DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

FINCH FORMAN

.TV

\j

DICTIONARY ,•'"

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

EDITED BY

LESLIE STEPHEN

VOL. XIX.
FINCH FORMAN

MACMILLAN AND CO,

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1889

28

fe° -,

b / 1 4 f

LIST OF WEITEES

IN THE NINETEENTH VOLUME.

0. A OSMUND AIRY.

J. G. A. . . J. Or. ALGER.

T. A. A. . . T. A. ARCHER.

G-. F. E. B. G-. F. EUSSELL BARKER.

T. B THOMAS BAYNE.

W. B-E. . . WILLIAM BAYNE.
Gr. T. B. . . Gr. T. BETTANY.

A. C. B. . . A. C. BICKLEY.

B. H. B. . . THE EEV. B. H. BLACKER.

W. Gr. B. . . THE EEV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE,D.D.

G-. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE.

E. T. B. . . Miss BRADLEY.

J. B-N. . . . THE EEV. JOHN BROWN.

A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN.

J. B-Y. . . . JAMES BURNLEY.

E. C-N. . . . EDWIN CANNAN.

H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTER.

A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE.

W. C-E. . . WALTER CLODE.

S. C SIDNEY COLVIN.

J. C THE EEV. JAMES COOPER.

T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.

C. H. C. . . C. H. COOTE.

W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY.

C. C CHARLES CREIGHTON, M.D.

M. C THE EEV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.

L. C. , . LIONEL GUST.

C. H. D. . . C. H. DERBY.
R. D EGBERT DUNLOP.

F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.

L. F Louis FAGAN.

A. E. M. F. THE EEV. A. E. M. FINLAYSON.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.

B. Q1 ElCHARD GrARNETT, LL.D .

J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.
E. C. K. Gr. E. C. K. GONNER.

G. Gr GORDON GOODWIN.

A. G THE EEV. ALEXANDER GORDON.

W. A. G. . . W. A. GREENHILL, M.D.

J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.

T. H THE EEV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D.

E. H EGBERT HARRISON.

W. J. H. . . PROFESSOR W. JEROME HARRISON.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
E. H-R. . . THE EEV. EICHARD HOOPER.
W. H. ... THE EEV. WILLIAM HUNT.

B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.
T. E. K. . . T. E. KEBBEL.
J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.

J. K. L. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON.

S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE.

H. E. L. . . THE EEV. H. E. LUARD, D.D.

G. P. M. . . G. P. MACDONELL.

W. D. M. . THE EEV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.

VI

List of Writers.

F. W. M.. . PROFESSOR F. W. MAITLAND.
J. A. F. M. J. A. FULLER MAITLAND.
C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN, F.S.A.

F. T. M. . . F. T. MARZIALS.

L. M. M. . . MlSS MlDDLETON.

C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE.

N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.

J. B. M. . . J. BASS MULLINGER.

T. 0 THE EEV. THOMAS OLDEN.

J. 0 JOHN ORMSBY.

J. H. 0. . . THE REV. CANON OVERTON.

H. P HENRY PATON.

J. F. P.. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D.

G. G. P. . . THE REV. CANON PERRY.

N. P, . . . . THE REV. NICHOLAS POCOCK.
R. L. P. . . R. L. POOLE.
J. M. R. . . J. M. RIGG.

C. J. R.. .
J, H. R. .
G. B. S. .
G. W. S. .
L. S. . . .
H. M. S. .
C. W. S. .
E. C. S. .
H. R. T. .
T. F. T. .

E. V. . . .
R. H. V. .
A. V. ...
M. G. W..

F. W-T. .
W. A. W.
W. W. .

. THE REV. C. J. ROBINSON.
. J. HORACE ROUND.
. G. BARNETT SMITH.
. THE REV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D.
. LESLIE STEPHEN.
. H. MORSE STEPHENS.
. C. W. SUTTON.
. Miss SUTTON-.
. H. R. TEDDER.
. PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
. THE REV. CANON VBNABLKS.
. COLONEL VETCH, R.E.
. ALSAGER VIAN.
. THE REV. M. G. WATKINS.
. FRANCIS WATT.
. W. ALDIS WRIGHT, LL.D.
. WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A.

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

Finch

Finch

FINCH, ANNE. [See CONWAY,
VISCOUNTESS, d. 1679.]

FINCH, ANNE, COUNTESS OP WINCHIL-
SEA (d. 1720), poetess, was the daughter of
Sir William Kingsmill of Sidmonton, near
Southampton, and the wife of Heneage Finch,
second son of Heneage, second earl of Win-
chilsea [q. v.] Her husband succeeded to the
title as fourth earl on the death of his nephew
Charles in 1712. Finch was gentleman of the
bedchamber to James II when Duke of York,
and his wife maid of honour to the second
duchess. Anne Finch was a friend of Pope,
of Rowe, and other men of letters. Her most
considerable work, a poem on ' Spleen/ written
in stanzas after Cowley's manner, and pub-
lished in Gildon's ' Miscellany,' 1701, inspired
Howe to compose some verses in her honour,
entitled ' An Epistle to Flavia.' Pope ad-
dressed ' an impromptu to Lady Winchilsea '
(Miscellanies, 1727), in which he declared
that ' Fate doomed the fall of every female
wit' before < Ardelia's' talent. She replied
by comparing ' Alexander' to Orpheus, who
she said would have written like him had he
lived in London. The only collected edition
of her poems was printed in 1713, containing
a tragedy never acted, called ' Aristomenes,
or the Royal Shepherd,' and dedicated to
the Countess of Hertford, with ' an Epi-
logue to [Rowe's] Jane Shore, to be spoken
by Mrs. Oldfield the night before the poet's
day ' (printed in the General Dictionary, x. 178,
from a manuscript in the countess's posses-
sion). Another poem, entitled ' The Prodigy,'
written at Tunbridge Wells, called forth
Cibber's regret that the countess's rank made
her only write occasionally as a pastime.
Wordsworth sent a selection of her poems
with a commendatory sonnet of his own to
Lady Mary Lowther, and remarked in a pre-

YOL. XIX.

fatpry essay to his volume of 1815 that Lady
Winchilsea's ' nocturnal reverie 'was almost
unique in its own day, because it employed
new images < of external nature.' On her
death, 5 Aug. 1720, she left a number of un-
published manuscripts to her friends, the
Countess of Hertford and a clergyman named
Creake, and by their permission some of these
poems were printed by Birch in the < General
Dictionary/ She left no children. Her hus-
band died 30 Sept, 1726. Her published works
were : 1. The poem on ' Spleen,' in < A New
Miscellany of Original Poems,' published by
Charles Gildon, London, 1701, 8vo; repub-
lished under the title of ' The Spleen, a Pin-
darique Ode ; with a Prospect of Death, a Pin-
darique Essay/ London, 1709, 8vo. 2. 'Mis-
cellany Poems, written by a Lady/ 1713, 8vo.
[General Diet. x. 178 ; Biog. Brit. vii. Suppl.
p. 204 ; Cibber's Lives of the Poets, iii. 321 ; Wai-
pole's Royal and Noble Authors, ed. Park, iv. 87;
Collins's Peerage, ed. 1779, iii. 282; Cat. of Printed
Books, Brit. Mus.] £. T. B.

FINCH, DANIEL, second EAEL OF
NOTTINGHAM and sixth EAKL OF WINCHILSEA
(1647-1730), born in 1647, was the eldest son
of Heneage Finch, first earl of Nottingham
[q. v.], by Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Har-
vey, a London merchant. Like his father he
was educated at Westminster School, and
proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, as a
gentleman-commoner in 1662. He left with-
out a degree, entered the Inner Temple, and
was chosen F.R.S. 26 Nov. 1668.' He seems
to have been first elected to parliament for
Great Bedwin, Wiltshire, 10 Feb. 1672-3,
but does not appear to have sat till he was
returned by the borough of Lichfield 7 Aug.
1679. He had been made a lord at the
admiralty 14 May. He adhered to the
tory politics of his family, became a privy

B

Finch

councillor 4 Feb. 1679-80, and was first lord
of the admiralty from 19 Feb. following to
22 May 1684. He was elected M.P. by both
Lichfield and Newtown in March 1681, but
was called to the House of Lords by his
father's death, 18 Dec. 1682. As a privy
councillor he signed the order for the pro-
clamation of James II, and up to the time of
Monmouth's insurrection was one of that
king's steadiest supporters. But the ecclesias-
tical policy afterwards adopted by the govern-
ment damped the loyalty of the cavaliers and
laid the foundation of that new tory party
which held itself aloof from the Jacobites.
Nottingham came in time to be recognised as
their head. Their distinguishing tenet was
devotion to the established church in pre-
ference even to hereditary right. In the reign
of Anne they were called the Hanoverian
tories, and sometimes known by the nickname
of the * Whimsicals.' Nottingham's career
was consistent throughout. He was one of
the last men in England to accept the re-
volution settlement; but having once ac-
cepted it, he was one of the very few eminent
statesmen of his time who never seem to
have intrigued against it. Though Swift ac-
cuses him of having corresponded with the
Stuarts, the charge, made in a moment of great
exasperation, is not countenanced by any of
his contemporaries. His private character is
universally represented as stainless. Howe
tells us that he had an intrigue with an opera
singer, Signora Margaretta, afterwards Mrs.
Tofts. But this was empty gossip. Both his
principles and his virtues marked him out to
be a leader of the clergy, with whom his influ-
ence was unbounded. This influence was the
secret of Nottingham's importance for nearly
a generation after the death of Charles II.

In the spring of 1688 the whigs resolved to
take Nottingham into their confidence, and
invite his co-operation in the intended revo-
lution. He was for a time inclined to join in
the appeal to the Prince of Orange ; but on
second thoughts he declared that he could
take no active part against his rightful sove-
reign. He admitted that his share in their
confidence had given the whigs the right to
assassinate him on breaking with them, and
some of them were rather inclined to take him
at his word. But they ended by relying on his
honour, and had no reason to regret it.

Nottingham was a prominent figure in the
parliamentary debates which folio wed James's
flight from England. The tories were in favour
of Bancroft's plan — a regency, that is, during
the minority of the Prince of Wales; and this
was the policy proposed by Lord Nottingham
in the House of Lords. The motion was only
lost by 51 votes to 49 ; and then the lords pro-

Finch

ceeded to consider the resolution which had
been adopted by the commons declaring the
throne vacant. This was opposed by Notting-
ham, and the resolution was rejected by 55
votes to 41. But the House of Commons re-
fused to give way, and the House of Lords
found it necessary to yield. Nottingham
proposed a modification of the oaths of alle-
giance and supremacy for the sake of tender
consciences, which was accepted by both
houses, and he then fairly threw in his lot
with the new regime, though he still main-
tained in theory his allegiance to the Stuarts.
Nottingham, according to Bishop Burnet, was
the author of the distinction between the king
dejure and the king de facto, in which the old
cavalier party found so welcome a refuge.

In December 1688 he was made one of the
secretaries of state with charge of the war
department, an office which he retained till
December 1693. One of his first duties was
the introduction of the Toleration Act. He
seems to have sincerely believed it to be con-
ducive to the stability of the church. It left
the Act of Uniformity, the Test and Corpora-
tion Acts, the Conventicle Act, the Five Mile
Act, and the act making attendance at church
compulsory, in full force, only enacting that
on certain conditions dissenters might be ex-
empted from the penalties attaching to the
violation of the law. These conditions were
intended to serve as a test by which dan-
gerous dissenters could be distinguished from
harmless ones. Those, it was thought, who
would subscribe five of the Thirty -nine
Articles, take the oath of allegiance, and sign
the declaration against popery might be safely
trusted. Ten years before, Nottingham, as
a member of the House of Commons, had
framed a bill on much the same lines, which
only failed to become law by an artifice. At
the same time he now brought in a less popular
measure, a comprehension bill, for enabling
dissenters to conform to the church of Eng-
land. The Bishop of London supported the
bill in the House of Lords, where, oddly
enough, it was violently opposed by Bishop
Burnet. But Nottingham would probably
have succeeded in his efforts had it not been
for the dissenters themselves. Those who
were unwilling to accept the compromise
were naturally interested in preventing others
from accepting it, and between the active
hostility of its enemies and the lukewarm
support of its friends, the measure fell to the
ground. An attempt made at the same time
by some members of the whig party to repeal
the Test Act was dropped with it.

When William III set out for Ireland in
the summer of 1690 he left behind him a
council of nine, of whom Nottingham was

ad
he

Finch

Finch

one, to act as the advisers of Mary, and it fell
to his lot to bring her the tidings of the battle
of theBoyne. Nottingham, who was admitted
to a greater share of the queen's confidence
than any other English statesman, always
said that if she survived her husband William
she would bring about the restoration of her
father James. He had, however, bitter enemies
in parliament. He was hated by the extreme
men of both sides, and was perhaps not much
loved even by those who respected him. Much
discontent was caused by the failure to follow
up the victory of La Hogue in May 1692.
The public threw the blame on Admiral Rus-
sell, the commander of the allied fleet, and
Russell in turn threw the blame on Notting-
ham, from whom he received his orders. A
parliamentary inquiry ended in nothing ; but
Russell was acquitted of all blame by the
House of Commons, though Nottingham was
defended by the lords. The king found it
necessary to do something ; he was very un-
willing to part with Nottingham, and accord-
ingly persuaded Russell to accept a post in
the household, Admirals Killigrew and De-
laval, both tories, being entrusted with the
command of the Channel fleet. They thus
became responsible for the disaster which
happened to the convoy under the command
of Sir George Rooke [q.v.] in the Bay of Lagos
in June 1693, and when parliament met in
November they were forced to retire. Russell
was appointed first lord of the admiralty and
commander of the Channel fleet, and Notting-
ham's resignation was inevitable. The king
parted from him with great reluctance. He
thanked him for his past services, and declared
that he had no fault to find with him.

Nottingham remained out of office till the
accession of Anne. Six weeks after William's
death (8 March 1702) he was appointed secre-
tary of state, with Sir Charles Hedges for his
colleague. • Though a consistent anti-Jacobite,
Nottingham was a staunch tory. He upheld
during the war of the Spanish succession the
doctrine, thenceforward identified with the
tory policy, that in a continental war we
should act rather as auxiliaries than as prin-
cipals, and that our operations should be ex-
clusively maritime. This opinion, whenever
the opportunity offered, Nottingham upheld
in his place in parliament. But his heart was
in the church question, to which he was ready
to sacrifice even his party allegiance.

As soon as the new parliament assembled
a bill for the prevention of occasional con-
formity was introduced in the House of
Commons by St. John, no doubt after due
consultation with the leader of the church
party. Both the Corporation Act and the
Test Act were designed to keep all places of

public trust or authority in the hands of
members of the church of England. And
the question that arose during the last years
ot the seventeenth century was simply this,
whether the evasion of the law by dissenters
should be connived at or prevented. It was
supposed that no honest dissenters would com-
municate according to the rites of the church
of England merely to obtain a qualification for
office, but it was found in practice that the
large majority of them did so, and indeed
had been in the habit of so communicating
before the passing of the Test Act. Notting-
ham had shown both in 1679 and 1689 that he
was no bigot, and it is possible that circum-
stances of which we know nothing may have
contributed to make him prefer an attempt
to enforce the test to the alternative policy
of connivance at conduct which could hardly
raise the reputation of the occasional con-
formists themselves. Three sessions running,
1702, 1703, and 1704, the bill was passed
through the commons, and Nottingham
exerted himself to the utmost to get it car-
ried through the upper house. But it was all
in vain, and the question was allowed to rest
again for seven years.

Nottingham resigned in 1704, when he
found it impossible to agree with his whig
colleagues. He told the queen that she must
either get rid of the whig members of the
cabinet or accept his own resignation. Greatly
to the minister's mortification she decided
on the latter, and from this time Notting-
ham's zeal as a political tory began to cool,
and the very next year he took his revenge
on the court by persuading some of his tory
friends to join with him in an address to the
crown, begging that the Elect ress Sophia
might be invited to reside in England. Anne,
who was exceedingly sensitive on this point,
never forgave Nottingham, and he in his turn
continued to drift further and further away
from his old associates. Against Harley he
was supposed to nurture a special grudge.
He had committed the grave offence of ac-
cepting the seals which Nottingham had
thrown up, and the ex-secretary was quite
willing to retaliate whenever an opportunity
should occur.

In 1710 the trial of Sacheverell took place.
Nottingham throughout took Sacheverell's
side, and signed all the protests recorded by
the opposition peers against the proceedings
of his accusers.

His rupture with the court may be said
to have been complete when, on the death
of Lord Rochester, lord president of the coun-
cil, in April 1711, the post was conferred on
the Duke of Buckingham. The privy seal,
which became vacant about the same time,

Finch

Finch

was given to Bishop Robinson, and from
that moment it is no want of charity to con-
clude that Nottingham felt his cup was full.
"When it was known that the new govern-
ment were bent on putting an end to the
war, the whig opposition became furious.
But in the House of Commons the tories
had a large majority, and in the House of
Lords the whigs required some help from
the other side. Nottingham was in a similar
predicament with regard to the Occasional
Conformity Bill. He was sure of the com-
mons, but in the upper house he had hither-
to been unsuccessful, and was likely to be
so unless the opposition could be disarmed.
The bargain was soon struck. The whigs
agreed to withdraw their resistance to the
Church Bill on condition that Nottingham
in turn would support them in an attack
upon the government. He readily accepted
an offer which enabled him to gratify his love
of the church and his hatred of the ministry
at the same moment. On 7 Dec. 1711 he
moved an amendment to the address, declar-
ing that no peace would be acceptable to this
country which left Spain and the Indies in
the possession of the house of Bourbon. It
was carried by a majority of twelve, and
Harley and St. John replied by the creation
of twelve new peers.

Nottingham, however, claimed his reward.
A week after the division the Occasional Con-
formity Bill was reintroduced into the House
of Lords, and on 22 Dec. received the royal
assent. It provided that l if any officer, civil
or military, or any magistrate of a corporation
obliged by the acts of Charles the Second to
receive the sacrament, should during his con-
tinuance in office attend any conventicle or
religious meeting of dissenters such person
should forfeit 40/., be disabled from holding
his office, and incapable of being appointed
to another till he could prove that he had not
been to chapel for twelve months.' In this
unprincipled transaction Nottingham, though
sincere enough in his zeal for the church, was
actuated quite as much by jealousy of the
Earl of Oxford as by disapproval of the policy
of Bolingbroke. Nottingham can have had no
concern in a tract published L* 1713 bearing
his name. The tract, entitled ' Observations
on the State of the Na< ion/ maintains the
ultra low-church view <~.i church government
and doctrine. It wa? reissued in the ' Somers
Tracts' in 1751 as ' The Memorial of the State
of England in Vindication of the Church, the
Queen, and the Administration.'

Nottingham, who probably expected that
the vote of the House of Lords would bring
the ministry to the ground and pave the way
for his own return to office, was mistaken.

It is to his credit that having gained all that
he thought necessary for the church in 1711
he opposed the Schism Bill, which was car-
ried in June 1714 to please the still more
ultra section of the high church tories. Yet
by so doing he again served his own interests,
for it helped to cement his good understand-
ing with the whigs and' to insure his being
recommended for high office on the accession
of George I. The new king landed at Green-
wich on 18 Sept. 1714, and in the first Ha-
noverian ministry Nottingham was made pre-
sident of the council, with a seat in the*
cabinet, then consisting of nine peers. But he-
only held office for about a year and a half.
In February 1716 it was moved in the House
of Lords that an address should be presented
to the king in favour of showing mercy to the
Jacobite peers, then lying under sentence of
death for their share in the rebellion of 1715.
The government opposed the motion, but
Nottingham supported the address, which
was carried by a majority of five. It produced
no effect, except on the* unlucky intercessor,
who was immediately deprived of his appoint-
ment, and never again employed in the ser-
vice of the crown. His only parliamentary
appearances of any importance after this date
were in opposition to the Septennial Bill in
1716, and the repeal of the Occasional Con-
formity Bill in 1719. His name appears in
the protest against the first ; but the second
passed with less difficulty, and no protest
appears on the nrnutes.

After his re+ Irement from office Notting-
ham lived pri cipally at Burley-on-the-Hill,
near Oakhem, Rutlandshire, a very fine coun-
try seat which had been purchased by his
father from the second Duke of Buckingham,
and which is still in possession of a branch of
the Finch family. It was here that he wrote
' The Answer of the Earl of Nottingham to
Mr. Whiston's Letter to him concerning the
eternity of the Son of God/ 1721, which re-
stored all his popularity with the clergy, rather
damaged by his acceptance of office with the
whigs. The pamphlet rapidly reached an
eighth edition. Nottingham died 1 Jan.
1729-30, shortly after he had succeeded ta
the earldom of Winchilsea on the decease of
John, fifth earl, 9 Sept. 1729, the last heir in
the elder branch of Sir Moyle Finch, whose
heir Thomas was first earl of Winchilsea [see
under FINCH, SIK THOMAS]. Nottingham
married, first Lady Essex Rich, second daugh-
ter and coheiress of Robert, earl of Warwick,
and secondly Anne, daughter of Christopher,
viscount Hatton. By his first wife he had a
daughter, Mary ; by his second five sons and
seven daughters. Edward Finch-Hatton, the
youngest son, is separately noticed.

Finch

5

Finch

In person Nottingham was tall, thin,
-and dark-complexioned. His manner was so
solemn and the expression of his countenance
was, generally speaking, so lugubrious, that he
acquired the nicknames of Don Diego and Don
Dismal, he and his brother, Heneage, first earl
of Aylesford [q. v.], being known as the Dis-
mals. He figures as Don Diego in the ' History
of John Bull ' and in the < Tatler ' (1709), and
Swift in his correspondence is always making
fun of him. He is the subject of a famous
ballad, ' An Orator Dismal of Nottingham-
shire,' by the same eminent hand. When he
joined the whigs in 1711 the ' Post Boy '
(6 Dec.) offered a reward of ten shillings
to any one who should restore him to his
friends, promising that all should be forgiven.
Reference is there made to his ' long pockets.'

[Macaulay's Hist, of England; Stanhope's Hist,
of England and Queen Anne ; Burnet's Hist, of
his own Time ; Somerville's Hist, of Queen Anne
and Political Transactions; Somers Tracts; Swift's
Diary and Correspondence; Coxe'sLife of Marl-
borough ; Wai pole's Letters ; Cunningham's Hist,
of the Eevolution ; Wyon's Eeign of Queen Anne ;
Stoughton's Eeligion in England; Doyle's Baron-
age; W elch's Alumni Westmonast. p. 570; Wood's
Athense Oxon (Bliss), iv. 651.] T. E. K.

FINCH, EDWARD (/. 1630-1641),
royalist divine, is said by Walker and others
to have been brother of John, lord Finch of
Fordwich [q. v.], and thus younger son of
Sir Henry Finch [q. v.], by Ursula, daughter
of John Thwaites of Kent. The genealogists
state that John was Sir Henry's only son,
but there is little doubt that they are wrong.
On 9 Dec. 1630 Edward was admitted to the
vicarage of Christ Church, Newgate. Walker
celebrates him as the first of the parochial
clergy actually dispossessed by the committee
for scandalous ministers. A resolution of par-
liament, 8 May 1641, declared him unfit to
hold any benefice. The articles against him
allege that he had set up the communion-
table altarwise, and preached in a surplice ; I
they also detail a list of charges more or less
affecting his character. Walker, who had not
seen the pamphlet containing the articles and
evidence in the case, makes the best of Finch's
printed defence, but on Finch's own showing
there was ground for scandal. Finch died
soon after his sequestration ; his successor,
William Jenkyn, was admitted on 1 Feb.
1642, ' per mort. Finch.' There is a doubt
as to whether he was married. It was said
that he had lived seven years, apart from his
wife, but he denied that he had a wife.

Finch published ' An Answer to the Ar-
ticles/ &c., London, 1641, 4to. This was in
reply to ' The Petition and Articles . . . ex-
hibited in Parliament against Edward Finch,

Vicar of Christ's Church, London, and brother
to Sir J. Finch, late Lord Keeper,' &c., 1641,
4to. This pamphlet has a woodcut of Finch,
and a cut representing his journey to Ham-
mersmith with a party of alleged loose cha-
racters. The main point of Finch's defence
on this charge was that one of the party was
his sister.

[Walker's Sufferings, 1714, i. 69 sq., ii. 170;
Calamy's Continuation, 1727, i. 17, 18; pam-
phlets above cited.] A. G.

FINCH, EDWARD (1664-1738), com-
poser, bom in 1664, was the fifth son of
Heneage, first earl of Nottingham [q. v.] He
proceeded M.A . in 1079, and became fellow of
Christ's College, Cambridge. He represented
the university of Cambridge in the parlia-
ment of 1689-90. He was ordained deacon
at York in 1700, became rector of Wigan, was
appointed prebendary of York 26 April 1704,
and resided in the north end of the treasurer's
house in the Close, taking an active interest
in musical matters, as appears from the family
correspondence. Finch was installed pre-
bendary of Canterbury 8 Feb. 1710. He
died 14 Feb. 1737-8, aged 75, at York, where
a monument erected by him in the minster
to his wife and brother (Henry, dean of
York) bears a bust and inscription to his
memory.

Finch's ' Te Deum ' and anthem, ' Grant,
we beseech Thee/ both written in five parts,
are to be found in Dr. Tud way's ' Collection
of Services' (Harleian MSS. 7337-42) ; <A
Grammar of Thorough Bass,' with examples,
a manuscript of sixty-six pages, is in the Euing
Library at Glasgow. Of Finch's manuscript
letters, that addressed to his brother Daniel,
second Earl of Nottingham [q. v.], and dated
Winwick, 12 July 1702, is of interest ; he
there enunciates his views of a sinecure and
discusses other questions of preferment.

[Collins's Peerage, iii. 290; Graduati Canta-
brigienses, 1823, p. 168; Le Neve's Fasti, iii.
650; Diet, of Musicians, 1827, i. 247; Wil.is's
Survey of Cathedrals, 1742, i. 176; Drake's
Eboracum, 1736, pp. 51 3", 559, 570; Addit. MSS.
28569 f. 130, 29588 f. 88, 32496 f. 48 b ;
Hasted's Hist, of Canterbury, 1801, ii. 63 ; Har-
leian MSS. 2264 f. 267, 7342 p. 306; Gent.
Mag. viii. 109; Brown's Biog. Diet, of Musi-
cians, p. 246.] L. M. M.

FINCH, EDWARD (1756-1843), gene-
ral, fourth son of Heneage, third earl of Ayles-
ford, by Lady Charlotte Seymour, daughter
of Charles, sixth duke of Somerset, was born
on 26 April 1756. He went to Westminster
School as a queen's scholar in 1768, and was
elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, in
1773, proceeding B.A. in 1777. He entered

Finch

Finch

the army as a cornet in the llth dragoons on
27 Dec. 1778, exchanged into the 20th light
dragoons, and on 7 Oct. 1779 was promoted
lieutenant into the 87th regiment. He ac-
companied this regiment to the West Indies
in January 1780, and served there and in
America until he was promoted lieutenant
and captain into the 2nd or Coldstream guards
on 5 Feb. 1783. On 11 May 1789 he was
elected M.P. for Cambridge, a seat which he
held for thirty years, and on 3 Oct. 1792 he
was promoted captain and lieutenant-colonel.
He accompanied the brigade of guards to
Flanders under General Lake in 1793, and
served throughout the campaigns under the
Duke of York with great credit. He was
present at the actions of Caesar's Camp and
Famars, in the famous engagement of Lin-
celles, and at the battles of Hondschoten,
Lannoy, Turcoing, and round Tournay. He
remained with his corps until the withdrawal
of the British troops from the continent in
April 1795. He was promoted colonel on
3 May 1796, and nominated to command the
light companies of the guards in Coote's ex-
pedition to cut the sluices at Ostend [see
COOTE, SIB EYEE, 1762-1824], but was pre-
vented from going by an accidental injury he
received the day before the expedition sailed.
He was present with the guards in the sup-

?ression of the Irish rebellion of 1798, and in
799 commanded the 1st battalion of the
Coldstreams in the expedition to the Helder
and at the battles of Bergen. In the follow-
ing year Finch was appointed to the command
of the brigade of cavalry, consisting of the
12th and 26th light dragoons, which ac-
companied Sir Ralph Abercromby's army to
Egypt. His regiments hardly came into
action at all in the famous battles of March
1801, for the ground was not well adapted
for cavalry, and he only covered the siege
operations against Alexandria. He received
the thanks of parliament with the other
generals, and on 1 Jan. 1801 he was pro-
moted major-general. In 1803 he took com-
mand of the 1st brigade of guards, then
stationed at Chelmsford, consisting of the
1st battalion of the Coldstreams and the 1st
battalion 3rd guards, and commanded that
brigade in the expedition to Denmark in
1809, and at the siege of Copenhagen. In
1804 he was appointed a groom of the bed-
chamber to the king, on 25 April 1808 he was
promoted lieutenant-general, and on 3 Aug.
1808 appointed colonel of the 54th regiment.
On 18 Sept. 1809 he was transferred to the
colonelcy of the 22nd foot, and on 12 Aug.
1819 he was promoted general. His seniority
to Lord Wellington prevented him from being
employed in the Peninsula, and he never saw

service after 1809. He continued to sit in the
House of Commons for Cambridge, through
the influence of the Duke of Rutland, until
December 1819, when he accepted the Chil-
tern Hundreds, and throughout the thirty
years of his parliamentary career his seat was
only once contested, in 1818. Finch, after
1819, entirely retired from public life, and he
died on 27 Oct. 1843, at the age of eighty-
seven, being at the time of his death the sixth
general in order of seniority in the English
army.

[Royal Military Calendar ; Hart's Army List ;
Mackinnon's History of the Coldstream Guards;
Welch's Alumni Westmonast. p. 397 ; Gent. Mag.
December 1843.] H. M. S.

FINCH, FRANCIS OLIVER (1802-
1862), water-colour painter, son of Francis
Finch, a merchant in Friday Street,Cheapside,
London, was born 22 Nov. 1802, and spent his
boyhood at Stone, near Aylesbury. When
twelve years of age, at that time fatherless,
he was placed under John Varley, with whom
he worked altogether five years, a friend
having paid a premium of 200/. Among his
earliest patrons was Lord Northwick, a patron
of the fine arts, who employed the youth in
making views of his mansion and grounds.
Some time after leaving his master's studio
the same friend who had assisted in placing
him there afforded him the benefit of a tour
through Scotland. After his return he doubted
for some time whether he should continue
the practice of landscape or enter as a student
at the Royal Academy. He joined Sass's
life academy and produced several portraits,
but circumstances drawing him back to land-
scape-painting he became a candidate for ad-
mission into the then newly formed Society
of Painters in Water Colours. On 11 Feb.
1822 he was elected an associate, and on
4 June 1827 a member of that society. He
first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1817,
at that period living at 44 Conduit Street,
Bond Street. He married in the spring of
1837, and resided for some time in Charlotte
Street and afterwards in Argyle Square,
Euston Road. On 10 Oct. 1861 Finch lost
the use of his limbs, and died 27 Aug. 1862.
He possessed a fine voice, and was a thorough
musician, as well as a poet. He printed a
collection of sonnets entitled ' An Artist's
Dream.' Among his best works may be
mentioned ' Garmallon's Tomb,' oil (1820) ;
4 View of Loch Lomond' (1822) : 'View on
the River Tay' (1827); 'View of Wind-
sor Castle ' (1829) ; ' View of the College
of Aberdeen ' (1832) ; scene from Milton's
'Comus' (1835); 'Alpine Scene, Evening '
(1838); 'A WTatch Tower' (1840); 'The

Finch

7

Finch

Thames near Cookham, Berkshire ' (1845) ;
' Ruined Temple, Evening ' (1852) ; < Rocky
Glen, Evening ' (1855) ; ' The Curfew— Gray's
Elegy' (1860) ; l Pastoral Retreat ' (1861) ;
and l Moonlight over the Sea ' (1862). His
portrait has been engraved by A. Roffe.

[Memoir and Eemains of F. 0. Finch, by Mrs.
E. Finch, London, 1865, 8vo.] L. F.

FINCH, SIR HENEAGE (d. 1631),
speaker of the House of Commons, was the
fourth son of Sir Moyle Finch of Eastwell,
Kent, and grandson of Sir Thomas Finch
[q. v.] His mother was Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir Thomas Heneage of Copt Hall, Essex,
and granddaughter on the mother's side of
Thomas, lord Berkeley of Berkeley Castle.
Admitted a member of the Inner Temple in
November 1597, he was called to the bar in
1606. At a by-election in 1607 he was re-
turned to parliament for Rye. He spoke in
July 1610 in the debate on ' impositions,'
maintaining the following positions : (1) ' that
the king, though upon a restraint for a time,
may impose for a time, much more for ever;'
(2) ( that he may dispense with a law for ever,
because the law is for ever ; ' (3) ' that he may
make a bulwark in any land, but not take
money not to do it ; ' (4) * that the king hath
power only to make war. If all the subjects
will make war without the king, it is no war '
(Parl. Debates, 1610, Camden Soc., p. 116).
He was one of the lawyers who argued before
the king and council on 6 April 1612 the moot
point ' whether baronets and bannerets were
the same promiscuously ; ' and desiring to give
dignity to the argument, opened l with a phi-
losophical preamble, omne principium motus
est intrmsecum,' at which the king, being
much displeased, said : ' Though I am a king
of men. yet I am no king of time, for I grow
old with this ; ' and therefore, if he had any-
thing to speak to the matter, bade him utter
it. Whereupon Finch, with great boldness,
undertook to prove much, but did nothing
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. App. pt. iv. 9).
In 1616 he was employed in conjunction with
Bacon in an attempt to reduce the statute
law to some sort of consistency with itself
(SPEDDING, Letters and Life of Bacon, vi. 71).
In 1620-1 he was returned to parliament for
"West Looe, otherwise Portpighan, Cornwall.
He took part in the debate of 3 Dec. 1621 on
the Spanish match, supporting the proposal
to petition the king against it (Parl. Hist.
i. 1320). In the preceding February he had
been appointed recorder of London (Index to
Remembrancia, p. 295), and he represented
the city in parliament between 1623 and
1626. On 22 June 1623 he was knighted at
Wanstead, and three days later he was called
to the degree of serjeant-at-law. On 8 July

following he was further honoured by the
elevation of his mother, then a widow, to the
peerage as Viscountess Maidstone, with re-
mainder to her heirs male. This honour was
procured through the interest of Sir Arthur
Ingram at the price of a capital sum of
13,000/. and an annuity of 500/., to secure
which Copt Hall manor and park were mort-
gaged. She was afterwards, viz. on 12 July
1628, created Countess of Winchilsea, also
with remainder to her heirs male. She died
in 1633, and was buried at Eastwell under a
splendid monument. Sir Heneage's eldest
brother, Thomas, succeeded her as first earl
of Winchilsea (cf. art. FINCH, SIB THOMAS ;
NICHOLS, Progr. James I, iii. 768, 875, 878;
DUGDALE, Chron. Ser. 105; COLLINS, Peerage,
ed. Brydges, iii. 387 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1619-23, pp. 223, 623; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th.
Rep. App. 283 b, 290 a). On 7 July 1625 Finch
read the report of a committee of the House
of Commons to which had been referred the
consideration of two works recently published
by Richard Montagu, afterwards bishop of
Chichester, viz. ' A New Gag for an Old Goose '
and 'Appello Csesarem,' which were thought
to savour somewhat rankly of Arminianism
and popery. The result of the report was that
the publication of the books was treated as
a breach of privilege and Montagu arrested.
The plague then raging severely, the debtors
in the Fleet petitioned the House of Com-
mons for a habeas corpus. Finch on 9 July
spoke in favour of granting a release, but so
as to save the rights of the creditors. On
9 Aug. he was present at a conference with
the lords touching certain pardons illegally
granted by the king to some Jesuits, but is
not recorded to have done more than read
the lord keeper's speech. On 10 Aug. he
spoke in favour of granting the subsidies in
reversion demanded by the king, but advised
that the grant should be accompanied with
a protestation never to do the like upon any
necessity hereafter (Commons7 Debates, 1625,
Camden Soc., pp. 47, 51, 65, 94, 113 ; Commons'
Journ. i. 805 ; Parl. Hist. ii. 18-19, 35). On
6 Feb. 1625-6 he was elected to the speaker's
chair (Commons' Journ. i. 816). His speech
at the opening of parliament was divided be-
tween the conventional self-abasement, praise
of the 'temperate' character of the laws,
' yielding a due observance to the prerogative
royal, and yet preserving the right and liberty
of the subject,' fulsome flattery of the king,
and denunciation of popery and Spain. In
1628 he was elected to the bench of his inn.
On 10 April 1631 he was nominated one of
the commissioners for the repair of St. Paul's
Cathedral. He died on 5 Dec. following and
was buried at Ravenstone in Buckingham-

Finch

8

Finch

shire (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625-6 p. 248,
1631-3 pp. 6, 207 ; NICHOLS, Progr. James I,
' iii. 768 ; Parl. Hist. ii. 41). Finch married
twice. His first wife was Frances, daughter
of Sir Edmund Bell of Beaupre Hall, Norfolk,
and granddaughter of Sir Robert Bell [q. v.],
chief baron of the exchequer and speaker of
the House of Commons in the reign of Eliza-
beth. She died on 11 April 1627, and on
16 April 1629 Finch married, at St. Dunstan's
in the West, Elizabeth, daughter of William
Cradock of Staffordshire, relict of Richard
Bennett, mercer and alderman of London, an
ancestor of the Earls of Arlington. By his
first wife Finch had issue seven sons and four
daughters. His eldest son, Heneage [q. v.],
was lord keeper and first earl of Nottingham.
Another son, Sir John [q. v.], was a physician.
For the hand of Mrs. Bennett, who brought
Finch a fortune, he had several rivals, among
them Sir Sackville Crow and Dr. Raven, a
conjunction which afforded much amusement
to the town. Another suitor was Sir Edward
Dering(Cb//. Top.et Gen.v.2lS', Proceedings
in Kent, 1640, Camden Soc.) By this lady
Finch had issue two daughters only, viz.
(1) Elizabeth, who married Edward Madison,
and (2) Anne, who married Edward, viscount
and earl of Conway.

Finch compiled ' A Brief Collection touch-
ing the Power and Jurisdiction of Bishops,'
which remains in manuscript (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 4th Rep. App. 353).

[Morant's Essex, i. 47; Berry's County Ge-
nealogies (Kent), p. 207 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 199,
387 ; Official Return of Lists of Members of
Parliament; Inner Temple Books; Collins's Peer-
age, ed. Brydges, iii. 387 ; Manning's Lives of
the Speakers.] J. M. R.

