbon and Mediterranean trade
well to the southward, and was returning,
when on 6 Nov. the two fell in with a French
squadron of five 74-gun ships, three frigates,
and a brig. The Canada succeeded in getting
away, but the Alexander, after a stout resis-
tance, and in an almost sinking condition,
was captured and taken into Brest (JAMES,
; Naval Hist. (ed. 1860), i. 203).

A very sensational account of the brutal
ill-treatment to which the prisoners were
subjected is given by Captain Brenton (Nav.
Hist. i. 364), and Ralfe has described Bligh
i as suffering great privations. But Brenton's
unsupported statements are not to be fully
1 trusted, and Ralfe's story is distinctly con-
| tradicted by Bligh's own letter (23 Nov.), in
which he states that he was treated by his
captors with great kindness and humanity.
j He had already been advanced to the rank of
j rear-admiral, 4 July 1794, but had not re-
ceived any official intimation of it. At the
time of his capture he was thus in the simple
capacity of captain, though the French not
j unnaturally described him as a rear-admiral.
I On his return to England in May 1795 he
was tried by court-martial for the loss of the
Alexander, but was honourably acquitted.

From 1796 to 1799 Bligh was at Jamaica
as second in command. He became a vice-
admiral 14 Feb. 1799, and in 1803 com-
I manded in chief at Leith, an appointment
which he quitted on his promotion to the rank
j of admiral, 23 April 1804. This was his last
service afloat. In January 1815, when the
order of the Bath was largely extended, and
eighty naval officers were made K.C.B., Bligh
was passed over. He felt himself aggrieved,
and wrote several letters urging his claims,
which were principally his sixty-four years'
service, and his stout, although unsuccessful,
defence of the Alexander. The admiralty

Bligh

219

Bligh

could not then be brought to admit that these
were sufficient reason for any special reward ;
but five years later, under a new reign and a
modified ministry, he was invested with the
G.C.B. He did not long enjoy the dignity,
dying on 30 April 1821. He was twice mar-
ried, and left, besides several daughters, a
son, George Miller Bligh, who was a lieu-
tenant of the Victory at Trafalgar, where he
was severely wounded, and died a captain in
1835.

[Ralfe's Naval Biog. ii. 517 ; Gent. Mag. (1821)
xci. 468 ; (1835) iii. N.S. 322.] J. K. L.

BLIGH, WILLIAM (1754-1817), admi-
ral, was born, according to his own account
(POLWHELE'S Biographical Sketches in Corn-
wall, ii. 19), about the year 1753, probably at
Tynteri or Tinten (the seat of an ancient Cor-
nish family of that name), in the parish of
St. Tudy, Cornwall, the son of Charles and
Margaret Bligh. According, however, to
other accounts, he was born at Plymouth on
9 Sept. 1754, the son of John Bligh of Tre-
tawne. in the parish of St. Kew, Cornwall
(cf. MACLEAN'S Deanery of Trigg Minor).
It is clear that the Blighs were settled
in the parish of St. Tudy in 1680-1, and
that a John Bligh or Blygh of Bodmin
was a commissioner for the suppression of
monasteries temp. Henry VIII. Moreover,
four members of the family were mayors of
Bodmin between the years 1505 and 1588.
Indeed, the Cornish Blighs may be traced
back as far as the reign of Henry IV. It is
believed that Admiral Sir Richard Rodney
Bligh [q. v.], and other naval officers named
Bligh, were relatives of the subject of this
notice.

'Bread-fruit Bligh,' as he was called, having
entered the navy, accompanied Captain Cook
on his second voyage round the world in
1772-4, as sailing-master in the Resolution ;
and during this voyage the fruit associated
with Bligh's name was discovered at Ota-
heite. He became a lieutenant in the royal
navy, made several important hydrographic
surveys, was present at the memorable battle
off the Doggerbank 5 Aug. 1781, fought un-
der Lord Howe at Gibraltar in 1782, and,
having acquired a high reputation as a skilful
navigator, was appointed to the Bounty, of
250 tons, in December 1787, arriving at his
destination, Otaheite, ten months afterwards.
Here he remained for five or six months,
during which period his crew became de-
moralised by the luxurious climate and their
apparently unrestricted intercourse with the
natives. The object of the voyage, namely
to obtain plants of the bread-fruit, with a
view to its acclimatisation in the British West

j India islands, having been accomplished,
I Bligh set out on his voyage thither. But his
I irascible temper and overbearing conduct ex-
; cited (under the leadership of Fletcher Chris-
! tian) a mutiny on board the ship ; and on
! 28 April 1789 he, wdth eighteen of his crew,
| were overmastered and cast adrift in an open
\ boat, only twenty-three feet long, and deeply
laden ; they had a small amount of provisions
allotted to them, but no chart. In this frail
craft they sailed, for nearly three months, a
distance of 3,618 miles, touching at some small
; islands, where they got only a few shellfish and
some fruit ; but at length, thanks to Bligh's
skill, resource, and courage, they reached
I Timor, an island off the east coast of Java, on
14 June 1789. Here Bligh obtained a schooner,
' in which, with twelve of his companions, the
survivors, he reached England on 14 March
I 1790. The mutineers settled on Pit cairn
| Island, where their descendants still exist,
i happy and prosperous [see ADAMS, JOHX,
1760 P-1829] ; but some of the ringleaders
were captured by the commander of the
Pandora, and brought back to Portsmouth,
where three of them were executed. Byron's
poem, ' The Island,' is based upon the story
of the relations which existed between the
women of Otaheite and the mutineers. Bligh
was forthwith promoted to the rank of com-
mander, and shortly afterwards, on his re-
turn to England, to that of post-captain. In
1791 he was appointed to the Providence,
and sailed on a similar, but more successful,
errand to his last, for the Society Islands, ob-
taining, in recognition of his discoveries, the
gold medal of the Society of Arts in 1794 ;
but there was only a small practical result of
his voyage, as the West Indians preferred the
plantain to the bread-fruit. In 1794 we find
him captain of the 74-gun ship Warrior off
Ushant, and in 1797 at Camperdown, com-
manding the 64-gun ship, the Director.
i Bligh further distinguished himself in the
! same year by his intrepidity and address at
, the mutiny at the Nore. On 21 May 1801
I he commanded the Glatton, of 54 guns, at
i Copenhagen, and was personally thanked by
! Nelson at the close of that victorious engage-
! ment. On 21 May in the same year he was
| elected a fellow of the Royal Society^in con-
j sideration of his distinguished services innavi-
i gation, botany, &c. In 1805 he was appointed
captain-general and governor of New South
Wales ; but from his temperament he was
unsuited for the post, both his civil and mili-
tary subordinates strongly resenting his harsh
exercise of authority. Nevertheless the main
object which he had in view seems to have
been a good one, namely, the prevention of an
unlimited importation of ardent spirits into

Blight

220

Bliss

the colony ; and in this as well as in other
respects he received the loyal support of Lord
Castlereagh ; but on 26 Jan. 1808 Governor
Bligh was forcibly deposed by Major George
Johnston of the 102nd foot, and was im-
prisoned until March 1810 (cf. WENTWORTH,
New South Wales, and BONWICK, Curious
Facts of Old Colonial Days). For this act
Major Johnston was tried at Chelsea Hospital
in 1811, and was cashiered. Bligh on his
release returned to England, and in the fol-
lowing year, on 31 July 1811, obtained his
flag as rear-admiral of the blue, proceeding to
vice-admiral of the blue in June 1814. , He
resided, towards the close of his life, at the
Manor House, Farningham, Kent, and died
in Bond Street, London, on 7 Dec. 1817
{Gent. Mag. Ixxxvii. 630). He was buried
in the eastern part of Lambeth churchyard,
near the Tradescant tomb, by the side of his
wife. She was a woman of superior attain-
ments, whose father was a scholar, and the
friend of Hume, Black, Adam Smith, and
Robertson. Bligh left six daughters and three
sons, one of whom, Richard [q. v.], was the
author of several legal works.

[Marshall's Naval Biographies, ii. iii. and iv. ;
Cook's Voyages ; Belcher's Mutineers of the
Bounty; Notes and Queries for 1856, 1871, and
1872 ; Gent. Mag. 1793-8, 1806, 1809, 1812, and
1815.] W.H. T.

BLIGHT, WILLIAM (1785-1862), cap-
tain in the royal navy, was entered 9 May
1793, as a volunteer on board the Intrepid,
64 guns, under the command of Captain the
Hon. Charles Carpenter. In that ship he con-
tinued as midshipman, masters mate, and
acting lieutenant, most of the time in the
East and West Indies, until confirmed as
lieutenant, 15 April 1803, and appointed to
the Britannia of 100 guns, with Captain,
and afterwards Rear-admiral, the Earl of
Northesk. In the Britannia he had his share
in the glory of Trafalgar, and was sent to
take possession of the French Aigle of 74 guns,
which was lost in the gale immediately after
the battle. Blight, however, was fortunately
rescued in time, and in the spring of 1806
followed Lord Northesk into the Dread-
nought. In August 1806 he was appointed
to the NSreide, 36 guns, with Captain Corbet,
and served in the attack on Buenos Ayres
July 1807. The N6reide afterwards went to
the East Indies, and in February 1809, when
Captain Corbet was tried for cruelty [see
CORBET, ROBERT], Blight, then first lieu-
tenant, was the principal witness in defence.
He was afterwards, 1812-14, agent for trans-
ports at Palermo ; in 1819-21 first lieutenant
of the Queen Charlotte, flagship at Ports-

mouth ; and 12 Feb. 1821 was promoted to
the rank of commander. In May 1828 he
was appointed to the Britannia, carrying the
flag of Lord Northesk as commander-in-chief
at Plymouth, from which he was transferred
to the St. Vincent, and was posted from her
on 22 July 1 830. He held no further appoint-
ment in the navy, and retired with the rank
of rear-admiral 27 Sept. 1855. He died
22 July 1862.

[Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. x. (vol. iii. part
ii ) 153 ; O'Byrne's Naval Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag.
(1862, ii.) xiii. N.S. 238.] J. K. L.

BLISS, NATHANIEL (1700-1764), as-
tronomer-royal, was born 28 Nov. 1700. He
was the son of Nathaniel Bliss, gentleman,
of Bisley, Gloucestershire. He graduated
at Pembroke College, Oxford, B.A. 27 June
1720, and M.A. 2 May 1723. He became
rector of St. Ebbe's, Oxford, in 1736. He
succeeded Halley as Savilian professor of geo-
metry 18 Feb. 1742, and was elected a fellow
of the Royal Society 20 May following. He
opened in the same year an astronomical cor-
respondence with Bradley, communicating to
him, 15 Dec. 1742, his observations of Jupiter's
satellites. Subsequently he aided him at the
Royal Observatory on some special occasions,
and, thus virtually designated as his successor,
was, on his death in 1 762, promoted to the post
of astronomer-royal. He held it, however,
only two years, dying 2 Sept. 1764.

The observations made under his super-
vision by Charles Green (his, and formerly
Bradley's, assistant), being regarded as private
property, were purchased from his widow by
the board of longitude, and deposited at the
Royal Observatory until 1 March 1804, when
they were offered to the delegates of the
Clarendon Press for publication. They were
accordingly appended, with those made by
Green after Bliss's death down to 15 March
1765, to the second folio volume of Bradley's
observations, issued, under Professor Abram
Robertson's editorship, in 1805. Although
including only what was indispensable in
order to deduce the places of the sun, moon,
and planets at the most important points of
their orbits (see DELAMBRE, Hist, de I'Astr.
au 18e Siecle, p. 425), they are of value as
being made on Bradley's system, and with
Bradley's instruments ; yet they have never
been reduced.

Bliss was a frequent guest and scientific co-
adjutor of George, earl of Macclesfield. On
12 Feb. 1744-5, Bliss wrote requesting him to
attempt a meridian observation of the brilliant
comet then approaching the sun, which was
successfully accomplished near noon, 28 and
29 Feb., both at Shirburn Castle and Green-

Bliss

221

Bliss

wich. He replaced Bradley (then in failing
health) in observing the transit of Venus,
6 June 1761, and communicated to the Royal
Society an account of Eustachio Zanotti's
observation of the same event at Bologna
(Phil. Trans, lii. 173, 232, 399). His own
observation of the annular eclipse visible at
Greenwich, 1 April 1764, is recorded in the
same publication (liv. 141). An etching by
J. Caldwall, from his portrait by D. Martin,
bore the punning legend: 'Sure this is Bliss,
if bliss on earth there be ' (BROMLEY'S Cata-
logue of Engraved Portraits, p. 357). Bliss
married early, and a son John, born in 1740,
proceeded B.A. at Oxford 11 March 1745-6,
and M.A. 7 July 1747.

[Gent, Mag. xxxiv. 450 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ;
Bradley's Miscellaneous Works and Correspon-
dence, pp. Iviii, 422, 426. A short notice of Bliss
exists in manuscript in a copy of Thomas Streete's
Astronomia Carolina, once the property of Bliss,
and now in the British Museum. The notice was
printed in Notes and Queries, 6th ser., xi. 235.1

A. M. C.

BLISS, PHILIP, D.C.L. (1787-1857), an-
tiquary and bibliographer, was the son of the
Rev. Philip Bliss, rector of Dodington and
Frampton Cotterell in Gloucestershire, who
married Anne, daughter of Thomas Michell of
Conham, "Wiltshire, and died on 1 Feb. 1803.
The younger Philip Bliss was born at Chip-
ping Sodbury on 21 Dec. 1787, and educated
at its grammar school and at the Merchant
Taylors' School, where he stayed from 1797
to 1806. In the latter year he was elected
a scholar of St. John's College, Oxford, and
in 1809 he became a fellow of his college,
taking the degree of B.C.L. in 1815, and that
of D.C.L. in 1820. From youth to old age
he haunted libraries, and in 1810 he found
congenial occupation in his appointment as
assistant at the Bodleian, then presided over
by Dr. Price. For a short time he was em-
ployed, through the nomination of Lord
Spencer, at the British Museum, but he
speedily returned to Oxford, and with Oxford
his name will be ever associated. Bliss en-
tered into deacon's orders in 1817, his first
curacy being at Newington, near Oxford, and
was advanced to the priesthood in 1818.
Parochial preferment he never held, but for
many years, and until 1855, he officiated as
chaplain to his friend, Sir Alexander Croke,
at Studley Priory. From July 1822 to De-
cember 1828 he was under-librarian at the
Bodleian to Dr. Bandinel, and after that
period held numerous university offices.
He had tried for the keepership of the
archives in 1818, and had been defeated,
though he polled the respectable total of 122

votes. His first post was the registrarship of
the university, which he retained from 1824
to 1853, when he retired on a well-earned
pension of 200/. a year. He was keeper of
the archives from 1826 to 1857, registrar
of the university court 1831, and principal
of St. Mary Hall, in succession to Bishop
Hampden, 1848-57. In addition to these
offices he discharged at various dates the
duties of clerk of the market, delegate of the
university press, and deputy professor of civil
law. Bliss was the embodiment of the tra-
ditions and history of his alma mater. The
punctuality of his habits and the method
with which he kept the muniments entrusted
to his care became a proverb at Oxford,
while the sweetness of his disposition and
the courtesy of his manners were the delight
of all with whom he came in contact. He
died at St. Mary Hall, Oxford, on 18 Nov.
1857, and was buried on the north side of St.
Giles's churchyard, Oxford, on 23 Nov. ; his
wife, Sophia, second daughter of the Rev.
Robert Barker Bell, whom he had married
in 1825, survived him. Their issue was one
son and one daughter.

Many of the works of Bliss are of the
• highest utility to the literary student. Whilst
! at the Bodleian he compiled part of the cata-
| logue of Richard Gough's collection ; the
' Oxford University Calendar ' was edited by
him for some years, and the catalogue of
Oxford graduates, 1659-1850, appeared under
his superintendence. He edited in 1811
Bishop Earle's ' Microcosmography,' adding
thereto a valuable bibliography of character-
books, and was responsible for the publica-
; tion of that part of the volumes generally
j known as ' Letters from the Bodleian/ which
i contains John Aubrey's lives of eminent
! men. Among his other reprints were Arthur
! Wilson's ' Inconstant Lady ' (1814) ; the t ac-
| count of the Christmas Prince as it was ex-
| hibited in the university of Oxford in 1607,'
\ which was written by Griffin Higgs : a selec-
tion of ' bibliographical miscellanies,' of
which one number only appeared in 1813 in
104 copies ; f thirteen psalms and the first
| chapter of Ecclesiastes translated into Eng-
lish verse by John Croke, with documents
relating to the Croke family,' part of the
llth volume of the Percy Society's publica-
I tions (1844), which was mainly prepared by
Sir Alexander Croke, but seen through the
press by Bliss ; and the first part of what was
intended to be a series of ' historical papers,'
to be edited for the Roxburghe Society by
Bliss and Bandinel. But the work with which
Bliss has for all time linked his name, and
for which successive generations of scholars
must own their indebtedness to him, is his

Blitheman

222

Blizard

edition in four volumes (1813-20) of Anthony
a Wood's ' Athense Oxonienses and Fasti.' It
originated in a conversation of Thomas Park,
the antiquary, who told a London publisher
of the notes which Bliss had collected as
additions to the original work, and suggested
the issue of a new edition. Another edition
under the care of Bliss was among the pro-
jects of the directors of the Ecclesiastical
History Society, but it went no further than
the first volume containing the life of Wood,
which appeared in 1848. Most of the fresh
matter which Bliss intended to have incor-
porated in this impression is contained in
an interleaved copy of the 1813 issue which
was left by him to the Bodleian. His second
great work related to the other Oxford anti-
quary, Tom Hearne. This was entitled 'Re-
liquiae Hearnianas; the Remains of Thomas
Hearne,' and consisted of a selection from
his voluminous manuscript diaries. The
greater part of it had remained in the press
untouched for nearly half a century before it
was completed in 1857 at the suggestion of
Mr. W. J. Thorns, the late editor of < Notes
and Queries.' This edition was soon ex-
hausted, and a second was twelve years later
included in the ' Library of Old Authors.' The
library of Bliss, an extremely interesting col-
lection, especially in character literature,
volumes printed in London just before the
great fire, books printed at Oxford, and works
on the Psalms, were sold from June to
August 1858. Many of them were purchased
for the Bodleian Library. The Additional
Manuscripts at the British Museum, 22574-
22610, formerly belonged to him, and two
volumes in the same set, 25100-25101, con-
tain his notes on English poets and on fairy
poetry. His letters to Dr. Hunter and Joseph
Haslewood are in Nos. 24865 and 22
Some selections from his correspondence are
printed in ' Notes and Queries/ vols. viii. and
x. of the 2nd series, and vol. i. of the 3rd
series. A tribute to his poetic taste was
paid in the same paper (2nd series, vol. x. 181,
204, 221) by printing the extracts from the
old poets which he had incorporated in his
edition of Wood.

[Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 693*; Macray's
Bodleian Lib. 215, 216, 235, 289 ; Cox's Recollec-
tions of Oxford, 86, 344-5, 375, 411; Robin-
son's Merchant Taylors, ii. 169; Gent. Mag.
December 1857, pp. 677-8, January 1858, pp.
99-100 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 443, v.
47, 76, vii. 514.] W. P. C.

BLITHEMAN or BLYTHEMAN,
WILLIAM (d. 1591), was an organist and
gentleman of the chapel under Queen Eliza-
beth. Wood, in his ' Fasti ' (ed. Bliss, i. 235),

After

* 22308 ' insert ' His correspondence for the
years 1806-1857, which is chiefly on

states that Dr. John Bull [q. v.] ' had been
trained up under an excellent master named
Blithman, organist of Queen Elizabeth's Chap-
pel, who died much lamented in 1591 ;' and
in a note by Bishop Tanner to this passage it
is stated that i John Blithman belonged to
Christ Church quire ; seems to have been
master of the choristers 1564.' Whether
Tanner's John Blitheman was the same as the
subject of this notice cannot be ascertained.
Blitheman died on Whit Sunday 1591, and
was buried in St. Nicholas Olave. His epi-
taph, which was on ( an engraven plate in the
north wall of the chancel,' is preserved in Stow
(Survey Book, iii. 211), and runs as follows: —

Here Blitheman lies, a worthy wight,

who feared God above ;
A Friend to all, a Foe to none,

whom Rich and Poore did love.
Of Princes Chappell, Gentleman,

unto his dying Day ;
Whom all took great delight to heare

him on the Organs play.
"Whose passing Skill in Musiekes Art,

a Scholar left behinde ;
John Bull (by name) his Master's veine

expressing in each kinde.
But nothing here continues long,

nor resting Place can have ;
His Soule departed hence to Heaven,

his Body here in Grave.

Of Blitheman's music a few interesting
pieces are in existence. The manuscript
known as ' Queen Elizabeth's Virginal Book '
(Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) has (p. 91)
an ' In homine ' by him, and Thomas Mul-
liner's 'Virginal Book' (Add, MS. 30513)
has several of his compositions. Other speci-
mens are in Additional MSS. 29384, 31403,
and 17801-5, and Hawkins printed a ' meane '
by him (History of Music, ed. 1853, Appen-
dix). All these examples show that he was a
master of his art, and that Bull, whom (ac-,
cording to Stow) he ' spared neither time nor
labour ' to teach, owed much to his influence.

[Old Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal (ed.
Rimbault), 5, 196 ; Ward's Lives of the Gresham
Professors (1740); Hawkins's History of Music
(ed. 1853), 480; authorities quoted above.]

W. B. S.

BLIZARD, THOMAS (1772-1838), sur-
geon, became a pupil of his uncle, Sir William
Blizard [q. v.], and attained great skill as an
operating surgeon. Having early become sur-
geon to the London Hospital, and gained a
large and profitable city practice, he was able
to retire on his fortune at the age of forty-six.
He was notable both for his knowledge of
anatomy and for his invention of a special
knife for lithotomy. He died 7 May 1838.
He was the author of a ' Description of an

Blizard

223

Bloet

Extra-Uterine Foetus' (Trans. Royal Soc.
vol. v.), and of a 'Case^of Intussusception
of the Bowels' (Trans. Medico- Chir. Soc,
vol. i.)

[Gent. Mag. 1838.] G. T. B.

BLIZARD, SIR WILLIAM (1743- j
1835), surgeon, was born at Barn Elms in \
SuiTey in 1743, and was the fourth child of j
William Blizard, an auctioneer. He received !
little school education, and after apprentice-
ship to a surgeon at Mortlake came to study j
at the London Hospital, also attending the |
lectures of Pott at St. Bartholomew's Hos-
pital (Hunterian Oration, 1815). In 1780
he was appointed surgeon to the London
Hospital, and in 1785, in conjunction with
Dr. Maclaurin, founded the medical school
there. The opening was celebrated by him
in an ode, and on most of the important oc-
casions of his life Blizard expressed himself
in verse, which, had he been longer contem-
porary with Pope, would have certainly se-
cured him a place in the 'Dunciad.' He
lectured in the medical school on anatomy,
physiology, and surgery. Abernethy attended
his earlier lectures, and speaks of them with
respect. As a hospital surgeon Blizard was
famous for scrupulous attention to his duties
in the wards, and he gave much time to the
improvement of the London Hospital. He
was often laughed at for the importance
which he attached to learned diction and
ceremonial observance (Lancet, 1824, iii. 19).
The College of Surgeons had a house in Cock
Lane, where the bodies of criminals just exe-
cuted at Newgate were delivered to be ana-
tomised. Sir William Blizard, when presi-
dent of the College of Surgeons, attended at
this house in full court dress to receive the
bodies from the hangman ; and the contrast
between the president's elaborate costume
and formal manner and the surly shabbiness
of the executioner is described by an eye-
witness (Sir R. Owen) as having made the
ghastly scene almost ludicrous. Blizard was
elected F.R.S. in 1787, and was twice presi-
dent of the College of Surgeons. He pub-
lished a paper on lachrymal fistula in the
'Philosophical Transactions,' 1780, and several
other medical papers (London Medical Jour-
nal, 1789-90) ; ' Experiments on the Danger
of Copper and Bell Metal in Pharmaceutical
Preparations,' 1786; 'Suggestions for the
Improvement of Hospitals,' 1796. 'A Popu-
lar Lecture on the Situation of the large
Blood-vessels and the Methods of making
effectual Pressure on them,' 1786, is the
most lucid of his works, and went through
several editions. None of his writings are of
permanent value. His practice was con-

siderable, and he used for many years to
attend regularly at Batson's Coffee House in
Cornhill at a certain hour to await consulta-
tions, being probably the last survivor of this
method of practice. In his youth he wrote
on politics in a revolutionary spirit, under the
nom de plume of Curtius, but he afterwards
became an admirer of Mr. Pitt and adopted
conservative opinions. Blizard was an ex-
ample of hereditary longevity. His father and
mother had both lived to eighty-six, and one
of his grandmothers to ninety, while he
himself died at the age of ninety-two on
27 Aug. 1835. He was buried in Brixton
Church. There is a portrait of him by Opie
at the Royal College of Surgeons.

[Blizard's "Works; Cooke's Memoir, London,
1835.] N. M.

BLOET,BLUET, orBLOETT,ROBERT,

bishop of Lincoln (d. 1123), a Norman by
nation, and brother of Hugh, bishop of
Bayeux, was chancellor of William the Con-
queror. When the king lay on his death-bed
at Rouen, he sent Bloet to England with a
letter praying Archbishop Lanfranc to crown
William Rtifus. Bloet crossed the Channel
in company with Rufus himself, and became
the new king's chancellor. After the death
of Remigius in 1092, the see of Lincoln was
kept vacant for a year. Rufus, however, re-
pented of his evil ways while he lay sick at
Gloucester in the spring of 1093, and at the
same time that he made Anselm archbishop
he gave the bishopric of Lincoln to Robert
Bloet. The consecration of the new bishop
was delayed, for Thomas, archbishop of York,
objected to the claim of the archbishop of
Canterbury over the see of Lincoln. Anselm
might, if he chose, consecrate a bishop to
the ancient see of Dorchester, but Lindesey
Thomas claimed as part of the northern pro-
vince. Bloet was at length (12 Feb. 1094)
consecrated at Hastings, in the chapel of the
castle, on the day after the dedication of
Battle Abbey, by Anselm and seven other
bishops who had assembled to take part in
the ceremony at Battle. As the king ap-
pointed Bloet during his short-lived repent-
ance, he received nothing for his grant of
the bishopric. To make up for this loss, Bloet
had to pay no less than 5,000/. for the deci-
sion in- favour of the rights of Canterbury
I which enabled Anselm to perform the cere-
! mony of his consecration. Although he re-
| signed the chancellorship on his elevation to
i the episcopate, he held the higher office of
1 justiciary under Henry, and was his most
trusted adviser. In 1102 he besieged Tick-
I hill, the castle of Robert of Belesme, for the
I king. His manner of life was magnificent,

Bloet

224

Blomberg

and his household, in which the king's son
Richard and other noble youths were trained,
was large and splendid. Towards the end
of his life he was much harassed by suits
brought against him by an inferior justiciary.
His wealth was diminished by heavy fines,
and his archdeacon, Henry of Huntingdon,
who was brought up in his household, quotes
him in his 'De Conternptu Mundi' as an
instance of the instability of earthly great-
ness. The bishop, he tells us, was deeply
grieved at his reverse of fortune, speaking of
it with tears, and ascribing his trouble to
King Henry, who, he said, never spoke well i
of a man without at the same time meaning
to ruin him. Bloet was a liberal benefactor
to his cathedral church, which had been
built by his predecessor, Remigius. He de-
dicated the church, furnished it with many
rich ornaments, and doubled the number of j
prebendf , making them forty-two in all. In
spite of these benefactions his character has
been painted in dark colours. In the earlier
edition of William of Malmesbury's ' Gesta
Pontificum/ the historian describes him as a
man of loose and godless life. In his later
edition he gives a less unfavourable picture,
representing him, indeed, as a worldly man,
but bringing no special charge against him.
Later writers, such as Higden and Knighton,
adopt and insist on the darker picture, accus-
ing him of immorality, and adding that his
ghost haunted his tomb at Lincoln until it
was laid by masses and alms. On the other
hand, Henry of Huntingdon represents him
as a father of the fatherless, dear to his
friends, gentle and pleasant with all men,
and even William of Malmesbury allows that
he was a genial man. In reading accusations
of the monkish chroniclers, allowance must
be made for the light in which the Lincoln
people and the monks looked on some of
Bloet's doings. Giraldus Cambrensis, writ-
ing in the interest of Lincoln, disapproves
the partition of the see and the creation of
the independent diocese of Ely (1109), for a
bishopric at that time was looked on much
as a lay fief, and its division implied a diminu-
tion in the profits of jurisdiction. The crea-
tion of the see of Ely was, however, the |
work of the king himself, and Bloet had no
power to interfere. Giraldus speaks also of
the bishop's folly in charging his church with
an annual gift to the king of a rich gown of
sable of the value of 100Z., though it is likely
that the church received an ample equivalent.
By removing the monks of Stow to Eyns-
ham, Bloet was enabled to grant Stow to his
church. While, however, Giraldus held this
to be a good deed, the monks, who lost by
the exchange, looked on it in a wholly differ-

ent light, and the memory of Bloet at Lincoln
has suffered from their indignation, for his
effigy on the west front of the church, known
by the horn at its mouth (blow it), is called
the 'swineherd of Stow' (DiMOCK). Bloet
still more deeply offended the monastic party
by joining Roger, bishop of Salisbury, in
leading the bishops to petition the king in
February 1123, that they might choose a
secular priest as archbishop of Canterbury —
a petition which the prior and monks of
Canterbury and all other men of the mo-
nastic order who were at the council 'with-
stood for full two days, but it availed nought '
(A.-S. Chron. 1123). The character of the
bishop of Lincoln has been strenuously de-
fended by Mr. Dimock in his preface to
Giraldus Cambrensis, vii., in the Rolls Series.
He was, in truth, a magnificent prelate, wise,
generous, and kindhearted, worldly indeed in
life, as many of his fellows also were, but by
no means the evil man monkish chroniclers
would have us believe him to have been.
The charge of immorality made against him
doubtless arose from the fact that he had a
son born while he was chancellor of William
the Conqueror. The death of Bloet is told
in graphic terms by the Peterborough chro-
nicler. It happened that on 10 Jan. 1123,
the king was riding in his 'deer-fold' at
Woodstock, and with him on either side
were the bishops of Salisbury and Lincoln,
1 and they were there riding and talking/
Then the bishop of Lincoln sank down and
said to the king, ' Lord king, I am dying/
The king alighted and took the bishop in his
arms. He was borne to his lodgings, and ' he
was then forthwith dead/ He was buried
1 with great worship ' in his cathedral church
before St. Mary's altar. His son Simon,
whom he made dean of Lincoln, is also quoted
in the 'De Contemptu Mundi ;' for after having
risen to great favour at court, he was dis-
graced and imprisoned, and, though he escaped
from prison, lived in poverty and exile. The
name Bloet is said to be the same word as
'blond/

[A.-S. Chron. ; Henry of Huntingdon, De Con-
temptu Mundi, Anglia Sacra, ii. 695 ; William of
Malmesbury, Gest. Pont, 313, ed. Hamilton, R.S. ;
Bromton, 988, Knighton, 2364, T. Stubbs, 1708,
Twysden, Decem Scriptt. ; Orderic, 763 ; Eadmer,
Hist. Nov. i. 376, ed. Migne; Giraldus Camb. ed.
Dimock, vii., pref. xxiii, and p. 31 ; Freeman's
Will. Rufus, i. 395, ii. 584-588 ; Browne Willis,
Survey of Cathedrals, vol. iii.] W. H.

BLOIS, PETER DE. [See PETER.]

BLOMBERG, WILLIAM NICHOLAS

(1702 P-1760), biographer, the son of Baron
Blomberg, a nobleman of Courland, was edu-

Blome

225

Blome

cated at Merton College, Oxford, Was elected
fellow of his college, and proceeded B.A. 1723,
M.A. 1726. He became vicar of Fulham,
Middlesex, in 1733, rector of that parish in
1734, rector of Cliffe, Kent, in 1739, and died
on 5 Oct. 1750. He published ' An Account
of the Life and Writings of Edmund Dickin-
son, M.D., physician-in-ordinary to King
Charles and King James II. To which is
added a treatise on the Grecian Games,
printed from the Doctor's own manuscript/
London, 1739, 8vo. Dr. Dickinson was
Blomberg's maternal grandfather.

[Faulkner's Fulham, 42, 47 ; Lysons's Environs
of London, ii. 379 ; Cat. of Oxford Graduates
(1851), 67: Gent. Mag. xx. 477; Hasted's
Kent, i. 538.] T. C.

BLOME, RICHARD (d. 1705), a pub-
lisher and compiler of some celebrity, who by
the aid of subscriptions adroitly levied issued
many splendid works. Originally he was a
ruler of paper, and afterwards a kind of arms
painter. Wood says he practised for divers
years progging tricks, in employing necessi-
tous persons to write in several, arts and to
get contributions of nob^men to promote
the work. Wood likewise remarks : ' This
person Bloome is esteemed by the chiefest
heralds a most impudent person, and the late
industrious Garter (Sir W. D[ugdale]) hath
told me that he gets a livelihood by bold
practices/ He is no doubt the Richard
Blome of the parish of St. Martin-in-the-
Fields, Middlesex, gentleman, who, 'being
weak and not well of body/ made his will on
7 May 1705. He desired to be buried in the
church of Harlington, near Uxbridge. He
left small legacies (40s. in all) to the poor
of Harlington and St. Martin-in-the-Fields.
The residue of his estate, including < bookes,
coppyes/ passed to Mrs. Jane Hilton. The
will was proved at London on 22 Oct. 1705
by Jane Hilton, the sole executrix.

He published: 1. The fourth and fifth
editions of Guillim's * Display of Heraldrie/
1660 and 1679. In the dedication to the
Marquis of Hertford Blome mentions that his
maternal grandfather, Richard Adams, was
formerly in his lordship's service. 2. 'The
Fanatick History, or an exact relation and
account of the Old Anabaptists and New
Quakers . . . which may prove the death and
burial of the Fanatick doctrine/ London,
1660, 8vo. 3. ' A Geographical Description
of the four parts of the World, taken from
the notes and works of Nicholas Sanson and
other eminent travellers and authors. Also
a Treatise of Travel and another of Traffick.
The whole illustrated with mapps and figures/

VOL. v.

London, 1670, fol. 4. ' A Description of the
Island of Jamaica, with the other Isles and
Territories in America, to which the English
are related ; taken from the notes of Sr. T.
Linch and other experienced persons in the

| said places. Illustrated with maps/ London,
1672, 8vo ; again 1678, ' Together with the
present state of Algiers.' 5. ' Britannia ; or
a Geographical Description of the Kingdoms
of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the

I Isles and Territories thereto belonging ; and

>> there is added an Alphabetical Table of the
names, titles, and seats of the Nobility and
Gentry ; illustrated with a Map of each county
of England/ &c., London, 1673, fol. There
is also a list of ' Benefactors and promoters of

I this worke, whose names, titles, seates, and
coates of armes, are entred as they gave their
encouragements.' The book, which contains
a map of London before the fire by W. Hol-
lar, is truly described by Bishop Nicolson as
a ' most entire piece of theft out of Camden
and Speed.' 6. ' An Alphabetical Account
of the Nobility and Gentry, which are (or
lately were) related unto the several counties

| of England and Wales ; as to their names,

! titles, and seats/ &c., London, 1673, fol. This
useful list is printed at the end of Blome's
t Britannia.' The number of nobility and gen-
try included in the list is in England 6,474,
and in Wales 703, making a total of 7,177.
7. * An Essay to Heraldry, in two parts/
London, 1684, 8vo. Dedicated to George,
earl of Berkeley ; but Blome had a variety
of patrons, and other names are occasionally
found at the head of the dedication of this
book. An edition entitled * The Art of He-
raldry ' appeared in 1685, 12mo. 8. ' A View
of the English Acquisitions in Guinea and the
East Indies/ London, 1686, 12mo. 9. < The
Present State of his Majestie's Isles and Ter-
ritories in America : with new Maps, together
with astronomical tables from the year 1686
to 1700,' London, 1687, 8vo ; translated into
French, Amsterdam, 1688, 12mo, and into
German, Leipzig, 1697, 12mo. 10. ' An En-
tire Body of Philosophy, according to the prin-
ciples of Reneta des Cartes, in three books,
translated from the French of Anthony Le
Grand/ London, 1694, fol. 11. ' Gentleman's
Recreation, consisting of Horsemanship,
Hawking, Hunting, Fowling, Fishing, &c./
London, 1710, fol. 12. 'History of the Old
and New Testament/ London, 1711, 4to ;
translated from the French of the Sieur de
Royaumont (i.e. Nicolas Fontaine).

[Information from Mr. Gordon Goodwin ;
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit, Mus. ; Lowndes's

Bibl. Man. (Bohn); Moule's Bihl. Heraldica, 151,
186, 204, 205, 223; Nicolson's English Hist.

Library; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 310,

Blomefield

226

Blomefield

398, 3rd ser. xi. 314; Watt's Bibl.Brit. ; Wood's
Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 298, iii. 36, Fasti, ii.
12.] T. C.

BLOMEFIELD, FRANCIS(1705-1752),

topographer of Norfolk, who was born at
Fersfield, Norfolk, on 23 July 1705, was the
son of Henry Blomefield of the same place,
a gentleman of independent means, by his
wife Alice, the daughter and heiress of John
Batch, of Lynn. He was the fifth in descent
from Henry Blomefield, of Fersfield, and each
of his four ancestors having married an heiress
or coheiress, he was the possessor of ample
means with which to gratify his literary
tastes. When only fifteen he began collect-
ing material for his future work, and from
1720 to 1733 he records that he spent 175J.
16s. in journeying about making church notes
and in buying some few manuscripts. He
was educated at Diss and Thetford schools,
and when under nineteen proceeded to the
Norfolk college of Gonville and Caius at
Cambridge, on All Fools' Day 1724. While
at Cambridge he is said to have published a
thin quarto ' Collectanea Cantabrigiensia ; '
but the only copy we have seen purports to
have been printed at Norwich in 1750. He
took his B.A. degree in 1727, and was or-
dained deacon on 17 March in the same year,
the next year being licensed preacher by Dr.
Thomas Tanner, the well-known antiquary
and author of the ' Notitia.' In July 1729 he
was ordained priest, and was immediately in-
stituted rector of Hargham. Two months
later he was presented to his father's family
living of Fersfield, which he held, with the
rectory of Hargham, till January 1730. He
then resigned Hargham, which he only held
as the temporary predecessor of the Rev. John
Hare, the brother of the patron.

On 27 May 1732 his father died, and on
1 Sept. he married Mary, daughter of the Rev.
Laurence Womack, rector of Caistor by Yar-
mouth, and cousin and heir of the Bishop
of St. David's, one of a family who had long
"been parsons of Blomefi eld's native place . By
her he had three daughters, of whom two
survived him. In October 1733 he began to
put forward proposals for his history of Nor-
lolk, which were very well received : Tanner,
who had just been made bishop of St. Asaph,
especially encouraging him. In the spring
of 1735 "he was recovering from a violent
fever, and had the good fortune to obtain ac-
cess to the evidence room of the late Earl of
Yarmouth, the head of the Paston family, at
Oxnead, and lived among the parchments for
a fortnight. To Blomefield is due the credit
of being the discoverer in that interval of
the well-known ( Paston Letters/ which he

describes as 'innumerable letters of good
consequence in history.' It is a significant
fact that these same Paston letters after-
wards came into the hands of 'honest (?)
Tom Martin ; ' and as we know that this un-
scrupulous topographer possessed himself of
many of Blomefield's manuscripts after his
death, it may be that the Paston letters
were among them, and that in this instance
Martin was only l from the robber rending
his prey.'

By the early part of 1736 Blomefield had
come to the conclusion that he was ready to
begin his great work, and that he would print
it in his own house. He bought a press and
some type — apparently old and of different
and insufficient founts, for his indexes are
printed in all sorts of type, one after another
I — and hired a workman at 40Z. a year. His
troubles with his printers and engravers were
endless, and to them was added the tempo-
rary loss of the whole of his collection for
Diss Hundred, which miscarried when sent
to Tanner for approval and correction. Then
a fire is said to have consumed his press and
printing office, and all the copies of his first
volume. However, he gradually brought out
number after number, and the work was so
well received that he actually had to reprint
his first part twice. His first folio volume
was completed at Christmas 1739, just after
| he had received the gift of the rectory of
Brockdish. The accounts of Thetford, which
formed part of his first volume, and of Nor-
wich, which took up the whole of the second
volume, were separately published in 4to and
folio respectively. ' Norwich ' (913 pp. fol.)
| was advertised by him separately at 1*. a
! number of eight sheets, and its publication
extended over more than four years, the date
of its completion being 31 May 1745. He
apparently took up his abode permanently at
Norwich while his Norwich volume was in
the press. Directly he began to advertise his
Norwich volume, Thomas Kirkpatrick, the
brother of the well-known John Kirkpatrick,
issued a counter-advertisement in the local
papers, complaining that Blomefield had
j stated that whatever occurred in John Kirk-
patrick's original collections would be incor-
porated in the new work, and alleging that
all such collections were in his own custody,
and that neither Blomefield nor any one else
had ever copied a line of them. To this
Blomefield replied in a very temperate ad-
vertisement, that he would show any one
(who would call on him at Fersfield) Tan-
ner's, Le Neve's, and Kirkpatrick's collec-
tions. He added that Kirkpatrick always
collected notes on loose papers, and that,
when he had transcribed these papers into

Blomefield

227

Blomefield

his note-books, lie gave them to Le Neve in
exchange for anything Le Neve found about
Norwich.

Blomefield was about halfway through his
third volume when he died, literally in har-
ness ; for coming up to London to see some
deeds in the Rolls Chapel he caught the
smallpox, and died of it on Thursday, 16 Jan.
1752, at the early age of forty-seven. It is
said he had always refused to be inoculated,
thinking it was wrong to attempt to avoid evils
sent by his Creator. He was buried on the
Saturday following in the south side of the
chancel of Fersfield Church . Little is known
of his personal appearance', but though there
is no portrait of him extant, he is said to have
so much resembled John Flamsteed that
4 honest Tom Martin ' of Thetford preserved
and valued a portrait of the astronomer for
no other reason, and a copy of it is prefixed
to the octavo edition of Blomefield. It is of
a man with a good forehead, fine eyes under
rather beetle brows, a prominent nose, and a
firm mouth. There seems no doubt that he
died in debt, for by his will, dated shortly
before he died, he directed all his personal
property to be sold and applied towards pay-
ment of his debts, and the winding up of his
estate seemed so formidable a matter to his
executors, that they declined to act and re-
nounced probate : administration was there-
fore granted to his two principal creditors.
Whether his great work cost him more than
he expected one cannot say, but one of his
female relations, who lived to be very old,
told Mr. Freeman, now living at St. Giles,
Norwich, that he was very fond of foxhunt-
ing, kept a pack of hounds, and got into diffi-
culties thereby, and had to retire to Norwich,
where he lived in Willow Lane. That he
was a tory we know from his voting for
Bacon and Wpdehouse in 1734, and that
he was of a jovial way of living may be
supposed from his being a boon companion
of Martin, who was notorious for his love
of drinking.

It is difficult to say whether he had original
collections for the rest of the county on a
similar scale to what he printed. If he
Tiad, they were not made much use of by the
Rev. Charles Parkin, who, though a most in-
competent man, was entrusted with the com-
pletion of the history of Norfolk, and who,
according to Craven Ord, died before he sent
any (all ?) of his work to the press, the book
being ultimately finished by some bookseller's
hack employed by Whittingham of Lynn.
The third volume was published in folio at
Lynn in 1769 ; the fourth and fifth volumes
at Lynn in 1775. These were described as
4 continued by the Rev. Charles Parkin.' The

j whole work was republished in London in
eleven octavo volumes between 1805 and
1810. A very good index of the names men-
tioned in the octavo edition of the ' History '
was prepared by J. N. Chadwick and issued
j by him at King's Lynn in 1862.

Blomefield probably worked on the principle

I of taking Le Neve's collections as the back-

! bone of his history, and working up each parish

! as he came to it. Certain it is that in the five

folio volumes there is vastly more of Le

I Neve's work than Blomefield's, and to the for-

I mer, therefore, should more justly be given

j the credit of being the county historian of

Norfolk. Indeed, if we were to analyse the

book and eliminate Le Neve's, Tanner's, and

Kirkpatrick's work, there would be very little

of Blomefield's left. Some of Blomefield's

unpublished manuscripts were taken posses-

| sion of and sold by Martin, who thus acted

as the literary wrecker of two fine collections,

| Le Neve's and Blomefield's. Others of them

passed into the hands of the descendant of

one of Blomefield's daughters, a Mr. Robert

Martin, of Bressingham, who buried l a large

mass of them in the earth ' !

One can hardly estimate the real value of
the great work which, rightly or wrongly,
bears Blomefield's name, and which, had he
lived, would have been so much larger and
better. It is full of errors, its descriptions of
all buildings singularly scanty and bald, and
its attempts at etymology ludicrous in the
extreme ; both Blomefield and his continuator
apparently having < water on the brain,' for
they attempt to derive nearly every place-
name from some word or another which they
allege to mean water. In critical faculty
Blomefield was absolutely wanting, and he
fell an easy victim to all the monstrous pedi-
gree fabrications of the heralds, his pages
chronicling as gospel all the ridiculous family
histories of the Howards, the Wodehouses,
the Clares, and others, which bear their own
contradiction on their faces. Specimens of
Blomefield's errors and omissions will be
found at p. 318 of the third volume of the
'East Anglian.' His book, however, is an
enduring monument of hard disinterested
work, for it was wholly a labour of love, and
as far as the facts chronicled it is usually very
trustworthy. It is wonderful indeed how often
the searchers among manuscripts of to-day
come across Blomefield's private mark or his
beautifully legible handwriting on charters
or rolls. A very good point in his character
was the unselfish readiness with which he
imparted his knowledge to others working in
the same field.

[East Anglian, ii. 50 and 348, iii. 165 and 3 18,
iv. 227-83; Eastern Counties Collect, i. 48;

Blomefield

228

Blomefield

Trans. Norf. Arch. Society, ii. 201; information
from Mr. Freeman of Norwich.] W. K.

BLOMEFIELD, MILES (1525-1574?),
alchemist, has recorded some particulars of
his birth and parentage in a quaint note
written by himself in a volume which is pre-
served in the library of St. John's College,
.Cambridge, and which contains a unique
copy of ' the boke called the Informacyon for
pylgrymes vnto the holv lande,' printed by
Wynkyn de Worde in 1524: 'I, Myle's
Blomefylde, of Burye Saynct Edmunde in
Suffolke, was borne ye yeare following after
ye pryntyng of this boke, (that is to save) in
the yeare of our Lorde 1525, the 5 day of
Apryll, betwene 10 & 11 , in ye nyght, nyghest
xi. my fathers name John, and my mothers
name Anne.' He had a license from the
university of Cambridge to practise physic in
1552, and he followed his profession in his
native town, though he appears to have been
at Venice in 1568. It is supposed that he
was living in 1574. Blomefield was an adept
in alchemy, a collector of old and curious
books, and the author of: 1. ' Blomfylds
Quiiitaessens, or the Regiment of Life,' manu-
script in the Cambridge University Library,
Dd. 3, 83, art. 6. Dedicated to Queen Eliza-
beth, and said to be hardly the production
of a sane mind. 2. ' Blomefield's Blossoms,
or the Campe of Philosophy.' Printed in
Elias Ashmole's ' Theatrum Chemicum Bri-
taimicum.' 305-23. Tanner and Warton con-
found him with William Blomefield, alias
Rattlesden, sometime monk of Bury, and
afterwards vicar of St. Simon and St. Jude at
Norwich.

[Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum, 478 : Baker
MS. xxiv. 117 ; Cut. of Camb. Univ. MSS. i.
183 ; Cooper's Atheuse Cantab, i. 327; Notes and
Queries, 1st ser. i. 60, 90 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ;
Warton's Hist, of English Poetry (1840), iii. 83.1

T. C.

BLOMEFIELD, SIR THOMAS (1744-

1822), baronet, of Attleborough, Norfolk,
general and colonel-commandant royal ar-
tillery, to whose untiring labours as inspector
of artillery and superintendent of the royal
foundries the progress of the British artillery
was largely due, was son of the Rev. Thos.
Blomefield, M. A., rector of Hartley and Chalk,
Kent, and chaplain to the Duke of Dorset,
and was born on 16 June 1744. He was
destined for the navy, and shipped in the
Cambridge, 80 guns, when that vessel was
commissioned by his father's intimate friend,
Sir Piercy Brett, in September 1755. How
long he remained afloat does not appear, but
on 9 Feb. 1758 he entered as a cadet at the

Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where
his abilities attracted the notice of Miiller,
then professor of fortification and artillery,
whose friendship he retained ever after. In
the unusually short period of eleven months
he passed out as a lieutenant-fireworker, and
soon after, when only fifteen, was appointed
to command a bomb-ketch, under the orders
of Admiral Rodney, at the bombardment of
Havre, subsequently joining the fleet under
Admiral Hawke engaged in blockading M.
de Conflans at Quiberon (the arduous na-
ture of these blockading duties is strikingly
brought out in BURROW'S Life of Admiral
Lord Hawke}. He next served in the West
Indies, at the capture of Martinique, the
siege and capture of the Havannah, and after-
wards at Pensacola and Mobile. In 1771, while
a first-lieutenant, he became personal aide-de-
camp to General Conway, then master-general
of the ordnance, a post in which he was con-
tinued by Conway's successor at the Ord-
nance, Lord Townshend. In 1771 Blome-
field, Avho had become a captain-lieutenant,
I resigned his appointment as aide-de-camp,
j and proceeded to America as brigade-major
j to Brigadier Phillips, royal artillery. Among
| his services at this period was the construc-
tion of floating batteries on the Canadian
lakes ; he was also actively engaged with
the army under General Burgoyne until
severely wounded by a musket-ball in the
head in the action preceding the unfortunate
convention at Saratoga. In the spring of
1779, Blomefield resumed his duties as aide-
camp to the master-general, and in the fol-
lowing year attained the rank of captain, and
was appointed inspector of artillery and super-
intendent of the Royal Brass Foundry. Never
was the need of military supervision over
military manufactures more apparent. It is
recorded that when, in consequence of the
complaints of Admiral Barrington at a most
critical period in 1779, the elder Congreve
was sent down to inspect the powder on
board the king's ships, only four serviceable
barrels were found in the whole fleet. The
guns were not less inferior in quality ; burst- .
ing with attendant loss of life was of fre-
| quent occurrence, and would doubtless have
I been more frequent but for the roguery of
; the powder-contractors. Attacking these
i abuses vigorously, Captain Blomefield, in the
very first year of his office, condemned no
fewer than 496 pieces of ordnance in proof;
and so fully were the advantages of the new
rules recognised, that in 1783 a royal warrant
was issued reorganising the whole depart-
ment, which was placed under his orders.
From this period dates the high character of
| British cast-iron and brass guns. Blomefield

Blomefield

229

Blomfield

continued inspector of artillery up to his
death. He became a lieutenant-colonel in
1793, colonel in 1800, major-general in 1803,
and colonel commandant of a battalion in
1806. In 1807 he was selected to command
the artillery in the expedition against Copen-
hagen, a service admitted to have been ad-
mirably carried out, although it is now
generally lamented that some more justifi-
able means could not have been found by the
government of the day for attaining the end
sought. For his share in this duty Blome-
field received the thanks of parliament and
was created a baronet. It is remarked that
this was the last occasion on which, in ac-
cordance with long-established custom, a
claim was lodged by the commander of the
British artillery on the church-bells of the
captured city. No reply appears to have been
given to the application. Blomefield, who
married a daughter of Chief-justice Eardley
Wilmot, by whom he had one child, attained
the rank of general in 1821. He died at his
residence on Shooter's Hill on 24 Aug. 1822.
His professional journals and other papers
were subsequently presented to the Royal
Artillery Institution, Woolwich, by his son,
the second baronet.

Blomefield was a good mathematician, an
excellent chemist, and most laborious in
experiments in gunnery. His private cha-
racter and the result of his labours were j
thus described by one who knew him in- i
timately : ' There was no display of his j
merits shown in his manner ; all his duties \
and experiments were silently and unas- j
sumingly carried on, with a natural reserve
and undeviating courtesy, so that it was
only a close observer who could duly ap-
preciate his value. His being generally and
greatly esteemed arose as much from his
being the perfect gentleman as from the
ingenious turn of his mind, for there was no I
glare or obtrusion seen, but rather a strong
desire to improve the service with as little
show as possible. . . . The recent sieges of
Copenhagen and in the Peninsula, where the
mode of battering assumed a rapidity un-
known on former occasions, strongly marked
the confidence his brother officers had in the
weapons placed in their hands, and surprised
the enemy, who were known to declare that
they could not have put their own ordnance
of the same description to so severe a test.
The complete success of these objects of his
most serious and careful pursuit will be duly
appreciated by those capable of judging of
their merits. To such as are not, it may be
allowed to suggest that many gallant lives
have been saved to their country and their
families by the constant and most anxious

endeavours he at all times pursued to put safe
and perfect machines into the hands of the
gallant defenders of his majesty's dominions '
( DUNCAN, Hist. 72. Art. ii. 159).

[Gent. Mag. xcii. 370 ; Kane's List of Officers
Iloyal Art. (revised ed., Woolwich, 1869); Dun-
can's Hist, Royal Artillery (1872).] H. M. C.

BLOMFIELD, CHARLES JAMES

(1786-1857), bishop of London, was born on
29 May 1786 at Bury St. Edmunds, where
his father, Charles Blomfield, kept a school.
He was educated at the grammar school of
Bury and at Trinity College, Cambridge.
He took his degree of B.A. in 1808, and was
elected .fellow of his college after winning
very high university honours, being compli-
mented, it is said, by Person as ' a very pretty
scholar.' In 1810 he published an" edition
of the ' Prometheus Vinctus,' with notes and
glossary, which was followed by the l Septeni
contra Thebas ' (1812) ; the ' Persse ' (1814) ;
and the ' Choephorae ' (1821) ; an edition of
Callimachus in 1815, and of Euripides in
1821. He edited fragments of Sappho, Al-
caeus, and Stesichorus in Gaisford's ' Poetaa
Minores Graaci' (1823). Blomfield also wrote
on classical subjects for the ' Edinburgh' and
' Quarterly ' reviews, and for the l Museum
Criticum,' a journal established in 1813 by
himself and his friend Monk, afterwards bishop
of Gloucester. Beyond this he published but
little except his l Manual of Family Prayers'
(1824), and sermons. In 1810 Blomfield was
ordained, and, after holding preferment in the
country, was presented to the valuable Lon-
don benefice of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate. In
1822 he became archdeacon of Colchester, and
in 1824 was appointed to the see of Chester ;
as bishop of Chester he did much to raise the
scale of clerical qualifications. In 1828 Blom-
field was translated to the bishopric of Lon-
don, the duties of which he performed with
immense energy, and, on the whole, with
sound common sense and moderation. He
had many opportunities for displaying his
remarkable powers as a man of business when
member of the poor law board and of the ec-
clesiastical commission (1836). Of the latter
body he was the moving spirit ; ' the better
distribution of ecclesiastical revenues and
duties, the prevention or diminution of plu-
ralities and non-residence, and the augmen-
tation of poor benefices and endowment of
new ones,' being measures of church reform
which he had much at heart. In the House
of Lords he was always an effective speaker,
especially upon ecclesiastical subjects. In
1836 the Bishop of London issued ' Proposals
for the creation of a fund to be applied to
the building and endowment of additional

Blomfield

230

Blomfield

churches in the metropolis/ and it is for his
energetic and successful efforts in remedy-
ing the extremely inadequate provision of
churches, schools, and clergymen for the
rapidly increasing population of London, that
his name is best remembered. He was said
to be attempting too much when he insisted !
upon * expatiating over the whole metropolis i
by building fifty churches at once ; ' but very |
considerable subscriptions flowed into the !
bishop's ' metropolis churches fund/ and a !
number of local associations for church ex-
tension were set on foot. Among the !
districts which especially profited by these j
efforts were Bethnal Green, Islington, St. '
Pancras, Paddington, and Westminster. The j
fund continued to exist till 1854, when it !
was merged in the l London Diocesan Church |
Building Society/ To the colonial bishop- !
rics fund, established for the much-needed j
increase of the colonial episcopate, Bishop j
Blomfield's influence also gave the first im-
pulse. On the ' tractarian ' movement be-
coming especially conspicuous in 1841, by |
the publication of the famous tract ' 90,' the !
attitude of the Bishop of London was regarded i
with close attention. He was anxious, he
said, ( to keep things quiet as far as possible/
for it would be most injurious to the church
that parties should be more distinctly sepa-
rated and ranged against each other than
they then were. In his important charge of
1842 he condemned the tractarian move-
ment in po far as its supporters had en-
deavoured to give ' a Tridentine colouring ' to
the Articles of Religion of 1562, and had
recommended ceremonies and forms not au-
thorised by their own church ; at the same
time he admitted that ' those learned and
pious men ' had forcibly called the attention
of the church to certain neglected duties ;
and if it was wrong to go beyond the direc-
tions of the rubrics, it was equally wrong to
fall short of them. He therefore urged on
his clergy the necessity of a more strict ob-
servance of certain rubrical directions, leav-
ing it, to some extent, to their discretion to
determine the exact period for introducing
any changes in their parishes. These sugges-
tions were at once adopted by some of the
clergy of the diocese, but they were not
generally approved of, and the clergy of
Islington in particular declared that they
could not read the prayer for the church
militant or make collections through the
offertory, as it would disgust the majority
of their congregations. The bishop there-
upon allowed to Islington a latitude which
he had not yet granted to other parishes, and
this concession was the beginning of endless
dissension and turmoil. While some parishes

began to claim the same immunity, others
were anxious to carry out the suggestions of
the bishop's charge in spite of the objections
of their congregations. 'Thus/ says his
biographer, ' between those who refused to
act up to, and those who persisted in going
beyond, his injunctions — between his unwil-
lingness to retract words advisedly and deli-
berately spoken in his official character, and
his readiness to sacrifice everything which
did not involve a principle, in order to secure
the peace of the church/ Bishop Blomfield
was perplexed and harassed, and { the storms
which in some parishes had been excited by
the introduction of the disputed changes con-
tinued to rage with unabated violence.' In
order, if possible, to allay these storms, Arch-
bishop Howley, in his pastoral on the rubrical
controversy (1845), suggested that the dis-
putants on both sides should suspend hosti-
lities till some authoritative decision should
be given on the points in controversy, and
that matters should remain in every case in
statu quo. The Bishop of London accord-
ingly thought it best in the interests of peace
to allow his clergy the option of relinquish-
ing or continuing at their own discretion the
practices which he had recommended. About
1847 Blomfield again came much into colli-
sion with the ' tractarian' clergy of his
diocese ; but with the temporary subsidence
of the ritual controversy in 1851 his chief
public labours may be said to have termi-
nated. In 1856 he was compelled by ill-
health to resign his see. He died at Fulham
on 5 Aug. 1857. Blomfield was twice mar-
ried (1810 and 1819) ; by his second wife,
Dorothy, widow of Thomas Kent, barrister,
he had a family of eleven children. His
son and biographer, Alfred, was consecrated
bishop suffragan of Colchester in 1882.

[Memoir of Charles James Blomfield, by his-
son Alfred Blomfield, 2 vols., London, 1863;
Bishop Blomfield and his Times, by Dr. Biber,.
1857.] W. W.

BLOMFIELD, EDWARD VALEN-
TINE (1788-1816), classical scholar, younger
brother of Charles James Blomfield, the well-
known bishop of London, was the second
son of Charles Blomfield, a schoolmaster at
Bury St. Edmunds. Edward acquired a high
reputation for learning and general accom-
plishments, being a good modern linguist
and draughtsman, as well as a brilliant scholar.
The promise of his early manhood was dis-
appointed by a premature death, but he lived
long enough to do work of some little mark
in its day. He was born on 14 Feb. 1788,
was educated under Dr. Becher at the gram-
mar school in Bury St. Edmunds, and thence-

Blomfield

231

Blomfield

proceeded to Caius College, Cambridge, in
1807. In 1811 he took his B.A. degree, being
placed thirteenth in the list of wranglers.
He had, however, obtained such classical
distinctions as were then open to competi-
tion ; he was Browne's medallist in 1809 and
1810 (in the former year being beaten by one
candidate, but receiving a prize of books from
the vice-chancellor, Dr. Barnes), members'
prizeman in 1812, and finally first chancel-
lor's classical medallist. The fellowships in
his own college being full, he was elected
to a classical lectureship and fellowship at
Emmanuel, which he retained till his death
in 1816. He died from a fever contracted
in a long vacation tour in Switzerland in
that year. He managed, after being taken
ill at Dover, to reach Cambridge, where he
died on 3 Oct., and was buried in Emmanuel
College Chapel ; in the cloisters of which is
a tablet to his memory, with an inscription
by his brother, Charles James, in which his
death is said to be suis non sibi immatura.

His chief work was a translation of Mat-
thiae's ' Greek Grammar,' a book still un-
rivalled in its way. He had completed it in
the spring of 1816, intending to furnish it
with indexes, &c., in the autumn. It was
left for his brother Charles James to edit,
who prefixed to it a short essay on the virtues
and learning of the translator. Edward had
met with this book in the course of a tour
in Germany, undertaken in 1813, as soon as
the events of that year had opened the con-
tinent to English travellers. Another fruit
of this tour was a paper in the * Museum
Criticum ' on * The State of Classical Litera-
ture in Germany,' a subject which had then
become almost unknown in England. Besides
a few other papers contributed to the l Mu-
seum ' Blomfield had projected a Greek-Eng-
lish Lexicon to take the place of the old
Greek-Latin Lexicons of Scapula and He-
dericus, which gave needless difficulty to
students and were neither full nor accurate.
He published a specimen of his Lexicon,
which was well received, and his plans seem
to have been rational and promising. Had
he lived, some of the labours of Deans Liddell
and Scott might have been anticipated. At
any rate he showed that he knew what was
wanted. Monk, the biographer of Bentley
and Greek professor, who had been one of
his intimate friends, paid a warm tribute to
his learning and amiable qualities in the
pages of the ' Museum Criticum.' He ap-
pears to have, enjoyed a wide popularity
among his contemporaries, and to have de-
served it.

[Memoirs of Charles James Blomfield by his
Son, 1863 ; Cambridge Museum Criticum, ii. 520

(by Monk) ; Preface to Matthias's Greek Gram
mar.] E. S. S.

BLOMFIELD, EZEKIEL (1778-1818),
compiler, was born on 28 Oct. 1778 at North
Walsham, Norfolk. His parents were very
poor, and in 1783 he removed with them to
Norwich. Before he was ten years of age
he began making collections for a 'Table of
Chronological Events' and a ' System of
Natural History.' He read largely, but the
book that determined his lifelong studies was
Mrs. Barbauld's ' Evenings at Home,' which
quickened his interest in the phenomena of
nature. When about fifteen religious ques-
tions troubled him, and, becoming imbued
with strong religious convictions, he was
placed under the care of a nonconformist
minister (the Rev. S. Newton of Norwich).
Under his capable mastership he rapidly ac-
quired Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. After
combating old doubts, in 1796 he joined the
church of Newton, and, resolving to be a
minister of the gospel, proceeded to the non-
conformist Homerton College. After a year
spent at Norwich in ill-health, he accepted
a call to a congregation at Wymondham.
There he conciliated conflicting parties, and
established Sunday schools, missionary socie-
ties, &c. On 20 Oct. 1800 he married Mary,
daughter of a Mr. Fursnell of/ Hanworth
(Norfolk). Soon after his marriage he de-
livered a course of lectures on history at
Wymondham. As his family increased he
eked out a slender income by hack-work for
Bright ley. the printer of Bungay, and sub-
sequently went into partnership with him.
Pecuniary difficulties followed, and led to his
removal from Wymondham to Wortwell in
1809, where he remained until his death, fre-
quently visiting the neighbouring village of
Harleston. He founded the Norfolk and
Norwich Auxiliary British and Foreign Bible
Society. In 1810 he projected an academy
for education of youths in classics. He
planned a ' History of Education/ and de-
livered a successful course of lectures on the
philosophy of history from materials gathered
in 1815 and 1816. He died 14 July 1818,
leaving a widow and young family totally
unprovided for. Towards assisting them his
' Philosophy of History ' was published in a
fine quarto in 1819, with a memoir. It is
somewhat fragmentary and commonplace.
In 1807 had appeared, in two huge quartos,
Blomfield's ' A General View of the World,
Geographical, Historical, and Philosophical;
on a Plan entirely new' (Bungay, 1807) ; this
work shows wide but ill-digested reading.

[Memoir before Philosophy of History ; local
inquiries and books.] A. B. G.

Blond

232

Blood

BLOND, CHRISTOPHER LE. [See I
LE BLOND.]

BLONDEL, JAMES AUGUSTUS (d.

1734), physician, was a native of Paris, and
received his medical education at Leyden,
where he graduated M.D. 17 July 1692, his
thesis, which was published, being ' Dissertatio
de Crisibus.' He settled as a physician in
London, and was admitted licentiate of the
College of Physicians 26 March 1711. In 1 720
he published anonymously ' The Strength of
Imagination of Pregnant Women Examined,
and the opinion that marks and deformities
in children arise from thence, demonstrated
to be a vulgar error.' To this work Dr. Daniel
Turner replied in the twelfth chapter of his
treatise on the ' Diseases of the Skin,' and he
returned to the subject in his treatise on
* Gleets.' In answer to the statements of
Turner, Blondel published in 1729 'The
Power of the Mother's Imagination over the
Foetus examined, in reply to Dr. Turner.' This
pamphlet, to which Dr. Turner wrote a special
reply, was published in French at Leyden in
1737, in Dutch at Rotterdam in 1737, and in
German at Strasbourg in 1756. He died
4 Oct. 1734, and was buried at Stepney.

[Rees's Cyclopaedia, vol. iv. ; Biographie Gene-
rale, vi. 254 ; Munk's Boll Coll. of Physicians,
ii. 34.]

BLOOD, HOLCROFT (1660P-1707),
general, was the son of the famous Colonel
Thomas Bloool [q. v.l, and was born about
1660. When only a stripling he, unknown to
his father, went to sea, and served in the Dutch
war of 1672. Some years afterwards he became
a cadet in the French guards, where he began
to study the art of engineering. Returning
to England he served as captain in the Irish
campaigns after the revolution of 1688, and
was wounded at the siege of Carrickfergus.
Some time afterwards he was accused of
robbing a postboy of some letters that came
from Spain, but after a trial at the Old Bailey
he was acquitted. The incident, indeed,
turned out rather to his advantage than
otherwise ; for the king, convinced of his
innocence, and having a high opinion of his
abilities, secured his promotion, first as major
and soon afterwards as lieutenant-colonel.
He did great service as an engineer at the
siege of Namur in 1695, and becoming, in
1703, colonel of a regiment of the train of
artillery, he manoeuvred it with so much
skill at Hochstadt, and in other important
actions, as to acquire the reputation of being
one of the ablest engineers in Europe. In
reward of his brilliant services he was pro-

! moted brigadier-general. He died at Brussels
30 Aug. 1707.

[Compleat History of Europe for the year
1707. pp. 477- 8 : Le Neve's Monumenta.l

T. F. H.

BLOOD, THOMAS (1618 P-1680), the
i adventurer, better known as Colonel Blood,
I born about 1618, or soon afterwards, was the
j son of a blacksmith in easy circumstances,
possessed of property in ironworks. The
place of birth is uncertain ; it was probably
i in Ireland. Of his early life little is known,
i exce.pt that he took the parliamentary side,
i Having visited Lancashire, Blood married
there a Miss Holcroft about 1648, and re-
turned to Ireland. He was made a J.P. by
I Henry Cromwell, and had large assignments
j of land as payment for his services and zeal.
His prosperity was threatened by the Restora-
tion, the land being taken from him, and he
associated with such of the Cromwellians as
i were ripe for insurrection. Two of their
designs were to surprise Dublin Castle, and to
seize the person of the lord-lieutenant, James
Butler, duke of Ormonde. The management
of these attempts was entrusted to Blood.
The enterprises, planned for 9 or 10 March
1663, were to be effected simultaneously.
One of the confederate council, named Philip
Arden, betrayed the plot to Ormonde. It had
been arranged that several of the conspirators
were to wait inside the castle, holding peti-
tions for presentation, while eighty of the
disbanded soldiers were to remain outside,
disguised as blacksmiths and carpenters. The
signal for the expected commotion was to be
given, after Ormonde arrived, by a man who
pretended to be a baker stumbling and over-
throwing a basketful of white loaves. The
men on guard would then scramble to seize the
bread, and while discipline was thus relaxed
they were to be seized and disarmed by the
sham petitioners, who would be assisted by
their confederates from outside, and imprison
their adversaries. A discovery that they had
been betrayed by Arden did not daunt Blood,
who, with his men, arranged to anticipate
| the day first named, choosing 5 March instead.
I Twelve hours earlier than the time now fixed
j most of the confederates were arrested, Blood
I escaping ; but his brother-in-law Lackie was
I among those captured, imprisoned, tried, con-
I victed, and executed, on the charge of high
| treason. The Irish parliament ordered Blood's
declaration to be burnt by the hangman. He
made an attempt to rescue Lackie and the
others and nearly succeeded in it. He found
himself proclaimed, a large reward being
offered for his apprehension ; but he had fled
to the hills, and remained there in safety, con-

Blood

233

Blood

fiding in the fidelity of the native Irish and
such old Cromwellians as would shelter him.
He assumed various disguises, and continually
changed his places of refuge, sometimes as-
suming to be a quaker, sometimes an ana-
baptist, an independent, and even a Roman
catholic priest. Rapidly flitting about among
all sorts of people, entering sympathetically
into their grievances and family affairs, in-
stead of shrouding himself in mystery and
thus exciting suspicion, he succeeded in baf-
fling pursuers, and became acquainted with
many desperate characters. When the dan-
ger became urgent he quitted Ireland, crossed
to Holland, found a welcome among the dis-
affected sectaries, and obtained countenance
from Admiral de Ruyter.

His daring spirit prompted him to return
to England, where he associated with the
zealous Fifth Monarchy men, and gained so
much ascendency over them that he is de-
clared to have established a court-martial at
a tavern over some members who were under
suspicion of having betrayed the secrets of
their council ; the culprits were condemned to
death, but their lives were spared at his in-
tercession. It is not improbable that he was \
at this time, and also still later, acting a
double part, keeping the government informed
of so much as might secure his own safety.
He removed to Scotland and joined the co- ;
venanters in their revolt, not quitting them
until after the defeat on Pentland Hills,
27 Nov. 1666, when more than five hundred
were killed. He then returned to England,
crossed to Ireland, landing three miles from
Carrickfergus, but was pursued so closely by
Lord Dungannon that he again removed to
England.

His next adventure was the rescue of his
friend, Captain Mason, from a guard of eight
troopers, men selected by the Duke of York
for their courage and trustworthiness. Mason
was being sent northward for trial at the as-
sizes ; but it was not until near Doncaster
that Blood, with only three companions,
found an opportunity of engaging the sol-
diers, and obtaining a victory, at the cost of
wounds to himself. Several troopers lost their
lives. Five hundred pounds being offered for
his capture he lay hidden until his severe
wounds were healed, disguised as a medical
practitioner, and then lived quietly at Rum-
ford (Kent) under the name of Thomas Allen,
alias Ayliffe. In November 1670 William,
prince of Orange, came to England, and the !
Duke of Ormonde attended him on his being
entertained by the city. Colonel Blood had
never forgiven Ormonde's punishment of old
associates in Dublin, so with five companions
he waylaid the coach wherein his enemy rode

through St. James's Street when returning
to Clarendon House. The six footmen had
been stopped previously. The duke was taken
forcibly from the coach by Blood and his son-
in-law, Thomas Hunt, who mounted him on
horseback in the grasp of a confederate, to
whom he was buckled. Nothing less was
i intended than to hurry the duke to Tyburn,
and there hang him on a common gibbet in
! requital of his having hanged others. The
i coachman gave the alarm, with another
hastened after Ormonde, and overtook him
while struggling with the stout horseman,
whom he had cast out of the saddle. Being
buckled together they had fallen, Ormonde
undermost and in great danger. The ruffians
fired at the duke, but missed him in the
dark, and escaped on horseback. This was
near Berkeley House, afterwards Devonshire
House. If Blood had not left his men, going
on in advance to arrange the rope on the
gallows, the duke could not have been saved.
It was believed that George Villiers, second
duke of Buckingham, had engaged Blood to
perpetrate this crime, and Ormonde's son,
Lord Ossory, in the king's presence distinctly
charged Buckingham with the baseness of
such private revenge. Thomas Carte, bio-
grapher of Ormonde, got the story of the re-
buke and challenge from Robert Lesley of
Glaslogh, in co. Monaghan, who had received
it from the lips of Dr. Turner, bishop of
Ely. Probably no instigation was required
beyond the bitterness of Blood's own desire
for vengeance on his former enemy. Yet
Buckingham afterwards appeared as Blood's
introducer to the king, and announced that
the man could make discoveries. Among the
persons suspected of complicity in this out-
rage, Bishop Kennet mentions ' Richard
Holloway, a tobacco-cutter of Frying-pan
Alley ; Thomas Hunt, one Hurst, and Ralph
Alexander.' Kennet believes that Blood did
not intend to hang the duke, but to keep
him in custody until he had signed a deed
restoring the Irish estates which Blood had
formerly possessed. Richard Baxter was
inclined to take this view, but Archdeacon
Eachard adheres to the Tyburn story. Six
months later Blood made his great attempt
to steal the crown jewels, on 9 May 1671,
and this ultimately led to his regaining the
Irish estates.

John Strype, in continuing to the date of
1720 John Stowe's ' Survey of the Cities of
London and Westminster ' (first written in
1598), gives a full account of the attempted
robbery, declaring that he received it direct
from Mr. Talbot Edwards himself, the late
keeper of the regalia, who was nearly eighty
years old. But Strype assigns a wrong date

Blood

234

Blood

(sixth edition, 1754), 1673, instead of 1671.
About three -weeks before the attempt Blood
came to the Tower of London ' in the habit
of a parson, with a long cloak, cassock, and
canonical girdle, and brought a woman with
him, whom he called his wife, although in
truth his wife was then sick in Lancashire.
This pretended wife desired to see the crown,
and having seen it feigned to have a qualm
come upon her.' She prevailed on Edwards
to send for some spirits, and, when his own
wife brought some, the stranger was invited
into their private rooms to rest on a bed. At
departure ' they seemed very thankful for this
civility.' Three or four days later Blood re-
turned to the Tower, bringing a present of
four or five pairs of white gloves for Mrs.
Edwards, and speedily improved the ac-
quaintanceship. After a short interval, to
avoid suspicion, he proposed to bring a
nephew, f who hath two or three hundred a
year in land, and is at my disposal,' in order
to make a match between him and the pretty
daughter of Mrs. Edwards. This was assented
to, and an invitation given to dine with the
family at once, Blood saying grace with
great show of devotion and loyalty, ending
with a prayer for the king, queen, and royal
family. After dinner he inspected the rooms,
and managed to disarm the house of a hand-
some case of pistols, by pretending to purchase
them as a present to a young nobleman, his
neighbour. At departure he made an appoint-
ment to bring his nephew for a meeting with
the intended bride, fixing the day and hour,
9 May, at seven o'clock in the morning. At
the time preparations had been made by the
unsuspecting family, the young lady in her
best attire sending her waiting-maid to bring
early news of the bridegroom's appearance.
Blood brought three companions, who appear
to have been one Parrot, Tom Hunt, and
another, Richard Hallowell or Holloway.
Parrot was a silk-dyer of Southwark, and
had been lieutenant to Major-general Harri-
son, who suffered as a regicide (possibly the
same Robert Parrot who was hanged for his
part in Monmouth's rebellion in 1685). They
were all armed, with rapiers in their canes,
and every one had a dagger and pocket-pistols.
Blood, Ilunt, and Parrot entered the house,
the fourth stayed outside to keep watch.
He was the youngest, and the maid believed
him to be the enamoured nephew.

On pretence of waiting until his wife came
before going to the ladies, Blood prevailed on
Edwards to show the crown jewels to his
friends, to pass the time. When all had en-
tered the room and closed the door as usual,
Edwards was attacked, a cloak thrown over
his head, a gag thrust into his mouth, * a

great plug of wood with a small hole in the
middle to take breath at. This they tied on
with a waxed leather, which went round his
neck. At the same time they fastened an
iron hook to his nose, that no sound might
! pass from him that way.' They told him that
! they would not harm him further if he sub-
| mitted quietly, but that they were determined
to carry off the crown, globe, and sceptre, and
i would show no mercy if he gave an alarm.
Nevertheless he tried to make a noise and be
heard above. They therefore knocked him
down with a wooden mallet, and pointed
three daggers at him. He still tried to call
aloud ; they beat him again and stubbed him,
but not mortally, although they believed him
to be dead. Then Parrot put the globe in his
loose breeches. Blood held the crown, after
crushing it, under his parson's cloak. The
third prepared to file the sceptre in two and
put it in a bag. At this moment young Ed-
wards returned. He had been with Sir John
Talbot in Flanders, and was newly home on
! leave to see his old father. After being
! stopped by the man who kept watch, young
I Edwards went to his mother and sister ;
| while the conspirators, receiving notice of
1 danger, made off with their plunder. The
! old man regained consciousness, gave the
! alarm, and was heard by his daughter, who
! rushed out, crying, i Treason, the crown is
I stolen ! ' Blood and Parrot were hastening
1 away, but young Edwards and Captain Beck-
; man on hearing the cry pursued them, so
1 that, despite resistance, they were captured
1 with the jewels still in their possession. ' It
1 was a bold attempt,' Blood boasted, ' but it
was for a crown.' Instead of being executed
for this attempt he met reward. His audacity
saved him. Examined before Dr. Chamber-
lain, and next before Sir William Waller,
Blood refused to make confession except to
the king himself, and Charles admitted him
to his presence, being desirous of seeing so
1 bold a ruffian. Blood avowed that the plan
i was his own, but threatened that his confede-
rates would avenge his death ; refused to im-
peach others, but avowed his share in the
capture of Ormonde, and that awe of his ma-
! jesty's sacred person had hindered him from
perpetrating assassination when the king was
bathing at Battersea. He not only escaped
punishment, but obtained the forfeited Irish
| estates of 500/. annual value, and seemed to
\ have interest at court, being often seen in the
presence-chamber. Before long he quarrelled
with his protector, Buckingham, or at least
fell under accusation of conspiring to have
him charged with an atrocious crime. Inno-
cent or guilty (and it seems probable that it
was a trick to ruin him), he was committed

Bloomfield

235

Bloomfield

by the court of king's bench for 10,000/.
damages of the Buckingham slander. He
found bail and returned to his house in Bowl-
ing Alley, Westminster. His health, but
not his spirit, was broken. His sickness
lasted fourteen days. He declared himself
not afraid of death, but fell into a speech-
less lethargy on the Monday, and died on
Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1680. He was buried on
the 26th, at Tothill Fields. Rumours being
afloat that it had been a sham funeral, to
keep the living man hidden elsewhere, his
body was exhumed on the following Thurs-
day, and identified at an inquest, after which
it was reburied. Thus ended his remarkable
life. Like William Bedloe he died a natural
death, contrary to every expectation. John
Evelyn met him at the treasurer's dinner-
table on 10 May 1671.

[Carte's Life of James Butler, duke of Or-
monde ; Strype's Continuation of Stowe's Survey
of London and Westminster, 6th eel. 1754 ; The
Narrative of Col. Thomas Blood concerning the
design reported to be lately laid against the Life
and Honour of his Grace George, duke of Buck-
ingham, &c., 1680; Remarks on the Life and
Death of the fam'd Mr. Blood, 2nd edition, with
large additions, printed for Richard Jane-way,
1680 ; AnElegie on Colonel Blood, notorious for
stealing the Crown, &c., who died 26 (sic) Aug.
1680. This Elegy is in rhymed verse (seventy-six
lines), and begins, ' Thanks, ye kind Fates, for
your last favour shown.' It is reprinted in vol.
vi. of the Ballad Society's Roxburghe Ballads,
and ends with the Epitaph : —
Here lies the man who boldly hath run through
More villanies than ever England knew ;
And ne're to any friend he had was true.
Here let him then by all unpitied lie,
And let's rejoice his time was come to die.

London, printed by J. S. in the year 1680.]

J. W. E.

BLOOMFIELD, BENJAMIN, first
BARON BLOOMFIELD (1768-1846), lieutenant-
general and colonel-commandant royal horse
artillery, was the only son of John Bloom-
field, of Newport, co. Tipperary, and was
born 13 April 1768. After studying at the
Royal Military Academy, he became a se-
cond-lieutenant in the royal artillery, at the
age of thirteen, on 24 May 1781. Lord Bloom-
field, in the early part of his military career,
served in Newfoundland and at Gibraltar.
He was one of the first officers appointed to
the horse-brigade on its formation. He also
served on board a gun-brig during the early
part of the French war, and commanded
some guns at the action at Vinegar Hill
during the Irish rebellion of 1798. About
1806, when brevet-major and captain of a
troop of horse-artillery doing duty with the

I 10th hussars at Brighton (and, as his biogra-
| pher observes, a very poor man), his social
I and musical attainments attracted the notice
of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV,
who made him a gentleman-in-waiting and
afterwards his chief equerry and clerk-mar-
shal. In 1815 he was knighted, having
j been promoted to the rank of major-general
the year before, and in 1817 succeeded Sir
j John McMahon as receiver of the duchy of
j Cornwall, keeper of the privy purse, and pri-
j vate secretary, in which capacities Sir Ben-
| jamin Bloomfield was the recognised confi-
dant of the prince during the remainder of
i the regency and until 1822, when, having
j fallen into disfavour, he resigned his ap-
pointments. After his resignation he was
sent, in 1824, as minister plenipotentiary to
the court of Stockholm, and in May 1825
was raised to the Irish peerage as Baron
Bloomfield of Oakhampton and Redwood,
Tipperary. Subsequently he commanded the
garrison at Woolwich for some years, where
; his hospitality and benevolence made him
j very popular, and where he founded the
! schools for the children of soldiers of the
ordnance corps. He married, in 1797, Har-
' riott, the eldest daughter of John Douglas, of
I Grantham, by whom he left issue. He died
in Portman Square, London, on 15 Aug. 1846.
Lord Bloomfield, while in Sweden, joined the
Wesleyans, and after his death a tract was
published under the title : ' A Coronet laid at
Jesus' Feet in the Conversion of the late Lord
Bloomfield,' by G. Scott, Wesleyan minister
(London, 1856, 8vo).

[Hart's Army Lists ; Fitzgerald's Life of
George IV ; Wellington Despatches, Correspon-
dence, &c. (continuation of former series), ii. 198 ;
Lady Bloomfield's Memoir of Lord Bloomfield,
2 vols. (London, 1 884) ; Gent. Mag., New Series,
xxvi. 422 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] H. M. C.

BLOOMFIELD, JOHN ARTHUR
DOUGLAS, second BARON BLOOMFIELD
(1802-1879), diplomatist, was the son of
I Benjamin Bloomfield, created, 14 May 1825,
j Baron Bloomfield in the peerage of Ireland
[see BLOOMFIELD, BENJAMIN]. He was born
12 Nov. 1802, and at the early age of six-
teen became an attach^ to the embassy at
Vienna. Throughout his life he remained in
the diplomatic service, and his history consists
I of little more than a list of the places where he
served his country. He was paid attache at
Lisbon, October 1824 j secretary of legation
at Stuttgard, December 1825, and at Stock-
holm, September 1826 ; secretary of embassy
at St. Petersburg, June 1839; envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary to that
court, 3 April 1844 ; removed in the same

Bloomfield

236

Bloomfield

capacity to Berlin, 28 April 1851 ; made
ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary
to the Emperor of Austria, '22 Nov. 1860,
but resigned 28 Oct. 1871, when he retired
on a pension and was created a peer of the
United Kingdom. Previously to this date
he had succeeded his father as second Baron
Bloomfield in the peerage of Ireland, 15 Aug.
1846, had been made a C.B. 1848, K.C.B.
1851, G.C.B. 3 Sept. 1858, and a privy coun-
cillor 17 Dec. 1860. He died at his residence,
Giamhaltha, Newport, co. Tipperary, 17 Aug.
1879. He married, 4 Sept. 1845, the Hon.
Georgiana, sixteenth and youngest child of
Thomas Henry Liddell, first Baron Ravens-
worth. She was born at 51 Portland Place,
London, 13 April 1822, was maid of honour
to the queen from December 1841 to July
1845, and in the month after her marriage
accompanied her husband to Russia. Her
4 Reminiscences ' of the state of society at the
various courts where she resided is a work
of much interest.

[Reminiscences of Court and .Diplomatic Life,
by Georgiana, Baroness Bloomfield (1883); Me-
moirs of Sir William Knighton (1838), ii. 130-1 ;
Dod's Peerage, 1879 ; E. Walford's Tales of our
Great Families (1877), i. 298-304.] G. C. B.

BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT (1766-1823),
author of the ' Farmer's Boy,' was born at
Honington, a village in Suffolk, on 3 Dec.
1766. His father, George Bloomfield, a
tailor, died when Robert was a year old,
leaving a family of six children. By his
mother, who kept the village school, and by
a Mr. Rodwell of Ixworth, the boy was
taught to read and write. His mother mar-
ried again when he was seven years old, and
had another family. At eleven years of age
he was taken into the house of his mother's
brother-in-law, William Austin, a farmer in
the neighbouring village of Sapiston. Here
he acquired his knowledge of rustic manners.
At the age of fifteen he was so diminutive in
size as to be of little use on the farm. So
the mother wrote to the elder sons, George
and Nathaniel, the former a shoemaker and
the latter a tailor, to inquire whether they
could help their younger brother. George
engaged to teach him the shoemaking busi-
ness, and Nathaniel undertook to keep him
provided with clothes. Accordingly, the
boy came to London, and was domiciled in
his brother's garret in Fisher's Court, Bell
Alley, Coleman Street. Four men besides the
brother lived and worked in the one garret.
Robert was chiefly employed in running
errands for the men, or reading the news-
paper to them. At first he found in the
newspapers many words that he could not

understand ; but after providing himself
with a dictionary he was soon able to read
with fluency ' the long and beautiful speeches
of Burke, Fox, or North.' He further im-
proved his intellect by attending on Sunday
evenings the discourses of a dissenting mi-
nister named Fawcett, who officiated at a
meeting-house in the Old Jewry. By atten-
tion to the teaching of this gentleman (whose
language, as George Bloomfield puts it, ' was
just such as the " Rambler" is written in')
he 'gained the most enlarged notions of
Providence,' and learned the correct pronun-
ciation of ( hard words.' His reading at this
time embraced the history of England, the
' British Traveller,' and a book of geography.
He was particularly fond of scanning the
poets' corner of the ' London Magazine,' and
I was one day induced by his brother to send
j the editor of that journal some verses en-
i titled the ' Milkmaid,' which were accepted
! and published. Another trifle, the ' Sailor's
Return,' soon followed. About this time
the brothers changed their lodging to a
garret in Blue-hart Court, Bell Alley, where
they had for companion a Scotchman named
Kay, who was possessed of a few books (in-
cluding ' Paradise Lost' and Thomson's
1 Seasons '), of which Robert was allowed
the use. A dispute arising between the
masters and journeymen shoemakers as to the
| masters' right to employ those who had not
j served an apprenticeship, Robert, only too
I glad of the change, accepted an invitation to
; stay under the roof of his former employer,
| Austin, until the difference should be settled.
1 After an absence of three months he returned,
and was apprenticed to his brother's land-
| lord, continuing to work under his brother's
i eye until he had completely qualified him-
self. In 1785 George removed to Bury St.
Edmunds. Robert remained in London,
and on 12 Dec. 1790 wrote to his brother
| that he ' had sold his fiddle and got a wife.'
I The young couple lived in the most squalid
| poverty : it took them several years to ac-
j quire a bed of their own. In a garret where
I five or six others were at work, Bloomfield
j composed his *" Farmer's Boy.' He was ac-
i customed to keep fifty or a hundred lines in
j his head until he could find an opportunity
| of putting them on paper. The whole of
i ' Winter ' and a great part of ' Autumn '
I were finished before a line of them had been
j written. In November 1798, after passing
through various hands, the manuscript came
under the notice of Capel Lofft, by whos3
efforts it was published (in sumptuous quarto ),
with cuts by Bewick and a preface by Lofft,
in March 1800. The success of the ' Farmer's
Boy ' was remarkable j twenty-six thousand

Bloomfield

237

Blore

copies, it is estimated, were sold in less than
three years. Translations appeared in French
and Italian, and one enthusiastic admirer
threw a portion of the work (' Spring') into
Latin hexameters. Lamb did not share the
general admiration for the poor thin verse of
the ( Farmer's Boy.' Writing to Manning in
November 1800, he says : l Don't you think
the fellow who wrote it (who is a shoemaker)
has a poor mind? ... I have just opened
him, but he makes me sick.' Byron some j
years later, in ' English Bards and Scotch !
Reviewers/ referred to Bloomfield in compli- i
mentary terms after some satirical lines upon
Blackett, another poetical shoemaker [q. v.] I
The success of the ' Farmer's Boy ' enabled j
Bloomfield to remove to a small house in
the City Road. About 1802 he received I
from the Duke of Graft on the post of under- !
sealer in the Seal Office ; but though the \
duties were light, his health would not per- \
mit him to attend to them, and he soon re- j
signed. The duke made him an allowance
(which was continued by his successor) of
one shilling a day, and then Bloomfield em- i

?loyed himself in making ^Eolian harps. In '
802 appeared < Rural Tales,' in 1804 ' Good i
Tidings, or News from the Farm/ and in
1806 ' Wild Flowers.' At the advice of some
friends he now embarked in the book-trade,
and soon became bankrupt. As he was in j
failing health, some friends took him in 1811 ;
for a tour in Wales, and he recorded in a i
volume of verses, ' The Banks of the Wye ' '
(1811), the impressions made upon him by '
the change of scene. In 1812 he retired for
a time to Sheflbrd, in Bedfordshire, returning
to London in April of the following year. |
In June 1814 he went for a short tour to !
Canterbury and Dover. Having now become '
hypochondriacal and half blind, he retired |
to Shefford, where he died in great poverty
on 19 Aug. 1823, leaving a widow and foiir
children. Had he lived longer, he would
probably have gone mad. Bernard Barton
and others wrote verses to his memory, and
a gravestone was raised to him in Campton
Churchyard, Bedfordshire. In addition to
the works previously mentioned Bloomfield
published : 1. ' History of Little Davy's New
Hat/ 1817. 2. <Mav-day with the Muses/
1822. 3. 'Hazlewood Hall: a Village
Drama/ 1823. A collected edition of his
works in three volumes, with a biographical
sketch by Joseph Weston, appeared in 1824.
Bloomfield was a man of a simple affec-
tionate nature, but he was sadly wanting in
independence and manliness. His letters
preserved in the British Museum (Add. MSS.
28265-68) are singularly uninteresting, and
afford convincing proof that he had, as Lamb

said, a ' poor mind.' Selections from his cor-
respondence were edited in 1870 by W. H.
Hart. George Bloomfield, the elder brother,
who also wrote verses, died — as he had lived
— in wretched squalor, on 29 Jan. 1831.

[Joseph Western's preface to the collected edi-
tion of Bloomfield's Works, 1824; Davy's Suf-
folk Collections, xci. 129-31, xciv. pp. 25-40 ;
Add. MSS. 28265-68; Hone's Table Book,
801-5; Farmer's Boy, ed. 1800.] A. H. B.

BLOOR, JOSEPH (d. 1846), brother of
Robert Bloor, proprietor of the Old Derby
China Works, was engaged at the works in
sundry capacities, mainly in mixing ' bodies '
for the paste. He died in 1846.

[Letter from Mr. Haslem, author of the ' Old
Derby China Factory.'] W. H. T.

BLOOR, ROBERT (d. 1846), ceramist,
was probably born at Church Gresley, where
many of his family are buried. He succeeded
Kean and the second Duesbury at the Old
Derby China Works, from whom he bought
the concern, about the year 1810-11, for
5,OOOZ. and the payment of certain annuities.
He had for some time previously been clerk
and salesman at the works. He was an ener-
getic man of business, and greatly increased
the sales of the manufacture, employing at
one time as many as fifty painters, besides a
great number of potters, burnishers, appren-
tices, women, and girls. Under his manage-
ment, however, the former high quality and
finished decoration of the Derby ware dete-
riorated. About the year 1820 his business
was at its height ; and, by the aid of auctions
in various parts of England, Derby china, for
the most part showily painted, but some of
it slightly injured in the firing, was dispersed
throughout the country ; but this inferiority
of the ware at length led to a falling off in
the demand. In 1828 Bloor's mind gave way,
and he never recovered. A statute of lunacy
was taken out a few years before his death,,
which happened on 11 March 1846 at Hathern
in Leicestershire. The works were then car-
ried on by his widow and children, and finally
by his granddaughter, Mrs. Thomas Clarke ;
she at length sold the concern to Samuel
Boyle, who failed.

[Haslem's Old Derby China Factory ; letters
from Mr. Haslem ; information supplied by S.
Keys in Chaffers's Marks and Monograms on
Pottery, 6th eel.] W. H. T.

BLORE, EDWARD (1787-1879), archi-
tect and artist, was born at Derby on 13 Sept.
1787, and was the eldest son of Thomas Blore,
author of the ' History of Rutland ' [q. v.] At
an early age he began to display great fondness
for architecture, and a facility in sketching ;

Blore

Blore

and whilst still a young man was employed
on the illustrations for the * History of Rut-
land/ the second part of which was published
in 1811. During the next few years he was
engaged in making the sketches of York and
Peterborough for Britton's l English Cathe-
drals,' and in executing the architectural de-
signs for Surtees's ' History and Antiquities
of Durham/ and for other county histories.
In 1816 Blore made the acquaintance of Sir
Walter Scott, who was at that time anxious
to find some one who could fully enter into
his views for building a new house in Ab-
botsford in the Gothic style. At Scott's re-
quest Blore made a hasty sketch there and
then, and was at once authorised by him to
carry out the designs for the exterior of the
building. Blore's intimacy with Scott also
led to his being employed along with Turner
and other artists upon Scott's publication,
' The Provincial Antiquities and Picturesque
Scenery of Scotland.' Of this work Blore
acted as manager, at the same time contri-
buting all the architectural drawings. In
1824 he published his interesting volume, en-
titled ' The Monumental Remains of Noble
and Eminent Persons.' During this time
Blore was also devoting himself to the task
of stimulating the newly awakened taste for
Gothic architecture, and was in constant cor-
respondence with Rickman, the well-known
writer on Gothic, who seems to have much
valued Blore's early instruction. At this pe-
riod of the Gothic revival Blore had compara-
tively little opportunity for carrying out any
specially remarkable designs for ecclesiastical
buildings. One of his largest undertakings was
in connection with Peterborough Cathedral,
the present organ-screen and choir-fittings
of which were from his designs. The monu-
ment to W. Hilton, R.A., in Lincoln Cathe-
dral, and the font in the Royal Savoy Chapel,
were likewise designed by him, and he was
also entrusted with the restoration of Glasgow
Cathedral, of Merton College Chapel, and of
other buildings of the same kind.

Blore's practice as an architect soon be-
came extremely extensive. Among his more
important works may be mentioned the re-
storation of the hall, chapel, and library of
Lambeth Palace, and the rebuilding of its
residential portion ; the building from his de-
signs of Prince Woronzow's palace of Aloupka
in the Crimea ; Corehouse, Scotland ; Crum
Castle, Ireland ; Worsley Hall, Lancashire ;
Thicket Priory, Yorkshire; Moreton Hall,
Cheshire ; the Pitt Press, Cambridge ; Castle
Hill, Devonshire ; the government build-
ings, Sydney, New South Wales, &c. Blore
held the appointment of special architect
to King William IV and to Queen Victoria

during the earlier part of her reign. In this
capacity he was employed to carry out various
works at Windsor Castle and Hampton Court
Palace, and to complete the erection of Buck-
ingham Palace, which had been begun by
Nash. He also for many years filled the post
of architect at Westminster Abbey, being
succeeded by Sir Gilbert Scott at the time of
his retirement from his profession. His death
took place in London on 4 Sept. 1879. He
was a fellow of the Royal Society, of the So-
ciety of Antiquaries, and one of the founders
of the Royal Archaeological Institute ; he
also held the honorary degree of D.C.L., con-
ferred by the university of Oxford in 1834.
He married in 1819, and had a family of two
sons, the Rev. E. W. Blore, senior fellow
of Trinity College, Cambridge (d. 1885), and
the Rev. G. J. Blore, D.D., head-master
of the King's School, Canterbury, and two
daughters. As an evidence of his remarkable
powers as a draughtsman, and of his unre-
mitting labour for more than seventy years,
he has left behind him no less than forty-
eight volumes, as well as smaller sketch-books,
containing nearly five thousand beautifully
finished drawings. Of these drawings, which
are now in the possession of his daughter,
Mrs. Keyser, about one thousand portray the
more interesting specimens of English and
Scotch ecclesiastical architecture ; there are
also drawings of more than six hundred
monuments and representations of ' almost
every example of ancient castellated and do-
mestic architecture remaining in England.'

[Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,
1880, viii. 347-52; Builder for 13 Sept. 1879,
p. 1 01 9 ; information derivedfrom Charles Keyser,
Esq., F.S.A. ; Lockhart's Life of Scott.]

W. W.

BLORE, ROBERT (d. 1866?), manu-
facturer of small porcelain ' biscuit ' figures
in Bridge Gate, Derby, served his appren-
ticeship at the Old Derby China Works, but
shortly afterwards went to Minton's factory.
In 1830 he returned to Derby, and .there set
up a small establishment for himself. Al-
though a clever workman, especially in the
making of pastes and glazes, he does not appear
to have been very successful in conducting a
business, for after a while he returned to the
potteries district, this time as an assistant at
Mason's factory at Lane Delph. Thence he
removed to Middlesborough, Yorkshire, where
he superintended a 'pot-works' until his
death.

[Haslem's Old Derby China Factory.]

W. H. T.

BLORE, THOMAS (1764-1818), topo-
grapher, born at Ashborne, Derbyshire, 1 Dec.

Blore

239

Blount

1764, received his education at the grammar
school there, and afterwards became a solicitor
at Derby. He then removed to Hopton to
undertake the management of the affairs of
Mr. Philip Gell, on whose death, in 1795, he
came to London and entered the Middle
Temple, though he was never called to the
bar. Subsequently, during a residence at
Benwick Hall, near Hertford, he made ex-
tensive collections relating to the topography
and antiquities of Hertfordshire. These filled
three folio volumes of closely written manu-
script, which formed the nucleus of Clutter-
buck's history of the county. Afterwards
Blore resided successively at Mansfield Wood-
house, at Burr House, near Bakewell, at
Manton, in Rutland, and at Stamford. The
latter borough he unsuccessfully contested in
the whig interest, and he also edited for a
brief period ' Drakard's Stamford News.'
He died in London 10 Nov. 1818, and was
buried in Paddington Church, where a stone
bearing the following strange inscription was
erected : l Sacred to the memory of Thomas
Blore, Gentleman, of the honourable society
of the Middle Temple and member of the
Antiquarian Society, whose days were em-
bittered and whose life was shortened by in-
tense application. He died November 10th,
1818, aged 53 years.' He was father of
Edward Blore [q. v.]

He was an able and diligent topographer,
and it is to be regretted that his labours
brought so few works to a successful termi-
nation. His publications are : 1. * An His-
tory of the Manor and Manor House of
South Winfield, in Derbyshire,' printed in
Nichols's ' Miscellaneous Antiquities ' (in
continuation of the ' Bibliotheca Topographica
Britannica '), vol. i. No. 3, 1791, 4to, re-
printed separately, London, 1793, 4to.
2. ' Proposals for publishing a History of
Derbyshire.' 3. •' A History of Alderwasley,'
in four pages, folio, as a specimen of his
1 History of Derbyshire.' 4. ' A History of
Breadsall Priory, in the county of Derby,'
printed in the * Topographical Miscellany,'
1791. 5. ' A Statement of a Correspondence
with Richard Phillips, Esq., respecting the
"Antiquary's Magazine,'" Stamford, 1807,
8vo. 6. ' The History and Antiquities of the
County of Rutland,' vol. i. pt. 2, one vol.
royal folio, Stamford, 1811. With many
plates and genealogical tables. This was
the only part published. It includes the
East Hundred and the Hundred of Casterton
Parva. . <An Account of the Public
Schools, Hospitals, and other Charitable
Foundations in the borough of Stamford, in
the counties of Lincoln and Rutland,' Stam-
ford, 1813, 8vo. 8. 'A Guide to Burghley

House, Northamptonshire, the seat of the
Marquis of Exeter ; containing an Account
of all the paintings, antiquities, &c., with
biographical notices of the Artists,' Stam-
ford, 1815, 8vo (anon.)

[Jewitt's Reliquary, Hi. 1-13; Biog. Diet, of
Living Authors (1816), 31 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.;
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Notes and
Queries, 4th ser. v. 465, viii. 436, ix. 393.]

T. C.

BLOUNT, CHARLES, fifth LORD MOUNT-
JOT (d. 1545), was the eldest son of William
Blount, fourth Lord Mountjoy [q. v.], by his
second wife, Alice Kebel. His father, on the
recommendation of Erasmus, brought Peter
Vulcanius from Germany to be his tutor, and
Andreas Hyperius also assisted in his educa-
tion. Erasmus showed a warm interest in
his studies, and by way of encouragement
dedicated to him a new edition of his l Adagia,'
published in 1529, and his edition of ' Livy '
(1535 : the dedicatory epistle is dated 1 March
1531). In his early days Blount served as
page to Queen Catherine. He succeeded to
the title of Lord Mountjoy on his father's
death in 1534, and regularly attended court
in great state. In 1544 he commanded part
of the force sent to the north of France, and
was present with Henry VIII at the siege of
Boulogne. According to Naunton, he much
reduced his patrimony by ' his excess in the
action at Bullen ' (Fragm. Regalia, ed. Arber,
p. 56). He died in the following year, and
was buried in St. Mary's Church, Aldermary,
London. Before leaving for France in 1544
he made a will (proved 19 Dec. 1545) direct-
ing that the monument erected to his me-
mory should be inscribed with some awkward
English verses written by himself. He be-
queathed 20 marks per annum to establish a
lectureship in the parish of Westbury, Wilt-
shire.

Like his father, Charles was a patron of
learning. Leland addressed to him on two
occasions eulogistic Latin verses ( Collectanea,
v. 109). Roger Ascham, whose services he
endeavoured in vain to secure as his children's
tutor, called his house 'the home of the
Muses,' and regretted that he should divide
his attention between literature and the
business of the court (Aschami Epistolce, xix.
xx. ed. Giles). Henry Bennet of Calais
[q. v.] praises him in similar terms in the
dedicatory epistle of his 'Life of (Ecolampa-
dius' (1561), addressed to his son James.

He married Anne, daughter of Robert,
Lord Willoughby de Broke, by Dorothy Grey,
who became his father's second wife, and by
her had three sons and one daughter. A
younger son, Francis, who travelled in Turkey

Blount

240

Blount

and was living in 1593, was a friend of Dr.
John Dee (DEE'S Diary, Camd. Soc. 445).
His eldest son, JAMES, became sixth Lord
Mountjoy, was made a knight of the Bath
at the coronation of Queen Mary (29 Sept.
1553) ; was lord-lieutenant of Dorsetshire in
1559 : was one of the commissioners who tried
the Duke of Norfolk (1572), and spent the
fortune of his family in the pursuit of al-
chemy. Sir William Cecil encouraged him
in the manufacture of alum and copperas
between 1566 and 1572 (Cal. Dom. State Pa-
pers, 1566-72). He died in 1581 (NICOLAS'S
Sir Christopher Hatton, p. 209). He married
Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Leigh, of
St. Oswald, Yorkshire, by whom he had three
sons — William, Charles [q. v.], and probably
Christopher [q. v.] William, born about 1561,
followed his father's pursuits, became seventh
Lord Mountjoy, and died without issue in
1594. Two letters of his to Sir Edward
Stradling, dated 1577, one of which proves
him to have had literary tastes, are printed
in the ' Stradling Correspondence/ 1840,
pp. 46-8.

[Sir Alexander Croke's Genealogical History
of the Croke family, surnamed Le Blount, ii.
222-7 ; Erasmi Epistolse, ed. Le Clerc, cols. 1176,
1233, 1304, 1358, 1373; Knight's Life of Erasmus; j
Brewer's Letters and Papers of Henry VIII ;
Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses, i. 88 ; Dug-
dale's Baronage, 521.] S. L. L.

BLOUNT, CHAKLES, EARL OF DEVON-
SHIRE and eighth LORD MOTTNTJOY (1563-
1606), second son of James, sixth lord Mount-
joy, by his wife Catherine, daughter of Sir I
"Thomas Leigh, of St. Oswald's, Yorkshire,
and thus grandson of Charles Blount [q. v.],
fifth lord Mountjoy, was born in 1563. He
studied at Oxford for a short time, and was
created M.A. in later years (16 June 1589).
From Oxford he proceeded to the Inner Temple
tp study law. But, although always interested
in learning, his ambition lay in other direc- :
tions. His family had been steadily losing
its reputation and its wealth for many years
past. To recover both was Blount's aim from
youth. When as a boy his parents had his
portrait painted, he insisted on its being
subscribed with the motto ' ad resedificandam
antiquam domum.' Arrived in London, he
soon made his way to court (circ. 1583), and
his good looks at once attracted the attention
of the queen. * Fail you not to come to court,
and I will bethink myself how to doe you i
good,' was one of her earliest remarks to him
(NATJNTON, Fragmenta Regalia, ed. Arber, I
57), and the favour she bestowed on him ex-
cited the jealousy of the Earl of Essex. On one |
occasion Elizabeth is said to have rewarded j

Blount for his skill in a tilting match with
' a queen at chesse of gold richly enamelled,
which his servant had the next day fastened
on his arme with a crimson ribband.' Essex
noticed the token and angrily remarked at
court to Sir Fulk Greville, ' Now I perceive
every fool must have a favour.' The speech
was reported to Blount, and a duel followed,
' near Marybone Park,' in which Essex was
wounded. The two men lived subsequently
! on friendly terms.

Blount was elected M.P. for the family
borough of Beeralston, Devonshire, in 1584,
although the return was never delivered ;
he was re-elected and took his seat for the
same borough in 1586 and 1593 (Return of
Members of Parlt. i. 413, 417, 428). He
was knighted in 1586 and { had a company
in the Low Countries [in the same year],
from whence he came over with a noble
acceptance of the queen ' (NAUNTON ; Cal.
Dom. State Papers, Addenda, 1580-1625,
p. 19). He was present at the skirmish near
Zutphen, when Sir Philip Sidney received his
fatal wound. In 1 588 he was one of those •who
built ships at their own expense to join in
the pursuit of the Armada (LEDIARD, Naval
History, p. 353). His anxiety to distinguish
himself in warfare led him to absent himself
from court more frequently than the queen
approved. Up to 1591 he was constantly
visiting the English contingent in the Low
Countries engaged in war with Spain, and
in 1593 he ' stole over with Sir John Norris
into the action of Brittany, which was then
a hot and active warre' waged in behalf
of the king of Navarre. On 30 June 1593
the queen wrote to Sir Thomas Sherley,
'treasurer at war,' that Blount was com-
manded by her to ' absent himself from his
charge in Brittany ' and to attend upon her,
but that he was to receive his ordinary pay
meanwhile. In December 1593 a company
of 900 men in Brittany was still officially
stated to be under his command. On 26 Jan.
1593-4 Blount was nominated captain of the
town and island of Portsmouth, vacant by
the death of Henry Ratcliffe, earl of Sussex,
and he energetically superintended the re-
newal of the fortifications. The death of
his elder brother, William, seventh Lord
Mountjoy, later in 1594, put him in posses-
sion of the family peerage. In June 1597
Mountjoy accompanied Essex on his voyage
to the Azores as lieutenant of4 the land
forces (15 June), and on his return in the
same year he was created a knight of the
Garter.

On 14 Aug. 1598 O'Neil, the earl of
Tyrone, signally defeated the English troops
at Blackwater, and the government resolved

Blount

241

Blount

to despatch a vigorous lord deputy to crush
Tyrone's insurrection. Mountjoy was gene-
rally believed to be best fitted for the office, but
it seems almost certain that Essex brought
all his influence to bear against Mountjoy's
appointment. Ultimately the post was ac-
cepted by Essex himself, who wrote to Har-
rington at the time, ' I have beaten Knollys
and Mountjoy in the council ' (HARRINGTON,
Nugee Antique, i. 245). It was expected that
Mountjoy would have accompanied Essex to
Ireland, but he remained at home, and in
August of the following year was appointed
lieutenant of the force to be raised to resist
another anticipated Spanish Armada. But
there was no breach in his friendly relations j
with Essex. In the summer of 1599 Mount- I
joy sent a secret messenger to Scotland to
assure King James that Essex would support j
his succession to the English throne, and j
according to Essex's friend, Sir Charles Da-
vers, Mountjoy ' entered into ' the business to
1 strengthen ' Essex's position. This expression
implies that Mountjoy was encouraging Essex
in his treasonable plan of relying upon an
armed force from Scotland to overcome his
enemies at the English court. When Essex
was in confinement in October 1599, he com-
mitted the care of his fortunes to Mountjoy
and Southampton. In the same month Mount-
joy was offered the office in Ireland vacated by
Essex. At first he declined it, but by the close
of November he had accepted orders to depart
within twenty days with thirteen or fourteen
thousand men. But delays arose. On 11 Jan.
1600-1 a warrant was issued to pay him a
large sum of money for preliminary expenses.
He did not leave England till the follow-
ing month. In the interval Essex was in
frequent communication with Mountjoy, and
begged him to bring his army from Ireland
into England, and in concert with King
James of Scotland to rescue him from pri-
son and to overthrow the queen's councillors.
But King James was unwilling to join in
the plan, and Mountjoy refused to meddle
with it after he had once reached Ireland.
When Essex and his fellow-conspirators were
charged with high treason in 1600-1 , the queen
and her government, who needed Mountjoy's
services in Ireland, boldly overlooked his com-
plicity in Essex's earlier plans, and suppressed
passages in the confessions of the prisoners
which implicated him. But Mountjoy was
terribly alarmed on first hearing of the arrest
of his friends (FYNES MORISON, Itinerary, pt.
ii. bk. i. c. 2, p. 89). In 1604 Sir Francis
Bacon addressed his ' Apologie . . . concern-
ing the late Earl of Essex ' to Mountjoy, ' be-
cause you loved the earl.'

Mountjoy's success in Ireland well war-

TOL. V.

ranted the government's confidence in him.
On his arrival he found the rebels holding
all Ireland up to the very walls of Dublin,
and at first his progress was slow. On 21 Oct.

1600 it was reported in London that Blount
had asked for his recall, and that Sir George
Carew was to take his place. But Mount-
joy's services were not to be lightly dispensed
with, and his persistent harrying of the
enemy began to tell upon them. By July

1601 Lough Foyle, Tyrone's chief stronghold,
had fallen. In December 1601 Tyrone sum-
moned the largest rebel army ever known in
Ireland, marched upon Kinsale, where 4,000
Spaniards, lately landed in his behalf, were
besieged by Mountjoy. On 24 Dec. 1601 a
battle was fought and a decisive victory
gained by the English (cf. WINWOOD, Me-
morials, i. 369-70). The Spaniards capitu-
lated, surrendered all the places they held,
and left the country. Mountjoy assiduously
marched through the enemy's country in the
neighbourhood, laid it waste, and planted
military garrisons in all the rebel fortresses.
Reinforcements in 1602 enabled Mountjoy
in the north and Sir George Carew in the
south to obtain military possession of almost
the whole of Ireland, and the deputy's com-
mission was renewed for three years. Tyrone
was thus rendered helpless, and, finding all
offers of conditional submission rejected,
agreed on 22 Dec. 1602 to ' both simply and
absolutely submit himself to her majesty's
mercy.' No very decided advice was sent
Mountjoy from nome. He was ordered to
offer Tyrone his life — a course which he
seems to have advised — and other ' honour-
able and reasonable ' conditions. On 30 March
1602-3 Mountjoy received Tyrone in state
at Dublin, and promised him pardon and the
restoration of his title and some of his lands.
But the queen died six days before, and
on 6 April Mountjoy compelled Tyrone to

I make a new submission to King James. He
j was reinstated, although he wished to be re-
| called immediately, in the office of lord deputy
: on 17 April, and shortly afterwards given
' the honorary title of lord-lieutenant with in-
creased salary. The latter patent was signed
by James (21 April) at Worksop on his way
1 to London, and is the earliest extant document
' signed by him as king of England (Egerton
Papers, Camd. Soc. p. 367). But Mountjoy's
work was not quite completed. The chiel
towns of Ireland had several grievances
j against his system of government. He had,
like all his predecessors, debased the coinage,
and had compelled the towns to maintain his
I garrisons, while he had shown little favour to
j the catholics. In April 1603 the magistrates
I of Cork quarrelled with the garrison there,

Blount

242

Blount

and the disaffection spread to Limerick,
Wexford, Waterford, and Kilkenny. Mount-
joy with a small force at once set out for the
disaffected districts. He punished the of-
fenders, and rapidly brought the towns to
submission. On 26 May Mountjoy was sum-
moned to England and never returned to Ire-
land, although he assisted the privy council,
to which he was admitted as soon as he
reached home, with his wide knowledge of
Irish affairs until his death. He brought with
him to his house at Wanstead, which he had
purchased of Essex early in 1599, 0'Neil, earl
of Tyrone, in order to enable him to make a
personal submission to James. On 17 Nov. '

1603 he was one of the commissioners who
sat in judgment at Winchester on Sir Walter |
Raleigh.

On 21 July 1604 Mountjoy was created I
Earl of Devonshire, and on 13 Aug. was j
made master of the ordnance. On 8 May

1604 he had been reappointed keeper of Ports-
mouth castle. Through the whole of that
year he was in regular attendance on the king
and high in his favour. Grants of land in
Lancashire were made him on 21 June 1603
and on 27 Feb. 1603-4. He was nominated
one of the commissioners for discharging the
office of earl marshal (5 Feb. 1604-5), and
on 13 Feb. 1604-5 received the manor of
Loddington, Leicestershire, and part of the
lands of Lord Cobham in Somerset and Kent
(1 July). On 20 May 1604 he with other
commissioners met commissioners from Spain
to determine the English relations with the
States-General and the Indies. Later in the
year the new Spanish ambassador, Villa-
Mediana, induced the Earl of Devonshire to
accept a Spanish pension of 1,0007. a year.
On 9 Nov. 1605 he was nominated the general
of a force called out to repress a rising which,
it was feared, might follow the discovery of
the gunpowder treason (WINWOOD, Memo-
rials, ii. 173).

A grave scandal disfigured Blount's private
life, and caused him much anxiety in his last
years. He had contracted in early life a
liaison with Penelope, the wife of Lord Rich
and a sister of the Earl of Essex. This lady
(born in 1560) had come to know Sir Philip
Sidney in 1575, and she is the Stella of Sid-
ney's sonnets entitled ' Astrophel and Stella.'
In 1580 she was married against her will to
Lord Rich, a man of violent and coarse tem-
per ; but between the year of her marriage
and the spring of 1583, when Sidney himself
married, she was guilty of a criminal intimacy
with her former lover. A few years after
Sidney's death in 1586 Mountjoy appears to
have succeeded to his place in Lady Rich's
affections. By her husband she had seven

j children, but after 1590 she became Mount-
I joy's mistress, and .bore him three sons,
Mountjoy [q. v.], Charles, and St. John, and
| two daughters, Elizabeth and Isabel. During
\ the lifetime of his brother-in-law, the Earl of
Essex, Lord Rich showed no open resentment
! against his wife ; but after Essex's death
j (25 Feb. 1600-1) he separated from her, pay-
j ing her a yearly allowance. A year or two
later he obtained a divorce from her a mensa
\ et thoro in the ecclesiastical courts. Soon
' after his return from Ireland Mountjoy re-
solved to marry the lady, although the canon
law did not allow the re-marriage of any
person divorced by the ecclesiastical process.
The earl after much persuasion induced Wil-
liam Laud, who became his chaplain on 3 Sept.
1603, to perform the ceremony at Wanstead
on 26 Dec. 1605. Doubts as to the legality of
Laud's action were at once raised, and in his
' Diary ' Laud repeatedly refers to ' My cross
about the Earl of Devon's marriage,' which he
asserts was for many years a bar to his prefer-
ment in the church. The earl defended his
conduct in a tract, dedicated to James I, which
has been often printed, and of which a manu-
script copy is in Lambeth Library (943, p. 47).
After describing the indignities to which Lord
Rich had subjected his wife, the earl argued
that there was nothing unscriptural in Lady
Rich's conduct, nor aught contrary to the
canon law ; but Laud attempted to confute
his arguments, and forwarded elaborate notes
to the earl, which have been printed in
vol. vii. of Laud's collected works. While
Lady Rich and the earl were openly living
in adultery they were well received at court,
and after her divorce Lady Rich received
(17 Aug. 1603) a grant of ' the place and rank
of the ancientest Earl of Essex, whose heir
her father was,' to replace the inferior dig-
nity of baroness which she derived from her
marriage with Lord Rich. But her second
marriage offended both the king and queen.
It had been little expected. In 1602 it was
generally understood that Mountjoy was to
marry the only daughter of Thomas, tenth
earl of Ormonde (MANNINGHAM, Diary,
Camd. Soc. p. 59).

Amid the discussion raised by the marriage
the earl died, after a short illness caused by
inflammation of the lungs, on 3 April 1606,
at Savoy House, in the Strand. ' The Earl
of Devonshire left this life,' wrote Chamber-
lain to Winwood, ' on Thursday night last ;
soon and early for his years, but late enough
for himself: happy had he been if he had
gone two or three years since, before the
world was weary of him, or that he had left
his scandal behind him' (WiNWOOD, Me-
morials, ii. 206). He was buried about

Blount

243

Blount

2 May in St. Paul's chapel of Westminster
Abbey. The funeral was celebrated with
great pomp, but the heralds declined to im-
pale the countess's arms with the earl's. The
earl left his wife 1,500 L, and a daughter
6,000/., and provided very liberally for his
son Mountjoy [q. v.] His second natural
son, Charles, fought with the royalists in the
civil wars, acted as scout-master-general at
Abingdon in May 1643 (CLARENDON, Hist.
ii. 485), and died in 1645. His third son, St.
John, was made a knight of the Bath at the
coronation of Charles I. The earl did not
provide for all his reputed children, and a
third of his property passed away from his
family.

His titles became extinct at his death. In
1606 Sir Michael Blount of Iver, Bucking-
hamshire, and Mapledurham, Oxfordshire —
eldest son of Sir Richard Blount, grand-
nephew of Walter, first Baron Mountjoy [q.v.]
— who had been lieutenant of the Tower since
1590, and high sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1586
;and 1596, laid a claim to the barony of
Mountjoy before the House of Lords, but it
was rejected (STOW, Survey, ed. Strype, bk.
i. pp. 65, 75 ; DAVENPORT, Lord Lieutenants
and High Sheriff's of Oxfordshire, 40-1).

Mountjoy was popular with the poets of
his day. John Davies of Hereford published
a sonnet to him in his ' Microcosmus ' (1603),
and Joshua Sylvester prefixed three sonnets
in his praise to * The second weeke ' of his
translation of ' Du Bartas ' (1641), probably
written about 1598. In 1605 Nicholas Bre-
ton dedicated to him l The Honour of Valour.'
Soon after the earl's death John Ford, the
dramatist, published a poem entitled 'Fames
Memorial!, or the Earle of Deuonshire De-
-ceased ' (London. 1606), with a dedication to
the Countess Penelope, and a sonnet in the
earl's praise by Barnaby Barnes. At the same
time Samuel Daniel, the poet, produced ' A
Funerall Poeme vppon the Death of the late
noble Earle of Deuenshyre.' It has been
suggested with some probability that Ford's
tragedy of the 'Broken Heart' (1633) was '
founded on the story of Mountjoy's relations
with Lady Rich. The poets pitch their pane-
gyrics in a very high key, and warmly denounce
the earl's detractors. Fynes Morison, who was
secretary to Mountjoy in Ireland, drew up a
minute account of his character and habits
in his ' Itinerary.' He was of ' stature tall
and of very comely proportion,' very careful
in his dress and in his food, a constant smoker,
very discreet in the conduct of political busi-
ness, and fond of study and of gentle recrea-
tions. Manningham quaintly notes in his
' Diary,' p. 104, on 18 Dec. 1602 : < The Lord
Mountjoy will never discourse at table ;

eates in silence.' But against the laudatory
verdicts of Davies, Sylvester, Breton, Ford,
Daniel, and Morison must be set the fact that
Mountjoy in his relations with Essex and with
Spain was guilty of political dishonesty, and
although much may be pleaded in extenua-
tion of his private faults, there is little there
to indicate a very high moral character.

[Sir A. Croke's Genealogy of the Croke Family
surnamed Le Blount, ii. 228-45; Spedding's Life
and Letters of Bacon, ii. and iii. ; Devereux's
Lives of the Earls of Essex, i. and ii. ; Naunton's
Fragments, Regalia ; Fynes Morison's Itinerary,
pt. ii. ; O'Clery's Annals of the Four Masters
(ed. O'Donovan), 1600-3; Gardiner's Hist. vol. i.;
Sir E. Cecil's Letters (Camd. Soc.), passim ;
Nichols's Progresses of Elizabeth and James I ;
Cal. Dom. State Papers, 1586-1606 ; Cal. Irish
State Papers, 1603-6 ; Fox Bourn's Life of Sir
Philip Sidney ; Laud's Diary in vol. iii. of Laud's
Works ; Camden's Annals ; Arber's English Gar-
ner, i. 480-4 ; information kindly supplied by
W. Eoberts of Penzance.] S. L. L.

BLOUNT, CHARLES (1654-1693),deist,
younger son of Sir Henry Blount [q. v.], was
born at Upper Holloway 27 April 1654. His
father married him, at the age of eighteen, to
Eleanora, daughter of Sir Timothy Tyrrel of
Shotover, and provided him with a good es-
tate. In 1673 he published, anonymously,
'Mr. Dreyden vindicated, in Reply to the
friendly vindication of Mr. Dreyden, and
reflections on the Rota.' This was a warm
defence of Dryden against the criticisms of
Richard Leigh in a pamphlet called ' The
Censure of the Rota on Mr. Dryden's Con-
quest of Granada.' Blount afterwards took
some part in a translation of Lucian, and
Dryden makes a complimentary reference to
him in the life of Lucian prefixed to the
translation (which was not published till
1711)...

Blount is chiefly known as the author of
some freethinking books, which cause him to
be reckoned by Leland ( View of the Deistical
Writers) as the successor of Herbert of Cher-
bury and the predecessor of Toland. The first
of these is the ' Anima Mundi, or historical
relation of the opinions of the ancients con-
cerning man's soul after this life, according
to unenlightened nature, by Chas. Blount,
gent.' His father is said to have helped him
in this book, and probably shared or inspired
his opinions (see Oracles of Reason, p. 154).
It gave some offence by its sceptical tendency.
Compton, bishop of London, desired its sup-
pression, and during his absence it was burnt
* by some zealous person,' but afterwards re-
issued. Blount sent a copy of it to Hobbes,
with a letter dated 1678 (Oracles of Reason,
p. 97), in which he praises Hobbes's ' incom-

E 2

Blount

244

Blount

parable treatise on heresy/ then in manuscript,
and takes occasion to impugn the authority of
councils. Soon after Hobbes's death (4 Dec.
1679) he published a broadsheet called 'Last
Sayings and Dying Legacy' of Mr. Thos.
Hobbes of Malmesbury. It consists chiefly
of extracts from the * Leviathan,' and is clearly
not intended, as Wood says, 'to expose'
Hobbes. It is the work of a disciple. In
1680 appeared * Great is Diana of the Ephe-
sians, or the Original of Idolatry, together
with the politick institution of the Gentiles'
Sacrifices,' an attack upon priestcraft, with an j
ostensible reservation in favour of primitive
Christianity. In the same year he published
his best known work, f The Two First Books
of Apollonius Tyaneus, written originally
in Greek, with philological notes upon each
chapter.' The notes are voluminous and make
a show of considerable reading, though Mac- |
aulay declares that Blount shows ignorance j
which must have disqualified him for trans-
lating directly from the Greek. In some of j
them he attacks priest craft, and shows himself j
a follower of Hobbes. Bayle (art. ' Apollonius,'
note I) gives a report that these notes were
partly taken from manuscripts left by Her-
bert of Cherbury. The statement is impro-
bable, and perhaps arose from the fact that
Blount's next book, the ' Religio Laici,' which
professes to be supplementary to Dry den's
poem of the same name (1682), was, in fact,
chiefly taken from Herbert's treatise, 'De
Religione Laici.'

Blount had meanwhile written some po-
litical papers of strong whig tendency. An
' Appeal from the Country to the City, signed
Junius Brutus, defends the reality of the
popish plot, and argues that the Duke of
Monmouth would be the best successor to the
crown in the event of the king's death. In
1691 he published a letter to Sir W(illiam)
. L(eveson) G(ower), calling for the punish-
ment of all concerned in the surrender of
charters under James II (published in the
Oracles of Reason). In 1693 he published some
tracts, the significance of which was first
pointed out by Macaulay (History, ch. xix.)
The Licensing Act, passed in 1685, was to
expire in 1693. Blount published two tracts,
' A just Vindication of Learning and of the
Liberties of the Press, by Philopatris,' and
' Reasons humbly offered for the Liberty of
Unlicensed Printing.' To the last is appended
'A just and true Character of Edmund Bohun/
the licenser of the day.who is bitterly attacked.
The two pamphlets are in great part made up
of passages taken without acknowledgment
from Milton's ' Areopagitica,' though it may
be noted that Blount in one passage explicitly
cites Milton's book. Blount next laid a trap

for Bohun [see BOHTJN, EDMUND]. Bohun
was requested by a bookseller to license an
anonymous pamphlet, really by Blount, called

I King William and Queen Mary Conque-
rors, a discourse endeavouring to prove that
their majesties have on their side against the
late king the principal reasons that make con-
quest a good title. Showing also how this
is consistent with that declaration of parlia-
ment, "King James abdicated the govern-
ment, &c." Written with an especial regard
to such as have hitherto refused the oath and
yet incline to allow of the title of conquest,
when consequent to a just war. Licensed

II Jan. 1693, Edmund Bohun.' Bohun li-
censed the pamphlet, for the political theory
set forth in the title-page was precisely that
of which he was an almost solitary adherent.
The suggestion that the title of the sove-
reigns rested upon conquest, as Blount had
probably foreseen, excited intense indignation.
The House of Commons ordered the pamphlet
to be burnt by the common hangman, and
Bohun was imprisoned and dismissed from
his office. Bohun's blunder made the ob-
jections to the system felt. The Licensing
Act was renewed, but after a division, and
for only two years, after which it was never
revived.

Blount had fallen in love with his deceased
wife's sister, and in a letter (published in the
Oracles of Reason) defends the legality of
marriages between persons so connected.
Despairing, however, of obtaining his wish, he
gave himself a mortal wound ; he shot himself,,
according to Luttrell, Wood, and Warton, or,
as Pope says (Epilogue to Satires'), pretended
to kill himself by a stab in the arm, and really
died. He survived for some time, refusing
to take food from any one but his sister-in-
law, and died in August 1693. He left seve-
ral children. In the year of, but apparently
before, his death, appeared the l Oracles of
Reason,' a collection of tracts chiefly by
Blount, with a preface by Charles Gildon.
The longest papers are an attack upon the
early chapters of Genesis, under cover of pas-
sages from Thomas Burnet's ' Archseologia
Philosophical The ' Miscellaneous Works r
appeared in 1695, with another preface by
Gildon containing a defence of suicide which
caused some scandal, and including the
'Oracles' (with the original preface), the
'Anima Mundi,' the 'Diana of the Ephe-
sians,' the ' Appeal from the Country,' and
the pamphlet by Philopatris. Blount also
published in 1684 a small educational book,
called ' Janua Scientiarum,' a kind of cate-
chism in geography, chronology, and so forth,
Blount's books are chiefly borrowed from other
writers ; but his attacks upon orthodox opi-

Blount

245

Blount

nions are apparently serious, and had some
real influence upon the deistical movement.

[Biog. Britannica (article with information
from his family) ; Macaulay's History of Eng-
land, chap, xix. ; Bohun's Autobiography ; Wood's
Athense (arts. ' Henry Blount ' and ' Hobbes ; '
T. Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope, p. 208.]

L. S.

BLOUNT, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1565 ?-
1601), soldier and friend of the Earl of Essex,
was probably the third son of James, sixth
lord Mountjoy, and thus younger brother of
Charles, lord Mountjoy, earl of Devonshire
[q. v.] He was for some years in attendance
on the Earl of Leicester, and gentleman of the
horse to Queen Elizabeth. He served under
Lord Willoughby [see BERTIE, PEREGRINE] in
the Netherlands, in 1587-8, and was knighted
there by his commander. From a letter ad-
dressed by Blount to Leicester (Cottonian
MSS. D. iii. f. 213), dated June 1588, Blount
would seem to have been at times at variance
with Willoughby on tactical questions.

About 1589 Blount married Letitia or
Lettice, eldest daughter of Sir Francis
Knollys,K.G., whose first husband was Walter
Devereux, first earl of Essex (d. 1576), and
whose second was Robert Dudley, earl of
Leicester {d. 1588). There was a great dis-
parity of years between Blount and his wife,
and the marriage placed him in the singular
position of stepfather to the well-known
Earl of Essex, who was of about his own
age and very intimately acquainted with him.
Among Lord Bagot's papers at Blithefield,
Staffordshire, are letters from Essex to Bagot,
7 March 1591-2, directing Bagot to put
Blount in possession of ' Ulceter Moores,'
and an order (28 March 1596) directing that
assistance be given Blount in his attempts
to raise men for the country's defence (Hist.
MSS. Com. Hep. iv. 330-1).

In 1596 Blount took part in the expedition
to Cadiz under Essex, first as colonel of the
land force and afterwards as camp-master.
He appears to have lived in great state at
Cadiz, and on his return home complaints
were made that he1 had taken more than his
.share of the booty, but these were answered
to the satisfaction of Lord Burghley. In
1597 he joined Essex, Lord Mountjoy, and
Sir Walter Raleigh in their fruitless attempt
to capture the Azores. On 6 Oct. 1597 he
was returned to parliament as M.P. for Staf-
fordshire,

It is stated that in 1598, when the success
attending the insurrection of O'Neil, Earl of
Tyrone, in Ireland was causing English states-
men to look askance at the office of Irish
-lord deputy, the post was offered (4 May)

to Sir Christopher (CHAMBERLAIN'S Letters,
temp. Eliz., Camd. Soc. p. 7), and promptly
declined by him. In March 1598-9 Essex
accepted it [see DEVEREUX, ROBERT, Earl of
Essex, 1567-1601], and Sir Christopher was
invited to take part in the expedition placed
under the new lord deputy's command. Essex
requested the queen to nominate Blount a
member of the Irish privy council, but the
request was refused, much to Essex's annoy-
ance, and Essex impetuously threatened to
leave Blount behind. He asked him, how-
ever, to superintend the embarkation of the
troops at Chester, and finally directed him
to sail with him to Dublin, where he arrived
12 April 1599. Little of interest is known
of Blount's movements during the tedious
campaign, in which he acted as marshal of
the army. In August he defeated the rebels
with 1,000 men at Leix, near Dublin, and
soon afterwards he appears to have been
wounded, and to have become a Roman ca-
tholic. Blount and Lord Southampton were
Essex's chief advisers in Ireland. When the
queen complained of the armistice made by
Essex with Tyrone after his repeated fail-
ures to crush the rebellion, Blount, who l lay
hurt' in Southampton's lodgings in Dublin
Castle, strongly dissuaded Essex from re-
turning to England with an army, but sug-
gested to him * to draw forth of the army
some 200 resolute gentlemen, and with those
to come over, and so to make sure of the
court, and so to make his own conditions.'
Blount's advice was accepted, and Blount
himself seems to have arrived in London a few
months after Essex. There is nothing to prove
that he was in very frequent communication
with Essex during the earl's long imprison-
ment from October 1599 to 26 Aug. 1600. On
27 July 1600 Blount wrote to Cuffe, Essex's
secretary, to present his duty to his master,
' though I offer no further service to your
noble lord.' According to Blount's subse-
quent confession, he was invited by Essex to
pay him a visit in London on 20 Jan. 1600-1,
and there a part was assigned him in the plot
formed by Essex to seize the queen and her
advisers, and to stir up the city of London
against them. Three years before, at Wan-
stead, Blount afterwards asserted, and again
in Dublin Castle, Essex had made similar sug-
gestions to him. There is little independent
evidence to support Essex's statement at his
trial that Blount chiefly incited him to re-
bellion, but there can be no doubt that
Blount, as an enthusiastic catholic convert,
sympathised with an attack on the existing
government. On Saturday, 7 Feb., Blount
was at Essex House, with all Essex's fellow-
conspirators. The exact duty assigned to him

Blount

246

Blount

in the coming riot was to proceed to White-
hall and seize the outer gate. When the lord
keeper Egerton visited Essex House on the
Saturday, Blount was one of those who ad-
vised his detention, and throughout the fol-
lowing night his servants guarded the build-
ing. On the Sunday Blount accompanied
Essex on his march through London, and was
attacked by the queen's forces near Ludgate,
where he was wounded and captured, and
his page killed. On 18 Feb. 1600-1 he signed
two confessions, exposing his own and Essex's
guilt, and they helped greatly to secure Essex's
conviction. On 5 March Blount, withDavers,
Davis, Merrick, and Cuffe, was brought to
trial at Westminster, and condemned to death.
On 7 March he offered further testimony
against himself, and on 18 March he was exe-
cuted on Tower hill. In a speech from the
scaffold he renewed his confession, and begged
the forgiveness of Sir Walter Raleigh, who
stood near him, and whose death he had espe-
cially aimed at. His widow survived him,
dying 25 Dec. 1634, aged 94. Blount en-
deavoured to convert a fellow-prisoner, Sir
John Davis, to Roman Catholicism before his
death. Bacon characterised Blount as ' so
enterprising and prodigal of his own life.'

[Sir A. Croke's Genealogy of the Croke Family,
surnamed Le Blount, ii. 248-50 ; Devereux's Lives
of the Earls of Essex, ii. passim ; Spedding's Life
and Letters of Bacon, ii. ; Abbott's Bacon and
Essex; Gal. Dom. State Papers, 1586-1601;
Chamberlain's Letters, temp. Eliz. (Camd. Soc.),
7, 39, 49 ; Letters of Sir Eobert Cecil (Camd.
Soc.), 68-73; State Trials, i. 1346-7, 1410-51.1

S. L. L.

BLOUNT or BLUNT, EDWARD (/.

1588-1632), stationer and translator, son of
Ralph Blount or Blunt, merchant tailor of
London, ' put himself apprentice ' for a term
of ten years to William Ponsonby, a London
stationer, on 24 June 1578. On 25 June 1588
lie was duly admitted a freeman of the Sta-
tioners' Company. The first work published
by him and registered in the extant Sta-
tioners' Books is Joshua Sylvester's ' The
Profitt of Imprisonment' (25 May 1594;
and cf. entry 30 Jan. 1598-9) ; the next is
John Florio's 'Dictionarye in Italian and
Englishe' (2 March 1595-6). In 1598 Blount,
out of respect (as he tells us) for the memory
of Marlowe, who had died five years before,
brought out the poet's * Hero and Leander '
(printed by Adam Islip for Edward Blunt) ;
and in a well- written dedication to Sir Thomas
Walsingham, Blount speaks of himself as
one of Marlowe's intimate friends. In 1600
Thomas Thorpe edited Marlowe's translation
of ' Lucan's first booke,' and dedicated it ' to

his kind and true friend, Edward Blunt,' in
an address which begins : * Blunt, I purpose
to be blunt with you.' It was in the same
year that Blount published and dedicated to
the Earl of Southampton a translation by ' a
respected friend,' entitled 'The Uniting of
the Kingdom of Portugall to the Crowne of
Castill.' Blount has also been credited on
doubtful grounds with the authorship in the
same year of the very curious ' Hospitall of
Incvrable Fooles: Erected in English, as
neer the first Italian modell and platforme
as the vnskilful hand of an ignorant Archi-
tect could deuise. Printed by Edm. Bollifant
for Edward Blount, 1600.' In 1603 Blount
issued Florio's translation of ' Montaigne's
Essays/ and in 1607 ' Ars Aulica, or, The
Courtier's Arte,' translated by himself from
the Italian of Lorenzo Ducci, and dedicated
to the brothers William, earl of Pembroke,
and Philip, earl of Montgomery, the patrons
of the first folio of Shakespeare. In 1620
he issued, with an introduction signed by
himself, a series of essays entitled ' Horae
Subsecivee : Obseruations and Discovrses : '
he states in the preface that he did not
know who the author was [see BRYDGES,
GREY]. In the same year he also published
Shelton's first English translation of 'Don
Quixote.' The book is in two parts, and
Blount prefaces the second with a dedication
by himself to George Villiers, marquis of
Buckingham. In 1623 Blount joined with
another stationer, Isaac Jaggard, in producing,
under Heming and Condell's direction, the
great first folio of Shakespeare. His name
(' Ed. Blount ') appears as one of the printers
on the title-page and in the colophon. The
immediate supervision which Blount exer-
cised in the preparation of all his books for
the press has led to the reasonable inference
that Blount was the active, although not very
careful, editor of this edition of Shakespeare's
plays. Another translation of the same date
(by James Mabbe) edited by Blount is ' The
Rogue : or the Life of Guzman de Alfarache,
written in Spanish by Matheo Aleman, printed
for Edward Blount, 1623.' It includes com-
mendatory verses by Ben Jonson and Leonard
Digges, and characteristic addresses by Blount
himself. Blount played ' the mid-wife's
part ' (as he terms it) in the production of
Bishop Earle's l Microcosmographie ' in 1628.
The original edition bears no author's name,
but contains an amusing address to the reader
signed ' Ed. Blovnt.' The book was printed
' by William Stansby for Robert Allot.' But
although he did not publish this work Blount
had not yet retired from business. In 1632 he
collected for the first time John Lyly's ' Sixe
Court Comedies/ 12mo, and had them printed

Blount

247

Blount

by William Stausby for publication by him-
self. Blount signs both * the Epistle Dedi-
catorie ' addressed to Lord Lumley, and the
notice ( to the reader/ in which he speaks in
high praise of Lyly not only as a drama-
tist but as the originator of ' Euphueisme.'
Blount appears to have had access to Lyly's
manuscripts; in no earlier editions of the
separate plays were any of Lyly's lyrics in-
serted. It was also in 1632 that R. Collins
published Blount's ' Christian Policie,' a
translation from the Spanish of Juan de
Santa Maria, dedicated by the translator to
James Hay, earl of Carlisle. Nothing is
known of Blount in later years. His shop
in earlier days had been ( in Paul's Church-
yard at the signe of the Black Beare.' Ac-
cording to a document in the archives of the
city of London, Blount married, before
2 Dec. 1623, Elizabeth, widow of a London
stationer named Richard Bankworth (OVER-
ALL'S Remembrancia, p. 318).

[Arber's Transcript of the Stationers' Registers,
ii. 86, 702 ; Ames's Typog. Antiq. (ed. Herbert),
p. 1214; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iii. 6-8;
Cat. of Early Books in Brit. Museum. Sir Alex-
ander Croke, who gives a fair account of Blount
in his Genealogical History of the Croke Family
surnamed Le Blount, ii. 284-7, represents him
as the son of a John Blount of St. Philips,
Bristol, and grandson of John Blount of Elders-
field, but the Stationers' Registers' opposing
statement, which is adopted here, does not admit
of question.] S. L. L.

BLOUNT, SIR HENRY (1602-1682),
traveller, third son of SirThomas Pope Blount,
was born at Tittenhanger, Hertfordshire,
15 Dec. 1602. He was educated at the free
school of St. Albans, and, having shown an
unusual quickness of parts, was entered as a
gentleman commoner at Trinity College, Ox-
ford, in 1616, before he had reached his four-
teenth year. In 1618 he took his degree of B. A.,
and in the following year left Oxford, where,
for his wit, easy address, and entertaining
conversation, he was considered as promising
a genius as any in the university. Thence
he went to Gray's Inn, where he applied him-
self to the study of the law with great assi-
duity. It was, doubtless, during this period
that he undertook his earlier travels, ' view-
ing Italy, France, and some little of Spain.'
On 7 May 1634 he left Venice in a Vene-
tian galley on his well-known voyage to the
Levant. First touching at Rovigno in Istria, he
proceeded to Zara, sailed down the Adriatic,
and landed at Spalatro in Dalmatia ; thence
he crossed the Dinaric Alps, and descended
into the plains of Bosnia, and arrived at Se-
rajevo, the capital, after a journey of nine

days. Departing thence with the Turkish
troops proceeding to the war in Poland, he
arrived at Valievo in Servia. Three days
later he reached Belgrade, on the Danube.
Proceeding by way of Nissa to Sophia in Bul-
garia, he notices for the first time the ' mes-
cheetos/ or mosques, the well-known signs
of the presence of the Turk in Europe. Cross-
ing the Balkans he stayed two days at Potar-
zeek (Tartar Bazardjik) in order to read his
Caesar. Here he allowed himself to be per-
suaded by a learned Jew that he was in
the immediate neighbourhood of the true
Thermopylae. Thence he journeyed by way
of Philippoli to Adrianople, finally reach-
ing Constantinople after a land journey of
1,500 miles in fifty-two days. Here he stayed
five days, and observed little beyond the
ravages of the great fire of the previous year
(1633). Taking passage in the Turkish fleet
bound for Egypt, he visited Rhodes, where
he noted the huge cannon made for P. d'Au-
busson, a former grand master of the knights
there. Three days later he arrived at Alex-
andria ; thence he reached Cairo by water in
! five days, finally taking up his quarters in the
j house of a Venetian gentleman, Signer Santo*
Seghezzi, at Bulak, the river harbour of the city
I oftheKhalifs. Of all the antiquities of Egypt
he chiefly sought to understand the Tables of
Isis. In this he failed, the three Egyptian
priests to whom he was introduced (probably
Copts) ' being ignorant of all things not Ma-
hometan.' His two principal excursions were
to the interior of the great pyramid of Gizeh,
and to the Labyrinth in the Fayum, which
mass of buildings he regarded as the remains
of ' some regall palace.' Leaving Cairo in
November, he took passage on board a French
vessel at Alexandria, bound for Palermo. Re-
embarking at Trepassi for Naples, he returned,
via Rome, Florence, and Bologna, to Venice,
where he arrived after eleven months, having
journeyed above six thousand miles. The
publication of his (1) ' Voyage to the Levant'
at once established his fame both as an author
and a traveller. Between 1636 and 1671 it
passed through no less than eight editions in
English, besides a German one in 1687. It
is also to be found in the collections of Van-
der-A.aa in Dutch, Churchill, Osborne, and
Pinkerton. The only remaining pieces that
can be ascribed to him with certainty are
(2) a letter on the merits of a whalebone
instrument called a provang, and upon the
virtues of coffee and tobacco, prefixed to the
' Organon Salutis ' by his legal friend Walter
Rumsey, Lond. 1657, and (3) a Latin frag-
ment, <De Anima,' preserved to us in the
' Oracles of Reason ' of his gifted son Charles
Blount [q. v.] Anthony a Wood is in error

Blount

248

Blount

in ascribing to him the ' Sixe Court Come-
dies/ by John Lyly, and the ' Exchange
Walk ; ' the former was published by Ed-
ward Blount [q. v.], the stationer and joint
Publisher with Jaggard of the first folio
hakespeare ; the latter is, in all probability,
a blundering reference to the l Exchange
Ware,' a dialogue acted at Cambridge, the
second edition of which appeared in 1615.