FINCH, HENEAGE, first EARL OF NOT-
TINGHAM (1621-1682), successively solicitor-
general, lord keeper, and lord chancellor, was
born 23 Dec. 1621, probably at Eastwell in
Kent (WooD, Athence Oxon.}, and was the
eldest son of Sir Heneage Finch [q. v.], knight,
recorder of London, and speaker in Charles I's
first parliament, and of Frances, daughter of
Sir Edmund Bell of Beaupre Hall in Nor-
folk. He was grandson of Elizabeth, created
*t Countess of Winchilsea by Charles I [see
* under FINCH, SIR THOMAS], and —p1- — of
Sir John, lord Finch [q. v.], keeper of the
seals to Charles I. He was educated at West-
minster School, whence he went to Christ
Church, entering in the Lent term of 1635. He
then joined the Inner Temple, where he soon
became a distinguished student, with special
proficiency in municipal law. He took no
part in the troubles of the civil war, and
during the usurpation conducted an exten-
sive private practice (COLLINS, Peerage}. Of

this, however, there does not seem to be any
direct evidence. By the time of the Restora-
tion he was evidently well known, for he
was returned for the Convention parliament
both for Canterbury and St. Michael's in
Cornwall, electing to sit for the former. In
honour of the occasion he was entertained
by the city at a banquet (Hist . MSS. Comm.
9th Rep. 165 £). On 6 June 1660 he was
made solicitor-general, and on the next day
was created a baronet of Ravenstone in Buck-
inghamshire (COLLINS, Peerage). He at once
became the official representative of the court
and of the church in the House of Commons.
In the great debate of 9 July 1660 on the
future form of the church, Finch in an un-
compromising speech treated the matter as
not open to argument, since there was ' no
law for altering government by bishops ; ' he
jeered at 'tender consciences,' and hoped the
house would not ' cant after Cromwell.' On
30 July he urged the expulsion from their
livings of all ministers who had been pre-
sented without the consent of the patrons,
and opposed any abatement in the articles
or oaths. In the matter of the Indemnity
Bill he was deputed by the commons to
manage the conference between the two
houses on 16 Aug., and strongly supported
the exclusion from pardon of the late king's
judges, a compromise which he felt to be
necessary to secure the passing of the mea-
sure so warmly desired by the king and
Clarendon. On 12 Sept. he spoke against
the motion that the king should be desired
to marry a protestant, and on 21 Nov. pro-
posed the important constitutional change
whereby the courts of wards and purveyance
were abolished, and the revenue hitherto
raised by them was for the future levied on
the excise. It is significant of the real ob-
jects of the court that as law officer of the
crown he opposed (28 Nov.) the bill brought
in by Sir Matthew Hale for giving effect to
the king's declaration regarding ecclesiasti-
cal affairs by embodying it in an act. And
in the debate regarding the ill-conduct of
the troops, on 14 Dec., he spoke against the
proposal to accompany the bill of supply
with a complaint of grievances (Parl. Hist.
vol. iv.) lie was of course one of the pro-
secuting counsel in the trial of the regicides
in October 1660, where he is described in one
account as effectually answering Cooke, the
framer of the impeachment of Charles I (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. 181 b\ though by the
report in the state trials he appears only to have
formally opened the case against the prisoner.
In April 1661 Finch was elected to
Charles's second parliament, both for the
university of Oxford and for Beaumaris in

Finch

Finch

Anglesey, electing to sit for the former
(Journals of the House of Commons, 13 May
1661). He was carried by the influence of
Clarendon, whose son Laurence Hyde stood
with him, of the Bishop of Oxford, and of the
heads of houses, against strong opposition
aroused apparently by the conduct of their
former representative, Selden (Cal. State
Papers, 1660-1). He appears to have dis-
appointed his constituents by not assisting
to get rid of the hearth-tax (WooD, Athence
Oxon.} In this year also he was made trea-
surer and autumn reader of the Inner Temple.
He chose as the subject of his lectures, which
excited much attention, lasting from 4 to
17 Aug., the statute of the 39th of Elizabeth,
concerning the recovery of debts of the crown,
which had never previously been discussed.
The favour in which he stood was shown by
the presence of the king and all the great offi-
cers of state at a banquet in his honour on
the 15th in the Inner Temple (ib. ; PEPYS,
Diary ; DUGDALE, Origines Juridiciales). It
is noticeable that in one matter upon which
Charles seemed really bent, toleration of dis-
sent, he certainly opposed the court. In
February 1663 he was made chairman of the
committee of the commons which drew up
in the most uncompromising terms an ad-
dress to the king praying for the withdrawal
of his declaration of indulgence (Parl. Hist.
vol. iv.), and in March was the representative
of the house in the conference with the lords
about a bill against the priests and Jesuits
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1663-4). In
October 1664 he was leading counsel for the
Canary merchants in their endeavour to ac-
quire a new charter (EVELYN, Diary, 27 Oct.)
When the house met at Oxford in 1665 he
again vehemently espoused the intolerant
policy of the Anglican church by pressing for-
ward the Five Mile Act ; and at the proroga-
tion he, with Hyde, Colonel Strangways, and
Sir John Birkenhead, received the honorary
degree of D.C.L. (7 Nov.), having with the two
latter (Commons' Journals, 31 Oct. 1665), by
order of the commons, communicated to the
university on 31 Oct. 1665 the thanks of the
house for its ' loyalty in the late rebellion,
especially in refusing to submit to the visi-
tation of the usurped powers, and to take the
solemn league and covenant' (Cal. State
Papers, Dom. Ser. 1664-5). In the debate
on the Five Mile Act, when Vaughan wished
to add the word ' legally ' to i commissioned
by him,' Finch pointed out that the addition
was unnecessary, and his argument was
adopted by Anglesey in the lords, where
Southampton moved the same addition (BuK-
:NET, Own Time, i. 225). In the session of
1666 he spoke against the Irish Cattle Bill

(Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1666-7), and
in October 1667 on Clarendon's impeachment.
The account is obscure, but apparently he did
what he could to check the violence of the
commons, insisting on sworn evidence, though
willing that it should be kept secret. On
18 Feb. 1668 he did the court good sendee
by shelving the bill for holding frequent par-
liaments on the ground of informal intro-
duction (Parl. Hist.) ; and in the same month,
in the celebrated Skinner controversy, he
pleaded against Skinner before the lords on
behalf of the East India Company (PEPYS,
22 Feb. 1668). In December 1668, on the
motion for impeaching the Earl of Orrery,
he warned the house against acting upon
'out-of-door accusation' (Parl. Hist.} On
10 May 1670 he became attorney-general,
and soon afterwards councillor to Queen
Catherine. He was chamberlain of Chester
from 1673 to 1676. He exercised a mode-
rating influence in the debates on the bill
for 'preventing malicious maiming,' which
followed the outrage on Sir John Coventry
[q. v.], and he successfully opposed the
proposal for a double assessment of default-
ing members of the house by the argu-
ment that by tacking it to the subsidy bill
a matter affecting the commons only would
come before the lords. In April 1671 he
conducted with great skill the conferences
between the lords and commons on the sub-
ject of the interference of the former in
'money bills, from which dates practically the
cessation of the practice. His ability in the
conduct of this matter was recognised by the
formal thanks of the house. On 6 Feb. 1673
he argued in favour of the ' chancellor's writs/
the writs issued for parliamentary elections
during the recess by Shaftesbury, on the
ground that parliamentary privilege was then
dormant, but could not make head against
the determination of the house to suffer no
court interference. In the great debate of
10 Feb. on the king's declaration of indul-
gence, while repudiating the doctrine ad-
vanced by Shaftesbury of a distinction be-
tween the exercise of the royal power in
ecclesiastical and temporal affairs, he de-
fended the legality and expediency of the
declaration. * A mathematical security,' he
said, « we cannot have ; a moral one we have
from the king.' Seeing the temper of the
house, however, he concluded by the illogical
motion that the king be petitioned ' that it
might be so no more.' In March 1673 he
passionately opposed the Naturalisation of
Foreigners Bill, and in October did his best
in vain to combat the determination of the
commons to refuse further supplies for the
Dutch war (Parl. Hist.)

Finch

IO

Finch

On the dismissal of Shaftesbury, Finch be-
came lord keeper of the seals, 9 Nov. 1673,
and as such was made on 4 Jan. 1674 the
unconscious mouthpiece of the first direct
lie which Charles had ventured openly to
tell his parliament (ib.} On 10 Jan. he was
raised to the peerage as Baron Finch of Daven-
trv, from the manor in Northamptonshire of
which he was owner (COLLINS, Peerage). On
19 Dec. he surrendered the seals, to receive
them again immediately with the higher
title of lord chancellor, the office carrying
with it apparently a salary of 4,000/. a year
(Autobiography of Roger North, p. 165). In
the same year he was made lord-lieutenant
of Somersetshire. In 1675 he was, accord-
ing to Burnet, one of the chief arguers for
the non-resisting test (Own Time, i. 383).
As lord chancellor he had at the beginning
of each session to supply an elaboration of
the king's speech, and this he did, ' spoiling
what the king had said so well by over-
straining to do it better' (RALPH). In this
year he conducted the case of the lords in
the great Fagg controversy. In 1677 he
presided as lord high steward of England on
the trial of the Earl of Pembroke for man-
slaughter (WooD, Athena Oxon.} A signal
instance of the adroitness, joined, it should
be said, with unimpeached probity, by which,
almost alone among his contemporaries, he
managed to secure at once permanence in
office and freedom from parliamentary attack,
occurred in the matter of Danby's impeach-
ment. Charles, to the great anger of the
commons, had given Danby a pardon in bar
of the impeachment. The house appointed
a committee, who demanded from Finch an
explanation of the fact that the pardon bore
the great seal. Finch's statement was that
he neither advised, drew, nor altered it ; that
the kin^ commanded him to bring the seal
from \N hitehall, and being there he laid it
upon the table ; thereupon his majesty com-
manded the seal to be taken out of the bag,
•which it was not in his power to hinder ;
and the king wrote his name on the top of
the parchment, and then directed to have it
sealed, whereupon the person who usually
carried the purse affixed the seal to it. He
added that at the time he did not regard
himself as having the custody of the sea]
i I'.'rl. lli*t. iv. 1114). AVhen the case of
nby was before the lords he argued for
tlu» right of bishops to vote in trials for trea-
son, and carried his view as to preliminaries
though not as to final judgment (BURNET
UK); COLLINS, Peerage}. There
is among Sir Charles Bunbury's manuscript.*

. Sull'olk. a treatise on the i
power of granting pardons, ascribed with

most probability to Finch (Hist. MSS. Comm.
3rd Rep. 241 «). Some autograph notes, cer-
ainly his, on the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
Belong to Alfred Morrison, esq. (ib. 9th Rep.
457 a}. He conducted the examination be-
fore the privy council of the ' party ' lords
who came from Scotland in 1678 to complain
of Lauderdale, and, though evidently holding
a brief for the duke, was unable to shake
their position (BURNET, Own Time, i. 420).
That Finch was not above using the ordi-
nary jargon of court flattery appears in his
exclamation, when Charles tried the experi-
ment of a newly modelled privy council,
' It looked like a thing from heaven fallen
into his master's breast.' During the popish
terror Finch appears to have given no offence
to either side. He presided, however, as lord
high steward at the trial of Lord Stafford,
and his conduct formed a pleasing contrast
to that which so often disgraced the courts
in the latter years of Charles's reign. He
showed personal courtesy to the prisoner,
provided him with all proper means of de-
fence, and pronounced sentence in a speech
greatly admired at the time, ' one of the best
he had ever made ' (BuRNET, Own Time, i.
492). He, however, gave his own vote'against
Stafford, and complied so far with the pre-
vailing fashion as to assume the whole truth
of the ' plot,' and even to father the absurd
cry that London had been burned by the
papists (ib. i. 492; State Trials). Burnet
accounts for his patronage of the plot as the
result of fear of parliamentary attack in con-
sequence of his conduct in the matter of
Danby's pardon (ib. ii. 261). Only one slip
does Finch appear to have made in his discreet
avoidance of giving offence. In 1679, on re-
ceiving Gregory, the new speaker of the
house, he allowed himself to declare that the
king ' always supports the creatures of his
power.' Shaftesbury at once fastened on the
expression; Finch was compelled to apolo-
gise, and a resolution was carried not to enter
it upon the minutes of the house (RANKE,
Hist. England, iv. 77). In the great ques-
tion of the succession, Finch was of course
against exclusion. But by Charles's com-
mand he proposed the middle and entirely
impracticable scheme of ' limitations ' (ib. iv.
80). On 12 May 1681 he was created Earl
of Nottingham, and died 18 Dec. 1682, in the
sixty-first year of his age, after a life spent in
unremitting official and professional toil. He
was buried at Ravenstone, near Newport
Pntnu'll in Buckinghamshire, of which place
- the owner and benefactor (COLLINS,
Peerage}. He married Elizabeth Harvey,
daughter of Daniel Harvey, merchant of Lon-
don (probably one of the members for Surrey in

Finch

Finch

the Convention parliament), by whom he had
a numerous family. The eldest son, Daniel
[q. v.], became second earl. Heneage, the
second son [q. v.], was solicitor-general, and
was created earl of Aylesford. The fifth son,
Edward [q. v.], was a musical composer. Not-
tingham's favourite residence, Kensington
House, he bought of his younger brother John
[q. v.] His son Daniel [q. v.] sold it to Wil-
liam III.

^ The fact that throughout an unceasing offi-
cial career of more than twenty years, in a
time of passion and intrigue, Finch was never
once the subject of parliamentary attack, nor
ever lost the royal confidence, is a remark-
able testimony both to his probity and dis-
cretion. His success in the early part of
the reign arose from the fact that he was
in the first place a constitutional lawyer
of the highest repute, 'well versed in the
laws' (BuKNET, Own Time,i. 365). Dryden
bears the same testimony in ' Absalom and
Achitophel,' where he is described as Amri.
These qualifications made him a man of ex-
treme usefulness at a time when the consti-
tution had to be restored after many years
of dislocation. Until he finally left the
house scarcely a committee of importance
was formed on which he was not placed,
usually as chairman. He was appointed to
draw up the letter of congratulation from
the commons to Charles on his arrival in
England; and he had the management of
almost all the important controversies which
were so frequently held with the lords. His
forensic eloquence is testified to on all hands ;
though Burnet says he was too eloquent on
the bench, in the lords, and in the commons,
and calls his speaking laboured and affected.
Roger North in his autobiography (p. 198)
confirms this view, saying that his love of
* a handsome turn of expression gave him a
character of a trifler which he did not so
much deserve.' In the high-flown language
of the time he was named the English Ros-
cius and the English Cicero.

Burnet states to his credit that, though
he used all the vehemence of a special pleader
to justify the court before the lords, yet, as
a judge, Finch carried on the high tradition
of his predecessor, Shaftesbury. In his own
court he could resist the strongest applica-
tions even from the king himself, though he
did it nowhere else. The same historian calls
him ' ill-bred, and both vain and haughty ;
he had no knowledge of foreign affairs, and
yet he loved to talk of them perpetually.'
Burnet's last words about him are, how-
ever, a recognition of the purity and fitness
of his presentations of clergymen to livings
in the chancellor's gift. His portrait was

painted by Lely. There is a print by Hou-
braken.

[The chief authorities are the Journals of the
House of Commons; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss),
iv. 66; Parliamentary History; Burnet's Own
lime; Collins s Peerage.] Q. A

FINCH, HENEAGE, second EARL OP
WnrcHJMHA (d. 1689), was the son of

Ihomas, the first earl, whose mother Eliza-
beth had been created Countess of Winchil-
sea in her widowhood by Charles I (1628).
Heneage, educated at Emmanuel College^
Cambridge, succeeded to the title of Viscount
Maidstone in 1633, and of Earl of Winchilsea
in 1639. He distinguished himself on the
royalist side during the great rebellion, pro-
viding auxiliary troops (horse and foot) at his
own expense, and supplying ' with great
hazard ' Charles II's * necessities in foreign
parts.' He was a friend of Monck and was
made governor of Dover Castle in 1660.
Upon the Restoration he was created a baron,
by the title of Lord Fitzherbert of Eastwell
(from which family the Finches claimed de-
scent), 26 June 1660, and on 10 July was
appointed lord-lieutenant of Kent. Early in
1661 he went on an important embassy to
Sultan Mahomet Chan IV, and published an
account of it the same year. He remained as
English ambassador at Constantinople eight
years, and on his return journey wrote from
Naples to the king a description, which was
afterwards printed, of the eruption of Mount
Etna. He was reinstated on his arrival in
England lord-lieutenant of Kent and go-
vernor of Dover Castle, but was, with a long
list of other lieutenants, dismissed from the
former post in 1687. When James II was
stopped at Feversham by the Kentish fisher-
men, he wrote to Winchilsea,. who was at
Canterbury, asking him to come to him. The
earl arrived before night (12 Dec.), and in-
terposed on behalf of the king besides moving
him to a more suitable lodging in a private
house (Add. MS. 32095, f. 298 ; RALPH, His-
tory, i. 1068). When James fled for the
second time, Winchilsea was one of those
who voted for offering the vacant throne to
William and Mary, and in March 1689 was
again made lord-lieutenant of Kent. He
died in August the same year. He married
four times : (1) Diana, daughter of Francis,
fifth lord Willoughby of Parham ; (2) Mary,
daughter of William Seymour, marquis of
Hertford; (3) Catherine, daughter of Sir
Thomas Norcliff ; (4) Elizabeth, daughter of
John Ayres, esq. Out of twenty-seven chil-
dren sixteen lived to ' some maturity.'

His published works were : 1. 'Narrative
of the Success of his Embassy to Turkey.

Finch

12

Finch

The Voyage of the Right Honourable He-
neage Finch from Smyrna to Constantinople.
His Arrival there, and the manner of his
Entertainment and Audience with the Grand
Vizier and Grand Seignieur,' London, 1661.
2. 'A true and exact Relation of the late
prodigious Earthquake and Eruption of Mount
Etna, or Mount Gibello, as it came in a Letter
written to his Majesty from Naples. By the
Right Honourable the Earl of Winchelsea,
his Majesty's late Ambassador at Constanti-
nople, who on his return from thence, visit-
ing Catania, in the Island of Sicily, was an
eye-witness of that dreadful spectacle. To-
gether with a more particular Narrative of
the same, as it is collected out of several
relations sent from Catania. With a View
of the Mountain and Conflagration,' London,
1669, fol.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1779, iii. 280 ; Walpole's
Eoyal and Noble Authors, ed. Park, iii. 316;
Kycaut's Hist, of the Turks, ii. 97, &c. ; Luttrell's
Relation of State Affairs, i. 422, 575 ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Doyle's Baronage.] E. T. B.

FINCH, HENEAGE, first EAEL OF
AYLESFORD (1647 P-1719), second son of
Heneage Finch, first earl of Nottingham [q. v.],
was educated at Westminster School and
Christ Church, Oxford. He left the univer-
sity without a degree, and entering the legal
profession was admitted a barrister of the
Inner Temple. His name soon became known
as the author of various reports of celebrated
trials and other legal tracts; he was appointed
king's counsel 10 July 1677, and solicitor-
general in 1679, entering parliament as mem-
ber for the university of Oxford in the same
year. In 1686 he was deprived of the solicitor-
generalship by James II, and two years later
pleaded as leading counsel on the side of the
seven bishops. He sat for Guildford in the
parliament of 1685, again representing the
university of Oxford in the Convention par-
liament of 1689-90, and all subsequent ones
(except that elected in 1698), till his pro-
motion to the peerage in 1703 {Members of
Parliament Blue Book, pt. i. see Index). Bur-
net relates that in the debate on the Act of
Settlement of 1701 Finch attempted to alter
the clause for abjuring the Prince of Wales
into an obligation not to assist him, and pressed
his point * with unusual vehemence in a debate
that he resumed seventeen times in one ses-
sion against all rules ' (BURNET, History of his
cvm Time, ed. 1823, iv. 537-8 and note). In
August 1702 he was chosen by the university
to present a complimentary address to Queen
Anne on her visit to Oxford, and in 1703 was
created, * in consideration of his great merit
and abilities,' Baron Guernsey, and sworn of
the privy council. Burnet remarks that there

were great reflections on the promotion of
Finch and others, to make, it was said, a
majority for the Stuarts in the House of
Lords. In 1711 he also became master of the
jewel house. On the accession of George I he
was raised to the peerage, taking the title
of Earl of Aylesford, an estate having been
left to him there, with a large fortune, by his
wife's father. Besides this new dignity he
was again sworn of the privy council, and
created chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster,
which office he resigned in 1716. He died
22 July 1719, and was buried at Aylesford,
Kent. He married Elizabeth, daughter and
coheir of Sir John Banks of Aylesford, by
whom he had nine children.

His portrait appears in the print engraved
by White in 1689 of the counsel of the seven
bishops.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. 1779, iv. 316 ; Sharpe's
Peerage, i. 20 ; Welch's Alumni "Westmonas-
terienses,p.571 ; Poynter's Chronicle, 1703,1711 ;
Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs; Burnet's
History of his own Time, ed. 1823, ii. 106, 397;
Doyle's Baronage.] E. T. B.

FINCH, SiRHENRY(rf. 1625), serjeant-
at-law, was the second son of Sir Thomas
Finch [q. v.] of East well, Kent, by Catherine,
daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Moyle. His
elder brother, Sir Moyle Finch, was the father
of Sir Heneage Finch [q. v.], speaker of the
House of Commons in the reign of Charles I,
whose son Heneage [q. v.], first earl of Not-
tingham, was lord chancellor to Charles II.
Sir Henry Finch was educated, according to
Wood, 'for a time ' at Oriel College, Oxford,
where, however, he seems to have taken no
degree, and was admitted of Gray's Inn in
1577, and called to the bar there in 1585
(DouTHWAiTE, Gray's Inn, p. 62). He seems
to be identical with a certain Henry Finch
of Canterbury, who held from the arch-
bishop a lease of Salmstone rectory, except
the timber and the advowson, between 1583
and 1600. In February 1592-3 he was re-
turned to parliament for Canterbury, and
he retained the seat at the election of 1597.
He became an ( ancient ' of his inn in 1593,
and the same year was appointed counsel
to the Cinque ports. He was reader at his
inn in the autumn of 1604. In 1613 he was
appointed recorder of Sandwich, on 11 June
1616 he was called to the degree of serjeant-
at-law, and nine days later he received the
honour of knighthood at Whitehall (Cal.
State Papers, Dom. 1598-1601 p. 533, 1611-
1G18 p. 373; Official Return of Lists of
Members of Parliament; DUGDALE, Chron.
Ser. 103 ; NICHOLS, Progr. James I, iii. 173 ;
BOYS, Collections for a History of Sandwicht
pp. 423, 779). At this time he was en-

Finch i

gaged, in conjunction with Bacon, Noy, and
others, upon an abortive attempt at codifying
the statute law, described by Bacon as ' the
reducing of concurrent statutes heaped one
upon another to one clear and uniform law.'
About the same time his opinion was taken
by the king on the * conveniency ' of mono-
poly patents, and to him, jointly with Bacon
and Montague, was entrusted the conduct of
the business connected with the patent in-
tended to be granted to the Inns of Court
(SPEDDING, Letters and Life of Bacon, vi. 71,
84, 99). He took part in the argument on
the question whether baronets ranked as
bannerets before the king and council on
6 April 1612 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep.
App. pt. iv. 9). In 1621 he published a work
entitled 'The World's Great Restauration,
or Calling of the Jews, and with them of all
Nations and Kingdoms of the Earth to the
Faith of Christ,' in which he seems to have
predicted as in the near future the restora-
tion of temporal dominion to the Jews and
the establishment by them of a world-wide
empire. This caused King James to treat
the work as a libel, and accordingly Finch
was arrested in April 1621. He obtained his
liberty by disavowing all such portions of the
work as might be construed as derogatory to
the sovereign and apologising for having writ-
ten unadvisedly. Laud, in a sermon preached
in July 1621, took occasion to animadvert on
the book. It was suppressed and is now
extremely rare (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
xi. 127 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-23,
pp. 247, 248). He must have been in em-
barrassed circumstances in 1623, as his son
John [q. v.] having become surety for him was
only protected from arrest for debt by an order
under the sign-manual (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1619-23, p. 515). He died in October
1625, and was buried in the parish church of
Boxley, Kent (HASTED, Kent, iv. 624). By
his wife Ursula, daughter of John Thwaites of
Kent, he was father of John, lord Finch of
Fordwich [q. v.] (BEEKT, County Genealogies
(Kent), p. 206), and of Edward (Jl. 1630-
1641) [q. v.], royalist divine, whom the genea-
logists overlook. Besides the ' Great Restaura-
tion,' Finch published a legal treatise of con-
siderable merit entitled ' No/zorf^i'ia, cestas-
cavoir un Description del Common Leys
d'Angleterre solonque les Rules del Art Pa-
rallelees ove les Prerogative le Roy, &c.,&c.,
Per Henrie Finch de Graye'slnne, Apprentice
del Ley,' Lond. 1613, fol. It is dedicated in
remarkably good Latin, ' Augustissimo Prin-
cipi omnique virtutum genere splendidissimo
Jacobo Magno Dei gratia Britannise Regi.' It
consists of four books. The first treats of
what is now called jurisprudence, and is

; Finch

mainly devoted to expounding the distinc-
tion between natural and ' positive ' law. It
is learnedly written, Plato and Cicero being
frequently cited. The second book deals with
the common law, customs, prerogative, and
statute law ; the third with procedure, anc
the fourth with special jurisdictions, e.g. those
of the admiral and the bishop. The treatise
is written in law French. An English ver-
sion, entitled ' Law, or a Discourse thereof
in Four Books, written in French by Sir
Henry Finch, Knight, His Majesty's Ser-
jeant-at-law, done into English by the same
author,' appeared in London in 1627, 8vo ;
1636, 12mo; 1678, 8vo: and was edited with
notes by Danby Pickering of Gray's Inn, in
1789, 8vo. It differs in some important par-
ticulars from the original work. Another
and much closer translation was published
in the last century under the title, ' A De-
scription of the Common Laws of England
according to the Rules of Art compared with
the Prerogatives of the King/ &c., London,
1759, 8vo. As an exposition of the common
law, Finch's Law, as it was called, was only
superseded by Blackstone's ' Commentaries,'
so far as it dealt with jurisprudence only by
the great work of Austin. A little abstract
of the work, entitled ' A Summary of the
Common Law of England,' appeared in Lon-
don in 1673, 8vo.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 387; Wool-
rych'sLiv-esofEminentSerjeants-at-law,i. 391-3;.
Berry's County Genealogies (Kent).] J. M. K.

FINCH, HENRY (1633-1704), ejected!
minister, was born at Standish, Lancashire,,
and baptised on 8 Sept. 1633. He was edu-
cated at the grammar schools of Standish and
Wigan. Calamy does not say at what uni-
versity he graduated. After preaching in the
Fylde country (between the Lune and the
Ribble) he was presented in 1656 to the vicar-
age of Walton-on-the-Hill, Lancashire, a
parish which then included the town of Liver-
pool. He was a member of the fifth presby-
terian classis of Lancashire. In July 1659"
he took a rather active part in the plans
for the rising of the ' new royalists ' under
Sir George Booth (1622-1684) [q.v.] His
property was seized by the parliamentary
sequestrators, and not restored ; but for the*
restoration of the monarchy in the following
year he would probably have lost his bene-
fice. Unable to accept the terms of the Uni-
formity Act, he was ejected in 1662. He-
retired to Warrington, where ^ he lived for
some years in dependence on his wife's rela-
tives. The Five Mile Act (1665) compelled
him to leave, and he settled in Manchester
(not then a corporate town), where he sup-
ported himself by keeping a school. Both at

Finch

Warrington and Manchester he attended the
ordinary services in the established church,
preaching only occasionally on Sunday even-
ings in his own dwelling to such restricted
gatherings as the law allowed. On the in-
dulgence of 1672 he took out a license as a ' ge-
neral presbyterian minister,' and officiated in
the licensed' private oratory ' (Birch Chapel),
which was in the hands of Thomas Birch of
Birch Hall, Lancashire, though the legal
ovvTiers were the warden and fellows of the
collegiate church of Manchester. On 29 Oct.
1672 he took part in the first ordination con-
ducted by the ejected nonconformists, in the
house of Robert Eaton at Deansgate, Man-
chester. On the outbreak of the Monmouth
rebellion (1685) Finch was imprisoned at
Chester; this was probably the occasion when,
as Calamy relates, ' they thrust a conformist
into his place ' at Birch Chapel, but * that pro-
iect dropt,' and Finch was allowed to resume
his ministry.

The Toleration Act (1689) was the means
of calling attention to the insecurity of his
position. Birch Chapel, being a consecrated
place, could not be licensed as a dissenting
meeting-house. Finch, however, stayed on
until the death of Thomas Birch the younger
in 1697, when the chapel was ceded by his son,
George Birch, to the legal owners. Finch
then preached at licensed houses in Platt and
Birch, till his friends built a meeting-house
at Platt (1700), Finch himself contributing
20/. towards the erection, which cost 95/. in
all. The opening discourse was preached by
Finch's son-in-law, James Grimshaw of Lan-
caster, author of ' Rest from Rebels,' 1716.

Finch was a member of the provincial meet-
ing of united ministers (presbyterian and
congregational) formed in Lancashire in 1693
on the basis of the London ' agreement ' of
1691, involving a doctrinal subscription. He
preached before this meeting on two occa-
sions, 4 Aug. 1696, and 13 Aug. 1700, both
at Manchester. Calamy acknowledges the
value of Finch's corrections to his account of
the silenced ministers. It is interesting to
note that, though a strong supporter of the
revolution of 1688, Finch was ' a charitable
contributor while he liv'd' to the distressed
nonjurors. Finch died on 13 Nov. 1704, and
was succeeded by Robert Hesketh, early in
whose ministry the chapel was conveyed
(25-6 Oct. 1706) in trust for the mainte-
nance of an 'orthodox' ministry.

PETER FIXCH (1661-1754), presbyterian
minister, son of the above, was born on 6 Oct.
1661. On 3 May 1678 he entered the non-
conformist academy of Richard Frankland
[q. v.] at Natland, Westmoreland. He soon
removed to the university of Edinburghjwliere

4 Finch

he graduated M.A. on 16 July 1680. His
first employment was as chaplain in the family
of William Ashurst, afterwards knighted [see
ASHURST, HENRY]. In 1691 he was invited
to become colleague at Norwich to Josiah
Chorley [q. v.] ; his first entry in the pres-
byterian register of baptisms is dated 1 June
1692. He remained at his post for over sixty-
two years, and survived Edward Crane [q. v.]
and Thomas Dixon the younger [see under
DIXON, THOMAS], both of whom had been
designated as his successor. Himself a strict
Calvinist, Ke contributed much, by his love
of peace, to preserve concord when doctri-
nal differences threatened to divide his flock.
From 1733 John Taylor, the Hebraist, was
his colleague. He died on his ninety-third
birthday, 6 Oct. 1754, and was buried in the
church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich. A
small portrait of him hangs in the vestry of
the Octagon Chapel. His great-grandson,
Peter, was mayor of Norwich in 1827.

[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 404 sq. ; Con-
tinuation, 1727, i. 564; Monthly Repository,
1811, p. 261; Taylor's Hist. Octagon Chapel,
Norwich, 1848, p. 15 sq. ; Booker's Hist. Ancient
Chapel of Birch (Chetham Soc.), 1858; Cat. of
Edinb. Graduates (Bannatyne Club), 1858 ;
Halley's Lancashire Nonconformity, 1869, p.
94, &c. ; Manuscript Minutes of Provincial Meet-
ing of Lancashire Ministers (1693-1700), in pos-
session of trustees of Cross Street Chapel, Man-
chester ; papers relating to Platt Chapel, in
possession of G-. W. Rayner Wood.] A. G.

FINCH, SIR JOHN, BARON FINCH
OF FORDWICH (1584-1660), speaker of the
House of Commons and lord keeper, son of
Sir Henry Finch [q. v.], by Ursula, daugh-
ter of John Thwaites, was born on 17 Sept.
1584, admitted a member of Gray's Inn in
February 1600, and called to the bar on
8 Nov. 1611. Clarendon states that he ' led
a free life on a restrained fortune,' and that
he ' set up upon the stock of a good wit and
natural parts, without the superstructure of
much knowledge in the profession by which
he was to grow ' (Rebellion, Oxford ed. i.
130), and Finch himself, on the occasion of
his instalment as lord chief justice, publicly
confessed that the first six years of his
pupilage were mainly devoted to other pur-
suits than the study of the law (RTTSHWORTH,
Hist. Coll. ii. 256). In 1614 he was returned
to parliament for Canterbury. In 1617 he
was elected a bencher of his inn, where, in
the autumn of the following year, he dis-
charged the duties of reader (DouTHWAiTE,
Gray's Inn, p. 66). Foss says, without giv-
ing his authority, that in 1617 he was elected
recorder of Canterbury. He was certainly
recorder of the city in March 1618-19 (Ecje'r-

Finch

Finch

ton MS. 2584, f. 177), and was dismissed by
the corporation shortly afterwards. The
cause of his removal does not appear. Finch
himself, in a letter dated 4 Jan. 1619, solicit-
ing the interest of Lord Zouch, warden of
the Cinque ports, with the privy council,
from which he had obtained a mandamus
against the corporation for his reinstatement,
speaks vaguely of the ' factious carriage ' of
one Sabin (ib. f. 100). The corporation
had refused to obey the order of the privy
council, and it remained as yet unenforced.
On 19 May 1620 the corporation wrote
to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord
Zouch praying that they might not be com-
pelled to re-elect Finch, as it would be
* against their consciences and their charter,
and greatly to the disquiet of the city.' On
28 May, however, they changed their tone,
humbly informing the council that they were
willing to re-elect Mr. Finch as their recorder,'
and craving ' pardon for discontenting their
lordships' (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1619-
1623, pp. 108, 144, 146, 148). Finch was
returned to parliament for "Winchelsea in
February 1623-4, but was unseated on peti-
tion on the ground that certain voters had
been excluded by the mayor. A new writ
issued on 19 March, and Finch was re-elected
(Comm. Journ. i. 739). He exchanged Win-
chelsea for Canterbury at the election of
1625. On 31 May the king, and on 13 June
1625 the king and queen paid a visit to Can-
terbury, and were received with an address
by Finch as recorder. The addresses, notes
of which are preserved in Sloane MS. 1455, ff.
1-6, must have been remarkable only for the
style of fulsome adulation in which they
were conceived. In 1626 he was knighted
and appointed king's counsel and attorney-
general to the queen ( Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1625-6, p. 456 ; Rof ER, Fcedera, Sanderson,
xiii. 633, 866). On 17 March 1627-8 he was
elected speaker of the House of Commons,
being still member for Canterbury (Comm.
Journ. i. 872). His speech to the throne,
couched though it was in language of the
most extravagant loyalty, nevertheless con-
cluded with three petitions: (1) that the
house might be assured of the immunity of
its members from arrest, (2) that freedom of
debate might be respected, (3) that access to
the royal person might be granted on suit-
able occasions (Par I. Hist. ii. 225). On
14 April 1628 he presented a petition against
the practice of billeting soldiers on private
citizens. On 5 May he conveyed to the king
the answers of the commons to various royal
messages, in particular to the demand of the
king to know whether the commons would
rest content with his ( royal word and pro-

mise for the redress of their grievances,
-bmch expressed on behalf of the commons
at once their entire confidence in the royal
word, and their settled conviction that « no
less than a public remedy will raise the de-
jected hearts ' of the people at large (ib. pp.
281, 346). In the debate on the royal mes-
sage of 5 June, enjoining the commons not
to meddle with affairs of state or asperse
ministers, Sir John Eliot having risen osten-
sibly to rebut the implied charge of aspersing
ministers, Finch, < apprehending Sir John in-
tended to fall upon the duke ' (Buckingham),
said, with tears in his eyes : < There is a com-
mand laid upon me to interrupt any that
should go about to lay aspersion on the
ministers of state ; ' upon which Eliot sat
down, the house, after some desultory con-
versation, resolved itself into a committee of
public safety, and Finch repaired to the king,
from whom next day he brought a concilia-
tory message. On this occasion he seems to
have acted as a mediator between the king
and the commons. Sir Robert Philips, who
replied to the royal message on behalf of the
house, while expressing himself very cau-
tiously on the general question, lauded Finch
as one who had ' not only at all times dis-
charged the duty of a good speaker, but of a
good man' (ib. pp. 402-7 ; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1628-9, p. 153). In September and
October 1628 Finch was associated with the
attorney-general, Sir Robert Heath, in in-
vestigating the circumstances attending the
assassination of the Duke of Buckingham
(ib. pp. 332, 343). On 25 Feb. 1628-9 Finch
delivered a message from the king command-
ing the adjournment of the house. Several
members objected that adjournment was a
matter for the house to determine, and Sir
John Eliot proceeded to present a remon-
strance on the subject of tonnage and pound-
age, which Finch refused to read. Eliot
then read it him self. Finch, however, refused
to put the question, and, rising to adjourn the
debate, was forced back into the chair, and
held there by Denzil Holies, Valentine, and
others, Holies swearing 'God's wounds he
should sit still till it pleased them to rise.'
Finch burst into tears, exclaiming, ' I will
not say I will not, but I dare not,' remind-
ing the house that he had been their ' faith-
ful servant,' and protesting ' he would sacri-
fice his life for the good of his country, but
durst not sin against the express command
of his sovereign.' Meanwhile with locked
doors the substance of Eliot's remonstrance
was adopted by the house and declared car-
ried. Shortly afterwards parliament was
dissolved, not to meet again for eleven years
(Parl. Hist. ii. 487-91). In 1631 Finch was

Finch

16

Finch

much employed in Star-chamber and high
commission cases (Reports of Cases in the
Courts of Star-chamber and High Commis-
sion, Camd. Soc.) In the autumn of 1633,
the Inns of Court having decided to provide
a grand masque for the entertainment of the
king and queen, by way at once of testify-
ing their loyalty and protesting against the
austere views lately published by Prynne in
his * Histrio-Mastix,' Finch was elected one
of the committee of management. The per-
formance, which took place on Candlemas
day (2 Feb. 1633-4), is described at some
length by Whitelocke, and seems to have
been a very splendid pageant. The masquers
went in procession from Ely House, Holborn,
by way of Chancery Lane and the Strand to
Whitehall. The dancing took place in the
palace, the queen herself dancing with some
of the masquers. The revels were prolonged
far into the night, and terminated with a
stately banquet. Finch was subsequently
deputed to convey the thanks of the members
of the four inns to the king and queen for
their gracious reception of the masquers.
The entertainment was afterwards repeated
by royal command in the Merchant Taylors'
Hall (WHITELOCKE, Memoirs, pp. 19, 22).
About the same time Finch was busily en-
gaged in the proceedings taken against
Prynne in the Star-chamber. His speech, in
which he charges Prynne with veiling under
the name of Herodias a libel on the queen, is
reported in * Documents relating to William
Prynne ' (Camd. Soc. pp. 10, 11). Attorney-
general Noy dying in the following August
was succeeded by Sir John Banks, and Sir
Robert Heath having been removed from
the chief-justiceship of the court of common
pleas on 14 Sept., Finch was appointed to
succeed him on 16 Oct., having taken the
degree of serjeant-at-law on 9 Oct. Notes
of his speeches on being sworn in as serjeant,
taking leave of Gray's Inn on 12 Oct., and
being sworn in as chief justice, are preserved
in Sloane MS. 1455, ff. 7-15. These changes
inspired some legal wit with the following
couplet : —

Noy's floods are gone, the Banks appear,
The Heath is cropt, the Finch sings there.

(DUGDALE, Chron. Ser. 106-7; CROKE, Rep.
Car. p. 375 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1634-5,
p. 221). On the bench Finch distinguished
himself by the height to which he carried
the royal prerogative, and the severity of his
sentences. Thus a certain James Maxwell
and his wife Alice having been found guilty
in the Star-chamber (17 April 1635) of libel-
ling the king and the lord keeper, and Lord
Cottington proposing a fine of 3,000/. for the

offence against the king and the same sum to
the lord keeper, the lord chief baron moved
to add in the case of the woman a whipping,
in which he was supported by Finch. The
motion, however, was lost. In another Star-
chamber case (27 Jan. 1636-7) one Elm-
stone having been sentenced to imprisonment
and also to stand in the pillory at Westmin-
ster, Finch moved to add that he lose his
ears. The motion was lost. On Prynne's
second trial (1637) Finch surpassed himself
in brutality. He drew the attention of the
court to the fact that some remnants of
Prynne's ears still remained, and moved that
they be cut close, and that he be stigmatised
with the letters S. L. (seditious libeller) on
his cheeks, which proposals were adopted
into the sentence. In the case of John Lang-
ton (1638), one of the subordinate officials of
the exchequer, charged with abuse of the royal
prerogative, Finch doubled the fine of 1,000/.
proposed by Lord Cottington, and added the
pillory, imprisonment, and disability to hold
office, in which the rest of the court con-
curred, Archbishop Laud, however, being for
raising the fine to 5,000/. Finch also added
a whipping to the sentence of fine, pillory,
and mutilation proposed by Lord Cottington
for one Pickering, a Roman catholic, found
guilty in 1638 of libelling the king and queen
by calling them Romanists, and sacrilegiously
converting part of a churchyard into a "pig-
sty (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1635 p. 31,
1636-7 p. 398, 1637 p. 214, 1637-8 pp. 384,
474 ; COBBETT, State Trials, iii. 717, 725).

On 12 Feb. 1636-7 the king laid before
the judges a case for their opinion on the
legality of ship-money. The opinion which
they all subscribed, but for which, according
to Clarendon, Finch was mainly responsible,
was to the effect that the king had an uncon-
trolled discretion in the matter. To this opinion
Finch and the majority of his colleagues
adhered on the occasion of the trial of Hamp-
den in the exchequer chamber. He delivered a
long P j some what 'rambling judgment, con-
clud^xg^with the statement that 'upon com-
mon law and the fundamental policy of the-
kingdom the king may charge his subjects for
the defence of the kingdom when it is in dan-
ger,' and ' that the king is sole j udge of the dan-
ger, and ought to direct the means of defence '
(COBBETT, State Trials, iii. 843, 1243). Of this
judgment Clarendon says that it made ship-
money ' more abhorred and formidable than
all the commitments by the council table-,
and all the distresses taken by the sheriffs in
England ; the major part of men looking upon
these proceedings with a kind of applause-
to themselves, to see other men punished for
not doing as they had done ; which delight

Finch ]

was quickly determined when they found
their own interest, by the unnecessary logic
of that argument, no less concluded than
Mr. Hampden's ' (Rebellion, i. 127/130). In

^^. .^c^^en's ' (Rebellion, i. 127/130). In
March 1638-9 Finch was sworn of the privy
council, and on 17 Jan. 1639-40 he obtained
through the influence of the queen the place
of lord keeper, then vacant by the death of
Lord Coventry. His appointment was far
from giving universal satisfaction. Thus, Sir
Richard Cave writes to Sir Thomas Roe,
under date 7 Feb. 1639-40: < The lord keeper
Ifeeps such a clatter in his new place that
they are more weary of him in the chancery
than they were before in the common pleas.'
On 7 April 1640 he was created Baron Finch of
Fordwich in Itieni (Letters of Lady Brilliana
Harley (Camd. Soc.), p. 32 ; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1639-40 pp. 341, 344, 436, 1640
p. 12). The Short parliament of 1640 was
opened by the king on 13 April with a few
words indicative of the gravity of the situa-
tion, the task of more fully setting forth the
royal wishes and intentions being devolved
upon the lord keeper. After dwelling upon
the magnanimity shown by the king in ' se-
questering the memory of all former dis-
couragements,' and once more summoning a
parliament, Finch proceeded to expatiate upon
the threatening aspect of Scottish affairs, and
the consequent necessity of obtaining imme-
diate supplies. On this theme he again en-
larged on 20 April, but with no effect, the
commons resolving that grievances must take

r Finch

but his wife, Lady Mabel, was permitted to
occupy them at the annual rent of 100/. so
long as they should continue in sequestration
(Lords' Journals, vi. 568 a, vii. 272 ; Add
MS. 5494, f. 206). They seem to have been
subsequently redeemed for 7,000/., though
Finch s name does not appear in Dring's
'Catalogue' (1733) (Parl. Hist. ii. 528-34
552-60, 685-98; COBBETT, State Trials, iv.
18; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661-2, p. 328).
During his exile Finch seems to have resided
principally at the Hague. Here in 1641
Evelyn met him, and lodged for a time in
the same house with him, the house, oddly
enough, of a Brownist, where, says Evelyn,
' we had an extraordinary good table ' (Diary,
26 July and 19 Aug. 1641). Two letters to
Finch, one from Henrietta Maria, the other
from Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, belonging
to this period, maybe read in 'Archseologia,'
xxi. 474 et seq. They are of slight histori-
cal importance, but by the familiarity of their
style serve to show the intimate terms on
which he stood with the writers. A letter to
Sir Christopher Hatton, dated 3 Jan. 1640-1,
announcing his arrival at the Hague (Add.
MSS. 28218 f. 9, 29550 f. 49), was printed in
1641 (Brit. Mus. Cat. < Finch '). Another to
Dr. Cosin, dean of Peterborough, written in
a very inflated style, but not without touches
of humour, is undated, but must have been
written in 1641 or 1642, as it contains a re-
ference to the ' danger that hangs over the
head ' of Cosin, viz. the prosecution in the

precedence of supply. On 5 May parliament high commission court for innovating in re-
was dissolved. One of the first acts of the ligion, which terminated 22 Jan. 1642 in se-

Long parliament was the exhibition of articles
of impeachment against Finch. The princi-
pal counts in the indictment were three :
(1) his arbitrary conduct when speaker on
the occasion of Eliot's motion on tonnage
and poundage ; (2) malpractices on the bench
in 1635 for the purpose of extending the
royal forest in Essex beyond its legal boun-
daries ; (3) his conduct in Hampden's case
{Harleian Miscellany, v. 566-9 ; Somers
Tracts, iv. 129-32; Trevelyan Papers, Camd.
Soc. iii. 199-200). Finch appeared at the
bar of the House of Commons during the pre-
liminary stage (21 Dec.), and made an ela-
borate speech in his own defence, but took
refuge in Holland before the form of the ar-
ticles was finally determined, arriving at the
Hague on 31 Dec. 1640. According to Cla-
rendon (Rebellion, i. 311, 526) the house was
' wonderfully indisposed to hear anything
against ' him, though Falkland denounced
him as the ' chief transgressor' in the mat-
ter of ship-money. His estates in Kent and
Middlesex were sequestrated in 1644, being
estimated as of the annual value of 338/. ;

VOL. XIX.

questration. It was printed in 1642
and reprinted in 1844 (Newcastle Reprints
of Rare Tracts, Historical, i.) On 14 July
1647 Finch petitioned the House of Lords
for leave to return home to die in his native
country. The petition was ordered to be
considered, and was entered in the journal
of the house, but no leave appears to have
been granted (Lords1 Journals, vii. 331). In
October 1660 Finch was one of the commis-
sioners for the trial of the regicides, but took
little part in the proceedings. He died on the
27th of the following month, and was buried
in St. Martin's Church, near Canterbury. As
he left no male issue the peerage became ex-
tinct. Finch married first Eleanor, daughter
of George Wyat; and secondly, Mabel, daugh-
ter of the Rev. Charles Fotherby, dean of
Canterbury. Smith (Obituary, Camd. Soc.,
p. 52) calls him a ' proud and impious man,
but loyal to his prince.' His character has
been painted in black colours by Campbell ;
but though a bigoted supporter of despotic
power, there is no reason to suppose that he
was other than a conscientious man. His

C

Finch

18

Finch

view of the duty of a judge was certainly very
humble, if we may credit the statement of
Clarendon (Rebellion, i. 130) that while lord
keeper he announced his intention of giving
effect on all occasions to the mandates of the
privy council. It has, however, never been
suggested that he was open to pecuniary cor-
ruption. Wood says that he was the author
of a * Manuale Mathematicum,' curiously
written on vellum with his own hand, for-
merly preserved among the manuscripts in
the Ashmolean Museum (Athence Oxon. ed.
Bliss, ii. 388), but now missing from the Ash-
molean collection at the Bodleian (BLACK,
Cat. p. 1505). He was also one of the first
donors to Gray's Inn library (DOUTHWAITE,
Grays Inn, p. 176).

[Berry's County Genealogies (Kent) ; Camp-
bell's Lives of the Chancellors ; Foss's Lives of
the Judges.] J. M. R.

FINCH, SIR JOHN (1626-1682), physi-
cian, younger son of Sir Heneage Finch,
speaker of the House of Commons [q. v.],
was born in 1626, and, after education at Mr.
Sylvester's school in the parish of All Saints,
Oxford, entered Balliol College as a gentleman
commoner and graduated B. A. 22 May 1647.
In 1648 he left Oxford, and graduated M. A.
at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1649 ; then
went to Padua and took the degree of M.D.
in that university. He became English consul
at Padua, and was made syndic of the univer-
sity. The Grand Duke of Tuscany afterwards
appointed him to a professorship at Pisa. At
the Restoration he returned to England, and
on 26 Feb. 1661 was elected an extraordinary
fellow of the College of Physicians of London.
' Obpraeclara doctoris Harvei merita,' say the
college annals, probably in reference to the
fact that Harvey had been a doctor of physic
of the university of Padua. Lord Clarendon
presented Finch to the king, who knighted
him on 10 June 1661, and on 26 June in the
same year he was created M.D. at Cambridge,
Dr. Carr appearing as his proxy. He was
one of the fellows admitted by the council
of the Royal Society, in virtue of the power
given them for two months, on 20 May 1663.
The house now called Kensington Palace
belonged to Finch, and in 1661 he sold it to
his elder brother, Sir Heneage Finch, after-
wards Lord Nottingham. In 1665 he was
sent as minister to the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany, and in 1672 was promoted to be am-
bassador at Constantinople. On his voyage
thither he stopped at Leghorn and at .Malta
to arrange the restitution of some ffoods be-
longing to the basha of Tunis which had
been seized bv English privateers. On 2 MAJ
1676 he left bis house in Pera, with a n-t inuc
of one hundred and twenty horses and fifty-

five carts of baggage, and after a nine days'
journey reached Adrianople. The object of
the visit was to obtain the sultan's confirma-
tion of privileges granted to English residents
in his dominions, and after tedious delays
this was accomplished on 8 Sept. The town
was crowded, and the ambassador, who had
at first wretched lodgings, was later obliged
to live in tents in the fields owing to an
epidemic of plague, of which some of his
household died. He returned to Constanti-
nople, and in 1682 to England. He died of
pleurisy on 18 Nov. 1682 in London, whence
his body was conveyed by his kinsmen to
Cambridge and there buried, as he had desired,
near that of his friend Sir Thomas Baines
[q_.v.], in the chapel of Christ's College. Their
friendship is the most interesting circum-
stance of the life of Finch. It began ab
Cambridge, where Henry More the Platonist
introduced Finch, on his migration from Ox-
ford, to Baines, already a member of Christ's
College. They pursued the same studies and
lived in the same places, both graduated in
medicine at Padua, were admitted fellows of
the College of Physicians of London on the
same day, and were together created doctors
of physic at Cambridge. When Finch had
been knighted he sought the same honour for
Baines, and when he went abroad as an am-
bassador he took Sir Thomas Baines with
him as physician to the embassy. They con-
sulted together on every difficulty, and at
Constantinople were known as the ambas-
sador and the chevalier, and it was considered
as important to secure the influence of the
one as of the other. Thus constant through-
out life they are buried side by side, under
the same marble canopy, and are every year
commemorated as benefactors of their college,
where they jointly founded two fellowships
and two scholarships, anxious to encourage
in future generations the formation of friend-
ships at the university as true and as lasting
as their own.

[Hunk's Coll. of Phys. i. 298; Pepys's Diary
6th ed. in. 446 ; Cambridge University Calendar
1 868 ; North's Life of the Hon. Sir Dudley North'
Knt., London, 1744; tomb in the chapel of
Christ's College, Cambridge; Dodd's Church
History, iii. 257; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss ii

N.M.

FINCH, ROBERT (1783-1830), anti-
quary, born in London on 27 Dec. 1783 was
the only son of Thomas Finch, F.R S ' He
was educated for a short time at St. Paul's
Schoo , and at eighteen was admitted at

"I '" r A ?^°xSrd- He ^^ RA-

09. He was ordained in 1807

and officiated at Maidstone and elsewhere

ie went abroad, visiting Portugal^

Finch

Finch

France, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, and the
Holy Land. For several years before his
death he lived in Rome. He died at his
residence, the Palazzo del Re di Prussia, in
Rome, on 16 Sept. 1830, from malarial fever.
Finch had a great love of the fine arts, and
studied antiquities and topography. He left
his library, pictures, coins, and medals to the
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and his plate
to Balliol College. He was a fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, and a contributor to
the ' Gentleman's Magazine 'and other periodi-
cals. He married in 1820, when in Italy,
Maria, eldest daughter of Frederick Thom-
son of Kensington, but left no issue.

[Gent. Mag. 1830, vol. c. pt. ii. pp. 567-8.]

W. W.

FINCH, ROBERT POOLE (1724-1803),
divine, son of the Rev. Richard Finch, was
born at Greenwich 3 March 1723-4, entered
Merchant Taylors' School in 1736, and was
admitted a member of Peterhouse, Cambridge,
whence he graduated B.A. 1743, M.A. 1747,
D.D. 1772. He became a preacher of some
eminence, published numerous sermons, and
was also an author of a treatise upon oaths
and perjury, which passed through many
editions. In 1771 he was appointed rector
of St. Michael's, Cornhill, but resigned in
1784, on becoming rector of St. John the
Evangelist, Westminster. In 1781 he was
made prebendary of Westminster, and re-
taining this appointment until his death,
18 May 1803, was buried in the abbey.

He published in 1788 ' Considerations upon
the Use and Abuse of Oaths judicially taken/
which became a standard work among the
publications of the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.

[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School ;
Chester's Westminster Abbey Keg. p. 469.]

C. J. R.

FINCH, SIE THOMAS (d. 1563), mili-
tary commander, was second son of Sir Wil-
liam Finch, who was knighted for his services
at the siege of Terouenne in 1513, and at-
tended Henry VIII with a great retinue in
1520. His mother, his father's first wife, was
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Cromer of
Tunstall, Kent, and widow of Sir Richard
Lovelace. An elder brother, Lawrence, died
without issue, and Thomas succeeded to his
father's property. He was trained as a soldier,
and in 1553 was engaged in suppressing
Wyatt's rebellion in Kent. On the day after
Mary's coronation (2 Oct. 1553) he was
knighted. Soon after Elizabeth's accession
(1559), Nicholas Harpsfeld [q. v.], archdeacon
of Canterbury, threatened violent resistance
to the new ecclesiastical legislation, and Finch

was despatched to Canterbury to disarm his
household. Early in 1563 he was appointed,
in succession to Sir Adrian Poynings, knight-
marshal of the army then engaged in war
about Havre. He at once sent his half-
brother, Sir Erasmus Finch, to take tempo-
rary charge, and his kinsman Thomas Finch
:o act as provost-marshal. He himself em-
barked in the Greyhound in March with two
mndred followers, among them James and
John Wentworth, brothers of Lord Went-
worth, another brother of his own, a brother
of Lord Cobham, and a nephew of Ambrose
Dudley, earl of Warwick. When nearing
Havre the ship was driven back by contrary
winds towards Rye. Finch and his friends
induced the captain — ' a very good seaman,'
says Stow — l to thrust into the haven before
the tide,' and ' so they all perished' with the
exception of * seven of the meaner sort '
(19 March). The news reached the court
two days later, and produced great consterna-
tion (Cecil to Sir Thomas Smith in WEIGHT,
Queen Elizabeth, i. 133). A ballad com-
memorating the misfortune was licensed to
Richard Griffith at the time (COLLIEE, Sta-
tioners1 Registers, 1557-70, Shakespeare Soc.
73). Finch was buried at Eastwell, Kent.

Finch married Catherine, daughter and
coheiress of Sir Thomas Moyle, chancellor
of the court of augmentations, and thus
came into possession of Moyle's property of
Eastwell, at his death 2 Oct. 1560. He
owned other land in Kent, and on 9 Dec.
1558 Aloisi Pruili, Cardinal Pole's secretary,
requested Cecil to direct Finch to allow the
officers of the cardinal, then just dead, to
dispose of oxen, hay, wood, and deer belong-
ing to their late master in St. Augustine's
Park, Canterbury (Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1547-80, p. 116). His widow remarried Ni-
cholas St. Leger, and died 9 Feb. 1586-7.
Of his children, three sons and a daughter
survived him. The second son, Sir Henry
Finch, serjeant-at-law, is separately noticed.
The third', Thomas, died without issue in the
expedition to Portugal in 1589. The daugh-
ter, Jane, married George Wyatt of Bexley,
son of Sir Thomas Wyatt of Allington, Kent.
Finch's heir, Moyle, created a baronet 27 May
1611, married in 1574 Elizabeth, daughter of
Sir Thomas Heneage of Copt Hall, Essex ;
inherited Eastwell on his mother's death in
1587 ; obtained a license to enclose one thou-
sand acres of land there, and to embattle his
house, 18 Jan. 1589, and died 14 Dec. 1614.
His widow was created, in consideration of
her father's services, Viscountess Maidstone,
8 July 1623, and Countess of Winchilsea,
12 July 1628, both titles being granted with
limitation to heirs male. She died and was

c2

Finch

20

Finch-Hatton

buried at Eastwell in 1633. Her eldest son,
Thomas, succeeded her as Earl of Winchilsea.
Her fourth son, Sir Heneage [q. v.], was
speaker of the House of Commons, 1626-31.

[Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, iii. 378-9 ;
Hasted's Kent, iii. 198-9; Stow's Chronicle,
1614, pp. 654-5; Wright's Queen Elizabeth,
i. 127, 133 ; Froude's Hist. vi. 201 ; Machyn's
Diary, pp. 302, 308.] S. L. L.

FINCH, WILLIAM (d. 1613), merchant,
was a native of London. He was agent to
an expedition sent by the East India Com-
pany, under Captains Hawkins and Keel-
ing, in 1607 to treat with the Great Mogul.
Hawkins and Finch landed at Surat on
24 Aug. 1608. They were violently opposed
by the Portuguese. Finch, however, obtained
permission from the governor of Cambay to
dispose of the goods in their vessels. In-
cited by the Portuguese, who seized two of
the English ships, the natives refused to have
dealings with the company's representatives.
During these squabbles Finch fell ill, and
Hawkins, proceeding to Agra alone, obtained
favourable notice from the Emperor Jehang-
hire. Finch recovered, and joined Hawkins
at Agra on 14 April 1610. The two re-
mained at the mogul's court for about a year
and a half, Finch refusing tempting offers to
attach himself permanently to the service of
Jehanghire. Hawkins returned to England,
but Finch delayed his departure in order to
make further explorations, visiting Byana
and Lahore among other places. Finch
made careful observations on the commerce
and natural products of the districts visited.
In 1612 the mogul emperor confirmed and
extended the privileges he had promised to
Finch and Hawkins, and the East India Com-
pany in that year set up their first little fac-
tory at Surat. Finch died at Babylon on his
way to Aleppo from drinking poisoned water
in August 1613.

[Purchas ; Pre vest's Histoire de Voyages ;
Dow's Hist, of Hindostan ; Cal. State Papers,
East Indies, 1513-1617, Nos. 449, 649, 650 ]

J. B-Y.

FINCH, WILLIAM (1747-1810), divine,
son of William Finch of Watford, Hertford-
shire, was born 22 July 1747, entered Mer-
chant Taylors' School in 1754, and was elected
thence in 1764 to St. John's College, Oxford.
He graduated B.C.L. in 1770 and D.C.L. in
1775. In 1797 he accepted the college living
of Tackley, Oxfordshire, and in the same
year was appointed Bampton lecturer. He
took as his subject ' The Objections of Infidel
Historians and other writers against Christi-
anity.' The lectures were published in 1797,
together with a sermon preached before the

university on 18 Oct. 1795. Finch, who does
not appear to have published anything else
except a sermon preached before the Oxford
Loyal Volunteers (Oxford, 1798), died 8 June
1810, and was buried at Tackley.

[Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School,
ii. 114 ; Oxf. Matr. Reg. ; Brit. Mus. Libr. Cat.]

C. J. R.

FINCH-HATTON, EDWARD (d. 1771),
diplomatist, was fifth son of Daniel Finch
[q. v.], sixth earl of Winchilsea and second
earl of Nottingham. He proceeded M.A. of
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1718, was
elected M.P.for his university to every parlia-
ment that met between 1727 and 1764, and
instituted with his fellow-member, Thomas
Townshend, the Members' Prizes in the
university for essays in Latin prose. He held
a long succession of diplomatic posts. He
was envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo-
tentiary to Sweden ; in the same capacity
was present at the diet of Ratisbon, 1723,
and went to the States-General in 1724. On
8 Feb. 1724-5 he was appointed to the court
of Poland, and on 11 Jan. 1739 to that of
Russia. On returning home he became groom
of the royal bedchamber (1742), master of
the robes (June 1757), and surveyor of the
king's private woods in November 1760. He
assumed in 1764 the additional name of
Hatton, under the will of his aunt, Elizabeth
(5 Oct. 1764), daughter of Christopher, vis-
count Hatton. He died 16 May 1771. In
1746 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
Thomas Palmer of Wingham, Kent, by whom
he had two sons, George (b. 30 June 1747)
and John Emilius Daniel Edward (b. 19 May
1755), besides three daughters. George Wil-
liam [q. v.], the eldest son of Edward Finch-
Hatton's heir, George, succeeded as tenth earl
of Winchilsea and sixth earl of Nottingham
on the death of his cousin in 1826.

[Collins's Peerage, iii. 296-7.]

FINCH-HATTON, GEORGE WIL-
LIAM, EARL OF WINCHILSEA AND NOTTING-
HAM (1791-1858), politician, was born at
Kirby, Northamptonshire, on 19 May 1791.
His father, George Finch-Hatton of Eastwell
Park, near Ashford, Kent, M.P. for Rochester
1772-84, died 17 Feb. 1823, having married in
1785 Lady Elizabeth Mary, eldest daughter of
David Murray, second earl of Mansfield. She
died 1 June 1825. George William, the elder
son, was educated at Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, where he proceeded B.A. in 1812.
On 13 Oct. 1809 he became a captain in the
Ashford regiment of Kentish local militia, on
14 Dec. 1819 commenced acting as a lieute-
nant of the Northamptonshire regiment of
yeomanry, and on 7 Sept. 1820 was named

Finch-Hatton

21

Finden

a deputy-lieutenant for the county of Kent.
His cousin, George Finch, ninth earl of Win-
chilsea and fifth earl of Nottingham, having
died on 2 Aug. 1826, he succeeded to these
peerages. He presided at a very large and
influential meeting held on Pennenden Heath,
Kent, on 10 Oct. 1828, when strongly worded
resolutions in favour of protestant principles
were carried. In his place in the House of
Lords he violently opposed almost every
liberal measure which was brought forward.
He was particularly noted as being almost
the only English nobleman who was willing
to identify himself with the Orange party in
Ireland, and he was accustomed to denounce
in frantic terms Daniel O'Connell, Maynooth,
and the system of education carried out in
that college. Occasionally he took the chair
at May meetings at Exeter Hall, but his in-
temperate language prevented him from be-
coming a leader in evangelical politics. The
Catholic Relief Bill of 1829 encountered his
most vehement hostility, and ultimately led
to a duel with the Duke of Wellington. Lord
"VVinchilsea, in a letter to the secretary of
King's College, London, wrote that the duke,
' under the cloak of some coloured show of
zeal for the protestant religion, carried on an
insidious design for the infringement of our
liberties and the introduction of popery into
every department of the state.' The duke re-
plied with a challenge. The meeting took place
inBatterseaFieldson21 March 1829, the duke
being attended by Sir Henry Hardinge, and
his opponent by Edward Boscawen, viscount
Falmouth. The duke fired and missed, where-
upon Winchilsea fired in the air and then
apologised for the language of his letter (An-
nual Register, 1829, pp. 58-63; STOCQUELEE,
Life of Wellington, ii. 147-8, with portrait of
Winchilsea ; STEINMETZ, Romance of Duel-
ling, ii. 336-43). He was a very frequent
speaker in the lords, and strenuously opposed
the Reform Bill and other whig measures.
He was gazetted lieutenant-colonel comman-
dant of the East Kent regiment of yeomanry
20 Dec. 1830, named a deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Lincoln 26 Sept. 1831, and
created a D.C.L. of Oxford 10 June 1834.
He died at Haverholme Priory, near Slea-
ford, Lincolnshire, 8 Jan. 1858.

He was the writer of a pamphlet entitled
1 Earl of Winchilsea's Letter to the " Times,"
calling upon the Protestants of Great Bri-
tain to unite heart and soul in addressing
the Throne for a Dissolution of Parliament,'
1851.

Winchilsea was married three times : first,
on 26 July 1814, to Georgiana Charlotte,
eldest daughter of James Graham, third duke
of Montrose, she died at Haverholme Priory

13 Feb. 1835 ; secondly, on 15 Feb. 1837, to
Lmily Georgiana, second daughter of Sir
Charles Bagot, G.C.B., she died at Haver-

.,c.
& ?Ty Margaretta, eldest daughter
of Edward Royd Rice of Dane Court, Kent.
[Portraits of Eminent Conservatives and
Statesmen, 1st ser. 1886, with portrait; Doyle's
Baronage (1886), iii. 690, with portrait after
T. Philhpps; Carpenter's Peerage for the People
(1841), pp. 772-3; Gent. Mag. February 1858
pp. 211-12.] G. C. JB.

FINDEN, EDWARD FRANCIS (1701-
1857), engraver, was younger brother, fellow-
pupil, and coadj utor of William Finden [q. v.l ,
and shared his successes and fortunes. He
executed some separate works, among early
ones being a set of etchings for Duppa's ' Mis-
cellaneous Opinions and Observations on the
Continent,' 1825, and ' Illustrations of the
Vaudois in a Series of Views,' 1831. He was
also a large contributor of illustrations to the
annuals, books of beauty, poetry, and other
sentimental works then in vogue. The sepa-
rate engravings executed by him included
1 The Harvest Waggon,' after Gainsborough ;
'As Happy as a King,' after W. Collins;
'Captain Macheath in Prison,' after G. S.
Newton ; ' The Little Gleaner,' after Sir W.
Beechey; 'The Princess Victoria,' after
Westall; 'Othello telling his Exploits to
Brabantio and Desdemona,' after Douglas
Cowper, &c. He died at St. John's Wood,
aged 65, on 9 Feb. 1857.

[Art Journal, 1852 ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters
and Engravers, ed. Graves ; Eedgrave's Diet, of
Artists; Athenaeum, September 1852; Encycl.
Brit. 9th ed. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] L. C.

FINDEN, WILLIAM (1787-1852), en-
graver, was apprenticed to James Mitan, an
engraver, one of the articles of his appren-
ticeship being that he was never to be a can-
didate for academy honours ; it is probable,
however, that he derived much instruction
from his careful study of the works of James
Heath (1766-1834) [q. v.] He worked chiefly
in conjunction with his younger brother and
fellow-pupil, Edward Finden [q. v.], and was
at first employed in his master's line of engrav-
ing, illustrating the books published by Sharpe,
Sutton, and others, engraving Smirke's draw-
ings for ' Don Quixote.' This rather cramped
style of book illustration the Findens de-
veloped to a very great extent. They esta-
blished a large school of pupils, who worked
under their direction, and executed most of
the works which bear the Findens' name, the
Findens confining themselves principally to
supervision, and to giving the few touches
necessary to produce the elaborate finish

Finden

22

Findlater

and precision in which their productions ex-
celled. This mechanical elaboration perhaps
renders their works cold, and prevents their
great excellency from being duly appreciated.
Among the earlier works produced by Wil-
liam Finden were the illustrations to Sir
Henry Ellis's edition of Dugdale's ' History
of St. Paul's,' 1818, Dibdin's ' ^Edes Althor-
pianse,' 1822, &c. The brothers were both
employed in engraving the Elgin marbles for
the British Museum, and also on the illus-
trations for ' The Arctic Voyages ' published
by Murray; Brockedon's 'Passes of the Alps,'
1829; Campbell's ' Poetical Works,' 1828;
and Lodge's ' Portraits,' 1821-34. They pub-
lished on their own account and at their own
cost in 1833 the illustrations to Moore's 'Life
and Works of Lord Byron.' This last-named
work created a great sensation. It was fol-
lowed by other works of a popular nature,
1 The Gallery of the Graces,' from pictures by
Chalon, Landseer, and others, 1832-4 ; l Land-
scape Illustrations of the Bible,' after Turner,
Callcott, Stanfield, and others, 1834-6 ; l By-
ron Beauties,' 1834 ; ' Landscape Illustrations
to the Life and Poetical Works of George
Crabbe,' 1834 ; ' Portraits of the Female
Aristocracy of the Court of Queen Victoria/
after Chalon, Hayter, and others, 1838-9;
'Tableaux of National Character, Beauty,
and Costume,' first edited by Mrs. S. C. Hall,
then by Mary Russell Mitford (among the
contributors of poetry was Elizabeth Barrett,
afterwards Mrs. Browning [q. v.]), &c. The
large profits which the brothers Finden gained
from these works were risked and finally
dissipated in an ambitious production, ' The
Royal Gallery of British Art,' 1838, &c. ;
this publication, though admirably planned
and beautifully executed, was unsuited to a
public whose taste for annuals and illustra-
tions of poetry had been surfeited to excess.
It was the deathblow to the fortunes of the
two Findens. William Finden died a widower
after a short illness on 20 Sept. 1852, in his
sixty-fifth year, and was buried in Highgate
cemetery ; one of his last acts was to sign a
petition to the queen for the recognition of
the claims of engravers to the full honours
of the Royal Academy. Besides the publi-
cations above mentioned and numerous other
illustrative works he produced some impor-
tant single works, notably the full-length
portrait of George IV, painted by Sir Thomas
Lawrence for the Marchioness of Conyngham
(a collection of progressive proofs of this en-
graving is in the print room at the British
Museum); ' Sheep Washing' and ' The Vil-
lage Festival,' by Sir David Wilkie (in the
National Gallery); 'The Highlander's Re-
turn,' 'The Highlander's Home,' and 'The

Naughty Boy,' after Sir Edwin Landseer;
and ' The Crucifixion,' after W. Hilton, Fin-
den's last work, which was purchased by the
Art Union for 1,470/.

[For authorities see under FINDEN, EDWARD
FRANCIS.] L. C.

FINDLATER, ANDREW (1810-1885),
compiler, born at Aberdour, Aberdeenshire,
in 1810, was educated at the university of
Aberdeen, where he graduated and for some
time attended the divinity classes. On leaving
college he became schoolmaster at Tillydesk,
and subsequently head-master of Gordon's
Hospital, Aberdeen. In 1853 he began a life-
long connection with the publishing firm of
Messrs. Chambers, Edinburgh. In the same
year was published his essay on ' Epicurus ' in
the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitan.' His first
work for Messrs. Chambers was an edition
of their ' Information for the People,' which
appeared in 1857. Shortly afterwards he was
entrusted with the editorship of their ' Ency-
clopaedia,' in which he wrote several articles.
He also prepared for the ' Educational Course '
of the same firm manuals on language, astro-
nomy, physical geography, and physiography,
and put forth new editions of their ' Etymo-
logical Dictionary' and the 'Miscellanies.'
In addition to these literary productions, he
contributed a series of essays entitled ' Notes
of Travel ' and various other articles to the
' Scotsman.' In 1864 he received the degree
of LL.D. from the university of Aberdeen.
His work is characterised by singular clear-
ness of exposition. His handbook on philo-
logy, for which study he had a special liking,
is particularly concise and intelligent. He
died on 1 Jan. 1885. He married a daughter
of Thomas Barclay, sheriff-clerk of Fifeshire,
who died in 1879.

[Scotsman, 2 Jan. 1885; private information.]

W. B-E.

FINDLATER, CHARLES (1754-1838),
agricultural writer and essayist, was born
10 Jan. 1754 in the manse of West Linton,
Peeblesshire. His grandfather, Alexander
Findlater, was a native of Moray, and 'mar-
ried into the famous Scotch family, Kirkaldy
of Grange. Thomas (1697-1778), his son,
was minister of West Linton, but his settle-
ment there in 1729 was resolutely opposed by
certain of the parishioners, and led to the rise
of a secessionist congregation, which still sur-
vives. Charles was Thomas Findlater's son
by his second wife, Jean, daughter of Wil-
liam Brown, an Edinburgh bookseller. He
graduated at Edinburgh University 14 Nov.
1770. In 1777 he was ordained assistant to
his father, and in 1790 was presented by the
Duke of Queensberry to the neighbouring

Findlater

Findlay

parish, Newlands, where he lived until 1835,
and then retiring from duty, died at Glasgow
28 May 1838, aged 84. His appointment at
Newlands, like his father's at West Linton,
wasfopposed, and led to the establishment of
a seceding congregation, which yet exists.
He married (26 July 1791) Janet Hay Russell
(who was accidentally burnt to death in 1828).
He was father of the synod of Lothian and
Tweeddale, and was buried at Newlands. A
marble bust of him, executed at the cost of
many admirers, is in the Peebles Art Gallery.

Himself of the moderate theological school,
Findlater's liberal opinions and neglect of
conventionalities, united with much kind-
ness of heart and intellectual power, marked
him among his brother clergy. The cordi-
ality of his friendship and correctness of his
life were universally acknowledged. He esta-
blished one of the first local savings banks,
and used to carry his account-book for it
regularly with him on his pastoral visitations.
He would sing a song at a cottar's wedding,
and on many wintry Sundays gather his con-
gregation round him in his kitchen and give
them dinner afterwards.

Findlater's books show him to have been
well read in moral and political economy.
He published: 1. { Liberty and Equality; a
Sermon or Essay, with an Appendix on God-
win's system of society in his "Political Jus-
tice,"' 1800. This sermon, preached at New-
lands, was directed against the l new doctrine
of French philosophy, the monstrous doc-
trine of equality.' Few of his parishioners
could have understood a word of it. Yet
some sympathisers with the obnoxious doc-
trine attacked Findlater, and he was obliged
to hide himself until the lord advocate, Sir
James Montgomery, was able to appease the
outcry. The sermon was dedicated to Mont-
gomery when printed. 2. * General View of
the Agriculture of the County of Peebles,'
Edinburgh, 1802. This is descriptive rather
than didactic. Restates that pigeons and bees
are rather disadvantageous than otherwise to
the Peebles farmers from their impoverish-
ing the ground, and, curiously enough, never
mentions in his survey either the game or
the fish of the county. The industry and
sobriety of the inhabitants are commended,
1 with the exception of a few instances of per-
version of principle, occasioned by the in-
troduction of the French philosophy, and
these chiefly confined to the county town.'
3. * Sermons or Essays, as the Reader shall
chuse to design them, upon Christian Duties,'
1830. In these are contained ' a plain state-
ment of some of the most obvious principles
of political economy.' 4. Accounts of West
Linton and of Newlands in Sinclair's 'Sta-

tistical Account ' and in the new < Statistical
Account.'

[Findlater's Works in the British Museum ;
Dr. Hew Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, pt. i!
247, 253 ; Presbytery and Synod Eecords at
Newlands; private information from the Rev.
J. Milne, minister of Newlands.] M. Or. W.

FINDLATER and SEAFIELD, fourth
EARL or. [See OGILVT, JAMES, 1664-1730.]

FINDLAY, ALEXANDER GEORGE

(1812-1875), geographer and hydrographer,
born in London, 6 Jan. 1812, was a descendant
of the Findlaysof Arbroath, Forfarshire. His
grandfather was a shipowner of that port, who
transferred his business to the river Thames
about the middle of last century. Findlay's
father, Alexander Findlay, also a geographer,
was born in London in 1790, and became one
of the original fellows of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society on its foundation in 1830.
Among his numerous undertakings success-
fully completed was an atlas sheet of the
environs of London (1829) to a distance of
thirty-two miles from St. Paul's (upon a
half-inch scale), every line of which was his
own handiwork. He died in 1870. The son
early devoted himself to the compilation of
geographical and hydrographical works, and
his atlases of* Ancient and Comparative Geo-
graphy ' are known all over the world. In
1851 ne completed the revision of Brookes's
' Gazetteer,' and the same year published his
earliest important work, on the ' Coasts and
Islands of the Pacific Ocean,' in 2 vols. of
1 ,400 pages. By the death of John Purdy,
the hydrographer, in 1843, he succeeded to
the foremost position in this branch of nau-
tical research and authorship. His researches
in the kindred science of meteorology further
attracted the attention of Admiral Fitzroy,
who in the earlier days of meteorological in-
vestigation invited him to join an official de-
partment then about to be established, but
Findlay preferred an independent career. In
the course of years of immense labour he pre-
pared and issued six large nautical directories,
which have proved invaluable to the mari-
time world. These directories are accom-
panied by illustrations, charts, &c., and in-
clude 'the North Atlantic Ocean,' 'The
South Atlantic Ocean/ ' The Indian Ocean,'
1 Indian Archipelago, China, and Japan,' ' The
South Pacific Ocean,' and ' The North Pacific
Ocean.' ' These works,' observes Sir Henry
Rawlinson, 'constitute a monument of in-
dustry and perseverance, and are accepted as
standard authorities in every quarter of the
globe.' As a cartographer Findlay exhibited
a wide practical knowledge of the sailor's
requirements which even the hydrographic

Findlay

Finet

department of the admiralty was not able to
surpass, and he executed a series of charts uni-
versally known and appreciated by the mer-
cantile marine. The Society of Arts awarded
Findlay its medal for his dissertation on ' The
English Lighthouse System.' Subsequently
he published 'Lighthouses and Coast Fog
Signals of the World.' At the time of Sir
John Franklin's catastrophe he carefully sifted
all the probable and possible routes, and as a
member of the Arctic committee of the Royal
Geographical Society materially assisted in
preparing the arguments which induced the
government to send out the Alert and Dis-
covery expedition of 1875. On the death of
Laurie, the London geographical and print
publisher, in 1858, Findlay took up his busi-
ness, which soon sprang into renewed activity
under his guidance, and in 1885, on the dis-
persal of the navigation business of Van Keu-
len of Amsterdam, founded in 1678, it became
the oldest active firm in Europe for the publi-
cation of charts and nautical works. Find-
lay devoted much time to the labours of his
friend, Dr. Livingstone, in central Africa, and
he also carefully investigated the question of
the sources of the Nile. For the record of the
Burton and Speke explorations in the lake
regions of central equatorial Africa during
1858-9 he constructed a map of the routes
traversed. He also wrote a paper on the con-
nection of Lake Tanganyika with the Nile,
accompanying it by a comparative series of
maps relating to the northern end of the lake.
Findlay served on various committees ap-
pointed by the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, and contributed
the following papers to section E : at Liver-
pool in 1853, ' On the Currents of the Atlan-
tic and Pacific Oceans ; ' Exeter, 1869, ' On
the Gulf Stream, and its supposed influence
upon the Climate of N.-W. Europe.'