On 21 March 1639-40 Blount was
knighted at Whitehall by Charles I. In the
civil wars he sided with the royalists, and
attended the king at York, Edgehill, and at
Oxford as one of the gentlemen pensioners.
He was appointed on commissions on several
occasions : on 20 Jan. 1651 to regulate abuses
of the law, again on 1 Nov. 1655, on the
trade and navigation of the Commonwealth,
and once again on trade after the Restoration,
18 Oct. 1669. From this period until his
death he appears to have lived in retirement
at Tittenhanger, whence he circulated among
his many friends the following : ' I am glad
to hear it was reported that I was dead, but
give God thanks that I am in good health.'
His character has been variously estimated
by different writers. Gildon, who edited the
collected works of his son Charles Blount
[q. v.], regarded him as f the Socrates of his
age ; ' on the other hand, the orthodox Wei-
don set him down as a l sceptic philosopher,'
whose adventures were written with a pur-
pose. The truth seems to be that although
apparently wanting in several qualities of a
good traveller, he combined with a sturdy
independence of thought keen powers of ob-
servation of men and manners. The modern
flavour of the latter is quite refreshing.
Speaking of the new palaces that were being
built in and near Cairo during his sojourn
in Egypt, he writes that they are those 'of
Turkes and such Egyptians as most engage
against their own country, and so flourish
in its oppression' (p. 210). He died at Tit-
tenhanger, 9 Oct. 1682, at the ripe age of
eighty years, and was buried two days later
at Ridge. His portrait was engraved by
Loggan in 1679.

[Wotton's Eng. Baronetage, 1741-3, pt. 2,
663; Granger's Biog. Hist, of Eng., 1775, iv.
76; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), 1780, p. 1177; T.
Warton's Life of Sir T. Pope, 1780, p. 207 ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss) ; Cussan's Hist, of
Herts, Hund. of Cashio, 1881, p. 28 ; Hist. MSS.
Comm. 5th Keport, Appendix 196 b, 1876.]

C. H. C.

BLOUNT, MARTHA (1690-1762), friend
of Pope, was born on 15 June 1690, probably
at the family seat, Mapledurham, near Read-
ing (CARRUTHERS, Pope, p. 65 note). She

was educated first at Hammersmith, doubt-
less at the Roman catholic convent there, and
afterwards in the Rue Boulanger, Paris. Her
father was Lister Blount, and her family
had long been of the highest position among
Roman catholic gentry. It is not known
when Miss Blount and Pope first met. Her
family and his were in close friendship in
1710, in which year her father and her ma-
ternal grandfather died, both on the same
day; from a story which she told Spence
(SPENCE, Anecdotes, p. 356), it may be as-
sumed that Pope and she were in the habit of
meeting on easy terms as early as about 1705.
From 1710 to 1715 Miss Blount continued
to live at Mapledurham with her widowed
mother, her brother Michael, and her sister
Teresa. During this period she and her sister
were prominent figures in the fashionable
world. In 1712 Pope sent them his 'Rape of
the Lock ' and his ' Miscellany ' (CARRUTHERS,
p. 79) ; in 1713 the sisters were corresponding
with James Moore Smythe, author of the
comedy * The Rival Modes ' (ibid. p. 70), he as
Alexis, Teresa as Zephalinda, and Martha as
Parthenissa ; in 1714 Pope wrote to Martha
from Bath that if she would come she would
be the best mermaid in Christendom; in 1715
he had two fans painted for the sisters. Gay
called them ' two lovely sisters ' (Gay to Pope,
Welcome from Greece], Pope spoke of their
< endless smiles ' (Epistle to Jervas, line 61)
and of Martha's ' resistless charms ' (his
Epistle to her with Voiture's works, line 59).
In their portraits, still at Mapledurham,where
they appear arm in arm, they both look very
charming.

If Miss Blount's brother had died un-
married, Mapledurham would have become
her property. But in 1715 Michael Blount
married Mary Agnes, coheir of Sir J. Tich-
borne, and Martha with her mother and sister
thenceforth had a country residence at Peters-
ham, costing 20/. a year, and a town house,
at one time in Bolton Street, at another in
Welbeck Street (Pope to Caryll, 6 May 1733).
The change in her fortunes called out Pope's
warm pity. He had reason, too, to think that
her mother, sister, and brother treated her
unkindly ; and though at first he was the
friend of both sisters, having even settled
40 /. a year on Teresa in 1717 for six years
(CARRUTHERS, p. 75 ), he quarrelled with the
latter lady before long, and showed so much
preference and partisanship for Martha, that
it was the cause of rumours which seriously
affected her honour. His • Birthday Poem '
to her in 1723 strengthened these rumours :
his letters, however, vehemently declared
them to be false (to Caryll, Christmas Day,
1725, £c.), and he attributed the scandal to

Blount

249

Blount

Teresa. Pope, indeed, advised Miss Blount to
leave her mother and sister altogether when
this calumny was abroad, but she refused the
advice.

In 1732 Martha Blount seeins to have been
seriously ill, under Dr. Arbuthnot's care. In
1733 Pope's mother died, to whom Martha
had always shown affectionate attention.
In 1735 Pope dedicated his 'Epistle on
Women ' to her, telling her she had ' sense,
good humour, and a poet.' In 1739 her
brother died, leaving children to whom she
was much attached. In 1743, after the death
of her mother, she paid a memorable visit to
the Aliens at Prior Park, where Pope was
staying. Ruffhead says she behaved during
the visit in an arrogant and unbecoming man-
ner ; Wai-burton and Warton say she ' took
the huff' because the Aliens, as protestants,
refused to let their carriage take her to a
Roman catholic chapel ; she says (Maple-
durham MSS., CARRUTHERS, p. 378) : ' They
talk to one another without putting me at all
into the conversation. . . . I'll get out of it
as soon as I can.' Pope defended her; called
Mrs. Allen ' a minx, and an impertinent one,'
and, after his own departure, advised Miss
Blount to 'leave them without a word.'
Pope was seized with his last illness a few
weeks after this unhappy episode. Ralph
Allen went to see him, to find him still eager
in Patty Blount's defence. Johnson relates
that during Pope's last illness he saw Miss
Blount in his garden, and sent for her, and
(what is incredible) that Patty met the mes-
senger (Lord Marchmont) with a callous cry,
'What! not dead yet!' Pope bequeathed
to Miss Blount 1,000/., three score of his
books, his household goods, chattels, and
plate, the furniture of his grotto, the urns in
his garden, and the residue after all legacies
were paid.

Miss Blount retained her place in the
fashionable world after Pope's death. She
lived at last in Berkeley Row, by Hanover
Square, and there Swinburne the traveller,
her relative, visited her (RoscoE, i. 581 note).
He found her a little, neat, fair, prim old
woman, easy and gay in her manners. By
her will she left the residue of her property
to her 'dear nephew,' Michael Blount, of
Mapledurham. She died in 1762, aged 72.
A pleasing portrait is in Ayre's ' Pope,' vol.
ii. facing page 17.

[Spence's Anecdotes, pp. 152 note, 212, 260,
356 et seq. ; Dilke's Papers of a Critic, art. ' Pope ; '
Carruthers's Life of Pope; Ruff head's Life of
Pope, i. 214, ii. 71 ; Ayre's Memoirs of Pope, ii.
17 et s,eq. ; Pope's Letters; Johnson's Lives of
the Poets ; Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham,
1857, v. 166.] J. H.

BLOUNT, MOUNTJOY, LORD MOUNT-
JOY, and EARL OF NEWPORT (1597P-1665),
natural son of Charles Blount, earl of Devon-
shire [q. v.], by Penelope, Lady Rich, was
born about 1597. His father left him a very
plentiful revenue (CLARENDON, Hist., 1849,
i. 89), and the earliest contemporary notice
of him states that in 1617 he was parting
'with Wanstead to the king or Buckingham
in order to be made a baron.' As a young
man he seems to have been a favourite at
court, and was created Baron Mount) oy in
the Irish peerage on 2 Jan. 1617-18. On
8 Jan. 1620-1 he acted in a masque before
the king at Essex House, the residence of
Viscount Doncaster, and in April 1622 the
emperor's ambassador in London ' ran at tilt
in the prince (Charles) his company with the
Lord Montjoy.' In the same year Mount-
joy and Colonel Edward Cecil spent some
time in the Low Countries, and a false re-
port that they had been slain there reached
home (YONGE'S Diary, Camd. Soc. 64). On
10 Feb. 1622-3 Chamberlain wrote that the
king had proposed Mountjoy as a husband
for Mdlle. St. Luc, a niece of the French am-
bassador, to whom James had been showing
many attentions, and had promised the lady,
in case she accepted him, to advance Mount-
joy to an earldom. On 21 Feb. 1622-3
Mountjoy accompanied the Earl of Carlisle
on a visit to the French court to ask the
king to excuse Prince Charles's journey
through Paris, on his way to Spain, without
the king's leave or kissing the king's hand.
After performing this task Mountjoy rode on
to Spain.

In November 1623 Mountjoy attended
Don Mendoza, the Spanish ambassador in
London. On 5 June 1627 Blount was created
Baron Mountjoy of Thurveston, in the Eng-
lish peerage, with a clause of precedency over
all barons created since 20 May. Lords Fau-
conberg and Lovelace brought the clause to
the attention of the lords' committee of
privileges, who reported (29 April 1628)
that the grant of precedency was illegal. On
27 July of the same year Mountjoy was
created earl of Newport in the Isle of Wight.
Newport was nominated to a command in
the expedition for the relief of Rochelle in
August 1628, but the assassination of Buck-
ingham delayed its departure till October,
when Newport was appointed rear-admiral
of the fleet and sailed in the St. Andrew.
Throughout 1629 and 1630 Newport was
petitioning for payment of his services ; he
complained that during his absence from
England his property had wasted away, and
that during his minority he had been de-
prived of Wanstead. A warrant of payment

Blount

250

Blount

was issued to him on 12 May 1631. In
June 1630 he was granted the reversion
to the custodianship of Hyde Park, and on !
31 Aug. 1634 he became master of the ord- \
nance for life. Through the five following
years Newport was actively engaged in the
duties of the ordnance office, out of which j
he contrived to make large profits for his j
own purse. He accompanied the army to !
Scotland early in 1639 in close attendance ;
on the king, and in September of the same !
year sold gunpowder at an unjustifiable price '
to Cardenas, the Spanish ambassador, for the
Spanish fleet, under Oquendo, which was !
attacking the Dutch fleet in the Channel, |
and had weighed anchor in the Downs. In |
this transaction the king received 5,0001. j
and Newport 1,0001. above the value of the
powder. Newport's boldness whenever money
was to be made was further illustrated in the
next month, when he bargained with Car- J
denas, though Charles I had ordered a strict
neutrality to be observed in the quarrel be-
tween Spain and Holland, to convey Spanish
soldiers from Oquendo's ships to Dunkirk at
thirty shillings a head. On 29 April 1640
Newport voted with the minority in the
lords in favour of the commons' resolution
that redress of grievances should precede
supply, and excused his conduct immediately
afterwards to the king as a mistake made in
the confusion of the moment. But in the
Long parliament Newport formally joined
the opposition in the Lords.

In December 1640 Newport appealed to
the lords against one Faucet, who had
charged him at York in 1639 with impro-
perly performing his ordnance duties, and on
13 Jan. 1640-1 Faucet was ordered to pay
Newport 500/. and to make a public submis-
sion, first in the house and afterwards at the
next York sessions (Lords' Journals, iv. 118-
138). Newport, on learning from George
Goring of the plot to bring an army to the
king's aid in 1641 during the trial of Straf-
ford, straightway informed Bedford and Man-
deville, who carried the intelligence to Pym
(April 1641). As if to conciliate his ene-
mies, Charles thereupon appointed Newport
constable of the Tower. After the bill of
attainder against Straffbrd had passed the
House of Lords (7 May), and the king was
hesitating whether or no to assent to it,
Newport announced that he was ready to
execute Strafibrd with or without the king's
assent. In his ' Diary ' Laud mentions New-
port as a witness of the solemn farewell
which he took of Strafibrd through his prison
window, as his friend passed on his way to
execution. In June the king ordered New-
port to proceed to York. ' to look to the mu-

nition in the north,' and on 25 June the
lords petitioned Charles to allow Newport
to receive meanwhile his pay as constable of
the Tower, On 18 Aug. parliament directed
Newport to take up his residence in the
Tower and to see that it was safely guarded.
On 9 Sept. Newport, with Warwick, Bed-
ford, Mandeville, and two others, protested
against the action of the majority of the
lords in passing an order directing the per-
formance of divine service in all churches
according to former acts of parliament, and
in refusing to communicate the order to the
commons. While Charles was in Scotland
in August 1641 Newport is reported to have
said at a meeting of some peers in Kensing-
ton that the queen and her children in
London were hostages for the king's good
behaviour. He denied the expression when
questioned by the king on his return, but the
king declined to accept the denial. Newport
brought the matter before the lords (27 Dec.
1641), and on the same day Sir Edward
Hungerford and Hollis delivered messages
from the commons suggesting the formation
of a committee of both houses to petition the
king and queen to announce the name of
their informant on the subject. On 28 Dec.
the petition was presentea, and on 30 Dec.
the king haughtily replied that he did not
credit the rumour, and charged Newport
with wilful misrepresentation. When Luns-
ford, Charles's creature, was appointed lieu-
tenant of the Tower (23 Dec.), the commons
repeated their request to Newport to take
personal charge of the fortress, and Charles
straightway dismissed Newport from the
constableship.

Newport had no intention of taking up

arms against the king, in spite of his marked

hostility to the court. With Hamilton, Essex,

and Holland he consented to accompany the

king to the city in his search for the five

members (5 Jan. 1641-2), and on 15 June

1642 he was one of the king's supporters at

York who signed the paper declaring that

the king desired the preservation of peace

and the liberty of the kingdom. He soon

afterwards fought with the king's forces in

1 Yorkshire. In December 1642 he was the

! Duke of Newcastle's lieutenant-general, and

was entrusted with an important part in the

I royalists' attack on Tadcaster ; but ' whether

1 out of neglect or treachery,' writes the

Duchess of Newcastle, Newport did not fol-

i low out his instructions, and the attack failed

; (Life of Duke of Newcastle, 1872, pp. 26-8).

! Newport was also defeated in a slight skir-

| mish by Sir Hugh Cholmley in the north

! riding (January 1642-3). In the following

month he quarrelled with Newcastle because

Blount

25*

Blount

the latter wished him to employ catholics in :
his army. On 13 Feb. 1642-3 information
reached the Marquis of Huntly that New-
castle had committed Newport to prison at
Poinfret (Pontefract) (SPALDING, Memori-
alls, ii. 234-5). On 11 March 1642-3 the
lords remaining at Westminster sent for
Newport as a delinquent. On 15 March it
was reported that ' he was stayed at Coven-
try,' and the parliamentary committee there
were directed to bring him to London, which
they declined to do until they received the
order of the House of Commons (21 March).
On 28 March 1642-3 Newport surrendered
himself and was committed to the custody of
the gentleman usher of the House of Lords ;
on 4 April 1643 leave was granted him 'to j
take the air ' with his custodian. Newport's
saddle and horse-arms, and other property
left in the Tower, when he occupied it as j
constable, were handed over to Sir Thomas j
Middletonby order of the commons, 11 June !
1643, but the lords had allowed Lady New- '
port to remove some of the furniture earlier.
In the following year Newport was released.
He was present at the second battle of New-
bury (27 Oct. 1644), and marched in the
king's company with the royal regiment to
Bath on the night following the battle (Sr-
MONDS'S Diary, Camd. Soc. 146; MONEY'S
Newbury (1884), 249). At the end of 1645
he was with the king's forces in Devonshire.
On 23 Jan. 1645-6, when Dartmouth was
stormed and fell, Newport was taken prisoner.
He was sent to London, and the lords com-
mitted him to the custody of the gentleman
usher (26 Jan. 1645-6), but it was reported
that Newport 'was a means of delivering
up [to the parliament] divers forts of great
strength without forcing.' On 11 Feb. New-
port petitioned the lords to confine him in
some private place where his maintenance
would cost him less money. On 17 Feb.
1645-6 his recognisances in 1,0007. were
accepted by the lords that he would not
leave the parishes of St. Martin's-in-the-
Fields and Covent Garden if freed from cus-
tody. On 23 March the bail was raised to
2,0007., and Newport was allowed ' to take
the air ' within five miles of London. On
22 July 1646 he was released from his bail.
On 4 Oct. 1647 the lords recommended to
the commons Newport's petition ' for lessen-
ing of his compositions,' in consideration of
his loss of the office of master of the ord-
nance.

Little is heard of Newport after the cap-
ture and death of Charles I. On 16 Feb.
1653-4 Lord Lisle and Major-general Lam-
bert were ordered in council to ' accommo-
date the business ' of Newport and Lord

Vaux, who had been apprehended on a war-
rant ' touching a challenge.' In June 1655
Newport and Lord Willoughby of Parham
were committed to the Tower on suspicion
of treason.

At the Restoration Newport recovered
some of his importance, but age was tell-
ing upon him, and he took no active part
in public affairs. In June 1660 he was for-
mally suspended and discharged from the
office of master of the ordnance. He was at
court on the day before the coronation of
Charles II, 22 March 1660-1, and carried
the king's mantle (EVELYN'S Diary, ed. Bray,
i. 34). On 10 Nov. 1662 he was granted a
pension of 1,0007. a year as gentleman of the
bedchamber, which was renewed, 6 Jan. and
18 March 1662-3, with the proviso that it
was to date from 24 June 1660. Newport
died at Oxford, in St. Aldate's parish, 12 Feb.
1665-6, ' to which place he before had retired
to avoid the plague raging in London.' He
was buried in the south aisle adjoining the
choir of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
(WooD. Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 250).

Lord Newport married Anne, daughter of
John, Baron Boteler, of Bramfield, Hertford-
shire. Lady Newport is frequently men-
tioned in the State Papers as a prominent
leader of London society, and in 1637 she
was induced by her sister, the wife of Endy-
mion Porter, to follow a prevailing fashion
and declare herself a catholic. Her husband,
angered by this step, begged Laud's assistance
in punishing those who had influenced Lady
Newport, and Laud's endeavour to carry out
Newport's wish led him into a serious quarrel
with the queen (cf. LAUD'S Works, iii. 229 ;
STKAFFOKD'S Letters, ii. 125). It is possible
that Newport's temporary alliances with the
leaders of the parliamentary opposition were
a result of the irritation produced by his
wife's conversion. There is little to prove
that she was in much intercourse with her
husband during the civil wars. Passes were
granted her by the authorities to travel to
France (23 Sept. 1642), to go to the west of
England (11 Nov. 1642), and to leave the
country on her giving security to do nothing
prejudicial to the state (14 March 1652-3).
In June 1657, when a plot against the Pro-
tector's life was on foot in London, a search
after her with a view to her arrest was sug-
gested (THUELOE, State Papers). Care must
be taken to distinguish between the Earl of
Newport (in the Isle of Wight) and his sons
from Richard Newport [q. v.], created Baron
Newport of High Ercall, Shropshire, 14 Oct.
1642, who died in 1650, and from Richard
Newport's son and heir Francis [q.v.], created
Viscount Newport of Bradford, Shropshire,

Blount

252

Blount

11 March 1674-5, and Earl of Bradford
11 May 1694, who died in 1708.

Newport had three sons and two daughters.
His eldest son, George, who had been taken
prisoner by Sir Thomas Middleton on the
fall of Oswestry (3 July 1644), became the
second earl of Newport, and died without
issue in 1675-6. His second son, Charles,
died in infancy, and was buried at St.
Martin's-in-the-Fields (S'row's Survey, ed.
Strype, bk. vi. p. 71); the third, Henry,
succeeded his brother as earl of Newport (cf.
Savile Correspondence, Camd. Soc. 40, 118).
With his death in 1681 the peerage became
extinct. The first earl's two daughters, Isa-
bella and Anne, were allowed by the House of
Lords to travel from London to their father's
house at Fotheringay (13 July 1643). Isa-
bella married Nicholas Knollys, who sat in
parliament in 1660 as earl of Banbury, in suc-
cession to his father, but his legitimacy was
disputed.

Two portraits of Newport, the one (at an
early age) by Martin Droeshout, and the
other by Hollar, are mentioned by Granger
(Biog. Hist. i. 399, ii. 135).

[Sir A. Croke's Genealogical History of Croke
Family, surnamed Le Blount, ji. 246 ; Cal. Dom.
State Papers, 1617-39, 1649-58, 1660-5 ; Lords'
Journals, iii. iv. v. vi. ix. ; Commons' Journals,
ii. iii. iv. ; Gardiner's Hist. ix. x. ; Clarendon's
Hist. ; Whitelocke's Memorials ; Laud's Diary,
vols. i. ii. iii. ; Nichols's Progresses of James I.]

S. L. L.

BLOUNT, RICHARD (1565-1638),
Jesuit, was a member of the Leicestershire
branch of the ancient family of Blount, he
and his elder brother, Sir Thomas Pope
Blount, of Osbaston, Leicestershire, and Tit-
tenhanger, Hertfordshire, being grandsons,
of Walter, son of John Blount, of Blunt's
Hall, Staffordshire. He was born in Leices-
tershire in 1565, and studied at Oxford, but
left the university on becoming a catholic.
On 22 July 1583 he arrived at the English
college of Douay (then temporarily removed
to Rheims), and in the following year he
entered the English college at Rome, where
he was ordained priest in 1589. On 2 Sept.

1590 he left the college for Spain, in com-
pany with Father Robert Parsons, who in

1591 devised a plan for sending Blount and
other priests into England. He applied
to the Spanish admiral to equip them as if
they were sailors who had formed part of
the expedition against Spain under the Earl
of Essex, and, having been taken prisoners,
were now duly released, with permission to
return to England. In this disguise they
were on their arrival taken before Lord

1 Howard of Effiiigham, afterwards Earl of
i Nottingham, the English lord high admiral,
| and as they had made themselves so accurately
acquainted with the details of the expedition
as to be able to answer all the questions put
to them, they were without trouble or delay
permitted to land. The stratagem came to
Lord Burghley's ears when it was too late,
and the searches and inquiries ordered by the
privy council were without result (MoKRis,
Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, i. 190).
Blount found a home and a centre for his
missionary work at Scotney Castle, the seat
of the Darells of Sussex, and the narrative
of his Avonderful escape, in 1598, from the
hands of the pursuivants who had beset and
i occupied that mansion has been recorded by
' Mr. William Darell. He entered the Society
of Jesus in England in 1596, and was pro-
fessed of the four vows 5 May 1608. In
1617 he was appointed superior of the Eng-
lish missions of the society, whose members
j so increased in number under his govern-
I ment, that from a handful of nineteen — four
I of whom were in captivity — in 1598. they
| had risen to nearly two hundred in 1619,
| including forty professed fathers, 109 being
I scattered up aiid down in England. Father-
general Mutius Vitelleschi therefore deter-
mined to raise England to a vice-province of
the society in the same year (1619), and ap-
pointed Blount the vice-provincial : and by
letters patent dated 21 Jan. 1622-3, England
was raised to a full province of the society,
Father Blount being declared the first pro-
vincial (FoLEY, Records, vii. 65).

Blount laboured in the English mission
j for nearly fifty years, and his escapes during
S the heat of the persecution were marvellous.
After his escape from Scotney he passed to
the house of a lady of rank, which was his
home for the remainder of his life. The
perils to which he was exposed made Blount
so cautious that though when he died he
| had been more than forty years a Jesuit,
; and twenty-one years superior in England,
I and though he wrote and received number-
less letters, yet the place where he lived
was so well kept secret that we are in igno-
rance of it even now. We know only that
j it was in London. It is said that Abbot,
I archbishop of Canterbury, was acquainted
| with his dwelling-place, and that the primate
| would make no use of his knowledge from a
kindly remembrance of the time they had
| spent together at Oxford, and out of respect
i for the lady in whose house Blount resided.
For fifteen years Blount kept himself out of
sight of the domestics, and on the rare occa-
sions when business took him from home ha
left the house and re-entered it by night.

Blount

253

Blount

He died in London on 13 May 1038, and
was buried in Queen Henrietta Maria's
private chapel in Somerset House, which was
then served by the Capuchin friars.

[More's Hist. Missionis Anglicanae Soc. Jesu,
481 ; Tanner's Societas Jesu Apostolorum Imi-
tatrix, 686; Oliver's Collections S. J. 55; Foley's
Records, iii. 481, vii. 64; Panzani's Memoirs,
220-223 ; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Fore-
fathers, i. 157, 187-215, 320; Dodd's Church
Hist. iii. 110.] T. C.

BLOUNT, SIB THOMAS (d. 1400), sup-
porter of Richard II, was probably the son,
by his first wife, of Sir John Blount, who
was summoned to parliament in 1327 as
Lord Blount of Belton. His father has been
identified with the Sir John Blount who was
custos or mayor of London from 1301 to
1307, engaged in the Scotch war of 1304,
and was afterwards constable of the Tower ;
but the dates seem to make the identifica-
tion doubtful (Siow's London, ed. Strype, v.
109; Liber Albus, ed. Riley, 5, 15, &c.) At
Richard IPs coronation Sir Thomas was
deputy for John Hastings, earl of Pembroke,
in the office of king's ' naperer,' or keeper of
his linen, and he was in close attendance on
Richard II throughout his reign. At its
close he declined to recognise the claim of
Henry IV to supersede Richard. After
Henry's coronation (6 Oct. 1399) he joined
John Holland, earl of Huntingdon, Thomas
Holland, earl of Kent, the Earl of Salisbury,
the Earl of Rutland, the Abbot of West-
minster, and others in an insurrection. Sir
Thomas, who is described by contemporary
chroniclers as a noble and wise knight, met
the leading conspirators at dinner with the
Abbot of Westminster 18 Dec. 1399, and
there they agreed to surprise Henry at a
tournament at Windsor. But Henry dis-
covered the plot through the treachery of
the Earl of Rutland, and, summoning an army
in London, advanced against the rebels, who
had assembled in some hundreds near Wind-
sor. The latter retreated before Henry, and
managed to reach Cirencester, where many
of them were captured (6 Jan. 1400), but
Blount, with a few friends, fled to Oxford,
and was taken and executed in the Green
Ditch near the city ( WOOD, Annals of Oxford,
ed. Gutch, i. 537). Eleven persons, described
as Blount's servants, were condemned to out-
lawry at Oxford at the same time, and after-
wards (19 Feb. 1400) pardoned. The revolt-
ing cruelty of Blount's death has been de-
scribed at great length by many contemporary
chroniclers. He was first hanged, then cut
down and eviscerated, although still alive
and replying to the taunts of Sir Thomas

| Erpingham, the king's chamberlain, who di-
! rected the horrible procedure ; he was finally
] beheaded and quartered, and his head was
! sent to London. His large estates were for-
' feited to the crown, but some were bestowed
on Sir Walter Blount (d. 1403) [q. v.], a dis-
tant relative, and his wife Sancha. With Sir
Thomas Blount the Belton line of the Blount
family became extinct.

Sir Thomas's cousin Nicholas, who aided
j him in the insurrection, escaped to Italy, and
: was outlawed. He entered the service of
Galeazzo Yisconti, duke of Milan, and fought
i with the Milanese against Rupert, emperor
of Germany, from 1401 to 1404. He returned
to England in 1404, and lived in concealment
till Henry IV's death in 1413. On his re-
turn to this country he assumed the name of
Croke. He married Agnes, daughter of John
! Heynes, by whom he became the ancestor of
Sir John Croke [q. v.] and of Sir George
1 Croke [q. v.]

[Lingard's History, iii. 201-2 ; Wylie's History
of England under Henry IV, i. 206 ; Eymer's
Fcedera, viii. 165; Sir Alexander Croke's History
of the Croke Family, i. 123-38, 387 et seq.;
Archaeologia, xx. 215; Waurin's Recueil des
Chroniques, 1399-1422, pp. 40-4 (where a very
fullj account of Blount's execution is given).]

S. L. L.

BLOUNT or BLUNT, THOMAS (fl.
1008), colonel, born in or about 1004, was
the second son of Edward Blount, of the
Middle Temple and Wricklesmarsh, in
Charlton, Kent, by his second wife, Fortune,
daughter of Sir William Garway, knight, of
London. During the rebellion his leanings
were to the popular party, and he became,
says Sir Roger Twysden, ' a great stickler
; for the two houses of parliament.' Being
I present at the meetings of the cavalier
| country-gentlemen at Maidstone, which re-
: suited in the getting up the Kentish petition
of March 1642, he turned informer, and gave
i an account of the proceedings in evidence at
| the bar of the house. His name appears in
j 1643 on one of the earliest lists of the com-
| mittee of Kent. Upon the accession of
! Charles II Blount was promptly committed
to prison, where he saw fit to modify his
| opinions, and his petitions for release were
I certainly not wanting in servility. Blount
1 was a highly ingenious man, and lived in in-
timacy with the most distinguished fellows
of the Royal Society, to which he was himself
r admitted in February 1604-5. He constructed
with his own hands a carriage with an im-
proved action, ' for the ease of both man and
horse,' which at the time attracted consider-
able attention, and is often mentioned by

Blount

254

Blount

Pepys. Both Pepys and his contemporary
diarist Evelyn tell us of the colonel's expe-
riments and inventions at his stately seat at |
Charlton — his vineyard, the wine of which j
was ' good for little/ new-invented ploughs, i
and subterranean warren. He was among
the first to adopt the application of the way- ;
wiser, or odometer, to a carriage. Blount
was living in January 1667-8, when he with-
drew from the Royal Society.

[Hasted's Kent (folio ed.), i. 36 (o) ; Berry's
Kent Genealogies, p. 417; Arehaeologia Can-
tiana, i. 202, 204 ; Kemble's Introd. to Sir K.
Twysden's Certaine Considerations upon the
Government of England (Camden Soc.), pp. Iv-
Ivii; Evelyn's Diary (ed. 1850-2), i. 281, 310,
313, 320, 332, 414 ; Pepys's Diary (3rd ed.), iii.
12-13, 80, 149, v. 243; Birch's Hist. Eoy. Soc.
ii. ; Lysons's Environs of London, iv. 492 ; Cal.
State Papers (Dom. 1660-2).]] G-. G.

BLOUNT, THOMAS (1618-1679), author
of ' Ancient Tenures,' son of Myles Blount,
of Orleton in Herefordshire, the fifth son of
Roger Blount of Monkland, in the same
county, was born at Bordesley, Worcester-
shire, being of a younger house of the ancient
family of his name. He entered himself of the
Inner Temple, and was in due time called to
the bar. He was never advantaged, says An-
thony a Wood, who knew him and received
from him copies of some of his works, by the
help of a university in learning. He succeeded
to considerable property, both in Essex and
Warwick, the former of which he appears to
have derived from his mother, as a man or farm
near Maldon is described in his will as being
her jointure land. His religious tenets, those
of a zealous Roman catholic, interfered with
the practice of his profession ; but he still
continued the study of the law as an amateur,
and gave gratuitous advice to his neighbours
while residing at Orleton, where, savs Wood,
he had a ' fair and plentiful estate. It was
what Wood calls his ' geny,' supported by his
1 fair and plentiful estate,' which led him to the
paths of literature, and made him hunt after
the difficult and uncouth terms of legal and
other science, and l get nothing but his own
satisfaction.' He bestowed the waste hours
of some years in reading histories of various j
countries — Turkey, France, Spain, Italy, &c.
He had a reasonable acquaintance with the I
Latin and French tongues, and a smattering '
of both Greek and other languages. The agi-
tation due to the alleged popish plot of 1678
was for Blount a source of trouble, obliging
him to fly in fear from his home and lead a
wandering life. Of the last year of his life,
Wood says : * He contracted the palsy, as by
his last letter sent to me, dated 28 April 1679,

I was informed, adding therein that he had
then quitted all books except those of devotion.
On 26 Dec. folio wing, being St. Stephen's Day,
he died at Orleton in the year of his age 61.'
(According to Sir William Dugdale's diary,
1 16 Dec., Mr. Tho. Blount dyed at Orlton in
Herefordshire of an apoplexie.') He was
buried in the church there, and soon after had
a comely monument put over his grave by
Anne, his widow, daughter of Edmund Church
of Maldon, in Essex.

In the possession of William Blount,
M.D., of Herefordshire, were, in 1808, several
letters addressed by Dugdale to his friend
Blount. In the first of these, bearing date
29 June 1674, Sir William, then Mr. William
Dugdale, writes, praying his interference in
the matter of one Scott, a bookseller in Little
Britain, who owed Dugdale money for his
' Monasticons.' In another letter we learn
that Blount corrected some of Dugdale's
prool-sheets. In another he is introduced to
Sir John Cotton, son of the great collector, to
see some manuscripts in his library, as a ( per-
son well verst in antiquities and deserving
all encouragement in these his commendable
studies.'

Blount's chief works are : 1. * The Art of
making Devises, treating of Hieroglyphicks,
Symboles, Emblemes, ^Enigmas, Sentences,
Parables, Reverses of Medalls, Armes, Bla-
zons, Cimiers, Cyphres, and Rebus, translated
from the French of Henry Estienne, Lord of
Tossez,' 1646 ; the same, together with a ' Ca-
talogue of Coronet Devises, both on the Kings
and the Parliament's side, in the late Warres,'
1650. 2. ' The Academie of Eloquence, con-
taining a compleat English Rhetorique exem-
plified, with Common places and Formes di-
gested into an easie and methodical way to
speak and write fluently, according to the
mode of the present times, together with Let-
ters, both Amorous and Moral, upon emergent
occasions,' 1654 (? 29 Jan. 1653), often re-
printed ; a book ' specially intended ' for the
youth of both sexes. 3. ' Glossographia, or
a Dictionary interpreting all such hard words,
of whatsoever language, now used in our re-
fined English tongue, with etymologies, defi-
nitions, and historical observations on the
same ; also the Terms of Divinity, Law, Phy-
sick, Mathematicks, and other Arts and Sci-
ences explicated ; very useful for all such as
desire to understand what they read,' London,
1656, 8vo ; 1670, 1671, 8vo ; 1679, 1691 ; en-
larged by William Nelson, 1717, fol. Much
of this was adopted by Edward Phillips in
his ' New World of English Words,' which
appeared the year after. 4. ' The Lamps of
the Law and Lights of the Gospel, or the
Titles of some late Spiritual, Polemical, and

Blount

255

Blount

Metaphysical New Books,' London. 1658,
8vo, written in imitation of J. Birkenhead's,
Paul's Churchyard, and published under the
name of t Grass and Hay Withers.' 5. ' Bos-
cobel, or the History of his Sacred Majesties
most miraculous preservation after the battle
of Worcester, 3 Sept. 1651,' London, 1660,
frequently republished (translated into French
and Portuguese ; the last of which was done
by Peter Gifford, of White Ladies, in Staf-
fordshire, a Roman catholic). 6. ' The Catho-
lic Almanac for 1661-2-3,' &c. (which selling
not so well as John Booker's almanac did,
he afterwards wrote ' Animadversions upon
Booker,' &c. ; vid. inf.} 7. ' The Pedigree of
the Blounts, printed in Peacham's Complete
•Gentleman,' 1661. 8. ' Animadversions upon
Booker's Telescopium Uranicum, or Epheme-
ris, 1665, which is very erroneous,' &c., Lon-
don, 1665, in one sheet. 9. * The several
Statutes concerning Bankrupts, methodically
digested, together with the Resolutions of our
learned Judges on them,' 1670, 'intended for
the generality of men and ordinary capaci-
ties,' says Blount in explanation. 10. ' A
Law Dictionary interpreting such difficult
and obscure Words and Terms as are found
either in our Common or Statute, Ancient or
Modern Lawes. With References to the seve-
ral Statutes, Records, Registers, Law-Books,
Charters, Ancient Deeds, and Manuscripts,
wherein the Words are used ; and Etymolo-
gies, where they properly occur,' 1670. This
is the No/noXe'£iKoi', republished in 1691, with
some corrections and the addition of above
six hundred words. Mr. Phillips incorpo-
rated a number of the articles in this book
in a second edition of his own. In a letter
to Wood, Blount says : ' I am much dis-
couraged in my so much fancied scrutiny of
words, since I am lately assured my last Dic-
tionary [meaning the 'Law Dictionary'] is at
the press surreptitiously being transcribed,
mutilated, and disguised with some new title;
and this by a beggarly half-witted scholar
hired for the purpose by some of the law
booksellers, to transcribe that in four or five
months, which cost me twice as many years
in compiling,' £c. It was this matter which
occasioned the publication of the ' World of
Errors,' &c. (vid. inf.} 11. 'Journey to Je-
rusalem in 1669,' 1672. 12. 'Animadver-
sions upon Sir Richard Baker's Chronicle and
its continuation, wherein many errors are dis-
covered and some truths advanced,' Oxford,
1672. This book bears the motto from Cic'.
' De Orat. : ' ' Prima est histories lex ne quid
falsi dicere audeat, deinde ne quid veri non
audeat.' This was revised by Wood. It was
called in and silenced by Dr. Mews, because
it said that the word ' conventicle ' was first

taken up in the time of Wycliffe. 13. ' A
World of Errors discovered in the Interpreter
of hard Words written against Sir Edward
Philips book entitled A New World of
English Words,' &c., 1673. 14. ' Fragmenta
Antiquitatis, Ancient Tenures of Land, and
Jocular Customs of some Manors,' &c., 1679 ;
new edition, enlarged, with explanatory notes,
&c., by Jos. Beckwith, F.A.S., York, 1784 ;
new edition, with considerable additions from
authentic sources, by Hercules Malebysse
Beckwith, 1815. 15. ' A Catalogue of the
Catholics who lost their lives in the King's
Cause during the Civil Wars,' printed at the
end of Lord Castlemain's ' Catholick Apology.'
16. ' Boscobel, pt. ii., and Claustrum regale
reseratum,' published by Mrs. Anne Wind-
ham, of Trent, 1 681 . Of Boscobel ' the first
part contains the history of the king's escape
after the battle of Worcester up to the time
of his leaving the White Ladies and Bosco-
bel ; the second, his concealment at Trent in
Somersetshire, with his adventures in the
west of England. The famous Worcester-
shire historian, Dr. Nash ( Worcestershire
Supplement, p. 90), strangely remarks of this
book: 'Who was the author is not known;
certainly not Mr. Blount. In a manuscript
I have seen,' continues Dr. Nash, ' he denies
that he was the author of " Boscobel," and
says the first time he ever saw the book was at
Lord Oxford's at Brampton Bryan. Blount's
grandson says : " I dare say my grandfather,
Counsellor Blount, was not the author of
' Boscobel,' for in a letter to my father I have
seen the following sense expressed : ' The
other day, being on a visit to Lord Oxford,
I met with a tract called " Boscobel." My lord
expressed great surprise on seeing me eager
to peruse it, saying I was deemed the author.
How the world comes to be so kind to give
it me I know not ; but whatever merit it may
have, for I had not time to examine it, I do
not choose to usurp it. I scorn to take the
fame of another's productions. So if the same
opinion prevails amongst my friends in your
part of the world, I desire you will contra-
dict it ; for I do not so much as know the
author of that piece.' " ' Notwithstanding this
flat denial of Blount's, the piece seems, by
general consent, to be undoubtedly his. The
first edition of 1660, printed for Henry Seile,
stationer to the king's most excellent majesty
in London, contains a preface signed by
Thomas Blount. In the majority of cases
Blount seems not to have attached his name
to his works. William Denton, the author
of ' Horae Subsecivae,' a book written against
the papists, and of ' The Burnt Child dreads
the Fire,' justifying an act of parliament for
preventing dangers which might happen from

Blount

256

Blount

popish recusants, speaks in his ' Jus Csesaris
et Ecclest^e vere dictpe,' an odd and rambling
work concerning presbytery, the power of
kings, liturgies, and conventicles, of three per-
sons, R. P., I. S., and P. W., as having written
against his two former books. Whether
either of these three was Blount, who cer-
tainly answered one of Penton's books in a
little treatise of one sheet, it is now diffi-
cult to tell. Blount also left behind him an
imperfect ' Chronicle of England,' which he
and I. B. (which was all Wood knew of his
collaborator, for Blount would never disclose
his name) had for several years been compil-
ing ; but ' what became of it afterwards,' says
Wood, ' I cannot tell.' He also wrote l Anim-
adversions upon Britannia, written by R.
Blome,' but whether it was printed is uncer-
tain. A ' History of Hereford,' two vols.
small fol., was left in manuscript, in which
the parishes were arranged alphabetically.
Of these the second volume, beginning with
letter L, was for some time in the possession
of Dr. Blount of Hereford ; but the other,
having been lent to Sir Robert Cornewall,
was lost. Mr. Speaker Cornewall examined
his father's papers at the request of Dr. Nash,
the Worcestershire historian, but could find
nothing of Blount 's. Nash quotes from a
letter, which mentions the loan to Sir Ro-
bert Cornewall, the following extract : ' The
other volume I (Blount's grandson) had, but
my son took it with him to London, in hopes
of meeting with the present baronet, and with
an intent of revising the whole if he could
get it. ... After my son's death, whether my
son Edward took care to preserve it I do not
know.' There is probably little chance of
ever recovering either volume of this histori-
cal manuscript. It has escaped the researches
of Mr. Gough. l Les Termes de la Ley/ by
T. B. of the Inner Temple, 1685, is supposed
by Loveday to be by Thomas Blount.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (ed. 1820). Life, Ixviii,
Ixx, i. 181, iii. 149, 819, iv. 308, 761, 763 ; Catal.
Brit. Mus. ; Nash's Worcestershire, Supplement,
90; Stow's Survey of London (fol. 1720), i. 107 ;
(rough's Brit. Top. Iii. 179; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ;
Peacham's Compleat Gentleman, 230 ; Hughes's
Boscobel Tracts, 185; Chancy's Hertfordshire;
Notes and Queries, 1st series, viii. 286, 603 ;
Lowndes's Bibl. Man. 221 ; Camden's Annals,
iii. 805 ; Grazebrook's Heraldry of Worcester-
shire, 59 ; Hamper's Life of Dttgdale (1827), 141,
395, 397, 400, 401, 416, 420.] J. M.

BLOUNT, SIB THOMAS POPE (1649-
1697), politician and author, was descended
from an old Staffordshire family, the Blounts
of Blount Hall. He was the eldest son of
Sir Henry Blount, and elder brother of
Charles Blount, both noticed above, and

was born at Upper Holloway 12 Sept. 1649.
Having been carefully educated under the
i direction of his father, he early acquired a
high reputation for the extent and variety of
I his learning and accomplishments. In his
father's lifetime he succeeded to the estate
of Tittenhanger upon the death of his mother
in 1678, his father having given up the estate
to her. On 27 Jan. 1679 he was created by
Charles II a baronet. In the last two par-
liaments of Charles he served for the borough
of St. Albans, and after the revolution he
was made knight of the shire for Hertford.
In the first year of King William he was
chosen by the House of Commons commis-
sioner of accounts, an office which he held
during three successive years till his death
at Tittenhanger 30 June 1697. He was
buried in the vault of the family at Ridge,
i in Hertfordshire. By his wife, Jane, only
! daughter of Sir Henry Caesar, Benington
i Place, Hertfordshire, whom he married at
St. Olave's, Hart Street, London, 22 July
1669, he had five sons and nine daughters.

The m/6st elaborate and important work
of Blount is his ' Censura celebriorum Au-
thorum, sive Tractatus in quo varia viro-
rum doctorum de clarissimis cujusque seculi
scriptoribus judicia traduntur,' 1690. A
second edition, in which, for greater facility
of reference, all the passages from the modern
languages, English, French, or Italian, were
translated into Latin, appeared at Geneva in
1694, and a third impression appeared at the
same place in 1710. The translations were
the work of the anonymous foreign editor.
In the original preface to the work, Blount
states that he had been led to compile it
solely for his own private use, and that he
had been induced to publish it at the urgent
request of various learned men, a request
which he had complied with, not to gratify
his own ambition, for a life of quiet and re-
tirement had always been his supreme delight,
but solely that he might benefit letters. It
is a bibliographical dictionary of a peculiar
kind, and may be described as a record of
the opinions of the greatest writers of all
ages on one another. The independent
research implied, in his time, in the compila-
tion of such a work, comparatively minor
though it is, was, of course, very great : but
the plan necessarily left little room for the
exercise of discrimination, except in the se-
lection of writers to be treated of. The
number of names is nearly six hundred, be-
ginning at the earliest records of literature
and science. There are many curious omissions.
In later scientific names it is very defective,
and the later English poets, such as Beau-
mont, Fletcher, Spenser, Ben Jonson, Shake-

Blount

257

Blount

speare, and Milton, are passed over, while I despised mere learning more heartily. 'There
several of their learned contemporaries, whose is not,' he says. i a simpler animal and a more

fame has now utterly vanished, find a place.
In 1693 he published ' A Natural History,
containing many not common observations
extracted out of the best authors.' In the
following year appeared ' De Re Poetica, or
Remarks upon Poetry, with Characters and
Censures of the most considerable Poets,
whether Ancient or Modern, extracted out
of the best and choicest critics.' The first
part of the work treats on poetry in general

and a more

superfluous member of the state than a mere
scholar.'

pl

[Biog. Brit. ed. Kippis, ii. 378-80 ;
Athenae, ed. Bliss, iv. 53, 55; Chauncy's
of Hertfordshire ; Clutterbuck's History of Hert-
fordshire; Add. MSS. 5524 and 6672.]

' 'T. F. H.

BLOUNT, SIB WALTER (d. 1403),
soldier and supporter of John of Gaunt,

on the different varieties of poetry, and on duke of Lancaster, was almost certainly the
English, French, Italian, and Spanish poetry, son of Sir John Blount of Sodington, by
in connection with the characteristics of ! his second wife, Eleanor Beauchamp, widow
the several languages — the opinions of the ! of Sir John Meriet. In 1367 he accom-
' choicest critics ' being given on their subject j panied the Black Prince and John of Gaunt
almost without any comment of his own. i in their expedition to Spain to restore Don
The second part gives an account of sixty-seven Pedro the Cruel to the throne of Leon and
poets of various ages and countries, including Castile. After the return of the expedition,
those mentioned above as omitted from the which was successfully terminated by the
list of celebrated authors. His ' Essays on battle of Navarette (1367), Blount married
several Subjects,' which first appeared in Donna Sancha de Ayala, the daughter of
1692, and a third impression of which, with Don Diego Gomez, who held high office in
additions, was published in 1697, is the only j Toledo, by his wife (of very high family),

work in which he has an opportunity of dis-
playing his individuality as a writer. The
essays in the first edition numbered seven in

Donna Inez de Ayala. Donna Sancha ap-
pears to have first come to England in
attendance on Constantia, the elder dauffh-

all. The first illustrates the proposition that j ter of King Pedro, whom John of Gaunt
interest governs the world, and that popery is \ married in 1372. In 1374 John Blount, Sir
nothing but an invention of priests to get ' Walter's half-brother, who had succeeded
money; the second is on the great mischief and his mother, Isolda Mount] oy, in theMountjoy
prejudice of learning; the third treats of edu- property, made over to Walter the Mount-
cation and custom, lamenting that as children joy estates in Derbyshire, and to them Walter
are apt to believe everything, when they grow i added by purchase, in 1381, the great estates
up they are apt to settle in their first impres- ! of the Bakepuiz family in Derbyshire, Lei-
sions ; in the fourth, on the respect due to cestershire, and Hertfordshire. Permission
the ancients, the conclusion is arrived at that ; was granted Blount in 1377 to proceed with
we ought not to enslave ourselves too much Duke John of Gaunt to Castile in order
to their opinions ; the fifth answers in the [ to assert the duke's right by virtue of his

negative the question as to whether the men
of the present age are inferior to those of
former ages either in respect of virtue, learn-
ing, or long life ; the sixth demonstrates that
the passions are our best servants, but our

marriage to the throne of Leon and Castile ;
but the expedition did not start till 1386,
when Blount probably accompanied it. On
17 April 1393 he, with Henry Bowet [q. v.]
and another, was appointed to negotiate a

worst masters ; the seventh attributes the ! permanent peace with the king of Castile,
variety of opinions to the uncertainty of j In 1398 Duke John granted to Blount and
human knowledge ; and the eighth, on reli- j his wife, with the king's approval, an annuity
gion — added to the third impression — as- j of 100 marks in consideration of their labours
serts that the God which men imagine to ! in his service. Blount was an executor of

themselves is a picture of their own com-
plexions. The most prominent characteristic
of the essays is their strong sceptical spirit,
using these terms in the best sense, their
freedom from conventionality, and the air of
comfortable cynicism that pervades them, a
cynicism recognising the enormous prevalence
of stupidity and falseness of all kinds, but
also possessing a cheerful conviction of the
possibilities of amendment. It is worthy of
note that, universal scholar as he was, no man
VOL. v.

John of Gaunt, who died early in 1399, and
received a small legacy. He represented
Derbyshire in Henry IV's first parliament,
which met on 6 Oct. 1399. At the battle
of Shrewsbury (23 July 1403) he was the
king's standard-bearer, and was killed by
Archibald, fourth earl of Douglas, one of the
bravest followers of Henry Percy (Hotspur).
Blount was dressed in armour resembling
that worn by Henry IV, and was mistaken
by Douglas for the king (WALSIXGHAM,

Blount

258

Blount

Hist. Anfflicana, ed. Riley, ii. 258 ; Annales
Henrici Quarti, 367, 369). Shakespeare
gives Blount, whom he calls Sir Walter
Blunt, a prominent place in the first part of
his ' Henry IV,' and represents both Hot-
spur and Henry IV as eulogising his mili-
tary prowess and manly character. He was
buried in the church St. Mary * of Newark,'
Leicester. His widow Donna Sancha lived
till 1418. In 1406 she founded the hospital
of St. Leonards, situate between Alkmonton
and Hungry-Bentley, Derbyshire.

Sir Walter had two sons : 1. Sir JOHN,
who was at one time governor of Calais ;
was in 1482 besieged in a castle of Aqui-
taine by a great French army, which he de-
feated with a small force (WALSINGHAM,
Ypodigma Neustrice, Rolls Ser., p. 437) ; was
created knight of the Garter in 1413; and
was present at the siege of Rouen in 1418 :
2. Sir THOMAS, who was treasurer of Calais
during Henry VI's wars in France (STEVEN-
SON'S Letters, fyc., illustrating the wars in
France temp. Henry VI, Rolls Ser., ii. passim),
and founded a chantry at Newark in 1422
(at the expense of the Duke of Exeter) in
memory of his father and mother. Sir John
died without male issue. Sir Thomas was
the father (by Margaret, daughter of Sir
Thomas Gresley of Gresley, Derbyshire) of
Sir Walter Blount, first Baron Mountjoy
[q. v.]

[Sir Alexander Croke's Genealogical History
of the Croke Family, surnamed Le Blount, ii.
170-97; Burke's Extinct Peerage ; Courtenay's
Shakespeare's Historical Plays ; Hall's Chro-
nicle, ed. Grafton, fol. 22 ; Rymer's Foedera, vii.
183, 743.] S. L. L.

BLOUNT, WALTER, first BARON MONT-
JOY or MOTJNTJOY (d. 1474), lord high trea-
surer of England, eldest son of Sir Thomas
Blount and grandson of Sir Walter Blount
[q. v.], became treasurer of Calais in 1460,
apparently in immediate succession to his
father ; fought bravely with the Yorkists at
the decisive battle of Towton (29 March
1461), and was rewarded first by knighthood
and afterwards by promotion to the governor-
ship of Calais. In October 1461 he was be-
sieging with a very large force ' the Castell
of Hampnes by side Gales,' which apparently
held out for Henry VI. In 1465 he was no-
minated lord high treasurer of England, and
was raised to the peerage as Baron Montjoy
or Mountjoy, on 20 June of the same year.
In 1467 he was given the Devonshire estates
forfeited to the crown by the attainder of
Thomas Courtenay, earl of Devonshire, in
1461 . He was directed in 1468 to accompany
the king in a projected expedition to aid the
Duke of Brittany against Louis XI. In the

following year Mountjoy accompanied Ed-
ward IV on his public entry into London
after his release from the temporary confine-
ment to which Warwick and Clarence had
subjected him. He was created a knight of
the Garter, but at what date has not been
ascertained. He died late in 1474, and was
buried in the church of Grey Friars, London.
His piety was as far-famed as his bravery.
On 17 Sept. 1469 he and his wife were received
into the fraternity of the chapter of the Holy
Trinity priory at Canterbury. By his will,
dated 8 July 1474, he largely increased the en-
dowment of the hospital of St. Leonards, near
Alkmonton, Derbyshire, originally founded
by his grandmother, Donna Sancha de Ayala
[see under BLOUNT, SIR WALTER, d. 1403],
and established a chapel in the same village.
He was twice married: (1) to Helena, daugh-
ter of Sir John Byron of Clayton, Lancashire,
and (2), in 1467, to Ann, widow of Hum-
phrey Stafford, duke of Buckingham, and
daughter of Ralph Nevill, earl of Westmor-
land, by Joan Beaufort, only daughter of
Catherine Swynford and John of Gaunt.
By his second wife, who died in 1479, he
had iro issue. In 1470 Lord Mountjoy was
appointed custodian of the estates of the
dukedom of Buckingham during the minority
of his stepson Henry Stafford, the heir. By
his first marriage he had three sons. WILLIAM,
the eldest, was killed while fighting with
Edward IV at Barnet in 1471, and was buried
with his father at Grey Friars. William's
son Edward succeeded his grandfather as the
second Baron Mountjoy in 1474, but died
in the following year, and was buried in the
Grey Friars' church in London. The second
son, Sir JOHN, succeeded his nephew Ed-
ward as third Baron Mountjoy in 1475; was
appointed captain of Guisnes and Hammes
near Calais in 1477 ; was continued in the
office by Richard III in 1483 ; died in 1485,
bequeathing his body to the Grey Friars'
church; and was succeeded in his title by
; his son William [q. v.] The third son, Sir
JAMES, became lieutenant of Hammes in
1476 ; joined the governor, the Earl of Oxford,
in offering the castle of Hammes to Henry,
! earl of Richmond, in 1484-5 ; was with
Henry VII on his landing at Milford Haven
in 1485; was knighted there; became a knight
banneret in 1487 ; and died in 1493 (cf. POLY-
DORE VERGIL, Camd. Soc. 208, 212).

[Sir Alexander Croke's Genealogical History
of the Croke Family, surnamed Le Blount, ii.
197-204; Dugdale's Baronage; Rymer's Fee-
dera, xi. 504, 578, 630, 656-7, 767 ; Stow's Sur-
vey, ed. Strype, bk. iii. 133; Paston Letters, ed.
Gairdner, ii. 5, 52, 169, 389 ; Nichols's Leicester-
shire, iii. 7, iv. 523, 524.] S. L. L.

Blount

259

Blount

BLOUNT, WILLIAM, fourth LORD
MOTTNTJOY (d. 1534), patron of learning and
statesman, born at Barton, in Staffordshire,
was the son and heir of John, third lord
Mountj oy, by Lora, his wife, and grandson
of Sir Walter Blount, first Lord Mount-
joy [q.v.] He succeeded to the title, while
still a child, on his father's death in 1485.
Polydore Vergil, who designates him ' regulus
disertus ornatus,' states that he was created
a privy councillor in 1486 (Anglica Historia,
1546, p. 567) ; but his youthful age, which is
attested by a grant (dated 24 Jan. 1488) to Sir
James Blount of the custody of all the late
lord's lands, and of the wardship and marriage
of William, the present lord, seems to conflict
with the date (Materials for the History of
Henry VII, Rolls Ser. ii. 230). About 1496
Blount was in Paris, studying under Erasmus,
and a long intimacy between the two men was
then first contracted. ' Whither would I not
follow so humane, so kind, so amiable a young
man ? ' wrote Erasmus of Blount about this
time (ERASMUS, Epist. xiv), and in 1498 the
scholar was brought by his pupil for the first
time to England (Erasmus to Fisher, 5 Dec.
1498 ; SEEBOHM, Oxf. Reformers, 94). For
some years Erasmus was domiciled in Lord
Mount joy's house, and throughout his sojourn
in this country he depended largely on his
patron's bounty. Mountj oy is stated to have
paid Erasmus a yearly pension of 100 crowns,
besides many other presents. Lord Mountjoy,
on his return from Paris, is said by Erasmus
to have regularly studied history with Prince
Henry, afterwards Henry VIII, who was his
junior by some years (ERASMUS, Dedication
of Livy to Charles, fifth Lord Mountjoy}.
There are other indications that the prince
and Mountjoy were intimate with one another
from an early date.

But Blount did not confine himself to
literary pursuits, although he never ceased
to interest himself in them. In 1497 he held
a command in the army sent to suppress
the revolt in behalf of Perkin Warbeck.
In 1499 he was formally granted all the
dignities and estates enjoyed by his father.
In May 1509 he wrote to Erasmus that the
accession of Henry VIII was of good omen
for learning in England. Towards the end
of the year he was appointed lieutenant of
the castle of Hammes, in Picardy, and of
the marches of Calais. In 1511 Mountjoy
was in England again, and in the following
year became chamberlain to Queen Catherine.
On 17 May 1513 he was directed to provide
transports for the king's army, which was
bound for France. In the same year he acted
as lieutenant of Tournai, and" on 20 Jan.
1513-14 he was appointed bailiff of the city in

I the place of Sir Edward Poynings. He held

; this post for three years. Fifteen letters sent

by Mountjoy during that time to Henry VIII

and Wolsey are preserved among the Cot-

J_ - _ * _ "\ fCId j * 1 T-fc • , • 1 -mm-

energetic

rule. He set up and administered law-courts,
and made the small and irregular advances
sent him from home go as far as possible in
strengthening the fortifications. His friend
Erasmus paid him a visit at Tournai, and
' Mountjoy tried in vain to induce Wolsey to
give the scholar a prebend in the church there.
j Later Mountjoy sent Erasmus a manuscript
of Suetonius from St. Martin's monastery at
Tournai for his edition of that author. In
! one letter to Wolsey (8 Dec. 1515) Mount-
1 joy wrote that a commissary had come from
| the pope with indulgences for sale in aid
of the rebuilding of St. Peter's, and that he
had refused to permit the publication of the
brief, but had allowed the commissary to
receive alms in a box with two keys, one
of which was kept by Mountjoy. He was
recalled early in 1517 — in accordance with
his own wish — and acted as chamberlain to
Queen Catherine in the succeeding years.
With his wife he attended Henry VIII at
the field of the cloth of gold in 1520, and he
was present at Henry's meeting with Charles V
near Dover in 1522. In 1523 he was des-
patched to France, at the head of an army of
6,000 men, with Charles Brandon, duke of
Suffolk, but Suffolk's mismanagement of the
expedition led to Mountj oy's recall. Soon
afterwards he was made master of the mint.
In July 1533 Mountjoy, who retained the
office of the queen's chamberlain throughout
the troubles of the time, was directed to ac-
quaint Queen Catherine at Ampthill with the
king's resolve to complete the divorce between
them. The interview has been vividly de-
scribed by Mr. Froude. In October 1533
Mountjoy begged Cromwell to relieve him of
the duty of attending as chamberlain upon
the divorced queen.

Mountjoy signed the articles drawn up
against Wolsey in 1530, and the declaration
of parliament addressed to Clement VII in

1533, stating that, if the pope refused the
divorce between the king and Catherine, the
former would renounce the papal supremacy.
Mountjoy died 8 Nov. 1534, and was buried
near his father in Grey Friars' church in the
city of London (Siow's Survey, ed. Strype,
bk. iii. p. 133). His will is dated 13 Oct.

1534. He was a knight of the Garter, and
on 26 Jan. 1534-5 King James V of Scotland
succeeded to his place in the order.

Erasmus lamented his patron's death in the

Blount

260

Blow

dedication to his ' Ecclesiastes,' addressed to
the Bishop of Augsburg1 (1535), and in the
dedication of the 1536 edition of his ' Adagia,'
addressed to Charles, fifth Lord Mountjoy.
Three letters in very readable Latin from
Mountjoy to Erasmus, and thirteen from
Erasmus to Mountjoy, appear in the col-
lections of Erasmus's letters. The first edition
of Erasmus's l Adagia,' published in 1508, is
addressed to Mountjoy, and Erasmus states
that he wrote that work and ' De scribendis
epistolis' at Mountjoy's suggestion. About
1523 Mountjoy requested Erasmus to draw
up a dialogue on the subject of the religious
differences of the day, with a view to aiding
in their settlement. Leland was another
friend of Mountjoy, and wrote verse in his
praise ( Collectanea, v. 122). Among the many
scholars whom Mountjoy also befriended were
Richard "Whytforde, Battus, the friend of
Erasmus, and Richard Sampson, afterwards j
bishop of Chichester. Mountjoy was likewise
intimate with Sir Thomas More, Grocyn, and j
Colet, and Ascham many years afterwards re- j
ferred to his house as domicilium Musai-um.
Fuller, in dedicating the second book of his
1 Church History ' (1655) to Lord Dorchester, j
refers to Mountjoy as ' a great patron to
Erasmus, and well skilled in chymistry and
mathematics,' and one of the chief revivers
of learning in England (FULLER, Hist., ed.
Brewer, i. 126).

Mountjoy was thrice married: 1, (probably
before 1500) to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
William Say; 2, (before 1517) to Alice,
daughter of Sir Henry Kebel, lord mayor of
London in 1510-11, and widow of William
Browne, lord mayor of London in 1507-8 :
(she died in 1521, and was buried in the Grey
Friars' church, London) ; and 3, to Dorothy, j
daughter of Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset, I
and widoAv of Robert Willoughby, Baron
Broke: she died before 1524. Erasmus,
writing to his friend Botzen in 1524, tells us
that when Lord Mountjoy was studying with
him at Paris he wrote for his pupil's amuse-
ment two declamations, the one in praise \
and the other in contempt of matrimony, and
that Mountjoy passionately declared for the
former. Erasmus adds that at the time of
writing (1524) Mountjoy had become a
widower for the third time, and was likely to
take a fourth wife. By his first wife he had
two daughters, Gertrude and Mary. Gertrude
married Henry Courtenay, marquis of Exeter,
and was herself attainted when her husband
was executed in 1539; she was afterwards
pardoned, and dying in 1558, a monument was
erected to her memory in Wimborne Minster.
Mary, the second daughter, married Henry
Bourchier, earl of Essex. By his second wife,

Mountjoy had a son Charles [q. v.], and a
daughter Catherine, who married (1) John
Champernown, and (2) Sir Maurice Berkeley
of Bruton. By his third wife he had a
son John, who died without issue, and two
daughters, Dorothy and Mary.

[Sir Alexander Croke's Genealogical Account
of the Croke Family, surnamed Le Blount,
ii. 204-222; Erasmi Epistolse, ed. Le Clerc;
Dugdale's Baronage, 520-1 ; Rymer's Foedera ;
Froude's History, i. 470 ; Brewer's Letters and
Papers of Henry VIII, 1509-35; Nichols's
Leicestershire, iii. 7, iv. 524 ; Cooper's Athense
Cantab, i. 50, 529 ; Seebohm's Oxford Reformers,
passim.] S. L. L.

BLOW, JAMES (d. 1759), printer, a
native of Scotland, was apprenticed to Patrick
Neill [q.v.], a printer of Glasgow, and when
Neill set up the first regular printing esta-
blishment in Belfast (before 1694), Blow came
with him as an assistant. Blow was Neill's
brother-in-law, but in which way is not
known. In Neill's will (dated 21 Dec. 1704)
he says : ' I recommend my son John ' [he
left also a younger son, James, and a daughter]
'to the care of my brother Blow, to teach
him the trade I taught him, and if he keep the
printing-house in Belfast, to instruct him in
that calling.' According to Blow's son Daniel
(who died near Dundonald, co. Down, in 1810,
aged 91) the printing of bibles was begun in
Belfast by Blow l about 1704.' There is a
copy of the bible which shows the imprint,
( printed by a nd for James Blow and for George
Grierson, printer to the king's most excellent
majesty, at the King's Arms and Two Bibles
in Essex Street, Dublin, MDCCII./ 8vo. But
one of the figures of the date has been mu-
tilated, and the true date is MDCCLI. The
bibles of 1751 are Blow's work throughout,
but some others purporting to be Blow's bibles
are made-up copies, only the title and first
sheet being Belfast work, and the remainder
Scotch. The patent to print bibles was first
given to the Grierson family in 1726 by Lord
Carteret, appointed lord-lieutenant on 22 Aug.
1724. George Grierson (who died in 1753,
aged 74) married, as his second wife, a daugh-
ter of Blow and widow of Francis Cromie,
merchant, of Belfast (died December 1731).
Bohn, borrowing a note by John Hodgson, in
the ' Ulster Journal of Archaeology,' vol. iii.,
1855, pp. 76-7, mentions in his edition of
1 Lowndes,' 1864, i. 189, ' The Bible, Belfast,
James Blood [i.e. Blow], 1716, 8vo. First
edition of the Scriptures printed in Ireland.'
Bohn adds : ' An error occurs in a verse in
Isaiah. " Sin no more " is printed " Sin on
more." The error was not discovered until the
entire impression (8,000 copies) were bound
and partly distributed.' Bohn's date is, to

Blow

261

Blow

say the least, ten years too early; the reference
to Isaiah is a manifest error. The earliest book
mentioned by Benn as bearing Blow's imprint
is the ' Works of Sir David Lindsay,' 1714,
12mo. But he printed for the presbyterians,
and it is probable that some of their publica-
tions, without name of place or printer, are
by him. James Kirkpatrick's ' Historical
Essay upon the Loyalty of Presbyterians,'
1713, 4to, the most important of these, is
assigned by Benn to Blow ; but this is not
borne out by the character of the type. In the
ecclesiastical contest (1720-7) between the
subscribers and non-subscribers to the West-
minster Confession, Blow printed for the non-
subscribing section. One of the most inte-
resting productions of Blow's press is ( The
Church Catechism in Irish, with the English
placed over against it in the same Karakter,'
1722. Blow died in 1759. His last known
publication was Henry Grove's 'Discourse
concerning the Nature and Design of the
Lord's Supper,' 4th edition, 1759 (advertised
in the ' Belfast Newsletter,' 2 Feb.) Blow
lost two young children in 1717. His son
Daniel succeeded him as a printer, and his
grandsons founded the paper-making firm
of Blow, Ward, & Greenfield. The original
wooden press employed by the Blows was in
use at Youghal as late as 1824.

[Benn's History of Belfast (1877), 424 seq.;
Belfast Funeral Register (presbyterian) ; collec-
tions of Belfast publications in Linenhall Library,
Belfast; others in private hands; private infor-
mation.] A. G.

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708), musical
composer, is said by all his biographers to
have been born at North Collingham, in
Nottinghamshire, in 1648, but the registers
of that parish contain no entries relating to
him or to any of his family, and Anthony a
Wood, in a manuscript account of his life, I
preserved in the Bodleian Library (Wood
19 D (4) No. 106), has the following note :
4 Dr. Rogers tells me that John Blow was
borne in London.7 He is said to have re-
ceived his first instruction in music from
John Hingeston and Christopher Gibbons,
but as the latter was organist of Winchester
Cathedral from 1638 to 1661 he can hardly
have been Blow's master at this period, j
With regard to Hingeston the statement is |
more likely to be accurate, as that musician i
was organist to Cromwell, and also held i
office after the Restoration. Blow was one
of the first set of the children of the Chapel
Royal on its re-establishment in 1660 under j
Captain Henry Cooke. He must have begun i
composition at an early age, for Clifford's
4 Divine Services and Anthems usually sung

I in His Majestie's Chappell' (1663) contains
! the words of three anthems, •'! will inagnifie,'
I ' Lord, Thou hast been our refuge,' and
' Lord, rebuke me not,' which were set by
him when he was still at the Chapel Royal.
Another composition of this date which is
still extant is the so-called * Club Anthem,'
; 'I will always give thanks,' a work with
orchestral accompaniments, the first part of
: which was written by Pelham Humphreys,
| the last by Blow, and the intermediate bass
solo by William Turner. This is generally
said (on the authority of Dr. Tudway) to
have been composed to celebrate a naval
| victory over the Dutch in 1665, but as
; Humphreys left the choir in 1664 it is more
| probable that Boyce is right in attributing
its origin to the friendship which existed
among the three choristers. When he was
still at the Chapel Royal, Blow composed
his celebrated duet to Herrick's words, * Goe,
perjur'd man/ which was written in imita-
tion of Carissimi's ' Dite o cieli,' Charles II
having asked him whether he could copy that
work. On his voice breaking, Blow still con-
tinued to study with assiduity. On 21 Aug.
1667 Pepys made the following entry in his
diary, which probably refers to him : ' This
morning come two of Captain Cooke's boys,
whose voices are broke, and are gone from
the chapel, but have extraordinary skill j and
they and my boy, with his broken voice, did
sing three parts ; their names were Blaew
and Loggings ; but notwithstanding their
skill, yet to hear them sing with their broken
voices, which they could not command to
keep in tune, would make a man mad — so
bad it was.' Two years later, at the early
age of twenty-one, he succeeded Albert us
Bryan as organist of Westminster Abbey,
and on 16 March 1673-4 he was sworn in
as a gentleman of the Chapel Royal in place
of Roger Hill, deceased. On 21 July 1674
he became master of the children of the same
establishment, in which post he succeeded
his old companion, Pelham Humphreys. In
the same year (4 Sept.) he was married at
St. Paul's, Covent Garden, to Elizabeth, only
daughter of Edward Braddock, one of the
gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, and a mem-
ber of the abbey choir. In October 1676
Blow was appointed organist of the Chapel
Royal, and shortly after he is said to have re-
ceived the Lambeth degree of Mus. Doc. from
Archbishop Sancroft. It has been stated by
all his biographers, from Anthony a Wood
downwards, that Blow's musical degree was
obtained in this manner, but the music school
at Oxford formerly contained a manuscript
act song, composed in 1678 and performed
in 1679, which seems to show that the degree

Blow

262

Blow

was obtained at Oxford. Unfortunately the
manuscript has been lost, and as there is no
entry of his name on the graduates' list (from
which the names of musical graduates were
formerly often omitted), the evidence on this
point must at present remain unsettled. In
1680 Blow resigned his appointment as or-
ganist at Westminster Abbey to his great j
pupil, Henry Purcell. It was probably a few j
years later that he wrote his only composition
for the stage, the little masque of ' Venus and
Adonis,' in three acts and a prologue. This
charming work, which has never been printed,
was composed for Mary Davis, the mistress
of Charles II, who sang the part of Venus
on its production before the king, that of
Cupid being taken by her daughter, Lady
Mary Tudor. The original manuscript is pre-
served in the Chapter Library at Westminster,
and copies are in the British Museum (Add.
MSS. 22100) and the Christ Church collec-
tion, Oxford. For New Year's day, 1681, he
composed an ode beginning ' Great Sir, ye
joy of all our hearts/ one of several similar j
compositions called forth by his connection j
with the court. In 1685 Blow was appointed
a member of the royal band, and composer in |
ordinary to James II, at whose coronation in j
Westminster Abbey he sang among the basses j
of the choir. From 1687 to 1693 he was I
almoner and master of the choristers at j
St. Paul's Cathedral, in which appointments j
he succeeded Michael Wise ; but in 1693 he :
resigned them in favour of his pupil, Jere- j
miah Clarke. Towards the close of James II's
reign Blow is said to have written his cele-
brated anthem, ' I beheld and lo ! J in con-
nection with which the following anecdote
is related on the authority of his pupil,
Samuel Weeley, a vicar choral of St. Paul's.
An anthem by an Italian composer having
been performed at the Chapel Royal, James II
was so pleased with it, that he asked Blow
whether he could produce anything so good.
The following Sunday Blow's ' I beheld and
lo ! ' was sung, and at the close of the ser-
vice Father Petre was sent by the king
to express his approval of it to the com-
poser. Father Petre, however, added as his
own opinion that the anthem was too long,
to which Blow replied, l That is the opinion
of one fool — I heed it not.' This retort so
incensed the priest, that he persuaded James
to remove Blow from his office ; but before
this could be accomplished the revolution of
1688 took place, and Blow retained his ap-
pointments until his death. About 1697 he
was living at an estate he had bought at
Hampton, where he wrote (15 Oct. 1697) an
anthem, ' I was glad when they said unto me,'
for the opening of St. Paul's Cathedral. In

the same year he wrote an anthem, « Praise
the Lord, 0 my Soul,' to celebrate the peace
of Ryswick. In 1699 a new establishment was
founded in the Chapel Royal, and Blow was
admitted into it as composer at a salary of
40/. per annum, which sum was afterwards
raised to 731. In the following year he pub-
lished his ' Amphion Anglicus,' the full title
of which is as follows : 'Amphion Anglicus.
A Work of many compositions for One, Two,
Three, and Four Voices : with several accom-
paniments of Instrumental Musick ; and a
Thorow-Bass to each Song : Figur'd for an
Organ, Harpsichord, or Theorboe-Lute. By
Dr. John Blow. London : Printed by Wil-
liam Pearson, for the Author ; and are to be
Sold at his House in the Broad-Sanctuary,
over against Westminster-Abby, and by
Henry Playford, at his Shop in the Temple-
Change, Fleet-Street, 1700.' In the dedica-
tion addressed to the Princess Anne he ex-
presses his intention of publishing his church
compositions — 'To those, in truth, I have
ever more especially consecrated the Thoughts
of my whole Life. All the rest I consider but
as the Blossoms, or rather the Leaves ; those
I only esteem as the Fruits of all my Labours
in this kind. With them I began my first
Youthful Raptures in this Art. With them
I hope calmly and comfortably to finish my
days.' In accordance with the custom of the
day, the collection is introduced by a num-
ber of laudatory verses. These are by Wil-
liam Pittis, Tom d'Urfey, Henry Hall, Jere-
miah Clarke, an anonymous writer who dates
from Whitehall, William Crofts, J. Phillips,
' H. P.,' John Barrett, William Luddington,
Richard Brown, Ed. Langbridge, S. Akeroyd,
William Pearson, and ' Mr. Herbert.' Many
of these men were Blow's own pupils, and their
effusions breathe a more genuine spirit than
is usual in such productions, and show in
what high esteem the amiable composer was
held. Blow died at Westminster on 1 Oct.
1708, and was buried on the 7th of the same
month in the north aisle of the abbey. His
J will, dated 3 Jan. 1707, when he was sick,
in body but of sound and perfect mind and
memory,' shows him to have been possessed
| of considerable property. To his daughter
I Katharine he left two leasehold houses in
Great Sanctuary ; to his daughter Elizabeth
i a leasehold house in Great Sanctuary, and
| two leasehold houses in Orchard Street ; and
to his daughter Mary three houses in Turk
Lane. His copyhold estate at Hampton was
directed to be sold for the benefit of his
daughters, and he also left to Elizabeth Lud-
dington, his ' true and faithful servant,' sums
of 100/., and 10/. for mourning, besides ' my
rings which I weare — all my wearing cloaths,

Blow

263

Blower

morning Gowns, and Liiinen ; ' to his sister
Cage 50/., and 10/. for mourning ; and to his
niece, Elizabeth Blow, 50/., * to be disposed
of as my said daughters shall think tit for ;
Ker use/ and 61. for mourning. Blow's wife
died in childbed on 29 Oct. 1683, aged 30. i
By her he had five children : (1) Henry
(buried in Westminster Abbey 1 Sept. |
1676) ; (2) John, died 2 June 1693, aged 15
(said to have been a child of great talent) ;
(3) Elizabeth, married 30 April 1719 to
Captain William Edgeworth, and died
2 Sept. 1719 ; (4) Katharine, died unmarried
19 May 1730; (5) Mary, died unmarried
19 Nov. 1738. Blow's portrait was painted by
SJT Peter Lely, and is now in the possession
of the Rev. Sir F. Gore Ouseley. There is a
fine engraving of him drawn from the life by
R White prefixed to the 'Amphion Anglicus ;'
other engravings are a small oval published
bj J. Hinton, and another (with Boyce, Arne,
Purcell, and Croft) drawn by R. Smirke,
pLblished in September 1801. Although he
wis a voluminous composer, very little of his
music has been published separately. An
elegy on Queen Mary, ' The Queen's Epice-
dium,' was printed, with two odes by Pur-
cell, in 1695, an ode on St. Cecilia's day in
1684, an ode on the death of Purcell in 1696
(words by Dry den), a collection of lessons for
the harpsichord in 1698, other similar collec-
tions (with several by Purcell) in 1700 and
1705, and ' The Psalms set full for the Organ
or Harpsichord ' (no date). Three services
and ten anthems are printed by Boyce, and
many of his smaller compositions are to be
found in the contemporary publications of
Playford and others. Blow wrote many
birthday, New Year, and St. Cecilia odes,
upwards of one hundred anthems, and four-
teen services, most of which are still extant
in the collections of the British Museum,
Christ Church, Oxford, Music School, Royal
College of Music, and Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge. His compositions have for long
been most undeservedly neglected. During
his lifetime he was overshadowed by Purcell,
and in later years the attack which Burney
made upon his music deterred musicians
from investigating its merits for themselves.
Those who have done so are unanimous in
thinking that Burney's strictures reflect more j
discredit upon his critical acumen than upon
Blow's music, which was in many respects
far in advance of the age in which he wrote, '
and displays an extraordinary degree of
power and individuality. By his contempo-
raries he was chiefly admired for his organ-
playing, in which he 'was reckon'd the
greatest Master in the World, for playing
most gravely and seriously in his Volun-

taries ; and also for his mastery of Canon.'
The celebrated * Gloria ' from his 'Jubilate in
C maj or,' which is engraved upon his tombstone
at Westminster, is said to have been sung at
St. Peter's at Rome, where it was introduced
by Cardinal Howard, to whom it was given
by the sub-dean of the Chapel Royal, Dr.
Ralph Battell, and Purcell in his additions
to the twelfth edition of Playford's ' Intro-
duction to the Skill of Music' (1694) quotes
this composition with the remark that Blow's
1 character is sufficiently known by his Works,
of which this very Instance is enough to re-
commend him as one of the Greatest Masters
in the World.'

[Wood's MSS. (Bodleian Library), 19 D (4),
No. 106; Chapter Records of Winchester Cathe-
dral ; Registers of North Collingham ; State
Papers (Dom. Ser.), 1660-1, vol. viii.; Bar-
rett's English Church Composers (1882), p. 92 ;
Grove's Dictionary of Music, i. 249, 756 b -,
Boyce's Cathedral Music ; Noble's Continuation
of Granger, i. 301 ; Busby's Musical Anecdotes,
iii. 187, 202 ; Cheque-book of the Chapel Royal ;
Chester's Registers of Westminster Abbey,
pp. 208, 265, &c. ; Catalogue of the Music School
CoUection, Oxford; W. H. Cummings's Life of
Purcell, p. 43, &c. ; Hawkins's History of Music
(ed. 1853), ii. 740; Rees's Encyclopaedia, vol. iv. ;
Appendix to Bemrose's Choir Chant Book, p. vi ;
Probate Registry, 228 (Barrett) ; Playford's In-
troduction (12th ed. 1694), p. 141; Bedford's
Great Abuse of Musick (1711), pp. 219, 248;
Burney's History of Music; Catalogues of the
British Museum and Royal College of Music; in-
formation from the Rev. J. R. Mee and Mr.
W. R. Sims.] W. B. S.

BLOWER, SAMUEL (d. 1701), non-
conformist divine, of Magdalen College,
Oxford, was ejected in 1662 from Woodstock
in Oxfordshire. He had been previously cast
out of his fellowship at Magdalen for very
slight nonconformity. In 1662-3 he settled
in Northampton, and was the first pastor or
founder of the meeting-house on Castle Hill
there. According to a local history of the
congregation, ' Mr. Blower's ministry must
have been fruitful. The church covenant was
signed by 1 64 names . For many years he had
laboured in adverse circumstances, kept the
people together, and prepared the way for his
successors.' Of the adverse circumstances
there is still a survival in a huge wall and
window shutters of extraordinary thickness,
prepared specially ' to protect the place from
violent attacks.' Blower resigned the charge
in his old age in 1694. He retired to Abingdon
in Berkshire, which is supposed to have been
his birthplace, and died there in 1701. His
only published writing was a funeral sermon
for Mrs. Elizabeth Tub on Psalm xviii. 46.

Bloxam

264

Blund

[Calamy and Palmer ; Acts and Memoirs of y *
P'ticular Church of Christ in Northampton of
which Mr. Samuel Blower was pastor ; commu-
nications from Mr. John Taylor, Northampton,
and Kev. Stephen Lepine, Abingdon, Berkshire.]

A. B. G.

BLOXAM, ANDREW (1801-1878), na-
turalist, was born at Rugby 22 Sept. 1801, and
was fourth son of Rev. R. R. Bloxam, one of
the masters of Rugby School, which school
he entered in 1809, leaving it in 1820 for
Worcester College, Oxford, of which he after-
wards became a fellow. In the autumn of
1824 he accepted the situation of naturalist
on board the Blonde frigate, Captain Lord
Byron, his eldest brother being the chaplain.
The vessel conveyed the bodies of the King
and Queen of the Sandwich Islands, who had
died in this country, to their native land, the
voyage lasting eighteen months. A large col-
lection of natural history specimens were
made, and these were deposited in the British
Museum on his return in 1826.

He took holy orders a few months later,
and settled in Leicestershire at Twycross,
afterwards removing to Harborough Magna,
where he died 2 Feb. 1878. His labours were
not confined to any one department ; he wrote
on conchology, ornithology, flowerless and
flowering plants, and he possessed a critical
knowledge of British ' Rubi ' and { Rosae,' of
which he published dried sets. In conjunc-
tion with Mr. Churchill Babington he wrote
an account of thebotany of Charnwood Forest
for Potter's history of that district. He may
be regarded as perhaps the last of the all-
round British naturalists.

Bloxam married Ann, daughter of Rev. J.
Roby, of Congerstone, and by her had a nu-
merous family. A water-colour drawing by
Turner, in the National Gallery, represents
the six brothers Bloxam attending the funeral
of their uncle, Sir T. Lawrence, R. A.

[Midland Naturalist, April 1878, pp. 88-90.]

B. D. J.

BLOXHAM, JOHN (d. 1334?), a Car-
melite, was educated at Oxford. He entered
the Carmelite community at Chester, and
finally rose to be provincial of the order in
England. He was in high favour with Ed-
ward II and Edward III, by both of whom
he was employed in important missions in
Scotland and Ireland. He was energetic in
promoting the interests of his order and in
reforming abuses, which he found during his
tours of inspection, both in Scotland and Ire-
land, as well as in England. He died at
Oxford about the year 1334, and was buried
there.

The following are the titles of works as-

cribed to Bloxham, none of which have been

j printed : l Annotationes in Apocalypsim ; '

! ' Hibernensium Ordinationes:' 'Comment, in

Sententias;' ' De Septem Signaculis;' 186

letters. Bloxham is said to have been a

zealous advocate of the papal authority, ard

to have taught it as an essential article of

faith.

[Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicfe,
ii. 403 ; Bale's Scriptores Illustres Majoris Bry-
tannise, i. 398 ; Villiers de St. Etienne, Biblb-
theca Carmelitana.] A. M.

BLOXHAM, JOHN (d. 1387), wardenpf
Merton College, Oxford, was a bachelor of

j theology of Oxford. He was elected seventh.

i warden of Merton in 1375. It is said that
he was frequently employed by Edward HI
to execute his business in Scotland and lie-
land, and further that he wrote ' Diversoriim
titulorum opuscula,' and ' Elegantes epistolje.'
He died in 1387, and was buried in the middle
of the choir of his college chapel.

[Wood's Hist, and Antiquities of Oxford, i. 6,
23 (ed. Gutch) ; Leland, De Scriptoribus ; T«i-
ner's Bibl. Brit.]

BLUND or BLUNT, JOHN LE (d. 1248),
chancellor of York, was one of the leaders of
the movement for the restoration of the uni-
versity of Oxford to its ancient position as a
seat of learning, in which theFranciscan friars,
Edmund Rich, Adam de Marisco, and Robert
Grosseteste, took a chief part. Having re-
ceived his earlier education at Oxford, Blund,
like Edmund Rich, transferred himself to the
university of Paris. He was studying here
in 1229 when the violent reprisals taken on
the students by the order of the queen, for
a brawl in which some tavern-keepers had
been roughly handled, caused the dispersion
of the whole body, scholars and teachers
(MATT. PAKIS, iii. 168, ed. Luard). Blund,with
other ' famosi Angli,' returned to his native
country, where he resumed his residence at
Oxford as a teacher, and rendered important
assistance to Edmund Rich in his introduc-
tion of the Aristotelian philosophy. His
celebrity as a theologian marked out Blund
for preferment in the church. He was already
canon of Chichester and chancellor of York
(GEEVAS. CANTTJAK. GestaRegum, ii. 129; LE
NEVE (ed. Hardy), iii. 163), when the sudden
death of Archbishop Richard Grant (1 Aug.
1231) left the primatial throne vacant. The
election first of Ralph Neville, bishop of Chi-
chester, and then of John, the prior of Canter-
bury, had been successively annulled by the
pope. The powerful Peter des Roches, bishop
of Winchester, was Blund's patron. His in-
fluence with the monks of Canterbury secured

Blundell

265

Blundell

the election of his nominee, to whom, on his j was Catharine, daughter of Sir Rowland Stan-
departure for Rome, he gave one thousand I ley of Hooton, and the family thus became con-
marks as a present, and a second thousand as j nected with the Welds of Lulworth, in whom
a loan, by the judicious use of which he might | the estate is now vested. In 1752 his father
win the favour of the papal curia. He was married as his second wife Margaret Ander-
elected 26 Aug. 1232. The royal assent was ton, and in 1761, resigning the estates to his
given without delay, and he started on his I son, retired on an annual allowance toLiver-

" T-» -11 i __i _i _ 1_ _ .I' .1 • -M-rr-cy -r -I ^r/?/A T>1__

journey to Rome, accompanied by a number
of the monks by whom he had been elected.
Blund carried with him an assurance from the
university of which he was a distinguished
ornament — ' studens ac legens theologiam' —
that his appointment would be popular. One
of the body, Michael of Cornwall, addressed a
copy of verses to the pope, in which he called
on the whole of the university and men of
every rank from the king to the commonalty
to bear witness to the honesty of Blund's life,

OVAAj J. ^l JL.I. \^\JL V^A-L EMU CHJ.J.J. UUiJ. CVAXV/ TV U.U.V'ls V\J JLJJ. V ^J.—

pool, where he died in 1773. In 1760 Blun-
dell married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George
Mostyn, and settled at the ancestral mansion,
Ince-Blundell Hall. His wife died in 1767
at the age of thirty-three, having borne him
a son and daughters. The year of his mar-
riage was that of the death of Sir Francis
Anderton, and, after some compromise had
been effected, his fortune was increased by
the accession of the Lostock estates. The
Roman catholic gentry were excluded by

and the futility of any charges that might the penal laws from public life, and Blun-
be brought against liim (MlCH. CORNUB. j dell, probably influenced by the example of

Poemata ; HOOK, Lives of the Archbishops, iii.
157). All, however, was in vain. The well-
deserved unpopularity of Des Roches in his
adopted country rendered it impolitic for the
pope to accept his nominee as archbishop. A
colourable pretext for his rejection was sug-
gested by his enemy, Simon Langton, arch-
deacon of Canterbury, brother of Archbishop
Stephen Langton — that the archbishop elect
by his own confession held two benefices with
cure of souls, without a papal dispensation.
This was in direct violation of the canons.
Des Roches had written to the emperor,
Frederick II., urging him to interpose in
Blund's behalf. But the relations of pope
and emperor were not such as to render such
mediation hopeful. The choice of the electors
was for a third time in succession quashed,
and Blund returned home (1233) to end his
days a simple presbyter (MATT. PARIS, iii.
223; ROG, WENDOVER, Flores Histor. iv.
248, 267) . A pleasing letter of Grosseteste's,
after he had become bishop of Lincoln, ex-
cusing, himself for not admitting to a benefice
one of Blund's relatives, on the ground of
his almost total illiteracy, bears witness to
their long-standing friendship (GROSSETESTE,
JEpistol<e,ed. Luard, p. 68, ep. 19). Blund
died chancellor of York, the same year as
his old opponent, Simon Langton, 1248.

[Matt. Paris (ed. Luard), iii. 168, 223, 243, v.
41 ; Eog. Wendover (Eng. Hist. Soc.), iv. 248,
267; Gervas. Cantuar. Gesta Regura, ii. 129;
Annal. Monast. Osn. iv. 73 ; Dunstap. iii. 132 ;
Grosseteste, Epist. (ed. Luard), p. 68.] E. V.

BLUNDELL, HENRY (1724-1810), art
collector, was born at Ince-Blundell in Lanca-
shire, where his family, who were Roman ca-
tholics, had been resident for many centuries.

his friend and neighbour Towneley, turned
his attention to classical art and archaeology.
His first purchase was the statuette of a
seated philosopher, obtained from Jenkins in
1777. Visconti, to whom he was personally
known, bears testimony to his fine taste.
Michaelis says that * a vigorous weeding-out
could only have heightened the value of the
collection, and the praise expended by Vis-
conti on the collector is misleading.' His
chief agent was a Jesuit, Father John Thorpe,
and his chief purveyor the well-known
Thomas Jenkins.

Blundell's name appears on the title-pages
of two books relating to his collection :

1. ' An Account of the Statues, Busts, Bass-
relieves, Cinerary Urns, and other Ancient
Marbles and Paintings at Ince.' Collected
by H. B. Liverpool, printed by J. McCreery,
1803. This work is now very rare. It was
printed for presentation only. Lowndes is
mistaken when he describes it as containing
a frontispiece and six plates. He may have
seen a copy with engravings inserted, but
the volume was not issued with them.

2. * Engravings and Etchings of Sepulchral
Monuments, Cinerary Urns, Gems, Bronzes,
Prints, Greek Inscriptions, Fragments, &c.,
in the Collection of Henry Blundell, Esq., at
Ince,' 1809, 2 vols. in folio, containing 158
plates and three frontispieces. Of this work
only fifty copies were printed for presenta-
tion to Blundell's friends. The work was
begun by the advice and assistance of his
friend Towneley, whose help is not believed
to have been very great.

Blundell purchased many works of art
which came into the market through the
revolutionary wars. He bought a relief-
still at Ince— which he had himself formerly

His father was Robert Blundell, and his mother presented to the pope. Dr. S. H. Spiker has

Blundell

266

Blundell

left an interesting account of a visit he paid
to Ince in 1816 in company with Richard
Heber the book-collector. There is a full
catalogue in the works of Michaelis, who
examined the collection in 1873 and 1877.
A later account, understood to be by Mr.
F. G. Stephens, appeared in the ' Athenseum'
in 1883. This writer notices also the paint-
ings, some of great interest, and other ob-
jects of art at Ince-Blundell.

Blundell was anxious for the perpetuation
of his family, and quarrelled with his son for
resolving not to marry. In consequence of
their estrangement, the father settled the Lo-
stock estates upon his daughters — Katharine,
wife of Thomas Stonor of Stonor, and Eliza-
beth, wife of Stephen Tempest of Broughton.
Blundell died at Ince-Blundell on 28 March
1810. His funeral in Sefton Church was fol-
lowed by a procession half a mile in length.
A tablet to his memory was the work of the
then unknown John Gibson. The epitaph
is attributed to William Roscoe. Blundell's
death was followed by a litigation amongst
his children, but the will was sustained, and
the Lostock property, which in 1802 had a
rent-roll of 4,753/. 0*. tyd., went to the
daughters, and the Ince-Blundell estate,
which at the same time had an income of
3,2637. 9s. Id., passed to Charles Robert
Blundell, who died 12 Oct. 1837. He had
met his father's proposals by a threat of
alienating the family estates ; and he now
left them to a maternal relative, the second
son of Edward Weld, of Lulworth, in pre-
ference to his sisters' children. After much
litigation from 1840 to 1847 his will was
upheld.

[Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxx. pt. i. (1810), pp. 289,
385; Baines's History of Lancashire, iv. 213;
Foster's Lancashire Pedigrees, 1873 ; Gibson's
Lydiate Hall and its Associations, 1876; Greg-
son's Fragments relating to Lancashire, 1824,
p. 224, new ed. 1869, p. 221 ; Catalogue of the
Towneley Library, pp. 10, 16; Athenaeum, Nos.
2917, 2918, 2919, 22 and 29 Sept. and 6 Oct.
1883; Nichols's Illustrations, iii. 739 (a commu-
nication from James Dallaway which is repeated
in his work of Statuary and Sculpture among
the Ancients, London, 1816, p. 352 ; Spiker'sEeise
durch England im Jahr 1816, Leipzig, 1818, i. 396
(Engl. transl., London, 1820, i. 313) ; Waagen's
Art Treasures of the United Kingdom, iii. 242 ;
(Michaelis gives other references to notices of the
marbles) ; Eoscoe's Life of William Eoscoe, Lon-
don, 1833, p. 63 ; Waagen's Art Treasures of Great
Britain, 1854; Early Exhibitions of Art in
Liverpool, 1876, p. 35 ; Britton's Beauties of
England and Wales, ix. 309.] W. E. A. A.

BLUNDELL, JAMES (1790-1877), phy-
sician, was born in London on 27 Dec. 1790.

He was educated by the Rev. T. Thomason,
and studied at the United Borough Hos-
pitals under his uncle Dr. Haighton, a well-
known physiologist. He graduated as M.D.
at Edinburgh on 24 June 1813. In 1814 he
began to lecture at London, in conjunction
with his uncle, on midwifery, and soon after-
wards began a course on physiology. He
succeeded Haighton as lecturer at Guy's
Hospital, and for many years had the largest
class on midwifery in London. He ceased
to lecture in 1836. He made a large for-
tune, leaving 350,000/. He was admitted a
licentiate of the College of Physicians in
1818 and fellow on 6 Aug. 1838. He was
author of t Researches, Physiological and
Pathological, instituted principally with a
View to the Improvement of Medical and
Surgical Practice' (1825). Dr. Munk says
that this work shows great original research
and prepared the way for many improve-
ments in abdominal surgery. He also pub-
lished ' Principles and Practice of Obstetricy,
with Notes' (1834), and ' Observations on
some of the more important Diseases of
Women ' (1837). Both of these were edited
by Dr. Castle.

[Munk's Eoll, i. vii, iii. 180.]

BLUNDELL, PETER (1520-1601), mer-
chant and benefactor, was born at Tiver-
ton in 1520. At first he was but a poor lad,
who made his living by running on the
errands and watching the horses of the
carriers in the kersey-trade who visited that
town. But even in this poor calling he
managed to save enough money to buy a
single kersey, which was carried to London
by one of his friends without any charge,
and sold for Blundell's profit. From this
small beginning he progressed so rapidly in
buying and selling kerseys, as well as in act-
ing for other merchants in the same trade,
that he was enabled to establish a manu-
factory for himself. By this means he gradu-
ally accumulated a vast estate, and was able,
besides leaving substantial legacies to his
nephews, to spend nearly 40,000£ in various
benefactions. By his will, dated 9 June
1599, he directed that his body should be
buried in the church of St. Michael Pater-
noster, afterwards known as St. Michael
Royal, London. He died a bachelor 18 April
1601, and was buried 4 May. It may be
noted that one of his nephews, Robert Chil-
cot, followed his example, both in trade and
in charitable disposition.

Blundell's benefactions were not confined
to any particular place or class. He left large
sums to the London hospitals and to the city
companies, to various institutions at Tiverton

Blundell

267

Blundevill

and to the city of Exeter, the last benefaction j
being designed for the encouragement of the :
city's mechanics. But his chief public work j
consisted of the establishment and endow-
ment under his will of the school known as
Blundell's School, which was erected in 1604
at the east end of the town of Tiverton.
Within this building have been educated a
large number of the youth of the west of
England, including Bishops Bull, Hayter,
and Conybeare, Mr. Abraham Hayward, the
essayist, and Mr. R. D. Blackmore, the
novelist. John Ridd, the hero of Mr. Black-
more's novel of ' Lorna Doone/ was educated
there, and two views of the school-build-
ings will be found in the illustrated edition j
of that work. Particulars of the feoffees, ;
masters, and principal scholars may be ob- (
tained from the works of Incledon, Dunsford, !
and Harding. Minutes of the proceedings
of the feoffees from 1665 to 1774 are in !
the possession of Lieutenant-colonel Carew,
of Crowcombe Court, Somerset. When an
annual school-feast was set on foot about j
1750, a ticket was engraved by Hogarth.

[Incledon's Donations of P. Blundell, 1792
and 1804; Dunsford's Tiverton, 114-18, 180-9, j
203, 265, 342-55 ; Harding's Tiverton, books i., j
iii., and iv. ; Polwhele's Cornwall, v. 74-6 ;
Prince's Worthies ; Moore's Devon, ii. 116-19; \
Fourth Eep. Hist. MS. Comm. p. 374.1

W. P. C.

BLUNDELL, WILLIAM (1620-1698),
royalist officer and topographer, son of Nicho-
las Blundell, by Jane, daughter of Roger
Bradshaigh, of Haigh, near Wigan, was
born at Crosby Hall, Lancashire, and proba- i
bly was sent to one of the secret places of |
education that were maintained by catholics ;
in various parts of the country. At the age ;
of fifteen he married Ann, daughter of Sir j
Thomas Haggerston, bart., of Haggerston, j
co. Northumberland. In 1642 he accepted a j
captain's commission from Sir Thomas Til- |
desley, authorising him to raise a company of j
one hundred dragoons for the royal cause.
He joined in the march to Lancaster, where
he received a serious wound, having his thigh
shattered by a musket-shot. From this pe-
riod till the close of the civil war his life was
one of privation and anxiety. By the law of
1646 no papist delinquent could compound
for his estate, and consequently all his real pro-
perty was seized, and remained in the hands
of the commissioners for nine or ten years.
Ultimately he repurchased it at a cost of
1,340Z. In addition to this he found himself
saddled with the arrears of the rents reserved
to the crown, arising out of frequent grants
for recusancy, some of which had never been

discharged. These went back as far as the
reign of Elizabeth, and he was forced by the go-
vernment to pay on this score 1,167 /. 15s. 6|<7.
Moreover, the cost of making out this pro-
digious bill was added to the account, consti-
tuting an addition of 34/. 10s. 2d. to the
foregoing sum. This remarkable document, a
roll of twenty feet in length, is still preserved.
After the civil war Blundell retired to Crosby
Hall, where he died 24 May 1698.

His works are: 1. 'A Short Treatise on
the Penal Laws ; ' this exists in manuscript
at Crosby, but a printed copy cannot be found,
although the author states that a few copies
were printed in London. 2. 'An Exact
Chronographical and Historical Discovery of
the hitherto unknown Isle of Man, containing
a true and perfect description of this island at
large ; the history of their antient kings, late
lords, and bishops of ye island, the ceremo-
nies of their inaugurations, and installments/
&c., 2 vols., Douglas, 1876-77, 8vo, edited
by William Harrison, and forming vols. xxv.
and xxvii. of the publications of the Manx So-
ciety. 3. ' Manuscript Commonplace Books/
kept on the method described by Drexilius in
his ' Aurifodiua ; ' a selection of the most in-
teresting of the original notes, anecdotes, and
observations, in these volumes has been pub-
lished, with introductory chapters, by the
Rev. Thomas Ellison Gibson, under the title
of i Crosby Records, a Cavalier s Note Book,'
London, 1880, 4to.

[Memoir by Gibson prefixed to the Cavalier's
Note Book ; Publications of the Manx Society.]

T. C.

BLUNDEVILL, RANDULPH DB, EARL
OF CHESTER (d. 1232), warrior and statesman,
was son and heir of Hugh ' de Kivelioc/
earl (palatine) of Chester, whom he succeeded
in 1180 (DTTGDALE, Mon. Angl. iii. 218) or
1181 (WALTER OF COVENTRY,!. 317). His sur-
name, like his father's, was derived from his
birthplace, 'Blundevill' being identified by
Dugdale with Oswestry. In 1187 he received
in marriage, ' per donationem regis Henrici '
(Gesta Reyis Henrici Secundi, ii. 29), Con-
stance, daughter and heir of Conan, duke
of Brittany, and widow of Geoffrey, second
son of Henry II, andjwre uxoris l duke ' (or
'count') of Brittany, who died 19 Aug. 1186.
By this marriage he became stepfather of
Arthur, and, in consequence of it, he occasion-
ally assumed the styles of Duke of Brittany
and Earl of Richmond (see two charters
printed by Ormerod on p. 37, and also an
Inspeximus in Cart. 22 Ed. Ill, n. 6). He
is said by Matthew Paris to have carried
the crown (but cf. BEN. ABB. p. 558 ; ROGER
DE HOVEDEN, p. 656) at the coronation of

Blundevill

268

Blundevill

Richard I. In 1190 his sister Maud was mar- |
ried to David, earl of Huntingdon, brother
to William, king of Scots (W. Cov. i. 423 ;
Gesta Regis Ricardi, ii. 146). In the fifth ;
year of Richard's reign he was among those |
before whom fines were levied (HUNTER, j
Fines, pref. p. Ixiii), his sole exercise of !
judicial functions. With his brother-in-law, |
David, in Richard's interest, he joined in the j
siege of Nottingham (February 1194), which •
surrendered, after Richard had joined them, !
on 28 March (W. Cov. ii. 52). He was then !
present at the second coronation (17 April),
where he bore one of the three swords. After
this he accompanied Richard to Normandy.
We find him at variance with his wife as early
as 1196, when he intercepted her at Pontorson
on her way to Richard and confined her in
his castle of St. Jean Beveron. Her son's
forces, failing to rescue her, ravaged the earl's
lands (W. Cov. ii. 98 ; HOVEDEN, iv. 7).

On the accession of John he was one of
those suspected magnates whose oaths of
fealty were exacted at Northampton before
the king's arrival (W. Cov. ii. 145; Ann,
Hurt. p. 139). He was, however, present at
the coronation on 27 May 1199 (W. Cov. ii.
146). Having accompanied John abroad,
he was, in October, deserted by his wife
(HOVEDEN, iv. 97), who fled with Arthur to
Angers, and there married Guy, brother to
the Vicomte of Thouars. Dugdale repeats the
legendary story that he divorced her in conse-
quence of John's attentions. The earl, soon
after her desertion, married Clemence, widow
of Alan de Dinan, daughter of William,
sister of Geoffrey, the great-niece of Ralph de
Fougeres, and niece of William de Humez,
constable of Normandy. Dugdale's account
is here inaccurate. She appears as his wife
in the deeds of agreement between the earl
and the house of Fougeres 7 Oct. 1200 (printed
in ORMEROD'S Cheshire, i. 39-40), by which
he obtained, with her, lands both in England
and Normandy. He also gave the king 100/.
(Angev.) to pursue his claims in France.
Remaining abroad, he was entrusted by John
with Similly Castle in Normandy, 23 Sept,
1201. But the king a year and a half later,
hearing reports of his infidelity, came to
Vire Castle (13 April 1203), whither the earl
with Fulk Paynell hurried the next morning,
and the two cleared themselves of the charges
made against them. Blundevill, however,
was constrained to surrender the castle and
give pledges. But he was then entrusted
(31 May 1203) with the keep of Avranches,
on which he had some hereditary claim. On
20 Dec. 1204 he had a safe conduct to a great
council on 7 Jan. 1205, and on 6 March 1205
lie was given the honour of Richmond (save

the constabulary) as it had been held by
Geoffrey, earl of Richmond, his former wife s
first husband, in compensation for the lands
he had lost beyond sea {Ann. Wore. p. 393).
He accounted for it in 1211 as forty and a
half knights' fees.

On 30 Nov. 1205, and again on 10 April 1209,
he was appointed to escort the King of Scots
to the south, and in the autumn of 1209, with
Geoffrey Fitzpiers and the Bishop of Winches-
ter, he led an army into WTales (Ann. Dunst.
p. 32). The next year, with the Earl of Salis-
bury, he again marched into Wales (GERVASE
OF CANTERBURY, ii. 106), and was henceforth
constantly fighting the Welsh. There is a
well-known story that in the course of these
struggles he had to take refuge in Rhuddlan
Castle, and was there besieged by the Welsh
till relieved by a rabble from Chester fair,
sent to his aid by his constable (DUGDALE).
On 1 May 1214 he founded his abbey of
Dieulacres (' Dieu 1'accroisce ! ') in Leek, Staf-
fordshire, dedicated to the Virgin and St.
Benedict, and transferred thither the white
monks from Pulton Abbey, Cheshire (founded
1153), which was too exposed to the Welsh
(Mon. Angl.}

In the summer of 1214 he accompanied
John to Poitou, and Matthew Paris asserts
that the preference of Hubert de Burgh to him,
in October, as surety for the king to France in
8,000 marcs, laid the foundation of their ri-
valry (iii. 231). He remained, however, with
John on their return, and witnessed his grant
of freedom of election to churches on 21 Nov.
1214 (STUBBS, Sel. Chart. 281). He was
also present at the parliament of 6 Jan. 1215
at the Temple. He was entrusted with the
castle of Newcastle-under-Lyme, 20 May
1215, and was among those who adhered to
John when the barons entered London on
24 May (MATT. PARIS) . He was one of the few
witnesses exparte registo the charter, 15 June.
Unswerving in his loyalty, he thenceforth
placed himself at the head of John's adhe-
rents (W. Cov. ii. 225), and was rewarded
with the custody of the Leicester fief, belong-
ing to his uncle, Simon de Montfort, 21 July
(1215), and with the castle of the Peak
13 Aug. (1215). He was also (31 Oct.)
given the lands of all the king's enemies
within his fiefs. Throughout the struggle
which followed the charter he was staunchly
faithful to John, and afterwards to his son
Henry. On 6 Jan. 1216 the king's constable
of Richmond Castle was instructed to obey
his orders, and on the 30th (Jan. 1216) he
was entrusted with the castle and county of
Lancaster. On Ash Wednesday (4 March)
he took the cross with John and others (GER-
VASE, ii. 109), and on 13 April (1216) re-

Blundevill

269

Blundevill

ceived the castles of Shrewsbury and Bridge-
north with their shires. Ordered on 5 June
(1216) to destroy Richmond if untenable,
he stormed and plundered Worcester in con-
junction with Fulk de Breaute, 17 July
(Ann. Wig. p. 400; Tewk. p. 62). John
died on 19 Oct., and the earl, who was one
of his executors (Fccdera, i. 144), was present
at Henry's coronation (28 Oct.) at Gloucester
(Ann. Wav. 286; Burt. 224), and at the
Bristol council (11 Nov.), where he was one
of the witnesses to Henry's ' First Charter.'
He now, like many others, fought as a crusader
against the aliens at home (Contin. Hoved. in
BOUQUET, xviii. p. 183) :

Bajulosque crucis crux alba decorans
Instabiles statuit fidei fundamine turmas.
(Pol. Song. p. 23.)

Placing himself at the head of the king's
forces at Easter 1217 he laid siege to Mount-
sorrel (Leicestershire), which was held for
I^ouis, but on the latter's return to England
(26 April) he despatched a French force with
the barons (Ann. Dunst. p. 49) under Robert
Fitzwalter, who raised the siege early in May
(MATT. PAKIS). The earl, retiring before him,
withdrew to Nottingham, and joined the re-
gent (Pembroke) in his critical advance on
Lincoln, where he shared in the royalist vic-
tory (< The Fair of Lincoln ') on 20 May (1217).
A highly mythical account of his conduct on
this occasion, by "Walter de Wittlesey, is
reproduced by Dugdale. His services were
rewarded (23 May) with the earldom of Lin-
coln, forfeited by Gilbert de Gant, his cousin
and rival, to which he had a claim through
his great-grandfather, jure uxoris earl of Lin-
coln. He then, with Earl Ferrers of Derby,
led the royalists against Mount sorrel (Ann.
Burt. p. 224), and, finding it abandoned, razed
it (Ann. Dunst. p. 50). The honour of Lan-
caster was now entrusted to him ; he was
granted (6 June) the lands of all the king's
enemies within the fief of .Lincoln, and on
8 July 1217 it wras proposed to the pope that
he should share the regency with Pembroke
(Royal Letters, i. 532). The honour of Brit-
tany was now again entrusted to him, but,
free at length to discharge his vow, he left for
the Holy Land (W. Cov. ii. 241) at Whitsun-
tide (May 1218) with Earl Ferrers of Derby
(Ann. Wav. 289, Dunst. 54), after granting a
charter to his barons of the Palatinate (Due-
DALE), and reached Jerusalem ' peregre ' (Ann.
Burt. 225, Wint. 83). In the autumn, with
his constable and following, he joined the be-
siegers of Damietta (MATT. PARIS, ii. 230), and
distinguished himself greatly at its capture,
5 Nov. 1219 (Ann. Dunst. p. 55), < ubi, dux
christianse cohortis, praestitit gloria' (Mon.

Angl.} He subsequently returned to Eng-
land, which he reached about 1 Aug. 1220
(Ann. Dunst. p. 60; W. Cov. ii. 246).

It is from this point that we begin to trace
the change in his policy. He found on his
return that the regent, his old ally, had been
dead for a year, and that Hubert de Burgh
was now supreme. He had thus lost his
chance of succeeding to the regency himself.
t The peculiar jurisdiction of his palatine
earldom, and the great accumulation of power
which he received as custos of the earldom
of Leicester, made his position in the king-
dom unique, and fitted him for the part of a
leader of opposition to royal or ministerial
tyranny ' (Const. Hist. ii. 46). At first, how-
ever, his royalist sympathies blinded him to
the state of the case, and on the outbreak
of the Earl of Aumale, who had surprised
the castle of Fotheringhay, which he had
happened to leave unguarded (W. Cov. ii.
248), he attended his excommunication at
St. Paul's, 25 Jan. 1221 (Ann. Dunst. p. 64),
and assisted to besiege him in Biham, which
fell 8 Feb. (MATT. PARIS, ii. 244). The fief of
Leicester had now again been committed
to him. But early in the following year he
appears as ' the spokesman of the malcon-
tents' (Const. Hist. ii. 34), the primate in-
tervening between Hubert and himself at a
stormy interview in London, January 1222
(W. Cov. ii. 251; Royal Letters, i. 174).
An appeal was sent him from Palestine this
year by Philip de Albini (WENDOVER, iv. 75).

Hubert's demand for the restoration of the
royal castles by the earl and his other op-
ponents in 1223 brought matters to a crisis.
The earl, with Aumale and De Breaut6,
planned to surprise the Tower, as a counter-
blow to Hubert's coup d'etat, but at Henry's
approach withdrew with them to Waltham
(Ann. Dunst. p. 83). Thence they came to
the king at London and violently demanded
Hubert's dismissal. Failing to obtain it, they
departed to Leicester, where the earl held his
court at Christmas, while the king held his at
Northampton (ib. p. 84 ; MATT. PARIS, ii. 260).
But finding the king's party the stronger, and
threatened by the primate with excommuni-
cation, they came to Northampton (30 Dec.)
and surrendered their castles. Shrewsbury
and Bridgenorth were transferred from the
earl to Hugh le Despenser, and Lancaster to
i Earl Ferrers of Derby. The primate, how-
! ever, was accused of duplicity in the matter
I by the earl and his allies, who sent envoys
1 to lay their case before the pope (W. Cov. ii.
262). On the outburst of De BreautS against
• the justiciar in 1224, Fulk fled for refuge to
the earl as the chief opponent of Hubert (MATT.
PARIS, ii. 261), and the earl wrote to Henry

Blundevill

270

Blundevill

to plead for Folk and for his brother (then
besieged in Bedford), while assuring him of
his own fidelity, in proof of which he had
made a truce with Llewellyn that he might
be free to serve him (Royal Letters, ii. 233-5).
In the previous year (1223), however, he had
averted an expedition against Llewellyn as
his 'amicus et familiaris' (Ann. Dunst. p. 82).
On receiving a safe-conduct he reluctantly
joined the besiegers of Bedford with Peter des
Roches. Finding themselves suspected, they
returned home (Ann. Dunst. p. 87), but came
back before its fall (14 Aug. 1224). He also
persuaded Fulk to submit (W. Cov. ii. 265).
The latter afterwards protested that he had
been led on by the earl (MATT. PARIS, ii. 265,
iii. 250). The earl now again appealed to
Rome in vindication of his policy, but with-
out effect (Ann. Dunst. p. 89).

On 11 Feb. 1225 he was among the wit-
nesses to Henry's ' Third Charter' (Sel. Chart.
p. 345), and in 1226 made peace with William
Marshall and Llewellyn (Ann. Dunst. p. 100).
In 1227 he headed the opposition which sup-
ported the Earl of Cornwall against the king
(MATT. PARIS, ii. 296), and in the same year
he again received the honour of Brittany
(Richmond) as he had held it under John.

In April 1229 he attended the council of
Westminster to oppose the grant of a tenth
to the pope (Ann. Tewk. p. 77), and forbad
those within his dominion to contribute.
On 17 July he was ordered to be at Ports-
mouth with his knights on 14 Oct., and when
there (19 Oct.) received from the king a con-
firmation of the territory between Ribble and
Mersey, being the three wapentakes he had
purchased from Roger de Mersay (Eg. MS.
15664, fo. 47 ; ORMEROD'S Cheshire, i. 36-7).
The expedition being postponed to the spring,
he sailed with the king, and landing at St.Malo,
2 May 1230 (Royal Letters, No. 288), took
part in the siege of Nantes (Pat. de Transfr. in
Briton, p. 1, m. 3). On Henry's departure
(26 Oct. 1230) he was left in Brittany, with
Aumale and William Marshall, in charge of
the army (500 knights and 1,000 men-at-arms),
and having fortified his castle of St. Jean
Beveron, he made raids into Normandy and
Anjou (MATT. PARIS, ii. 328-9). In June 1231
he captured the train of the French army,
then invading Brittany, but arranged a truce
with them for three "years, 5 July (1231),
and, reaching England about 1 Aug., joined
the king in Wales at Castle Maud (ib. ii.
333; Ann. Wore. 422). He found him at
war with Llewellyn (Ann. Tewk. 79), and,
though honourably received by him, left him
in anger, being accused of favouring Llewellyn
(Ann. Dunst. 127). In a council at West-
minster next spring (7 March 1232), he headed

the opposition to a grant to the king on the
plea that the barons had served in person
(MATT. PARIS, ii. 339) ; but when Henry gave
the Londoners permission that summer to
drag Hubert from sanctuary at Merton, the
earl intervened to prevent it (ib. ii. 347 ; Ann.
Tewk. 86) . He died at Wallingford on 26 (ib.
87) or 28 (MATT. PARIS) Oct. 1232, < almost
the last relic of the great feudal aristocracy
of the Conquest' (Const. Hist. ii. 47).

His body was borne to its burial-place at
Chester with great and unusual honour (Ann.
Osn. 73) ; but his heart, in accordance with
his wish, was interred at Dieulacres (Ann.
Tewk. 87). He is said to have been of fiery
spirit, but of small stature (DTTGKDALE, Ann.
Osn. 73). His long tenure of the earldom of
Chester (more than half a century), and the
power of the influence he wielded, greatly
impressed his contemporaries ; monkish fables
clustered round his memory (Mon. Angl.\
and his name figures as a household word in
the ' Vision of Piers Ploughman : '
I kan rymes of Robyn Hood,
And Randolph, Erie of Chestre.

Passus, vii. 1. 11.

a passage which has been held to imply the
existence of a lost ballad-cycle on his life
(HALES, Percy Folio, i. 258 ; SWEET, Notes
to Piers the Plowman, pp. 136-7; RITSOK,
Ancient Songs, I. vii. xlvi).

Shortly before his death he divested him-
self of his earldom of Lincoln in favour of
his sister, Hawys de Quency ( Vincent MSS.
215, 216). By her it was granted to her son-
in-law, John de Lacy, constable of Chester, the
grant being confirmed by the king, 23 Nov.
1232 (NICHOLS, Leicester, App. i. 39 b ; Coll.
Top. and Gen. vii. 130; Third Report on the
Dignity of a Peer, p. 238).

Three of his charters to his men of Chester
are printed in the Appendix to ' Eighth Re-
port on Historical MSS.' (i. 356), and trans-
lated in Harland's ' Mamecestre ' (i. 188-9), in
which there is also (i. 200-2) a translation of
his charter to Salford (circ. 1230), inaccurately
printed in Baines's 'Lancashire' (ii. 170).
His charter to the nuns of Grenefield ( Cart.
Harl. Ant. 52, A. 16) is printed in Nichols's
' Leicester' (App. i. 396), and in Ormerod's
' Cheshire ' are his charter of confirmation to
St. Werburgh (i. 33) and his two charters
to Stanlaw Abbey (i. 38). In the < Monasti-
con' (vi. 114) is his confirmation of Ches-
hunt parsonage to his canons of the priory
of Fougeres. Three of his Dieulacres charters
are printed s. v. and another one (Add. MS.
15771) at v. 325. His sundry benefactions
are recorded by Dugdale (Baronage, i. 44 b}.

Engravings of his seals are given in Vin-
cent's ' Discovery of Brooke's Errors ' (p. 317),

Blundeville

271

Blundeville

Nichols's ' Leicester ' (i. pi. xii.), Ormerod's '
'Cheshire' (i. 33, 37, 38, 41), 'Topographer
and Genealogist ' (ii. 315).

Leaving no issue by either of his wives,
of whom the second survived him twenty
years, dying 1252 (Ann. Hurt. 305), the
great estates of his house passed to his four
sisters: (1) Maud, wife of David, earl of
Huntingdon, and mother of John ' de Scotia/
who succeeded him in the earldom of Chester ;
(2) Mabel, wife of William de Albini, earl
of Arundel ; (3) Agnes, wife to William,
Earl Ferrers of Derby ; (4) Hawys, wife of
Robert de Quency, son to Laher, earl of
Winchester.

Bale (De Script. Brit.}, followed by Pits,
enters him as a writer, by a strange con-
fusion, as ' Ranulfus de Glaunvyle, cestrie \
comes.'

[Patent and Close Eolls; Matthew Paris (His-
toria Anglorum), ed. Madden (Rolls Series) ;
Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, and Gesta Regis j
Ricardi, in Stubbs's Chronicle of the Reigns of i
Henry II and Richard I (ib.) ; Annals of Barton,
of Osney, of Worcester, of Dunstable, of Tewkes-
bury, of Winchester, and of Waverley, in Annales !
Monastici, ed. Luard (ib.); Historical Collections '
of W. of Coventry (ib.) ; Chronica Magistri Ro- I
geri de Hoveden (ib.) ; Gervase of Canterbury j
(ib.); Shirley's Royal Letters (ib.); Hunter's
Fines ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 41-45 ; Monasti- j
con Anglicanum (ed. 1825), v. 626-9 ; Rymer's |
Foedera ; Ormerod's Cheshire, i. 33-41 ; Nichols's I
Leicester ; Wright's Political Songs ; Topographer
and Genealogist, ii. 311-16; Stubbs's Constitu-
tional History; Stubbs's Select Charters; The
Reliquary, ii. 55-231.] J. H. R.

BLUNDEVILLE, THOMAS (ft. 1561),

writer on horsemanship, &c., was the son
of Edward Blundeville, of Newton Flot-
man, Norfolk. The authors of t Athenae
Cantabrigienses ' suppose that he was edu-
cated at Cambridge, though they are ' unable
to specify the period or the college or house
to which he belonged.' In the preface to
Jasper Heywood's translation of Seneca's
( Thyestes,' 1560, there is the following men-
tion of Blundeville : —

And there the gentle Blundeville is
By name and eke by kynde,

Of whom we learn by Plutarches lore
What frute by foes to fynde.

At the death of his father in 1568 he in-
herited an estate at Newton Flotman, which
he seems to have managed prudently. In
1571 he erected in the church of Newton
Flotman a monument containing effigies of
his great-grandfather, grandfather, and father,
with their ages and the dates of their deaths ;
beneath are inscribed some English verses.
Under the same monument he lies buried,

and there is an effigy of him kneeling bare-
headed, in armour, at a faldstool, on which
are placed his helmet and a book. He was
twice married. By his first wife he had a
son, Andrew, who was killed in the Low
Countries; and by his second wife he left
two daughters. The list of Blundeville's
works is as follows: 1. ' Three Morall
Treatises, no less pleasant than necessary for
all men to read, whereof the one is called
the Learned Prince, the other the Fruites of
Foes, the thyrde the Porte of Rest,' 4to, 1561.
The first two pieces are in verse, the third in
prose ; the first is dedicated to the queen.
Prefixed to the second piece are three four-
line stanzas by Roger Ascham. The ' Fruites
of Foes ' and the ' Porte of Rest ' have sepa-
rate title-pages, dated 1561. There must
have been an earlier edition of the * Fruites
of Foes ' (which appears to have been licensed
to Richard Tottell in 1558) ; for the separate
title-page has the words 'Newly corrected
and cleansed of many faultes escaped in the
former printing.' Later editions of the
* Three Morall Treatises ' appeared in 1568,
1580, 1609. 2. 'The fower chiefyst offices
belonging to Horsemanshippe. That is to
saye, the office of the Breeder, of the Rider,
of the Keper, and of the Ferrer. In the firste
part whereof is declared the order of bred-
ing of horses. In the seconde howe to
breake them and to make theym horses of
seruyce. Conteyning the whole arte of
Ridynge lately set forth, and nowe newly
corrected and amended of manye faultes
escaped in the fyrste printynge, as well
touchy ng the bittes as otherwyse. Thirdly,
howe to dyet them. . . . Fourthly, to what
diseases they be subiecte,' n.d., 4to, black
letter. The book is dedicated to Robert
Dudley, earl of Leicester ; each part has a
separate title and signatures. Part iii., * the
Order of Dietynge of Horses,' is dated 1565
on the title-page, and part iv. is dated 1566.
The general title-page and the title-pages of
the first two parts bear no date. Later
editions were published in 1580, 1597, 1609.

3. ' A very briefe and profitable Treatise,
declaring howe many Counsels and what
manner of Counselers a Prince that will
gouerne well ought to haue,' London, 1570,
8vo. The treatise was written originally in
Spanish by Federigo Furio, translated thence
into Italian by Alfonso d'Ulloa, and from
Italian into English by Blundeville. There
is a dedication, dated from Newton Flotman
1 April 1570, to the Earl of Leicester.

4. ' A ritch Storehouse or Treasure for no-
bilitye and gentlemen, written in Latin by
John Sturmius, and translated by T. B., gent.'
London, 1570, 8vo. 5. ' The true order and

Blundeville

272

Blunt

Methode of wryting and reading1 Hystories,
according to the Precepts of Francisco
Patritio and Accontio Tridentino, no less
plainely than briefly set forth in our vulgar
speach, to the greate profite and commoditye
of all those that delight in Hy stories/ London,
1574, 8vo. The book is dedicated to the
Earl of Leicester. 6. 'A newe booke, con-
taining the arte of ryding and breakinge
Horses, &c.,' n.d., 8vo. This is merely a
separate issue of the second tract in the
work numbered 2. 7. ' A Briefe Description
of universal Mappes and Gardes and of their
vse ; and also the vse of Ptholemey his
Tables,' &c. London, 1589, 4to. There is a
dedication to Francis Wyndham, one of the
justices of the common pleas, dated 'from
my poore Swan's Nest, 17 Decem. 1588.'

8. ' M. Blvndevile his Exercises, containing
sixe Treatises, . . . whiche Treatises are
verie necessarie to be read and learned of all
young gentlemen that haue not bene exer-
cised in suche disciplines, and yet are desi-
rous to haue knowledge as well in Cosmo-
graphie, Astronomie and Geographic, as also
in the Arte of Nauigation/ &c., London,
1594, 4to. A second edition, ( corrected and
augmented by the author,' was published in
1597 ; the seventh edition appeared in 1636.

9. ' The Art of Logike, Plainely taught in
the English tongue, as well according to the
doctrine of Aristotle as of all other moderne
and best accounted Authors thereof/ £c.
London, 1599, 4to, republished in 1617.

10. ' The Theoriques of the planets, together
with the making of two instruments for
seamen to find out the latitude without
seeing sun, moon, or stars, invented by Dr.
Gilbert/ London, 1602, 4to.

[Blomefield's Norfolk, v. 64, 68-70 ; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit. 108 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab. ;
Hazlitt's Collections and Notes, 1876; Davy's
Suffolk Collections, Ixxxix. 215 ; Hazlitt's Col-
lections and Notes, second series; Ames's Typog.
Antiq. (Herbert), 693, 694, 697-701, &c.]

A. H. B.

BLUNDEVILLE or BLUNVILLE,
THOMAS DE (d. 1236), bishop of Norwich.

Among the various spellings of this bishop's j
name, the form used in the Dunstable Annals
(Ann. Monast. iii. 100), Thomas de Flamvilla, \
is the strangest. Bishop Thomas was sprung j
from a family of Norfolk gentry who ap- I
pear to have held estates in the county as !
early as the close of the twelfth century, and
who continued to be considerable landowners ;
for at least three hundred years. He was j
the son of Robert de Blunville of Newton 1
Flotman, Norfolk, and younger brother of I
William de Blunville, constable of Corfe I

Castle during the reign of King John. He
is described as the nephew of Hubert de Burgh,
the great justiciary. He commenced his
career as a clerk in the exchequer, and
gradually became a personage of some in-
fluence. In the Excerpta from the Fine
Rolls of the reign of Henry III there are
two or three notices of him, all showing that
he made use of his opportunities to enrich
himself. When Pandulf died in 1226, Blun-
ville succeeded him in the bishopric of Nor-
i wich, helped thereto, says Matthew Paris,
by the influence of Hubert de Burgh (Chron.
Majora, iii. 121). He was consecrated at
Westminster on 20 Dec. 1226. In that same
year St. Francis of Assisi had died, and the
Franciscans had settled in Lynn, Yarmouth,
and Norwich. They had been received with
great enthusiasm, and when the bishop came
to his diocese he found the friars already
established there, and seems to have be-
friended them. Little is known of his epi-
scopate. He is mentioned as dedicating an
altar at Dunstable in 1231. He robbed two
or three benefices in his diocese of their
tithes to enrich the priory at Norwich ; he
bestowed certain liberties upon his town of
Lynn, whereby he gained popularity at no
great sacrifice ; he had a long-standing quarrel
with the priories of Binham and Wymond-
ham — two cells of the great abbey of St.
Albans — and compelled the priors of both
houses to go in person to Rome and prose-
cute their appeal. When, in 1232, Hubert
de Burgh was fleeing from the pursuit of
Henry III and his emissaries, he took refuge
with his nephew, Bishop Thomas, at his
manor of Terling, in Essex, and it was from
the chapel of that manor that he was com-
pelled to deliver himself" up to his pursuers
at last. All records of the diocese of Norwich
during his episcopate have perished. He
died on 16 Aug. 1236.

[Annales Monastic! (Rolls Ser.), iv. 419, iii.
127, 100 ; Matthew Paris' Chronica Majora, iii.
121, 226, 372, 378, vi. 87; Rymer's Foedera, i.
103, 208 ; Blomefield's Norf. 8vo, v. 64, ii. 491.]

A. J.

BLUNT. [See also BLOTTNT.]

BLUNT, HENRY (1794-1843), divine,
the son of Henry and Mary Blunt (her maiden
name was Atkinson), was born at Dulwich,
12 Aug., and was baptised at the cnapel of
Dulwich College, 20 Aug. 1794. He was
educated at Merchant Taylors' School, which
he entered in his twelfth year, 1806, and left
for Pembroke College, Cambridge, as Parkin
exhibitioner, in 1813. He took his B.A.
degree as ninth wrangler in 1817, and became
fellow of his college. He was ordained on

Blunt

273

Blunt

his fellowship by Dr. Howley, bishop of
London, receiving deacon's orders 5 July 1818
and priest's orders 20 Dec. of the same year.
After having- filled preacherships at the
Philanthropic Institution, and Park Chapel,
Chelsea, and Grosvenor Chapel, in 1820 he
was appointed vicar of Clare in Suffolk, and
on 21 Dec. of that year he married Julia Ann
Nailer, one of the six daughters of a merchant
residing at Chelsea. At Clare, in addition
to his parochial duties, Blunt took private
pupils. In 1824 Dr. Wellesley, a brother of
the first Duke of Wellington, then rector of
Chelsea, induced him to resign his country
living to become his curate. This post he
filled for six years with steadily increasing
fame as a preacher, and on the erection of
Trinity Church, in Sloane Street, in 1830, he ;
was appointed its first incumbent, becoming
a rector 15 June 1832. So high was the es- ;
timation in which Blunt was held that, on the
resignation of Dr. Wellesley in 1832, he was
offered by Lord Cadogan, the patron, the
mother church of St. Luke's, with the under-
standing that he was to hold the two livings
together, with a sufficient staff of curates.
This offer was unhesitatingly declined. In
1835 he was presented by the Duke of Bedford
to the rectory of Streatham, Surrey. His
health, always delicate, had by that time been
completely undermined by the incessant la-
bours of a large London parish, and pulmo-
nary weakness compelled him to pass succes-
sive winters at various health resorts, Rome,
Pan, Torquay, &c. ; he died in his rectory at
Streatham, 20 July 1843, in the 49th year of
his age. He was buried at Streatham.

Blunt's chief work as a preacher and a writer
was done at Chelsea. Here the influence he
exerted, especially over the higher classes, was
very great, while the clearness and simplicity
of his style made him also acceptable to hearers
of the humbler classes. There is little depth
or originality of thought in his writings, nor
are they conspicuous for any rhetorical power ;
but the practical and earnest piety and
tender sympathy which animate the whole,
together with the beauty of his language,
have given a well-deserved popularity to his
sermons. For his time he may be called a
good evangelical churchman, decidedly op-
posed to the then rising tractarianism, but
holding his own opinions without narrowness
or bitterness. The most popular of his printed
works were the courses of lectures delivered
in successive Lents at Chelsea to crowded au-
diences on the lives of various leading persons
in the Old and New Testament. The first
of these were the ' Lectures on the Life of
Jacob,' delivered in 1823 ; these were suc-
ceeded by courses on ' St. Peter,' 1829, ' Abra-
VOL. v.

ham,' 1881, ' St. Paul/ in two series, 1832,
1833, and closing with one on the ' Prophet
Elisha ' in 1839, the six years' interval being
marked by the publication of three courses on
< The Life of Jesus Christ,' 1834-36, a volume
of discourses on * Some of the Doctrinal Ar-
ticles of the Church of England ' in 1835, and
a volume of selected ' Sermons ' in 1837, and
' Expository Sermons on the Epistles to the
Seven Churches ' in 1838. The last of Blunt's
works published in his lifetime, exclusive of
separate sermons, was an ' Exposition of the
Pentateuch' (3 vols.) for family reading.
Three volumes of posthumous sermons ' were
issued under the editorship of his old friend,
the Rev. John Brown, of Cheltenham, and
passed through a number of editions. The
lectures on St. Peter went through sixteen
editions between 1829 and 1842, those on
Jacob fifteen editions, 1828-40, those on
Abraham eleven editions, 1831-44. In these
lectures we have Blunt at his best. They are
expository and practical, and only incidentally
deal with doctrine. Few works of the kind
are so full of human interest, and to this, as
well as to the simple beauty of their style,
their popularity is chiefly due. It should be
added that, in spite of very feeble health, Blunt
was a diligent parish priest, and 'by holy
living and faithful preaching became a leading
power amongst the vast population of 30,000
souls amongst whom he lived.' In his early
youth before he went to college, he, with a
young layman, afterwards his brother-in-law,
established the first Sunday school at Chelsea
at the ' Clock House,' and he continued to
manifest a deep interest in that form of edu-
cation. He also, amidst much ridicule and
determined opposition, introduced bible and
communicants' classes. He published the first
parish magazine, called the 'Poor Churchman's
Evening Companion.'

[Private information ; Davies's Successful
Preachers, pp. 189-205.] E. V.

BLUNT, JOHN LE (d. 1248). [See
I BLTTND.]

BLUNT, JOHN HENRY, D.D. (1823-
1884), ecclesiastical historian and theological
writer, was born at Chelsea on 25 Aug. 1823,
where he was educated in a private school.
For some years after leaving school he was
engaged in the business of a manufacturing
chemist ; but in 1850 he abandoned that pur-
suit and entered University College, Durham,
with the object of taking holy orders in the
church of England. In 1852 he became li-
centiate in theology, was ordained deacon in
1852, and priest in 1855. In 1855 he became
an M.A. of Durham. After filling a number

T

Blunt

274

Blunt

of curacies he was appointed in 1868 vicar of
Kennington, near Oxford, by the warden and
fellows of All Souls' College. In 1873 he was
presented by Mr. Gladstone with the crown
living of Beverston in Gloucestershire, which
he retained until his death. In June 1882 his
university made him a doctor of divinity. He
died rather suddenly in London on 11 April
1884 (Good Friday), and was buried in Bat-
tersea cemetery.

In his earlier years Blunt was a constant
contributor to church reviews and magazines,
and the author of many pamphlets and ser-
mons. In 1855 his first volume on the
' Atonement ' was published. He afterwards
became a voluminous writer in the fields of
theology and ecclesiastical history. His theo-
logical dictionaries collect much valuable
matter in a convenient form. His ' Anno-
tated Book of Common Prayer ' is equally
useful. His ' History of the English Refor-
mation ' is a solid and careful study of a
critical period, and, though perhaps written
from a high-church rather than a purely
historical standpoint, is generally accurate
and thorough. Blunt was a man of great
mental and physical energy, and his close
application to literary work in all proba-
bility hastened his death. The following
list includes the more important works of
which he was either sole author or editor :
1. ' The Atonement,' 1855. 2. ' Three Essays
on the Reformation,' 1860. 3. 'Miscella-
neous Sermons,' 1860. 4. ' Directorium Pas-
torale,' 1864. 5. ' Key to the Bible,' 1865.
6. ' Household Theology,' 1865. 7. ' Anno-
tated Book of Common Prayer,' 1866; re-
vised and enlarged, 1884. 8. ' Sacramental
Ordinances,' 1867. 9. ' History of the Re-
formation,' 1868. 10. ' Key to Church His-
tory,' 1869. 11. e Union and Disunion,'
1870. 12. ' Plain Account of the English
Bible,' 1870. 13. ' Dictionary of Theology,'
1870. 14. 'Key to the Prayer Book,' 1871.
15. ' Condition and Prospects of the Church
of England,' 1871. 16. ' The Book of Church
Law,' 1872. 17. 'Myroure of oure Ladye,'
1873. 18. 'The Beginning of Miracles,'
1873. 19. ' The Poverty that makes Rich,'
1873. 20. ' Dictionary of Sects and Here-
sies,' 1874. 21. 'Historical Memorials of
Dursley,' 1877. 22. 'Tewkesbury Cathe-
dral,' 1877. 23. 'Annotated Bible,' 1878.
24. ' Companion to the New Testament,' 1881.
25. 'A Companion to the Old Testament,'
1883. 26. ' Key to Christian Doctrine and
Practice,' 1882. 27. ' Cyclopaedia of Reli-
gion,' 1884; this work he was engaged upon
at the time of his death.

[Communication from Mr. R. G. Blunt.]

T. F. T.

BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794-1855),
divine, was born in 1794 at Newcastle-
under-Lyme in Staffordshire, and was edu-
cated at the grammar school of that town,
of which his father, the Rev. John Blunt,
was ' the very able master.' Blunt was ad-
mitted a pensioner of St. John's College,
Cambridge, in 1812, was elected first Bell
scholar in 1813, and in the following year
gained the Browne's medal for the Latin ode.
He took his B.A. degree as fifteenth wrangler
in 1816, and, after having obtained a fellow-
ship in the same year, carried off the first
member's prize for a Latin essay in 1818,
proceeded M.A. in 1819, and took the degree
of B.D. in 1826. Blunt had been appointed
one of the Worts travelling bachelors in
1818, and travelled in Italy and Sicily. His
attention was especially arrested by the traces
of the heathen customs still surviving in the
manners of the people ; and after a second
visit which he paid to Italy in the years
1820-21, he published ' Vestiges of Ancient
Manners and Customs discoverable in Modern
Italy and Sicily,' 8vo, London, 1823, which
was translated into German, but which was
not reprinted in England, and is now very
rare. Blunt devoted himself for many years
to parochial duty at Hodnet, in Shropshire,
as curate to Reginald Heber and his succes-
sor in the living. He was afterwards curate
at Chetwynd. He became a contributor to
the ' Quarterly Review,' to which he fur-
nished articles on the ' Life ' and t Journals '
of Bishop Heber March 1827, on the 'Works'
of Milton June 1827, of Archdeacon Paley
October 1828, and of Dr, Parr April 1829,
and on the ' Works,' and subsequently the
' Memoirs,' October 1839, of Bishop Butler.
These, with others to the number of fourteen
in all, were gathered into a volume, and pub-
lished, after the author's death, with the title
of ' Essays contributed to the Quarterly
Review,' 8vo, London, 1860. Blunt con-
tributed to Murray's 'Family Library' a
' Sketch of the Reformation in England,'
8vo, London, 1832, which was translated into
French and German, and which had reached
its fifteenth edition in the lifetime of the
author, and double that number within two
years after his death. Blunt had already
published, as the substance of a course of
sermons delivered at Cambridge in 1827,
' The Veracity of the Gospels and Acts of
the Apostles argued from the Undesigned
Coincidences to be found in them when com-
pared (1) with each other, and (2) with
Josephus,' 8vo, London, 1828, which two
years afterwards was supplemented by a
treatise, also adapted from previous university
sermons, entitled ' The Veracity of the Five

Blunt

275

Blunt

Books of Moses argued from the Undesigned
Coincidences to be found in them when com-
pared in their several parts/ 8vo, London,
1830. He preached the Hulsean Lectures
for 1831 and 1832, in which he applied I
the same canon of undesigned coincidences j
to other books of Scripture, and published
1 Hulsean Lectures for the Year 1831 : the
Veracity of the Historical Books of the Old j
Testament, from the Conclusion of the Pen- ;
tateuch to the Opening of the Prophets, ar-
gued from the Undesigned Coincidences to '
be found in them when compared in their !
several -parts ; being a Continuation of the !
Argument for the Veracity of the Five Books
of Moses,' 8vo, London, 1832, and ' Hulsean |
Lectures for the Year 1832. Principles for j
the Proper Understanding of the Mosaic I
Writings stated and applied ; together with
an Incidental Argument for the Truth of the !
Resurrection of Our Lord,' 8vo, London,
1833. A new edition of this entire series,
rearranged, was published as ' Undesigned !
Coincidences in the Writings both of the j
Old and New Testament, an Argument of I
their Veracity,' £c., 8vo, London, 1847; sixth |
edition, 1859. Towards the close of his j
curate life Blunt published the ' Advantages J
enjoyed by a Minister of the Church of
England, and the Duties they entail upon
him : a Sermon preached in the Parish
Church of Newport, at the Visitation of the
Archdeacon of Salop, June 26, 1833,' 8vo,
London, 1833, and in 1834 was presented
by his college to the rectory of Great Oakley
in Essex. l He established his parish school,
his clubs and societies ; he rebuilt his dilapi-
dated and long tenantless parsonage ; he mar-
ried a wife; he was useful and contented'
(Quarterly Review, July 1858). He was
elected Lady Margaret professor of divinity
on 9 May 1839, from which time he resided
regularly in Cambridge, relinquishing his
parochial cure. Blunt commenced his pro-
fessorial work by a course of lectures in the
Lent term of 1840, of which the first was
published as an t Introduction to a Course
of Lectures on the Early Fathers,' 8vo,
Cambridge, 1840, which was followed by
the ' Second Part of an Introduction,' &c.,
8vo, Cambridge, &c., 1843, both being after-
wards published together as 'Two Intro-
ductory Lectures,' &c., 8vo, Cambridge, &c.
1856, with a ' Memoir' of Blunt prefixed by
Professor Selwyn, his successor in the Lady
Margaret divinity chair. After five years of
exegetical treatment of the primitive fathers
Blunt delivered a course of lectures, pub-
lished after his death as he left them, l On
the Right Use of the Early Fathers : two
series of lectures,' &c. 8vo, London, 1857;

second edition, corrected, 1858. The first
series had been delivered in the October
term of 1845, and the second in the October
term of 1846. The substance of a later
course of lectures, delivered during the Lent
term of 1854, was published after his death
with the title of ' A History of the Christian
Church during the First Three Centuries,'
8vo, London, 1856, second edition 1857, which
had been foreshadowed by ' A Sketch of the
Church of the First Two Centuries after
Christ, drawn from the Writings of the
Fathers down to Clemens Alexandrinus in-
clusive, in a Course of Sermons preached be-
fore the University of Cambridge in January
1836,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1836. Blunt fre-
quently occupied the university pulpit, and
three volumes of his discourses as select-
preacher have been published : * Five Ser-
mons,' &c. 8vo, Cambridge, 1847; 'Four
Sermons,' &c. 8vo, Cambridge, 1850 ; * Five
Sermons,' &c. 8vo, Cambridge, 1852, which
were subsequently collected into a single
volume as ' Sermons preached before the Uni-
versity of Cambridge 1845-51,' 8vo, London,
1873. Of the discourses delivered by Blunt
two may be mentioned—' The Ramsden Ser-
mon, " On the Subject of Church Extension
over the Colonies and Dependencies of the
British Empire," preached before the Univer-
sity of Cambridge Sunday May 23, 1852,' 8vo,
Cambridge, 1852, and ' A Sermon in Memory
of the late Duke of Wellington, preached be-
fore the University of Cambridge on Sunday,
Nov. 21, 1852,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1852. He
also published ' Plain Sermons preached to a
Country Congregation,' 8vo, London, 1857,
second series 1859, third series 1861, which, in
the two-volume form they finally assumed,
had reached a fifth edition in 1868. Other
sermons by Blunt have been published. He
is also author of ( Acquirements and Prin-
cipal Obligations and Duties of the Parish
Priest. Being a Course of Lectures delivered
at the University of Cambridge to the Stu-
dents in Divinity,' 8vo, London, 1856. At
the death of Denison, bishop of Salisbury,
in 1854, the see was offered to Blunt. He
was too far advanced in life, and refused
the offer. His health had declined during
1854, but he was able to deliver a course
of lectures in the Lent term of 1855 on the
study of the early fathers. His last public
act was to vote for the university petition
against the admission of dissenters to de-
grees. He died of erysipelas at his house in
Cambridge, 18 June 1865. He was twice
married: first (14 June 1836) to Elizabeth
Roylance, daughter of the late Baddeley
Child, of Barlaston, by whom he left
two daughters; and secondly, to Harriet,

T2

Blyke

276

Blyth

daughter of the late Sneyd Kynnesley, of
Loxley Park, who survived him.

[Times, 19 June 1855; Guardian, 20 June
1855 ; Cambridge Chronicle, 23 June 1855 ;
Gent. Mag. September 1843 and August 1855 ;
Memoir prefixed to Two Introductory Lectures,
Cambridge, 1856; Quarterly Eeview, July 1858;
Graduati Cantab. 1873.] A. H. G.

BLYKE, RICHARD (d. 1775), anti-
quary, sou of Theophilus Blyke, deputy
secretary-at-war, was a native of Hereford.
He became deputy-auditor of the office of
the Imprest, and was a fellow of the Royal
Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. In
1764 he succeeded Cowper the poet as clerk
of the journals, and he was a member of the
committee appointed to prepare the rolls of
parliament for the press. He died in 1775,
and was buried in the churchyard of Isle-
worth, Middlesex. Blyke edited, in collabo-
ration with John Topham, F.R.S., Serjeant
Glanville's 'Reports of Determinations on
Contested Elections/ 1775. He also made
extensive manuscript collections, in twenty-
two volumes of various sizes, for a topo-
graphical history of Herefordshire. These
were purchased at the sale of his library by
Charles, duke of Norfolk.

[Aungier's Hist, of Syon Monastery, 171 ;
Gough's British Topography, i. 410 ; Nichols's
Illustr. of Lit. v. 435 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii.
204, iii. 206, 207, 250, 621, 743, viii. 488.]

T. C.

BLYSSE, JOHN, M.D. (d. 1530), was
born in the diocese of Bath and Wells, took
his B.A. degree at Oxford, June 1507, and
was elected probationary fellow of Merton in
1509, having the character of 'an excellent
disputant in philosophy.' He proceeded in
arts, and applied himself to the study of
medicine. He came to London, and prac-
tised in 1525, becoming a member of the Col-
lege of Physicians. Being an astronomer as
well as a physician, he left certain ' astrono-
mical tables ' at Merton, which have disap-
peared long ago.. He died a Dominican, and
was buried in the church of the Blackfriars
at London.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 57.]

BLYTH, EDWARD (1810-1873), zoo-
logist, was born in London 23 Dec. 1810.
From early youth natural history absorbed
him ; he was up at three or four in the morn-
ing, reading, making notes, sketching bones,
stuffing birds, collecting butterflies. He
purchased a druggist's business at Tooting on
coming of age, but it was not successful.
He contributed to the ' Magazine of Natural

History ' from 1833, and to the ' Field Na-
turalist,' and undertook the Mammals, Birds,
and Reptiles, in an illustrated translation of
Cuvier, published in 1840, making consider-
able additions of his own. Among his papers
contributed to the Zoological Society is an
important monograph of the genus Ovis
(1840). When a small stipend for a curator
of the museum of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal was voted by the directors of the
East India Company, Blyth received the ap-
pointment, and arrived at Calcutta in Sep-
tember 1841. From this time forth, in addi-
tion to his museum duties, he contributed
reports and memoirs on zoology, especially on
birds and mammals, to almost every number
of the journal of the society for twenty
years. In 1849 he published his catalogue
of birds in the society's museum. Its value
would have been greater had it not included
so much matter in the form of appendices,
addenda, and further addenda. He made
I field excursions whenever he could, a favourite
j resort being Khulna, and thus he added largely
; to his knowledge. He contributed to the
i ( Indian Field,' the ' India Sporting Review '
| (on the ' Osteology of the Elephant,' and on
the 'Feline Animals of India'), and the
' Calcutta Review ' (on the ' Birds of India').
In 1854 Blyth married ; his wife, however,
died in 1857. His stipend never increased ;
and he had to contend against much ill-
health. In 1862 his health compelled his re-
; turn to England, and a pension of 150/. a year
i was afterwards granted him. His catalogue
of the mammalia in the society's museum
was not published till 1863. At home Blyth's
abilities and great knowledge were highly
, appreciated, notably by Charles Darwin, who
, repeatedly refers to his observations in his
' Animals and Plants under Domestication.'
Many papers by him are scattered through
the ' Annals ef Natural History,' ' Zoological
Proceedings,' ' Zoologist,' and ( Ibis.' He
contributed to ' Land and Water ' and the
' Field ' under the nom deplume of Zoophilus ;
among his more elaborate papers in the ' Field '
are 'Wild Animals dispersed by Human
Agency ' and ' On the Gruidse or Crane Fa-
mily.' This was his last effort. He died of
heart disease 27 Dec. 1873. His valuable
'Catalogue of the Mammals and Birds of
Burma' was edited by Drs. Anderson and
Dobson and Lord Walden in 1875 in an extra
number of the ' Jo urn. As. Soc. Bengal/
Gould describes him as 'one of the first
zoologists of his time, and the founder of
the study of that science in India.' His mar-
vellous memory made him the storehouse to
which many other observers had recourse.
He retained through life, amid disappoint-

Blythe

277

Blythe

ments and ill-health, a warm and fresh love
of nature.

Mr. Allan Hume, who knew Blytli's work
well, and the difficulties under which it was
done, says : l It is impossible to overrate the
extent and importance of Blyth's many-
sided labours. Starting in life without one
'single advantage, by sheer strength of will,
ability, and industry, he achieved a reputa-
tion rarely surpassed, and did an amount of
sterling work such as no other single labourer
in this field has ever compassed. . . . Neither
neglect nor harshness could drive, nor wealth
nor worldly advantages tempt him, from
what he deemed the nobler path. Ill-paid,
and subjected as he was to ceaseless humilia-
tions, he felt that the position he held gave
him opportunities for that work which was his
mission, such as no other then could, and he
clung to it with a single-hearted constancy
nothing short of heroic.'

[Memoir by A. Grote, prefixed to Catalogue of
Mammals and Birds of Burma, by E. Blyth,
in Joiirn. As. Soc. Bengal, extra number, 1875 ;
Hume's Stray Feathers, vol. ii. Calcutta, 1874,
In Memoriam Ed. Blyth.] G. T. B.

BLYTHE, GEOFFREY, LL.D. (rf.1530),
bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, wras a son
of William Blythe of Norton, Derbyshire,
but originally of Leeds, Yorkshire, by a sister
of Thomas Rotheram, archbishop of York.
He was brother to John Blythe, bishop of
Salisbury, and master of King's Hall, Cam-
bridge. Geoffrey Blythe was educated at
Eton, and thence elected to King's College,
Cambridge, in 1483 (H ARWOOD, Alumni Eton.
119). He proceeded to the degree of LL.D.
On 4 April 1493 he became prebendary of
Strensall in the church of York, and on
9 May following was collated to the arch-
deaconry of Cleveland in the same church.
In 1494 he became treasurer of the church
of Sarum ; was rector of Corfe, Dorsetshire,
6 March 1494-5 ; and about 1496 had the
prebend of Sneating in the church of St. Paul.
On 4 April 1496 he was ordained priest, in
May following admitted dean of York, and
on 9 Feb. 1497-8 collated to the archdea-
conry of Gloucester. He was appointed
master of King's Hall, Cambridge, on 11 Feb.
1498-9, and was collated to the archdeaconry
of Sarum on 21 Aug. 1499, in which year he
had the prebend of Stratton in that church.
King Henry VII entertained a high opinion
of his abilities, and often employed him in
foreign embassies. He was special ambas-
sador on 27 May 1502 to Ladislaus II, king
of Hungary and Bohemia, and on his return
was rewarded with the bishopric of Lichfield
and Coventry. Blythe was consecrated to
that see by Richard Fox, bishop of Win-

: Chester, on 27 Sept. 1503. During the first
! years of his government of the diocese he
was accused of treason, but of this charge he
most honourably acquitted himself, and ac-
cordingly letters patent for his pardon were
issued on 18 Feb. 1508-9 (RYMER, Fcedera,
ed. 1712, xiii. 246). In 1512 he was ap-
pointed lord-president of Wales, continuing
in that office till 1524 (CLIVE, Hist, of Lud-
: low and the Lords Marchers, 155, 283, 292).
l By an inquisition taken on 15 June 1513,
I after the death of Sir Ralph Langeford,
! knight, it was found that the deceased, by
his deed, 14 Jan. 1610-11, by covin and de-
ceit between him and Blythe, in order to
defraud the king of the custody, conveyed
certain manors and lands in Derbyshire, Not-
tinghamshire, and Lincolnshire to Anthony
| -Fitzherbert (THOROTON, Nottinghamshire,
I 344). Blythe resigned the mastership of
I King's Hall, Cambridge, in 1528. He is said
to have died in London, and he was buried
| in Lichfield Cathedral before the image of
j St. Chad, one of his predecessors in the see.
! A noble monument which was erected to his
j memory has been long destroyed. Accounts
' differ as to the date of his death, but his will,
dated 28 April 1530, was proved on 1 March
1530-1. Rowland Lee, his successor, was
not elected till 10 Jan. 1533-4.

Blythe bequeathed legacies to his cathe-
drals of Lichfield and Coventry, the churches
of St. Chad in Shrewsbury and Norton, Eton
College, King's College, and King's Hall.
Among his bequests to King's College was a
great standing cup gilt with a cover, which
had been presented to him by Ladislaus, king
of Hungary. He also gave a similar cup to
Eton College. Blythe in his lifetime built
fair houses for the choristers of Lichfield
Cathedral ; also a chapel at Norton, in which
he erected an alabaster tomb for his parents,
and established a chantry. He gave to King's
College a gilt mitre for the barne-bishop in
1510, a pair of great organs value 40/. in
1512, a rochet of the best cloth for the barne-
bishop in 1518, and a fair banner of the as-
sumption of the blessed Virgin Mary in 1519.
He, with his dean and chapter, collected all
the statutes of the cathedral of Lichfield, and
got the same confirmed by Cardinal Wolsey
as legate in 1526.

[Cole's Hist, of King's Coll. Camb. i. 107;
Addit.MSS. 5802, ff. 150, 151, 5827, f. 86, 5831,
f. 21 ; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 455; Godwin,
De Prsesulibus (Richardson), 323 ; Foxe's Acts
and Monuments (Townsend), iv. 557, vii. 451 ;
Dodd's Church Hist. i. 181; Wood's Athenae
Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 702 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab,
i. 40, 528 ; Cranmer's Works, ed. Cox (Parker
Soc.), ii. 259.] T. C.

Blythe

278

Boaden

BLYTHE, GEOFFREY, LL.D. (d. 1542),
divine, is supposed to have been a nephew
of Geoffrey Blythe, bishop of Lichfield and
Coventry [q. v.] He was educated at Eton,
and elected thence to King's College, Cam-
bridge, in 1515 (B.A. 1520-1 ; M.A. 1523).
He became a prebendary of Lichfield in 1520,
and was appointed master of King's Hall,
Cambridge, in 1528, in which year he occurs
as vicar of Chesterton, Cambridgeshire. In
1529 he commenced LL.D., and his grace
for that degree states that he had studied
at Louvain. He held the archdeaconry of
Stafford for a few days in 1530, and on
7 June in that year he was admitted treasurer
of the church of Lichfield, with which he
held the precentorship. Blythe was one of
the divines who preached at Cambridge
against Hugh Latimer. He was buried
at All Saints', Cambridge, on 8 March
1541-2.

[Harwood's Alumni Eton. 135 ; Le Neve's
Fasti (Hardy) ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, ed.
Townsend, vii. 451 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab,
i. 79.] T. C.

BLYTHE, JOHN (d. 1499), bishop of
Salisbury, was the son of William Blythe,
of Norton, Derbyshire, by a sister of Thomas
Rotheram, archbishop of York. His younger
brother Geoffrey [q. v.] was bishop of Lich-
field (1503-1533). He was educated at Cam-
bridge, and in 1488 was the warden of King's
Hall in that university. In 1478 Blyth was
archdeacon of Huntingdon, in 1484 a pre-
bendary of York, and in 1485 archdeacon of
Richmond. He was made master of the rolls
on 5 May 1492, and held office until a few
days before his consecration to the bishopric
of Salisbury, which took place at Lambeth,
23 Feb. 1494. Between the years 1493 and
1495 he was chancellor of the university of
Cambridge, and in that capacity he delivered
an oration before Henry VII, his mother, the
Countess of Pembroke, and Prince Arthur,
at Cambridge (Letters, fyc., Rich. Ill and
Hen. VII, i. 422). As bishop he took
part in the ceremonial of the creation of
Henry, duke of York, 1494. He died 23 Aug.
1499, and was buried behind the high altar
of his cathedral church, in a tomb which
from its position lay north and south. A
manuscript copy of his Cambridge oration
exists in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and
an outline of it with extracts has been printed
in the < Letters of Richard III ' (Rolls Ser.)
During Blyth's episcopate in 1496, the islands
of Jersey and Guernsey were taken from the
see of Coutances, and added to that of Salis-
bury, until in 1499 they were finally included
in the bishopric of Winchester.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (ed. Bliss), ii. 691 ;
Foss's Lives of the Judges, v. 38 ; Godwin, De
Prsesulibus ; Letters and Papers Eich. Ill and
Hen. VII (ed. Gairclner) (Rolls Ser.) ; Le Neve's
Fasti (Hardy) ; Cassan's Lives of the Bishops of
Salisbury ; Jones's History of the Diocese of
Salisbury.] W. H.

BLYTHE, JOHN DEAN (1842-1869),
son of Peter Dean Blythe and his wife Eliza-
beth, was born at Ashton-under-Lyne on
12April 1842. His grandfather, James Blyther
was a notable Scotch schoolmaster at the-
village of Limekilns, about fifteen miles from
Edinburgh. After a brief stay at the Rye-
croft British school, Blythe worked in a fac-
tory ; then obtained a post on a local paper as
reporter, and afterwards entered a firm in Man-
chester, in whose employment he remained
until his death. He attended night classes and
studied by himself. He learned Latin, French,
and Spanish, and read English literature. A
! retentive memory enabled him to recall an
immense number of passages, especially from
Shakespeare. On one occasion Blythe supplied
the references to fifty-seven out of sixty pas-
sages selected to try him. Amongst his manu-
scripts was one containing over five hundred
j entries, alphabetically arranged, of the con-
i tents of 'A Midsummer Night's Dream.'
! His literary efforts were encouraged by the
Rev. Joseph Rayner Stephens and John
Critchley Prince. A contribution to < Punch J
and some verses in the Ashton newspapers
are the only pieces known to have been
| printed during Blythe's lifetime. In politics
! he was a philosophical radical. He attended,
j as a teacher, the Sunday school of the Me-
i thodist New Connexion, in Stamford Street,
Manchester, during the greater portion of his
life. He edited a manuscript magazine which
circulated amongst the members of a self-
improvement society. On 5 Feb. 1869 he was
killed by the accidental discharge of a revolver
in the hands of a friend. He left behind him
a considerable amount of manuscript, and a
small memorial volume was issued, entitled
' A Sketch of the Life [by Joseph William-
son] and a Selection from the Writings of
John Dean Blythe,' Manchester, 1870.

[A Sketch of the Life, &c. of J. D. Blythe,
1870.] W. E. A. A.

BOADEN, JAMES (1762-1839), bio-
grapher, dramatist, and journalist, was the
son of William Boaden, a merchant in the
Russia trade. He was born at Whitehaven,
Cumberland, on 23 May 1762, and at an early
age came with his parents to London, where
he was educated for commerce. After serv-
ing some time in a counting-house he turned
his attention to journalism, and in 1789 was

Boaden

279

Boadicea

appointed editor of the ' Oracle ' newspaper,
which had been started in that year as a
rival to the ' World.' Boaden's first dra-
matic piece was ' Osmyn and Daraxa, a
Musical Romance,' acted in 1793. His next j
play, ' Fontainville Forest/ 1794, 8vo, j
founded on Mrs. Radclifte's * Romance of the j
Forest,' was received with much applause at '
Covent Garden. About this time Boaden !
entered himself of the Middle Temple, but j
does not appear to have been called to the j
bar. From 1795 to 1803 he continued to
write plays which were well received. The
titles of these are : 1. ' The Secret Tribunal,'
1795, 8vo. 2. < Italian Monk,' 1797, 8vo,
founded on Mrs. Radcliife's novel of the
same name. 3. l Cambro Britons,' 1798,
8vo. 4. ' Aurelio and Miranda,' 1799, 8vo. i
5. 'Voice of Nature,' 1803, 8vo. 6. 'Maid
of Bristol,' 1803, 8vo. In 1796 Boaden ad-
dressed to George Steevens, the Shakespearean
commentator, l A Letter containing a Critical
Examination of the Papers of Shakespeare
published by Mr. Samuel Ireland,' 8vo. He
stated clearly in this letter his grounds for ;
believing the Ireland papers to be spurious ; j
but he did not attempt to deny that he, like
so many others, had been at first deceived.
In reply to this letter appeared an anony-
mous pamphlet, entitled l A Comparative
Review of the Opinions of Mr. James
Boaden (editor of the " Oracle ") in February,
March, and April 1795, and of James
Boaden, Esq. (author of " Fontainville Forest"
and of a " Letter to George Steevens, Esq.")
in February 1796, relative to the Shake-
speare MSS. By a Friend to Consistency.'
The ' Friend to Consistency ' (James Wyatt)
pointed out that Boaden had been most en-
thusiastic about the ' invaluable remains of
our immortal bard ' when they were first
presented to the public. In later life Boaden
applied himself to the writing of biographies
of celebrated actors and actresses. His
' Life of Kemble ' (with whom he had been
on terms of intimacy), in two volumes, 8vo,
appeared in 1825. It was followed by the
< Life of Mrs. Siddons,' 1827, 2 vols. 8vo,
and ' Life of Mrs. Jordan,' 1831, 2 vols. 8vo.
These memoirs are very pleasant reading;
the style is easy and genial, and the author
is careful to state his facts with accuracy.
In 1833 Boaden published his ' Memoirs of
Mrs. Inchbald/ 2 vols. 8vo, to which were
added some dramatic pieces published (for
the first time) from Mrs. Inchbald's manu-
scripts. Boaden's attempts at novel-writing
are of little interest, though they were
esteemed ' ingenious performances ' in their
day. ' The Man of Two Lives ' is the title
of one, and the ' Doom of Giallo, or the

Vision of Judgment,' 1835, 2 vols. 8vo, of
the other. In 1824 appeared ' An Inquiry
into the Authenticity of the various Pictures
and Prints of Shakespeare,' and in 1837 a
tract of considerable interest ' On the Sonnets
of Shakespeare, identifying the person to
whom they are addressed, and elucidating
several points in the Poet's History.' The
writer maintains that the Mr. W. H. to
whom the sonnets were dedicated was
William Herbert, afterwards Earl of Pem-
broke, a view which has been adopted by
many later scholars. The essay first ap-
peared in some numbers of the ' Gentleman's
Magazine,' 1832. Boaden died on 16 Feb.
1839. He was a man of amiable manners
and wide information ; witty in conversation
and possessed of a good store of anecdotes.
He left nine children, of whom John [q. v.]
was an artist, and another (a daughter) in-
herited a facility for play-writing.

[Gent. Mag. 1839, pp. 437-8 ; Biographia
Dramatica, ed. Stephen Jones, 1812 ; Boaden's
Works.] A. H. B.

BOADEN, JOHN (d. 1839), portrait
inter, who was the son of James Boaden
. v.], the dramatic author and critic, ex-
ited at the Royal Academy between the
years 1810 and 1833, and at the Society of
British Artists until 1839. He confined
himself to portraiture, painting occasionally
portrait groups and theatrical portraits in
character ; but his works, although pleasing,
did not rise above mediocrity. There is by
him a portrait of the Rev. Chauncy Hare
Townshend, the donor of the ( Townshend
Bequest ' in the South Kensington Museum.
He died in 1839.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.]

R. E. G.

BOADICEA (d. 62) was the wife of Pra-
sutagus, king of the Iceiii or Eceni, a people
occupying the district which now forms the
counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The Iceni
were a powerful and warlike race, who, how-
ever, had come to terms with the Romans as
early as the time of Caesar. Aboiit the year
50 the harsh policy of the proprietor Ostorius
led to a revolt, headed by the Iceni ; but this
insurrection was speedily quelled, and the
Iceni were reduced once more to the rank of
tributaries, Prasutagus being permitted to re-
tain his former position as king, or possibly,
as has been suggested, being now set over the
Iceni by the Romans. Prasutagus, a man of
great wealth, died about the year 60, be-
queathing his property to the Roman emperor
jointly with his daughters, hoping by this
means to secure his kingdom and family from

Boadicea

280

Boag

molestation. These precautions had, howr |
ever, a contrary effect ; the will was made by j
the Roman officials a pretext for regarding \
the whole property as their spoil. Boadicea, ;
the widow of Prasutagus, was flogged, her |
daughters outraged, and other members of the
family were treated as slaves, or deprived of ,
their ancestral property. Roused to despe- j
ration by such treatment and fearing worse i
in the future, the Iceni, under the leadership j
of their queen Boadicea, headed a revolt, in j
which they were joined by the Trinobantes, a
people occupying what are now the counties
of Essex and Middlesex, in whose midst was
the Roman colony of Camulodunum (Col-
chester), where a body of Roman veterans
kept the native inhabitants in subjection by
a system of terrorism. Taking advantage of
the absence of Suetonius Paullmus, the Ro- j
man governor, in the island of Mona (Angle- |
sey), the Iceni and their allies broke into open
revolt. Camulodunum was taken and de-
stroyed, and the temple of Claudius, which
was considered to be in a peculiar degree a
monument of the British humiliation, was
stormed, and after a siege of two days so com-
pletely demolished that its site is undis-
coverable at the present day. The devastation
quickly spread far and wide. Suetonius has-
tened up to Londinium, collecting soldiers on
his march, but did not yet feel sufficiently
strong to encounter his enemies, and was
forced to leave Londinium, which, as well as
Verulamium, soon shared the fate of Camu- j
lodunum. The Romans were massacred in !
great numbers, seventy thousand according to j
Tacitus having been put to death, none being j
spared to be kept or sold as slaves. But j
Boadicea's triumph was of short duration. |
Suetonius succeeded in gaining a position in
a narrow valley where it was impossible for
the Britons to employ their tactics of out-
flanking. Tacitus gives a picturesque account
of the preparations for battle on both sides.
Boadicea, accompanied by her daughters, j
drove in her chariot through the lines of her |
army, reminding them of the wrongs which
they had endured at the hands of the Romans,
and of the mortal insults to which she and her
daughters had been subjected, and inciting
them to revenge. Suetonius encouraged his
men in a different fashion, exhorting them
not to fear multitudes consisting more of
women than of men. The battle was quickly
decided. Suetonius, with a force of not more
than ten thousand men, inflicted an over-
whelming defeat upon twenty times the num-
ber of his opponents. Eighty thousand Britons
were killed, the Roman loss being only four
hundred ; while Boadicea, in despair at the
crushing nature of her defeat, destroyed her

life by poison. This battle completely put an
end to the revolt and finally established the
Roman supremacy in Britain.

The form of the name Boadicea which is
here adopted as being sanctioned by long
popular usage is without authority. The
more correct form is probably Boudicca or
Bodicca, which, along with the masculine
Bodiccius, are found in Roman inscriptions.
These names are presumed to be connected
with the Welsh budd, advantage (Irish buaid,
victory), Welsh buddugol, victorious ; so that
as a proper name Boudicca may be considered
equivalent to Victoria.

[Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 31-7, Agricola. c. 15, 16 ;
Dion Cassius, Ixii. 1-12 ; Elton's Origins of Eng-
lish History ; Rhys's Celtic Britain.] A. M.

BOAG, JOHN (1775-1863), compiler of
the l Imperial Lexicon,' was born at High-
gate in the parish of Beith, Ayrshire, on
7 Jan. 1775. He matriculated at the uni-
versity of Glasgow in 1797, and completed
his academical course with a view to taking
orders in the church of Scotland, but joined
the body of independents or congregational-
ists, who in 1812 formed themselves into the
Congregational Union of Scotland. He acted
for many years as an evangelist, and not in-
frequently in the open air or by the way-
side. He had small charges in the Isle of
Man and Helensburgh. Ultimately he ac-
cepted the appointment of pastor over a very
small independent congregation in the village
of Blackburn, Linlithgowshire, from which,
it is believed, he never received more than
25Z. to 30/. a year. He also kept a day-school
on his own account. It was in this humble
position that Boag compiled his magnum opus.
His aim was to combine etymology, pronun-
ciation, and explanation of scientific terms and
others used in art and literature. He wished
also to incorporate (1) new words since John-
son, and (2) modifications and other changes
of meanings. He commenced this arduous
undertaking after he had entered his seven-
tieth year. Within three years his manu-
script was ready for the press. It was printed
and published by the Edinburgh Printing
and Publishing Company. Unfortunately
this company speedily became bankrupt.
About 1847 Messrs. Fullarton £ Co. became
proprietors of the * Imperial Lexicon,' and
issued it in parts or numbers, constituting
tAvo massive volumes. The work had an
enormous sale and held its own until the
publication of Ogilvie's Dictionary, which
was largely based upon it. Prefixed was a
* Popular Grammar of the English Language,'
by Mr. R. Whyte. Besides his * Imperial
Lexicon,' Boag was the author of a number

Boardman

281

Boase

of pamphlets on. questions of the day, and
was a frequent contributor to contemporary
religious periodicals.

He married Agnes Hamilton on 19 June
1798, by whom he had six sons and three
daughters. One of his sons was Sir Robert
Boag, mayor of Belfast. He died at Craigton
House, Linlithgowshire — the residence of a
daughter-in-law, with whom he had resided
in his later years — on 15 Sept. 1863, in the
eighty-ninth year of his age.

[Communications from Blackburn (Linlith-
gowshire) ; from Rev. James Ronaldson, Long-
ridge, Fauldhouse ; Rev. George Boag, M.A.,
Holme Eden Vicarage, Carlisle ; John Macnab,
Esq., Edinburgh (of Fttllarton & Co.) ; and Boag's
books.] A. B. G.

BOARDMA1ST, BORDMAN, BOUKD-
MAN, or BOURMAN, ANDREW, D.D.
(1550P-1639), divine, was a native of Lanca-
shire, where he was born about 1550. He
was admitted a scholar of St. John's College,
Cambridge, 9 Nov. 1568, and matriculated
as a pensioner on the 12th of the same
month. He became B.A. in 1571-2, M.A.
in 1575, B.D. in 1582, and D.D. in 1594.
He was admitted to a fellowship on the
Lady Margaret foundation 12 March 1572-3
(BAKER, History of St. John's, 1869, i. 289),
the same day being also that of the admis-
sion of his friend Everard Digby, of Rut-
land, the son of Sir Everard Digby, to whose
' Theoria Analytica,' &c. 4to, London, 1579,
he contributed some Greek verses prefixed to
the work. Boardman was appointed Greek
lecturer of his college 5 Sept. 1580, and at
Michaelmas following was elected one of the
college preachers (BAKER, History, &c. i.
334). He was made junior bursar of his
college 27 Jan. 1581-2 (Athence Cantabriyi-
enses, ii. 549), and in the same year, the
year of his first degree in divinity, was ap-
pointed minister of St. Mary's Church, Bury
St. Edmunds, where he dwelt in a house
which was identified in the current feoffees'
accounts as l next St. James steple ' (TYMMS,
Historic, &c.) He vacated this preferment
in 1586, and removed to a benefice then
known as Allchurch, near Warwick, and
ultimately became also vicar of St. Mary's
Church in that town, to which he was ap-
pointed by the municipality 11 Jan. 1590-1,
in succession to Leonard Fetherston, de-
prived. He appears to have held this united
preferment for nearly fifty years, and to have
died in its enjoyment shortly before 16 July
1639, the date at which the Rev. Richard
Venour is recorded to have been presented,
by King Charles I, to the living then vacant
by the death of his predecessor (DFGDALE,

Warwickshire, 439) . The authors of ' Athene
Cantabrigienses ' identify Dr. Boardman as
the writer of some English commendatory
verses, to which the initials A. B. are sub-
scribed, prefixed to Thomas Morley's * Plaine
and Easie Introduction to Practicall Mu-
sicke/ 4to, London, 1597, and other editions.
During the earlier portion of hie connection
with Warwick, Boardman had given umbrage
to Thomas Cartwright, master of the Earl of
Leicester's Hospital (BROOK, Life of Cart-
wright, &c. 311). The literary result of the
controversy was i The Fan of the Faithfull
to trie the Truth in Controversie ; collected
by A. B. ; dedicated by James Price,' 16mo,
London.

[Dugdale's Warwickshire. 1730 ; Tymms's
Historic of the Church of St. Marie, Bury St.
Edmund's, 1845 ; Brook's Memoir of Thomas
Cartwright, London, 1845; Cooper's Athense
Cantab, ii. 238-9; Baker's History of St. John's
College, ed. Mayor, 1869.] A. H. G.

BOASE, HENRY (1763-1827), banker

and author, was the fourth son of Arthur

; Boase, of Madron, a parish in Cornwall, who

| died August 1780, by Jane, daughter of

; Henry Lugs1. He was born at Madron on

3 June 1763, and in 1785 went from Pen-
zance to Roscoflf, in Brittany, in a fishing-
boat, to proceed to Morlaix, where he resided
for some time, and acquired a good know-
ledge of the French language. Not finding
any business opening in Cornwall, he went
to London, where he obtained a situation as
corresponding clerk in the banking house of
Messrs. Ransom, Morland, & Hammersley
in 1788. This house had an extensive con-
tinental connection, and after the flight of
Louis XVI in 1791 a large part of the funds
for the support of the emigrant clergy and
nobility passed through their hands. Through
his knowledge of French, Boase was, on this
occasion, able to render such great service to
his employers, that he was promoted to be chief
clerk in 1792, and seven years later he became
the managing partner. During his residence
I in London he was well acquainted with Gran-
| ville Sharpe, Robert Owen, and other men
! eminent for their philanthropic exertions ;
j was a leading member of the London Mis-
I sionary Society ; and took a considerable
I part in the foundation of the British and
Foreign Bible Society, in conjunction with
i the Rev. Thomas Charles, of Bala, with
whom he had become intimately acquainted
whilst engaged in distributing, as Mrs. Pal-
mer's banker, her donation of 1,000/. to the
poor beneficed clergy of Wales. He was also
much interested in the formation of schools
on the new system of Joseph Lancaster. His

Boase

282

Boase

correspondence, part of which is preserved
in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 29281),
gives many details on these matters. His
mind was also much occupied with the finan-
cial questions of the day, and he became well
known in banking circles by the publica-
tion of the following works : 1. ' Remarks on
the Impolicy of repealing the Bank Restric-
tion Bill,' 1802. 2. ' Guineas, an unnecessary
and expensive Incumbrance on Commerce,'
1802, 2nd edition 1803. 3. < A Letter to the
Right Hon. Lord King in Defence of the
Conduct of the Directors of the Banks of
England and Ireland,' 1804. 4. < The Disad-
vantage of the new Plan of Finance,' 1807.
5. ' Remarks on the new Doctrine concerning
the supposed Depreciation of our Currency,'
1811. His health was so seriously affected
by the London winters, that at the close of
1809 he retired from business and went to
live at Penzance. There he became a partner
in the Penzance Union Bank ; served the
office of mayor in 1816 ; aided Dr. Paris and
Mr. Ashhurst Majendie to found the Geo-
logical Society of Cornwall ; took an active
share in promoting the Penzance Public
Library, and furnished to Sir Thomas Ber-
nard valuable evidence as to the pernicious
effects of the duties on salt. In 1821 he was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society of
Literature. He died at Alverton, Penzance,
8 April 1827. He married, 26 Oct. 1794,
Anne, the only child of Matthew Craige of
Walsall, by whom he left a large family.

[An Account of the Family of Boase (1876),
pp. 4-8.] G-. U. B.

BOASE, HENRY SAMUEL, M.D.

(1799-1883), geologist, was the eldest son of
Henry Boase [q. v.j of Madron — the parish
in which Penzance is situated. He was born
in Knightsbridge — his mother being Anne,
the daughter of Matthew Craige — on 2 Sept.
1799. Boase received his earliest education
at the school kept in those days in Sloane
Street by the Messrs. Watson. He was
removed in 1814 to the grammar school at
Tiverton, but showing at this time a fond-
ness for chemistry — a science then rendered
fashionable by the discoveries made by
Humphry Davy — he was sent, in 1815, to
Dublin, to pursue his studies under the direc-
tion of Dr. Edmund Davy, then professor of
chemistry in the university of that city.
After a few years Boase proceeded to Edin-
burgh, and studied medicine in that univer-
sity, being admitted to his M.D. degree in
1821. His first independent start in life
was made at Penzance, where he practised
with considerable success as a physician for
several years. Boase's scientific education

rendered him a valuable member of the
Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, of
which he was secretary from 1822 to 1829,
and he delivered occasional lectures on
chemistry to the members. But he soon
turned to geology, and undertook a thorough
examination of the primary rocks of the in-
teresting county of Cornwall. In 1829 he
began to collect specimens, and to study
with considerable earnestness the geological
phenomena of that important mineral dis-
trict. He pursued also at the same time a
chemical investigation into the constitution
of the older rocks, and of the metalliferous
deposits which they enclose. This inquiry
led him in 1836 to publish in Thompson's
•' Records ' a description of an earth — similar
to Donaria, obtained by Bergemann from
the oryanite of Brevig in Norway — which
has, however, been proved by later investi-
gations to be identical with Thorina.

In 1832 Boase commenced, in the fourth
volume of the l Transactions of the Cornwall
Geological Society,' his ' Contributions to-
wards a Knowledge of the Geology of Corn-
wall,' and he contributed to Mr. Davies
Gilbert's l Parochial History of Cornwall'
succinct descriptions of the geology of each
parish in the county. In 1834 he pub-
lished <A Treatise on Primary Geology'
(London, 8vo).

The connection of his father with banking
led Boase to become a partner in the Pen-
zance Union Bank, which position he retained
from 1823 to 1828.

Desiring to associate with the active scien-
tific world, Boase removed to London, and
resided in Burton Crescent during the years

1837 and 1838. He did not secure the re-
cognised position which he desired, but he
was, on 4 May 1837, admitted a fellow of
the Royal Society.

Investigations into the chemistry of some
tinctorial products and their application to
textile fabrics brought Boase into familiar
intercourse with some of the large bleaching
and dyeing establishments of Scotland. In.

1838 he removed from London to Dundee,
and became managing partner in the firm of
Turnbull Brothers of the Claverhouse Bleach-
field. This establishment benefited by the
application of Boase's chemical knowledge
to the bleaching processes. The 1 7th of July
1855 we find the date of a patent taken out
by Boase for ' improvements in the process
of drying organic substances.' He finally
retired from business in 1871.

In the intervals of an active life Boase
found opportunities for continuing his scien-
tific studies, one of the results being the
publication in 1860 of * The Philosophy of

Boase

283

Boate

Nature, a Systematic Treatise of the Causes
and Laws of Natural Phenomena ' (London,
8vo). This work is certainly the result of
long-continued and careful thought. It
deals ' with the relationship of the principal
sciences, both concrete and pure ; it shows
that whatever department of nature we make
the object of our investigation, whether as
to its outward appearance or as to its inner
constitution, it will be found to have both a
real and ideal side, and accordingly as we
direct our attention to the one or the other,
the knowledge obtained must relate either to
forces or ideas — that it must be resolved into
either a physical or a formal science.' There
is a considerable amount of deductive power
shown in this volume, but the reasoning from
the inductive facts is not always satisfactory.
This work never attracted any special notice ;
the neglect being evidently due, as Boase
himself expresses it, to 'the frequent anta-
gonism of our opinions to those which more
generally prevail.' He also published : ' An
Essay on Human Nature,' London, 1865
( 8vo) ; ' The Second Adam, the Seed of the
AVoman,' anon., London, 1876 (8vo) ; ' A
few Words on Evolution and Creation,'
London, 1883 (8vo).

In addition to the above we find that
Boase contributed several memoirs andpapers
to the ' Transactions of the Cornwall Geolo-
gical Society ' and to scientific journals, the
following being the most important ; those
omitted were chiefly devoted to the chemical
examination of metallic and earthy minerals :

1. 'Observations on the Submersion of part
of the Mount's Bay, and on the Inundation
of Marine Sand on the North Coast of Corn-
wall,' ' Cornwall Geol. Soc. Trans.' ii. 1822.

2. * On the Differences in the Annual State-
ments of the quantity of Rain falling in ad-
jacent places,' Thompson's ' Ann. Phil.' iv.
1822. 3. ' Some Observations on the Allu-
vial Formations of the Western part of Corn-
Avail/ 'Cornwall Geol. Soc. Trans.' iii. 1827.
4. 'Contributions towards a Knowledge of
the Geology of Cornwall ' (1830), ibid. iv.
1832. 5. 'Note on Capros aper Lacep., Zeus
aper Linn., and a Tetrodon taken in Mount's
Bay, Cornwall,' 'Zoological Society Proceed-
ings,' i. 1833. 6. 'An Inquiry into the
Nature of the Structure of Rocks,' ' Philo-
sophical Magazine,' vii. 1835. 7. i Remarks
on Mr. Hopkins's " Researches on Physical
Geology," ' ibid. ix. 1836 ; with ' Additional
Remarks on these "Researches,"' ibid. x. 1837.
8. 'A Sketch of M. Faye's " Examen d'un
Memoire de M. Plante sur la force repulsive
et le milieu resistant," with a few remarks
thereon,' ibid. xxi. 1861.

Boase died after a short illness on 5 May

1883, leaving a numerous family by his wife,
Elizabeth Valentina, who died in 1876.
This lady was the eldest daughter of William
Stoddard.

[Transactions of the Royal Cornwall Geolo-
logical Society ; Royal Society's Catalogue of
Scientific Papers; Boase and Courtney's Bibl.
Cornubiensis.] R. H-T.

BOAST, JOHN. [See BOST.]

BOATE, DE BOOT, BOOTIUS, or BO-
TIUS, ARNOLD (1600 P-1053 ?), Hebraist,
was the son of Godefrid de Boot of Gorcom,
Holland. Born about 16CO he graduated at
the university of Ley den, where he received
the degree of doctor of medicine, and applied
himself assiduously to the study of Hebrew
rabbinical writings. His labours in that
direction were mainly in relation to ques-
tions which had been raised concerning the
various readings in the Hebrew text of the
Bible, and the possibility of correcting them
by the Septuagint. Boate's first work ap-
pears to have been that produced in conjunc-
tion with Francis Taylor, and published at
Ley den in 1636 with the following title :
' Examen Prsefationis Morini in Biblia Graeca
de textus Ebraici corruptione et Graeci autho-
ritate : cujus auctores Franciscus Taylor et
Arnoldus Bootius.' The publication consisted
of 226 pages, 12mo, and the preface was dated
at London in October 1635. About this time
Boate entered into correspondence with Pri-
mate Ussher, then engaged on biblical and
chronological works. At his instance Boate
became a resident In Dublin, where many
Dutch merchants then carried on trade, and
through Ussher's influence he soon acquired
extensive medical practice. A treatise by
Boate and his brother Gerard depreciatory
of the Aristotelian philosophy was published
at Dublin in 1641, with the following title :
' Philosophia Naturalis reformata, id est Phi-
losophise Aristotelicae accurata examinatio ac
solida confutatio et novae et verioris intro-
ductio. Per Gerardum et Arnoldum Booties,
fratres Hollandos, medicinse doctores.' This
volume of three hundred and eighty pages in
small quarto was dedicated to Robert Syd-
ney, earl of Leicester, then recently appointed
to the viceroyalty of Ireland, and father of
Algernon Sydney. Prefixed to the book were
also dedicatory epistles to Primate Ussher
and to the university of Leyden, of which the
authors designated themselves 'quondam
alumni.' A certificate was also prefixed under
date of 18 Jan. 1640-1, from Edward Parry,
chaplain to the archbishop of Dublin, and
subsequently bishop of Ossory. On Christ-
mas day 1642 Boate was married at Dublin
to Margaret, daughter of Thomas Dungan,

Boate

284

Boate

justice of the common pleas in Ireland. She
was at the time of her marriage in her seven-
teenth year, and is described as of great
beauty, and endowed with rare abilities, vir-
tues, and accomplishments. In addition to
his ' ample and flourishing practice ' at Dub-
lin Boate was engaged as physician-general
of the English forces in Ireland, large num-
bers of which were then employed there
against the Irish confederates. An interest-
ing medical work by Boate — i Observationes
medicae de affectibus a veteribus omissis '
(12mo) — appeared in 1649 (cf. HALLER'S
Bibl. Med.) Boate quitted Ireland in May
1644, and in that year published in quarto
at London a treatise with the following title
on the Hebrew text of the Old Testament :
t Animadversiones sacrae ad textum Hebrai-
cum Veteris Testamenti: in quibus loci
multi difficiles hactenus non satis intellecti
vulgo, multseque phrases obscuriores ac vo-
cabula parum adhuc percepta explicantur.
. . . Auctore Arnoldo Bootio, M.D.' Boate's
work was severely criticised by the erudite
Louis Capel, professor at the protestant
university at Saumur, whose treatise, en-
titled 'Arcanum Pimctuationis revelatum,'
published in 1624, was regarded as an as-
sault on the integrity of the Hebrew text
of the Bible. Boate fixed his residence at
Paris, and maintained correspondence with
Ussher, who acknowledged his obligations
to him for valuable aid and for information
in connection with continental manuscripts,
and with the works of erudition in progress
abroad. A reply to criticisms by Louis Capel
was published by Boate at Paris in 1650, ad-
dressed to Ussher, and entitled ' De Textus j
Hebraici Veteris Testamenti certitudine et '
authoritate contra Ludovici Capelli criticam j
Epistola Arnoldi Bootii ad reverendissimum :
Jacobum Usserium archiepiscopum Arma- !
chanum.' To this publication were appended |
a letter dated August 1650, from Ussher to |
Boate, and an appendix addressed by the !
latter to Buxtorf. Boate's wife died in her
twenty-fifth year at Paris in April 1651. As
a memorial of her virtues and of his attach-
ment to her he published there in the same
year in English l The Character of a Trulie •
Vertuous and Pious Woman, as it hath been
acted by Mistris Margaret Dungan (wife to
Doctor Arnold Boate) in the constant course
of her whole life.' This small volume, ap-
parently unknown to bibliographers, was in-
scribed to Thomas Syderserf, the deprived
bishop of Galloway, who contributed to it a '
Latin elegy on the deceased lady. Boate's |
views as to the Hebrew text of the Bible
were vindicated by Ussher in a Latin letter
addressed by him to Capel in 1652. In that

year we find Boate in communication with
Samuel Hartlib in reference to the publica-
tion of ' Ireland's Naturall History ' — a work
prepared by Boate's . brother Gerard [q. v.]
The last printed work of Boate appears to
have been a quarto volume of two hundred
and forty pages, issued at Paris in 1653, with
the following title : l Arnoldi Bootii Vindi-
cise seu apodixis apologetica pro Hebraica
veritate contra duos notissimos et infensissi-
mos ejus hostes, Johannem Morinum et Lu-
dovicum Capellum.' Prefixed is a dedication,
dated Paris, 5 May 1653, to Gisbert Voet, an
eminent protestant theologian, professor of
Hebrew in the university of Utrecht. The
date of Boate's death has not been ascertained.

[Parr's Life of James Ussher, London, 1686 ;
Works of Ussher, Dublin, 1848 ; Epistola Jacobi
Usserii Armachani ad Ludovicum Capellum de
variantibus textus Hebraici lectionibus, London,
1652, 1658 ; Bibliotheca Belgica, cura J. F. Fop-
pens, Bruxelles, 1739; History of City of Dublin,
1854; Hist, of Irish Confederation and War in
Ireland, 1641-43, Dublin, 1882.] J. T. G.

BOATE, DE BOOT, BOOTIUS, or
BOTIUS, GERARD (1604-1650), physician,
brother of Arnold Boate [q. v.], was born at
Gorcum, Holland, in 1604. He entered the
university of Leyden as a medical student
21 June 1628, and graduated there as doctor
of medicine 3 July 1628. In 1630 he pub-
lished a book styled ' Horas Jucundse.' Boate
settled in London, was employed as phy-
sician to the king, and, in conjunction with
his brother Arnold, produced the treatise 011
philosophy, already mentioned as published
in 1641. He became a contributor to the
fund under the English act of parliament of
1642, which admitted the Dutch to subscribe
money for the reduction of the Irish, to be
subsequently repaid by grant of forfeited
lands in Ireland. With a view to augment-
ing the interest of ' adventurers ' for Irish
lands, he undertook the compilation of a work
to supply information on the profits to be
derived from the various productions of that
country. Boate had never visited Ireland,
but materials for his work were furnished
by his brother Arnold and by some of the
English who had been ejected from Irish
lands sometime occupied by them. Boate
commenced the ' Natural History ' early in
1645 and completed it within the year, but
its publication was deferred. He was ad-
mitted a licentiate of the College of Physi-
cians 6 Nov. 1646. In April 1649 the "ap-
pointment of Boate as doctor to the hospital
at Dublin was referred by the council of
state at London to Oliver Cromwell, who in
the preceding month had been appointed

Boate

285

Bobart

commander-in-chief for Ireland. The trea- |
surer-at-war in the following September paid
Boate fifty pounds l on account of his enter-
tainment as physician for Ireland.' Boate
arrived in Ireland at the latter end of 1649,
while Cromwell was in command there, but
he survived only a short time. He died in
January 1649-50.

Boate's papers and his ' Natural History '
left behind him in London came into the
hands of Milton's friend, Samuel Hart-lib, a \
Pole, resident in England. With the assent
of Arnold Boate, then at Paris, the t Natural
History ' was published at London in 1652
by Hartlib, with a dedication to Oliver
Cromwell and to Charles Fleetwood, com- |
mander-in-chief in Ireland. It bore the
title : t Ireland's Naturall History. Being a
true and ample description of its situation,
greatness, shape, and nature; of its hills,
woods, heaths, bogs ; of its fruit-full parts
and profitable grounds, with the severall 5
ways of manuring and improving the same ; \
with its heads or promontories, harbours,
roades, and bayes ; of its springs and foun-
taines, brookes, rivers, loghs ; of its metalls,
mineralls, freestone, marble, sea-coal, turf,
and other things that are taken out of the
ground. And lastly of the nature and tern-
perature of its air and season, and what
diseases it is free from or subject unto.
Conducing to the advancement of naviga-
tion, husbandry, and other profitable arts
and professions. Written by Gerard Boate,
late Doctor of Physick to the State in Ire-
land, and now published by Samuel Hartlib,
Esq., for the common good of Ireland, and j
more especially for the benefit of the Ad- J
venturers and Planters there.' In his dedi- |
cation to Cromwell and Fleetwood, Hartlib j
observed : ' I lookt also somewhat upon the ]
hopefull appearance of replanting Ireland
shortly, not only by the adventurers, but
happily by the calling in of exiled Bohemians
and other Protestants also, and happily by
the invitation of some well affected out of
the Low Countries, which to advance are
thoughts suitable to your noble genius, and
to further the settlement thereof, the Natural
History of that countrie will not be unfit,
but very subservient.' The 'Natural His-
tory ' is divided into twenty-four chapters.
In a letter, dated Paris, 10 Aug., prefixed
to the volume and addressed to Hartlib,
Arnold Boate stated that his brother had con-
templated three more books on the plants,
' living creatures,' and natives of Ireland re-
spectively.

A French version, under the title of * His-
toire Naturelle d'Irlande,' was published at
Paris in 1666. In relation to the work the

author of a defective and inaccurate notice
of Boate in the 'Grand Dictionnaire' of
Moreri, observed : ' II y a peu d'ouvrages
mieux executes dans ce genre. II serait a
souhaiter que nous eussions une histoire
dressee sur le nieme plan de tons les pays du
monde, au moins de ceux de 1'Europe? In
repayment of Gerard Boate's contributions
in money above mentioned, his relict, Kathe-
rine Boate, obtained, under certificate dated
15 Nov. 1667, upwards of one thousand acres
of land in Tipperary.

A quarto edition of the ' Natural History '
by Boate was published at Dublin in 1726,
and reissued there in 1755. It was again
published in the first volume of a 'Collection
of Tracts and Treatises illustrative of the
Natural History, Antiquities, and Political
and Social State of Ireland/ 8vo, Dublin,
1860. No edition of Boate's < Natural His-
tory ' has hitherto been published with an-
notations or additions.

[BibliothecaBelgica, cura I. F. Foppens, 1739 ;
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Lon-
don, 1857; Hunk's College of Physicians, i. 243 ;
Ashlmrnham MSS., Eoyal Irish Academy, Dub-
lin, H. iv. 2; MS. Records of Proceedings under
Act of Setlement, Public Kecord Office, Ireland ;
Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, par Louis
Moreri, Paris, 1759, tome ii. p. 78.] J. T. Gr.

BOBART or BOBERT, JACOB f 1599-
1680), the elder, botanist, was born at Bruns-
wick in 1599, and in 1632 was appointed su-
perintendent of the Oxford Physic Garden on
its foundation by the Earl of Danby in that
year. In 1648 he published an anonymous
catalogue, in alphabetical order, of sixteen
hundred plants then under his care (' Cata-
logus plantarum horti medici Oxoniensis, scil.
Latino- Anglicus et Anglico-Latinus ') ; this
was revised in 1658 in conjunction with his
son [see BOBART, JACOB, the younger], Dr.
Philip Stephens, and William Brown. Very
little seems to be known of his life, save a few
stray hints, such as Granger's statement that
' on rejoicing days he used to have his beard
tagged with silver,' and that a goat followed
him instead of a dog. He died on 4 Feb.
1679-80 at the garden house, and was buried
in the churchyard of St. Peter in the East,
where there is a tablet to his memory. His
will was dated 2 Nov. 1677, and was proved
at the Oxford registry ; in it he desired to be
buried near his dear wife Mary. He left
houses to his sons Jacob and Tilleman (or
Tillemant), and mentions a deceased son Jo-
seph ; he left legacies also to six daughters,
his second wife Ann being residuary legatee.
, The following portraits exist : engraving by
' Bougher, dated 1675 ; a full length as frontis-

Bobart

286

Bocher

piece to ' Vertumnus/ a poem addressed to
his son, and another in the t Oxford Almanac '
for 1719.

[Bobart's (H. T.) Biograph. Sketch (privately
printed), 1884 ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss) ; Pulteney's
Sketches, i. 1 65 ( 1 790) ; Granger's Biog. Hist. Eng-
land, i. 88-9 (1775).] B. D. J.

BOBART, JACOB (1641-1719), the
younger, botanist, the younger son of Jacob
Bobart (1599-1680), was born at Oxford
2 Aug. 1641, succeeded his father as super-
intendent of the Physic Garden, and on the
death of Dr. Morison in 1683 lectured as
botanical professor. In 1699 he brought out
the third part of Morison's t Historia Plant a-
rum,' the second having been issued during
the writer's life in 1680, whilst the first
was never printed. In Gray's ' Notes on
Hudibras ' occurs the following : ' Mr. Jacob
Bobart, botany professor of Oxford, did about
forty years ago (in 1704) find a dead rat in
the Physic Garden, which he made to re-
semble the common picture of dragons by
altering its head and tail, and thrusting in
taper sharp sticks, which distended the skin
on each side till it mimicked wings. He
let it dry as hard as possible. The learned
immediately pronounced it a dragon, and
one of them sent an accurate description of
it to Dr. Magliabecchi, librarian to the Grand
Duke of Tuscany. Several fine copies of
verses were wrote upon so rare a subject ; but
at last Mr. Bobart owned the cheat. How-
ever, it was looked upon as a masterpiece of
art, and as such deposited in the museum or
anatomy school at Oxford.'

Whilst he held this appointment he formed
a hortus siccus according to the fashion of the
times in twelve vols. folio, which is kept at
the garden. He vainly tried for the post of
curator to the Apothecaries' Garden at Chelsea
in 1692. Consul William Sherard, who after-
wards left his library and an endowment to
the Oxford Garden, wrote in July 1719 that
Vice-chancellor Shippen had compelled Bo-
bart, ' my old master,' who was then in weak
health, to resign the office of botanic professor,
Dr. E. Sandys receiving the post. He says :
*I am surprised the vice-chancellor hath
obliged Mr. Bobart to resign his place . . .
they ought to have let him spend the short
remainder of his time in the garden.' He died
on 28 Dec. 1719, and was buried two days
later.

Among the Sherardian letters in the li-
brary of the Royal Society are fourteen from
Bobart to the consul, and in the ' Sloane MS.,'
No. 3343, in the British Museum, are many
of Bobart's memoranda of considerable gar-
dening interest. An interleaved copy of Bau-

hin's 'Pinax,' with copious annotations by
Bobart, is in the botanical department of the
Natural History Museum at Cromwell Road,
and an interleaved copy of the ' Oxford Gar-
i den Catalogue,' in the possession of the writer,
has a few additions in same handwriting.
The genus Bobartia was named in honour of
the two Bobarts by Linnaeus in the ' Amo3ni-
tates Aeademicae.'

[Bobart's (H. T.) Biog. Sketch (privately

< printed), 1884, with a bibliography; Pulteney's

| Sketches, i. 166, 311-12 (1790) ; Nichols's Illus-

| trations, i. 341 (the footnote confounds the father

and son), 353, 354, 359 (1817); Richardson's

Correspondence, 1 52 ; Granger's Biog. Hist. Eng-

I land, 2nd eel. i. 89, note (1775).] B. D. J.

BOBBIN, TIM. [See COLLIER, JOHN.]

BOCFELD, ADAM (Jl. 1350), a Fran-
ciscan writer on Aristotle, who appears to
have flourished between 1340 and 1380, wrote
commentaries on the books of Aristotle, de
Topicis, de Coelo et Mundo, de Generatione et
Corruptione, de Meteoribus, and on the Me-
taphysics. Manuscripts of all these, save the
last, were in the possession of Luke Wadding.

[Wadding's Script. Ord. Min. fo. 1 ; Sbaralea's
Supplementum ad Scriptores, fo. 1 ; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit. 137.]

BOCHER, BOUCHER, or BUTCHER,
JOAN (d. 1550), anabaptist martyr, some-
times called JOAN OF KENT and JOAN KNEL,
seems to have first come into notice about
1540 as ' a great dispenser of Tindal's New
Testament ' to the ladies of Henry VIIFs
court. She was a 'great reader of scrip-
ture,' and found a sympathetic friend in
Anne Askew [q. v.], who was burnt for
heresy in 1546. Before 1543 she had adopted
opinions about the incarnation which con-
flicted with the contemporary notions of
both catholic and protestant orthodoxy, and
she was charged with heresy before Dr.
Leigh, the commissary of Archbishop Cran-
mer. Articles drawn up in 1543 by the arch-
bishop's enemies against Dr. Leigh charge
him with displaying illegal clemency towards
her, but Strype asserts that Henry VIII
himself interfered to stop proceedings against
her at this time (Memorials of Cranmer,
1848, i. 257). In 1548 Joan was again in
trouble and with fatal result. She was
examined before Archbishop Cranmer, Sir
Thomas Smith, Hugh Latimer, and other
divines, and she insisted that Christ did not
'take flesh of the Virgin.' According to
Latimer, she said that ' our Saviour had a
phantasticall body ' (LATIMEE, Works, Par-
ker Soc., ii. 114). Sentence of excommuni-
cation was passed on her, and was read by

Bocher

287

Becking

the archbishop in St. Mary's chapel of St.
Paul's Cathedral on 12 April 1549. On
30 April Cranmer sent a detailed account of
Joan's heresy and of his proceedings against
her to the king, Edward VI, and at the same
time handed her over to the privy council
for punishment. She was kept in prison for
a year, and was there visited by Roger Hut-
chinson, Lever, Whitehead, Latimer, and
other protestant clergymen, but they failed
to induce her to change her opinions. For
a time she was detained by Lord-chancellor
Rich in his own residence, York House, ' where
my lord of Canterbury and Bishop Ridley re-
sorted almost daily to her. But she "was so
high in spirit that they could do nothing '
(FoxE, Acts and Monuments, 1847, vii. 631).
On 27 April 1550 Lord-chancellor Rich, in
accordance with an order of the council, is-
sued a writ to the sheriff of London to burn
her. On 2 May following Joan was burned
at Smithfield. Dr. Scory, afterwards bishop
of Rochester, l preached at her death,' and
was reviled by Joan as a lying rogue.

Foxe in his 'Acts and Monuments' (ed.
Townsend, 1847, v. 699), following Sir John
Hayward's ' Life of Edward VI,' asserts that
Cranmer was solely responsible for Joan's
death, and that he obtained the king's signa-
ture to the order for her execution by some-
thing like coercion. It has been pointed
out, however, that in Edward VI's private
diary, printed from the * Cottonian MS.'
(Nero C. x) in Burnet's ' Reformation ' (ed.
Pocock, vol. ii.), the king notes the fact of
Joan's execution without comment: that
Joan was burned under a writ issued by the
lord chancellor to the sheriff of London, in
accordance with a resolution drawn up by
those members of the council who were
present at the meeting of 27 April 1550 ;
and that neither the king nor the archbishop
attended that meeting. Burnet (Reforma-
tion, ed. Pocock, ii. 202) rightly condemns
the policy that led the protestant reformers
to burn Joan, a supporter of their own party,
and adds : ' The woman's carriage made her
be looked on as a frantic person fitter for
Bedlam than a stake.' Edmund Becke [q. v.]
took at the time another view, and published
immediately after Joan's death l A brefe Con-
futacioun of this Anabaptisticall Opinion . . .
For the maintenaunce wherof Jhone Boucher
. . . most obstinately suffered,' MDL. (reprinted
in J. P. Collier's < Illustrations of Early Eng-
lish Literature,' 1864, vol. ii.)

[Cranmer's report of the heresy and excom-
munication of Joan made to the privy council
(30 April 1549) is printed from his register in
Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, 1848, ii. 488-92,
in Wilkins's Concilia, iv. 43, and in Burnet's

Reformation, ed. Pocock, v. 246-9. See also
Strype's Memorials, n. i. 335 et seq. ; Roger
Hutchinson's Works (Parker Society), 145-7;

! Fabyan's Chronicle, 1559, fol. 555 ; Stow's
Chronicle, 1615, p. 604; Fronde's History, iv.

l 407, 526; Lingard's History, v. 159; and espe-
cially the notes on Strype's Cranmer (1848), ii.

i 97-100. Other authorities are mentioned in the

! text.] S. L. L.

BOCK, EBERHARDT OTTO GEORGE

T03vr (d. 1814), baron, a major-general in the
British army, was descended from an old
military family, and entered the Hanoverian
cavalry about the year 1781. His name
appears as a premier-lieutenant in the 6th
Hanoverian dragoons in 1789, and as ritt-
meister (captain) in 1800. On the dissolu-
tion of the Hanoverian army after the con-
vention of Lauenburg, Bock was one of the
officers who came to England, where he raised
four troops of heavy cavalry, which became
the 1st dragoons, King's German legion, of
which he was gazetted colonel 21 April 1804.
The regiment was formed at Weymouth,
and was a particular favourite of George III.
Bock served at its head in the expedition to
Hanover in 1805 ; also in Ireland, whither
it was sent after its return home. From
Ireland Bock, who had attained the rank of
major-general in 1810, proceeded to the Pe-
ninsula in 1811 in command of a brigade
composed of the two heavy cavalry regi-
ments of the legion, with which he made
the subsequent campaigns in Spain and the
south of France in 1812-13. The steadiness
and gallantry of Bock's heavy Germans often
won approval, particularly on 23 July 1812,
the day after the victory at Salamanca, wrhen
in a charge, Avhich by the enemy's own ad-
mission was the most brilliant cavalry affair
that occurred during the whole war, they
attacked, broke, and made prisoners three
entire battalions of French infantry. With
one of his sons, Captain L. von Bock, and
some other officers, Bock was lost in the
Bellona transport, on the Tulbest rocks, on
21 Jan. 1814, on a voyage from Passages to
England. His body was washed on shore
at the little Breton village of Pleubian
(arrondissement of Paimpol), where it was
recognised and interred.

[G-ross-Britt. u. Braunschw.-LunenburgStaats-
Kalenclar, 1780-1803 ; Beamish's Hist. German
Legion (1832-7); Foy's Histoirede la Guerre de
la Peninsule, i. 290 ; Alison's Hist, of Europe, x.
367-8]. H. M. C.

BOOKING, EDWARD (d. 1534), Bene-
dictine, was the leading supporter of Eliza-
beth Barton, the nun of Kent [q. v.] He
probably belonged to the family of Booking

Booking

288

Bookman

settled at Ash Booking, Suffolk, some mem-
bers of which, held property at Longham,
Norfolk, in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies (CAKTHEW, Hundred of Launditch, pt.
ii. 422-4). A John Booking was one of Sir
John Fastolf 's clerks ; he is repeatedly men-
tioned in the ' Paston Letters/ and much of
his correspondence is printed there. He died
in 1478, when Sir William Booking, his
brother, administered his effects (Paston Let-
ters, ed. Gairdner. iii. 228). A Nicholas
Booking was also in Sir John Fastolf's ser-
vice. Edward Booking proceeded B.D. at Ox-
ford on 16 June 1513 and D.D. in June 1518.
He is stated to have been educated at Can-
terbury College, Oxford, which was afterwards
absorbed in Christ Church, and (before 1513)
was appointed warden there. About 1526 he
had retired from Oxford to the Benedictine
priory, Christ Church, Canterbury. In that
year he (with a brother-monk, William Had-
ley) was sent by his prior, Thomas Goldwell,
to Addington, Kent, to report on the alleged
divine revelations of Elizabeth Barton, a
maidservant of the village, who was popularly
believed to be inspired by the Holy Ghost.
He fulfilled his mission dishonestly. He
found the girl recovering from an hysterical
disorder ; but he induced her — and for some
years with complete success — to feign her ma-
nifestations, and to declare herself an emissary
from the Virgin, sent to overthrow the Luthe-
rans, and( subsequently) to prevent the divorce
of Queen Catherine. In 1527 Booking caused
Elizabeth to be removed to the priory of St.
Sepulchre's, Canterbury, and informed Arch-
bishop Warham that ' a voice had spoken in
her in one of her trances, that it was the
pleasure of God that he should be her ghostly
father.' About the same time he caused a
collection of the nun's oracles, drawn up under
his direction, to be widely circulated in manu-
script. He continued in Elizabeth's service
for nearly six years, and led her to follow his
example of railing and jesting ' like a frantic
person against the king's grace, his purposed
marriage, against his acts of parliament, and
against the maintenance of heresies within
this realm.' A few months after Henry VIII's
marriage with Anne Boleyn (28 May 1533),
the nun's continued denunciations of the
king's conduct led Cromwell to arrest her
on a charge of treason. On 25 Sept. Booking
and her other associates shared her fate.
Booking soon confessed to the imposture, and
he, with six others,- was hanged at Tyburn
on 20 April 1534, in accordance with the
terms of the act of attainder drawn up
against all the nun's immediate supporters in
the previous January. Cranmer, writing to
Henry VIII, 13 Dec. 1533, described the

powerful and baneful influence that Booking
exerted over the novices in the priory of
Christ Church, Canterbury (CRA.NMER, Let-
ters, Parker Society, 271). ' Sir Richard Mo-
rison very fiercely attacks Booking, whom
he misnames Joannes, in his 'Apomaxis
Calumniarum . . . quibus Joannes Cocleus
. . . Henrici Octavi . . . famam impetere . . .
studuit,' 1538, ff. 74-5.

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i.
36, 47 ; Oxf. Univ. Reg. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), i. 83 ;
and the authorities quoted under ELIZABETH
BARTON.] S. L. L.

BOOKING, RALPH (d. 1270), Domini-
can, is stated to have been a native of Chi-
chester. He was the private confessor of
Richard Wych, who held the see of Chichester
from 1245 till his death in 1253. Ralph lived
for many years on very intimate terms with the
bishop, and on the latter's canonisation, early
in 1262, was requested by Isabel, countess of
Arundel, and Robert de Kilwardby (chief of
the Dominican order in England, and after-
wards archbishop of Canterbury) to write
St. Richard's life. Ralph readily performed
the task, and dedicated it to the Lady Isabel.
His style is declamatory; but he utilises
much information derived from the bishop,
and he describes much that he himself wit-
nessed. A thirteenth-century manuscript of
the life is in the British Museum (MS. Sloane,
1772, ff. 25-70). It was printed in the Bol-
landists' 'Acta Sanctorum,' 1675, under
3 April. A popular abridgment of Ralph's
life by John Elmer, manuscripts of which
are extant in the British Museum (MS. Cot-
ton, Tib. E, 1), in the Bodleian (MS. Tanner,
15), and at York, is printed in Capgrave's
'Nova Legenda Anglise/fol. 269 b. Bale "at-
tributes to Ralph a series of sermons, but of
them nothing is now known.

[Hardy's Descriptive Catalogue, iii. 136-8, 179 ;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Bollandists' Acta Sancto-
rum, Aprilis, i. 282-318.] S. L. L.

BOOKMAN, R. (fi. 1750), portrait
painter and mezzotint engraver, the initial of
whose Christian name is given by Fiissli as C.
or G., was known as an artist in Amsterdam,
whence he appears to have come first to Eng-
land. He worked in this country in the early
part of the eighteenth century. He painted
several portraits of the Duke of Cumberland^
and a life-size half-length of Admiral Russell,
which is in the hospital at Greenwich. He
copied after Kneller, and engraved portraits
in mezzotint after Vandyck, Vanloo, Dahl,
Worsdale, and others. He painted and en-
graved (1743) a picture of St. Dunstan hold-
ing the Devil by the nose with the tongs.' His

Bocland

289

Bocland

widow applied for relief to the Society of Ar-
tists in 1769. Heinecken mentions amongst
his portraits those of ' Thomas Chubb the
Deist,' of ' Thomas Holies, duke of Newcastle/
of ' Charles, Lord Talbot,' and of ' William
Walker.'

[Heinecken's Dictionnaire des Artistes, 1789 ;
Fiissli's Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon, 1806;
Kedgrave's Diet of Artists, 1878.] E. R.

BOCLAND, GEOFFREY DE (fl. 1195-
1224), justice, was both a lawyerand achurch-

of William de Bocland, confirmed to the mo-
nastery of Walden the grant of the advowson
of Essenham vicarage in the archdeaconry of
Colchester (NEWCOTJKT, ii. 245).

[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Origines
Juridiciales, 42 ; Le Neve, 219; Maitland's Lon-
don, 767 ; Eot. de Liberat. 2 John, 8, De oblatis,
2 John, 89 ; Chart 2 John, 99.] J. A. H.

BOCLAND, HUGH DE, or HUGH OP

BUCKLAND (d. 1119 ?), sheriff of Berk-

„_,,.__, ., shire and several other counties, received his

man. He was a justiciar in the years 1195-7, I surname from the manor of Buckland, near
1201-4, and 1218, in all which years fines were j Faringdon, of which he was tenant under the
levied before him on the feast of St. Margaret
at Westminster. As early as the beginning of
John's reign he was connected with the ex-
chequer, and as late as 1220 he was a justice
itinerant in the county of Hereford. His ec-
clesiastical career begins in 1200, when he
was archdeacon of Norfolk (not Norwich, as
BLOMEFIELD, Norwich, i. 642). Between 1200
and 1216 the churches of Tenham and Page-
ham were granted him, and in the latter year,
25 March, he is found dean of St. Martin' s-
le-Grand, preferment which he obtained from
the crown. He was concerned in the revolt
of the barons in 1216, and twice in the year

time and a safe-conduct were given him to j same authority states that he was held in
appear before the king. In this year also his j great esteem by Henry I, and that he was
manor of Tacheworth in Herefordshire was ' ' "" "
forfeited and granted to Nicholas de Jelland.
On Henry Ill's accession he was restored to
his judicial position, and in 1224 he was still

alive. In that year a claim was made against i is sometimes stated that Hugh de Bocland
him by the archdeacon of Colchester for New- was justiciar of England, but this assertion
port, an important portion of his deanery, and is extremely questionable. It is true that he
he obtained a prohibition by writ against the is so described in the copy of Henry I's
archdeacon. Shortly before there had also \ charter of liberties, which Matthew Paris
been a dispute as to a vicarage in Colchester j quotes as having been read to the barons in
archdeaconry, that of Wytham, between Boc- j 1213 ; but in the obviously more accurate
land and the canons of St. Martin's. The dean copy of this charter given by the same his-
at last resigned whatever right he had to torian under the date 1100, the designation
Eustace de Fauconbergh, bishop of London, , of justiciar is wanting. The Abingdon
who granted it to the canons of St. Martin's, | chronicle also speaks of Hugh as 'justiciarius
ordaining a perpetual vicarage there ; and the publicarum compellationum ; ' the precise
grant was confirmed in 1222 under the seals of import of this expression, however, is not
the bishop, dean, and chapter of St. Paul's, and | clear. The statement in Foss's ' Lives of the
dean and canons of St. Martin's (NEWCOTJRT, Judges' that he was canon of St. Paul's is
Repert. ii. 675). But by February 1231 he probably erroneous, although his name occurs
was dead, and had been succeeded by Walter ! (without date or reference to any authority)
de Maitland as dean of St. Martin's. Mait- \ in the list of prebendaries of Harleston in
land was appointed 14 Sept. 1225(NEWCOURT). j Newcourt's * Repertorium,' i. 151. He wit-
An elder brother of his, William de Bocland, , nessed a St. Albans charter dated 1116, and
married a daughter of one Geoffrey de Say, j also another charter of the same abbey, which

monastery of Abingdon. Before the death
of William Rufus he was already sheriff of
Berkshire, and he is stated in the Abingdon
history to have been one of the persons who
profited by the unjust transactions of Mod-
bert, whom the king appointed to administer
the affairs of the monastery in the interest of
the royal revenues, during the period when
the office of abbot was vacant. He was or-
dered by Henry I to restore to the abbey the
possessions which he had in this manner
wrongfully obtained. Notwithstanding this,
the Abingdon historian gives Hugh a high
character for uprightness and wisdom. The

sheriff of eight counties. Six of these the
evidence of charters enables us to identify,
viz. Berkshire, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire,
Buckinghamshire, Essex, and Middlesex. It

and sister-in-law of Geoffrey FitzPeter, and
on the latter's death in 1214 Geoffrey de Boc-
land was ordered to sell to the king, at the
market price, the corn and stock on Fitz
Peter's estate at Berkhampstead. About the
middle of the fourteenth century Maud, widow
vol.. v.

Mr. Luard assigns, apparently 9n good
grounds, to the year 1119. As we find from
the Abingdon history that William de Boche-
lande (presumably a son of Hugh) was sheriff
of Berkshire in 1120, it may be inferred that
Hugh de Bocland died in 1119.

TJ

Boddington

290

Bode

Another Hugh de Bocland, who may have
been a grandson of the subject of this article,
was sheriff of Berkshire from 1170 to 1176,
and was one of the itinerant justices in 1173
and 1174.

[Chron. Mon. Abingdon, ed. Stevenson, ii. 5,
43, 117, 160; Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. ed.
Luard, ii. 115, 552, vi. 37 ; Rymer's Fcedera, ed.
1816, i. 9, 10, 12; Foss's Lives of the Judges,
i. 107, 219.] H. B.

BODDINGTON, HENRY JOHN (1811-
1865), artist, the second son of Edward Wil-
liams and his wife Anne, nee Hildebrand,
was born in London, of a very large family
of artists. His paternal grandfather, Edward
Williams, an engraver, married a sister of
James Ward, R.A., the animal painter, and
hence he was related to George Morland,
R.A., and H. B. Chalon, who married other
sisters of James Ward, and to John Jackson,
R.A., who married that artist's daughter.
A son of this engraver, also named Edward
Williams, who, after a brief period of appren-
ticeship to a carver and gilder, established
himself as an artist, was the father of seven
sons, who all became landscape painters. To
avoid confusion with their relatives and other
artists of the same name, the second, fifth,
and sixth of these sons took the names of
(Henry John) Boddington, (Arthur) Gilbert,
and (Sidney) Percy respectively.

Boddington was trained in no school ;
what teaching he had he received from his
father, in whose studio he worked from child-
hood. In 1832, when just of age, he married
Clara Boddington, whose name he adopted.
After a few years of great poverty and
struggle he became a very prosperous artist.
He lived first at Pentonville, removed thence
to Fulham, thence to Hammersmith, and
finally in 1854 to Barnes. His earliest pic-
tures were studied from the scenery of Surrey
and the banks of the Thames. Work of his
was first exhibited at the Royal Academy in
1837, and from 1839 onwards one or two
pictures by him were exhibited there every
year until his death and four years after it.
The rooms of the Society of British Artists
in Suffolk Street, however, received the
greater number of his productions. His
name appears for the first time in the cata-
logue for 1837. In 1842 he became a mem-
ber of the society, and afterwards exhibited
there an average of ten pictures every year
until his death. In 1843 he visited Devon-
shire, staying at Ashburton ; in 1846 the
English lakes; and in 1847, for the first
time, North Wales, which, especially the
country around Bettws and Dolgelly, was
afterwards his favourite working-ground.

He also painted in Scotland, Yorkshire, and
other parts of England, but the subjects of
most of his pictures are in the districts already
named. He was never on the continent.
Boddington preserved such a general level
of passable merit that no one picture can be
selected as excelling in a remarkable degree.
He is not represented in any of the public
galleries, nor — except one or two as wood-
cuts in the ' Illustrated London News ' —
have any of his works been engraved. He
has perhaps more affinity with Constable than
with any other of the leaders of our landscape
art. His paintings are mostly taken from
quiet English country life. He was a very
rapid sketcher.

Boddington was of a humorous, amiable,
and manly character. After suffering for
several years from a progressive disease of
the brain, he died at his house at Barnes
11 April 1865. His only child, Edwin
Boddington, and several of his nephews are
painters, and carry on the family tradition
to another generation.

[Information from Mr. H. S. Percy; Our
Living Painters (London, 1859) ; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists of the English School.]

W. H-H.

BODE, JOHN ERNEST (1816-1874),
divine, was born in 1816. His father was
William Bode, of the post office ; his mother
was Mary, only daughter of the Rev. T. Lloyd,
of Peterly House, Oxon. He was educated
at Eton and the Charterhouse, 1830-4, where
he became a scholar on the foundation.
From the Charterhouse he proceeded to
Christ Church, Oxford, and was the first to
gain, in 1835, the Hertford scholarship, in-
stituted the year before. He took his B.A.
degree in 1837, when he was first class in
classics, and his M. A. in 1840. He became a
student and a tutor of his college, 1841-7, of
which he was appointed censor in 1844, and
acted as one of the public examiners in clas-
sicsforthe years 1846-1848. He was ordained
deacon in 1841, and priest in 1843. In 1847
he was presented by his college to the rectory
of Westwell, Oxfordshire ; and on 22 July
in the same year was married to Miss Hester
Charlotte Lodge, of St. Nicholas, Guildford.
In 1848 Bode was appointed one of the select
preachers in the university, and on 12 Dec.
1850, being Founder's Day, preached a sermon
at the Charterhouse Chapel, which was after-
wards published as ' Our Schoolboy Days
viewed through the Glass of Religion,' 8vo,
London, 1 850. In 1 855 he preached the Bamp-
ton Lectures before the university of Oxford,
published as 'The Absence of Precision in the
Formularies of the Church of England, scrip-

Boden

291

Bodenham

tural and favourable to a State of Probation,'
8vo, Oxford, 1855. In 1857 Bode contested
unsuccessfully with Mr. Matthew Arnold the
chair of poetry at Oxford ; his claims rested
mainly on a volume of poems suggested by a
course of reading of the old English and Scotch
ballads from 1841, and published as 'Ballads
from Herodotus, with an Introductory Poem/
8vo, London, 1853 ; second edition, ' with four
additional poems,' 1854. Bode also published
4 Short Occasional Poems,' 8vo, London, 1858,
and a smaller volume entitled ' Hymns from
the Gospel of the Day, for each Sunday and
the Festivals of Our Lord,' 12mo, Oxford,
1860. In 1860 Bode was presented by the
governors of the Charterhouse to the living
•of Castle Camps, Cambridgeshire, at the
rectory house of which he died suddenly, at
the age of fifty-eight, on 6 Oct. 1874.

[Charterhouse, Lists of Scholars, 5 May 1830,
and 2 May 1832; Charter-House, its Foundation
and History, 1849 ; Graduates of Oxford, 1851 ;
Honours Eegister of Oxford, 1883 ; Gent. Mag.
September, 1811, &c. ; Sussex Advertiser, 27 July
1847 ; Men of the Time, 1872 ; Crockford's Cle-
rical Directory, 1874; English Churchman and
€lerical Journal 15 Oct. 1874.] A. H. G.

BODEN, JOSEPH (d. 1811), lieutenant-
colonel in the East India Company's service,
founder of the Boden professorship of Sanskrit
in the university of Oxford — whose name is
spelt Bowden in Dodswell and Miles' l Lists of
the Indian Army' — was appointed lieutenant
in the Bombay native infantry on 24 Nov. 1781.
He became captain on 25 Oct. 1796, major on
12 Oct. 1802, and lieutenant-colonel on 21May
1806. His name was borne at various times
on the rolls of the 3rd, 5th, 6th, 8th, and 9th
native infantry, and he held successively the
offices of judge-advocate, aide-de-camp to the
governor, quartermaster-general, and member
of the military board at Bombay. There is no
record of his neld-service at the India Office.
He retired from the service in 1807, and died
at Lisbon, whither he had gone for the benefit
of his health, on 21 Nov. 1811. On the demise
of his daughter his property went to the uni-
versity of Oxford, under conditions recorded
on a tablet placed by his executors in Trinity
Church, Cheltenham, which bears the fol-
lowing inscription : ' In a vault beneath this
church are deposited the remains of Eliz. Bo-
den, who died 29 Aug. 1827, aged 19 years.
By her decease the residuary property of her
father, the late Lieutenant-colonel Joseph
Boden, H.E.I.C. Bombay Establishment, now
in the Court of Chancery and valued at
26,000/. or thereabouts, devolves to the Uni-
versity of Oxford, and, according to the fol-
lowing instructions extracted from his will,

is to be " by that Body appropriated in and
towards the erection and endowment of a
professorship in the Sanskrit language at or
in any or either of the Colleges of the said
University, being of opinion that a more
general and critical knowledge of the lan-
guage will be the means of enabling my
countrymen to proceed in the conversion of
the natives of India in the Christian reli-
gion, by disseminating a knowledge of the
Sacred scriptures among them, more effec-
tually than by all other means whatever." '
The offer was accepted by the university in
convocation on 9 Nov. 1827, and the first
election took place in 1832, when Professor
H. H. Wilson was appointed to the Sanskrit
chair. Four Sanskrit scholarships in con-
nection with the same endowment were
founded by decrees of the Court of Chancery
in 1830 and 1860. Boden never wrote a book
of any kind and was not himself a Sanskrit
scholar (MoNiER WILLIAMS, in Notes and
Queries, 5th ser. v. 414).

[India Office Kecords ; Dodswell and Miles'
Indian Army Lists ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser.
v. 414, 458 ; Gent. Mag. Ixxxi. 2, 589 ; Glouces-
tershire Notes and Queries (London and Stroud),
i. 2.] H. M. C.

BODENHAM, JOHN (/. 1600), re-
puted editor of Elizabethan miscellanies, was
concerned in the publication of ' Wits Com-
monwealth,' 1597, 'Wits Theater,' 1598,
' Belvedere, or the Garden of the Muses,'
1 600, and ' England's Helicon,' 1600. It has
been usually stated that he was the editor of
these collections ; but the truth appears to
be that he merely planned the publication
of the series, and left the editorial work to
others, giving the benefit of his patronage
and advice to the compilers, while they in
turn were willing that he should receive

Loving Kinde
John Bodenham,' which begins —

' Wits Common-wealth ' the first fruites of thy

paines
Drew on « Wits Theater ' the second sonne.

These lines would lead us to suppose that
Bodenham was the editor of the collections
of sententious extracts, 'Wits Common-
wealth' and 'Wits Theater,' books which
passed through many editions, and were very
popular throughout the seventeenth century.
But on turning to Nicholas Ling's epistle
to Bodenham, prefixed to 'Wits Common-
wealth,' we find that the material for that
volume was chiefly collected by Ling, and
that Bodenham had done little beyond sug-

Bodenham

292

Bodkin

gesting the publication of such a collection.
In regard to 'Wits Theater' there is per-
fectly clear evidence that the editor was
Robert Allott, who compiled 'England's Par-
nassus ' [q. v.l A copy (preserved in the Bri-
tish Museum) of the 1599 edition of ' Wits
Theater' contains an epistle overlooked by
bibliographers, in which Robert Allott dedi-
cates to Bodenham this 'collection of the
flowers of antiquities and histories.' The
anthology, ' Belvedere, or the Garden of the
Muses/ 1600, has a prefatory sonnet by
' A. M.' (Antony Munclay ?), in which Boden-
ham is addressed as

Art's lover, Learning's friend,
First causer and collectour of these floures,

words which imply that Bodenham had sug-
gested the compilation of such an anthology,
and had himself collected some materials for
the volume. ' Belvedere ' is of small interest,
as the extracts are in most instances limited to
a single couplet. The authors' names are not
annexed to the extracts, but a general list is
given at the beginning. A disparaging notice
of ' Belvedere ' occurs in an anonymous play,
the ' Returne from Pernassus ' (printed in
1006, but acted before the death of Queen
Elizabeth) ; nevertheless, it appears to have
enjoyed some popularity, and in 1610 a second
edition was issued under the title of ' The
Garden of the Muses,' the first title, ' Belve-
dere,' being dropped. ' England's Helicon/
1600, the most delightful of early poetical
miscellanies, preserves the choicest lyrics of
Breton, Barnfield, Lodge, ' the shepherd
Toney/ and others. Here first appeared the
full text of the pastoral song, ' Come live
with me and be my love/ with the name of
< 0. Marlowe ' subscribed. The editor of the
collection appears to have been ' A. B./ who
concludes his prefatory sonnet to Bodenham
writh these lines : —

My paines heerein I cannot terme it great,
But what-so-ere, my love (and all) is thine.
Take love, take paines, take all remaines in me :
And where thou art my hart still lives with thee.

Following the sonnet is a prose epistle by
the same ' A. B./ to ' his very loving friends,
M. Nicholas Wanton and M. George Faucet/
in which the writer says : ' Helicon, though
not as I could wish, yet in such good sort
as time would permit, having past the pikes
of the presse, comes now to Yorke to salute
her rightful Patrone first, and next (as his
deare friends and kindsmen) to offer you her
kinde service.' The ' rightful Patrone ' must
be Bodenham. In the face of ' A. B.'s ' son-
net and epistle, it is strange that one autho-
rity after another should persist in saying
that the editor of ' England's Helicon ' was

Bodenham. A second edition, containing-
nine additional pieces, appeared in 1614. A
reprint of the second edition was published
in 1812 under the editorship of Brydges and
Haslewood, and a reprint of the first edition
was included in Collier's ' Seven English
Miscellanies/ 1867. Mr. W. J. Craig is pre-
paring (1885) a new edition. Of Bodenham's
life no particulars have been discovered.

[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, ii. 298-
310 ; Collier's Seven English Poetical Miscel-
lanies, 1867 ; Collier's Bibliographical Account
of Early English Literature, i. 70-3; Hazlitt's-
Handbook ; England's Helicon, ed. Brydges and
Haslewood, 1812.] A. H. B.

BODKIN, SIK WILLIAM HENRY

(1791-1874), legal writer, son of Peter Bod-
kin, a member of a family long connected with
the county of Galway, was born at Islington
4 Aug. 1791. His mother was a Sarah Gil-
bert, of Lichfield. He was educated at the
Islington Academy. He was married in 1812
to Sarah Sophia, eldest daughter of Peter
Raymond Poland, of Winchester Hall, High-
gate. In 1821 we find him hon. secretary to
the Society for the Suppression of Mendicity.
He was called in 1826 to the bar by the
Honourable Society of Gray s Inn, of which
society he afterwards became a bencher. For
several years he went on the home circuit.
He practised largely in criminal business at
the Middlesex, Westminster, and Kentish
sessions, and at the Central Criminal Court.
He was made recorder of Dover in 1832. In
the intervals of legal employment he busied
himself, in his capacity of secretary to the So-
ciety for Suppression of Mendicity, with the
poor laws. He wished to encourage the sys-
tematic giving of relief, but at the same time
to extirpate the gross abuses to which the
poor laws had become liable in his time. At
the general election in 1841 he was returned
to parliament in the conservative interest as
the colleague of Mr. J. Stoddart Douglas in
the representation of Rochester, defeating
Lord Melgund, afterwards Earl of Minto, by
a narrow majority of two votes. He was him-
self defeated by Twisden Hodges and Ralph
Bernal [q. v.] at the next general election in
1847. He twice unsuccessfully contested the
city of Rochester, having lost his seat through
supporting Sir Robert Peel's free-trade mea-
sures. It is to Sir William Bodkin that the
statute is due by which irremovable poor are
made chargeable to the common fund of
unions. Sir William's act wras passed for one
year only ; but it has been continued and ex-
tended, and is, in fact, the foundation of the
present system. In 1859 he was appointed
assistant judge of the Middlesex sessions. In

Bodley

293

Bodley

1865 he married again (his first wife having
died in 1848) Sarah Constance, daughter of
Joseph Johnson Miles, J.P., of Highgate. In
1867 he was made a knight. Owing to an
attack of cancer in the cheek, he resigned his
office, some weeks before his death, to Mr. Ed-
lin, Q.C. He died, aged 83, 26 March 1874,
at his house, West Hill, Highgate, and was
buried in the Highgate cemetery. For many
years Sir William Bodkin was counsel to the
treasury, and the president of the Society of
Arts, of which he was one of the earliest and
most zealous members. He was also a deputy
lieutenant of Middlesex and chairman of the
Metropolitan Assessment Sessions.

He is the author of: 1. ' Brief Observations j
on the Bill now pending in Parliament to \
amend the Laws relative to the Relief of the |
Poor in England,' London, 1821. 2. t A j
Speech delivered at a Meeting of the Con- }
stituents at the Crown Inn, Rochester,' j
S Sept. 1841.

[Debrett's House of Commons, &c. 1872, p. 423 ; I
Cooper's Men of the Time, 8th ed. ; Hampstead i
and Highgate Express, 28 March 1874 ; Times,
2Q March 1874 ; Brit. Mus. Catal.] J. M.

BODLEY, SIR JOSIAS (1550 P-1618), I
soldier and , military engineer, was the fifth |
•and youngest son of John Bodley of Exeter,
of whose sans Sir Thomas Bodley was the
eldest. The date of his birth is not known,
but it was probably about 1550. His early
youth was spent abroad with his family at
Wesel and Geneva [see BoDLEr, SIRTHOMA.S]. !
He had the same foreign education as the
rest of his brothers, and figures with them '
.as one of the correspondents of the learned
Drusius. On the return of the family to
England, he is said by Wood to have studied
for a short time at Merton College, Oxford,
fout would seem to have left it without taking
.a degree. For a long interval nothing then (
is heard of him ; we only know from a casual \
.allusion by himself, in his ' Journey to Lecale/ j
to the Polish drinking customs of which he !
had been a witness, that he at some time j
visited Poland. He afterwards served in the |
English army in the Netherlands, and ap-

ol

in 1598 as captain of a company of old
troops withdrawn from Holland for service in
Leinster against the great Earl of Tyrone.
Thenceforward his life, with short intervals,
•was spent in military service in Ireland. In
1601, when governor of Newry, he distin-
guished himself by destroying a village on
some small islet called Loghrorcan by Mory-
son, by means of arrows tipped with wild
fire ; and in the last months of the same year
he was employed as trench-master at the
siege of Kinsale, with an allowance of ten

shillings per day. In 1603 he was engage 1
in a like capacity at Waterford, and in va-'
rious garrisons in Ulster. On 28 May 1604,
he had the custody of Duncannon Castle
granted to him (by privy seal order of 15 Jan.),
and resigned it in June 1606. On 25 March
1604 he was knighted by the lord deputy
Mountjoy. In 1605 he was engaged on forti-
fications in Munster, and seems in that and
following years to have been held in high
repute for his skill in engineering. In 1607
he was in England, but returned to Ireland
with an appointment from the privy council
as superintendent of castles, at a stipend of
twenty Irish shillings per day j in which work,
in that and the next year, he says that he rode
over seven hundred miles. The survey for the
great Ulster plantation was entrusted to him,
with others, in 1609, and was so well performed
that in 1616 the king proposed to employ
him in a renewed survey of the same pro-
vince. But he complained in 1611 that he
had had no share in the division, and prayed
for a l competent allowance ' for the rest of
his life. The prayer was answered on 3 Dec.
1612 by the issue of letters patent appointing
him director-general of fortifications in Ire-
land for life. In November 1613 he was in
England. He had probably come over in the
earlier part of the year for the purpose of
attending the funeral of his brother Thomas
on 29 March, to whose library he had given
in 1601 an astronomical sphere (which is now,
by loan from the library, preserved in the
new observatory at Oxford) and some other
brass instruments. Sir Thomas in his will
made a bequest to Josias of IOQL with some
leasehold property in London, and a release
from debt for loans. In 1615 he applied to
Secretary Winwood for arrears of his allow-
ance, which were ordered to be paid to
him on 19 Jan. 1615-16, and in the applica-
tion he says that he had served three ap-
prenticeships in the army, a period which
would carry back the date of his entering it
to about the year 1594. But he had now
reached the last years of his service, for on
9 Feb. 1617-18 we find that two successors
were jointly appointed to the post of director
of fortifications in the room of Bodley, de-
ceased. His burial-place in Ireland has not
been recorded.

In the catalogue of Sir James Ware's
manuscripts (Dabl. 1648), two productions
of his are mentioned. The first is entitled
1 Descriptio (lepida) itineris d. Josias Bodleii
ad Lecaliam in Ultonia anno 1602.' This
copy is now in the British Museum, Add.
MS. 4784, another copy is among the Tanner
MSS. in the Bodleian Library, and others
are to be met with elsewhere. It is a jocose

Bodley

294

Bodley

description, in doggerel Latin, of a journey in
company with Captains Toby Caulfield and
John Jephson, from Armagh to Down-
patrick (the barony of which was called
Lecale) to keep Christmas with the governor
there, Sir Richard Morrison. A description
of the governor of Armagh is supposed to
refer to the author himself. The passage
runs : ' unus valde honestus homo, cum barba
iiigra, qui tractat omnes bene, secundum
parvam habilitatem suam, et tractaret multo
melius si haberet plus illius rei quam Angli
vocant meanes! He enlarges much in vin-
dication of hard drinking and occasional, as
distinct from habitual, drunkenness, and also
of much t obacco-smoking. The tract is print ed
with a translation, and with notes which
were never completed, in vol. ii. of the 'Ul-
ster Journal of Archaeology,' 1854, pp. 73-99.
The second Ware MS. is said to be Observa-
tions in English on the forts in Ireland and j
on the colonies planted in Ulster. "Where j
this manuscript is now preserved does not
appear; but probably the tract may only
Consist of some of his official reports, very
many of which are preserved among the
state papers.

[Prince's Worthies of Devon ; Calendars of the
State Papers of Ireland, 1603-1625 (5 vols.,
1872-80) ; Calendars of the Carew MSS., 1601-
1624 (2 vols. 1870-3); Fynes Moryson's Itine-
rary (1617), part ii. pp. 25, 97-8 ; Liber Mune-
rum Hibernise, vol. i. part ii. 106.] W. D. M.

BODLEY, LAURENCE, D.D. (d. 1615),
canon of Exeter, was brother of Sir Thomas
Bodley, being the third son of John Bodley.
He was educated at Oxford, and took the
degree of B.A. 21 Jan. 1565-6, and that of
M.A. 9 July 1568, probably as a member of
Christ Church, since he was entered as being
a member of that society when created D.D.
30 March 1613, the day after he had attended
the funeral of his brother. He was a canon
of Exeter before 1588 (in which year the
extant list of canons commences), and was
also rector of Shobrooke, Devon. It was pro-
bably mainly through him that the dean and
chapter of Exeter gave, in 1602, eighty-one
.early and valuable manuscripts from the
library of their cathedral to the new library
at Oxford, including (amongst other gifts of
Bishop Leofric, the founder of the church)
the well-known 'Leofric Missal.' In the
will of his brother, Sir Thomas, he appears
as the principal legatee among his kindred.
He died 19 April 1615.

[Prince's Worthies of Devon ; Wood MSS. E.
6, 9, and 29. in theBodl. Libr. ; Le Neve's Fasti,
ed. Hardy ; Macrtfy's Annals of the Bodl. Libr.]

W. D. M.

BODLEY, SIE THOMAS (1545-1613)r
diplomatist and scholar, is chiefly remem-
bered as the founder at the close of his life
of the library at Oxford to which his name
is attached, and is little known for the many
state embassies which gave him earlier im-
portance in the eyes of his contemporaries.
For our knowledge of his early life and
education we are indebted to a short auto-
biographical sketch written in 1609, of
which the original manuscript remains in
the library he refounded (copies are of
common occurrence), and which was first

Sinted in 1647, and afterwards by Thomas-
earne in 1703. We learn from this that
he was born at Exeter 2 March 1544-5 ; his
parents were (John) Bodleigh or Bodley r
' descended from an ancient family of Bod-
leigh orBudleigh, of Dunscombe-by-Crediton,
and (Joan) Hone, daughter of Robert Hone^
of Ottery St. Mary. His father, who after-
wards became noted as the recipient from
Queen Elizabeth, in 1562, of a patent for
seven years for the exclusive printing of the
Geneva Bible, was, in the reign of Queen
Mary, compelled, on account of his known
protestantism, to seek safety in Germany,
whither his wife and children followed him,,
settling first at Wesel, next at Frankfort, and
finally at Geneva, in all which places there-
were large congregations of English refugees.
At Geneva, at the age of twelve, young Bod-
ley became an auditor of Ant. Chevallier
in Hebrew, of Phil. Beroald in Greek, and
of Calvin and Beza in divinity, besides
having Robert Constantine, the author of a
Greek lexicon, to read Homer with him
privately in the house of a physician with
whom he boarded. On the accession of Queen.
Elizabeth the family returned to England and
settled at London, and Thomas was sent to
Magdalen College at Oxford, entering there-
as a commoner under the tuition of Laurence
Humphrey, D.D., afterwards president, whose
religious teaching would be very much in ac-
cordance with that which had been inculcated
at Geneva. In 1563 he took the degree of
B.A., and in the same year was elected a pro-
bationer-fellow of Merton College, being ad-
mitted actual fellow in the year following.
In 1565 he tells us that he commenced a
I Greek lecture in the college hall without sti-
I pend, encouraging thereby the still compa-
| ratively new study of which the early years
' of that century had seen the revival. His
lecture gave such satisfaction that the society
afterwards granted him an annual fee of four
marks, and made the lectureship a permanent
institution. He took the degree of M.A. in
1566^and then undertook in addition a public
lecture in natural philosophy in the univer-

Bodley

295

Bodley

sity school. Three years later, in 1569, he
was elected (under the system of open choice
which commenced in that year, and continued
until the better system of rotation was intro-
duced by the Laudian statutes) one of the
university proctors, and afterwards, to use his
own words, l supplied the place of the uni-
versity orator,' that is, acted as deputy for
one of his co-fellows of Merton, Arthur Atye,
the actual public orator and principal of Al-
ban Hall. With this his public employment
in the university ceased, but not his own
private study. He seems then to have spe-
cially devoted himself to Hebrew (probably
under the eminent scholar, J. Drusius, who
at that time lived for some few years in Mer-
ton College, and became intimate with Bod-
ley and his brothers), and is said to have
equalled, or even surpassed, most of his con-
temporaries in his knowledge of that language.
Then, for the sake of acquiring modern lan-
guages and political knowledge, he obtained
from his college and the crown in 1576 a
license to travel, which was extended in
1578. By spending nearly four years in I
Italy, France, and Germany, he became a pro-
ficient in various languages, and particularly j
in Italian, French, and Spanish. Shortly after j
his return he was appointed a gentleman usher i
to the queen, but how he had gained her
notice does not appear. His first attempt
to enter into public life seems to have been
unsuccessfully made in 1584, when he was
recommended by Sir Francis Cobham for
election to parliament as member for Hythe
(Fourth Report of Hist. MSS. Commission, p.
430). In April of the next year, however, he
received his first diplomatic commission, being
then despatched to Denmark, chiefly with the
view of engaging King Frederick II in a league
with the Duke of Brunswick, the Landgrave
of Hesse, and other protestant German princes
(to whom he was next sent), to help Henry,
king of Navarre, and the French Huguenots.
A confidential mission to Henry III of France
followed, when that sovereign fled from Paris
to escape from the Duke of Guise in May
1588 ; upon this errand Bodley went in great
secrecy, entirely unaccompanied, and hav-
ing only autograph letters from the queen,
the purport of which does not seem to be
known, save only that the effect of the mes-
sage l tended greatly to the advantage . . .
of all the protestants in France.' His mar-
riage to a rich widow, named Ann Ball,
daughter of a Mr. Carew of Bristol, appears
to have taken place in the preceding year, 1587,
since on the monument which he erected to
her memory in the church of St. Bartholomew
the Less, Smithfield, after her death in June
1011, he says that they had lived together for

twenty-four years. This proves Anthony a
Wood to be mistaken in saying that the mar-
riage took place about 1585. That he had
shown great ability in the conduct of these
several embassies is proved by his being des-
patched to the Hague very soon after his re-
| turn from France as the queen's permanent
resident in the United Provinces, a mission
then of paramount importance, when the
Netherlands were the continental field in
which the power of Spain was to be met and
worsted. Here, according to stipulations made
with the queen, he was admitted as a member
of the council of state, taking place next to
Count Maurice of Nassau, and having the
right of voting on all questions — privileges
which were retained, as Clarendon tells us
(Hist. Reb. bk. i.), until the commencement
of the reign of Charles I, Sir Dudley Carleton
being the last English representative to whom
they were accorded. In this difficult post he
remained for seven years, from 1589 to 1596,
and in his autobiography he takes great credit
to himself for the skill and circumspection
with which he composed dangerous jealousies
and discontents, chiefly caused by ' the in-
solent demeanour of- some of her highness's
ministers' (amongst whom he, no doubt, spe-
cially refers to the Earl of Leicester), and he
avers that, in consequence, he seldom after-
wards received any set instructions, but was
left to his own discretion in the management
of affairs. But as early as 1592 he began to
grow weary of the work, and begged to be re-
called, only, however, obtaining a short re-
spite in 1593. In 1594 his brother Miles, who
had for five years conducted business for him
in England (for his wife appears to have joined
him abroad in 1589, when a ship was pro-
vided for her passage), died suddenly, and he
renewed his application and obtained again a
short leave of absence, returning in January
1595. In June and July he was again in
England, and in August was back at his post.
But it appears from several printed letters
that the queen expressed dissatisfaction at
some of his recommendations ; indeed, he
heard one day, ' for his comfort,' that she had
wished, in her wonted Tudor fashion, * that
he were hanged ; ' and abroad the Dutch were
dilatory and difficult to persuade, and so
he pressed again anl again for a recall.
Burghley and Essex both were urging at home
that he should be made secretary of state, al-
though their mutual illwill and opposition
resulted in Burghley's at last hindering what
he found Essex recommending. So at length
Bodley obtained the welcome recall, and made
his final return to England in the summer
of 1596, weary of statecraft and diplomacy,
which he never resumed. In 1598, indeed,

Bodley

296

Bodley

it was proposed that he should accompany
Lord Buckhurst in May to Abbeville, to con-
clude a truce between Spain and the United i
Provinces, and he was spoken of again for a like
errand in October ; but he did not consent to ,
go, and the last attempt to draw him back to
office was made as late as January 1604-5, j
when, under a fresh sovereign, the second j
Cecil, the lord treasurer, pressed him to be- |
come secretary of state, but could not prevail.
Sir Thomas, for such he had become by King ;
James's knighting him soon after his acces- ]
sion, was then busied with that greater work j
which made the closing years of his life eclipse j
all that had gone before.

It was on 23 Feb. 1597-8 that he wrote his
formal letter to the vice-chancellor at Oxford, j
offering to restore to its former use that room t
which was all that then remained of the old i
public library, to which Duke Humphrey of
Gloucester had been a chief benefactor. But
for some time before, when resolving to keep,
as he himself says, i out of the throng of court
contentions,' he had been considering how he
could still best ( do the true part of a profit-
able member of the state,' and had concluded
at last * to set up my staff at the library door
in Oxon . . . which then in every part lay
ruined and waste/ His offer was gratefully
accepted by the university, and only a fort-
night afterwards Dudley Carleton writes (in
one of his gossipping letters preserved in the
State Paper Office) that the proposal met with
great favour amongst Bodley's countrymen of
Devonshire, < and every man bethinks himself
how by some good book or other he may be
written in the scroll of the benefactors.' We
see by this how earnestly at once Bodley be-
gan to solicit help from his ' great store of
honourable friends.' And the help came
abundantly in the kind he most needed. As
to money he had t some purse-ability to go
through with the charge,' although in but one
year's time Carleton writes that the library
had already cost him much more money than
he expected, l because tl^e timber works of the
house were rotten, and had to be new made.'
But books poured in from donors in all parts
of England and abroad for some time. Bod-
ley employed Bill, a London bookseller, to
travel on the continent as his agent for pur-
chases there ; while at home, in 1610, the Sta-
tioners' Company agreed to give a copy of
every book which they published. The in-
defatigable industry which he displayed in the
prosecution of his work, and the attention to
matters of minute detail, as well as to the
broad principles on which his library should
be based (betokening one practised in schools
, of careful forethought and business habits),
are largely shown in his draft of statutes and

in his letters to his first librarian, Thomas
James, which were published by Hearne in
1703 under the title of < Reliquiae Bodleianae.'
The library was solemnly opened with full
formality on 8 Nov. 1603, and in 1604 King
James I granted letters patent, styling the
library by Bodley's name (a distinction well
deserved for him who had now founded the
first practically public library in Europe ;
the second, that of Angelo Rocca at Rome,
being opened only in this same ye^r 1604),
and giving license for the holding of lands
in mortmain. In the following year the
king himself visited the library, with a full
appreciation alike of the founder and the
foundation, and repeated his visit in 1614.
The first catalogue, a small but thick quarto
volume of 655 pages, appeared in 1605, when
already the old fifteenth-century room was
beginning to be found too small ; and con-
sequently five years later the addition of an
eastern wing was commenced, which was com-
pleted in 1612. In 1611 Bodley began the
permanent endowment of the library by at-
taching to it a farm in Berkshire and some
houses in the city of London ; the former is
still the property of the library, but the latter
were sold in 1853. After 1611 Bodley's
health was failing fast. He had long been
afflicted with the stone, and complicated dis-
orders (ague, dropsy, &c.) are spoken of as
being now superadded. And so after a
lingering decay he died at his London house
on 28 Jan. 1612-3 (a year and a half after
the death of his wife), aged, as he says
in his will dated 2 Jan., * 67 complete and
more.' Having no children he made the uni-
versity his chief heir, provoking, however,
thereby sharp, and in some measure just, cen-
sure from his contemporaries for his neglect
of relatives and friends. John Chamberlain,
a friend to whom nothing was bequeathed,
speaks with great bitterness in letters to Sir
R. Winwood and Sir Dudley Carleton on the
subject, saying * he was so carried away with
the vanity and vainglory of his library that
he forgat all other respects and duties almost '
(WiNWOOD, Memorials, iii. 429 ; Cal. Dom.
State Papers, 1611-18, p. 169). But the will
is full of legacies to his relatives, servants, and
others, although probably not in the propor-
tion that was expected. To his brothers,
Laurence [q. v.] and Sir Josias [q. v.], be-
quests were made in money and houses.
The four sons of his deceased brother Miles
and the children of his sisters Prothasy
Sparry, Alee Carter, and Sybill Culverwell,
and his wife's children by her first husband,
are all remembered. But one sister is alto-
gether ignored, who had offended her brothers
by eloping with a poor minister named John

Boece

297

Boece

Burnett, who afterwards lived at Standlake
and Duckling-ton in Oxfordshire, and whose
grandchildren in the next century petitioned
the university for relief, as being very poor
and infirm labouring people.

Bodley was buried on 29 March 1613 in the
chapel of his college, Merton, as he had de-
sired in his will, with great ceremony, having
bequeathed 666/. 13*. ±d, for the purpose of
providing mourning for many persons (in-
cluding sixty-seven poor scholars) and a din-
ner. TVo volumes of academic verses were
printed in commemoration of him — the one
written by members of his own college, the
other by members of the university in general
— as well as a funeral oration, delivered by Sir
Isaac Wake, the public orator. In 1615 a
monument was erected in Merton chapel, exe-
cuted by Nicholas Stone, a well-known sculp-
tor, for which Bodley's executor, William
Hakewill, paid 200/. The library contains a
very fine full-length portrait (several times
engraved), which has been assigned, but (as
dates show) incorrectly, to Corn. Jansen, as
well as one other very inferior portrait and a
marble bust.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ; Reliquiae Bodleianse,
1703 ; Lodge's Portraits, where one of Bodley's
despatches is printed from a Harl. MS. ; Macray's
Annals of the Bodleian Library, 1868 ; Bodley's
will (a contemporary copy) in Bodl. MS. Addit.
A. 1 86 ; Calendars of the Domestic State Papers ;
Notes and Queries, 6th series, ii. 423. Twenty-
nine letters are printed in vol. i. of Collins's Sid-
ney Papers, 1 746, and there are some in Murdin's
Burghley State Papers, 1759 ; reports of his
negotiations and several letters are among the
Marquis of Bath's MSS. at Longleat.l

W. D. M.

BOECE or BOETHIUS, HECTOR

(1465 P-1536), belonged to the family of Boyis,
or Bois, of Panbride in Angus, the common
form of Boece being a retranslation of the
Latin Boethius. His father was probably
Alexander Boyis, who appears as a burgess
of Dundee about the end of the fifteenth
century in several entries in the Great Seal
Register. Boece calls Dundee his country
('patria'), and alludes to the Panbride family
as a cadet when he mentions that the estate,
along with the hand of a coheiress, was
given to his great grandfather, Hugh, whose
father had fallen at Dupplin. From Dundee
he took the designation of Deidonanus, ac-
cepting ambitiously, says Buchanan, the
common derivation of Deidonum for the town
at the mouth of the Tay, which that writer
derives from Tao Dunum, the Hill of Tay.
From Dundee, where he received his first
education, Boece passed, like many of his
countrymen, to Paris, then the most fre-

quented university in Europe. Assuming his
birth to have been in 1465, its probable but
not certain date, it is not likely that the com-
mencement of his studies at Paris was later
than 1485. After finishing his undergraduate
course under the severe discipline of the col-
lege of Montaigu, reorganised in 1483 on the
principle of monastic poverty by James Stan-
done, a native of Brabant, an active educa-
tional reformer, and at one time rector of the
university, Boece became a regent, or profes-
sor, in this college, probably from 1492 to 1498.
He commemorates amongst his contempora-
ries in the college Peter Syrus, the theologian;
Peter Rolandus, his instructor in logic ; John
Gasserus, the canonist — names now forgotten :
but also one which will live as long as lite-
rature, Erasmus, 'the splendour and orna-
ment of our age.' Thirty-two years later,
Erasmus in a complimentary letter congratu-
lates Boece, then principal of King's College
in Aberdeen, upon the progress Scotland had
made in the liberal arts, and sent him a
catalogue of his works. In another letter of
a humorous turn, while disclaiming the title
of poet which Boece had given him, he com-
municated two attempts in poetry under
strict injunctions not to publish them. Of
his own countrymen then studying in Paris,
Boece mentions Patrick Panter, another of
the worthies of Angus, afterwards secretary
of James IV and abbot of Cambuskenneth,
to whom the king entrusted the education of
his natural son, Alexander Stewart, before
sending him abroad to finish it under Eras-
mus ; W alter Ogilvy, celebrated for oratory ;
George Dundas, a learned scholar both in
Greek and Latin, afterwards grand-master in
Scotland of the Knights of Jerusalem ; and
John Major, the theologian, logician, and his-
torian, who, returning like Boece to Scot-
land, introduced the new learning in Glas-
gow and St. Andrews, and had Knox and
Buchanan for pupils. About 1498 Boece be-
came acquainted with William Elphinstone,
bishop of Aberdeen since 1483-4, who had
served in several high offices at home as well
as embassies abroad, and had kept up his
knowledge of what was passing in the French
universities. Elphinstone had himself taught
law, both at Paris and Orleans, between 1462
and 1471, and he now required Boece's aid
in carrying out the favourite project of his
old age, the foundation of a university in
Aberdeen. Four years before, Elphinstone
had obtained a bull from Pope Alexander VI
at the request of James IV, on a preamble
stating that the north parts of his kingdom
were inhabited by a rude, illiterate, and
savage people, and erecting in the city of
old Aberdeen a ' studium generale ' and uni-

Boece

298

Boece

versity for theology, canon and civil law,
medicine and the liberal arts, and any other
lawful faculty, to be there studied and taught
by ecclesiastical and lay masters and doctors
in the same manner as in Paris and Bologna,
and for conferring on deserving persons the
degrees of bachelor, licentiate, doctor, and
all other degrees. The office of chancellor
was conferred by the bull on the bishop and
his successors. The graduates were given
liberty to teach without further examination,
and statutes were to be framed by the chan-
cellor, rector, resident doctors, with a compe-
tent number of licentiates in each faculty,
and circumspect students, along with two,
at least, of the king's council. The next ten
years were occupied by Elphinstone, with
the advice of Boece, in preliminary arrange-
ments, and in obtaining endowments. In
1505 Elphinstone, aided by the king, the
canons of his cathedral — especially Scherar,
prebendary of Clatt — and others, was able to
carry out his design by the foundation of the
collegiate church dedicated to St. Mary in
the Nativity within the university, known
later as King's College. The foundation was
to consist of thirty-six persons in all, which
did not, of course, preclude the participation
of other persons in the studies besides the
foundationers. Of these four were entitled to

people, and, before becoming bachelors, every
Lord's day and holiday in Latin to the stu-
dents. The regents in arts were to instruct
in the liberal sciences like those in Paris ;
the canonist, civilian, and mediciner after the
manner of that university and Orleans.

Dr. Johnson, disciplined in the school of
poverty, but of English poverty, smiled at the
emoluments of Boece, which he estimates at
21. 4s. Qd. of sterling money. ' In the pre-
sent age of trade and taxes it is difficult even
for the imagination so to raise the value of
money, or so to diminish the demands of
life, as to suppose four and forty shillings a
year an honourable stipend ; yet it was pro-
bably equal not only to the needs, but to the
rank of Boethius.' Scotch writers anxious
to defend their country from the imputation
of poverty have rejoined that forty merks was,
having regard to the comparative cost of living
then, equivalent to 261. 13s. 4=d. sterling, but it
is difficult to estimate the purchasing power
of money in a particular age and country.
The salaries of King's College were certainly
on a moderate scale, and in this respect the
example of the college of Montaigu was not
forgotten. Want of wealth did not diminish
the zeal for learning of Boece and his
coadjutors. He summoned to his aid Wil-
liam Hay, his schoolfellow at Dundee, and

be doctors in the respective faculties of theo- fellow-student in Paris, who became sub-
logy, canon law, civil law, and medicine. The j principal, and succeeded to the principalship
doctors, along with two masters in the faculty after Boece's death. He was received kindly
of arts, were to be the regents, or rulers, as by the canons, who at Aberdeen, as well as

in other cathedral cities, had already done
something to supply the want of a university

well as teachers. Besides the doctors there
, were to be five masters of arts prosecuting their

studies for a theological degree, thirteen poor by lecturing on theology, law, and arts. Two
scholars studying for a degree in arts, eight \ continued to teach in the university — Alex-
chaplains and four choristers. To the doctor ! ander Hay (who had been master of the

in theology who was also to be principal a
salary of forty merks was assigned. For each
of the doctors in canon and civil law thirty,
and for the doctor of medicine twenty merks
were deemed sufficient, and the same sum
was allowed to one of the masters of arts who
was to be sub-principal ; another of the mas-
ters who was to teach grammar had the
prebend of the church of St. Mary ad Nives ;
twelve of the poor scholars had twelve merks
apiece, and the thirteenth 51. from Scherar's
endowment. Other provisions were made
for the masters studying theology, the chap-
lains, and the choristers. All the members
of the college had rooms provided for them
within the college except the canonist, medi-
ciner, the master of arts who taught gram-
mar, and the sub-principal, who had rooms
without the college. The principal and
students of theology, after becoming bache-
lors, were to read theology every reading-
day, and to preach six times a year to the

grammar school), and James Ogilvy, as pro-
fessors of civil law. Boece's brother Arthur
also taught law ; Alexander Galloway, rector
of Kinkell, the man-of-business of Bishop El-
phinstone, was lecturer on the canon law ;
John Adams, afterwards the head of the Friars
Preachers, was professor of theology ; Henry
Spittal, a kinsman of Elphinstone, taught phi-»
losophy ; and John Vaus, a pupil of the Aber-
deen School, Latin grammar, the first of the
long race of Scottish grammarians. In the sci-
ence and art of healing, besides Gray the medi-
ciner, Boece himself had some proficiency,
and we hear of his being consulted by Kobert
Chrystal, abbot of Kinlos, on his deathbed,
when he made the acquaintance of John
Ferrerius, a monk of that foundation, who
afterwards wrote a short addition to his his-
tory. History was not specially taught, for
it did not enter into the mediaeval curricu-
lum ; but no more assiduous collector of its
materials could be found in Scotland than

Boece

299

Boece

Bishop Elphinstone. It was to this study, I
apart from his engrossing duties as first i
principal, that Boece devoted himself. A I
manuscript of John of Fordun, the earliest j
extant chronicler of Scotland, presented by |
him to the college, is still preserved, and it j
was on Elphinstone's collections that his own
history of Scotland was based.

The first publication of Boece was the lives
of the Bishops of Mortlach and Aberdeen, '
printed at Paris in 1522 by lodocus Badius,
with the well-known imprint of his press, j
The most interesting portion, the memoir of ,
his patron, Elphinstone, who had died eight j
years before, unable to survive Flodden, gives
many incidental notices of Boece's own life
and studies. The lives are written in a
simpler and purer style than his history, '
and the legendary element so conspicuous in !
his history is almost absent. The next and j
only other printed book of Boece was his
history of Scotland from the earliest times to !
the accession of James III, published by
Badius in 1527, and of which a second edition,
with the continuation of Ferrerius down to
the death of that king, was printed at Lau-
sanne, and published at Paris in 1574. Prior j
to this no history of Scotland had been printed
except the compendium of Major. The chro-
nicles of Wyntoun and John of Fordun
were in manuscripts widely dispersed, but
not widely known ; and now for the first
time the annals of Northern Britain could
be bought by any one who could afford the
comparatively cheap price asked by the Pari-
sian printers of that day. They were related
in a style which the admirers of Boece com-
pared to Livy, and followed the model of the
earlier books of the great Roman historian
in sacrificing accuracy to a flowing narrative
adapted to the public for whom it was |
written. This accounts for its rapid popu-
larity. It was translated, at the request of ''
James V, between 1530 and 1533, into |
Scottish prose by John Bellenden, archdean
of Moray, employed about the same time in
the translation of Livy, and printed in 1536
at Edinburgh by Thomas Davidson. A me-
trical version of Boece's history in the Scottish
dialect was also made at the same time, but !
not published until recently, from the manu-
script in the university of Cambridge. In I
1577 it was done into English for Holins-
hed's chronicles by "William Harrison, who
naively excuses himself as a divine for ap-
plying his time to civil history : * This is the
cause wherefore I have chosen rather only
with the loss of three or four dayes to trans-
late Hector out of the Scottish (a tongue
verie like unto ours) than with more expense
of time to devise a newe or follow the latin

copy.' In the next generation Buchanan,
not unwilling to cavil at Boece, used his
history as material for his own more elaborate
work. The English, Welsh, and Irish histo-
rians, who had a special quarrel with Boece
for the antiquity which he ascribed to the
Scots by adopting as historic the myth of
Scota the daughter of Pharaoh, attacked his
credit even before it began to be weighed in
the scales of criticism. The epigram of Le-
land still sticks : —

Hectoris historici tot quot mendacia scripsit
Si vis ut numerem, lector amice, tibi,

Me jubeas etiam fluctus numerare marinos
Et liquidi Stellas connumerare poli.

That part of his narrative prior to the reign
of Malcolm Canmore is as unreliable as the
early books of Livy, and even when he
comes to times nearer his own he is apt to
follow tradition without examination of its
probability. Father Innes in the last century
and Mr. Skene in this have done the work of
Niebuhr, and traced the origin of the mythic
and traditional Scottish story. By the aid
of the earliest sources, the chronicles of the
Picts and Scots of Wyntoun and Fordun,
they have deciphered at least a part of the
true history.

The gravest charge against Boece, that he
invented the authorities on whom he relies —
Veremundus, a Spaniard, archdeacon of St.
Andrews, and John Campbell, whose manu-
scripts, originally preserved in lona, he says
he procured access to through the Earl of
Argyle and his kinsman, John Campbell of
Lundy, the treasurer — though long accepted,
must now be deemed at least not proven,
and probably unfounded. These manuscripts
no longer exist, but his statement as to them
could have been contradicted by persons
living when he wrote, if it was untrue ; and
Chambers of Ormond, a Scottish historian
of the reign of Mary, makes independent re-
ference to Veremundus, possibly one of the
tinnamed earlier chroniclers to whom Wyn-
toun frequently alludes. The two other au-
thorities he specifies are Turgot, the bishop
of St. Andrews, author of the * Life of Queen
Margaret,' and the abbot of Inchcolm, who
is known to be Bower, the continuator of
Fordun, in whose pages many of the state-
ments for which Boece has been censured are
to be found. Of the credulity shown in his
history the story of the stranded trees on
which the clack or barnacle geese (see MAX
M TILLER'S Lectures, &c., ii. 584) grew, is only
one of many samples. Boece was always
more ready to believe than to doubt, and a
striking contrast to his contemporary Major.
Dr. Johnson probably gives a fair verdict,

Boece

300

Boehm

though it may be thought somewhat lenient.
* His history is written with elegance and
vigour, but his fabulousness and credulity
are justly blamed. His fabulousness, if he
was the author of the fictions, is a fault for
which no apology can be made, but his ere- ;
dulity may be excused in an age in which
all men were credulous. Learning was then
rising on the world, but eyes so long ac-
customed to darkness were too much dazzled
with its light to see anything distinctly. The
first race of scholars in the fifteenth century,
and for some time after, were for the most
part learning to speak rather than to think,
and were therefore more studious of elegance
than of truth.' As a reward for his history, j
Boece received the degree of doctor from the
university in 1528, a compliment of a tun of
wine or '201. Scots, to help to buy him bonnets,
from the town of Aberdeen, which had a
little earlier presented him to the chaplaincy
of St. Andrew's altar in the church of St. i
Nicholas. He received a royal pension of
501. Scots in 1527, and two years later the
same or a grant of similar amount, until the
king presented him to a benefice of 100 merks
Scots. The last payment of this pension was
at Whitsunday 1534, when he probably ob-
tained a gift of the rectory of Tiree in
Buchan, which he held to his death in 1536.
He appears before this, in 1528, to have
held the vicarage of Tullynessle, one of the
gifts of James IV to King's College. He
had two brothers, Arthur, the lawyer, one
of the first senators of the College of Jus-
tice, and Walter, a parson of the church of
St. Mary ad Nives in Aberdeen. The last
act of his life of which we have evidence on
record is his being party to a marriage con-
tract between Isabella Boyis, probably a
daughter of Arthur, and the son of John Bra-
baner, a burgess of Aberdeen, on 18 Jan.
1535. He was buried on the north side of
Elphinstone's tomb, before the high altar of
the chapel at King's College. His coat of
arms, a saltire and chief, is one of three on
the south wall without motto, but with the
letters ' H B ob. 1536.'

The portrait hung on the stair of the Senate
Hall, and which has been engraved as that
of Boece, is of doubtful authenticity. Lord
Hailes declared that his countrymen were re-
formed from popery, but not from Boece, but
now that the latter reformation has been
accomplished we may do justice to his real
merits as we do to those of the mediaeval
church. His learning and zeal co-operated
with the liberality of Elphinstone in laying
the foundation of the university which has
diffused culture in the northern districts of
Britain. A love of historical studies dating

from his time has continued to mark the
Aberdonian scholars, who have contributed
more to Scottish history than the inhabitants
of any other part of Scotland.

[The best life is by Irving in his Lives of Scot-
tish Writers, but the records of the university and
town of Aberdeen, the works of Erasmus, and
the History of the University of Paris, should be
consulted. The editions of Boece's History are
mentioned above. His Vitse Episcoporum Murth-
lacensium et Aberdonensium, originally printed
1522, was reprinted by the Bannatyne Club in
1825. Bellenden's translation of the History,
printed in black letter by 'Thomas Davidson,'
was reprinted at Edinburgh in 1821, with a bio-
graphical introduction by Thomas Maitland,
Lord Dundrennan.] .33. M.

BOEHM, ANTHONY WILLIAM(1673-

1722), German chaplain at St. James's, was
the son of the Rev. Anthony Boehm, minister
of Oestorff, in the county of Pyrmont, Ger-
many, and was born 1 June 1673. After
courses of education at Lemgo and Hameln,
he entered in 1693 the then newly founded
university of Halle. In 1698 he was called
to Arolsen, the seat of the Count of Waldeck,
to educate the count's two daughters in the
principles of Christianity ; but, the liberality
of his religious opinions having aroused the
hostility of certain ecclesiastics, the count felt
constrained, in opposition to his better judg-
ment, to dispense with his services. Shortly
afterwards he received an invitation to be-
come chaplain to the Duchess-dowager of
Coburg, but he finally resolved to respond to
the request of some German families in Lon-
don, who were desirous of obtaining German
instruction for their children. He set out
for London 25 Aug. 1701, and after spending
some months in the strenuous study of
English, he opened his school in February
1702. He met with fair success, but his
office was by no means a lucrative one. It
so happened, however, that on his way to
England he had made the acquaintance of
Henry William Ludolf, secretary to Prince
George of Denmark, and when the prince,
at the request of Queen Anne, resolved to
introduce the common prayer book into his
own chapel, Boehm, on the recommendation
of the secretary, was appointed assistant
chaplain to read the prayers^ which the then
chaplain found too hard for him. After the
death of the prince the service was continued
at the chapel as before, and on the accession
of George I no alteration was made, ' so
that,' in the words of his biographer, f he
continued his pious labours to his dying day,
which, after three or four days illness,
happened at Greenwich 27 May 1722, in the
forty-ninth year of his age.' He was buried

Bogan

301

Bogdani

in Greenwich churchyard, where a monument
was erected to his memory. Boehm was a
very voluminous author. Besides a large
number of works in German, many transla-
tions, and various editions of other authors, he
published 'Enchiridion Precum cum Introduc-
tione de natura Orationis/ 1707, 2nd edition
1715 : a volume of ' Discourses and Tracts ; '
' The Duty of the Reformation,' 1718 ; 'The
Doctrine 'of Godly Sorrow/ 1720 ; l Plain
Directions for reading the Holy Bible,' 1708, '
2nd edition 1721 ; < The First Principles of
practical Christianity, in Questions and
Answers, expressed in the very Words of
Scripture/ 1708, 2nd edition 1710. He also !
left a number of works in manuscript.

[The collected writings of Boehm were pub-
lished at Altona in 1731-2 by the Eev. J. J. !
Kambach. professor of divinity at Halle, ac- '
companied with a preface and memoirs. These
memoirs, translated into English by John Chris- |
tian Jacobi, appeared at London 1735 ; they con- i
tain a full list of his various publications and I
manuscripts. A condensation of the memoirs is
given in "Wilford's Memorials of Eminent i
Persons.] T. F. H.

BOGAN, ZACHARY (1625-1659), !
author, was the third son of William Bogan,
of Gatcombe House, Little Hempston, near ;
Totnes, who married Joane, one of the daugh- !
ters and heirs of Zachary Irish, of Chudleigh. I
He was born at Gatcombe in the summer of |
1625, and received the rudiments of his edu- !
cation under a well-known schoolmaster who !
lived a few miles distant from his father's |
house. When only just turned fifteen he
was admitted a commoner of St. Alban Hall,
Oxford (Michaelmas term 1640), and on '
26 Nov. in the following year was chosen a
scholar of Corpus Christ i College ; but the
civil war drove him soon after to his father's ;
house in the country. In 1646 he returned
to his college, and on 21 Oct. took his B.A. j
degree, becoming M.A. on 19 Nov. 1650.
In the year after he had taken his first degree
he wTas elected a fellow of his college, and in j
1649 was recognised as fellow by the parlia- I
mentary visitors of the university. Whilst his !
energies lasted, and he was able to act as one j
of the college tutors, he had under his charge |
many pupils afterwards eminent as anti-
quaries and divines. But a constitution
naturally weak and a disposition prone to j
melancholy (both of which drawbacks were ]
often feelingly referred to in the prefaces to '
his works) were enfeebled by ill-health, ag- |
gravated by excessive study. After much !
bodily suffering he died, in his college at I
Oxford, 1 Sept. 1659, and was buried in the !
middle of the north cloister belonging to the j
college and adjacent to the south side of the j

chapel, when a funeral discourse was preached
over the grave by one of the fellows. His
portion as a younger son was 1.500/. He left
on his death a third of that amount to the
city of Oxford for the benefit of its poor, in
acknowledgment of which gift his portrait
was painted and hung up in the council-
chamber, and it may still be seen in the
town-hall. His library was left to Mr.
Agas, the rest of his property passed to his
elder brother. Bogan was a great-nephew of
Sir Thomas Bodley.

Bogan's skill in languages was universally
recognised in his lifetime, and had not his
years been prematurely cut short, his learn-
ing would have made a permanent mark in
literature. His works were : 1. ' A View of
the Threats and Punishments recorded in
the Scriptures/ 1653, which he dedicated to
his { honoured father.' 2. ' Meditations of
the Mirth of a Christian Life and the Vaine
Mirth of a Wicked Life/ 1653, dedicated to
his 'honoured mother.' 3. An addition of
four books on ' customs in marriages, burials,
feastings, divinations, &c.' to the 'Archseo-
logise Atticse ' of Francis Rous the younger,
which was first added to the original work
in 1649, but without any mention of his
name, probably because it was chiefly com-
piled in his undergraduate days. The addi-
tion was acknowledged as Bogan's in the sub-
sequent editions. 4. ' Homerus fE/3pm'£a>i/,
sive comparatio Homeri cum Scriptoribus
Sacris, quoad normam loquendi.' To which
was added, ' Hesiodus 'Opyptfav,' 1658. The
preface was signed from his father's house in
Devonshire October 1657. 5. <A Help to
Prayer, both Extempore and by a Set Forme/
which was written in 1651, but not published
until 1660, when it was edited by Daniel
Agas. A long epistle by Bogan to Edm.
Dickinson is appended to the latter's •' Delphi
Phcenicizantes, a work popular in Germany
and Holland, and written to show that all
that was famous at Delphi was based on the
history of Joshua and the sacred writings.
Bogan had intended to publish works on the
Greek particles, and on the best use of the
Greek and Latin poets, and the former was
nearly finished when he was seized by his
last illness.

[Prince : Bliss's "Wood, iii. 476-7 ; Visitation
of Devon, 1620 (Harl. Soc. 1872), p. 37 ; Register
of Visitors of Oxford University (Camden Soc.
1881), p. 494; Wood's History of Colleges at
Oxford, 1786, p. 413; Bibliorheca Cornub. ii.
601 ; Didot's Nouvelle Biographie Universelle.]

W. P. C.

BOGDANI or BOGDANE, JAMES (d.

1720), painter, was born in Hungary, the son
of a deputy from the states of that country

Bogle

302

Bogue

to the emperor. He received no professional
training, but by the force of his natural abili-
ties attained to a considerable degree of excel-
lence as a painter of still-life and birds. He
came at an early age to this country, where
he was for some time known only as ' The
Hungarian.' Queen Anne patronised him,
and he made a fortune by the practice of
his art ; but in his later years he experienced \
a series of misfortunes which reduced him '
to poverty ; and, after a residence of nearly
fifty years in England, he died in London in j
1720. His pictures and goods were sold by
auction at his house, the sign of the Golden
Eagle, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn
Fields. There are at Hampton Court eight
pictures by Bogdani, some of which were
expressly painted for the panels in the
' King's Closet.'

[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Wornum),
p. 629 ; Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters, ed.
Davenport (1852) ; Redgrave's Dictionary of Ar-
tists (1878); MS. notes in British Museum.]

L. F.

BOGLE, GEORGE (1746-1781), diplo-
matist, was the youngest son of George Bogle,
of Daldowie, near Bothwell, Lanarkshire,
and Anne, daughter of Sir John Sinclair,
baronet, of Stevenson, Haddingtonshire, and
was born 26 Nov. 1746. He received his
early education at Haddington and Glasgow,
and, after attending the university of Edin-
burgh from November 1760 to April 1761,
was sent to a private school at Enfield for
three years. In June 1765 he entered as
clerk the counting-house of Bogle & Scott, '
of which his eldest brother was the head,
where he remained till, in 1769, he obtained
an appointment in the service of the East
India Company. From Warren Hastings, the

fovernor of Bengal, he received, on 10 Oct.
772, the appointment of assistant secretary '
to the board of revenue ; on 9 March of the !
following year, that of registrar to the Sadr
Diwani Adalat, the court of appeals for the
natives, and soon afterwards that of secre- j
tary to the select committee. Having won I
by his abilities and character the special ap-
proval of Warren Hastings, he was, 13 May
1774, selected to act as envoy to the Lama
of Tibet, with the view of opening up com-
mercial and friendly intercourse between
that country and the plains of India. He !
and his companions were the first English- |
men to cross the Tsanpu in its upper range,
and not only was he completely successful
in his mission, but formed a strong personal
friendship with the Lama, with whom he
continued to correspond after his return to
India. Notwithstanding, however, that his

important services were admitted by all
parties, he remained, after his return in 1775,
for some time practically without employ-
ment, on account of the factions against
Hastings, until the latter, by the death of
one of the council in September 1776, was
able to secure a majority of votes. On 12 Nov.
following Bogle was appointed to superintend
the arrangements in connection with the
renewal of the leases of the company's pro-
vinces, and was also made commissioner of
lawsuits. In 1779 he was appointed collec-
tor of Rangpiir, where he established a fair,
which was much frequented by Bhutan
merchants, and was continued for many
years. At the request of Warren Hastings
he had agreed to undertake a second mission
to Tibet, but the news that the Lama had
gone on a visit to Pekin caused it to be post-
poned, and the death of Bogle, 3 April 1781,
at Calcutta, where he had been called to serve
on a committee of re venue, prevented it being
carried out. From Gleig's 'Memoirs of
Warren Hastings' (ii. 19) we learn that Hast-
ings sent to Dr. Samuel Johnson a copy of
Bogle's journal in Tibet, to obtain his opinion
on the propriety of publishing it. There is
no information as to what Johnson advised,
but from a communication to the Royal
Society in April 1777 it would appear that
Bogle intended to publish it, although the •
multiplicity of matters engaging his atten-
tion prevented him carrying out his purpose.
A volume of manuscripts which his executors
had given to Alex. Dalrymple, geographer to
the East India Company, in 1792, to prepare
for the press, was never published, and at the
sale of Dalrymple's library was bought by
Lord Valentia. After the Arley Castle sale
it came into the possession of the trustees of
the British Museum (Add. MS. 19283).
Another copy of the journal of Bogle is
said to have been presented to the Royal
Society.

[From his journals, memoranda, official and
private correspondence preserved by his family
in Scotland, a narrative of his mission to Tibet
was compiled by Clements R. MarkhaiK, and, ac-
companied by a life and notes, was published in
1876. There is also a notice of Bogle in Me-
morials of the Life and Writings of Rev. Robert
Morehead (1875), pp. 393-5.] T. F. H.

BOGUE, DAVID (1750-1825), one of
the founders of the London Missionary So-
ciety, was born at Hallydown, parish of
Coldingham, Berwickshire, on 18 Feb. 1750.
He was fourth son of John Bogue, laird of
Hallydown — a farm — and Margaret Swan-
ston his wife. His elementary education was
obtained at the parish school of Eyemouth

Bogue

303

Bohemus

He proceeded, while still in his teens, to the
university of Edinburgh, and studied for the
ministry ; he received license as a preacher
of the gospel, though never destined to excel
as a pulpit orator. In 1771 he was in London
as usher in an academy at Edmonton ; he was
afterwards in the same capacity at Hamp-
stead, and later at Camberwell, with a Rev.
Mr. Smith, whom he assisted also in his
ministerial duties. He subsequently became
minister of an independent or congregational
chapel at Gosport. In 1780 he added to his
clerical work a tutorship in an institution of
the town for the education of young men
destined for the independent ministry. There
grew out of this his scheme of foreign mis-
sions, which led to the formation of the
London Missionary Society. Among its
missionaries were John Williams of Erro-
manga, Dr. Robert Moffat, and Dr. David
Livingstone. Bogue also took an active part
in founding the two kindred institutions —
the British and Foreign Bible Society and
the Religious Tract Society. To the latter
he contributed the first of a series of long-
popular tracts. In 1790 he published 'Reasons
for seeking a Repeal of the Test Acts. By a
Dissenter.'

In 1796 he and the Rev. Greville Ewing
of Glasgow and the Rev. William Innes of
Edinburgh, who like himself had left the
church of Scotland and become the one an
independent, and the other a baptist minister,
agreed with Robert Haldane, of Airthrie
— who sold his family estate in order to pro-
vide the funds — to go out to India that
they might act as missionaries to the natives.
The East India Company refused to sanction
the scheme. It was afterwards noted that a
massacre of Europeans took place on the very
spot at which the three friends had intended
to settle.

In 1801 Bogue published t An Essay on the
Divine Authority of the New Testament,'
prepared at the request of the London Mis-
sionary Society, and quickly translated into
French, German, Italian, and Spanish. In
1807 appeared his l Catechism for the Use of
all the Churches in the French Empire. From
the French.' In 1808 he published a striking
sermon ' preached before the promoters of the
Protestant Dissenters' Grammar School, Mill
Hill.' In 1809 he edited a volume of sermons
by the Rev. Dr. Grasomer. In the same year
was published the ' History of Dissenters from
the Revolution in 1689 to the year 1808 ' (3
vols.), prepared in association with Dr. James
Bennet [q. v.] A second- edition, enlarged,
was issued in 1812 (4 vols. 8vo), and another
in 1833. It is a standard work, the fruit
of infinite research and painstaking zeal,

although at times somewhat partisan and
embittered. In 1815 the Senatus Academicus
of Yale College, Connecticut, conferred upon
Bogue the degree of D.D.

Bogue was well known in all the churches.
He was wont to make an annual missionary
preaching tour on behalf of the London Mis-
sionary Society. In one of these journeys he
was seized with a sudden illness at Brighton.
There he died on 25 Oct. 1825, in the seventy-
fifth year of his age.

[History of Religious Tract Society (Jubilee) ;
British and Foreign Bible Society Reports ;
Bogue's Works ; Lives of the Haldanes ; Ander-
son's Scottish Nation.] A. B. G.

BOGUE, RICHARD (1783-1813), cap-
tain royal artillery, who fell before Leipzig in
1813, was son of John Bogue, M.D., of Fare-
ham, Hampshire, and was born in 1783. He
entered the Royal Military Academy, Wool-
wich, as a cadet, 31 Jan. 1797, passing out
as a second lieutenant in the royal artillery
in July 1798, and becoming a second captain
in that corps in March 1806. In June 1813
he went out to the north of Germany with
some artillery detachments, which were
united under his command as a rocket bri-
gade, afterwards officially known as the
(late) 2nd rocket troop, royal artillery. The
troop, while attached to the army of the
Prince Royal of Sweden (Bernadotte), ren-
dered very important service in the memo-
rable battles around Leipzig on 16-19 Oct.
1813. On 18 Oct., the second day of fight-
ing, when supporting Bulow's corps, which
was on the extreme left of the prince royal,
in an attack upon a retiring body of French
near the village of Paunsdorf, Bogue was
killed by a cannon-ball which struck him on
the head, or, by some accounts, the breast.
He lies buried in the village of Taucha,
some miles north-east of Leipzig.

[Gent. Mag. Ixxxiii. ii. 507 ; Kane's List of
Officers R. Art. (revised ed., Woolwich, 1869);
Duncan's Hist. R. Art, i. 394, 404, ii. 290 ; Mar-
quis of Londonderry's Narrative of War in
Germany, p. 172 (London, 1830) ; Alison's Hist,
of Europe, xii. 246 (ed. 1849-50); Murray's
Handbook of N. Germany (name misspelt Bow-
yer), p. 288.] H. M. C.

BOHEMUS, MAURITIUS (Jl. 1647-
1662), ejected minister, was born at Colberg
on the Pomeranian coast. His uncle, Dr.
Johannes Bergius (Palmer has ' Burgius ' in-
correctly), was chaplain to the elector of
Brandenburg ; he was born at Stettin 24 Feb.
1587, and died at Berlin 27 Dec. 1658. Bo-
hemus was rector of Hallaton, Leicestershire,
and ejected thence in 1662, when he returned
to Germany. He seems to have been thrice

Bohler

3°4

Bohn

married. Jane, wife of ' Mr. Bohemus/ was
buried at Hallaton 14 Dec. 1647 ; his wife
Elizabeth was buried 10 July 1654 ; he married
Hannah Yowe 27 Feb. 1656. By his wife
Elizabeth he had a daughter Anne, baptised
12 March 1652; probably the Mrs. Ann Bo-
heme buried at Walcot 20 Nov. 1695.

He published : 1. 'A Christians Delight,
or Morning-Meditations/ &c., London, 1654,

accordance with Hooker's ' Student's Flora.'
He also contributed botanical papers and
notes to various scientific journals. He died
at Sheffield 24 Sept. 1872!

[Reliquary, xi. 212 ; White's Worksop, p. 303 ;
Pritzel's Thesaurus, p. 32 ; Jackson's Lit. of
Botany, p. 243, and the writer's MS. notes.]

J. W.-GK

BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (1796-1884),

12mo (has Latin dedication to Sir Arthur ! BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (179(5-1884),
Haselrig, signed ' Mauritius ' Bohemus ; the ! bookseller and publisher, was the son of Henry
English title-page has ' Maritius.' The title- Martin Bohn, a native of Munster, Westpha-
page incorrectly states the number of ' Me- lia, who, after learning the art of bookbinding
ditations ' as ninety-seven; there are ninety- in his native town, settled in 1795 in London,
eight, and an appendix makes up one hundred, i where he married a lady of Scotch parentage.
Palmer, mistaking Calamy, makes this two I By the introduction of certain new features
works). 2. ' The Pearle of Peace and Con- ! of the bookbinding art he acquired a con-
cord,' &c., London, 1655, 16mo (a translation ! '
of a German work by Dr. Bergius, published
twenty years before, with an irenical aim in
view of the differences among protest ants ;
Bohemus dedicates his translation to Oliver
Cromwell).