In 1844 Findlay was elected a fellow of
the Royal Geographical Society, and soon
became an active member of its council and
committees. To the ' Journal ' of the society
he contributed several papers, as well as to
the ' Transactions of the Royal United Service
Institution,' and to the ' Transactions of the
Society of Arts.' Findlay's services were
pronounced equally worthy of remembrance
with those of Arrowsmith and Petermann. In
1870 the Societa Geografica Italiana elected
him one of its foreign honorary members.
Findlay's various publications embrace a total
of no less than ten thousand pages, all of
which are in active use. He died at Dover
on 3 May 1875.

[Royal Geographical Society's Journal, vol.
xlv. 1875; Athenaeum, May 1875; Bookseller,
June 1875 ; private memoranda.] G. B. S.

FINDLAY, ROBERT, D.D.(1721-1814)r
Scotch divine, son of William Findlay of
Waxford, Ayrshire, born 23 Nov. 1721, was
educated at Glasgow, Leyden, and Edinburgh,
and was ordained a minister of the kirk of
Scotland in 1744. He had charges succes-
sively at Stevenston (1743), Galston (1745),
Paisley (1754), and St. David's Church, Glas-
gow (1756), was appointed professor of di-
vinity in the university of Glasgow in 1782,
and died 15 June 1814. He published in the
« Library ' for July 1761 « A Letter to the
Rev. Dr. Kennicott vindicating the Jews
from the Charge of Corrupting Deut. xxvii. 4,'
which, on Kennicott's replying in the * Li-
brary,' he followed up with ' A Second Letter
to Dr. Kennicott upon the same subject,
being an Answer to the Remarks in the " Li-
brary " for August 1761, and a further illus-
tration of the argument.' This letter he
sent to the ' Library ; ' but the editor of that
magazine having had enough of the contro-
versy, it appeared separately in January 1762.
Both letters were signed ' Philalethes.' A
more ambitious task next engaged Findlay's
attention, viz. an examination of the views
on the credibility of Josephus and the Jewish
and Christian Scriptures propounded by Vol-
taire in his ' Philosophic de 1'Histoire.' This
work appeared under the title of ' A Vin-
dication of the Sacred Books and of Josephus,
especially the former, from various misrepre-
sentations and cavils of the celebrated M. de
Voltaire,' Glasgow, 1770, 8vo. Findlay also
published a pamphlet on ' The Divine Inspi-
ration of the Jewish Scriptures and Old
Testament,' London, 1803, 8vo.

[Irving's Book of Eminent Scotsmen ; Brit.
Mus. Cat.; Cleland's Annals of Glasgow, ii.
114; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. ii. 26, 116,
187, 203.] J. M. R.

FINET or FINETT, SIR JOHN (1571-
1641), master of the ceremonies, was son of
Robert Finet of Soulton, near Dover, Kent,
who died early in 1582. His mother was
Alice, daughter and coheiress of John Wen-
lock, a captain of Calais. His great-grand-
father, John Finet, an Italian of Siena, came
to England as a servant in the train of Car-
dinal Campeggio in 1519, settled here and
married a lady named Mantell, maid of honour
to Catherine of Arragon. John was brought
up at court and commended himself to
James I by composing and singing witty
songs in the royal presence after supper. Sir
Anthony Weldon (Court of Xing James,
1812, i. 399) credits Finet's songs with much
coarseness. On 17 Jan. 1617-18 he is said to-
have offended his master by the impropriety
of some verses that he introduced into a play

Finet

Finger

produced at court (Cal. State Papers, Dom.

17 Jan. 1618). Finet was in Paris early in
1610, and sent home an account of the treat-
ment accorded to duellists in France, dated
19 Feb. 1609-10 (see Cott. MS. Titus, C. iv.)
He seems to have been at the time in the
service of Lord-treasurer Salisbury ( Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 29 April 1612). Wood states
that he was in France on diplomatic business
in 1614, but on 15 Dec. 1614 he was reported
in a contemporary news-letter to have just
returned from Spain, whither he had been
despatched to present gifts of armour and
animals to members of the royal family (id.
15 Dec. 1614). Next year he was with the
king at Cambridge. On 23 March 1615-16
he was knighted, and on 13 Sept. 1619 he
was granted the reversion of the place of
Sir Lewis Lewknor, master of the cere-
monies, whom he had already begun to assist
in the performance of his duties. On 19 Feb.
1624-5 he was granted a pension of 120/.,
vacant by the death of Sir William Button,
assistant-master of the ceremonies, and on

18 March 1624-5 he was formally admitted
into Button's office on the understanding
that on Finet's promotion to Lewknor's place
the office should be abolished. On Lewk-
nor's death Finet succeeded to the mastership
of ceremonies (12 March 1625-6). Thence-
forward Finet was busily employed in en-
tertaining foreign envoys at the English
court, and determining the numerous diffi-
culties regarding precedence which arose
among the resident ambassadors. He was in-
timate with all the courtiers. Lord Herbert
of Cherbury (Autobiography, ed. S. L. Lee,

?. 164) had made his acquaintance before
616. In 1636 it was proposed at Oxford
to confer on him the degree of D.C.L., but it
is doubtful if the proposal was carried out.
Finet died 12 July 1641, aged 70, and was
buried on the north side of the church of St.
Martin's-in-the-Fields. Sir Charles Cotterell
[q. v.] was his successor at court.

In 1618 Finet married Jane, the ' lame '
daughter of Henry, lord Wentworth, of
Nettlestead, Suffolk, whose brother Thomas
was created Earl of Cleveland 7 Feb. 1624-5.
By her he had a son, John, and two daugh-
ters, Lucy and Finetta.

Finet was the author of the following :
1. 'The Beginning, Continvance, and Decay
of Estates. Written in French by R. de Lu-
sing, L. of Alymes, and translated into Eng-
lish by I. F.' (London, 1606); dedication,
signed lohn Finet, to Richard Bancroft, arch-
bishop of Canterbury : an essay on the his-
tory of the Turks in Europe. 2. 'Finetti
Philoxenis : some choice observations of Sr
John Finett, knight, and master of the cere-

monies to the two last kings, Touching the
Reception and Precedence, the Treatment
and Audience, the Puntillios and Contests
of Forren Ambassadors in England,' London,
1656. The dedication to Philip, viscount
Lisle, is signed by the editor, James Howell
[q. v.] The incidents described by Finet
chiefly concern the reign of James I. A
manuscript copy of the book belongs to
C. Cottrell Dormer, esq., of Rousham, near
Oxford (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. 83). An
interesting letter from Finet to Lord Clifford
is among the Duke of Devonshire's MSS. at
Bolton Abbey (ib. 3rd Rep. 39). Others are
at Hatfield and the Record Office. Some
recipes by Finet appear in a manuscript
volume belonging to the late E. P. Shirley
of Ettington Hall, Oxford (ib. 5th Rep. 365).

[Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 492-3 ; Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 1611-41; Berry's County Gene-
alogies, Kent, p. 449; authorities cited in the
text.] S. L. L.

FINEUX, SIB JOHN (d. 1525). [See
FYNEUX.]

FINGALL, second EAEL OF.
PLUNKET, CHBISIOPHEB, d. 1649.]

FINGER, GODFREY OK GOTTFRIED

(f» 1685-1717), composer, a native of Olmiitz
in Moravia, came to England probably about
1685. This date is fixed by the preface to
his first composition, ' Sonatse XII,' in which
he says that it was the fame of James II
which led him to bid farewell to his native
land. The work was published in 1688, but
from his calling the king ' tutissimum contra
aemulos et invidos zoilos patrocinium ' it may
be inferred that he had at that time been
long enough in England to make enemies,
who no doubt resented the intrusion of a
foreigner. The title of his opus primum is
' Sonatae XII, pro diversis instruments . . .
authore Godefrido Finger Olmutio-Moravo
Capellae Serenissimi Regis Magnaa Britanisa
Musico ' (no publisher's name is given). A
beautifully engraved frontispiece shows the
composer protected by Minerva, offering be-
fore a bust of the king his musical produc-
tion, on which is inscribed the motto, * Puras
non plenas aspice manus.' A false interpre-
tation of this title seems to have given rise
to the impression that Finger was appointed
chapel-master to the king (ROGER NORTH,
Memoirs of Mustek, ed. Rimbault ; GROVE,
Dictionary), but it is plain that no such office
was claimed in the title, and it is also almost
a matter of certainty that Nicholas Staggins-
held the post during the whole period of
Finger's residence in England. For some time
Finger was no doubt a member of the king's-

Finger

band. His Op. 2 (published by Walsh) con-
sisted of six sonatas for two flutes, and in
1690 he published (privately, according to
Rimbault) ' VI Sonatas or Solos,' three for
violin and three for flute, dedicated to the
Earl of Manchester. On 5 Nov. 1691 a set
of ' Ayres, Chacones, Divisions, and Sonatas
for violins and flutes/ composed by Finger and
John Banister, was advertised in the 'Lon-
don Gazette' (No. 2712) as being on sale at
Banister's house. Shortly afterwards, says
the authority above quoted, he joined God-
frey Keller in a set of sonatas in five parts
for flutes and hautboys (PLAYFORD, General
Catalogue, 1701). Other instrumental works
are stated by Hawkins to be in Estienne
Roger's catalogue. On 5 Feb. 1693 Finger's
setting of Theophilus Parsons's ode on St.
Cecilia's day was performed ' at the consort
in York-buildings ' (advertised in the ' London
Gazette,' No. 2945). He had already begun
writing music for the theatre, having made a
first attempt in this new capacity in the pre-
vious year, on the production of Southerne's

* Wives' Excuse ' at Drury Lane. The list
of plays for which he wrote music is, as
far as can be ascertained, as follows : Con-
greve's 'Love for Love,' 1695, and 'The
Mourning Bride,' 1697 ; Ravenscroft's ' Anato-
mist,' in which was inserted the masque
by Motteux, entitled ' The Loves of Mars and
Venus,' 1697 (the music, written in con-
junction with J. Eccles, was published by
Heptinstall and dedicated to Sir Robert
Howard) ; N. Lee's « The Rival Queens ' (with
Daniel Purcell) ; Elkanah Settle's ' Virgin
Prophetess/ Baker's ' Humours of the Age/
Mrs. Trotter's 'Love at a Loss/ Gibber's
'Love makes a Man,' and Farquhar's 'Sir
Harry Wildair/ all in 1701. These were
most probably written, though not performed,
before the ' Prize Music/ as it wras called, was
publicly heard. On 18 March 1699 the

* London Gazette ' contained an advertise-
ment to the effect that ' several persons of
quality' had offered a sum of two hundred
guineas for the best musical settings of a
certain work not named in the advertisement.
This was Congreve's masque ' The Judgment
of Paris/ and the four prizes were to be in
this proportion : one hundred, fifty, thirty,
and twenty guineas. As to how long a time
was allowed for the work information is not
forthcoming; the successful compositions
were, however, performed early in the new
century. The prizes were awarded in this
order : John Weldon, John Eccles, Daniel
Purcell, and Godfrey Finger. The early au-
thorities seem to agree in considering Finger
to have been the best of the competitors, and
the award is generally explained as the result

> Finger

of animosity against a foreigner. At this
point of musical history English music en-
joyed for a brief space exceptional popularity.
The foreign element which had made its
appearance with the Elizabethan inadrigalists
had died out, and the advent of the Italian
opera and Handel did not take place until
a few years later. The judges of the com-
positions were not masters of the art, but
members of the fashionable world. The Hon.
Roger North says, in recounting the history
of the affair in his ' Memoirs of Musick ' (ed.
Rimbault, p. 117) : ' I will not suppose, as
some did, that making interest as for favour
and partiality influenced these determina-
tions, but it is certain that the comunity of
the masters were not of the same opinion
with them. Mr. G. Finger, a german, and a
good musitian, one of the competitors who
had resided in England many years, went
away upon it, declaring that he thought he
was to compose music for men and not for
boys.' Some authorities allege as the reason
of his departure the inadequate performance
of his work, which Fetis states, but without
giving his source of information, to have
taken place on 11 March 1701. In 1702 he
was appointed chamber-musician to Sophia
Charlotte, queen of Prussia, and for some
years he lived at Breslau. After the queen's
death an opera, ' Der Sieg der Schonheit iiber
die Helden/ was performed in Berlin in De-
cember 1706. It was composed by Finger
and A. R. Strieker, and the ballets were by
Volumier. He is said to have produced an-
other opera, ' Roxane ' (Telemann's account,
quoted by MATTHESON), but the fact that
Strieker wrote an opera, 'Alexanders und
Roxanens Heirath/ produced at Berlin in
1708, makes it uncertain whether Telemann
was not in error, especially as he does not
express his meaning very lucidly. In 1717
he was appointed chapel-master at the court
of Gotha. He is said to have held the
title of ' Churpfalzischer Kammerrath ' at the
time of his death, but the date is not forth-
coming.

[Sonatse XII, &c., title quoted above ; Hon.
Roger North's Memoirs of Musick, ed. Rim-
bault, 1846, p. 117 et seq. and notes; Grove's
Diet. i. 524, &c. ; Burney's Hist. iii. 579, iv.
632; Hawkins's Hist. (ed. 1853), 701, 764, 824;
London Gazette, references given above ; Tetis's
Dictionnaire, sub voce ; Mattheson's Grundlage
einer Ehrenpforte, Hamburg, 1740, p. 362 ;
Schneider's Geschichte der Oper, &c., 1852, pp.
23, 24; Addit.MS. in Brit. Mus. 31466, consisting
of sixty-six sonatas for violin, thirteen of which
are by Finger. Manuscript scores of the music
in the 'Rival Queens' and the 'Virgin Prophetess'
are in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge.]

J. A. F. M.

Finglas

Finlaison

FINGLAS, PATRICK (Jl. 1535), Irish
judge, was appointed baron of the exchequer
in Ireland by Henry VIII in or before 1520,
and afterwards, by patent dated at Westmin-
ster 8 May 1534, he was constituted chief
justice of the king's bench in that kingdom
in the place of Sir Bartholomew Dillon. He
resigned the latter office in or before 1535.

He wrote 'A. Breviat of the getting of
Ireland, and of the Decaie of the same.'
Printed in Harris's ' Hibernica,' edit. 1770,
i. 79-103. It appears that the original ma-
nuscript of this work is in the Public Record
Office (State Papers, Henry VIII, Ireland,
vol. xii. art. 7). It is described in the calendar
as ' An Historical Dissertation on the Con-
quest of Ireland, the decay of that land, and
measures proposed to remedy the grievances
thereof arising from the oppressions of the
Irish nobility.'

[Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), p. 93 ;
Liber Hibernise, ii. 30, 49 ; Cal. of State Papers
relating to Ireland, 1509-73 (Hamilton), pp. 3,
9, 14, 161.] T. C.

FINGLOW, JOHN (d. 1586), catholic
divine, born at Barnby, near Howden, York-
shire, was educated at the English College
of Douay, during its temporary removal to
Rheims, where he was ordained priest on
25 March 1581. Being sent on the mission
he laboured zealously in the north of Eng-
land until he was apprehended and com-
mitted to the Ousebridge Kidcote at York.
He was tried and convicted of high treason,
for being a priest made by Roman authority,
and for having reconciled some of the queen's
subjects to the catholic church. He was
executed at York on 8 Aug. 1586.

[Douay Diaries, pp. 10, 28, 160, 176, 178,
261, 293; Challoner's Missionary Priests (1741),
i. 183; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 106; Morris's
Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, 3rd series ;
Stanton's Menology, p. 387.] T. C.

FININGHAM, ROBERT DE (d. 1460),
a brother in the Franciscan or Greyfriars'
monastery at Norwich, where he was also
educated, was born at Finingham in Suffolk,
and nourished in the reign of Henry VI.
He was a very learned man, skilled, as Pits
expresses it, in all liberal arts, excelling es-
pecially in canon law, and was the author
of numerous Latin works. The chief pur-
pose of his writings was in defence of the
Franciscans against the common accusation
that their profession of poverty was hypo-
critical. The titles given of his works are
as follows : 1 . ' Pro Ordine Minorum.' 2. ' Pro
dignitate Status eorum.' 3. ' Casus Conci-
liorum Anglige.' 4. ' De Casibus Decretorum.'
5. 'De Casibus Decretalium.' 6. 'De Extra-

vagantibus.' 7. * De Excommunicationibus.'
Tanner describes a manuscript of the last in

University Library (E. e. v. 11).

[Pits, De Anglise Scriptt. p. 652 ; Bale's Scriptt.
Brit. cent. viii. § 23 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 280 ;
Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, iv. 113 ; Wadding's
Scriptt. Min. Ord. (1650), p. 308.] E. T. B.

FINLAISON, JOHN (1783-18CO), statis-
tician and government actuary, son of Donald
Finlayson (who spelt the name thus), was
born at Thurso in Caithness-shire, 27 Aug.
1783, and at the age of seven was by the
death of his father left an orphan. In 1802
he became factor to Sir Benjamin Dunbar
(afterwards Lord Duffus), whose whole es-
tates, together with those of Lord Caith-
ness, were entrusted to his management when
he was only nineteen years of age. He soon
after went to Edinburgh to study for the
bar, but having visited London in 1804 on
business, he became attached to Elizabeth,
daughter of the Rev. James Glen, and re-
ceiving the offer of an appointment under the
board of naval revision, which enabled him
to marry at once, he entered the government,
service in July 1805. He was shortly after
promoted to be first clerk to the commission,
and filled that office till the board closed its
labours in August 1808. For some time pre-
viously he had also acted as secretary to a
committee of the board, and in that capacity,
although but twenty-three, he framed the
eleventh and twelfth reports of the commis-
sion (Eleventh and Twelfth Reports of the
Commissioners for Revising the Civil Affairs of
His Majesty's Navy, 1809; Parl Papers,
1809, vol. vi.), and was the sole author of
the system for the reform of the victualling
departments. The accounts had seldom been
less than eighteen months in arrear, but
by Finlaison's system they were produced,
checked, and audited in three weeks, when
the saving made in Deptford yard only in the
first year, 1809, was 60,000/. In 1809 he
was employed to devise some plan for arrang-
ing the records and despatches at the admi-
ralty, and after nine months of incessant ap-
plication produced a system of digesting and
indexing the records by which any document
could be immediately found. This plan met
with such universal approval that it was
adopted by France, Austria, and Russia, and
its inventor received as a reward the order
of the Fleur-de-lys from Louis XVIII in 1815
(BAROtf CHARLES DTTPIN, Voyages dans la
Grande-Bretagne, 1821, pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 60-
67). In the same year he was appointee
keeper of the records and librarian of the ad-
miralty, and became reporter and precis write]

Finlaison

Finlaison

on all difficult and complicated inquiries aris-
ing from day to day. During the twelve
years while he held this post he was also en-
gaged in many other confidential duties. He
was desired by Lord Mulgrave to prepare the
materials for a defence of the naval adminis-
tration before parliament in 1810, and with
three months' labour collected a mass of in-
formation which enabled Mulgrave to make
a successful defence. In 1811 Finlaison com-
piled an exact account of all the enemy's naval
forces. Such information had never before
been obtained with even tolerable accuracy.
Experience proved it to be correct, and it was
quoted in parliament as an authority. In
the same year he was employed to investi-
gate the abuses of the sixpenny revenue at
Greenwich Hospital, a fund for the support
of the out-pensioners, and in his report showed
that by other arrangements, as well as by
the reform of abuses arid the abolition of
sinecure places, the pensions might be much
increased. The subject of the increase of
the salaries of the government clerks having
twice been forced on the notice of parlia-
ment, John Wilson Croker in 1813 directed
Finlaison to fully inquire into the case of
the admiralty department, when, after six
months of close attention, he completed a
report, upon which was founded a new system
of salaries in the admiralty. In 1814 he com-
piled the first official * Navy List,' a work of
great labour, accuracy, and usefulness. It
was issued monthly, and he continued the
duty of correcting and editing it until the
end of 1821. From 1817 to 1818 he was
occupied in framing a biographical register
of every commissioned officer in the navy, in
number about six thousand, describing their
services, merits, and demerits ; this work he
engrafted on to his system of the digest and
index, where it formed a valuable work of re-
ference for the use of the lords of the admi-
ralty. He introduced into the naval record
office a hitherto unknown degree of civility
towards the public and of readiness to impart
information. Having as librarian found many
valuable state papers relating to the Ameri-
can war, he was in 1813 induced to attempt
the completion of Sir Redhead Yorke's ' Naval
History,' which was intended to form a part
of Campbell's l Lives of the Admirals.' He
carried out his design in part by continu-
ing the history down to 1780. This por-
tion of the work was printed for private cir-
culation, but its further progress was aban-
doned. In 1815 Dr. Barry O'Meara, physi-
cian to Napoleon at St. Helena, commenced
a correspondence with Finlaison, his private
friend, on the subject of the emperor's daily
life. In 1824, by the desire of the writer,

the letters were burnt. Some copies of
:hem, however, had fallen into other hands
and were published in 1853 in a book en-
titled ' Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hud-
son Lowe.' Finlaison now completed a work
on which he had been employed since 1812,
the fund for the maintenance of the widows
and orphans of all who were employed in the
civil departments of the royal navy. Through
Lord Melville's intervention his efforts ter-
minated successfully in the establishment of
the fund by order in council 17 Sept. 1819.
The naval medical supplemental fund for
the widows of medical officers also owed to
him its existence and subsequent prosperity.
Until 1829 he remained the secretary, when
the directors treated him so ungenerously
that he resigned, and by mismanagement this
fund was ruined in 1860. The success of
these charities, together with his subsequent
investigation into the condition of friendly
societies, upon which he was employed by a
select committee of the House of Commons
in 1824, introduced him to a private practice
among benefit societies ; he constructed tables
for many of these, furnished the scheme of
some, and entirely constituted others. Among
other societies with which he became con-
nected were : the London Life, the Amicable
Society, the Royal Naval and Military Life
Assurance Company, and the New York Life
Assurance and Trust Company. The govern-
ment in 1808 instituted a new system of
finance based upon the granting of life an-
nuities, the tables used being the Northamp-
ton tables of mortality. On 1 Sept. 1819
Finlaison made a first report to Nicholas
Vansittart [q. v.], in which he demonstrated
the great loss that was sustained by the go-
vernment in granting life annuities at prices
much below their value, the loss in eleven
years having been two millions sterling ( WAL-
FORD, Insurance Cyclopaedia^ v. 496-514).
His report was not printed till 1824, when
he was directed to make further investiga-
tions into the true laws of mortality prevail-
ing in England. The result of his studies
was the discovery that the average duration
of human life had increased during the cen-
tury. His tables were also the first which
showed the difference between male and fe-
male lives ('Life Annuities. Report of J.
Finlaison, Actuary of the National Debt, on
the Evidence and Elementary Facts on which
the Tables of Life Annuities are founded/
1829).

Before the close of 1819 he furnished the
chancellor of the exchequer with a statement
of the age of each individual in the receipt of
naval half-pay or pensions, fourteen thousand
persons, thence deducing the decrement of

Finlaison

Finlay

life among1 them. In 1821 Mr. Harrison em-
ployed him for several months in computa-
tions relative to the Superannuation Act, and
in 1822 he was occupied in considerations re-
lative to the commutation of the naval and
military half-pay and pensions. The measure
consequently suggested by him was finally
established by negotiations with the Bank of
England in 1823 for its acceptance of the
charge for public pensions in consideration of
the ' dead weight ' annuity. All the calcula-
tions were made by him, and it was plainly
stated in the House of Commons that in the
whole establishment of the Bank of England
there was not one person capable of computing
the new annuity at the fractional rate of inte-
rest agreed upon. On 1 Jan. 1822 he was re-
moved from the admiralty to the treasury,
and appointed actuary and principal account-
ant of the check department of the national
debt office, the duties of which position he
performed for twenty-nine years. For many
years after he had sought to impress on the
government the loss which the country was
sustaining by the use of erroneous tables, he
was treated with neglect and contempt, and
it was only by the accidental production of
one of his letters before Lord Althorpe's com-
mittee of finance in March 1828 that the
matter was brought forward. This letter
proved that the revenue was losing 8,OOOZ. a
week, and that this loss was concealed by
the method of preparing the yearly accounts.
The immediate suspension of the life annuity
system took place, and, remodelled upon the
basis of Finlaison's tables, it was resumed in
November 1829 with a saving in five years
of 390,000/. In 1831 he made computations
on the duration of slave and Creole life, pre-
liminary to the compensation made to the
slaveowners 1 Aug. 1834. He was con-
sulted by the ecclesiastical commissioners on
the means of improving church property, on
the question of church leases, and finally on
the subject of church rates; he made various
reports on these matters, and on one occasion
was summoned to attend the cabinet to ex-
plain his views to the ministers. On the
passing of the General Registration Act in
1837, his opinion was taken on the details of
the working of the scheme, and he was the
first witness called before the parliamentary
committee on church leases in the following
year. The Institution of Actuaries being
formed in 1847, he was elected the first pre-
sident, and retained that position until his
death. In 1848 he wrote two reports on the
act for lending money to Irish landlords. He
retired from the public service in August
1851, and employed his remaining days in
his favourite study of scripture chronology,

and the universal relationship of ancient and
modern weights and measures. He died at
15 Lansdowne Crescent, Netting Hill, Lon-
don, 13 April 1860. He married in London,
first, m 1805, Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev.
James Glen, she died at Brighton in 1831 ;
secondly, in 1836, Eliza, daughter of Thomas
Davis of Waltham Abbey. His son Alexan-
der Glen Finlaison, who was born at White-
hall on 25 March 1806, is also an author and
an authority on insurance statistics.

Finlaison was the author of : 1. ' Report of
the Secretary to the Supplemental Fund for
the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of the
Medical Officers of the Royal Navy/ 1817.

2. ' Tables showing the Amount of Contri-
butions for Providing Relief in Sickness/ 1833.

3. ' Rules of the Equitable Friendly Institu-
tion, Northampton, with Tables/ 1837. 4. <Ac-
count of some Applications of the Electric
Fluid to the Useful Arts by A. Bain, with a
Vindication of his Claim to be the First
Inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Printing
Telegraph, and also of the Electro-Magnetic
Clock/ 1843. 5. ' Tables for the use of
Friendly Societies, for the Certificate of the
Actuary to the Commissioners for the Reduc-
tion of the National Debt. Constructed from
the original computations of J. Finlaison, by
A. G. Finlaison/ 1847. He also produced
some lyrical poems of considerable merit.

[Times, 17 April 1860, p. 9, and 23 April,
p. 9 ; G-ent. Mag. August 1860, pp. 194-5 ; As-
surance Mag. April 1862, pp. 147-69 ; Walford's
Insurance Cyclopsedia (1874), iii. 300-3 ; Macau-
lay's England (1858), i. 284 ; Southwood Smith's
Philosophy of Health (1835), i. 115-47.]

GK C. B.

FINLAY, FRANCIS DALZELL(1793-
1857), Irish journalist, son of John Finlay,
tenant farmer, of Newtownards, co. Down, by
his wife, Jane Dalzell, was born 12 July 1793
at Newtownards, and began life as a printer's
apprentice in Belfast, where he started as a
master printer in 1820. The letterpress which
issued from his works was distinguished by
both accuracy and elegance, being far superior
to any that had previously been produced in
Ireland. In 1824 he founded the ' Northern
Whig.' Liberalism being then a very unpo-
pular creed in Ulster, Finlay was frequently
prosecuted for press offences. On 21 July
1826 he was indicted for publishing in the
'Northern Whig ' a libel tending to bring into
disrepute the character of a certain ' improv-
ing ' landlord. The libel consisted in a letter
purporting to be by a small farmer in which
the improvements alleged to have been ef-
fected by the landlord in question were denied
to be improvements at all, and in which a
character for litigiousness was imputed to

Finlay

3°

Finlay

the landlord. Finlay was sentenced to three
months' imprisonment, without the option of
a fine, and the publication of the ' Northern
Whig' was suspended from August 1826
until May 1827. From the first Finlay ad-
vocated the emancipation of the Roman ca-
tholics, and it was in the columns of the
' Northern Whig ' that William Sharman
Crawford [q.v.] propounded his celebrated
views on tenant-right. Some comments in
the ' Northern Whig ' on the conduct of Lord
Hertford's agent led to another prosecution for
libel in 1830, which, however, was abandoned
when it transpired that Daniel O'Connell had
volunteered for the defence. On a similar
charge he was found guilty on 23 July 1832
and sentenced to three months' imprisonment
and fined 50/. In spite, however, of these
proceedings, the ' Northern Whig ' continued
from time to time to give expression to similar
views which were adjudged libellous and
occasioned its proprietor very heavy legal ex-
penditure. To the extension of the suffrage,
the disestablishment of the Irish church, and
the reform of the land laws Finlay through
his paper gave a steady and zealous support ;
but, though a personal friend of O'Connell,
he opposed the movement for the repeal of
the union and the later developments of Irish
disaffection, such as the Young Irelandism of
Mitchell and the agitation which resulted in
the abortive insurrection of Smith O'Brien.
He died on 10 Sept. 1857, bequeathing his
paper to his son, Francis Dalzell Finlay, by
whom it was conducted until 1874, when it
was transferred to a limited company. Finlay
married in 1830 Marianne, daughter of the
Rev. William Porter, presbyterian minister,
of Newtonlimavady, co. Derry.

[Northern Whig, 12 Sept. 1857 ; information
from F. D. Finlay, esq.] J. M. K.

FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875), his-
torian, was son of Captain John Finlay, R.E.,
F.R.S., and brother of Kirkman Finlay (d.
1828) [q. v.] His grandfather, James Fin-
lay, was a Glasgow merchant. He was born
21 Dec. 1799, at Faversham, Kent, where
his father was inspector of the government
powder mills. The latter died in 1802, and
George was for some time instructed by his
mother, to whose training he attributed his
love of history. His education was con-
tinued at an English boarding-school, and in
the family of his uncle, Kirkman Finlay of
Glasgow [q. v.], under private tutors. He
subsequently studied law in Glasgow, and
proceeded about 1821 to the university of Got-
tingento acquaint himself with Roman juris-
prudence. While there he began to doubt
his vocation for law, and, partly influenced

by his acquaintance with a Greek fellow-
student, ' resolved to visit Greece and judge
for myself concerning the condition of the
people and the chances of the war.' In No-
vember 1823 he met Byron at Cephaloiiia.
1 You are young and enthusiastic,' said Byron,
' and therefore sure to be disappointed when
you know the Greeks as well as I do.' The
number of Hellenes and Philhellenes about
Byron gave umbrage to the Ionian govern-
ment, which was bound to remain neutral.
Finlay quitted the island on a hint from Sir
Charles Napier, and, after narrowly escap-
ing shipwreck, made his way successively
to Athens and Missolonghi, where for two
months he spent nearly every evening with
Byron, who, Parry says, ' wasted much of
his time ' in conversation with the future
historian and other such frivolous persons.
Quitting Missolonghi before Byron's death,
Finlay joined Odysseus on an expedition into
the Morea, but, disgusted with the general
venality and rapacity, returned to the head-
quarters of the government, where things
were no better. A malarious fever compelled
him to return to Scotland, where he passed his
examination in civil law, but was soon again
in Greece at the invitation of his intimate
friend Frank Abney Hastings [q. v.], who
had built a steamer in which Finlay took his
passage. He continued fighting for Greece,
or engaged in missions on her behalf, until
the termination of the war, when he pur-
chased an estate in Attica, ' hoping to aid in
putting Greece into the road that leads to a
rapid increase of production, population, and
material improvement.' 1 1 lost my money
and my labour, but I learned how the sys-
tem of tenths has produced a state of society,
and habits of cultivation, against which one
man can do nothing. When I had wasted
as much money as I possessed, I turned my
attention to study.' His unfortunate invest-
ment had at least the good results of com-
pelling his continual residence in the country,
with which he became most thoroughly ac-
quainted, and of stimulating his perception
of the evils which, in the past as in the pre-
sent, have deteriorated the Greek character
and injured the credit and prosperity of the
nation. The publication of his great series
of histories commenced in 1844, and was
completed in 1861, when he wrote the auto-
biographical fragment which is almost the sole
authority for his lifgjx- His correspondence
is lost or maccessible^and, notwithstanding
his courteous hospitality, acknowledged by
many travellers, little more seems to be known
of his life in Greece than his constant endea-
vours to benefit the country by good advice,
j sometimes expressed in language of excessive

*\ It is now in the library of the
British School at Athens. For an account of
his diaries, letter books, and correspondence,
and a detailed biblioeraohv of his nublisheH

Finlay

Finlay

if excusable acerbity, but which, if little fol-
lowed, was never resented by the objects of
it. His most important effort was the series
of letters he addressed to the ' Times ' from
1864 to 1870, which, being translated by the
Greek newspapers, produced more effect than
his earlier admonitions. He also contributed
to ' Blackwood's Magazine,' the 'Athenaeum/
and the ' Saturday Review/ and occasionally
visited England, not later, however, than
1854. He wrote in Greek on the stone age
in 1869, and in the following year published
the French narrative of Benjamin Brue, the
interpreter who accompanied the Vizier Ali
on his expedition into the Morea in 1715.
Among his other writings are an essay on the
site of the holy sepulchre (1847), and pam-
phlets on Greek politics (1836) and finance
(1844). His essays on classical topography,
never collected by himself, were published
in 1842 in a German translation by S. F. W.
Hoffmann. He died at Athens 26 Jan. 1875 ;
the date 1876 given in the Oxford edition of
his history is an unaccountable mistake.

Finlay's great work appeared in sections,
as follows : l Greece under the Romans/ 1844 ;
' Greece to its Conquest by the Turks/ 1851 :
1 Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domi-
nation/ 1856 ; 'Greek Revolution/ 1861 . After
the author's death the copyright of these seve-
ral works was offered to the delegates of the
Clarendon Press by his representatives, and
in 1877 all were brought together under the
title of ' A History of Greece from its Con-
quest by the Romans to the present time,
B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864/ and published in seven
volumes under the able editorship of the
Rev. H. F. Tozer. The whole had been
thoroughly revised by Finlay himself, who,
besides aiming throughout at a greater con-
densation of style, had added several new
chapters, chiefly on economical subjects, en-
tirely recast the section on Mediaeval Greece
and Trebizond, and appended a continuation
from 1843 to the enactment of the constitu-
tion of 1864. The period covered by the
history, therefore, is no less than two thou-
sand and ten years.

Finlay is a great historian of the type of
Polybius, Procopius, and Machiavelli, a man
of affairs, who has qualified himself for treat-
ing of public transactions by sharing in them,
a soldier, a statesman, and an economist.
He is not picturesque or eloquent, or a mas-
ter of the delineation of character, but a sin-
gular charm attaches to his pages from the
perpetual consciousness of contact with a
vigorous intelligence. In the latter portion
of his work he speaks with the authority of
an acute, though not entirely dispassionate,
eye-witness ; in the earlier and more exten-

sive portion it is his great glory to have shown
now interesting the history of an age of slavery
may be made, and how much Gibbon had
left undone. Gibbon, as his plan requires,
exhibits the superficial aspects of the period
m a grand panorama ; Finlay plunges beneath
the surface, and brings to light a wealth of
social particulars of which the mere reader
of Gibbon could have no notion. This being
Finlay's special department, it is the more to
his praise that he has not smothered his story
beneath his erudition. He may, indeed, even
appear at a disadvantage beside the Germans
as regards extent and profundity of research,
but this inferiority is more than compensated
by the advantages incidental to his prolonged
residence in the country. His personal dis-
appointments had indeed caused a censorious-
ness which somewhat defaces the latter part
of his history, and is the more to be regretted
as it affected his estimate of the value of his
own work, and of its reception by the world.
In character he was a frank, high-minded,
public-spirited gentleman.

[Autobiography prefixed to vol. i. of the Ox-
ford edition of Finlay's History ; Memoir in
Athenaeum, 1875; Sir Charles Newton in Aca-
demy, and Professor Freeman in Saturday Re vi ew,
1875.] K. G.

FINLAY, JOHN (1782-1810), Scottish
poet, was born of humble parents at Glasgow
in December 1782. He was educated in one
of the academies at Glasgow, and at the age
of fourteen entered the university, where he
had as a classmate John Wilson (' Christo-
pher North '), who states that he was distin-
guished ' above most of his contemporaries.'
While only nineteen, and still at the uni-
versity, he published f Wallace, or the Vale
of Ellerslie, and other Poems' in 1802, dedi-
cated to Mrs. Dunlop of Dunlop, the friend
of Burns, a second edition with some addi-
tions appearing in 1804, and a third in 1817.
Professor Wilson describes it as displaying ' a
wonderful power of versification/ and possess-
ing * both the merits and defects which we look
for in the early compositions of true genius.'
The prospect of obtaining a situation in one
of the public offices led him to visit London
in 1807, and while there he contributed to
the magazines some articles on antiquarian
subjects. Not finding suitable employment
he returned to Glasgow in 1808, and in that
year he published ' Scottish Historical and
Romantic Ballads, chiefly ancient, with Ex-
planatory Notes and a Glossary.' As the
title indicates, the majority of the ballads
were not his own composition, but Sir Walter
Scott nevertheless wrote of the book : ' The
beauty of some imitations of the old Scottish

Finlay

32

Finlayson

"ballads, with the good sense, learning, and
modesty of the preliminary dissertations,
must make all admirers of ancient lore regret
the early loss of this accomplished young
man.' He also published an edition of Blair's
4 Grave,' wrote a life of Cervantes, and super-
intended an edition of Adam Smith's ' Wealth
of Nations.' In 1810 he left Glasgow to
visit Professor Wilson at Ellerlay, West-
moreland, but on the way thither was seized
with illness at Moffat, and died there on
8 Dec. He had begun to collect materials
for a continuation of Warton's ' History o
Poetry.'

[Memoir with specimens of his poetry ii
Blackwood's Mag. ii. 186-92 ; J. Grant Wilson'
Poets and Poetry of Scotland, ii. 46-8 ; C. Rogers'
Scottish Minstrel, iii. 57-62.] T. F. H.