! siderable connection, and after removing to
17 and 18 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden,
he also established a business in second-hand
books. The son Henry George was born 4 Jan.
1796. Immediately after leaving school he
entered his father's business, but at a very

[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 438; Calamy's , earl7 ^ e his >™eT8et™ and independent cha-
Continuation, 1727, p. 594; Palmer's Nonconf. ' racter showed itself. Some of his suggestions
Memorial, 1802, ii. 387; Allg. Deut. Biog. 1875, were not followed, and thereupon, leaving
ii. 385 ; Burial Register of Walcot, Lincoln- j Henrietta Street, he accepted a post in
shire.] A. G-. a mercantile house in the city. He made

great progress there, but his father speedily

BOHLER, JOHN (1797-1872), botanist, ! persuaded him to return to the family roof,
born at South Wingfield, near Alfreton, Der- I and until he was well over thirty years of
byshire, 31 Dec. 1797, was a simple stocking- j age he took a leading part in the conduct of
weaver, but his early instincts led him to | his father's business. As early as 1813, when
gather plants, and he became a collector of j Bohn was in his eighteenth year, he published
medicinal plants for the doctors. He then ! in London a translation from the German of

took up the science of botany, and became an
expert field botanist and microscopist, traver-
sing England, Ireland, and Wales. In time
he became acquainted with the ' habitats ' of
all our indigenous flowers, and made a special
study of lichens. In 1835-7 he published

the romance of 'Ferandino.' His knowledge
of languages was turned to account in trade,
and he visited the chief continental cities to
make purchases of rare and valuable foreign
books. As his father declined to admit him
into partnership, he resolved, after his mar-

' Lichenes Britannici, or Specimens of the i riage in 1 831 to Elizabeth Simpkin, only child
Lichens of Britain/ containing sixteen month- j of William Simpkin, of the firm of Simpkin,
ly fasciculi, each of eight actual specimens, ' "*r «--»*•-«
collected and mounted by himself, with origi-
nal descriptions, &c. — 128 in all, at 3*. Qd.
each — forming a valuable work which is now
very scarce. The British Museum has no
copy of it. About 1860 he explored Snowdon

and the adjacent mountains and hills under

Marshall, & Co., to commence business on his
own account at 4 York Street, Covent Garden.
Notwithstanding that his capital at starting*
was, it is stated, only 1,000/., supplemented
with a second 1,000£ lent by a friend, his
progress was rapid. He devoted his atten-

tion during the next ten years chiefly to the

their widely scattered localities throughout I pages and 23,208 articles, with a list of re-

4-V*^ *loT-»/l T^Y« A TT£kl inrr*C! "fint^ 'fYVlin ^T?r4r»Vn} t-»-»OT-»-»rlr\»»c? /-H^^I-IT-VCTI Y-» r»» ~\ Pi, O t-krt fvf\ o T^V»rt ^(-.^-11^ ^v-f

mainders occupying 152 pages. The issue of
the catalogue at once made him famous, and
securedhiman unrivalled position as a second-
hand bookseller; but he soon discontinued the
purchase of rare and valuable works to take
up the ' remainder ' trade, which he developed
with astonishing skill and for a time made

the 'land. Dr. Aveling's fine folio, ' Roche
Abbey, Yorkshire/ London, 1870, has in the
appendix ' A Flora of Roche Abbey/ by Bohler.
He also compiled ' The Flora of Sherwood
Forest' for Mr. Robert White's ' Worksop,
the Dukeries, and Sherwood Forest/ Work-
sop, 1875, 4to, and arranged his materials in

Bohn

305

Bohn

his chief business. In 1846 he discovered, ;
in the cheap issue of works of a solid and
instructive kind, a new method of turning his
copyrights to account ; this method proved
far more lucrative, and has given him a unique
position among publishers. In 1845 Mr. David
Bogue of Fleet Street commenced the publi-
cation of the ' European Library/ into the !
first issue of which, the ' Life of Lorenzo de' ,
Medici,' illustrations were introduced from !
a volume of illustrations of which Bohn pos-
sessed the remainder. After obtaining an in-
junction in the court of chancery against
Bogue, Bohn started a rival series, the f Stan-
dard Library,' similar in size and appearance,
but at a reduced price. The enterprise was \
prosecuted by Bohn with such energy and ;
skill that the ' European Library ' was dis- 1
continued, and the books passed into his hands.
The ' Standard Library ' was followed by the
1 Scientific ' and the ' Antiquarian ' in 1847, |
the ' Classical ' in 1848, the ' Illustrated ' in j
1849, the < Shilling Series ' in 1850, the < Ec-
clesiastical' in 1851, the 'Philological' in
1852, and the ' British Classics ' in 1853, the
whole ultimately numbering over six hundred
volumes.

The success of the ' library' scheme led
Bohn to entertain the ambition of founding
a publishing house of the highest rank ; but
as his sons did not enter into his views and
took to other professions he resolved gradually
to realise his property and retire from busi-
ness. In 1864 he sold the stock, copyrights,
and stereotypes of his l libraries ' for about
40,OOOJ. to Messrs. Bell & Daldy, afterwards
Messrs. Bell & Sons, who succeeded him in
York Street. Various other valuable literary
property was also sold to this firm. From
1865 to 1875 he was more or less engaged in
cataloguing his general stock stored at the
several warehouses rented by him near Covent
Garden. Meantime he secured temporary
premises in Henrietta Street, occupying the
old site of his father's house there. During
these ten years his second-hand books were
sold by auction, realising over 13,000/. His
principal copyrights not included in the li-
braries were bought by Messrs. Chatto &
Windus for about 20,000/., and other sales
were effected, the entire properties realising
from beginning to end little short of 100,0007.

While the success of Bohn indicated prac-
tical shrewdness of a very exceptional kind,
it is traceable as much to his extraordinary
energy and capacity for work. Besides being
a constant attendant at all important sales
and being present at the meetings of the
learned societies of which he was a fellow,
he personally superintended every depart-
ment of his business. Nor did these cares

VOL. v.

by any means absorb his whole attention.
He took a large share in the editing and
compiling of his own publications. His
knowledge of foreign languages enabled him
to make several of the translations for his
series of ' Foreign Classics.' The informa-
tion obtained in the practice of his business
he also utilised in ' Observations on the Plan
and Progress of the Catalogue of the Library
of the British Museum,' 1855, in which he
suggested various improvements in method,
and especially the addition of an index of
matters, which he endeavoured to show might
be rapidly accomplished by a proper subdivi-
sion of labour. He prepared a greatly im-
proved reprint of Lowndes's ' Bibliographer's
Manual,' ' The Origin and Progress of Print-
ing,' 1857, and the ' Biography and Bibliogra-
phy of Shakespeare,' 1863, the bibliographical
part being a reprint with some additions of the
pages relating to Shakespeare in the ' Biblio-
grapher's Manual.' The last two books were
written for the Philobiblon Society, of which
he was a member/; he also-wrote a 'Dictionary
of Quotations,' 1867, into which he introduced
a few verses from his own manuscript poems.
For his ' libraries ' he wrote a variety of
compilations, including a ' Handbook of Pro-
verbs ' and a ' Polyglot of Foreign Proverbs '
for the Antiquarian Library ; a l Handbook
of Games ' for the Scientific Library, and a
' Pictorial Handbook of Modern Geography '
and a ' Guide to the Knowledge of Pottery
and Porcelain ' for the Illustrated Library.
He also contributed an edition of Hurd's
'Addison/ in six volumes, to his series of
'British Classics.' His miscellaneous con-
tributions include a biographical notice of
Robert Seymour, with a descriptive list of the
plates to Seymour's l Humorous Sketches il-
lustrated in Prose and Verse by Alfred Crow-
quill,' 1866 ; prefaces to editions of Irving's
' Life of Mahomet,' and Emerson's t Repre-
sentative Men ; ' a chapter ' On the Artists of
the Present Day' to the second edition of
Chatto's ' Treatise on Wood Engraving,' 1861 ;
and an alphabetical reference, with a ' list of
all the coloured plates of the genus Pinus
published in the great works of Lambert,
Lawson, and Forbes/ to the edition of Gor-
don's ' Pinetum ' published in 1880. He was
strongly opposed to the abolition of the paper
duty, and in 1861 published a pamphlet on
the subject, consisting of letters contributed
by him to several newspapers.

About 1850, when he was in the zenith of
his fame, he secured a fine residential pro-
perty at Twickenham. From time to time
he enlarged his freehold estate, and expended
considerable sums in acquiring rare and valu-
able shrubs. He also became known for his

Bohn

306

Bohun

annual entertainments, when his remarkable
collection of roses was exhibited.

Very early in life he exhibited a taste for
purchasing articles of vertu, and for half a
century at least he was a frequenter at
Christie's and other sale rooms. In 1875 his
various works of art exceeded the capacity of
his house, and being then nearly eighty years
old he resolved to sell that portion of his col-
lection consisting of china, ivories, &c., and
between 1875 and 1878 this sale was effected,
bringing nearly 25,000/. The pictures and
miniatures were left untouched ; and having
freed his rooms of the china, beyond what was
required for decorative purposes, he largely
added to the pictures, and by 1883 his house
was as crowded as before. Up to his eighty-
seventh year he had possessed great physical
strength — it is related that he joined actively
in a quadrille party on his Twickenham
lawn at the age of eighty-five — but early in
1882 he became very infirm, although still
mentally strong. He then resolved to employ
his enforced leisure in the compilation of a
catalogue raisonn& of his art collection, com-
prising a short account of the painters repre-
sented, and for two years and upwards he was
engaged with his daughter, Mrs. F. K. Mun-
ton, in this work. Amidst growing feebleness
he struggled almost to his last moment to
complete the task — indeed, his indomitable

X' it was shown in his eighty-ninth year,
ut a week before he died, when he refused
to obey the injunction of his medical adviser
to desist, saying he could not die till he had
settled the preface ; and he actually revised
the proof of this a day or two before his death,
which took place on 22 Aug. 1884. The sale
by his executors of the remaining portion of
the art collection (which realised a further
sum of about 20,OOOZ.) attracted considerable
public attention in March 1885.

[Times, 25 Aug. 1884 and March-April 1885;
Athenaeum for 30 Aug. 1884; Bookseller for
September 1884 ; Bibliographer for October
1884 ; Erit. Mus. Cat.] T. F. H.

BOHN, JAMES STUART BURGES

(1803-1880), bookseller, was son of John
Bohn, a bookseller of London, who died on
13 Oct. 1843, in his eighty-sixth year. James
was born in London 20 Dec. 1803, and, after a
good education at Winchester, was sent to
Gb'ttingen to perfect himself in German and
French. He assisted his father for some years,
but in February 1834 commenced bookselling
on his own account at 12 King William Street,
Strand. Here his great knowledge of books
soon attracted many customers, and his shop
became a meeting-place for a number of the
most learned men of the day. In 1840 he

published a catalogue extending to 792 pages ;
it contains, amongst much other valuable
matter, nearly complete lists of the works of
Burnet, Defoe, Hearne, and Ritson, and it
still finds a place on the shelves of all biblio-
graphers. He, however, was not successful
in business, and in 1845 had to recommence
at 66 St. James's Street, and here he re-
published Dugdale's ' Monasticon ' in eight
ponderous folio volumes. Being after this
again unsuccessful, he gave up his shop in
1847, and turned his attention to literature,
and was for many years a contributor to
the ' Family Herald ; ' he also acted as assistant
editor on the 'Reader.' In 1857 he pre-
pared for Mr. David Nutt a catalogue of
theological books in foreign languages, a
volume of 704 pages, enriched by many ori-
ginal notes. For several years before his de-
cease he was in the employment of his friend
Mr. Nicholas Triibner, of Ludgate Hill. Here
he compiled several catalogues of Brazilian,
Mexican, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin, Ger-
man, and French books. He died at Peckham
4 Jan. 1880.

[Bookseller, February 1880, pp. 105-106.]

G. C. B.

BOHUN, EDMUND (1645-1699), chief
justice of Carolina, was the son of Baxter
Bohun, and grandson of Edmund Bohun, of
Westhall Hall, Suffolk. He was born
12 March 1644-5 ; his father died when he
was fourteen; he entered Queens' College,
Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner on 13 June
1663, and left in 1666, on account of the
plague (according to Wood), without a degree.
In 1669 he married Mary Brampton, and
settled at Westhall. He was for a time in
the commission of the peace, but made him-
self unpopular (as his wife told him) by over-
loquacity, and was probably despised as a
wrong-headed pedant. He was brought up
as a dissenter, but became an Anglican,
hating equally dissent and popery. Having
lived beyond his means, he went to London
in 1784, hoping to get preferment from his
acquaintance, Sancroft, Arlington, or Sir Leo-
line Jenkins. He got nothing, except 71.
from Jenkins, and on the accession of James II
was left out of the commission for publicly
attacking a Whitehall Jesuit. He tried to
make something by his pen, and composed
his dictionary for a stationer (Brome) in
1688. He wrote some tracts after the Re-
volution maintaining the doctrine of non-
resistance, but inferring that, as James had
deserted the throne, submission was due to
William and Mary. He thus was a unique
specimen of the ' non-resisting Williamite.'
In 1691 he returned to occupy a house at

Bohun

307

Bohun

Dale Hall, for which he was unable to find
a tenant. To his horror, a second edition of
his dictionary was brought out the same year
without his knowledge. Some passages were ,
afterwards used to support charges of Jaco- ,
bitism, in refutation of which he published
three charges delivered at the Ipswich quarter-
sessions in 1691 and 1692, with a preface pro- ,
testing against the injustice. In 1692 Moore, ,
bishop of Norwich, procured for him the place
of licenser, with 200/. a year, with 251. down
to buy decent clothes. He was greatly dis- ,
tressed at this time by the loss of a son, and
after five months' office fell into a trap laid for
him by Charles Blount [see BLOTJNT, CHAKLES,
1654-1693]. Blount sent him anonymously
a tract in defence of his own peculiar political
theory. Bohun read it ' with incredible satis-
faction,' licensed it 9 Jan. 1693, and on its '
appearance was summoned before the House
of Commons 20 Jan. 1693. At the same
time Blount published a second tract with
'a true character of E. Bohun, licenser of the
press,' in which he was bitterly attacked for j
his supposed Jacobitism. The House of Com- j
inons, indignant at Bohun's sanction of the j
doctrine of a conquest by William, sent him
to prison, and voted that he should be dis-
missed his office. He retired to the country,
but some time afterwards obtained (it does
not appear how) the chief justiceship of
Carolina, with a salary of 60/. a year. He
sailed in midsummer, 1698, and found the
colony suffering from piracy, hurricanes, and
fevers. He had hardly time to get into diffi-
culties Avith other officials, when he died of an
epidemic fever on 5 Oct. 1699. His son, Ed-
mund, was a merchant in Carolina, and col-
lected plants for Hans Sloane and Petiver.
Some of his letters are in the Sloane MSS.
He afterwards settled at Westhall.

Bohun wrote various tracts, compilations,
.and translations. His original works are :
1. ' Address to the Freemen and Freeholders
of the Nation,' 1682. 2. ' Reflections on a
Pamphlet entitled "A quiet and modest Vin-
dication of the Proceedings of the last two
Parliaments," ' 1683. 3. ' The Justice of the
Peace' (a 'moral essay'), 1684 and 1693.
4. ' Defence of Sir R. Filnier against Alger-
non Sidney, &c.,' 1684. 5. ' History of the De-
sertion,' 1689. 6. « The Doctrine of Non-
resistance ... no way concerned in the
controversies . . . between the Williamites
and the Jacobites,' 1689 (the last two are
printed in the State Tracts, vol. i. 1705).
7. ' Three charges, &c.,' 1693. 8. < Character
of Queen Elizabeth,' 1693, chiefly from
R. Johnstone's l Historia rerum Britannica-
rum,' 1655 (French translation in 1694). He
.also published the ' Origin of Atheism/ &c.,

translated from < Dorotheus Licureus ;' edited
an edition of Filmer's ' Patriarcha,' and Jewel's
1 Apology,' Degory Wheare's ' Method and
Order of Reading Histories,' Sleidan's l Com-
mentaries ' and ' the present state of Germany,'
from Puffendorff. His chief work was the
' Geographical Dictionary, representing the
present and ancient names of all the coun-
tries, provinces, &c., of the whole world,
their distances, longitudes, and latitudes,
with a short historical account of the same,
by Edmund Bohun. Esq.,' 1688. The second
edition appeared in 1691 ; the third, ' con-
tinued, corrected, and enlarged ' by Mr. Bar-
nard, in 1693 [see BARNARD, JOHN,,/. 1685-
1693] ; the 'great historical, geographical, and
poetical dictionary, founded on Moreri,' where-
in are inserted the last five years' historical and
geographical collections of E. B., ' designed at
first for his own geographical dictionary, and
never extant till now,' appeared in 1694.

[Diary and Autobiography of E. Bohun, edited
with memoir, &c., by S. Wilton Rix, privately
printed, Beccles, 1853; "Woods Athense (Bliss),
iii. 216, under 'Degorie Whear; ' Macaulay's His-
tory, chap. xix. iv. 350.] L. S.

BOHUN, HENRY DE, first EARL OF
HEREFORD (1176-1220), constable of Eng-
land, was the grandson of Humphrey III
de Bohun [q. v.] and Margaret, daughter of
Milo of Gloucester, earl of Hereford and con-
stable, through whom the hereditary riglit to
the office of constable passed to the family of
de Bohun. He was born in 1176, and on the
accession of John was created earl of Hereford
by charter 28 April 1199. In 1200 he was
sent with other nobles to summon his uncle,
William the Lion of Scotland, to appear at
Lincoln to do homage. In 1215 he joined the
confederate barons who obtained the conces-
sion of Magna Charta, and was one of the
twenty-five appointed to insure its observance.
On John's death he still adhered to the party
of Louis of France, and was taken prisoner in
the battle of Lincoln 20 May 1217. He died
on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land 1 June
1220. His wife was Maud, daughter of
Geoffrey Fitz-Piers, earl of Essex, by whom
he had a son Humphrey V [q. v.], who suc-
ceeded him.

[Chronicles of Rog. Hoveden, Gervase of Can-
terbury, and Matt. Paris ; Dugdale's Baronage,
i. 180.] E. M. T.

BOHUN, HUMPHREY III DE (d. 1187),
baronial supporter of Henry II, was the
third of his name in the family settled in
England after the Norman conquest. The
founder of the house, Humphrey de Bohun,
surnained ' with the beard,' was succeeded by
his son Humphrey II, who married, at some

Bohun

308

Bohun

date between 1087 and 1100, Maud, daughter
of Edward de Saresburie. Humphrey III
was probably born about the end of the first
decade of the twelfth century, and in some
points he seems to have been confounded with
his father. For example, to the father was

C"1 tably due the foundation of the priory of
eigh in Wiltshire, which is attributed to
the son. The latter is also said to have served
as steward or sewer to Henry I. At the be-
ginning of Stephen's reign he was one of the
witnesses of that king's laws; but in 1139,
when the Empress Matilda landed, he joined
her standard, and by the advice of Milo of
Gloucester, earl of Hereford, his father-in-
law, he fortified his stronghold of Trowbridge
against the king. Yet in the next year he
appears as sewer to Stephen, an office which
he also held in the empress's household. He
was taken prisoner at Winchester in 1141,
fighting on Matilda's side.

After the accession of Henry II Humphrey
de Bohun scarcely appears at all in the his-
tory of the early years of the reign. He was,
however, one of the barons summoned to the
council held at Clarendon in January 1164,
in which were framed the celebrated consti-
tutions, and nine years later, 1173, he stood
firm by the king in the rebellion of Prince
Henry, and with Richard de Lucy, the jus-
ticiar, and other loyal barons invaded Scot-
land to check William the Lion, who sup-
ported the prince. But the landing of Robert
de Beaumont, earl of Leicester, compelled
them hastily to conclude a truce and to march
against the earl's forces, which they totally
defeated at Fornham St. Genevieve in Suffolk,
16 or 17 Oct. In 1175 Bohun was present at
the convention of Falaise, when the Scottish
king recognised the supremacy of the English
crown. He died 6 April 1187, and was
buried at Lanthony, Gloucestershire ; having
married Margaret, eldest daughter of Milo of
Gloucester, earl of Hereford, and constable of
England (d. 1146), on the failure of whose
male line those honours were carried over
through the same Margaret to the house of
Bohun. Humphrey's son, Humphrey IV,
sometimes styled earl of Hereford and con-
stable, predeceased him in 1182, having mar-
ried Margaret, daughter of Henry, earl of
Huntingdon (son of David, king of Scotland),
and widow of Conan-le-Petit, earl of Brit-
tany and Richmond (d. 1171), and leaving
a son Henry fq. v.l created earl of Hereford
in 1199.

[Chronicles of Benedict of Peterborough and
Eoger of Hoveden ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 179 ;
Foss's Judges of England, i. 125 ; Eyton's Itine-
rary of Henry II ; Add. MS. 31939, f. 182.]

E. M. T.

BOHUN, HUMPHREY V DE, second
EARL or HEREFORD and first EARL OF ESSEX
(d. 1274), constable of England, succeeded
his father Henry, first earl [q. v.], in 1220,
and at some date after the death of William
de Mandeville, his mother's brother, which
took place in 1227, he was created earl of
Essex. In the last-named year he joined
Richard of Cornwall at Stamford, to support
him in his quarrel with the king. He served
the office of marshal of the household at the
coronation of Queen Eleanor in 1236, and at
the christening of Prince Edward in 1239 he
was one of the sponsors. He was sheriff of
Kent in 1239 and the two following years.
He took part in Henry's French expedition
of 1242, but is said to have retired with other
nobles in disgust at the king's partiality to
the aliens. In 1244 he aided in the repres-
sion of a Welsh rising on the marches : but
in the same year he was defeated by them in
a second outbreak, one of the chief causes of
insurrection being, it was declared, his reten-
tion of part of the inheritance of his sister-in-
law Isabel, wife of David, son of Llewellyn,
prince of Wales. In 1246 he joined in the
letter of remonstrance from the English peers
to Pope Innocent IV. He was present in the
parliament of 1248, and two years later he
took the cross and went to the Holy Land.
Humphrey de Bohun appears as one of those
who spoke in defence of Simon de Montfort
in 1252, and next year he was present at the
renewal of the charters and the solemn ex-
communication of their transgressors. In
1254 he was with the king in Gascony, but
received offence from slights put upon him
when performing his duties as constable. In
1257 he had the custody of part of the marches
of Wales, and was employed in the Welsh
war which then broke out.

When the barons formed the confederation
for redress of grievances in 1258, the Earl of
Hereford was of their number, and had a share
in the settlement of the government under
the Provisions of Oxford, being one of the
original commissioners, and subsequently one
of the council of fifteen. In 1260 he appears
as a justice itinerant for the counties of Glou-
cester, Worcester, and Hereford. In the di-
visions which soon split up the barons' con-
federation Humphrey de Bohun separated
himself from Simon de Montfort's party, and
is found in 1263 supporting the king, while his
son Humphrey VI is ranged on the opposite
side. In the battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264,
he was taken prisoner. In the narrative of
vents of the ensuing year the movements of
Humphrey de Bohun have been evidently con-
fused with those of his son. It is stated that at
the battle of Evesham,4 Aug. 1265, he fought

Bohun

3^9

Bohun

on the side of Simon de Montfort, and was
taken prisoner. But this account applies only
to the younger Humphrey, for immediately
after that victory Hereford stood high in the
king's favour, and was employed as one of the
arbitrators to bring to reason the remnant of de
Montfort's party by the dictum of Kenilworth.
Humphrey de Bohun died 24 Sept. 1274,
and was buried at Lanthony, Gloucestershire.
He married twice : first, Maud, daughter of
the Cointe d'Eu, by whom he had his son
Humphrey VI, who died before him, and four
daughters ; and secondly, Maudde Avenebury,
by whom he had a son John, lord of Haresfield.

[Chronicles of Gerv. of Canterbury, Matt. Paris,
Will. Rishanger; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 180;
Foss's Judges, ii. 245 ; Stubbs's Const. Hist.]

E. M. T.

BOHUN, HUMPHREY VII DE, third
EARL OF HEREFORD, and second EARL OF
ESSEX (d. 1298), constable of England, was
born about the middle of the thirteenth cen-
tury, the grandson of Humphrey V [<j. v.],
second earl, and son of Humphrey VI, who pre-
deceased his father, 27 Aug. 1265, immediately
after the battle of Evesham, at which he was
made prisoner, fighting on de Montfort's side.
Humphrey VII served in 1286 in the army of
occupation inWales. In 1289 he was found
levying private war against the Earl of Glou-
cester, and was peremptorily ordered to keep
the peace. In 1292 he was fined and impri-
soned. In 1296-7 he was sent as escort to John,
the young earl of Holland, who had lately
married the English princess, Elizabeth, and
was now returning to his own country to claim
his inheritance. The princess, who was only
in her fourteenth year, was married two years
afterwards to Humphrey de Bohun, the earl's
son. From this time to the date of his death
Hereford played a conspicuous part, in con-
junction with Roger Bigod, fifth earl of Nor-
folk, in opposing Edward I's measures for
arbitrary taxation, and in at length obtaining
the confirmation of the charters, being, how-
ever, chiefly moved by the alarm given to the
barons by Edward's reforms. At the as-
sembly of the magnates at Salisbury early
in 1297, he, with Bigod, refused to serve in
Gascony on the plea that they were not bound
to foreign service except in company with the
king [see BIGOD, ROGER, fifth earl of Norfolk].
At a levy of the military forces of the king-
dom, the two earls refused to do their duty as
constable and marshal, and were both de-
prived. The list of grievances which their
party then presented was only partially in-
quired into when Edward sailed for Flanders ;
but the confirmation of the charters was
agreed to by Prince Edward acting as regent,

and was allowed by the king himself in
Flanders. On Edward's return to England
, in 1298, he was required by the two earls, as
I the price of their attendance in the invasion
I of Scotland, to promise a re-confirmation of
the charters. After the battle of Falkirk,
I 22 July, Hereford had leave to return to
I England ; and soon after he died at Pleshy, in
Essex, and was buried at Walden. He mar-
ried Maud, daughter of Ingelram de Fienes,
and was succeeded by his son, Humphrey VIII.

[Chronicles of Will. Kishanger, Th. Walsing-
ham, "Walt, de Hemingburgh ; Dugdale's Baron-
age, i. 182; Stubbs's Constitutional History.]

E. M. T.

BOHUN, HUMPHREY VIII DE, fourth
EARL OF HEREFORD, and third EARL OF ESSEX
(1276-1322), constable of England, was son
of Humphrey VII, third earl of Hereford. He
was bom in 1276. In 1291 he appears among
the barons who addressed the letter of pro-
test to the pope from the parliament of Lin-
coln. In 1302 he married Elizabeth, daughter
of Edward I, and widow of John, earl of
Holland, and on the occasion made surrender
to the crown of all his lands and title, re-
ceiving them back in tail. In a great tour-
nament held at Fulham in 1305 he took a
leading part, and again in 1307 he was pre-
sent at another passage of arms at Walling-
ford, held against the king's favourite, Piers
Gaveston. In 1308 he was sent north, in
company with the Earl of Gloucester, to op-
pose Robert Bruce. The next year he joined
with other barons in a letter of remonstrance
addressed to the pope. In 1310 Humphrey
de Bohun was one of the twenty-one or-
dainers appointed on 20 March to reform the
government and the king's household. The
ordinances which they presented were finally
accepted in October 1311 ; but three months
later, January 1312, the king recalled his
banished favourite, Gaveston. Immediately
Thomas, earl of Lancaster, and the confede-
rate barons, including Hereford, took up arms
and besieged Gaveston in Scarborough. On
19 May Gaveston surrendered, and was shortly
afterwards beheaded by Lancaster's party at
Blacklow Hill. Edward was powerless to
punish the rebellious lords ; negotiations for
a peace were opened, and in October 1313
the earls and their followers were pardoned.
In 1314 the war with Scotland was renewed,
and the battle of Bannockburn was fought on
24 June. Here Gloucester was slain and
Hereford taken prisoner. He was exchanged
for the wife of Robert Bruce, who had long
been a captive in England.

Tifcp jealousy of the barons was now moved
by the growing power of the two Despea*

Bohun

Bohun

sers, father and son. At a parliament held
at York, September 1314, Edward was called
upon to confirm the ordinances of 1311, and
the elder Despenser was removed from the
council. In 1315 Hereford was engaged

daughter of King Edward I, and was a dis-
tinguished soldier. He was probably born
about 1310. He is said to have taken part with
the young king, Edward III, in 1330, in the
suppression of Mortimer. In 1337, upon the

upon the Welsh border, and was successful in advancement of Edward, prince of Wales, to

quelling a rising. The factions which now the duchy of Cornwall, William de Bohun

sprang up among the barons threatened to wascreated earl of Northampton on IGMarch,

bring about a state of civil war, when the and received grants of the castle and manor of

movements of Robert Bruce, who had ad- St amford and lordship of Grant ham, Lincoln-

vanced south and captured Berwick, 2 April shire, and the castles and manors of Fothering-

1318, compelled the different parties to sub- hay, Northamptonshire, and Okeham, Rut-

mit to a reconciliation. A general pardon landsh'ire, in male tail. In the same year

was granted to Lancaster and his followers, j he was appointed one of the commissioners to

and a new council was appointed August treat with Philip of France on Edward's

1318. Of this council Hereford was a member, claim to the French crown, and subsequently

and he also took part in the military opera-
tions against Scotland, which, however, were

a commissioner to treat with David Bruce.
He took part in Edward's expedition which

hampered by Lancaster's perverse refusal to j sailed for Antwerp in July 1338, and in
assist. A truce was concluded in 1319. 1340 was present at the naval victory of

The feeling against the Despensers now Sluys on 24 June. In 1342 he was appointed
broke out in open revolt. Bohun and Roger the king's lieutenant and captain-general in
Mortimer, the principal lords on the Welsh Brittany, and defeated the French at Mor-
border, prepared to attack Hugh le Despen- iaix and took La Roche Darrien by assault,
ser the younger, who held Glamorgan, in the On the conclusion of a truce for three years
autumn of 1320. Early in the next year the he returned to England, and next year ac-
king issued writs forbidding unlawful assem- companied Henry, earl of Lancaster, into
blies ; and a parliament was summoned to Scotland, marching to the relief of Lough-
meet at Westminster on 15 July 1321. Bohun maDen Castle, in Dumfriesshire, of which he
appeared in London at the head of an armed was governor. He was again in Brittany at
force, and took the lead in denouncing the the close of the year, and again in 1345 and
favourites, who were sentenced to forfeiture 1343 ; and took part in Edward's campaign in
and exile. But in October the king appeared the latter year, distinguishing himself in a
in the field, and with unwonted vigour at- skirmish on the Seine, and being present at
tacked his enemies in detail. They were I the battle of Cressy on 26 August. During-
driven north, and at the battle of Borough- ! the next two years he continued to serve in
bridge, in Yorkshire, 16 March 1322, they I France, and in 1349 was a commissioner for
were totally defeated. Hereford was among concluding a truce. In 1350 William de
the slain, and was buried in the church of Bohun was appointed warden of the marches
the Friars Preachers of York. I towards Scotland, and the next year was

By his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Ed- | appointed to negotiate a peace with that
ward I, Humphrey de Bohun had six sons j kingdom. In 1352 he was commissioner of
and four daughters. He was succeeded by : the array of troops in Essex and Hertford to
his second son, John, who, dying in 1335, was oppose the landing of the French. He was
followed by his brother, Humphrey IX, as | ag.ain jn the north in 1353 and following

sixth earl. In 1361 Humphrey X, earl of
Northampton, succeeded, being the son of
William de Bohun, another son of the fourth
earl of Hereford. With Humphrey X the
title became extinct in 1372, but was revived
as a dukedom in 1397, in the person of Henry
Bolingbroke, who married Mary, daughter
and coheir of the last earl.

' [Chronicles of Thomas Walsingham and Walt.
HemingLurgh ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 183;
Stubbs's Constitutional History.] E. M. T.

years, and in 1355 served in the French cam-
paign. In 1356 he was commissioned to treat
for the ransom of David Bruce, and in 1357-9
was abroad in Gascony. He died 16 Sept.
1360, and was buried at Walden in Essex.

William de Bohun married Elizabeth,
daughter of Bartholomew de Badlesmere, and
widow of Edmund Mortimer. His son, Hum-
phrey, succeeded him, and in 1361, as heir
to his uncle Humphrey, earl of Hereford and
Essex, united in his person the three earl-
doms of Hereford, Essex, and Northampton.

BOHUN, WILLIAM DE, EAEL OF

NORTHAMPTON (d. 1360), was the fifth son „

of Humphrey de Bohun VIII [q. v.], fourth i Thos. Walsingham; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 185.]

earl of Hereford, and Elizabeth Plantagenet, J E. M. T.

[Chronicles of Walt, de Hemingburgh and

I -«1T 1 * 1 T^ 3-1 „>,-. T>« ~.f «« ,rt»,n \ 1 Q ^ 1

Boileau

Bois

BOILEAU, SIB JOHN PETER (1794-
1869), archaeologist, was the son of John
Peter Boileau, the descendant of a Huguenot
family who claimed descent from Etienne
Boileau, first grand provost of Paris in 1250.
The father went to India with his relative,
General Cailland, where he filled the highest
offices in the presidency of Madras, and re-
turned to England with an ample fortune in
1785. He purchased the estate of Tacolnestone
in Norfolk,but died at his residence at Mortlake
in Surrey, 10 March 1837, in his ninety-first
year. By his wife Henrietta, eldest daughter
and coheiress of the Rev. George Pollen, he
was father of the subject of the present me-
moir. John Peter Boileau was born in Hert-
ford Street, Mayfair, London, 2 Sept. 1794,
being his father's eldest son. He became
second lieutenant, 9 Sept. 1813, of the Rifle
Corps, a regiment raised by his uncle, General
Manningham, and served for some years,
when he was placed on half-pay, 14 Aug.
1817. In 1836 he purchased the estate of
Ketteringham, Norfolk, and was created a
baronet, 24 July 1838, on the occasion of the !
coronation of her majesty. He afterwards j
made other purchases in the neighbourhood :
of Ketteringham, at Hethall and Hetherset, I
and in the vicinity of Yarmouth became the I
proprietor of Burgh Castle in Suffolk, the
ancient Gariononum, perhaps the most re- |
markable example of Roman masonry in any !
part of England. It is to be remembered to
his honour as an antiquary that he purchased
that interesting remain to prevent it falling
into hands which might have wrought its
destruction. At Ketteringham he made
great improvements by the erection of a
spacious Gothic hall, and his house was
richly stored with paintings, books, and many
choice monuments of antiquity. Boileau |
was elected a fellow of the Royal Society,
1 June 1843, and of the Society of Anti-
quaries, 9 Dec. 1852. On the formation of
the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological So-
ciety in December 1845 he was nominated
one of the vice-presidents, and in 1849, on
the death of Bishop Stanley, he succeeded
to the office of president. To vol. v. of
' Norfolk Archaeology ' he communicated ' An
old Poem on Norfolk, written temp. Eliza- I
beth,' and ' A Notice of a Sceatta found at
Burgh Castle/ and in vol. vii. are his re-
marks * On some Reaping Machines of the
Ancient Gauls.' In 1850 he sent to the
Archaeological Institute an account of ' An
Examination of some Roman Remains at
Redenham in Hampshire.' On the nomina-
tion of Earl Stanhope he served for two
periods of four years as one of the vice-
presidents of the Society of Antiquaries,

from 1858 to 1862, and from 1863 to 1867.
He excelled as a chairman, having a rapid
appreciation of any subject brought to his
attention and a pleasing tact in discussing
its merits. In addition to the institutions
already named he was a vice-president of
the Zoological Society, the Statistical So-
ciety, the Archaeological Institute, and the
Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Com-
merce, in all of which he for a long period
took a prominent part and a most lively in-
terest. He was also a vice-president of
the British Association, a vice-president of
the Royal Institution in Albemarle Street,
president of the Norwich School of Design,
and a fellow of the Geological Society. He
served the office of sheriff in Norfolk in
1844. As a country gentleman he performed
the duties of his position with scrupulous
care, urbanity of manner, and genial kind-
ness of heart. He suffered for some months
from chronic bronchitis, and resided on that
account at Torquay, where his death occurred
9 March 1869. His body was brought thence
to Ketteringham and deposited in the family
vault. Boileau married, 14 Nov. 1825, Lady
Catherine Sarah Elliot, third daughter of
Gilbert, first earl of Minto. She was born

2 July 1797, and died 22 June 1862. As a
memorial to his wife he fitted up the Cathe-
rine ward in the Norfolk County Hospital.
The eldest surviving son, now Sir Francis
George Manningham Boileau, a barrister of
Lincoln's Inn, has succeeded to his father's
title and estates.

[The History and Topography of Kettering-
ham, by Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., in Norfolk
Archaeology, being the Transactions of the Norfolk
and Norwich Archaeological Society, iii. 245-314
(1852), and Notice of the Excavations at Burgh
Castle by H. Harrod, F.S.A.., in ii. pt. i. 146-60
( 1 856) ; TheKegister and Magazine of Biography,
i. 292-4 (1869).] GL C. B.

BOIS, JOHN (1561-1644), translator of
the bible, was born at Nettlestead, Suffolk,

3 Jan. 1561. For the spelling of his surname
see his printed publications and the signa-
ture to his will in Peck's ' Cromwell.' His
father, William Bois, the son of a clothier at
Halifax, was educated at Michael House,
Cambridge (included in Trinity College by
Henry VIII), and acquired proficiency m
music and Hebrew. Under Bucer's influence
he became a protestant, and retired to a farm
at Nettlestead, near Hadleigh. He married
Mirabel Pooley. He was presented to the
rectory of Elmset, and afterwards to that of
West Stow, near Bury St. Edmunds, by
Pooley, his brother-in-law, and died 22 April
1591, at the age of seventy-eight. Of several

Bois

312

Bois

children Jolm was the only one who grew up.
His father taught him, and between his fifth
and sixth years he could both read the
Hebrew bible and write the characters ele-
gantly. He went to Hadleigh grammar
school (where he was a schoolfellow of John
Overall, afterwards bishop of Norwich), and
thence to St. John's, Cambridge, of which
John Still, rector of Hadleigh (afterwards
bishop of Bath and Wells), was master. He
says he went up to Cambridge 27 Feb. 1575 ;
he was admitted 1 March, and on the founda-
tion 12 Nov. His tutor was Henry Copinger,
and on the appointment of Copinger as master
of Magdalen, Bois was transferred thither.
When Copinger's appointment was reversed,
Bois was allowed to return to St. John's.
He studied hard at Greek, in which he wrote
letters in his fifteenth year, and is said to have
worked in the university library from four in
the morning till eight at night. When elected
fellow in 1580 he was ill with small-pox, and
was carried in blankets to be admitted, so
preserving his seniority. Medicine was his
intended profession ; he gave it up because
he fancied himself affected with every disease
he read of. He was ordained deacon on Friday,
21 June 1583, by Edmund Freake, bishop of
Norwich (Ely was then vacant), and next
day priest by dispensation. He was first
elected Greek lecturer at Cambridge on
4 Nov. 1584, and re-elected at intervals till
1595. It was his custom to give extra lec-
tures in his room at four in the morning, when
most of the fellows attended. He succeeded
his father in 1591 as rector of West Stow, but
resigned the living when his mother went to
reside with her brother Pooley. Holt, rector
of Boxworth, five miles from Cambridge, left
a will by which he nominated Bois as his
successor and expressed a wish that he should
marry his daughter. Bois was instituted to
the living 13 Oct. 1596, and married the
daughter 7Feb. 1598-9. His college gave him
100/. when he resigned his fellowship. Mrs.
Bois was a bad economist ; and an accumu-
lation of debt was only discharged by the sale,
at great loss, of Bois's fine library. There
was a temporary estrangement, but the story
that Bois thought of expatriating himself
seems mere gossip. He soon reconciled him-
self to circumstances, and continued to leave
all pecuniary matters in his wife's hands.
He took boarders, and had a succession of
young scholars in his house to teach them,
along with his children and some of the
neighbouring poor. A clerical society of
twelve was established by him, to meet on
Fridays and exchange the results of study.
Though not living in the university, he was
appointed in 1604 one of the Cambridge trans-

lators for King James's bible, and did his own
part (in the Apocrypha) and that of another
(in the section from Chronicles to Canticles).
No pay was given for this work, but the
translators got their commons. He was one
of the six selected to go up to London and
revise the whole translation when the several
parts had been done, a labour which occupied
nine months, each member of this committee
receiving thirty shillings a week from the
Stationers' Company. This was the extent
of his recompense, though Peck identifies
him with the John Boys, D.D., nominated
fellow of the projected college at Chelsea
(FuLLEK, Ch. Hist. lib. x. p. 52), but this
was John Boys, dean of Canterbury [q. v.]
Bois gave his labour for many years in aid
of Sir Henry Savile's noble edition of St.
Chrysostom's works (printed 1610-13, eight
vols. fol., the date on the title-pages is 1612),
and got a present of a single copy for his
pains. He was under the impression that
Savile intended him for a fellowship at Eton,
but was prevented by death (19 Feb. 1622-3)
from giving him this appointment. However,
on 25 Aug. 1615, Lancelot Andrewes, then
bishop of Ely, had instituted him to a prebend
in his cathedral. In Bentham's * Catalogue
of the Principal Members of the Conventual
and Cathedral Church of Ely,' Camb., 1756,
4to, he is called B.D., and it is said that he
held the first and second stalls in 1615. As
a clergyman Bois was exemplary, preaching
plain sermons with much preparation, but
without notes. He was also liberal to the
poor. A curious story is told of his stating
to four successive bishops of Ely his scruples
about baptising a stray child, over the usual
age, but too young to make a personal pro-
fession of faith. He lived by rule and fasted
I on a system of his own, sometimes twice a
| week, sometimes once in three weeks. He
! was fond of walking, and had learned from
| William Whitaker, master of St. John's
j (d. 4 Dec. 1595), to study standing, never in a
I window, and not to go to bed with cold feet.
In his sixty-eighth year (1628) he retired to
Ely. His wife died 16 May 1642. He made
his will 6 June 1643, and died at Ely 14 Jan.
1644. He was not buried till 6 Feb. He
had four sons and two daughters, but only
his second son John and second daughter
Anne survived him.

His extant writings are : 1. Notes to va-
rious parts of Chrysostom's works, and two
Latin Letters to Sir H. Savile (the second
characterises Chrysostom's writings) all in vol.
viii. of Savile's ' Chrysostom,' Eton, 1612, fol.
2. Commendatory Epistle (dated 21 Sept.
1629) prefixed to Richard Francklin, B.D., of
Elsworth's ' 'O/j#orof/a,seuTractatusdeTonis

Boisil

313

Boit

in Lingua Graecanica,' 1630, small 8vo;
another edition 1633, small 8vo (Franckliii
had drawn up this treatise on the Greek ac-
cents six years before for a pupil and kins-
man ; Bois was probably the friend, ' vir omni
literatura insignis,' who suggested that he
should revise and perfect the work. Cole's
account is incorrect). 3. ' Veteris Interprets
cum Beza aliisq ; recentioribus Collatio in
Quatuor Evangeliis, & Apostolorum Actis.
In qua annon saepius absque justa satis causa
hi ab illo discesserint disquiritur. Autore
Johanne Boisio, Ecclesiae Eliensis Canonico.
Opus auspiciis Reverendi Praesulis, Lanceloti
Wintonensis Episcopi, TOV paKapiTov, coeptum
& perfectum, &c.,' London, 1655, small 8vo.
(Of this posthumous work few copies were
printed, and the wretched type and paper have
a foreign look ; it consists of brief critical notes
on words and passages of the Greek text, in
which the renderings of the Vulgate are in
the main defended, but Bois frequently pro-
poses more exact translations of his own,
both Latin and English ; he finished Matthew
13 Aug., Mark 30 Sept. 1619 ; Luke 24 Aug.,
John 13 Oct. 1621 ; Acts 9 April 1625 : his
manuscript extended a little way into the
Epistle to Romans.) Caleb Dalechamp, of
Sedan (M. A. Trin. Coll. Camb.), dedicates to
Bois, as the first of living Greek scholars, his
* Harrisonus Honoratus,' appended to ' Chris-
tian Hospitalitie/ Camb. 1632, 4to (in me-
mory of Thomas Harrison, B.D., vice-master
of Trinity).

[Life by Anthony Walker in Peck's Desid. Cur.
1779, ii. 325 (founded on Bois's Diary and per-
sonal recollections) ; additions by T. Baker in
Collection of Historical Pieces, p. 94, at end of
Peck's Cromwell, 1740 ; Biog. Brit. 1748, ii. 937 ;
Cooper's Athense Cantab. 1861, ii. 101, 197, 467 ;
Burial Register, West Stow ; Davy's MS. Suffolk
Collections, iii. 460 ; Cole's MS. Athenae Cantab,
p, 4: Eadie's The English Bible, 1876, ii. 185,
190, 201.] A. G.

BOISIL, SAINT (d. 664), superior of the
monastery of Melrose, under the Abbot Eata,
is stated by Forbes Calendar of Scottish
Saints, p. 281) to have been trained by St.
Cuthberht, but according to Baeda (Hist.
Eccles. iv. 27) St. Cuthberht was trained by
him at Melrose, receiving from him both the
knowledge of the scriptures and an example
of good works. Baeda, who received his infor-
mation from Sigfrid, a monk of Jarrow, trained
also by Boisil at Melrose, states that on seeing
Cuthberht when he arrived, Boisil imme-
diately exclaimed, ' Behold a servant of the
Lord,' and obtained from Abbot Eata permis-
sion ' that he should receive the tonsure and
be enrolled among the brethren ' ( Vita S. Cuth.

c. vi.) He is said by Baeda to have twice ap-
peared in dreams to a companion of the famous
Ecgberht, who in consequence of the vision
made a journey to lona (B^DA, Hist. Eccles.
v. 9). When Cuthberht was smitten in the
great sickness of 664, Boisil assured him of his
recovery. Shortly afterwards Boisil was him-
self mortally smitten, as he had foretold three
years before to Abbot Eata, and during his
sickness foretold to Cuthberht his future for-
tunes, and that he would be a bishop. St.
Cuthberht succeeded him as superior of Mel-
rose. Relics of him were preserved at Dur-
ham. He gives the name to St. Boswell's,
Roxburghshire. He is commemorated on
9 Sept., although his name appears in the
Scottish calendars on 23 Feb. Boisil is said
to have written ' De Fide quae per charita-
tem operatur;' 'In Evangelium Joannis;'
' Meditationes ;' and ( De Trinitate excerpta
ex D. Augustino et aliis.'

[Acta SS. Boll. Marcli 20 and Jan. 23 ; Bsedse,
Hist. Eccles. iv. 27, 28, v. 9; Vita S. Cuthberhti,
c. 6 and 8 ; Pits, De Angliae Scriptoribus, p.
113 ; Dempster's Hist. Eccles. Scot. Gent. (1627),
p. 68 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 110 ; Forbes's Kaleu-
dar of Scottish Saints, p. 281 ; Diet. Christ. Biog.
i. 323.]

BOISSIEE,, GEORGE RICHARD (1791-

1858), ecclesiologist, was educated at Mag-
dalen College, Cambridge (B.A. 1828), be-
came incumbent of Oakfield, Penshurst, Kent,
and died 23 June 1858. While an under-
graduate he published anonymously a very in-
teresting architectural work, entitled ' Notes
on the Cambridgeshire Churches,' Cambridge
and London, 1827, 8vo.

[Graduati Cantab. ; Gent. Mag., Aug. 1858,
p. 199 ; Anderson's Book of British Topography,

BOIT, CHARLES (d. 1726?), enamel
painter, was born at Stockholm. His father
was a Frenchman. He learned the business
of a jeweller, and proposed, upon coming to
England, to follow that avocation, but was
' upon so low a foot ' that he seems to have
lacked the wherewithal to establish a busi-
ness, and was forced to travel about the
country teaching drawing. He engaged the
affections of one of his pupils, but, the affair
being unhappily discovered before the mar-
riage had been solemnised, Boit, by some
high-handed perversion of justice, was thrown
into prison.

He spent the two years of his confine-
ment in learning the art of enamelling.
Leaving prison, he established himself in
London, and in the practice of his new art
soon grew to celebrity. 'His prices/ says

Boitard

Bokenham

"Walpole, ' are not to be believed.' He re-
ceived a commission to paint l a large plate
of the Queen, Prince George, the principal
officers and ladies of the court, and Victory,
introducing the Duke of Marlborough and
Prince Eugene ; France and Bavaria pro-
strate upon the ground, £c., &c.' The size of
the plate was to be from 22 to 24 inches
high by 16 to 18 inches wide. For this
modest fancy Boit obtained an advance of
1,000/. and made extensive preparations for
the work. In these, it is said, he wasted
between seven and eight hundred pounds.
Meanwhile the prince died, and the work
was stopped for some time. Boit, however,
secured a further advance of 700/. and pro-
ceeded. In consequence of the revolution at
court he was ordered to displace the Marl- j
boroughs, and to introduce figures of < Peace [
and Ormond, instead of Victory and Church- {
ill.' After this nothing prospered with him.
Prince Eugene refused to sit, the queen
died, Boit incontinently ran into debt. He
fled to France, changed his religion, got a
pension of 250/. per annum, and was greatly i
admired. He died suddenly at Paris about j
Christmas 1726. His principal enamel is
one of the imperial family of Austria, pre-
served at Vienna ; it is on gold, and is
18 inches high by 12 inches wide. Another
of considerable size represented Queen Anne j
sitting with Prince George standing by her. |
Horace Walpole possessed a copy by him of
Luca Giordano's ' Venus, Cupid, Satyr, and
Nymphs,' and also ' a fine head ' of Admiral
Churchill. He mentions that Miss Reade,
the artist, had a ' very fine head ' of Boit's
own daughter, enamelled by him from a pic-
ture of Dahl.

[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painters, ii. 633-6 ;
Fiorillo's Geschichte der zeichenden Kiinste, '
v. 522.] E. E.

BOITARD, LOUIS PETER (/fc 1750), en-
graver and designer, was born in France, and
was a pupil of La Farge. His father brought him
to England. He made many engravings after
Canaletto, Huet, Pannini, and others. One
of his best known plates represents the Ro-
tunda at Ranelagh, after Pannini. In 1747
he supplied forty-one large plates for Spence's
* Polyrnetis,' and he engraved the illustrations
to Paltock's * Peter Wilkins,' 1750, and the
1 Scribleraid ' of Richard Owen Cambridge,
1751. Besides these he executed many vig- |
nettes, minor designs, and portraits, among |
the last one of * Elizabeth Canning ; ' and he j
is said to have been a humourist and a mem- !
ber of the Artists' Club. His wife was Eng- j
lish ; and he had a son of the same name and j
profession, .who was perhaps the designer j

of the large satirical plate entitled 'The
Present Age,' 1767, which is to be found
in the British Museum print room. The
date of his death is unknown, being stated
by some authorities as 1758, by others as
after 1760.

[Bryan's and Kedgrave's Diets. ; Nagler ; Ste-
phens's Catalogue of Satirical Prints in the
British Museum, iv. 412.] A. D.

BOKENHAM or BOKENAM, OS-
BERN (1393-1447 ?), poet in the Suffolk
dialect, was born, according to his own state-
ment, on 6 Oct. 1393. His birthplace was
near ' an old pryory of blake canons,' which
may be identified with Bokenham — the mo-
dern Old Buckenham — Norfolk, famous at
one time for its Augustinian priory. He spent
five years in early life at Venice, and was
subsequently a frequent pilgrim to Rome and
to other parts of Italy. He specially men-
tions a pilgrimage to Monte Fiasko (' Mownt
Flask '). His permanent home was in the
Augustinian convent of Stoke Clare, Suffolk,
of which he was a professed member. He
was a man of wide reading, familiar with
Ovid, Cicero, Gower, Chaucer, and Lydgate,
besides many theological authors. He was
intimate with ladies of high rank, and, in ac-
cordance with their suggestion, he drew up
in English a series of thirteen poems com-
memorating the lives of twelve holy women
and of the 11,000 virgins. With the legends
he incorporated much autobiographical de-
tail. Bokenham's work is preserved in the
British Museum among the Arundel MSS.
(No. 327). Its colophon runs : ' Translaytyd
into englys be a doctor of dyuinite clepyd
Osbern Bokenam [a suffolke man], frere
austyn of the conuent of Stokclare [and was
doon wrytyn in Cantbryge by hys . . . ffrere
Thomas Burgh]. The yere of our lord a thou-
sand foure hundryth seuyn & fourty, etc.'
Bokenham in the prologue to his first poem —
on St. Margaret — which he began on 6 Sept.
1443, states that he wrote at the request of
his friend Thomas Burgh of Cambridge, the
transcriber of the Arundel MS., and begged
him to conceal the authorship. The poem on
St. Anne is inscribed to Katherine Denston,
wife of John Denston ; that on St. Magda-
lena, begun in 1445, to Isabel Bourchier,
countess d'Eu, sister of the Duke of York ;
that on St. Elizabeth to Elizabeth Vere,
countess of Oxford, with all of whom Boke-
nam was on terms of intimacy. Bokenham's
chief authority is the ' Legenda Aurea ' of
Jacobus a Voragine, archbishop of Genoa,
whom he freely quotes as Januense, i.e.
Genuensis. For the story of St. Agnes Boke-
nam depended on Ambrose's version of the

Bokyngham

315

Bokyngham

legend (cf. AMBKOS. Opp. v. Epist. lib. iv.
cp. 34). Bokenham writes ' after the language
of Suthfolke speche,' and his versification
consists at times of ten-syllabled rhyming
couplets, at times of the ottava rima, and
at times of seven-lined alternately rhymed
stanzas. His book is a very valuable speci-
men of the Suffolk dialect of the fifteenth
century. It has been twice printed : (1) for
the Roxburghe Club in 1835, in black letter,
at the expense of Lord Olive ; and (2) by C.
Horstmann, at Heilbronn in 1833, as the first
volume of Dr. Eugen Kolbing's ' Altenglische
Bibliothek.' The second edition adheres to
the Arundel MS. more carefully than the
first, and is far richer in critical apparatus ;
but there is little to justify Horstmann's sug-
gestion that Bookham, Surrey, was Boken-
ham's native place.

Bokenham is also credited on internal evi-
dence with the authorship of ' This Dialogue
betwix a Seculer asking and a Frere an-
sweryng at the grave of Dame John of Acres,
shewith the lyneal descent of the lordis of
the honoure of Clare fro the tyme of the fun-
dation of the Freeris in the same honoure, the
yere of our Lord MCCXLVIII, unto the first day
of May, the yere MCCLVI.,' printed in Dug-
dale's ' Monasticon Anglicanum,' vi. 1600.
The dialogue is given in both English and
Latin verse, and the former very closely re-
sembles some passages in the ' Lyvys of the
Seyntys.' Bokenham apparently died during
1447, the year in which Thomas Burgh com-
pleted his transcription of the poems.

[The Lyvys of Seyntys, printed for the Rox-
burghe Club, 1835 ; Bokenam's Legenden, heraus-
gegeben von C. Horstmann, Heilbronn, 1883;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Dugdale's Monast. Angl.
vi. 1600.] S. L. L.

BOKYNGHAM or BUCKINGHAM,
JOHN (d. 1398), bishop of Lincoln, was
rector of Olney, prebendary of Lichfield, and
dean in 1349 ; he was appointed to the arch-
deaconry of Northampton in 1351, and in
1352 received from the king the prebend of
Gretton in the church of Lincoln. He was
keeper of the privy seal to Edward III. He
has been identified by Godwin with a scho-
lastic theologian of the same name, who,
according to Bale (Scriptores, ii. 72), wrote
'Qusestiones Sententiarum ' and 'Ordinarise
deceptationes.' Of these the ' Quaestiones '
has been printed with the title ' Joannis
Bokingham Angli opus acutissimum in qua-
tuor libros Sententiarum, Parisiis, p. Joann.
Barbier, MDV,' 4to (PANZER, vii.), and is in
the Bodleian Library. The identity, how-
ever, of the bishop with the scholastic doctor
is purely conjectural, and may be safely re-

! jected, as Bokyngham does not seem to have
been a man of learning. On the sudden
death of Reginald Brian, bishop of Worcester,
postulated to the see of Ely, in 1361 the monks
of Ely elected John Bokyngham, but the elec-
tion was q uashed by the pope . In 1 362 Urban ,
at the request of the king, made Bokyngham
bishop of Lincoln by provision. Having been
I examined at St. Omer by two abbots ap-
I pointed by the pope, and pronounced fit for
j the episcopate, he was consecrated on 25 June
! in the following year. On entering on his
| bishopric he took Sd. in the mark from his
I clergy. His diocese, which included Oxford
I and Lutterworth, was the headquarters of
! the Lollard movement. Swynderby, one of
I the most violent of the Wycliffite preachers,
was exceedingly popular at Leicester. The
bishop attempted to stop his preaching, and
managed to turn him out of the chapel of St.
John the Baptist. Swynderby was, however,
upheld by the people" He used two great
stones which lay outside the chapel as a
pulpit, and declared that as long as he had
the good will of the people he would ' preach
in the king's highway in spite of the bishop's
teeth.' In May 1382 Bokyngham attended
the synod called the council of 'the earth-,
quake,' held in London by Archbishop Court e-
nay, in which the propositions ascribed to the
Wycliffite preachers were pronounced here-
tical, and, in common with other bishops,
published in his diocese the archbishop's
mandate on the subject. In the summer of
that year Bokyngham, in virtue of letters
obtained by Courtenay from the king, caused
Swynderby to be arrested, and, in spite of
the opposition of the people of Leicester, con-
victed him of heresy. Swynderby appealed
to the king and the Duke of Lancaster. The
case was brought before parliament, but he
was handed over to the bishop, and recanted
his errors. Although Bokyngham upjield
the policy of the archbishop against the
Lollards, he was not blind to the abuses
prevailing in the church, and in 1394 held a
visitation of Lincoln cathedral, which brought
to light many delinquencies among the mem-
bers of the chapter. He does not seem to have
approved the policy which turned the libera-
tion of the church from papal power into her
subjection to the crown; for when, acting in
virtue of a statute of 1389, 13 Hie. II ( Soils of
Part. iii. 273),the king forbade an appointment
to the archdeaconry of Buckinghamshire until
his right to present had been settled in his
court, he allowed the office to be filled by an ex-
change. The king next claimed to appoint to
the archdeaconry of Leicester, then held by an
alien absentee, the Cardinal Orsini (' de Ur-
cinis '). A long suit followed, in which the

Bolckow

316

Bold

bishop unsuccessfully defended the claim of
the incumbent. In the course of the suit he
summoned the cardinal to defend his own
right, and on his neglect delivered the office
to the king's nominee, whom he finally insti-
tuted, when the suit was decided against
himself. At the same time some of Bokyng- j
ham's appointments were made in accordance i
with the king's will. Thus, in 1393, he gave
a prebend to Roger Walden, Richard's secre- j
tary, afterwards made treasurer and arch- j
bishop ; and the gift of another prebend in j
1395 to Thomas Haxey, agent of the Earl of
Nottingham, must also be considered as due
to court influence in spite of the part after-
wards taken by Haxey in the parliament of
1397. Bokyngham, however, had shown
some independence of action, enough probably
to rouse the king's dislike. Richard may
also have desired the rich see of Lincoln for
his cousin, Henry Beaufort, as a means of
binding that branch of the ho use of Lancaster
closely to himself, so as to counterbalance the
influence of the Earl of Derby. Boniface IX
was in such need of English help that he
willingly lent himself to do the king's plea-
sure, and in 1397 translated Bokyngham to
the see of Lichfield. Indignant at being
thus removed to a far less wealthy and im-
portant bishopric than that he had held so
long, Bokyngham refused to be translated.
He retired to the monastery of Christ Church
at Canterbury, where he died 10 March 1398.
He was a benefactor to his cathedral church
and to New College, Oxford, and also took
part in building Rochester bridge.

[Anglia Sacra, i. 49, 449, 663 ; Le Neve's Fasti;
Knighton's Twysden, 2627-2668 ; Walsingham,
i. 298, ii. 55, 228 ; Fasciculi Zizaniorum, 286,
334 ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, i. 607 ; Bokyng-
ham's Eegister, Hutton extr., Harleian MS.
6952.] W. H.

BOLCKOW, HENRY WILLIAM FER-
DINAND (1806-1878), ironmaster, the son
of Heinrich Bolckow, of Varchow, in the
grand-duchy of Mecklenburg, by his wife
Caroline Dussher, was born at Sulten, in
Mecklenburg, 8 Dec. 1806. About 1821 his
parents placed him in a merchant's office
at Rostock. There he made the acquaintance
of a gentleman at Newcastle-on-Tyne ; at his
suggestion came to England, and went into
business with him in 1827. He liked Eng-
land ; was made a naturalised British subject ;
in 1841 selected the town of Middlesborough
as the seat of his future operations ; entered
into partnership with Mr. John Vaughan ;
•erected blast furnaces and commenced the
manufacture of iron. Soon after this period
Mr. Vaughan discovered the Cleveland iron-

stone mines. The success of their business
in a short time enabled them to multiply their
works: they acquired collieries, limestone
quarries, machine works, gasworks, and brick-
fields ; and Middlesborough became a centre
of such great importance that it received a
charter of incorporation in 1853. Bolckow
was elected the first mayor. The population
of the town had then risen to 40,000, and the
production of ironstone to 4,000,000 tons per
annum. Bolckow presented to the inhabitants
the Albert Park, at a cost of more than 20,000/.
(11 Aug. 1868). In the following year he
spent 7,000/. in the erection of the St. Hilda's
schools. When the town was granted par-
liamentary representation, Bolckow was una-
nimously elected the first member, 16 Nov.
1868, and held that position until his death.
In 1871 the firm of Bolckow & Vaughan was
formed into a limited liability company with
a capital of 3,500,000/., the founder of the
business becoming chairman of the com-
pany. Bolckow collected a fine gallery of
pictures, nearly all of them being by living
French and English artists (Athenceum,
22 Nov. 1873, pp. 664-6). He died at Rams-
gate 18 June 1878, and was buried in Marton
churchyard on 22 June. He married first, in

1841, Miriam, widow of C. Hay, who died in

1842, and secondly, in 1851, Harriet, only
daughter of James Farrar, of Halifax.

[English Cyclopaedia, Biography, Supplement,
1872, pp. 273-4; Practical Magazine, i. 81-90
(1873), with portrait; Times, 19 June 1878,
p. 11, col. 4; Illustrated London News, Ixxii.
613 (1878).] G. C. B.

BOLD, HENRY (1627-1683), poetical
writer, was born in 1627, and was a descen-
dant of the ancient Lancashire family of Bold
of Bold Hall. He was the fourth son of Captain
William Bold of Newstead in Hampshire.
He was educated at Winchester School ;
thence went to Oxford, and in 1645 was
elected a probationer fellow of New College.
From this position he was dislodged in 1648
by the parliamentary visitors, and he then
settled in London, and is described as ' of
the Examiner's Office in Chancery.' He died
in Chancery Lane on 23 Oct. 1683, and was
buried at West Twyford near Acton. His
books, which are of exceptional rarity, are as
follows :

1. ' Wit a Sporting in a Pleasant Grove
of New Fancies.' By H. B., London, 1657.
This was considered by Freeling to be the
rarest book he had. Prefixed is what pro-
fesses to be a portrait of the author, but
which was really engraved as that of Chris-
tian Ravus, or Ravius, an orientalist and
friend of Ussher. It is found in his ' Discourse

Bold

317

Bold

of the Oriental Tongues,' London, 1649, and,
after serving as the effigies of Bold, was used
with another alias as the frontispiece of the
'Occult Physick' of William Williams of
Gloucestershire, 1660, and of the 'Divine
Poems and Meditations ' by William Wil-
liams of the county of Cornwall, London,
1677. In ' Wit a Sporting ' Bold has stolen
much from Herrick, and nearly fifty pages
are from Thomas Beedome's ' Poems Divine
and Humane,' London, 1641. 2. ' St. George's
Day, sacred to the coronation of his most
excellent majesty Charles II,' London, 1661
(3 folio leaves). 3. ' On the Thunder happen-
ing after the Solemnity of the Coronation of
Charles II,' 1661 (a sheet in verse). 4. 'Poems
Lyrique, Macaronique, Heroique, &c. By
Henry Bold olim e N. C. Oxon.,' London,
1664. This is dedicated to Colonel Henry
Wallop, and has commendatory verses by
Alexander Brome, Dr. Valentine Oldis, and
by his two brothers, William Bold and Nor-
ton Bold, C.C.C. Oxon. S. The songs in
the volume are licentious, but there are
also a number of occasional pieces, several
of them addressed to Charles II. 'Expect
the second part,' says the author, but no
second part is known. Wood is mistaken
when he states that this volume contains
' Scarronides ; or Virgil Travestie.' This
was the work of Charles Cotton. 5. ' Latine
Songs, with their English, and Poems. By
Henry Bold, formerly of N. Coll. in Oxon,
afterwards of the Examiner's Office in Chan-
cery. Collected and perfected by Captain
William Bold.' London, 1685 — a posthumous
collection from the author's scattered papers.
The translations justify the commendations
of Anthony a Wood, but the songs selected
are often gross and worthless. There is a
spirited Latin version of ' Chevy Chace/ and
Bold's rendering of Suckling's famous song

Cur palleas, Amasie ?

Cur quseso palleas ?
Si non rubente facie,

Squallente valeas ?

Cur quseso palleas ?

Another HENRY BOLD was of Christ Church, !
Oxford, chaplain to the Earl of Arlington, fel- '
low of Eton College, and chanter in Exeter
Cathedral. He died at Montpellier, ' as 'twas I
reported,' in 1677.

[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica (Chatham !
Society, vol. lv.), 1861 ; Dibdin's Keminiscences
of a Literary Life, 1836, p. 934 ; Wood's Athense
Oxon. ed Bliss, iv. 115; Fasti, 278; Hazlitt's
Handbook to Literature of Great Britain to the
Kestoration, London, 1867 ; Griffiths's Biblio-
theca Anglo-Poetica, 1805 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man.
ed. Bohn, 1864.J W. E. A. A.

BOLD, JOHN (1679-1751), divine, born
! at Leicester in 1679, entered St. 'John's Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 1694, and proceeded
B.A. in 1698. He was master of a small
school at Hinckley, Leicestershire, from 1698
to 1732 (which brought him in 10/. a year),
and was curate of Stoney Stanton near
Hinckley (at a salary of 30/.) from May 1702
until his death on 29 Oct. 1751. Bold
wholly devoted himself to the religious wel-
fare of his parishioners, and, although with-
out private means, lived so frugally that he
was able out of his small income to relieve
his necessitous neighbours, and to make
several charitable bequests at his death. He
was the author of: 1. ' The Sin and Danger
of neglecting the public service of the
Church,' 1745, which was frequently reis-
sued by the Society for Promoting Chris-
tian Knowledge. 2. ' Religion the most de-
lightful Employment.' 3. 'The Duty of
worthy Communicating recommended and
explained.'

[A very eulogistic memoir by the Eev. E. B.
Nickolls is printed in Nicholls's Illustrations, v.
130-42.] S. L. L.

BOLD, SAMUEL (1649-1737), contro-
versialist, apparently a native of Chester,
was brought up under the care of William
Cook, a distinguished nonconformist divine,
who was ejected from St. Michael's Church,
Chester, in 1662, and died in 1684. Bold was
instituted vicar of Shapwick in Dorsetshire
j in 1674, but resigned or was ejected in 1688 ;
! he was instituted rector of Steeple in the Isle
| of Purbeck in 1682, and held the living for
fifty-six years, till his death. In 1721 he suc-
ceeded to the adjacent parish of Tyneham,
united to Steeple by act of parliament. In
1682, when a brief for the persecuted pro-
testants in France was commanded to be read
in the churches, Bold preached, from the
epistle for the day, a sermon against persecu-
tion, which he shortly afterwards published.
The sermon reached a second edition in the
same year, and raised a great outcry, which
only impelled Bold to publish a ' Plea for
Moderation towards Dissenters.' He here
justifies his general praise of nonconformist
divines by many special instances, mention-
ing, amongst others, Mr. Baxter and Mr.
Hickman as ' shining lights in the church of
God.'

The grand jury at the next assize presented
Bold for the sermon and also for the ' Plea,'
and he was cited before the court of Bishop
Gulston of Bristol, where he was accused of
having 'writ and preached a scandalous libel.'
Bold wrote answers to these charges, but,
his ' answers being said to be worse than

Bold

318

Boldero

the books,' lie was commanded, on pain of
suspension, to preach three recantation ser-
mons and to pay the expenses of Andrew
Cosen, the complainant, styled by the bishop
* gent.,' but in reality his lordship's butler.
Meantime Bold had fared no better in a pro-
secution in the civil courts. A third offence
was there alleged against him — that he had
written a letter befriending a certain dis-
senting apothecary in Blandford. For the
letter and the two publications he was sen-
tenced to pay three fines, and lay seven
weeks in prison till they were paid. After
this the sudden death of the bishop and of
the promoter in the civil suit freed him from |
further annoyance. In 1720, to protect him-
self from false reports, Bold republished the
sermon against persecution, adding a short j
account of his subsequent troubles. In 1688 j
he published l A Brief Account of the Rise j
of the name Protestant, and what Protes- !
tantism is. By a professed Enemy to Perse- \
cution.' In 1690 he engaged in a controversy ;
with Dr. Comber, author of a ' Scholastical I
History of the Primitive and General Use of j
Liturgies in the Christian Church,' which j
Bold perceived to be written to afford a pre-
text for persecuting dissent ; in 1691 he fol- |
lowed it up with a second tract completing
his refutation. In 1693 he published a devo-
tional treatise entitled ' Christ's Importunity
with Sinners to accept of Him,' which had
been probably already published in 1675.
The republication contains an affectionate
dedication to Mrs. Mary Cook, the widow of
William Cook, his early tutor. In 1696, an
epidemic having caused many deaths in his
parish, he published eight ' Meditations on
Death/ written during ' the leisure bodily
distempers have afforded me.'

In 1697 he began his tracts in support
of Locke's essays on the 'Reasonableness
of Christianity ' and the ' Human Under-
standing.' The ' Reasonableness of Chris-
tianity ' appeared in 1695, and was violently
attacked by a Rev. John Edwards as Soci-
nian. Locke replied with a ' Vindication '
of his essay, to which Edwards answered in
a tract entitled ' Socinianism Unmasked,'
&c. At this point Bold entered the field,
publishing in 1697 a ' Discourse on the true
Knowledge of Christ Jesus,' in which he
insists, with Locke, that Christ and the
apostles considered it enough for a Christian
to believe that Jesus was the Christ. To
the sermon he appended comments on Locke's
essay and ' Vindication,' declaring the essay
* one of the best books that had been pub-
lished for at least 1,600 years,' and criticis-
ing Edwards's tracts. Edhvards immediately
retorted, twitting Bold as 'Mr. L.'s journey-

man/ and produced a second tract from Bold
with a preface on the meaning of the terms
1 reason ' and ' antiquity 'as employed in the So-
cinian controversy. This was in 1697 ; in
i 1698 a third tract of Bold's appeared, an-
swering some * Animadversions/ &c., pub-
lished at Oxford. In 1699 he brought out a
' Consideration of the Objections to the Essay
on the Human Understanding.' Locke ac-
knowledged Bold's support in his ' Second
Vindication ' of his essay ; and in 1703 Bold
visited Locke at Gates. He was then medi-
tating the publication of further tracts which
Locke dissuaded him from proceeding with.
They were, however, published in 1706, and
consist of a ' Discourse concerning the Resur-
rection of the Same Body/ and two letters
on the necessary immateriality of created
thinking substance. The letters discuss and
condemn the views expressed in Broughton's
' Psychologia' and Dr. Norris's * Essay towards
the Theory of an Ideal World.' The discourse
deals with Dr. Whitby's arguments against
Locke. In 1717 Bold's publisher brought
out another tract demanding toleration, en-
titled ' The Duty of Christians with regard to
Human Interpretations and Decisions, when
proposed to be believed and submitted to by
them, as necessary parts of the Christian
Religion. By a Clergyman in the country;'
and in 1724 appeared his last controversial
work, ' Some Thoughts concerning Church
Authority.' This was occasioned by the
Bishop of Bangor's famous sermon on the
nature of the kingdom of Christ, and his
' Preservative against the Principles and Prac-
tices of Nonjurors/ of which Bold heartily
approved. Bold was answered by several
persons, among others by Conyers Place, who
condemns his ' wild pamphlet and clouterly
invective ' as ' time-serving/ l stupid/ ( adula-
torial/ and * nauseously ' full of i stupid and
affected cant.' In the year before his death
Bold published a i Help to Devotion/ con-
taining a short prayer on every chapter in
the New Testament. His devotional works
show the sincerity, humility, and sweetness
of his character. He died in 1737.

[Monthly Magazine, xxii. 148 ; Wallace's An ti-
trinitarian Biography ; Locke's Works ; Notes
and Queries, 1st series, xi. 137 ; for Bold's works
see Brit. Mus. Cat. and Dr. Williams' s Library ;
a Letter on Images, by S. B., London, 1760, in
the Brit. Mus. Library, is probably by Bold.]

E. B.

BOLDERO, EDMUND, D.D. (1608
1679), master of Jesus College, Cambridge
was a native of Bury St. Edmunds in Suf-
folk, and received his education in Ipswich
School, whence he proceeded to the univer-

Boleyn

3*9

Boleyn

sity of Cambridge, where lie was admitted
to 'a fellowship of Pembroke Hall on 4 Feb.
1631, and took the degree of M.A. He be-
came curate of St. Lawrence, Ipswich, in
1643. Soon after the establishment of the
Commonwealth he was ejected from his fel-
lowship and sent in captivity to London,
where he was 'detained under a long and
chargeable confinement.' He suffered much
in the royalist cause in England, and in
Scotland under the Marquis of Montrose, and
it is said that he narrowly escaped hanging.
On the Restoration he was created D.D. at
Cambridge by royal mandate. Bishop Wren
of Ely, to whom he was chaplain, presented
him to the rectorv of Glemsford, Suffolk, on
15 Feb. 1661-2, and also to the rectories of
Westerfield and Harkstead in the same
county. The same prelate nominated him
master of Jesus College, Cambridge, to which
office he was admitted on 26 April 1663, and
presented him to the rectory of Snailwell,
Cambridgeshire, on 13 July in the same year.
Boldero was vice-chancellor of the university
in 1668 and 1674. He died at Cambridge on
5 July 1679, and was buried in Jesus College
chapel.

[Addit. MSS. 5853. f. 61i, 5864, f. 24, 19077,
f. 3076, 308, 322, 322rt, 3236 ; Peter Barwick's
Life of Dr. John Barwick, 38, 39 ; Carter's Hist,
of Cambridge, 82 ; Gent. Mag. new ser. xxxiii. 2 ;
Kennett's Register and Chronicle, 881, 882, 884;
Roger North's Lives of the Norths (1826), iii.
276, 277 ; Pope's Life of Seth [Ward], bishop of
Salisbury, 47 ; Querela Cantabrigiensis, 25, 26 ;
Shermannus, Hist. Coll. Jesu, Cantab. 42, 43 ;
Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy (1714), ii. 162 ;
Le Neve's Monumenta A nglicana (1650-79), 195.]

T. C.

BOLEYN, ANNE. [See ANNE, 1507-
1536.]

BOLEYN", GEORGE, VISCOUNT ROCH-
FORD (d. 1536), was the son of Sir Thomas Bo-
leyn, earl of Wiltshire [q. v.J, and brother of
Anne Boleyn. Of the date of his birth we have
no record, and the earliest notice of him is in
the year 1522, when his name appears, joined
with that of his father, as the holder of various
offices about Tunbridge granted to them by
patent on 29 April ( Calendar of Henry Fill,
iii. 2214). On 2 July 1524 he received a
grant to himself of the manor of Grimston in
Norfolk (ib. iv. 546). Four years later, on
26 Sept. 1528, he further received an annuity
from the crown of fifty marks, payable by the
chief butler of England out of the issues of
the prizes of wines, and on 15 Nov. of the
same year a number of offices in connection
with the royal palace of Beaulieu, or New-
hall, in Essex ; to which was added, on 1 Feb.

1528-9, that of chief steward of the honour
of Beaulieu (ib. 4779, 4993, 5248). By this
time his sister Anne had become the avowed
object of the king's attentions, and there can
be no doubt to what influence these honours
were due. In the summer of 1528, while
with the king at Waltham, he and some
others attending the court fell ill of the
sweating sickness, causing the king at once to
remove to Hunsdon ; but another courtier,
William Gary, the husband of Anne Boleyn's
sister Mary, was carried off by the disease, and
the offices above referred to at Beaulieu were
rendered vacant by his death (ib. 4403, 4413).
At this time Boleyn was also master of the
louckhounds (Calendar, v. pp. 306, 312, 321).
On 27 July 1529 he was appointed governor of
Bethlehem Hospital (ib. iv. No. 5815). To-
wards the end of that year he was sent to France
with Dr. Stokesley, who was shortly after-
wards made bishop of London, to consult with
Francis and the Duke of Albany on various
modes of counteracting the emperor's influ-
ence, and how to prevent the assembling of
a general council (ib. 6073). His allowance
as ambassador was forty shillings a day
(ib. v. p. 315). As yet his designation was
only squire of the body or gentleman of the
privy chamber ; but just about this time he
appears to have been knighted and received
the title of Viscount Rochford, by which name
j the fallen Cardinal Wolsey granted him, by
1 Cromwell's advice, an annuity of two hundred
marks out of the revenues of his bishopric of
Winchester to secure his favour. By this
name also he signed, along with the rest of
the nobility, a memorial to Pope Clement VII,
urging him to consent without delay to the
king's wishes on the subject of his divorce
from Catherine of Arragon (ib. iv. No. 6513).
On 15 July 1531 he was joined with his
father in a grant of the stewardship of Ray-
leigh and other offices in Essex (ib. v. No. 364).
! In February 1533 he received a summons to
i parliament as Lord Rochford. Next month he
j was again sent on embassy to France, to inform
! Francis I that King Henry had married his
sister Anne Boleyn, and trusted to him to sup-
I port him against any papal excommunication
; (ib. vi. Nos. 229, 230). He returned early in
I April (ib. 351), and in less than two months
i was sent abroad again, in company with the
Duke of Norfolk and others, to dissuade Fran-
j cis from his proposed meeting with the pope
I at Marseilles, which, however, actually took
place later in the year. He went back to
England, and returned while Norfolk re-
mained in France (ib. Nos. 613, 661, 831, 918,
954, 973). He was at home again in Sep-
tember, and was present at the christening of
his niece, the infant Princess Elizabeth, at

Boleyn

320

Boleyn

Greenwich (ib. No. 1111). In October he set
up his household at the royal manor of Beau-
lieu, from which the king ordered the Prin-
cess Mary to remove to make way for him (ib.
No. 1296). In 1534 he was twice sent over
to France, mainly about an interview which
Henry was eager to have with the French
king, but which it was necessary in the end
to put off (ib. vii. Nos. 469, 470, 958). In June
of that year he was made warden of the
Cinque Ports (ib. 922 (16) ), and in November
he received the French admiral Brion, who
was sent to Henry VIII in embassy on his
landing at Dover, where he entertained him
four days till his whole train had disembarked
and conducted him to Blackheath (ib. 1416,
1427).

On 10 April 1535 he obtained a grant from
the crown of the manor of South, in Kent,
which had been granted to Sir Thomas More
(Patent Roll, 26 Hen. VIII, pt. 1, m. 32).
Soon after his services were once more em-
ployed in a mission to France, to qualify some
of the conditions on which Henry had offered
the hand of his infant daughter Elizabeth to
the Duke of Angouleme (HERBERT in KEN-
NETT, ii. 179) . This is the last we hear of him in
any public capacity before his melancholy end.
On May day in 1536 he was one of the chal-
lengers in that tournament at Greenwich
from which the king abruptly departed ; next
day he was arrested and taken to the Tower,
the queen, his sister, being arrested that day
also and consigned to the same fortress. The
two were arraigned together on Monday,
15 May, for acts of incest and high treason,
and judgment of death was pronounced
against each. Two days later (17 May) Lord
Eochford, with four other alleged paramours
of Anne Boleyn, were beheaded on Tower
Hill, the execution of Anne herself being de-
ferred till the 19th.

[Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII (of
•which the principal specific references have been
cited above) ; Third Eeport of the Deputy Keeper
of Public Eecords, App. ii. 243; Wriothesley's
Chronicle.] J. G-.

BOLEYN, GEOEGE (d. 1603), dean of
Lichfield, was not improbably the son of
George Boleyn, Viscount Eochford [q. v.],
who is usually reported to have left no male
issue. In his will (preserved at Somerset
House) he mentions that he was a kinsman
of Lord Hunsdon, who was the grandson of
Mary, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn,
father of the ill-fated Viscount Eochford. A
close study of the State Papers and other
records reveals the fact that the family of
the Boleyns (or Bullens) suffered constant
persecution and spoliation at the hands of

Henry VIII, and afterwards of Elizabeth.
\ Viscount Eochford's large estates passed to
i the crown upon his execution. If we suppose
George Boleyn, afterwards dean of Lichfield,
to have been a son of Viscount Eochford, it is
intelligible that he should have entered Trinity
Hall, Cambridge, in the position of a sizar, No-
vember 1544. At Cambridge Boleyn was a
pupil of John Whit gift, afterwards archbishop
of Canterbury. In 1552 he graduated B. A., and
in 1560 commenced master of arts. On 3 Aug.
I 1560 he was installed prebendary of Ulleskelf
in the church of York ; afterwards he became
rector of Kempston in Nottinghamshire, and
I prebendary of the church of Chichester ; on
21 Dec. 1566 he was preferred to a canonry
of the church of Canterbury, and in the
following year graduated B.D. At the pro-
1 ceedings of the metropolitical visitation of
the church of Canterbury in September 1573
j various charges were laid against Boleyn. It
j was alleged that he had threatened to nail
the dean to the wall ; that he had struck one
of the canons, William King, a blow on the
ear ; had attempted to strike another canon,
Dr. Eush ; had struck a canon in the chapter-
house, and had thrashed a lawyer. It must
be granted that Boleyn was of a hasty
temper ; indeed he frankly admitted that he
was accustomed to swear when provoked.
But he did not long trouble the peace of the
resident canons. On the last day of February
1574-5 he was presented by the dean and
chapter of Canterbury to the rectory of St.
Dionis Backchurch, London ; and on 22 Dec.
1576 he was installed dean of Lichfield,
having taken the degree of D.D., as a
member of Trinity College, earlier in the
same year. He was made prebendary of
Dasset Parva on 16 Nov. 1577, but resigned
that post in or about February 1578-9. In
1582 he became involved in a lengthy and
serious dispute with John Aylmer, the bishop
of his diocese. It appears that the bishop,.
1 being necessitous on his coming into the
diocese, laboured all he could to supply him-
self from his clergy' (STRTPE, Whitgift,
i. 201, ed. 1822). Boleyn, a man ' prudent and
stout/ strenuously resisted the aggressive ac-
tion of the bishop, finally making his appeal
to the lords of the privy council, who ap-
pointed the archbishop of Canterbury to in-
stitute a visitation. Among the Lansdowne
MSS. (39, fol. 22) is preserved a letter (part
of which is printed in Strype's * Annals of
the Eeformation,' iii. i. 251-2, ed. 1824)
from Boleyn to Lord Burghley touching the
dispute. The writer speaks of himself as
' no dissembler, but one that would speak the
truth, were it good or bad, well or ill/ In
or about August 1592 Boleyn resigned the

Boleyn

321

Boleyn

rectory of St. Dionis Backclmrch, and in 1595,
after much opposition, was appointed to the
rectory of Bangor. lie died in January 1602-3,
and was buried in Lichfield Cathedral, where
there is a monument to him.

It is stated in Willis's ' Survey of Cathe-
drals ' (ii. 825) that ' Dean Boleyn was kins-
man to Queen Elizabeth, who would have
made him bishop of Worcester, but he re-
fused it.' In his will he writes : ' Her majestie
gave me all that ever I have and subject es
gave me nothing.'

Among the Lansdowne MSS. (45, fol. 152)
is a letter of Boleyn's to Lord Burghley, dated
10 June 1589, asking his lordship to use his
influence with Dr. Still, master of Trinity
College, Cambridge, to procure a scholarship
at that college for a poor youth whom Boleyn
had educated. In Add. MS. 5937 (fol. 36,
verso) is a letter to Boleyn from James
Strangeman, the genealogist, preferring a
request to be allowed the use of the old
books in the cathedral library of Lichfield.
Some letters of Boleyn's are preserved among
the Lambeth MSS. and the State Papers.
There are some curious allusions to Boleyn
in the ' Protestatyon of Martin Marprelate.'
It appears that he had a dog named Spring,
and that on one occasion, when he was in the
pulpit, ' hearing his dogg cry, he out with this
text : Avhie how now hoe, can you not lett the
dogg alone there ? come Springe, come Spring.'
At another time, as he was delivering a ser-
mon, ' taking himself with a fault he said
there I lyed, there I lyed.' In Manningham's
< Diary ' (ed. Camden Society, p. 148) there
is another story about Boleyn's dog.

[Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses ; Le Neve's
Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 57, 5G3, 599, iii. 220 ; Willis's
Survey of Cathedrals, i. 172, ii. 825 ; Antiquities :
of Lichfield, 5, 57 ; Strype's Whitgift, i. 201-209,
ed. 1822; Strype's Annals of the Reformation, !
in. i. 251-2, 592, in. ii. 206-8, ed. 1824 ; Strype's
Life of Parker, ii. 301, ed. 1821 ; Lansdowne
MSS. 39 (fol. 22), 45 (fol. 152) ; Calendar of j
State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1581-90, pp. 329, 426 ;
Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 330 ; Dean Boleyn's
Will, preserved at Somerset House ; Protesta-
tyon of Martin Marprelate.] A. H. B.

BOLEYN, SIR THOMAS, EAEL OF WILT-
SHIRB (1477-1539), was the second son of
Sir William Boleyn of Blickling, Norfolk, j
and grandson of Sir Geoffrey Boleyn, a ;
wealthy London merchant, who was lord
mayor in 1457. The manor of Blickling,
purchased originally by Sir Geoffrey of
the veteran Sir John Fastolf, descended to
Sir James Boleyn, the elder brother of Sir
Thomas. His mother was Margaret, daughter
and coheir of Thomas Butler, Earl of Or-
monde. According to his own statement he

VOL. Y.

I was fifty-two years old in 1529 (Calendar
of Henry VIII, iv. p. 2581), and must
therefore have been born in 1477. In 1497,
when he was twenty, he was in arms with
his father against the Cornish rebels. In
' 1509 he was appointed keeper of the ex-
j change at Calais and of the foreign exchange
• in England, and in 1511 the reversion of the
| keepership of the royal park of Beskwood in
I Nottinghamshire was granted to him (ib.
, i. Nos. 343, 1477). That same year he ac-
I cepted the challenge of King Henry VIII
1 and three other knights to a tourney on the
i birth of a prince (ib. No. 1491), and shortly
; afterwards obtained a contingent reversion
j of some of the forfeited lands of Viscount
Lovel granted by Henry VII to the Earl of
Oxford, of which he no doubt came into pos-
session on the earl's death without issue in
1513 (ib. No. 1774). In 1511 also he had
a grant of lands in Kent (ib. No. 1814), and
I early next year he was appointed, in con-
j junction with Sir Henry Wyatt, constable
j of Norwich castle (ib. No. 3008), and re-
j ceived other grants and marks of royal favour
besides. At this time he was sent in em-
I bassy to the Low Countries with Sir Edward
Poynings, where he remained for about a
year, with an allowance of twenty shillings
a day (ib. ii. pp. 1456, 1461). On 5 April 1513
he and his colleagues concluded with Mar-
| garet of Savoy at Mechlin the Holy league,
by which the Emperor Maximilian, Pope Ju-
lius II, and Ferdinand of Spain combined to
make war on France (ib. i. Nos. 3859, 3861).
He took part in the invasion of France in the
following summer with a retinue of a hundred
men (ib. No. 4307) ; but nothing is recorded
of his exploits in the war. He appears to have
made some exchange of lands with the crown
in or before the year 1516 (ib. ii. No. 2210).
Even then he must have occupied a distin-
guished position at the court of Henry VIII,
for on 21 Feb. in that year he was one of
four persons who bore a canopy over the
Princess Mary at her christening (ib. No.1573).
In 1517 he was appointed sheriff of Kent
(ib. No. 3783). On 26 Oct. in that year he
obtained a license to export from his mill at
Rochford in Essex, in a i playte ' or small
vessel of his own, called the Rosendell, all
' wode, billet, and . . .' (a word illegible in
the original), made (which apparently means
cut or manufactured) within the lordship of
Rochford (ib. No. 3756). Early in 1519 he
went in embassy to Francis ij and he re-
mained in France till the beginning of March
1520. During this period the famous in-
terview of the Field of the Cloth of Gold
was projected, and it was Boleyn who nego-
tiated the preliminary arrangements. He was

Boleyn

322

Boleyn

admitted to great familiarity with Francis I, i
and was evidently quite at home in the Ian- |
guage and manners of the French court. He \
himself does not appear to have been a
witness of the interview, which took place ;
in June 1520, though it had been arranged j
beforehand that he should go ; but he was j
required to be present at the meeting of j
Henry VIII and the Emperor Charles V,
which took place immediately afterwards, in
July, at Gravelines (ib. iii. No. 906).

In May 1621 he was on the special com-
mission for London, and also for Kent, before
which the indictment was found against the
unfortunate Duke of Buckingham (ib. No.
1284). In the autumn of that year, during
the conferences held at Calais, in which
Wolsey professed to mediate between the
French and the imperialists, he was used as
an agent in various communications with the
latter, and was afterwards sent to the Em-
peror at Oudenarde. In May 1522 he was
appointed to attend the king at Canterbury
on the emperor's arrival in England, and his
name appears as a witness to one of the acts
in connection with the treaty of Windsor on
20 June. A little later in the same year he
was sent with Dr. Sampson to the emperor
in Spain in order to promote joint action in
the war against France. He seems to have
taken a French ship at sea on the voyage out,
and made prisoners of some Breton merchants,
who, being sent to England, received license
to import 300 l waie ' of salt for their ransom
(ib. No. 2729). In April 1523 he received
letters of recall, and he returned in May fol-
lowing. A private letter, dated 28 April in
this year, says that he received a writ of
summons to parliament as a baron along with
Sir William Sandys, Sir Maurice Berkeley,
and Sir Nicholas Vaux (ib. No. 2982), but
.the writer was certainly misinformed. Not
only was Boleyn still in Spain at the time
the letter was written, but he is mentioned
long afterwards by the same designation by
which he had been styled for years before,
viz. as knight for the royal body. It was on
16 June 1525 that he was first ennobled as
Viscount Rochford, when the king's illegiti-
mate son was created duke of Richmond ;
shortly before which he had a rather anxious
duty as commissioner for the forced loan in
the county of Kent to prevent the outbreak
of disturbances.

There cannot be a doubt that not only his
elevation to the peerage, but several earlier
tokens of royal favour besides, were due to
the fascination his daughter had begun to ex-
ercise over the king. Early in' 1522 he filled
the office of treasurer of the household, and he
is so styled in a patent of 24 April in that year

granting him the manor of Fobbing in Essex.
On the 29th of the same month various offices
about Tunbridge, Brasted, andPenshurst were
granted to him and his son George in survi-
vorship. On 1 Sept. 1523 the keepership of
the park of Beskwood, of which he had before
received a grant in reversion, was given to
him and Sir John Byron in survivorship. It
was, perhaps, about the same time that he
received also the keepership of Thundersley
Park in Essex, the grant of which is en-
rolled without date in the fifteenth year of
Henry VIII (Calendar, iv. p. 125). In
1524 or 1525 he was made steward of the
lordship of Swaffham in Norfolk (ib. p. 568).
Some correspondence that he had with Sir
John Daunce is preserved, relating to the
repairs of the manors of Tunbridge and Pens-
hurst (ib. Nos. 1501, 1550, 1592). In De-
cember 1525 he was assessed for the subsidy
at 8007. (ib. p. 1331), an income probably
equal to about 10,0007. a year in our day.
On 17 May 1527 he received a commission
in conjunction with Clerk, bishop of Bath,
and Sir Anthony Browne to go to France
and take the oath of Francis I to the new
treaty between him and Henry. He was
one of the English noblemen who received
pensions from Francis for promoting a good
understanding between the two countries.
He took his place in .the parliament which
met in November 1529, and on 8 Dec. he was
created Earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde (ib.
Nos. 6043, 6085). The latter earldom had
for many years been in dispute between him
and Sir Piers Butler, who had actually borne
the title ; but the matter was referred to the
king's arbitration, who, making Sir Piers an
allotment out of the lands, compelled him
to relinquish the title in favour of Boleyn
(Calendar, ii. Nos. 1230, 1269, iv. 3728, 3937,
5097). On 24 Jan. 1530 he was appointed
lord privy seal. The authority for the patent
of this office had already been issued four
days previously ; at which time he received
a commission along with Stokesley, after-
wards bishop of London, and Lee, afterwards
archbishop of York, to go to the Emperor
Charles V, and explain to him the king's
reasons for seeking a divorce from his aunt,
Catherine of Arragon (ib. iv. 6111, 6154-5,
6163). The pope and the emperor at that-
time had met together at Bologna, and the
ambassadors were further commissioned to
treat with both of them, and with other
potentates, for a general peace. But, of course,
the main object was to counteract, as far as
possible, the influence which the emperor
would bring to bear upon the pope in favour
of Catherine. The ambassadors, however,
failed to impress the former with the justice

Boleyn

Bolland

of the king's cause ; and the latter very
naturally kept his sentiments to himself. It
was on this occasion that — according to
that most untrustworthy authority, Foxe —
although sent ambassador from the king of
England, he declined to pay the pope the
.accustomed reverence of kissing his toe. The
.story may be true, for to one who stood so
high in the favour of a powerful sovereign
the discourtesy involved no very serious con-
sequences. But the graphic addition that i
a spaniel, brought by the earl from England,
at once gave his holiness's foot the salutation
refused by his master, seems rather to show ,
the spirit in which the tale is told than to
invite our confidence in its veracity. The
incident is avowedly related ' as a prognos-
ticate of our separation from the see of Rome.' j
From Bologna Wiltshire took his depar- (
ture into France, where he remained for
some time trying to get the doctors of the j
university of Paris to give an opinion in the
king's favour on the divorce question. He |
returned to England in August (Calendar,
iv. 6571, 6579). From this time he was j
generally resident at the court, and the notices j
•of him in state papers are frequent enough ; j
but there is little to tell of his doings that
deserves particular mention. What there is |
•certainly does not convey a very high opinion j
of the man. Not many weeks after Wolsey's
death he gave a supper to the French am-
bassador, at which he had the extremely bad
•taste to exhibit a farce of the cardinal's going
to hell (ib. v. No. 62). When the authority
of the bishops was attacked in the parlia-
ment of 1532, he was, naturally enough, one
of the first to declare that neither pope nor
prelate had a right to make laws ; and he
offered to maintain that proposition with
his body and goods (ib. No. 850). That he
became a leader, or rather a patron, of the
protestant party, was no more than might
have been expected from his position, his
daughter's greatness and the fortunes of his
house being so closely connected with a
revolt against church authority. Yet he
was one of those who in 1533 examined the
martyr Frith for denying the real presence ;
while he commissioned Erasmus from time
to time to write for him treatises on religious
subjects, such as on preparation for death, on
the Apostles' Creed, or on one of the Psalms
of David (ERASMI Epp. lib. xxix. 34, 43, 48).
'The last thing recorded of him that is at all
noteworthy is, that he and Sir William
Paulet were sent on 13 July 1534 to the
Princess Mary to induce her to renounce her
title and acknowledge herself an illegitimate
child! (Calendar, vii. 980). He died (as
.appears by a letter of his servant Robert

Cranewell to Lord Cromwell) at his family
mansion of Hever, in Kent, on 13 March
1539 (manuscript in Public Record Office).
[The authorities cited in the text.] J. G-.

BOLINGBROKE, EARL OF. [See ST.
JOHN, OLIVER, d. 1640.]

BOLINGBROKE, HENRY (1785-
1855), writer on Demerara, was born at Nor-
wich 25 Feb. 1785, the son of Nathaniel Bo-
lingbroke. He sailed for Demerara 28 Nov.
1798, and returned to England 21 Oct. 1805.
He sailed to Surinam, in Guiana, on 3 March
1807 ; here he was deputy vendue master for
six years, and returned to Plymouth 25 June
1813. On 7 Oct. 1815 he married Ann
Browne of Norton. Latterly he was in busi-
ness in Norwich, where he died 11 Feb. 1855.
He published ' A Voyage to the Demerary,'
1807 (this work was prepared for the press
by William Taylor, of Norwich, who rewrote
some of the chapters).

[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816; Rob-
berds's Mem. of W. Taylor, 1843, ii. 254
private information.] A. G.

BOLINGBROKE, VISCOUNT. [See ST.
JOHN, HENRY, 1678-1751.]

BOLLAND, SIR WILLIAM (1772-
1840), lawyer and bibliophile, the eldest son
of James Bolland, of Southwark, was edu-
cated at Reading School under Dr. Valpy,
and admitted a pensioner at Trinity College,
Cambridge, 26 Sept, 1789, at the age of
seventeen. During his school days he wrote
several prologues and epilogues for the annual
dramatic performances in which the scholars
took part, and for which Dr. Valpy's pupils
were famous. At Cambridge he took his
degree of B.A. in 1794, and M.A. in 1797.
For three successive years (1797, 1798, and
1799) he won the Seatonian prize by his
poems on the respective subjects of miracles,
the Epiphany, and St. Paul at Athens, which
were printed separately, and also included
in the 'Seatonian Prize Poems' (1808), ii.
263-97. On leaving Cambridge he deter-
mined upon adopting law as his profession,
and was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple 24 April 1801. Bolland practised
at the Old Bailey with great success ; he was
thoroughly conversant with commercial law,
and soon became one of the four city pleaders.
From April 1817 until he was raised to the
bench he was recorder of Reading. He was
a candidate for the common serjeantcy of the
city of London in 1822, but in' those days of
heated political excitement was defeated by
the late Lord Denmau. In November 1829
he was created a baron, of the exchequer, and

T2

Bollard

324

Bolron

held that appointment until January 1839,
when he resigned on account of failing health.
On 14 May 1840 he died at Hyde Park Ter-
race, London. Lady Bolland, whom he
married 1 Aug. 1810, was his cousin Eliza-
beth, the third daughter of John Bolland,
of Clapham. An anonymous satire, ' The
Campaign, to his Royal Highness the Duke
of York, Britannia in the year 1800 to C. J.
Fox/ was written by Bolland in 1800, but
not issued for sale, the author confining its
publicity to his friends. Although he pub-
lished but little, he was known for many
years as an enthusiastic student of early
English literature. Dibdin dwells with unc-
tion on the pleasures of the dinner-parties of
Hortensius — the fancy name by which he
designated Sir William Bolland — and extols
the merits of his library. It was at a
dinner-party in Bolland's house on the
Adelphi Terrace that the Roxburghe Club
was originated, and its first publication was
his gift. This was ' Certain Bokes of Virgiles
Aenreis turned into English meter. By the
right honorable lorde, Henry, earle of
Surrey.' The books were the second and
fourth, and the reprint, bearing the date of
1814, though the dedication was signed
17 June 1815, was taken from a copy of the
original edition of 1557, which is preserved
at Dulwich College. His collections were
sold in the autumn after his death, his library
of about three thousand articles producing
about 3,000/. The bust of Sir William Bol-
land is a familiar object to all who have
studied in the library of Trinity College,
Cambridge. A portrait by James Lonsdale
is now in the National Portrait Gallery.

[Foss's Judges ; Dibclin's Bibliographical De-
cameron. 1817, iii. 27-8. Bibliomania, 1876,
132-3, 588-91, and Reminiscences, i. 368-9;
Gent. Mag. 1840, pp. 433-4.] W. P. C.

BOLLARD, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1500?),
naturalist, was the author of a Avork on ar-
boriculture which is often met with in manu-
scripts of the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies. It is entitled ' A Tretee of Nicholas
Bollard departid in 3 parties : 1 Of gendryng
of Trees ; 2 of graffynge ; the third forsoth
of altracions.' Two copies are now in the
British Museum (Cotton. MS. Jul. D. viiLll ;
Addit. MS. 5467) ; another is in the Cam-
bridge University Library (Ee. i. 13 if. 124 a-
129). Bishop More and Ralph Thoresby
owned copies of the 'Tretee,' which has never
been printed. Bale states that Bollard was
also the author of a treatise called 'Ex-
perimenta Naturalia,' and that he saw a
copy of the work at the house of Thomas
Gains at Oxford, but it is not otherwise known.

Tanner asserts that Bollard was educated at
Oxford.

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Thoresby's Ducatus
Leod., ed. Whittaker, p. 83 ; Cat. of MSS. in the
Brit. Mus. and Camb. Univ. Lib.] S. L. L.

BOLRON, ROBERT (Jl. 1674-1680),
informer, was a native of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
He is stated to have been apprenticed to a
jeweller at Pye Corner, London, whom, after
a twelvemonth, he abandoned to enlist as a
foot soldier. On his return to England from
the second Dutch war, he happened to visit
an acquaintance who was a servant with Sir
Thomas Gascoigne, of Barmbow Hall, York-
shire, and on his recommendation he was
I appointed manager of the collieries of Sir
Thomas. Through his marriage with Mary
I Baker, formerly a servant in Sir Thomas's
J household, he also held the lease of the farm of
i Shippon Hall. According to his own account
| shortly after his engagement efforts were
made, which, through the agency of his wife,
herself a pervert, were ultimately successful,
to win him over to the Roman catholic faith.
Large bribes were then offered to him to en-
gage in the papist plot against the life of the
king, but, realising the wickedness of those
designs, he resolved to give information to
the local magistrates, on whose refusal to
act on it, he hastened to London, and made
a deposition before the Earl of Shaftesburv.
His statements were corroborated by Law-
rence Maybury, a former servant of Sir
Thomas Gascoigne. Maybury had, however,
been discharged by his master for theft, and
Bolron, on account of his having made free
with the money received for coals, had been
threatened with prosecution by Lady Tempest,
daughter of Sir Thomas Gascoigne. The
baronet, who had reached his eighty-fifth
year, was, in February 1680, put upon his
trial ; but although the detailed accusations
against him made a considerable impression,
a verdict was returned in his favour.

[Narrative of Robert Bolron, of Shippon Hall,
gent , concerning the late horrid Popish Plot and
Conspiracy for the Destruction of his Majesty
and the Protestant Religion, 1680; The Papists'
Bloody Oath of Secresy and Litany of Interces-
sion for 'England, with the manner of taking
the oath, upon their entering into any grand con-
spiracy against the Protestants, as it was taken
in the chapel belonging to Barmbow Hall, the
residence of Sir Thorn* s Gascoigne, from William
Rushton, a popish priest (1680) ; An Abstract of
the Accusations of Robert Bolron and Lawrence
Maybury. servants, against their late Master, Sir
Thomas Gascoigne, knt. and bart. of Barmboo,
in Yorkshire, for High Treason, with his Trial
and Acquittal February 1680 (1680) ; Attestation
of a certain Intercourse had between Robert

Bolton

325

Bolton

Bolrou and Mr. Thomas Langhorn, wherein is
manifested the falsehood and perjury of the
said Bolron (1680) ; State Trials, vii. 962-
1043.] T. F. H.

BOLTON, DUCHESS OF. [See FENTON,
LATISIA.]

BOLTON, DUKES OP. [See POWLETT.]

BOLTON or BOULTON, EDMUND

(1575 F-1633 ?), historian and poet, was born
in or about 1575. This date is obtained from
an impress neatly drawn with his own pen,
and preserved in the British Museum (Had.
MS. 6521, f. 152). In the midst of the ocean
rises a peaked rock on the top of which a
falcon is seated. The motto is i Innocentia
Tutus,' and beneath it is written ' Edmundus
Maria Boltonus, aetatis 47, 1622.' The falcon
belled whichhe bore in his arms was common
to several families of the name of Bolton, but
it does not appear to which of them he
belonged. He himself speaks of his descent
from the family of Basset, and also of the Duke
of Buckingham having acknowledged him as
a poor kinsman. This latter circumstance
gives credibility to a statement by Oldys
that he had seen in a manuscript of Bol-
tou's a remark that he passed his younger
days about Goadby in Leicestershire. The
statement receives further support from his
having been early known to the Beaumonts
qf Grace-Dieu. His family brought him up
in the catholic faith, to which he adhered
through life. Writing to the secretary Con-
way on behalf of a catholic priest, he says
that King James, whose servant he had been,
allowed ' him with his wife and family to
live in peace to that conscience in which
he was bred' (Calendar of State Papers,
Dom. 1625). In the spirit of his church
he added the name of Mary to his bap-
tismal name, as is seen in the impress above
described.

The first information concerning him is
gathered from his memorial to Sir Hugh
Hammersley, lord mayor of London, written
in 1632, when he was in poverty and distress.
In that document he says ' he lived many
years on his own charge a free commoner at
Trinity Hall, Cambridge ' (Harl MS. 6521).
From the university he removed to the Inner
Temple and ' lived in the best and choicest
company of gentlemen.' This brings down
his history ' till about twenty-six years since
[viz. to about 1606], when he married the
gentlewoman whom he still, to his greatest
worldly happiness, enjoys.' He alludes to his
university life in his ' Elements of Armories,'
where Sir Amias, who represents himself,
says i you turne niee thereby to the Vniver-

sity againe as it were, for that I cannot
satisfie your allowable desire, but by the vse
of some such pickt flowers, as heretofore, in
that sweet noursery of generous knowledges,
came to my hand howsoeuer ' (p. 20).

Bolton was an indefatigable student and
amassed large stores of historical and anti-
quarian learning. Kitson describes him as
1 a profound scholar and eminent critic/
while in the judgment of Hunter he claims
as an antiquary to stand beside Camden,
Selden, and Spelman. Early in life he
formed an acquaintance with Camden, and
he made extensive travels in England and
Ireland in search of antiquities. As his re-
ligion stood in the way of his progress on
any of the ordinary roads to distinction, he
adopted the desperate expedient of trusting
to literature as the source of his livelihood.
He first appeared as an author in 1600, when
he was associated with Sidney, Spenser, Ka-
leigh, and other poets, as a contributor to
' England's Helicon.' But even in the pro-
fession of literature his religion proved a hin-
drance, for when he had composed a life of
Henry II for an edition of Speed's * Chronicle,'
it was rejected on account of his having
given too favourable a representation of the
conduct and character of St. Thomas of
Canterbury. In one of his letters to Sir
Robert Cotton he complains bitterly of the
impositions of the booksellers. It would
seem that the Marquis of Buckingham ob-
tained for him some place about the court
of King James I, but what particular office
it was has not been discovered.

In 1617 he proposed to the king a design
for a royal academy or college, and senate
of honour, on the most magnificent scale. The
scheme was afterwards spoken of in favour-
able terms by the Marquis of Buckingham
in the House of Peers, and in 162-4 the
details were finally settled. The academy
royal of King James was to have been a
corporation with a royal charter, and wras to
have a mortmain of 200 /. a year and a com-
mon seal. It was to consist of three classes
of persons, who were to be called tutelaries,
auxiliaries, and essentials. The tutelaries
were to be knights of the Garter, with the
lord chancellor, and the chancellors of the
two universities ; the auxiliaries were to be
lords and others selected out of the flower
of the nobility, and councils of war, and of
the new plantations ; and the essentials,
upon whom the weight of the work was to
lie, were to be i persons called from out of
the most able and most famous lay gentle-
men of England, masters of families, or being
men of themselves, and either living in the
light of things or without any title of pro-

Bolton

326

Bolton

fession, or art of life for lucre, such per-
sons being already of other bodies.' The
members of the academy were to have ex-
traordinary privileges, and among others
were to have the superintendence of the
review, or the review itself, of all English
translations of secular learning, to authorise
all books which did not handle theological
arguments, and to give to the vulgar people
indexes expurgatory and expunctory upon
all books of secular learning printed in Eng-
lish. The members were to wear a riband
and a jewel, and Bolton even speculated on j
the possibility that Windsor Castle might
be converted into an English Olympus, and
assigned to the members as the place in •
which to hold their chapters. Eighty-four
persons were selected by Bolton as the origi-
nal members. Among the most remarkable
names are those of Sir Thomas Aylesbury,
George Chapman, Sir Edward Coke, Sir
Robert Cotton, Sir Kenelm Digby, Sir Dud-
ley Digges, Michael Drayton, Thomas Hab-
ington, Sir Thomas Hawkins, Hugh Hol-
land, Ben Jonson, Inigo Jones, Sir Thomas
Lake, Sir Toby Matthew, Endymion Porter,
Sir William Segar, Sir Richard St. George,
John Selden, Sir Henry Spelman, and Sir
Henry Wotton. The project was favour-
ably entertained by King James, and seemed
on the point of being accomplished, when his
majesty died. It did not find equal favour
in the court of Charles I ; and the Duke of
Buckingham, who had been its main sup-
porter, growing indifferent to it, the whole
scheme fell to the ground.

Besides his grand idea of the establishment
of an order of men of science and literature
to be in some way connected with the order
of the Garter, he proposed that a grand col-
lection should be formed of what history had
preserved for England, that a minute history
of the city of London should be written,
that a map on a very extensive scale of the
country around London should be prepared,
and that a life of the Duke of Buckingham,
commensurate with his great deservings,
should be drawn up.

All his schemes failed. He was now be-
coming advanced in years. He had a wife
and three sons, and very slender means of
support — none indeed at last, for there can
be no doubt that he is the ' Edmund Bolton
of St. James, Clerkenwell,' who being as-
sessed as a recusant convict at 61. in goods,
is returned by a collector of the subsidy of
1628 as having to his knowledge no lands
or tenements, goods or chattels on which
the tax could be levied, f but hath been a
prisoner in the Fleet ' ever since the assess-
ment was made. The same return was made

in 1629, the only difference being that his
place of detention was then not the Fleet
but the Marshalsea. It was after this that
he made his appeal to the city authorities,
and he appears to have made some progress
with the work ; but here he found himself
anticipated by his friend Ben Jonson, who
had promised to prepare for them ' Chrono-
logical Annals ; ' and when he talked of the
history and the map costing 3,000/. or 4,000/.,
Sir Hugh Hammersley told him plainly that
in prosecuting the application he would but
be beating the air. The latest letter of his
at present known is addressed to Henry,
Lord Falkland, on 20 Aug. 1633. Probably
he died soon afterwards, but the exact date
of his death is not known.

His works are : 1. ' The Shepheard's Song :
a Caroll or Himne for Christmas.' In l Eng-
land's Helicon,' 1600. To < England's Helicon r
Bolton also contributed f A Pastoral Ode '
and three other pieces. 2. 'The Elements
of Armories/ Lond. 1610, 4to (anon.) Dedi-
cated to Henry, earl of Northampton. The
work consists of a dialogue or conference
between two knights, Sir Eustace and Sir
Amias, continuing through thirty-five chap-
ters. It is written in a very pedantic style,
but many curious examples are brought for-
ward and illustrated by woodcuts, spiritedly
executed. The original manuscript of this
curious book is in the library of Christ
Church at Oxford. 3. < Life of King Henry IT/
This was intended for insertion in Speed's
' Chronicle,' but as it was thought to give
a too favourable account of St. Thomas a
Becket, it was rejected and another ' Life r
by Dr. Thomas Barcham was substituted for
it. 4. ' Carmen Personatum. In quo, Maria
Regina Scotorum gratulatur sibi de corpore
suo, ab obscura et deuia urbecula, Petriburgo,
filii sui lacobi Regis pietate, ad lucem Wes-
monasterii Proauum suorum sepulchreti ofR-
ciosissime traducto : A.D. MDCXJI. Tabulas
ad monimentum eiusdem Reginse pensili ab
authore destination.' Cotton MS. Titus Ar
xiii. 178-184. 5. ' The Roman Histories of
Lucius lulius Florus, from the foundation
of Rome, till Csesar Augustus, for aboue
DCC yeares, & from thence to Traian neare
CC yeares, divided by Florus into IV ages.
Translated into English.' Lond. 1618, 12mo ;
1636, 16mo. The dedication to the Duke
of Buckingham is signed ' Philanactophil.'
This word, which Bolton often used after-
wards, was invented by himself, and may
be interpreted ' friend of the king's friend.'
6. ' Hypercritica, or a Rule of Judgment for
writing or reading our History's : Delivered
in four Supercensorian addresses by occasion
of a Censorian Epistle, prefix'dby Sir Henry

Bolton

327

Bolton

Savile, knight, to his Edition of some of our
oldest Historians in Latin, dedicated to the
late Queen Elizabeth' (1618?). This small
piece is frequently quoted for the notices
it contains of contemporary poets. It was
published by Dr. Anthony Hall at the end
of t Nicolai Triveti Annalium Continuatio,
ut et Adami Muriinuthensis Chronicon, &c.,'
Oxford, 1722, and it is reprinted in Hasle-
wood's ' Ancient Critical Essays upon Eng-
lish Poets and Poesy,' vol. ii. Lond. 1815.
7. ' Nero Csesar, or Monarchic depraved. An
historicall worke. Dedicated, with leaue, to
the Dvke of Bvckingham, Lord Admirall.
By the Translator of Lucivs Florvs,' Lond.
1624, fol ; 2nd edit, enlarged, 1627. This is
a life of Nero with particular notes of trans-
actions in Britain. Bolton brings coins and
medals to illustrate statements by historians.
The Harleian MS. 6521 consists, for the most
part, of extracts from ancient authors,
gathered in preparation for this book and for
a similar work which he contemplated on
the life of Tiberius. At the end of some
copies of * Nero Caesar ' there is a tract en-
titled : 8. ' An Historicall Parallel : or a
Demonstration of the notable oddes, for the
more use of Life, betweene reading large
histories, and briefe ones, how excellent so-
ever, as those of Lucius Florus. Heretofore,
privately written to my good and noble
friend Endymion Porter, Esq., one of the
Gentlemen of the Princes bed-chamber.'
9. < Commentaries Eoial. Comprehending the
end of King James, & beginning of King-
Charles. The historical part illuminated
with coignes of Honour.' The contents of
this book, with its dedication to King-
Charles I, are preserved in the Royal MS. 18
A. Ixxi. The treatise itself is in the State
Paper Office. 10. < The Cities Advocate, in
this Case or Question of Honor and Armes,
Whether Apprenticeship extinguisheth Gen-
try ? ' Lond. 1629, 4to. The second edition
is entitled l The Cities great concern, in this
Case or Question of Honour and Arms,
Whether Apprenticeship extinguisheth Gen-
try ? Discoursd ; with a clear refutation of
the pernicious error that it doth,' Lond.
1675, 12mo. The tract is generally but
wrongly attributed to John Philipot, Somer-
set herald. 11. ' The Cabanet Royal, with
the chief prouisions which constitute and
furnish it for the seruice of Civil Wisdome,
& Civil Glorie, Toucht vpon in an Epistle
Roial, 23 Octob. 1627.' Dedicated to King
Charles I. Royal MS. 18 A, Ixxi. 12. <Vin-
diciae Britannicse, or London righted by
rescues and Recoveries of antiquities of
Britain in general, & of London in particu-
lar, against unwarrantable prejudices, and

historical antiquations amongst the learned ;
for the more honour, & perpetual just uses
of the noble island & the city.' This book
was never printed, though prepared by the
author for the press. 13. Latin verses before
Camden's ' Britannia,' before Andrewes' ' Un-
masking of a Feminine Machiavell,' 1604,
and before Jonson's ' Volpone,' 1605. Rit-
son ascribes to him a sonnet 'to Lucie
countesse of Bedford ' prefixed to Drayton's
' Mortimeriados,' 1596, and he is probably
the < E. B.' who in 1606 published the ' Hero
and Leander' of Marlow and Chapman. In
the Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian (Ixxiii.
256) are a few verses by Bolton to the Duke
of Buckingham in 1624.

[MS. Life by the Rev. Joseph Hunter in Brit.
Mus. ; Proceedings of Soc. of Antiquaries (1846),
i. 162; Archseologia,xxxii. 132-149; Bayle'sGen.
Dict.ed. Bernard, Birch, andLockman (1735), iii.
463-468 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 396 ; British
Bibliograt her, iii. (reprint of England's Helicon,
3, 9, 18, 134, 147); Calendars of State Papers;
Gulielmi Camdeni et illustrium virorum ad G.
Camdenum Epistolse, 188 ; Camden's Elizabeth,
ed. Hearne. pp. c, ci ; Dallaway's Science of
Heraldry in England, 240 ; Dodd's Ch. Hist. ii.
431 ; Gent, Mag. cii. 499 ; Haslewood's Ancient
Critical Essays, ii. 221, 237; Add. MSS. 5864,
f. 76, 24488, ff. 66-87 ; Cotton. MS. Julius C. iii.
28-32 v. 128 b; Harl. MSS. 6103, 6143, 6521,
7579; Moule's Bibl. Heraldica, 71, 106, 193;
Ritson's Bibl. Poetica, 135, and Bliss's manuscript
note ; Warton's Hist, of English Poetry (1840),
iii. 39, 229, 231, 232; Wood's Athense Oxon.
(Bliss), iii. 36.] T. C.

BOLTON, SIR GEORGE (d. 1807?),
writer on firearms, was preceptor to the royal
princesses in writing, geography, &c. He was
knighted on 3 April 1799, and died about
1807. He published ' Remarks on the pre-
sent defective state of Fire-arms, with an
explanation of a newly invented patent Gun-
lock,' London, 1795, 8vo.

[Townsend's Calendar of Knights (1828), 8 ;
Watt's Bibl. Brit.] ' T. C.

BOLTON, JAMES (f. 1775-1795), was
a self-taught naturalist in humble life, re-
siding near Halifax in Yorkshire, who drew
and etched all his own illustrations. He de-
scribed the plants of Halifax in Watson's
' History of the Parish of Halifax,' London,
1775, 4to.

His larger works were : 1. ' Filices Bri-
tannicae,' Leeds, 1785, 4to. 2. ' A History
of Funguses growing about Halifax,' four
vols. 4to, Halifax and Huddersfield, 1788-9L
3. ' Harmonia Ruralis,' an essay towards a
natural history of British song-birds, Stan-

Bolton

328

Bolton

nary, near Halifax, two vols. 1794-6. 4. ' A

History of British Proper Ferris, &c.,' 1795.

[Monthly Eev. vols. Ixxvi. Ixxix. 1st ser. ;
vol. viii. 2nd ser.] G. T. B.

BOLTON, JAMES JAY (1824-1863),
evangelical clergyman, was the fifth son of
the Rev. Robert Bolton, rector of Christ-
church, Pelham, U.S., his mother being a
daughter of the Rev. William Jay of Bath.
Bolton was born at Southdown College, near
Weymouth, Dorsetshire, 11 Feb. 1824. His
early years were spent at Henley-on-Thames,
where his father was at the time minister of
a dissenting chapel. At the age of twelve
he went with his parents to America, where
circumstances placed his father in charge
of an episcopal congregation. He was edu-
cated at Dr. Muhlenburg's, College Point,
New York, after staying for some time at
Brook Farm, New Rochelle, and Pelham.
Thence he returned to England and entered
at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where
he obtained a scholarship in his first year, and
took his degree in 1848. From 1849 to 1851
he was curate of Saffron Walden, Essex ;
afterwards he removed to St. Michael's,
Chester Square, Pimlico, as curate to the
Kev. J. H. Hamilton, and was appointed
later to the incumbency of St. Paul's Epi-
scopal Chapel. Kilburn. Here he married,
30 June 1853, Lydia Louisa, third daughter
of the Rev. W. W. Pym, rector of Willian,
Hertfordshire. Bolton died, aged 39, at the
parsonage, Kilburn. 8 April 1863.

Of Bolton's sermons some were arranged
chronologically by his brother, and published,
with a brief memoir, three months after his
death. A second series of ' Selected Sermons '
was published in 1866. As a children's
preacher Bolton has perhaps never been sur-
passed. He contributed largely to the ' Fa-
mily Treasury,' the ' Sunday Scholars and
Teachers' Magazine,' and j uvenile publications
of a kindred tone. He also published ' The
Church Missionary Operations vindicated,'
1854 ; l Faith's Report to Mourning Parents,
or How it fares with Holy Children when they
die,' 1855 ; * Our Celestial Guest, or Stirring
Thoughts about the Holy Spirit,' 1855 ; < Be-
leaguered but Defiant, an exposition of a pre-
cious verse,' 1858 ; * Life Lessons,' 1862 ;
* The Yoke lightened, an address to servants '
(a posthumous publication), 1873.

[Gent. Mag. ccxiv. 665, 801 ; Brit, Mus. Catal.;
the Record, April 1863; Bolton's Selected Ser-
mons, p. xii, &c.] J. M.

BOLTON, SIB RICHARD (1570 ?-l 648),
lawyer, son of John Bolton, of Fenton, Staf-
fordshire, was born about 1570. He practised

for a time as a barrister in England, which
he left for Ireland with the object, it has
been alleged, of avoiding the results of a
censure passed on him by the court of Star-
chamber. At the close of 1604 he obtained
employment as temporary recorder of Dublin.
In the following year he was appointed re-
corder of that city, ' during good behaviour,'
at an annual salary of 25/. Bolton was des-
patched in 1608 to London as law-agent to
the municipality of Dublin in connection with
suits relating to their customs and privileges.
Sir Arthur Chichester, lord-deputy of Ireland,
in a letter dated 15 Oct. 1608, commended
Bolton to the Earl of Salisbury. Bolton was
admitted to the Society of King's Inns, Dub-
i lin, in 1610. Through government influence
he was elected in 1613, in opposition to the
I Roman catholic candidate, one of the repre-
sentatives of the city of Dublin in the par-
liament of which the noted Sir John Davies
became the speaker. He resigned the recorder-
ship of Dublin in the same year. Bolton re-
ceived knighthood in 1618 from Sir Oliver
St. John, lord-deputy for Ireland. Under
privy seal dated Westminster 31 Dec. 1618,
and patent of the 10th of the ensuing
February, Bolton was appointed solicitor-
general for Ireland. In 1621 Bolton pub-
lished at Dublin, in a folio volume, a selec-
tion of statutes passed in parliaments held
in Ireland, under the title ' The Statutes
of Ireland, beginning the third year of King-
Edward the Second, and continuing untill the
end of the Parliament begunne in the eleventh
year of the reign of our most gratious Sove-
raigne Lord King James and ended in the
thirteenth year of his raigne of England,
France, and Ireland. Newly perused and ex-
amined \vith the Parliament rolls ; and divers
statutes imprinted in this booke which were
not formerly printed in the old booke.' Bol-
ton dedicated this work to his benefactor,
Lord-deputy Sir Oliver St. John, who had
encouraged him to undertake it. Bolton
became attorney-general to the Court of
WTards at Dublin in 1622, and was appointed
chief baron of the exchequer in Ireland in
1625. To his printed volume of the statutes
I an addition containing those of the tenth and
j eleventh year of Charles I was published in
| 1635. Bolton published in 1638, at Dublin, a
folio volume with the following title : l A
Justice of the Peace for Ireland, consisting of
two bookes. The first declaring th' exercise
of that office by one or more Justices of
Peace out of Session. The second setting forth
the forme of proceeding in sessions and the
matters to be enquired of and handled therein.
Composed by Sir Richard Bolton, Knight,
Chief Baron of His Majesties Court of Ex-

Bolton

329

Bolton

chequer in Ireland. Whereunto are added
many presidents of indictments of treasons,
felonies, misprisons, prsemnnires and finable
offences of force, fraud, omission and other
misdemeanors of severall sorts more than ever
heretofore have been published in print.'

In December 1639 Bolton was appointed
to the chancellorship of Ireland, in place of
Sir Adam Loftus, with a moiety of the profits i
derivable from chancery writs, together with
600/. per annum, during his tenure of office.
As chancellor, Bolton presided in the parlia-
ment commenced at Dublin in March 1639-
1640. On 1 1 Feb. 1640-41 the House of Lords |
acquitted him from a charge of having en-
deavoured to prevent the continuance of the
existing parliament. With a letter dated the
eighteenth of that month Bolton transmitted
to the committee of the house attending
the king in England a schedule of griev-
ances of Ireland voted by the lords at Dublin
on the same day. Bolton was regarded as a
chief adviser of Strafford in his attempts to
introduce arbitrary government. On "27 Feb.
1640-41 a committee was appointed by the
House of Commons in Ireland to draw up
charges against the chancellor, Bolton ; Brain-
hall, bishop of Derry ; Sir Gerard Lowther, |
chief justice of the common pleas ; and Sir j
George Radcliffe, to impeach them of high
treason. The chancellor, as chairman of the !
house, had to receive the articles against \
himself. The house, on 1 March 1640-41,
ordered that the lord chancellor should enter
into recognisances to appear when the articles
should be exhibited. After some further
debate the peers left it to the lords justices
to do as they saw fit, as there were no pre-
cedents. They further declared ' the sense
of the house that the lord chancellor was not
fit to execute that place, nor to sit at the
council board, and that they desired a new
speaker.' Sir William Ryves, justice of the
king's bench, appointed by letters patent
speaker of the House of Lords in Ireland,
during pleasure, in the absence of the chan-
cellor, entered upon office on 11 May 1641.
In the following July the lords just ices com- j
municated to the House of Commons the
king's desire that they should forbear pro-
ceeding further with the impeachment. Bol-
ton, as member of the privy council at Dublin,
signed the despatch of 25 Oct. 1641, an-
nouncing to the Earl of Leicester, lord-lieu-
tenant, then in England, the commencement
of hostile movements in Ireland. He took
part in the preparation of an elaborate state-
ment, transmitted to the House of Lords,
London, in November 1641, in relation to
the English administrative system in Ireland,
recently brought to light through the labours

of the royal commission on historical manu-
scripts. By a resolution of 21 June 1642,
that no members should sit or vote until
they had taken the oath of supremacy, the
House of Commons excluded the Roman
catholic representatives, among whom were
those who had been most active in the pro-
ceedings against Bolton and his associates.
On the same day Bolton and Lowther peti-
tioned the house, and it was unanimously
resolved to proceed no further upon the
articles of accusation against them. On
the following day Bolton was restored by
the lords to his place as chancellor, and oil
2 Aug. 1642 resumed his position in their
house. A reproduction of Bolton's autograph
as a member of the privy council appears on
plate liii. of part iv. sec. 2 of the ' Facsimiles
of National Manuscripts of Ireland/ Captain
William Tucker frequently mentions Bolton
in his contemporary journal, recently pub-
lished for the first time in the second volume
of the ' History of the Irish Confederation
and War in Ireland.' Bolton was actively
engaged in negotiations connected with the
cessation of hostilities between England and
the Irish in 1643. In 1643-4 Bolton was
a principal counsellor of the lord-lieutenant,
Ormonde, in negotiating with the Irish
confederation concerning peace. His name
appears first amongst those of the privy
council who signed the proclamation issued at
Dublin 011 30 July 1646 announcing the con-
clusion of a treaty of peace between Charles I
and his Roman catholic subjects in Ireland.
In writings condemnatory of the terms of
that peace Bolton was represented as more
devoted to the parliament of England than
to the king, and much opposed to concessions
to the Roman catholics of Ireland. A
contemporary answer to some of the alle-
gations against Bolton is extant in an un-
published manuscript in the British Museum.
Bolton signed the instructions on 26 Sept.
1646 to those who were commissioned to
treat with the English parliament for suc-
cours after the peace had been rejected by
the Irish. He joined in the statement on
the condition of Ireland of 19 Feb. 1646-7
submitted by Ormonde to Charles I, and
preserved in the twentieth volume of the
Carte Papers in the Bodleian Library. Sir
Richard Bolton died in November 1648. By
his first wife, Frances, daughter of Richard
Walter of Stafford, he left one son, Edward,
and several daughters. His second wife
was Margaret, daughter of Sir Patrick
Barnewall. In 1661 the peers at Dublin
ordered that the books of their house for
1640 and 1641 should be expunged t where
they contained anything that did intrench

Bolton

33°

Bolton

upon the honor of the late Earl of Strafford,
the late Bishop [Bramhall] of Derry, the lord
chancellor Bolton, and several others.' Sir '
Richard Bolton was erroneously supposed to
have been the author of a brief treatise en-
titled ' A Declaration setting forth how and
by what means the laws and statutes of
England from time to time came to be of
force in Ireland.' In the archives at Kilkenny
Castle is a petition in which Dame Margaret
Bolton, widow of Sir Richard Bolton, applied
in 1663 to the Duke of Ormonde, then vice-
roy, for the arrears due to her late husband. ,
Sir Richard Bolton's son Edward succeeded '
him as solicitor-general in Ireland in 1622,
and as chief baron in 1640. On the death
of Charles I, Edward Bolton was by Charles II
reappointed chief baron. From that office
he was removed by the parliamentarian go- ;
vernment, which, howeA~er, employed him in
1651 as commissioner for the administration
of justice in Ireland. A second edition of
Bolton's ' Justice of the Peace ' was published
at Dublin in 1683, in folio. A unique portrait
of Sir Richard Bolton is stated to have been ;
accidentally destroyed by fire at the residence
of one of his descendants, some of whom in |
the last century held considerable estates in
the county of Dublin.

[Archives of the city of Dublin ; State Papers,
Ireland, 1608; MSS. of Hon. Society of King's
Inns, Dublin ; Regiminis Anglicani in Hiberuia
Defensio, London, 1624; Desiderata Curiosa
Hibernica, 1772 ; Patent Rolls, Ireland, James I,
Charles I ; Letters and Despatches of Earl of
Strafford, 1740; Journals of House of Lords,
Ireland, vol. i. 1779 ; Journals of House of
Commons, Ireland, vol. i. 1796 ; Carte's Life of
Ormonde, 1736; Reports of Royal Commission
on Historical MSS. ; Carte MSS.. Bodleian Li-
brary, Oxford; Contemporary History of Affairs
in Ireland, 1641-52, Dublin. 1879 ;" Clarendon
Papers, 1646-47. Bodleian Library ; Survey of
Rejected Peace. Kilkenny, 1646 ; Additional
MSS. 4798, British Museum; Peerage of Ire-
land, vol. v. 1789; Hibernica, part ii. 1750;
Records in office of Ulster King of Arms,
Dublin.] J. T. G.

BOLTON, ROBERT (1572-1631), puri-
tan, was the sixth son of Adam Bolton, of
Brookhouse, Blackburn, Lancashire. The his-
tory of his family has been carefully traced
in the ' Genealogical and Biographical Ac-
count of the Family of Bolton in England and
America. By Robert Bolton, A.M. New
York, 1868.' The most trustworthy source of
information as to Robert Bolton is the ' Life
and Death of Mr. Bolton/ by his fi-iend E[d-
ward] B[agshawe] [q. v.], which is prefixed
to the successive editions of Bolton's ' Four
Last Things.'

Bolton was born ' on Whitsunday, anno
Doni. 1572.' Fuller says of his family at
the time : ' Though Mr. Bolton's parents
were not overflowing with wealth, they had
a competent estate, as I am informed by
credible intelligence, wherein their family
had comfortably continued a long time in
good repute ' ( Worthies, ed. Nuttall, ii. 207).

Adam Bolton was one of the original
governors of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar
School (1567) at Blackburn, and there his
son was educated, under one Yates, until his
twentieth year. Young Bolton ' plied his
bookes so well that in short time he became
the best scholler in the schoole.'

In 1592 he proceeded to Oxford, being
entered of Lincoln College, ' under the tuition
of Mr. Randall, a man of no great note then,
but who afterwards became a learned divine
and godly preacher of London ' [q. v.] l In
that colledge,' continues Bagshawe, ' he fell
close to the studies of logicke and philosophic,
and by reason of that groundwork of learning*
he got at schoole, and maturity of yeares, h£
quickly got the start of those of his owne
time, and grew into fame in that house.'
( In the middest of these his studies [in 1593]
his father died, and then his meanes failed ;
for all his father's lands fell to his elder
brother.' No longer able to buy books,
Bolton borrowed them from Randall and the
libraries, and crammed endless notebooks
with carefully made and classified extracts
on the whole range of his studies. Greek
was his favourite study, and, according to
Wood, he 'was so expert that he could
write it and dispute in it with as much ease
as in English or Latin.' His notebooks
witness that his Greek and Hebrew cali-
graphy was as exquisite as that of John
Davies of Hereford.

He removed from Lincoln College to Brase-
nose, l with a view to a fellowship therein,'
as being of Lancashire. He proceeded B.A.
on 2 Dec. 1596 (WOOD, Fasti, i. 272). He
found in his poverty a warm patron and
helper in a fellow Grecian, Dr. Richard
Brett, ' a noted giver ' and eminent scholar of
Lincoln College. In 1602 he became fellow
of Brasenose, and passed M.A. on 30 July of
the same year (WooD, Fasti, i. 296). On
James I's visit to the university in 1605, he
was appointed to hold a disputation in the
royal presence on natural philosophy, and his
majesty was loud and frank in laudation of
Bolton. He was also appointed lecturer in
logic and moral and natural philosophy.

Up to this date Bolton had lived profli-
gately, and about this time a schoolfellow at
Blackburn, a zealous Roman catholic, and so
distinguished for his eloquence as to have

Bolton

331

Bolton

won the classic name of 'golden-mouthed
Anderton,' persuaded him to accompany him
to one of the papal seminaries in Flanders ;
but the plan fell through. Immediately
afterwards he made the acquaintance of
Thomas Peacock, B.D. — whose funeral ser-
mon he afterwards preached, and whose |
1 Last Visitation, Conflict and Death/ as his
' familiar friend and spiritual father,' he pre-
pared for the press and published in 1660.
\Vood (Fasti) says doubtfully he was his
tutor, but it undoubtedly Avas Peacock who
brought about his conversion. He proceeded
B.D. in 1609 (WooD, Fasti, i. 334), haying-
resolved to become a clergyman in the church
of England. In 1610, being in his thirty-
eighth year, he was presented by Sir Augus-
tine Nicolls to the rectory of Broughton,
Northamptonshire. ' For the better settling
of himself in house-keeping upon his par-
sonage,' says Bagshawe, ' he resolved upon
marriage, and took to wife Mrs. Anne Boyse,
a gentlewoman of an ancient house and wor-
shipful family in Kent, to whose care he com-
mitted the ordering of his outward estate,
hee himselfe onely minding the studies and
weighty affaires of his heavenly calling.'
Their issue were five children, one son and
four daughters. This son was the afterwards
celebrated Dr. Samuel Bolton, prebendary of
Westminster and chaplain in ordinary to
Charles II, a man ' of extraordinary ability
and great integrity/ who died 11 Feb. 1668
(CHBSTEK, West. Register).

When the Bishop of London (Dr. King)
learned that Bolton had been presented to
Broughton, he thanked the patron, but added,
' Sir, you have deprived the university of
its brightest ornament.' He was ' a comely
and grave person/ says Bagshawe, and ' com-
manding in all companies . . . ever zealous
in the cause of Christ, yet so prudent as to
avoid being called in question for those things
in which he was unconformable to the eccle-
siastical establishment.'

Bolton died, after a lingering sickness of
a quartan ague, on Saturday, 17 Dec. 1631,
being then in his sixtieth year. He was
buried 19 Dec. in the chancel of his own
church (St. Andrew's, Broughton). Against
the chancel-wall his stately monument still
survives. It consists of a half-length figure of
Bolton within an alcove, his hands placed in
the attitude of prayer, and his arms resting
upon an open bible. His funeral sermon was
preached by the eminent Nicholas Estwick,
B.D., and was published in 1635, entitled
' A Sacred and Godly Sermon, preached on
the 19th day of December, A.D. 1631, at the
Funerall of Mr. Robert Bolton, Batchelour
in Divinity.1 An original portrait of him, on

panel, is in the Chetham Library, Manchester.
It was engraved for Bagshawe's work by
John Payne, with Latin lines below.

Bolton's works had a very wide and sus-
tained popularity. Their titles are: — 1. 'A
Discourse about the State of true Happinesse,
delivered in certaine Sermones in Oxford
and in St. Paul's Crosse, 1611 ' (7th ed. 1638).

2. { Some generall Directions for a comfort-
able Walking with God ; delivered in the
Lecture at Kettering' (1625, 5th ed. 1638).

3. ' Meditations on the Life to Come/ 1628.

4. ' Instructions for a right Comforting af-
flicted Consciences/ 1631 (3rd ed. 1640).

5. l Helps to Humiliation/ 1631. Posthu-
mously there were these : 6. ' Mr. Bolton's-
Last and Learned Worke of the Foure Last
Things : Death, Judgment, Hell, and Heaven.
With his Assize Sermon and Notes on Justice
Nicolls his Funerall/ 1632 (3rd ed. 1641).

7. 'Assize Sermons and other Sermons/ 1632 j

8. ' The Carnal Professor ; or the Woful
Slavery of Man guided by the Flesh/ 1634.

9. 'A Three-fold Treatise, containing the
Saint's sure and perpetuall Guide, Selfe-
enriching Examination, and Soule-fatting
Fasting ; or Meditations concerning the
Word, the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper,
and Fasting/ 1634. 10. 'The Saint's Soule-
exalting Humiliation/ 1634. 11. 'A Short
and Private Discourse with MS. concerning
Usury/ 1637. 12. 'Devout Prayers upon
Solemn Occasions/ 1638. 13. 'A Cordiall
for Christians in the Time of Affliction/ 1640.
14. ' The Last Visitation, Conflict, and Death
of Mr. Thomas Peacock, B.D./ 1646 and 1660.
The collective 'Workes' of 'the reverend,
truly pious, and judiciously learned Robert
Bolton, B.D. ... as they were finished by
him in his lifetime/ including Bagshawe's life
and Est wick's funeral sermon, make three
thick quartos, dated from 1638 to 1641.

Anthony t\ Wood pronounces Bolton to-
have been ' a most religious and learned puri-
' tan, a painful and constant preacher, a person
of great zeal for God, charitable and bounti-
ful : and so famous for relieving afflicted
consciences, that many foreigners resorted to
him, as well as persons at home, and found
relief.' Fuller says : ' He was one of a thou-
sand for piety, wisdom, and steadfastness '
(Abel Redevims, p. 591), and again in his
' Worthies/ ' an authoritative preacher, who
majestically became the pulpit.' Echardr
who no more than Wood was in sympathy
with Bolton, describes him as ' a great and
a shining light of the puritan party,
justly celebrated for his singular learning
and piety' (Hist, of Engl. ii. 98). A seven-
teenth century diarist (Rev. John Ward,,
vicar of Strat ford-on- Avon) writes of him :

Bolton

332

Bolton

* What was Nazianzen's commendation of
Basil might bee Bolton's ; hee thunder'd in
his life and lightned in his conversation.'
The biographer of Joseph Alleine writes :
' Reverend Mr. Bolton, while walking in
the streets, was so much cloathed with
majesty, as by the notice of his coming, in
the words u Here comes Mr. Bolton," was as
it were to charm them [the populace] into
order when vain or doing amiss.' Finally,
in the preface to his 'Usury7 (1637), it is
said : ' It is observed of this holy and reverend
man that he was so highly esteemed in North-
amptonshire, that his people who beheld his
white locks of hair would point at him and
say, "When that snow shall be dissolved,
there shall be a great flood," and so it
proved; for there never was a minister in
that county who lived more beloved or died
more lamented. Floods of tears were shed
over his grave.'

[Much more than quoted will be found in
Bagshawe's Life ; Abram's Blackburn ; Bolton's
Genealogical and Biographical Account — in this
his will in extenso, and a woodcut of his birth-
place ; Brook's Puritans ; Churton's Nowell, p. 7 ;
Neal's Puritans, ii. 229 ; Morton's Monuments of
the Fathers and Keformers, 1706 ; Bridges'* Hist,
of Northamptonshire, ii. 87; Baines's Lanca-
shire; Bolton's Works; an autograph letter to
Hildersam, Catalogue of Ayscough, 2728, No.
4221 in British Museum; letter from Rev. AV.
E. Buckley, Middleton Cheney.] A. B. G.

BOLTON, ROBERT, LL.D. (1697-1763),
dean of Carlisle, was born in London in April
1 697. His father was a merchant in Lambeth,
who died when his son was in his third year.
It has been erroneously stated that he was a
native of Northamptonshire (GiLPiN, Me-
moirs, ed. Jackson, 1877, p. 80). He received
his first education at Kensington, and thence
proceeded to Oxford, being admitted a com-
moner of Wadham College on 12 April 1712,
where he was subsequently elected a scholar.
He commenced B.A. in 1715, and M.A.
13 June 1718, ' expecting to be elected fellow
in his turn ; but in this he was disappointed,
and appealed without success to the Bishop
of Bath and Wells, the visitor ' (CHALMEES,
Slog. Diet.) In July 1719 he was trans-
ferred to Hart Hall, and soon afterwards took
holy orders. In 1722 he was chosen fellow
of Dulwich College, and, on the resignation
of Dr. Joseph Butler, preacher at the Rolls
Chapel, London, 1729, on the nomination of
Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls. He
was a favourite with John Robinson, bishop
of London, with whom he resided, for about
two years. From Ruffhead's ' Life of Pope '
it appears that he became acquainted at
Fulham with Mrs. Grace Butler, of Rowdell,

Sussex, and on the death of her daughter
Elizabeth, Bolton wrote an epitaph for her
gravestone in Twickenham churchyard. The
epitaph led Pope to write some verses on the
same lady, which Ruft'head printed, accord-
ing to his own account, for the first time, but
they before appeared in the * Prompter,'
No. viii., and afterwards in the works of
Aaron Hill, who by mistake ascribes Bolton's
original epitaph to Pope (CHALMERS). As
fellow of Dulwich College, he took up resi-
dence there on 10 March 1722, but resigned
his fellowship on 1 May 1725. He then re-
moved to Kensington, living mainly upon a
small fortune he possessed, and became inti-
mate with William W^histon, to whom he
was indebted for introduction both to Jekyll
and to Lord Hardwicke. John Whiston, in
a manuscript contribution to an early edi-
tion of Chalmers's ' Biographical Dictionary/
claims that Bolton was in sympathy with his
father's (William Whiston) opinions, and for
long hesitated to subscribe the Thirty-nine
Articles, but that * at last he did so, as articles
of peace, and so far as authorised by Scrip-
ture.' Bolton was preferred to the deanery
of Carlisle by Hardwicke, and admitted 1 Feb.
1 734-5. Later ( 1 738 ) he was instituted vicar
of St. Mary's, Reading. He held both bene-
fices conjointly for life, and was non-resi-
dent (from 1738 at least) in his deanery,
though he raised 4007. for augmentation of
poor livings in the diocese of Carlisle.

He published a considerable number of
books. His first was a sermon on Galatians
vi. 10 'before the hospitals' in London, 1739.
This was succeeded by another on the * Wo
denounced by Christ to them of whom all
men shall speak well,' 1722. These works
were well received, and he became extremely
popular as a preacher on special occasions.
The most characteristic of his productions
was his ' Deity's Delay in punishing the
Guilty considered on the Principles of Rea-
son,' 1751. Bolton issued a collection of
tracts (so called) on the ' Choice of Company,'
on ' Intemperance in Eating and Drinking,'
on ' Pleasure,' on ' Public Worship,' and * Let-
ter to a young Nobleman on leaving School '
(1761 and 1762). He died in London 011
26 Nov. 1763, having come to town to consult
Dr. Addington. He was buried in the church-
porch of St. Mary's, Reading, and his own and
the epitaphs of his family are still to be read
there.

[Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 247; Genea-
logical and Biographical Account of the Family
of Bolton, New York, 1868; MS. of Chancellor
Waugh, Carlisle, in possession of Mr. Fergusson,
Carlisle; Gilpin's Memoirs; Burn and Nicholson's
Cumberland, 1777, and Jefferson's Carlisle, 1838;

Bolton

333

Bolts

Funeral Sermon by Wray ; Coates's History of
Heading; Hut chinson's Cumberland, 1796; local
researches.] A. B. (1.

BOLTON, SAMUEL, D.D. (1606-1654),
divine and scholar, who has been wrongly
identified both with a son and a brother of
Robert Bolton, B.D. [see BOLTON, ROBERT, I
1572-1631], was born in London in 1606, j
and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge j
(LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 690, 607). j
In 1643 he was chosen one of the Westmin- !
ster assembly of divines. It is stated that he i
was successively minister of St. Martin's, '
Ludgate Street, of St. Saviour's, Southwark, i
and of St. Andrew's, Holborn. He was i
appointed, on the death of Dr. Bainbrigge !
in 1645, master of Christ's College, Cain- |
bridge, and served as vice-chancellor of the |
university in 1651. Although with ' no j
ministerial charge ' he ' preached gratuitously j
every Lord's day for many years.' It is be- j
lieved that it was this Samuel Bolton who,
in 1648, attended the Earl of Holland upon
the scaffold ( WHITELOCKE, Mem. p. 387). He j
died, after a long illness, 15 Oct. 1654. In \
his will he gave orders that he was to be ' in-
terred as a private Christian, and not with ;
the outward pomp of a doctor ; because he
hoped to rise in the day of judgment and j
appear before God, not as a doctor, but as an |
humble Christian.' Dr. Calamy preached his |
funeral sermon. His books are rare. They
are: 1. 'A Tossed Ship making for a Safe
Harbour; or a Word in Season to a Sinking
Kingdom,' 1644. '2. ' A Vindication of the
Rights of the Law and the Liberties of
Grace,' 1645. 3. l The Arraignment of Error,'
1646. 4. 'The Sinfulnesse of Sin,' 1646.

5. ' The Guard of the Tree of Life,' 1647.

6. 'The Wedding Garment,' and posthu-
mously, 7. l The Dead Saint speaking to !
Saints and Sinners,' 1657 (portrait prefixed).

[Brook's Puritans, iii. 223-4 ; Clark's Lives,
pt. i. 43-7; Calamy' s Funeral Sermon, 1654;
Bolton's Genealogical and Biographical Account ; |
Abram's Blackburn, p. 264.] A. B. (>.

BOLTON, WILLIAM (d. 1532), archi-
tect, was made, about 1506, prior of the
monastery of St. Bartholomew at Smith- ;
field. He is supposed to have designed the
chapel of Henry YII at Westminster for no
better reason than that that monarch refers to
Bolton in his will as 'maister of the works.'
His works at Canonbury and Harrow-on-the-
Hill are mentioned by Stow. He died at
Harrow 15 April 1532'.

[Diet, Arch. Hoc. 1853 ; Stow's Survey. &c
London. 1720, iii. 235 ; Weever's Funeral Monu- .
ments, London, 1631, p. 434.] E, K.

BOLTS, WILLEM or WILLIAM (1740P
-1808), a Dutch adventurer, was born about
the year 1740, and after being, according to
his own account, brought up in a merchant's
office, and afterwards in Lisbon at the time of
the earthquake, he found himself in Calcutta
in 1759. In that year there was a great lack
of civil servants in the Bengal presidency, and
to supply this deficiency many merchants,
including Bolts, were admitted into the
Bengal civil service. He made use of his
new appointment to engage in private trade,
and entered into partnership with two mem-
bers of the council at Calcutta, John John-
stone and William Hay. Bolts, who had
become the head of a large business and
had been appointed second in council at
Benares in 1764, soon accumulated a large
fortune. In 1764 the court of directors
reprimanded Bolts for using the authority
of the company in order to further his own
private speculations, and in 1765 he was
recalled from Benares for the same reason.
On 1 Nov. 1766 he resigned the civil service
in order to carry on his speculations un-
hindered, and was appointed an alderman of
Calcutta, and from that time his quarrels
with the company, and especially with the
governor of Bengal, Mr. Verelst, who had
succeeded Clive after his second administra-
tion, entered a more acute phase. The new
governor was determined to put down private
trading. In this respect Bolts was one of
the worst offenders. He emploved a large
number of agents, chiefly Armenian, but he
was very unscrupulous in his mercantile ar-
rangements. He was also distrusted because
hs was a foreigner, and in close communica-
tion with the heads of the Dutch factory at
Dacca and with M. Gentil, a Frenchman
high in favour at the court of Sujah Dowlah.
After many warnings, Bolts was arrested on
23 Sept. 1768, and deported to England. On
reaching England in April 1769 he at once
appealed to the court of directors, who would
have nothing to do with him and declared
him a ' very unprofitable and unworthy ser-
vant,' and in 1771 commenced a lawsuit
against him. In 1772 he published his
' Considerations on India Affairs,' a large
volume in quarto, in which he attacked the
whole system of the English government in
Bengal, and particularly complained of the
arbitrary power exercised by the authorities,
and of his own deportation by Mr. Verelst.
The volume caused some excitement and was
at once answered by Verelst himself in another
quarto volume, which Bolts again attacked in
a second volume of 'Considerations' in 1775.
A translation of his volumes by J. N. De-
meunier, who was afterwards a distinguished

Bomelius

334

Bomelius

member of the States-General, into French
•was published in 1778. His lawsuits with
the company and the cost of publishing his
books nearly ruined him, for he had not
been able to realise more than 30,0007. out
of the fortune of 90,000/. which he had ac-
cumulated in India, owing to his deporta-
tion, and he was glad, somewhere about
1778, to accept an offer of the Empress Maria
Theresa to enter the Austrian service. He
was made a colonel at once and sent out to
India to found establishments there for an
Austrian East India Company. He founded
six, and was on the way to make another
fortune, when the death of Maria Theresa
in 1780 ruined his hopes, for her son the
Emperor Joseph refused to carry on her
plans. After this he probably lived at
Vienna till 1808, when he came to Paris to
start some fresh speculative scheme, pro-
bably founded on his own knowledge of
Austrian finances, for in the l Biographic des
Contemporains ' it is said that he was ruined
by the outbreak of war with Austria, and
according to the same authority he died a
ruined man in a hospital in Paris in the
same year.

[Biographie des Contemporains, 1836; Bio-
graphie Universelle (Michaud) ; Considerations
on India Affairs, particularly respecting the Pre-
sent State of Bengal and its Dependencies, by
William Bolts, merchant and alderman or judge
of the honourable the mayor's court of Calcutta,
2 vols. 4to, 1772 and 1775 ; A View of the Kise,
Progress, and Present State of the English
Government in Bengal, including A Reply to the
Misrepresentations of Mr. Bolts and other writers,
by Harry Verelst, 4 to, 1772.] H. M. S.

BOMELIUS, ELISEUS or LICIUS
{d. 1574?), physician and astrologer, was
the son of Henry Bomelius, a native of Bom-
mel in Holland, who was from 1540 to 1559
Lutheran preacher at Wesel in Westphalia ;
was the author of several religious and his-
torical books of wide repute, and died in
1570 at Duisburg. The Dutch original of
* the summe of -the holy Scripture and ordi-
narye of Christian teaching,' published in
London in 1548, is attributed to Henry
Bomelius in the British Museum Catalogue.
Henry Bomelius was a friend of Bishop
Bale, who lived for some time at Wesel, and
he contributed Latin verses in the author's
praise to Bale's ' Illustrium Maioris Bri-
tannise . . . Summarium ' (Wesel, 1548), and
to his l Scriptorum . . . Catalogus ' (1557).
Young Bomelius was said by his contempo-
raries to be a native of Wesel. i Owing pro-
bably to Bale's advice, he was educated at
Cambridge, where he proceeded to the degree
of doctor of medicine. He was well re-

ceived by the English reformers and contri-
buted an ' epigramma ' in Latin elegiacs to
an edition of Thomas Becon's early works
; published in 1560. Henry Bennet, of Calais
1 [q. v.], in dedicating his ' Life of CEcolam-
padius ' to James Blount, sixth Baron Mount-
joy (30 Nov. 1561), praises Mountjoy for en-
tertaining with l zealous affection Heliseus
Bomelius, a German, who readeth unto your
honour the liberal sciences, and whom
Phillip Melancthon hath in familiar letters
praysed highly for erudicion and godlynes.'
At a little later date Bomelius is said to
have lived in the house of Lord Lumley. As
a physician and astrologer Bomelius rapidly
made a high reputation in London. ' People,'
writes Strype (Life of Parker, ii. 1), 're-
sorted to him to be cured of their sick-
nesses, having a wonderful confidence in him
and in his magic.' Sir William Cecil is
said to have consulted Bomelius as to the
queen's length of life, during one of the early
negotiations for her marriage. 'An alma-
nacke and pronostication of master Elis Bo-
melius for ye yere of our lorde god 1567
autorysshed by my lorde of London [Ed-
mund Grindal ],' is entered on the Stationers'
register for 1566-7 (ARBEK'S Transcript, i.
335). No copy of this book, which, accord-
ing to Tanner, was published in 12mo, and
dealt with the effects of two eclipses, is now
, known to be extant.

In 1567 Bomelius was arrested at the in-
stance of Dr. Thomas Erancis, president of
! the College of Physicians, for practising
medicine without license of the college. He
was lodged in the King's Bench prison. On
; 27 May 1567 he wrote to Cecil praying for
| an opportunity to expose Dr. Francis's igno-
rance of astronomy and Latin, and in suc-
I ceeding letters to the lord treasurer he peti-
\ tioned for his release and for pecuniary as-
| sistance. On 3 May 1568 he supplicated at
Oxford for incorporation as a doctor of medi-
' cine of Cambridge (Oxf. Register, Oxf. Hist.
Soc. i. 270). Early in 1569 Bomelius's wife
stated before the council of the College of
Physicians that her husband had given due
| satisfaction for his offence to the queen and
the lord treasurer, and petitioned for the
council's consent to his liberation. The
council demanded payment of a 20/. fine
and 15/. costs, which Bomelius's poverty did
not allow him to pay. On 2 June 1569 the
council appears to have offered Bomelius his
release on condition of his giving a bond of
1007. to abstain henceforth from the practice
of medicine, but early in 1570 he would seem
to have been still a prisoner, and his wife was
in frequent communication with Archbishop
Parker as to the conditions of his release.

Bomelius

335

Bonar

Before Easter 1570 he was l an open prisoner '
of the king's bench, and in April 1570
Parker * was minded to have taken bond of
Bomelius shortly to have departed the realm,'
but Bomelius temporarily frustrated this
purpose by announcing in a letter to Parker '
that he had knowledge of a terrible danger
hanging over England. The archbishop sent
the letter to Cecil and urged him to examine
Bomelius in the privy council. But Cecil en- |
tered into private correspondence with the j
doctor in the expectation of discovering a
conspiracy. All, however, that Bomelius
communicated to Cecil was a statement as to
the queen's nativity and a portion of a book i
' De Utilitate Astrologise,' in which he tried !
to prove that great revolutions take place j
every 500 years, and that as rather more than
500 years had elapsed since the Norman
conquest, England must be in imminent i
peril. Cecil treated Bomelius's announce- !
ments with deserved contempt, and Bomelius
therefore resolved to quit the country. An !
ambassador from Russia named Ssavin, who |
was in London at the time, offered to take j
him to Russia, and with that offer Bomelius j
closed. The English government did not
hinder his departure, and late in 1570 Bo-
melius, who had promised to supply Cecil
with political information and to send him
small presents yearly, was settled in Russia. ;
When Sir Jerome Horsey began his travels j
in that country (1572), he frequently met !
Bomelius at Moscow, and he writes that
Bomelius was then living in great pomp at
the court of Ivan (Vassilovitch) IV, was in
high favour with the czar as a magician, and
was holding an official position in the house-
hold of the czar's son. He is said by Horsey
to have amassed great wealth, which he
transmitted by way of England to his native
town of Wesel, and to have encouraged the
czar, by his astrological calculations, to per-
sist in an absurd project of marrying Queen
Elizabeth. But he habitually behaved (ac-
-cording to Horsey) as 'an enymie to our
nation,' and falsely represented that Eliza-
beth was a young girl. After a few years
of prosperity, Bomelius was charged (about
1574) with intriguing with the kings of
Poland and Sweden against the czar. He
was arrested with others and cruelly racked,
but he refused to incriminate himself. He was
subsequently subjected to diabolical tortures
and died in a loathsome dungeon. Horsey,
who gives a full description of his death, cha-
racterises him as ' a skilful mathematician, a
^wicked man, and practiser of much mischief.'
In 1 583 Bomelius's widow returned to Eng-
land with Sir Jerome Bowes.

No books of Bomelius are now known,

but Henry Bennet of Calais, when speaking
of his ' erudicion and godlynes ' in his ' Life
of CEcolampadius,' adds : i Albeit hys learned
workes published geve due testimony there-
of.' The prescriptions in Gervase Markham's
' English Housewife ' (1631) are taken (see
p. 5) from a manuscript by Bomelius and
Dr. Burket.

[Tanner's Biblioth. Brit.; Horsey's Travels
in Russia (ed. E. A. Bond for theHakluyt Soc.),
xxxii, 187; Cal. State Papers, 1547-80; Strype's
Life of Parker, ii. 1-5, iii. 176; Parker's Cor-
respondence (Parker Soc.), 363-4; Hist. MSS.
Co mm. 9th Rep. 227 « ; Hamel's Russia and Eng-
land (transl. by J. S. Leigh), pp. 202-6.]

S. L. L.

BONAR, ARCHIBALD (1753-1816),
divine, fifth son of John Bonar [q. v.], minister
first at Cockpen and then at Perth, was born
at Cockpen on 23 Feb. 1753, and educated at
the high school and university of Edinburgh.
He was licensed to preach on 29 Oct. 1777,
ordained minister of the parish of Newburn,
Fife, on 31 March 1779, and translated to
the North-west Church, Glasgow, on 17 July
1783. His health compelled him to resign
this charge, and on 19 April 1785 he was
settled in the parish of Cramond, where he
died on 8 April 1816. He was twice mar-
ried : (1) on 15 Aug. 1782 to Bridget, eldest
daughter of the Rev. Mr. Black, minister of
Perth, who died on 4 Jan. 1787 ; and (2) on
16 Aug. 1792 to Ann, daughter of Andrew
Bonar, and had issue two sons and three
daughters. He wrote : 1. * Genuine Religion
the best Friend of the People,' 1796. 2. < Two
Volumes of Sermons,' 1815-17 ; the second
volume was published after his death, to
which a memoir by his brother James [q. v.]
is prefixed.

[Family papers in possession of Horatius
Bonar, W.S., Edinburgh ; Memoir pref. to Ser-
mons, vol. ii. 1817 ; Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. pt. i.
135.] H. B-it.

BONAR,, JAMES (1757-1821), solicitor
of excise, eighth son of John Bonar (1722-
1761) [q. v.], minister of Cockpen and after-
wards at Perth, was born on 29 Sept. 1757.
He was educated at the high school of Edin-
burgh, and attended the university. He early
entered the excise office, but found time to
become a distinguished scholar. He was a
member of the Speculative Society of Edin-
burgh University, being admitted 9 Dec. 1777,
and elected an extraordinary member 011
24 Dec. 1781, and was for several years trea-
surer of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. He
was one of the original promoters of the
Astronomical Institution, and one of the
founders of the Edinburgh Subscription

Bonar

336

Bonaventura

Library in 1794. He died on 25 March 1821,
leaving, by his wife Marjory Maitland (to
whom he was married in March 1797), five
sons and three daughters. He was author of
the article on ' Posts ' in ' Encyclopaedia Bri-
tannica/ 1794 ; the articles on ' Alphabet
Characters/ ' Etymology,' ' Excise,' ' Hiero-
glyphics,'&c., in 'Edinburgh Encyclopaedia/
1808-18 ; * Disquisition on the Origin and
Eadical Sense of the Greek Prepositions,'
1804 ; he edited the new edition of ' E wing's
Greek Grammar/ and contributed many arti-
cles to the ' Edinburgh Magazine/ ' Missionary
Magazine/ and 'Scottish Register/ 1790-6.
He published an English edition of Holbein's
'Dance of Death/ 1788, and wrote the me-
moir of his brother, Archibald Bonar [q. v.],
which is prefixed to the second volume of his
sermons.

[Family papers in possession of Horatius
Bonar, W.8., Edinburgh ; History of the Specu-
lative Society (1845) ; manuscript Life, with list
of his writings, written by his son.] H. B-R.

BONAR, JOHN, the elder (1722-1761),
Scottish divine, was born at Clackmannan on
4 Nov. 1722. His father — also John Bonar —
was then tutor at Kennet. His mother was
Jean Smith, daughter of William Smith of
Clackmannan. His father was ordained
minister of the united parishes of Fetlar and
North Yell, in Shetland, in 1729, and John
was sent to his grandfather's manse at Tor-
phichen, Linlithgowshire. There he received
the usual parish-school education, and then
proceeded to the university of Edinburgh,
where he matriculated 27 April 1742. He
was licensed as a preacher of the gospel 5 June

1745, and ordained 22 Aug. 1746 as the
minister of the parish of Cockpen, near Dal-
keith. Whilst there he married, November

1746, Christian, daughter of Andrew Cur-
rier, W.S., Edinburgh (she died 22 Nov. j
1771). In 1756 he received and declined a j
presentation to the parish or abbey church of j
Jedburgh. He was called to the second or
collegiate church of Perth, and was settled j
there 29 July 1756. He came to the front as
a persuasive preacher of the gospel on the old
evangelical lines. In 1 750 he printed anony-
mously 'Observations on the Conduct and
Character of Judas Iscariot' (reprinted in

1 822) ; and in 1752 a noticeable sermon on
the ' Nature and Necessity of a Religious
Education/ which was preached before the
Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian
Knowledge. In 1755 he published anony-
mously ' An Analysis of the moral and re-
ligious Sentiments contained in the Writings
of Sopho [i.e. Lord Kames] and David Hume,
Esq.' It was addressed to the ' General As-

sembly of the Church of Scotland.' This
, work is sometimes wrongly attributed to Rev.
George Anderson. It was replied to ang-rily
in ' Observations upon the Analysis/ but never
I answered. In 1 760 he preached his ' Nature
and Tendency of the Ecclesiastical Constitu-
j tion in Scotland ' before the synod of Perth
I and Stirling, which afterwards formed an im-
: portant publication, and was reprinted in the
I ' Scots Preacher.' He was at his death en-
gaged on a work, which he left unfinished,
to have been entitled ' The Example of
Tyre, a Warning to Britain.' He died at
Perth 21 Dec. 1761, in the fortieth year of
his age.

[Dr. Hew Scott's Fasti Eeclesise Scoticanse;
Memoir prefixed to vol. ii. of Sermons of th&
Rev. Archibald Bonar of Cramond, and Me-
moir prefixed to 'Judas Iscariot/ 1822; com-
munications from Rev. Andrew Whyte, M.A.,
Clackmannan, the Rev. John Calder, presbytery
clerk of Stirling, and Horatius Bonar. Esq., of
Edinburgh. Rev. Dr. Andrew A. Bonar, Glasgow,
grandson of John Bonar, possesses a manuscript
of his grandfather, which contains interesting
jottings of two visits paid by him to the scenes
of revival in Kilsyth and Cambuslang.]

A. B. G.

BONAR, JOHN, the younger (1747-
1807), solicitor of excise, eldest son of John
Bonar the elder [q. v.], minister of Cockpen,
was born on 22 Aug. 1747, and died 1 April
1807. He was educated at the university of
Edinburgh, entered the government service,
and became first solicitor of excise in Scotland.
He, along with William Creech, John Bruce
(afterwards professor of logic in Edinburgh
University), Henry Mackenzie (author of the
' Man of Feeling ')* and Mr. Belcher of Inver-
may, founded the Speculative Society, now
the chief debating society in the Edinburgh
University. Lord Melville had a high opinion
of his abilities, and placed great confidence in
his judgment on all revenue questions. He
wrote ' Considerations on the proposed Appli-
cation to His Majesty and Parliament for
the Establishment of a Licensed Theatre in
Edinburgh/ 1767. He was joint editor of
a volume entitled 'Miscellaneous Pieces of
Poetry selected from various Eminent Au-
thors, among which are interspersed a few
Originals/ 1765.

[Family papers in possession of Horatius Bonar,
W.S., Edinburgh; History of the Speculative
Society (1845).] H. B-R.

BONAVENTURA, THOMASINE (d.
1510 ?), Cornish benefactress, was a peasant
girl, born at Week St. Mary, five or six miles
south of Bude, soon after the middle of the
fifteenth century. She married, successively,.

Bond

337

Bond

three rich London merchants, the last being1
Sir John Percyvall, who in 1486 was sheriff,
was knighted by Henry VII, and in 1498, the
year of the marriage, was elected lord mayor and mayor in 1635. He was returned to parlia-

/» -r -t TTTT T^ t t . -I K/\ J .11 J- , . I . . 4-1~ « "U~« ., «."U «1 ~-~ ! J_"L T~V _ M TT 1 1 •

among the first fifteen capital burgesses
nominated in the new charter granted by
Charles I in 1629, bailiff the following year,

He died about 1504, and had a i ment by the borough along with DenzilHollis
e church of St. Mary Woolnoth. in 1640. A casual reference in Clarendon's

_ 11 _. * J 1 il_!«J "U,,™"U^» « J t TTt o + /-kT«Tr r\-P +V» n. T?r*Vk/-v11 I/-VM * o I* y-v •«•»-,-. *!.... L. j.1

of London.

chantry in the church of St
Dame Percyvall survived her third husband,
and at his death retired to her native place,
where she occupied herself in ' repairing of
highways, building of bridges, endowing of
maidens, relieving of prisoners, feeding and
appareling the poor/ &c. (CAREW). She also
built and endowed a chantry and college
there, of which some slight remains still ex-
ist, including the initial letter of her Christian
name over a doorway. Here l divers of the
best gentlemen's sons of Devon and Cornwall'
were educated. Her will is said to have been
dated about the year 1510. The chantry was
suppressed temp. Edward VI.

[Carew's History of Cornwall ; Churchwardens'
Accounts of St. Mary Woolnoth in Grent. Mag.
xlii. 41 (1854); Herbert's History of the Livery
Companies of London ; Hawker's Footprints of
Men of Former Times in Cornwall] W. H. T.

BOND, DANIEL (1725-1803), painter,
is supposed to have been born in London. In
1762 and 1763 he exhibited landscapes at the
rooms of the Society of Arts in the Strand.
In 1764 he was awarded by that society
twenty-five guineas, the second premium,
and in 1765 fifty guineas, the first premium,
for landscape paintings in oil-colours (A Re-
gister of the Premiums and Bounties given by
the Society instituted in London for the En-
couragement of Arts, Manufactures, and
Commerce, from the original institution in the
year MDCCiv). For many years he was en-
gaged in a manufactory at Birmingham as
superintendent of the decorative department.
His productions are described as highly
finished landscapes, broad in treatment, after
the style of Wilson, R.A. (Gent. Mag. Ixxiv.
1101, and REDGRAVE). He seems to have
amassed property enough to live a retired
life during his latter years. He died at Hag-
ley Row, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 18 Dec.
1803 (Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. 1259). In 1804, a
few months after his death, a number of his
pictures and drawings were sold by auction in
London.

[Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters; Ed-
wards's Anecdotes of Painters, London, 1808 ;
Kedgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School.] W. H-H.

BOND, DENNIS (d. 1658), politician, of
a good family belonging to the isle of Pur-
beck, carried on the business of a woollen-
draper in Dorchester, of which town he was

VOL. v,

History of the Rebellion ' shows that at the
outset of his parliamentary career he was
already a decided adherent of the party of
reform. The king having (January to June
1642) filled up certain vacant places on the
episcopal bench, the House of Commons re-
solved to present a petition deprecating the
making of new appointments ' till the con-
troversy should be ended about the govern-
ment of the church,' and a committee was
nominated f to draw up reasons ' in support
of the petition, of which both Falkland and
Hyde, although they had opposed the resolu-
tion, were invited to become members, an offer
which was of course declined. On this Cla-
rendon observes : ' There was a gentleman who
sat by, Mr. Bond, of Dorchester, very severe
and resolved against the church and the court,
who with much passion and trouble of mind
said to them, "For God's sake be of the
committee ; you know none of our side can
give reasons."' What part Bond played
during the civil war remains obscure ; but
we may fairly conjecture that it was a not
inactive one, since his name appears in the
list of the commissioners nominated by ' act
of the Commons ' (6 Jan. 1648-9) to try the
king for high treason. He was not, how-
ever, one of those who signed the warrant of
execution, nor is he mentioned in the list of
commissioners present on any of the days
(from 20 to 27 Jan.) during which the trial
was in progress. Probably he was deterred
by scruples of conscience or want of resolu-
tion. On 14 Feb. he was elected a member
of the council of state, of which he continued
to be a member, being re-elected every year,
until 1653. During this period he must have
led a busy life, as the records show that he
sat on many of the committees into which the
council divided itself for the more efficient
despatch of business. The most important
of those on which Bond sat were the com-
mittee for trade and foreign affairs and the
admiralty committee, both of course standing
committees. He was also from time to time
a member of minor committees, constituted
to serve temporary purposes, such as dispos-
ing of the prisoners taken at Worcester, con-
sidering how best to prevent the exportation
of coin, or raising money to pay the judges.
On two occasions, 12 July 1652 and 23 March
1652-3, he was elected to the presidency of
the council, an office tenable for a month only.
After the dissolution of the Long parliament

Bond

338

Bond

(19 April 1653) a new council of state was
formed upon a reduced scale, and Bond was
not included therein, nor apparently in any !
subsequent council. Yet in 1655 we find
him mentioned as a member of the council's
committee for trade. Probably being re-
garded as a person of special knowledge in
that department, he was by an irregularity
placed on the committee, though not a mem-
ber of the council. He represented Wey-
mouth and Melcombe Regis in the short-
lived parliament of 1654, and was returned
by the same constituency in 1656. He died
on 30 Aug. 1658, 'the windiest day,' says
Wood, ' that had before happened for twenty
years, being then tormented with the stran-
gury and much anxiety of spirit.' Cromwell's
death following on 3 Sept. suggested to
some royalist of a punning humour a jeu de
motswlaich was popular in its time, and which,
though the precise form which its author
gave it has been forgotten, was to the effect
that the devil had taken Bond for Oliver's
appearance. He was buried in Westminster
Abbey, but his body was exhumed in Septem-
ber 1661 and transferred to the churchyard of
St. Margaret's close by. He seems to have
had his fair share of the pride of long descent ;
for he drew up and had engrossed on vellum
an elaborate account of his own pedigree, of
the complete accuracy of which modern
genealogical authorities are by no means
satisfied. He also made an alteration in the
family scutcheon, which has been retained
by his descendants. He had an estate at
Lutton, Dorset, and was twice married. His
first wife, married in 1610, was Joan, daugh-
ter of John Gould, of Dorchester, by whom
he had two sons, viz. John, afterwards emi-
nent as a puritan divine [see BOND, JOHN,
d. 1676], and William, who achieved no
particular distinction, and died in 1669 with-
out male issue. In 1622 he married Lucy,
daughter of William Lawrence, of Steeple,
Dorset. His son by this marriage, NA-
THANIEL, born 1634/was educated at All
Souls College, Oxford, where he graduated
B.C.L. 14 Dec. 1654, having on 14 April of
the same year been admitted a student of
the Inner Temple. He was called to the
bar 26 May 1661. In the parliament of
1680 he represented Corfe Castle, and the
following year was returned for Dorchester,
and in 1695 for the same place. In 1683 he
was appointed recorder of Weymouth, became
serjeant-at-law 2 May 1689,and king's Serjeant
1693, being then knighted. On the accession
of Queen Anne he was not summoned to the
usual ceremony of taking the oaths, and
consequently lost his rank of Serjeant. In
1660 he bought from his elder brothers, John

and William, the Lutton estate, and in 1686
from John Lawrence the reversion of the
adjoining estate of Creech Grange, which fell
into possession in 1691, and has ever since
been the seat of the family. He married
(1) Elizabeth, youngest daughter of the Rev.
J. Churchill, rector of Steeple, who died with-
out issue 18 Dec. 1674 ; (2) Mary, daughter
of Lewis Williams, Esq., of Chitterton,
Dorset, by whom he had two sons, Dennis
and John. He died in 1707, and was buried
at Steeple. His wife died in 1728, and was
buried at the same place.

[Hutchins's Dorset, i. 279, 325-7, ii. 10, 12,
14, 17, iv. 357, 360 ; Clarendon, ii. 27; Willis's
Not. Parl. iii. 231, 261, 274; Commons Journals,
vi. 141, 362, 532, vii. 42, 220; Kushworth's
Hist. Coll. part iv. vol. ii. 1379 ; State Trials, iv.
1134-5 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. (1649-50), 284,
374, 387, 441, 461, 494, 565, (1650) passim,
(1651) 315, 413, 431, (1651-2), 43, 46, 102, 150,
321, 436, 447,505, (1652-3) xxxiii, xxxiv, 2, 19,
62, 228 ; Whitelocke's Memorials, 674 ; Burke's
Landed Gentry; Wood's Athenae, ii. 117, Fasti,
ii. 182 ; Woolrych's Lives of Eminent Serjeants-
at-Law, i. 170, 414; Wynne's Serjeant-at-Law.l

J. M. R.

BOND, GEORGE (1750-1796), lawyer,
second son of George Bond, of Farnham,
Surrey, by the daughter of Sir Thomas Chitty,
knight, was a member of the Middle Temple,
and obtained a large practice at the Surrey
sessions. He belonged to a class of lawyers
now happily approaching extinction, whose
chief strength consists in playing upon the
susceptibilities of ignorant j uries. Enthralled
by his coarse and vulgar humour, the jurors
of his native county, Surrey, were almost at his
mercy, and tradition says that a not uncom-
mon form of verdict at the Surrey sessions
was : ' We finds for Serjeant Bond and costs.'
He was made a Serjeant in 1786. He died
19 March 1796 of a rheumatic fever, having
married in 1793 a lady named Cooke, of Con-
duit Street, a granddaughter of one of the
prothonotaries of the common pleas.

[Gent. Mag. Ixvi. 262; European Magazine,
xxix. 215 ; Law and Lawyers, i. 206 ; Haydn's
Book of Dignities, 250 ; Beatson's Polit. Index,
ii. 341.] J. M. R.

BOND, HENRY JOHN HALES, M.D.

(1801-1883), professor at Cambridge, was a
younger son of the Rev. W. Bond, fellow of
Caius College and rector of Wheatacre, Nor-
folk, in which village he was born in 1801.
He was educated at the Norwich grammar
school under Dr. Valpy. He studied medi-
cine at Cambridge, London, Edinburgh, and
Paris, graduated M.B. at Corpus Christi, Cam-
bridge, 1825, M.D. 1831. Before the latter

Bond

339

Bond

date lie had settled in Cambridge, where he
had a large practice. In 1851 he was ap-
pointed regius professor of physic in succes-
sion to Dr. Haviland. From 1858 to 1863
he was a member of the General Medical
Council. He resigned his professorship in
1872, having practically retired from practice
some time before. He published nothing but
an excellent syllabus of his lectures, but his
tenure of office was contemporary with a
great rise in the reputation of the medical
school at Cambridge. He was a man of _great
integrity and ability, but shy and retiring.
He married a daughter of William Carpenter,
esq., Toft Marks, Norfolk, niece of Sir E.
Berry, bart., and left a large family. He
and his father present a case of remarkable
longevity, for the year of his death was the
117th from the year of his father's university
degree. He died 1 Sept. 1883.

[Lancet, 15 Sept. 1883 ; MedicalJournal, same
date : information from Dr. Bond's family.]

E. S. S.

BOND, JOHN (1550-1612), physician
and classical scholar, was born at Trull, a
village two miles from Taunton, in Somerset-
shire, and was educated in 'grammaticals/as
"Wood says, at Winchester; became a student
at Oxford in 1569, and took a degree in
arts four years after, being then either one of
the clerks or chaplains of New College, and
much noted for his proficiency in academical
learning. In 1579 he proceeded in arts, and
had soon after the mastership of the free
school of Taunton in his own county con-
ferred on him by the warden and society of
New College. Gilbert Sheldon, afterwards
archbishop of Canterbury, is said to have been
one of his pupils for a short time. At length,
being in a manner worn out with the drudgery
of a school — he speaks of it in one of his pre-
faces as a stone sustained by him for twenty
years and more — he, for diversion, ' I cannot
say,' writes his biographer, * for profit,' prac-
tised physic, though he had taken no degree in
that faculty at the university, and became at
length eminent therein. Bond is probably to
be identified with the John Bond who was
chief secretary to the lord chancellor of Eng-
land (Egerton). Thomas Coriat, in his let-
ters, desires the recommendation of his dutiful
respects to many lovers of virtue and litera-
ture, among which, next to that of Ben Jon-
son, is 'Maister John Bond, my countreyman,
•ehiefe secretarie unto my lorde chancellour.'
One of Bond's name occurs as member for
Taunton in the parliaments of 1601 and 1603.

Bond's chief works were his commentaries
on Horace and Persius, the former dedicated
to Henry, Prince of Wales, under date 7 Aug.

1606. Bond's ' Commentaries on Horace '
appear in a miniature edition issued by the
| Elzevirs ; they are to be found in all the
1 principal editions of the Latin poet. His
: 'Commentaries on Persius' were published
j after their author's death by Roger Prowse,
! who married his daughter Elizabeth. They
; were dedicated by Prowse to James Mount-
ague, bishop of Bath and Wells. Prowse
1 says he thought it a pity that Bond's Persius,
j because his father-in-law had not put the last
i hand to it, should be left unedited, seeing that
! his Horace had won a wide reputation.
i Bond's writings, says Wood, are used by the
I juniors of our universities and in many free
schools, and more admired and printed beyond
the seas than in England. He has written,
says the same biographer, if not published,
! ' other things ; but such I have not yet seen.'
| At the time of his death, which happened on
i 3 Aug. 1612, he was possessed of several lands
j and tenements in Taunton, Wilton, and
i Newenton. He was buried in the church of
| Taunton, called St. Mary Magdalene, and
! over his grave was this epitaph : —

Qui medicus doctus, prudentis nomine clarus,

Eloquii splendor, Pieridumque decus,
Virtutis cultor, pietatis vixit amicus ;

Hoe jacet in tunmlo, spiritus alta tenet.
No traces of the monument at present re-
main.

Bond was certainly one of the best scholiasts
of his age. His notes are brief and pointed.
Many of his observations are extracted from
Lambinus. He tells us in the preface to his
Horace that the work was the outcome of
certain notes or scholia, which he caused his
pupils to set down in writing, that they might
better remember them. Achaintre, who
highly praised Bond's notes, incorporated
them with his Paris edition, 1806, as the
work of the most famous of the scholiasts,
and noted that more than fifteen editions of
his Horace had then left the press in France,
Great Britain, Germany, and Belgium.
The full titles of Bond's works are:

1. ' Quinti Horatii Flacci Poemata, scholiis
sive annotationibus, quse brevis Commentarii
vice esse possint illustrata,' Lond. 1606 ;
Leyden, 1606, 1630, 1668; Frankfort, 1629;
Hanover, 1621 ; Amst. 1686, 12mo (best edi-
tion) ; Leipzig, 1623, 1655 ; printed several
times after, both in London and abroad.

2. l Auli Persii Flacci Satyrse sex, cum pos-
thumis Commentariis Joannis Bond,' Lond.
1614; Paris, 1644; Amst. 1645, 1659;
Nuremberg, 1625, 1631, 1633.

[Chaufepie's Diet. Hist. ii. 402 ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit.; Baillet's Jugements, ii. 115, 241; Brit.
Mus. Catal. ; Wood's Ath. Oxon. ii. 193, 213 ;
Toulmin's History of Taunton, 201 ; Zedler's

z 2

Bond

340

Bond

Univ. Lex. ; Birch's Life of Henry, Prince of I
Wales, 73; Coriat's From Court of Great Mogiil, \
Lond. 1616, p. 45.] J. M.

BOND, JOHN, LL.D. (1612-1676), puri- |
tan divine, was a member of an old Dorset-
shire family which settled in that county in |
the reign of Henry VI, but was born at Chard,
in Somersetshire (Ep. Dedicat. to Occasus
Occident^ on 12 April 1612. His father
was Dennis Bond [q. v.] He was educated '
at Dorchester under John White, and after-
wards entered at St. Catharine's College,
Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. He
took his B.A. degree in 1631, became M.A.
in 1635, and LL.D. ten years later. After
leaving Cambridge he was for some time a
lecturer at Exeter, and then succeeded his ,
old master, White, as minister of the Savoy. .
In 1643 he became a member of the assembly

BOND, JOHN JAMES (1819-1883),
chronologist, born 9 Dec. 1819, entered the
public service at the age of twenty-one as a
clerk, assisting Mr. (afterwards Sir) Henry
Cole, his brother-in-law, in the arrangement
of the public records when they were trans-
ferred from Whitehall to the Royal Riding
School of Carlton House. He was senior as-
sistant keeper of her majesty's record office
at the time of his death, which occurred on
9 Dec. 1883. He compiled a useful work of
reference, entitled ' Handy Book of Rules and
Tables for verifying dates'of historical events,
and of public and private documents ; giving
tables of regnal years of English sovereigns,
with leading dates, from the Conquest to the
present time/ London, 1866, 1869, and 1875,
8vo.

[Times, 11 Dec. 1883; Cat, of Printed Books

T. C.

to the mastership of the Savoy. In the same i
year, Selden having declined the mastership
of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, Dr. King was
chosen by the fellows ; but, parliament in- |
terposing on behalf of Bond, he was elected |
master on 7 March 1646. Three years later
he was made professor of law at Gresham i
College, London, and in 1654became assistant j
to the commissioners of Middlesex and West- ;
minster for ejecting scandalous ministers and j
schoolmasters. He was appointed vice-chan-
cellor of Cambridge University in 1658, but j
lost his preferments at Cambridge and Lon- j
don on the Restoration. He retired to Dor- j
setshire, where he died at Sandwich, in the !
isle of Purbeck, and was buried at Steeple on i
30 July 1676. He is thought by some to be i
identical with the John Bond who was mem- |
ber for Melcombe Regis in the last parliament j
of Charles I, recorder of Weymouth and
Melcombe Regis in 1645, and subsequently a
recruiter in that district for the Long par- j
liament (HTJTCHINS' Dorsetshire, ed. Ship and
Hodson).

He published the following sermons : 1 . ' A
Door of Hope/ 1641. 2. ' Holy and Royal
Activity/ 1641. 3. ' Sermon at Exeter before
the Deputy Lieutenants/ 1643. 4. ' Salva-
tion in a Mystery/ 1644. 5. l Ortus Occi-
dentalis/ 1645. 6. t Occasus Occidentals/
1645. 7. 'Grapes amongst Thorns/ 1648.
8. ' A Thanksgiving Sermon/ 1648.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (ed. Bliss), 1817, ii.
115 ; Kennett's Register and Chron. Ecclesiasti-
cal and Civil, 1728, p. 222; Ward's Lives of
Gresham Coll. Professors, 1740, p. 247; Coker's
Survey of Dorsetshire, 1732, p. 49 ; Hutchins's
History and Antiq. of Dorsetshire, ed. Ship and
Hodson, 1861, i. 603, 607, ii. 438, 440, 451,453;
Willis's Notitia Parliament, ii. 437, Hi. 244.]

A. R. B.

BpND, JOHN LINNELL (1766-1837),
architect, was educated at the Royal Aca-
demy, where he gained a gold medal in 1786.
He occasionally exhibited at the academy up
to 1797. After devoting some years to the
study of ancient architecture in Italy and
Greece, he commenced the practice of his
profession in London, and designed several
large mansions. He also prepared the ar-
chitectural design for Waterloo Bridge. To
the ' Literary Gazette ' he contributed a
number of papers on architectural subjects.
He was well versed in the classics, and left
behind him a translation of Vitruvius. He
died in Newman Street, 6 Nov. 1837.

[Gent. Mag. new ser. viii. 655 ; Literary
Gazette for 1837, p. 724 ; Redgrave's Dictionary
of Artists of the English School, pp. 46-7.]

BOND, MARTIN (1558-1643), merchant
of London, was son of WILLIAM BOND, an
alderman of London and merchant adven-
turer, who was sheriff in 1567; owned
Crosby Place, Bishopsgate, to which he
added a turret ; died 30 May 1576, and was
buried 14 June in St. Helen's Church,
Bishopsgate. The epitaph on the monument
erected to his memory there describes him as
' most famous in his age for his great adven-
tures both by sea and land.' Martin Bond
was born in 1558. He was, like his father,
a merchant adventurer, and belonged to the
Haberdashers' Company. As captain of the
train-bands of the city he marched at their
head to Tilbury in 1588, and remained
chief captain till his death. He laid the
foundation-stone of the new Aldgate in
1607. Some Roman coins were found, and
Bond caused two to be copied as medallions
in stone, and placed them as decorations on

Bond

341

Bond

the outer side of the gate. From 1619 to
1036 he was treasurer of St. Bartholomew's
Hospital, and became one of the benefactors
of the foundation. His portrait in oils is
preserved in the hospital, and also a pewter
inkstand bearing his arms and the inscrip-
tion 'the gift of Mr. Martin Bond, 1619.'
He died in May 1643, and has an elaborate
monument (erected by William Bond, a
nephew, and renovated by the Haberdashers'
Company in 1868) in the north aisle of St.
Helen's Church, Bishopsgate. On it he is re-
presented sitting in armour in a tent, outside
which a servant holds his horse, and two
sentries are on guard with matchlocks in
their hands.

[J. E. Cox's Annals of St. Helen's, Bishops-
gate, 63, 64, 84, 96, 97, 333, 423 ; Stow's Sur-
vey, ed. 1633.] N. M.

BOND, NICHOLAS (1540-1603), presi-
dent of Magdalen College, Oxford, bom in
1540, was a native of Lincolnshire. He ma-
triculated as a pensioner of St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge, 27 May 1559 ; was elected
a Lady Margaret scholar on 27 July follow-
ing; proceeded B.A. in 1563-4; became a
fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1565 ;
was admitted M.A. at Oxford, 17 Oct. 1574,
and D.D. 15 July 1580. In 1574 he received
from the crown the rectory of Bourton-on-
the-water, Gloucestershire ; in 1575 resigned
his fellowship at Magdalen; on 24 March
1581-2 was installed canon of Westminster ;
in 1584 was recommended by Archbishop
Whitgift to the queen for the mastership of
the Temple, vacant by the death of Richard
Alvey [q. v.] In October 1585 he com-
plained to the bishop of Winchester that he
was unable to contribute towards the fur-
nishing of troops for the Low Countries, and
begged exemption from the charge. Early in
1586 Cecil noted in a memorandum that
Bond deserved promotion to a deanery. He
became rector of Brit well, Oxfordshire, on
3 May 1586, and of Alresford, Hampshire, in
1590 ; he also held the offices of chaplain of
the Savoy and chaplain-in-ordinary to the
queen.

Bond was vice-chancellor of Oxford Uni-
versity from 16 July 1590 to 16 July 1591,
and from 13 July 1592 to 13 July 1593. On
o April 1590 he became president of Magda-
len College. The queen had directed the
fellows of the college to elect Bond to that
office some months previously ; but another
candidate, Ralph Smith, then received a ma-
jority of the votes, and Bond's friends had
recourse to a ruse by which the announce-
ment of the result was delayed beyond the
statutable time within which the fellows

I were lawfully able to exercise their rights of
j election. Tne duty of appointing the presi-
I dent thus reverted to the crown, and it was
j exercised in favour of Bond. Bond was
brought into personal relations with Queen
Elizabeth on her visit to Oxford in Septem-
ber 1592, during his second tenure of the
vice-chansellorship. He received Prince
Henry when the prince took up his residence
| at Magdalen, 27 Aug. 1605 (NICHOLS'S Pro-
gresses, i. 547). As an executor of the will
of the Countess of Sussex, 10 Sapt. 1595,
Bond helped to found Sidney Sussex Col-
lege, Cambridge, on the site of the dissolved
Greyfriars House. There is a letter from
Bond to Lord Lisle relating to some pro-
perty of Magdalen College among the Addit.
MSS (15914, f. 66) at the British Museum.
Bond died on 8 Feb. 1607-8, and was buried
in the chapel of Magdalen College, where
there is an inscription to his memory. He
left 10/. and some books to the Bodleian
Library. He contributed Latin verses to the
collection published at Oxford on the death
of Queen Elizabeth, and Wood prints in his
' Annals ' some notes sent by Bond to Arch-
bishop Bancroft concerning a complaint made
by Sir Christopher Hatton of the defective
discipline of the university during Bond's
first tenure of the vice-chancellorship. Bond
is sometimes erroneously confounded with
Nicholas Bownde [q. v.]

[Coopar's Athenae Cantab, ii. 243-5 ; "Wood's
Fasti (Bliss), i. ; Wood's Anuals, ii. 243-5 ; Le
Neve's Fas^i, iii. ; Gal. State Papers (Djm.),
1581-90.] S. L. L.

BOND, OLIVER (1760 P-1798), repub-
lican, born in Ulster about 1760, was the son
of a dissenting minister, and connected with
several respectable families. Bond settled in
Dublin, where he embarked extensively as a
merchant in the woollen trade, and became
possessed of considerable wealth. He was
one of the earliest in planning measures for
effecting a union of religious seets and pro-
moting parliamentary reform in Ireland. For
these objects the 'Society of United Irishmen'
was constituted in 1791, and of it Bond be-
came an energetic member. He acted as se-
cretary to a meeting of this body at Dublin
in February 1793, under the presidency of
Lord Mountgarret's son, the Hon. Simon
Butler, one of the king's counsel-at-law. On
this occasion the society by resolutions unani-
mously condemned the government for mea-
sures which they viewed as adverse to the
liberties of the people. In further resolutions
the meeting deplored the intended war against
France, and asserted the necessity for the total
emancipation of the catholics of Ireland and

Bond

342

Bond

for the reform of parliament. In consequence
cf these resolutions Butler and Bond were
summoned before the House of Lords at Dub-
lin. At the bar there, in March 1793, they
avowed the publication of the resolutions.
The lords resolved that the paper was a libel.
They decreed that Bond and Butler should be
imprisoned for six months in Newgate, that
each of them should pay a fine of five hundred
pounds, and remain in confinement until these
sums had been discharged. In Newgate ad-
dresses were presented to Butler and Bond by
deputations from meetings of the United Irish-
men. After the failure of the efforts to obtain
emancipation and parliamentary reform for
Ireland by peaceable means, an organisation
was formed to establish an Irish republic in-
dependent of England. Of this movement
Bond was regarded as the mainspring. He
became a member of its northern executive
committee and of the Leinster directorate, the
meetings of which were generally held at his
house. Resolutions declaratory of determi-
nation to be satisfied with nothing short of
the entire and complete regeneration of Ire-
land were passed at a meeting there in Febru-
ary 1798. In the following month Bond and I
several members of the directory were arrested |
at his house and imprisoned. Bond was tried !
in July 1798 on a charge of high treason, and |
defended by Curran, who impeached the tes-
timony of Thomas Eeynolds, an informer, on
whose statements the charges against him
were mainly based. The attorney-general
characterised Bond as ' a man of strong mind
and body, and of talents which, if perverted
to the purposes of mischief, were formidable
indeed.' The jury returned a verdict of guilty,
and Bond was sentenced to be hanged. His
fellow-prisoners, without stipulating for their
own lives, signed a proposal that if the go-
vernment would spare him they would give
every information respecting their organisa-
tion, both at home and in France, and con-
sent to voluntary exile. This proposition,
although opposed by some members of the
government, was accepted by the Marquis
Cornwallis, then viceroy, who had reason to
consider that there was very little prospect
of being able to convict any of these state
prisoners. Bond died suddenly in prison in
the following September, and was buried in
the cemetery of St. Michan's Church, Dublin.
The 'enlightened republican' principles of
Bond, his high intellectual qualities, elevated
sentiments, and patriotic views, were eulo-
gised by his political associate and fellow-pri-
soner, William James MacNevin, M.D., who
became a resident in America. "Bond's widow
removed with her family from Ireland to that
country, and died at Baltimore in 1843.

[Proceedings of Society of United Irishmen,
Dublin, 1794 ; Journals of House of Lords, Ire-
land; Memoire of Origin and Progress of the
Irish Union, 1802 ; MacNevin's Pieces of Irish
History, 1807; Howell's State Trials, 1820, vol.
xxvii. ; W. H. Curran's Life of J. P. Curran,
1822 ; Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount
Castlereagh, vol. i. 1850 ; Correspondence of the
Eight Hon. John Beresford, 1854; History of
Dublin, 1854 ; Correspondence of Charles, Mar-
quis Cornwallis, 1859 ; Madden's United Irish-
men, 1858-60.] J. T. G-.

BOND, THOMAS (1765-1837), topo-
graphical writer, born at Looe, Cornwall, in
1765, was nominally in the profession of the
law. but, having a private fortune^ never
sought practice. In 1789 he was appointed
town clerk of East Looe, and also (a separate
office) town clerk of West Looe, the same
year that a relative and namesake was elected
mayor of East Looe. In 1823, while still in
office, he published ' Topographical and His-
torical Sketches of the Boroughs of East and
West Looe, in the County of Cornwall, with
an account of the Natural and Artificial Cu-
riosities and Pictorial Scenery of the Neigh-
bourhood/ eight plates and several woodcuts,
London, 1823, 8vo, pp. 308. This work, writ-
ten as a ' labour of love/ describes seaside
places near Plymouth, which were popular
resorts in summer for health and recreation.
The views of Looe are by his relative, Mrs.
Davies Gilbert. Bond was a great reader,
and his knowledge of the law of tenures was
extensive. He died much respected at East
Looe 18 Dec. 1837, and, being unmarried, left
the greater portion of his property to Davies-
Gilbert, Esq. F.R.S., one of his nearest rela-
tives.

[Courtney and Boase's Bibl. Cornub. i. 32 ;
Gent. Mag. 18S8, p. 667.] J. W.-GK

BOND, WILLIAM (d. 1735), dramatist,
was, according to the 'London Magazine7
(1735), ' a near relation to the Lord Viscount
Gage, and an author of several poetical
pieces.' The following are known as works-
of his : 1. A very poor tragedy called 'The
Tuscan Treaty, or Tarquin's Overthrow'
(Miscellaneous Plays, vol. xlvi.), announced
as having been 'written by a gentleman
lately deceased and altered by W. Bond.' It
was unsuccessfully acted at Covent Garden
in 1733. 2. A translation of G. Buchanan's-
' Impartial Account of the Affairs of Scot-
land from the Death of James V to the Tragi-
cal End of Earl Murray.' Of this work two-
editions were published in 1722, one with
and one without the Latin text. 3. Contri-
butions to the ' Plain Dealer/ conducted in
1724 by Aaron Hill, who also supplied him

Bone

343

Bone

with a prologue to the 'Tuscan Treaty.'
Dr. Johnson says that Bond and Hill wrote
the ' Plain Dealer,' each six essays by turns,
and the character of the work was observed
regularly to rise in Hill's week and fall in
Bond's ; whence Savage called them the two
contending powers of light and darkness.
He died in June 1735 in a fainting fit, into
which he fell while acting Lusignan in Aaron
Hill's adaptation of Voltaire's ' Zaire/ at the
great room in York Buildings, before this
play was brought out at Drury Lane. He
is said to have been a man of little ability,
who yet depended chiefly for subsistence on
his literary exertions. He was a native of
Suffolk.

[Biographia Dramatica, articles ' Bond ' and
1 Zara ; ' the Prompter, No. 60 ; L'Observateur
Francois a Londres ; London Magazine, June
1735 ; Johnson's Life of Savage.] E. S. S.

BONE, HENEY (1755-1834), painter,
was born at Truro 6 Feb. 1755. His father
was a cabinetmaker and carver of unusual
skill. In 1767 Bone's family removed to
Plymouth, where Henry was apprenticed,
in 1771, to William Cookworthy, the founder
of the Plymouth porcelain works, and the
first manufacturer of ' hard-paste ' china in
England. In 1772 Bone removed, with
his master, to the Bristol china works, and
here he remained for six years, working from
6 a.m. to 6 p.m., and at night studying draw-
ing. The china decoration by Bone is of high
merit, and is said to have been marked with
the figure 1 in addition to the factory-mark,
a small cross. On the failure of the Bristol
works in 1778 Bone came to London with one
guinea of his own in his pocket, and five pounds
borrowed from a friend. He first found em-
ployment in enameling watches and fans, and
afterwards in making enamel and water-
colour portraits. Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar)
now became his friend, and by his advice
Bone made professional tours in Cornwall.
On 24 Jan. 1780 he married Elizabeth Van-
dermeulen, a descendant of William Ill's
battle-painter; and by her he had twelve
children, ten of whom survived. In the same
year he exhibited his first picture at the Royal
Academy, a portrait of his wife, an unusually
large enamel for the period. He now gave
himself up entirely to enamel-painting, and
continued frequently to exhibit at the Acade-
my, initialing most of his works. One large
enamel (the largest ever executed up to that
time), * A Muse and Cupid,' he exhibited in
1789. In 1800 he was appointed enamel
painter to the Prince of WTales ; in 1801 an
associate of the Royal Academy and enamel

painter to George III, continuing to hold the
appointment during the reigns of George IV
and William IV. On 15 April 1811 he was
elected a royal academician, and shortly after-
wards produced a still larger enamel (eighteen
inches by sixteen), after Titian's 'Bacchus
and Ariadne.' More than four thousand per-
sons inspected it at Bone's house. The pic-
ture was sold to Mr. G. Bowles of Cavendish
Square for twenty-two hundred guineas,
which sum was paid (either wholly or partly)
in a cheque on Fauntleroy's bank. Bone
cashed the cheque on his way home, and
next day the bank broke (cf. OWEN'S Two
Centuries of Ceramic Art in Bristol, and the
Annual Biography for 1836). Bone's next
great works were a series of historical por-
traits of the time of Elizabeth ; the ' Cavaliers
distinguished in the Civil War ; ; and a series
of portraits of the Russell family. The Eliza-
bethan series did not prove a financial suc-
cess ; they were exhibited at his house at 15
Berners Street. In 1831 his eyesight failed,
and after having lived successively at Spa
Fields, 195 High Holborn, Little Russell
Street, Hanover Street, and Berners Street,
he moved in that year to Somers Town, and
reluctantly received the Academy pension.
Here he died of paralysis on 17 Dec. 1834, not
without complaining of the neglect with
which he had latterly been treated. Some
time before his death he offered his collections,
which had been valued at 10,000/., to the
nation for 4,000/. ; but the offer was declined,
and on 22 April 1836 they were sold by auc-
tion at Christie's, and so dispersed. Other
important sales of his works took place in
1846, 1850, 1854, and 1856. Specimens of
his skill, which are all of very high quality,
are now eagerly sought after by collectors.
Two of his sons became artists ; one went into
the navy, one into the army, and another was
called to the bar. Bone has been well called
the * prince of enamelers,' for he has rarely, if
ever, been equalled in that extremely diffi-
cult, yet imperishable, branch of the pictorial
art. Mr. J. Jope Rogers has published a vo-
luminous catalogue of 1,063 works of the
Bone family in the * Journal of the Royal
Institution of Cornwall,' No. xxii., for March
1880 — one half of which number were the
work of Henry Bone, R.A. He is said to
have been ' a man of unaffected modesty and
generosity ; friendship and integrity adorned
his private life.' Chantrey carved a fine bust
of Bone, and Opie, Jackson, and Harlow
each painted his portrait.

[European Mag. 1822; Sandby's History of
the Koyal Academy; Annual Biography for
1836.} W. H. T.

Bone

344

Boner

BONE, HENRY PIERCE (1779-1855),
artist, son of Henry Bone [q. v.], was born on
6 Nov. 1779, and received his art education
from his father. He commenced as a painter
in oils, and when twenty years of age ex-
hibited some portraits. In 1806 he began
painting classical subjects, and continued
doing so until 1833, when he reverted to his
father's art of enameling. This mode of
painting he continued to practise until he
ceased to exhibit, which was in 1855, the
year of his death. In 1846 he published a
catalogue of his enamels. He was appointed
successively enamel painter to Queen Ade-
laide, and to her present majesty, also to the
late prince consort ; and he died at 22 Percy
Street, Bedford Square, on 21 Oct. 1855.
Though his enamels did not attain the su-
preme excellence of his father's, they display
very considerable ability, and he was not only
a rapid sketcher, but his designs for classical
and scripture subjects were bold and skilful.

[Kedgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School; Bibliotheca Cornubiensis ; writer's
Collections of Artists' Drawings, &c.]

W. H. T.

BONE, ROBERT TREWICK (1790-
1 840), painter, was a younger brother of Henry
Pierce Bone [q. v.], and was born on 24 Sept.
1 790. He also was a pupil of his father, with
whom he resided for twenty years. He first
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1813,
and again in 1815, but ceased doing so after
1 838. In 1817 he gained a premium of 100/.
from the British Institution for his painting
of ' a Lady with her Attendants at the Bath.'
He does not appear to have done much, if
anything, in enamel painting, but confined
himself almost exclusively to sacred, classic,
and domestic subjects. His works, though
generally small, are tasteful and sparkling,
and he was a member of the Sketching Club.
He died from the effects of an accident on
5 May 1840.

[Eedgrave's Dictionary of British Artists;
Bibliotheca Cornubiensis; writer's Collections of
Artists' Drawings, &c.] W. H. T.

BONER, CHARLES(1815-1870),author,
was the second child and only son of Charles
Boner, of Bath, who died at Twickenham
14 Aug. 1833. He was born at Weston,
near Bath, 29 April 1815 ; was educated at
Bath from 1825 to 1827, and then at Tiverton
grammar school from 1827 to 1829. From
1831 to 1837 he was tutor to the two elder
sons of John Constable, the painter. After |
his mother's death in 1839, he accepted an
invitation from Baron August Doernberg to
take up his abode with him in Germany.

Some time later, having perfected himself in
the language of the country, he accompanied
the baron to Ratisbon, where he had the offer
of a very honourable post in the family of
the Prince Thurn und Taxis. Charles Boner
was the lifelong friend of the prince. His
pupils valued his society, and he became in-
timate with a large number of the friends of
the art- and literature-loving prince. Whilst
in London in 1844 he entered into an ar-
rangement to contribute to the ' Literary Ga-
zette,' and he contributed a series of articles
on the German poets, which brought him
much more fame than profit.

The majority of Boner's poems are dated
from St. Emeran, Ratisbon, where he spent
twenty years in the family of the Prince
Thurn und Taxis. He soon won a place
among the poets of the day, and his trans-
lations from the German, especially of H. C.
Andersen's 'A Danish Story Book' in 1846,
and 'The Dream of Little Tuck' in 1848,
are remarkably faithful and idiomatic. In
1845 he made the acquaintance of Miss Mary
Russell Mitford, with whom he carried on a
literary correspondence for ten years. One
of the last acts of his life was an attempt
to edit Miss Mitford's letters to himself, but
this work was reserved for other hands. He
published l C. Boner's Book for those who
are young, and those who love what is
natural and truthful,' in 1848 ; ' Chamois
Hunting,' in 1853, a new edition of which
appeared in 1860 ; ' H. Masius's Studies from
Nature,' and 'Cain,' in 1855; 'The New
Dance of Death and other Poems/ in 1857 ;
! and < Verses,' in 1858. After he left Ratis-
| bon in 1860 he made Munich his home. His
daughter, Marie, was married, 27 Feb. 1865,
| to Professor Theodor Horschelt, the painter,
| of Munich. As special correspondent of the
I ' Daily News,' he went to Vienna in August
j 1865, his connection with that paper lasting
from the time when the treaty of commerce
| between England and Austria was arranged
i until the conclusion of the seven weeks' war.
! He also wrote for the ' New York Tribune '
j and many other papers. In 1867 he went
to Salzburg to be present at the meeting of
Napoleon III and the Emperor of Austria,
and wrote a very graphic description of the
scene. One of the last events of importance
in his life was a visit to Trieste, where he
attended the funeral of the Emperor Maxi-
milian, and compiled a very interesting me-
moir of that unfortunate prince. Boner's
chief works not yet mentioned are ' Forest
Creatures/ 1861 ; ' Transylvania, its Products
and People/ 1865 ; < Guide for Travellers in
the Plain and on the Mountain/ 1866 ; and
' Siebenbiire-en. Land und Leute/ 1868.

Bonham

345

Bonhote

Boner died in the house of Professor Hor-
schelt, 5 Louisenstrasse, Munich. 9 April
1870.

[Memoirs and Letters of Charles Boner, edited
by Kosa M. Kettle, 1871, 2 vols.] Gr. C. B.

BONHAM, SIR SAMUEL GEORGE

(1803-1863), colonial governor, was the son
of Captain George Bonham, of the maritime
service of the East India Company, by his
second wife, Isabella, only daughter of Robert
Woodgate, of Dedham, Essex. Bonham's
father was drowned in 1810. He had one sis-
ter, Isabella, who married Ferdinand, count
d'Outhement. In 1837, after a period of ser-
vice with the East India Company, he was ap-
pointed governor of Prince of Wales's Island,
Singapore, and Malacca. For ten years he
held this post, until in 1847 he was appointed
to succeed Sir John Davis as governor of Hong-
kong and her majesty's plenipotentiary and
superintendent of trade in China, and in the
following year was made a companion of the
Bath. On arriving at Hongkong Bonham
found the admittance of foreigners within
the walls of Canton to be the burning ques-
tion of the day. By the terms of the treaty
Englishmen were entitled to enter the city,
but with obstinate persistency the Chinese
refused to acknowledge the right, and Sir
John Davis, after having exhausted his di-
plomatic skill in trying to induce them to
give way, left the dispute to his successor in
much the same condition in which he in his
turn had received it. In February 1849
Bonham met the viceroy Sii at the Bogue
Forts to discuss the point, and declared his
determination to insist on his right of entry.
On this becoming known within the city the
literati became so threatening that the Eng-
lish government directed Bonham to abstain
from his intention. At this time the attitude of
the Chinese towards foreigners was very hos-
tile, and the assassination of Senhor Amaral,
the governor of the Portuguese city of Macao,
showed the lengths they were prepared to go
to rid themselves of any European officials
who were inclined to oppose their policy. On
the news of the assassination reaching Hong-
kong Bonham despatched a man-of-war to
Macao, and by this act probably saved the
Portuguese settlers from a general massacre.
Individually, Bonham's relations with the
viceroy of Canton — the Chinese official ap-
pointed to manage foreign affairs — were of a
friendly character ; and in reply to a remon-
strance on his part on the prevalence of piracy
in the neighbourhood of Hongkong, the vice-
roy testified to his confidence in Bonham as
well as to his own weakness, by asking for the
assistance of a British ship to suppress the

pirates. His request was granted, and a suc-
cessful expedition was the result. In the
course of the same year (1850) Bonham at-
tempted to open direct communication with
the central government at Peking, and in fur-
therance of this object sent Mr. Medhurst with
a despatch to the Peiho, but the effort proved
fruitless. In 1851 Bonham was made a
knight commander of the Bath as a reward
for his services in China, and on his return
to England in 1853 a baronetcy was con-
ferred upon him. From this time he ceased
to take any part in public affairs. He died
on 8 Oct. 1863. Bonham married in 1846
Ellen Emelia, eldest daughter of Thomas
Barnard, by whom he had issue one son,
George Francis, born in 1847, who succeeded
to the baronetcy.

[The Chinese Repository, vols. xvii.-xx. ;
Burke's Baronetage, 1860; Foreign Office List,
I860.] K. K. D.

BONHAM, THOMAS, M.D. (d. 1629?),
physician, was educated at St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he graduated M.D.,
in which degree he was incorporated at Ox-
ford on 9 July 1611. He practised his pro-
fession in London, and was an assistant to
the Society of Medicine-Chirurgians. His
death occurred about 1629. He left sundry
books and papers to his servant, Edward
Poeton, by whom they were methodised and
published under the title of ' The Chyrurgians
Closet, or Antidotarie Chyrurgicall,' Lond.
1630, 4to. The work was dedicated by Poe-
ton, then residing at Petworth in Sussex, to
Frances, countess of Exeter.

[Addit. MSS. 5816, f. 93, 5863, f. 86 ; Wood's
Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 346.] T. C.

BONHOTE, ELIZABETH (1744-1818),

authoress, was the wife of Daniel Bonhote,

solicitor of Bungay, and captain of the 2nd

company of Bungay volunteers. Her first

I work was published in 1773 anonymously.

j It was the * Rambles of Mr. Frankley, by his

Sister,' a work describing the characters seen

j in a ramble in Hyde Park, and was immedi-

' ately translated into German at Leipzig,

j 1773. About 1787 Mrs. Bonhote wrote,

I while in delicate health, for her children's

| guidance, a series of moral essays, called the

t ' Parental Monitor,' which was published in

1788 by subscription. In 1789 two novels by

Mrs. Bonhote were issued : ' Olivia,' 3 vols.,

and ' Darnley Vale, or Emelia Fitzroy,' 3 vols.,

the last reviewed in the l Monthly Review '

(i. 223). In 1790 Mrs. Bonhote wrote

' Ellen Woodley,' 2 vols. (Monthly Review,

ii. 351). In 1796 there were two reprints of

her * Parental Monitor,' one in London and

Boniface

346

Boniface

one in Dublin. In 1797 appeared, at the
Minerva Press, ' Bungay Castle,' 2 vols., a
novel which Mrs. Bonhote was permitted to
dedicate to the Duke of Norfolk. In 1804,
during a residence at Bury, her husband died
(Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxiv. part ii. p. 1246). In
1810 she published 'Feeling, or Sketches
from Life; a Desultory Poem,' Edinburgh.
This was anonymous, and was Mrs. Bon-
hote's last production. She died at Bungay
in July 1818, aged 74 (Gent. Mag. vol.
Ixxxviii. part ii. p. 88).

[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxiv. part
ii. p. 1246, vol. Ixxxviii. part ii. p. 88.] J. H.

BONIFACE, SAINT (680-755), the
apostle of Germany, was an Englishman,
whose original name was "Winfrid or Win-
frith, born at Kirton, or Crediton, in Devon-
shire, in the year 680. The name of Boniface
has been said to have been given to him by
Pope Gregory II at his consecration as bishop ;
but as it occurs earlier it was more probably
assumed when he became a monk. "When
quite a child, influenced by the discourse of I
some monks who visited his father's house, i
he expressed an earnest desire to devote him- \
self to a monastic life, and, the opposition of :
his father being at length withdrawn, he !
entered a monastery at Exeter. He then |
removed to the house of Nutshalling, or j
Nursling (which was afterwards destroyed I
by the Danes), near Winchester, where he !
had the advantage of better teaching. Here !
he learned grammar, history, poetry, and !
rhetoric, and biblical interpretation, and him-
self became famous as a preacher and ex-
pounder of Scripture. At the age of thirty
he was ordained priest. The honour in which !
he was already held is indicated by the fact
of his having been sent, at some period be-
tween the years 710 and 716, by the synod
of Wessex to Brihtwald, archbishop of Can- j
terbury, on a mission the purport of which |
is unknown, but which was probably intended j
to draw closer the ties between the clergy of |
Wessex and the see of Canterbury. Boniface |
might have taken advantage of such an op-
portunity to push his fortunes in the church
of his own country ; but he was imbued with
the zeal of the missionary, and his whole
mind was bent upon continuing the work of
preaching the gospel in Frisia, the country
in which the Englishman Willibrord had
already been labouring since 692, and had
established his see at Wittaburg, or Utrecht.

In 716 Boniface crossed the sea, accom-
panied by only two monks, but he found the
Frisians in no condition to receive' his teach-
ing. War had broken out. The pagan chief
Radbod — the same who had at first consented

to be baptised, but who, on learning that the
souls of his unbelieving forefathers must
necessarily be among the damned, drew back,
preferring ' to be there with his ancestors,
rather than in heaven with a handful of
beggars ' — was in the midst of one of those
struggles with the Franks in which his life was
passed. He had commenced an active persecu-
tion of the Christians, had destroyed churches
and rebuilt heathen temples. He consented,
however, to an interview with Boniface, but
refused him leave to preach in his dominions.
Boniface could only return to England to his
monastery of Nursling. Here he might now
have settled down into a quiet path of life,
for, on the death of their abbot, the brethren
would have elected Boniface to his place.
But, eager for a more active career, he re-
fused the offer, and in 718, provided with a
letter from his bishop, Daniel of Winchester,
and supported by Archbishop Brihtwald, he
set out for Rome to seek papal sanction for his
missionary enterprise. The pope (Gregory II)
readily entered into his views, and on 15 May
719 formally laid upon him the work of con-
verting the heathen tribes of Germany.

Armed with Gregory's letters of authority
and a supply of relics, Boniface set out for
Bavaria and Thuringia. These districts were
already partly Christian, and Boniface was
proceeding with a survey of the state of the
church there, when news arrived of the death
of Radbod. At once he embarked on the
Rhine and joined Willibrord in Frisia, and
there he laboured with success for the next
three years. Willibrord, now growing old,
looked to Boniface to succeed him, but the
declaration of this wish was the signal for
Boniface to retire. He excused himself from
accepting the proposed honour ; he was not
yet fifty, and therefore unfit for so high an
office ; finally he pleaded the task which had
been laid on him by the pope of propagating
the gospel in Germany — a duty which had
been already too long delayed. Taking leave,
then, of Willibrord, Boniface journeyed into
Hessia. Here two local chiefs gave him leave
to settle at Amanaburg (Amoneburg) on the
river Ohm, and in a short time he had con-
verted them and their followers and baptised
many thousands of Hessians.

On hearing the news of his success Pope
Gregory summoned the missionary to Rome,
A.D. 722, and, after exacting from him a pro-
fession of faith in the Trinity, he consecrated
him a bishop on 30 Nov. 723, and at the
same time bound him by path ever to re-
spect the authority of the papal see. The
imposition of such an oath on a missionary
was an innovation, although it had been re-
quired of bishops within the proper patri-

Boniface

347

Boniface

archate of Rome. On his return to Germany
in 723 Boniface took with him a code of
regulations for the church, which was sup-
plied by Gregory, and above all a letter of
introduction to Charles Martel, in which the
pope invoked his assistance in favour of the
missionary bishop. Charles is said by some
to have received Boniface with coldness
(ROBEKTSON, Hist. Christian Church}, but he
gave him permission to preach beyond the
Rhine and granted him letters of protection.
The value of the prince's countenance is
fully acknowledged by Boniface in a letter
which he wrote at a later period to his
friend Bishop Daniel of Winchester : ' With-
out the protection of the prince of the Franks
I could neither rule the people of the church
nor defend the priests or clerks, the monks
or handmaidens of God ; nor have I the power
to restrain pagan rites and idolatry in Ger-
many without his mandate and the awe of
his name ' (JAFFE, Mon. Mogunt. 157).

Hessia and Thuringia, the countries to
which Boniface now directed his steps, had
received the teaching of Christian mission-
aries, but without a regular system; their
preachers being chiefly drawn from the Irish
church, fin which diocesan episcopacy was
as yet unknown, and the jurisdiction was
separate from the order of a bishop ; they
had brought with them its peculiar ideas
as to the limitation of the episcopal rights ;
they were unrestrained by any discipline or
by any regard for unity ; they owned no sub-
jection to Rome, and were under no episcopal
authority' (ROBEETSON, iv. 5). They also
held the doctrine of lawfulness of marriage
for the clergy. Trained in totally different
ideas of discipline, Boniface, on his arrival in
the country, found himself at once in oppo-
sition to these teachers, and was henceforth
involved in never-ending disputes with them. I
He also discovered that the Hessians were
practising a strange mixture of the creed of
the Gospel with pagan rites ; while professing
Christianity, they still worshipped in their
sacred groves, and some even offered sacri-
fice. It was with the view of correcting
such abuses in a way which was palpable
and could not be mistaken, that Boniface
determined with his own hands to fell one
of the chief objects of superstitious reverence
— the great oak tree of Geismar near Fritzlar,
sacred to the god of thunder. Scarcely, we
are told, had he struck the first blows, when
a gust of wind seemed to shake the branches
and the aged tree fell, breaking into four
pieces. The awe-stricken pagans gave up
their gods, and with the wood of the tree
Boniface built a chapel to St. Peter. Churches
and monasteries now arose on all sides ; the

work of conversion made rapid progress f and
the bishop was joined by many of his country-
men and countrywomen from England to
assist in the good work. The success of Eng-
lish missionaries among the Frisians and
Germans is no doubt largely to be attributed
to similarity of language and the facility with
which they would learn kindred tongues.

On the accession of Gregory III to the
papal chair in 732 Boniface received the pall
of an archbishop, and in 738 he again visited
Rome, where he was received with the dis-
tinction merited by his great success. Re-
turning northwards in 739 he was prevailed
upon by Odilo, duke of Bavaria, to remain
awhile in that country and organise the
Bavarian church. Only one bishop existed,
and there was no system of ecclesiastical
government. Boniface effected an organi-
sation by dividing the country into four
bishoprics — Salzburg, Passau, Regensburg,
and Freising — and then again turned his face
northwards.

But it was not only with the evangelisa-
tion of heathen Germany that Boniface had
now to do. His powers of organisation and
reform were to be utilised in favour of the
Frankish church. While, however, his suc-
cesses beyond the Rhine were undisputed,
at the Frankish court he found himself
thwarted by the nobles who were in pos-
session of church property, and by the easy-
living bishops, more given to fighting and
hunting than to the cure of souls. In 741
both Gregory III and Charles Martel died.
Charles's sons, Carloman in Austrasia and
Pepin in Neustria, were ready to support
Boniface, and the new pope Zacharias ex-
tended his powers, appointing him his legate
and imposing upon him the reformation of
the whole Frankish church. Boniface forth-
with erected four bishoprics for Hessia and
Thuringia, viz. Wiirzburg, Eichstadt, Bura-
burg or Bierberg (afterwards removed to
Paderborn), and Erfurt, to which he ap-
pointed four of his followers, Burchard,
Willibald (the future writer of his ' Life '),
Albinus, and Adehar. In 742, at the request
of Carloman, was held a council, which in
the course of the next few years was fol-
lowed by others, for the reformation of the
church. These councils, moreover, partook
of the nature of national assemblies, the
members not being confined to ecclesiastics ;
and while Boniface's office of papal commis-
sioner was recognised, the decrees were issued
by the Frankish princes in their own name.
The canons were directed towards the esta-
blishment of order and the reform of lax
abuses, the celibacy of the clergy, and the.
restoration of church property which had

Boniface

348

Boniface

been alienated by Charles Martel. The op-
position, however, with which the last-named
reform was met proved too strong, and it was
finally abandoned. The discontent of the
Frankish bishops at these measures extended
in some instances even to a refusal to accept
promotion. With heretical and irregular
teachers Boniface had also to contend, and
inj his conduct attending their repression
modern writers have found reasons for cen-
sure.

Adalbert, a man of Gaulish descent, a
fanatic who pretended possession of a letter
written in the name of our Lord and sent
down from heaven, and who passed through
the land disparaging the saints and martyrs
and dedicating churches in his own honour,
was condemned, at Boniface's instance, in a
council held at Soissons in 744. Clement,
by birth an Irish Scot, who despised ecclesi-
astical authority, held the writings of the
fathers in scorn, and entertained heretical
opinions on the salvation of unbelievers and
on predestination, was also proceeded against,
but both he and Adalbert continued to cause
trouble and ultimately required more rigorous
repression. A third person with whom Boni-
face differed was Virgil, an Irish ecclesiastic,
the point of contention being the question of
the validity of baptism, even when adminis-
tered by an ignorant priest in bad Latin, which
Virgil maintained. In this opinion he was
upheld by the pope. He afterwards became
bishop of Salzburg, in spite of Boniface's op-
position, who charged him with holding he-
retical views in astronomy, which extended
to a belief in the existence of other worlds
like our own ; and he was eventually canon-
ised.

About this period, 742 or 744, Boniface
laid the foundation of the famous abbey of
Fulda, with the aid of a noble Bavarian,
Sturmi, who became its first abbot. The
house was placed under a rule still more
strict than that of St. Benedict.

Hitherto Boniface had been an archbishop
without a see. The consolidation of the
German church now required that this want
should be supplied. He first turned his eyes
on Cologne, probably as a central point from
which to control the church of Frisia as
well as that of Germany. Willibrord had
died in 739, at the advanced age of eighty-
one, and since that time Boniface had re-
garded Frisia as falling within the scope of
his legatine jurisdiction. But before final
arrangements were made for his taking pos-
session of the see of Cologne, now (A.D. 744)
vacant, events took place which led to his
establishment at Mentz. The late bishop
Gerold of that see had been slain in an ex-

pedition against the Saxons, and had been
succeeded by his son Gewillieb. The latter
determined to avenge his father's death, and,
having discovered the Saxon by whom Gerold
had been killed, he treacherously stabbed
him with his own hand. In the eyes of the
Frankish nobles such an act of violence was
of little consequence, and does not appear in
any way to have affected Gewillieb's position
and character as a bishop. But Boniface,
whose duty it was to enforce a stricter dis-
cipline in the church, brought the matter
before a council, and Gewillieb resigned his
bishopric. Hereupon Boniface was called
upon by the Frankish nobles, against his will,
to fill the vacancy, A.D. 746. Pope Zacharias
confirmed him in his new see, and placed
under his jurisdiction the dioceses of Worms,
Spires, Tongres, Cologne, and Utrecht, in
addition to those of Germany which had been
established by his efforts.

The next few years were passed by Boni-
face in the discharge of the many duties of
his high position, still struggling with ill-
will and opposition from his bishops and
clergy, and harassed by the pagans, who in
frequent inroads pillaged and burned his
churches. Important political changes also
took place in these years. In 747 Carloman
retired to lead a monk's life in Monte Cassino, '
leaving the whole power of the Frankish
kingdom in the hands of Pepin, who in 752
assumed the title of king. Boniface is said
to have officiated at his coronation at Soissons,
but the evidence on this point is doubtful,
and it has even been argued that he was op-
posed to the transfer of the crown to the
new line. He was now upwards of seventy
years of age, and the cares of his office
weighed heavily upon him. He sought to
be relieved, and had already obtained license
to appoint a successor if he should feel the
approach of death. He now received Pepin's
consent to the consecration of his country-
man Lull to the see of Mentz, and resigned
his office into his hands in 754. Lull, how-
ever, did not receive the pall for twenty
years.

Boniface now turned his face again to that
land which had had such an attraction for him
in his early years. He set out once more as a
missionary bishop to Frisia, and, consecrating
Eoban to the see of Utrecht, he preached
with him among the heathen tribes. We
are told that again he baptised many thou-
sands, and, wishing to hold a confirmation
of his new disciples, he appointed the eve of
Whitsun-day, 5 June 755, for the ceremony,
at a place near Dokkum on the Bordau, be-
tween eastern and western Frisia. But when
the day arrived, instead of the converts, a

Boniface

349

Boniface

band of armed pagans appeared and sur-
rounded the camp. The younger of his fol-
lowers prepared for resistance, but Boniface
forbade it, exhorting them to submit to the
death of martyrs, in the sure hope of salva-
tion. The whole company, numbering fifty-
two, and including bishop Eoban as well as
Boniface, was massacred upon the spot. The
remains of Boniface were eventually carried
to the abbey of Fulda, the place where he
had hoped to spend his last days.

In his twofold character of missionary and
reformer Boniface's actions were throughout
made subordinate to the authority of Rome.
In his view, that authority was the only
means of spreading Christianity and of main-
taining the discipline of churches once esta-
blished. ' He went forth to his labours with
the pope's commission. On his consecration
to the episcopate after his first successes he
bound himself by oath to reduce all whom
he might influence to the obedience of St.
Peter and his representatives. The increased
powers and the wider jurisdiction bestowed
upon him by later popes were employed to
the same end. He strove continually not
only to bring heathens into the church, but
to check irregular missionary operations and
to subject both preachers and converts to the
authority of Home ' (ROBEKTSON, iv. 5). It
is this attachment to the pope's authority
which has laid him open to the attacks of
writers such as Mosheim and Schrockh, who
have accused him of ' an ambitious and arro-
gant spirit, a crafty and insidious disposition,
an immoderate eagerness to augment sacer-
dotal honours and prerogatives/ and of being
' a missionary of the papacy rather than of
Christianity.' Such charges, and a still more
serious one, that he used force as an instru-
ment of conversion, are without proof and
may be passed over unnoliced. No man in
a high position, such as his, can altogether
avoid mistakes, and he may sometimes have
failed in his judgment of men. But small
blemishes cannot detract from the high cha-
racter of Boniface as one who followed with-
out deviation and with unflagging energy
the path of duty in difficult times. Nor was
his obedience to Rome merely a blind obedi-
ence. Where religion and morality were
concerned he did not hesitate to speak freely
in remonstrance against the too indulgent
views of the papal court in matters which in
his opinion required stricter discipline. He
would resist the pope himself in what he
considered an encroachment on his archi-
episcopal functions. When Stephen II,
during a visit to Pepin, presumed to conse-
crate a bishop of Metz, it was, we are told,
only the intervention of the prince which

prevented a rupture between the pope and
Boniface.

Besides his great foundation of Fulda,
Boniface also established monasteries atFritz-
lar, at Utrecht, at Amanaburg, and at Or-
dorf or Ohrdruf. For the instruction of the
brethren of these houses, he invited scholars
from England. The correspondence which
he kept up with princes and ecclesiastics and
others of his native land is still preserved
among his letters, and proves the interest
which he continued to feel in the welfare of
the English church : and from it may also
be gathered details on the social condition of
the times which are not without interest.
In a letter written to Ecgberht, archbishop of
York, between 735 and 755, we find the
record of an exchange of books, and a request
for a copy of the Commentaries of Bseda ;
and in another addressed, between 732 and
745, to his old friend Bishop Daniel of Win-
chester, now blind, he too speaks of failing
sight, and asks that the fine manuscript of
the Prophets, so fairly and clearly written
by Winbert, abbot of Nursling, may be sent
to him : no such book can be had abroad,
and his impaired vision can no longer read
with ease the small character of ordinary
manuscripts.

Besides his epistles, Boniface has left a set
of ecclesiastical statutes, in thirty-six articles,
and a collection of fifteen sermons ; and, in
Latin verse, a composition on the virtues and
vices, entitled ' ^Enigmata/ and a few other
shorter pieces. A fragment of a work on
penance has also, but on insufficient authority,
been ascribed to him. In addition to these, it
appears from a reference in a letter of Pope
Zacharias of the year 748 that Boniface was
also the author of a work 'De Unitate Fidei
Catholicae/ which Mabillon (Acta SS. Ord.
S. B.~) has thought to be nothing more than the
! ecclesiastical statutes already referred to, but
j which was, more probably, an independent
| treatise, written to confute the heresies of
| A dalbert and others. The profession of faith
i which he made at Rome previous to his con-
secration is likewise lost. Some other works
I attributed to him appear to be certain of his
1 epistles under distinct titles. Lastly, a i Life
of St. Livinus/ to which his name has been
attached, is a work of more recent date, and
a ' Life of St. Libuinus/ also improperly as-
signed to him, was written by Hucbald.

[Mabillon's Annales Ord. S. Benedict!, 1704,
torn, ii., and Acta Sanctorum Ord. S. B., 1734,
saec. iii. ; Jaffe's Monumenta Moguntina (in Bibl.
Eerum Germanicarum), 1866, containing the
most recent and best edition of Boniface's Epistles
and the Life by Willibald, &c. ; Poetse Latini
sevi Carolini, ed. Dummler (Mon. Germanise

Boniface

350

Boniface

Historica), torn. i. 1880, pp. 1-23; Fabricius's
Bibl. Latina, 1754, i. 258; Hist. Lit. de la
France, torn. iv. 1738, pp. 92-120 ; Haddan and
Stubbs's Councils, vol. iii. 1871 ; Milner and
Haweis's Hist, of the Church of Christ, 1847,
iii. ch. iv. ; Milman's Hist. Latin Christianity,
2nd ed. 1857, ii. 54 sqq. ; Mosheim's Eccles.
History (ed. Stubbs), 1863, i. 474-7 ; Kobertson's
Hist. Christian Church, 1874, bk. iv. cap. v. ; T.
Gregory Smith in Diet. Christ. Biog.] E. M. T.

BONIFACE or SAVOY (d. 1270), arch-
bishop of Canterbury, was the eleventh child
of Thomas I, count of Savoy, by his second
wife, Marguerite de Faussigny. The date of
his birth is uncertain ; but in his early youth
he was destined for an ecclesiastical career.
The numerous stock of the house of Savoy had
to be provided for, and Boniface seems to have
accepted a clerical life as a means of political
advancement. As a boy he entered the
Carthusian order, and while yet a young man !
was elected in 1234 bishop of Belley, near '
Chambery. In 1241 he was given the ad-
ministration of the bishopric of Valence in ,
Dauphiny during a vacancy. His connection '
with England was due to the marriage of
Henry III with Eleanor, second daughter of j
Raymond Berengar, count of Provence, and
Beatrix of Savoy, a sister of Boniface. The
needy members of the house of Savoy used
their relationship with the queen of Henry :
III as a means of seeking their fortune in
England. The see of Canterbury, vacant by I
the death of Edmund Rich, was considered j
an excellent provision for Boniface. The |
king's nomination was made in 1241, and |
the monks of Christ Church were not bold
enough to resist. But there were rapid '
changes in the papacy, and a long vacancy ;
and it was not till the end of 1243 that the
election of Boniface was confirmed by Pope
Innocent IV, soon after his accession.

In 1244 Boniface visited England for the
first time. He was a man of a practical turn |
of mind, and gave his attention first to the j
financial condition of his see. He found j
that he inherited a considerable debt from
his predecessors, and that the king had still :
further impoverished the possessions of the '
archbishopric during the vacancy. He
showed his discontent, and the leaders of the
reforming party had hopes that he would I
not be a mere instrument of the king.
Bishop Grosseteste of Lincoln welcomed him,
and begged him to prevail on the king to end j
a vacancy of the see of Winchester arising
from the resistance of the chapter to the
nomination of another of the king's uncles
(GROSSETESTE, Ep. No. 36). Wi'th this
request Boniface complied, and brought
about a reconciliation between the king and

i the man chosen by the chapter. Probably
he wished for the help of the English
i bishops to repair the shattered finances
of the archbishopric. He demanded that
the whole province of Canterbury should
aid in paying off the debt, and wished to
gain the consent of the suffragans to this
demand. For this purpose he joined with
his suffragans in opposing the king's nomi-
nation of Robert Passelew to the see of
Chichester, on the ground that he had not
sufficient theological knowledge. It was an
objection which might have been urged
against himself ; but Boniface was not con-
cerned with consistency. The king appealed
to the pope ; but Boniface carried his point,
and the king's nominee was rejected. Thus
Boniface asserted his independence of the
king, and showed his capacity as a man of
business by organising a more economical
management of the temporalities of the arch-
bishopric. He contrived to raise some money
in England, and at the end of 1244 set out
for the council of Lyons.

At Lyons he was consecrated by Pope
Innocent IV on 15 Jan. 1245. His brother
Philip was archbishop of Lyons, and was a
military prelate, of whose forces the pope
had need. Boniface, who was young, bold,
and handsome, aimed also at a military
career. During the council he commanded
the pope's guard, and obtained from the pope
a grant of the firstfruits of vacant benefices
within the province of Canterbury for seven
years. This was given on the plea of paying
off the debt on the archbishopric. Having
thus provided for the only duty of an arch-
bishop which seemed to him important, he
devoted himself to family politics, and did
not return to England till the end of 1249,
when he was enthroned at Canterbury on
1 Nov. His main object still was to amass
money, and for this purpose he copied the
procedure of the great ecclesiastical reformer
of the age, Bishop Grosseteste, and instituted
a rigorous visitation of his diocese. What
Grosseteste undertook to restore discipline,
Boniface pursued to impose fines. The monks
of Christ Church were made to pay for de-
viating from their rules, and the monks of
Feversham and Rochester fared no better.
But Boniface was not content with the visi-
tation of his own diocese. He proceeded to
extend it to the whole province of Canter-
bury. He went to London, and instead of
taking possession of his palace of Lambeth
he borrowed the house of the bishop of
Chichester. This was a sign that he did not
intend to stay in England, and the monks
resolved to resist the archbishop's claim to
carry off their revenues for his own political

Boniface

351

Boniface

purposes abroad. Henry III granted to Boni-
face the royal right of purveyance in London.
The Londoners resisted ; but the archbishop's
Proven£al troops were too strong for them.
The people were subjected to the military
rapine of a foreign army.

In this state of popular irritation Boniface
proceeded to the visitation of St. Paul's
Cathedral. The dean and chapter refused j
him admission, on the ground that they were j
subject to their bishop only as visitor. Boni- j
face ordered the doors of the cathedral to be i
forced open. When he could not gain ad-
mission to the chapter-house, he excommuni-
cated the disobedient prebendaries. Next day j
he 'visited the priory of St. Bartholomew.
All London was in uproar, and the arch- ,
bishop thought it wise to don armour beneath
his vestments, and go with an armed retinue.
At St. Bartholomew he was received with
all honour as the primate ; but the canons
were in their stalls, ready for service, not in
the chapter-house, to receive their visitor.
Furious at the jeers of the mob on the way,
the archbishop rushed into the choir and or-
dered the canons to go to the chapter-house.
When the subprior protested, Boniface felled
him with his fist, and beat him unmercifully,
crying out, ' This is the way to deal with
English traitors.' A tumult ensued. The
archbishop's vestments were torn, and his
armour was exposed to view. The rage of
the Londoners was furious, and Boniface had
to flee in a boat to Lambeth. He retired
to his manor at Harrow, and announced his
intention of visiting the abbey of St. Albans.
This was felt to be too much. The suffragan
bishops met at D unstable, and agreed to join
in resistance to the primate. Boniface on
this showed considerable good sense in re-
tiring from a position which had become un-
tenable. He suspended his visitation, and
set out for the papal court, whither he in-
vited the discontented bishops to send their
proctors (1250). He admitted that he had
been hasty, and practically withdrew his
claims to visit outside his diocese contrary to
previous custom. When his fit of passion
was over, and he had time for reflection,
Boniface showed a conciliatory spirit.

He did not return to England till the end
of 1252, when he heard that his official had
been imprisoned by the order of the bishop-
elect of Winchester, Aymer of Lusignan [q.v.],
the king's half-brother. He proceeded with
dignity to investigate this matter, and pro-
nounced sentence of excommunication against
Aymer, who declared it to be null and void.
Boniface went to Oxford and laid his case
before the university, a step which announced
his adherence to the national party, which

was growing strong against Henry Ill's
feeble misgovernment. The pressure of this
national party forced Henry III to make
some pretence of amendment, and on 13 May
1253 he swore with unusual solemnity, in
Westminster Hall, to observe the provisions
of the great charter. Archbishop Boniface
pronounced excommunication against all who
should violate the liberties of England.
Henry III showed some sense of humour by
suggesting that his own amendment must be
followed by that of others. He urged Boni-
face and some other prelates to prove their
repentance by resigning the preferment which
they had obtained contrary to the laws of
the church. Boniface answered that they
had agreed to bury the past and provide for
the future.

At this time Boniface seems to have
wished to do his duty. He was conscious of
his own unfitness for the post of archbishop,
and listened to the counsels of Grosseteste
and the learned Franciscan, Adam de Marisco.
But his good resolutions did not last long.
In 1255 he went to the help of his brother
Thomas, who was imprisoned for his tyranny
by the people of Turin. Boniface brought
money and troops for the siege of Turin, and
succeeded in procuring his brother's release.
During his absence he summoned a newly
elected bishop of Ely to Belley for consecra-
tion— an unheard-of proceeding which led to
a protest from the suffragans of the province
of Canterbury. In 1256 Boniface returned
to England, and again behaved as though the
air of England inspired him with a fictitious
patriotism. He made common cause with
the English bishops in withstanding the ex-
actions of the pope and king. During 1257
and 1258 several meetings were held under
his presidency to devise measures for opposing
the claims of the papal nuncio. When the
parliament of Oxford devised its ' Provisions '
for the purpose of controlling the king, Arch-
bishop Boniface seems to have been one of
the twenty-four commissioners, and, if so,
was nominated by the king, and not by the
barons. He certainly was one of the council
of fifteen which was entrusted by the com-
missioners with the supervision of govern-
ment. He was not, however, a politician
capable of influencing English affairs, and his
name is scarcely mentioned in the period
during which the hostility between the king
and the barons became more pronounced.
He seems gradually to have drifted more and
more to the king's side, until he became a
scheming partisan, and found it safe to retire
to France at the end of 1262. He was at
Boulogne in 1263, and joined the papal legate
in excommunicating the rebellious barons.

Bonington

352

Bonington

He summoned his suffragans to Boulogne,
and gave them the excommunication to be
published. The bishops obeyed the primate
so far as to meet him at Boulogne, but took
care that their papers were confiscated at
Dover. In the beginning of 1264 Boniface
was at Amiens, pleading the king's cause in
the arbitration which had been referred to
Louis IX. When war broke out, Boniface
was one of the foremost members of the
party of exiles who raised forces in France
and intrigued against the barons. On the
triumph of the royalists in 1265 Boniface re-
turned to England. It would seem that he
was not considered strong enough to conduct
the reactionary policy by which Henry III
proposed to reduce the rebellious party in
the church. His reputation suffered through
the activity of the papal legate, Cardinal Ot-
tobone, who left his mark on the history of the
English church by the constitutions enacted
under his guidance in the council of London
in 1268. In this legislative work Boniface
was incapable of taking any share. When
Edward set out for a crusade in 1269, Boniface
offered to accompany him. He does not, how-
ever, seem to have gone further than Savoy,
where he died, at the castle of St. Helena, on
18 July 1270, and was buried in the burying-
place of the Savoy house at Hautecombe.

Archbishop Boniface did nothing that was
important either for church or state in Eng-
land. He was a man of small ability, even
in practical matters, with which alone he
was competent to deal. He is praised for
three things only : he freed the see of Can-
terbury from debt ; he built an almshouse at
Maidstone ; and he finished the erection of
the great hall at Lambeth which Hubert
Walter had begun.

[The life of Boniface has to be gleaned from
scattered notices in Matthew Paris, Matthew of
Westminster, the annals contained in Luard's An-
nales Monastici, the letters of Bishop Grosseteste,
Shirley's Royal Letters of the Reign of Henry
III, the letters of Adam de Marisco in Brewer's
Monumenta Franciscana, and the documents in
Rymer's Foedera, vol. i. A connected account is
given by Godwin, De Prsesulibus Angliae, and
from the foreign side by Guichenon, Histoire de
la Maison royale de Savoie, i. 259 ; in greater
detail by Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of
Canterbury, vol. iii.] M. C.

BONINGTON, RICHARD PARKES

(1801-1828), painter in oil and water colours,
was born at the village of Arnold, near
Nottingham, on 25 Oct. 1801. His grand-
father was governor of Nottingham gaol, to
which post his father succeeded, but the latter
lost it through irregularities. His mother's
name was Parkes, and she kept a ladies' school

I at' Arnold, which was afterwards moved to
j Nottingham ; but it was broken up by the im-
I prudent conduct of her husband, and the family
went to Calais. The father had previously
taken to painting, and he exhibited a landscape
at the Royal Academy in 1797, and a portrait
i in 1808, and published a few coloured prints.
| At Calais he set up a bobbin net lace factory
1 with Clarke and Webster, and was one of
the first to promote in this locality an industry
which has since become very prosperous there.
His partnership was, however, broken up in
1818, and he subsequently kept a lace shop
with Webster in Paris. When very young-
i Richard showed a great love for art and
! acting. He is said to have sketched 'every-
thing ' at three years old, and to have drawn
! with accuracy, and even taste, when seven or
I eight. At Calais he gained instruction from
I Louis Francia, the water-colourist. At Paris,
when only fifteen, he studied at the Louvre.
It was there, in 1816 or 1817, that Eugene
Delacroix, then himself a student, was first
struck with Bonington's skill, as he watched
him silently copying old pictures, generally
Flemish landscapes, in water-colours, and a
friendship soon sprang up between them.
' Je 1'ai beaucoup connu et je 1'aimais beau-
coup,' he writes in a letter published in
Burger's study of Bonington in C. Blanc's
t Histoire des Peintres.' At this time paint-
ing in water-colour was almost unknown in
France, and his drawings, whether originals
or copies, sold rapidly when exhibited in the
shop windows of M. Schroth and Madame
Halin. He became a pupil at the Institute,
and for a while (in 1820 certainly) drew in
the atelier of Baron Gros. His progress was
very rapid, but he is said to have disregarded
academic precepts, and also to have displeased
Gros by his laxity, till one day, after seeing
one of his water-colours in a shop, Gros
embraced him before all the pupils, and told
him to leave his atelier and marcher seul.
He also studied and sketched much in the
open air, taking excursions down the Seine.
In 1822 he for the first time exhibited at the
Salon, and obtained a premium of 430 francs
from the Societe des Amis des Arts for his
two drawings — Views at Lillebonne and
Havre.

In 1824 the same society purchased his
1 Yue d' Abbeville ' at the Salon, where Bon-
ington also exhibited a coast scene with
fishermen selling their fish, and a 'Plage
sablonneuse.' He as well as two other Eng-
lishmen, Constable and Copley Fielding, re-
ceived a medal. The work of English artists
in this year's Salon is acknowledged to have
revolutionised the landscape art of France,
and Bonington had certainly no small share

Bonington

353

Bonington

in founding that illustrious modern school
which, commencing with Paul Huet, has
produced the genius of Rousseau, and Corot,
and Diaz. It must have been about this
time that he was engaged to make drawings
for Baron Taylor's great work, ' Voyages
Pittoresques dans 1'ancienne France.' The
second volume of the section devoted to
Normandy was published in 1825, and con-
tained several fine lithographs after Boning-
ton, of which the view of the l Rue du
Gros-Horloge ' is generally considered his
masterpiece of the kind. He also contributed
to the section on Franche-Comte, and pub-
lished several ' Vues de Paris ' et ' Vues
prises en Provence,' working for the litho-
graphers much as Turner did in England for
the steel engravers. When in towns he is said
to have sketched from a cab, in order to free
himself from the curiosity of the vulgar, an
expedient adopted also by Turner. A work
called ' Restes et fragments du moyen age,'
called ' La petite Normandie ' to distinguish
it from the larger work of Baron Taylor,
contains ten lithographs by Bonington, and
he sometimes drew on stone the designs of
others, as in Rugendas' ' Voyage au Bresil '
and Pernot's ' Vues pittoresques d'Ecosse.'

It was not till 1824 or 1825 that Bon-
ington began to paint in oil colours. In the
latter year he went to England with Dela-
croix, where they studied the Meyrick col-
lection of armour, and on their return to
Paris they worked together for a time in
Delacroix's studio. It was probably after
this, and not in 1822 as has been stated,
that Bonington visited Venice and other
places in Italy. In 1826 he exhibited for the
first time in England, sending two pictures
of French coast scenery to the British In-
stitution ; but his name was so little known
in his own country, that the ' Literary Gazette '
declared that there was no such person as
Bonington, and that the pictures were by
Collins. The next year he exhibited at the
Salon the first-fruits of his visit to Italy —
two grand views of Venice, the Ducal Palace
and the Grand Canal, and besides these the
celebrated pictures of 'Francis I and the
Queen of Navarre ' and ' Henry III receiving
the Spanish Ambassador,' a ' View of the
Cathedral at Rouen,' and 'The Tomb of
St. Omer.' The last, a water-colour, was
highly praised in an article in < Le Globe '
after the artist's death, and was destroyed
at the sack of the Palais Royal in 1848. To
the Royal Academy he sent a French coast
scene only, but in 1828 he sent over the most
important of his Salon pictures of 1827— the
'Henry III ' and the ' Grand Canal '—to the
Royal Academy (as well as a coast scene),

VOL. v.

i and to the British Institution the ' Ducal
Palace,' together with the 'Piazzetta, St.
Mark's,' which was purchased by Mr. Vernon
and is noAv in the National Gallery.

In 1827 he took a studio in the Rue St.
Lazare, where he lived in good style and
enjoyed the intimacy of several rich amateurs.
In this year he paid a visit to England, bear-
ing a letter of introduction to Sir Thomas
Lawrence from Mrs. Forster, the daughter of
Banks the sculptor, which from diffidence he
failed to deliver. In the spring of the next
year he brought another from the same lady,
and was received as a friend by the presi-
dent. It was at this time that' he painted
his ' Deux femmes au milieu d'un paysage/
which was engraved for the ' Anniversary ' of
1828. Next year his last sketch of 'The
Lute' was engraved for the same annual,
and his picture of ' A Turk ' was exhibited
at the British Institution. But meanwhile
he had died. He had returned to Paris with
his fame fully secured, and commissions
flowed in upon him ; but over-pressure and
overwork, combined, it is said, with the effect
of imprudent sketching in the sun, brought
on brain fever, from which he recovered only
to fall into a rapid decline. He came again
to London, to consult the celebrated Mr. St.
John Long, but lived only a few days after
his arrival. He died at the house of Messrs.
Dixon & Barnett, 29 Tottenham Street, on
23 Sept. 1828, and was buried at St. Jameses
Church, Pentonville. Sir Thomas Lawrence,
Howard the academician, Robson the water-
colour painter, Pugin the architect, and the
Rev. J. T. Judkin attended the funeral. The
sale of his drawings at Sotheby's after his
death realised 1,200/. His works exhibited in
England were nine in number, four at the
Royal Academy, and five (one posthumously)
at the British Institution.

In person Bonington was tall and striking,
his eyes were dark and penetrating, his eye-
brows thick, his forehead square and lofty.
His air was thoughtful and inclined to melan-
choly, and he stooped a little. His disposi-
tion was mild, generous, and affectionate.

Notwithstanding his early death Bonington
achieved a position among the first artists of
his time in France and England, and he is
claimed by the schools of both countries.
His fame has increased since his death, and
whether he is regarded as a painter of coast
and street scenes, or of historical genre, he
is entitled to high rank both for power
and originality. His French coast scenes
are remarkable for their fine atmosphere, his
views in Venice are bathed in warm and
liquid air. He was a refined draughtsman ;
his touch was light and beautiful, and his

A A

Bonington

354

Bonnar

colour was brilliant and true with a gemlike
quality of its own. He was distinguished
by his technical skill in oil and water-colour
and with the point. He was in short a man
of rare and genuine artistic faculties, culti-
vated with great assiduity, and combined
constant observation of nature with careful
study of the methods of the old masters.
In principle he was eclectic, desiring to unite
the merits of all previous schools, and his
pictures vary greatly in style and method.
His earlier work in oils is marked by its
impasto, especially in pictures where cos-
tumes form a striking feature, but he mo-
dified this greatly in his later work. His
main faults as an artist are a want of firm-
ness and solidity, especially in his figures,
and his imagination was delicate and grace-
ful rather than grand or passionate. In some
of his designs he did not scruple to borrow
figures bodily from well-known pictures, but
he made them his own while preserving their
life, so that this practice did not impair the
value of his works or give them the quality
of pastiches.

The principal purchasers of his pictures in
England were the Duke of Bedford, the
Marquis of Lansdowne, Mr. Thomas Baring,
and Mr. Carpenter. The latter published
some twenty engravings after pictures by
Bonington in his own and other collections.
In France the greatest collector was Mr. W.
Brown of Bordeaux. At his sale, in May
1837, were fifty-two oil pictures and six
drawings and water-colours which sold for
what were then considered large prices.
Several of his pictures are in the Hertford
collection, now belonging to Sir Richard
Wallace. At Lord Seymour's sale in Paris
the late Lord Hertford bought l Henry III
receiving the Spanish Ambassador ' for
49,000 francs, and at the 'Novar' sale at
Christie's in 1878 < The Fish Market, Bou-
logne,' and ' The Grand Canal, Venice/ brought
3,150J. apiece. The Louvre contains a number
of his studies and one famous picture —
1 Francis I, Charles V, and the Duchesse
d'Etampes.' In the National Gallery are the
' Piazzetta, St. Mark's, Venice ' (Vernon), a
sketch in oil, l Sunset' (Sheepshanks), and
three water-colours. The British Museum
possesses one water-colour and a sketch-book
of Bonington, as well as a fine collection of
lithographs by him and after him.

Bonington etched a plate of Bologna, which
was published by Colnaghi, but this is his only
known etching except six trials in soft-
ground etching. He also made illustrations
for many books, and of these the most
curious are seven outline drawings in imita-
tion of mediaeval illuminations, which were

published in a little work by J. A. F. Langle
called ' Les contes du gay S9avoir : Ballades,
Fabliaux et Traditions du moyen age,' Paris,
1828. A catalogue, by Aglaiis Bouvenne,
of lithographs, £c., by Bonington was pub-
lished in Paris in 1873 ; it mentions sixty-
seven known works. A celebrated collection
of his lithographs was made by M. Parguez.
M. Burty compiled the catalogue of its sale.

[Cunningham's Lives of British Painters (Hea-
ton) ; Annual Reg. (1828) ; Gent. Mag. (1828) ;
Redgraves' Century of Painters ; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists (1878); Blanc's Histoire des
Peintres ; Library of Pine Arts ; L'Art, Feb.
1879; Portfolio, April 1881; Nouvelle Biogra-
phie Universelle ; Catalogue de 1'ceuvre gravee
et lithographiee de R. P. Bonington, par Aglaiis
Bouvenne ; Catalogues of Royal Academy and
British Institution, &c.] C. M.

BONNAR, GEORGE WILLIAM (1796-
1836), wood-engraver, was born at Devizes
on 24 May 1796. After having been edu-
cated at Bath, he was apprenticed to a wood-
engraver in London, and acquired much
skill both as a draughtsman and an engraver,
distinguishing himself by his revival of the
art of producing a gradation of tints by means
of a combination of blocks. Together with
John Byfield he engraved for * The Dance of
Death,' edited by Francis Douce in 1833,
Holbein's ' Imagines Mortis,' from the Lyons
edition of 1547. Some of his woodcuts ap-
peared in the ' British Cyclopaedia.' He died
on 3 Jan. 1836.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.]

R. E. G.

BONNAR, WILLIAM (1800-1853),
painter, was a native of Edinburgh, and son
of a respectable house-painter. After the
usual precocious evidences of talent he was
apprenticed to one of the leading decorative
painters of his time, and ultimately became
foreman of the establishment. On the occa-
sion of George IV's visit to Edinburgh in 1822
Bonnar helped Mr. D. Roberts to decorate the
assembly rooms for a state ball. A little while
after some sign-boards which he had painted
caught the attention of Captain Basil Hall,
who sought out and encouraged the young
painter. A picture called ' The Tinkers,' ex-
hibitedin 1824 at Waterloo Place,was received
with much favour by the public. Shortly after
the foundation of the Royal Scottish Academy
Bonnar was made a member, and remained
until his death ' one of its most consistent,
I independent, and useful members.'

Bonnar painted many pictures, of which a

large number became popular when engraved.

I Among these may be mentioned 'The Strayed

j Children,' ( Peden at the Grave of Cameron/

Bonneau

355

Bonnell

The Benefactress ; or, the Duchess of Buc-
cleugh visiting the Widow and the Orphan,'
'The First Sermon of John Knox, in the
Castle of St. Andrews/ and ' Robert Bruce
watching the efforts of the Spider.' In rural
scenes and pictures of child life, as well as in
humorous pieces, Bonnar was thought to be
particularly successful. As examples in these
styles may be mentioned ' The Orphans,'
1 The School-door,' ' The New Dress,' < The
Evening Prayer,' 'The Blessing," The Gentle
Shepherd/ < The Cottar's Saturday Night/
'Barney Kilmeny/ < The Forsaken/ 'Dugald
Dalgetty and the Duke of Argyle/ and * Caleb
Balderstone burnishing the Pewter Flagon.'
The last two evince ' a strong sense of the
ludicrous, and attest the versatility of his
powers.' In his latter years Bonnar was en-
gaged chiefly in painting portraits, many of
which were engraved by his sons. ' In private
life Mr. Bonnar was amiable and kind, in
manner he was singularly modest and unob-
trusive, and these qualities, together with his
straightforward honesty and fearless inde-
pendence, rendered him a useful and favourite
member of the Scottish Academy.' He died in
London Street, Edinburgh, on 27 Jan. 1853.

[Art Journal, March 1853 ; Scotsman, 2 Feb.
1853; Kedgraye, Dictionary of Artists of the
English School.] E. K.

BONNEAU, JACOB (d. 1786), painter,
is supposed to have been the son of a French
engraver who worked in London for the book-
sellers about the middle of the last century.
In 1765-1778 he exhibited landscapes at the
rooms of the Society of British Artists, of
which body he was a member. In 1770 he
exhibited at the Royal Academy t St. John/
a water-colour drawing, and from that year
until 1781 he was occasionally represented
there by drawings, generally landscapes with
figures, of poetical character. His principal
occupation was that of a teacher of drawing
and perspective. He died at Kentish Town
18 March 1786.

[European Magazine ; Exhibition Catalogues
of the Society of British Artists and of the Royal
Academy of Arts ; Redgrave's Dictionary of
Artists of the English School.] W. H-H.

BONNELL, JAMES (1653-1699), ac-
countant-general of Ireland, a man eminent
for his saintly life, was descended from one I
of the many families of protestant refugees
who fled to England from the Low Countries '
in the reign of Elizabeth to escape from the
cruel persecution of the Spaniards under the
Duke of Alva. The family settled at Norwich,
.and Bonnell's mother was a Norwich lady,
the daughter of T. Sayer, esq. But Samuel

Bonnell went into Italy, and lived for many
years at Leghorn, and for a few at Genoa :
at the latter place James was born. Samuel
Bonnell, being a wealthy man and a stout
royalist, rendered considerable pecuniary as-
sistance to King Charles in his exile. Upon
the Restoration the king did not repay his
benefactor, but conferred upon him the ac-
countant-generalship of Ireland, worth 800/.
a year, his son's life being included in the
patent with his own. J ames Bonnell's course
was thus marked out for him. But from his
earliest years he had shown a deep sense of
religion, taking especial pleasure in devotional
books. He lost his father when he was only
eleven years of age, but he had the advantage
of being trained by an excellent mother, who
educated him with his sister in Dublin until
he was old enough to be sent to Trim school,
then under the direction of Dr. Tenison,
afterwards bishop of Meath. He always re-
tained a grateful remembrance of Dr. Teni-
son's religious care. From Trim he was re-
moved to 'a private philosophy school' at
Nettlebed in Oxfordshire, his friends fearing
lest his piety should be corrupted in a uni-
versity. The schoolmaster was a Mr. Cole,
who had been principal of St. Mary's Hall,
Oxford, but had been ejected for noncon-
formity. Samuel Wesley the elder accuses
Cole of encouraging immorality in his house,
but Bonnell distinctly exonerates him, by
anticipation, from this charge. Cole's reli-
gious training seems to have consisted simply
in preaching twice every Sunday to the
family, and he exercised no efficient moral
supervision over his pupils, who, according
to Bonnell, were a vicious set. Bonnell also
complains that there was ' no practice of re-
ceiving the sacrament in the place.' But
his pure and well-trained nature was proof
against temptation. After two years and a
half he was removed to St. Catharine s Hall,
Cambridge, being entered by his friend and
kinsman, Mr. Strype, ''then of that house.' At
Cambridge he passed a blameless course, pur-
suing his methods of devotion more strictly,
and making many friends of a kindred spirit
with his own, among others, Offspring Black-
hall, afterwards bishop of Exeter, and James
Calamy, brother of Dr. Calamy, his college
tutor, to whom he was deeply attached.
From Cambridge he removed into the family
of Ralph Freeman, esq., of Aspeden Hall,
Hertfordshire, as governor to his eldest son,
for whose use he composed many of his
1 Pious Meditations.' Bonnell continued in
the family until 1678, when he accompanied
his pupil into Holland, and spent nearly a
year in the household of Sir Leoline Jenkins
at Nimeguen. Sir Leoline was so impressed

AA2

Bonnell

356

Bonner

with his character that he offered to use his
powerful interest in his behalf. He went in
the ambassador s company through Flanders
and Holland, and so back to England. There
he remained with his pupil until 1683, when
young Mr. Freeman was sent into Italy and
France. Bonnell joined him the next year
at Lyons, and the two travelled together
through several parts of France. On his
return he undertook personally the official
duties which, since his father's death, he had
performed by deputy. The office of account-
ant-general of the Irish revenues was one of
great trust, requiring a thorough knowledge
of business. But he was quite equal to the post,
and managed his work so well that he soon
gained the esteem of the government and the
love of all concerned with him. One thing
alone troubled him — had he not a call to the
sacred ministry? So he strove to find a
man to whom he could entrust his respon-
sible office while he himself became a Chris-
tian clergyman. The man he sought was
found, but the revolution of 1688 put a stop
to the scheme. His substitute could not
submit to the new regime, and Bonnell, not
being able to find another to his mind, was
forced to remain at his post. Mr. Freeman
offered, in case he should take holy orders,
to buy him a living ; but this was quite con-
trary to Bonnell's principles. * I will desire,'
he writes, i no place to please myself, espe-
cially in the church, but, indeed, nowhere
else, but to serve God.' Bonnell antici-
pated the dangers which occurred during the
reign of James II, and wrote to his friend
and kinsman, Mr. Strype, about them. He
resolved not to attempt to leave Dublin
during the war. Whatever he received from
his employment he gave to needy protestants.
He was bitterly disappointed when he found
there was so little reformation of manners
after the troubles ceased, and, that he might
assist more directly in the good work, he
again determined - to seek ordination : for
which purpose he again arranged with a sub-
stitute to take his duties as accountant-
general, but again the negotiation fell
through, this time owing to his own failing
health. In 1693 he married Jane, daughter
of Sir Albert Convngham, who had been a
noted royalist, and after six years of happy
union, in which he was blessed with two
sons and one daughter, he passed to his rest.
He was buried in St. John's Church, Dublin,
and his funeral sermon was preached by the
Bishop of Killaloe (Edward Wetenhall), who
uses these remarkable words in his preface
to the sermon : ' I am truly of opinion that
in the best age of the church, had he lived
therein, he would have passed for a saint.'

His life was written by the Archdeacon of

Armagh (William Hamilton), who fully bears

out this encomium. Archdeacon Hamilton

has wisely fortified himself by attaching to

his ' Life ' letters from several bishops who

fully endorse all that he has written, and

there does not appear to be a hint from any

other source which would lead us to doubt

j the truthfulness of the account. Bonnell's

; piety was of the strictly church of England

i type, though he was tolerant of those who

differed from him. During the greater part

I of his life he attended church twice every

I day, and made a point of communicating

every Lord's day. He was a careful ob-

server of all the festivals and fasts of the

church, and made it a rule to repeat on his

knees every Friday the fifty-first Psalm. He

took a deep interest both in the * religious

societies' and the 'societies for the refor-

mation of manners,' which form so interesting

a feature in the church history of his day.

I Of the former, which flourished greatly at

Dublin, we are told that ' he pleaded their

cause, wrote in their defence, and was one of

their most diligent and prudent directors ; '

of the latter ' he was a zealous promoter, was

always present at their meetings, and contri-

buted liberally to their expenses.' He gave

one-eighth of his income to the poor, and his

j probity was so highly esteemed that the for-

| tunes of many orphans were committed to

j his care. Bonnell was a man of great and

varied accomplishments. 'He understood

French perfectly, and had made great pro-

gress in Hebrew, while in philosophy and

oratory he exceeded most of his contempo-

: raries in the university, and he applied him-

i self "with success to mathematics and music/

| Divinity was, however, of course his favourite

| study. He was a great reader of the early

fathers, and translated some parts of Synesius

into English. He also reformed and im-

I proved for his own use a harmony of the

j Gospels. His favourite writers were Richard

Hooker and Thomas a Kempis. Many of his

1 Meditations ' (a vast number of which, on

a great variety of subjects, are still extant)

remind one slightly of the latter author.

[Hamilton's Exemplary Life and Character of
James Bonnell, &c. ; Christian Biography, pub-
lished by Keligious Tract Society.] J. H. 0.

or BONER, EDMUND
| (1500P-1569), bishop of London, is said to
I have been the natural son of George Savage,

rector of Davenham, Cheshire, by Elizabeth
| Frodsham, who was afterwards married to

Edmund Bonner, a sawyer at Hanley in
; Worcestershire. This, however, was doubted
j by Strype, who tells us that his contempo-

Bonner

357

Bonner

rary, Nicholas Lechmore, one of the barons
of the exchequer, had found evidences among
his family papers that Bonner was born in
lawful wedlock. About the year 1512 he
studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, then
called Broadgate Hall. In 1519 he took on
two successive days (12 and 13 June) the
degrees of bachelor of canon and of civil law,
and was ordained about the same time. On
12 July 1525 he was admitted doctor of civil
law. In 1529 we find him in Cardinal Wol-
sey's service as his chaplain, conveying im-
portant messages to the king and to the king's
secretary, Gardiner, sometimes with formal
instructions drawn up in writing. After the
cardinal's fall he still remained in his service,
and was sometimes, it appears, employed to
communicate with Cromwell, of whose good
offices the once great minister stood then so
much in need. In 1530 he went with Wol-
sey to the north, and was with him at Ca-
wood when he was arrested. Not long be-
fore, while with the cardinal at Scrooby, he '
wrote to Cromwell for some Italian books
which Cromwell had promised to lend him j
to improve his knowledge of the language \
(ELLis's Letters, 3rd series, ii. 177).

In January 1532 he was sent to Rome by I
Henry VIII to protest against the king's being |
cited thither by the pope in the question of j
his divorce from Catherine of Arragon, and I
he remained at the papal court the whole of
that year. The imperial ambassador, Cha-
puys, says in one of his despatches from Lon-
idon that he had been previously one of Queen
Catherine's counsel (Calendar of Henry VIII.
v. No. 762). It is somewhat strange that we
have no other evidence of this, but Chapuys j
is not likely to have been misinformed. At j
the close of the year Bonner's zeal in the \
king's service was rewarded with the benefice
of Cherry Burton near Beverley (ib. No. 1658). |
He is also stated to have received, but at
what precise date does not appear, the rec-
tories of Ripple in Worcestershire, andBledon,
which is probably Blaydon, in Durham. For j
a brief period in the beginning of 1533 he :
was in England, having been sent home by !
the other English agents at Bologna, where j
Clement VII then was. who had gone thither
to meet the emperor ; but he was instructed
to return in February, and was at Bologna !
again by 6 March. Just at that moment a j
faint hope was entertained of some kind of !
arrangement between Henry and the pope to |
avert a breach with Rome, but it was soon j
found impracticable. Henry VIII, who had
already secretly married Anne Boleyn, an-
nounced her publicly at Easter as his queen,
and crowned her at Whitsuntide. For this
he naturally incurred excommunication by

the pope, who pronounced sentence accord-
ingly on 11 July. Against this sentence
Henry determined to appeal to a general
council, and Bonner, who followed the pope
towards the close of the year into France to
his meeting with Francis I at Marseilles, in-
timated the appeal to Clement in person.
The despatch in which he reported to the
king how he had done so is printed in Bur-
net, and gives a very vivid account of the
scene, for Bonner was a sharp observer of
things. The proceeding was in every way
vexatious and irregular, for Henry had no
real desire for a council, which, indeed, he all
along tried to avert ; and the pope showed
his internal irritation by folding and unfold-
ing his pocket-handkerchief — ' which,' wrote
Bonner, 'he never doth but when he is
tickled to the very heart with great choler '
— while the datary was reading the appeal.
A very preposterous statement is made by
Burnet, 011 no apparent authority whatever,
that the pope was so enraged at Bonner's
intimation of the appeal, that he talked of
throwing him into a cauldron of melted lead,
or burning him alive. One might just as
easily imagine an English prime minister
threatening to hang a foreign ambassador
after a disagreeable interview. Bonner
quietly discharged his commission and re-
turned to England, where, in the spring of
1534, he was rewarded first with the living
of East Dereham in Norfolk (Calendar,™.
No. 545). In 1535 he was made archdeacon of
Leicester, and was installed on 17 Oct. At
this time all the dignitaries of the church
were required by sermons and writings to
enforce the doctrine of the royal supremacy,
and Bonner wrote a preface to a second edi-
tion, published in 1536, of Gardiner's treatise
' De vera Obedientia.' About the same time
he was sent to Hamburg to cultivate a good
understanding between the king and the
protestants of Denmark and northern Ger-
many. In the spring of 1538 he was sent,
along with Dr. Haynes, to the emperor to dis-
suade him from attending the general coun-
cil summoned by the pope at Vicenza ; but
they were not admitted to his presence.
Later in the year he was sent to supersede
Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, as ambassa-
dor at the French court, who was not over-
well pleased with his treatment or with the
manners of his successor ; for Bonner cer-
tainly was not the man to make a disagree-
able "message more palatable to a rival or
even to a superior. His language even to
Francis I, on this embassy, was on one occa-
sion singularly overbearing, and provoked
that most courteous of kings to tell him in
reply that, if it were not for the love of his

Bonner

358

Bonner

master, he would have had a hundred strokes
of a halberd.

At the beginning of this embassy he was
appointed bishop of Hereford. He seems to
have had a promise of the bishopric before he
went out, but his election took place on
27 Nov. 1538, while he was in France. He
could not, however, return to be consecrated,
and next year, without having obtained pos-

tence, not for the severity with which itf was
carried out. And as to the more memorable
case of Anne Askew [q. v.], it is still more
apparent that Bonner, so far from being
cruelly inclined towards her, really tried his
best to save her.

During the years 1542 and 1543, Bonner
was ambassador to the emperor, whom he
followed in the latter year from Spain into

session of his see, he was translated to Lou- j Germany. He returned from this embassy,
don. Meanwhile he showed himself very ! and was in England during the last three
zealous in promoting the printing of the great '. years of Henry's reign, and it was during
English Bible for the king at Paris. He was j this period that Anne Askew was brought
still in France when, on 20 Oct. 1539, he was j before him. The theory of his conduct first
elected bishop of London. He was confirmed | put forward by Foxe, and accepted with very
on 11 Nov., and took out a commission from | little question even to this day, is that he
the king for the exercise of his episcopal | was all along at heart what Foxe called an
functions on the 12th. On 4 April 1540 he j enemy of the Gospel — that is to say. of the

J.-J _j. C1j_ T» 1>_ J _ J.1. _ i T»_J» _.!_'__ il 1. 1 - I. . Jl J> . ^ -j_ '

was consecrated at St. Paul's, and on the
16th of the same month he was enthroned.

His name was naturally placed on the
commission to treat of doctrine in 1540
after those of the two archbishops. Next
year, under a commission to try heretics, he
opened a session at the Guildhall. The cruel
act of the Six Articles was to be put in force,
and the prisons of London could not contain
all the accused, so that in the end, apparently
of sheer necessity, they were discharged. But
one Richard Mekins, a poor lad of fifteen,
who had spoken against the sacrament, and
expressed his opinion that Dr. Barnes had

Reformation — though he had favoured it in
the first instance from motives of self-inte-
rest, and that immediately after the death of
Henry VIII he showed himself in his true
colours. It is not explained on this theory
why a man whose principles were so very
plastic under Henry became so very reso-
lute under Edward, and suffered depriva-
tion and imprisonment rather than submit
to the new state of things. A more critical
examination of the principles at issue in the
different stages of the Reformation would
make Bonner's conduct sufficiently intelli-
gible. The main point established in the reign

died holy, was condemned to death and j of Henry VIII was simply the principle of
burned in Smithfield. His fate excited natu- j royal supremacy — that the church of England,

rally much compassion, and hard things were
spoken of the bishop in consequence ; but it
may be doubted, notwithstanding Foxe's
coloured narrative, whether Bonner's action
in the matter was more than official. The
unhappy boy died repenting his heresies, and
expressed at the stake — or, according to the
puritan version, ' was taught to speak — much

like the state, was under the constitutional
government of the king. To this principle
minds like those of Bonner and Gardiner saw
— at the time, at least — no reasonable objec-
tion. But the point which Somerset and
others sought to establish under Edward VI
was that church and state alike were under
the uncontrolled authority of the privy coun-

good of the bishop of London, and of the cil during a minority, and that it was in vain

great charity that he showed him ' (HALL'S
Chronicle, 841). As the poor lad gained
nothing by the declaration, it is not clear how
he could have been ' taught ' to say anything
but the truth.

So with other persecutions of which Bon-
ner is accused, of which two occurred during
the reign of Henry VIII. John Porter was
committed to prison by him for reading aloud
from one of the six bibles that Bonner had
caused to be put up in St. Paul's Cathedral,
and making comments of his own in direct
violation of the episcopal injunctions. Foxe
tells us that he was placed in irons and
fastened with a collar of iron to the wall of
his dungeon, of which cruel treatment he died
within six or eight days. But it is clear that
Bonner was onlv answerable for the sen-

to plead constitutional principles against the
pleasure of the ruling powers.

To this neither Bonner nor Gardiner could
submit without protest. One of the first
things instituted in the new reign was a
general visitation, by which the power of the
bishops was superseded for the time. The
king's injunctions and the Book of Homilies
were everywhere imposed. Bonner desired
to see the commission of the visitors, which
they declined to show, and accepted the in-
junctions and homilies with the qualification
f< if they be not contrary to God's law and
the statutes and ordinances of the church/
Unfortunately he repented his rashness, ap-
plied to the king for pardon, and renounced
his protestation. Yet, in spite of this sub-
mission, he was sent to the Fleet, where he

Bonner

359

Bonner

remained, indeed, only a short time, while
the commissioners introduced a new order of
things in his diocese. Two years later, in
1549, he incurred a reprimand from the coun-
cil for neglecting to enforce the use of the
new prayer-book, and was ordered to preach
at Paul's Cross on Sunday, 1 Sept., with ex-
press instructions as to the substance of what
he was to say. He obeyed on all points but
one. He was instructed to set forth among
other things that the king's authority was as
great during the minority as if he were thirty
or forty years old ; but this topic he passed
over in silence. An information was laid
against him on this account by Hooper and
Latimer, and he was examined at great
length on seven different days before Cranmer.
In the end he was deprived of his bishopric
on 1 Oct. and committed to the Marshalsea
prison. This sentence was confirmed by the
council 'which sat in the Star-chamber at
Westminster' on 7 Feb. following, when he
was fetched out of prison merely to have his
disobedience more fully proved against him,
and he was further adjudged l to remain in
perpetual prison at the king's pleasure, and to ,
lose all his spiritual promotions and dignities
for ever' (WEIOTHESLEY'S Chronicle, ii. 34).
He accordingly remained in the Marshal-
sea prison till the accession of Queen Mary in
1553, when most of the acts done by the
council during Edward VI's minority were at
once reversed as being, in fact, unconstitu-
tional. He was liberated on 5 Aug. in that
year, and took possession of his see again,
Ridley, who had been made bishop of London
in his place, being regarded as an intruder.
Ridley, indeed, who was implicated in a
charge of treason by his advocacy of the pre-
tensions of Lady Jane Grey, had already been
taken prisoner before Bonner's liberation.
Foxe, in his extreme desire to make out charges
of cruelty against Bonner, says that, al-
though Ridley had been kind to Bonner's
mother, and allowed her to remain at Fulham
during his imprisonment, Bonner declined to
allow Ridley's sister and some other persons
the benefit of certain leases granted to them
by Ridley as bishop of London. Of course he
could not recognise the validity of such leases
without admitting that Ridley had been the
lawful bishop of London; but whether he
was ungrateful to Ridley or not we have no
means of judging. That he was unpopular in
London— at least with a considerable part of
the population — even before the great perse-
cution, is very probable. London was the
great centre of what was afterwards called
puritanism, and disrespect towards bishops
was the cardinal principle of the new religion.
In 1554, on a Sunday morning in April, a

dead cat with a shaven crown, and with a
piece of paper, i like a singing-cake ' or sacra-
mental wafer, tied between its fore-paws, was
found at daybreak hanging on the post of the
gallows in Cheap. It was taken down and
carried to Bonner, who caused it to be ex-
hibited that day during the sermon at Paul's
Cross. The lord mayor and corporation
offered a reward for the discovery of the
author of the outrage, and various persons
were imprisoned on suspicion, but the true
offender could not be detected.

In September 1554 Bonner visited his dio-
cese, revived processions, restored crucifixes,
images, and the like, and caused the texts of
scripture painted on church walls during the
preceding reign to be erased. He also drew up
a book of ( profitable and necessary doctrine,'
and a set of homilies, on which Bale, after the
accession of Queen Elizabeth, published a
weak and spiteful comment. Next year, after
the reconciliation of the kingdom to Rome,
began the great persecution, in which Bon-
ner's agency, together with the highly coloured
statements of Foxe, have brought his name
into peculiar obloquy. And so strongly has
the character clung to him of a fierce, in-
human persecutor, that even biographers who
tell us, almost in one breath, from Foxe, that
he undertook the burning of heretics cheer-
fully, and, from the surer testimony of docu-
ments, that he was admonished by letter
from the king and queen not to dismiss the
heretics brought before him so lightly as he
and his brother bishops had done, seem un-
conscious that the two statements require to
be brought into harmony. The truth is, that
Mary's ill-starred marriage, against which her
best friends in England remonstrated, and
others broke out into rebellion, really handed
over the government of England to Philip of
Spain, and a severity towards heretics like
that of the Spanish inquisition was the natu-
ral result.

The first of these martyrs, John Rogers, a
priest, was examined and sentenced by the
council. Bonner only degraded him from
the priesthood before his execution. Nor
does he appear to have meddled much with
heretics,' even when sent up to him by the
sheriffs and justices, till he received the
admonition above referred to from the king
and queen, which was dated 24 May. Next
day he and the lord mayor sat together in
consistory in St. Paul's, and pronounced sen-
tence on some men for their opinions on the
sacrament. During the remainder of that
year and nearly the whole of the three years
following, condemnations and burnings of
heretics were of appalling frequency all over
England, and most frequent, as might have

Bonner

360

Bonney

been expected, in the diocese of London. In
February 1 556 Bonner was sent to Oxford with
Thirlby, bishop of Ely, to degrade Archbishop
Cranmer ; but this is the only instance in
which we read of his being so employed out of
his diocese. The catalogue of burnings there
is horrible enough. At Smithfield as many as
seven were sometimes burned together; at
Colchester, one day, five men and five women
suffered; while at Chelmsford, Braintree,
Maldon, and other towns in Essex, individual
cases occurred from time to time.

That Bonner condemned these men is cer-
tain ; that he took a pleasure in it, as Foxe
insinuates, is by no means so clear. It may
be that he did not protest as he might have
done against the severity of an inhuman law.
A victim himself to the injustice of puritanism
in the days of King Edward, he saw tenden-
cies destructive of the commonwealth in the
opinions which he condemned, and rough
remedies were but the fashion of the times.
Still, though his functions were merely judi-
cial, the revulsion of feeling created by these
repeated severities extended to their agents,
and there is no doubt at all that Bonner was
unpopular. Even Queen Elizabeth, it is said,
looked coldly on him, and refused him her
hand to kiss when he, with the other bishops,
went out to meet her at Highgate ; but for
some months he retained his bishopric, and
in 1559 he sat both in parliament and in con-
vocation. He was compelled, however, to
make some arrangement with Bishop Rid-
ley's executors, and was for some time con-
fined to his house. In the course of the
summer he and the whole of the bishops then
in England, except Kitchin of Llandaff, re-
fused to take the oath of supremacy, and
were accordingly deprived of their bishoprics
and committed to prison. Bonner refused
the oath on 30 May, and was imprisoned in
the Marshalsea. There a few years later the
oath of supremacy was again tendered to him
by Dr. Home, the new bishop of Winchester;
as his diocesan, under the statute 5 Eliz. c. 1.
On his refusal to take it he was indicted of a
pramunire ; but by his legal astuteness he
raised the question whether Home had been
rightly consecrated as bishop even by statute
law, and the objection was found so impor-
tant that an act of parliament had to be
passed to free the titles of the Elizabethan
bishops from ambiguity. The charge was
then withdrawn, and the oath was not again
tendered to him. He died in the Marshalsea
prison on 5 Sept. 1569, and was buried three
days later at midnight in St. George's church-
yard, Southwark, the hour being selected in
order to avoid disturbances.

Sir John Harington, who was quite a boy

when Bonner died, says that he was so hated
that men would say of any ill-favoured fat
fellow in the street, that was Bonner. This,
however, tells us little of the real character
of the man. The special merit by which he
rose was that of being an able canonist,
quick-witted and ready in argument. From
some recorded anecdotes, it would appear that
he had a quick temper also, and was given to
language that nowadays would certainly be
called unclerical. A number of his sharp
repartees are preserved by Harington, which
show that he was a man of lively and caustic
humour, rather than the cold-blooded monster
he is commonly supposed to have been.

[State Papers of Henry VIII ; Calendar of
Henry VIII ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments ; Bur-
net's Keformation ; Strype ; "Wood's Athense
(Bliss) ; Wriothesley's Chronicle (Camden Soc.) ;
Machyn's Diary (Camden Soc.); Chronicle of
Queen Jane and Queen Mary (Camden Soc.) ;
Sir John Harington's Brief View of the State
of the Church of England, p. 16. The Life and
Defence of the Conduct and Principles of the
venerable and calumniated Edmund Bonner, by
a Tractarian British Critic, Lond. 1842 (this
book is a very bad sarcasm, its aim not being
biographical so much as polemical. It is at-
tributed to the late prebendary Towusend of
Durham, who had previously edited Foxe's Book
of Martyrs).] J. G.

BONNER, RICHARD (f. 1548), was the
author of a black-letter treatise on l The Right
Worshipping of Christ in the Sacrament of
Bread and Wine,' published in 1548. In the
preface, addressed to Thomas (Cranmer), arch-
bishop of Canterbury, the author styles himself
'your obedyent diocesan and dayly orator.'

[Maunsell's Cat. of English Bookes, 1595, p.
22 ; Ames's Typographical Antiqq., ed. Herbert,
1790, ii. 752; Strype's Eccles. Memorials, 1822,
ii. i. 229.] A. E. B.

BONNEY, HENRY KAYE, D.D. -1

(1780-1862), divine, was son of Henry Kaye
Bonney, rector of King's Cliffe and prebend-
ary of Lincoln, and was born 22 May 1780
at Tansor, Northamptonshire, of which parish
his father was at that time rector. His
father's family friend, Lord Westmorland,
procured for him a foundation scholarship
at the Charterhouse, where he obtained an
| exhibition, and went to Emmanuel College,
' Cambridge. Having been elected to one of
j the Tancred divinity studentships, he mi-
grated to Christ's College. He became B.A.
in 1802, M.A. 1805, D.D. 1824. He was or-
dained deacon in 1803 and priest in 1804,
with a charge at Thirlby, in Lincolnshire.
After a few months he went to live with
his parents at King's Clifte, and undertook

Bonney

36r

Bonnor

the parishes of Ketton and Tixover with j
Duddington. He was collated by Bishop
Tomline, 8 Jan. 1807, to the prebend of j
Nassington in Lincoln Cathedral. Bonney j
was presented by the Earl of Westmorland •
to the rectory of King's Cliffe, in succession j
to his father, who died of paralysis 20 March j
1810 ; and published in 1815, with a dedi- '
cation to the Earl of Westmorland, the
• 'Life of the Right Reverend Father in God,
Jeremy Taylor, D.D., Chaplain in Ordinary
to King Charles the First, and Lord Bishop
of Down, Connor, and Dromore,' 8vo, London,
1815. In 1821 Bonney dedicated to Lady
Cicely Georgiana Fane his ' Historic Notices
in reference to Fotheringay. Illustrated by
Engravings,' 8vo, Oundle, &c. In 1820 he
was appointed examining chaplain to Dr.
Pelham, the new bishop of Lincoln, and was
collated by the same prelate, 10 Dec. 1821,
to the archdeaconry of Bedford. An order
in council, 19 April 1837, transferred it from
the diocese of Lincoln to the diocese of Ely.
Bonney published the ' Sermons and Charges
by the Right Reverend Father in God,
Thomas Fanshaw Middleton, D.D., late Lord
Bishop of Calcutta. With Memoirs of his
Life,' 8vo, London, 1824. On 15 May 1827
he married Charlotte, the fourth daughter of
John Perry, who, after a childless union of
nearly twenty-four years, died at King's
Clifte 26 Dec. 1850. In the year of his
.marriage, 1827, Bonney was appointed to
the deanery of Stamford by his intimate
friend Dr. Kaye, then recently translated
from the see of Bristol to that of Lincoln,
and Avas advanced by the same prelate,
22 Feb. 1845, from the archdeaconry of Bed-
ford to that of Lincoln, of which, soon after
his appointment, he made a parochial visita-
tion, and committed to writing an accurate
account of every church under his supervi-
sion. As an archdeacon Bonney was inde-
fatigable. In the early part of 1858 he was
seized with paralysis, and never entirely
recovered. He died at the rectory-house,
King's Cliffe, 24 Dec. 1862, and was buried in
his wife's grave in the churchyard of Cliffe, to
the restoration of the church of which, then
unfinished, he had shortly before contributed
fiQO*.

He published his charges to the clergy of
the archdeaconry of Bedford for the years
1823, 1843, and 1844, and the several charges
delivered to the clergy and churchwardens
of the archdeaconry of Lincoln at the visita-
tions of 1850, 1854, and 1856. He also contri-
buted a sermon, ' Sacred Music and Psalmody
considered,' which had been first preached
in Lincoln Cathedral, to the third volume of
4 Practical Sermons by Dignitaries and other

Clergymen of the United Church of England
and Ireland,' 8vo, London, 1846.

[Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1860; Le
Neve's Fasti; Gent. Mag. December 1862 et
passim; Lincoln Gazette, 27 Dec. 1862; Morning
Post, 29 Dec. 1862 ; Stamford Mercury, 26 Dec.
1862 and 2 Jan. 1863 ; Memoir appended to Kaye's
Funeral Sermon.] A. H. G.

BONNOR, CHARLES (ft. 1777-1829 ?),
actor and dramatist, was the son of a dis-
tiller in Bristol. After commencing life as
apprentice to a coachmaker, he appeared on
the Bath stage on 4 Oct. 1777 as Belcour,
in Cumberland's comedy ' The West Indian.'
He remained at Bath until the close of the
season 1782-3, playing such characters as
Charles Surface, Ranger, Touchstone, £c. On
7 July 1783 he appeared for his farewell
benefit as Mercutio, and Puff in the ' Critic,'
and announced his forthcoming departure
for London. On 19 Sept. 1783 he made, as
Brazen in the ' Recruiting Officer,' his first
appearance at Co vent Garden, speaking an.
address in which he introduced himself and
Miss Scrace from Bath, and Mrs. Chalmers
from York (GENEST), or Norwich (Biographia
Dramatica)t who made their first appearance
in the same piece. In London, as in Bath,
his reception was favourable. At Covent
Garden he produced for his benefit, on 6 May
1785, an interlude, called ' The Manager
in Spite of Himself/ in which he played
all the characters but one. This was fol-
lowed at the same theatre, on 20 Dec. 1790,
by a pantomime adapted from the French,
and entitled ' Picture of Paris.' Neither
of these pieces has been printed. Before the
production of the first, Bonnor's direct con-
nection as an actor with Covent Garden had
been interrupted. In the year 1784 Bonnor
was sent over by Harris, of Covent Garden,
fer the purpose of establishing an English
theatre in Paris. So prosperous were at first
the negotiations, that the ' superb theatre
which constitutes one of the grand divisions
of the Thuilleries ' was taken. The patron-
age of the Queen of France, on which he had
counted, was withdrawn, and the scheme
was abandoned. Meanwhile John Palmer,
the owner of the Bath theatre, and the
first proprietor of mail-coaches, who had
been appointed comptroller-general of the
post-office, availed himself of the abilities of
Bonnor in the arrangement of his scheme
for the establishment of a mail-coach service.
This led to the appointment of Bonnor as
deputy-comptroller of the post-office, and his
consequent retirement from the stage. In the
Royal Kalendar for 1788 Charles Bonner (sic)
first appears as resident surveyor of the general
post-office, and also as the deputy-surveyor

Bonnor

362

Bonnycastle

and comptroller-general in the same office,
with a salary of 500/. In the Royal Kalendar
of 1793 his name appears for the only time
as the resident surveyor and comptroller of
the inland department of the general post-
•office, with a salary of 7001. When Palmer
vacated his functions (in 1792, according to
Rose's * Biographical Dictionary;' in 1795,
according to the ' Biographia Dramatics '),
Bonnor succeeded to the comptrollership of
the inland department of the post-office. This
he held two years. Changes were then made in
the post-office, the comptrollership was abo-
lished, and Bonnor retired on a pension. He
published : 1. t Mr. Palmer's Case explained
. . . 1797.' 2. < Letter to Benj. Hobhouse,
Esq., M.P., on the subject of Mr. Palmer's
Claim . . . 1800.' 3. 'Vindication against
certain Calumnies on the subject of Mr. Pal-
mer's Claim,' 4to, 1800. In the ' return of
persons now or formerly belonging to the
post-office department who receive pensions,'
contained in the Parliamentary Papers for
1829, xi. 229, the name of Charles Bonnor ap-
pears as receiving a pension of 460/., granted
him from 1795 l for office abolished.' This
return is dated 26 March 1827, at which date
Bonnor was assumably alive. In the ' Gen-
tleman's Magazine ' for 1829, i. 651, the death
at Gloucester of a Mr. Charles Bonnor is
chronicled.

[Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Baker,
Eeed, and Jones's Biographia Dramatica; Bio-
graphical Dictionary of Living Authors, 1816;
Gent. Mag. 1829 ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser.
xii. passim.] J. K.

BONNOR, THOMAS (/. 1763-1807),
topographical draughtsman and engraver,
was a native of Gloucestershire. In 1763 he
was awarded a premium by the Society of
Arts, and he became one of the ablest topo-
graphical artists of his time. There are many
plates of mansions, churches, and monuments
drawn and engraved by him in Nash's ' Col-
lections for the History of Worcestershire,'
published in 1781-2 ; Collinson's ' History and
Antiquities of the County of Somerset/ 1791 ;
Bigland's l Historical, Monumental, and Ge-
nealogical Collections relative to the County
of Gloucester,' 1791-2 ; and Polwhele's ' His-
tory of Devonshire,' 1793-1806. He also
designed some illustrations to the works of
Richardson, Smollett, and Fielding, and in
1799 published four numbers of the 'Copper-
plate Perspective Itinerary,' containing views
of Gloucester Cathedral and Goodrich Castle,
for which he also wrote the descriptive text.
He exhibited some drawings of architectural
remains at the Royal Academy in 1807, and
died between that date and the year 1812.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, 1878.] R. E. G.