FINLAY, KIRKMAN (d. 1828), phil
hellene, was son of Captain-lieutenant John
Finlay, RE., F.R.S., who died at Glasgow
in 1802 (Scots Mag. Ixiv. 616), and brother o
George Finlay [q. v.] His education was carec
for by his uncle, Kirkman Finlay [q. v.], lore
provost of Glasgow. When about twenty
years of age, being in possession of a hand-
some fortune, he proceeded to Greece for the
purpose of engaging in the war of indepen-
dence. In February 1824 he became ac-
quainted with Lord Byron and Prince Mav-
rocordatos, both then at Missolonghi, who
entrusted him with conciliatory messages for
Odysseus and other refractory chiefs. At
Byron's request, Finlay with two comrades
set out in March in charge of powder and
other military stores, forwarded from Misso-
longhi to Odysseus for his war in Negropont.
On crossing the stream of the Phidari, which
had been much swollen by the rains, he
missed the ford, lost the most valuable part
of his baggage and papers, and very nearly
his life. Finlay continued one of the few
philhellenes, undaunted by disappointment
and disgust, constant and persistent to the
cause he had adopted. On that cause he
spent his fortune, energies, and life. During
a sortie of the Turks from the fortress of
Scio on 29 Jan. 1828 he was shot through
the head at the first attack, as he was at-
tempting to rally a body of men under his
command. He fell dead on the spot.

[Moore's Life of Lord Byron ; Count Gamba's
Narrative of Lord Byron's Last Journey to
Greece, pp. 223-4 ; Gent. Mag. TO!, xcviii. pt. i.
p. 372.1 G. G.

FINLAY, KIRKMAN (1773-1842), lord
provost of Glasgow, the son of James Finlay,
merchant, was born in Glasgow in 1773. He
was educated at the grammar school and
at the university, and at an early age en-

tered on business on his own account. In
1793 he took a prominent part in opposing
the monopoly of the East India Company in
the cotton trade. He became a magistrate
of Glasgow in 1804, and in 1812 he was
elected lord provost of the city. He was
M.P. for Glasgow from 1812 to 1818, and
during this time distinguished himself as a

Political economist of an advanced type. In
819 he was appointed rector of the uni-
versity. He was really one of the founders
of the commerce of Glasgow, on the wider
basis which it took after the failure of the
tobacco trade with America. He married
Janet, daughter of Mr. John Struthers. He
died in 1842, at Castle Toward, a residence
which he built on the Firth of Clyde. George,
the Greek historian, and Kirkman Finlay,
both separately noticed, were his nephews.

[MacGeorge's History of Glasgow ; Glasgow-
Past and Present ; Irving's Eminent Scotsmen 1

W. B-E.

FINLAYSON, GEORGE (1790-1823),
naturalist and traveller, born of humble pa-
rents at Thurso in 1790, was clerk to Dr.
Somerville, chief of the army medical staff
in Scotland, and afterwards to Dr. Farrel, chief
of the army medical staff in Ceylon, whence
he was removed to Bengal, and attached to
the 8th light dragoons as assistant-surgeon
in 1819. In 1821-2 he accompanied the
mission to Siam and Cochin China in the
character of naturalist, returning with it to
Calcutta in 1823. By this time his health
was thoroughly broken, and he soon after-
wards died. The journal which he had kept
during the mission was edited, with a prefa-
tory notice of the author, by Sir Stamford
Raffles, F.R.S., under the title of ' The Mis-
sion to Siam and Hue, the capital of Cochin
China, in the years 1821-2, from the Journal
of the late George Finlayson, Esq.,' London.
1826, 8vo.

[Eaffles's memoir, noticed above; Quarterly
Review, 1826.] J. M. R.

FINLAYSON, JAMES, D.D. (1758-
1808), divine, was born on 15 Feb. 1758,
at Nether Cambushenie, in the parish of
Dunblane, Perthshire, where his ancestors
lad been settled for several centuries. He
made rapid progress at school, and began his
tudies in the university of Glasgow at the age
'f fourteen. He held two tutorships, and sub-
sequently became amanuensis to Professor
Anderson, who had discovered his abilities,
n 1782 he became domestic tutor to two sons
f Sir William Murray of Ochtertyre. As
;he family spent the winter in Edinburgh,
?inlayson continued his studies at the uni-
ersity. He was licensed to preach in 1785.

Finlayson

33

Finlayson

In this year the Duke of Atholl offered Fin-
layson the living of Dunkeld, which he was
induced to decline, as Sir William Murray in-
formed him that an arrangement was pro-
posed to procure for him the chair of logic
in the university of Edinburgh. He was
offered the living of Borthwick, near Edin-
burgh, of which parish he was ordained
minister on 6 April 1787. He had assumed
the duties of the logic professor in the winter
session of 1786-7. He was now rising into
reputation with a rapidity the more remark-
able from his modest disposition. The most
experienced sages of the church respected his
judgment in questions of ecclesiastical policy.
He therefore dedicated much of his leisure
to study the laws, constitution, and history
of the Scottish church, and began to take an
active part in the details of its political
government. This made him gradually lean
more to the ecclesiastical than to the literary
side of his functions. He soon became a
leader on the moderate side in the church
courts. In 1790 he was presented by the
magistrates of Edinburgh to Lady Tester's
church ; in 1793 he was appointed to succeed
Robertson, the historian, in the collegiate
church of the old Grey Friars; in 1799, on a
vacancy occurring in the high church, he was
chosen by the town council to fill that col-
legiate charge. This last is considered the
most honourable appointment in the church
of Scotland, and it was, at the time, rendered
more desirable from the circumstance that
he had for his colleague Hugh Blair [q. v.j,
whose funeral sermon he was called upon to
preach in little more than a year. The uni-
versity of Edinburgh conferred on Finlayson
the degree of D.D. (28 March 1799), and in
1802 he was elected moderator of the general
assembly. He was elected king's almoner in
the same year, but resigned the post almost
immediately. These honours indicate the
general estimate of Finlayson's merits. Fin-
layson established his ascendency on the
wisdom of his councils and his knowledge of
the laws and constitution of the church, and
among his own party his sway was unlimited.
Those who differed from him in church politics
freely acknowledged his honourable character
and the purity of his motives : his political
opponents, in points of business unconnected
with party, were occasionally guided by his
judgment. His manner was simple and un-
presuming ; he was below the average height.
He wrote the life of Dr. Hugh Blair, and a
volume of his sermons was published after
his death. In 1805 his constitution began
to decline. In 1807 he was constrained to
accept the assistance of one of his earliest
friends, Principal G. II. Baird [q. v.], who

VOL. XIX.

taught the class during the remainder of that
session. _ On 25 Jan. 1808, while conversing
with Baird, he was seized with a paralytic
affection. Among the few words he was able
to articulate was the following sentence • * I
am about to pass to a better habitation, where
ail who believe in Jesus shall enter.' On his
deathbed the senatus academicus of the uni-
versity and the magistrates of Edinburgh
waited on him and asked him to name the
successor to his chair. In deference to his
advice, an offer of the chair was made to
Principal Baird, the gentleman he had named
He died on 28 Jan. 1808, and was honoured
with a public funeral in the cathedral church
of Dunblane. His students and others erected
a monument to his memory at Dunblane, and
a memorial window of stained glass was
placed in Grey Friars by his old pupil Prin-
cipal Lee of Edinburgh University. He pub-
lished : 1. ' Heads of an Argument in sup-
port of the Overture respecting Chapels of
Ease,' 1798. 2. < A Sermon on Preaching,'
Edinburgh, 1801. 3. < Sermons,' Edinburgh,

[Life by Baird; Encyclopaedia Perthensis ;
Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen ;
Anderson's Scottish Nation ; Hew Scott's Fasti
Eccl. Scot. ; Proceedings of the General As-
sembly of the Church of Scotland ; private in-
formation.] A. K. M. F.

FINLAYSON" or FINLEYSON, JOHN
(1770-1854), disciple of Richard Brothers
[q. v.], was born in Scotland in 1770. His
descendants make him the second son of
Colonel John Hamilton M'Finlay, who mar-
ried, about 1765, Lady Elizabeth Mary Alex-
ander, eldest sister of the last Earl of Stir-
ling. He was originally a writer at Cupar-
Fife, and removed thence to Edinburgh. His
relations with Brothers, which began in 1797,
are detailed in the article on that enthusiast.
He printed at Edinburgh a couple of pam-
phlets before repairingto London. In London
he was ' in considerable practice as a house-
agent.' Brothers led him to change the spel-
ling of his name, by telling him his ancestors
had some l fine leys ' of land granted them for
deeds of valour. Brothers, who died (1824)
in Finlayson's house at Marylebone, made it
his dying charge to his friend that he should
write against a rival genius, Bartholomew
Prescot of Liverpool. This Finlayson did,
describing Prescot's ' System of the Universe/
very correctly, as a ' misapprehended mistaken
elaborate performance, or book.'

He printed a variety of pamphlets, reite-
rating Brothers's views, and developing his
own peculiar notions of astronomy, for which
he claimed a divine origin. The heavenly
bodies were created, he thinks, partly 'to

D

Finlayson

34

Finlayson

amuse us in observing them.' The earth he
decides to be a perfect sphere, ' not shaped
like a garden turnip, as the Newtonians make
it ; ' the sun is a created body ' very different
from anything we can make here below ; ' the
stars are ' oval-shaped immense masses of
frozen water, with their largest ends fore-
most.'

Finlayson was reduced in extreme and
widowed age to a parish allowance of 3s. Qd.
weekly, supplemented by 5s. from Busby, in
whose house Brothers had lived from 1806
to 1815. Prescot and John Mason (a brush-
maker), though a disciple of Brothers, refused
to assist him. He died on 19 Sept. 1854, and
was buried in the same grave as Brothers at
St. John's Wood. He married, in 1808, Eliza-
beth Anne (d. 1848), daughter of Colonel
Basil Bruce (d. 1800), and had ten children.
His eldest son, Kichard Brothers Finlayson,
who took the name of Richard Beauford, was
a photographer at Galway, where he died on
17 Dec. 1886, aged 75.

Finlayson printed : 1. l An Admonition to
the People of all Countries in support of
Richard Brothers,' 8vo (dated Edinburgh,
7 Sept. 1797). 2. The same, ' Book Second,'
containing * The Restoration of the Hebrews
to their own Land,' 8vo (dated Edinburgh,
27 Jan. 1798). 3. 'An Essay/ &c. 8vo (on Dan.
xii. 7, 11, 12 ; dated London, 2 March 1798).
4. ' An Essay on the First Resurrection, and
on the Commencement of the Blessed Thou-
sand Years,' 8vo (dated London, 14 April
1798). 5. ' The Universe as it is. Discovery
of the Ten Tribes of Israel and their Restora-
tion to their own Land/ 1832, 8vo. 6. 'God's
Creation of the Universe/ 1848, 8vo (contains
some of his letters to the authorities respect-
ing his claims on Brothers's estate ; Mason
and Prescot were angry at this publication,
but Finlayson had ' a dream and vision ' of
Brothers, approving all he had done). 7. 'The
Seven Seals of the Revelations.' 8. 'The
Last Trumpet/ &c., 1849, 8vo (incorporates
No. 7 ; there are several supplements, the
latest dated 21 Feb. 1850). Also nine large
sheets of the ground plan of the New Jeru-
salem (with its 56 squares, 320 streets, 4
temples, 20 colleges, 47 private palaces, 16
markets, &c.) ; and twelve sheets of views
of its public buildings ; all these executed by
Finlayson for Brothers (the original copper-
plates were in the hands of Beauford, whose
price for a set of the prints was 38/.) Fin-
layson's pamphlets are scarce ; he deposited
his stock with Mason, after whose death it
was destroyed.

[Finlayson's Works ; information from his
eldest son, and from H. Hodson Rugg, M.D. ;
tombstone at St. John's Wood.] A. Gr.

FINLAYSON, THOMAS (1809-1872),
united presbyterian minister, second son of
Thomas Finlayson, a farmer, was born at Col-
doch, Blair Drummond, Perthshire, 22 Dec.
1809. He received his elementary education
at the parish school of Kincardine in Men-
teith, and preparatory to entering college
engaged in a special study of the classics at
a school in the village of Doune in Kilma-
dock parish. At the university of Glasgow
and at the theological hall of the united
secession church he went through the usual
course of training, and was licensed as a
preacher of the gospel in April 1835 by the
presbytery of Stirling and Falkirk. Part of
his period of study was spent in teaching a
school at Dumbarton, where he formed a
friendship with the Rev. Dr. Andrew Somer-
ville, who afterwards became the secretary
of the foreign mission of the united presby-
terian church. In November 1835 Finlayson
was ordained minister of the Union Street
congregation, Greenock, where he founded
a missionary society, and in two years per-
suaded his people to pay off the large debt
existing on the church. After twelve years
of admirable ministerial work in Greenock
he was called to be colleague and successor
to the Rev. John M'Gilchrist of Rose Street
Church, Edinburgh, and, having accepted the
call, was inducted to the ministry there in
September 1847. The congregation to which
he now became minister was one of very
few churches which at that time set an ex-
ample and gave a tone to the whole church.
They at once attached themselves to their
new minister. He was elected moderator of
the supreme court of his church in 1867, and
shortly afterwards received the degree of D.D.
from the university of Edinburgh. As one of
the most ardent promoters of the manse fund,
he was the chief agent in raising 45,000£,
which led to the spending of 120,OOOJ. in
building and improving manses in two hun-
dred localities. In the management of the
augmentation fund he also took a deep in-
terest. As a preacher he excelled in distinct
and powerful exhibition of the truth ; what-
ever he had to say came fresh from his own
independent thought, went straight to the
heart of the subject, and made an immediate
impression on his hearers. The untimely
death in 1868 of his eldest son Thomas,
a promising advocate at the Scottish bar,
caused him intense grief, from which he never
fully recovered. On 7 Oct. 1872 his con-
gregation celebrated the semi-jubilee of his
ministry in Edinburgh. Having gone to
Campbeltown to take part in an induction
service there, he was suddenly attacked with
failure of the heart's action, and was found

Finn Barr

35

Finn Barr

dead in his bed on 17 Oct. 1872. He wa
buried in the Grange cemetery, Edinburgh
on 22 Oct. He married, in 1836, Miss Chrystal
by whom he had six children.

[Memorials of the Rev. Thomas Finlayson
D.D., 1873, with portrait; John Smith's Our
Scottish Clergy, 1849, 2nd ser. pp. 295-301.]

G. C. B.

FINN BARE,, SAINT and BISHOP (d. 623),
of Cork, was son of Amergin, of the tribe oi
Ui Briuin Ratha of Connaught, who were
descended from Eochaidh Muidmheadhon,
brother of Olioll Olum, king of Munster.
Amergin left Connaught for Munster and
settled in the territory of Muscraidhe (Mus-
kerry), in the county of Cork, where he ob-
tained an inheritance and land at a place
called Achaidh Durbchon ; he was also chief
smith to Tigernach, king of the Ui Eachach
of Munster, who lived at Rathlin in the
neighbourhood of Bandon. Amergin married
in defiance of the king's prohibition, and the
couple were ordered to be burnt alive. A
thunderstorm which prevented the sentence
from being carried out was regarded as a
divine interposition, and they were set free.
A child having been born from this union,
they returned to Achaidh Durbchon, where
he was baptised by a bishop named MacCorb,
who gave him the name of Luan (or Lochan
according to another account). When he
was seven years old three clerics of Munster —
Brendan, Lochan, and Fiodhach — who had
been on a pilgrimage to Leinster, came to re-
visit their native territories, and stopping at
the house of Amergin admired the child.
Eventually they were allowed to take him
away to be educated. On their return with
him they arrived at a place called Sliabh
Muinchill, where it was thought suitable that
he should read his alphabet (or elements), be
tonsured, and have his name changed. The
cleric who cut his hair is said to have ob-
served : ' Fair [finn] is this hair [barra] of
Luan.' Let this be his name, said another,
1 Barr-finn or Finn-barr.' His name, however,
in popular usage, as well as in many autho-
rities, has always been Barra or Bairre. On
this occasion Brendan was observed to weep
and then soon after to smile, and when asked
the reason replied, ' I have prayed to Almighty
God to grant me three territories in South
Munster for my use and that of my successors,
viz. from the Blackwater to the Lee, from the
Lee to the Bandon, and from the Bandon to
Bere Island, but they have been granted to
Barra for ever. I wept because I fear I am
blameworthy in God's sight, and I smiled
again for joy because of the love which God
manifested for Barra.' The three clerics, with

Barra proceeding on their journey, arrived at
™£S Gabhran, now Gowran, in the county
of Kilkenny. Here he read his psalms and
began his studies, and his diligence was shown
by his prayer that a heavy fall of snow might
continue to block his hut until he could read
his 'saltair.' It is said to have continued ac-
cordingly. He next went to Cuil Caisin (now
Coolcashm), in the barony of Galmoy, county
of Kilkenny, where he marked out and founded
that church, and thence to Aghaboe, where he
blessed a church and stayed for a while. He
departed at the request of his predecessor, St.
Canice, after some negotiation, and went to
MacCorb, by whom he had been baptised. The
latter had been a fellow-pupil of St. David,
and both were reputed to have been pupils
of Pope Gregory, which probably means that
they studied his writings, which'were held in
high esteem by the Irish. About this time
Fachtna, an aged chieftain of Muscraidhe
Breogain, now the barony of Clanwilliam, in
county of Tipperary, whose son and daughter
Finn Barr had cured, and whose wife he was
said to have brought to life, made a grant to
him of RathMhartir in perpetuity. Here there
is an important difference between the Irish
and Latin lives, the latter giving Fiachna as
the name of the chieftain, whom Ussher, ap-
pearing to have known only the Latin life,
identifies with the king of West Munster. But
the Irish life evidently gives the correct ac-
count. With MacCorb Finn Barr read the
gospels of St. Matthew and the ecclesiastical
rules, to which another authority adds the
Epistles of St. Paul. It was while in this
neighbourhood that he stayed at Lough Eirce,
in a place called Eadargabhail (Addergoole),
where, according to the Irish life, he had a
school in which many famous saints are said
to have been educated. There has been much
discussion as to the situation of Lough Eirce,
chiefly o wing to an error of Colgan, who placed
"t in the neighbourhood of Cork. There is
a townland of Addergoole in the parish of
A.ghmacart in the south of Queen's County,
and adjoining it in co. Kilkenny is the parish of
Eirke, in a low-lying district. Here the site
of the school must be looked for. At Lough
Eirce there was also a female school, presided
over by a sister of Finn Barr's. Coming now
to his own country, he founded a church at
Achaidh Durbchon. t Near this/ says the Irish
life, 'is the grotto [cuas] of Barra, and there is
a lake or tarn there, from which a salmon is
>rought to him every evening.' This appears
o be the lake of Gougane Barra, at the source
>f the river Lee, which probably derives its
name from the cuadhan, pronounced cuagan
the little cavity) of Barra. Warned, as we
Te informed, by an angel not to stay at the

D 2

Finn Barr

Finn Barr

hermitage, as his resurrection was not to be
there, he set out, and crossing the Avonmore
(Blackwater) proceeded in a north-easterly
direction until he arrived at Cluain, where
he built a church. This place, which has
been strangely confounded with Cloyne,
near Cork, is stated by Colgan to have been
situated between Sliabh g-Crot (the Galtees)
and Sliabh-Mairge, and appears to be Cluain-
ednech, now Clonenagh, a townland near
Mountrath, in the Queen's County. Here,
when he had stayed some time, he was visited
"by two pupils of St. Kuadan, whose church of
Lothra was some thirty miles distant. These
clerics, Cormac and Baithin, had asked
Ruadan for a place to settle in. l Go/ he
said, 'and settle wherever the tongues of
your bells strike.' They went on until they
arrived at the church of Cluain, where their
bells sounded. They were much disap-
pointed at finding the place already occupied,
not thinking they would be allowed to stay
there, but Barra gave them the church an'd
all the property in it, and leaving the place
returned to co. Cork, and came to Corcach
Mor, or t The Great Marsh,' now the city of
Cork. Here he and his companions were en-
gaged in fasting and prayer, when Aodh, son
of Conall, the king of the territory, going in
search of one of his cows which had strayed
from the herd, met with them and granted
them the site of the present cathedral. Before
settling there finally, Barra was admonished
by an angel, we are told, to go to the place to
the westward, ' where,' he said, f you have
many waters, and where there will be many
wise men with you.'

A long time after this, Barra, with Eolang,
David, and ten monks, is said to have gone
to Home to be consecrated a bishop, but the
pope refused to consecrate him, saying the
rite would be performed by Jesus Christ
himself. The Latin lives, instead of Barra's
journey to Rome, tell of a message brought
by MacCorb from the pope informing him
how he was to be consecrated. At this time,
MacCorb having died, Barra desired to have
Eolang of Aghabulloge as a soul-friend or
confessor in his place. According to the
' Calendar ' of Oengus, Eolang was originally
at Aghaboe, and probably accompanied Barra,
whose pupil he had been. Eolang declined,
say ing, 'Christ will take your hand from mine
and hear your confession.' It was reported
that Barra afterwards wore a glove on one of
his hands which Christ had touched, to hide
its supernatural brightness. Seventeen years
after the foundation of Cork, feeling that his
death was near, he went to Clonenagh, and
there died suddenly. His remains were
brought to Cork and honourably interred,

and in after times his bones were taken up»
and enshrined in a silver casket. His pas-
toral character is thus described : 'The man of
God abode there [at Cork], building up not so-
much a house of earthly stones as a spiritual
house of true stones, wrought by the word and
toil through the Holy Spirit.' His generosity
is often referred to. Cumin of Condeire, in his
poem, says : ' He never saw any one in want
whom he did not relieve; ' and the ' Calendar'
of Oengus at 25 Sept. notices ' the festival of
the loving man, the feast of Barre of Cork,'
and in his ' Life ' he is the ( amiable champion *
(athleta). In after times, when Fursa was
at the city of Cork, ' he saw [in vision] a
golden ladder near the tomb of the man
of God, to conduct souls to the kingdom of
Heaven, and he beheld the top of it reach to
the sky.'

Barra's travels are scarcely referred to in
his ' Life.' He is said to have gone to-
Britain with St. Maidoc. In Reeves's edition
of Adamnan's ' St. Columba ' reference is-
made to ' his repeated and perhaps protracted'
visits to St. Columba at Hy,' though no-
notice of them is found in his 'Life.' There-
is an extraordinary story in the Rawlin-
son manuscript of his having borrowed a
horse from St. David in "Wales and ridden*
over to Ireland, in memory of which a brazen
horse was made and kept at Cork, but there
is nothing of this in the other lives. He is-
the patron saint of Dornoch, the episcopal
seat of Caithness, where his festival is per-
formed riding on horseback, a usage which
seems to have some connection with the
legend just mentioned. The island of Barra
also claims him as patron and derives its name
from him. According to Gerald de Barre, or
Giraldus Cambrensis, his family name was
derived from this island, and thus ultimately
from the saint. Mr. Skene thinks the name
Dunbarre is connected with him, as Dunblane-
with St. Blane. The name undergoes many
modifications. He is termed Finn Barr, Barr-
f hinn, or Barr-f hind, which by the silence
of f h becomes Barrind, and then Barrindus.
He is also Barr-og, or Barrocus, Bairre, Barra,,
and Barre, the last being his name in popular
usage. In the parallel lists of Irish and
foreign saints in the ' Book of Leinster ' he is
said to have been ' like Augustine, bishop of
the Saxons, in his manner of life.' He died
on 25 Sept. most probably in 623.

[Beatha Barra MS. 23 a, 44, Royal Irish
Academy; Codex Kilkenniensis, fol. 132 b, 134;
Codex Bodl. Rawlinson B. 485, both published
by Dr. Caulfield in his Life of St. Finn Barr ;
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 314-18; Calendar of
Oengus at 25 Sept. ; Reeves's Adarnnan, Ixxiv.J

T. 0.

Finnchu

37

Finnchu

FINNCHU, SAINT (/. 7th cent.), of
•Brigobann, now Brigown, in the county
of Cork, was son of Finnlug, a descendant of
Eochaidh Muidhmeadhon, and an inhabi-
tant of Cremorne, county of Monaghan. Finn-
lug's first wife, Coemell, was of the Cian-
machta of Glen Geimhin. After a married life
of thirty years Coemell died, and Finnlug
married Idnait, daughter of Flann, also of the
Ciannachta. Soon after he was expelled from
Ulster with his followers, and making his way
to Munster the king, Aengus Mac Nadfraoich,
granted him land in the province of Mog-Ruth
(Fermoy) . Here Idnait gave birth to the child
Finnchu, who was baptised by Ailbe of Imlach
Ibair (Emly), and ' a screpall, that is seven
•pennies of gold, paid as a baptismal fee.' The
form of his name given in the ' Calendar ' of
Oengus is Chua, to which Finn (fair) being
,-added makes Chua-finn, and by transposition
Finnchua. The Irish life and the ' Martyr-
ology of Donegal' make him son of Finn-
lug, son of Setna, but in other authorities
lie is son of Setna. He was placed with
Cumusgach, king of Teffia (in Westmeath
and Longford), with whom he remained seven
years. At the end of that time Comgall
£q. v.] of Bangor (county of Down) obtained
leave to educate the child as an ecclesias-
tic at Bangor. Here he distinguished him-
self by his courage in bearding the king of
Ulaidh, who had insisted on grazing his horses
on the lands of the monastery. Nine years
later Comgall died, and Finnchu succeeded
him as abbot, though he does not appear in
the regular lists. Seven years afterwards he
was expelled from Bangor and the whole of
Ulaidh, ' because of the scarcity of land.' He
then returned to Munster, where the king of
Cashel allowed him to choose a place of re-
sidence. Finnchu said : * I must not settle in
any place save where my bell will answer me
without the help of man.' From Cashel he
proceeded to the territory of Fermoy, and on
the morrow his bell answered him at Fan
Muilt (the wether's slope). As this was the
queen's home farm, he would have been
evicted had he not consented to pay rent.
After this Finnchu ' marked out the place
and arranged his enclosure, and covered his
houses, and allotted lands to his households.'
Hither came to him Conang, king of the
Deisi, who prostrated himself to him, and
Finnchu gave him, ( as a soul-friend's jewel, his
own place in heaven.' Then, in order to obtain
a place in heaven instead of that which he
had given away, he suspended himself by the
armpits from hooks in the roof of his cell,
so that ' his head did not touch the roof, nor
his feet the floor.' Thenceforth the place was
called Bri gobann (Smith's Hill), now Mit-

chelstown, from the skill shown by the
smiths who manufactured the hooks. During
seven years he continued to practise this self-
mortification until he was visited by St.
Ronan Finn with an urgent request for help
from the king of Meath, who was distressed
by the inroads of British pirates. After much
persuasion he saw St. Ronan, ' though sorely
ashamed of his perforated body holed by
chafers and beasts.' Accompanying St. Ronan
to Tara, on the night of his arrival an inroad
took place, and by Finnchu's advice, ' all, both
laymen and clerics, turned right-handwise
and marched against the intruders,' with the
result that they slew them, burnt their ships,
and made a mound of their garments.

At this time, dissensions having arisen
between the two wives of Nuadu, king of
Leinster, he sent oif his favourite wife to
Munster * on the safeguard of Finnchua of
Sliabh Cua.' Arrived near Brigown the saint
desired she should not come any further until
her child was born, for at that time ' neither
wives nor women used to come to his church.*

On the birth of the child he was baptised
by Finnchu, and named Fintan. In a war
which ensued between the king of Leinster
and the kinsmen of his neglected wife, Finn-
chu was successful in obtaining the victory for
the king. Fintan was with him, and when
the king begged that the boy might be left
with him, Finnchu consenting gave him ' his
choice between the life of a layman and that
of a cleric.' Having chosen the latter the
land was bestowed on him, from which he was
afterwards known as St. Fintan of Cluain-
ednech. The St. Fintan (d. 634) [q. v.] gene-
rally known by this title was the son of Tul-
chan, but it appears from his ' Life ' that there
were four of the name at Cluain-ednech. Re-
turning to Munster, Finnchu was next called
to repel an attack from the north, the queen
of Ulaidh having instigated her husband to
invade Munster to provide territory for her
sons. The king of Munster was then living
at Dun Ochair Maige (the fort on the brink
of the Maige), now Bruree, in the county of
Limerick, and when he and his consort be-
held 'the splendid banners floating in the
air, and the tents of royal speckled satin
pitched on the hill,' they sent for Finnchn,
who had promised, if occasion required, to
come, 'with the CennCathach [head battler],
even his own crozier.' After vainly trying
to make peace, he ' marched in the van of
the army with the Cenn Cathach in his hand,
and then passed right-handwise round the
host.' For the complete victory which fol-
lowed the king awarded ' a cow from every
enclosure from Cnoc Brenain to Dairinis of
Emly, and a milch cow to the cleric carrying

Finnchu

Finnerty

his crozier in battle.' Ciar Cuircech, nephew
of the king of Kerry, having been sent adrift
on account of suspected treason, had been
taken by pirates, and was retained by them
as guide, and for three autumns they harried
Kerry, and carried off the corn. The king
sent for his relative, Finnchu (the Ciarraige
and Finnchu's mother being both of the seed
of Ebir). The saint came to the rescue, and
1 his wrath arose against the maurauders, and
the howling and rending of a hound pos-
sessed him on that day, wherefore the name
of Finnchu [fair hound] clave to him.' Ciar
was spared by Finnchu, who took him away,
and placed him in the territory since called
from him Kerrycurrihy, in the county of Cork.
The last warlike adventure in whichFinnchu
was engaged was the repelling an invasion of
the Clanna Neill. The people of Munster,
who were then without an overking, elected
Cairbre Cromm, a man of royal descent, who
was at this time ' in waste places hunting
wild swine and deer.' He consented to lead
them on condition that Finnchu accompanied
him. On coming in sight of the enemies'
camp the Munster men ' flinch from the fight
in horror of the Clanna Neill,' but stirred by
the warning of Finnchu that not a homestead
would be left to them if they did not fight,
they gained the victory. Cairbre Cromm was
then made king of Munster, but being dis-
satisfied with his appearance, as ' his skin was
scabrous,' he besought Finnchu to bestow a
goodly form on him, and the saint ' obtained
from (jod his choice of form for him.' His
shape and colour were then changed, so that
he was afterwards Cairbre the Fair.

After this he made a vow that he would
not henceforth be the cause of any battles.
He gave his blessing to the rulers of Munster,
and they promised to pay the firstlings of
cows, sheep, and swine to him and his suc-
cessors, together with an alms ' from every
nose in Fermoy.' Then he went to his own
place, and thence it is said to Rome, for he
was penitent for the battles and deeds he had
done for love of brotherhood. He is associated
in Oengus with two foreign saints, Mammes
and Cassian. Little of a religious character
appears in the present life, but in Oengus he
is said to have been ' a flame against guilty
men,' and that ' he proclaimed Jesus.' His
religion appears to have chiefly consisted in
ascetic practices of an extreme character. He
was supposed to lie the first night in the same
grave with every corpse buried in his church.
In an Irish stanza current in the north of the
county of Cork he is associated with Molagga,
Colman of Cloyne, and Declan, all very early
saints, and he is termed ' Finnchu the as-
cetic.' The anachronisms in this life are more

formidable than usual, but may possibly be
explained by the habit of using the name of
a well-known king for the reigning sove-
reign, as in the case of Pharaoh and Caesar.
The year of his death is not on record, but it
must have been a long time after he left
Bangor, which was in 608. His day is 25 Nov.

[The Irish life in the Book of Lismore, trans-
lated by Whitley Stokes, D.C.L. ; Martyrology
of Donegal, p. 317; Eeeves's Eccles. Autiq. of
Down, &c., p. 381 ; Calendar of Oengus, cxix,
clxxii.] T. 0.

FINNERTY, PETER (1766 P-1822),
journalist, born in or about 1766, was the
son of a trader at Loughrea in Gal way. He-
was brought up as a printer in Dublin, and
became the publisher of ' The Press,' a na-
tionalist newspaper started by Arthur O'Con-
nor in September 1797. The violence of
that journal caused it to be prosecuted by
the government. On 22 Dec. 1797 Finnerty
was tried before the Hon. William Downes,
one of the justices of the court of king's
bench in Ireland, upon an indictment for a
seditious libel. The prosecution was insti-
tuted in consequence of the publication of a
letter signed 'Marcus,' on the subject of the
conviction and execution of William Orr, a
presbyterian farmer, on a charge of adminis-
tering the United Irish oath to a private in
the Fifeshire Fencibles. Finnerty refused
to divulge the writer's name, and, although
John Philpot Curran made a most eloquent
speech in his defence, he was found guilty.
The sentence was that he should stand in
and upon the pillory for the space of one
hour ; that he should be imprisoned for two-
years from 31 Oct. 1797 (the day he was
arrested) ; that he should pay a fine "of 201.
to the king ; and that he should give secu-
rity for his future good behaviour for seven
years from the end of his imprisonment, him-
self in 500/., and two sureties in 250/. each.
The whole of this sentence was eventually car-
ried into effect. Finnerty, on 30 Dec., stood
for one hour in the pillory opposite the ses-
sions house in Green Street, in the presence
of an immense concourse of sympathising*
spectators. He was accompanied by some
of the leading men in the country. On
being released from the pillory he said to the
people : ' My friends, you see how cheerfully I
can suffer — I can suffer anything, provided
it promotes the liberty of my country.' The
crowd cheered this brief address enthusiasti-
cally, but they were quickly dispersed by the
military (HowELL, State Trials, xxvi. 902-
1018; CuKRAtf, Speeches, 2nd edit, by Davis,

On regaining his liberty Finnerty came to

Finney

39

Finnian

London and obtained an engagement as a
parliamentary reporter on the staff of the
'Morning Chronicle.' In 1809 he accom-
panied the Walcheren expedition as special
correspondent, in order to supply the ' Chro-
nicle' with intelligence, but his bulletins
soon induced the government to ship him
home in a man-of-war. This he attributed to
Lord Castlereagh, whom he libelled accord-
ingly. On 7 Feb. 1811 he was sentenced by
the court of queen's bench to eighteen months'
imprisonment in Lincoln gaol for a libel
charging his lordship with cruelty in Ireland.
The talent and courage which he displayed
at the trial obtained for him a public sub-
scription of 2,000£. He memorialised the
House of Commons on 21 June against the
treatment he had experienced in prison, ac-
cusing the gaolers of cruelty in placing him
with felons, and refusing him air and ex-
ercise. The memorial gave rise to several
discussions, in which he was highly spoken
of by Whitbread, Burdett, Eomilly, and
Brougham (HANSARD, Parl. Debates, 1811,
xx. 723-43). He died in Westminster on
11 May 1822, aged 56.

Finnerty was an eccentric Irishman, ex-
tremely quick, ready, and hot-headed. Much of
his time was spent with.PaulHiffernan [q. v.],
Mark Supple, and other boon companions at
the Cider Cellars, 20 Maiden Lane, Covent
Garden. He published : 1. ' Report of the
Speeches of Sir Francis Burdett at the late
Election,' 1804, 8vo. 2. ' Case of Peter Fin-
nerty, including a Full Report of all the
Proceedings which took place in the Court
of King's Bench upon the subject . . . with
Notes, and a Preface comprehending an Es-
say upon the Law of Libel,' 4th edit. London,
1811, 8vo.

[Phillips's Curran and his Contemporaries,
p. 184 ; Gent. Mag. vol. xcii. pt. i. p. 644 ; Biog.
Diet, of Living Authors, p. 116; Andrews's
British Journalism, ii. 31, 66 ; Notes and Queries,
2nd ser. ix. 306; Grant's Newspaper Press, ii.
224 ; Hunt's Fourth Estate, ii. 275.] T. C.

FINNEY, SAMUEL (1719-1798), minia-
ture-painter, born at Wilmslow, Cheshire,
13 Feb. 1718-19, was eldest son of Samuel
Finney of Fulshaw, Cheshire, and Esther,
daughter of Ralph Davenport of Chorley.
His family being in pecuniary difficulties,
Finney came up to London to study law, but
quitted that profession for painting. He
established himself as a miniature-painter,
working both in enamel and on ivory, and
was very successful. He exhibited minia-
tures at the Exhibition of the Society of Ar-
tists in 1761, and in 1765 exhibited a minia-
ture of Queen Charlotte, having been ap-

pointed 'enamel and miniature painter to her
majesty.' He was a member of the Incor-
porated Society of Artists, and in 1766 sub-
scribed the declaration roll of that society.
Having amassed a fortune sufficient to pay
off the encumbrances on the old family estate,
Finney in 1769 retired to Fulshaw, became
a justice of the peace, and devoted the re-
mainder of his life to quelling the riots, then
so prevalent in that part of Cheshire, and in
local improvements. He also compiled a
manuscript history of his family, part of
which was printed in the ' Cheshire and Lan-
cashire Historical Collector,' vol. i. A small
portrait of Finney is in the possession of his
descendant, Mr. Jenkins of Fulshaw ; it was
engraved by William Ford of Manchester,
and the plate was destroyed after twelve
copies had been struck off. He died in 1798,
and was buried at Wilmslow. He was twice
married, but left no children.

[Kedgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet. of
Artists, 1760-1880; Earwaker's East Cheshire,
i. 154.] L. C.

FINNIAN, SAINT (d. 550), of Cluaini-
raird, now Clonard, in the county of Meath,
son of Finlugh, son of Fintan, a descendant of
Conall Cearnach, one of the heroes of the Red
Branch, was born in Leinster. He was bap-
tised by a Saint Abban, and afterwards placed
when of suitable age under the charge of Fort-
chern. With him he read ' the Psalms and
the Ecclesiastical Order.' On reaching the
age of thirty he crossed the sea, and accord-
ing to the Irish life went to Tours, called by
the Irish Torinis. where he became a friend
of St. Caeman. But the Latin life, the author
of which, according to Dr. Todd, had the Irish
before him, substitutes Dairinis, an island in
the bay of Wexford, in which there was a
well-known monastery. The resemblance in
sound may have suggested the correction, as
Caeman was connected with Dairinis. But
as the ' Office of St. Finnian' also mentions a
visit to Tours, and two of St. Finnian's pupils,
Columcille and Columb Mac Criomthainn,
are said to have visited Tours, the Irish life
may be correct. Finnian, probably on his
way back, was at Cell Muine, or St. David's
in Wales, where he met David, Gildas, and
Cathmael or Docus. Here he is said to have
stayed thirty years, and to have spoken the
British language ' as if it was his own native
tongue.' Finnian was employed to negotiate
with the Saxon invaders, and failing in this
is said to have overthrown them by super-
natural means. An angel warned him to re-
turn to Ireland, which was in need of his
teaching, instead of visiting Rome as he
wished to do. He obeyed the divine call, and

Finnian

Finnian

landed, according to Dr. Lanigan, first at the
island of Dairinis, where he paid a second
visit to St. Caeman. Leaving the island he
coasted along, and finally landed at one of
the harbours of Wexford, where he was well
received by Muiredach, son of the king of
Leinster, who honoured him, not as Dr. Lani-
gan says, by prostrating himself before him,
but by taking him on his back across the
fields. The king having offered him any site
he pleased for a church, he selected Achad
Aball, now Aghowle, in the barony of Shil-
lelagh, in the county of Wicklow. Here he
is said to have dwelt sixteen years. Moving
about and founding churches in several places,
he arrived at Kildare, where he ' stayed for
a while, reading and teaching/ and on leaving
was presented by Brigit with a ring of gold,
which she told him he would require. After-
wards a slave at Fotharta Airbrech, in the
north-east of the King's County, complained
that the king demanded an ounce of gold for
his freedom. Finnian having weighed the ring
(ring money ?) given him by Brigit, found it
to be exactly one ounce, and he purchased the
man's freedom. This slave was St.Caisin of Dal
m Buain. Crossing the Boy ne, he next founded
a church at Ross Findchuill, also called Esgar
Brannain, now Rosnarea. One of a raiding
party from Fertullagh in Westmeath passing
by his church became his disciple, and after-
wards his successor at Clonard. This was
Bishop Senach of Cluain Foda Fine, now
Clonfad, in the county of Westmeath. It
was probably at this time that he established
his school at Clonard, in A.D. 530, according
to Dr. Lanigan. Disciples came to him from
all parts of Ireland till the number is said to
have reached three thousand, and he acquired
the title of ' the Tutor of the Saints of Ire-
land.' Many celebrated men were educated
under him, among them Columcille, Columb
of Tir da Glas, the two Ciarans, and others.
To each of his pupils on their departure he
gave a crozier or a gospel (i.e. a book of the
gospels), or some well-known sign. These
gifts became the sacred treasures of their re-
spective churches. From his disciples he se-
lected twelve who were known as ' the twelve
Apostles of Ireland.' These, according to Dr.
Todd, formed themselves into a kind of cor-
poration, and exercised a sort of jurisdiction
over the other ecclesiastics of their times.
They were especially jealous of the right
of sanctuary which they claimed for their
churches.