BONNYCASTLE, JOHN (1750P-1821),

| author of several works on elementary
| mathematics, was born (probably about 1750)
at Whitchurch, in Buckinghamshire. At an
early age he went to London ' to seek his
fortune,' and afterwards ' kept an academy at
Hackney.' On the title-pages of the earlier
editions of his first work (' The Scholar's
Guide to Arithmetic ') he is described as
I ' private teacher of mathematics.' He was
at one time private tutor to the sons of the
Earl of Pomfret. Between 1782 and 1785 he
became professor of mathematics at the Royal
Military Academy, Woolwich. He died on
15 May 1821. His chief works are : 1. ' The
Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic.' The first
edition of this book appeared in 1780. In 1851
appeared an eighteenth edition, ' edited by J.
Rowbotham, corrected with additions by S.
Maynard.' 2. 'Introduction to Algebra,' 1782.
A thirteenth edition appeared in 1824, ' with
addenda by Charles Bonny castle,' the author's
i son. 3. ' Introduction to Astronomy,' 1786.
This book is intended as a popular introduc-
tion to astronomy rather than as an elemen-
! tary treatise. An eighth edition appeared
; in 1822. 4. An edition of Euclid's ' Ele-
ments,' with notes, 1789. 5. 'Introduction
to Mensuration and Practical Geometry/
1782 (thirteenth edition 1823). This book
and the last were translated into Turkish.
6. 'A Treatise on Algebra/ 2 vols., 1813.
j 7. ' A Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigo-
nometry/ 1806. Besides elementary mathe-
matical books, Bonnycastle was in early life
a frequent contributor to the ' London Maga-
zine.' He wrote also the introduction to a
translation (by T. O. Churchill) of Bossut's
' Histoire des Mathe'matiques/ and a ' chro-
nological table of the most eminent mathe-
maticians from the earliest times' at the
end of the book (1803). He seems to have
been a man of considerable classical and
general literary culture. Leigh Hunt, who-
used to meet him in company with Fuselir
I of whom Bonnycastle was a great friend,
, has left a description of him in his book on
i ' Lord Byron and his Contemporaries.' He
i describes him as ' a good fellow/ and as
| ' passionately fond of quoting Shakespeare
I and of telling stories.' In conclusion, he
j suggests that, in common with scientific
; men in general, Bonnycastle ' thought a
I little more highly of his talents than the
! amount of them strictly warranted ; ' but,
j he adds, 'the delusion was not only par-
| donable but desirable in a man so zealous in
j the performance of his duties, and so much

Bonnycastle

363

Bonomi

of a human being to all about him, as Mr.
Bonnycastle was.'

[Gent. Mag. 1821, i. 472, 482; Leigh Hunt's
Lord Byron and his Contemporaries, ii. 32-6 ;
Brit. Mus. Cat. ; De Morgan's Arithmetical
Books, p. 76; Diet, of Living Authors, 1816.]

T. W-R.

BONNYCASTLE, Sin RICHARD
HENRY (1791-1848), lieutenant-colonel
royal engineers, was the son of Professor
John Bonnycastle [q. v.], and was born in
1791. He studied at the Royal Military Aca-
demy, Woolwich, as a cadet, and passed out
as a second lieutenant of the royal engineers
28 Sept. 1808, becoming a first lieutenant in
the following year. He served at the siege
of Flushing in 1809, and in the American
campaigns of 1812-14, during which he was
present at the capture of Fort Castine, and
the occupation of the part of the state of
Maine east of the Penobscot, and was com-
manding engineer at the construction of the
extensive works thrown up by the British
on the Castine peninsula. He attained the
rank of captain in 1814, in which year he
married the daughter of Captain W. John-
n €L> ^ton.^: Subsequently he served with the army
of occupation in France. As commanding
royal engineer in Upper Canada, he rendered
very important services during the Canadian
rebellion in 1837-9, particularly in February
1838, when, at the head of a force of militia
and volunteers, in the absence of regular
troops, he defeated the designs of the insur-
y^ gents at Napa^ee, and the brigands at
Hickory Island, for an attack on the city of
Kingston. Forthese services he was knighted.
He was afterwards commanding engineer in
Newfoundland. He became a brevet-major
in 1837, a regimental lieutenant-colonel in
1840, and retired from the service in 1847.
He died in 1848. Sir Richard, who was an
excellent and painstaking officer and much
esteemed, was author of : 1. ' Spanish
America, a Descriptive and Historical Ac-
count,' &c., 2 vols. 8vo. with maps (London,
1818), a work which appears to have been
compiled by the author, who was a good
Spanish scholar, when at Woolwich after his
return from France. 2. ' The Canadas in
1842,'2vols.l2mo(London,1842). 3. 'New-
foundland in 1842,' 2 vols. 8vo (London,
1842), in which the author sought to call
attention to the resources of that oldest and,
at the time, least known of British colonies.
4. ' Canada and the Canadians in 1846,' 12mo
(London, 1846). At his death he left a mass
of interesting writings relating to Canada,
which were afterwards published under the
editorship of Lieutenant-colonel (since Gene-

ral) Sir J. E. Alexander, C.B., with the title
1 Canada as it was and as it may be,' 2 vols.
8vo (London, 1852).

[Hart's Army Lists ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Canada
as it was and as it may be (London, 1832).]

H. M. C.

BONOMI, JOSEPH, the elder (1739-
1808), architect, was born of Italian parents
at Rome 19 Jan. 1739. In 1767, on the invita-
tion of the brothers R. and J. Adam, he came-
to England. He had an excellent knowledge
of perspective, which conduced much towards
his professional success. In 1775 he married
a cousin of Angelica Kauffman. In 1783 he
went with his wife and family to Italy. During'
that visit he received the diploma of Associate
of the Clementine Academy at Bologna. In the
following year, his return being hastened by
the death of a son, he came back to England,,
and finally settled in practice in London. In
his native country he stood in high repute.
Already in 1776 he had made a design for
a sacristy, which Pope Pius VI proposed to
erect at St. Peter's at Rome, and in 1804 he
received from the congregation of cardinals
entrusted with the care of the metropolitan
cathedral an honorary diploma, constituting
him architect-to the building. His knowledge
of • perspective, while it extended his fame
and gave beauty to his designs, made him the
innocent cause of that rupture which led to
the retirement of Sir Joshua Reynolds from
the presidency of the Royal Academy. A
sufficient account of the quarrel, and of Bono-
mi's merely passive share in it, will be found
in Leslie's and other lives of Sir Joshua. In
1789, by the casting vote of the president, he
was elected an associate of the Academy. It
was Sir Joshua's wish to have him made a
full member, in order that the vacant chair
of the professor of perspective might be suit-
ably filled. The body of the Academy re-
sisted the election, and Bonomi accordingly
did not attain the dignity of full membership.
He sent drawings to the exhibitions of the
Royal Academy at various times between the
years 1783 and 1806. He died in London on
9 March 1808, in his sixty-ninth year, and
was buried in Marylebone Cemetery. His
meritorious life and timely death are briefly
epitomised in a Latin inscription, which will
be found in the supplement to Lysons's ' Envi-
rons of London,' p. 227. A good list of his
works is given in the ' Dictionary of the Ar-
chitectural Publication Society,' 1853. He
was a leader in the revival of Grecian archi-
tecture, and his buildings are chiefly in that
style. Amongst them may be mentioned
Dale Park, Sussex, built 1784-8 for John
Smith, Esq., M.P., illustrated in Neale's-

Bonomi

364

Bonville

' Seats, &c.,' v. ser. 2 ; the gallery atTWneley
Hall, Lancashire, built in 1789 for a collec-
tion since transferred to the British Museum ;
a gallery and small church at Packington,
Warwickshire, for the Earl of Aylesford
(NEALE, Seats, &c. iv.) For Langley Hall,
Kent, the seat of Sir Peter Burrell, bart., he
designed considerable additions. In 1792 he
built the chapel in Spanish Place, Manchester
Square, London. Langford Hall, Shropshire,
designed by Bonomi, shows perhaps the ear-
liest instance of a portico projecting suffi-
ciently to admit carriages. His last and most
celebrated work was an Italian villa at Rose-
neath, Dumbartonshire, for the Duke of Ar-
gyll. A ground-plan and perspective view of
this building are given, amongst other places,
in Gwilt's ' Encyclopaedia,' pp. 228-9. The
name of Bonomi occurs often in the novels of
his time as that of an architect who should be
consulted on all occasions in matters of archi-
tecture. Ignatius, the elder of his surviving
sons, practised as an architect at Durham.
Joseph, the younger [q. v.], became a cele-
brated artist and orientalist.

[Dictionary of the Architectural Publication
Society, 1853; Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Archi-
tecture, p. 2'27 ; Leslie's Life of Sir Joshua Eey-
nolds, ii. ch. 10; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of
Eng. School.] E. K.

BONOMI, JOSEPH, the younger (1796-
1878), sculptor and draughtsman, was born at
Home on 9 Oct. 1796. His father was Joseph
Bonomi the elder [q. v.], and Angelica Kanff-
man and Maria Cosway were sponsors at his
baptism. The elder Bonomi, who had first
come to England in 1767, settled here per-
manently soon after his son's birth, and Joseph
became at an early age a student at the Royal
Academy, where he won the silver medal
for the best drawing from the antique, and
also distinguished himself in sculpture, the
study of which he afterwards pursued under
Nollekens. In 1823 he revisited Home, and
in the following year accompanied Robert
Hay to Egypt, the land with which his name
was to be most enduringly linked. He there
remained eight years, studying and drawing
the monuments, in the company of Hay,
Burton, Lane, and Wilkinson. His cheerful,
indomitable spirit and easy bonhomie made
him a general favourite, and during this period
he acquired that remarkable skill in hierogly-
phic draughtsmanship which has been ex-
celled by Wilkinson alone. In 1833 he joined
Arundale and Catherwood in their journey in
Sinai and the Holy Land, where they were
the first to visit the Mosque of Omar, so
called, and made the detailed drawings upon
which Fergusson founded his famous theory.

On his return to England, his true eye and
delicate pencil were immediately secured for
the illustration of the Egyptological works
of Wilkinson and Birch ; but in 1842 his
services were again in demand for the ex-
pedition which the Prussian government
were sending to Egypt under Lepsius, and
his duties in connection with this exploration
kept Bonomi two years in the country. On
his return from this second visit to Egypt,
he made a series of drawings from which
Warren and Fahey painted their panorama
of the Nile, which enjoyed a considerable
measure of success in London and some of
the large towns. In 1853 Bonomi lent his
valuable assistance to Owen Jones in the
arrangement of the Egyptian Court at the
Crystal Palace, and in 1861 he was ap-
propriately appointed curator of Sir John
Soane's Museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
Here he remained until his death, 3 March
1878. Bonomi was no scholar, but as a
hieroglyphic draughtsman he was admirable.
His work may be found scattered through all
the principal Egyptologists' publications of
his time. He furnished the Egyptian illus-
trations for numerous papers in the ' Trans-
actions of the Syro-Egyptian Society,' Birch's
' Gallery of Antiquities selected from the
British Museum,' Hay's collection, the Hart-
well House Museum, and many other works
of importance. With Samuel Sharpe, espe-
cially, Bonomi constantly collaborated, il-
lustrating most of that writer's books ; in
many cases it would be more correct to sav
that Sharpe supplied the text that explained
Bonomi's drawings. The large work on
' Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia ' is illustrated
by Bonomi, and he also published a popular
work on ' Nineveh,' regarded chiefly from
the artistic and the scriptural points of view,
which ran through several editions, and was
reprinted in 1869. He invented a machine
for measuring the proportions of the human
body, and brought out an edition of Vitru-
vius Pollio, with a treatise on the proportions
of the human figure. He wras a useful con-
tributor to the 'Transactions of the Royal
Society of Literature ' and other learned
periodicals. His papers on obelisks and 011
other Egyptian monuments were especially
valuable.

[Times, 5 March 1878 ; Athenaeum. No. 2628
(March 1878); information from E. W. Lane,
E. S. Poole, and others.] S. L.-P.

BONVILLE, ANTHONY (1621-1676),
otherwise called TERKILL, a Jesuit father, son
of Humphrey Bonville of Canford, Dorset-
shire, by Maria, his wife, was born at Canford
in 1621 . His mother, being strongly attached

Bonvisi

365

Bonvisi

to the Roman creeds and ritual, seems to
have early given a bias to her son's religious
sentiments ; and though his father was a pro-
testant, Anthony was allowed to fall under
the influence of Father Thomas Bennet (alias
Blackfan), who had been an active missioner
in the Hampshire district since 1634. He
was soon persuaded by the practised dis-
putant, and left England to be educated at
St. Omer when in his fifteenth year. Thence
he set out for Rome in 1640, and entered at
the English college on 4 Dec. He was or-
dained priest in March 1647, and in the fol-
lowing June was received into the Society of
Jesus at Rome. He was successively peniten-
tiary at Loreto, professor of philosophy at
Florence and Parma, and professor of theo-
logy and mathematics at Liege, where he
died on 11 Oct. 1676. Father John Greaves,
who died professor of Hebrew at Liege in
1652, Avas connected with Bonville on his
mothers side. His published works were :
1. ' Coiiclusiones Philosophicse,' Parma, 12mo,
1657. '2. 'Problema Mathematico-philoso-
phicum tripartitum, de termino magnitudinis
ac virium in animalibus,' Parma, 12mo, 1660.
3. ' Fundamentum tot ius Theologise Moralis,
seu Tractatus de Conscientia probabili . . .
auctore R. P. Antonio Terillo, Anglo, Soc.
Jesu Sacerd. ... In hoc tractatu . . . er-
rores Jansenii circa ignorantiam invincibilem
refutantur' . . . Liege, 4to, 1668. 4. ''Regula
Morum sive tractatus bipartitus de sufficient!
ad conscientiam rite formandam regula . . .
Auctore R. P. Antonio Terillo . . . Opus pos-
thumum,' Liege, fol. 1678.

[Foley's Records of the Society of Jesus, iii.
(i.e. ser. v.-viii.), pp. 410, 420; Diary and Pil-
grim Book, p. 353 ; De Backer's Bibliotheque des
Ecrivains de la Comp. de Jesus (fol. Louvain,
1 876) sub voc. Terill.] A. J.

BONVISI, ANTONIO (d. 1558), mer-
chant, belonged to an ancient family of Lucca,
which was descended from a councillor of
Otho III in the tenth century, and members
of which had held the post of gonfaloniere in
their native town. The coat borne by them was
on a field azure, an estoile of eight points, sur-
mounted by an inescutcheon, parti per salt ire
argent and gules; crest an angel affronte.
His family was settled in England before his
time, and he perhaps was born here, as his
denisation does not appear to be on the pa-
tent rolls. In 1513 he was already a thriving
merchant, and laying the foundation of the
great wealth for which he was famous. In that
year he received from the king (Henry VIII)
a remission of customs for five years in repay-
ment of a loan to the crown. He dealt largely
in wool, and also imported jewels and other

| foreign articles, for which Cardinal Wolsey
I was one of his principal customers. He acted
j also as banker for the government, transmit-
ting money and letters to ambassadors in
I France, Italy, and elsewhere, and sometimes
; through his correspondents succeeded in ob-
I taining earlier news of foreign events than
the government did. He was a patron and
I friend of learned men, more especially of
those who had visited and studied in Italy.
Thomas Starkey, Thomas Winter, Florence
Volusenus, and others express their obliga-
tions to him. Sir Thomas More, in one of his
last letters from the Tower, speaks of himself
as having been for nearly forty. years l not a
guest, but a continual nursling of the house
of Bonvisi,' and styles Antonio the most faith-
ful of his friends. He sympathised with More
from principle, as well as for friendship's sake,
and was courageous enough to help Friar
Peto, who had fled to the LOAV Countries after
preaching a violent sermon against King-
Henry VIII. Cardinal Pole speaks of him
in much the same terms as More does, as ' a
special benefactor of all catholic and good per-
sons, whom I will not leave unnamed, for
worthy is he of name, and I doubt not but his
name is in the Book of Life. It is Anthony
Bonvyse, whom I think you all know, dwell-
ing from his youth up among you (i.e. in
: London), being now a very old man.'

He resided at London, in Crosby Hall,
Bishopsgate Street (Crosbyes Place it was
j then called), which he at first leased from the
I priory of St. Helen's, and after the dissolution
! of that monastery purchased from the king, to-
gether with a house in St. Mary Axe and the
| site of the friary at Moulsham, near Chelms-
: ford. This was in 1542. The house in St.
; Mary Axe he sold in 1546 to Balthazar
Guercy, a distinguished fellow of the College
of Physicians, and formerly medical attendant
to Queen Catherine of Arragon, who had al-
ready resided there for some time. His well-
known aversion to the principles of the Re-
formation ( ' a rank papist ' Wriothesley calls
him) gave him a sense of insecurity in Eng-
' land, and in the beginning of the reign of
Edward VI he obtained license to convey
Crosby Hall to Ric. Heywood, in trust for
himself and others after his death, and about
the same time he procured a release and quit-
tance for all sums of money paid to him by
officers of the crown since 1544. Having thus
settled his affairs, he fled to the continent.
His house, with those of Drs. Clement and
Guercy, was seized by the sheriffs of London
on 7 Feb. 1550, and in the general pardon
which concluded the acts of the parliament
of 7 Edward VI (1553) he was specially ex-
cepted, together with Cardinal Pole, the two

Bonwicke

366

Bonwicke

doctors above mentioned, Dr. Story, who was
executed for treason in the reign of Elizabeth,
and a few others. Story, who made his will
while in exile, appointed Bonvisi as his exe-
cutor. He died on 7 Dec. 1558, and was
buried at Louvain, leaving Benedict Bonvisi,
son of his brother Martin, to inherit his Eng-
lish property, which he had recovered during
the reign of Queen Mary. Among the state
papers at the Public Record Office there are
several letters signed ' Antonio Bonvisi,' but
probably only two are by him ; these are dated
1533. In the others written in 1536 the signa-
ture does not appear to be by the same writer.
[Tettoni e-Saladini, Teatro Arahlico, vi. ; Cal.
of State Papers of Hen. VIII, vols. i.-vii. ; Ve-
netian Calendar, vols. ii. iii. ; State Papers of
Hen. VIII, vols. i. vii. viii. ix. ; Sir Thos. More's
English Works, 1455 ; Strype's Mem. n. ii. 67,
in. ii. 491-3 ; Annals, n. ii. 453 ; AVriothesley's
Chronicle (Camd. Soc.), ii. 34; Patent Rolls
Hen.VIII (besides those referred to in the Calen-
dar) ; 34 Hen. VIII, pt. 1, m. 13 ; 35 Hen. VIII,
p. 13 ; 36 Hen. VIII, p. 28 ; 38 Hen. VIII, p. 7,
m. 6 ; 1 Edw. VI, p. 7, m. 28, p. 9, m. 3 ; Inq.
p. m. 1 Eliz. pt. 2, No. 117.] C. T. M.

BONWICKE, AMBROSE, the elder
(1652-1722), schoolmaster and nonjuror, son
of the Rev. John Bonwicke, B.D., rector of
East Horsley, Surrey, was born on 29 April
1652, and entered the Merchant Taylors'
•School, London, at the age of eleven. The
head-master at that time was John Goad, who
had a high reputation for scholarship, but was
suspected of being too favourably disposed
towards the Romish communion, which he
joined at a later period of life. Bonwicke
passed creditably through the school, and on
11 June 1669, being then head monitor, was j
elected to St. John's College, Oxford. Of his
career at the university we have a somewhat |
curious picture drawn by his own hand in !
letters to his father. These are filled with |
complaints of his poverty, due chiefly, it would
seem, to the embarrassed condition of the col- I
lege revenues. l Vestes nostrse,' he writes in j
1670, ' imdique fatentur vetustatem et subter
togam gestiunt latere ne suam indicarent
raritatem,nec diutius multo dominum tegent,
cum ips£e dudum nudse fuerunt.' A little
later he complains e non tarn librorum inopia
laboro, quani indusiorum.' In 1672 his en-
treaties for help become more urgent : ' pecu-
niolam aliquam emendico . . . rnittas igitur,
obsecro, viginti saltern, iitinam triginta, ne
diutius sim in ullo aere prseterquam tuo.'
Through the favour of Peter Mews, bishop
of Bath and Wells, he was made tutor to
Lord Stawell. Still retaining his fellowship,
he proceeded to the degree of B.A. in 1673,
M.A. in 1675, and to that of B.D. in 1682;

but though ordained deacon in 1676, he did
not take priest's orders until 1680. In ]<58<>
Dr. Hartcliffe was elected to the head-master-
ship of Merchant Taylors' School, and King
James, in pursuance of his settled policy,
recommended ' in the most effectual manner
. . . not doubting of ready compliance ' (Mi-
nutes of the Court of the M.T. Co.), a Mr. Lee
for the vacant post. The Merchant Taylors'
Company, however, were not disposed to sur-
render their rights of patronage, and ulti-
mately the king gave way, and Bonwicke
was appointed. He entered upon his duties
on 9 June 1686, and immediately obtained a
license from the Bishop of London on sign-
ing the Articles and taking the oath of
allegiance. His mastership promised well.
Among his pupils were several who rose to
distinction, the most noteworthy being Hugh
Boulter, archbishop of Armagh, and Sir Wil-
liam Dawes, archbishop of York. LTnfortu-
iiately, with the change of dynasty there
came also a change in the relations between
himself and the company which had control
of the school. It was required of him to take
the oath of allegiance to the new sovereign, or
show cause for his refusal. Time was given
him for deliberation, and l to provide for him-
selfe ' ($.), and several of his old school and
college friends tried to overcome his scruples.
In this they wholly failed, and accordingly his
notice of dismissal took effect at Michaelmas,
1691. He then opened a private school at
Headley , Surrey, where William Bowyer was
among his pupils, and from his evidence
(NICHOLS, Lit. Awed. i. 65-6) we gather that
Bonwicke inspired both affection and respect
in those with whom he had to do. His
grateful pupil transcribed many of his letters,
which were published by John Nichols in
1785 under the title of ' Miscellaneous Tracts,'
and to his care as executor was consigned
the manuscript life of Ambrose Bonwicke
the younger, which presented l A Pattern for
Young Students in the University,' first pub-
lished by Bowyer in 1729, and carefully edited
by Professor J. E. B. Mayor in 1870. Bon-
wicke died on 20 Oct. 1722, having had twelve
children by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of
Philip Stubbs of St. Peter's, Cornhill, and
sister of his old schoolfellow, Archdeacon
Stubbs, whom Steele has eulogised in the
1 Spectator.'

[Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodl. Libr. ; Wilson's
Hist, of Merchant Taylors' School; Robinson's
Registers of the same ; Nichols's Literary Anec-
dotes; Professor Mayor's Life of Bonwicke, Camb.
1870.] C. J. R.

BONWICKE, AMBROSE, the younger
(1692-1 714), nonjuror, eldest son of Ambrose

Bonython

367

Bonython

JBonwicke the elder [q. v.], was born 30 Sept.
188% (Register of Merchant Taylors' School},
and entered the school, of which his father
had heen head-master, in 1703 ($.). He spent
more than seven years there, and, having
reached the head form, was eligible for elec- j
tion to St. John's College, Oxford. But his
refusal at school to read the prayer for the
queen and the house of Hanover deprived
him of this advantage, and compelled him to ;
seek admission at the sister university. En- ,
tering St. John's College, Cambridge, in I
August 1710, his exemplary conduct and ac-
quirements quickly procured him a scholar-
ship, the enjoyment of which was somewhat
marred by the scruples of an over-sensitive |
conscience. The statutes, to his mind, not !
only enjoined personal obedience, but implied i
some control over others. ' Am I,' he asks [
his father, 'by the words "faciam ab aliis
observari," which are part of the oath, obliged
to tell lads continually their duty as far as
I know it, and also to inform against trans-
gressors ? ' Happily his mind was set at ease
on this point, and he was able to continue in
college, devoting himself to study and to re-
ligious exercises with an ardour which could
not but burn itself out. His health gave way
beneath the severity of his self-discipline and
the closeness of his application, and on 5 May
1714, alone, with his books of devotion beside
him, he died in his college study. His father,
at the suggestion of William Bowyer, drew
up an account of his son's life, but desired
that its authorship should be concealed.
Bowyer, however, who undertook to edit the
book, disclosed the secret, and in 1729 pub-
lished the memoir under the title, ' A Pattern
for Young Students in the University, set
forth in the Life of Mr. Ambrose Bonwicke,
sometime Scholar of St. John's College in
Cambridge.' It is interesting, not merely as i
a picture of college life a century and a half j
ago, but as showing the nature and develop- i
ment of the scrupulous conscience which I
made both father and son nonjurors.

[The Pattern, &c., by Bowyer, 1729, and ed.
by J. E. B. Mayor, 1870; Nichols's Literary
Anecd. ; Wilson's Hist, of Merchant Taylors'
School ; Robinson's Eeg. of same.] C. J. R.

BONYTHON, CHARLES (d. 1705),
lawyer, was the son and heir of John Bony-
thon of Bonython, Cornwall, who married
Ann, daughter of Hugh Trevanion of Trele-
gan. He was admitted as a student at Gray's
Inn on 26 Oct. 1671, and was called to the
bar on 12 June 1678. In some of the popish
plot cases he appeared for the crown, notably
in that against Lord Castlemaine (WiLLis
BUND'S Cases from the State Trials t\\. 1073).

From April 1683 to 1705 he held the lucra-
tive appointment of steward of the courts
at Westminster, an office which no doubt
paved the way to his election as one of the
members of parliament for Westminster
(1685-87). On two subsequent occasions
(October 1691 and July 1698) he threatened
to contest that city again in the 'pure tory
interest,' but in neither instance was he re-
turned (Letters of Rachel, Lady Russell, ii.
92, and James Vernoris Correspondence, ii.
126). He was appointed a serjeant-at-law
in 1692. On 30 April 1705, in a fit of mad-
ness, he ' shot himself through the body with
a pistoll ' in his London house. His two sons
were also of Gray's Inn. Richard, the elder,
'a very engenious gentleman,' having sold the
family estates, 'set fire to his chambers in
Lincoln's Inn [should be Gray's Inn], burnt
all his papers, bonds, &c., and then stabbed
himself with his sword, but not effectually ;
he then threw himself out of the window,
and died on the spot.' This occurred in
1720.

[Parochial Hist, of Cornwall, i. 287 ; Cum-
mings's Cury and Gunwalloe, 80-9 ; Luttrell's
Hist. Relation, i. 256, v. 545 ; Woolryeh's Ser-
jeants, ii. 464-5.] W. P. C.

BONYTHON, RICHARD (1580-1650 ?),
an early American settler, was the second
son of John Bonython of Bonython, and
was baptised at St. Columb Major on 3 April
1580. His title of ' captain,' and a passage
in the ' Winthrop Papers ' (Massachusetts
Historical Society, 4th ser. vii.), seem to
prove that he served in the French wars with
Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who like himself was
a west-country man. In 1630 he received
a grant of a large tract of land on the east
side of the Saco river, in Maine, or, as it was
then called, New Somersetshire, and settled
on his property in 1631 He was a com-
missioner under Gorges for the government
of Maine in 1636 : and when Gorges ob-
tained a royal charter of the province Bo-
nython was named in 1640 one of his council,
and acted in that capacity to 1647. His up-
rightness as a magistrate is the theme of
constant praise, and it is added that he even
entered a complaint against his own son, the
turbulent John Bonython, who was outlawed
for contempt of court, and bore an evil repu-
tation throughout his life. Bonython died
about 1650, leaving this son and two daugh-
ters. The name is now extinct in America ;
but the descendants of his daughters are
numerous, the poet Longfellow tracing his
ancestry back to Bonython's third daughter.
The reckless John Bonython is introduced
by Whittier as a character in ' Mogg Megone."

Booker

368

Booker

[Bibl. Cornub. iii. 1083 ; Folsom's Saco, passim ;
Willis's Portland, 28, 57-78, 159 ; Proceedings
of Maine Hist. Soc. 25 May 1883 ; Western An-
tiquary, i. 200-16.] W. P. C.

.BOOKER,JOHN(1603-1667),astrologer,
was born at Manchester 23 March 1602-3, as
appears by his nativity among the Ashmolean
MSS. He was originally apprenticed to a
haberdasher in London, and was subsequently
a writing-master at Hadley and clerk to two
city magistrates. He must, however, have
soon commenced the professional practice of
astrology, to which he had been addicted ' from
the time he had any understanding/ as the first
number of his almanack, the ' Telescopium
Uranium,' was published in 1631. He almost
immediately obtained great reputation from
a prediction of the deaths of Grustavus Adol-
phus and the elector palatine, founded upon
a solar eclipse, and was soon afterwards ap-
pointed licenser of mathematical, by which
is probably to be understood astrological,
books. In 1640 Lilly thought him 'the
greatest and most compleat astrologer in the
world/ but revised his opinion when Booker,
in his capacity of licenser, f made many im-
pertinent obliterations ' in his ' Merlinus An-
glicus Junior/ and ' at last licensed it accord-
ing to his own fancy.' After the publication
of Lilly's 'Introduction/ nevertheless, Booker
1 amended beyond measure/ and Lilly allows
that he always had l a curious fancy in judg-
ing of thefts.' About the time of his diffe-
rences with Lilly he had a violent contro-
versy with Sir George Wharton, which
occasioned several pamphlets, now of no
value. His ' Bloody Irish Almanack/ how-
ever, contains some important particulars re-
specting the Irish rebellion, and he is the
author of ' Tractatus Paschalis, or a Discourse
concerning the Holy Feast of Easter ' (1664).
Upon the Restoration we find him petition-
ing for leave to continue the publication of
his almanack, which seems to imply that he
had lost his post as licenser. He died on
8 April 1667, after three years' indisposition
from dysentery, leaving, says Lilly, the cha-
racter of ' a very honest man, who abhorred
any deceit in the art he practised.' This fa-
vourable judgment is confirmed by the in-
ternal evidence of his extensive correspon-
dence preserved in the Ashmolean collection.
Ashmole bought his books and papers for
140/., and bestowed a gravestone and epitaph
upon him, but where he does not say. The
' Dutch Fortune Teller ' and f The History of
Dreams/ published under Booker's name after
his death, are probably spurious.

[Lilly's History- of his Life and Times ; Life
of Elias Ashmole; "Black's Catalogue of the Ash-
molean MSS.] R. GK

BOOKER,, LUKE, LL.D. (1762-1835),
divine and poet, was born at Nottingham on
20 Oct. 1762. His father, a schoolmaster, had
four wives and thirteen children; to four
sons he gave the names of the evangelists,
i Probably Booker was educated at home ;
i W. T. (see below) says l he never was at col-
lege.' He was ordained in 1785, without a title,
and became lecturer at the collegiate church,
Wolverhampton, and soon afterwards incum-
bent of St. Edmund's chapel of ease, Dudley.
j In 1806 he was presented by his brother-in-
law, Richard Blakemore, to the rectory of
Tedstone-de-la-Mere, Herefordshire. In 1812,
on the death of the Rev. Dr. Cartwright, he
became, in addition, vicar of Dudley, on the
presentation of the third viscount. He was
I in great request as a preacher of charity
I sermons, of which he is said to have delivered
173, and to have collected in this way nearly
9,000/. He was not equally successful, though
little less industrious, as a poet. Better re-
membered than any production of his own
1 muse is a clever satirical poem, professing to
I be by W. T. of Wantage, printed in ' The
j Procession and the Bells ; or the Rival Poets r
j (London, 1817, 12mo; reprinted, Dudley,
j 1833, 12mo), in which his person and manner,
'just like a moving steeple/ are delineated
with irreverent freedom in Hudibrastic
measure. The origin of this satire was the
demolition of the old historic church of St.
Thomas, Dudley, in opposition to the wishes
of many parishioners. On the laying of the
foundation-stone of the new edifice, 25 Oct.
1816, a motley public procession excited much
ridicule. Booker died on 1 Oct. 1835, at
| Bower Ashton, near Bristol. He was four
j times married. He had lost his eldest son,
I a youth of thirteen, in 1810. Perhaps Booker's
best title to literary note is his — 1 . t Description
and Historical Account of Dudley Castle/
Dudley and London, 1825, 8vo fa good piece
of work, superseded as to the historical part
bv Twamley's ' History/ 1867). His publica-
j tions were very numerous. The earliest seems
to have been — 2. ' Poems, on subjects Sacred,
Moral, and Entertaining/ Wolverhampton,
1785, 2 vols. 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1788, 3 vols.
18mo. This was followed bv— 3. ' The High-
landers, a Poem/ Stourbridge [1787 ?], 4to.
4. ' Miscellaneous Poems/ Stourbridge, 1 789,
8vo. 5. ' Malvern, a Descriptive and His-
torical Poem/ Dudley, 1798, 4to. 6. < The
Hop-Garden, a didactic Poem/ Newport,
T1799 ?], 8vo. 7. 'Poems, inscribed toViscount
Dudley, having reference to his seat at Him-
ley/ 1802, 4to. 8. ' Calista, or a Picture of
Modern Life, a Poem/ 1803, 4to. 9. < Tobias,
a Poem/ 3 parts, 1805, 8vo. 10. ' Euthanasia,
or the State of Man after Death/ 1822, 12mo.

Boolde

369

Boole

11. 'Tributes to the Dead, more than 200
Epitaphs, many of them original,' 1830, 12mo.

12. 'The Springs of Plynlimmon, a Poem.'
Wolverhampton, 1834, 12mo. The ' Gentle-
man's Magazine' mentions, without date:

13. 'The Mitre Oak,' and 14. 'Mandane, a
Drama.' He published numerous single ser-
mons and addresses. He wrote a ' Moral Re-
view of the Conduct and Case of Mary Ashford,
violated and murdered by Abraham Thornton,'
Dudley, 1818, 8vo. (This poor girl was mur-
dered, at the age of twenty, on 27 May 1817 ;
Booker wrote her epitaph, partly in verse
signed L. B., in Sutton churchyard.) He is
sometimes quoted as the author of another
piece suggested by the occurrence, 'The
Mysterious Murder, or What's o'clock: a
Melodrama in 3 acts ; by G. L.,' Birming-
ham [1817?], 12mo. This was by George
Ludlam, prompter at the Theatre Royal, Bir-
mingham. Booker's pamphlet was much dis-
cussed, inasmuch as he assumed the guilt of
the acquitted man. He also wrote : ' Sug-
gestions for a candid Revisal of the Book of
Common Prayer,' ' A Plain Form of Chris-
tian Worship for use of Workhouses and In-
firmaries,' 'Select Psalms and Hymns for
use of Churches,' and 'Illustrations of the
Liturgy.'

[Animal Register, 1835, p. 237; Gent. Mag.
1836, pt. i. p. 93 ; Bates, in Notes and Queries.
2nd s*r. xi. 431 ; Clark's Curiosities of Dudley
and the Black Country, 188) ; authorities cited
above ; advertisements in various periodicals.]

A. G.

BOOLDE, WILLIAM (f, 1455), topo-
grapher and historian, is said by Tanner (on
the authority of a manuscript at Corpus
Christ! College, Cambridge) to have entered
the monastery of Christ Church, Canterbury,
on Lady Day ^ 1443, and to have been elected
'notarius' of the same monastery in 1455.
The works ascribed to him by Tanner are
' Catalogue monasteriorum et castellorum in
singulis Anglise comitatibus, uti etiam in
Scotia,' and ' Chronicon breve Regum Anglire
ab Arturo ad Henricum VI.'

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 112.] H. B.

BOOLE, GEORGE (1815-1864), mathe-
matician and logician, was born on 2 Nov.
1815. His father was a small tradesman in
Lincoln, and besides his own direct help — I
which must have been of some value, for he j
was an ingenious man with a decided turn /
for mechanics and elementary mathematics j
— was only able to give his son such instruc- \
tion as a national school in Lincoln, and
subsequently a small commercial school, af-
forded. From the age of sixteen Boole was

VOL. V.

himself employed in teaching, first at a school
in Lincoln and then at one in the neighbour-
ing village of Waddington. He was only in
his twentieth year when he opened a school
on his own account. During these earlier
years every moment of spare time was de-
voted to his private study, and he thus
acquired an extensive knowledge not only
of Greek and Latin, but also of the modern
languages, such as French, German, and
i Italian. His devotion to mathematics was
! of somewhat later growth than is usual in
cases of such remarkable subsequent emi-
nence.

In the year 1849 he was appointed to the
j mathematical chair in the newly formed
I Queen's College at Cork, where the rest of
j his life was spent in the active prosecution
; of his professorial duties. He afterwards
held the office of public examiner for degrees
| in the Queen's University, with great suc-
| cess. The principal recognitions of his emi-
nence by other public bodies during the next
few years were the bestowal of a Royal So-
ciety medal in 1844, of the Keith medal by
the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1857,
and the degrees of LL.D. and D.C.L. by
the universities of Dublin and Oxford re-
spectively. In 1855 he married Miss Everest,
daughter of the Rev. T. R. Everest, a niece
of the distinguished Indian surveyor, Colonel
Everest, with whom he lived in perfect do-
mestic happiness, and by whom he had a
family of five daughters.

His constitution, which had never been very-
strong, was probably somewhat weakened by
his strenuous studies. His death was rather
sudden, the result of a feverish cold and
congestion of the lungs following on expo-
sure to the rain when going to the college.
He died on 8 Dec. 1864. By the unanimous
testimony of those who knew him he was a
man of much sweetness and reverence of
temper, of wide culture and sympathy, and
of remarkable modesty.

His principal productions were in the pro-
vince of pure mathematics. Besides two
text-books, of very high merit and including
much original research, on ' Differential Equa-
tions ' and on ' Finite Differences,' he pub-
lished a number of papers in various mathe-
matical and other journals. Of these the
most remarkable are his ' Researches on the
Theory of Analytical Transformations/ con-
tributed to the ' Cambridge Mathematical
Journal' in 1841, the 'General Method in
Analysis ' (1844),'' The Comparison of Tran-
scendents' (1857); also several papers on
'Differential Equations' (1862, 1864), these
being published in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions of the Royal Society.' He also con-

B B

Boole

370

Boone

tributed several papers on ' Probability ' to the
* Philosophical Magazine ' and to the ' Philo-
sophical Transactions.'

It is, however, to his ' Laws of Thought '
(1854), the leading principles of which had
been published in the form of a pamphlet in
1847, under the title of < The Mathematical
Analysis of Logic/ that his most durable
fame will attach. It is a work of astonish-
ing originality and power, and one which
has only recently come to be properly appre-
ciated and to exercise its full influence on
the course of logical speculation. Here Boole
built almost entirely on his own foundations,
for no previous attempts in this direction
seem to have been known to him, nor in-
deed were there any in existence, with the
exception of some remarkable but forgotten
speculations of Lambert, and a few pregnant
hints by Leibnitz and others. Boole's work
is not so much an attempt (as used to be j
commonly said) to ' reduce logic to mathe-
matics,' as the employment of symbolic lan-
guage and notation in a wide generalisation
of purely logical processes. His fundamental
process is really that of continued dichotomy, ,
or subdivision, in respect of all the class j
terms which enter into the system of propo- |
sitions in question. This process in itself is j
essentially the same as that which Jevons
has so largely employed in his various logi-
cal treatises, but in Boole's system it is exhi-
bited in a highly abstract and mathematical
form, and called Development. This process
in its a priori form furnishes us with a com- j
plete set of possibilities, which, however, the j
conditions involved in the statement of the
assigned propositions necessary reduce to a
more limited number of actualities : Boole's
system being essentially one for displaying
the solution of the problem in the form of a |
complete enumeration of these actualities.
As subsidiary to this, he has given a definite ,
solution of the problem of logical elimina-
tion, viz. the statement of the relation of
any one term to such a selection of the re- ^
maining terms as we may happen to seek. !
By these devices problems of a degree of •
complexity such as no previous logician had
ever thought of approaching admit of solu-
tion. Theoretically indeed he has given a
complete answer to the most general logical
demand : — Given any number of propositions,
involving any number of terms, find a full
logical definition of any function of any of
these terms, in respect of any selection of
the remaining terms. These remarks apply
to the first part of the ' Laws of Thought ; '
the second part deals with the application of
these logical principles to the theory of pro-
bability.

Later speculators have made a few modi-
fications, some of these being of real im-
portance, in Boole's main theorems; but
their principal work has been to introduce a
number of practical simplifications into his
methods, for his actual procedure was too
cumbrous to be employed in any but compa-
ratively simple examples. Amongst these
writers may be mentioned : in England,
Jevons, who was certainly the first to popu-
larise the new conceptions of symbolic logic,
and W. Maccoll ; in America, C. H. Pierce,
E. H. Mitchell, and Miss Ladd ; and in Ger-
many, H. Grassmann and Professor Schroder.

[Personal information from Mrs. Boole ;
obituary notice in Proc. of Eoyal Society.]

J. V.

BOONE, JAMES SHEKGOLD (1799-
1859), miscellaneous writer, was born 011
30 June 1799. In 1812 he was sent to Char-
terhouse, where he distinguished himself,
winning composition prizes in 1814 and 1816
(see Charterhouse, 1816). In 1816 he became
a student of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1817
he obtained a Craven scholarship, won the
chancellor's prize for Latin verse on 'The
Foundation of the Persian Empire/ and the
Newdigate for English verse (The Christ
Church Newdigate Prize Poems, 1810-21
(1823), pp. 23-26). Whilst an undergraduate
he wrote ' The Oxford Spy in Verse/ the
first four ' dialogues ' of which appeared in
1818, the fifth and last in 1819. This anony-
mous satire on Oxford University life created
a great sensation at the time of its publica-
tion. In 1820 he received the chancellor's
prize for the Latin essay, and contenting him-
self with an ordinary degree took his B.A.
24 May 1820. Soon after he left Oxford he
was offered a seat in the House of Commons
by an owner of a pocket borough who was
struck with his great abilities. Boone declined
this offer, and occupied his time in lecturing in
London on the union and mutual relation of
art and science. In June 1 822 the first number
of < The Council of Ten ' was published. Of this
monthly periodical he was the editor and al-
most the sole contributor. Its life, however,
was a short one, and it expired with its
twelfth number. Boone took his degree of
M. A. 4 March 1823, and about this time pub-
lished i Men and Things in 1823 : a Poem in
three Epistles with N otes/ in which he showed
his great admiration for Canning. For some
years he was a master at the Charterhouse ;
but having taken orders he accepted in June
1832 the appointment of incumbent of St.
John's Church, Paddington. Here he re-
mained until his death on 26 March 1859.
A brass was erected to his memory in the

Boorde

371

Boorde

chancel of St. John's. He was a successful
preacher. In 1859 he was appointed l select
preacher ' at Oxford, but was prevented by
his illness from ever fulfilling the duties of
that office. At one time he was editor of the
-< British Critic and Theological Review.' He
was twice married. There were no children
toy either marriage.

He was the author of the following works :
1. l An Essay on the Study of Modern His-
tory/1821, 8vo. '2. ' National Education : a
Sermon,' &c., 1833, 8vo. 3. < The Educa-
tional Economy of England.' Part i. on the
External Economy of Education; or the
Means of providing Instruction for the
People, 1838, 8vo. 4. 'The Need of Chris-
tianity to Cities : a Sermon/ &c., 1844, 8vo.
5. ' One Manifold, or a System ; Introductory
Argument in a Letter addressed to Raikes
Currie, Esq., M.P./ 1848, 8vo. 6. < Sermons
on Various Subjects and Occasions, with a
Brief Appendix on the Modern Philosophy
of Unbelief/ 1853, 8vo. 7. 'Two Sermons
•on the Prospect of a General War/ 1854, 8vo.
8. ' The Position and Functions of Bishops
in our Colonies ; a Sermon/ &c., 1856, 8vo.
'9. ' Sermons chiefly on the Theorv of Belief/
1860, 8vo.

[Mozley's Reminiscences (1882), ii. 200-4;
.Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iii. 51 0, iv. 35, 98,
138, 153, 299 ; Brit. Miis. Cat.] G. F. R. B.

BOORDE or BORDE, ANDREW

(1490 P-1549), traveller and physician, ' An-
dreas Parforatus ' as he jocosely calls himself,
was born at ' Boords Hill in Holms dayle/
near Cuckfield, Sussex, some time before or
about 1490, as by 1521 he was appointed
suffragan bishop of Chichester, and must have
therefore then been thirty years old. He was
brought up at Oxford, and was received under
.age — and consequently against their rules —
into the strictest order of monks, the Car-
thusians, evidently at the London Charter-
house. Andrew Boorde is therefore not to
be identified with his namesake (the son of
John Borde), the bondman or villein re-
gardant— attached to the soil, and sellable
with it — of the manor of Ditchling, Sussex,
whom Lord Abergavenny manumitted on
27 June 1510 (MADOX, Form. Ang. 1702,
p. 420), for, if not a free man by birth, his |
monkhood had made him one. About 1517
he was falsely accused of being ' conversant
with women ; ' and in or about 1521 was i dys-
pensyd with the relygyon by the byshopp of
Romes bulles, to be suffrygan off Chycester ;
the whych I neuer dyd execute the auctore'
or authority. About 1528, after some twenty
years of vegetarianism and fasting with the
"Carthusians, Boorde writes to the prior of

the Hinton Charterhouse in Somerset, 'I
am nott able to byd the rugorosite off your
relygyon;' and he accordingly gets a dis-
I pensation from this religious or monkish vow
: from Prior Batmanson [q. v.], and goes over
sea to school to study medicine. There he
j < travelled for to have the notycyon and practes
of Physycke in diners regyons and countres,
' and returned into Englande ' in 1530. He
i stayed with Sir Robert Drewry, attended
i and cured the Duke of Norfolk, and was by
: him ' conuocated to wayte on his prepotent
: Mageste/ Henry VIII. Then, desiring ' to
' haue a trewe cognyscyon of the practis of
Physycke/ he passed ' ouer the seas agayne,
and dyd go to all the vnyuersities and scoles
approbated and beynge within the precinct
of Chrystendome.' Of these he names
Orleans, Poictiers, Toulouse, and Montpelier
j in France, and Wittenberg in Germany, and
( he quotes the practice of surgeons in Rome,
and Compost ella in Navarre, whither he went
; on pilgrimage with nine English and Scotch-
men. By 29 May 1534 Boorde was back at
the London Charterhouse, and took the oath
| of conformity (RTMEE, xiv. 491-2). He was
then ' keppt in thrawldom ' there, and freed
by Cromwell, whom he visited in Hampshire.
Cromwell appears to have sent him abroad
(on his third tour) to report on the state of
feeling about Henry VIII ; and to Cromwell
he writes from Bordeaux on 20 June 1535 :
1 Sens my departyng from yow, I have per-
lustratyd Normandy, Frawnce, Gaseony, and
Byon [Bayonne] : the regyons also of Castyle,
Byscay, Spayne, paarte of Portyngale, and
returnyd thorow Arogon, Nauerne, and now
am att Burdyose . . . and few frendys Yng-
lond hath in theys partes of Europe, as Jesus
your louer knowth.' The pope, emperor, and
all other Christian kings (save the French)
were, with their people, set against Henry.
Boorde then fell ill ; but he sent to Cromwell,
doubtless from Spain, and with directions for
their culture, 'the seedes off reuberbe, the
whiche come owtt off Barbary. In thes
partes ytt ys had for a grett tresure.' This
was nearly two hundred years before the plant
was cultivated in England (1742). On his
recovery, Boorde returned to England, and
went to Scotland, whence he wrote to Crom-
well on 1 April 1536: 'I am now in Skot-
land, in a lytle vnyuersyte or study named
Glasco,wher I study and practyce physyk . . .
for the sustentacyon off my lyuyng.' He
disliked the Scotch : * trust yow no Skott,
for they wyll yowse flatteryng wordes ; and
all ys falshode.' ' Also, it is naturelly geuen,
or els it is of a deuellyshe dysposicion of a
Scottysh man, not to loue nor fauour an
Englishe man.' After a year's stay in Scot-

BB2

Boorde

372

Boorde

land, Boorde came back to London, attending
a patient in Yorkshire on his road, and saw
Cromwell. In London two horses were stolen
from him ; and in 1537 — 13 Aug. from Cam-
bridge— he appealed to Cromwell to get them
back from their buyers, and also recover 53/.
owed to him by Londoners, who called him
' appostata, and all-to-nowght ' (good-for-
nothing), and otherwise slandered him. Late
in 1537, or after the dissolution of the reli-
gious houses in 1538, Boorde must have
started for his longest tour abroad, and gone
through Calais, Gravelines, Antwerp, Co-
logne, Coblentz, Worms, Venice, thence by
ship to Rhodes and Joppa, and on to Jeru-
salem to see the Holy Sepulchre. He pro-
bably came back through Naples and Rome,
crossed the Alps, and settled down for a time
at his favourite university, Montpelier, < the
most nobilis vniuersite of the world for phi-
sicions and surgions,' ' the hed vniuersite in
al Europe for the practes of physycke.'
There, by 1542, he had written his ' Fyrst
Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge'
(publ. 1547 ?)— the first printed ' Handbook
of Europe '—his ' Dyetary ' (publ. 1542 ?), his
'Breuyary of Health' (publ. 1547), and his
lost { Boke of Berdes ' (beards). In his
' Dyetary ' he embodied a little anonymous
treatise (' The boke for to Lerne a man to be
wyse, in buylding of his howse for the helth
of body to holde quyetnes for the helth of
his soule and body. The boke for a good
husbande to lerne ;" ' Robert Wyer [London,
1540?]), which he had either written previ-
ously himself, or which he then stole. His
' Boke of Berdes ' (condemning them) we
know only from the imperfect copy of an
answer to it by one Barnes — l Barnes in the
defence of the Berde ' or ' The treatise answer-
yng the boke of Berdes/ London, 1543 ?, in
which he accuses Boorde of getting drunk at
a Dutchman's house, and vomiting over his
long beard, which stank so next morning that
he had to shave it off.

Boorde was no doubt in England when his
' Dyetary' was published in 1542, though its
dedication to the Duke of Norfolk is dated
from Montpelier, 5 May, for Barnes says that
on Boorde's return, evidently to London,
where many patients resorted to him, he
' had set forth iij bokes to be prynted in Fleet
Strete.' He probably settled at Winchester,
and in 1545 published a ' Pronosticacion/ as
he most likely did in earlier and later years.
In 1547 he may have been for a time in
London — a ' Doctor Borde ' was then the
last tenant of the house appropriated to the
master of the hospital of St. Giles's-in-the-
Fields — to see to the publication of his books,
which had been five years in the press : the

'Breiiyary' (a medical treatise), its com-
panion ' Astronamye' (' I dyd wrett and make
this boke in iiii dayes, and wretten with one

' old pen with out mendyng'), and his 'Intro-
duction of Knowledge,' besides a second
edition of his 'Dyetary.' Soon after this,
t within this eight yere/ says the Bishop of
Winchester, Dr. John Poynet, in 1556, Boorde
was proved before the justices to have kept
three loose women ' in his chamber at Win-
chester,' ' and the harlots openly in the stretes
and great churche of Winchester [were] pun-
ished.' Whether for this, or some other and
later offence, Boorde was put into the Fleet
prison in London, and there, on 9 April
1549, made his will, leaving two houses in
Lynn (which Recorder Conysby had given
him), tenements in Pevensey, Sussex (which

i he got on the death of his brother), and houses

, and chattels in and about Winchester. He
died soon after, probably near sixty years old,
and his will was proved on 25 April 1549.
Besides the books above named, Boorde's

; ' Itinerary of England,' or ' Peregrination of
Doctor Boorde,' was printed by Hearne in
1735 (Ab. Pet. de Hen. Ill et Ric. II, ii.
764-804) ; his ' Itinerary of Europe' (Intro-
duction, p. 145), and his^ 'Boke of Sermons'
(Extrauagantes, fol. vi.) are not known to
exist ; two bits of l Almanacs ' or ' Prognosti-
cations' in the British Museum for 1537
and 1540 (?) may or may not be his. The
books &c. assigned to him without any evi-
dence are : < The Merie Tales of the Mad Men
of Gotam,' ' Scogins Jests' ('an idle thing
unjustly fathered upon Dr. Boorde/ says
Anthony a Wood), ' The Mylner of Abynton/
and a jocose poem on friars, ' Nos Vagabun-
duli.' He is also absurdly supposed to have
been the original Merryandrew. The ' Promp-
tuarium Physices' and 'De iudicijs urina-
rium/ which Bale assigns to Boorde, maybe

j his ' Breuyary/ and its second part, ' The Ex-

' trauagantes.' Besides the first Handbook of
Europe, we owe to Boorde the first printed
specimen of the Gypsy language, given in his
description of Egypt in his ' Introduction.'
His anticipation of Shakspere in the close
of the passage following is well known:
'Englishmen be bold, strong, and mighty:
the women be ful of bewty, and they be
decked gaily. They fare sumptiously; God

I is serued in their churches deuoutly; but
treson and deceyt among them is vsed crafty ly,
the more pitie ; for yf they were true wythin
themselfs, thei nede not to fere although al
nacions were set against them' (Introd. ch. i.
p. 119). For his treatment of another of
Shakspere's topics, Englishmen's fantasti-
cality in dress, Boorde made himself famous
by his woodcut of an Englishman standing

Boot

373

Booth

naked, with a pair of shears in one hand and
a piece of cloth over the other arm, above
the lines —

I am an English man, and naked I stand here,
Musyng in my mynd what rayment I shal were ;
For now I wyll were this, and now I wyl were

that;
Now 1 wyl were I cannot tel what.

In spite of Boorde's sad slip at the end of
his life, no one can read his racy writings
without admiring and liking the cheery,
frank, bright, helpful, and sensible fellow
who penned them.

[Dr. F. J. Furnivall's edition of Boorde's In-
troduction and Dyetary for the Early English
Text Society (extra series), 1870.] F. J. F.

BOOT, ARNOLD. [See BOATE.]

BOOTH, ABRAHAM (1734-1806), dis-
senting minister and author, was born at
Blackwell, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, on
20 May 1734. While an infant he was re-
moved to Annesley Woodhouse, Notting-
hamshire, where his father had taken a small
farm under the Duke of Portland, and as
the eldest of a large family he assisted them
until his sixteenth year, up to which time
he was never more than six months at school;
but on then leaving farm labour for the
stocking-frame he was able to support him-
self and get some further elementary educa-
tion. On reaching his twenty-fourth year
he married Elizabeth Bowmar, a farmer's
daughter, and soon afterwards opened a
school at Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottingham-
shire.

Early in life the preaching of some baptists
drew him over to a sense of religion, and in
1755 he was baptised by immersion, and com-
menced to preach in the midland counties.
In 1760, when the baptists were first col-
lected into churches, Booth became superin-
tendent of the Kirby-Woodhouse congrega-
tion, but declined to be their pastor. Up to
this time he had been a strenuous advocate
of the Arminian doctrines, and, when twenty
years old, had written a poem on ' Absolute
Predestination,' but he now changed his
views for the Calvinistic doctrines held by
the Particular baptists, and seceded accord-
ingly. Soon after he began to preach on
Sundays as one of the latter sect at Sutton-
in-Ashfield, Chesterfield, and other midland
towns and villages, keeping school through
the weekdays as his only source of income.
At this period he composed his work ' The
Reign of Grace,' 1768. Henry Venn, author
of the ' Complete Duty of Man,' in conse-
quence of reading Booth's work in manu-
script, journeyed into Nottinghamshire to

see him, and a lifelong friendship was the
result. The preface to the first edition and
also to the second edition, 1771, was by
Venn. Of this work there have been nine
English, one Edinburgh, and three Ameri-
can editions. Soon after its appearance the
Particular baptist church of Little Prescot
Street, Goodman's Fields, invited Booth to
be their pastor. He accepted the call, and
was ordained on 16 Feb. 1769. In 1770 he
published ' The Death of Legal Hope, the
Life of Evangelical Obedience/ London, 8vo,
as a supplement to < The Reign of Grace,' di-
rected against the extremes of Arminianism
and Antinomianism. Other editions followed
in 1778 and 1794. These two works were
translated and printed abroad. He published

| a new edition of Dr. Abbadie's work on ' The
Deity of Jesus Christ,' 1777. In 1778 he
published * An Apology for the Baptists,' &c.,

! a work written to oppose the principle of
mixed communion. In 1784 he published
' Paedobaptism Examined,' an answer to the
posthumous work of the celebrated Matthew
Henry. This book grew to two thick volumes,
2nd edition, 1787 ; and was followed by ' A

; Defence of Paedobaptisin Examined,' &c.,
1792. In 1796 he published ' Glad Tidings

! to Perishing Sinners,' of which four other

; editions appeared successively, and in 1805

j l Pastoral Cautions.'

Other works were : ' Essay on the King-

1 dom of Christ,' 1788 (of this two later Eng-
lish editions and one Boston (U.S.) have
appeared ; it was also translated into Welsh,
and published at Aberystwith, 1810). ' Com-
merce in the Human Species,' published by

1 the Abolition Society, 1792. < The Amen
to Social Prayer,' 1801, 2nd edition, 1813.

I ' Divine Justice essential to the Divine Cha-
racter,' 1803. ' Elegy on Mr. James Hervey ; '
and numerous funeral sermons and addresses
published separately. Booth also edited
several editions of Wilson's ' Manual on
Baptism,' and several articles of his are to
be found in the * Baptist Magazine,' 1809,
1810. Shortly before his death, when pre-
cluded from preaching, he wrote two essays,
and two days before his death one on ' The
Origin of -Moral Evil,' which were after-
wards published as 'Posthumous Essavs,'
1808.

He died on 27 Jan. 1806, in the seventy-
second year of his age, having been a minister
fifty years. A neat marble tablet was erected
to his memory in the Prescot Street chapel,
of which he had been pastor thirty-five years.
He was a man of strong muscular frame, and
of sound constitution. His private life was
distinguished by unsullied purity and kindli-
ness. A lady member of his church once

Booth

374

Booth

left him a handsome legacy, but on finding
there were poor relations of hers exist-
ing, he quietly went to the Bank of England
and transferred the whole amount to them.
His wife died four years before him, and he
left several children.

This author's works, being considered by
the baptists as a complete and unanswerable
vindication of their doctrines, were collected
and published in three volumes, London,
1813, 8vo, as 'The Works of Abraham Booth,'
&c., but without comprising his writings on
psedobaptism. In 1829 his ' Paedobaptism
Examined,' &c., was republished in four
volumes, 8vo, by the committee of the Par-
ticular Baptist Fund. Booth's portrait, en-
graved by Mackenzie, appears in William
Jones's i Essay on Booth/ Liverpool, 1808,
and one engraved by Ridley and Hall is in
the ' Baptist Ann. Keg.' 1800.

[Booth's Works; Jones's Essay, 1800; Dr.
Eippon's Short Memoir (which is full of errors) ;
allusions in the Works of K. Elliott, Wm. Miller,
Dr. Williams of Oswestry, Dr. Gibbons, Kylands,
and Bickersteth; Bapt. Mag. 1809-10; Brit.
Mus. Catalogue.] J. W.-G-.

BOOTH, BARTON (1681-1733), actor,
was the youngest son of John Booth, a Lan-
cashire squire, nearly related to the Earl of
"Warrington. Three years after his birth his
father, whose estate was impaired, came to
London and settled in Westminster. At
nine years of age Booth was sent to West-
minster School, then under the management
of Dr. Busby. A taste for poetry soon de-
veloped itself. For Horace, according to a
statement of Maittaire, who was at that
time an usher in the school, he had ' a parti-
cular good taste,' and he delighted much ' in
repeating parts of plays and poems, especially
from Shakespear and Milton/ ' In his latter
days,' continues Maittaire, as quoted by
Theophilus Cibber in his ' Life of Booth '.
(p. 2), ' I have heard him repeat many pas-
sages from the " Paradise Lost " and " Sam-
son Agonistes," &c., with such feeling, force,
and natural harmony as might have waked
the lethargic and made even the giddy atten-
tive.' A performance of Pamphilus in a
customary representation of the i Andria ' of
Terence attracted much attention to Booth,
secured him the consideration of Dr. Busby
and his successor Dr. Knipe, and filled him
with stage fancies. When, accordingly, it
was proposed to remove him to Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, preparatory to his entering
the church, he took action on his own behalf
with a view to adopting the stage as a pro-
fession. An application to Betterton was
unsuccessful, the great actor not caring, it is

supposed, to encourage a youth of family to-
take a step distasteful to his friends. Booth
accordingly proceeded in June 1698 to Dublin
and offered his services to Ashbury, the lessee
of Smock Alley Theatre. An untrustworthy
account of Booth, which has been accepted
by Gait in his ' Lives of Actors,' represents
him as having run away from Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, joined a travelling company,
and been the hero of some comic adventures.
Ashbury gave the fugitive an engagement,
or at least allowed him to appear. This he
did in the character of Oroonoko, with suffi-
cient success to obtain from the manager a
much-needed douceur of five guineas. Re-
cords concerning the Irish stage are more
untrustworthy even than those of the Eng-
lish. To this it must be attributed that
Hitchcock's 'Historical View of the Irish
Stage ' mentions Booth, who, howrever, may
possibly, though for many reasons it is im-
probable, have been another actor of the name,
as playing about 1695 — when he could only
have been fourteen years of age — Colonel
Bruce in ' The Comical Revenge, or Love in
a Tub,' Freeman in ( She would if she could/
and Medley in ' The Man of Mode,' all by
Etherege. After two seasons in Dublin Booth
determined to try his fortune in London. He
quitted Ireland accordingly, and, furnished
with an introduction from Lord Fitzharding,
lord of the bedchamber to Prince George of
Denmark, made a second application to Bet-
terton. Bowman the actor was also instru-
mental in bringing him to the notice of Bet-
terton. This time Booth was successful.
Before his first appearance at Lincoln's Inn
Fields, which took place in 1700 as Maximus
in * Valentinian/ he is supposed to have played
in a country company. So complete and im-
mediate was the triumph of Booth, thatRowe,
who in the year 1700 brought out his ' Am-
bitious Stepmother,' confided to him the part
of Artaban. At Lincoln's Inn Fields Booth
remained playing secondary characters until
1704, in which year he married Frances
Barkham, a daughter of Sir William Bark-
ham, bart., of Norfolk. This lady died about
1710 without issue. A free liver at first,
Booth took warning by the contempt and
distress in which drunkenness had plunged
Powell, forswore all excess in drinking, and
had resolution enough to keep his vow. On
17 April 1705 Booth accompanied Betterton
to the new theatre erected by Sir John Van-
brugh in the Haymarket ; on 15 Jan. 1708
he appeared with the associated companies
at Drury Lane, playing Ghost to the Hamlet
of Wllks. In the year 1713 the star of
Booth rose in the ascendant. Although
kept in the background by Wilks, who per-

Booth

375

Booth

petually subordinated him to Mills, an actor
in every way his inferior, Booth had acquired i
a reputation as a tragedian. Downes, in his !
'Roscius Anglicanus,' first published in 1708, !
speaks of him quaintly as ' a gentleman of i
liberal education, of form venust ; of nielli- I
fluent pronunciation, having proper gesticu-
lations, which are graceful attendants of \
true elocution ; of his time a most complete
tragedian.' It is difficult to realise in what
characters, beyond the Ghost in ' Hamlet,' in
which he was supposed to be unrivalled, his j
tragic reputation had at that time been made. |
Hippolitus in the i Phaedra and Hippolitus'
of Smith is almost the only part of primary
importance which had been trusted to him. !
Not till some years later (17 March 1712)
did his performance of Pyrrhus in ' The Dis-
tressed Mother,' Philips's contemptible ren- j
dering of Racine's ' Phedre,' win him the
highest honours. A year later (14 April
1713) his impersonation of Cato in Addison's
tragedy brought him to the front of his
profession. With the performance of Cato,
Booth's reputation reached a climax. No sub-
sequent performance did anything to raise it,
though such characters as Jaffier, Melantius
(in the 'Maid's Tragedy '),Bajazet, Timon of
Athens, and Lear now came to him. Some-
thing like a reaction, indeed, very easy to
understand in the case of a success so
rapid, set in, and has since been maintained.
No player of reputation equal to Booth
has obtained from subsequent times more
grudging recognition. Cato was the means
of bringing Booth fortune as well as honour.
He had always received a large amount of
aristocratic patronage, and when acting at
Windsor found always, as he stated to Chet-
wood (General History of the Stage, pp.
92-3), a carriage and six horses provided by
some nobleman to ' whip ' him back to Lon-
don. To the favour with which Booth was
regarded by Lord Bolingbroke it is attributed
that Colley Gibber, Doggett, and Wilks, the
managers of Drury Lane, received the com-
mand of Queen Anne to admit him into the
management. Of the revolt which this exer-
cise of royal authority occasioned, Cibber, in
his ' Apology,' gives a long description. The
only title on which Wilks, Doggett, and
Cibber held their license was their profes-
sional superiority. Cibber, writing long after
the event, admits that Booth had likewise ' a
manifest merit,' The years which followed
Booth's promotion to the post of manager
were undistinguished by many events out-
side the performance of the principal cha-
racters in the drama. An intrigue with Susan
Mountfort, the daughter of Mrs. Mountfort,
brought upon Booth accusations of merce-

nariness, from which his biographers have
triumphantly acquitted him. In 1719 he
married Hester Santlow, a dancer of more
beauty than reputation, who was said to
have lived under the protection of the Duke
of Marlborough, and subsequently of Secre-
tary Craggs. Mrs. Santlow had a consider-
able fortune, and to this was attributed the
act of Booth, who, as Dennis states in his
' Letter on the Character and Conduct of Sir
John Edgar,' knew of her irregular life. A
perusal of Booth's poems to his mistress
shows, however, that he was genuinely en-
amoured. Contrary to expectation, the mar-
riage proved signally happy. Booth in his
will speaks in handsome terms of his wife,
to whom he left his whole estate, consisting
of her own money, diminished by about one-
third ; and she, forty-five years after his
death, in her ninety-third year, erected a
monument to his memory in Westminster
Abbey. As an actress Mrs. Booth was
pleasing rather than great. Davies, in his
t Dramatic Miscellanies,' says of her Ophelia
that * figure, voice, and deportment in this
part, raised in the minds of the spectators
an amiable picture of an innocent, unhappy
maid, but she went no farther ' (iii. 126-7).
Theophilus Cibber speaks of her with enthu-
siasm, so far as regards her moral qualities :
' she was a beautiful woman, lovely in her
countenance, delicate in her form, a pleasing
actress, and a most admirable dancer ; gene-
rally allowed, in the last-mentioned part of
her profession, to have been superior to all
who had been seen before her, and perhaps
she has not been since excelled. But, to do
her justice, she was more than all this ; she
was an excellent good wife ; — which he has
frequently, in my hearing, talked of in such
a manner as nothing but a sincere, heartfelt
gratitude could express ; and I was often an
eye-witness (our families being intimate) of
their conjugal felicity' (Life of Barton JSooth,
p. 33). Booth continued his theatrical duties
till 1727, when he was seized with a fever
which lasted six-and-forty days. He re-
turned to the stage and appeared on 19 Dec.
as Julio in 'The Double Falsehood' of Theo-
bald. He played also in the winter and
spring in ' Cato,' 'The Double Falsehood,'
and ' Henry VIII.' A relapse ensued, his
illness settled into jaundice, and he appeared
no more upon the stage. In spite of the ab-
stinence from drink, which itself was only
comparative, he seems to have been a
gourmand. He went to Belgium and after-
wards lived at Hampstead in the vain pur-
suit of health, and died on Tuesday, 10 May
| 1733. In accordance with his own wishes,
; he was buried at Cowley near Uxbridge.

Booth

376

Booth

Highly favourable verdicts have been passed
upon Booth by competent judges. Davies
preferred his Brutus to that of Quin, but |
judged his Lear inferior on the whole to that
of Garrick, though worthy of a comparison
with it. Booth's Henry VIII, in which he
succeeded Betterton, Davies greatly admired,
as, he states, did Macklin and Quin. Theo- |
philus Gibber says he had all ' the advan- 1
tages that art or nature could bestow to i
make an admirable actor,' speaks in warm j
praise of his voice and perfect articulation,
and dwells with enthusiasm upon his deport- j
ment, his dignity, and majesty. He praises
especially his Hotspur and Lothario. Aaron
Hill, in a letter addressed to Victor, one of
Booth's biographers, speaks warmly of Booth's i
' gestures,' of his ' peculiar grace,' his l ele- i
gant negligence,' and his l talent of discover- i
ing the passions where they lay hid in some \
celebrated parts.' Colley Gibber sneers at
Booth, but his motives in so doing are trans- I
parently interested. Booth is the author of |
* The Death of Dido, a Masque,' London, |
8vo, 1716, said in the 'Biographia Britan- \
nica ' to have been played in the same year j
at Drury Lane. He also wrote some poems
and a Latin epitaph on Smith the actor. The !
poems have a certain conventional sprightli-
uess and fancy, but are in no sense remarkable.

[Genest's History of the Stage; Baker, Reed,
and Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Colley Cib-
Ler's Apology by Bellchambers, 1822; Davies's
Dramatic Miscellanies, 1784; Chetwood's Gene-
ral History of the Stage, 1749; Theophilus
Gibber's Life and Character of Barton Booth, in
Lives and Characters of the most Eminent Actors
and Actresses, 1753 ; Memoirs of the Life of
Barton Booth, published by an intimate ac-
quaintance of Mr. Booth (B. V7ictor), by consent
of his wife, 1733.] ^ J. K.

BOOTH, BENJAMIN (Jl. 1789), writer
on bookkeeping, was an American merchant,
and wrote ' A Complete System of Book-
keeping . . . by an Improved Mode of Double
Entry, . . . [with] ... A New Method of
stating Factorage Accounts, adapted par-
ticularly to the Trade of the British Colonies,'
4to, London, 1789. On the title-page Booth
describes himself as a merchant of thirty years'
standing, formerly of New York, and now of
London. He became clerk in a store in New
York about 1759 ; and introducing his system
of bookkeeping when he had risen to be prin-
cipal clerk, he used it in his own counting-
house in the same city during the many years
he traded there as a haberdasher. The war of
independence and the peace having cut Booth
off ' from pursuing the line of business to
which' he 'had long been habituated,' he

used his leisure in England to make known
his system, which he held superior to those in
vogue. Booth had humour and reading. In
his sample invoices he has large imaginary
dealings with Lemuel Gulliver, Peter Pindar,
and Tristram Shandy. M'Culloch gives the
title of Booth's book in i Literature of Political
Economy,' p. 139, with the erroneous date
1799.

[Booth's Complete System, pp. 5. 12, 24 (».),
79, 185 et seq.] J. H.

BOOTH, DAVID (1766-1846), author of
an ' Analytical Dictionary of the English
Language/ was born at Kennetles, Forfar-
shire, on 9 Feb. 1766. He was almost en-
tirely self-taught, the whole amount paid by
his father for his instruction being eighteen-
pence for one quarter at the parish school.
In early life he was engaged in business, and
for some years was occupant of a brewery at
Woodside, near Newburgh, Fifeshire. Al-
though the undertaking was not unsuccess-
ful, his interest in intellectual matters induced
him to retire from it to become schoolmaster
at Newburgh. Shortly before 1B20 he re-
moved to London, where, besides being en-
gaged in general literature, he for several
years superintended for the press the publi-
cations of the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge. In 1818 he published
1 Tables of Simple Interest on a new Plan of
Arrangement/ and in 18:21 < The Tradesman,
Merchant, and Accountant's Assistant, being-
Tables for Business in general on a new Plan
of Arrangement.' His practical knowledge
of brewing he also turned to account by
writing for the Useful Knowledge Society
'• The Art of Brewing/ 1829, and i The Art of
Wine-making in all its Branches, to which
is added an Appendix concerning Cider and
Perry/ 1834. The latter volume contains a
description of the brewer's saccharometer, of
which he was the inventor. In 1806 he had
published an ' Introduction to an Analytical
Dictionary of the English Language.' Cir-
cumstances did not permit him for some
years to proceed further with the work, but
in 1831 he brought out ' Principles of Eng-
lish Composition/ the second, third, and
fourth chapters of which were reprinted from
the 'Introduction to the Analytical Dic-
tionary;' and in 1837 he published l Principles
of English Grammar.' The first volume of the
dictionary, the only one published, appeared
in 1835. Its special characteristics he stated
to be that ' the words are explained in the
order of their affinity, independent of alpha-
betical arrangement ; and the signification of
each is traced from its etymology, the pre-
sent meaning being accounted for when it

Booth

377

Booth

differs from its former acceptation, the whole
exhibiting in one connected narrative the
origin, history, and modern usages of the
existing vocabulary of the English tongue.'
An idea of Booth's method of arrangement
may be gathered from the following list of
the first twelve words in their order of suc-
cession : Microcosm, man, wife, woman, male,
female, masculine, feminine, human, baron,
virility, virtue. While the work displays much
ingenuity, and contains some curious infor-
mation, it is marred in some respects by im-
perfect knowledge and hasty generalisation.
The other works of Booth include l Observa-
tions on the English Jury Laws in Criminal
Cases, with respect to the distinction be-
tween unanimous verdicts, and verdicts by
a majority,' 1833, strongly condemnatory of
the * unanimous verdict ' system ; t A Letter
to Rev. T. R. Malthus, being an answer to
his criticism of Mr. Godwin's work on popu-
lation ; ' and l Eura and Zephyra, a classical
Tale, with poetical Pieces.' He died at Bal-
gonie Mills, Fifeshire, on 5 Dec. 1845. He
received a grant of 50/. from the Royal Bounty
Fund, and, it is said, was also relieved by the
Literary Fund Society. Booth is thus cha-
racterised in l Memoirs ' of Dr. Robert Blakey :
* One of the most extraordinary personages I
have met for some time. He is not, I believe,
five feet high, of very dark visage, eyes very
red and watery, and presenting altogether an
impish and fiendish look. He was, however,
very kind.'

[G-ent. Mag. new series, xxvii. 322-3 ; Conolly's
Diet, of Eminent Men of Fife, p. 70 ; Memoirs
of Dr. Robert Blakey (1879), pp. 75-7.1

T. E. H.

BOOTH, EDWARD. [See BAELOW.]

BOOTH, SIR FELIX (1775-1850), pro-
moter of Arctic exploration, born in 1775,
was third and youngest son of Philip Booth,
of Maugham's Hill, Hertfordshire, of a
county family sprung from the Booths of
Dunham Massey, Cheshire. After receiving
a liberal education, he became a city mer-
chant, and eventually head of the prosperous
firm of Booth & Co., distillers, residing in
Great Portland Street, London, and Great
Catworth, Huntingdonshire. He was a de-
puty lieutenant of Middlesex, and in 1828
was elected one of the sheriffs of London
and Middlesex.

Captain Parry's third attempt to reach
the Polar Sea, in 1824 and in 1827, had
failed. The government had offered (58
Geo. Ill, cap. 20) a reward of 20,000/. for
the discovery of a north-west passage in
connection with the board of longitude,

which took an active interest in geographical
science during its existence up to 1828.
Captain John Ross [q. v.] was anxiously
endeavouring to promote a new expedition.
Felix Booth, an intimate friend, would not
join him, because the government reward gave
'it an appearance of commercial speculation,
but in 1828, on the repeal of the act of par-
liament, under which only 5,000/. had been
paid (viz. to Parry and his crew in 1819),
the matter took another form. Although
the Duke of Wellington declined Ross's offer,
Booth undertook the venture ' for the credit
of his country and to serve Captain Ross,
thinking he was slighted in his old expedi-
tion.' Booth provided 17,000/. for the ex-
penses of the expedition, to which Captain
Ross had added 3,000/., and the result of
this munificence was an immense stride in
the progress of geographical science. The
grateful commander gave the name of his pa-
tron to several of his discoveries on land and
sea — Gulf of Boothia, Isthmus of Boothia,
Continent of Boothia Felix, Felix Harbour,
Cape Felix, and Sheriff's Harbour : the dis-
trict with the islands, rivers, lakes, &c., ex-
tending to 74° N. latitude along the north-
eastern portion of America. The discovery
most important to science was that of the
magnetic pole at 96° 46' 45" W. longitude,
and 70° 5' 17" '. Booth's connection with the
successful expedition was rewarded with a
baronetcy 27 March 1835, with remainder to
heirs male of his elder brother.

Sir Felix Booth died very suddenly at
Brighton on 25 Jan. 1850. Being unmarried
he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his
nephew, J. Williamson Booth, of Roydon
Hall, on whose death, in 1877, his brother,
Charles Booth, of Netherfield, succeeded as
third baronet.

[Shillinglaw's Arctic Discovery; Ross's Narra-
tive ; Edinburgh Review, July 1835, Oct. 1853;
Ann. Reg. 1833; Times, 13 May 1835; Roy.
Geog. Soc. v. viii. ix. ; Brighton Guardian, 1850 ;
Acts of Parliament.] J. W.-G.

BOOTH, GEORGE (1622-1684), first
LORD DELAMER or DELAMERE, was descended
from a younger branch of the Booths of
Barton, Lancashire, which since 1433 had
been settled at Dunham Massey, Cheshire
(Pedigree in ORMEROD'S Cheshire, ed. Helsby,
i. 534). He was the second son of William
Booth by Vere, third daughter and coheiress
of Sir Thomas Egerton, son of the lord
chancellor of England, and was born in
August 1622. His father dying in 1636, he
became the ward of his grandfather, Sir
George Booth of Dunham Massey, who on
the outbreak of the civil war was one of

Booth 378 Booth

the chief supporters of the parliamentary tioned, but which asserted that 'they had
party in Cheshire. The younger Booth there- taken arms in vindication of the freedom
fore, as was to be expected, took an active of parliament, of the known laws, liberty
part in the struggle on behalf of the par- and property, and of the good people of
liament. On his grandfather's death in 1652 this kingdom, groaning under uncomfortable
he succeeded to the baronetcy. In March taxes.' Leaving a sufficient force to hold
1654-5 he was appointed a military com- j the town of Chester against the parliamentary
missioner for Cheshire, and treasurer-at-war \ general who still resolutely defended him-
(CaL State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1654, p. 78). | self in the castle, Sir Thomas Middleton
He became representative of Cheshire in the j proceeded south into Wales, and Booth
Long parliament in May 1645 (list of the marched towards York, which it was sup-
Long parliament in CAELYLE'S Cromwell}, \ posed would inevitably fall into his hands,
and was also returned to Cromwell's par- | On the way thither he, however, learned
liaments in 1654 and 1656. In 1659 he was j that in other parts of England the whole
chosen one of the committee of fourteen who \ enterprise had miscarried, and that Lam-
were appointed by the excluded members to ! bert, the general of the Rump, was on the
' go up and try whether they could find ad- | march toAvards Cheshire. He therefore re-
mittance to their places ' in the re vised Rump ! traced his steps, and took up a position in a
parliament after the resignation of Richard '• meadow near Nantwich bridge, on which he
Cromwell, but who ' found such a restraint placed a guard. The two armies spent the
put upon them that they scarce could get ! night on the banks of the river, and in the
into the lobby ' (EACHAED, Hist. England, 3rd \ morning Lambert, attacking with great im-
ed. 740). As was therefore to be expected, ; petuosity, drove the guard from the bridge
he became one of the leaders of the party j and dispersed the royalists. After making
of Cromwellian malcontents, called ' the i his escape from the field of battle, Booth
New Royalists,' who, with the cavaliers, con- disguised himself in female attire, with

cocted the ' general plot ' for the restoration
of Charles II. Arrangements were completed
for a general rising on 5 Aug. in the various
districts of the kingdom, and Booth, who,
says Clarendon, 'was a person of the best

the view of proceeding to London and
thence to the continent ; but his disguise
having been penetrated by an innkeeper
at Newport Pagnell, he was apprehended
and conveyed to the Tower. The conjec-

fortune and interest in Cheshire, and for ! tures hazarded by different writers as to
the memory of his grandfather of absolute j the manner in which the suspicions of the
power with the presbyterians ' (History \ innkeeper were aroused are discounted by a
(1849), ii. 127), Avas constituted commander j very detailed and graphic account of the
of the king's forces in Cheshire, Lancashire,
and North Wales. Only in the district in-
cluded in Booth's commission was the plot

affair published at the time and entitled
' True Narrative of the manner of the Taking
of Sir George Booth on Tuesday night last
at Newport Pannel, being disguised in Wo-
had, through treachery, been fully conver- ! man's Apparel.' From this pamphlet, of
sant with its various ramifications, and many ! which there is a copy in the British Museum,

successful. For a considerable time Thurloe

suspected persons were put under arrest,
Two several messengers were sent to warn
Booth that the enterprise had miscarried,
but both were suspected and stopped. In
some other cases, where the leaders of the

it appears that the suspicions of the innkeepe
received their final confirmation from the fact
that the three companions of the ' lady ' pur-
chased a razor from the barber whom they
had called in to operate on themselves. The

plot were neither warned by friends nor ! inn was surrounded AA'hile the process of

P 1 * j 1 1 , 1 ,1-.' ,111 1 • • T -»-v , •*•

interfered with by the authorities, the luke-
warmness of the support they obtained or
the tempestuous character of the night ren-
dered the intended rendezvous a failure.

shaving was going on, and Booth on being
apprehended divulged who he was. The
headlong flight of the forces of Booth and
the ludicrous circumstances attending his

Totally ignorant of how matters had gone | capture furnished a tempting theme for con-
in other parts of the kingdom, Booth, along j temporary ridicule. A sarcastic pamphleteer
with the Earl of Derby, Colonel Egerton, | heads his broadsheet thus : ' Whether Sir
and others, at the head of four thousand j George Booth's valour in the late engage-
men, seized on the city of Chester, where I ment near Warrington, or his petticoats
they were shortly afterwards joined by Sir j at Newport Pagnel will make him seem
Thomas Middleton from Wales. The Avhole j most like a woman in the eyes of the next
district- was at once completely in their grasp, j generation?' and the incident is also the
From Chester they issued a proclamation in I subject of some rather scurrilous verses en-
which the name of the king was not men- j titled ' The Last Observations of Sir George

Booth

379

Booth

Booth/ appended to an account of ' The Dread-
ful and most Prodigious Tempest at Markfield
in Leicestershire.'

Although the plot in behalf of Charles was
thus externally a failure, it had undoubtedly
no small effect in hastening the Restora-
tion. Booth, after undergoing examination
by Haslerig and Vane, was retained to be
dealt with by the council of state, but after-
wards was set at liberty 011 bail. He took
his seat in the Convention parliament, and
was the first of the twelve members, elected
7 May 1660, to carry to King Charles the
reply of the commons to his majesty's de-
claration. On 13 July following the House
of Commons ordered that the sum of 10,000/.
should be conferred on him as a reward for
his great services, the original sum proposed
being 20,000/., which was reduced by one
half at his own request. On the occasion
of the coronation he was, with five others,
raised to the dignity of baron, his designa-
tion being Lord Delamere. Liberty was also
given him to nominate six gentlemen to re-
ceive the honour of knighthood. In the same
year he was appointed custos rotulorum of
the county of Cheshire, an office which he
retained till 1673, when he was succeeded in
it by his son Henry. Retaining throughout
life his early love of civil liberty, he latterly
found himself in entire opposition to the
general policy of Charles. He died at Dun-
ham Massey 8 Aug. 1684, and was buried at
Bowdon, in the vault of the family. On a
brass let into the flag which covers the Dunham
vault there is a eulogist ic inscription to George
Booth, written by one of his servants. By
his first wife, Catherine Clinton, daughter and
coheiress of Theophilus, earl of Lincoln, he
had one daughter; and by his second wife,
Elizabeth Grey, eldest daughter of Henry,
earl of Stamford, he had seven sons and five
daughters. Under his direction three manu-
script volumes were compiled, chiefly con-
taining genealogical documents relating to
his own and the neighbouring families (On-
MEKOD'S Cheshire, ed. Helsby, i. xxxviii).
The original volumes are still at Dunham,
and important extracts from them made by
Handle Holme are preserved in the British
Museum (MS. Harleian, 2131).

[A Bloudy Fight between the Parliament's
Forces and Sir George Booth's, 1659 ; A Declara-
tion of Sir George Booth at the last Eendezvous,
on Tuesday last near the city of Chester, 1659 ;
Sir George Booth's Letter of 2 Aug. 1659, show-
ing- the reasons of his present engagement; A
Plea for Sir George Booth and the Cheshire
Gentlemen, by W. P. (W. Prynne), 1659; An
Express from the Knights and Gentlemen en-
gaged with Sir George Booth, 1659 ; One and

Twentie Chester Queries, 1659 ; A Dialogue
between Sir George Booth and Sir John Pres-
byter at their meeting at Chester, upon the Ren-
dezvous of the Army, 1659 ; A True Narrative of
the manner of the Taking of Sir George Booth
on Tuesday last at Newport Panriel, being dis-
guised in Woman's Apparel, likewise the Par-
liament's resolve touching the said Sir George,
also his Examination in the Tower, 1659 ;
Collins's Peerage (ed. 1735), vol. ii. part ii.
pp. 477-483 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 408-9 ;
Cal. State Papers (Dom.) ; Clarendon's History
of the Rebellion ; Ludlow's Memoirs ; White-
locke's Memorials ; Ormerod's Cheshire.]

T. F. H.

BOOTH, GEORGE (1675-1758), second
EARL OF WARRINGTON, was the second son of
Henry, earl of Warrington [q. v.], by Mary,
daughter of Sir James Langham, of Cottes-
brooke, and was born at Merehall, Cheshire,
on 2 May 1675. On the death of his father,
in 1694, he succeeded to the title, and also
received the appointment of lord-lieutenant of
Chester, another nobleman being nominated
to discharge the duties during his minority.
In 1702 he married Mary, daughter of Sir
John Oldbury, a merchant in London. During
the lady's lifetime he published anonymously,
in 1739, l Considerations upon the Institution
of Marriage, with some thoughts concerning
the force and obligation of the marriage con-
tract, wherein is considered how far divorces
may or may not be allowed. By a Gentleman.
Humbly submitted to the judgment of the
impartial.' It is an argument in favour of
divorce on the ground of incompatibility of
temper. From other sources we learn that
he had been convinced of the advisability of
admitting this as a sufficient reason by his
own unhappy experiences. Luttrell (Rela-
tion of State Affairs, v. 162) states that the
lady had a fortune of 40,000/., and Philip
Bliss, in a manuscript note in a copy of Wai-
pole's ' Royal and Noble Authors,' now in the
British Museum, adds : ' Some few years after
my lady had consign'd up her whole fortune
to pay niy lord's debts, they quarrelled, and
lived in the same house as absolute strangers
to each other at bed and board.' Of the
earl and his lady there is an amusing and
not too flattering description in a letter by
Mrs. Bradshaw, printed in 'Letters to and
from Henrietta, countess of Suffolk* (1824),
i. 97: 'The Earl and Countess of War-
rington,' she writes, ' met us, which to me
quite spoiled the feast ; she is a limber dirty
fool, and he the stiffest of all stiff things*.'
Besides his pamphlet on divorce the earl
was the author of a ' Letter to the writer
of the "Present State of the Republic of
Letters," vindicating his father from the re-

Booth

380

Booth

flections against him in Burnet's ' History
of his own Time.' He died on 2 Aug. 1758,
and was buried in the vault at Bowdon. His
wife died in 1740. Their only child, Mary,
married, in 1736, Henry Grey, fourth earl
of Stamford, who inherited the estates in
Cheshire and Lancashire, and in whose son
the title of Earl of Warrington was revived
in 1796.

[Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 413 ; Walpole's Royal
and Noble Authors (Park), iv. 237-41 ; Luttrell's
Relation of State Affairs.] T. F. H.

BOOTH, GEORGE (1791-1859), Latin
verse writer, was horn 12 Nov. 1791 at Mas-
borough House, Rotherham, and was the
youngest son of William Booth of Mas-
borough, and of Brush House, Ecclesfield, a
descendant of an old and considerable family
at Newton-le- Willows, Lancashire. After
being at Eton he went to Cambridge as pen-
sioner of Trinity College in May 1809. He
left Cambridge in consequence of delicate
health and removed to Oxford, where he
matriculated as commoner of Lincoln College
in May 1811. He took his B.A. degree in
1813, that of M.A. in 1816, and in 1823 was
created bachelor of divinity. He was or-
dained deacon as curate of Nether Hoyland,
Wath-upon-Dearn, in the diocese of York, in
December 1815, and priest in the following
month. In 1816 he was elected to a fellow-
ship of Magdalen College, Oxford, which he
retained until 1834. Of this college he was
made vice-president in 1830, and dean of di-
vinity in 1832. In 1833 he was instituted
to the vicarage of Findon, Sussex, which he
held until his death, a period of twenty-six
years. He died at Findon 21 June 1859,
aged 67.

He was author of l Nugas Canorae,' Oxon.
1826, 4to, and ' Sicut Lilium, ad Choristes
Coll. S. M. Magd. Oxon. Carmen hortativum,'
1854.

[Information supplied by Rev. J. R. Bloxam,
D.D., from his MS. Register of Magdalen Coll.]

C. W. S.

BOOTH, HENRY (1652-1694), second
BARON DELAMERE and first EARL or WAR-
RINGTON, lord of the treasury under Wil-
liam III, was the second son of George, Lord
Delamere [q. v.] by his second wife, Eliza-
beth Grey, eldest daughter of Henry, earl
of Stamford, and was born on 13 Jan. 1651-2.
In 1673 he succeeded his father as custos
rotulorum of the county of Chester. Like
his father, he was warmly attached to the
principles of civil liberty, and, as knight of
the shire for Cheshire, strenuously opposed
the vacillating and intermittent attempts of

, Charles II to strengthen the royal prero-
gative. He strongly denounced the fatal ex-
pedient of substituting government by fa-
vourites for the support of an honest and
loyal parliament, asserting that for nionarchs
to dispense with parliaments was ' to lay
aside the staff that supports them to lean
upon a broken reed.' He proposed the in-
j troduction of a bill disqualifying those meni-
; bers of the ' pension parliament ' who had
received bribes from the court for serving
in parliament in future or for holding under
the government any office civil or military,
and compelling those who had received money
for secret service to the crown to refund it.
! As was to be expected from the decided
; character of his religious beliefs and his ex-
; treme protestant sentiments, he was also
. especially active in promoting the Exclusion
Bill. While thus zealously defending what
! he regarded as the constitutional and reli-
I gious liberties of England, he denounced with
J great boldness the corruption and tyranny
; which had crept into the administration of
justice. He protested against the prerogative
assumed by the privy council of imprison-
ing suspected persons without trial, and pro-
posed that inquiry should be made into the
i corruption of the judges, who he asserted
i had ' perverted the law to the highest de-
| gree, turning the law upside down that
| arbitrary power may come in upon their
| shoulders.'

This uncompromising course of conduct
aroused so much displeasure at court that
he was removed from the commission of the
peace, and from the office of custos rotulorum
of Cheshire. In 1683 he was committed to
the Tower on suspicion of being concerned
in the Rye House plot, but on 28 Nov. he
was admitted to bail (Proceedings upon the
Bayliny of the Earl of Macclesfield, &c.,
1683). On the death of his father in 1684,
he succeeded him as Lord Delamere. Shortly
after the accession of James II (1685) he was
again committed to the Tower, and although
for a short time admitted to bail, he was, on.
26 July 1685, committed a third time. On
the assembling of parliament in November he
stated his case in a petition to the House of
Lords, who, having sent a deputation to wait
upon the king to know why Lord Delamere
was absent from his place, were answered
that directions had already been given for
'his trial for high treason. The special charge
against him was that at the time of Mon-
: mouth's rebellion he had gone secretly to
j Cheshire with the view of inciting a rising
I in the north of England. That Delamere
fully sympathised with the designs of Mon-
mouth is placed beyond doubt by the argu-

Booth

381

Booth

monts he used in supporting, after the Revo-
lution, a motion for the removal of the
sentence of attainder ; but his journey to
Cheshire he satisfactorily explained by a wish
to visit a favourite child who was dangerously
ill, and the desire, at that time of suspicion
and jealousy, to keep out of the way. As,
moreover, Thomas Saxon, the only witness
who would positively swear to the corre-
spondence of Delainere and Monmouth, so
hopelessly contradicted himself that he was
afterwards convicted of perjury, there was
absolutely no case against him, and the com-
mittee of the lords, contrary to the advice
of Jeffreys, who acted as lord high steward,
gave a unanimous verdict of acquittal. The
verdict was, according to Burnet (Own Time,
i. 668), received with 'great joy by the whole
town, which was now turned to be as much
against the court as it had been of late years
for it.' The joy did not arise from any special
interest in Delainere personally, but from
intense satisfaction that the reign of terror
had shown such palpable signs of waning in-
fluence. The acquittal of Delamere marks
in fact the beginning of successful resistance
to the arbitrary authority of the court, and
the rise of that new tide of political senti-
ment which was to prove fatal to the Stuart
dynasty.

After the verdict Lord Delamere returned
to Dunham Massey, taking little or no part
in political affairs until the landing of the
Prince of Orange, when he called together
his tenants, and informing them that they
had to choose whether ' they would be slaves
and papists or protestants and freemen,' ex-
horted every one who had a good horse either
to take the field or provide a substitute.
Appearing at Manchester with fifty men
armed and mounted, he speedily gathered a
formidable force with which he marched
south to join the prince. The statement of
Sir John Dalrymple (Memoirs, 2nd ed. vol. ii.
Appendix, 339) that ' Lord Delamere was
not sufficiently expeditious in joining the
Prince of Orange,' is therefore as much at
variance with fact as are the premises of
which it is a corollary that l this was never
forgiven by King William.' In December
1688 Delamere was deputed, along with the
Marquis of Halifax and the Earl of Shrews-
bury, to intimate to King James the desira-
bility of his removing from the palace at
Whitehall to some place outside the metro-
polis. The ungrateful task he discharged
with such delicate consideration for the feel-
ings of the king, that James afterwards
stated that he had ' treated him with much
more regard than the other two lords to
whom he had been kind, and from whom he

might better have expected it.' On 31 Jan.
1688-9, Lord Delamere supported in strong
terms the motion in the House of Lords for
declaring the throne vacant, asserting that
1 if King James came again, he was resolved
to fight against him, and would die single,
with his sword in his hand, rather than pay
him any obedience ' (CiARENDOX, Diary, ii.
257). The decided character of his political
sentiments, coupled with the special service
he had rendered the cause of the Prince of
Orange in the north of England, marked him
out for important promotion under the new
dynasty. On 13 Feb. 1688-9 he was chosen
a privy councillor, and on 9 April following-
he received the second place at the board of
the treasury with the office of chancellor of
the exchequer, Mordaunt, who was created
Earl of Monmouth, receiving the first place.
On the 12th of the same month he was made
lord-lieutenant of the city and county of
Chester, and on 19 July was reappointed to
his old office of custos rotulorum of the county.
These appointments are a sufficient indication
that King William had not been mortally
offended by anything in his conduct at the
Revolution. His retirement from the treasury
board on 17 April 1690 can moreover be ex-
plained with unmistakable clearness on other
grounds. The board as originally constituted
comprehended elements utterly antagonistic.
In their political convictions the Earl of
Monmouth and Delamere were in a certain
sense at one, but even here it has to be
remembered that the opinions of Monmouth
were modified by his fickle and pleasure-
loving temperament, while the puritanic tra-
ditions of Delamere and the precise and
logical character of his mind unfitted him for
recognising the importance of compromise
in practical politics. Apart from politics
the two statesmen had nothing in common,
and, according to Burnet, ' though most vio-
lent whigs they became great enemies ' (Own
Time, ii. 5). While their influence was
weakened by their mutual antipathy, the real
power passed into the hands of Godolphin,
who, though his sympathies were in reality
Jacobite, and though he occupied only the
third pjace at the board, secured almost from
the beginning, by his pre-eminent adminis-
trative talents and his skill in intrigue, the
chief confidence of the king. While his col-
leagues, according to Burnet, were infusing
jealousies of the king into the nation, he took
care to interpret their conduct so as to infuse
jealousies of them into the king. The task
of Godolphin, so far as Delamere was con-
cerned, was not a difficult one, for Delamere
made no secret of his strong desire for more
stringent restrictions of the royal prerogative,

Booth

382

Booth

and his attitude towards the Bill of Rights,
and the bill for the recognition of William
and Mary, was such as to make a breach
between him and the court inevitable. But
though compelled to retire from the treasury,
the greatness of his past services was not
forgotten. He was created Earl of War-
rington, and in view of the expenses incurred
by him at the Revolution he received a pen-
sion of 2,0007. and ' a grant of all lands dis-
covered in five or six counties belonging to
the Jesuits' (LTJTTEELL, Relation of State
Affairs, ii. 22). In October 1091 he was
•chosen mayor of Chester. In his place in
the House of Lords he continued to manifest
his anxiety for the principles which he be-
lieved to have been at stake at the Revolution,
and in January 1692-3 he signed a petition
against the rejection of the Place Bill. He
died in London on 3 Jan. 1 693-4, and was in-
terred in the family vault in Bowdon church,
where, in the south side of the Dunham
-chancel, there is a monument to his memory.
By his marriage to Mary, sole daughter and
heiress of Sir James Langham of Cottes-
brooke, he had four sons and two daughters.
In a contemporary poem, entitled ' The King
of Hearts,' Warrington is styled a { restless
malcontent even when preferred,' and there
are undoubted evidences throughout his career
of narrowness of temper, and an inability to
recognise in any circumstances the value of
expediency. Burnet mentions, with seeming \
acceptance, a rumour that while in office ' he j
sold everything that was in his power' (Own \
Time, ii. 5) ; but his son George, second earl j
of Warrington [q. v.], in the ' Letter ' in de- ;
fence of his father, calls this a scandalum
magnatum, and asserts that it will not bear j
the least examination. No one was more :
outspoken than Warrington in his denuncia- j
tions of corruption. The minor charge of greed
brought against him by Lord Macaulay had its '•
origin in an insufficient knowledge of the facts, i
Macaulay, after mentioning that on resigning j
office Warrington received a pension of 2,000/. !
-a year, adds that notwithstanding this 'to I
the end of his life he continued to complain j
bitterly of the ingratitude with which he and J
his party had been treated.' In support of j
this rather sweeping assertion he appends a j
note to the effect that ' it appears from the !
Treasury Letter Book of 1690 that Delamere
continued to dun the government for money
after his retirement' (chap, xv.) This un-
doubtedly Delamere did, but only for money
that was his due, not for additional favours ;
for it would appear from the list of King
William's debts, drawn up at the request of
Queen Anne, that Warrington never received
more of his pension than the first half-yearly

instalment. Whatever faults of temper may
: be chargeable against him, there is therefore
no tangible evidence to support the accusa-
tion of sordid selfishness, and indeed he
seems to have possessed a sincere and noble
patriotism very rare among the leading states-
men of those troubled times. His religious
views were strongly tinged with puritanism,
, and so far as regards the observance of the
decencies of private life and attention to the
outward duties of religion, he left, in the
j words of Dunton (Life and Errors, ed. 1818,
! i. 344), 'a correct and almost perfect ex-
ample.'

The < Works of Henry, late Lord Dela-
mere,' consisting of several of his principal
speeches in parliament, political pamphlets,
advice to his children, prayers used by him
in his family, &c., appeared in 1694, and in
the same year a volume of his speeches de-
livered on various occasions at Chester. Some
of his speeches were published separately.
He is also the author of l The late Lord
Russell's Case,' 1 689, and the reputed author
of a ' Dialogue between a Lord-Lieutenant
and one of his Deputies,' published anony-
mously in 1690.

[Trial of Henry Booth, Earl of Warrington
(1686) ; Collins's 'Peerage (ed. 1735), vol. ii. pt.
ii. pp. 483-7; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 408-13;
Burnet's Hist, of his own Time; Luttrell's Re-
lation of State Affairs ; Lord Clarendon's Diary ;
Granger's Biog. Hist. 2nd ed. iv. 274-5 ; Wai-
pole's Royal and Noble Authors (Park), iii. 318-
24 ; Ormerod's Cheshire ; jVIacaulay's History
of England.] T. F. H.

BOOTH, HENRY (1788-1869), railway
projector, was the son of Thomas Booth, a
Liverpool corn merchant, and was born in
Rodney Street, Liverpool, on 4 April 1788.
He was privately educated at Gateacre, near
Liverpool, and then for some time wTas en-
gaged in his father's office. He afterwards
carried on business on his own account as a
corn merchant, but with no great success, till
in 1822 he found his proper sphere when the
scheme to make a railway between Liverpool
and Manchester was brought before the public.
Of this scheme he was one of the chief pro-
moters, and acted as honorary secretary to
the committee : he also wrrote the prospectus
of the new line, and a great number of re-
ports, &c., connected with it. In 1825 the
bill came before parliament. It was thrown
out after a costly struggle. Next year it was
carried, and Booth was appointed secretary
and treasurer of the company. He was
also managing director, and took an active
part in the construction of the line, which
was begun in June 1826 and finished in
1830. It was mainly due to him that steam

Booth

383

Booth

locomotive engines were fixed upon as the
working power of the railway, and that his
friend George Stephenson was successful in
the famous competition which the directors
held at Kainshill in October 1829. ' It was/ '
says Robert Stephenson, 'in conjunction
with Mr. Booth that my father constructed
the " Rocket " engine which obtained the prize !
at the celebrated competition which took
place a little prior to the opening of the
Liverpool and Manchester railway ' (SMILES,
Lives of the Engineers, 18(32, vol. iii. appen-
dix, p. 495). To Booth is due the suggestion j
of a multitubular boiler, which gave a very
large and effective heating surface (see his j
letter quoted, with remarks, in SMILES'S i
Life of George and Robert Stephenson, 1868, |
p. 320 et seq.) Booth had indeed a re- j
markable mechanical genius ; also to him are
due the coupling screws, spring buffers, and
lubricating material for carriage axles, all of
which are still in use on our railways.

When, in 1846, the London and North-
Western Railway Company was formed from
a union of various companies, Booth was ap-
pointed secretary for the northern section, and
in October 1848 he was chosen a director. He
retired from office on 18 May 1859, after being-
presented (9 April 1859) with 5,000 guineas j
by the company as a token of gratitude for i
valuable and faithful service. He spent the j
remainder of his life in his native town, where
for some years he acted as a borough magi- \
strate. He died at his residence, Eastbourne, ]
Princes Park, Liverpool, on 28 March 1869. ;
His wife, the eldest daughter of Abraham
Crompton, of Chorley Hall, whom he had
married on 27 Aug. 1812, three daughters, and
one son, survived him.

In religion Booth was a Unitarian, and in
politics a moderate liberal. His friend Pro-
fessor W. B. Hodgson, of Edinburgh, describes
him as a ' grave, reserved, reticent, somewhat
•even stern man,' 'above all things just and
truthful,' and ' of rare consistency, thorough-
ness, and trustworthiness.' He was an in-
-defatigable worker, ( never idle and never
hurried,' and was the ' main agent ' in the
organising of the vast railway system that
during his active lifetime spread over the
United Kingdom.

Booth wrote : 1. ' Rationale of the Cur-
rency Question' (1847), in which he defended
the principle of Peel's Banking Act of 1844,
considering it defective, ' not on account of
what it has done, but on account of what
it has left undone,' and so was led to
suggest additional precautions to avoid or
mitigate commercial panics. 2. ' Case of the
Railways considered ' (1852). 3. < A Letter
to Lord Campbell on the 9th and 10th

Viet. cap. 93' (1854), in which he vigor-
ously protested against Lord Campbell's
act of 1846 rendering railway companies
pecuniarily liable for loss of life caused in
accidents on their lines. He declared * that
the great sufferers by the establishment of
railways are the railway companies. To the
public they have been very nearly universal
gain,' and yet they were made subject to the
losses occasioned by the operation of this act,
which was made still worse by the manner
in which juries interpreted it. He specially
objected to the principle that those who paid
the same fare should have a varying value,
according to their position, put upon their
lives. ' Bishops,' he remarks, with some
humour, ' " appointed prior to 1st January
1848," are absolutely dangerous, and must
rank in the same category with "lucifer
matches," and as for my lords of Canterbury
and York, or " C. J. London," they must be
regarded altogether as " prohibited articles." '
4. 'Moral Capability' (1814). 5. 'An Ac-
count of the Liverpool and Manchester Rail-
way' (Liverpool, 1830). 6. ' Free Trade as
it affects the People/ and ' A Reformed
Parliament' (Liverpool and London, 1833).
7. ' Letter to His Majesty's Commissioners
on Railways in Ireland ' (1836, unpublished,
but described in Memoir. It urged the
advisability of following one great plan in
constructing the national railroads). 8. ' Ob-
servations on the Force of the Wind and
the Resistance of the Air' (Liverpool, 1839).
9. ' Uniformity of Time considered especially
in reference to Railways and the Electric
j Telegraph. ' (1847). 10. ' Master and Man,
a dialogue, in which are discussed some of
the important questions affecting the Social
Condition of the Industrious Classes' (1853).
11. 'A Letter on the Approaches to St.
George's Hall ' (Liverpool, 1857). 1 2. ' Taxa-
tion, direct and indirect, in reply to the Re-
port of the Financial Reform Association'
(I860), an argument against a system of en-
tirely direct taxation. 13. ' The Struggle for
j Existence, a Lecture' (London and Liverpool,
| 1861). 14. ' Considerations on the Licensing
Question' (Liverpool, 1862). 15. 'The Ques-
tion of Comparative Punishments considered
in reference to Offences against the Person as
compared with Offences against the Pocket,
with some observations on Prison Discipline '
(Liverpool, 1863). 16. A pamphlet on At-
lantic Steam Navigation.

Booth was also the author of fugitive con-
tributions to newspapers. It may be stated
that those of his works dealing with special
economic subjects are written in accordance
with the doctrine of the orthodox laissez-faire
school.

Booth

384

Booth

[Memoir of the late Henry Booth by Kobert
Smiles, with letter from Professor Hodgson
(1869); Supplement to Liverpool Daily Post
(30 March 1869).] F. W-T.

BOOTH, JAMES (d. 1778), conveyancer,
was born at St. Germain-en-Laye, where his
father, who _ was a Roman catholic and a
Jacobite, resided. Roman catholics being-
disabled by the statute 7 and 8 William III
cap. 24 from practising at the bar, Booth, |
who adhered to the faith in which he had ;
been educated, took out a license to practise :
as a conveyancer, and early acquired a con- |
siderable amount of business, owing partly
to his own skill and ingenuity, and partly to i
the advantage which, in consequence of the I
various penal laws then in force, the Roman
catholics of that day supposed that they I
derived from consulting a member of their !
own sect. On the death of Nathaniel Pigott, t
the most eminent conveyancer of his day, and
also a Roman catholic, Booth succeeded to
his position. His conveyances enjoyed the
highest possible repute with the profession,
and being often copied and used as precedents 1
by inferior practitioners, they set the fashion !
in conveyancing during a great part of the j
last century. In one respect, however, they !
contrasted very unfavourably with those of his '
predecessor Pigott. Whereas Pigott's deeds
had been models of conciseness, Booth's were
remarkably prolix. He wrote no treatise on
the subject, nor did he publish a collection of
precedents. His knowledge of the statute of
uses, however, was unique in his time. He is
said to have been consulted by the Duke of
Cumberland whether he could recover a legacy
left him by his father, George II, the new king
having torn up the will, and to have advised
that ' a king of England has by the common
law no power to bequeath personal property ; ' I
he is also said to have drafted George Ill's will.
He was for some years an intimate friend of j
Lord Mansfield. His disposition was genial
and his habits convivial. In politics he was !
a tory. Rather late in life he married the i
daughter of the titular archbishop Sharp, i
from whom he was subsequently separated. |
In his later years he suffered considerably
from cataract. He died on 14 Jan. 1778.

[Butler's Hist. Mem. Eng. Ir. and Scot. Cath.
(3rd ed.), iv. 360 ; Reminisc. (4th ed.) ii. 274 ;
Gent. Mag. Iv. pt.i. 243,340 ; Law and Lawyers,
ii. 84.] J. M. R.

BOOTH, JAMES, LL.D. (1806-1878),!
mathematician and educationist, was the son !
of John Booth, and was born at Lava, co.
Leitrim, 25 Aug. 1806. He entered Trinity j
College, Dublin, in 1825, was elected scholar ;

in 1829, graduated B.A. in 1832, M.A. in
1840, and LL.D. in 1842. In 1834 he was
awarded Bishop Berkeley's gold medal for
Greek. He did not succeed in obtaining a
fellowship of his college, though he had a
high place in the contest on several occasions.
He left Ireland in 1840, and became principal
of Bristol College, where he had Mr. F. W.
Newman and Dr. W. B. Carpenter as col-
leagues. This post he retained until 1843,
when he was appointed vice-principal of the
Liverpool Collegiate Institution. In 1848 he
gave up this office, and migrated to London.
He had been ordained at Bristol in 1842, and
acted there as curate till he removed to Bristol.
In 1854 he was appointed minister of St.
Anne's, Wands worth, and in 1859 was pre-
sented to the vicarage of Stone, near Aylesbury t
by the Royal Astronomical Society, to which
society the advowson had been given in 1844
by Dr. Lee. He was also chaplain to the Mar-
quis of Lansdowne, and justice of the peace for
Buckinghamshire. He was elected F.R.S. in
1846, and F.R. A. S. in 1859. He was president
of the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical
Society from 1846 to 1849, and delivered an
introductory address in 1846. He contributed
many mathematical papers to various societies.
The titles of twenty-nine of these contribu-
tions are given in the ' Royal Society Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers.' They were repub-
lished,with additions, in two volumes, entitled
' A Treatise on Some New Geometrical Me-
thods.' The first volume, relating chiefly to
tangential co-ordinates and reciprocal polars,
was issued in 1873 ; the second, containing
papers on elliptic integrals and one on conic
sections, came out in 1877. His earliest sepa-
rate publication seems to have been a tract ' On
the Application of a New Analytic Method
to the Theory of Curves and Curved Surfaces/
published at Dublin in 1840. Dr. Booth was
the inventor of the tangential co-ordinates
known as the Boothian co-ordinates, which,
however, were previously introduced by
PI ticker in 1830 in a paper in ' Crelle's
Journal,' though the fact was unknown to
Booth when he published his own discovery.
His educational writings undoubtedly exer-
cised considerable influence in the promotion
of popular education. In 1846 he published
a paper on ' Education and Educational
Institutions considered with reference to
the Industrial Professions and the Present
Aspect of Society ' (Liverpool, 8vo, pp. 108),
and in the following year another paper en-
titled ' Examination the Province of the
State, or the Outlines of a Practical System
for the Extension of National Education '
(8vo, ]>]). 74). In 1852 he became a member
of the Society of Arts, and at his suggestion

Booth

385

Booth

the weekly ' Journal ' of the society was be-
gun. He was treasurer and chairman of the
council of the society from 1855 to 1857.
Some of the addresses which he delivered
about that period were published by the so-
ciety. Their titles are : ' How to Learn and
What to Learn ; two lectures advocating the
system of examinations established by the
Society of Arts' (1856); and ' Systematic
Instruction and Periodical Examination'
(1857). He was the main instrument in the
establishment and organisation of the Society
of Arts examinations, a system which was
afterwards modified and developed by Mr.
Harry Chester. He was also instrumental
in preparing the reports on t Middle Class
Education,' issued in 1857 by the society, and
in that year he annotated and edited for the
same body the volume of ' Speeches and Ad-
dresses of His Royal Highness the Prince
Albert.' He published also the following,
and probably other addresses : ' On the Female
Education of the Industrial Classes ' (1855) ;
' On the Self-Improvement of the Working
Classes ' (1858). Booth was an eloquent
preacher, and published: 'The Bible and its
Interpreters, three sermons ' (1861) ; ' A Ser-
mon on the Death of Admiral W. H. Smyth,
D.C.L., F.R.S.' (1865) ; < The Lord's Supper,
a Feast after Sacrifice ' (1870). He died at
the vicarage at Stone, Buckinghamshire,
15 April 1878, aged 71 years. His wife,
daughter of Mr. Daniel Watney of Wands-
worth, died in 1874.

[J. W. L. Glaisher in Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Soc. xxxix. 219-25 ; Journal
of the Society of Arts, xxvi. 483 ; the Guardian
(copied from the Times), 1878, p. 576 ; Clergy
List, 1842, p. 78.] C. W. S.

BOOTH, JAMES (1796-1880), secretary
to the board of trade, fourth son of Thomas
Booth of Toxteth Lodge, near Liverpool,
was born about the year 1796, and after
passing some time at St. John's College,
Cambridge, was admitted to the Society of
Lincoln's" Inn on 7 Nov. 1818, when he was
stated to be twenty-one years of age. He was
called to the bar there on 10 Feb. 1824, and
practised with some success in the chancery
courts. He was a member of the royal com-
mission for inquiring into the municipal cor-
porations of England and Wales in 1833. In
1838 he was applied to by the speaker to pre-
pare for the use of the House of Commons
what were called breviates of the private bills.
Booth's engagement was at first temporary,
but at the end of the session of 1839 he was
appointed counsel to the speaker, and ex-
aminer of recognisances. During the recess
he undertook the preparation of skeleton bills

VOL. V.

in an improved form for all the more import-
ant classes of bills. These became familiarly
known as the ' model bills,' and reference was
constantly made to them by the select com-
mittees when bills falling within any of the
classes came before them. In the preparation
of these bills Booth had the co-operation of
Mr. Robert John Palk, counsel to the chair-
man of the committees of the House of Lords.
Booth's great work, however, was the prepa-
ration of the Clauses Consolidation Acts.
Booth accepted the office of secretary to the
board of trade on 10 Oct. 1850, which he held
until 1865. Subsequently to the passing of
the Clauses Consolidation Acts he gave great
assistance to Sir John Romillyinthe prepara-
tion of various legislative measures for the
government, the principal of these being the
act to regulate the proceedings of the high
court of chancery in Ireland, passed in 1850.
For his services he received an extra pension.
After his retirement he acted on the commis-
sion for inquiring into trades unions and other
associations, 12 Feb. 1867, and prepared the
draft report which appeared in the eleventh
and last report of the commissioners 9 March
1869. His literary productions were chiefly
confined to the various law magazines. In
1871 a work was published under the title of
< The Problem of the World and the Church
reconsidered, in three letters to a friend
by A Septuagenarian.' Of this book Booth
edited and brought out a second and revised
edition in 1873, and six years later edited a
third edition, with an introduction written
by himself. He was created a C.B. on 6 July
1866. He died at 2 Princes Gardens, Ken-
sington, on 11 May 1880, in his eighty-fourth
year. He married in 1827 Miss Jane Noble,
but was left a widower in 1872.

[Times, 15 May 1880, p. 8; Law Times,
Ixix. 71 (1880).] G. C. B.

BOOTH, JOHN (1584-1659), of Twem-
lowe, genealogist of Cheshire, was descended
from an old family in that county, his father
being John Booth of Twemlowe, and his
mother, Isabella, daughter of Richard
Lowndes of Smallwood. He was born in
July 1584. Succeeding to the property on
the death of his father, he occupied his leisure
in genealogical researches into Cheshire pedi-
grees, those in the later generations being
compiled from the visitations of 1568, 1580,
and 1613, and the earlier ones from charters
and similar documents. As a genealogist he
was supposed to be inferior only to Sir Peter
Leycester, who frequently acknowledges in-
debtedness to his labours. The original copy
of his pedigrees is still preserved at Twemlowe
Hall, and besides several copies in the pos-

co

Booth

386

Booth

session of private persons, there is one in the
Heralds' College. He died unmarried, and
was buried at Goosetrey, 25 Nov. 1659.

[Ormerod's Cheshire (ed. Helsby), i. Ixxxix,
iii. 137.] T. F. H.

BOOTH, JUNIUS BRUTUS (1796-
1852), actor, was born on 1 May 1796 in the
parish of St. Pancras, London. Through his
grandmother, Elizabeth Wilkes, he claimed
to be related to the famous John Wilkes, after
whom one of his sons was named, and to whose
influence was possibly owing his own baptis-
mal name and that of his brother, Algernon
Sidney Booth. Richard Booth, his father, the
son of a silversmith, left England while a
youth for the purpose of fighting against his
country in the war of American indepen-
dence, was captured, escaped apparently all
punishment, and settled peacefully in Queen
Street, Bloomsbury, as a lawyer. After learn-

After repeating the performance the follow-
ing evening, he broke with Mr. Harris, the
manager, on a question of payment. Kean,
who heard the news of this dispute, visited
Booth and brought him to Drury Lane,
where liberal terms were offered and ac-
cepted. On Thursday, 20 Feb. 1817, accord-
ingly, Booth appeared at Drury Lane as
lago to the Othello of Kean. The per-
formance was not repeated. Finding that
the management did not intend to allow him
equal chances with Kean, and suspecting,
probably not without cause, that the engage-
ment was made for the purpose of shelving
him, he again changed front, and concluded
with the Covent Garden management an en-
gagement on the same terms that were given
him at Drury Lane. When, accordingly, on
22 Feb. an immense audience assembled to
greet his reappearance at Drury Lane, Booth
was not forthcoming, and an apology for his

ing printing, studying law in his father's j absence had to be made. The result of a
office, accepting a commission as midship- j proceeding by which in the course of less
man on board the Boxer (Captain Blyth or i than a fortnight he had disappointed aucli-
Bligh), and fortunately for himself not join- ences at the two leading houses was to raise
ing the ship, which soon after went down a great pother and to assign Booth a promi-

•with all hands except one, Booth made in
1813 his first appearance as an amateur in
a wretched little theatre in Pancras Street,
Tottenham Court Road, in which he played
Frank Rochdale in < John Bull.' His first
essay as a regular actor was made on 13 Dec.
of the same year, under the management of Mr.
Penley, as Campillo, a servant, in the ' Honey-
moon,' at a theatre in Peckham. He was
then transferred to the theatre in Deptford,
and, after an incapacitating attack of illness,
he joined (1814) his manager at Ostend, and
played with him there and at various towns

in Belgium and Holland. After undergoing | on 1 ^March to play "Richard. A second
many hardships, and, according to one bio- i tumult ensued. On the 3rd he was more
graphical sketch, forming in Brussels a matri- I successful, and the playbills for that date
monial or quasi-matrimonial connection, he ! contain his thanks to the public which
returned to England and obtained an engage- : had pardoned him. Proceedings against the
ment for the winter season of 1815 at Covent j Covent Garden management and against

nence he was unable subsequently to main-
tain. His resemblance to Kean in appearance,
stature, and voice, and his close adherence
to the style of his great predecessor, had at-
tracted much attention to him, and his acting
had met with general approval. Upon the
reappearance of Booth at Covent Garden on
25 April a storm of opposition was encoun-
tered. 'Richard III' was acted in dumb
show, and the at! jmpted explanation of Faw-
cett, the stage manager, and the proffered
apologies of Booth were rejected. Booth
then printed his apology, and essayed again

Garden. During the summer he played at
Worthing. On 18 Oct. he made, as Sylvius in

Booth were commenced by the Drury Lane
management, but were discontinued as Booth

As you like it,' his first regular appearance j sank from the place he had occupied. On

in London, the occasion being the debut as
Rosalind of Mrs. Alsop, a daughter of Mrs.
Jordan. He was kept steadily in the back-
ground, and at the close of the season he retired
to Worthing, at the theatre of which town he
became acting manager. Here and at Brigh-
ton he played Sir Giles Overreach and other
leading characters with sufficient ability to
lead the management of Covent Garden to
engage him as a rival to Kean. On Wednes-
day, 12 Feb. 1817, he appeared as Richard III,
and, in spite of some opposition attributed
to the partisans of Kean, obtained a success.

8 March Booth played Sir Giles Overreach,
and shortly afterwards appeared as Posthu-
mus in ' Cymbeline,' Fitzharding in the
' Curfew,' and Mortimer in the ' Iron Chest.'
From this period his fame declined, until,
when for his benefit he appeared as Richard
and Jerry Sneak in the ' Mayor of Garratt,'
the house was almost empty. After playing
during the following years at various country
theatres and at the Coburg, he appeared on
7 Aug. 1820 as lago at Drury Lane, sup-
porting Kean, who was playing a farewell
engagement previous to his departure for

Booth

387

Booth

America. Booth's Drury Lane engagement
terminated on 13 Jan. 1821. On the 18th ,
•of the same month, according to his daughter
and latest biographer, he married Mary Ann ,
Holmes. lie shortly afterwards took his
wife, via Madeira, to America, and landed at
Norfolk, Va., on 30 June 1821. On 6 July he
opened at Richmond as Richard ; on 5 Oct.
1821 he played Richard III at the Park ,
Theatre, New York. In 1825 he returned j
to England and appeared at Drury Lane as
Brutus. The following year he played at
Rotterdam, Brussels, &c., and returned to ,
America. In 1828 he managed the Camp j
Theatre, New Orleans, and played in French j
Oreste in the ' Andromaque ' of Racine. In ;
1836-7 England was again revisited, Drury j
Lane, the Surrey, and Sadler's Wells being
the scenes of his London performances. After j
liis return to New York he started for the j
south, and attempted to drown himself on the ;
•route, but was saved by means of a boat. In ,
this unfortunate voyage, however, he broke
his nose, and marred thus his appearance and
his voice. During the last ten years of his
life he withdrew to some extent from the
.stage, living on a farm he had purchased near
Baltimore, but performing occasionally in
Boston and New Orleans. His last appear-
ance was at his benefit on 19 Nov. 1852 at
the St. Charles Theatre, New Orleans. He
then took the parts of Sir Edward Mortimer
and of John Lump in i The Review, or the
Wag of Windsor,' a musical farce. While
•on his way by sea to Cincinnati he died on
30 Nov. 1852. His body was taken to Bos-
ton, and, after some change of sepulture,
was ultimately placed in Greenmount ceme-
tery, Baltimore. Booth was a good second-
rate actor. The most competent judges of j
the day placed him below Kean, C. Kemble, j
and Macready, but before Wallack and Con- :
way. His popularity was marred by his
habit of disappointing audiences by non- I
appearance on nights for which he was >
announced. This was attributable in part
to intemperance, in part to insanity. In his ;
occasional fits of moroseness he attempted ;
once, as has been seen, his own life, and
more than once, it is said, that of another.
Some wild tricks are assigned him, and once
he made an effort to obtain the post of light-
house keeper at Cape Hatteras lighthouse.
Amongst his surviving children were Edwin |
Booth, still a favourite actor, Junius Brutus
Booth, jun., John Wilkes Booth, mournfully
celebrated, and Mrs. Asia Booth Clarke, his
biographer, the wife of a well-known come-
•dian.

[Grenest's History of the Stage ; Clarke's The
Elder and the Younger Booth, Boston (U.S.A.),

1882; Dramatic Magazine, 1829; Oxberry's Dra-
matic Biography, vol. iv. 1826 ; Vauderhoff s
Dramatic Reminiscences, London, 1860; London
Magazine, 1820.] J. K.

BOOTH or BOTHE, LAWRENCE

(d. 1480), bishop of Durham, and afterwards
archbishop of York, sprang from a wealthy
family of good position. He was the youngest
son of John Booth, of Barton in Lancashire,
by his second wife, Maud, daughter of Sir
John Savage, a Cheshire knight. Two of
his half-brothers became bishops — William,
archbishop of York; and John, bishop of
Exeter. He went to Pembroke Hall in Cam-
bridge, studied the civil and canon laws in
which he became a licentiate, and was in
1450 appointed master of his college. During
his residence in Cambridge he became chan-
cellor of the university and rector of Cot-
tenham in Cambridgeshire. While chan-
cellor (about 1458), he started a movement
for the building of an arts school and a
civil law school (MULLINGEB,, University of
Cambridge to 1535, p. 300). Outside the
university preferment was showered thick
upon him. In 1449 he became a prebendary
of St. Paul's, and, after being thrice trans-
ferred to more valuable stalls, he became on
22 Nov. 1456 dean of that cathedral. In
1452 he became archdeacon of Stow in the
diocese of Lincoln, but resigned in the same
year. In 1453 he was made provost of Be-
verley. In 1454 he was appointed archdeacon
of Richmond. He was also a prebendary of
York and of Lichfield.

Booth's main business, however, was legal
and political rather than ecclesiastical. He
became chancellor to Queen Margaret, and,
apparently about 1456, keeper of the privy
seal (Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 408).
In the same year he became a commissioner
to renew the existing truce with Scotland.
On 28 Jan. 1457 he was appointed one of
the tutors and guardians of the Prince of
Wales. On 15 Sept. in the same year he
was appointed bishop of Durham, by pro-
vision of Calixtus II. Henry VI had al-
ready solicited the pope to nominate his
physician, John Arundell, to the vacant see,
but the more energetic supplication of Queen
Margaret for her chancellor, together with
the request of many nobles, and the remem-
brance of an old recommendation of Henry
himself, determined Calixtus to appoint
Booth, whose position, wisdom, noble birth,
northern origin, and local knowledge made
him, in the pope's opinion, peculiarly fitted
to be bishop of the great palatinate (RTMBB,
xi. 404-5). Henry did not press his phy-
sician'.s claims, and on 25 Sept. Booth was
consecrated by his brother, the archbishop

c c 2

Booth

388

Booth

of York. On 18 Oct. the temporalities were ;
restored to him. He still continued privy
seal, and in September 1459 negotiated a
truce with the Scots at Neweastle-upon-Tyne. i
At the end of the same year he attended the
Coventry parliament which impeached the j
partisans of the Duke of York, where he !
swore allegiance to Henry VI, and acted as
a trier of petitions. He seized as the prero-
gative of his franchise the numerous for-
feitures of Warwick within the palatinate. :
Yet though apparently a decided partisan of j
the house of Lancaster, he attended the parlia- i
ment of Edward IV that met after the battle j
of Towton, served as a trier of petitions, and i
had his right to forfeitures within the bishop-
ric specially reserved (Rot. Parl. I E. IV). I
But he must have given some fresh cause of '
offence, perhaps have helped Queen Margaret !
in her northern campaigns, for on 28 Dec.
1462 his temporalities were seized by the j
crown ; officers were appointed in the diocese j
as in the case of a vacancy ; the coals, which i
even then formed some part of the wealth of j
the lords of Durham, were ordered to be sold, j
and he is spoken of in an official document
as the late Bishop of Durham (STJKTEES, app.
to vol. i. cxxxiii-iv). The suspension con-
tinued until 17 April 1464, when his tempo-
ralities were restored, probably in return for
submission and repentance. On 15 April he
was allowed as a special favour to absent
himself for three years from all parliaments
and councils, and live wherever he liked
within England (RYMER, xi. 518). There is |
no record of his acts between 1464 and 1471.
Within that interval of retirement he had
found some means to convince Edward of
his fidelity, for in 1471 he got the Warwick
forfeitures within his palatinate, and took
an oath to maintain the succession of the
Prince of Wales. In the same year, and
again in 1472 and 1473, his serving as a trier
of petitions shows that he was restored to
his parliamentary duties. On 21 June 1473
a royal license admitted his right 'to coin in
Durham not only ' monetse sterlingorum,' as
had of old been the custom with his predeces-
sors, but also ' moneta obolorum ' (RYMER, xi.
783). During the same year the illness of
Bishop Stillington, the chancellor, and the
inconvenience of transacting the business of
the office during the session of parliament by
deputies or keepers, led to the transference
of the great seal to Bishop Booth on 27 July.
He presided in the parliament of that year,
prorogued it, and, shortly after its reassem-
bling, dismissed it, after having exhorted the
commons to deal liberally with the king in
his approaching war with France (Parl. Hist.
ii. 344). But the burden of the office seems

to have been too great for him, and on 25 May
1474 he was succeeded by Bishop Rotherham,
who remained in office for the rest of the
reign, and successfully concluded the busi-
ness begun by Booth (Cont. Croyland, Gale,
i. 557). There seems no good authority for
Lord Campbell's story of Booth's extreme in-
competence. That Booth's retirement from
the chancery was not caused by want of
favour at court is shown by the king putting
in his custody the temporalities of the arch-
bishopric of York within ten days of the
death of the disgraced Archbishop Neville
(28 June 1476. RYMEK, xii. 28). This de-
cided step of Edward's secured Booth's trans-
lation to the archbishopric. He was installed
with great solemnity on 8 Sept. on the throne
vacated by his brother twelve years before.
He was the first bishop of Durham promoted
to York, a translation rather common in
later times. Both at York and Durham he
succeeded a Neville, a family with which he
had established a connection by marrying one
of his nieces to the Earl of Westmorland.
During his twenty years' tenure of the
see of Durham he had rebuilt the gates of
Auckland Castle and the neighbouring
buildings.

Booth did not long survive his appoint-
ment to York. He died on 19 May 1480,
and was buried in the collegiate church of
Southwell beside his brother, Archbishop
William. Both brothers had made Southwell
their favourite residence, and were great
benefactors to the church there. LaAvrence's
main benefaction to the see of York was the
purchase of the manor of Battersea in Sur-
rey, the building of a house on it, and the
transferring of it to the archbishopric. Up
to his death he retained the mastership of
Pembroke Hall, as the scholars of that society
were proud of having as their head a man in
such high position, and who also was a libe-
ral benefactor of the college.

[William de Chambre's Hist. Dunelm. in
Anglia Sacra, i. 777, with Wharton's note, and
in Raine's Hist. Dunelm. Scriptores Tres. ; Rolls
of Parliament; Rymer's Poedera; Paston Let-
ters ; Hist. Croyland cont. ; cont. of T. Stubbs's
Hist. Ebor. The Torr MSS., Le Neve's Fasti,
Godwin's De Prsesulibus, Drake's Eboracum, and
Surtees' History of Durham are more modern
authorities. Booth's will is printed in Raine's
Testamenta Eboracensia (Surtees Soe.), iii. 248-
250. The life of Booth in Campbell's Chancel-
lors (i. 389) is thoroughly inaccurate: that in
Foss (Judges of England, iv. 420-3, Biographia
Juridica, 105) is much better.] T. P. T.

BOOTH, PENISTON, D.D. (1681-1765),
dean of Windsor, published a single sermon,
1 Of Baptism,' 8vo, on Gal. iii. 27, in 1718.

Booth

389

Booth

On 9 May 172:2 he was appointed canon of
Windsor; on 26 April 1729 was installed
dean of "Windsor; and on 23 July 1733 was
collated chancellor of London. By 1749 he
had made many improvements in the deanery.
Two of the plates in Pote's ' History of
Windsor/ concerning St. George's Chapel
(pp. 60 and 72), are inscribed to him and his
canons. He died on 21 Sept. 1765, aged 84.
[Cooke's The Preacher's Assist-int, i. 376, ii.
45 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 361, iii. 376,
407 ; Pote's Hist, of AYindsor, 60, 72, 123, 411,
413 ; Gent. Mag., 1765, xxxv. 443 ; private in-
formation.] J. H.

BOOTH, ROBERT (d. 1657), puritan
divine, was educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1606-7.
He graduated M.A. in 1610, at which time
he was a fellow of Emmanuel College. He
was curate of Sowerby-bridge Chapel near
Halifax, 1635-46, and in 1650 became mini-
ster of Halifax, where he was buried 011
28 July 1657.

He was author of: 1. 'Synopsis totius
Philosophise,' Harl. MS. 5356. This learned
book, which is in an elegant handwriting, and
illustrated with synoptical tables, is dedicated
to Dr. Neville, master of Trinity College.
2. ' Encomivm Herovm, carmine -

tentatvm,' London, 1620, 4to. Dedicated to
Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, lord high
chancellor of England.

[Hallifax and its Gibbet-law (1708), 81 ; Wat-
son's Hist, of Halifax (1775), 370, 443, 461 ;
Cooper's manuscript collections for Athenae Can-
tab. ; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, iii. 533;
Palmer's Nonconformists' Memorial, iii. 436 ;
Green's Cal. of Domestic State Papers, ii. 22;
Dugdale's Visitation of the County of Yorke (ed.
Davies), 17, 358.] T. C.

BOOTH, SIR ROBERT (1626-1681),
chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland,
the son of Robert Booth of Salford, by his
wife, a daughter of Oswald Moseley, esq., of
Ancoats, Manchester, was baptised at the
Collegiate Church, Manchester, on 2 July
1626. After the death of his father, his
mother remarried the Rev. Thomas Case,
a staunch parliamentarian, who directed
Booth's education. He attended Manchester
grammar school, was entered at Gray's Inn
on 18 Feb. 1641-2, and proceeded to St. John's
College, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner,
on 20 Sept. 1644. At Cambridge Henry
Newcome, the author of the well-known
diary, was a fellow-student. Booth was called
to the bar on 26 Nov. 1649, and practised in
London. Some letters of his, dated February
1659-60, are among the Legh MSS. at Lyme
Hall, and prove that he regarded the Resto-

ration with equanimity. On 1 Dec. 1660 he
was appointed, on the recommendation of
the chancellor of Ireland, Sir Maurice Eustace,
and on account of his learning and loyalty,
third judge in the Irish court of common
pleas. Booth was knighted on 15 May 1668,
became chief justice of common pleas in
Ireland in 1669, and chief justice of the
king's bench in Ireland in 1679. He was
buried at Salford on 2 March 1680-1. He
married his first wife, a daughter of Spencer
Potts, esq., about 1651. The death of a son
Benjamin by this marriage, at the age of
eleven, is referred to at length in l Mount
Pisgah ' (1670), a work of Thomas Case,
Booth's stepfather. Booth's second wife
was a daughter of Sir Henry Oxendon of
Deane, near Wingham, Kent ; she died on
27 Oct. 1669, leaving four daughters. Booth's
will, dated 2 Aug. 1680, in the Prerogative
Court of Canterbury, proves him to have
possessed several Irish estates.

[A detailed notice of Booth by J. E. Bailey,
F.S.A., in Notes and Queries, 6th ser., ix. 130-2;
see also Moseley Family Memoirs, p. 36; Gas-
trell's Notitia Cestriensis, ii. 94 ; Lascelles's
Liber Hiberniae ; Newcome's Diary (Chetham
Sue.), pp. 137, 305; Booker's Hist, of Blackley,
p. 20 ; Manchester Foundations, ii. 85.1

S. L. L.

BOOTH, SARAH (1793-1867), actress,
was born, according to Oxberry (Dramatic
Biography}, in Birmingham, in the early part
of the year 1793. She is first heard of at
Manchester, Avhere, about 1804, she and her
sister appeared as dancers. She remained
there under the management of the elder
Macready, who promoted her to the perform-
ance of characters such as Prince Arthur in
* King John.' In Doncaster, to which town
as a member of Tate Wilkinson's company
she subsequently went, a performance of
Alexina in Reyiiolds's ' The Exile,' a charac-
ter resigned in consequence of illness by
Mrs. Stephen Kemble (Miss Satchell), at-
tracted attention. Elliston, then managing
the Royal Circus, which he rechristened the
Surrey, heard of her. Her first appearance
in London was made at this theatre in 1810
as Cherry, in a burletta founded on the
' Beaux' Stratagem,' Elliston himself playing
Archer. On November 23 of the same year
she played for the first time at Covent Garden,
enacting Amanthis in the ' Child of Nature,'
an adaptation from the French by Mrs.
Inchbald. She remained at Covent Garden
playing in the 'Miller and his Men,' the
'Dog of Montargis,' the 'Little Pickle,' &c.,
and being occasionally allowed to assume
a character like Juliet. The rising fame of
Miss O'Neil wrested from Sally Booth, as she

Booth

390

Booth

was always called, the hope of distinction in |
tragic parts, and she quitted Covent. Garden
until the retirement of her rival, when she
returned and enacted Cordelia to the Lear
of Junius Brutus Booth. She then played
at the Olympic 19 Dec. 1821, at Drury Lane
2 Feb. 1822, at the Haymarket and Adelphi
theatres, remaining long at none. Her
powers were agreeable rather than impressive, i
She was small in stature, nervous, with hair i
inclining to red. In parts like Juliet she !
won favour by prettiness and girlishness. To \
the last her dancing remained a special at- I
traction. Sally Booth claimed to be a de-
scendant of Barton Booth [q. v."], and on the |
first appearance of Junius Brutus Booth [q. v.]
desired him, it is said, to add a final e to his
name, so as to prevent the suggestion of any
connection between them. She died 80 Dec.
1867, having long quitted the stage.

[Genest's History of the Stage ; Eaymond's ,
Life and Enterprises of Robert William Elliston,
1857; Oxberry's Dramatic Biography, 1826, vol. i
iv. ; The Drama or Theatrical Magazine ; Bio-
graphy of the British Stage, 1824.] J. K.

BOOTH, THOMAS (Jl. 1611), divine,
Avas educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B.A. in 1597-8, M.A. in ,
1601, B.D. in 1609. He published (with his j
initials only) ' Concio ad Clerum jarndudum {
Cantabrigiae habita in Luc. cap. o, ver. 10,' j
London, 1611, 4to.

[Cooper's Athense Cantab, iii. 57.] T. C.

BOOTH, THOMAS (d. 1835), cattle j
breeder and improver, was owner and farmer I
of the estate of Killerby near Catterick, York-
shire, where, in 1790, he turned his particular '
attention to the breeding of shorthorns, se-
lecting his cows from Mr. Broader of Fair- j
holme, and the bulls from the stock of his
contemporaries, Messrs. Robert and Charles
Colling. His great aim was to raise a useful
class of animals, that, besides possessing
beauty of form, would milk copiously, fatten
readily, and when slaughtered turn out satis-
factorily to the butcher. With these views
he sought to reduce the bone of the animal,
especially the length and coarseness of the
legs, the prominency of the hips, the heavy
bones of the shoulders, and those unsightly
projections called shoulder points, which pre-
viously were great defects in the unimproved
shorthorns. In these efforts he was most
successful, and his cows and bulls for many
years carried away the highest prizes at the
chief exhibitions of stock. About the period
of 1814 he was considered to be the most
enterprising and skilful improver of cattle in
his district, if not of his day.

He removed to Warlaby in 1819, and gave

up the Killerby estate and part of the short-
horn herd to his eldest son, John Booth,
taking the remainder with him to Warlaby,
where he died in 1835. By his wife, Miss
Bower, he had two sons, equally celebrated
with their father as cattle breeders. JOHN
BOOTH, the eldest, had his own ideas about
breeding stock. With infinite judgment he
found among the pastures round Richmond
fresh crosses for his cattle, and the public
had such confidence in his judgment that
they felt sure of his success in whatever he
did. He found time to run horses at Cat-
terick, and his dog Nips won the Wensley-
dale Cup in a coursing contest at Leyburn.
For three seasons he was master of the Bedale
hunt, and a constant attendant at the meets.
Much of his time was also occupied in acting1
as a judge at exhibitions of stock. All hi&
stock were sold off on 21 Sept. 1852, when
forty-four lots averaged 48£. 12s. 8d. He died
at Killerby on 7 July 1857, aged 68, and was
buried at Ainderby. Shortly afterwards a.
window to his memory was erected in Cat-
terick church. In 1819 he married Miss
Wright, by whom he left several sons, well
known in the county.

RICHAKD BOOTH, the second son of Thomas
Booth, inherited with his father's name his
full share of his father's skill as a breeder,
with an equal fondness for the pursuit. He
removed to Studleyfarm in 1814, which was
speedily stocked with shorthorns. He was
a great believer in in-breeding, and when he
sold off in 1834 the best cows were fine ani-
mals in direct descent from Twin Brother to
Ben, a bull bred by his father as far back as
1790. He gave up Studley farm in 1834r
and sold off the whole of his herd except
Isabella by Pilot, and retired to Sharrow,,
near Ripon. On the death of his father in
the following year he succeeded to the estate
and shorthorn herd at Warlaby, and again
turned his attention to breeding. The judges
of those days had not yet learned to distin-
guish between flesh and fat, and although
the Booth cattle did not always carry away
the prizes, the butchers well knew their
worth, as they made the best carcass meat.
When the royal cattle shows began in 1844,
although not approving of such exhibitions,
he felt obliged to exhibit ; and although at
first the quality of his cattle was not under-
stood, it was not very long before his name
was often found in the lists of those receiv-
ing medals and other rewards. He died at
Warlaby on 31 Oct. 1864, aged 76.

[Saddle and Sirloin, by The Druid, i.e. H. H.
Dixon (1870), pp. 195-207 ; Carr's History of
the Killerby Herd of Shorthorns, 1867.]

G. C. B.

Booth

391

Boothby

BOOTH, SIR WILLIAM (Jt. 1673-1689),
captain in the royal navy, was promoted to
that rank in June 1673. After the peace
\yith the Dutch he was for several years em-
ployed in the Mediterranean, and more espe-
cially against the Algerine pirates. On 8 April
1681, whilst in command of the Adventure,
he engaged one of these corsairs named the
Golden Horse, a vessel larger, more heavily
armed, and with a more numerous ship's com-
pany. The fight was long- and bloody ; both
ships were much shattered, but neither could
claim the victory, when a stranger came in
sight under Turkish colours. She proved,
however, to be the English ship Nonsuch,
commanded by Captain (afterwards Sir Fran-
cis) Wheler, and to her the Golden Horse at
once submitted without further resistance.
A somewhat acrimonious dispute afterwards
arose between the officers and men of the two
ships as to their relative share in the capture
[see BENBOW, JOHN, vice-admiral], Captain
Wheler assuming all the honour to himself,
and claiming the whole profit of the prize.
The question was referred by Booth to the
admiralty, who, without any evidence beyond
Booth's partial statement, directed the corn-
mander-in-chief to ' cause the colours of
the Golden Horse to be delivered to Captain
Booth as a mark of honour which we judge
he hath well deserved,' and also an appointed
share of the value of the prize (Brit. Mus.
Addl. MS. 19872, f. 67).

In 1683 he commanded the Grafton 5 in
September 1688 he was appointed to the Pen-
dennis of 70 guns ; and in the following Feb-
ruary, having given in his allegiance to King
William, he was knighted and appointed com-
missioner of the navy. It would appear that
his profession of allegiance was but a treache-
rous blind to enable him the better to act as
agent to the exiled James ; for on 16 March he
went down the river to the Pendennis, then
lying at Sheerness, and endeavoured by his
personal influence and promises of money to
persuade the lieutenants to agree with him
in carrying over the ship to France ; the plot
also involved carrying over the Eagle fire-
ship, commanded by Captain Wilford, who
seemed to acquiesce. But Wilford got too
drunk to act the part designed for him, and
the lieutenants refused to have anything to
do with it, or to let the Pendennis go ; on
which Booth, conceiving that he had gone
too far, and that the affair could not be kept
secret, fled to France. No account remains of
his further life or of his death.