A bard named Gemman, also termed ' the
master,' and mentioned in Adamnan's ' Co-
lumba' as a tutor, brought him a poem cele-
brating his praises, and asked in return that
' the little land he had should be made fer-

tile.' Finnian replied, ' Put the hymn which
thou hast made into water, and scatter the
water over the land.' This is in accordance
with Bede's description of the virtues of Irish
manuscripts when immersed in water (EccL
Hist. bk. i. chap, i.) In the Latin life he
orders Gemman ' to sing the hymn over the
field.' Some of the pupils of Finnian having
been attracted to St. Ruadan of Lothra, for-
merly one of his disciples, he visited that saint
at the request of his school, and an amicable
contest took place between them, with the
result that Ruadan consented ' to live like
other people.' The special reason for the
flocking of students to Lothra is said to have
been ' a lime tree from which there used to
drop a sweet fluid in which every one found
the flavour he wished.' His next journey
was into Luigne, now the barony of Leyney,
co. Sligo, whither he was accompanied by
Cruimther (or presbyter) Nathi. Here he
founded a church in a place called Achad
caoin conaire, now Achonry, where his well
and his flagstone were shown.

When he had thus 'founded many churches
and monasteries, and had preached God's
word to the men of Ireland,' he returned to
Clonard. Here his pupil, Bishop Senach, ob-
serving ' his meagreness and great wretched-
ness,' and * seeing the worm coming out of
his side in consequence of the girdle of iron
which he wore,' could not restrain his tears.
Finnian comforted him by reminding him that
he was to be his successor. His food was a
little barley bread, and his drink water, ex-
cept on Sundays.

In the ' Martyrology of Donegal ' he is com-
pared to St. Paul, the parallel being carried
out in detail. Finnian was the chief of the
second order of Irish saints ; he is sometimes
said to have been a bishop, but it is not so
stated in his life, and it is improbable, as the
second order were nearly all presbyters. He
died at Clonard, and, according to the ' Chro-
nicon Scotorum,' of the pestilence known as
the Buidhe Conaill, or yellow plague, which
ravaged Ireland in A.D. 550. The language
of his life is ambiguous, but seems to agree
with this : ' As Paul died in Rome for the
sake of the Christian people, even so Finnian
died in Clonard that the people of the Gael
might not all die of the yellow plague.' The
' Annals of the Four Masters ' place his death
at 548 (549), which is too early. Colgan's
opinion that he lived as late as 563 is founded
on a statement referring not to him but to
St. Finnian of Maghbile. He is said in the
Irish life to have reached the age of 140, and
if his stay in different places was so long as
mentioned, this would seem to be necessary,
but the numbers can scarcely be intended to

Fintan

Fintan

fee taken literally. ' Thirty ' seems to be used
indefinitely in the lives of Irish saints. St.
Finnian's day in the ' Martyrology of Done-
gal' is 12 Dec., though 11 Feb., 3 Jan., and
26 March have also been mentioned.

[Lives from the Book of Lismore, translated
by Whitley Stokes, D.C.L., pp. 222-30; Lani-
.gan's Eccl. Hist. i. 468, &c., ii. 21, 22 ; Dr.Todd's
St. Patrick, pp. 98-101 ; Martyrology of Donegal,
p. 333 ; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 548 ;
Eeeves's Adamnan, p. 136.] T. 0.

FINTAN, SAINT (d. 595), of Cluain-
•ednech, according to his pedigree in the ' Book
of Leinster,' and his life as quoted by Colgan,
was the son of Gabren and Findath, and a
descendant of Feidlimid Rectmar. In the
1 Codex Kilkenniensis ' his father is called
Crymthann, but Gabren is added in the mar-
gin, apparently as a correction. Again, in
the ' Life of Finnchu ' he is said to have been
the son of Nuadu, king of Leinster, by his
wife, Anmet. But as, according to some ac-
counts, there were four Fintans at Cluain-
ednech, the son of Nuadu was evidently a
different person from the subject of the present
notice. On the eighth day after his birth our
Fintan was baptised at Cluain mic Trein,
which may be presumed to have been in or
near Ross, anciently called Ros mic Trein.
He studied with two companions, Coemhan
and Mocumin, under Colum, son of Crim-
thann, afterwards of Tirdaglas, now Terry-
glas, barony of Lower Ormond, county of
Tipperary. Coemhan became eventually abbot
of Enach Truim, now Annatrim, in Upper
Ossory, and Mocumin, otherwise Natcaoim,
was also subsequently of Tirdaglas.

The party of students and their master
moved about, and on one occasion stayed at
Cluain-ednech, where there was then no
monastery. Here such numbers flocked to
them that they had to move to Sliabh Bladma,
now Slieve Bloom. Looking back from the
mountain-side it was said that angels were
hovering over the place they had left, and
Fintan was at once advised to build his mo-
nastery there, which he did about A.D. 548.
This place is now Clonenagh, a townland near
Mountrath in the Queen's County. Here he
led a life of the severest asceticism, but not-
withstanding the strictness of his rule many
sought admission to his community. ' The
monks laboured with their hands after the
manner of hermits, tilling the earth with hoes,
and, rejecting all animals, had not even a
single cow. If any one offered them milk or
butter it was not accepted ; no one dared to
bring any flesh meat.'

This mode of life being felt as a reproach
by the neighbouring clergy, a council assem-

bled, at which St. Cainnech of Kilkenny and
others were present, who visited St. Fintan
and requested him for the love of God to re-
lax the extreme rigour of his rule. Fintan
after much persuasion conceded the changes
proposed as regarded his community, but re-
fused to alter his own mode of living. His
discernment of character is shown in the case
of two relatives of one of his monks. After
the young man had failed to convert them,
Fintan visited them and pronounced that one
would be converted, but that the case of the
other was hopeless. He seems to have been
kind to his community, for when some of
them, eager, like all the Irish of the period, for
foreign travel, went away without his leave,
and proceeded to Bangor in Ulster, and thence
to Britain, he said to those who spoke of
them, ' They are gone for God's work.'

A warlike party once left the heads of
their enemies at the gate of Clonenagh. They
were buried by the monks in their own ceme-
tery, Fintan saying that all the saints who lay
in that burial-ground would pray for them, as
the most important part of their bodies was
buried there. At this time the king of North
Leinster held the son of the king of South
Leinster (or Hy Censelach) prisoner, intend-
ing to kill him as a rival, but Fintan and
twelve disciples went to the king at a town
named Rathmore, in the north-east of the
county of Kildare, to remonstrate with him.
The king ordered the fortress to be firmly
closed against him, but Fintan overcame all
resistance, and rescued the youth, who after-
wards became a monk at Bangor.

Walking on one occasion in the plain of
the Liffey, he met Fergna, son of Cobhthach,
and kneeled before him. The man was much,
surprised, but Fintan told him he was to be-
come a monk. He said : ' I have twelve sons
and seven daughters, a dear wife, and peace-
ful subjects,' but he eventually gave up all.
Bishop Brandubh, ' a humble man of Hy Cen-
selach,' went to Fintan to become one of his
monks. Fintan met him in the monastery
of Achad Finglas, near Slatey, and desired
him to remain in this monastery, ' where,' he
added, ' the mode of life is more tolerable
than in mine/

His most famous pupil was Comgall [q.v.]
of Bangor, who came to him at Cluain-ednech.
Here he joined the community, but so hard
was the life that he grew weary of it, and
the devil tempted him to return to his native
place. He told Fintan of this, but shortly
after, when praying at a cross to the west of
Cluain-ednech, a supernatural light broke in
on him, and he became quite happy. Fintan
then sent him back to his native place to
build churches and rear up servants to Christ.

Fintan

Fintan

He subsequently founded the famous monas-
tery of Benchor (Bangor) in Ulster.

Fintan when on his deathbed appointed as
his successor Fintan Maeldubh. In the ' Lebar
Brecc ' notes on the ' Calendar ' of Oengus
there are said to have been four Fintans there.
His life was a continual round of fasts, night
watches, and genuflexions. He is termed by
Oengus ' Fintan the Prayerful,' and on the
same authority we read, ' he never ate during
his time, save woody bread of barley, and
clayey water of clay.' In the parallel list of
Irish and foreign saints, he, as /chief head of
the monks of Ireland,' is compared with
Benedict, 'head of the monks of Europe/
His day is 17 Feb.

[Colgan's Acta Sanct. Hibernise, p. 349, &c. ;
Codex Kilkenniensis ; Marsh's Library, Dublin,
p. 74 aa ; Calendar of Oengus, lii. liii. ; Martyr-
ology of Donegal, p. 51 ; Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii.
227-30.] T. O.

FINTAN or MUNNU, SAINT (d. 634),
of Tech Munnu, now Taghmon, co. Wexford,
was son of Tulchan, a descendant of Conall
Gulban, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages,
his mother, Fedelm, being of the race of
Maine, son of Niall. He used to leave his
father's sheep to go for instruction to a holy
man named Cruimther (or presbyter) Grel-
lan, who lived at Achad Breoan. The sheep did
not suffer, and it was even rumoured that two
wolves were seen guardingthem. St. Comgall
of Bangor on his way from Connaught met
with him at Uisnech (now Usny), in the
parish of Killare, barony of Rathconrath, co.
Westmeath. Comgall allowed the boy to
join him, and on the first day initiated him
into his discipline by refusing to allow him
a draught of water until vespers in spite of
the heat.

Fintan is said to have gone next to the
school of St. Columba at Cill mor Ditraibh ;
but this seems inconsistent with the dates of
his life. His regular studies were carried on
under Sinell of Cluaininis, an island in Lough
Erne, who is described as ' the most learned
man in Ireland or in Britain.' With him
he continued nineteen years, studying the
Scriptures in company with nine others. In
making their bread they were not permitted
to separate the chaff from the wheat ; but all
being ground together, the flour was mixed
with water and baked by means of stones
heated in the fire.

On the completion of his studies he went
to Hy to enter the monastery, but found that
St. Columba was dead, and Baithin, his suc-
cessor, refused to accept him, alleging that
St. Columba had anticipated his coming, and
directed him not to receive him. ' He will
not lik^ this,' he added, 'for he is a rough

man ; therefore assure him that he will be
an abbot and the head of a congregation.'
This story, which is not only found in his
lives, but in Adamnan's ' Life of Columba,' is.
stated in the latter to have been communi-
cated to the author by Oissene, who had it
from the lips of Fintan himself. Fintan is
described as fair, with curly hair and a high
complexion. On his return to Ireland he took
up his abode in an island named Cuimrige or
Cuinrigi, where he founded a church at a
place called Athcaoin ; but having ascended
a mountain to pray he was so disturbed by
the cries and tumult at the battle of Slenne
(perhaps of Sleamhain, near Mullingar, A.D.
602) that he left the island. He next passed
on to his own neighbourhood in the territory
of Ely, but did not visit or salute any one.
Here he built Tech Telle (now Tehelly), in
the north of the King's County, where he re-
mained five years. He permitted his mother
to visit him with his two sisters, but said
that if she came again he would depart to
Britain. Probably in allusion to this a poem
attributed to Colum Cille, says : ' The mother
that bore thee, O Fintan, 0 Munnu, bore a
son hard to her family.' Soon afterwards
a virgin with five companions presented her-
self at Tech Telle, and said to the steward :
' Tell the strong man who owns this place
to give it to me, for he and his fifty youths
are stronger than I and my five, and let
him build another for himself.' Fintan com-
plied, ordering his pupils to bring only their
axes, books, and chrismals with their ordinary
clothing, and the two oxen which drew the
wagon with the books. But he refused to bless
her, and told her that the church would not
be associated with her name, but with that
of Telle, son of Segein. He and his party th en
proceeded to the UiBairrche (now the barony
of Slieve Margy in the Queen's County),
where there was a monastery of Comgall of
Bangor, over which one of his pupils named
Aed Gophan (or Guthbinn ?) presided. He
was obliged to go away into exile for twelve
years, and left Fintan to take charge during
his absence. Meanwhile, Comgall having
died, ' the family ' of the monastery came to
Fintan, but he refused their several requests
either to accept the abbacy of Bangor, or to
become one of the monks there, but said
that he would leave the place if he could
surrender it to Aed Gophan, who entrusted
it to him. Then they said : f You had better go
and seek for him, even if you have to go to
Rome, and we will wait your return.' He
therefore set out with five companions, but
after crossing one field he met with Aedh
returning after twelve years of exile. Leaving
Ui Bairrche, Fintan came to Achad Liacc, in

Fintan

43

Firbank

the barony of Forth, co. Wexford. Here one
day when in the woods he met three men
clothed in white garments, who told him,
' Here will be your city/ and they marked out
in his presence seven places in which after-
wards the chief buildings of his city should
be erected, and Fintan placed crosses there.
The chieftain of the country of Forth, named
Dimma, who had offended him by unseemly
rejoicing over a homicide, repenting, 'offered
him the land where his city Taghmon now is.'
He asked for a reward, and when Fintan
promised him the kingdom of heaven, said :
1 That is not enough, unless you also give me
long life and all my wishes, and allow me to
be buried with your monks in holy ground.'
All these requests Fintan granted to him.
The community of Fintan consisted of fifty
monks, and their daily food was bread with
water and a little milk. Dimma, chieftain
of the territory, had placed his two sons in
fosterage — one, Cellach, at Airbre in Ui Cenn-
selaigh with St. Cuan; the other, Cillin,
with Fintan at Taghmon. The father going
to visit them found Cellach dressed in a blue
cloak, with a sheaf of purple arrows on his
shoulder, his writing tablet bound with brass,
and wearing shoes ornamented with brass.
Cillin, in a cloak of black undyed sheep's
wool, a short white tunic, with a black border
and common shoes, chanting psalms with
other boys behind the wagon. The king was
displeased, but Fintan told him that Cellach
would be slain by the Leinster people, while
Cillin would be ' the head of a church, a
wise man, a scribe, bishop, and anchorite,'
and would go to heaven.

Fintan's rugged character is illustrated in
an imaginary dialogue between him and the
angel who used to visit him. Fintan asked
why another, whom he mentioned, was higher
in favour than himself. Because, was the re-
ply, 'he never caused any one to blush, whereas
you scold your monks shamefully.' * Then/
Fintan indignantly replied, ' I will go into
exile and never take any more pains with my
monks.' ' No/ said the' angel, ' but the Lord
will visit you.' That night Fintan became a
leper, and continued so for twenty-three years.
This is referred to in the ' Calendar ' of Oen-
gus, where he is called ' crochda/ crucified
or bearing a cross.

Fintan's most remarkable appearance was
at the council of Magh Ailbe or Whitefield,
where the propriety of adopting changes made
on the continent in the Rule of Easter was
discussed. Laisrean or Molaisse of Leighlin,
with his friends, defended the new system
and the new order. Fintan and all others
maintained the old. The king of Ui Bairrche,
impatient at Fintan's delay in coming, spoke

tauntingly of his leprosy. When he arrived
the king asked him to speak. ' Why/ said
Fintan, turning fiercely to him, ' do you ask
me, a leprous man, for a speech ? When you
were abusing me Christ blushed at the right
hand of the Father, for I am a member of
Christ.' Fintan proposed the ordeal by fire and
then by water, or a contest in miraculous
power ; but Laisrean would not risk the danger
of defeat. Dr. Lanigan is not accurate in
saying that ' Fintan soon after withdrew his
opposition, and agreed with his brethren of
the south/ for the ' Codex Salmanticensis T
states that the council broke up, assenting to
his conclusion : ' Let every one do as he be-
lieves, and as seems to him right/ words
which fairly express the tolerant spirit of the
Irish church. It is added by the writer of
his ' Life' that whenever he addressed a guest
in rough or hasty language he would not eat
until he had apologised, saying: 'At that mo-
ment I was the son of Tulchan according to
the flesh, but now I am spiritually the son
of God.' Lanigan does not allow that he was
at Clonenagh ; but Bishop Reeves, following
Colgan, holds that he was * fourth in a suc-
cession of Fintans there.' He has given his
name to a Taghmon, also in Westmeath, and
is commemorated at Kilmun in Cowall (Scot-
land), where he is buried according to the
' Breviary of Aberdeen.' There was also a
church in LochLeven called after him. In the
1 Litany ' of Oengus f one hundred and fifty
true martyrs ' who lived under his rule are
invoked, and two hundred and thirty-three
are referred to in the ' Martyrology ' of Tam-
laght ; but this does not imply that they were
all living at one time. The name Mundu or
Munnu is interpreted in the * Lebar Brecc '
as a contraction of mo-Fhindu, the F in the
compound becoming silent; Fintan is also
a contraction of Findu-an. His day is cele-
brated 21 Oct.

[Acta Sanct.Hibernise ex codice Salman ticensi,
London, 1888; Calendar of Oengus, clix. ; Lani-
gan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 404-8; Ussher's Works, vi.
503; Eeeves's Adamnan, pp. 18, 27; the Kev.
James Gammack, in Diet, of Christian Biography,
ii. 520.] T. 0.

FIKBAJSTK, JOSEPH (1819-1886), rail-
way contractor, son of a Durham miner, was
born at Bishop Auckland in 1819. At the
age of seven he was sent to work in a colliery,
and attended a night-school. In 1841 he se-
cured a sub-contract in connection with the
Woodhead tunnel on the Stockton and Dar-
lington railway, and in 1845 and 1846 took
contracts on the Midland railway. The oppo-
sition to railway construction was so^ great
at this time that on one occasion Firbank
was captured and kept a prisoner for twenty-

Firbank

44

Firebrace

four hours. Noblemen would not permit the
•contractors or their workmen to approach
their demesnes. In 1848 Firbank was en-
gaged on the Rugby and Stamford branch
of the North- Western railway, and lost most
of his savings by the bankruptcy of the
former contractor of the line. When the
Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Com-
pany transformed their mineral tramways
and canals into passenger railways in 1854,
Firbank took the contract for dealing with
the canals in the town of Newport, Mon-
mouthshire. He also took the contract for
the maintenance of the lines for seven years,
and this contract was several times renewed.

Firbank established himself at Newport,
where he formed an intimate friendship with
Mr. Crawshaw Bailey, the ironmaster, who
supported him in his early undertakings. He
was employed in South Wales for thirty
years, until the absorption of the Monmouth-
shire company by the Great Western. In
1856 Firbank took a contract for the widen-
ing of the London and North- Western rail-
way near London, and afterwards (1859-66)
various contracts on the Brighton line. He
was also engaged upon the Midland Com-
pany's Bedford and London extension (1864-
1868), which involved great difficulties and
ultimately cost the company upwards of
3,000,000/. He was contractor in 1870 on
the Settle and Carlisle extension of the Mid-
land railway. He was afterwards contractor
for many lines, the most difficult undertaking
being the Birmingham west suburban section
of the Midland railway.

In 1884 Firbank built the St. Pancras
goods depot of the Midland railway. The
last contract taken by him was for the Bourne-
mouth direct line from Brokenhurst to Christ-
church. It proved to be the most troublesome
of all his undertakings, and was finally com-
pleted by his son, Joseph T. Firbank. The
lines constructed by Firbank from 1846 to
1886 amounted to forty-nine. All through
his career he was a generous employer, doing
his best to promote the welfare of those whom
he employed.

Firbank died at his residence, near New-
port, on 29 June 1886. He was twice married,
and was survived by his second wife and
seven children. Firbank has been described
as ' an excellent specimen of the class of
Englishmen who rise up not so much by
any transcendent talents, as by intelligence
and energy,' and above all by a scrupulous
1 honesty, inspiring confidence' (SAMUEL
LAING). He was indefatigable in work, re-
tiring to rest by nine o'clock and rarely
rising later than five. His business faculties
were very great. He was a j ustice of the peace

and deputy -lieutenant for the county of Mon-
mouth.

[F. M'Dermott's Life and Work of Joseph
Firbank, 1887.] G-. B. S.

FIREBRACE, HENRY (1619-1691),
royalist, sixth son of Robert Firebrace of
Derby, who died in 1645, by Susanna, daugh-
ter of John Hierome, merchant, of London,
held the offices of page of the bedchamber,
yeoman of the robes, and clerk of the kitchen
to Charles I, which he obtained through the
interest of the Earl of Denbigh. He became
much attached to the king, and was able to
be of service to him on more than one occa-
sion— at Uxbridge, in connection with the
negotiations there in 1644, Oxford, and else-
where. After the king's surrender to the Scots
at Newark, in 1646, Firebrace joined him
at Newcastle, and attended him to Holmby
House and Hampton Court, and again after
his flight to the Isle of Wight he obtained
permission to attend him as page of the bed-
chamber during his confinement in Caris-
brooke Castle. Here he determined, if pos-
sible, to effect the king's escape, and accord-
ingly contrived one evening, as Charles was
retiring to rest, to slip into his hand a note
informing him of a place in the bedchamber
where he had secreted letters from friends
outside. A regular means of communication
was thus established between the king and
his most trusted supporters. They thus con-
certed a plan of escape. At a signal given
by Firebrace Charles was to force his body
through the aperture between the bars of his
bedchamber window, and let himself down
by a rope ; Firebrace was then to conduct
him across the court to the main wall of the
castle, whence they were to descend by an-
other rope and climb over the counterscarp,
on the other side of which men and horses
were to be in waiting to carry them to a
vessel. On a night, the precise date of which
cannot be fixed, but which was probably early
in April 1648, Firebrace gave the signal by
throwing something against the bedchamber
window. The king thrust his head into the
aperture, and succeeded in squeezing some
portion of his body through it, but then stuck
fast, and could with difficulty get back into
the room. Firebrace was not slow in devis-
ing a new plan, which he communicated to
the king by a letter. A bar was to be cut in
one of the windows, from which the king
would be able to step upon a wall and escape
over the outworks. The king, who had al-
ready begun filing one of the bars of his bed-
chamber window, expressed approval of the
new plan as an alternative scheme. In the
end, however, he abandoned an attempt

Firebrace

45

Firmin

at secret flight as impracticable. In a
letter (26 April) lie commanded Firebrace
i heartily and particularly to thank, in my
name, A. C. F. Z., and him who stayed for
me beyond the works, for their hearty and
industrious endeavours in this my service.'
The cipher letters are supposed to stand for
Francis Cresset, Colonel William Legg, groom
of the bedchamber, Abraham Doueett, and
Edward Worsely. The person l who stayed
beyond the works ' appears to have been one
John Newland of Newport, who had provided
the vessel for the king's use. On the day
before his execution Charles charged Dr. Wil-
liam Juxon to recommend Firebrace to Prince
Charles as one who had been ' very faithful
and serviceable to him in his greatest extre-
mities.' After this we lose sight of Firebrace
until the Restoration, when he petitioned to
be appointed to one or other of the posts
which he had held under the late king. The
petition, which was supported by a certificate
from Juxon, then archbishop of Canterbury,
of Charles's recommendation, was granted,
and Firebrace was appointed to the several
offices of chief clerk of the kitchen, clerk-
comptroller-supernumerary of the household,
and assistant to the officers of the green
cloth. He died on 27 Jan. 1690-1.

Firebrace married, first, Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Daniel Dowell of Stoke-Golding,
Leicestershire ; secondly, Alice, daughter of
Richard Bagnall of Reading, relict of John
Bucknall of Creek, Northamptonshire ; and
thirdly, Mary, of whom nothing seems to be
known except that she was buried in the
north cloister of Westminster Abbey on
1 Feb. 1687-8. By his first wife he had issue
four sons and one daughter. His eldest son,
Henry, became a fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, and entered the church ; his
second son, Basil (d. 1724), went into busi-
ness, was sheriff of London in 1687, and was
created a baronet on 28 July 1698. In De-
cember 1685 a royal bounty of 1,694/. was
paid him {Secret Services of Charles II and
James II, Camd. Soc. p. 114). Reference is
made to him in Luttrell's ' Relation.' The
dignity became extinct in 1759. The origi-
nal form of the name Firebrace, sometimes
spelt Ferebras, is said to have been Fier a
bras ; the family was probably of Norman
lineage.

[Nichols's Leicestershire, iv. pt. ii. 726 ; Hist.
MSS. Comm. 4th Kep. App. 274 b, 7th Eep. App.
224 a ; Sir Thomas Herbert's Memoirs, 1702,
pp. 185-200 ; Dr. Peter Barwick's Life of Dr.
John Barwick (translation by Hilkiah Bedford,
pp. 87-9, 380-7 ; Wotton's Baronetage, iv. 65-
77 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660-1, p. 20 ; Coll.
Top. et Gen. vii. 163, viii. 20.] J. M. E.

FIRMIN, GILES (1614-1697), ejected
minister, son of Giles Firmin, was born at
Ipswich in 1614. As a schoolboy he received
religious impressions from the preaching of
John Rogers at Dedham, Essex. He matricu-
lated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in
December 1629, his tutor being Thomas Hill,
D.D. [q. v.] At Cambridge he studied medi-
cine. In 1632 he went with his father to
New England. While at Boston, Massa-
chusetts, he was ordained deacon of the first
church, of which John Cotton was minister.
At Ipswich, Massachusetts, he received in
1638 a grant of 120 acres of land. He prac-
tised medicine in New England, and had the
repute of a good anatomist. About 1647
he returned to England, leaving a wife and
family in America. He was shipwrecked
on the coast of Spain ; Calamy relates, as a
1 well-attested ' fact, that at the very time
when he was in danger of being drowned, his
little daughter of four years old roused the-
family in New England by continually cry-
ing out < My father ! '

In 1648 Firmin was appointed to the vi-
carage of Shalford, Essex, which had been
vacant a year since the removal of Ralph
Hilles to Pattiswick. At Shalford he was
ordained a presbyter by Stephen Marshall
[q. v.] and others. He is returned in 1650
as ' an able, godly preacher.' He appears to
have been a royalist in principle, for he
affirms that he was one of those who ' in the-
time of the usurpation ' prayed for ' the af-
flicted royal family.' Very soon he got into
controversy on points of discipline. He was a
strong advocate for the parochial system, in-
sisted on imposition of hands as requisite for
the validity of ordination, and denied the
right of parents who would not submit to
discipline to claim baptism for their children.
With Baxter he opened a correspondence in
1654, complaining to him that ' these separa-
tists have almost undone us.' The quakers
also troubled his parish. In ecclesiastical
politics he followed Baxter, preferring a re-
formed episcopacy to either the presbyterial
or the congregational model, but laying most
stress on the need of a well-ordered parish.
He actively promoted in 1657 the ' agree-
ment of the associated ministers of Essex '
on Baxter's Worcestershire model.

After the king's return he writes to Bax-
ter (14 Nov. 1660) that he is most troubled
about forms of prayer; these, he says, 'will
not downe in our parts.' He is ready to
submit to bishops, ' so they will not force
me to owne their power as being of divine
authoritie,' and adds, ' some episcopacies I
owne.' In spite of the persuasion of his seven
children he refused to conform. As the result*

of his ejection (1662), Shalford Church was
closed for some months.

Firmin retired to Ridgewell, Essex, per-
haps on the passing of the Five Mile Act
(1665). He supported himself by medical
practice, and was much in request. The
neighbouring justices, who valued his pro-
fessional services, took care that he should
not be molested, though he regularly held con-
venticles, except once a month, when there
was a sermon at Ridgewell Church which
he attended. On 22 July 1672 Daniel Ray,
who had been ejected from Ridgewell, took
out licenses qualifying him to use his house
as a 'presbyterian meeting-place.' Firmin on
1 Dec. took out similar licenses. Ray removed
in 1673, and Firmin remained till his death
in sole charge of the congregation. It still
exists, and now ranks with the independents.

Firmin retained robust health as an octo-
genarian, and was always ready to take his
part in polemics. He had broken a lance
with his old friend Baxter in 1670, and in
1693 he entered the lists of the Crispian con-
troversy, which was then breaking up the
newly formed * happy union ' of the London
presbyterians and independents. He was
a well-read divine, if somewhat captious.
Calamy reckons him at his best in an experi-
mental treatise. He was taken ill on a Sun-
day night after preaching, and died on the
following Saturday, in April 1697. He mar-
ried, in New England, Susanna, daughter of
Nathaniel Ward, pastor of the church at
Ipswich, Massachusetts.

Davids gives an imperfect list of seventeen
of Firmin's publications. His chief pieces
are : 1. ' A Serious Question Stated,' &c.,
1651, 4to (on infant baptism). 2. ' Separa-
tion Examined,' &c., 1651 [i.e. 15 March
1652], 4to. 3. ' Stablishing against Shaking/
&c., 1656, 4to (against the quakers ; the
running title is ' Stablishing against Quak-
ing ; ' answered by Edward Burrough [q. v.]
4.' Tythes Vindicated,' &c., 1659, 4to. 6.' Pres-
byterial Ordination Vindicated,' &c., 1660,
4to. 6. ' The Liturgical Considerator Con-
sidered,' &c., 1661, 4to (anon., in answer to
Gauden). 7. < The Real Christian,' &c., 1670,
4to ; reprinted, Glasgow, 1744, 8vo (in this
he criticises Baxter ; it is his best piece ac-
cordingto Calamy). 8/ The Question between
the Conformist and the Nonconformist,' &c.,
1681, 4to. 9. < Hai/ovpywi,' &c., 1693 (against
Davis and Crisp). 10. ' Some Remarks upon
the Anabaptist's Answer to the Athenian
Mercuries,' &c. (1694), 4to (apparently his
last piece). He wrote also in defence of
some of the above, and in opposition to John
Owen, Daniel Cawdry [q. v.], Thomas Grant-
ham (d. 1692) [q. v.], and others.

[Calamy's Historical Account of his Life and
Times, 1713, p. 295; Continuation, 1727, p. 458;
Davids's Annals of Evang. Nonconf. in Essex,
1863, pp. 440, 449, 457 ; Dexter's Congrega-
tionalism of the last Three Hundred Years,
1880, p. 574 n. ; Firmin's letters to Baxter, in
the collection of Baxter MSS. at Dr. Williams's
Library (extracts, occasionally needing correction,
are given by Davids) ; Hunter's manuscripts,
Addit. MSS. 24478, p. 114 6.] A. G-.

FIRMIN, THOMAS (1632-1697), phi-
lanthropist, son of Henry and Prudence Fir-
min, was bornat Ipswich in June 1632. Henry
Firmin was a parishioner of Samuel Ward,
the puritan incumbent of St. Mary-le-Tower,
by whom in 1635 he was accused of erro-
neous tenets ; the matter was brought before
the high commission court, but on Firmin's
making satisfactory submission the charge
(particulars of which are not disclosed) was
dismissed. Thomas was apprenticed in Lon-
don to a mercer, who attended the services
of John Goodwin [q. V.] the Arminian, then
vicar of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street. He
learned shorthand, and took down Goodwin's
sermons. As an apprentice his alacrity gained
him the nickname of ' Spirit.' An elder ap-
prentice accused him of purloining 5/., but
afterwards confessed that the theft was his
own. The late story (KENNETT) according to
which Firmin, during his apprenticeship, pre-
sented -a petition in favour of John Biddle
[see BIDDLE, JOHN], and was dismissed by
Cromwell as a ' curl-pate boy,' does not tally
with earlier accounts. Kennett, however,
gives as his authority John Mapletoft, M.D.
[q. v.], who was a relative of Firmin.

With a capital of 100/. Firmin began busi-
ness as a girdler and mercer. His shop was at
Three Kings Court, in Lombard Street ; he had
a garden at Hoxton, in which he took great
delight. Slender as were his means he con-
trived to keep a table for his friends, especially
ministers. His frank hospitality brought him
(after 1655) into relations with such men as
Whitchcote, Worthington, Wilkins, Fowler,
and Tillotson. In this way, somewhat earlier,
he became acquainted with Biddle, whose in-
fluence on Firmin's philanthropic spirit was
important. It was from Biddle that he learned
to distrust mere almsgiving, but rather to
make it his business to fathom the condition
of the poor by personal investigation, and to
reduce the causes of social distress by eco-
nomic effort. Biddle also deepened Firmin's
convictions on the subject of religious tolera-
tion, and without converting him to his own
specific opinions made him heterodox in the
article of the Trinity. Biddle was Firmin's
guest in 1655, prior to his banishment, and it
was largely through Firmin's exertions that a

Firmin

47

Firmin

pension of one hundred crowns was granted
by Cromwell to the banished man.

Sympathy with the oppressed had some-
thing to do with Firmin's religious leanings.
He expressed himself as hating popery ' more
for its persecuting than for its priestcraft.'
In 1662 he raised money partly by ' collec-
tions in churches ' for the exiled anti-trinita-
rians of Poland ; but when (1681) the Polish
Calvinists met the same fate Firmin was fore-
most in efforts for their relief, collecting about
680/. His acquaintance with religious con-
troversies was gained in conversation, for he
was never a student. There was scarcely a
divine of note whom he did not know. He
helped young clergymen to preferment, and
it is said that Tillotson, after becoming dean
of Canterbury (1672), when obliged to leave
town, ' generally left it to Mr. Firmin to pro-
vide preachers ' for his Tuesday lecture at St.
Lawrence, Jewry. Tillotson was aware that
Firmin's freedom of opinion did not bias his
judgment of men.

Firmin's first philanthropic experiment was
occasioned by the trade disorganisation of the
plague year (1665). He provided employ-
ment at making up clothing for hands thrown
out of work. It was the only one of his en-
terprises by which he suffered no pecuniary
loss. During the great fire (1666) his Lom-
bard Street premises were burned. He se-
cured temporary accommodation in Leaden-
hall Street, and in a few years was able to
rebuild in Lombard Street, and to carry on
his business with increased success. In 1676
he left the management of the concern in the
hands of his nephew and partner, Jonathan
James (son of his sister Prudence), who had
been his apprentice ; he was then worth about
9,000/. Henceforth he devoted his time and
great part of his means to works of public
benefit. He had been elected about 1673 a
governor of Christ's Hospital, the first public
recognition of his worth.

He had two schemes already in operation.
About 1670 he had erected a building by the
river for the storage of corn and coals, to be
retailed to the poor in hard times at cost
price ; how this plan worked is not stated.
Early in 1676 he had started a ' workhouse
in Little Britain, for the employment of the
poor in the linen manufacture ; ' he built new
premises expressly for it. Tillotson suggests
that the hint of this ' larger design' was taken
from the example of Thomas Gouge [q. v.],
who was one of the frequenters of Firmin's
table. Firmin employed as many as seven-
teen hundred spinners, besides flax-dressers,
weavers, &c. He paid them for their work
at the current rate, but, finding that they must
work sixteen hours a day to earn sixpence, he

added to their earnings in various ways, giving
a sort of bonus in coal to good workers. His
arrangements for the comfort and cleanliness
of his hands, and for the industrial training
of children rescued from the streets, were ad-
mirable. Nothing is said of his directly fos-
tering the education of the children, but he
printed large editions of a ' Scripture Cate-
chism' (probably by Bishop Edward Fowler
[q.v.]), and gave rewards to such as learned it.

The scheme never paid its way. Firmin
sold his linens at cost price, but the sale
flagged ; for the first five years the annual
loss was 200/. He invoked the aid of the
press, in the hope of getting the corporation
of London to take the matter up as a public
enterprise, but in vain. The scale of pro-
duction was diminished, yet the loss increased.
Two or three friends helped to make it good,
but the main burden rested on Firmin. In
1690 the patentees of the linen manufacture
took over the scheme, retaining Firmin as its
manager at a salary of 100/. a year, and re-
ducing the rate of wages. The new arrange-
ment was unsuccessful, Firmin's honorarium
was not paid, and the enterprise was once
more thrown on his hands. He kept it up to
the day of his death, and nominally contrived
to make it pay, only however by keeping the
wages low, and supplementing them by pri-
vate doles to his workers. His last wish was
for two months more of life, in order that he
might remodel his 'workhouse.' This was
done after his death by James, his partner, a
prudent man, who had saved Firmin from
ruining himself by drawing too largely on the
ready money of the firm. He had put down
his coach rather than drop some of his spin-
ners. The higher rate of wages obtainable at
the woollen manufacture led Firmin to at-
tempt its introduction as a London industry.
He took for this purpose a house in Artillery
Lane; but wool was too dear; his hands
were too slow ; after losing money for two
years and a quarter he abandoned the trial.

Firmin deserves notice as a prison philan-
thropist. From about 1676 he interested
himself in the condition of prisoners for debt,
freeing several hundreds who were detained
for small sums, and successfully promoting
acts of grace for the liberation of others. He
visited prisons, inquired into the treatment
pursued, and prosecuted harsh and extor-
tionate gaolers. His biographer relates that
one of these incriminated officials hanged him-
self rather than face a trial.

Firmin was a strong patriot as regards
English manufactures, strenuously opposing
the importation of French silks. But when
the protestant refugees came over from France
in 1680 and following years he was the first

Firmin

48

Firmin

to assist them to set up their own trades.
Most of the moneys devoted to their relief
passed through his hands, he himself collect-
ing some 4,000/. His pet project of a linen
manufacture he started for them at Ipswich
in 1682.

In politics Firmin does not seem to have
taken any part till 1685. His opposition to
James II's unconstitutional proceedings cost
him for a time his governorship at Christ's
Hospital. Not won by James's declaration
for liberty of conscience he largely aided the
circulation of pamphlets which sounded the
alarm against it. His principles seem to have
been republican, but he was a devoted ad-
herent to William of Orange. To Robert
Frampton [q. v.], the nonjuring bishop of
Gloucester, Firmin remarked, ( I hope you
will not be a nonconformist in your old age.'
Frampton retorted that Firmin himself was
' a nonconformist to all Christendom besides
a few lowsy sectarys in Poland.' On the pro-
testant exodus from Ireland in 1688-9 Firmin
was the principal commissioner for the relief
of the refugees ; more than 56,OOOZ. went
through his hands, and eight of the protestant
hierarchy of Ireland addressed to him a joint
letter of thanks. He was rendering a similar
service for the nonjurors in 1695, when he
was stopped by the interference of the go-
vernment.