[Charnock's Biog. Nav. i. 387 ; Minutes of
Court-martial on Captain Robert Wilford. 30 July
1689, in Public Record Office.] J. K. L.

BOOTHBY, SIR BROOKE (1743-1824),

poet, seventh baronet, eldest son of Sir Brooke
Boothby, of Ashbourne Hall, Derbyshire, was
born in 1743. When a young man he moved
in London society, and he is mentioned by
one of Mrs. Delany's correspondents as ' one
of those who think themselves pretty gentle-
men du premier ordre.' He joined the lite-
rary circle at Lichfield to which Miss Seward,
Dr. Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, and the
Edgeworths belonged, and was a member of
a botanical society which Dr. Darwin started
there. One of Miss Seward's odes and several
of her printed letters are addressed to him.
I He resided some time in France, and became
intimate with Rousseau. In his l Observa-
tions on the Appeal from the Old Whigs,'
«fec., he enters into an earnest defence of Rous-
seau's character and works from the ' wanton
butcherly attack ' made by Burke. He suc-
| ceeded to the baronetcy on the death of his
father in 1789. He married Susannah, daugh-
ter and heiress of Mr. Robert Bristoe. The
only child of this marriage died in 1791 at
the early age of six years, and was interred
in Ashbourne Church, where a monument by
Thomas Banks, R.A., was erected to her
memory.

He published the following : 1. * A Letter
to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke,'
1791 (8vo, pp. 120); a remonstrance with
that statesman on the doctrines contained in
his ' Reflections on the French Revolution.'
; 2. ' Observations on the Appeal from the New
to the Old Whigs, and on Mr. Paine's Rights
of Man,' in two parts, 1792 (8vo, pp. 283) ; the
: first part is a further defence of the principles
of the French revolution, and the second is di-
rected against Paine's arguments for equality.
i 3. ' Sorrows Sacred to the Memory of Pene-
| lope,' 1796 (fol. pp. 87) ; a volume of verse
! illustrated. 4. { Britannicus, a Tragedy, from
I the French of Racine,' 1803, 8vo. 5. < Fables
i and Satires, with a preface on the Esopean
I Fable,' Edinburgh, 1809, two volumes, 12mo.
| Sir Brooke Boothby died at Boulogne 23 Jan.
J 1824, aged 80, andVas interred in the family
j cemetery at Ashbourne Church.

[Hist. andTopogr. of Ashbourne, 1839, pp. 35-
38 ; Mrs. Delany's Corresp.iv. 262, 423 ; Seward's
Memoirs of Darwin, p. 78 ; Seward's Letters ;
Playfair's British Family Antiquity, vi. 464 ;
Baker's Biogr. Dramatica, i. 50, ii. 68.1

c. w. s.

BOOTHBY, Miss HILL (1708-1756),
friend of Dr. Johnson, born on 27 Oct. 1708,
was grand-daughter of Sir William Boothby,
third baronet, and daughter of Mr. Brook
j Boothby, of Ashbourne Hall, Derbyshire.*'Her
mother "was Elizabeth Fitzherbert, a daughter

Boothby

392

Boothroyd

of John Fitzherbert, of Somersall-Herbert.
Miss Boothby was a woman of considerable
ability. Miss Anna Seward calls her ' the
sublimated methodistic Hill Boothby who
read her bible in Hebrew.' She made the
acquaintance of Dr. Johnson about three
years before her death, while she was pre-
siding over the household of a distant rela-
tion, Mr. Fitzherbert, of Tissington, near
Ashbourne, for whose late wife she had enter-
tained an enthusiastic affection. The ac-
quaintance with Johnson soon ripened into
a warm friendship. Johnson addresses her
as ' sweet angel ' and ' dearest dear/ and
assures her that he ' has none other on whom
his heart reposes.' His letters to her, pre-
served by Miss Seward, and now usually
printed in the editions of Croker's ' Boswell,'
are all in a like affectionate strain. In them
he discloses the mystery of the orange-peel,
which Boswell asked for in vain. According
to Mrs. Piozzi, Johnson was annoyed by Miss
Boothby's friendship for Lord Lyttelton, and
was influenced by this jealousy in writing that
nobleman's life. Croker doubted the story,
arguing that only passionate love for Miss
Boothby could have been a sufficiently strong
motive to have thus influenced Johnson ; and
that a love of that kind between them was
incredible. Miss Boothby died on 16 Jan.
1756; and her letters to Johnson, written
with some vivacity, and generally in a tone
of enthusiastic piety, were collected and pub-
lished by Richard Wright, of Lichfield, in
1805, a book which also contains the frag-
ment of Johnson's autobiography, and some
verses to Miss Boothby's memory by Sir
Brooke Boothby, her nephew, and the author
of ' The Tears of Penelope.' She is said to
have been the original of Miss Sainthill in
'The Spiritual Quixote,' by the Rev. R.
Graves (1773).

[See Miss Hill Boothby's letters to Dr. John-
son (Londoii : printed for Richard Phillips,
6 Bridge Street, Blackfriars) ; Boswell's Johnson
(Croker); Piozzi's Johnsoniana, § 73; Hayward's
Piozzi, i. 256 ; Letters from Anna Seward from
1784-1807, some of which are extracted in
Johnsoniana, part xxii.~] E. S. S.

BOOTHBY, LADY. [See NESBITT.]

BOOTHROYD,BENJAMIN,D.D.(1768-

1836), independent minister and Hebrew
scholar, was born at Warley, in the parish of
Halifax, Yorkshire, on 10 Oct. 1768, and was
the son of a poor shoemaker there. He was
sent to the village school, and left it when
six years old, able to read the Old and New
Testaments ; .although an unruly child, he
taught himself figures and ciphering. He
helped his father to make shoes for a time,

but when about fourteen years old he ran
away with only a few pence in his pocket.
Making westwards for Lancashire, he found
work with a methodist, who treated him very
kindly. With him he stayed till, hearing-
things were not well with his parents, he
returned to Warley to superintend his father's
trade, and was affectionately received and
forgiven. About 1785 he vowed to devote
himself to religion. He attended prayer
meetings and spoke at them ; he read Dod-
dridge's works ; was admitted a student of the
dissenting college, North Howram, and was
at once classed as of two years' standing. In
1790 he was chosen minister at Pontefract,
and being ordained there, he succeeded in
filling his chapel till it would not hold the
congregation, and a new one had to be built.

At this time Boothroyd found that all that
was left for his income, after paying expenses,
was 201. a year, and he opened a shop as a
bookseller and printer. In 1801 he married
a Miss Hurst of Pontefract. In 1807, having
had a few materials for a history of the town
presented to him by a Mr. Richard Hepworth,
he added much more to these, and brought
out, at his own press, his ' History of the
Ancient Borough of Pontefract' (Preface,
p. xiv). He resolved next to master He-
brew, for the purpose of producing a new
Hebrew bible. He printed the work himself,
and his wife helped him in correcting the
proofs. It was brought out in quarterly parts,
the issue beginning in 1810, and finishing in
1813, under the title of ' Biblia Hebraica,'
and formed finally two volumes 4to. Seven
years were spent over this undertaking. At
the same time Boothroyd preached diligently ;
and published several excellent standard
works, besides many sermons of his own. In.
his l Sermon occasioned by the Death of Miss
B. Shilito,' 1813, Boothroyd states (p. 34)
that Miss Shilito attributed her ' conversion '
to some talk with a son of Eugene Aram, a
reaper of her brother's in Holderness.

In 1818 Boothroyd (who had accepted the
degree of LL.D.) became co-pastor at High-
field Chapel, Huddersfield, with the Rev.
William Moorhouse. In the same year he
completed his ' New Family Bible and Im-
proved Version,' in three vols. 4to, which had
been suggested to him on a visit to York by
Mr. Henry Tuke, a quaker. He printed many
copies of this great book at his own press.
It contained notes critical and explanatory,
and called forth the highest praise (see OKME,
Bibliotheca Biblica, p. 54 ; COTTON, Editions
of the Bible, p. 116). In recognition of this
achievement the university of Glasgow con-
ferred on Boothroyd the degree of D.D. in
1824. In 1832 his wife died (Evangelical

Boott

393

Bordwine

Magazine, p. 108). By her he had four
daughters and four sons (ib. 532). In 1835
Boothroyd completed an octavo edition of
his' Family Bible. ' On 1 0 Jan. 1 836 he was
seized with a violent illness ; after many
months' suffering he died on 8 Sept. follow-
ing. He was buried at Huddersfield.

[Evan. Mag. N. S. 1837, xv. 105-10, 374,
532; Gent. Mag. N. S. 1836, vi. 445; Darling's
Cyclopaedia Bibliographica (Authors), cols. 287,
369.] J. H.

BOOTT, FRANCIS, M.D. (1792-1863),
physician, son of Kirk Boott, his father being
English and his mother Scotch, was born
at Boston, United States, on 26 Sept. 1792.
After completing his education at Harvard
University he was sent to England, where
his studious habits and literary tastes soon
led him to form intimacies with persons
of like pursuits. For several years he jour-
neyed backwards and forwards between Eng-
land and America, making lifelong friendships
in both countries, but especially in England.
About 1820, when already married, he deter-
mined upon studying medicine, and placed
himself under the tutelage of Dr. John Arm-
strong in London. Thence he removed to
Edinburgh, where he took his doctor's degree
in 1824. On his return to London in 1825 he
commenced practice, and accepted the lec-
tureship on botany in the Webb Street school
of medicine ; this chair however, though ad-
mirably conducted, he did not long hold. At
the dying request of his friend Dr. Armstrong
he edited his life. This book bears the fol-
lowing title : * Memorials of the Life and
Medical Opinions of John Armstrong, M.D.
To which is added an Enquiry into the facts
connected with those forms of fever attributed
to malaria or marsh effluvium, by Francis
Boott, M.D.,' 1833-34, two volumes. For
seven years Boott practised very successfully
in London, being especially noted for his
treatment of fevers, in which he followed
the practice of giving abundance of air to the
patient, a course which at that time was ve-
hemently objected to by the profession at large.
In other respects, too, he was a judicious inno-
vator, being one of the first to discard the
black coat, white neckcloth, knee-breeches,
and black silk stockings, for the ordinary
costume of the day. This was then a blue coat
with brass buttons, and yellow waistcoat,
which he continued to wear to the last ; and
thus by outliving the fashion, as he had fore-
stalled it, he came to be as well knownin 1860
as he had been in 1830. Boott early retired
from practice, and having inherited a compe-
tency he devoted himself for the last thirty-
five years of his life to the cultivation of his
literary, classical, and scientific tastes. As

, far back as 1819 he had become a fellow of
the Linnean Society, and his leisure now
permitted him to accept the office of secretary,
which he held from 1832 to 1839. He was
appointed treasurer in November 1856, which
place he resigned in May 1861. His botanical
labours were entirely confined to the study of
the great genus Carex. The results of his
labours have seen the light in a large folio
work entitled 'Illustrations of the Genus
Carex, by F. Boott, M.D. In four parts,'
London, 1858-67. It was produced at his
own expense, and distributed amongst bota-
nists. His close attention to study tended to
enfeeble his never very vigorous frame ; but
the immediate cause of his death was disease
of the right lung, induced by pneumonia. It
took place at 24 Gower Street, London, on
25 Dec. 1863. In connection with literature
a most characteristic act of his was to erect
in All Saints' Church, Cambridge, a tablet
j to the memory of Henry Kirke White, of
I whom he knew nothing personally, but whose
life and poems he ardently admired. In
addition to the works already mentioned
! Boott also published ' Two Lectures on Ma-
I teria Medica' in 1837, and he prepared a
| monograph of 158 species of carex, which was
I printed in Sir William Jackson Hooker's
* Flora Boreali-Americana.' His wife was a
Miss Hardcastle of Derby.

[Proceedings of Linnean Society, 1864, pp.
xxiii-xxvii ; Medical Times and Gazette, i. 77
(1864).] G. C. B.

BOKDE, ANDREW (1490 F-1549). [See

BOORDE.]

BORDWINE, JOSEPH (d. 1835), pro-
fessor at Addiscombe, was a native of Ame-
rica, and served for some time under General
Whitlock, but was deprived of his commission
in consequence of his having issued a pamph-
let in which he commented rather severely
on that generaFs conduct. He was made
professor of fortification to the East India
Company's College at Addiscombe, Surrey.
In 1803 he was appointed an assistant in
the quartermaster-general's department, and
attached to the staff of the western district.
A French invasion was expected, and Bord-
wine drew up a sketch of a new circular
system of fortification for the defence of the
country. He continued the work at intervals,
and at last in 1809 published the ' Sketch/
which apparently attracted very little atten-
tion at the time. He was, however, prompted
by his friends to take the subject up again in
1830, and the result was the issue in 1834 of
a large ' Memoir of a Proposed New System
of Permanent Fortification.' He died at
Croydon 21 Feb. 1835.

Boreman

394

Borernan

[Gent. Mag. vol. for 1835 ; Introduction to the j
Memoir of a new System of Fortification.]

B. C. S.

BOREMAN or BOURMAN, ROBERT,
D.D. (d. 1675), royalist divine, was a mem-
ber of a family which came originally from
the Isle of Wight, and brother of Sir Wil-
liam Bourman, clerk of the green cloth to
King Charles II. He received his education at
Westminster School, whence he was elected
in 1627 to a scholarship at Trinity College, j
Cambridge. He graduated B. A. in 1631; was j
admitted a minor fellow of his college on |
4 Oct. 1633, and a major fellow on 10 March .
1634: and proceeded to the degree of M.A. !
in 1635. Like other royalists, he was de-
prived of his fellowship, but was restored
to it in 1660. He was also created D.D.
by virtue of letters mandatory from King |
Charles II dated 9 Aug. 1660 (KESTNETT, !
Register and Chron. 226). On 15 Oct. in the ;
same year he was admitted by the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury — the see of Peter-
borough being then vacant — to the church of .
Blisworth, in Northamptonshire (ib. 281),
and it seems that on 31 July 1662 he was
formally admitted to that rectory by Dr.
Lant, bishop of Peterborough (WooD, Fasti
Oxon. ii. 55 n.) He was admitted on 18 Nov.
1663 to the rectory of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields,
on the presentation of the king, and on 19
Dec. 1667 he was installed as a prebendary of
Westminster. He died a bachelor at Green-
wich in the winter of 1675, and was buried
at that place.

Boreman bore the character of a pious and
learned divine. It is to be regretted, how-
ever, that party feeling should have led him
to make an utterly unfounded attack on the
celebrated Richard Baxter, whom he charged
in an anonymous work with being a ' man
of blood,' for, addressing him, he wrote : ' I
must tell you in your ear what I have heard,
and is commonly reported, that in the late
Avars you slew a man with your own hand in
cold blood ' (AuroKctTUKpn-os : or Hypocrisie
unvaiPd, 15). Baxter was highly indignant
at this false charge, and began to write an
answer to Boreman's pamphlet, though he
eventually abandoned this design.

Boreman's works are: 1. 'The Country-
mans Catechisme, or the Churches Plea
for Tithes. Wherein is plainly discovered
the Duty and Dignity of Christs Ministers,
and the "Peoples Duty to them,' Lond. 1652,
4to. 2. * HateSet'ct dpia^os. The Trivmph
of Learning over Ignorance, and of Truth
over Falsehood. Being an Answer to foure
Quseries. Whether there be any need of
L'niversities ? Who is to be accounted an
Hseretick ? Whether it be lawfull to use

Conventicles ? Whether a Lay man may
preach ? WThich were lately proposed by a
Zelot, in the Parish Church at Swacie [Swave-
sey] neere Cambridge,' Lond. 1653, 4to. Re-
printed in the 'Harleian Miscellany ' (1744),.
vol. i. 3. ' The Triumph of Faith over Death.
Or the Just Man's Memoriall ; compris'd in a
Panegyrick and Sermon, at the Funerall of
the Religious, most Learned Dr. Combar, late
Master of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge, and
Deane of Carlile. Delivered in Trinity Col-
ledge Chappell on 29 March 1653,' London,
1654, 4to. Dedicated to William, earl of Port-
land. 4. ' A Mirrovr of Mercy and ludge-
ment. Or an Exact true Narrative of the
Life and Death of Freeman Sonds, Esquier,
Sonne to Sir George Sonds of Lees Court in
Shelwich in Kent. Who being about the
age of 19, for Murthering his Elder Brother
on Tuesday the 7th of August, was arraigned
and condemned at Maidstone. Executed
there 011 Tuesday the 21. of the same Moneth,.
1655,' London, 1655, 4to. Reprinted in
' Authentic Memorials of Remarkable Occur-
rences and Affecting Calamities in the family
of Sir George Sondes, Bart.' Evesham
[1790?], 12mo ; also in the ' Harleian Mis-
cellany,' x. 23 (Lond. 1813). 5. ' An Anti-
dote against Swearing. With an Appendix
concerning our Academical Oaths,' Lond.
1662, 8vo. 6. ' AvToKaraKpiros : or Hypo-
crisie uiivail'd, and Jesuitisme unmaskt. In
a Letter to Mr. R. Baxter, by one that is a
lover of Unity, Peace, and Concord, and his
Well-wisher,' Lond. 1662, 4to. 7. 'The
Patern of Christianity : or the Picture of a
true Christian. Presented at Northampton
in a Sermon at a Visitation, May 12, 1663,'
Lond. 1663, 4to. 8. ' A Mirrour of Chris-
tianity, and a Miracle of Charity ; or a true
and exact Narrative of the Life and Death
of the most virtuous Lady Alice Dutchess
Duddeley,' Lond. 1669, 4to. Dedicated to
Lady Katherine Leveson, relict of Sir Richard
Leveson, bart., and only surviving daughter
! of the duchess.

Boreman published and dedicated to Ed-
ward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, ' The True
Catholicks Tenure' (Cambridge, 1662), writ-
ten by his friend Dr. Edward Hyde. SeAre-
ral specimens of his poetry are met with
among the loyal effusions of the university
of Cambridge before the troublous times of
the civil Avars.

[Addit. MS. 5846 f. 1216, 133, 2316, 5863
f. 19 ; Kennett's Kegister and Chron. 226, 251,
281, 611, 724, 734 ; Lysons's Environs, iv. 477 ;
Newconrt's Repertorium Ecclesiasticum, i. 613,
922; Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed Bliss, ii. 55 ; Wood's
| Hist, and Antiq. of the Univ. of Oxford, ed.
Gutch, ii. pt. ii. 659 ; Sylvester's Life of Baxter^

Borgard

395

Borgard

79, 377, 378. 380, pt. iii. 172, 179, Append. |
No. 7, p. 117; Lloyd's Memoirs (1677), 450; j
Calamy's Ejected Ministers (1727), ii. 908 ;
Phillimore's Alumni Westmon. 20, 98, 99 ; Le
Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic, ed. Hardy, iii. 361 ; ;
(rough's British Topography, i. 483 ; Widmore's
Hist, of Westm. Abbey, 224 ; Hasted's Kent, ii. '
783.] T. C. |

BORGARD, ALBERT (1659-1751),
colonel, came of an ancient Danish family,
and was born at Holbech, in Jutland, on
10 Nov. 1659. He joined the Danish army
in 1675, during the war between Sweden
and Denmark, and was made a gunner in
1676. He served throughout the war, and
at its close, in 1679, held the rank of fire-
worker, and was ordered to make a survey of
the island of Zealand. ' In 1680,' he says,
' I, with another fireworker, was ordered to
Berlin, in exchange of two Brandenburgher
fireworkers, sent to Denmark to learn the
difference of each nation's works, relating to
all sorts of warlike and pleasant fireworks.'
He served at the relief of Vienna, at the
battle of Gran, and the siege of Buda. In
1688 he left the Danish service, on account
of ' some injustice done him in his promotion/
and went to Poland as a volunteer ; but he
was offered a commission in the Prussian
guards, which he accepted. In the Prussian
army he served upon the Rhine, and at the
siege of Bonn. In 1692 he left the Prussian
army, with a commission to raise a regiment
for the emperor ; but failing in this design,
he went in April to the camp of Louis XIV
before Namur. He distinguished himself in
the attack on the fortress ; and the French
king ordered him 1,000 crowns, and offered
him a captain's commission. But Borgard,
n sturdy protestant, refused the tempting offer,
and joined Colonel Gore, whose acquaintance
he had made at Bonn, as a volunteer.

Though but thirty-three years of age
when he joined the English army, he had
been present at eleven battles and twelve
sieges, and was one of the most experienced
artillery and engineer officers in the world.
Gore introduced him to William III, who
saw his ability, and made him a firemaster
in the English service in 1693, and captain
and adjutant of the artillery in Flanders in
1695. He was present at the battles of
Steenkirk and Landen and the sieges of Huy
and Namur. When at the peace of 1697 ail
the foreign artillerymen in English pay were
dismissed, he, with only one other officer
named Schlunt, was taken to England, and
in 1698 made an engineer by William Ill's
special command. In 1702 he helped to
take Forts Ste.- Catherine, Matagorda, and
I hirand. On his return to England he married

Barbara Bradshaw, by whom he had several
children. After serving in Flanders he was
gazetted lieutenant-colonel of artillery, and
sent to command the artillery in Spain and
Portugal in the army of Lord Galway. He
took Valencia, d' Alcantara, Ciudad Rodrigo,
and Alcantara, and made Galway's advance
into Spain justifiable from a purely military
point of view. In 1708 he superintended the
reduction of the castle of San Felipe in
Minorca. He was present with Stanhope at
the battles of Almanza, Almanara, Saragossa,.
where he was wounded in four places, and at
Villa Viciosa, where he was wounded, left for
dead, and taken prisoner. On being exchanged
he returned to England, and was appointed
chief firemaster on 9 Aug. 1712. In 1713 he
made use of some of his old Berlin lessons in
' pleasant fireworks,' and, to quote his own
words, ' made pleasure fireworks which were
burnt on the River Thames in the month of
August over against Whitehall on the
Thanksgiving-day for the peace made at
Utrecht.' In 1715 he commanded the train
of artillery sent to the Duke of Argyll in
Scotland, in 1718 he was made assistant-sur-
veyor of ordnance, and in 1719 commanded
the artillery in the expedition to Vigo. This
was Colonel Borgard's last piece of active
service ; but his greatest service of all was
the formation of the regiment of royal artillery.
In his own account of his services Borgard
says : ' In 1722 his late Majesty was graciously
pleased to renew my old commission as
colonel, and to give me the command of
the regiment of artillery, established for his
service, consisting of four companies.' His-
honourable behaviour as colonel-commandant
is noted in a letter of his nephew, Major-
general Albert Borgard Michelsen : ' He was
strictly honest, and declared often, and shortly
before he died, that he could safely affirm it
upon oath that he had never made 6 pence-
out of his regiment above what the king
allowed, and gave up the cloathing of the
regiment to the Board of Ordnance, that he
might not be suspected to have any profit of
it. ... He was in great favour with Prince
George of Denmark, and with King George
the 1st and 2nd ' (OLSEN, General Lieutenant
A. Borgard's Levnet oy Bedrifter, Appen-
dix 2). Borgard was promoted major-general
in 1735, and lieutenant-general in 1739; and
when he died at Woolwich, on 7 Feb. 1751,
at the great age of ninety-two, he left to his
successor, General Belford, one of the finest
corps of artillery in the world.

[For General Borgard's life the only authority
is Olsen's General-lieutenant Albert Borgard's
Levnet og Bedrifter, Copenhagen, 1839. Se»
also a curious print and description of hia ' plea-

Borgarucci

396

Borland

sure fireworks ' on the Thames on 7 July 1713 in proued Anathomistes,' &c. 1578, fol. (Cooper
Gent. Mag. for 1 749, p. 202.] H. M. S. gives 1572 as the date of the work).

[Dedication (dated 4 Dec. 1564) to Prospero
Borgarucci's ' De Peste perbrevis tractatus,'
Venice, 1/565, 8vo; see also the Italian edition,
Trattato di Piste, 1565, 8vo, pp. 59, 105 ; Eose's
Biog. Diet. 1857, art. Borgarucci, Prosper;
i. "*"

BORGARUCCI, GIULIO, M.D. (fl.
1564-1579), court physician, was one of four
sons of Carlo Borgarucci. Of his brothers,
the eldest Borgaruccio edited several works

of history and science ; Prospero became pro- i Cooper's Ath. Cantab, i. 450; Bonet-Maury's
fessor of anatomy at Padua in January 1564, Early Sources of Eng. Unit. Christianity (trans,
and obtained great reputation by his writings; Hall), 1884. p. 134.] A. G.

and Giulio his elder brother, who was a phy- i
sician, came to England as a protestant re-
fugee, and was a member of the Italian
branch of the ' Strangers' Church ' in London,
under the ministry of Girolamo Jerlito. In

1563, when London was visited by the plague,

BORLAND, JAMES, M.D. (1774-18(33),
inspector-general of army hospitals, was born
at Ayr, N.B., in April 1774, and entered the
army medical department as surgeon's-mate in
the 42nd Highlanders in 1792. Having been

Borgarucci successfully treated the epidemic promoted on the staff next year, he made two
by bleeding. His brother Bernardino, a juris- campaigns under the Duke of York in Flan-

ders, after which he proceeded to the West
Indies as surgeon, 23rd royal Welsh fusi-
liers. He was then again transferred to the
staff, and did duty in St. Domingo from 179C>

consult, was also then in London. Prospero
also came to London during the plague, and
learned from Giulio the use of a ball (porno)
compounded of balsamic substances, to be

held in the hand, that its odour might coun- until the last remnant of the British army
teract the effects of foul air. Borgarucci was i was withdrawn from that pestilential shore
admitted a member of the College of Phy- i in 1798. In 1799 he accompanied the expe-
sicians, and on 2 July 1572 was incorporated dition to the Helder, and after its failure
M.D. in the university of Cambridge. He was sent by the Duke of York to the head-
was physician to the Earl of Leicester, who quarters of the French general, Brune, with
(Leicester's Commonwealth) is said to have a flag of truce, to arrange for the exchange
made evil use of his knowledge of poisons, of the wounded. For this service he was
By patent of 21 Sept. 1573 he was made phy- promoted to the then newly constituted rank
sician to the royal household for life, with of deputy-inspector of army hospitals. He
an honorarium of 50/. per annum. The last was also attached to the Russian troops, which
trace of him is his letter of 21 Feb. 1578-9 had co-operated with the British in North
to Lord Burghley (in whose house the Italian i Holland, and had been ordered to winter in
church originally assembled), asking the the Channel Islands until the breaking up of
grant of a lease from the crown of the re- | the ice in the Baltic should allow of their

version of the parsonage of Middlewich,
Cheshire. He is supposed to have died about
1581, and was succeeded as court physician
by Roderigo Lopez. Borgarucci was mar-
ried, and in October 1573 he wrote to Lord
Burghley complaining that Sir William Cor-
dell, master of the rolls, had for five months
detained his wife from him in his house,
nourishing her in his popish superstitions.

return home. For this service, rendered more
onerous by an outbreak of malignant fever
in Guernsey, he received the thanks of the
czar, accompanied by an invitation to enter
the imperial service in the highest rank,
which he declined. Borland was chief me-
dical officer of the army in the southern
counties, under command of Sir David Diuir
das, at the time of the threatened French

The lady was not anxious to return, and a invasion. Having attained the rank of in-
commission of delegates was appointed to j spector-general of hospitals in 1807, he was

inquire whether she was really Borgarucci's ' 1""T" A "*~ ^™A -"--+— ;~ T — A~» v,™

wife or the wife of another person. The case
lasted several years ; ultimately Borgarucci
seems to have established his conjugal rights.
From the fact that Archbishop Grindal took
sides against Borgarucci, it is perhaps not
unreasonable to suppose that the court phy-

employed at head-quarters in London for
some time, at a period when many improve-
ments in army hospital organisation were
essayed. During the unfortunate expedition
to the Scheldt, he volunteered for the duty
of inquiring into the causes of the terrible
sickness and mortality then prevalent at

sician was one of those who regarded as | Walcheren. In this service he was associated
' popish superstitions ' some of the positions I with Dr. Lempriere, one of the physicians to

i» -i • ,-t i -TT j_ i ji "icv/^'iij- T*I r ~\

of anglican orthodoxy. He wrote a short
commendatory epistle in Latin, following the
* Proeme ' to John Banister's ' The Historic of
Man, sucked from the sappe of the most ap-

the army, and Sir Gilbert Blane [q. v.], who
had then left the navy and was in practice in
London. The report of these commissioners,
at whose recommendation the troops were

Borlase

397

Borlase

finally withdrawn, was ordered by the House
of Commons to be printed among ' Accounts
and Papers for 1810.' Its description is
( Papers relating to the Scheldt Expedition/
fol. 2, No. 104. From 1810 to 1816 Borland
was principal medical officer in the Mediter-
ranean, during which period he organised the
hospitals of the Anglo-Sicilian contingent,
the efficiency and unprecedented economy of
which formed the subject of a special official
minute on the breaking up of the force. His
services during the outbreak of plague at
Malta received the highest praise from Ad-
miral Lord Exmouth. He also accompanied
the force sent to assist the Austrians in ex-
pelling Murat from Naples, and the troops
under Major-general Sir R. Macfarlane, des-
patched from Genoa, which held Marseilles
and blockaded Toulon at the time of the
Waterloo campaign. Borland retired on half-
pay in 1816. He was appointed honorary
physician to H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, and
also received the order of St. Maurice and
St. Lazare of Savoy. For many years he
was resident at Teddington, Middlesex, where
his sterling character and many kindly deeds
won for him general esteem. He died at
Teddington on 22 Feb. .1863, at the age of
eighty-nine years.

[Gent. Mag. new series, xiv. 529, 666 ; Lancet,
1863, i. 641; Hart's Army Lists; Ayr Adver-
tiser, 19 March 1863.] H. M. C.

BORLASE or BURLACE, EDMUND

(Jl. 1662), historic writer and physician, was
son of Sir John Borlase, who received the ap-
pointment of master-general of the ordnance,
Ireland, in 1634, and held office as lord justice
there from 1640 to 1643. Edmund Borlase
is stated by Anthony & Wood to have been
educated at Dublin, and to have obtained
the degree of doctor in physic at Leyden in
1650. He subsequently settled in Chester,
where, according to Wood, he l practised his
faculty with good success to his dying day.'
Borlase in 1660 received the degree of doc-
tor of medicine from the university of Ox-
ford. He enjoyed the patronage of Charles
Stanley, earl of Derby, to whom he dedi-
cated a treatise, published in 1670, on
' Latham Spa in Lancashire, with some re-
markable Cases and Cures affected by it.' In
1675 Borlase published at London an octavo
volume of 284 pages, with the following
title: 'The Reduction of Ireland to the
Crown of England; with the Governours
since the Conquest by King Henry II, anno
1172 ; with some passages in their govern-
ment. A brief account of the Rebellion,
anno Dom. 1641. Also, the original of the
Universitie of Dublin, and the Colledge of

Physicians.' The work was mainly a com-
pilation from printed books, and terminated
at the year 1672. In it the author intro-
duced some medical observations on diseases
prevalent in Ireland. Among remedies for
dysentery, he mentioned that recently, in
cases of extremity, great use had ' been made
of swine's dung drank in a convenient
vehicle.' The compilation of a history of
affairs in Ireland from 1641 to 1662 was
undertaken by Borlase chiefly with the object
of demonstrating that the administrators of
the English government there had not acted
adversely to the royal interests nor unjustly
towards Irish catholics. For the purposes
of his work, Borlase obtained a copy of an
unpublished treatise on Irish affairs by Ed-
ward Hyde, earl of Clarendon. This he
unskilfully altered and interpolated, to make
it accord with his views. Borlase's work,
after expurgation by Sir Roger L'Estrange,
was published at London in 1680: 'The
History of the execrable Irish Rebellion,
trac'd from many preceding acts to the grand
eruption, the 23 of October, 1641, and thence
pursued to the Act of Settlement, 1662.'
The publication attracted little attention,
owing to the defective style and absence of the
author's name. The appearance of Borlase's
work induced James, earl of Castlehaven,
to publish in the same year, at London, a
small volume of ' Memoirs,' in which he
gave an account of his ' engagement and
carriage in the wars of Ireland.' Castle-
haven's l Memoirs' elicited a commentary
which appeared at London in 1681, under
the title of 'A Letter from .a Person of
Honour in the Country.' Borlase, at the
instance of Anglesey, published in the fol-
lowing year ' Brief Reflections on the Earl
of Castlehaven's Memoirs of his engagement
and carriage in the wars of Ireland,' &c.,
London, 1682. This publication was anony-
mous, but the initials l E. B.' were appended
to the address to the king, prefixed to it.
Borlase gave Bishop Burnet some materials
for the ' History of the Reformation,' among
which were papers relative to the English
translation of the Bible. The date of Borlase's
death has not been mentioned. A copy of
Borlase's ' History of the Irish Rebellion ' by
him, in which he re-inserted the portions ex-
cised by the licenser of the press, together
with Borlase's collections and correspondence
connected with his ' History,' is now in the
Stowe collection at the British Museum.
Some of these papers were printed at Dublin
in 1882, in the ' History of the Irish Con-
federation and War in Ireland, 1641-1643.
Borlase's ' History ' was republished at Dub-
lin in 1 643, without the author's name. In

Borlase

398

Borlase

this edition the word ' execrable ' was omit-
ted from the title, and some documents not
previously printed were given in an appendix
to the volume.

[Wood's Athense (Bliss), iii. 1024, iv. 185, ,
846 ; Nalson's Collections of Affairs of State,
1682-3; Additional Manuscript No. 1008,
British Museum; Copy of Borlase's History,
•with his manuscript additions; Ormonde Ar-
•chives, Kilkenny Castle; Proceedings between
James, Duke of Ormonde, and Arthur, Earl of
Anglesey, London, 1682; Burnet's Hist, of Re-
forrnation of Church in England, Oxford, 1829, \
vols. ii. iii.l J. T. G.

BORLASE, HENRY (1806-1835), sepa- j
ratist clergyman, born at Helstone, Cornwall,
on 15 Feb. 1806, was educated at Trinity Col- i
lege, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1828.
After taking orders, he became curate at
St. Keyne, near Liskeard, about December
1830. At the end of 1832 he resigned his
curacy and withdrew from the established
church. Taking up his residence in Plymouth,
he joined a society, formed in 1831-2, which
had received the name of Plymouth Brethren,
a movement which has since assumed larger
proportions, and developed many remarkable
peculiarities. He has been spoken of as its
founder, but this is incorrect: he was a great
friend of Benjamin Newton, one of the ori-
ginators of the society. Borlase considered
that the established church, as a human in-
stitution, had fallen into apostasy, and that
separation from apostasy was no schism. In
1834 he began the publication at Plymouth
of a quarterly organ, the •' Christian Witness,'
which continued to exist till 1840. At the
beginning of 1834 he broke a blood-vessel,
and was subsequently in very precarious
health. He died on 13 Nov. 1835, at Plym-
stock, near Plymouth. He married Caroline
Pridham. His contributions to the l Christian
Witness ' were included in a small publication,
without date, ' Papers by the late Henry Bor-
lase, connected with the Present State of the
Church.' Some biographical particulars are
added by the anonymous editor.

[Notes and Queries (3rd ser.), v. 203 ; Cooper's
Biog. Diet. 1883, p. 258; Registers of St. Keyne
(per Rev. T. L. Symes) ; information from his
sister, Mrs. Charles G-rylls, and from R. N.
Worth, F.G.S., Plymouth.] A. G.

BORLASE, SIR JOHN (d. 1649), soldier,
was bred a soldier in the wars of the Low
Countries, where he served with distinction
before the truce in 1608. He also served in
Sir Horace Vere's expedition to the Palati-
nate in 1620 (RUSHWORTH, i. 15), and is
mentioned as one of the commanders of the
6,000 English who were serving in the United

Provinces in 1626 (RusiiwoRTii, i. 421). In
1633 he was appointed master of the ordnance
in Ireland, apparently on the recommendation
of Strafford, who had a high opinion of him
(STRAFFORD'S Correspondence, i. 113-197, ii.
108-204). Lord Dillon and Sir William
Parsons were appointed lords justices in 1640,
but Dillon being considered dangerous as the
brother-in-law of Strafford, Borlase was ap-
pointed in his room, ' by the importunity of
the Irish committee then at court' (NALSOX,
ii. 564). This post he seems to have been
unfit to fill, for though a good soldier, he
understood nothing else, and had now grown
old and indolent. As lord justice he gave
himself very little trouble about the exercise
of his authority, and left all to his colleague,
Sir William Parsons (CARTE'S Life of Or-
monde,, bk. iii. 66). Sir John Temple, however,
gives a much more favourable account of
Borlase's government (History of the Irish
Rebellion, p. 13). In April 1643 Sir Henry
Tichborne became Borlase's colleague iii
place of Parsons, and nine months later
(21 Jan. 1644) both were superseded by the
appointment of the Marquis of Ormonde as
lord-lieutenant. Borlase continued to hold
the post of master of the ordnance till his
death in the spring of 1649. In the ' Jour-
nals' of the House of Commons for 17 March
1649 he is spoken of as lately deceased. His
estate had so suffered during the rebellion
that Lady Borlase was obliged to apply to
parliament for money to defray her husband's
funeral and for her own support (Journals,
13 June 1649 ; see also the subsequent peti-
tions of his family in the Domestic State,
Papers of the Commonwealth).

[Carte's Life of Ormonde ; .Strafford Correspon-
dence ; Rushworth's Historical Collections ; Bor-
lase's History of the Irish Rebellion. Gilbert's
History of the Irish Confederation contains a
collection of Borlase's official letters.]

C. H. F.

BORLASE, WILLIAM (1695-1772),
antiquary, descended, it is said, from a Norman
family, who settled in the parish of St.Wenn,
Cornwall, where they adopted the Cornish
name of their place of residence (BOR-
LASE'S MSS.} Pendeen, near St. Just, be-
came their chief abode about the middle of
the seventeenth century; and the Borlases
took the royalist side in the civil war.
William Borlase, the second son of John
Borlase, M.P. for St. Ives in Cornwall, and
Lydia Harris, his wife, of Hayne, Devonshire,
a descendant of the Nevilles and Bouchiers,
was born on 2 Feb. 1695 (Quarterly He-
view, cxxxix. 367). First educated at a
school in Penzance, he was removed thence
to Plymouth in 1709, and placed under a

Borlase

399

Borough

Rev. Mr. Bedford ; going afterwards to Tiver-
ton School. In March 1712-13 he was
entered at Exeter College, Oxford, where
he took his degrees of B.A. and M.A. in due
course. In 1719 he was ordained deacon, and
in 1720 priest. In 1722 he was presented
to the living of Ludgvan, near Penzance,
and he now seems to have first paid par-
ticular attention to the natural history of
his native county, and to the prsehistoric
antiquities of the hundred of Penwith. He
was an acute observer and a careful draughts-
man, and his observations, albeit sometimes 1
of a too fanciful character (especially when
he approaches the subject of the Druids), are
often interesting and original. In 1724 he
married Anne Smith, daughter of the rector \
of Illogan and Camborne. In 1730, Avhen on
a visit to Bath for the benefit of his health, he j
became acquainted with Pope, Ralph Allen, |
and other persons of eminence and ability ; |
and his correspondence with them, and other
distinguished persons whose acquaintance he
afterwards made, continued during Borlase's |
life, and is preserved, in more than forty I
volumes, in the library of Castle Horneck, |
Penzance. A list of them is given in Court- I
ney and Boase (Bibl. Cornub. i. 3415). In i
1732 his brother, the Rev. Walter Borlase,
LL.D., vice-warden of the Stannaries of
Cornwall, died ; and thereupon Borlase added
the vicarage of St. Just, about twelve miles
distant, to his other benefice. Notwithstand-
ing his active researches in natural history
and antiquities, William Borlase seems to
have paid close attention to his clerical duties,
which he is said to have performed with
' the most rigid punctuality and exemplary
dignity' (CHALMERS). In the summers of
1744 and 1745 Borlase came into conflict
with John Wesley, whom, in his capacity of
magistrate, he summoned before the justices.
In 1748 he went to Exeter, to be present at \
the ordination of his eldest son, and whilst j
here made the acquaintance of Dean Lyttel-
ton (afterwards bishop of Carlisle). This
acquaintanceship seems to have led to the
publication of the results of Borlase's labours,
for in the following year appeared his essay
on 'Spar and Sparry Productions, called
Cornish Diamonds,' in the 'Philosophical
Transactions.' This at once procured his
election in 1750 as a fellow of the Royal
Society. His contributions to the 'Philo-
sophical Transactions ' (nineteen in all) are
catalogued in the 'Biographia Britannica,'
ii. 425.

In 1753 he went to Oxford in order to
bring out his ' Cornish Antiquities,' which
was published in the following year. A
second edition followed in 1759. In 1756

his account of the Scilly Islands appeared.
It was an enlargement of one of his papers
in the 'Philosophical Transactions,' and the
work elicited from Dr. Johnson, in the ' Lite-
rary Review,' the criticism that ' this is one of
the most pleasing and elegant pieces of local
inquiry that our country has produced.' In
1757 Borlase revisited Oxford, this time with
a view to bringing out his ' Natural History,'
which appeared in 1758, illustrated, like the
'Antiquities,' with numerous plates after his
own drawings. Some supplemental emen-
dations of this work were printed in the
' Journal of the Royal Institution of Corn-
wall' for 1864 et seq. Shortly after 1758
he presented to the Ashmolean Museum the
whole of his collections. A manuscript list
of them, with some original letters, is in the
Museum (W. H. BLACK'S Catalogue of Ash-
molean MSS.) In acknowledgment of this
gift, and in recognition of his distinguished
services to literature and archaeology, the
university conferred upon him by diploma, on
23 March 1766, the degree of doctor of laws.
Although Borlase was now seventy years of
age, he continued his literary pursuits, writ-
ing his ' Sacr?e Exercitationes ' (chiefly para-
n rases of Ecclesiastes, the Canticles, and the
mentations). He took deep interest in
gardening, and in the formation and improve-
ment of the public roads in his neighbour-
hood. He now also worked at a ' Parochial
History of Cornwall,' never published. His
latest literary work consisted of some specu-
lations on the ' Creation and the Deluge,'
but this, too, was not printed (although
actually sent to the press), in consequence of
Borlase's last illness. On 31 Aug. 1772 he
died at Ludgvan, of which parish he had for
fifty-two years been rector, in the seventy-
seventh year of his age.

He left six sons, only two of whom sur-
vived him : the Rev. John Borlase, and the
Rey. George Borlase, casuistical professor
and registrar of the university of Cambridge.

[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, iii. 78, 689, v.
291-303 ; Nichols's Illustrations, iv. 227, 445,
460, 468 ; Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. part ii. 1114-17;
Literary Magazine for May 1 756 ; Tregellas's
Cornish Worthies.] W. H. T.

BOROUGH, CHRISTOPHER (Jl. 1579-

1587), son of Stephen Borough [q. v.], was
the chronicler of one of the most interest-
ing journeys into Persia recorded in the
pages of Hakluyt. This trading venture of
the Muscovy Company left Gravesend on
19 June 1579 in charge of Arthur Edwards
and others, with Borough as Russian in-
terpreter. The fleet having arrived at St.
Nicholas in the White Sea on 22 July, they

Borough

400

Borough

iinloaded into smaller barks suitable for the
inland navigation and descended the Northern
Dwina to Vologda. Proceeding thence over-
land to the left bank of the Volga, they
once more reshipped in three barks at Yaro-
slaw on 14 Sept., terminating the first portion
of their voyage down this great Russian
water-way at Astrakhan on 16 Oct., where
they wintered. Borough and his party,
leaving Edwards, the chief agent, in charge
at Astrakhan, -embarked on 1 May 1580 on
board an English-built bark for Persia.
After having cleared the intricate navigation
of the mouths of the Volga, but not without
damage and loss, they made for Derbend or
some convenient port near it. Owing, hoAV-
ever, to adverse winds, they were carried as
far south as the Apsheron peninsula, where
they anchored off Bildh (Biala). Here they
were entertained by the captain or governor
of Baku, who directed them to make once
more for Derbend, the chief emporium for
traffic in those parts. Here they traded for
silk and other goods from 22 June to 3 Oct.
Borough's descriptions of Derbend and the
neighbourhood of the ancient city of the fire-
worshippers, Baku, are most interesting, as
showing, on the one hand, the growth of the
Turkish power, and, on the other, the de-
cadence of the Persian power on the then
little-known shores of the Caspian Sea.
Borough's thorough nautical training, re-
ceived at the hands of both his father and
uncle, is shown in the series of carefully
made observations for latitude which are to
be found in his narrative, and which are pro-
bably the earliest made with any degree of
accuracy for these parts. After plying on
and off the coast between Derbend and Baku
to pick up stragglers, including two Spaniards
who had fled from the Goletta near Tunis,
Borough's party returned to Astrakhan after
many perils at sea on 4 Dec., where they
once more wintered. On the return of the
open weather in the following April the
traders to Persia set out on their homeward
journey, and arrived at Rose Island, near St.
Nicholas, on 16 July. The ship (William
and John), laden with proceeds of the Per-
sian voyage, shortly afterwards sailed for
England, and arrived in the Thames on
25 Sept. 1581.

Borough's account of this journey reads
as follows : i Aduertisements and reports of
the 6th voyage into the parts of Persia and
Media for the Company of Merchants for the
discouerie of new trades, in the yeares 1579,
80, and 81, gathered out of sundrie letters
written by Christopher Burrough, servant to
the saide companie, and sent to his uncle,
Master William Burrough '(HAKLUYT. i. 419-

431). From another series of observations for
latitude appended to the advertisements, made
between July and November 1581, it would
appear that Borough did not return to Eng-
land with the fleet in that year, but found
employment in visiting the English houses
between Archangel and Astrakhan, where
many of the observations were made.

In November 1587 Borough addressed a
letter to the governors of the Muscovy Com-
pany upon their affairs in Russia ; this docu-
ment, probably on account of its great length,
has not yet received the attention it deserves.
Among other things, it seems to expose in
the strongest possible way the devious policy
of Sir Jerome Horsey and his harsh treat-
ment of J. Peacock and other agents sent
out by the company in 1585 to look into
these matters (cf. Russia of the Sixteenth
Century, edit, by Dr. E. W. BOND, Hakluyt
Soc., 1858, p. xciii). In Borough Horsey
found an uncompromising opponent, who
preferred, as Horsey did not, the luxury of
fearless truth-telling to making a rapid fortune
by private trading at the company's expense.
This letter also serves to determine the pater-
nity of Borough, as in it he writes of ' my
father's discouerie of the countrie/ which
clearly points to Stephen Borough [q. v.]
To this letter is appended a statement ' com-
paryng of the decay and improvement of the
Russia trade,' the idea of improvement being'
the abolition of all the company's houses in
Moscow and elsewhere, and the transfer of
all business and traffic to the seaside house
at St. Nicholas, in order to prevent private
trading and political intrigue, in which
Horsey was an adept. Of the dates of the
birth and decease of Christopher Borough
we have no information, but it will be con-
venient to add here that the earliest men-
tion of the family known to us is that of
Stephen de Burgh, as witness to a deed re-
lating to Stocdone, in the manor of Northamr
Devonshire, 30 Edw. Ill, 1302.

[Hakluyt's Navigations, Voyages, &c., 1559,
vol. i.; Lansd. MS 52 (37); Hist. MSS. Comnu
4th Report-, p. 376«.] C. H. C.

BOROUGH, BURGH, or DE BURGO,
JOHN (d. 1386), divine, was D.D. of Cam-
bridge and rector of Collingham, Notting-
hamshire. In July 1384 he was appointed
to fill the post of chancellor of his university
(ROMILLY, Graduati Cantabr. p. 362, Cam-
bridge, 1846), after which he returned to
his benefice, and died there in 1386 (PiTS,
De Anglice Scriptoribus, p. 543: TANNER,
BibL Brit. p. 113). His works consist of
homilies and of a theological treatise, the
( Oculus Sacerdotis/ which long retained a

Borough

401

Borough

great popularity ; part of it, the ' Pupilla Oculi
de sept em Sacramentorum Administratione,'
was five times printed at Paris and Strass-
burg between the years 1510 and 1518.

Borough is to be distinguished from another
John de Burgo orBurgensis,of Peterborough,
a Benedictine, who nourished in 1340 (BALE,
v.
de
chronicler.

r. 62), and who is claimed by Leland ( Comm.
le Script. Brit. pp. 330 seq., cf. 328) as a

[Authorities cited above.]

R. L. P.

BOROUGH, SIB JOHN (d. 1643), Garter
king of arms, whose name is often incorrectly
written Burroughs, was grandson of Wil-
liam Borough, of Sandwich, Kent, by the
daughter of Basil Gosall, of Nieuwkerk,
Brabant, and son of John Borough, of
Sandwich, by his wife, daughter of Robert
Denne, of Dennehill, Kent. It was reported
by some of his contemporaries that his father
was a Dutchman who carried on business as
a gardener or brewer at Sandwich. He re-
ceived a classical education, and afterwards
studied law at Gray's Inn, but he showed
more aptitude for the study of records and
antiquities than for the practice of the legal
profession. In 1622 he was at Venice, and
from that city he addressed several letters to
Sir Robert Cotton, chiefly about the purchase
of manuscripts, subscribing himself ' Your
faithful servant and poore kinsman ' (Cotton
MS. Julius, C iii. 33, 34, 36). He was ap-
pointed in 1623 keeper of the records in the
Tower of London. In June of the same year,
by the favour of the. earl marshal, to whom
he was secretary, he was sworn herald-ex-
traordinary by the title of Mowbray, and on
23 Dec. following he was created Norroy
king of arms, at Arundel House in the Strand,
in the place of Sir Richard St. George, who
was created Clarenceux. On 17 July 1624
he received the honour of knighthood, and
in 1634 he was made Garter principal king
of arms, in the place of Sir William Segar,
deceased.

As keeper of the records, when King
Charles I was discussing the propriety of sum-
moning the great council of peers, Borough
was called in to enlighten the council by his
learning in the records respecting those as-
semblies. He attended his sovereign when
he went to Scotland to be crowned in 1633.
On 14 April 1636 he obtained a grant to
entitle him to the fees and perquisites of his
office of Garter while employed beyond the
seas for the king's special service (State
Papers, Dom. Charles I, vol. cccxviii. art. 72).
As principal king of arms he followed the
fortunes of his sovereign in the field during
the civil war, and had several narrow escapes

VOL. v.

while in the royal camp. For instance, Ed-
ward Norgate, Windsor herald, writing from
j Berwick to his cousin Thomas Read, on
I 3 June 1639, says that the king's tent was
, shot through once, and Sir John Borough's
twice (Cal. State Papers. Dom. Charles I
[1639], 272).

Borough was an admirable note-taker, and

rendered useful service by drawing up ac-

' counts of various conferences between the

. royalists and the parliamentarians. The cu-

1 rious notes of the interview between Charles

and the covenanters in the earl marshal's tent

near Berwick on 11 June 1639 were in all

probability taken by him. When the great

council met at York he was appointed its

! clerk, and in that capacity he took the full

and admirable notes of its proceedings which

| constitute the only record we possess of what

! took place in that assembly. Again, when

I the sixteen commissioners went to Ripon,

j Borough accompanied them as their clerk,

! and took notes of the treaty there. Finally

I when the treaty was adjourned to London,

Borough resumed his attendance upon the

commissioners, and carried on his notes until

the treaty was concluded.

While in the service of the court at Oxford

that university conferred upon him the degree

of D.C.L. on 5 Aug. 1643. He died about

two months afterwards, on 21 Oct. 1643, at

j Oxford, and was buried the next day at the

I upper end of the divinity chapel adjoining,

I on the north side, the choir of Christ Church.

i cathedral.

He married the daughter of Cassy,

I by whom he had two sons and two daughters.
| His eldest son, John, was knighted by
j Charles II, and had a considerable practice
! in the court of chancery until the Test Act

He is the author of: 1. ' The Soveraignty
j of the British Seas. Proved by Records,
I History, and the Municipall Lawes of this
Kingdome. Written in the yeare 1633,'
London, 1651, 12mo [1729], 8vo. There are
manuscript copies in the Harleian collection,
1323 ff. 95-137, the Lansdowne collection,
I 806 f. 40, the Sloane collection, 1696, art. 2,
and in the State Papers, Dom. Charles I,
vol. ccclxxvi. art. 68. The work is reprinted in
Gerard Malynes's ' Consuetude, vel Lex Mer-
catoria ; or, the Antient Law-Merchant,'
London, 1686, folio. 2. ' Journal of Events
at the English Camp, extending from the 6th
to the 24th of June 1639,' State Papers
(Dom.), Charles I, vol. ccccxxiv. art. 63, 64.
This journal, which comprises the history of
the pacification with the Scottish covenanters,
is printed in Rushworth's ' Collections,' iii.
938-946. 3. ' Notes of the Interview between

I) T>

Borough

402

Borough

Charles I and the Covenanters in the Earl !
Marshal's Tent near Berwick, on 11 June !
1639.' In Lord Hardwicke's State Papers,
ii. 130. 4. ' Articles of the Treaty between
the Commissioners of England and Scotland, |
1640-41,' Harl. MS. 455. 5. < Minutes of !
what passed in the Great Councell of the
Peers at Yorke from '25 Sept. to 27 Oct.
1640,' Harl. MS. 456; printed in Lord!
Hardwicke's State Papers, ii. 208-298. '
6. ' Notes of the Treaty carried on at Ripon, (
between King Charles I and the Covenanters '
of Scotland, A.D. 1640,' London, 1869, 4to, j
edited for the Camdeii Society by John Bruce,
from the original manuscript in the posses-
sion of Lieutenant-colonel Carew. 7. ' Mi-
nutes of the Treaty between the English and
Scots held at London ; from 10 Nov. 1640 .
to 12 Aug. 1641,' Harl. MS. 457. 8. 'Burrhi
Impetus Juveniles. Et qusedam sedatioris
aliquantulum animi Epistolae,' Oxford, 1643,
12mo ; reprinted at the end of ' A. Gislenii
Busbequii Omnia quse extant,' Oxford, 1660,
16mo. Most of the letters are written to
Philip Bacon, Sir Francis Bacon (Lord Ve-
rulam), Thomas Farnabie, Thomas Coppiu,
and Sir Henry Spelman. 9. ' Observations
concerning the Nobilitie of England, auntient
and moderne,' Harl. MS. 1849. 10. 'Com-
mentary on the Formulary for Combats before
the Constable and Marshal,' manuscript in
the Inner Temple Library. 11. l Various
interesting letters from the royal camp pre-
served among the State Papers.'

[Add. MSS. 6297, p. 303, 14293, 29315 f. 15,
32102 f. 194 b ; Ayscough's Cat. of MSS. 698 ;
Bruce's pref. to Notes of the Treaty carried on
at Berwick; Calendars of State Papers; Cata-
logues of MSS. and Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ;
Lord Hardwicke's State Papers; Harl. MS. 7011
if. 47-54 ; Noble's College of Arras, 209, 219,
233, 239 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 62.]

T. C.

BOROUGH, STEPHEN (1525-1584),
navigator, was born on an estate of the same
name in the parish of Northam, Devonshire,
on 25 Sept. 1525. His name is first met
with as one of the twelve ' counsellors ' ap-
pointed in the first voyage of the English to
Russia in 1553. On the setting forth of the
fleet of three ships Borough was appointed
to serve under Richard Chancellor, pilot-
general of the fleet, as master in the Edward
Bonaventure of 160 tons, the largest ship of
the fleet. The tragic end of Sir Hugh Wil-
loughby and his crew of the Bona Esperanza
is too well known to repeat here ; the only
ship that returned in safety was the one
navigated by Borough, who in this voyage
first observed and named the North Cape.
As recorded upon his monument in Chatham

Church, it may be fairly claimed for him, as
for Chancellor, that ' he in his lifetime dis-
couered Moscouia, by the Northerne sea pas-
sage to St. Nicholas, in the yeere 1553.' In
Chancellor's second voyage to Russia in the
same ship, along with the Phillip and Mary,
in 1555, Borough's services were replaced by
those of another sailing-master, while lie
himself found employment at home (HA.MEL,
117), probably in preparing for the expedition
of the following year. Of this he has left
us the following record: ' The Navigation
and discourie toward the river of Ob (Obi),
made by Master Steuen Burrough, Master of
the Finesse called the Serchthrift, with diuers
things worth the noting, passed in the yere
1556.' To this is added ' Certaine notes im-
perfectly written by Richard Johnson, ser-
uant to Master Richard Chancelour, which
was in the discouerie of Vaigatz and Nova
Zembla, with Steuen Burro we in the Serch-
thrift,' The outcome of this most interest-
ing voyage was the discovery of the entrance
to the Kara Sea, the strait between Nova
Zembla and the island of Waigats leading"
thereto still bearing the name Burrough.
, Adverse winds and the lateness of the year
preventing Borough from reaching the Obi,
I he worked his way back to the White Sea
I and the Northern Dwina, arriving at Khol-
! mogro on 11 Sept., where he wintered. In
! the following May he set out on ' The voyage
| of the foresaid M. Stephen Burrough [also
in the Searchthrift], Anno 1557, from Chol-
mogro to Wardhouse, which was sent to
seeke the Bona Esperanza, the Bona Confi-
dentia, and the Phillip and Mary, which were
not heard of the yeere before ' (HAKLUYT,
i. 290-295). After a careful exploration of
the coast of Lapland he reached Wardhouse
| (Vardhus) on 28 June. Failing to glean
any tidings of the missing ships here after a
stay of two days, he returned once more to-
wards Kholmogro. On 30 June he arrived
off Point Kegor (Kekourski), on what is now
known as Ribachi, or Fisher Island, in Russian
Finland. Here he anchored in Vaid Bay,
where he found four or five Norwegian ves-
sels, either manned or chartered by Dutch-
men, whom he found trading, among other
things, in strong beer with the Lapps for
stock-fish. Of this Borough quaintly writes :
' The Dutchman bring hither mighty strong
beere ; I am certaine that our English double
beere would not be liked of the Kerils and
( Lappians as long as that would last.' Here
I he learned the fate of two of the missing
; ships, hearing nothing of the Bona Esperanza
I until a later period. He was informed by
! the son of the burgomaster of Dronton
! (Throndhjem) that the Bona Confidentia was

Borough

403

Borough

lost and that he had purchased her sails, and
that the Phillip and Mary had sailed from
Dronton waters for England in the previous
March, where, as we learn from another
source (HAEXTJYT, i. ^85), she arrived in the
Thames the following April. After what
manner Borough terminated this voyage we
liave no information beyond the statement
that he was unable to make his way back to
Kholmogro on account of adverse winds. It
is more than probable that after a short stay
in Vado Bay for victualling lie directed his
course for England, where he arrived at the
•end of the summer of 1557. Borough's yearly
voyages to the north were followed by a
journey to the south, whether undertaken on
his own behalf or that of the Merchant Ad-
venturers we have no means of determining.
Hakluyt writes : ' Master Steuen Borrows
tolde me that newely after his returne from
the discouerie of Moscouie by the North in
Queen Maries dales, the Spaniards, having
intelligence that he \vas master in that dis-
couerie ' (probably the one of 1553), ' tooke
him into the cotractation house [at Seville]
at their admitting of masters and pilots,
giuing him great honour, and presented him
with a payre of perfumed gloues worth fiue
or six Ducates' (Divers Voyages, preface).
Hakluyt's reference to l Queen Maries daies '
limits our choice to one of two dates for this
journey to Spain, either 1555 (see ante} or
1558. The most probable opinion seems to
be in favour of 1558, as we have no record of
Borough resuming his yearly voyages to St.
Nicholas until two years later. In May 1560
Borough once more took charge of a fleet of
three ships in what is known to students of
Hakluyt as the seventh voyage of the Mer-
chant Adventurers to Moscovy. Borough's
ship, the Swallow, was freighted with broad-
cloths, kerseys, salt, sack, raisins, and prunes,
which were to be exchanged for foxskins,
furs, &c.; wTe are also informed that 'one of
the pipes of seeker [i.e. sherry] in the Swal-
low, which hath two round compasses upon
the bung, is to be presented to the emperour
(Ivan IV), for it is special good.' Borough
also carried instructions to bring home An-
thony Jenkinson, whom he must have found at
St. Nicholas waiting to return with the fleet,
after his famous journey across the Caspian
into Central Asia (HAKLTJTT, i. 309, 335).
Although Borough's name is not mentioned,
it may be fairly assumed that his last voyage
to Russia was once more in command of the
Swallow and two other vessels, which con-
veyed Jenkinson to St. Nicholas in May 1561,
on his journey through Russia as ambassador
to Persia. Borough's career may be conve-
niently divided into two portions^ the first as

I servant to the merchant adventurers trading
I to Russia, the second as servant to the queen.
| His first had now terminated. The causes
i which led to his appointment under the
| crown may be traced in no very indirect way
to his visit to Spain : this, as we have already
suggested, may reasonably be assumed to
have taken place shortly before the death of
Queen Mary, which event took place on
17 Nov. 1558. One of the results of Borough's
visit to Spain was the translation of the
' Breve compendio de la sphera y de la arte
de navegar, por Martin Cortes,' Seville, 1551,
undertaken by the scholarly Richard Eden,
at the cost and charges of the merchant ad-
venturers, and known in its English dress as
'The Arte of Navigation,' London, 1561, in
the preface to which Eden writes : ' Steuen
i Borough was the fyrst that moued to haue this
| work translated into the Englyshe tongue.'
\ Another result, and a most important one
! for Borough, was his appointment on 3 Jan.
1563 as chief pilot and one of the four masters
i of the queen's ships in the Medway. It hardly
| admits of doubt that the main factor in assist-
j ing the queen's advisers in their decision in
i making this dual appointment was the able
| document drawn up by Borough soon after
i his return from Spain, bearing the following
I title : ' Three especial! causes and considera-
I cons amongst others whether the office of
Pilott maior ys allowed and estemed in
I Spayne, Portugale, and other places where
navigaSon flourished!.' Drafts of Borough's
| appointment and the above document are
; preserved in the British Museum Library
! (Lansd. MS. 116, 10| pp.) The objects in
view in creating the office of chief pilot were
the instruction and examination of seamen
in the art of navigation ; but as no machinery
I existed for carrying these out efficiently, as
in the contractation house in Seville, the
former appointment was allowed to lapse,
I Borough's attention in those stirring times
being wholly directed to the surveying of
| ships in the Medway at Gillingham and
| Chatham. This employment, varied by sundry
• services at sea, of which we have no record,
extended over a period of twenty years.
Borough died in his sixtieth year, and was
; buried in Chatham Church, where a monu-
mental brass to his memory is preserved in
1 the chancel, bearing the following inscrip-
tion : * Here lieth buried the bodie of Steven
Borough, who departed this life ye xij day of
July in ye yere of our Lord 1584, and was
borne at North am in Devonshire ye xxvth of
Septemb. 1525. He in his life time dis-
couered Moscouia, by the Northerne sea pas-
sage to St. Nicholas", in the yere 1553. At
his setting foorth of England he was accom-

D D 2

Borough

404

Borough

panied with two other shippes, Sir Hugh
Willobie being Admire.ll of the fleete, who,
with all the company of ye said two shippes,
were frozen to death in Lappia ye same
winter. After his discouerie of Roosia, and
ye Coastes thereto adioyninge — to wit, Lappia,
Nova Zemla, and the Countrie of Samoyeda,
etc. : he frequented ye trade to St. Nicholas
yearlie, as chief pilot for ye voyage, until he
was chosen of one of ye foure principall
Masters in ordinarie of ye Queen's Matlcs
royall Nauy, where in he continued in charge
of suiidrie sea services till time of his death.'
[For a supposititious expedition by another
Stephen Borough, or Burrogh, in 1585, see
BOKOUGH, WILLIAM.]

[Devonshire Assoc. Reps, and Trans., Ply-
mouth, 1880-1, xii. 332-60, xiii. 76 ; Eden's
Arte of Navigation, 1561; H[akluyt]'s Diuers
Voyages touching America, 1582; ib., Hakluyt
Soc.,ed.byJ. Winter Jones, 1850 ; ib., Navigations,
Voyages, &c., 1599, vol. i. ; Hamel's England
and Russia, trans, by J. S. Leigh, 1854 ; Thorpe's
Registrum Roffense, 1769, fol. p. 731.]

C. H. C.

BOROUGH, WILLIAM (1536-1599),
navigator and author, born at Northam,
Devonshire, in 1536, was the younger brother
of Stephen Borough [q. v.], under whom he
served as an ordinary seaman in the first
voyage of the English to Russia. In his
short autobiography preserved to us he
writes : ' I was in the first voyage for dis-
couerie of the partes of Russia, which begun
in anno 1553 (being then sixteen yeeres of
age), also in the yeere 1556, in the voyage
when the coastes of Samoed and Nova Zembla,
with the straightes of Yaigatz, were found
out ; and in the yeere 1557, when the coast
of Lappia and the Bay of St. Nicholas were
more perfectly discouered ' (HAKLUYT, i. 417).
His employment for the next ten years was
that of ' continual practise in the voyages
made to St. Nicholas.' In one of these home-
ward voyages we find him entrusted with a
curious present from the traveller Anthony
Jenkinson to Sir W. Cecil, afterwards Lord
Burghley. The former writes: <Yt may
please you, I have sent by Wm. Aborough
(sic}, Mr of one of the Moscovy Companyes
shippes, a strange beast called a Loysche, and
bred in the country of Cazan in Tartaria ' ( Cal.
State Papers, Foreign Series, 26 June 1566).
According to the < Cat, of Lansd. MSS.,' Brit.
Mus. (p. 19), Borough made ' a voyage for dis-
couery of the sea coast beyond Pechora to find
an open passage to Cathay ' in 1568. This is,
however, not quite correct ; a comparison of the
manuscript referred to (Lansd. 1035) with
Hakluyt (i. 382) serves to show that a com-
mission Avas granted by the agent of the com-

pany to one James Bassendine, or Bassington,
with two other English sailors, to find this-
passage in a Russian boat, with interpreters,
for which ' necessary notes to be observed ' in
the discovery were drawn up by Borough,,
with a sketch map, at St. Nicholas in August,
probably before his departure for his home-
ward voyage in that year (cf. Cal. State
Papers, Foreign Series, 1568, No. 2415).
After the first establishment of the trade of
the merchant adventurers at Narva, in the-
Gulf of Finland, in the winter of 1569, it
was found that the sea passage to this port
| was infested by pirates, in consequence of
which we find Borough in 1570, as ' captains
| generall' of a fleet of thirteen ships, well
| furnished with all f necessaries for the warres/"
I in conflict with a fleet of six Danske free-
booters oiF an island in the gulf, then known
as Tuttee. Borough, after a sharp fight, dis-
persed the fleet, and took one of the captains,
named Hans Snarke, prisoner (HAKLUYT, i.
j 401). His yearly voyages for the next four
years were either to Narva or St. Nicholas,,
as the occasion required. In 1574-5 we find
Borough employed as agent to the company
' in passing from St. Nicholas to Moscow'
and from Moscow to Narva, and thence back
! again to St. Nicholas by land, setting downe
i alwayes, with great care and diligence., true
I obseruations and exact notes and descrip-
tions of the wayes, rivers, cities, townes,,
' etc.' These, added to his notes on ' the-
islands, coastes of the sea, and other things
requisite to the artes of nauigation and hy-
drographie,' acquired in his former voyages
; by sea, he turned to good account at a
1 later period as an author and a chartographer.
i Like those of his brother Stephen, his ser-
i vices were destined to be transferred from
i the merchant adventurers to the queen. In
I what year this took place with William
j Borough we have no exact information. In
January 1579 we find him residing at Lime-
i house, involved in a dispute with Michael
! Lok, master of the mint and treasurer of the
Cathay Company, in reference to a ship (the
Judith) bought by the latter for Frobisher's
third voyage. There are several incidents
in this affair which point to Borough being*
already in the service of the crown, particu-
| larly his relations with Walsingham, by
whose assistance Borough seems to hava
thrown the unfortunate Lok into the Fleet
Prison, on a suit for 200/. in connection with
the ship (Cal. State Papers, Col. Ser., i. 47,
and Fox BOUKNE, i. 175). The next two years
were evidently devoted to literary effort in
preparing his well-known work, '•Discourse
of the variation of the Compas,' which first
saw the light in 1581 (see infra). We next

Borough

405

Borough

.find him in the month of June 1583, as I
comptroller of the queen's navy, at sea in !
charge of two barques, l both manned with I
100 men, for apprehending of certaine out-
ragious sea-rovers, who, it was confidently
bruited, had vanquished the said two ships :
but within few dayes after, beyond all expec-
tation, the said Will. Borough and his com-
pany had discomforted and taken to the
number of ten sayle (whereof three were j
prizes), and ten of the chief pirates on the j
30th of August were hanged at Wapping-in-
the-Wose, besides London ; one of whom, '
named Thomas Walton, as he went towards |
the gallows, rent his Venetian breeches of
crimson tolfata and distributed the same to i
such of his old acquaintance as stood about
Mm ' (STOW, 696). Perhaps the most note-
worthy event in Borough's career was the
part he played in the famous expedition to
Cadiz in command of the Lion, under Sir
Francis Drake, wherein they succeeded, on
19 April 1587, in destroying upwards of a
hundred sail lying in the harbour, besides
capturing many valuable prizes. Unfortu-
nately for Borough's fame, he felt it his duty
to differ with his high-handed chief as to the
wisdom of a proposed land attack upon La- j
gos. Drake's reply to his vice-admiral's ill- j
guarded and hastily written remonstrance |
was to place Borough under arrest in his !
cabin for two days. The plan so nearly failed j
.as to justify all Borough's objections, for the '
invaders had to retire after considerable in- •
jury, which was feebly atoned for by the i
distant bombardment of the town by the I
fleet, which did little or no damage (Fox
BOTJKNE, ii. 188). Borough's share in the j
affair terminated in the mutiny of his ship's |
crew while he was a prisoner and therefore
helpless. His ship reached England in charge !
of another commander on 5 June, whence j
.Borough wrote to Lord-admiral Howard, de- \
tailing his version of the affair. This was
followed by along contradiction of the charges
brought against him by Drake, which so far |
succeeded in saving him from further punish- |
ment or disgrace (see BAKKOW, pp. 241-255; I
also HAEXTJYT, ii. 121). Borough's latest
service at sea of any importance calling for
notice was his command of a small ship
named the Bonavolia in the Armada fight,
1588 (LEDIARD, p. 239). In a beautifully
written autograph letter of Borough, dated
Chatham, 28 Aug. 1589, he informs Mr. T.
Randolph, residing at Maidstone, that he is
* letted ' from seeing him by ' the great busi-
ness for the dispatch of Sir Martin Fro-
bisher's shippes to the sea,' that he is * in
-comission for the late portugale voyage,' and
that another matter that he has 'in l hand-

ling ' is ' getting a good wife ' in the person
of Lady Wentworth, which ' matter is in
effect concluded' (Harl. MS. 6994 (104)).
The latest notice of him writh which we are
acquainted is one, dated 31 Oct. 1590, of a
person unnamed, who gives notice to Mr.
Burrowes, of Limehouse, ' that his life is in
danger from one who intends to shoot him '
(Lansd. MS. 99 (94)). Borough somehow
managed to survive another nine years ; he
died in 1599.

Borough wrote ' A discourse of the Varia-
tion of the Compas, or Magneticall Needle,
made by W. B., and is to be annexed to the
Newe Attraction by R[obert] N[orman],'
London, 1581, 4to; other editions 1585, 1596,
1611, 1614. In this work he points out that
nearly all the charts of the period were useless
for the purposes of navigation from the non-
observance of variation ; he instances Merca-
tor's famous map of 1569, wherein is to be ob-
served ' Wardhouse ' in Norway set down in
two places 19 degrees apart ; all west of this
point being laid down from an earlier map by
Glaus Magnus [of 1532, now lost] ; all east
of it from his own observations embodied in
Anthony Jenkinson's map of Russia, 1562.
Besides four other short pieces to be found in
Hakluyt (i. 414 and 455) may be seen 'A
dedicatory Epistle to the Queen annexed unto
his exact map of Russia, briefly containing
his travails in those N.E. partes,' and also his
short autobiography before alluded to (HAK-
LTJYT, 417). We learn from his ' Discourse '
that the map of Russia was presented to the
queen in 1578. It is now lost. He also wrote
' Instructions for discouery of Cathay East-
wards for Pet & Jackman,' 1580 (HAKLTJYT,
435). The most interesting chart by William
Borough known to us is one of Norway, Lap-
land, and the Bay of St. Nicholas, signed by
him, and preserved in the British Museum
(O. It. MS. 18 D. iii. 123). Three others,
preserved at Hatfield, are : 1 . ' Polar Seas
to Lat, 20,' probably by him. 2. ' Frobisher's
Navigation.' 3. 'The'Thames to Gravesend,
and part of the N. Sea.' The remaining
manuscript pieces by Borough calling for
notice are : 1. 'Tables of the prices of Masts,'
n.d. (Harl 306, 20). 2. 'Necessary notes
to be obserued in the voyage for discouery,'
1568 (see supra). 3. t Declaration concerning
a proposal of Sir J. Hawkins and Peter Pett,
with reference to the Navy,' February 1584
(Lansd. 43 (33)). 4. ' Articles objected, with
the Answeres to the same, touching the voyage
of the Lion,' with two letters giving an ac-
count of his inisunderstandiiigwith Sir Francis
Drake, April-May 1587 (Lan*d. 52, arts. 39,
41-2) ; see supra. 5. ' Discourse what course
were best should be taken for the resistance

Borrell

406

Borrer

of ye Spanish Navy/ 26 Feb. 1589 (Lansd. 52
(40)). There are also letters from William
Borough to the privy council, &c., preserved
at Hatfield, 2 Oct. 1595, Oct. 1596, 9 June
1597, 4 July 1597 (see Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th
Rep. pp. 277, 285, 287, 291).

It will be observed in the above sketch that
there is a lacuna in the movements of William
Borough between the years 1583 and 1587.
In the ' Leicester Correspondence ' (Camden
Society, 1844) is printed a journal of the pro-
ceedings of the Earl of Leicester in the Low
Countries, written by the admiral who con-
ducted the fleet from Harwich to Flushing in
December 1585. Down to a recent period it
was held that the admiral was no other than
the elder Borough, Stephen [q. v.] Mr. R. C.
Cotton, however, in his able paper (Dev. Assoc.
Rep. vol. xii.) shows that it was impossible to
have been Stephen Borough, who died in July
1584, as is proved both by his monument and
by the parish register in Chatham Church.
This writer, however, suggests that there
must have been a second Stephen Borough,
also a seaman. This theory we are not pre-
pared to accept. A reference to the original
manuscript (Sari. 8225) serves to show that
the original docketing (which we take to be
W. Borough, badly written as to the first
initial) has been cancelled and re-docketed
in error by a later hand and assigned to
Stephen. If the original docketing was un-
derstood to refer to Stephen, it remains for
the objector to show cause why the correc-
tion was made at all. The acceptance of the
greater probability, that the whole transac-
tion is referable to William, not only goes a
great way to settle the question of doubtful
authorship, but it possesses the advantage of
allowing the command of the fleet in 1585
to fall naturally into its place in a more
ample sketch of the life of William Borough,
which is yet a desideratum among the lives
of our English worthies of the period of the
Tudors.

[Barrow's Life, Voyages, &c., of Sir F. Drake,
1843 ; Fox Bourne's English Seamen under the
Tudors, 1868; Camden Society's Leicester Cor-
respondence, 1844 ; Devonshire Assoc. Eeps. and
Trans., Plymouth, 1880-1, vols. xii. and xiii.;
Hakluyt's Navigations, Voyages, &c., 1599,
vol. i. ; Hutton's Phil, and Math. Dictionary,
1815; Lediard's Naval History, 1755; Stow's
Annales, ed. Howes. 1615; Hist. MSS. Comm.
7th Eep. p. 192.] C. H. C.

BORRELL, H. P. (d. 1851), numismatist,
after learning business in London, established
himself as a trader at Smyrna, where he re-
sided for thirty-three years. He devoted
much of his attention to the discovery of
inedited Greek coins, in which he was re-

j markably successful. The results of his dis-
coveries Avere given in papers contributed to

| the ' Revue Numismatique,' the l Numismatic

| Chronicle,' and various German periodicals
devoted to numismatic science. In 1836
he published at Paris l Notice sur quelques
medailles grecques des rois de Chypre.' His
collection of coins, antiquities, and gems was
sold at London in 1851. He died at Smyrna

; 2 Oct. of the same year.

[Gent. Mag. (new ser.) xxxix. 324 ; Proceed-
j ings of the Numismatic Society for 24 June 1852,
! in vol. xv. of the Numismatic Chronicle.]

BORRER, AVILLIAM (1781-1862),.
botanist, was born at Henfield, Sussex, on
j 13 June 1781, and died there on 10 Jan.
1862. He received his earlier education in
' private schools at Hurstpierpoint and Cars-
i halton in Surrey. Although he left school
I at an early age, he continued his studies
j under tutors, and obtained a good knowledge
! of the classics and French. His father wished
! him to adopt agriculture as a pursuit, though
i his own proclivities were towards medicine ;
; but, being possessed of an ample fortune, he de-
voted himself to the study of botany, especially
; of his own country. He made repeated jour-
! iieys in all parts of Britain, and endeavoured
> to cultivate every critical British species and
all the hardy exotic plants he could obtain,,
having at one time as many as 6,660 species.
His knowledge of the difficult genera Salix,.
j Rubus, and Rosa was great, and his help was
I eagerly sought and willingly rendered both
: by purse and time.

He published but little — a few pages in
I the ' Phytologist,' some descriptions in the
i supplement to ' English Botany/ and hi&
j share with Dawson Turner in the privately
printed ' Lichenographia Britannica,' of which
j only a few sheets were printed and issued
long after, in 1839. He wrote the descrip-
tions of the species of Myosotis. Rosa, and
nearly all of Rubus for Sir W. Hooker's
' British Flora ' in 1830 and subsequent edi-
tions. He was a fellow of the Royal, Lin-
! nean. and Wernerian societies, and justice
i of the peace for Sussex. Several plants were
i named after him, and the genus Borreria of
| Acharius amongst lichens, but the genus Bor-
! reria of G. W. Meyer is now merged in Sper-
i macoce. The following species were named
| after him : Rubus Borreri, Poa Borreri, Par-
I melia Borreri, Hypnum Borrerianum, Calli-
! thamnion Borreri. His rich and critical
herbarium of British plants is kept at the
Royal Gardens, Kew.

[Proc. Linn. Soc. (1862), pp. Ixxxv-xc ; See-
mann's Journ. Bot. (1863), i. 31 ; Cat. Sci en tine-
Papers, i. 499.] B. D. J.

Borrow

407

Borrow

;7^V BORROW, GEORGE (1803-1881), phi-

t Biologist, was, according to his own account,

y-of a Cornish family on his father's side, and

~r ^ of a Norman stock on the side of his mother,
whose name was Parftrement, and who died
at Oulton at the age of 87. He was born
at East Dereham, Norfolk, in 1803, where
only the first years of his life were passed.
His father, some time a recruiting officer, was
constantly shifting his residence, and his two
sons, with the rest of the family, accompanied
him from one quarter to another. They made
a long stay in Edinburgh, where Borrow re-
ceived no small share of his education at the
high school. No further reminiscences of
these days are at hand save those given by
the author of ' Lavengro ' in the first chapters
of that strange romance. After a sojourn in
Scotland, Ireland, and many parts of Eng-
land, the family seems to have again settled
near the author's birthplace, for at the age
of seventeen Borrow was articled to a soli-
citor at Norwich. Some insight into his life
at this time may be gathered from 'Wild
Wales/ in which he describes the solicitor's
office, and alludes to those studies in language
already so fondly dwelt on in ' Lavengro.'
The savant who encouraged and aided him
in the pursuit of philology, and to whom he
affectionately alludes, was the well-known
William Taylor, the friend of Southey. Bor-
row must have gone far into these studies, for
in 1826 a book containing some of the fruits
of his industry appeared. It was entitled
' Romantic Ballads/ from the Danish. There
can be no doubt that the companionship of !
William Taylor led Borrow's thoughts in
the direction of literature as a profession. At
any rate, 011 the death of his father he quitted ;
Norwich for the metropolis, to seek his for- I
tune among the publishers. Much that hap-
pened to him in London at this time is
recorded in ' Lavengro/ though the suffer-
ings he endured are never likely to be fully i
known. The humorous account of his deal- j
ings with the publishers is based on his ex-
periences with Sir Richard Phillips, in whose
employ he acted as compiler and hack.
Whether such a book as the 'Life and Ad-
ventures of Joseph Sell ' ever emanated from
his pen is a question not worth asking ; it was '
a fiction, and Mrs. Borrow used to laugh at j
the idea that bookworms had set up a search
for the work ; but it is certain that he had a
hand in compiling the ' Newgate Calendar/
and that the work had no small influence in
confirming the bent of his mind. But his
spirit chafed under the confinement. Worn
out and angry at the treatment he received,
he set out on a tour through England. What
adventures he had and how he managed to

live during the year thus employed can best
be gathered by a perusal of ' Lavengro ' and
the ' Romany Rye/ though they are rather
an idealisation than a strict record of his
doings. He had long yearned after travel
and adventure. His excursion through Eng-
land at an end, he next visited France, Ger-
many, Russia, and the East. While on these
: travels he seems to have worked hard at the
language of each country through which he
passed, for in 1835 he published in St. Peters-
burg ' Targum/ a series of translations from
thirty languages and dialects. While on his
travels he acted as agent for the British and
Foreign Bible Society, and was the first of
the ' correspondents.' In the latter capacity
he sent letters (1837-9) to the 'Morning
Herald/ which are said to have often antici-
pated the government despatches.

In 1840 Borrow married Mary Clarke, the
widow of a naval officer whom he met in
Spain. With the proceeds from the sale of
his works he completed the purchase of an
estate on Oulton Broad, a share in which his
wife had already inherited. Here he allowed
the gipsies to pitch their tents, mingling
with them as friends. Indeed he gave a wel-
come to all comers, and his hospitable and
charitable deeds will long be remembered in
the neighbourhood. It was here that he
' lived and wrote ' Lavengro/ ' The Romany
Rye/ ' Wild Wales/ ' Romano Lavo-Lil/
and other works. He afterwards removed
to Hereford Square, Brompton, where in
1869 Mrs. Borrow died.

It was by his publication of the ' Gipsies
in Spain/ but more especially by the ' Bible
in Spain/ that Borrow won a high place in
literature. The romantic interest of these
two works drew the public towards the man
as much as towards the writer, and he was
the wonder of a few years. But in the wri-
tings which followed he went too far. ' La-
vengro,' which followed his first successes in
1850, and which, besides being a personal
narrative, was a protest against the 'kid-
glove ' literature introduced by Bulwer and
Disraeli, made him many enemies and lost
him not a few friends. The book, which
has been called an ' epic of ale/ glorified
boxing, spoke up for an open-air life, and
assailed the ' gentility nonsense of the time/
Such things were unpardonable, and Borrow,
the hero of a season before, was tabooed as
the high-priest of vulgar tastes. In the se-
quel to the book which had caused so much
disfavour he chastised those who had dared
to ridicule him and his work. But it was of
no avail. He was passing into another age,
and the critics could now afford to ignore
his onslaught. ' Wild Wales/ published in

Borrow

408

Borthwick

1862, though a desultory work, contained
much of the old vigorous stuff which charac-
terised his previous writings, but it attracted
small attention, and ' Romano Lavo-Lil,'
when it appeared in 1872, was known only |
to the specially interested and the curious.
Still Borrow remained unchanged. His
strong individuality asserted itself in his nar-
rowed circle. His love for the roadside, the
heath, the gipsies' dingle, was as true as in
other days. He was the same lover of strange
books, the same passionate wanderer among
strange people, the same champion of Eng-
lish manliness, and the same hater of gen-
Vj teel humbug and philistinism. Few men
have put forth so many high qualities and |
maintained them untarnished throughout so |
long a career as did this striking figure of the j
nineteenth century. He died at Oulton in
August 1881.

Probably Borrow was not a scientific phi-
lologist in the modern sense of the term, but
it cannot be disputed that he was a great
linguist. His work ' Targum ' affords a proof
of this, and the assertion is further borne out
by the fact that at this time he translated
and printed the New Testament, as well as
some of the Homilies of the church of Eng-
land, into Manchu, the court language of
China. Among other of his translations
were the Gospel of St. Luke into the dialect
of the Gitanos, a work which he presented
to the British and Foreign Bible Society in
1871 ; « The Sleeping Bard' from the Cam-
brian-British of Ellis Wynn into English, as
well as many Russian tales ; Ewald's mytho-
logical poem, ' The Death of Balder,' from
the Danish ; and our own ' Blue Beard ' into
Turkish.

The most authentic account of travel is
that which he gives us in his ' Bible in Spain,'
a country in which he passed through many
notable adventures, and where he was im-
prisoned for sending home a too faithful ac-
count of General Quesada's exploits.

The following is a complete list of Borrow's
works : 1. ' Faustus. His Life, Death . . .
translated from the German of F. M. von
Klinger, by G. B.,' 1825, 8vo. 2. < Romantic
Ballads ' (translated from the Danish of A. G.
Ohlenslager and from the Kiempe Viser)
and Miscellaneous Pieces from the Danish
of Ewald and others, Norwich, 1826, 8vo.

3. ' Targum ; or Metrical Translations from
Thirty Languages and Dialects. With the
author's autograph presentation in Danish to
S. Magnusson,' St. Petersburg, 1835, 8vo.

4. New Testament (Luke): < Embeo e Ma-
jaro Lucas ... El Evangelic segun S. Lucas
traducido al Romani, by G. B.,' 1837, 16mo.

5. 'The Bible in Spain,' 3 vols. London,

1843, 12mo. 6. < The Zincali ; or an Ac-
count of the Gypsies in Spain,' 2 vols. Lon-
don, 1841, 12mo. 7. ' Lavengro, the Scho-
lar, the Gypsy, the Priest,' London, 1851,
12mo. 8. l The Romany Rye, a sequel to
Lavengro,' 2 vols. 1857, 12mo. 9. 'The
Sleeping Bard, translated from the Cambrian-
British by G. B.,' 1860, 12mo. 10. < Wild
Wales : its People, Language, and Scenery,'
3 vols. London, 1862, 8vo. 11. ' Romano
Lavo-Lil, word-book of the Romany; or
English Gipsy Language, &c.,' London, 1874,
8vo. In 1857 was advertised as ready for
the press ' Penquite and Pentyre ; or the
Head of the Forest and the Headland. A
book on Cornwall,' 2 vols.

[The information contained in this sketch is
derived from personal knowledge of the author
himself and of his life, and from information
given to the writer by his father, Dr. Gordon
Hake, Borrow's old friend, and by Borrow's step-
daughter, Mrs. MacAubrey, who is his sole repre-
sentative, and is in possession of several valuable
manuscripts by him which have not been pub-
lished.] A. E. H.

BORSTALE, THOMAS (d. 1290?),
scholastic theologian, was a native of Norfolk,
and belonged to the convent of Augustinian
friars (Friars Eremites) at Norwich. He
lived for some time abroad, principally at
Paris, where he acquired a great reputation
as a theologian and disputant, and obtained
the degree of doctor of divinity from the Sor-
bonne. The writings attributed to him are :
1. 'Super Magistrum Sententiarum ' (four
books). 2. ' Quodlibeta Scholastica ' (one
book). 3. ' Ordinariae Disceptationes ' (one
book). He died at Norwich in or about the
year 1290.

[Bale's Script. 111. Maj. Brit. (Basle edition,
1557), p. 345; Pits, De Anglise Scriptoribus,
374; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 113.] H. B.

BORTHWICK, DAVID (d. 1581), of
Lochill, lord advocate of Scotland in the
reign of James VI, was educated at St. Leo-
nard's College, .St. Andrews, where his name
occurs among the determinants in 1525. He
was called to the bar in 1549. He is men-
tioned by Knox as at first in favour of the
Congregation, but afterwards as one of the
many whom the queen dowager ' abusit, and
by quham sche corrupted the hartis of the
j "sempill.' In 1552 he served on the comniis-
I sion appointed to treat with the English
commission on border affairs (Register of
Privy Council of Scotland, i. 150). For some
time he acted as legal adviser to Bothwell,
whose counsel he was both in reference to
Queen Mary's abduction to Dunbar, and to
the murder of Darnley. Along with Crichton.

Borthwick

409

Borthwick

of Elliock, he was in 1573 appointed king's ad-
vocate, and, as was then customary, also took
his seat as a lord of session. Iul574 he served on j
the commission for framing a constitution for |
.the church of Scotland. He died in January
1581-2. According to Scot of Scotstarvet, i
he acquired ' many lands in Lothian and Fife, j
as Balnacrieff, Admiston, Balcarras, and \
others, but having infeft his son Sir James i
therein in his lifetime, he rested never till he
had sold all.' Hearing on his death-bed that
his son had just sold another estate, he, ac-
cording to the same authority, exclaimed,
' What shall I say ? I give him to the devil j
.that gets a fool, and makes not a fool of him,' !
words which afterwards became proverbial ;
.as * David Borthwick's Testament.'

[Sir John Scot's Staggering State of Scottish '
Statesmen, ed. 1872, p. 108 ; Works of Knox, ed. j
Laing, i. 106, 414, ii. 44, vi. 667; Register of
Privy Council of Scotland ; Haig and Brunton's
.Senators of the College of Justice, pp. 154-5;
Omond's Lord Advocates of Scotland, i. 37.]

T. F. H.

BORTHWICK, PETER (1804-1852),
•editor of the ' Morning Post,' only son of
Thomas Borthwick of Edinburgh, was born j
&t Cornbank, in the parish of Borthwick, j
Midlothian, on 13 Sept. 1804, graduated at the j
university of Edinburgh, and was the private !
pupil of James Walker, bishop of Edinburgh
and Glasgow, and afterwards primus of the
episcopal church of Scotland. Notwith-
standing his marriage, in 1827, to Margaret, i
daughter of John Colville of Ewart, North- '
umberland, he took up his residence at Jesus |
-College, Cambridge ; thence, by removal, j
he became a fellow-commoner of Downing j
•College, and while there was the author of ,
some theological works, having then an in-
tention to take orders in the church of Eng-
land.

Happening in 1832 to be present at a
meeting called for the purpose of opposing !
the abolition of negro slavery, he made his |
first essay in public speaking by an address
in which he took the side of the slave-
owners. Immediately afterwards he was in-
vited to deliver speeches at meetings con-
vened for the object of upholding the existing j
state of affairs. These gratuitous labours
produced an effect far beyond his expectations.
Bath contributed a silver dinner service,
"Cheltenham a silver breakfast service, Dum-
fries a costly piece of plate, and the uni-
versity of Edinburgh a cup bearing a flat-
tering inscription expressive of a sense of
the honour reflected by his talents upon
the university of which he was a member.
Borthwick's slavery meetings were not, how-

ever, always of an harmonious nature. In
Gloucestershire he was opposed by ' the
apostle of temperance and the bondsman's
friend,' Samuel Bowley [q. v.], who followed
him about from meeting to meeting, and
finally beat him off the ground by his state-
ments of facts. His reputation as a speaker
being established, he in 1832 contested the
representation of the borough of Evesham ;
but the whig interest was- at that time in the
ascendency. On 6 Jan. 1835 he was, how-
ever, returned in conjunction with Sir Charles
Cockerell.

On 2 May 1837 he moved, in the House
of Commons, 'that convocation might once
in ore be authorised to exercise the rights of
assembly and discussion of which the church
had been so long deprived.' This motion
was negatived by only a small majority.
But the great measure with which his name
is identified was the introduction into the
poor law of that provision, ' the Borthwick
clause.' Under this clause married couples
over the age of sixty were not, as heretofore,
separated when obliged to enter the doors of
the poor-house. He sat for Evesham until
the dissolution, 23 July 1847, and then con-
tested St. Ives in Cornwall, but was defeated.
On the same occasion he was also a candidate
for the representation of Penryn and Fal-
mouth, but had even fewer supporters than
at St. Ives. On 28 April 1847 he was called
to the bar at Gray's Inn.

In 1850 he became editor of the ' Morning-
Post,' but symptoms of decaying health soon
began to exhibit themselves, and on Friday
17 Dec. 1852 he was suddenly attacked with
acute inflammation assuming the form of
pleurisy, from the effects of which he died the
following evening at his residence, 11 Walton
Villas, Brompton. During his long illness
his mental capacity was never impaired, and
on the very day before his death an article
appeared in the ' Morning Post ' written by
him on the previous evening with clearness
and vigour of intellect. Lord George Ben-
tinck said of him : ' Borthwick is a very re-
markable man. He can speak, and speak
well, upon any subject at a moment's notice.'
He was the author of : 1. 'A Brief State-
ment of Holy Scriptures concerning the
Second Advent,' 1830. 2. ' The Substance
of a Speech delivered in Manchester in reply to
Mr. Bowley's Statements on British Colonial
Slavery,' 1832. 3. ' Colonial Slavery : a Lec-
ture delivered at Edinburgh,' 1833. 4. ' A
Lecture on Slavery,' 1836.

[Gent. Mag. xxxix. 318-20 (1853) ; Illustrated
London News, with portrait, ii. 8 (1843), xxi.
563 (1852), andxxii. 11 (1853) ; Times, 14 Oct.
1884, p. 7.] GK C. B.

Borthwick

410

Borulawski

BORTHWICK, WILLIAM (d. 1542), i
fourth LORD BORTHWICK, was the eldest son \
of the third Lord Borthwick and Maryota de i
Hope Pringle. He succeeded to the title on
the death of his father at the battle of Flodden I
on 9 Sept. 1513. Immediately afterwards
the council of the kingdom ordered the castle
of Stirling to be victualled and fortified to
receive the young king, James V. Lord
Borthwick was to -be captain and the king's
guardian (Cal. State Papers, Henry VIII,
vol. i. (1509-14) 4556). He set his seal to a '
treaty with England on 7 Oct. 1517 (Fcedera,
xiii. 600). After the coronation of James V I
in 1 524 he swore to be true to the king and '
disavow the Duke of Albany. He died in \
1542. By his marriage to Margaret, eldest !
daughter of John Lord Hay of Yester, he
had two sons and two daughters.

[Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, ii. 654 ; Cal.
State Papers, Henry VIII.] T. F. H.

BORTHWICK, WILLIAM (1760-1820),
general, was the eldest son of Lieutenant-
general William Borthwick, R.A., and en-
tered the Royal Military Academy at Wool-
wich as a gentleman cadet in 1772. He
became a second lieutenant R.A. in 1777,
lieutenant in 1779, and captain-lieutenant in
1790, with wrhich rank he served in Flanders.
As brigadier-general he prepared the siege
train with which Wellington bombarded
Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, and was
severely wounded during the siege. He also
prepared the siege train for the last siege of
Badajoz ; but in April 1812 he was promoted
major-general, and had to hand over his com-
mand to Colonel Framingham, because the
number of artillerymen in the Peninsula was \
supposed not to justify the presence there of
a general officer. After his return he re-
ceived a gold medal for the capture of Ciudad
Rodrigo, but was not even made a C.B. He
died at Margate on 20 July 1820.

[Jones's Siege Operations in the Peninsular i
War ; Duncan's History of the Royal Artillery.]

H. M. S.

BORUWLASKI or BORUSLAWSKI, i
JOSEPH (1739-1837), dwarf, is chiefly
known by the ' Memoirs of Count Boruwlaski,
written by himself.' He had no legal right
to the title of ' count,' being an untitled
member of the Polish nobility. According
to his own account, Boruwlaski was born in
the environs of Halicz, Polish Galicia, in
1739. His parents had six children, three
of whom were exceptionally short in stature,
whilst the other three were above the middle
height. The eldest brother was forty-one
inches in height ; the second, who was killed

in battle at the age of twenty-six, was six
feet four inches ; and Joseph, who was the
third, did not quite reach thirty-nine inches.
His sister Anastasia, who died at the age of
twenty, was but two feet four inches high.
Joseph was neither delicate nor dispropor-
tionate. Brought up at first by a widow, the
Starostin de Caorlix, he was, soon after her
marriage with the Count de Tarnon, trans-
ferred to the Countess Humiecka, and tra-
velled with her in France, Holland, Germany,
&c. When at Vienna, Maria Theresa took
him on her lap and presented him with a
ring, which she took from the finger of the
young princess Marie Antoinette. At the
court of Stanislaus, the titular king of Poland,
he met with Bebe (Nicolas Ferry), who was
a little taller, and jealous of his rival, and
with the Comte de Tressan, who mentions
him in the ' Encyclopedic ' as fully developed
and healthy. At Paris he met Raynal and
Voltaire, and one of the fermier-generals,
Bouret, gave an entertainment in his honour,
in which everything was proportioned to the
size of the tiny guest. On his return to Poland
Boruwlaski fell in love with Isalina Bar-
boutan, a young girl whom his patroness had
taken into her house. Efforts to break off*
the match were fruitless, and on his marriage
Boruwlaski was discarded by the countess,
but the king of Poland gave him a small
pension, and, when he decided to travel, pro-
vided him with a suitable coach. He now
began a wandering career. A comparison of
measurements showed that between his visits
to Vienna in 1761 and 1781 he had grown
ten inches. By the advice of Sir Robert
Murray Keith he decided to visit England ;
but previously he states that he passed
through Presburg, Belgrade, Ad rianople, and,
after traversing the deserts, found himself
dangerously ill at Damascus, where he was
restored by the aid of a Jewish physician.
He describes subsequent journeys to Astra-
kan, Kazan, Lapland, Finland, and Nova
Zembla, and through Croatia, Dalmatia, and
Germany. The ' count ' lived meanwhile
upon the proceeds of concerts and the gifts
of his acquaintances. From the margrave of
Anspach he obtained a letter of introduction
to the dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland.
After a stormy passage he reached England,
and had an audience of George III, when 'the
conversation was often interrupted by the
witty sallies of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.'
He travelled in England. Occasional concerts
were still the only source of his income. At
Blenheim he saw the Duke of Marlborough,
who added the dwarf's shoes to his cabinet
of curiosities. An attempt to provide for the-
count by a subscription failed. He again

Borulawski

411

Bosa

visited France, but at the beginning of the
revolution he returned to England. He
passed ' through the whole of Ireland, begin-
ning with Cork.' At Ballinasloe his ap-
pearance in the street caused so great a com-
motion that the garrison was turned out. At
Athlone his concert was ruined by the news
of the landing of Hoche at Bantry Bay. He
made a brief stay at Douglas, and passed to
AVhitehaven, Carlisle, Newcastle, and thence
to Durham and Hull. On account of his
failing means, he decided to go to America ;
but this design was abandoned, and about
1800 the prebendaries of Durham gave him a
residence, the Bank's Cottage, near Durham,
where the contributions of his friends enabled
him to pass his latter years in peaceful re-
tirement. He was a good linguist, his con-
versational powers were considerable, and
his company was much courted in the city
and neighbourhood. Catharine Hutton, who
wrote a sketch of the dwarf, says : ' I never
saw a more graceful man, or a more perfect
gentleman, than Boruwlaski.' He had several
children, who were of the ordinary size, but
in his ' Memoirs ' is almost silent as to his
family affairs. His pride led him to keep u;
the fiction that he did not exhibit himsel
for hire — the people merely paid a shilling to
his valet to open the door ! He was terribly
afraid lest George IV, to whom the last edi-
tion of his ' Memoirs ' was dedicated, should
offer him money in a direct fashion. The
king, however, gave him a watch and chain,
and thus spared his pride. Charles Mathews,
who introduced him to George IV, and Pat-
rnore, who found him ' domesticated ' with
Mathews, speak of him as a fascinating com-
panion, playful, accomplished, and sensible.
In answer to Catharine Button's request for
an autograph, he sent a letter with these
rhymes : —

Poland was my cradle,
England is my nest ;
Durham is my quiet place,
Where my weary bones shall rest.

He died at the great age of ninety-eight at
Bank's Cottage on 5 Sept. 1837. His grave
is near that of Stephen Kemble, in the Nine
Altars of Durham Cathedral, and is marked
only by the initials J. B., but there is a monu-
ment to his memory in the church of St.
Mary, in the South Bailey, Durham.

The first edition of his ' Autobiography,'
in both French and English, appeared at
London in 1788, with a portrait by W.
Hincks. The French part was the dwarf's
own work, the English a translation by M.
des Carrieres. A German translation by
Christian August "VVichmann appeared at

Leipzig in 1789. A second edition of the-
6 Memoirs ' was printed at Birmingham in
1792. The final edition was printed at Dur-
ham in 1820, and has a portrait from a
drawing by John Dowman, A.R.A. In Kay's
< Edinburgh Portraits ' there is one of Boruw-
laski taken from life. At the sale of Filling-
ham's collection, in 1862, were sold some
scarce portraits of Boruwlaski, autograph
letters, the handbill for his public breakfast,
and the sale catalogue of his effects. One
of his shoes, the sole of which is five inches
and seven-eighths long, and a glove are now
in the Bristol Philosophical Institution. In
March 1786 Rowlandson published a cari-
cature representation of Boruwlaski playing
on the fiddle before the ' Grand Seigneur '
and his wives. A full cast of Boruwlaski
was taken by Joseph Bonomi shortly before
the death of the dwarf.

[The Memoirs named above ; Gent. Mag.
October 1837; Wood's Giants and Dwarfs;
A Memoir of a Celebrated Dwarf, by Catharine
Hutton, in Bentley's Miscellany, 1845,xvii. 240 ;
Memoirs of Charles Mathews, iii. 213 ; Granger's
Wonderful Museum, 1804, ii. 1051 ; Kirby's
Wonderful Museum, 8vo, iii. 411 ; Annual
Eegister, 1760, iii. 78, 1761, iv. 112 ; Notes and
Queries (2nd ser.) i. 154, 240, 358, ii. 157 ;
Grego's Kowlandson the Caricaturist, i. 186;
Encyklopedia Powsrechna Orgelbrand, Warsaw,
I860.] W. E. A. A.

BOSA (d. 705), bishop of York, was a
monk of Hilda's monastery at Streoneshalch
(Whitby). When in 678 King Ecgfrith
and Archbishop Theodore divided the great
northern diocese, presided over by Wilfrid,
into three parts, Bosa was made bishop of the
Deirans, the people of Yorkshire, and was
consecrated by Theodore in the basilica of
York. Wilfrid returned to Northumbria in
680, bringing with him a decree from Pope
Agatho, commanding that he should be rein-
stated in his bishopric. Bosa attended the
witenagemot that rejected this decree, and he,
in common with the other intruding bishops,
advised the king to imprison Wilfrid. He-
was expelled from his diocese in 686, and
Wilfrid was reinstated by King Ealdfrith.
He seems, however, to have regained his see
in 691, when the king and Wilfrid quarrelled.
At the council of Ouestrefeld, in 702, Wil-
frid's chief enemies were the bishops of the
north, and Bosa, we may be sure, was promi-
nent among them. He and Wilfrid were
reconciled at the council held on the banks of
the Nidd in 705 : but, though some of Wil-
frid's claims were allowed by the council, he
was not reinstated in the bishopric of York.
Bosa, however, died about this time, and was
succeeded at York by St. John of Beverley.

Bosanquet

412

Bosanquet

Bosa then, as became a disciple of the Abbess
Hild, was a member of the national party.
He was willing to admit the right of the
king and witan to order ecclesiastical affairs,
and was jealous of papal interference. His
character is highly praised by both Baeda and
Alcuin. Acca [q. v.], afterwards bishop of
Hexham, was brought up in his household.
Bosa appears in the calendar as bishop and
confessor, his day being 13 Jan.

[Bsedse Hist. Eccl. iv. 12, 23, v. 3, 20 ; Eddius,
Vita Wilfridi, 35, 50, 63, 65, 89, Rolls Ser.; Car-
men de Pontiff. &c. Eccl. Ebor. 846; Historians
of York, Rolls Ser. ; Haddan and Stubbs's Eccl.
Documents, iii. 125, 171; Fasti Eboracenses, ed.
Raine, 83.] W. H.

BOSANQUET, CHARLES (1769-1850),
.governor of the South Sea Company, was a
member of a Huguenot family of successful
London merchants, and was the second son
of Samuel Bosanquet, of Forest House and
Dingestow Court, Monmouthshire. He was
born at Forest House on 23 July 1769,
was successfully engaged in mercantile pur-
.suits, and held for many years a high posi-
tion in the city. He married on 1 June
1796 Charlotte Anne, daughter of Peter
Holford, master in chancery; she died on
15 Feb. 1839. There were seven children
born of this marriage, of whom three survived
the father. The London residence of Bosan-
quet was at the Firs, Hampstead, but his
latter years were spent on his estate of Rock,
Northumberland, which he obtained from his
wife's brother, Robert Holford, who died
unmarried in 1839. In 1828 he was high
sheriff of Northumberland, and he was also
J.P. and D.L. for that county. In 1819 he
was appointed lieutenant-colonel of light
horse volunteers, and he was afterwards
colonel of that body. He died at Rock on
.20 June 1850, and was buried in the church
there. There are monuments to him at Rock
,.and at Hampstead.

Bosanquet's works consist of a series of
.short treatises, which, as written by a pro-
fessedly practical man, excited some atten-
tion and were not Avithout influence. Their
titles are : 1. ' Letter on the Proposition sub-
.mitted to Government for taking the Duty
-on Muscavado Sugar ad valorem ' (1806 ?).
2. ' A Letter to W. Manning, Esq., M.P., on
the Depreciation of West India Property '
(2nd edition, 1807 ?). This depreciation, he
said, was caused by the manner in which
colonial produce was taxed, the prohibition of
its export otherwise than to the mother coun-
try, and the unwise restrictions laid on the
home trade. He proposed that colonial
/sugar should be used in our breweries and

distilleries, and that colonial rum should be
used in our navy. 3. ' Thoughts on the Value
to Great Britain of Commerce in general, and
of the Colonial Trade in particular ' (1807).
This work insisted on the very great value
of our "West India trade. It was answered by
William Spence in his l Radical Cause of the
Present Distresses of the West India Plan-
ters pointed out ' (1807). 4. ' Practical Obser-
vations on the Report of the Bullion Com-
mittee ' (2nd edition, with supplement, 1810).
The Bullion Committee of 1810, of which
Francis Homer was chairman, recommended
that in two years the bank should resume
cash payments. They also made a number
of assertions as to the state of the cur-
rency, which Bosanquet attacked as mere
theoretical speculation, and at variance with
the teaching of experience. He took occa-
sion to animadvert for the same reason
on Ricardo's pamphlet of the preceding year
on ' The High Price of Bullion a Proof of the
Depreciation of Bank-notes.' This produced a
brilliant and conclusive reply from Ricardo
in what ' is perhaps the best controversial
essay that has ever appeared on any disputed
question of political economy.' Ricardo
'met Mr. Bosanquet on his own ground,
and overthrew him with his own weapons,'
clearly showing the truth of the chief state-
ments in the report.

[Gent. Mag. for 1850, new series, xxxiv. 325 ;
Meyers's Genealogy of the Family of Bosanquet,
1877; M'Culloch's Lit. Pol. Econ. 1845.]

F. W-T.

BOSANQUET, JAMES WHATMAN

(1804-1877), a partner in the banking-house
of Bosanquet, Salt, & Co., and a writer on
biblical and Assyrian chronology, was born
10 Jan. 1804, educated at Westminster, and
at the age of eighteen entered the bank with
which his family is connected. His earliest
publications related to his business ; they
were a paper on * Metallic, Paper, and Credit
Currency,' 1842, and a ' Letter to the Right
I Hon. G. Cornewall Lewis on the Bank
I Charter Act of 1844,' 1857 ; but the rest of
i his literary work was mainly concerned with
! researches into the chronology of the Bible.
! In 1848 appeared his ' Chronology of the
1 Times of Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah ; ' in
1853, the ' Fall of Nineveh and the Siege of
| Sennacherib, chronologically considered ;'
in 1866, ' Messiah the Prince, or the Inspira-
tion of the Prophecies of Daniel ' (2nd edition
| 1869); in 1867, 'Hebrew Chronology from
Solomon to Christ ;' in 1871, * Chronological
Remarks on Assurbanipal ; ' and in 1878 his
treatise ' On the Date of Lachish/ &c. He
' was a generous contributor to the ' Transac-

Bosanquet

413

Bosanquet

tions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology/
not merely in word but in deed, for besides
writing papers, he paid nearly half the ex-
penses of publication, and bore a consider-
able share in the cost of bringing out other
works on Assyriology, insomuch that the pre-
sident of the society, in pronouncing his
eloge, described him as 'the Maecenas of
Assyriology.' He died 22 Dec. 1877.

[Proc. Society Bibl. Archaeology, 1877-8;
information received from his son, B. T. Bosan-
quet, esq.] S. L.-P.

BOSANQUET, SIB JOHN BERNARD

(1773-1814), judge, was the youngest son of
Samuel Bosanquet of Forest House, Walt-
ham Forest, and Dingestow Court, Mon-
mouthshire, governor of the Bank of Eng-
land 1792, by his wife Eleanor, daughter of
Henry Lannoy Hunter of Beechill, Berk-
shire. He was born at Forest House on
2 May 1773, and educated at Eton and Christ
Church, Oxford, where he took the degree of
B.A. 9 June 1795, and of M.A. 20 March
1800. He was admitted a student of Lin-
coln's Inn 22 Jan. 1794, and on being called
to the bar, 9 May 1800, joined the home cir-
cuit. He also attended the Essex sessions,
of which his father was chairman. Pre-
viously to his call he had, in conjunction with
Mr. (afterwards Sir) Christopher Puller, com-
menced the 'Reports of Cases argued and
determined in the Court of Common Pleas and
Exchequer Chamber, and in the House of
Lords.' Of these reports there are two series,
the first in three volumes from 1796 to 1804,
and the second in two volumes from 1804 to
1807. Owing to family influence his career
at the bar was soon a successful one, and he
was appointed standing counsel both to the
East India Company and to the Bank of
England. On 22 Nov. 1814 he was made a
serjeant-at-law, and from that time came pro-
minently before the public in the numerous
bank prosecutions which he conducted with
great discretion for thirteen years. In 1824
he declined the appointment of chief justice
of Bengal, and in Easter term 1827 was made
king's serjeant. On 16 May 1828 he was no-
minated one of the commissioners appointed
to inquire into the practice of the common
law courts. Over this commission he presided
for three years. Upon the retirement of Sir
James Burrough he was made a judge of the
court of common pleas 1 Feb. 1830, and was
knighted on the following day. On 4 Sept.
1833 he was sworn a member of the privy
council, and thenceforth, until 1840, con-
stantly formed one of the judicial committee
of that body. Upon the resignation of Lord-
chancellor Lyndhurst, Bosanquet, in conjunc-

tion with Sir Charles Pepys, the master of
the rolls, and Sir Lancelot Shadwell, the
vice-chancellor, was appointed a lord com-
missioner of the great seal. This commission
lasted from 23 April 1835 to 16 Jan. 1836,
when Pepys was made lord chancellor. After
! eleven years of judicial work he was com-
pelled by his state of health to retire from
! the bench shortly before the beginning of
Hilary term 1842. He died at the Firs,
Hampstead Heath, on 25 Sept. 1847, aged
74, and was buried at Llantillio-Crossenny,
Monmouthshire. A monument is erected to
I his memory in his parish church of Dinge-
| stow, and his portrait hangs in the hall of
! Eton College. He was a man of considerable
, learning, with a great taste for scientific in-
| quiries. It is stated in Foss that he pub-
| lished anonymously a ' Letter of a Layman,*"
I in which he showed the connection between
I the prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse.
\ As a judge he was remarkable for his ability
and impartiality. He married in 1804 Mary
Anne, the eldest daughter of Richard Lewis
of Llantillio-Crossenny, by whom he had an
only son, who predeceased him.

[Foss (1864), ix. 149-51 ; Law Times, x. 122 -r
Gent. Mag. 1847, new ser. xxviii. 537-8, 661 ;
Notes and Queries, 6th ser. x. 147; Annual Re-
| gister, 1847, App. p. 253.] 'G-. F. R. B.

BOSANQUET, SAMUEL RICHARD

! (1800-1882), miscellaneous writer, was born
| 1 April 1800, of the family settled at Forest
j House, Essex, and Dingestow Court, Mon-
mouthshire. Educated at Eton and Christ
I Church, Oxford, where he graduated with
honours, a first class in mathematics and a
second in classics, he took his B.A. degree in
' 1822, and proceeded M.A. in 1829. Called to-
the bar at the Inner Temple, he was one of the
revising barristers appointed with the passing
of the Reform Act of 1 832, and he wrote many
I leading articles for' the ' Times,' besides con-
I tributing frequently to the ' British Critic.' In
I 1837 he published an annotated edition of the
' Tithe Commutation Act, and another in 1839"
| of the Poor Law Amendment Act, in this
1 case with the object of showing that the pre-
; valent dislike of the measure was due to a
| misapprehension of its provisions conceived
and acted on by the agents of the poor-
law commissioners. In 1839, too, appeared
his ' New System of Logic and Development
: of the Principles of Truth and Reasoning ap-
j plicable to moral subjects and the conduct of
human life,' a work of no philosophical value,
in which he aimed at substituting for the
Aristotelian logic one supplying a basis for
j a system of Christian ethics. To the second
! edition, 1870, he added two books, ' carrying-

Bosanquet

414

Boscawen

on ' his logic ' to religious use and applica-
tion.' He had ceased to be an admirer of the
new or of any poor law, when he expanded
two articles contributed by him to the ( British
Critic ' into a volume entitled ' The Rights of
the Poor and Christian Almsgiving vindicated,
or the State and Character of the Poor and
the Conduct and Duties of the Rich exhibited
and illustrated,' 1841. The work breathed a
.strong spirit of sympathy with the poor, whose
destitution, he maintained, was in a great mill- |
titude of cases not their own fault, and he il-
lustrated this view by detailed statements,
taken chiefly from the .reports of the Mendi-
city Society, to show the inadequacy of the in-
comes of numbers of the wage-earning classes
for the maintenance of themselves and their
families. Following Dr. Chalmers, Bosanquet
argued that individual charity, and not the
state or a public legal provision, should supply
whatever was deficient in the pecuniary cir-
cumstances of the poor. In 1843 appeared
his ' Principia, a series of essays on the prin-
ciples manifesting themselves in these last
times in Religion, Philosophy, and Politics.'
The work assailed modern liberalism and its
results, intellectual and social, as interpreted
by Bosanquet, who identified his age with
those 'last times ' of national degeneracy and
apostasy which were to precede the second ad-
vent. His * Letter to Lord John Russell on the
Safety of the Nation,' 1848, was animated by
the same spirit of hostility to modern liberal-
ism, and by a desire to substitute a paternal
despotism for parliamentary government. Bo-
sanquet was a diligent student of theology.
Among his writings are several dissertations j
on portions of the Bible, and for the better un- j
derstanding of the Old Testament he is said to j
have begun to learn Hebrew when he was i
between sixty and seventy. His numerous
writings display earnestness, piety, and bene-
volence, with considerable animation of style ;
but he is diffuse, often fanciful, and deficient
in reasoning power. There is an ample list
of them in the catalogue of the British Mu-
seum library. Besides those already referred
to may be mentioned the ' Vestiges of the
Natural History of Creation, its arguments
examined and exposed,' or at least denounced,
second edition 1845 ; his ' Eirenicon, Tolera-
tion, Intolerance, Christianity, the Church
of England and Dissent,' 1867, in which, after
discovering good and evil in all communions,
he pronounced an outward union of churches
to be impracticable, and if practicable to be
undesirable ; and, as illustrative of his peculiar
views on theology and the typological exege-
sis of scripture, ' The Successive Visions of
the Cherubim distinguished and newly inter-
preted, showing the progressive revelation

through them of the Incarnation and of the
Gospel of Redemption and Sanctification,'
1871. His latest publication was ' Hindoo
Chronology and Antediluvian History,' an
attempt to synchronise the two, and to esta-
blish a connection between Indian mythology
and the earliest personages of the Bible. The
volume was a reprint, with elucidations by
Bosanquet, of the first part of a l Key to
Hindoo Chronology,' Cambridge. 1820, the
authorship of which he ascribed to a certain
Alexander Hamilton, slightly known as an
orientalist.

In 1843 Bosanquet succeeded to the family
estates. He was for thirty-five years chair-
man of the Monmouthshire quarter sessions.
Beneficent to the poor, he promoted useful
local institutions and enterprises. He died
at his seat, Dingestow Court, 27 Dec. 1882.

[Bosanquet's "Writings ; obituary notice in
Monmouthshire Beacon for 30 Dec. 1882 ; Burke's
Landed Gentry ; Catalogue of the Graduates of
Oxford.] F. E.

BOSCAWEN, FAMILY OF.— According to
Hals, one of the Cornish historians, the first
Boscawen who settled in Cornwall was an
Irishman whose name does not appear to
be now known ; but whatever it may have
been, it was soon exchanged for that of the
place (which still bears the same name) in
the parish of St. Buryan, a few miles from
the Land's End, where lie took up his abode,
viz. at Boscawen Ros — the valley of elder
trees. Other branches of the Boscawens
settled in later times at Tregameer, in St. Co-
lumb Major, and at Trevallock in Creed, or
St. Stephen's. All traces of the marriages of
the earliest Boscawens seem to be lost until
we reach the reign of Edward I, when Henry
de Boscawen (about 1292) took to wife Ha-
wise Trewoof. In 1335 John de Boscawen,
by marrying an heiress, Joan de Tregothnan,
acquired the Tregothnan property on the
banks of the river Fal, where the family seat
still is : the present building, however, dating
only from 1815. John's son likeAvise married
an heiress, Joan de Albalanda, or Blanchland,
whose lands were situated on the opposite side
of the river to Tregothnan, in the parish of
Kea ; and other marriages between members
of this family and Dangrous of Carclew, the
Tolvernes, the Trewarthenicks, and the Tre-
garricks, extended and consolidated the in-
terests of the Boscawens on and near the
banks of the Fal. They also intermarried
with other Cornish families, such as the
Arundells, the Bassetts, the St. Aubyns, the
Lowers, the Godolphins, the Carininows, the
Trenowiths, and the Trevanions. At the coro-
nation of Henry VII, Richard Boscawen paid

Boscawen

415

Boscawen

a fine of 5Z. in order to escape the trouble and
expense of going to court, and of being made
a knight of the Bath ; and his grandson, Hugh,
did the same at the coronation of Queen Mary.
All the earlier Boscawens, though wealthy,
were unambitious and undistinguished. The
first who claims notice is HUGH, the great-
grandson of the last-named Hugh Boscawen,
who appears to have formed that intimate
connection between Truro and his family
which has so long subsisted. This Hugh was
recorder of the borough, knight of the shire
for Cornwall in 1626, and was l Chief of the
Coat Armour ' at the herald's visitation of
1620. He married Margaret Rolle, and died
in 1641. Of his sons, (1) Edward, a rich
Turkey merchant, was M.P. for Truro in each
of Charles II's parliaments ; married Jael Go-
dolphin, and their son Hugh [q. v.] became
the first Viscount Falmouth. Another son,
(2) Nicholas, a parliamentarian officer, died
unmarried when only twenty-two years of
age, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
At the Restoration his remains were flung
into a common pit in St. Margaret's church-
yard. Of his offspring the most noteworthy
were Hugh, the second viscount, who died in
1782, a shrewd electioneerer, but otherwise of
no particular ability ; Nicholas, a doctor of
divinity and dean of Bury an ; John, a major-
general in the army ; George, who was at
Dettingen and Fontenoy ; and Edward, Pitt's
' Great Admiral ' [q. v.] By his marriage
with Anne Trevor, General George Boscawen
had a son named William [q. v.], of some
literary note. George Evelyn, third Viscount
Falmouth, youngest son of the admiral (issue
having failed through the admiral's two elder
brothers), entered the army, was present at
Lexington, and in 1787 distinguished himself
at Truro by the admirable manner in which
he succeeded in pacifying a large and riotous
mob of angry miners. He died in 1808. Of
his elder brothers, Edward Hugh, who was
M.P. for Truro, died abroad in 1774 ; and
William Glanville, an officer in the navy,
was drowned at Port Royal, Jamaica, when
only eighteen years of age, in 1769. The
third viscount's sister, Frances, married the
Hon. John Leveson Gower, secretary to the
admiralty; her sister Elizabeth's husband
•w&s Henry, fifth duke of Beaufort. Edward
Boscawen [q. v.], the son of the third viscount,
became first earl of Falmouth. His son,
George Henry, by his wife Anne Frances
Bankes, was the fifth viscount and second
(and last) earl. He was a man of considerable
ability, taking in 1832 a double first-class at
Oxford. He died unmarried in 1852. He was
succeeded in the viscounty by his cousin Eve-
lyn, grandson of the third viscount by his

second son, John Evelyn, canon of Canter-
bury.

[Playfair's British Family Antiquity (1809),
ii. 11-13; Sir E. Brydges' Collins's Peerage,

t vol. vi. ; Chester's Registers of Westminster
Abbey ; Vivian's Annotated Visitations of Corn-
wall, pt. ii. p. 46, &c. ; Lysons's Magna Britannia

, (Cornwall) ; Lake's Parochial History of Corn-
wall; Tregellas's Cornish Worthies.] W. H.T.

BOSCAWEN, EDWARD (1711-1761),
admiral, third sou of Hugh, first Viscount
Falmouth [q. v.], and of Charlotte, eldest
daughter of Charles Godfrey, and his wife,
Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of
Marlborough and mother of the Duke of
Berwick, was born on 19 Aug. 1711. On
3 April 1726 he joined the Superbe, of 60 guns,
one of the ships which sailed for the West
Indies with Vice-admiral Hosier on 9 April
[see HOSIER, FRANCIS]. In the Superbe he
continued for nearly three years. For the
next three years he wTas in the Canterbury,
the Hector, and the Namur, bearing the flag
of Sir Charles Wager, all on the home station

! or in the Mediterranean. On 8 May 1732 he
passed his examination, and on 25 May was
promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In
August he was appointed to the Hector, on
the Mediterranean station. On 16 Oct. 173o
he was discharged into the Grafton, and
from her was, on 12 March 1736-7, promoted

i by Sir John Norris to command the Leopard.

I It was only for a couple of months, but
the admiralty confirmed the commission, and

: in June 1738 he was appointed to the
Shoreham of 20 guns. In June 1739 he
was sent out to the West Indies, and was
already there when the orders for reprisals
against the Spaniards came out. In Novem-
ber, when Vernon sailed for his celebrated
attack on Porto Bello, the Shoreham was
refitting at Jamaica, and as she could not
be got ready in time, Boscawen was per-
mitted to serve on board the flagship as a
volunteer; and after the capture was spe-

| cially employed, under Captain Knowles, in

' demolishing the forts. He continued in the
Shoreham under Vernon's command during

! 1740 ; and early in 1741 was attached to

! the expedition against Cartagena. In the
naval operations such a ship as the Shoreham
had little share ; but on shore, whilst the
soldiers were hesitating in front of the castle

| on the left side of the Boca Chica, Boscawen,

| in command of five hundred men, seamen and
marines, surprised by night, took and de-

| stroyed a formidable battery on the right
or south side, 17-18 March 1740-1. On

! 23 March he was promoted to the com-
mand of the Prince Frederick, vacant by the

Boscawen

416

Boscawen

death of Lord Aubrey Beauclerk [q. v.] ; and
when the idea of success against Cartagena
was given up, Boscawen was again told off
to assist Captain Knowles in the laborious,
if not brilliant, duty of demolishing such
of the forts as had fallen into English hands.
In May 1742 the Prince Frederick returned
to England, and in the following month
Boscawen was appointed to the Dreadnought
of 60 guns. In this ship he was employed
on the home station during 1743, and was
with the main fleet when Sir John Norris
permitted the French to escape off Dunge-
ness, 24 Feb. 1743-4. A few weeks later,
28 April, whilst on an independent cruise
in the Channel, he- had the fortune to pick
up the French frigate Med6e, the first cap-
ture made in the war. This prize, though a
fine ship, was found, on survey, of too weak
scantling for the English navy ; she was there-
fore put up for sale and bought by a com-
pany of merchants, in whose private service,
bearing the name of Boscawen, she cruised
with good success for the next eighteen
months, at the end of which time she almost
fell to pieces by the weight of her own guns
and masts ( Voyages and Cruises of Commo-
dore Walker, 1762).

Towards the end of 1744, Boscawen was
appointed to the Royal Sovereign guardship
at the Nore, and commanded her, with the
superintendence of all the hired vessels from
the river, during the critical year 1745. I
In January 1745-6 he was appointed to his i
old ship, the Namur, now cut down from a |
90-gun ship to a 74, and during 1746 was '
employed in the Channel under Vice-admiral j
Martin, and in command of a small squadron j
cruising on the Soundings. In the spring \
of 1747 the Namur formed part of the fleet j
under Anson, and had an important share in
the overwhelming victory over the French
squadron off Cape Finisterre on 3 May, when
Boscawen was severely wounded in the
shoulder by a musket-ball. In recognition
of his services, the promotion of flag-officers
on 15 July was extended so as to include him,
and he was shortly afterwards appointed, by
a very unusual commission, commander-in-
chief by sea and land of his majesty's forces
in the East Indies. With a squadron of six
ships of the line, four smaller vessels, and a
number of transports andlndiamen, he sailed j
from St. Helens on 4 Nov. 1747 ; waited at j
the Cape six weeks, 29 March to 8 May 1748, |
to allow some missing ships to come in, and \
to refresh the troops ; and having failed in
an attempt to carry Mauritius by surprise,
23-25 June, finally arrived at Fort St. David
on 29 July. Boscawen's instructions pointed I
out the reduction of Pondicherry as the first ,

j object of the expedition : and the land force-
j at his disposal, which, with soldiers, marines,
I small-arm men from the fleet, and eleven
' hundred sepoys, amounted to upwards of five-
thousand men, seemed to warrant a belief in
speedy success. But, on the other hand, no-
; secrecy had been preserved in England, and
j the twelve months which had elapsed since
i Boscawen's appointment was noised abroad
had given ample time for information to be
sent out from France, and for the adoption
of every defensive measure which the skill
J and ingenuity of Dupleix could suggest. The
: garrison was thus nearly as strong in point
i of numbers as the assailants ; and though
a larger proportion were sepoys, there were
I at least eighteen hundred Europeans. A still
more fatal error had been committed in giving
! Boscawen special instructions to be guided
j in the siege operations by the opinion of the
I engineers, a body of men whose pedantic
I ignorance of their profession, and whose utter
I want of practical training, had, but a few
years before, brought ruin to the expedition
against Cartagena. Boscawen, who had gone
j through that deadly experience, now again
| found himself hampered by the same clogy
j and under the same circumstances of a sickly
and stormy season drawing on, and rendering
the utmost despatch the first condition of
success. He was thus compelled to waste
eighteen most valuable days in the reduction
of an utterly insignificant outlying fort ; to
pitch his camp in a remote and inconvenient
situation ; to land all the stores at such a
distance that the transport proved a very
serious difficulty ; and to attack on a side
where, by reason of inundations, the ap-
proaches could not be pushed within eight
hundred yards ; and all because the engineers
knowing nothing beyond the teaching of the
schools, and that very imperfectly, neither
could nor would understand that the ex-
ceptional circumstances required, and the
covering force of the ships' guns warranted,,
some departure from the narrow rules of
abstract theory. The result was much the
same as at Cartagena. The sickly season-
set in whilst prospect of success was as
distant as ever ; and after a thousand of the
Europeans had died, the siege had to be
raised, and the ships sent for the monsoon
months to Acheen or Trincomalee, the ad-
miral himself remaining with the army at
Fort St. David. In November he received
advice of the cessation of arms, with orders
to remain till further instructed of the con-
clusion of the peace. He was still at St.
David in the following April, when on the
12th a violent hurricane struck the coast.
Most of the ships were happily at Trinco-

Boscawen

417

Boscawen

malee ; those few that were with the admiral
were lost ; amongst these the flagship, the
Xamur, with upwards of six hundred men
on board, went down with all hands ; the
admiral, with his immediate staff, and the
sick in hospital, who had the fortune to be
011 shore, alone escaped. In October, having
received definite intelligence of the peace,
Boscawen sailed for England, where he
arrived in the course of April 1750.

Since June 1741 Boscawen had nominally
represented Truro in parliament. In June
1 751 he was nominated by Anson as one of
the lords commissioners of the admiralty ;
and through all the stormy changes of the
following years he retained his seat on that
board till his death. On 4 Feb. 1755 he
was advanced to the rank of vice-admiral,
and appointed to command a squadron
ordered to North America as a check on the
encroachments of the French, who had sent
out large reinforcements covered by a squa-
dron of ten effective ships. With eleven sail
of the line Boscawen sailed on 27 April,
with instructions to attack the French
wherever he should find them; which in-
structions were duly communicated to the
Due de Mirepoix, the French minister in
London. The duke had replied that they
would consider the first gun fired at sea in
a hostile manner as a declaration of war —
a threat, however, upon which they were,
just at that time, quite unprepared to act.
On 10 June Boscawen fell in with three of
the French ships — the Alcide, of 64 guns,
the Lys, and Dauphin Royal, disarmed, and
acting as transports. The two former were
captured, but the Dauphin Royal escaped
into the fog which shielded the rest of the
French fleet, and enabled it to get safely
into the river 'St. Lawrence. As nothing \
more could be done, Boscawen went to j
Halifax to refresh his men, amongst whom •
a virulent fever had broken out. This, [
however, continued to rage even in harbour ; |
landing the men did not lessen the death- !
rate, and the admiral determined to take the
squadron home without further delay ; but ;
before it could reach Spithead it had lost !
some two thousand men.

During the next succeeding years Bos- j
cawen at frequent intervals commanded a [
squadron in the Channel, off Brest, or in
the Bay of Biscay ; at other times he was
sitting at the admiralty ; and as one of
the lords commissioners signed Admiral
John Byng's instructions on 30 March 1756 ;
signed the order for his court-martial on
14 Dec. : and as commander-in-chief at
Portsmouth signed the immediate order for
his execution on 14 March 1757 [see Brisra,

YOL. v.

HON. JOHN]. Of .the responsibility of this
measure he has therefore a full share; he
j was, in an emphatic degree, a consenting
party to the death of Byng ; and there is no
| doubt whatever that to him, schooled by
| disasters arising out of criminal ignorance
and negligence, death appeared the just
reward of conduct such as that of which
Byng had been found guilty; nor should
it be forgotten that in his extreme youth
as a lad on board the Superbe in the West
Indies, he must often have heard unfavour-
; able criticisms on the conduct of Byng in
! leaving the ship, at his own request, just as
she was ordered on a disagreeable and dan-
gerous service.

In October 1757 Boscawen was appointed
second in command of the main fleet under
Hawke ; and on 8 Feb. 1768, being advanced
to the rank of admiral of the blue, he was
appointed commander-in-chief of the fleet
[ fitting out for the siege of Louisburg. The
j operations there were entirely military, the
work of the fleet being merely that of a
covering force, to guard against any possible
attempt at relief. After the capitulation,
I the admiral, with the greater part of the
i fleet, returned to England, and on 6 Dec.
! received the thanks of the House of Commons
; for his services during the campaign. On
j 2 Feb. 1759 he was sworn a member of the
! privy council, and a few days later was
1 appointed to the command of a squadron
ordered to be got ready for the Mediter-
i ranean. He sailed from St. Helens on
14 April with fourteen ships of the line and
j two frigates, his flag being, as in the pre-
ceding year, on board the Namur, a new
ship of 90 guns. At Toulon a French
I fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line,
commanded by M. de la Clue, was under
orders to sail for Brest and join the fleet
intended to cover the invasion of England ;
and as Hawke kept watch off Brest, Bos-
cawen kept watch off Toulon, with the
determination that neither the invasion of
England nor the junction of the fleets should
take place unopposed. It was, however,
Boscawen's immediate object to tempt or
goad De la Clue to come out, to try and
break or force the blockade; and when
lighter measures failed he sent in three
ships to attack two which were lying fur-
ther out than the rest. This attempt was
repelled by the batteries; and the ships,
having suffered a good deal of damage, were
towed out. But it was necessary that they
should go to Gibraltar to refit ; and as the
whole fleet was in want of water, Boscawen
determined to proceed thither, taking mea-
sures to prevent the possibility of the enemy

E B

Boscawen

418

Boscawen

slipping through the Straits unperceived. j the English government, the further ques-
He anchored in Gibraltar Bay on 4 Aug., tion is indeed of national, but not of personal
and was still there on the evening of the interest.

17th, when the Gibraltar frigate came in
about half-past seven, making the signal

The eminent service which Boscawen had
rendered in a time of great difficulty was

that the enemy was in sight. Many of the ' rewarded by his appointment as general of
English ships were still refitting, with top- marines, bringing with it a salary of 3,000/.
masts struck or sails unbent ; but before | a year, and he was also presented with the
ten o'clock they were all at sea in pursuit. | freedom of the city of Edinburgh. During
In point of material strength the two fleets j a great part of the following year he corn-
were very nearly equal, for the French ships ; manded the fleet in Quiberon Bay, which
were larger, carried heavier guns and more by Hawke's victory, closely following: on

men ; but, by some error or negligence, five
of them parted company during the night,
leaving the admiral with only seven. The
English also, in the hurry of putting to sea,
had got somewhat separated; but the two
divisions were at no great distance from

his own, had become, for the time and for
the rest of the war, an anchorage for our
fleet as commonplace as Spithead or Caw-
sand Bay. So secure indeed and undis-
turbed was it, that Boscawen took possession
of a small island near the river Vannes, and

each other, and were together before they had it cultivated as a vegetable garden for

overtook M. de la Clue's squadron about Xl~~ — ~f ^~ ~:~1- T^ "*"~ *^~ — A ~f """'"
half-past one on the afternoon of 18 Aug.

The brunt of the battle fell on the French perhaps what is now called typhoid, fever,

the use of the sick. It was the end of his
service ; after a short attack of bilious, or

rearmost ship, the Centaure, of 74 guns,
commanded by M. de Sabran. Her defence

he died on 10 Jan. 1761, at Hatchlands
Park, in Surrey, a seat which, in the words

was obstinate in the extreme: it lasted for of his epitaph, 'he had just finished at the
fully three hours, and ended only when j expense of the enemies of his country.' He
the ship was a wreck, and the captain and was buried in the parish church of St.
nearly half the ship's company had been Michael Penkivel, in Cornwall, where there
killed. This stubborn resistance gave the is a handsome monument to his memory,
other ships a chance of escaping ; two of inscribed by ' his once happy wife, as an
them did escape, and got clear off; De la unequal testimony of his worth and of her
Clue, with the four others, ran by the next affection.'

morning into neutral waters in Lagos Bay, Boscawen's fame undoubtedly stood and
and imagined himself safe ; but the neutrality stands higher than it otherwise would have
of Portugal, or of any state not in immediate ' done by reason of the opportune nature of
position to enforce it, was then but lightly . his victory in Lagos Bay. Cold criticism
esteemed ; and indeed the question had been is apt to say that there was nothing remark-

raised (BYITKERSHOEE:, Qucestionum Juris
Publici Libri duo, 1737, p. 63) whether an
enemy chased into neutral waters might not
lawfully be attacked. At any rate, Bos-
cawen did not hesitate. De la Clue, who
was mortally wounded, ran his ship on
shore and set fire to her ; another was burnt
in the same way. The Modeste and the
T6meraire endeavoured to defend themselves,
but were at once overpowered and taken.
The scattered remnants of the fleet were
driven into Cadiz, and were there blockaded
by a detached squadron under Vice-admiral
Brodrick ; whilst Boscawen, having finished
the work to which he had been appointed,
returned to England, and anchored at Spit-
head on 1 Sept. The glaring violation of
Portuguese neutrality was, of course, the

subject of loud complaints and of special j when a young captain, at the beginning of
diplomacy (LD. MAHON, Hist, of England, i the French war, for it was and is the custom
vol. iv. Appendix, p. xxxv ; ORTOLAN, ! of seamen to give the name of the ship to
Regies Internationales et Diplomatic de la \ the captain if the qualities agree. But the
Mer, ii. 316, 425) ; but as Boscawen's con- j story told of Boscawen, possibly true, though
duct was fully approved and accepted by unsupported by any evidence, is that whilst

able in fourteen ships winning a decisive
victory over seven. But the enemy's fleet
was in reality twelve ; and that he had the
good fortune to find it divided was appa-
rently owing quite as much to Boscawen's
prompt decision as to De la Clue's incapacity.
And, in fact, it is his ready and decisive
courage which has been handed down by
tradition as the distinguishing feature of
his character. He habitually carried his
head cocked on one side, in consequence of
which he was sometimes familiarly spoken
of as ' Wry-necked Dick ' {Naval Chronicle,
xi. 100) ; but his true nickname, the name
which the sailors who knew him and adored
him delighted in, was ' Old Dreadnought.'
There can be no question that this came
directly from the ship which he commanded

Boscawen

419

Boscawen

in the Dreadnought the officer of the watch
went into his cabin one night and, waking !
him, said, ' Sir, there are two large ships,
which look like Frenchmen, bearing down
on us ; what are we to do ? ' ' Do ? ' an- '
swered Boscawen, turning out and going on
deck in his nightshirt ; * do ? damn 'em,
fight 'em ! ' That there was no such fight is
quite certain ; but whether the story is true i
or not true, it illustrates the popular opinion !
of Boscawen's character, and is a lucid com- j
mentary on the prompt decision which over- j
whelmed De la Clue.

But besides this Boscawen has a special j
reputation for the persistent efforts which i
he made to improve the health and comfort
of the seamen. In his boyhood at the Bas-
timentos, as afterwards at Cartagena, at
Pondicherry, or at Halifax, he had had
forced on him the disastrous effects of sick-
ness, if merely from the point of view of
efficiency ; the study of his men's health
thus became with him almost an instinct ;
and in an age when anything like hygiene !
was little attended to, he was one of the
first who gave it a prominent consideration;
and it was more particularly he who brought '
Sutton's ventilating apparatus into common
use, by having it fitted on board the Namur
when preparing for her voyage to the East
Indies. There is no exaggeration in the I
statement on his monument that * with the |
highest exertions of military greatness he i
united the gentlest offices of humanity ; his I
concern for the interest, and unwearied at- i
tention to the health, of all under his com-
mand, softened the necessary exactions of
duty and the rigours of discipline.' And yet :
his discipline was undeniably severe ; nor
would he allow any relaxations or comforts
which seemed to him likely to render the
ship less efficient as a man-of-war. This is j
well illustrated by a sentence from a letter
to the admiralty, written only six months !
before his death (8 July 1760), respecting j
the accommodation of the Torbay, which !
had been reported as very cramped, though !
she had carried his flag in 1755 without any '
complaints. 'All the officers,' he wrote, |
•* swung in hanging cots, and were stowed
with conveniency. After I left the ship, i
Captain Keppel permitted canvas cabins to !
be built, which I suppose remain, and pre-
vent the stowing the officers so well as when
there were none. ... I never permit, nor j
have not for many years, nor ever will, in
any ship that I go to sea in, standing cabins. |
In the Dreadnought, in 1744, cruising to
the westward in thick weather, I fell in
with thirteen sail of the enemy's ships ; and
in taking down the officers' cabins to clear

ship and bring the stern chase to bear upon
the enemy, I found much bottled liquor,
which being directed to be thrown over-
board, much of it was drunk by the seamen,
that when I was engaged soon after were so
drunk as not to be able to do their duty ;
and had the French done theirs, I must
have inevitably been taken. This deter-
mined me against cabins, and I have never
altered my resolution.'

He married, in 1742, Frances, daughter of
William Evelyn Glanville, of St. Clair, Kent,
and by her had three sons and two daughters.
The two elder sons died unmarried ; the
third, George Evelyn, succeeded his uncle as
third Viscount Falmouth. Of the daughters,
one married Admiral Leveson-Gower ; the
other married Henry, fifth duke of Beaufort.
His widow, who is spoken of as 4 the ac-
complished Mrs. Boscawen,' resided for
many years at Rosedale, Richmond, for-
merly the home of Thomson the poet (Bri-
tish Museum, Add. MS. 27578, ft'. 120-7,
where are some verses addressed to her by
Pye), and died in 1805. A portrait of Bos-
cawen, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, is in the
National Portrait Gallery ; a copy is in the
Painted Hall at Greenwich, to which it was
presented by Lord Falmouth.

[Charnock's Biog. Nav. iv. 310; Beatson's
Nav. and Mil. Memoirs; official letters and other
documents in the Public Eecord Office.]

t J. K. L.

BOSCAWEN, EDWARD (1787-1841),
first EAKL or FALMOUTH, the son of George
Evelyn, third Viscount Falmouth, and Eliza-
beth Anne, only daughter of John Crewe,
of Cheshire, was born on 10 May 1787, and
succeeded to his father's titles in 1808. At
that time he was an ensign in the Coldstream
guards, but he soon quitted the army. On
the coronation of George IV he was created
an earl, and throughout that reign was con-
stant in his attendance at the House of Peers.
He was often engaged in controversy with
Lord Grey and the other whig leaders, and
one of his speeches exposed him to the lash
of Cobbett. Lord Falmouth dreaded the
liberal policy of Canning, and acted as Lord
Winchelsea's second in the duel with the Duke
of Wellington (provoked by Winchelsea's in-
temperate letter on 21 March 1829). Full
particulars of this event, and of the corre-
spondence which preceded it, are in the
" Wellington Despatches,' v. 533-47, and the
astonishment which it created in society
is depicted in the 'Greville Memoirs,' i.
192-3. He died suddenly at Tregothnan on
29 Dec. 1841, and was buried at St. Michael
Penkivel. His wife, Anne Frances, elder

E E 2

Boscawen

420

Bosgrave

daughter of Henry Bankes, of Kingston Lacy, |
Dorset, whom lie married on 27 Aug. 1810, j
survived until 1 May 1864. Lord Falmouth
was the author of a pamphlet on the Stannary ,
Courts, and was the last recorder of Truro.
He built the present Tregothnan House.
He was succeeded by his son, George Henry
[see BOSCAWEX, FAMILY OF, adfinJ]

[Bibl. Cornub. i., iii. ; Gent. Ma<r. (1842)
(pt. i.), 208-9; Lord Colchester's Diary, iii.
467, 608-10; Smith's Cobbett, ii. 278-80; Lord
;Ellenborough's Diary, i. 13, 67, 255, 344, 351,
387, 403, ii. 7, 439 ; Buike's Peerage."!