In conjunction with his friend, Sir Robert
Clayton [q. v.], Firmin was an indefatigable
governor of Christ's Hospital, carrying out
many improvements, both of structure and
arrangement. On Sunday evenings it was
his custom to attend the scholars' service, and
see that their ' pudding-pies ' for supper were
of proper ' bigness.' In April 1693 he was
elected a governor of St. Thomas's Hospital,
of which Clayton had been made president
in the previous year. Firmin carried through
the work of rebuilding the hospital and
church. Among his admirable qualities was
the faculty for interesting others in benevo-
lent designs and calling forth their liberality.
He was a kind of almoner-general to the me-
tropolis, keeping a register of the poor he
visited, recommending their cases, and ap-
prenticing their children.

Luke Milbourn [q. v.] in 1692 speaks of
Firmin as a ' hawker ' for the Socinians, f to
disperse their new-fangled divinity.' Only
four books of this class are known with cer-
tainty to have been promoted by him. In
1687 was printed at his expense ' A Brief
History of the Unitarians, called also So-
cinians.' It is in the shape of four letters,
written for his information, probably by Ste-
phen Nye, and is noteworthy as marking the
first appearance in English literature of the

term ' Unitarian,' a name unknown to Biddle.
In 1689 he printed ' Brief Notes on the Creed
of St. Athanasius,' a sheet by an unknown
author. Tillotson, who had lectured on the
Socinian controversy at St. Lawrence, Jewry,
in 1679-80, felt himself compelled by 'calum-
nies ' to publish the lectures in 1693. He
sent a copy to Firmin, who printed a letter
(29 Sept. 1694) in reply, probably by Nye,
under the title ' Considerations on the Ex-
plications of the Doctrine of the Trinity'
(sometimes confounded with a tract of 1693
with similar title, and by the same hand).
This he laid before Tillotson, who remarked
that Burnet's forthcoming exposition of the
articles ' shall humble your writers.' In 1697,
at Firmin's instance, appeared ' The Agree-
ment of the Unitarians with the Catholick
Church,' a work which more closely expresses-
his own views than any of the foregoing.
He never departed from the communion of
the church of England, but put a Sabellian
sense on the public forms. At the time of
his death he was meditating a plan of * uni-
tarian congregations ' to meet for devotional
purposes as fraternities within the church.

Firmin was an original member of the ' So-
ciety for the Reformation of Manners ' (1691),
and was very active in the enforcement of fines
for the repression of profane swearing. Kettle-
well's biographer speaks of his disinterested
charity, and Wesley, who abridged his life-
for the ' Arrninian Magazine,' calls him ' truly
pious.'

Firmin had injured his health by over-
exertion and neglecting his meals, and had
become consumptive. He was carried off in
a couple of days by a typhoid fever, dying
on 20 Dec. 1697. Bishop Fowler [q.v.J at-
tended him on his deathbed. He was buried
in the cloisters at Christ's Hospital, where a
marble slab is placed to his memory. A me-
morial pillar stands in the grounds of Marden
Park, Surrey, the seat of his friend Claytonr
where ' Firmin's Walk ' perpetuates his name.
There is no portrait of Firmin ; he is described
as a little, active man, of frank address and
engaging manner. His autograph will (dated
7 Feb. 1694) shows illiteracy.

Firmin died worth about 3,000/. He was-
twice married : first, in 1660, to a citizen's-
daughter with a portion of 5QOL ; she died
while Firmin was at Cambridge on business,
leaving a son (d. about 1690) and a daughter
(d. in infancy) ; secondly, in 1664, to Mar-
garet (d. 14 Jan. 1719, aged 77), daughter of
Giles Dentt, J.P., of Newport, Essex, alder-
man of London ; by her he had several chil-
dren,who all died in infancy, except the eldest,
GILES, born 22 May 1665 (Tillotson was his
godfather). Giles received his mother's por-

Firth

49

Firth

tion and became a promising merchant ; h
married Rachel (d. 11 April 1724), daughte
of Perient Trott and sister of Lady Clayton
died at Oporto on 22 Jan. 1694, and wa
buried at Newport on 13 April ; his wido^
afterwards married Owen Griffith, rector o
Blechingley, Surrey.

Firmin's only known publication wa
* Some Proposals for the Imploying of the
Poor, especially in and about London, anc
for the Prevention of Begging. In a Lette
to a Friend. By T. F.,' 1678, 4to. An en-
larged issue appeared in 1681, 4to ; two edi-
tions same year. It was reprinted in a col-
lection of ' Tracts relating to the Poor/ 1787
4to.

[The Charitable Samaritan, or a Short and
Impartial Account of ... Mr. T. F. ... by a
gentleman of his acquaintance, 1698, 4to; Life
of Mr. Thomas Firmin, 1698, 8vo, 2nd edition
1791, 12mo (the writer had known him since
1653 ; appended is a funeral sermon, probably
by the same writer, ' preached in the country') ;
Vindication of the memory of Thomas Firmin
from the Injurious Reflections of ... Milbourn,
1698, 4to (apparently by the writer of the Life) ;
Account of Mr. Firmin's Religion, &c., 1698,
8vo ; Tillotson's Funeral Sermon for G-ouge,
1681; Penn's Key Opening the Way, 1692;
Milbourn's Mysteries in Religion, 1692; Grounds
and Occasions of the Controversy concerning the
Unity of God, 1698; Life of Kettlewell, 1718,
p. 420 ; Kennett's Register, 1728, p. 761 ; Bur-
net's Hist, of his own Time, 1734, ii. 211 sq.;
Birch's Life of Tillotson, 1753, p. 292 sq. ; Life
by Cornish, 1780; Arminian Magazine, 1786,
p. 253; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog., 1850, i. (his-
torical introduction), iii. 353 sq.; Life of Bishop
Frampton (Evans), 1876, p. 187; State Papers,
Dom. Chas. I, cclxi. 105; Cole's manuscripts, v.
27 sq.; Hunter's manuscript (Addit. MS. 24478,
p. 1146); Firmin's will at Somerset House.]

A. G-.

FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880), founder
of Firth College, Sheffield, was born at Shef-
field25 April 1819 and left school in 1833. His
father, Thomas Firth, was for several years
the chief melter of steel to the firm of San-
derson Brothers & Co., Sheffield, receiving
70*. a week ; here his two sons, Mark and
Thomas, on leaving school, joined him, and
each had 20s. a week. Their demand for an
increase of wages being refused, they com-
menced a business of their own with a six-
hole furnace in Charlotte Street (1843). At
first they manufactured steel exclusively for
home consumption, and then gradually ex-
tended their business to Birmingham. By
perseverance and energy they at last acquired
an immense American connection, and in
1849 erected the Norfolk Works at Sheffield,
which cover thirteen acres of ground. In 1848

VOL. XIX.

Thomas Firth, senior, died, and Mark became
the head of the firm, which soon acquired
other works at Whittington in Derbyshire
which occupy twenty-two acres, and several
torges at Clay Wheels, near Wadsley. A
speciality of the business was casting steel
blocks for ordnance, and shot both spheri-
cal and elongated, in addition to all kinds
of heavy forgings for engineering purposes,
.brom gun-blocks of seven inches diameter
they went up to sixteen inches for the 81-ton
gun, the heaviest single casting made. The
whole of the steel employed in the manu-
facture of guns for the British government
was Firth's steel. When the government
found it necessary to have a steel core for
their great guns, the Firths laid down ma-
chinery which cost them 100,000/., it being
understood that they should be compensated
for their outlay by receiving the government
work. The principal feature of their busi-
ness was the refining and manufacture of
steel, in which they were unrivalled. They
supplied foreign iron, which they imported
in immense quantities from Swedish mines,
of which they had concessions. After sup-
plying the Italians with a 100-ton gun,
:hey cast a dozen similar ingots for massive
ordnance. The British government obtained
bur of these, but they were never used in
;he armament of any war ship. The Firths
Burnished nearly all the steel gun tubes afloat
n the British navy, and a large propor-
tion of those used by the French. Three
ounger brothers, John, Edward, and Henry,
)ecame members of the firm of T. Firth &
Sons. Mark Firth was one of the original
members of the Iron and Steel Institute on
ts establishment in 1869, and remained con-
nected with it to his decease. Having gained
a large fortune, he made many donations to
lis native place. His first gift of any mag-
litude was 1,000/., which he added to a
egacy of 5,000/. left by his brother Thomas
d. 1858) for the erection of a Methodist
Sew Connexion training college and the
ducation of young men about to enter the
ministry. In 1869 he erected and endowed
lark Firth's Almshouses at Ranmoor, near
is own residence, at a cost of 30,0007. ; in
his building are thirty-six houses, which are
eft to the poor of Sheffield for ever. For
bree successive years he held the office of
master cutler, and in his third year enter-
ained Henry, duke of Norfolk, 2 Sept. 1869,
nthe occasion of his taking possession of his
states as lord of Hallamshire. His next gift
as a freehold park of thirty-six acres for a re-
reation ground. The Prince and Princess of
A^ales opened this park on 16 Aug. 1875, and
\rere for two days Firth's guests at Sheffield.

Fischer

Fischer

Perhaps the most useful act of his life was the
erection and fitting up of Firth College at a
cost of 20,000£, its endowment with 5,000/.,
and the foundation of a chair of chemistry
with 150/. a year. This building was opened
"by Prince Leopold 20 Oct. 1879, and a great
educational work has since been carried on
in the institution. Firth, who was mayor
of Sheffield in 1875, died of apoplexy and
paralysis at his seat, Oakbrook, 28 Nov. 1880,
and was buried in Sheffield general cemetery
on 2 Dec., when a public procession nearly
two miles in length followed his remains to
the grave. His personalty was sworn under
600,000^. in January 1881. He married first,
15 Sept. 1841, Sarah Bingham, who died in
1855, and secondly Caroline Bradley, in Sep-
tember 1857, and left nine children.

[Practical Magazine (1876), vi. 289-91, with
portrait ; Gratty's Sheffield Past and Present
(1873), pp. 305* 312, 332-4, with view of Firth's
Almshouses ; Hunter's Hallamshire (Gatty's ed.
1869), p. 215 ; Times, 29 Nov. 1880, p. 9, and
3 Dec., p. 3 ; Illustrated London News, 21 Aug.
1875, pp. 185-90, and 28 Aug., pp. 193, 196,
208, with portrait; Engineer, 3 Dec. 1880, p.
417 ; Journal of Iron and Steel Institute, 1880,
No. 2, pp. 687-8.] G-. C. B.

FISCHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN

(1733-1800), oboist and composer, lived
many years in London, was chamber musi-
cian to the queen (Charlotte), and took a
prominent part in the Bach- Abel and other
concerts of modern classical music which
were to bring about a great change in musical
taste. Born at Freiburg (Breisgau) in 1733,
Fischer was in 1760 a member of the Dresden
court band, and later entered the service of
Frederick the Great for a short time. In the
course of his travels he came to London, took
lodgings, according to an advertisement of
the time, at Stidman's, peruke-maker, Frith
Street, Soho, and announced his concert for
2 June 1768. As early as 1774 he joined the
quartet parties at court, but his appointment
as queen's musician dates from 1780, with a
salary of 180/. l The original stipend of the
court musicians,' says Mrs. Papendiek in her
journals, ' had been 100/.; but on giving up
their house 30/. had been added, and 25/. for
the Ancient Music concerts. They had four
suits of clothes, fine instruments, and able
masters to instruct them when required.' The
same lady gives a lively account (p. 143)
of the practical jokes played on the popular
oboist by the Prince of Wales and his friends
(see also KELLY, Reminiscences, i. 9, and
PARKE, p. 48, for anecdotes). Fischer esta-
blished his reputation in England by his bril-
liant playing at the Professional, Nobility,
and New Musical Fund concerts, and espe-

cially at the Handel commemoration per-
formances at Westminster Abbey. In 1780
he married Mary, the beautiful younger
daughter of Gainsborough ; it is said that a
separation soon followed. Perhaps it was
because he was refused the post of master of
the king's band and composer of minuets that
Fischer left England in 1786, but in spite of
disappointments of various kinds he returned
in 1790 to London. On the night of 29 April
1800, while performing a solo part in his con-
certo at the Queen's House, and ' after hav-
ing executed his first movement in a style
equal to his best performance during any
part of his life,' he was seized with an apo-
plectic fit. Prince William of Gloucester
supported him out of the room, and the king,
who was much affected, had the best medical
assistance called ; but Fischer died within an
hour at his lodgings in Soho, desiring in his
last moments that all his manuscript music
might be presented to his majesty.

George III has recorded his appreciation
of his faithful musician's performance in a
critical note appended in his own handwrit-
ing to the proof-sheets of Dr. Burney's ' Ac-
count of the Handel Commemoration.' The
testimony of the younger Parke, himself an
oboist of repute, is of even greater value.
After remarking that Fischer arrived in this
country in very favourable circumstances, the
two principal oboe players, Vincent and Simp-
son, using an instrument which in shape and
tone bore some resemblance to a post-horn,
he continues : t The tone of Fischer was soft
and sweet, his style expressive, and his exe-
cution at once neat and brilliant.' A. B. C.
Dario compared the tone of his oboe to that
of a clarionet, Giardini commented on its
power, and Burney and Mrs. Papendiek
agree in praising him. Mozart, on the other
hand, writing from Vienna 4 April 1787, ob-
serves that whereas Fischer's performance had
pleased him upwards of twenty years ago in
Holland, it now appeared to him undeserving
of its reputation. Mozart was even more severe
upon Fischer's compositions, yet he paid a
substantial compliment to the celebrated
minuet (composed by Fischer for a court ball
on the occasion of the king of Denmark's visit
to England) by writing and often playing a
set of variations upon it (Kochel, No. 179);
and Burney bears witness to the merit of his
style.

There were published at Berlin : Oboe con-
certo ; pianoforte concerto ; popular rondo ;
concerto for violin, flute, or oboe ; six duos
for two flutes, Op. 2 ; ten solos for flute and
oboe. In London appeared : Three concertos
for principal oboe, Nos. 8, 9, 10 ; the same
for pianoforte ; seven divertimentos for two

Fischer

Fish

flutes ; ten sonatas for flute ; three quartets
and two trios for German flutes, violin, viola,
and cello, from eminent masters, revised by J.
C. Fischer (GERBER). Pohl mentions 'God
save great George our King,' for four solo
voices, chorus and harp accompaniment, newly
harmonised ; and ' The Invocation of Neptune,'
solo quartet and chorus.

Gainsborough's portrait of Fischer, now at
Hampton Court, is full of expression; another
by the same artist is mentioned by Thick-
nesse, 'painted at full length .... in scarlet
and gold, like a Colonel of the Foot Guards.'
It is said to have been exposed for sale at a
picture dealer's in Catherine Street.

[Burney's History of Music, iv. 673 ; Mendel,
iii. 540 ; Grove's Diet. i. 528 ; Pohl's Mozart
und Haydn in London, ii. 53 ; The Gazetteer,
No.12, p. 246 ; Mrs. Papendiek's Journals, i. 65,
ii. 125; Parke's Musical Memoirs, pp. 48, 334;
Fulcher's Life of Gainsborough, pp. 74, 118,
200; Thicknesse's Gainsborough, 1788, p. 24;
Times, 1 May 1800; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixx. pt. i.
p. 488 ; D'Arblay's Memoir of Burney, 1832, ii.
385; Jahn's Mozart, 1882, ii. 343; Gerber's
Tonkiinstler-Lexikon, 1812, i. 137.] L. M. M.

FISCHER, JOHN GEORGE PAUL
(1786-1875), painter, born at Hanover on
16 Sept. 1786, was the youngest of three sons
of a line-engraver, who died very soon after
the birth of the youngest child, leaving his
family in poverty. Fischer at the age of
fourteen was placed as pupil with J. H.
Ramberg, the fashionable court painter, by
whom he was employed in painting portraits,
theatrical scenery, and generally assisting
his master. He became capable of earning
enough money to support his mother. In
1810 he betook himself to England, and his
Hanoverian connection rendered it easy for
him to obtain the patronage of royalty. He
painted miniature portraits of Queen Char-
lotte and the junior members of the royal
family, and was employed by the prince re-
gent to paint a series of military costumes.
He painted the present queen twice, once in
1819 as an infant in her cradle, and again in
1820. In 1817 he began to exhibit at the
Royal Academy, and continued to do so up
to 1852, occasionally contributing also to
the Suffolk Street Exhibition. His works
were ^ chiefly portraits in miniature, but he
occasionally exhibited landscapes in water-
colours. He continued to paint up to his
eighty-first year, and died 12 Sept. 1875.
Fischer was an industrious but inferior artist.
Some sketches by him in the print room at
the British Museum show spirit and intelli-
gence, especially two pencil portraits of Wil-
liam Hunt and his wife. He published a few
etchings and lithographs.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet of
Artists, 1760-1880 ; Royal Academy Catalogues.]

L. C.

FISH, SIMON (d. 1531), theologian and
pamphleteer, was a member of the university
of Oxford, and entered Gray's Inn about 1525,
which is the first date that can be approxi-
mately fixed in his life. In London he formed
one of a circle of young men who gave ex-
pression to the popular dislike of Wolsey
and denounced the riches of the church.
One of their boldest undertakings was the
production of an interlude, written by one
Mater Roo (a member of Queens' College,
Cambridge), the object of which was to hold
up Wolsey to ridicule. Fish acted a part
in this interlude, and, fearing the wrath of
Wolsey, fled into the Low Countries, where
he consorted with other English exiles, chief
of whom were Tyndale and Roy. From
them it would seem that he learned the
principles of protestantism, and he turned
his energies to the promotion of the Refor-
mation in England. Wolsey's wrath against
him soon passed away, and he returned to
London, where he acted as an agent for the
sale of Tyndale's New Testament. He lived
in a house by the White Friars, and one
Necton confessed that he bought from him
copies of Tyndale's prohibited book, ' now
five, now ten, to the number of twenty or
thirty ' (Necton's confession in STRYPE, Me-
morials, i. App. No. 22). Such conduct drew on
him suspicion, and he again fled to the Low
Countries, probably about the end of 1527.
There he wrote his famous * Supplication of
the Beggars.'

So far it is possible to adapt Foxe's narra-
tive (Acts and Monuments, ed. 1837, iv. 656,
&c.) to other known facts about Fish's life.
About the date of the ' Supplication ' and its
influence in England, Foxe gives two con-
tradictory accounts without seeing that they
are contradictory: (1) He tells us that Fish
found means to send a copy of the ' Suppli-
cation ' to Anne Boleyn early in 1528 ; Anne
was advised by her brother to show it to
Henry VIII, who was much amused by it
and kept the copy. On hearing this Mrs.
Fish made suit to the king for her husband's
return, but apparently received no answer.
However, on Wolsey's fall, in October 1529,
Fish ventured to return, and had a private
interview with Henry VIII, who 'embraced
him with a loving countenance,' and gave
him his signet ring as a protection against
Sir Thomas More, in case the new chancellor
should continue the grudge of his predecessor.
(2) He tells us that the book was brought
to the king by two London merchants, who
read it aloud. When they had done the

E 2

Fish

Fish

king said, * If a man should pull down an
old stone wall, and begin at the lower part,
the upper part thereof might chance to fall
upon his head/ meaning that Fish's exhor-
tation to deal with the monks and friars was
hazardous advice until the royal supremacy
had been established. After saying this the
king took the book and put it away, com-
manding the merchants to keep their inter-
view a secret. Of these accounts the first is
very improbable in itself, and makes Fish a
much more important personage than he was.
Moreover, Foxe evidently thought that Wol-
sey was Fish's personal enemy, and he did
not know of Fish's return to London and of
his second flight. The second account of
Henry VIII's interview with the London
merchants is quite credible in itself, and the
king's remark is so characteristic both of the
man and of the times as to make the story ex-
tremely probable. If this be accepted, Fish's
' Supplication ' was written in 1528, was
brought secretly to London at the end of
that year, and was presented to Henry VIII
early in 1529. Henry VIII, who was feeling
his way towards an ecclesiastical revolution,
appreciated the advantage of winning popu-
lar support. Fish's pamphlet was admirably
fitted to impress men's minds, and just before
the assembling of parliament in November
London was flooded with copies of it, in a
way which suggests the connivance of some
one in authority. ' The Supplication of the
Beggars ' was exactly suited to express in a
humorous form the prevalent discontent. It
purported to be a petition from the class of
beggars, complaining that they were robbed
of their alms by the extortions of the begging
friars ; then the monks and the clergy gene-
rally were confounded with the friars, and
were denounced as impoverishing the nation
and living in idleness. Statistics were given
in an exaggerated form ; England was said to
contain fifty thousand parish churches (the
writer was counting every hamlet as a parish),
and on that basis clerical revenues were com-
puted, with the result that a third of the
national revenue was shown to be in the
hands of the church. The pamphlet was
fudged by Sir Thomas More to be of sufficient
importance to need an answer, l The Suppli-
cation of Poor Soules in Purgatory,' which is
fairly open to the criticism that it makes
the penitents in purgatory express themselves
in very unchastened language about events
on earth.

At the end of 1529 Fish returned to Eng-
land ; but, though Henrv VIII was ready to
use Fish's spirited attack upon the church,
he was not prepared to avow the fact, or to
stand between him and the enemies whom

he had raised up. It is not surprising that
he was suspected of heresy, that his book
was condemned by Archbishop Warham
(WiLKiNS, Concilia, iii. 737), and that he
was in great difficulties. Whether the pres-
sure of his difficulties overcame him, or he
underwent a change of opinion we cannot
tell ; but Sir Thomas More wrote : ' This good
zele had, ye wote well, Symon Fysh when
he made the Supplication of Beggars ; but
God gave him such grace afterwards that he
was sorry for that good zele, and repented
himself, and came into the church again, and
forswore and forsook all the whole hill of
those heresies out of which the fountain of
that same good zele sprang' ( Works, eA. 1557,
p. 881). Perhaps More overestimated the
result of his answer to Fish. At all events,
Fish's perplexities were ended by his death
of the plague early in 1531. Very soon after
his death his wife married James Bainham
[q. v.], who was burned as a heretic in April
1532.

Fish's ' Supplication ' was not only remark-
able for its vigorous style and for its imme-
diate influence, but was the model for a series
of pamphlets couched in the same form. It
was first printed in England in 1546, and
was embodied in Foxe's l Acts and Monu-
ments ' (iv. 660, &c., ed. 1837). It has also
been edited, with three of its successors in
the same style, in ' Four Supplications/ by
Furnivall and Cooper, for the Early English
Text Society, 1871. Besides this work Foxe
also ascribes to Fish a t Summe of Scripture
done out of Dutch/ of which a unique copy
exists in a volume of pamphlets in the British
Museum (C. 37, a), where it was first identi-
fied by Mr. Arber in his introduction to a
' Proper Dialogue in Rede me and be not
Wroth ' (English Reprints, 1871). There are
also assigned to Fish * The Boke of Merchants,
rightly necessary to all Folks, newly made
by the Lord Pantopole ' (London, 1547), and
' The Spiritual Nosegay' (1548).

[Foxe's Acts and Monuments, iv. 606, &c. ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 59 ; Tanner's
Bibliotheca, p. 280 ; Furnivall's Introduction to
the Supplication (Early English Text Sou.),
1871.] M. C.

FISH, WILLIAM (1775-1866), a musi-
cian of Norwich, was born in that city in
1775. He commenced his musical career as
violinist (GROVE) in the orchestra of the
theatre, and, after studying under Sharp, the
oboist, and Bond, the pianist and organist,
was fitted to take part in various capacities
in the important local concerts and cathedral
festivals. He was organist of St. Andrew's,
Norwich, opened a music warehouse, and be-

Fishacre

S3

Fisher

came well known in the neighbourhood as a
teacher. He died 15 March 1866, a later
date than that suggested by the musical dic-
tionaries. Fish's Opus I., a sonata in the
Mozartean manner, was followed by a num-
ber of less interesting pianoforte pieces, some
ballads (words and music by the composer),
among which ' The Morning Star ' may be
singled out, an oboe concerto, and some "fan-
tasias for the harp. His unpublished works
are said to have included a manuscript can-
tata to words by Mrs. Opie, and some pieces
(presumably for band) played at the Nor-
wich Theatre.

[Grove's Diet. i. 530 ; Diet, of Musicians, 1827,
i. 249 ; History of Norfolk, 1829, ii. 1283 ; Notes
from Eegister Office, Norwich ; Norfolk News,
17 March 1866 ; Fish's music in Brit. Mus.
Library.] L. M. M.

FISHACRE, FISSAKRE, FISHAKLE,
or FIZACRE, RICHARD DE (d. 1248),
Dominican divine, is said to have been a na-
tive of Devonshire (FULLEK, i. 442, iii. 20).
Trivet styles him 'natus Oxonia/ where, how-
ever, other manuscripts read Exonia (p. 230).
Bale makes him study ' the scurrilities of the
Sophists' at Oxford and Paris ; but the whole
story of the latter visit is probably nothing
more than the expansion of a very dubious sug-
gestion in Leland's i Commentaries ' (BALE,
p. 294 ; LELAND, ii. 275). Like Robert Bacon
[q. v.], Fishacre in his old age became a Domi-
nican ; but as the two friends continued to
read divinity lectures for several years after
entering the order in the schools of St. Ed-
ward, his entry can hardly be dated later
than 1240, and perhaps like Robert Bacon's
should be placed ten or more years earlier
(TRIVET, pp. 229-30). The two comrades
died in the same year, 1248 (MATT. PARIS,
v. 16). In their own days they were con-
sidered to be without superior, or even equal,
in theology or other branches of science ;
nor was their eloquence in popular preach-
ing less remarkable (ib.~) Leland calls Fish-
acre, Robert Bacon's ' comes individuus,' and
adds that the two were as fast linked together
in friendship as ever Theseus was to Piri-
thous. He even hints that the former died
of grief on hearing of his friend's decease
(LELAND, ii. 275; FULLER, ubi supra). Fish-
acre was buried among the Friars Preachers
at Oxford. He was the first of his order in
England who wrote on the ' Sentences' (One/
MS. No. 43, quoted in Coxe). Wood makes
him a friend and auditor of Edmund Rich
(Hist. II. ii. 740).

Fishacre's works are: 1. Commentaries on
Peter Lombard's ' Book of Sentences,' four
books (manuscripts at Oriel College, Nos. 31,
43, and Balliol, No. 57, Oxford, and, accord-

ing to Echard, at the Sorbonne in Paris, &c. )
2. .Treatises on the Psalter (to the seventieth
Psalm only according to Trivet). 3. 'Super
Parabolas Salamonis.' To these Bale adds
other dissertations : 'De Pcenitate,' 'Postillse
Morales,' ' Commentarii Biblia?/ < Qusestiones
Variae," Quodlibetaquoqueetaliaplura.' Pits
says he was the first Englishman to become a
doctor m divinity. The same writer states
thatThomasWalden,thegreatanti-Wycliffite
theologian of the early part of the fifteenth
century, often appeals to Fishacre's authority •
while Bale adds that William Woodford (d.
1397), the Franciscan, and William Byntre
relied on him for the same purpose. Echard
assigns him another work, ' De Indulgentiis.'
[Matt. Paris, ed. Luard (Rolls Ser.), vol. v. ;
Trivet, ed. Hog (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Leland's Com-
mentaries, ed. 1709 ; Bale's Scriptores, ed. 1559,
p. 294; Pits's Commentaries, ed. 1619, p. 317;
Fuller's Worthies, ed. 1840, i. 422, iii. 419-20;
Anthony a Wood's Hist, and Antiquities of Ox-
ford, ed. Gutch, ii. 740; Echard's Scriptores
Ordinis Praedicatorum, i. 118-19; Coxe's Cat. of
Oxford MSS. ; Tanner's Scriptores.] T. A. A.

FISHER, CATHERINE MARIA (d.

1767), afterwards NORRIS, generally known as
KITTY FISHER, courtesan, seems to have been
of German origin, since her name is frequently
spelt Fischer, and once by Sir Joshua Reynolds
Fisscher. She became the second wife of
John Norris of Hempsted Manor, Benenden,
Kent, sometime M.P.for Rye. Her later life, in
which she devoted herself to building up her
husband's dilapidated fortunes, was in strik-
ing contrast with her previous career, which
was sufficiently notorious. Ensign (after-
wards Lieutenant-general) Anthony George
Martin (d. 1800) is said to have introduced
her into public life. In London she was
known as a daring horsewoman, and also cre-
dited with the possession of beauty and wit.
A satire in verse, ' Kitty's Stream, or the No-
blemen turned Fishermen. A comic Satire
addressed to the Gentlemen in the interest of

the celebrated Miss K y F r. By Rig-

dum Funnidos/ 1759, 4to, of which a copy,
with manuscript notes by the Rev. John Mit-
ford, is in the British Museum, says that her
parentage was ' low and mean,' that she was
a milliner, and had neither sense nor wit,
but only impudence. Other tracts concern-
ing her, mentioned in the ' Gentleman's Ma-
gazine/ 1760, are ' An odd Letter on a most
interesting subject to Miss K. F — h — r,' 6d.,
Williams ; < Miss K. F— 's Miscellany/ Is.,
Ranger (inverse) : and ' Elegy to K. F — h — r.'
A further satire on her among the satirical
tracts in the king's library at the British
Museum is ( Horse and Away to St. James's
Park on a Trip for the Noontide Air. Who

Fisher

54

Fisher

rides fastest, Miss Kitty Fisher or her gay
gallant?' It is a single page, and claims
to have been written and printed at Straw-
berry Hill. Mme. d'Arblay states (Memoirs,
i. 66) that Bet Flint once took Kitty Fisher
to see Dr. Johnson, but he was not at home,
to her great regret. She died at Bath, and
at her own request was placed in the coffin
in her best dress. This gave rise to ' An Elegy
on Kitty Fisher lying in state at Bath ' (query
same as the elegy previously mentioned ?),
an undated broadside with music assigned to
Mr. Harrington. She was buried at Benenden.
The Benenden registers give the date of her
burial as 23 March 1767. It has been attempted
to associate her with folklore in the expres-
sions, ' My eye, Kitty Fisher,' and in a rhyme
beginning < Lucy Locket lost her pocket, Kitty
Fisher found it.' Her chief claim to recogni-
tion is that Sir Joshua Reynolds more than
once painted her portrait. Several paintings
of her by him seem to be in existence. One
was in 1865 in the possession of John Tolle-
mache, M.P., of Peckforton, Cheshire. Others
were in 1867 'lent to the National Portrait
Gallery by the Earl of Morley and by Lord
Crewe. The last is doubtless that concern-
ing which in Sir Joshua's diary, under the
date April 1774, is the entry, ' Mr. Crewe for
Kitty Fisher's portrait, 521. 10s.' This is
curious, however, in being seven years after
Mrs. Norris's death. Mitford says in his
manuscript notes before mentioned that a
portrait by Sir Joshua is ' at Field-marshal
Grosvenor's, Ararat House, Richmond,' and
one is gone to America. Two portraits, one
representing her as Cleopatra dissolving the
pearls, are engraved. In the l Public Adver-
tiser ' of 30 March 1759 is an appeal to the
public, signed C. Fisher, against ' the base-
ness of little scribblers and scurvy malevo-
lence.' After complaining that she has been
* abused in public papers, exposed in print-
shops,' &c., she cautions the public against
some threatened memoirs, which will have
no foundation in truth. The character of
Kitty Willis in Mrs. Cowley's 'The Belle's
Stratagem ' is taken from Kitty Fisher. Hone's
' Every-day Book' says in error that ' she be-
came Duchess of Bolton,' and Cunningham's
1 Handbook to London' states that she lived
in Carrington Street, Mayfair.

[Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. viii. 81, 155, 4th
ser. v. 319, 410 ; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved
Portraits ; Ann. Reg. ii. 168 ; Boswell's Johnson,
ed. Birkbeck Hill ; works cited.] J. K.

FISHER, DANIEL (1731-1807), dis-
senting minister, born at Cockermouth in
1731, was appointed in 1771 tutor in classics
and mathematics at Homerton College, where

he was afterwards divinity tutor. He was a
rigid Calvinist and staunch dissenter. He
died at Hackney in 1807 after a lingering
illness, in which he lost the use of all his
faculties. Two funeral sermons were preached
on the occasion, one of which, by the Rev.
Samuel Palmer, was published under the
title of 'The General Union of Believers/
London, 1807, 8vo.

[Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Evans's Cat. of Engraved
British Portraits, ii. 152.] J. M. R.

FISHER, DAVID, the elder (1788 P-
1858), actor, one of the managers of Fisher's
company, which had a monopoly of the Suf-
folk theatres, was the son of David Fisher
(d. 6 Aug. 1832), manager of the same circuit.
Fisher made his first appearance in London at
Drury Lane, as Macbeth, 3 Dec. 1817. This
was followed on the 5th by Richard III, and
on the 10th by Hamlet. The recovery from ill-
ness of Kean arrested his career. On 24 Sept.
1818, at Drury Lane, then under Stephen
Kemble, he played Jaffier in ' Venice Pre-
served.' Subsequently he appeared as Lord
Townly in the 'Provoked Husband,' and
Pyrrhus in ' Orestes.' He was the original
Titus in Howard Payne's l Brutus, or the
Fall of Tarquin,' 3 Dec. 1818, and Angelo
in Buck's < Italians, or the Fatal Accusation/
3 April 1819. He failed to establish any
strong position, and discovered at the close
of the second season that his presence was
necessary on the Suffolk circuit. On 7 Nov.
1823 he appeared at Bath in { Hamlet,' and
subsequently as Shylock, Leon, and Jaffier.
He was pronounced a sound actor, but with
no claim to genius, and failed to please. Re-
turning again to the eastern counties, he built
theatres at Bungay, Beccles, Halesworth,
Eye, Lowestoft, Dereham, North Walsham,
and other places. About 1838 he retired to
Woodbridge, where he died 20 Aug. 1858.
He was a musician and a scene-painter, and
in the former capacity was leader for some
time of the Norwich choral concerts.

[Grenest's Account of the English Stage ; Gent.
Mag. 1858, ii. 422 ; Theatrical Inquisitor, vol. xi.]

J. K.

FISHER, DAVID, the younger (1816?-
1887), actor, the son of David Fisher the elder
[q. v.], was born at East Dereham, Norfolk,
a town on a circuit established by his grand-
father, and managed by his father and his
uncle. An accident to his leg disqualified him
for the stage, and he appeared as principal
violinist at local concerts. A recovery, never
perfect, enabled him to join the company at
the Prince's Theatre, Glasgow. After a stay
of four years he appeared 2 Nov. 1853 at
the Princess's Theatre, under Charles Kean's

Fisher

55

Fisher

management, as Victor in the ' Lancers, or the
Gentleman's Son,' an adaptation of ' Le Fils
de Famille ' of Bayard. During six years he
played at this house in various novelties and
revivals, including a trifling production from
his own pen entitled { Music hath Charms '
(June 1858). In 1859 he joined the Adelphi
under B.Webster's management,where he was
the original Abbe Latour in the ' Dead Heart '
of Watts Phillips. In 1863 he gave, at the
Hanover Square Rooms and at St. James's
Hall, an entertainment called 'Facts and
Fancies/ and in the autumn of the same year
rejoined the Princess's, then under Yining's
management. In 1865 he played, at the
Haymarket, Orpheus in Blanche's 'Orpheus
in the Haymarket.' In 1866-8 he was at
Liverpool as stage-manager for Mr. H. J.
Byron, playing at the Amphitheatre and
Alexandra theatre. When the Globe Theatre,
London, opened, 28 Nov. 1868, he was the first
Major Treherne in Byron's ' Cyril's Success.'
He appeared in succession at Drury Lane, the
Olympic, the Globe, the Opera Comique, the
Criterion, the Mirror (Holborn) Theatre, now
destroyed, and the Princess's, playing in pieces
by H. J. Byron, Mr. Boucicault, and other
writers. His last appearance in London was
at the Lyceum in 1884, as Sir Toby Belch.
After that period he played in the country.
He died in St. Augustine's Road, Camden
Town, on 4 Oct. 1887, and was buried at
Highgate cemetery. The ' Era ' says that not
a single actor attended his funeral. Fisher
•was below the middle height, a stiff-built
man, who tried to conceal his lameness by
a dancing-master elegance. Concerning his
Abbe, Latour, John Oxenford said in the
* Times ' that ' he came to the Adelphi a se-
cond-rate eccentric comedian, and showed
himself an able supporter of the serious
drama.' He left a son on the stage, who per-
petuated the name of David Fisher borne by
at least four generations of actors.

[Pascoe's Dramatic List. 1879; The Players,
1860 ; Cole's Life and Times of Charles Kean ;
Era newspaper, 8 and 15 Oct.; personal recol-
lections.] J. K.

FISHER, EDWARD (/. 1627-1655),
theological writer, was the eldest son of Sir
Edward Fisher, knight, of Mickleton,Glouces-
tershire. In 1627 he entered as a gentleman
commoner at Brasenose College, Oxford, and
graduated B.A. on 10 April 1630. He was
noted for his knowledge of ecclesiastical his-
tory and his skill in ancient languages. He
-was a royalist, and a strong upholder of the
festivals of the church against the puritans.
He based the obligation of the Lord's day
purely on ecclesiastical authority, declining

to consider it a sabbath. He succeeded to his
father's estate in 1654, but finding it much
encumbered he sold it in 1656 to Richard
Graves. Getting into debt he retired to Car-
marthen and taught a school, but his creditors
found him out, and he fled to Ireland. Here
he died, at what date is not known. His
body was brought to London for burial. He
was married, but his wife died before him.
The only publications which can be safely
identified as his are : 1. * The Scriptures Har-
mony ... by E. F., Esq.,' &c., 1643, 4to (a
tract somewhat on the lines of HughBrough-
ton's * Concent of Scripture/ 1588). 2. ' An
Appeale to thy Conscience,' &c., without
place, 'printed in the 19th yeare of our
gracious lord King Charles,' &c. (British
Museum copy dated 20 April 1643; it is
quite anonymous, but easily identified as
Fisher's). 3. « The Feast of Feasts, or the
Celebration of the Sacred Nativity,' &c.,0xf.
1644, 4to (quite anonymous, but identified
as Fisher's by the Bodleian Catalogue, and
in his style). 4. l A Christian Caveat to the
old and new Sabbatarians, or a Vindication
of our Gospel Festivals . . . By a Lover of
Truth ; a Defender of Christian Liberty ; and
an hearty Desirer of Peace, internall, ex-
ternall, eternall to all men,' &c., 1649 (i.e.
1650), 4to ; 4th edit. 1652, 4to, < By Edward
Fisher, Esq.,' has appended 'An Answer to
Sixteen Queries touching the . . . observa-
tion of Christmass, propounded by Joseph
Hemming of Uttoxeter ' (reprinted ' Somers
Tracts,' 1748, vol. iv.) ; 5th edit. 1653, 4to ;
another edit. 1655, 4to, has appended l Ques-
tions preparatory to the more Christian Ad-
ministration of the Lord's Supper ... by
E. F., Esq.' The ' Caveat,' which reckons
Christmas day and Good Friday as of equal
authority with the Lord's day, was attacked
by John Collinges, D.D. [q. v. j, and by Giles
Collier [q. v.] Parts of the ' Caveat ' were
reprinted by the Seventh Day Baptists of
America, in l Tracts on the Sabbath/ New
York, 1853, 18mo.