W. P. C.

BOSCAWEN, HUGH (d. 1734), first \
VISCOUNT FALMOTJTH, the leading Cornish i
politician of his time in the whig interest, was j
the eldest son of Edward Boscawen, by Jael,
daughter of Sir Francis Godolphin. The |
parliamentary representation of the boroughs ,
of Tregony and Truro was under his abso- 1
lute control, and he exercised considerable
influence on the elections for Penryn. He '
sat for Tregony from 1702 to 1705, for the
county of Cornwall from 1705 to 1710, for :
Truro from 1710 to 1713, and for Penryn |
from 1713 until June 1720. In the latter j
year he was raised to the peerage as Baron |
Boscawen and Viscount Falmouth, having j
been for some time discontented at the i
delay in his advancement to that position.
Both before and after the accession of George I j
he spent large sums of money in support of i
whig principles, and was rewarded on his j
party's triumph by many valuable offices. ;
He was a groom of the bedchamber to Prince |
George of Denmark, steward of the duchy of j
Cornwall and lord wrarden of the Stannaries
in 1708, comptroller of the household from •
1714 to 1720, and joint vice-treasurer of Ire- j
land from 1717 until a few months before
his death. He died suddenly at Trefusis,
in Cornwall, on 25 Oct. 1734, and was buried
at St. Michael Penkivel. His wife, to whom
he was married in Henry VII's Chapel,
Westminster Abbey, on 23 April 1700, was
the elder daughter and coheir of Colonel 1
Charles Godfrey, master of the jewel office,
by Arabella Churchill. She died on 22 March
1754, and was also buried at Penkivel. Lady
Falmouth was very desirous of becoming
a lady of the bedchamber to the wife of
George II, and tried to bribe Lady Sundon
into obtaining the post for her. Her letters
on the subject will be found in Mrs. Thom-
son's 'Life of Lady Sundon,' ii. 316-19.
Many satirical references to their son, the
second Viscount Falmouth, will be found
in the < Catalogue of Satirical Prints at the
British Museum,' iv. 685-6.

[Bibl. Cornub. i., iii. ; Chester's Kegister of
Westm. Abbe}'-, 36 ; Diary of Countess Cowper,
118, 131 ; Graham's Lords Stair, ii. 28, 151 ;
Lord Hervey's Memoirs (1884 ed.), i. 229-30,
333 ; C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall, i. 454.]

W. P. C.

BOSCAWEN, WILLIAM (1752-1811),
author, younger son of General George Bos-
cawen and Anne Trevor (vide pedigree in

hew

was

Aug. 1752, and was educated at
Eton, where he is said to have been a great
favourite of Dr. Barnard. He became a gentle-
man-commoner of Exeter College, Oxford,
and on settling in London studied law under
a Cornish lawyer, Mr. Justice Buller, about
1770, and went the western circuit. Bosca-
wen published two or three law treatises, and
was appointed a commissioner in bankruptcy.
In 1785 he was made a commissioner of the
Victualling Office. He was much attached
to literary pursuits, and translated first the
Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Seculare of
Horace ; then the Satires, Epistles, and Art
of Poetry. He was much indebted for his
notes to Dr. Foster, of Eton College. In
1792 he published a ( Treatise on Convictions
on Penal Statutes,' and in 1798, 1800, and
1801 some original poems and other works.
He was also a contributor to the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine,' and to the ' British Critic/
He died of asthma, at Little Chelsea, on
8 May 1811. By his wife, Charlotte Ibbetson,
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Ibbetson, he had
five daughters. He was of an affectionate
and benevolent disposition, and the Literary
Fund he considered almost as his own child,
writing the annual verses for it till within
five years of his death.

[Upcott's Original Letters, p. 43 ; Literary
Memoirs of Living Authors, i. 61 (1798); Poeti-
cal Eegisterfor 1801, passim ; The Sexagenarian,
ii. 223 ; John Taylor's Kecords of my Life, i. 385,
388, ii. 397, 401 ; Literary Panorama for 1811 ;
T. J. Mathias's Pursuit of Literature, p. 260 ;
Tregellas's Cornish Worthies.] W. H. T.

BOSGRAVE, JAMES (1547 P-1623),

Jesuit, was born at Godmanston, Dorset-
shire, 'of a very worshipful house and parent-
age,' about 1547. He was probably a brother
of Thomas Bosgrave, who suffered along with
Father John Cornelius at Dorchester on 4 July
1594. He quitted England in his childhood ;
entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus
at Rome on 17 Nov. 1564 ; and was ordained
priest at Olmiitz in Moravia in 1572. For
twelve years he taught Greek, Hebrew, and
mathematics at Olmiitz, whence he was sent
to Poland and eventually to Vilna in Lithu-

Bosgrave

421

Bossam

ania. His health declining he was ordered
by his superiors to return to England to try
his native air. He was seized on landing at
Dover in September 1580, was taken before
the privy council, and was subsequently com-
mitted to the Marshalsea prison and cruelly
tortured there. Afterwards he was removed
to the Tower and was again put to the tor-
ture. Some time after his arrest Bosgrave
consented to attend the services of the esta-
blished church, and was thereupon set at
liberty. His fellow catholics naturally held
aloof from him as an apostate. He then ad-
dressed to the privy council a protest in which
he declared that he had been deceived through
his own ignorance and their fraud, and he like-
wise printed another protest for the catholics.
He was at once re-arrested. On 14 Nov. 1581
he was arraigned in the king's bench, with
Father Edmund Campion and others, and on
the 20th of that month he received sentence
of death, but at the request of Stephen (Bat-
tori), king of Poland, Queen Elizabeth con-
sented to spare his life. He was reprieved
and remanded back to the Tower. It was
alleged by the government that he and Henry
Orton, a lay gentleman, gave answers dif-
ferent from those made by the other priests
to the questions put to them about the de-
posing power of the holy see. The govern-
ment published these replies in ' A Particular
Declaration or Testimony of the undutiful
and traitorous affection borne against her
Majestic by Edmund Campian, Jesuite, and
other condemned priests,' 1582. It has been
supposed that the answers of Bosgrave and
Orton are not correctly given (FoLEY, lie-
cords, iii. 292, 772), but there can be no
doubt that Bosgrave wished to be neutral
between two extreme parties.

At length Queen Elizabeth was prevailed
upon to restore him to liberty, and on 21 Jan.
1584-5 he was sent into exile with Father
Jasper Haywood and others, twenty-one in
all. He returned to Poland and died at
Calizzi on 27 Oct. 1621, or, as another ac-
count sets forth, in 1623, ' septuagenario
major.'

He is the author of ' The Satisfaction of
M. lames Bosgrave, the godly confessor of
Christ, concerning his going to the Church
of the Protestants at his first comming into
England.' It is printed with ' A True Re-
port of the late Apprehension and Imprisonne-
ment of lohn Nicols, Minister at Roan,'
Rheims, 1583.

[Bartoli, Dell' istoria della Compagnia di
Giesu: 1'Inghilterra, 198, 214; Cal. of State
Papers (Dom. 1581-90), 24, 62, 223, 427 (1591-
1594) 488, 489 ; Christian Apologist (October
1877), ii. 105-8 ; Cobbett's State Trials, i. 1050 ;

Eoley's Records, iii. 279-294, 770-774, vi. 738,
vii. (pt. i.) 73 ; More's Hist. Provinciae Angli-
canse Soc. Jesu, 135-137; Morris's Troubles of
our Catholic Forefathers, 2nd series, 13, 30, 33,
34, 69, 72-78 ; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, 58 ;
Simpson's Edmund Campion.] T. C.

BOSO (d. 1181 ?), third English cardinal,
is described by Cardella as Boso Breakspear,
an Englishman by birth, the nephew of Pope
Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear), and a
monk of the order of St. Benedict. He was
a member of the monastery of St. Albans,
but went to Rome to follow the fortunes of
his uncle. In 1 155 (ClACCONE) he was cre-
ated cardinal-deacon by the title of St. Como
and St. Damian. He was sent by his uncle
on a mission of uncertain date and pur-
pose to Portugal. He was greatly beloved
by Adrian, who gave him charge of the castle
of St. Angelo. On the death of Adrian, Boso
upheld the cause of Alexander III, who,
according to Cardella, owed his election
mainly to Boso's influence in the conclave.
He was raised to the higher grade of cardinal-
priest of St. Pudenziana by Alexander. Ba-
ronius mentions his name as one of the
pope's companions on the celebrated journey
to Venice in 1177. His name appears among
the list of witnesses to a charter of privileges
and immunities granted by Alexander III to
the monastery of St. Maria in Organo of the
order of St. Benedict. His signature is also
attached to many bulls and other documents
of the period of Adrian and Alexander (CAR-
DELLA). He died at Rome in the autumn
(ClACCONE), probably of the year 1181 ; for
though Cardella states that his influence
mainly secured the election of Lucius III
(1181-82), yet his name does not appear in
any of the documents of that pontificate.

Ciaccone says that he wrote several learned
theological works referred to in the ' Catalogus
Scriptorum Anglise.' He certainly wrote nine
poetical lives of female saints, which exist
in the Cotton MSS. He was a poet of no
inconsiderable merit for his time, and took
care to hand down his name to posterity in
his own rhymes.

[Migne's Troisieme Encyclopedic Theologique,
Dictionnaire cles Cardinaxix, vol. xxxi. ; Alonso
Ciaccone (Chacon or Chaconius), Nomenclator
Sanctse Romanse Ecclesiae, 487, h. 16 ; Baronius
(Pagius), Annales Ecclesiastici, xix. 443, 445,
and .Index, vol. i. ; Cardella's Memorie de' Car-
dinali, vol. i. ; Williams's Lives of the English
Cardinals (very imperfect) ; Greenwood's Cathe-
dra Petri.] B.C. S. ,

BOSSAM, HERBERT DE. [See
HERBERT.]

Bossam

422

Bostock

BOSSAM, JOHN (Jl. 1550), painter, is
mentioned by Nicholas Hilliard in a manu-
script quoted by Yertue as ' that most rare
English drawer of story works in black and
white,' and as ' worthy to have been sergeant-
painter to any king or emperor.' His poverty
prevented him doing much in colours, and lat-
terly he found painting so unremunerative
that he gave it ' clean over.' On the acces-
sion of Elizabeth he became a reading minis-
ter. According to Walpole, Vertue never
discovered any of his works.

[Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (Dallaway),
i. 136-7.]

BOSSEWELL, JOHN (f,. 1572), heraldic
writer, was, according to his own statement, a
northern man, and probably a member of the
family of Bos vile, established for many genera-
tions in the neighbourhood of Doncaster. It has
indeed been ingeniously suggested that he was
son and heir of Thomas Bos vile of Stainton,
who died in the fifth year of Edward VI
(NICHOLS, Herald and Genealogist, ii. 113).
He describes himself as ' gentleman,' and ap-
pears to have acted as a notary public, but by
taste he was an antiquary and specially de-
voted to heraldic pursuits. In the latter he
was a close follower of Gerard Legh, and the
first part of his ' Workes of Armorie,' entitled
* Concordes,' is in fact a mere abridgement of
Legh's i Accedens.' Like his master, he de-
lighted in symbolism and allegory, in con-
ceits and legendary fables ; nor can it be said
that his writings are of much value, even from
an heraldic point of view. The dates of his
birth and death are alike unknown. The first
edition of his ' Workes of Armorie ' was pub-
lished by Tottell in 1572, the second (a mere
reprint) in 1597.

[Moule's Bibliotheca Heraldica, p. 21 ; Hunter's
South Yorkshire, i. 32.] C. J. R.

BOSTE or BOAST, JOHN (1543?-
1594), catholic priest, was born of a good
family at Dufton, in Westmoreland, in or
about 1543, and educated at Oxford, where
he graduated M.A. On being converted
to Catholicism he quitted the university and
repaired to the English college of Douay,
then temporarily removed to Rheims, was
ordained priest, and sent back on the mis-
sion in 1581. After many narrow escapes
he was betrayed into the hands of the
Earl of Huntington, lord president of the
north, who sent him to London to be ex-
amined by the privy council. He was im-
prisoned in the Tower, where he was ' often
most cruelly rack'd, insomuch that he was
afterwards forced to go crooked upon a staff.'
When he had so far recovered as to be fit to

travel, he was sent back to the north, and was
tried and condemned for high treason at Dur-
ham, on account of exercisinghis priestly func-
tions in England. He was a man of un-
daunted courage and resolution, as was shown
by his behaviour at the trial. George Swal-
lowfield, formerly a minister of the established
church, who was arraigned at the same time
on a similar charge, showed signs of waver-
ing, but Boste vehemently exhorted him to
stand firm. Thereupon Swallowfield declared
himself sincerely penitent, and Boste publicly
gave him absolution in open court. Boste
was drawn to the place of execution, and was
scarcely turned off the ladder when he was-
| cut down so that he stood on his feet, and in
that posture was cruelly butchered alive on
19 or 24 July 1594.

[MS. Lansd. 75, f. 44 ; Diaries of the English
College, Douay; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 88;
Challoner's Memoirs of Missionary Priests (1741),
i. 312; Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569,
p. 312 ; Strype's Annals, 199, 344.] T. C.

BOSTOCK, JOHN, the elder (1740-1774),
physician, was born in England, but educated
at the university of Edinburgh, where he gra-
duated M.D. in 1769. His inaugural disserta-
tion is his only published work. It is dedicated
to Cullen, under whom he had studied, and for
whom he expresses very warm admiration.
This dissertation is on gout, and extends to
forty-three octavo pages, of which four and
a half are occupied by a quotation from
Sydenham's famous treatise on the disease.
Under the heading of diagnosis a lucid sum-
mary of the distinctions between gout and
rheumatism is given, which is, however, much
less complete than Heberden's well-known
passage on the subject. The thesis contains
nothing original, and the author in the last
paragraph gracefully acknowledges that all
his matter is drawn from Cullen. Bostock
became an extra licentiate of the College of
Physicians of London in 1770, and began
practice immediately after at Liverpool. He
was elected physician to the Ptoyal Infirmary,
married, and hada son, Dr. John Bostock [q.v.],
but died when only thirty-four years old, 10
March 1774. Some of Bostock's books are pre-
served in the library of the Koyal Medical and
Chirurgical Society in London, and among
them a copy of his ' Tentamen Medicum in-
augurale de Arthritide,' Edinburgh, 1769.

[Munk's Coll. of Physicians (1878), vol. ii. ;
Bostock's Works.] N. M.

BOSTOCK, JOHN, the younger (1773-
1846), physician, wras son of Dr. John Bostock
of Liverpool [q. v.], and was born in that city.
He was educated at the university of Edin-

Bostock

423

Boston

burgh, where he graduated M.D. in June 1 798.
His thesis was on secretion in general, and
in particular on the formation of the bile.
It shows that he was familiar with the recent
writings of Fourcroy and with the investiga-
tions of Scheele, Priestley, and Lavoisier, and
that he had himself made some original experi-
ments in chemistry. This essay is dedicated to
William Eoscoe, who had been kind to the
author. His connection with Roscoe deserves
notice, as a certain resemblance of style may
be traced between Bostock's compositions and
those of the editor of Pope. Bostock arouses
expectation and disappoints it, uses superficial
knowledge as if it were profound learning, is
never concise, and rarely clear ; seldom full,
but often prolix. He settled in Liverpool and
soon became a well-known man. In 1810
he there published ' Remarks on the No-
menclature of the New London Pharma-
copoeia/ 8vo. The London College of Phy-
sicians had published a new edition of the
' Pharmacopoeia,' and Dr. Powell, a physician
of considerable learning and high character,
had been one of the chief editors. This
pamphlet attacks the college with bitterness,
and treats Dr. Powell with a disrespect which
must have done Bostock harm in his pro-
fession. Powell's terms have almost all come
into general use, while Bostock's suggested
improvements are forgotten. He advocated
the use of long chemical and botanical terms
instead of simple denominations. An aro-
matic oil then new to medicine was called
in the 'Pharmacopoeia' 'Cajuputi oleum,' for
which simple term Bostock wanted the name
* Oleum essentiale melaleucee cajeputi,' and
all his alterations were of this pedantic kind.
In 1817 Bostock moved to London. The
year after his arrival he published ' An Ac-
count of the History and Present State of Gal-
vinism (sic),' perhaps the only one of his books
still worth reading. He gave up the practice
of medicine and took to chemistry, physiology ,
and general science. He contributed several
articles to Brewster's ' Encyclopaedia/ and in
1824 published the first of three volumes called
' An Elementary System of Physiology/ a
book which was a good deal read till the pub-
lication of Baly's translation of Miiller's * Phy-
siology/ but is now merely an obsolete text-
book. At the same period Bostock lectured
on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. He was
elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in
1 829 published a paper in the ' Philosophical
Transactions ' l On the Purification of Thames
Water.' In this he discusses with much
ability the nature of the several impurities,
and shows some capacity for experiment, with
a knowledge of all the chemistry of that
period. In 1835 he published as an octavo

volume his ' Sketch of the History of Medi-
cine from its Origin to the Commencement
of the Nineteenth Century/ previously con-
tributed to the ' Cyclopaedia of Practical Me-
dicine.' The work shows small acquaintance
with medical books, and has no merit of origi-
nality. In 1836 he brought out a third edition
of his 'Physiology/ and he wrote a great num-
ber of articles and papers, but few of perma-
nent value. The activity of his mind and the
range of his work are shown by the fact that
in 1826 he was president of the Geological
Society, in 1832 vice-president of the Royal
Society, and for many years an active member
of the Medico-Chirurgical Society. In its
' Transactions ' (vols. x. and xii.) he has de-
scribed his own case in a paper on hay fever.
Heberden had given a brief account of the
disorder, so brief as to be little more than a
hint, and to Bostock belongs the credit of
giving the first complete description of the
disease. Bostock died of cholera in August
1846. His life was one of continued and
useful industry, and though few of his writings
deserve to be read now, his description of hay
fever entitles him to a place in the history
of medicine.

[Gent. Mag. (new ser.) vol. xxvi. (1846), pt. ii.
65 ; Lancet, Aug. 15, 1846 ; Bostock's Works.]

N. M.

BOSTON BURIENSIS (Jl. 1410), or
JOHN BOSTON OF BUKY (as Fuller prefers to
write the name), the author of the 'Catalogus
Scriptorum Ecclesiae ' and the t Speculum
Coenobitarum/ was an Augustinian monk be-
longing to the abbey at Bury St. Edmunds.
His full name was probably John Boston,
his surname being perhaps taken from the
town of his birth or remoter origin. In
this style — Johannes Boston Buriensis — he
is quoted in the ' Catalogue of Authors '
appended to Dr. J. Caius's 'Antiquities of
Cambridge/ and, according to Tanner, he is
so named in the f Chronicon Litchfeld.' Of
the life of this Boston of Bury nothing is
known except that he diligently traversed the
whole of England investigating the libraries
of all the monasteries he came across in his
travels, and noting down the titles of all the
books he found there, with their authors'
names and their opening words. These authors
he arranged in alphabetical order, and, having
assigned a fixed number to each monastic
library, was enabled, by attaching the proper
numbers to each work as he enumerated an
author's writings, to show in what place it
was to be found ; thus, as Bale says, ' making
one library out of many.' Besides this in-
formation, he gave, where possible, the
date of each author's birth and death, and

Boston

424

Boston

rendered his catalogue still more complete by
additions from Hugh of St. Victor, Cassio-
dorus, Burchard of Worms, and other autho-
rities. This work, which was unknown to
Leland and even to Bale when drawing up
the first edition of his i Scriptores Britanniss '
(Ipswich, 1548), appears to have been much
used by the latter in the enlarged edition of
his great work published some nine years
later at Basle. Pits also declares that he
had been unable to find this work. Tanner
adduces arguments to show that there must
have been two forms of Boston's ' Catalogue '
— a longer one and a shorter. One of these
appears to have been in the possession of
Archbishop Ussher (Hist. Dot/ma tica, 124),
from whose hands it passed into those of
Thomas Gale. Fragments of the same work
are to be found in the British Museum (Ad-
dit. MS. 4787, if. 133-5), and extracts in the
Lambeth Library (No. 594). The Cata-
logue itself has been printed, with some
omissions, in Tanner's f Bibliotheca ' (ed.
1748), pp. xviii-xliii.

Besides the above-mentioned work, John
Boston is credited with having written a
book entitled ' Speculum Coenobitarum,' being
an account of the origin of the monastic life,
with a long list of the great names that have
illustrated the monastic annals and of the
various works written by the fathers from
Origen and earlier down to St. Bernard.
This has been published by Anthony Hall
at the end of his edition of Adam of Muri-
muth (Oxford, 1722).

The Catalogue is dedicated in six Latin
verses to some English king, said by Fuller
to have been Henry IV, in which statement
he seems to be supported by Pits, who as-
signs our author to the year 1410.

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Bale's Catalogue, 541 ;
Pits, De illustribus Anglise Scriptoribus, 52, 593 ;
Fuller's Worthies, ii. 166 (ed. 1662); Todd's
Catalogue of Lambeth MSS. 91 ; Caius, De
Antiquitate Academise Oxoniensis (ed. Hearne,
1730), i. 257; Ussher's Historia Dogmatica (ed.
Wharton, 1689), 124, 392.] T. A. A.

^BOSTON, THOMAS, the elder (1677-
1732), Scottish divine, was born at Dunse on
17 March, and baptised on 21 March, 1676-
1677. He was the youngest of seven children
of John Boston and Alison Trotter (d.
1 Feb. 1691, aged 56). His grandfather,
Andrew Boston, came to Dunse from Ayr.
His father was a presbyterian, but, after the
murder of Archbishop Sharp in 1679, attended
episcopal worship till 1687. He was at the
grammar school under James Bullerwall from
1684 or 1685 till 1689, and then was employed
for a short time in the office of Alexander

Cockburn, a writer to the signet. He en-
tered Edinburgh University 1 Dec. 1691, and
took his M.A. degree 9 July 1694. He was a
good scholar, and had a fine memory ; he says
himself that he remembered every material
passage in the Roman historians. From 1690
to 1701 he studied theology under George
Campbell, professor of divinity, a strong
presbyterian. His whole expenses at college
amounted to 10/. 14s. 7%d. sterling, in money ;
but we must remember that the Scottish
student in those days received his regular sup-
plies of simple food and clothing from home.
Early in 1696 he became parish schoolmaster
of Glencairn, boarding with Boyd, the mini-
ster : but he resigned this situation, after a
month's trial, on 8 Feb. 1696. He then be-
came successively tutor in the family of
Andrew Fletcher of Aberlady, and chap-
lain to Colonel James Bruce of Kinnet. He
was licensed by the Roxburgh presbytery 011
15 June 1697, preached with acceptance in
the counties of Stirling and Perth (where he
found his wife), was called to the parish of
Simprin, Berwickshire, 11 Aug. 1699, and
ordained there on 21 Sept. 1699. In Oct.
1701 he became clerk of synod. On 24 Jan.
1707 he was called to the parish of Ettrick,
in Selkirkshire, released from the charge of
Simprin 6 March 1707, and admitted to that
of Ettrick on 1 May 1707, the day of the legis-
lative union between England and Scotland.
In 1712 he refused the oath of abjuration.
He received a call to the parish of Closeburn,
but the commission of the general assembly
refused on 15 Aug. 1717 to sanction his re-
moval thither, and he remained minister of
Ettrick to the end of his days. Boston was
, at variance with the majority of the assembly
on doctrinal grounds. While visiting one of
his Simprin flock, a Scottish soldier, Boston
saw and borrowed a couple of pieces of Eng-
lish divinity which the man had brought
home with him from the Commonwealth wars.
One was a treatise by Salt marsh, for which
he did not care ; the other was part first of ' The
Marrow of Modern Divinity. Touching both
the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of
Grace,' &c., by E. F., 1645. The work is a
; series of dialogues, and largely consists of ex-
I cerpts from standard writers. The author
was ah English puritan, and has been de-
scribed as ' an illiterate barber.' Tanner's
edition of Wood's < Athenae ' (1721) identi-
fies him with Edward Fisher, M. A., son of Sir
Edward Fisher, of Mickleton, Gloucestershire,
and a gentleman commoner of Brasenose.
Grub disputes the identification, on the
ground that the Oxford Fisher was a royalist,
who wrote ' A Christian Caveat to the old
and new Sabbatarians, or a vindication of

Boston

425

Boston

our^Gospel-Festivals,' 5th ed. 1653, 4to : and,
according to the Bodleian catalogue, was
author of a tract in favour of celebrating the
feast of the Nativity. The book which thus
accidentally came into his hands exercised
a strong influence over Boston's mind, and
was introduced by him to his friends. Thus
began what is known as the Marrow contro-
versy. The Auchterarder presbytery, jealous
of the smallest inroads of Arminianism, had
drawn up certain propositions, to which, in
addition to the authorised standards of the
kirk, they required all candidates for license
to subscribe. Among these propositions was
the following : ' I believe that it is not
sound and orthodox to teach that we must
forsake sin in order to our coming to Christ,
and instating us in covenant with God.' A
candidate who had refused his subscription to
the ' Auchterarder creed,' as it was called,
and had therefore not been licensed, appealed
to the general assembly, which in 1717 con-
demned the above proposition as unsound,
forbade .the imposition of unauthorised sub-
scriptions, and ordered the license to be given.
Boston was one of a party who, in the pulpit
and elsewhere, showed their dissatisfaction
with the finding of the assembly. Hence the
refusal to transport him to Closeburn. In
1718 the ' Marrow of Modern Divinity' was
republished, with a preface (dated 3 Dec.
1717), by James Hog, minister at Carnock,
near Dunfermline (d. 14 May 1734), where-
upon the controversy waxed fiercer. In pur-
suance of instructions given by the assembly
of 1719, the commission of assembly, early
in 1720, appointed a committee for preserv-
ing purity of doctrine, which did its work by
two sub-committees. One of these, which
was headed by Principal James Hadow, of St.
Andrews (d. 4 May 1747), extracted from the
volume six so-called antinomian paradoxes
on the subject of the sins of a believer. On
20 May 1720 an act of assembly was passed
condemning the book, and enjoining ministers
to warn their people not to read it. After a
meeting in Edinburgh, attended by Ebene-
zer and Ralph Erskine, Boston with eleven
others gave in a representation and petition
against the act; hence they were called the
Hwelve apostles,' and the ' Marrow-men.'
The assembly, on 28 May 1722, passed (by a
majority of 134 to 5) another act, somewhat
modifying the previous censure of the book,
but confirming the general effect of the pre-
ceding act, and directing that the ministers
who had subscribed the representation against
it should be rebuked by the moderator for the
injurious reflections contained in their peti-
tion. Accordingly ' the twelve apostles ' were
rebuked, and a protest, drafted by Boston and

offered by Kid, of Queensferry, in the name
of the rest, was not received. It was, how-
| ever, printed by the protesters. As might
I be expected, the prohibition of the reading
| of the ( Marrow ' secured for it a wider and
| more eager perusal. To the popularity of its
doctrines in a not inconsiderable section of
the kirk Boston's own writings largely con-
i tributed. In 1729, in the case of Simson,
j divinity professor at Glasgow, who had re-
i ceived the comparatively light sentence of sus-
pension for teaching anti-trinitarian doctrine,
the matter was again brought up in the assem-
bly, but the suspension was simply confirmed.
On this occasion Boston stood alone in the as-
sembly, being the only member who expressed
his dissent from its judgment . Boston's deeply
religious life and exemplary parochial labours
did much to recommend his theology to the
' people of his nation. His communions ga-
thered a wonderful assemblage of people from
I all parts. His own picture of himself, in
his ' Memoirs,' is that of a genuine and self-
denying man, devoted heart and soul to the
! cause of the gospel as lie understood it. He
found time for study, especially of the Hebrew
Bible. His influence is not spent; his 'Four-
fold State' is still a popular classic of the Cal-
vinistic theology. He died at Ettrick on
20 May 1732. He had married, on 17 July
1700, Katherine, fifth daughter of Robert
Brown, of Barhill, Culross, who survived him
nearly five years. She bore him ten children,
all of whom died young, except two sons and
two daughters. His first publication seems
to have been : 1. ' Sermon ' (Hos. ii. 19, preached
24 Aug. 1714), 1715, reprinted 1732. He pub-
lished also, 2. ' Reasons for refusing- the Oath
of Abjuration,' 1719. 3. 'Human Nature in
| its Fourfold Estate,' &c. Edinburgh, 1720,
8vo (of ten reprinted; transl. into Welsh 1767 :
into Gaelic 1837, reprinted 1845 ; edition re-
vised by Rev. Michael Boston, the author's
I grandson, Falkirk, 1 784, 8vo ; abridged, with
I title ' Submission to the Righteousness of
| Christ,' Birmingham, 1809); 4. 'Queries to
the Friendly Adviser, to which is prefixed a
Letter to a Friend, concerning the affair of
the Marrow,' &c., 1722, 8vo. 5. ' Notes to the
Marrow of Modern Divinity,' 1726. 6. 'The
Mystery of Christ in the form of a Servant,'
&c. (sacrament sermon, Phil. ii. 7), Edin-
burgh, 1727, 8vo. Posthumous publications
1 and editions are: 7. i A View of the Covenant
I of Grace,' 1734, 8vo. 8. ' Thomae Boston,
ecclesise Atricensis apud Scotos pastoris, Trac-
tatus Stigmologicus, Hebrseo-Biblicus. Quo
Accentuum Hebraeorum doctrina traditur,
variusque eorum, in explananda S. Scriptura,
usus exponitur. Cum prasfatione viri reve-
rendi & clarissimi Davidis Millii,' Amstelre-

Boston

426

Boston

dami, 1738, 4to (a handsome volume, with
many copper-plates ; dedicated by Boston's
son, Thomas, to Sir Richard Ellys, bart. ;
Mill's preface is dated from Utrecht, 6 Feb.
1738; he does not endorse Boston's view
that the Hebrew accents are of divine origin.
Boston's work shows very thorough and wide
scholarship : he was acquainted with French
and Dutch, in addition to the tongues neces-
sary for his purpose. He had prepared for
the press ' An Essay on the first twenty-three
chapters of the Book of Genesis ; in a two-
fold version of the original text,' with notes,
theological and philological ; in this work
he showed the utility of his theory of the
Hebrew accents, and made use of the elabo-
rate system of punctuation which he had
framed to represent them in English).
9. ' Sermons and Discourses . . . never before
printed,' Edin. 1753, 2 vols. 8vo. 10. ' Ex-
plication of the First Part of the Assembly's
Shorter Catechism,' 1755, 8vo. 11. 'A Col-
lection of Sermons,' Edin. 1772, 12mo.
12. 'A View of the Covenant of Works, from
the Sacred Records, &c., and several Ser-
mons,' Edin. 1772, 12mo. 13. ' The Distin-
guishing Characters of true Believers . . .
to which is prefixed a soliloquy on the art
of man-fishing/ Edin. 1773, 12mo. 14. ' An
Illustration of the Doctrines of the Christian
Religion . . . upon the plan of the Assembly's
Shorter Catechism,' &c. Edin. 1773, 3 vols.
8vo. 15. ' Ten Fast Sermons,' 1773, 8vo ;
* Worm Jacob threshing the Mountains '
(sacrament sermon, Is. xli. 14, 15), Falkirk,
1775, 8vo. 16. ' The Christian Life delineated,'
Edin. 1775, 2 vols. 12mo. 17. < Sermons,' 1775,
3 vols. 8vo. 18. ' A View of this and the
other World ' (eight sermons), Edin. 1775,
8vo. 19. ' Sermons on the Nature of Church
Communion,' Berwick, 1785, 12mo. 20. 'A
Memorial concerning personal and family
Fasting and Humiliation,' Edin. 1849, 12mo
(3rd ed., pref. and app. by Alex. Moody Stu-
art, A.M.) 21. < The Crook in the Lot,' Glas-
gow, 1863, 12mo (with biographical sketch).
22. ' Whole Works,' edited by Rev. Samuel
McMillin, with the ' Marrow of Modern Di-
vinity illustrated,' 1854, 12 vols. 8 vo (several
of the above collections overlap ; the famous
sermon on the ' Crook in the Lot ' has often
been reprinted).

[Memoirs of Boston's Life, Times, and Writings
[to Nov. 1731], divided into twelve periods, by
himself, Edin. 1776, 8vo (2nd ed. Edin. 1813,
8vo; abridged by G-. Pritchard, 1811, 12mo);
Middleton's Biographia Evangelica, 1786, iv.
254; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 407-9 ;
Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ; Grub's Eccl. Hist,
of Scotland, 1861, iv. 52, 85; Glaire's Diet.
Univ. des Sciences Eccles. 1868, ii. 1493 ;

McCrie, in Brit, and For. Evang. Review. Oct.
1884, p. 669.] A. '&.

BOSTON, THOMAS, the younger (1713-
1767), Scottish relief minister, the youngest
son of Thomas Boston (1677-1732) [q. v.],
was born at Ettrick on 3 April 1713. After
receiving the rudiments from his father and an
elder brother, he went to the grammar school
j at Hawick, and thence to Edinburgh Uni-
versity. He was licensed on 1 Aug. 1732 by
| the Selkirk presbytery, presented to Ettrick
j in the room of his father in November
i 1732, and ordained there on 4 April 1733.
On 25 Oct. 1748 he was released from the
I charge, having a call to Oxnam, Roxburgh-
| shire, and admitted there on 10 Aug. 1749.
| He inherited his father's theology, and created
I for himself a popularity which fully sustained
j the special repute of the family name. A va-
I cancy having occurred in the parish church of
the neighbouring town of Jedburgh, the in-
habitants were very desirous of having him as
their minister, but the presentation was given
to another. Hereupon the elders of the church
I and most of the parishioners, including the
town council, withdrew from the parish
church and built a meeting-house, being de-
termined to secure Boston's services at any
cost. As a preliminary to accepting their
call, he tendered his demission to the presby-
tery on 7- Dec. 1757. On 30 May 1758 the
general assembly accepted his demission r
and in doing so declared him henceforth
incapable of receiving a presentation, and
, prohibited all ministers from employing him
in any office. This did not prevent him
| from pursuing his ministry at Jedburgh in
an independent capacity, and it was not
long before he found coadjutors. The suc-
; cessor of his father's friend at Carnock was
Thomas Gillespie, who in 1752 had been de-
! posed by the general assembly. Gillespie
continued to minister at Carnock, at first in
the open fields, afterwards in a meeting-
house erected by his people. In 1761 Boston
' and Gillespie joined in admitting a minister
to a congregation at Colinsburgh, and the
! three constituted themselves into a new ec-
| clesiastical body, under the name of the
' presbytery of relief.' Boston was the first
I moderator. The name selected for this new
| organisation explains why its founders did not
cast in their lot with the seceders, who, having
formed the e associate presbytery ' in 1733,
had constituted it an ' associate synod ' in 1744,
I and were now (since 1747) divided into two
! sections, known as the burgher and anti-
. burgher synods, one admitting, the other dis-
j allowing, the lawfulness of the burgess oath
| to defend ' the true religion presently pro-

Bosville

427

Bosville

leased within this realm.' Boston and his
friends were averse to assuming any attitude
of antagonism to the church of their fathers ;
the one grievance which they hoped to do
something to redress was the case of congre-
gations wronged by intrusive patronage. For
these they provided a refuge in the existing
distress. As Grub says, they and their fol-
lowers ; retained a strong feeling of attach-
ment to the established church/ and regarded
themselves ' rather as auxiliary to it than as
arrayed in opposition against it.' In 1773,
six years after Boston's death, the relief pres-
bytery formed itself into a i synod of relief,'
consisting of two presbyteries. The burgher
and anti-burgher synods, having each suffered
from subordinate secessions, reunited on
8 Sept. 1820, and on 13 May 1847 joined
with the relief synod to form the existing
' united presbyterian church.' Boston died at
Jedburgh on 13 Feb. 1767. He had married
on 26 April 1738 Elizabeth Anderson, who
died at Dysart on 21 June 1787. His son
Michael was minister of the relief congrega-
tion at Falkirk ; his daughter Christiana
married Dr. Tucker Harris, of Charlestown,
South Carolina. Boston's publications con-
sisted of four single sermons, of which the
first was printed in 1745, the last in 1762.
His i Select Discourses on a variety of practi-
cal subjects,' Glasgow, 1768, 8vo, were issued
posthumously. Some of these are con-
tained in l Select Sermons by ... Boston . . .
and James Baine, M. A., first Relief minister
at Edinburgh ; with introductory essay by
N. McMichael, D.D.,' Edin. 1850, 8vo.

[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ; Grub's Eccl.
Hist, of Scotland (1861), iv. 79, &c.] A. G.

BOSVILLE, WILLIAM (1745-1813), a

celebrated bon vivant, was the eldest son of
Godfrey Bosville of Gunthwaite, and Diana
his wife, the eldest daughter of Sir William
Wentworth, of West Bretton, bart. He was
born on 21 July 1745. After being educated
at Harrow he obtained a commission in the
Coldstream guards on 24 Dec. 1761. He was
raised to the rank of lieutenant on 11 Jan.
1769, and served with his regiment through
part of the American war. He retired from
the army in June 1777. Upon his return
from America he travelled in France, Italy,
and Morocco. He was an intimate friend of
John Home Tooke, to whose house at Wim-
bledon Bosville used to drive down in a coach
and four to dinner every Sunday during the
spring and autumn for a great number of
years. Mention will be found of his name
in the ' Diversions of Pur ley ' (1805), pt. ii.
p. 490. Possessed of a large fortune he was
exceedingly generous with his money, and

was unbounded in his hospitality. Every
weekday he used to receive some of his friend*
at dinner at his house in Welbeck Street.
The party never exceeded twelve in number,
and the dinner hour was always five o'clock
punctually. A slate was kept in the hall,
on which any of his intimate friends might
write his name as a guest for the day. Be-
sides Home Tooke, Sir Francis Burdett,
Lords Hutchinson and Oxford, Parson Este,
and others, often availed themselves of this
privilege. The first stroke of five was the
signal for going downstairs, and the host
made a point of never waiting for any of his
guests. In accordance with his favourite
maxim, viz. ' Some say better late than
never ; I say better never than late,' an old
friend who arrived one day four minutes late
was refused admittance by the servant, who
said that his master was ' busy dining/
Though his health declined and his convivial
powers failed, he still continued his dinner
parties to the last. Even when compelled
I to remain in his bedroom, the slate was hung
in the hall as usual, and on the very morning
of his death he gave his orders for the dinner
at the usual hour. After he had settled
down in England he hardly ever left London
for more than a day, as he used to say that it
was the best residence in winter and that h&
knew no place like it in summer. Once when
in Yorkshire, it is said that he made a point
; of not visiting his property, which was of
considerable extent in that county, lest he
should be involved in the troubles of a landed
proprietor. In politics he was an ardent
! whig. When his friend Cobbett was in New-
i gate, Bosville went in his coach and four to-
visit him, and afterwards gave him a cheque
for 1,000/., as a token of sympathy with
i him in his persecutions. In appearance he
I was almost as eccentric as in his manners,
i He used always to dress in the style of a
! courtier of George II, and wore a single-
1 breasted coat, powdered hair and queue.
! Though he never attained any higher rank
I in the guards than that of lieutenant, he was
1 generally known as Colonel Bosville. He
! died at his house in Welbeck Street on 16 Dec.
1813 in his sixty-ninth year, and was buried
on the 24th of the same month in the chancel
of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. He was the last
known male descendant of Richard Bosville,
on whom the manor of Gunthwaite was settled
in the reign of Henry VI. Bosville never
married, and by his will left nearly the whole
of his fortune and estates to his nephew, the
Hon. Godfrey Macdonald, afterwards third
Baron Macdonald.

[Stephens's Memoirs of J. H. Tooke (1813),
ii. 161, 293, 308-H, 350, 449; Archdeacon Sin-

Boswell

428

Boswell

clair's Memoirs of the Right Hon. Sir John Sin-
clair, Bt. (1837), i. 183-8; Gent. Mag. (1813),
Ixxxiii. pt. ii. 630, 704; Ann. Reg. (181 3), Chron.
p. 123 ; European Mag. (1813), Ixiv. 552-3;
Scots Mag. (1814), p. 158 ; Hunter's South York-
shire (1831), ii. 343-50; Chambers's Book of
Days (1869), ii. 705-6.] G. F. E. B.

BOSWELL, ALEXANDER, LORD ATT-

CHINLECK (1706-1782), Scotch judge, the [
eldest son of James Boswell of Auchinleck, |
advocate, and Lady Elizabeth Bruce, third i
daughter of Alexander, second earl of Kin- !
cardine, was born in 1706. After studying i
at Ley den University, where he graduated
29 Dec. 1727, he was admitted a member of I
the faculty of advocates 29 Dec. 1729. In
1748 he was appointed sheriff-depute of Wig-
townshire, which office he resigned in 1750.
Upon the resignation of David Erskine, lord
Dun, he was appointed an ordinary lord of
session, and on 15 Feb. 1754 took his seat on
the bench with the title of Lord Auchinleck.
On 22 July in the following year he was also
appointed a lord justiciary in the place of
Hew Dalrymple, Lord Drummore. This last
appointment he resigned in 1780 on account
of his feeble state of health. He continued,
however, to sit as an ordinary lord until his
death, which happened at Edinburgh, on
31 Aug. 1782, in the seventy-sixth year of
his age. Lord Auchinleck was a sound
scholar and a laborious j udge. In religion he
was a strict presbyterian, and in politics a
strong whig. Dr. Johnson's visit to him at
Auchinleck in November 1773 is amusingly
recounted by his son James in the ' Journal
of a Tour to the Hebrides.' Scott gave some
additional anecdotes to Croker. It was Lord
Auchinleck who is said to have designated
Johnson as ' Ursa Major.' Lord Auchinleck
married twice. His first wife was Euphemia
Erskine, daughter of Colonel John Erskine
and Euphemia his wife. By this marriage
there were three sons : James, the biographer '
of Dr. Johnson ; John, who entered the army
and died unmarried ; and David, who in
early life went into business, but afterwards
became head of the prize department in the
navy office, bought Crawley Grange, Bucking-
hamshire, and died in 1826. Lord Auchinleck's
second wife was his cousin Elizabeth, daughter
of John Boswell of Balmuto, and sister of
Claud Irvine Boswell [q. v.], afterwards Lord
Balmuto. There was no issue of this marriage,
which took place on the same day on which
his son James was married, 25 Nov. 1769.

[Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College
of Justice (1832), p. 518; Boswell's Johnson
(Croker's edit. 1831), Hi. passim ; Dr. Eogers's
Boswelliana (1874), passim ; Gent, Mag. lii. 55.]

G. F. E. B.

BOSWELL, SIR ALEXANDER (1775-
1822), antiquary and poet, eldest son of James
Boswell the biographer, was born on 9 Oct.
1775, at the family mansion at Auchinleck,
Ayrshire, and named after his grandfather,
the Scotch judge, then living there. Along
with his brother James he was educated at
AVestminster and Oxford. At his father's
death in 1795 he succeeded to Auchinleck,
and in the same year commenced the tour of
Europe. He wrote, at Leipzig, ' Taste Life's
glad moments,' a translation of Usteri's poem
' Freu't euch des Lebens.' Being an enthu-
siastic lover of Burns's poetry, he composed
in his native dialect several songs which were
exceedingly popular, and in 1803 collected
them into a volume, published anonymously,
1 Songs chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,' Edin.
8vo. These are very graphic, full of Scotch
humour, but coarse at times.

Having settled at Auchinleck, he studied
the literature of his country, and imitated the
ancient ballad style. In 1803 he published
( The Spirit of Tintoc, or Johnny Bell and the
Kelpie,' Edin. 8vo. The same year he published
an * Epistle to the Edinburgh Reviewers,' in
verse, by A. B., Edin. 4to. To George
Thomson's ' Select Collection of Original
Welsh Airs,' Edin. 1809, fol.,he contributed
five songs. His next book was anonymous,
* Edinburgh, or the Ancient Royalty ; a
sketch of Former Manners,' by Simon Gray,
Edin. 1810, 12mo. In 1811, with his name
affixed, appeared ' Clan Alpin's Vow,' a frag-
ment, Edin. 8vo (second edition, London,
1817, 8vo). ' Sir Albyn,' a poem, burlesquing
the style and rhythm of Scott, was published
in 1812. Turning his attention to the literary
heirlooms of Auchinleck, in 1811 he pub-
lished from a manuscript l A Breefe Memo-
riall of the Lyfe and Death of Dr. James
Spottiswood, bishop of Clogher in Ireland,
. . .' Edinb. 4to, and he reprinted from a
unique copy of a black-letter work, originally
published by Knox himself, the disputation
between Quintine Kennedy, Commendatour
of Crosraguell and John Knox, entitled ' Aiie
Oratioune . . . 1561,' Edin. 1812, 4to. To
George Thomson's ' Select Collection of
Original Irish Airs,' Edin. 1814, fol., he
contributed seven songs, of which ' Paddy
O'Rafferty ' and < The Pulse of an Irishman'
are well known.

In 1815 he established a private press at
Auchinleck. A gossiping letter, telling of
his difficulties in the undertaking, addressed
to Dibdin in 1817, is given in the 'Deca-
meron' along with an engraving of the
thatched cottage, his printing-office, • Officina
Typographica Straminea.' Here, as first
fruits, appeared ' The Tyrant's Fall,' a poem

Boswell

429

Boswell

on Waterloo, by Alexander Boswell, Auchinl.,
printed by A. and J. Boswell, 1815, 8vo ;
' Sheldon 'Haughs, or the Sow is flitted,' 1816,
8vo, a quaint rendering1 of an. Ayrshire tra-
dition ; and ' The Woo'-creel, or the Bull o'
Bashun,' 1816, a poem after the manner of
Allan Ramsay. This year he contributed
some lyrics to Campbell's ' Albyn's Antho-
logy,' Edin. fol. We hear of him continually
in the papers of this time. At the annual
festival of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh
he sang one of his topical songs on the Insti-
tution, its founder and members, ' Song . . .
Harveian Anniversary,' Edin. 1816, 8vo.
The society elected him poet laureate, as is
shown by a poem published after his death.
' An Elegiac Ode to the memory of Dr.
Harvey ... by Sir Alex. Boswell, Poeta
Laureatus, Sod. Fil. ^Esculapii/ in 'Andrew
Duncan's Tribute to Raeburn/ Edin. 1824,
8vo. The works issuing under his editorship
from his private press were interesting ad-
ditions to literature. About 1816 appeared
' Dialogue pius et festivus inter Deum Cut
ferunt) et Evam,' then ' Dialogus inter Solo-
mon et Harcolphum/ and afterwards the
Roxburghe work, the 1598 edition of ' Poems
by Richard Barnfield,' 1816, 4to, the gift of
his brother James. The series of rare reprints
for which the press is chiefly noted is that
of several old poems issued at intervals in
4to, separate and unpaged, each with ' Finis,'
but afterwards grouped in volumes (unnum-
bered) under the title of ' Frondes Caducee/
of which a complete set is very scarce. We
give abbreviated titles of the works issued : —
[Vol. i.] 1 816, Avith engraving of the printing-
office. 'A Remembraunce of Sir Nicholas
Bacon . . (by) George Whetstones.' t A
Remembrance of Judge Sir James Dier . . .
(by) George Whetstons.' ' A Remembrance
of . . . Lord Thomas, late Earle of Sussex,'
1583. [Vol. ii.] 1816, 'Sir Phillip Sidney,
his honorable life ... by G. Whetstones].'
' The Mirror of Man, and the Manners of
Men . . by Thomas Churchyard,' 1594.
1 A Pleasant Discourse of Court and Wars,
by Thomas Churchyard,' 1594. < A Sad and
Solemn Funerall . . . Francis Knowles, Knt.,
by Thomas Churchyard,' 1596. The latter
is called ' Churchyard's Cherrishing.' [Vol.
iii.] 1817 (with a neat engraving of Linn-
burn Bridge, by Grace Boswell) ' A. Fig for
Momus by T. Lfodge]/ 1595. [Vol. iv.]

1817, ' A" Musicall Consort, called Church-
yard's Charitie/ 1595. ' A Praise of Poetrie,'
1595. [Vol. v.] 1818, 'The Scottish Soul-
dier, by [George] Lawder,' 1629. [Vol. vi.]

1818, ' Ane Tractat of a part of ye Yngliss
Cronikle . . . from Asloan's Manuscript.'
[Vol. vii. and last] 1818, 'The Buke of the

Chess from a manuscript early in the 16th
cent, by Jhois Sloane.' In 1817 Boswell con-
tributed twelve songs to George Thomson's
' Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs/
London, fol., of which ' Good night, and joy
be wi' ye a',' ' Jenny's Bawbee,' and ' Jenny
dang the Weaver' are still favourites. In
1819 he succeeded the Rev. James William
Dodd as a member of the Roxburghe Club, a
well-deserved acknowledgment of his biblio-
graphical reputation.

To Boswell's enthusiasm Scotland is in-
debted for the monument erected on the
banks of the Doon to Robert Burns. With
a friend he advertised a meeting at Ayr on a
certain day to consider proposals for honour-
ing the memory of the poet. No one came
but themselves ; they were not daunted, how-
ever, a chairman was elected, resolutions were
carried nem. con., thanks to the chair voted,
and the meeting separated. The resolutions
printed and circulated brought in a public
subscription of 2,000/., and he laid the
foundation-stone of the memorial on Burns's
birthday, 25 .Ian. 1820. He was an active
magistrate and deputy lieutenant of Argyle-
shire. and lieutenant-colonel of the Ayrshire
cavalry. In 1818 and 1820 he was elected
member for Plympton, in Devonshire, and
entered on his duties on strict conservative
principles, but accepted the Chiltern Hun-
dreds in 1821. His song 'Long live George
the Fourth,' written, composed, and sung by
him at Ayr, on the celebration of his majesty's
anniversary, 19 July 1821, was afterwards
published, Edin. 1821, fol. In August 1821
he was created a baronet. He married a
daughter of David Montgomery, of Lanishaw,
a relative of his mother, by whom he had
several children. In society he was a general
favourite. Croker describes him as a high-
spirited, clever, and amiable gentleman, of
frank and social disposition. Lockhart says
that among those who appeared at the
' dinners without the silver dishes (as Scott
called them) was Boswell of Auchinleck, who
had all his father Bozzy's cleverness, good
humour, and joviality, without one touch of
his meaner qualities.'

The ' Beacon ' (not the ' Warder,' as Alli-
bone, Dibdin, and others say) had been started
as a tory paper at this time. Scott contributed
without any share in directing it. He with-
drew on account of its excesses, and after a
short existence, Jan. to Aug. 1821, the com-
mittee ordered its extinction. It contained
bitter pasquinades against James Stuart of
Dimeani (of the house of Moray), a writer
to the Signet, Another paper, the ' Glasgow
Sentinel,' a continuation of the ' Clydesdale
Journal,' took the place of the ' Beacon/ and

Boswell

430

Boswell

in its first number, 10 Oct. 1821, with, equal
rancour but less ability attacked Stuart.
Squabbles arose between its proprietors,
Robert Alexander and Wm. Murray Borth-
wick, eventuating in several crown prosecu-
tions and appeals to the House of Commons.
Stuart, under a judgment obtained by Alex-
ander against Borthwick, got hold of the
office papers, and found to his surprise that his
«nemy was his half-friend Boswell. Boswell
had been to London to attend the funeral of
his brother James, and returning to Edin-
burgh on Saturday night, 23 March 1822,
found a card of Lord Rosslyn awaiting him.
On the 25th came Stuart's challenge. Bos-
well would neither deny nor apologise, and
on the 26th a duel was fought at the farm of
Balbarton, near Kirkcaldy, the seconds being
Lord Rosslyn for Stuart, and the Hon. John
Douglas, afterwards Marquis of Queensberry,
for Boswell. Stuart again endeavoured to
effect a reconciliation, but Boswell was ob-
stinate. The duel was with pistols fired at
a signal, and Boswell was struck and his col-
larbone shattered. He died at Balmuto, the
seat of his ancestors, the next day, 27 March
1822, in the presence of his wife and family,
and was buried at Auchinleck.

In person Boswell was of a powerful,
muscular figure ; he was very fond of field
sports from his youth. Lord Cockburn
speaks of his jovial disposition, but censures
his overbearing, boisterous love of ridiculing
others. Lockhart gives an interesting ac-
count of his last evening at Scott's, a few
hours before the fatal event. Several cir-
cumstances of his death are reproduced by
Scott in the duel scene of ' St. Ronan's
Well.' It is curious that his only piece of
legislation was the taking charge of the
act (59 Geo. Ill, c. 70) which abolished two
old Scottish statutes against duelling. His
daughter Janet Teresa, wife of Sir Wil-
liam Francis Eliott of Stobs, died 1836.
His only son James, who succeeded him as
second and last baronet, married Jessie Jane,
daughter of Sir James Montgomery Cun-
inghame, and died 4 Nov. 1857, leaving two
daughters, Julia and Emma, still living.

Stuart was tried for wilful murder at the
high court of justiciary, Edinburgh, on 10
June 1822. On the trial Henry Cockburn
opened and Francis Jeffrey followed. The
jury, without retiring, acquitted the prisoner.

[Croker's Boswell, 1848, 212, 240, 270, 458, I
468, 555 ; Nichols's Illust. v. 469 ; Edin. Ann. |
Keg. 1820, 1822; G-ent. Mag. xcii. i. 365, new
series, 1 849, 659, 1 850, 523 ; Anderson's Hist. I
of Edin. 366 ; Thomson's Collection of Airs, j
1809-17; Campbell's Albyn's Anthol. 1806;i
Dibdin's Lit. Kern. 1836; Eoxburghe (Club) |

Revels; Andrews's Brit. Journalism; Townsend's
State Trials, i. 151; Trial of James Stuart,
1822 ; Dr. Rogers's Modern Scottish Minstrelsy,
ii. 204 ; Dibdin's Biog. Decam. iii. 454 ; Lock-
hart's Scott, pp. 371, 471, 477 ; Beacon, Edin.
1821; Glasgow Sentinel, 1821-2; Cockburn's
Memorials, 398 ; Times, June 26, 1822, and
Boswell's Works.] J. W. G.

BOSWELL, CLAUD IRVINE, LOUD
BALMUTO (1742-1824), Scotch judge, was
born in 1742. His father, John Boswell of
Balmuto, who was the younger brother of
James Boswell of Auchinleck, and a writer
of the signet in Edinburgh, died when Claud
was an infant. At the early age of six he
was sent to Mr. Barclay's school at Dalkeith.
After finishing his education at Edinburgh
University, he was admitted a member of
the faculty of advocates 011 2 Aug. 1766.
On 25 March 1780 he was appointed sheriff
depute of Fife and Kinross, and after serving
this office for nineteen years was, upon the
death of James Burnett, Lord Monboddo,
appointed an ordinary lord of session, and
took his seat upon the bench with the title
of Lord Balmuto on 21 June'l799. After
nearly twenty-three years of judicial work
he resigned in January 1822, and was suc-
ceeded by William Erskine, Lord Kinedder.
The death, under his own roof, of his kins-
man, Sir Alexander Boswell, from the effects
of a wound received by him in the duel with
James Stuart of Dunearii, gave him a shock
from which he never entirely recovered. He
died at Balmuto on 22 July 1824, in his
eighty-third year. He was a robust and
athletic man, with black hair and beetling
eyebrows. His manner was boisterous and
his temper passionate. Though fond of joking,
a habit he sometimes indulged in on the bench,
he was not particularly keen in the perception
of wit in others. In 1783 he married Anne
Irvine, who, by the death of her brother and
grandfather, became the Heiress of Kingcus-
sie, and by whom he left one son and two
daughters. Two etchings of him will be found
in Kay, Nos. 262 and 300.

[Kay's Original Portraits and Etchings (1877),
i. 126, 298, ii. 277-8, 380, 384, 386; Brunton
and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice
(1832), p. 544 ; Personal Recollections of Mary
Somerville (1873), pp. 55-6.] G-. F. R. B.

BOSWELL, EDWARD (1760-1842),
antiquary, was born at Piddletown, Dorset-
shire, on 5 April 1760, and practised as ;i
solicitor, first at Sherborne, and afterwards
at Dorchester, where he died on 30 Oct.
1842. He published : 1. < The Civil Division
of the County of Dorset,' Sherborne, 1795,
8vo. 2. ' The Ecclesiastical Division of the

Boswell

43 1

Boswell

Diocese of Bristol/ Sherborne [1826?],
8vo.

[Gent. Mag. N. S. xix. 95; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mus. ; Biog. Diet, of Living
Authors (1816), 34.] T. C.

BOSWELL, JAMES, the elder (1740- |
1795), biographer of Johnson, was the de- !
scendant of an old Scotch family. One of his !
ancestors, Thomas Boswell, killed at Flodden i
(1513), had obtained from James IV the '
estate of Auchinleck in Ayrshire. His father, |
Alexander Boswell (1706-1782), is noticed in
a, separate article. James was educated by a '
private tutor, John Dun (who became minister
of Auchinleck on Lord Auchinleck's presen-
tation in 1752), then at a school kept by
James Mundell at Edinburgh, and afterwards
at the Edinburgh High School. In child-
hood he professed to be a Jacobite, his father
being a thorough whig, and prayed for King
James till an uncle gave him a shilling to pray
for King George (Life of Johnson, 14 July
1763). Boswell entered the university of
Edinburgh, where he began a lifelong friend-
ship with William Johnson Temple, after-
wards rector of Mamhead, Devon, vicar of
St. Gluvias, Cornwall, and a friend of Gray.
Temple went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and
Boswell, writing to him there in 1758, says
that he has been introduced to David Hume,
and describes his desperate love ; for Miss
W — t.' The only other confidant of his pas-
sion is Mr. Love, an actor from Drury Lane,
who taught elocution at Edinburgh. In 1758
Boswell also went the northern circuit with
his father, travelling in the same post-chaise
with Sir David Dalrymple, advocate-depute,
afterwards Lord Hailes, and by Love's advice
already keeping an ' exact journal.' He had
also begun to publish trifles in the magazines, j
In November 1759 Boswell went to Glasgow
as a student of civil law, and heard Adam
Smith's lectures. He made the acquaintance
of Francis Gentleman, then acting at the
Glasgow theatre, who in 1760 dedicated to
him an edition of Southern's * Oroonoko.' j
Meeting some catholics in Glasgow he \
straightway resolved to become a Romish i
priest. The distress of his parents induced
him to abandon this plan on condition of
being allowed to exchange the law for the ;
army. In March 1760 his father took him to |
London, and asked the Duke of Argyll to get
him a commission in the guards. The duke
replied, according to Boswell : * I like your !
son ; that boy must not be shot at for three-
and-sixpence a day.' Boswell's military ar-
dour meant a love of society. There was, he
said long afterwards (to Temple, 4 Jan. 1780),
* an animation and relish of existence ' amongst

soldiers only to be found elsewhere amongst
players, and he loved both varieties of life.
He was eager (Letters, p. 14) to ' enjoy the
happiness of the beau monde and the com-
pany of men of genius,' and he stayed in Lon-
don for a year, where he never managed to
see Dr. Jortin, who was to have removed his
religious heresies, but did see Lord Eglinton,
who took him to Newmarket and introduced
him to the Duke of York. Boswell wrote a
poem called ' The Cub of Newmarket/ with
a dedicatory epistle to the duke, describing
himself as a 'curious cub' from Scotland.
Lord Eglinton grew tired of the vagaries of
his young friend, who had to return to Edin-
burgh and law studies in April 1761 .

Boswell groaned under the necessity of
exchanging London gaieties for legal studies
in the family of a strict father. He sought
all the distractions possible in Edinburgh so-
ciety. He wrote some notes on London life,
which gained him the acquaintance of Lord
Somerville. He was admitted to the society
of Kames, Dalrymple, Hume, and Robertson.
He became intimate with an actor, David
Ross, who was now giving private entertain-
ments in Edinburgh, and who afterwards
(December 1767) obtained permission to open
the first theatre there, on which occasion
Boswell contributed a prologue. Meanwhile
his chief associate was Andrew Erskine, cap-
tain in the 71st regiment, and son of the fifth
Earl of Kellie, with whom he carried on a
correspondence from August 1761 to No-
vember 1762. The young men did their best
to be vivacious in prose and verse, and pub-
lished their letters in 1763. Erskine had
edited in 1760 the first volume of ' A Collec-
tion of Original Poems by the Rev. Mr. Black-
lock and other Scotch gentlemen,' published
by Donaldson, an Edinburgh bookseller; a
second, partly edited by Boswell, followed in
February 1762, but the reception was not
such as to encourage an intended third. From
one of the twenty-eight poems contributed
by Boswell we learn that he was the founder
of a ' jovial society called the Soaping Club,'
from the proverbial phrase, ' Let every man
soap his own beard.' Boswell gives one of
his numerous self-portraitures, calls himself
king of the soapers, boasts of his volatility,
his comic singing, and conversational charms,
and ends by declaring that ' there is no
better fellow alive.' In December 1761 he
published an anonymous ' Ode to Tragedy,'
gravely dedicated to himself as to one who
could 'relish the productions of a serious
muse' in spite of his apparent volatility..
These amusements had not extinguished his
love of London, for which he has ' as violent
an affection as the most romantic lover ever

Boswell

432

Boswell

had for his mistress' (Letters to Erskine, p.
101), and he had persuaded his father to let
him return thither, still with a view to a com-
mission in the guards. He reached it in No-
vember 1762, and immediately plunged into
the pleasures of the town.

Lord Hailes had impressed upon Boswell
a veneration for Johnson. Gentleman had
mimicked ' Dictionary Johnson ' in Glasgow.
Boswell had made acquaintance on his first
visit to London with Derrick, afterwards
Nash's successor at Bath, who promised an
introduction, but did not find an opportunity.
In 1761 the elder Sheridan had lectured in
Edinburgh and made the same offer. When
Boswell reached London, Derrick was at Bath,
and a coolness had separated Sheridan from.
Johnson. Boswell, however, made the ac-

guaintance of Davies, the actor, who now
ept a bookseller's shop at 8 Russell Street,
Covent Garden. And here, 16 May 1763,
the famous introduction of his future bio-
grapher to Johnson took place. The friendship
rapidly ripened. Boswell had evenings alone
with Johnson at the Mitre, was taken to see
his library by Levett, saw him in company
with Goldsmith, introduced his friend Temple
and another friend, Dempster, whose free-
thinking principles were sternly rebuked by
Johnson (Letters to Temple, p. 33) ; made
notes of the great man's conversation from
the first interview, and received from him
much good advice. Johnson encouraged Bos-
well to keep a full journal, and said that he
would some day go with his new friend to
the Hebrides.

Lord Auchinleck was meanwhile threat-
ening to disinherit his son (RoaEKS, Boswell,
p. 35), and in June Boswell had agreed to
pacify his father by going to study civil law
at Utrecht. Johnson exhorted Boswell to be
steady, and accompanied him to Harwich in
the stage-coach, leaving London 5 Aug. 1765.
Boswell started with an allowance of 240/. a
year from his father (Letters to Temple,^. 37),
with plenty of letters of recommendation,
and with a resolution to study the civil law
and to transcribe Erskine's ' Institutes.' He
studied through the winter, and became in-
timate with Trot/, a distinguished professor
of civil law, and with William Brown, pastor
of the English congregation, and afterwards
professor at St. Andrews ; but he could not
stay out the intended two years. In July
1764 he was at Berlin, whither he probably
travelled in company with the Earl Marischal,
who was at the same time returning to Berlin
from a visit to Scotland (STRECKEISEN-MOTTL-
TOIST, Rousseau, i. 103-11). Boswell attached
himself to the British ambassador Mitchell.
He wrote to his father, asking for supplies for

! a voyage to Italy. The reply ordered a re-
turn to Utrecht, though it permitted a visit
to Paris. Boswell complained to Mitchell in
a long letter full of sage reflections upon his
own character. Mitchell advised implicit
compliance with paternal authority. Boswell
meanwhile had gone to Geneva, where he
visited Voltaire at Ferney, and went to
i Rousseau at Motiers, with an introduction
from the Earl Marischal, who, as governor of
Neufchatel, had protected Rousseau (BissET,
Memoirs of Mitchell, ii. 381).

Marischal tells Rousseau that Boswell is
a hypochondriac visionary who often sees
spirits. On 26 Dec. 1764 Boswell (writing
from Geneva) triumphantly tells Mitchell
that his father has now consented to let him
travel in Italy. He sneers at the ambassa-
dor's previous counsels of submission, and in
the same breath proposes to him a little job.
By getting a place in the customs for the
now bankrupt father of Temple and doing
something for Temple's younger brother, l you
will oblige a worthy fellow, for such I am '
(BissET, Memoirs of Sir A. Mitchell, ii. 351-
358). In Italy Boswell added Wilkes to
his list of friends. He wrote from Rome in
April to remind Rousseau— just now expect-
ing to be the Solon of Corsica — of a promised
introduction to Paoli ( Tour in Corsica,}). 264).
If it did not come, said Boswell, he should still
go, and probably be hanged as a spv. The
letter reached Boswell, however, at Florence
; in August. He crossed from Leghorn to Cor-
sica ; saw the great Paoli ; talked politics
to him and declared himself a kind of Ham-
let, a man given to melancholy, bewildered
by fruitless metaphysical wanderings, and
' for ever incapable of taking a part in active
life.' He also took the liberty of asking
I Paoli ' a thousand questions with regard to
| the most minute and private circumstances
i of his life.' He rode out on Paoli's own
horse, with ' furniture of crimson velvet ' and
1 broad gold lace ; ' he exulted in being taken
for an English ambassador ; he played Scotch
airs and sang ' Hearts of Oak ' to the Corsi-
can peasantry ; quoted Johnson's best sayings
to the cultivated ; and announces, in a letter
to Rousseau, l Ce voyage m'a fait un bien mer-
veilleux. II m'a rendu comme si toutes les
vies de Plutarque f ussent fondues dans mon
esprit ' (MTJSSET-PA.THAY, GEuvres inedites de
Rousseau, i. 410). Rousseau, meanwhile,
! was on his way to England. Hume an-
| nounces (12 Jan. 1766) that The'rese Levas-
seur, Rousseau's mistress, is to be escorted
to England 'by a friend of mine — very good-
humoured, very agreeable, and very mad/
This was Boswell, who reached England in
February 1766, and, after a short stay in

Boswell

433

Boswell

London and some interviews with Johnson,
proceeded to Scotland, where his mother was
just dead. He was admitted advocate 26 July
'1766, and resolved to set to work seriously.
His head, indeed, was full of Corsica, and,
though Johnson advised him not to write a
history, he resolved to turn his experience to
account. His father's position brought him,
it seems (Letters to Temple, p. 95), some
legal business, and in March 1767 he an-
nounces that he has made eighty guineas.
He tried to attract notice by publishing in
November 1767 a pamphlet on the famous
Douglas case. Boswell considered that he
had rendered a service to the claimant, Ar-
chibald Douglas ; explained upon that ground
the coolness with which he was treated by
the Duchess of Argyll on his visit to Inve-
rary with Johnson ; and seems to have ap-
peared as counsel in the last litigation before
the House of Lords in 1778 (Letter to
Johnson, 26 Feb. 1778). In 1767 he was also
employed upon writing his t Account of Cor-
sica.' He sold it to Dilly for one hundred
guineas (Letters to Temple, p. 103), and it
appeared in the spring of 1768. The book
consists of a commonplace historical account
of Corsica, followed by a short and very
lively description of his tour. A second edi-
tion followed in a few months, and a third
in 1769. In the spring of 1769 he also pub-
lished a volume of ' Essays in favour of the
brave Corsicans.' The tour excited a good
deal of not altogether flattering interest.
Johnson, indeed, did not give his opinion till
directly charged with unkindness for his
silence by the author. He then said (9 Sept.
1769) that the history was l like other histo-
ries,' but the journal ' in a very high degree
delightful and curious.' Walpole (who says
that Boswell ' forced himself upon me in spite
of my teeth ') and Gray laughed over it, Gray
saying that the journal was ' a dialogue be-
tween a green goose and a hero.' Boswell
asked Temple for an introduction to Gray,
but the poet apparently escaped. Already
acquainted with Voltaire, Rousseau, Paoli,
Johnson, Goldsmith, Hume, Wilkes, and other
eminent men, Boswell had tried to make his
Corsican experience a stepping-stone to ac-
quaintance with English statesmen. He
called upon Chatham in Corsican costume to
plead the cause of Paoli (' Johnsoniana ' in
CROKixCsJSoswell, No. 638) ; he was elated by
a note from the statesman in February 1766 ;
and some months later Chatham wrote him
a letter of three pages applauding his generous
warmth. On 8 April 1767 he tells Lord Chat-
ham that he has communicated the contents
of this letter to Paoli, and asks * Could your
lordship find time to honour me now and
VOL. v.

then with a letter ? To correspond with a
Paoli and with a Chatham is enough to keep
a young man ever ardent in the pursuit of
virtuous fame ' (Chatham Correspondence, iii.
159, 244).

On the publication of his book Boswell
went to London to enjoy his fame. * I am
really the great man now,' he exclaims to
Temple (14 May 1768) ; he brags of his good
dinners, of the great men who share them,
| and declares that he is about to set up his
i chariot. The pressure of such engagements
probably explains the brevity of his ac-
count of Johnson in this visit. Boswell was
indeed distracted by other interests. His
i appetite for enjoyment was excessive and not
delicate. He lost money at play, though not,
it would seem, to a serious extent (Letters
to Temple, p. 153). He indulged in occa-
sional drinking bouts, and in spite of vows,
virtuous resolutions, and a promise made to
Temple ' under a solemn yew tree ' (Letters to
Temple, pp. 199, 209), he never overcame the
weakness. In 1776 he tells Temple that he
| was ' really growing a drunkard,' and that
Paoli had made him promise total abstinence
| for a year (Letters to Temple, p. 233). At
this period love was more potent than wine.
In February 1767 he begins a letter to Tem-
I pie, who had just taken orders, by some edi-
| fying reflections upon his friend's sacred pro-
i fession and exhortations to marriage. He
j proceeds to explain that he cannot himself
| marry during his father's lifetime, and that
i he ' looks with horror on adultery.' He has,
! however, taken a house for a * sweet little
i mistress,' who has been deserted by her hus-
! band and three children ; who is ' ill-bred '
' and ' rompish,' and of doubtful fidelity, but
handsome and lively. This entanglement
| lasted till the end of 1768 (Letters to Temple,
I p. 162). It is not surprising to find that
Boswell was 'a good deal in debt' (ib.)
Meanwhile the statement that he cannot
marry is the prologue to an intricate history
of half a dozen matrimonial speculations,
which occupy all the energy not devoted to
law, literature, or dissipation. There are
references to an l Italian angel,' apparently
of Siena, who writes a letter which makes
him cry (Letters to Temple, pp. 85, 95, 102).
He has for a time thoughts of a Dutch lady
called Zelide (probably the Mile, de Zuyl
of ' Boswelliana '), whom he had known at
i Utrecht. In March 1767 he is thinking of
a Miss Bosville in Yorkshire. She, however,
is supplanted by a Miss Blair, a ' neighbouring
princess,' with a landed estate of 200/. or 300/.
a year, and whose alliance is favoured by his
father. Throughout 1767 this flirtation goes
I on, with quarrels and reconciliations. In June

F Y

Boswell

434

Boswell

he gets Temple (who happens to be in the
north) to pay her a visit, and instructs his
friend to speak to the lady of his good quali-
ties, and also to mention his oddness, incon-
stancy, and impetuosity, and to ask her i
whether she does not think * there is some-
thing of madness in that family ' (Letters to i
Temple, p. 99) . The effect of these remarkable j
instructions does not appear. In August all |
is well ; but she tells him in December that
she wishes that she liked him as well as
Auchinleck. In February 1768 he is jealous
of a Sir A. Gilmour, and amuses himself by
getting his rival to frank a letter to her.
Then he and a Mr. Fullerton agree to make
her offers on the same morning, and are both
refused in favour, as they suppose, of Gil-
mour. In April, after temporary thoughts
of a ' fine, healthy, young, amiable Miss
Dick,' he returns for a time to Zelide, and
begs his father's leave to go to Utrecht, but
is deterred by Temple's advice. In August
he feels i quite a Sicilian swain ' under the
influence of ' sixteen, innocence, and gaiety,'
united in the person of Mary Anne, called
also la belle Irlandaise (a Miss Montgomery,
see Notes and Queries, 2nd series, iii. 381).
Finding, however, that Miss Blair has broken
with Sir A. Gilmour, his passion for her is
awakened for a time ; she is cold, and ' all the
charms of sweet Mary Anne' revive. In
May 1769 he visited Ireland in order to see
this lady, who only laughed at him. He
complained to his cousin, Margaret Montgo-
merie, who sympathised and consoled him
by accepting his hand (ROGERS, Boswell, p.
79). The marriage to a sensible and amiable
woman took place 25 Nov. 1769. On the
same day, to Boswell's great disgust, his
father married his cousin, Elizabeth, daughter
of Robert Boswell of Balmuto. Boswell's
open expressions of dislike increased his
domestic difficulties, but no family rupture
resulted, and after his father's death he was
* on decent terms ' with his stepmother, who
was ' exceedingly good ' to his daughter (Let-
ters to Temple, p. 313). In August 1768
Boswell sent 700Z. of ordnance, raised by-
private subscription, from Carron to Paoli.
In June 1769 Paoli, overwhelmed by the
French, had left Corsica and retired to
London. Boswell came to town in the au-
tumn to attend him. On his way he attended
the Shakespeare jubilee at Stratford (August
1769), and appeared in a masquerade in the
dress of an armed Corsican chief with ' Viva
la Liberta ' embroidered in gold letters on his
hat. He contributed a minute account of
his appearance and his dancing with a very
pretty Irish lady to the ' London Magazine,'
of which he ' was a proprietor ' (see NICHOLS,

Illustrations, vii. 365, and Letters to Temple,
p. 184), of September 1769. His portrait in
costume is given as an illustration. In London
he saw Johnson and tried to extract advice
upon marriage from his master. He renewed
an acquaintance, formed in the previous year,
with Mrs. Thrale, and brought about a meet-
ing between Johnson and Paoli. In later
visits to London Boswell stayed at Paoli's
handsome house (Life of Johnson, 11 April
1776 ; Letters, p. 200), and the general tried
to break him of his drinking habits.

After Boswell's marriage, a cessation of
eighteen months took place in the correspon-
dence between him and Johnson, and they
did not again meet until Boswell's return to
London in March 1772. The intercourse
with Johnson, upon which Boswell's title to
fame chiefly rests, was kept up during the
remaining years of Johnson's life, who died
13 Dec. 1784. Boswell spent about a couple
of months during the spring vacation of the
Scotch courts (which at this period (1751-
1790) lasted from 12 March to 12 June) in
visits to Johnson, chiefly in London. He
paid such visits in 1772, 1773, 1775, 1776,
1778, 1779, 1781, 1783, and 1784. Johnson's
letters show that he was kept away by pecu-
niary difficulties in 1774, 1780, and 1782. In
1777 the death of a son seems to have pre-
vented his annual journey (Letter to Johnson,
4 April 1777). Besides these visits, Boswell
met Johnson at Ashbourne (Taylor's living)
in September 1777, and saw him in October
1779 during a tour with Colonel James
Stuart. The journey to the Hebrides took
place in 1773, Johnson reaching Scotland
18 Aug. and leaving 22 Nov. According to
Croker (preface to Life of Johnson, 1831),
Boswell met Johnson on 180 days, or 276
including the Scotch tour. The details of
the intercourse between the two men are
set forth with incomparable skill in the most
popular biography in the language. It is
enough to mention here that Boswell was
elected a member of the Literary Club
30 April 1773, owing, as it seems, to his own
active canvassing as well as Johnson's in-
fluence, and against the wishes of several
members. After his election they were re-
conciled, Burke saying that he had so much
good humour naturally, that it was scarcely
a virtue (Tour to the Hebrides, 21 Aug.
1773).

During this period Boswell was suffering
various domestic troubles. Neither his wife
nor his father sympathised with his enthu-
siasm for Johnson. The wife was a sensible
woman, who, unlike her husband, preferred
staying at home. When Johnson took Bos~
well on his tour, she remarked that though

Boswell

435

Boswell

she had seen many * a bear led by a man, she
had never before seen a man led by a bear.'
Johnson perceived, and frequently notices,
the dislike which she endeavoured to conceal
by studious politeness (Letter to Boswell,
27 Nov. 1773, and note). His father
1 harped ' on his ' going over Scotland with
a brute (think how shockingly erroneous !) '
and wandering to London. As Scott tells
us (note on Tour to Hebrides, 6 Nov. 1773),
Lord Auchinleck pronounced Jamie to be
*• clean gyte ' for ' pinning himself to the tail
of an auld Dominie.' Serious difficulties
lay behind. Boswell seems in the main to
have behaved well to his wife, though he
maintained that he could ' unite little fond-
nesses [for other persons] with perfect con-
jugal love ' (Letters to Temple, p. 197). But
his relations to Lord Auchinleck were
often strained, and Boswell complains that
his father is cold to his wife, and is estranged
by the stepmother's influence. His profes-
sional prospects did not improve, as Boswell
was the last man to impress clients with his
businesslike capacity. He tells Temple in
1775 that he had made 124?. in the last ses-
sion, and he frequently consults Johnson
upon legal cases in which he was concerned.
But he finds the Scotch bar uncongenial
(Letters to Temple, p. 198). He began in
1775 to keep terms at the Inner Temple
(ib. p. 193), and in 1780 he complains that he
cannot support his family (ib. p. 255). His
father allowed him 800f. a year. In 1775
his father also paid off a debt of 1,0007. and
threatened (though the threat was not car-
ried out) to reduce the allowance to 200/.
In 1780 Boswell had incurred another debt
of 700?. or 800?. by advances to his wife's
family, and was afraid to inform his father.
He had by this time five children : Veronica,
•b. 1773; Euphemia, b. 1774; Alexander,
b. 1775 ; James, b. 1778, and Elizabeth, b.
1780 ; besides two sons who died in infancy.
With such demands and difficulties due to his
occasional escapades, and loans to Temple,
he had some grounds for the hypochondria
•of which — as of all his personal peculiarities
— he was much given to boast. He en-
deavoured to be conciliatory to his father
even at the cost of drinking ' a large quan-
tity of strong beer to dull his faculties ' (Let-
ters to Temple, p. 216), but is vexed by the
thought that he had given to his father ' a
renunciation of his birthright,' and is thus
entirely dependent on his pleasure. After a
long discussion, however, in which Boswell
consulted Johnson and Lord Hailes, Lord
Auchinleck entailed his estate upon him,
7 Aug. 1776. (The preamble to the instru-
ment is printed in Rogers's 'Bos well,' p. 207.)

Boswell wished that heirs male should be
I preferred, however remote ; though he graci-
i ously observes that he holds that daughters
should always be treated with affection and
tenderness (note upon letter from Johnson,
> 15 Feb. 1776). During his father's life his
difficulties did not diminish, and Johnson
I had to protest against his borrowing money
I to visit London in the spring of 1782. In
the autumn of the same year he came into
an estate of 1,600?. a year by the death of
his father, 30 Aug. 1782, and proposed to
set up as a country gentleman. In Decem-
ber 1783 he writes to Johnson asking for
advice about resisting the unconstitutional
influence of Scotch peers, and the treatment
of old horses, and expressing his exultation
at having been twice elected presses at pub-
lic meetings by the gentlemen of the county.
He entertained some hopes of patronage
from Pitt, now coming into power, and tried
to bring himself into notice by a l Letter to
the People of Scotland on the Present State
of the Nation.' He attacks Fox's India Bill
and celebrates the virtue of Sir John, an ances-
tor of Lord Lowther (created Lord Lonsdale
May 1784), from whom he had some hopes
of support. He sends a copy to Johnson
8 Jan. 1784, and on 17 March put out an
address to the freeholders of Ayrshire
(printed in Rogers's ' Boswell/p. 133). On his
way to London he heard of the dissolution
of parliament, and returned to contest the
county, but retired on finding that the old
member would stand again. On reaching
London, Boswell found Johnson in precarious
health, and took an eager part in trying to
obtain such an addition to his friend's pen-
sion as would enable him to pass a winter in
Italy. The last meeting of the two was at
a dinner at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, where
the plan was discussed. Boswell started
next day for Scotland. Upon the death of
Johnson, Boswell set about printing his
' Journal of the Tour to the Hebrides,' which
had been frequently read by Johnson himself
during their journey. Johnson had objected
to the publication of this as an appendix to
his own narrative, being, as Boswell thought,
jealous of a partnership in fame (Letters to
Temple, p. 192), or more probably fearing
the ridicule which it was certain to provoke.
Whilst it was going through the press, a
sheet was seen by Malone, who thereupon
asked for an introduction to the writer, and
who revised it throughout, as he afterwards
did the life of Johnson. It appeared in the
spring of 1786 and reached a third edition
in the same year, when Rowlandson published
a series of caricatures, and Peter Pindar
satirised him in caustic rhymes. A refer-

FP2

Boswell

436

Boswell

ence to the meanness of Sir A. Macdonald,
who had entertained the travellers in Skye,
was softened in the second edition. A
* contemptible scribbler ' having ' impudently
and falsely asserted ' that the omission was
compulsory, Boswell emphatically denied
that he had ever received any application
from Macdonald (Gent. Mag. for 1786, p.
285). The scandal is repeated by Peter Pin- '
dar and by Dr. Rogers, but apparently with- :
out foundation. Meanwhile he proceeded
with his life of Johnson, which was an-
nounced as in preparation at the end of the
first edition of the ( Tour.' Many distractions
interfered with his labours. He issued in j
1786 another letter to the people of Scot-
land, protesting against a bill for recon-
structing the court of session. He boasts
of his previous achievements, and calls upon
Lord Lonsdale, l to come over and help
us.7 With Lonsdale's help he hoped to |
represent Ayrshire ; and, though he con- \
ceived himself still to have claims upon Pitt
— whose '• utter folly ' for not rewarding a
' man of my popular and pleasant talents ' !
he denounces in 1789 (Letters to Temple, pp.
275, 289) — and upon Dundas, he looks to
Lord Lonsdale as his patron. He still has >
hopes of getting in for Ayrshire by a com-
promise between the opposed parties. Bos-
well had been called to the English bar in
Hilary term 1786, and in 1788 (NiCHOLS.
Illustrations, vii. 309) obtained through
Lonsdale's influence the recordership of Car- j
lisle. In 1788 he was in London with his i
wife ; and in 1789 he took a house in Queen j
Anne Street West for 50/. a year, his wife
remaining at Auchinleck in bad health. He
is looking out for chambers in the Temple,
but admits that he gets no practice. He re-
solves to 'keep hovering as an English law-
yer/ but he speaks of the ' rough unpleasant
company ' on circuit, and complains of the
1 roaring bantering ' society. A legal tradi-
tion tells, not very credibly, how Boswell
was found drunk one night on the street and
instructed to move for a sham writ of
' quare adhcesit pavimento ' (Twiss, Life of
Eldon, vol. i. c. 6). He was in fact treated
as a butt for the horseplay of his companions.
His wife's health was breaking. During his j
last visit to his home he got drunk and was j
injured by a fall from his horse. He was j
summoned next morning to Lord Lonsdale, j
and his wife encouraged him to leave her. |
He heard soon afterwards in London that i
her position was dangerous, and posted to j
Auchinleck with his boys in sixty-four |
hours and a quarter only to find her dead. I
He was somewhat comforted by the nineteen j
carriages which followed her hearse ; but his i

grief was sincere and his position full of
discomfort. His brother David advised him
in vain to settle in Scotland. He resolved
to stay in London, sending his son Alexander
to Eton, James to a school in Soho, and after-
wards Westminster, and boarding his three
daughters in London, Edinburgh, and Ayr.
His connection with Lord Lonsdale came to-
a bad end. On 23 Aug. 1789 he notices
what seems to have been a practical joke
at Lowther Castle, some one having stolen
his wig. In June 1790 Lord Lonsdale in-
sulted him grossly, in ' a most shocking con-
versation,' and Boswell resigned his recorder-
ship , and hoped to get rid of all communication
with 'this brutal fellow.' His income of
1,600Z. was reduced by various outgoings to
850/., and allowing 500/. for his five chil-
dren, he had only 350/. for himself, which
was insufficient to keep him from difficulties.
He took chambers in the Temple, went the
home circuit, which was an improvement on
the northern, though he did not get a single
brief (Letters to Temple,^. 341), and cherished
the illusion that some ' lucky chance ' might
bring him a prize from ' the great wheel of
the metropolis ' (ib. pp. 268, 279). At intervals
matrimonial schemes amused him. But he
was mainly .' kept up ' by the * Life of John-
son ' (ib. p. 304), at which he was labouring
whenever he could find time, with the help
of Malone, and of which he announced in
February 1788 that it would be ' more of a
life than any work that has ever yet ap-
peared.' Mrs. Piozzi's ' Anecdotes ' appeared
in 1785, and Hawkins's ' Life ' in 1 787. He
was deeply injured, according to Miss Haw-
kins, by finding himself described in this as
* Mr. James Boswell ' instead of ' The Bos-
well.' Boswell met Hawkins on friendly
terms in 1788-9, but tells Temple (5 March
1789) that his rival is ' very malevolent. Ob-
serve how he talks of me as quite unknown/
In 1790 Boswell published two specimens of
his work — Johnson's letter to Chesterfield and
the conversation with George III — at half a
guinea apiece, perhaps to secure the copy-
right. The trouble of writing made him, as he
says, often think of giving it up. He had nearly
finished the rough draft in January 1789r
but the revision and printing proceeded
slowly. Pecuniary difficulties, owing partly
to a sanguine purchase of an estate for
2,500/., made him think of selling the copy-
right for 1,000/., and he tried to avoid this
by borrowing the money from Malone and
Reynolds. They declined ; but he succeeded
in raising the money elsewhere and retained
the copyright of his book (Letters to Malone,
published in CHOKER'S Johnsoniand), and
the magnum opus at last appeared in two-

Boswell

437

Boswell

4to volumes for two guineas on 16 May 1791.
The success was immediate. He tells Temple
on 22 Aug. that 1,200 out of 1,700 copies
were sold, and that the remainder might
be gone before Christinas. The second edi-
tion, with eight sheets of additional matter,
appeared in three 8vo volumes in July 1793.
In July 1791 Boswell was elected secretary
of foreign correspondence to the Royal Aca-
demy (LESLIE and TAYLOR, Reynolds, ii.
640). The success of his book must have
cheered Boswell, but he still complains, and
not without cause, of great depression. His
drinking habits seem to have grown upon
him. After a melancholy visit to Auchin-
leck in the spring of 1793 he was knocked
down and robbed of a small sum in June,
when in a state of intoxication ; and he says
(for the last time) that he will be henceforth
a sober, regular man. In the spring of 1795
he came home ' weak and languid ' from a
meeting of the Literary Club. His illness
rapidly proved dangerous, and he died in his
house at Great Portland Street on 19 May
1795. His. will (dated 28 May 1785) is
printed in Rogers's ' Boswell' (p. 183), and
is remarkable for the care taken to secure
kind treatment of his tenants. His manu-
scripts, it is said, were immediately destroyed.
[For his sons Alexander and James see BOS-
WELL, ALEXANDER and JAMES.] His daugh-
ter Veronica died of consumption on 26 Sept.
1795. Euphemia showed her father's eccen-
tricity in an exaggerated form. She left her
family, proposed to support herself by writing
operas, and made appeals for charity, being
under the delusion that her relatives neg-
lected her. She died at the age of about 60.
Elizabeth married her cousin William Bos-
well in 1799, and died on 1 Jan. 1814. The
entail, upon which Boswell had been so
much interested, was upset by his grandson,
Sir James, son of Sir Alexander, in 1850.

The unique character of Boswell is im-
pressed upon all his works. The many foibles
which ruined his career are conspicuous but
never offensive; the vanity which makes
him proud of his hypochondria and his sup-
posed madness is redeemed by his touching
•confidence in the sympathy of his fellows ; i
his absolute good-nature, his hearty appre- |
ciation of the excellence of his eminent con- '
temporaries, though pushed to absurdity, is '.
equalled by the real vivacity of his observa- j
tions and the dramatic power of his narrative. !
Macaulay's graphic description of his absur-
dities, and Carlvle's more penetrating appre-
ciation of his higher qualities, contain all
that can be said.

The most vivid account of Boswell's man-
ner when in company with Johnson is given

in Mme. d'Arblay's ' Memoirs of Dr. Bur-
ney,' and there are some excellent descrip-
| tions in later years in her ' Diary ' (v. 136,
\ 260). In spite of her perception of his ab-
j surdities and her irritation at the indiscreet
! exposures in the ' Life,' Miss Burney confesses
that his good-humour was irresistible. Burke
and Reynolds retained their friendship for
him through life. Reynolds wrote a curious
paper in which he defended the taste for seeing
executions, which he shared to some degree
I with Boswell. Boswell's presence at such
1 scenes is noted in his ' Life of Johnson,' and
an account from the ' St. James's Chronicle '
(April 1779) of his riding in the cart to Ty-
burn with the murderer Hickman may be
found in the third series of ' Notes and Queries '
(iv. 232).

A full-length sketch by Langton, engraved
in the ' Works,' gives a good idea of his ap-
pearance. There is also a pencil sketch by
Sir T. Lawrence engraved in Croker (vol. iv.)
A profile by Dance is engraved in Nichols's
| ' Illustrations ' (vii. 300). A portrait of
Kit-Kat size was painted by Reynolds in pur-
suance of a bargain proposed by Boswell
(7 June 1785), who undertakes to pay for it
from his first fees at the English bar. It
has been engraved ten times, and was exhi-
bited at the Grosvenor Gallery, 1884 (LESLIE
and TAYLOR, Life and Times of Reynolds,
ii. 477 ; and CROKER'S Preface}.

Boswell's works are as follows : 1. ' Ode
to Tragedy,' 1761. 2. 'Elegy upon the
Death of a Young Lady, with Commendatory
Letters from A. E[rskine], G. D[empster],
and J. B[oswell],' 1761. 3. Contributions
to ' Collections of Original Poems by Mr.
Blacklock and other Scotch Gentlemen,'
vol. ii., 1762. 4. ' The Cub at Newmarket,'

1762. 5. ' Letters between the Honourable
Andrew Erskine and James Boswell, Esq.,'

1763. 6. 'Critical Strictures on Mallet's
" Elvira " ' (by Erskine and Boswell). 7. ' An
Account of Corsica ; the Journal of a Tour
to that Island ; and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli,'
by James Boswell, 1768. 8. Prologue to
' The Coquettes,' at the opening of the Edin-
burgh Theatre, December 1767. 9. 'British
Essays in favour of the brave Corsicans, by
several hands, collected and published by
James Boswell,' 1769. 10. < The Essence of
the Douglas Cause,' 1767. 11. Contribu-
tions to the 'London Magazine,' including
an account of the Shakespeare Jubilee, Sep-
tember 1769, ' Remarks on the Profession of
a Player,' 1770 (reprinted in Nichols's ' Il-
lustrations,' vii. 368), and ' The Hypochon-
driack,' a series of twenty-seven articles in
the ' London Magazine ' from October 1777
to December 1779. 1 2. ' Doraneto ' (a story

Bos well

438

Boswell

founded on the Douglas cause), 1767. 13. 'De-
cision upon the Question of Literary Property
in the Cause of Hunter v. Donaldson/ 1774.

14. ' A Letter to the People of Scotland on
the Present State of the Nation,' 1783.

15. ' The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides
with Sam uelJohnson, LL.D., by James Bos-
well, Esq., containing some Poetical Pieces
by Dr. Johnson relative to the tour, and
never before published : a series of his Con-
versations, Literary Anecdotes, and Opinions
of Men and Books, with an authentick ac-
count of the Distresses and Escape of the
Grandson of King James II in the year 1746 '
(three editions in 1786). 16. 'A Letter to
the People of Scotland on the alarming At-
tempt to infringe the Articles of Union and
introduce a most pernicious innovation by
diminishing the number of the Lords of Ses-
sion/ 1786. 17. 'The Celebrated Letter
from Samuel Johnson, LL.D., to Philip
Darner Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, now
first published, with notes by James Bos-
well, Esq. ; ' and ' A Conversation between
His Most Sacred Majesty George III and
Samuel Johnson, LL.D., illustrated with ob-
servations by James Boswell, Esq./ both in
1790. 18. ' The Life of Samuel Johnson,
LL.D., comprehending an Account of his
Studies and numerous Works, in chronolo-
gical order ; a series of his Epistolary Cor-
respondence and Conversations with many
Eminent Persons : and various original pieces
of his composition never before published.
The whole exhibiting a view of literature
and literary men in Great Britain for more
than half a century during which he flourished,
in two volumes, by James Boswell/ 1791.
The principal corrections and additions to
the second edition were published separately
in 1793.

He also mentions as published in 1791
(RoGims's£oswell,173: and Letters to Temple,
p. 337) a poem upon the ' Slave Trade/ which
has disappeared.

Boswell died while preparing a third edi-
tion of the life of Johnson; the revision of
this edition was completed by Malone, who
superintended also the next three editions,
the last of which (the sixth of the work)
appeared in 1811. He introduced various
notes, distinguishing them from Boswell's
own work, and revised the text. In 1831
Croker published the eleventh edition, in
which many useful, together with many im-
pertinent notes, were added, and a great deal
of matter from Piozzi, Hawkins, and others
interpolated in the text. The whole ar-
rangement was severely criticised by Carlyle
and Macaulay in well-known essays. The
arrangement was altered in subsequent edi-

tions ; in an edition published in 1835, revised
and enlarged under Mr. Croker's direction by
John Wright, the passages interpolated by
Croker were removed to the ninth and tenth
volumes (fcap. 8vo), with the exception of the
t Tour to the Hebrides/ which still remained
in the body of the work. This edition and
the reprints were, till lately, the most con-
venient form of the life. In 1874 Mr. Percy
Fitzgerald republished the original text of
the first edition (without the division into
chapters afterwards introduced), with an in-
dication of the various changes made by
Boswell in the second edition. The ' Tour to
the Hebrides ' forms the last part of the third
(and concluding) volume. In 1884 an edi-
tion edited by the Eev. Alexander Napier
was published by Bell in five volumes, the
fourth containing the ' Tour to the Hebrides ; '
the fifth, the ' Collectanea Johnsoniana/ with
the journal of Dr. Campbell, not previously
published in England. An edition in four
volumes, edited by Mr. Birkbeck Hill, is now
(1885) advertised.

[A short memoir of Boswell by Malone is
given in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, ii. 400, re-
printed in the later editions of Johnson. The
fullest information about his life is given in his
•works as above, and in the following : Letters
of James Boswell to the Rev. W. J. Temple, now
first published from the original manuscripts, with
an introduction and notes, Bentley, 1857. This
consists of a series of letters, accidentally dis-
covered in a parcel of waste paper at Boulogne.
I They had been in the possession of Temple's son-
j in-law, who had settled in France (Notes and
Queries, 2nd ser. iii. 381), and are undoubtedly
genuine ; Boswelliana, the Commonplace Book of
James Bo&well, with a memoir and annotations by
the Rev. Charles Rogers, LL.D., and introductory
remarks by Lord Houghton, published for the
Grampian Club. The Commonplace Book was sold
with Boswell's library at London, and came into
the possession of Lord Houghton. In the ac-
companying biography Dr. Rogers has made use
of some unpublished materials. Part of the
Boswelliana had been published in the second
volume of the Miscellanies of the Philobiblon
Society.! L. S.

BOSWELL, JAMES, the younger (1778-
| 1822), barrister-at-law, second surviving son
of the biographer of Johnson [see BOSWELL,
JAMES], was born in 1778. He received his
early education at an academy in Soho Square
I and at Westminster School, and is spoken of
by the elder Boswell as l an extraordinary boy,
very much of his father/ who destined him for
the bar. Entered at Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, in 1797, he took his B. A. degree in 1801,
proceeding M.A. in 1806, and was elected a
fellow on the Vinerian foundation. While a
student at Brasenose he contributed notes

Boswell

439

Boswell

signed ' J. B. O.' to the third edition of his
father's life of Johnson, and afterwards care-
fully revised and corrected the text for the
sixth edition (see MALONE'S Prefaces). Called
to the bar of the Inner Temple, 24 May
1805, he was afterwards appointed a com-
missioner of bankrupts. He was intimate
from an early age with his father's friend
Malone [see MALONE, EDHTJND], whom he
assisted in collecting and arranging the ma-
terials for a second edition of his Shakespeare,
and was requested by him in his last illness
to complete it, a task which he duly performed.
He contributed to the f Gentleman's Maga-
zine ' for June 1813 a memoir of Malone,
which in 1814 he reprinted for private circu-
lation. One of the earliest members of the
Roxburghe Club, he presented to it in 1816 a
facsimile reprint of the poems of Richard
Barnfield, and in 1817 'A Roxburgh Gar-
land,' which consists of a few bacchanalian
songs by seventeenth-century poets, and of
which ' L'Envoi,' a convivial lyric in honour
of the club, was composed by himself. In
1821 appeared under his editorship what is
known as the third variorum ShaKespeare, j
' The Plays and Poems of William Shake-
speare, with the corrections and illustrations
of various commentators, comprehending a
life of the poet and an enlarged history of
the stage, by the late Edmund Malone, with
a new glossarial index,' 21 vols. Boswell
contributed a long preliminary ' advertise-
ment/ various readings and notes of no great
importance, with the completion of Malone's
1 Essay on the Phraseology and Metre of
Shakespeare ' and the Glossarial Index. The
collection of old English literature which
Malone left him to be used in the preparation
of this edition was presented to the Bodleian
by Malone's brother after Boswell's death. He
died suddenly at his chambers in the Temple,
unmarried and apparently in embarrassed cir- j
cumstances, on 24 Feb. 1822, a few weeks be- j
fore the death, in a duel, of his brother Sir ;
Alexander [q. v.], who in a poetical tribute j
to his memory said of him that he had ' never j
lost one friend or found one foe.' Lockhart
in his ' Life of Scott ' (edition of 1845, p. 477, j
note) describes Boswell as ' a man of con- ;
siderable learning, and of admirable social ,
qualities,' to whom, as to his brother Sir Alex- j
ander, Scott was ' warmly attached.' He be- ,
longed to the Albemarle Street circle of John j
Murray the publisher, who thought Boswell's
favourable opinion of the first series of ' Tales
of my Landlord' worth quoting to Scott,
Avith those of Hallam and Hookham Frere
(LOCKHART'S Scott, p. 338).

[Gent, Mag. for March 1822 ; Letters of James
Boswell addressed to the Rev. W. J. Temple,

1857 ; Boswelliana, the Commonplace Book of
James Boswell, 1871 ; Catalogue of Oxford Gra-
duates ; Catalogue of Early English Poets, col-
lected by E. Malone and now preserved in the
Bodleian Library, 1836 ; MS. Registers of Inner
Temple.] F. E.

BOSWELL, JOHN (1698-1756), author,
was descended from a Gloucestershire family,
and was born at Dorchester 23 Jan. 1698.
After attending the school at Abbey Milton
in Dorsetshire, under the Rev. George Marsh,
he proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, as a
commoner. Before taking his bachelor's degree
in 1720 he acted as tutor to Lord Kinnaird.
He subsequently went to Cambridge and took
his degree of M. A. at St. John's College. He
was ordained deacon at Oxford and priest at
Wells, and in 1727 was presented to the
vicarage of St. Mary Magdalene, Taunton.
He was also, from 1736, prebendary of Wells
Cathedral. He died in June 1756, aged 58.
There is a Latin inscription to his memory in
Taunton church.

He published the following works: 1. ' A
Sermon on Psalm xvi. 7, preached on the an-
niversary of the Restoration,' 1730. 2. ' A
Method of Study, or an Useful Library, in
two parts ; part i. containing short directions
and a catalogue of books for the study of
several valuable parts of learning, viz. geo-
graphy, chronology, history, classical learn-
ing, natural philosophy, &c. ; part ii. contain-
ing some directions for the study of divinity,
and prescribing proper books for that purpose/
vol. i. 1738, vol. ii. 1743, 8vo. The author
professed that his object in this work was to
assist the poor clergyman in his studies, and
to induce the young gentleman to look into
books. 3. ' Remarks on the Free and Candid
Disquisitions,' two pamphlets published in
1750andl751. 4. 'The Case of the Royal Mar-
tyr considered with Candour, or an Answer to
some Libels lately published in prejudice to
the memory of that Unfortunate Prince,' 1758,
8vo, two vols. The author's name is not at-
tached to this work. The authority for as-
scribing it to the vicar of Taunton is John
Nichols (Literary Anecdotes'). It is a reply
to two books published in 1746 and 1747 :
the first is a tract issued anonymously, but
written by G. Coade, jun., woolstapler of
Exeter, entitled ' A Letter to a Clergyman
relating to his Sermon on 30 Jan.,' and the
second, Thomas Birch's ' Enquiry ' into the
Earl of Glamorgan's negotiations with the
Irish catholics. It was written and designed
for the press in 1748, and announced for pub-
lication in 1754, but delayed apparently for
an extension, which, as stated on p. 220, vol.
ii., was left unfinished in consequence of the
author's death.

Boswell

440

Bosworth

[Some Account of the Church of St. Mary Mag-
dalene, Taunton, 1845, pp. 43, 49; Nichols's
Literary Anecdotes, ii. 507 ; Le Neve's Fasti, i.
208.] C. W. S.

BOSWELL, ROBERT (1746-1804),
psalmist, was a descendant of the Auchin-
leck family in Ayrshire, and a writer to the
signet in Edinburgh. Born in 1746, he
received a classical education, and having
early in life attached himself to the religious
opinions of the ' Glassites,' or * Sandemanians,'
he was chosen by the church in Edinburgh
to be one of their teaching elders. He was
on a visit to his friends in London, and
preached in their chapel there on Sunday,
1 April 1804. His text was ' All flesh is as
grass.' In the middle of the sermon he was
seized with illness and died in a few minutes.

* remonstrants.' In this matter, for political
reasons, he adopted the policy of Sir Dudley
Carleton, and supported Prince Maurice and
the Gomarists against Barneveldt and the
' remonstrants,' who advocated the more
liberal doctrines of Arminius. When the
civil w^ar broke out, Sir William's efforts
were directed towards preserving the neu-
trality of Holland, whose leanings were in
favour of the parliamentary party, and de-
spite the efforts of Walter Strickland, who
was sent over by Cromwell to counteract
his influence, was not altogether unsuccessful
in his mission.

Besides being a successful diplomatist, Sir
William was a man of letters and a scholar,
as is shown by his correspondence with John
de Laet, which touches upon subjects ranging

.

He was the author of a volume entitled ', from Oriental literature and the compilation

' '

'The Book of Psalms in Metre from the
Original, compared with many Versions in
different Languages,' London (J. Johnson),
1784; second edition, 1786. In his ' Prefatory
Notes '„ the author tells us he has adhered
chiefly to the version used by the church of
Scotland, and that he has compared 233
manuscript and 93 printed editions of the
Book of Psalms. The only Sandemanian
chapel mentioned in the census of 1851 was
near Barbican, with an attendance of 200
worshippers. It was here that Boswell died,
and Faraday officiated as elder.

[Holland's Records of Psalmists,! 843; Lo^ndes's
Bibliographer's Manual, 1857.] J. H. T.

BOSWELL, SIR WILLIAM (d. 1649),
^ diplomatist, was a native of Suffolk. He
\telu.-rr\<« was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge,
of which he was elected fellow in 1606. He
subsequently entered the diplomatic service,
and was appointed secretary to Sir Dudley
Carleton, then ambassador at the Hague, to
whose post he eventually succeeded, receiving
the honour of knighthood in 1633.

There is an interesting tract entitled ' A
True Narrative of the Popish Plot against
Kin Charles I and the Protestant Religion,'

of an Arab dictionary to Edward VI's treatise
' De Primatu Papae ' and Sir Simon d'Ewes's
Saxon vocabulary.

In the Additional MSS. in the British
Museum there are two large volumes of
letters addressed to Sir William Boswell
and a few written by him. The first volume
is mainly taken up with matters relating
to the state and condition of the English
church in the Netherlands, and includes
many letters from Stephen Goffe ; the second
volume contains the correspondence of John
de Laet, and comprises letters on theology
and literature, as well as on social and poli-
tical affairs. Sir William Boswell died in
1649.

[Tableau de 1'Histoire generale des Provinces-
Unies, 1777; Letters from and to Sir D. Car-
leton, 1775; Grrattan's History of the Nether-
lands, 1830 ; Add. MSS. 6394, 6395.] N. G.

BOSWORTH, JOSEPH, D.D. (1789-
1876), Anglo-Saxon scholar, was born in
Derbyshire in the early part of 1789. He
was educated at Repton grammar school,
and thence proceeded to the university of
Aberdeen, where at an early age he took the
degree of M.A., and subsequently that of

in which a scheme of the Jesuits to raise up j LL.D. He afterwards became a member of
Scotland and overthrow Charles I is de- ! Trinity College, Cambridge. He was or-
scribed, and details are given of how the I dained deacon in 1814, and priest in 1815.

Plot was discovered to Sir William Boswell ! After having served as curate of Bunny in
A 1 1. TT I... £-1 1 .1 -. TkT_j_ti 1 •!•_-_ I. - . • . 1 01 I-T _. L^J

by one Andreas ab Habernfeld, and commu-
nicated by the former to Archbishop Laud,
who immediately took steps to thwart the
conspiracy. On account of the prompti-
tude shown by Sir William in this affair he
was much commended by the king.

A large share of Sir William's attention

Nottinghamshire, he was in 1817 presented
to the vicarage of Little Horwood, in Buck-
inghamshire, a preferment which he held for
twelve years.

In 1821 Bosworth published two educa-
tional works entitled respectively: 'Latin Con-
struing, or Lessons from Classical Authors/

while ambassador at the Hague was taken | and l An Introduction to Latin Construing,'
up with the religious controversy at that the former of which went through six and
time raging between the Gomarists and the the latter through five editions. In 1823 ap-

Bosworth

441

Bosworth

peared his ' Elements of Anglo-Saxon Gram-
mar,' which was the earliest work of its
kind in the English language. Although this
grammar showed no more scientific know-
ledge of the structure of the language than
did the works of Hickes and Lye, from
which it was compiled, it rendered important
service in awakening amongst Englishmen
an interest in the earliest form of their native
tongue. In 1826 Bosworth published 'A
Compendious Grammar of the primitive Eng-
lish or Anglo-Saxon Language,' which is an
abridgment of the former work, with some
improvements. The author having become
acquainted with the epoch-making grammar
of Rask, he was able to correct several of
the most important errors of the original
' Elements,' though he seems very imperfectly
to have apprehended the philological dis-
coveries of the Danish scholar. »

During his residence at Little Horwood,
Bosworth took great interest in the mea-
sures then proposed for the diminution of
pauperism, and published several pamphlets
on this subject. In 1829 he became chap-
lain in Holland, first at Amsterdam, and
afterwards at Rotterdam. In 1831 the de-
gree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the
university of Leyden. He continued to
reside in Holland until 1840, making occa-
sional visits to England. In 1834 he took
at Cambridge the degree of B.D.,and in 1839
that of D.D. While in Holland Bosworth
was engaged in the preparation of his prin-
cipal work, the 'Anglo-Saxon Dictionary,'
which was published in 1838. Prefixed to
this dictionary are ' An Essay on the Origin
of the English, German, and Scandinavian
Languages and Nations' (reprinted sepa-
rately in 1848), and a sketch of Anglo-
Saxon grammar. The latter, which is con-
densed from Rask and Grimm, is well
arranged, and in general accurate ; but the
dictionary itself shows that the author had
only a very superficial acquaintance with the
new philology which had been founded by
the eminent men just named. Notwith-
standing, however, its extremely unscientific
character, and its many errors of detail (no
doubt due in part to the author's not having
had access to English public libraries), the
work was a great advance on any dictionary
previously existing. Amongst the other
works which Bosworth published during his
residence in Holland may be mentioned ' The
Origin of the Dutch, with a Sketch of their
Language and Literature ' (1836) ; ' Scandi-
navian Literature ' (1 839), and a translation of
the Book of Common Prayer into Dutch, the
copyright of which he made over to the So-
ciety for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

In 1840 Bosworth became vicar of Waith in
Lincolnshire, and in 1848 he published, under
the title of ' A Compendious Dictionary of
Anglo-Saxon,' an abridgment of his larger
work, omitting the references, but furnishing
many additional words and corrections. This
smaller dictionary has been several times

; reprinted : in 1852, 1855, 1859, and 1882.

! In 1855 he published an English translation
of King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of

j ' Orosius,' and also a facsimile of a portion of

1 the two manuscripts of this work, with a
literal English translation and notes. In
1857 he was presented to the rectory of
Water Shelford, in Buckinghamshire, and
was incorporated a member of Christ Church
College, Oxford. In 1858 he was appointed
Rawlinson Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Ox-
ford, and in the following year he issued an
edition of the Anglo-Saxon text of ^Elfred's

I ' Orosius.' His only subsequent publica-
tion of importance was an edition in parallel
columns of the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gos-
pels, and the versions of Wycliffe and Tyn-
dale.

Bosworth's works realised for him (accord-
ing to his own statement quoted in the
'Academy,' 10 June 1876) the sum of 18,0007.
In 1867 he gave to the university of Cam-
bridge 10,000/. to establish a professorship of
Anglo-Saxon.

After being appointed professor, Bosworth
resided either at Oxford or at his rectory of
Water Shelford. Until a few days before
his death, which occurred on 27 May 1876,
he was accustomed to work from nine in the
morning till six in the evening, his principal
task being the preparation of the new edition
of his larger dictionary, the publication of
which had been undertaken by the Claren-
don Press. He also left behind him a large
mass of annotations on the Anglo-Saxon
charters, which still remain unpublished.
Bosworth was a fellow of the Royal Society,
and a member of many learned societies both
at home and abroad. He was three times
married, but left no children.

After Bosworth's death the Anglo-Saxon
dictionary was committed by the delegates
of the Clarendon Press to the editorship of
Professor Toller, of Manchester, and the first
and second instalments of the new edition
appeared in 1882. Unfortunately the matter,
as prepared by the author, a considerable
portion of which had already been printed,
was very far behind the advanced philologi-
cal knowledge of the time, and the work
was received with general dissatisfaction,
especiallv as the long-standing announce-
ment of "its appearance had prevented the
preparation of any rival dictionary.

Bosworth

442

Boteler

[Athenaeum, 3 June 1876 ; Academy, 3 June •
and 10 June 1876 ; information from Prof. '
Earle; T. 0. Cockayne in The Shrine, 1864;
Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1875.] H. B.

BpSWORTH, WILLIAM (1607-1650 ?),
poetical writer, belonged to a family (whose
name is sometimes spelt Boxworth) of Box- i
worth, near Harrington, Cambridgeshire.
He wrote much poetry in his youth, but !
published nothing himself. He died about j
1650, and in the following year an admiring \
friend (R. C.) issued, with a dedication to '
John Finch, Bosworth's essays in poetry.
The volume bears the title, ' The Chast and j
Lost Lovers Lively shadowed in the persons
of Arcadius and Septa. ... To this is added
the Contestation betwixt Bacchus and Diana, I
and certain Sonnets of the Author to AVEOEA. !
Digested into three Poems by Will. Bosworth,
Gent.,' London, 1651. In the preface R. C. >
states that the author studied to imitate j
' Ovid's Metamorphosis,' ' Mr. Marlow in his j
Hero and Leander,' Sir Philip Sidney, and i
1 Mr. Edmund Spe[n]cer.' Five copies of i
verses signed respectively L. B., F[rancis]
L[ovelace], E[dmund] G[ayton], S. P., and
L. C., lament Bosworth's death. The chief
poem of the volume (the ' Historic of Area- j
dius and Septa,' in two books) is followed by
'Hinc Lachrimse, or the Avthor to Avrora'
— an appeal to Azile, a disdainful mistress,
verses ' to the immortall memory of the I
fairest and most vertuous Lady, the Lady |

,' and * to his dear Friend, Mr. John \

Emely, upon his Travells.' The first poem is
a very promising performance for a youth ot
nineteen, Bosworth's age at the date of its
composition. A portrait of Bosworth, ' set.
30, 1637 ' (engraved by G. Glover), is prefixed
to the volume.

[Corser's Collect, Anglo-Poetica, ii. 318-23; j
Eitson's Bibl. Anglo-Poet. ; Gent. Mag. Ixxxi. \
pt. ii. 124; Phillips's Theatrum Poetanun; j
Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus.]

S. L. L.

BOTELER. [See BUTLEE.]

BOTELER, EDWARD (d. 1670),
divine, was a fellow of Magdalene College,
Cambridge. On 8 April 1644 he was ejected
from his fellowship by the Earl of Manches-
ter. Before 1658 he became rector of Win-
tringham, Lincolnshire. He was a strong,
though not an active, royalist. On the re-
turn of Charles II he preached a rejoicing
sermon in Lincoln cathedral, and a similar
one at Hull, on occasion of the coronation.
He was made one of the king's chaplains.
On 29 Sept. 1665 he was installed in the
prebend of Southscarle, in Lincoln cathe-

dral ; this he exchanged on 12 Oct. 1668 for
the prebend of Leicester St. Margaret's in
the same. He died in 1670. He published
several sermons. The earliest seems to have
been ' The Worthy of Ephratah : represented
in a sermon at the funerals of Edmund, Earl
of Mulgrave, 21 Sept. 1658,' &c., 1659, 8vo
(text, Ruth iv. 11). Six others are enume-
rated by Watt.

[Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 151 :
Willis's Survey of Cathedrals, 1742, iii. 203,
237; Cole's MS. Athense Cantab. B. p. 70;
several of Boteler's sermons.] A. G.

BOTELER, NATHANIEL (ft. 1625-
1627), captain in the royal navy, is named in
different lists of this date as 'an able and expe-
rienced sea-captain' (State Papers, Charles I,
Dom. xxxii. 75, Ixv. 70). He took part in
the expeditions to Cadiz (GLANVILLE, Jour-
nal of the Voyage to Cadiz, Camden Society,
1883) and the Isle of R£ ; and at some later
period claimed to have f been a commander
in all our late actions abroad.' As he at the
same time maintained that i all such as are
to command as captains in any man-of-war
serving in his majesty's pay ought to be of
noble birth and education,' it must be pre-
sumed that he, in his own person, fulfilled
these conditions, though his relationship to
Lord Boteler cannot now be traced. At the
present day, however, his best claim to dis-
tinction is his having been the author of ' Six
Dialogues about Sea Services between aiiHigh
Admiral and a Captain at Sea' (1685, fcp.
8vo). This book contains a quaint and inte-
resting account of naval rules, customs, and
discipline existing in the time of Charles I, and
has a very real value to the student of naval
archaeology. The exact date to which it
refers does not appear, but lies probably be-
tween 1630-40 ; the publisher, Moses Pitt,
gives no further account of it than, 'Meet-
ing with this book in manuscript, and liking
well the contents thereof, I was encouraged
to undertake the printing of it.'

[Authorities cited above.] J. K. L.

BOTELER, WILLIAM FULLER (1777-
1845), commissioner of bankruptcy, was the
only son of William Boteler, F.S.A., of
Brook Street, Eastry, Kent, by his first wife
Sarah, daughter of Thomas Fuller, of Staten-
borough, Kent. He was born on 5 Jan. 1777,
and was educated, under Dr. Raine, at Char-
terhouse, and afterwards at St, John's College,
Cambridge. He was senior wrangler and
first Smith's prizeman for 1799, and in the
same year graduated B.A., and was elected
a fellow of St. Peter's College. He proceeded
M.A. in 1802, and having been admitted a
student of Lincoln's Inn on 19 Nov. 1801,

Boteville

443

Botfield

was called to the bar on 23 Nov. 1804. He
joined the home circuit, and also practised
'as an equity draftsman and conveyancer.
Though his advancement at the equity bar
was slow, he became eventually the leading
tithe lawyer of the day. In 1807 he became
recorder of Canterbury, and was subsequently
appointed recorder of Sandwich, Hy the, New
Romney, and Deal, also high steward of Ford-
wich. He was made a king's counsel in
Trinity term 1831, Avas raised to the bench
of his'lnn on 27 May in the same year, and
held the office of treasurer during the year
1843-4. On 16 Dec. 1844 he was appointed
senior commissioner of the district court of
bankruptcy at Leeds. He died on 29 Oct.
1845 from the effects of an operation necessi-
tated by the injuries which he had received
three days before in a railway accident at
Masborough. He married, on 29 Nov. 1808,
Charlotte, daughter of James Leigh Joynes,
of Mount Pleasant, near Gravesend, by whom
he had three sons and six daughters.

[Law Review (1845-6), iii. 327-34; Gent.
Mag. new ser. xxiv. 641-2 ; Annual Register
(1845), pp. 161-2, 307-8.] Gr. F. R B.

BOTEVILLE, WILLIAM. [See
THTNNE.]

BOTFIELD, BERIAH (1807-1863),
bibliographer, son of Beriah Botfield, of
Norton Hall, Northamptonshire, and Char-
lotte, daughter of William Withering, M.D.,
an eminent botanist, was born at Earl's Ditton,
Shropshire, on 5 March 1807. Botfield was
educated first at Harrow, where he subse-
quently established a medal for the encourage-
ment of the study of foreign languages, and
was finally prepared for the university at
Bitton, in Gloucestershire, by the Rev. H.
T. Ellacombe. He matriculated at Christ
Church, Oxford, in 1824, and took the degree
of B.A. in 1828. In 1831 he was pricked as
sheriff of Northamptonshire, a circumstance
which led to his publishing the poll-books
for the county from 1708 to 1831. He entered
upon parliamentary life as member for Lud- I
low on 23 May 1840, and retained his seat
until the dissolution of 1847, when he was
defeated. In 1857 he was again returned for
that borough, and sat until his death, which
occurred at his house in Grosvenor Square,
London, on 7 Aug. 1863. He married at Al-
berbury, in Shropshire, on 21 Oct. 1858,
Isabella, the second daughter of Sir Baldwin
Leighton.

In early life Botfield studied botany and
geology, but he aftenyards gave himself up
entirely to the charms of bibliography. He
was a member of a large number of lite-
rary and scientific societies. For a gift of

British minerals to the royal collection at
Dresden he was created a chevalier of the
order of Albert the Brave of Saxony. He
gave a collection of British birds to the
Natural History Museum at Brussels, and
was made a knight of the order of Leopold
of Belgium. For the Roxburghe Club he
edited (1841) the ' Manners and Household
Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and
Fifteenth Centuries ; ' for the Maitland Club
(1842) John Row's < History of the Bark of
Scotland, 1558-1637;' for the Abbotsford
Club (1847) < Buke of order of Knyghthood,
translated from the French of Sir Gilbert
Hay ; ' for the Bannatyne Club a volume
(1851) of ' Original Letters on Ecclesiastical
Affairs of . Scotland, chiefly written by or
addressed to James VI, 1603-25 ; ' and for
the Surtees Society (1840) the * Catalogues
of the Library of Durham Cathedral.' To
the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' 1834, pt. i. 236-
246, he contributed an account of the books
in the library presented by George IV to
the British Museum; to the ' Philobibloii
Miscellany' a catalogue of the minister's
library in the Collegiate Church at Tong,
some account of the first English Bible, re-
marks on the prefaces to the first editions of
the classics, on early English books on vellum,
and on libraries and notices of libraries — most
of which papers were afterwards issued sepa-
rately; and to the 'Archseologia' a descrip-
tion of the Roman villa on Borough Hill,
near Norton. He set up a private printing-
press at Norton Hall, and among the works
which he printed there was an anonymous
' Journal of a Tour through the Highlands
of Scotland ' (1830). Thirty-five copies were
struck off in 1843 for private circulation of
his ' Stemmata Botevilliana. ' This was much
enlarged and presented to the general public
in 1858 as an account of the family of Bote-
ville or Botfield, and of every one connected
with them. The issue of ' Bibliotheca
Hearneiana — excerpts from the Catalogue of
the Library of Thomas Hearne ' (1848) was
at first limited to twenty-five copies for pri-
vate distribution. Itwas afterwards reprinted
in the ' Reliquiae Hearnianae' (1869 ed.), 272-
318. Botfield's address, at Shrewsbury on
6 Aug. 1860, as president of the British
Archaeological Association, was published,
with many plates, under the title of ' Shrop-
shire, its History and Antiquities.' The best-
known of all his works is the ' Notes on
Cathedral Libraries of England,' 1849. It
contains much information on these little-
known book-collections. His collection of
pictures is described in a catalogue printed
in 1848. His library was rich in first edi-
tions of the classics.

Bothwell

444

Bothwell

[Morris's Thynne or Botfield Family, 23 ;
Stemmata Botevilliana, 84-7, 156, App. 33, 479-
496; Gent. Mag. (1863), pt. ii. 645-7; Men of
the Time, 1862 ed.J W. P. C.

BOTHWELL, ADAM (1527 ?-l 593),
. bishop of Orkney, was second son of Francis
Bothwell, lord of session, by his wife Janet,
daughter and coheiress of Patrick Richard-
son, of Meldrumsheugh, burgess of Edin-
burgh. He was born in or about 1527, since
his epitaph states that he died ' anno setatis
miae 67.' Of his early life there is no record.
He is said to have been versed both in canon
and in civil law. He first appears in history
in connection with the see of Orkney, which
had become vacant by the , death of Robert
Reid, who died at Dieppe, 6 Sept. 1558, on his
way home after attending, as a commissioner,
the marriage of Mary with Francis the Dau-
phin. On 11 (GRUB) or 14 (HEW SCOTT) Oct.
1559, Bothwell was put in possession of the
temporalities of the vacant see of Orkney.
It cannot be said that he did anything to
carry on the work of Reid. He placed him-
self a few years later on the side of the pro-
testant party; but there is no reason to
suppose that he had much interest in the
reforming movement as such, or in the mi-
nistry for its own sake. His career is essen-
tially that of one who trimmed his sails to
suit the winds of fortune. He was not,
however, a merely ' tulchan bishop.' He was
duly elected by the new chapter of Orkney,
constituted by' charter on 28 Oct. 1544 (con-
firmed 30 June 1545) through the wise ex-
ertions of his predecessor. Mary confirmed
his appointment to the see on 8 Oct. 1562.
This of itself may be taken as proof that he
was in Roman orders. He was probably con-
secrated, as he says (CALDERWOOD, ii. 531) that
he was ' according to the order then observed,
provided to the bishoprick of Orkney ; ' the
date he gives is 1558, which is possibly that
of his election by the chapter. More to his
taste, probably, than administering the affairs
of a diocese was the exercise of the duties of
his next piece of preferment. On 14 Jan.
1563 he was made an extraordinary lord of
session ; as he puts it, he was required by
the queen to accept the office ; the instru-
ment of his appointment contains, for the
first time, the clause, ' provided always ye
find him able and qualified for administra-
tion of justice, conform to the acts and sta-
tutes of the college of justice.' He began,
however, to take part in ecclesiastical af-
fairs. We find him at both the half-yearly
meetings of the general assembly in 1563
(opened 25 June at Perth, and Christmas
day at Edinburgh). At Perth he received a
commission, for a year only, to plant within

the bounds of his diocese kirks, &c. At the
Edinburgh meeting, memorable for the first
communication (on a case of restitution of
conjugal rights) addressed* by the assembly
to the English archbishops, Bothwell AYR'S
made one of the commissioners for revising
the Book of Discipline. He was not present
at the meetings of assembly in 1564 ; at the
December meeting (at which the use of the
Book of Common Order was enjoined upon
all ministers) ' it was demanded .by some
brethrein ' whether the commissioner of
Orkney (so he is called) ' might both duelie
exerce the office of a superintendent and
office of a Lord of the Colledge of Justice.'
The decision was referred to 'the superin-
tendent of the bounds where the questioun
ariseth [i.e. the superintendent of Lothian],
and a certane number of ministers within his
bounds, as he sail choose to assist him.'
Apparently the decision was given in the
affirmative, for on 13 Nov. 1565 Bothwell
was promoted to be an ordinary lord of
session. At the June assembly in 1565,
I Bothwell was one of a committee to decide
certain ecclesiastical questions. They de-
cided inter alia that no minister should be a
pluralist unless able personally to discharge
the accumulated duties, and * providing he
be sufficientlie answered of one stipend,' a
rather ambiguous loophole. The same com-
mittee declined to order parish ministers to
keep registers of deaths, on the ground that
' none or few of the ministrie had manses or
gleebes for residence.' At the December
meeting Bothwell was not present. He at-
tended both meetings of assembly in 1566 :
at the December meeting, which approved
the Helvetic Confession, Bothwell was on a
committee which decided that protestant
communicants who should become witnesses
at the private celebration of baptism by a
' papisticall preest ' should lie under church
censure. He was also one of those appointed
to revise the answer to Bullinger, l tuiching
the apparell of preachers in England.' This
appears to be Bothwell's last attendance as
a member of the assembly. We next meet
him on the occasion which alone is enough
to make him a conspicuous person in history.
On 15 May 1567 Mary was married to James
Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, who on 12 May
had been created duke of Orkney. The banns
had been proclaimed, much against his will,
by John Craig, minister of Edinburgh. The
marriage was celebrated, after the protestant
form, by the Bishop of Orkney, in the council
chamber at Holyrood House. Calderwood
says that ' the Bishop of Orkney, at the mar-
iage, made a declaratioun of the Erie of
Bothwell his repentance for his former offen-

Bothwell

445

Bothwell

sive life ; how lie had joined himself to the
Kirk, and embraced the reformed religioun ; '
he adds, 'but they were maried the same
day, in the morning, with a masse, as was
reported by men of credits.' The authorities
for this statement are Birrell's diary, which
says that the marriage was performed by the
Bishop of Orkney in the Chapel Royal ; Mur-
ray's diary, which affirms that it was cele-
brated ' efter baith the sortis of the kirkis,
reformit and unreformit ; ' and the repre-
sentation of the confederate barons that it
was ' accomplished in baith the fashions.'
Malcolm Laing, who discusses the point,
considers that * the reformed bishop was
not so scrupulous as to refuse to officiate
privately in his former capacity,' and argues
that ' the improbability that Mary would
acquiesce in a protestaiit marriage, is alone
sufficient to refute the assertion' in the diary
of Melville (who witnessed the protestant
marriage) that the ceremony was not per-
formed in the chapel at the mass, as was the
king's marriage. Burton, who speaks of the
Bishop of Orkney as ' a convert or an apostate,
according to the estimate people formed of
his sincerity,' says nothing of a double mar-
riage, rejects the account which places the
ceremony in the Chapel Royal, and thinks
'the probability lies with the other authorities '
who describe it as taking place in the council
chamber, * strictly in the protestant form.'
Mary's abdication soon followed, on 24 July ;
and on the 29th, at Stirling, her son (born
19 June 1566, baptised 'Charles James'
17 Dec., according to the Roman rite) was
crowned and anointed by the Bishop of
Orkney. ' Mr. Knox and other preachers,'
says Calderwood, ' repyned at the ceremonie
of anointing, yitt was he anointed.' On
25 Dec. the general assembly delated in his
absence ' Adam, called bishop of Orkney,' on
four charges. He had not lately visited ' the
kirks of his countrie ;' he ' occupyedthe rowme
of a Judge in the Sessioun; ' he ' reteaned in
his companie Francis Bothwell, a Papist,
upon whom he had bestowed benefices ; ' and
he had ' solemnized the mariage betwixt the
queene and the Erie of Bothwell.' He ap-
peared on the 30th; excused himself from
residence in Orkney on account of the climate
and his health; and denied that he knew
F.Bothwell was a papist. For solemnising the
royal marriage, 'contrarie an act made against
the mariage of the divorced adulterer,' the
assembly deprived him of all function in the
ministry till such time as he should satisfy
the assembly ' for the slaunders committed
by him.' However, on 10 July 1568, the
assembly restored him to the ministry, did
not renew his commission to superintend the

diocese of Orkney ; but ordered him, as soon
as his health permitted, to preach in the
Chapel Royal (' kirk of Halyrudhous '), and
after sermon confess his offence in the matter
of the ill-fated marriage. He had probably
had enough of his Orkney diocese, which he
only visited twice; on the second occasion he
was wrecked on a sandbank. In 1570 he ex-
changed the greater part of the temporalities of
the see with Robert Stewart, natural brother
to Queen Mary, for the abbacy of Holyrood
House. His own account of the matter, in
his defence to the assembly in March 1570,
is that ' Lord Robert violentlie intruded him-
self on his whole living, with bloodshed, and
hurt of his servants ; and after he had craved
justice, his and his servants' lives were sought
in the verie eyes of justice in Edinburgh, and
then was constrained, of meere necessitie, to
tak the abbacie of Halyrudhous, by advice of
sundrie godlie men.' He still retained the
title of the bishop of Orkney, and added to it
that of abbot of Holyrood House. He wa&
present at the election of John, earl of Mar,
as regent, by the parliament at Stirling, on
5 Sept. 1571 ; and he was one of the com-
missioners appointed by the regent and privy
council at the Leith convention, on 16 Jan.
1572, to frame a revised ecclesiastical settle-
ment. The result of their labours ' is remark-
able,' says Grub, ' for its general resemblance
to the external polity of the Church, as it ex-
isted before the Reformation in Scotland, and
as it was at that time sanctioned by law in
England.' In accordance with the new policy
Bothwell was appointed on 3 Nov. 1572 one
of the consecrators of James Boyd as arch-
bishop of Glasgow. In 1578, shortly before
the fall of Morton (12 March), Bothwell was
imprisoned in Stirling Castle, for protesting
against that regent's measures. He was
quickly liberated, and became one of the
council of twelve who formed the provisional
government, overthrown on 10 June. Four
years passed, and in October 1582 the general
assembly appointed Andrew Melville and
Thomas Smeaton to confer with the bishop of
Orkney on his having ceased from the exercise
of the ministry. He pleaded age (he was
about fifty-five), weakness of memory, and
continual sickness ; and alleged that his pre-
ferment was scarce worth 500 merks (under
28/. sterling) at his entry. The assembly
evidently had their doubts about the case,
for they directed the Edinburgh presbytery
to try his ability, to appoint him to a par-
ticular flock, if he were fit for it, and 'to tak
order with anie other complaints that sould
be givin in against him ' before the next
assembly. The next assembly appointed a
fresh commission upon him ; but, after the

Bothwell

446

Bott

king's escape from the restraint which fol-
lowed the raid of Ruthven, the power of the
assembly was abated, and the king protected
the bishops. Bothwell was one of the lords
of the articles at the parliament in May 1584,
the reactionary parliament which re-esta-
blished episcopal rights ' flatt contrare the
determinatioun of the kirk.' His later years
seem to have been spent in quiet and comfort.
By royal charter he received the baronies of
Whitekirk (11 March 1587) and Brighouse
(3 Aug. 1592). He died 23 Aug. 1593, and
was buried near the high altar of the Chapel
Royal at Holyrood House. Appended to his
epitaph, on a tablet fixed to the third south
pillar from the east end, are some fulsome
elegiacs, subscribed M. H. R. (Master Her-
cules Rollock). He married Margaret, daugh-
ter of John Murray, of Toucliadam, by whom
he had (1) John, lord of session, commen-
dator of Holyrood, advanced to the peerage
of Scotland, 20 Dec. 1607, as Baron Holy-
roodhouse, the district belonging to the abbey
being erected into a temporal lordship in his
favour ; (2) Francis, of Stewarton, Peebles-
shire ; (3) William ; (4) Jean, married Sir
William Sandilands, of St. Monans.

[Keith's Cat. of Scottish Bishops, 1824 ; Hew
Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ; Lord Hailes's Cat.
of Lords of Session, 1798 (embodied in Tracts
relative to Hist, and Antiq. of Scot, 1800);
Calderwood's Hist, of the Kirk of Scot., ed.
Thompson, 1843, vols. ii., iii., iv. ; Laing's Hist,
of Scot., 1804, i. 90 ; Grub's Eccl. Hist, of Scot.,
1861, vol. ii. ; Burton's Hist, of Scot., 1867, iv.
391 ; Mackie's Hist, of Holyrood House, new ed.
1829.] A. G-.

BOTHWELL, EAKLS OF. [See HEP-
BURN.]

BOTLEY, SAMUEL (1642-1696?),
stenographer, published ' Maximum in Mini-
mo, or Mr. Jeremiah Richs Pens Dexterity
compleated, with the whole terms of the
Lawe,' London [1674?], 8vo[1695 ?], [1697 ?],
12mo. These books are printed throughout
from beautifully engraved copper-plates.
There are two portraits prefixed, one of Rich,
the other of Botley.

[Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), v.
345, 346 ; Lewis's Hist. Account of Stenography,
96 ; Rockwell's Teaching, Practice, and Litera-
ture of Shorthand, 70 ; Cat. of Printed Books in
British Museum.] T. C.

BOTOLPH or BOTULF (d. 680), saint,
according to a life found by Mabillon, and at-
tributed by him to Folcard, abbot of Thorney
soon after the Conquest, was born of noble
parents early in the seventh century, and
brought up as a Christian. He was sent with

his brother Adulf to Germany to be more
fully instructed in religion, where they be-
came monks of the order of St. Benedict.
Adulf or St. Adolph is said to have become
bishop of Utrecht, although no such name
occurs in the succession of the diocese.
Botulf returned to England, and having been
recommended to the favour of ^Ethelmund,
an unknown king of the South Angles, by
the two sisters of that prince, who were re-
ceiving instruction in religious discipline in
the monastery of Avhich Botulf was an in-
mate, he obtained from JEthelmund a site on
which to erect a monastery. This he began
to build in 654 {Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) at
Ikanho. The situation of this monastery is
now uncertain. It is generally supposed to
have been on the river Witham, on which
stands the town of Boston, the church of
which is dedicated to St. Botolph, and whose
name is an abbreviated form of Botolph's town.
He is said to have died in 680, and was com-
memorated on 17 June. His relics were dis-
tributed by ^Ethel wold, bishop of Winchester,
963-84, amongst the monasteries of Ely, West-
minster, and Thorney. Ten churches in Nor-
folk, and more than fifty in England, are
dedicated to him.

[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ; Folcard's Vita Sancti
Botulfi ; Mabillon's Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S.
Benedicti, 1734 (iii. i. 1-7); Leland's Itinerary,
and De Rebus Britannicis Collectanea; Willis's
History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbeys. &c.,
London, 1718 ; Sir T. D. Hardy's Descriptive
Catalogue of Materials relating to the History
of Great Britain and Ireland, i. 373-5.]

A. H. G.

BOTONER, WILLIAM (1415 ?-1490 ?).
[See WOKCESTER.]

BOTT, THOMAS (1688-1754), divine,
was born at Derby in 1688. His father was
' a mercer ; his grandfather had been a parlia-
mentary major. He was brought up for the
dissenting ministry, but after some experi-
ence of preaching went to London to study
medicine, and then took orders, and ob-
tained the rectory of Whinburgh, in Norfolk,
through Lord Macclesfield's interest. In
1724 he published a discourse to prove that
' peace and happiness in this world' was 'the
immediate design of Christianity.' A defence,
of this followed in 1730. In 1725 he at-
tacked Wollaston's peculiar mode of deducing
morality from truth, and in 1730 published a
sermon called ' Morality founded in the Reason
of Things.' In 1734 Mr. Long gave him the
rectory of Spixworth, which he held, with
the neighbouring parish of Croftwick, till
his death. In 1738 he preached a sermon,
on 30 Jan., upon the duty of doing as we

Bott

447

Bottisham

would be done by, observing only, by way of
application, that if both parties had fulfilled
this duty Charles would not have lost his
head. In the same year he attacked Butler's
' Analogy' [see BUTLER, JOSEPH]. In 1739
he married Rebecca, daughter of Edmund
Britiffe, of Hunworth. In 1743 he pub-
lished his chief work, ' An Answer to the
Rev. Mr. Warburton's Divine Legation,' &c.,
in which he censures Warburton for making
morality dependent upon the command of a
superior being. In 1747 Mr. Harbord pre-
sented him to the living of Edgefield, Nor-
folk, in gratitude for his hindrance of a
* ridiculous and pernicious match in the
family.' His whole ecclesiastical income,
however, was only 200/. a year. His health
broke in 1750, and he died 23 Sept. 1754 at
Norwich. He was a choleric but kindly
man, a follower of Hoadly, a friend of
Clarke, and a thorough whig. He left one
son, Edmund Bott, afterwards of Christ-
church, Hampshire, who was a fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge.

[Life in Biog. Brit, by Kippis, who married
his niece, with information from his son and Dr.
Flexman.] L. S.

BOTT, THOMAS (1829-1870), china
painter, was born near Kidderminster, and
Drought up to his father's business of making
spade handles. Disliking this occupation he
took to drawing. His first employment was
in a glass factory. He went to Birmingham
and managed to subsist for two or three years
as a portrait painter. From Birmingham he
went in 1852 to Worcester, and became one
of the principal artists of the Royal Porcelain
Works. ' In that year Mr. Binns introduced
what is known as the Worcester enamel. Mr.
Bott made the first trials, and ultimately suc-
ceeded in giving the enamel the very impor-
tant character it has since assumed. The
queen and the late prince consort were great
patrons of his work, which also was selected
for presentation to the Princess of Wales, the
Countess of Dudley, and the Countess Beau-
champ, on their marriages. There is now in
the South Kensington Museum one of his best
works. . . . Mr. Bott was for many years a
constant student at the School of Art, and
gained many prizes ' ( Worcester Journal,
17 Dec. 1870). Mr. Jewitt speaks of his work
in terms of the highest praise (Hist, of Ceramic
Art in Great Britain, pp. 143-4 and 150).
A pair of his vases, he says, still in the hands
of the Worcester Company, is valued at
1,500/. For his work in this ' Worcester
enamel ' Bott obtained distinction at Paris in
1855, and in London in 1862. He was at-
tacked with paralysis in the beginning of

1809, and was unable to work from that time
till his death on 13 Dec. 1870.

[Redgrave's Artists of the Eng. School;
Jewitt's Hist, of the Ceramic Art in Great
Britain, 1883; Berrow's Worcester Journal
17 Dec. 1870.] E. R. '

BOTTETOURT, JOHN DE (d. 1324),
baron and admiral, was governor of St. Bria-
vel's Castle and warden of the Forest of Dene.
In 1294 he commanded the fleet supplied by
Yarmouth and the neighbouring coast, and

: the next year burnt Cherbourg. He served in

i the expeditions of Edward I to Gascony and
Scotland. Having married Maud, sister and
heiress of Otto, the son and heir of Beatrice
Beauchamp, widow of William of Munchensi,
lord of Edwardston, he came into the estates
of his mother-in-law. In 1304 he received
a commission under the great seal to hear
and determine the causes of a violent quarrel
between the mayor and burgesses of Bristol
and Lord Thomas of Berkeley and his son
Maurice. He was summoned to parliament
from 1305 to 1324. He joined Guy Beau-

! champ, earl of Warwick, in carrying off Piers
Gaveston from the custody of the Earl of

j Pembroke, and, in common with the other
nobles concerned in the death of the favourite,
made his peace with the king in 1313. The
next year he commanded the fleet employed
in the expedition against Scotland. When a
new permanent council was appointed in 1318,
his name was added in parliament to those
already agreed upon. He died in 1324, leav-
ing his grandson John his heir, his son
Thomas having died before him.

I [N. Trivet, 391, Eng. Hist. Soc. ; T. Walsing-
ham, i. 47, Rolls Ser. ; Liber de Antiqq. Legg.
252, Camden Soc. ; Smyth's Lives of the Berke-
leys; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 46; Courthope's
Historic Peerage, 60 ; Banks's Extinct and
Dormant Baronage, ii. 53.] W. H.

BOTTISHAM or BOTTLESHAM,
WILLIAM OF(d. 1400), bishop of Rochester,
was a Dominican, D.D., and fellow of Pem-
broke College, Cambridge, and, it would
seem, a preacher in high repute with King
Richard II. In 1382 he was present at the
council of Blackfriars in London, under the
style of ' episcopus Nanaten[sis]/ but the
designation is doubtful. Wilkins (Concilia
Magnce Britannia, iii. 158) proposed the
emendation ' Landaven[sis],' which is im-
possible for chronological reasons. There is
considerable confusion about the bishops of
Nantes at this time (see BALUZE, Vita Pa-
parum Avenion. i. 943, Paris, 1693) ; and
there is an interval between 1382 and 1384
during which Bottisham may have been
bishop : but Dr. Stubbs (Registrum sacrum

Bottisham

448

Bottisham

Anglicamtm, p. 144), following Strype (Me-
morials of Cranmer, p. 36, ed. 1694), reads
the title as ' Navatensis,' which he translates
1 Pavada.' Bottisham is next mentioned in
1385 with the title of bishop of Bethlehem ;
but here too his name does not appear in the
regular series printed in ' Gallia Christiana,'
xii. 686 et seqq. Still it was certainly as
bishop of Bethlehem that he was translated
in the following year to the see of Llandaff ;
whence finally, in 1389, he was translated
to that of Kochester. Both these latter ap-
pointments were made by papal provision,
and the last expressly in consideration of his
fidelity to Urban VI during his troubles at
Nocera in 1385. The bishop died in Febru-
ary 1399-1400, and was succeeded by John
of Bottisham. Between these two prelates

a natural confusion has arisen. Walsingham
and Bale call both ' John,' and it is probably
to some such cause that we are to attribute
the notice cited by Tanner (Biblioih. Brit.-
Hib. s. v.), which makes William a Carmelite
instead of a Dominican. A Nicholas Bot-
tisham died prior of the Carmelite house at
Cambridge in 1435. William's works consist
wholly of sermons and scholastic compila-
tions.

[Walsingham's Hist. Anglic, ii. 124, 180 seq.,
248, ed. H. T. Riley, 1864, Rolls Series ; Fasci-
culi Zizaniorum, p. 498 ; Rymer's Foedera, vii.
478 ; Bale's Script. Brit. Catal. vi. 70 ; Le Neve's-
Fast. Eccl. Anglic, ii. 247, 565, ed. Hardy;
Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum, i. 71 7 ;
Le Keux's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 56, ed.
Cooper, 1856.] '^J R. L. P.

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