In Tanner's edition of Wood's ' Athense/
1721, Fisher is identified with E. F., the
author of the ' Marrow of Modern Divinity '
[see BOSTON", THOMAS, the elder] ; and the
identification has been accepted by Bliss,
Hill Burton, and others. It is doubted by
Grub, and internal evidence completely dis-
proves it. The author of the ' Marrow ' has
been described as ' an illiterate barber,' but
nothing seems known of him except that
in his dedication to John Warner, the lord
mayor, he speaks of himself as a ' poore in-
habitant ' of London. The following publi-
cations, all cast into the form of dialogue,
and bearing the imprimatur of puritan li-

Fisher

Fisher

censers, may be safely ascribed to the same
hand: 1. 'The Marrow of Modem Divinity . .
by E. F.,' &c., 1645, 8vo ; 4th edit. 1646, 8vo,
has recommendatory letters by Burroughes,
Strong, Sprigge, and Prittie. 2. ' A Touch-
stone for a Communicant ... by E. F.,' £c.,
1647, 12mo (Caryl's imprimatur). 3. 'The
Marrow of Modern Divinity: the Second
Part ... by E. F.,' &c., 1649, 8vo. The 19th
edit, of the ' Marrow' was published at Mont-
rose, 1803, 12mo. It was translated into
Welsh by John Edwards, a sequestered
clergyman ; his dedication is dated 20 July
1650 ; later editions are Trefecca, 1782, 12mo ;
Carmarthen, 1810, 12mo. 4. ' London's Gate
to the Lord's Table,' &c., 1647, 12mo ; the
title-page is anonymous, but the signature
1 E. F.' appears at the end of the dedication to
Judge Henry Rolle of the pleas, and Mar-
garet his wife. 5. 'Faith in Five Funda-
mentall Principles . . . by E. F., a Seeker of
the Truth,' &c., 1650, 12mo.

[Wood's Athena Oxon. 1691 i. 866, 1692 ii.
132 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 407 sq. ;
Burton's History of Scotland, 1853,ii. 31 7; Grub's
Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, 1861, iv. 54;
Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, 1865,
i. 237, &c. ii. 418; Rees's History of Protestant
Nonconformity in Wales, 1883, p. 77 (compare
Walker's Sufferings, 1714, ii. 237); publications
of Fisher and E. F.] A. G.

FISHER, EDWARD(1730-1785?),mez-
zotint engraver, born in Ireland in 1730, was
at first a hatter, but took to engraving, went
to London, and became a member of the In-
corporated Society of Artists in 1766, where
he exhibited fourteen times between 1761
and 1776. His earliest dated print is 1758,
and his latest 1781. He resided in 1761 in
Leicester Square, and moved to Ludgate
Street in 1778. It is said that Reynolds
called him ' injudiciously exact ' for finishing
too highly the unimportant parts of the plate.
After his death, about 1785, most of his
coppers were dispersed among several print-
sellers, and in some cases tampered with.
He engraved over sixty plates of portraits,
including George, earl of Albemarle, after
Reynolds : Robert Brown, after Chamberlin ;
"William Pitt, earl of Chatham, after Bromp-
ton; Colley Gibber, after Vanloo; Chris-
tian VII of Denmark, after Dance ; David
Garrick, after Reynolds ; Simon, earl Har-
court, after Hunter ; Roger Long, after B.
Wilson ; Hugh, earl of Northumberland,
and Elizabeth, countess of Northumberland,
after Reynolds ; Paul Sandby, after F. Cotes ;
Laurence Sterne, after Reynolds ; and the
following fancy subjects : 'Lady in Flowered
Dress/ after Hoare* ; ' Hope Nursing Love,'
or, according to Bromley, Theophila Palmer,

afterwards Mrs. Gwatkin, after Reynolds;
and ' Heads from " Vicar of Wakefield," '
ten plates engraved from his own designs
and published in 1776.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; J. Chaloner
Smith's Descriptive Catalogue of British Mezzo-
tints, pt. ii. p. 485.] L. F.

FISHER, GEORGE (1794-1873), astro-
nomer, was born at Sunbury in Middlesex on
31 July 1794. One of a large family left to-
the care of a widowed mother, he received
little early education, and entered the office
of the Westminster Insurance Company at
the age of fourteen. Here his devotion to
uncongenial duties won the respect and re-
wards of his employers. His scientific aspi-
rations had, however, been fostered by Sir
Humphry Davy, Sir Joseph Banks, Sir Eve-
rard Home, and other eminent men, and he
entered St. Catharine's College, Cambridge,
in 1817, whence he graduated B.A. in 1821,,
M.A. in 1825. His university career was in-
terrupted by his appointment, on the recom-
mendation of the Royal Society, as astronomer
to the polar expedition fitted out in H.M. ships
Dorothea and Trent in 1818. The highest
latitude attained was 80° 34', and both ves-
sels returned to England disabled before the
close of the year; but Fisher had made a series
of pendulum experiments at Spitsbergen, from
which he deduced the value -—3 for the ellip-
ticity of the earth. The results of his obser-
vations on the ships' chronometers were em-
bodied in a paper read before the Royal Society
on 8 June 1820, entitled ' On the Errors in
Longitude as determined by Chronometers
at Sea, arising from the Action of the Iron
in the Ships upon the Chronometers ' {Phil.
Trans, ex. 196).

Fisher soon afterwards took orders, and
qualified himself by formally entering the
navy to act as chaplain as well as astronomer
to Parry's expedition for exploring the north-
west passage in 1821-3. A ' portable' obser-
vatory, embarked on board the Fury, was set
up first at Winter Island, later at Igloolik,
and Captain Parry testified to the ' unabated
zeal and perseverance ' with which Fishei
Dursued his scientific inquiries. He devotee
much care to the preparation of the results
for the press, and they formed part of a/Vo-
lume, published at government expense in
1825, as an appendix to Parry's ' Journal of a
Second Voyage for the Discovery of o/N"orth-
West Passage.' Astronomical, cbronome-
trical, and magnetic observations/were ac-
companied by details of experiments on the
velocity of sound, and on the liquefaction of
chlorine and other gases at very low tempe-
ratures, as well as by an important discussion

Fisher

57

Fisher

of nearly four thousand observations on as-
tronomical refraction in an arctic climate.

Fisher was elected a fellow of the Roya!
Society in 1825, and of the Astronomical So-
ciety in 1827, acted several times as vice-pre-
sident of the latter body, and was a member o:
the council from 1835 until 1863. Appointed
in 1828 chaplain to H.M. ships Spartiate
and Asia he carried on magnetic observations
in various parts of the Mediterranean, and on
24 Jan. 1833 laid a paper on the subject be-
fore the Royal Society, entitled ' Magnetical
Experiments made principally in the South
part of Europe and in Asia Minor during the
years 1827 to 1832 ' (ib. cxxiii. 237 ; Proc.
JR. Soc. iii. 163). His theory of ' The Nature
and Origin of the Aurora Borealis ' was com-
municated to the Royal Society on 19 June
1834 (ib. p. 295), and to the British Associa-
tion at Cambridge in 1845 (Report, pt. ii. p.
22). Founded on a close study of the phe-
nomenon in arctic regions, it included the
ideas, since confirmed, of its being the polar
equivalent of lightning, and of its origin in a
zone surrounding at some distance each pole.
Auroras were thus regarded as a means of
restoring electrical equilibrium between the
upper and lower strata of the atmosphere,
disturbed by the development of positive
electricity through rapid congelation.

Fisher accepted in 1834 the post of head-
master of Greenwich Hospital School, and
greatly improved the efficiency of the insti-
tution. He erected an astronomical obser-
vatory in connection with it, which he su-
perintended during thirteen years, observing
there the solar eclipse of 18 July lSQQ(Monthly
Notices, xxi. 19). At the request of Lord
Herbert in 1845, he wrote text-books of alge-
bra and geometry for use in the school, of
which he became principal in 1860. His re-
tirement followed in 1863, and after ten years
of well-earned repose he died without suffer-
ing on 14 May 1873.

Besides the papers already mentioned
Fisher presented to the Royal Society ac-
counts of magnetic experiments made in
the West Indies and North America by Mr.
James Napier (Proc. R. Soc. iii. 253), and
on the west coast of Africa by Commander
Edward Belcher (Phil. Trans, cxxii. 493),
and reduced those made on the coasts of
Brazil and North America from 1834 to 1837
by Sir Everard Home (ib. cxxviii. 343). He
contributed to the * Quarterly Journal of Sci-
ence ' essays ' On the Figure of the Earth, as
deduced from the Measurements of Arcs of
the Meridian, and Observations on Pendu-
lums ' (vii. 299, 1819) ; < On the Variation of
the Compass, observed in the late Voyage of
Discovery to the North Pole ' (ix. 81) ; and

' On Refractions observed in High Latitudes^
(xxi. 348, 1826).

[Monthly Notices, xxxiv. 140 ; Weld's Hist,
of Koyal Society, ii. 280; Royal Society's Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers.] A. M. C.

FISHER, JAMES (1697-1775), one of
the founders of the Scottish secession church,
was born on 23 Jan. 1697 at Barr in Ayr-
shire, where his father, Thomas, was minister,
studied at Glasgow University, and was or-
dained minister of Kinclaven, Perthshire, in
1725. In 1727 he married the daughter of
the Rev. Ebenezer Erskine [q. v.] of Port-
moak, Kinross-shire, with whom he was after-
wards associated as a founder of the secession
body. Fisher concurred with Erskine and
other likeminded ministers in their views both
as to patronage and doctrine, and in opposi-
tion to the majority of the general assembly,
by whom their representations were wholly
disregarded. In 1732 Erskine preached a
sermon at the opening of the synod of Perth,
in which he boldly denounced the policy
of the church as unfaithful to its Lord and
Master. For this he was rebuked by the
general assembly; but against the sentence
he protested, and was joined by three minis-
ters, of whom Fisher was one. The protest
was declared to be insulting, and the minis-
ters who signed it were thrust out of the
church, and ultimately formed the associate
presbytery. The people of Kinclaven adhered
almost without exception to their minister,
and the congregation increased by accessions
from neighbouring parishes. Fisher was
subsequently translated to Glasgow (8 Oct.
1741), but was deposed by the associate anti-
burgher synod 4 Aug. 1748. In 1749 the
associate burgher synod gave him the office
of professor of divinity. His name is asso-
ciated with a catechism designed to explain
the ' Shorter Catechism of the Westminster
Assembly.' What is known as Fisher's ' Cate-
chism' (2 parts, Glasgow, 1753, 1760) was in
reality the result of contributions by many
ministers of the body, which were made use
of by three of the leading men, Ebenezer and
Ralph Erskine and Fisher. Fisher survived
the other two ; and as the duty of giving a
final form to the work, as well as executing
lis own share, devolved on him, it is usually
spoken of as his. It is a work of great
care, learning, and ability ; it has passed
;hrough many editions ; it was long the manual
"or catechetical instruction in the secession
jhurch ; and it was a favourite with evan-
gelical men outside the secession like Dr.
^olquhoun of Leith and Robert Haldane
q. v.] Fisher was the author of various
ither works, chiefly bearing on matters of
ontroversy at the time, and illustrative of

Fisher

Fisher

Erskine's work. Though not so attractive
a preacher as the Erskines, nor so able an
apologist as Wilson, yet by the weight of his
character and his public position he exerted
a very powerful influence on the secession, and
contributed very materially to its progress
and stability. He died 28 Sept. 1775, in the
seventy-eighth year of his age.

[Scott's Fasti, pt. iv. 802 ; Memorials of the
Rev. James Fisher, by John Brown, D.D. (United
Presbyterian Fathers), 1849 ; M'Kerrow's Hist.
of the Secession ; Life and Diary of the Rev.
E. Erskine, A.M., by Donald Fraser; Walker's
Theology and Theologians of Scotland ; McCrie's
Story of the Scottish Church.] W. G. B.

FISHER, JASPER (fi. 1639), divine
and dramatist, born in 1591, was the son of
William Fisher of Carleton, Bedfordshire,
deputy-auditor for the county of York (de-
scended from a Warwickshire family), by
Alice Roane of Wellingborough ( Visitation
of Bedfordshire, Harl. Soc. 1884, xix. 107).
Fisher matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Ox-
ford, 13 Nov. 1607; he was admitted B.A.
28 Jan. 1610-11, M.A. 27 Jan. 1613-14,
B.D. and D.D. 1639 (CLAKK, Register, ii.
300). About 1631 (according to Wood)
he became rector of Wilsden, Bedfordshire,
and in 1633 published his one considerable
work, a play, entitled ' Fuimus Troes, the
True Trojans, being a story of the Britaines
valour at the Romanes first invasion. Pub-
lickly presented by the gentlemen students
of Magdalen College in Oxford,' London,
1633, 4to. The drama is written in blank
verse, interspersed with lyrics ; Druids, poets,
and a harper are introduced, and it ends with
a masque and chorus. Fisher held at Mag-
dalen College the post of divinity or philo-
sophy reader (WOOD). He also published
some sermons, one on Malachi ii. 7, 1636,
8vo, and ' The Priest's Duty and Dignity

all 18 Aug. 1635, by J. F., presbyter and
rector of Wilsden in Bedfordshire, and pub-
lished by command,' London, 1636, 12mo.
The exact date of Fisher's death is uncertain ;
it is only known that he was alive in 1639,
when he proceeded D.D. According to Oldys's
manuscript notes to Langbaine he became
blind, whether from old age or an accident
is not known. Wood calls him ' an ingenious
man, as those that knew him have divers
times informed me' (Athence, ii. 636, ed.
Bliss). He married Elizabeth, daughter of
the Rev. William Sams of Burstead, Essex.
Gideon Fisher, who went to Oxford in 1634
and succeeded to the estate at Carleton, was
the son, not of Jasper, but of Jasper's elder
brother Gideon (Visitation of Bedfordshire,
1634, Harl. Soc. 107).

[Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books; Langbaine's
English Dramatic Poets, 1691, p. 533; Baker's
Biographia Dramatica, 1812.] E. T. B.

FISHER, JOHN (1459P-1535), bishop
of Rochester, eldest son of Robert Fisher,
mercer, and Agnes, his wife, was born at
Beverley in Yorkshire, and probably received
liis earliest education in the school attached
to the collegiate church in that city. Con-
siderable discrepancy exists in the statements
respecting the year of Fisher's birth (see
Life by Lewis, i. 1-2). His portrait by Hol-
bein bears the words, ' A° Aetatis 74.' As
this could scarcely have been painted after
his imprisonment in the Tower, it would
seem that Fisher must have been at least
seventy-five at the time of his execution.
This, however, requires us to conclude that
he was over twenty-six at the time of his
admission to the B.A. degree, an unusual
age, especially in those days. When only
thirteen years old he lost his father; the lat-
ter would seem to have been a man of con-
siderable substance, and, judging from his
numerous bequests to different monastic and
other foundations, religious after the fashion
of his age. Fisher was subsequently entered
at Michaelhouse, Cambridge, under William
de Melton, fellow, and afterwards master of
the college. In 1487 he proceeded to his
degree of bachelor of arts ; was soon after
elected fellow of Michaelhouse, proceeded to
his degree of M.A. in 1491, filled the office
of senior proctor in the university in 1494,
and became master of his college in 1497.
The duties of the proctorial office necessi-
tated, at that time, occasional attendance at
court ; and Fisher on his appearance in this
capacity at Greenwich attracted the notice
of the king's mother, Margaret, countess of
Richmond, who in 1497 appointed him her
confessor.

In 1501 he was elected vice-chancellor
of the university. We learn from his own
statements, as well as from other sources,
that the whole academic community was at
that time in a singularly lifeless and im-
poverished state. To rescue it from this
condition, by infusing new life into its
studies and gaining for it the help of the
wealthy, was one of the chief services which
Fisher rendered to his age. In 1503 he was
appointed by the Countess of Richmond to
fill the newly founded chair of divinity,
which she had instituted for the purpose of
providing gratuitous theological instruction
in the university ; and it appears to have
been mainly by his advice that about the
same time the countess also founded the
Lady Margaret preachership, designed for
supplying evangelical instruction of the laity

Fisher

59

Fisher

in the surrounding county and elsewhere.
The preaching was to be in the vernacular,
which had at that period almost fallen into
disuse in the pulpit.

A succession of appointments now indi-
cated the growing and widespread sense of
his services. In 1504 he was elected to the
chancellorship of the university, an office to
which he was re-elected annually for ten
years, and eventually for life. A papal bull
(14 Oct. 1504) ratified his election to the
see of Rochester, but for this preferment he
was indebted solely to King Henry's favour
and sense of his ' grete and singular virtue '
(Funeral Sermon, ed. Hymers, p. 163). On
12 April 1505 Fisher was elected to the pre-
sidency of Queens' College, but held the office
only for three years. His appointment to
the post, it has been conjectured, was mainly
with the design of providing him with a
suitable residence during the time that he
was superintending the erection of Christ's
College, which was founded by the Lady
Margaret under his auspices in 1505. On
the death of Henry VII, Fisher preached the
funeral sermon at St. Paul's, and his dis-
course was subsequently printed at the re-
quest of the king's mother. Three months
later it devolved upon him to pay a like
tribute to the memory of his august bene-
factress, a discourse which forms a memor-
able record of her virtues and good works.
By a scheme drawn up during her lifetime
it was proposed to dissolve an ancient hos-
pital at Cambridge, that of the Brethren of
St. John, and to found a college in its place.
Fisher was shortly after nominated to attend
theLateran council in Rome (19 April 1512),
and a sum of 500Z. had been assigned for his
expenses during 160 days ; but at the last
moment it was decided that he should not
be sent. This happened fortunately for the
carrying out of the Lady Margaret's designs,
for Fisher, by remaining in England, was
enabled to defeat in some measure the efforts
that were made to set aside her bequest ; and
it was mainly through his strenuous exer-
tions that St. John's College was eventually
founded, its charter being given 9 April
1511. In connection with the college he
himself subsequently founded four fellow-
ships and two scholarships, besides lecture-
ships in Greek and Hebrew. In 1513, on
Wolsey's promotion to the see of Lincoln,
Fisher, in the belief that one who stood so high
in the royal favour would be better able to fur-
ther the interests of the university, proposed
to retire from the office of chancellor, advising
that Wolsey should be elected in his place.
The university acted upon his advice ; but
Wolsey having declined the proffered honour,

. „ -„ overburdened

with affairs of state, Fisher was once more
appointed. Notwithstanding the deference
which he showed to "Wolsey on this occasion,
there existed between him and the all-power-
ful minister a strongly antagonistic feeling,
of which the true solution is probably indi-
cated by Burnet when he says that Fisher
being ' a man of strict life ' ' hated him [Wol-
sey] for his vices ' (Hist, of the Reformation,
ed. Pocock, i. 52). At a council of the clergy
held at Westminster in 1517, Fisher gave
satisfactory proof that he was actuated by
no spirit of adulation ; and in a remarkable
speech, wherein he severely censured the
greed for gain and the love of display and
of court life which characterised many of the
higher ecclesiastics of the realm, he was gene-
rally supposed to have glanced at the cardinal
himself. In 1523 he opposed with no less
courage, by a speech in convocation, Wolsey's
great scheme for a subsidy in aid of the war
with Flanders (HALL, p. 72).

Fisher's genuine attachment to learning is
shown by the sympathy which he evinced
with the new spirit of biblical criticism which
had accompanied the Renaissance. It was
mainly through his influence that Erasmus
was induced to visit Cambridge, and the
latter expressly attributes it to his powerful
protection that the study of Greek was al-
lowed to go on in the university without ac-
tive molestation of the kind which it had to
encounter at Oxford (Epist. vi. 2). Notwith-
standing his advanced years, Fisher himself
aspired to become a Greek scholar, and ap-
pears to have made some attainments in the
language. On the other hand, his attach-
ment to the papal cause remained unshaken,
while his hostility to Luther and the Refor-
mation was beyond question. He preached
in the vernacular, before Wolsey and War-
ham, at Paul's. Cross, on the occasion of
the burning of the reformer's writings in
the churchyard (12 May 1521), a discourse
which was severely handled by William Tyn-
dale (LEWIS, Life, i. 181-3). He replied to
Luther's book against the papal bull in a
treatise entitled 'A Confutation of the Lu-
theran Assertion ' (1523), and was supposed,
although without foundation, to have been
the real writer of the royal treatise against
Luther, entitled ' Assertio septem Sacramen-
torum,' published in 1521. He again replied
to Luther in his ' Defence of the Christian
Priesthood' (1524), and again, for the third
time, in his ' Defence ' of Henry's treatise,
in reply to the reformer's attack (1525). He
also wrote against (Ecolampadius and Ve-
lenus.

With advancing years his conservative

Fisher

Fisher

instincts would appear, indeed, sometimes to
have prevailed over his better judgment. To
the notable scheme of church reform brought
forward in the House of Commons in 1529 he
offered strenuous resistance, and his language
was such that it was construed into a dis-
respectful reflection on that assembly, and
the speaker was directed to make it a matter
of formal complaint to the king. Fisher was
summoned into the royal presence, and was
fain to have recourse to a somewhat evasive
explanation, which seems scarcely in harmony
with his habitual moral courage and con-
scientiousness. The statutes which he drew
up about this time, to be the codes of Christ's
College and St. John's College, are also charac-
terised by a kind of timorous mistrust, and,
while embodying a wise innovation on the
existing scheme of study, exhibit a pusillani-
mous anxiety to guard against all subsequent
innovations whatever. In the revised sta-
tutes which he gave to St. John's College in
1524 and 1530 this tendency is especially
apparent : but it is to be observed that some
of the new provisions in the latter code were
taken from that given by Wolsey to Cardinal
College (afterwards Christ Church), Oxford.
In 1528 the high estimation in which his
services were held by St. John's College was
shown by the enactment of a statute for the
annual celebration of his exequies.

The unflinching firmness with which he
opposed the doctrine of the royal supremacy
did honour to his consistency. When con-
vocation was called upon to give its assent,
he asserted that the acceptance of such a
principle would cause the clergy of England
' to be hissed out of the society of God's holy
catholic church ' (BAILY, p. 110) ; and his
opposition so far prevailed that the form in
which the assent of convocation was ulti-
mately recorded was modified by the memor-
able saving clause, ' quantum per legem Dei
licet ' (11 Feb. 1531).

His opposition to the royal divorce was
not less honourable and consistent, and he
stood alone among the bishops of the realm
in his refusal to recognise the validity of the
measure. As Queen Catherine's confessor
he naturally became her chief confidant.
Brewer goes so far as to say that he was
' the only adviser on whose sincerity and
honesty she could rely.' From the evidence
of the State Papers it would seem, however,
that Wolsey, in his desire to further Henry's
wishes, did succeed for a time in alienating
Fisher from the queen, by skilfully instilling
into the bishop's mind a complete misappre-
hension as to the king's real design in in-
quiring into the validity of his marriage.
But he could not succeed in inducing Fisher

to regard the papal dispensation for Cathe-
rine's marriage as invalid, and in 1528 the
latter was appointed one of her counsellors.
On 28 June 1529 he appeared in the legate's
court and made his memorable declaration
that ' to avoid the damnation of his soul,'
and f to show himself not unfaithful to the
king,' he had come before their lordships * to
assert and demonstrate with cogent reasons
that this marriage of the king and queen
could not be dissolved by any power, divine
or human ' (BREWER, Reign of Henry VIII,
ii. 346). Henry betrayed how deeply he
was offended by drawing up a reply (in the
form of a speech) in which he attacked both
Fisher's character and motives with great
acrimony and violence. The copy sent to
Fisher is preserved in the Record Office, and
contains brief comments in his own hand-
writing on the royal assertions and misre-
presentations. In the following year, one
Richard Rouse having poisoned a vessel of
yeast which was placed in the bishop's kitchen
' in Lambith Marsh,' several members of the
episcopal household died in consequence.
By Sanders (De Schismate, p. 72) this event
was represented as an attempt on the bishop's
life by Anne Boleyn, dictated by resentment
at his opposition to the divorce.

The weaker side of Fisher's character
was shown in the credence and countenance
which he gave to the impostures of the Nun
of Kent [see BARTON, ELIZABETH] ; while
the manner in which the professedly inspired
maid denounced the projected marriage of
Henry and Anne Boleyn brought the bishop
himself under the suspicion of collusion..
This suspicion was deepened by the fact that
the nun, when interrogated before the Star-
chamber, named him as one of her confede-
rates. He was summoned to appear before
parliament to answer the charges preferred
against him. On 28 Jan. 1533-4 he wrote
to Cromwell describing himself as in a piti-
able state of health, and begging to be ex-
cused from appearing as commanded. In
another letter, written three days later, he
speaks as though wearied out by Cromwell's
importunity and frequent missives. Crom-
well in replying broadly denounces his ex-
cuses as ' mere craft and cunning/ and ad-
vises him to throw himself on the royal
mercy. Chapuys, the imperial ambassador,
writing 25 March to Charles V, says that
Fisher, whom he characterises as ' the para-
gon of Christian prelates both for learning'
and holiness,' has been condemned to ' confis-
cation of body and goods,' and attributes it
to the support which he had given to the
cause of Catherine. Fisher was sentenced,
along with Adyson, his chaplain, to be at-

Fisher

61

Fisher

tainted of misprision, to be imprisoned at the
king's will, and to forfeit all his goods (Let-
ters and Papers Henry VIII, vol. ii. No. 70).
He was, however, ultimately permitted to
compound for his offence by a payment of
3001.

On 13 April he was summoned to Lam-
beth to take the oath of compliance with the
Act of Succession. He expressed his willing-
ness, as did Sir Thomas More, to take that
portion of the oath which fixed the succession
in the offspring of the king and Anne Boleyn,
but, like More, he declined the oath in its
entirety. Their objection is sufficiently in-
telligible when we consider that while one
clause declared the offspring of Catherine il-
legitimate, another forbade ' faith, truth, and
obedience ' to any { foreign authority or po-
tentate.' The commissioners were evidently
unwilling to proceed to extremities, and
Cranmer advised that both Fisher and More
should be held to have yielded sufficiently
for the requirements of the case. Both,
however, were ultimately committed to the
Tower (Fisher on 16 April), and their fate
now began to be regarded as sealed. On the
27th an inventory of the bishop's goods at
Rochester was taken, which has recently
been printed in ' Letters and Papers' (u. s.
pp. 221-2). His library, which he had de-
stined for St. John's College, and, according
to Baily, the finest in Christendom, was
seized at the same time. In his confinement,
Fisher's advanced age and feeble health pro-
cured for him no relaxation of the rigorous
treatment ordinarily extended to political
offenders, and Lee, the bishop of Coventry
and Lichfield, who visited him, described
him as ( nigh gone,' and his body as unable
' to bear the clothes on the back.' He was
deprived of his books, and allowed only in-
sufficient food, for which he was dependent
on his brother Robert. It is to the credit of
the society of St. John's College that they
ventured under the circumstances to address
to him a letter of condolence.

With the passing of the Act of Supremacy
(November 1554) Fishers experiences as a
political offender entered upon a third phase.
Under the penalties attaching to two spe-
cial clauses both Fisher and More were
again attainted of misprision of treason,
and the see of Rochester was declared va-
cant from 2 Jan. 1534-5. The bishop was
thus deprived of all privileges attaching to
his ecclesiastical dignity. On 7 May 1535
he was visited by Mr. Secretary Cromwell
and others of the king's council. Cromwell
read aloud to him the act, and Fisher inti-
mated his inability to recognise the king as
"supreme head' of the church. A second

act, whereby it was made high treason to
deny the king's right to that title, was then
read to him : and Fisher's previous denial,
extracted from him when uninformed as to
the exact penalties attaching thereto, would
appear to have constituted the sole evidence
on which he was found guilty at his trial.
It is probable, however, that Henry would
still have hesitated to put Fisher to death
had it not been for the step taken by the
new Roman pontiff, Paul III, who on 20 May
convened a consistory and created Fisher
presbyter cardinal of St. Vitalis. Paul was
at that time aiming at bringing about a re-
formation of the Roman church, and with
this view was raising various ecclesiastics of
admitted merit and character to the cardi-
nalate. According to his own express state-
ment, volunteered after Fisher's execution,
he was ignorant of the extremely strained
relations existing between the latter and the
English monarch. His act, however, roused
Henry to almost ungovernable fury. A mes-
senger was forthwith despatched to Calais
to forbid the bearer of the cardinal's hat from
Rome from proceeding further, and Fisher's
death was now resolved upon. With the
design, apparently, of entrapping him into
admissions which might afford a further jus-
tification of such a measure, two clerks of the
council, Thomas Bedyl and Leighton, were
sent to the Tower for the purpose of putting
to Fisher thirty distinct questions in the
presence of Walsingham, the lieutenant, and
other witnesses. Fisher's replies, subscribed
with his own hand, are still extant. He had
already, in an informal manner, been apprised
of the honour designed for him by Paul, and
among other interrogatories he was now
asked simply to repeat what he had said when
he first received the intelligence. He re-
plied that he had said, in the presence of two
witnesses (whom he named), that *yf the
cardinal's hat were layed at his feete he
wolde not stoupe to take it up, he did set so
little by it ' (LEWIS, Life, ii. 412). Accord-
ing to the account preserved in Baily, how-
ever, Cromwell was the interrogator on this
occasion, and the question was put hypo-
thetical ly ; whereupon Fisher replied : ' If
any such thing should happen, assure your-
self I should improve that favour to the best
advantage that I could, in assisting the holy
catholic church of Christ, and in that re-
spect I would receive it upon my knees '
(p. 171). A third account is given by Sanders
(see LEWIS, Life, i. xv, ii. 178) ; but amid
such conflicting statements it seems reason-
able to attach the greatest weight to Fisher's
own account upon oath. It is certain that
his replies, if they did not further incul-

Fisher

Fisher

pate him, in no way served to soften Henry's
resentment, and he was forthwith brought
to trial on the charge that he did, ' 7 May
27 Hen. VIII, openly declare in English,
"The king our sovereign lord is not supreme
head in earth of the church of England " '
(Letters and Papers Henry VIII, vol. viii.
No. 886). The jury found one bill against
Fisher, and presented another, and were then
discharged. On 17 June he was brought to
the bar at Westminster, pronounced guilty,
and sentenced to die a traitor's death at Ty-
burn. But on the 21st Walsingham received
a writ in which the sentence was changed
to one of beheading (instead of the ordinary
hanging, disembowelling, and quartering),
and Tower Hill was assigned as the place
of execution, instead of Tyburn. The ac-
counts of Fisher's execution, which took place
22 June 1535, and of the incidents which
immediately preceded and succeeded that tra-
gical event, are conflicting, and it seems that
on certain points there was a confusion in
the traditions preserved of the details with
those which belonged to More's execution,
which took place just a fortnight later. (The
incidents recorded by Baily are partly taken
from the account by Maurice Channey ; see
authorities at end of art.) All the narra-
tives, however, agree in representing Fisher
as meeting death with a calmness, dignity,
and pious resignation which greatly im-
pressed the beholders. His head was ex-
posed on London Bridge ; his body left on
the scaffold until the evening, and then con-
veyed to the churchyard of Allhallows Bark-
ing, where it was interred without ceremony.
A fortnight later it was removed to the church
of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, and
there laid by the side of the body of his friend
Sir Thomas More, who, but a short time be-
fore his own career was similarly terminated,
had left it on record as his deliberate con-
viction that there was ' in this realm no one
man in wisdom, learning, and long approved
vertue together, mete to be matched and
compared with him ' (MoEE, English Works,
p. 1437).

The intelligence of Fisher's fate was re-
ceived with feelings approaching to conster-
nation not only by the nation but by Europe
. at large. Paul III declared that he would
sooner have had his two grandsons slain, and
in a letter (26 July) to Francis I says that
he ' is compelled, at the unanimous sollici-
tation of the cardinals, to declare Henry
deprived of his kingdom and of the royal
dignity' (Letters and Papers Henry VIII,
vol. viii. No. 1117).

As a theologian Fisher was to some ex-
tent an eclectic; and, according to Volusenus

(De Tranquillitate Animi, ed. 1751, p. 280),
inclined, on the already agitated question of
election and free will, to something like a
Calvinistic theory. The same writer tells us
(ib. p. 250) that he also frequently expressed
his high admiration of the expositions of
some of the Lutheran divines, and only won-
dered how they could proceed from heretics.
Professor John E. B. Mayor observes : * If
bonus textuarius is indeed bonus theologus,
Bishop Fisher may rank high among divines.
He is at home in every part of scripture, no
less than among the fathers. If the matter
of his teaching is now for the most part trite,
the form is always individual and life-like.
Much of it is in the best sense catholic, and
might be illustrated by parallel passages from
Luther and our own reformers' (pref. to Eng-
lish Works, p. xxii).

The best portrait of Fisher is the drawing
by Hans Holbein in the possession of the
queen. Another, by the same artist, also of
considerable merit, is in the hall of the master's
lodge at St. John's College. A third (sup-
posed to have been taken shortly before his
execution) is in the college hall. There are
others at Queens', Christ's, and Trinity Col-
leges. In the combination room of St. John's
there are also three different engravings.

A collected edition of Fisher's Latin works,
one volume folio, was printed at Wiirzburg
in 1597 by Fleischmann. This contains :
1. ' The Assertio septem Sacramentorum ' of
Henry VIII against Luther, which finds a
place in the collection as being ' Eoffensis
tamen hortatu et studio edita.' 2. Fisher's
' Defence ' of the ' Assertio,' 1523. 3. His
treatise in reply to Luther, ' De Babylonica
Captivitate,' 1523. 4. His ' Confutatio As-
sertionis Lutheranae,' first printed at Ant-
werp, 1523. 5. * De Eucharistia contra Joan.
QEcolampadium libri quinque,' first printed
1527. 6. ' Sacri Sacerdotii Defensio contra
Lutherum.' 7. l Convulsio calumniarum
Vlrichi Veleni Minhoniensis, quibus Petrum
nunquam Romse fuisse cauillatus est,' 1525.

8. * Concio Londini habita vernacule, quando
Lutheri scripta publice igni tradebantur/
translated by Kichard Pace into Latin, 1521.

9. ' De unica Magdalena libri tres,' 1519.
Also the following, which the editor states
are printed for the first time : 10. ' Commen-
tarii in vii. Psalmos poenitentiales, interprete
Joanne Fen a monte acuto.' 11. Two ser-
mons : (a) ( De Passione Domini,' (b) ' De
Justitia Pharisaeorum/ 12. f Methodus per-
veniendi ad summam Christianas religionis
perfectionem/ 13. 'Epistola ad Herman-
num Lsetmatium Goudanum de Charitate
Christiana.' At the end (whether printed
before or not does not appear) are 14. ' De

Fisher

Fisher

Necessitate Orandi.' 15. 'Psalmi vel pre-
cationes.'

An edition of his English, works has been
undertaken for the Early English Text So-
ciety by Professor John E. B. Mayor, of
which the first volume (1876) only has as
yet appeared. This contains the originals
of 8, 10, 11 a, and 12; the two sermons of
the funerals of Henry VII and his mother ;
and ' A Spiritual Consolation,' addressed to
Fisher's sister, Elizabeth, during his confine-
ment in the Tower. Of these, the two
funeral discourses and the originals of 8
and 10 are reprinted from early editions by
Wynkyn de Worde. An ' Advertisement '
to this edition gives a valuable criticism
by the editor on Fisher's theology, English
style, vocabulary, &c. The second volume,
containing the ' Letters ' and the ' Life ' by
Hall, is announced, under the editorship of
the Rev. Ronald Bayne.

A volume in the Rolls Office (27 Hen. VIII,
No. 887) contains the following in Fisher's
hand: 1, prayers in English; 2, fragment
of a ' Commentary on the Salutation of the
Virgin Mary;' 3, theological commonplace
book, in Latin ; 4, draft treatises on di-
vinity ; 5 and 6, treatises on the rights
and dignity of the clergy ; 7, observations
on the history of the Septuagint Version
(this annotated and corrected only by Fisher).
He also wrote a * History of the Divorce,'
which, if printed, was rigidly suppressed ; the
manuscript, however, is preserved in the Uni-
versity Library, Cambridge.

[Fisher's Life, professedly written by Thomas
Baily, a royalist divine, was first published in
1665, and was really written by Richard Hall,
of Christ's College, Cambridge, who died in 1604
[see art. BAYLY, THOMAS] ; a manuscript in Uni-
versity Library, Cambridge, No. 1266, contains
Maurice Channey's account of the martyrdoms
of More and Fisher; a considerable amount of
original matter is also given in the appendices
to the Life by the Kev. John Lewis (a pos-
thumous publication), ed. T. Hudson Turner,
2 vols. 1855. The following may also be con-
sulted: The Funeral Sermon of Margaret, Coun
tess of Richmond, with Baker's Preface, ed.
Hymers, 1840 ; Baker's Hist, of St. John's Col-
lege, ed. Mayor, 2 vols. 1869 ; Cooper's Memoir
of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby,
1874 ; Early Statutes of the College of St. John
the Evangelist, ed. Mayor, 1859; Mullinger's
Hist, of the University of Cambridge, vol. i. 1873 ;
a paper by Mr. Bruce in Archseologia, vol. xxv. ;
Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII,
vols. iv. to viii., with Brewer's and Gairdner's
Prefaces ; Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII, 2 vols.,
1 884 ; T. E. Bridgett's Life of Blessed John
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Cardinal of the Holy
Roman Church, and Martyr under Henry VIII,
London and New York, 1888.] J. B. M.

FISHER, JOHN (1569-1641), Jesuit,
whose real name was PEECY, son of John
Percy, yeoman, and his wife, Cecilia Lawson,
was born at Holmside, co. Durham, on 27 Sept.
1569. At fourteen years of age he was re-
ceived into the family of a catholic lady, and
soon afterwards joined the Roman church.
He then proceeded to the English College at
Rheims, where he studied classics and rhetoric
for three years. On 22 Sept. 1589 he en-
tered the English College at Rome for his
higher studies. He was ordained priest on
13 March 1592-3, by papal dispensation,before
the full canonical age, in consequence of the
want of priests for the mission. After publicly
defending universal theology at the Roman
college, he was admitted into the Society of
Jesus by Father Aquaviva, and began his no-
viceship at Tournay on 14 May 1594. In the
second yearof hisnoviceshiphe was orderedto
England for the sake of his health, which had
been impaired by over-application to study.
On his way through Holland he was seized
at Flushing by some English soldiers on sus-
picion of being a priest, and cruelly treated.
Immediately after his arrival in London he
was arrested and committed to Bridewell,from
which prison, after about seven months' con-
finement, he succeeded in making his escape
through the roof, together with two other
priests and seven laymen. In 1596 he was
sent by Father Henry Garnet t to the north
of England, where he laboured till 1598, when
he was appointed companion to Father John
Gerard in Northamptonshire. In that locality
he exercised his priestly functions, and he oc-
casionally visited Oxford, where he became ac-
quainted with William Chillingworth [q. v.],
whom he persuaded to renounce the pro-
testant faith (WooD, Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss,
iii. 87). He was professed of the four vows
in 1603. For some time he and Gerard re-
sided first at Stoke Poges, and subsequently
at Harrowden, in the house of Mrs. Elizabeth
Vaux, widow of William, second son of Lord
Vaux of Harrowden. Fisher was afterwards
chaplain to Sir Everard Digby_ [q. v.] In
August 1605 he went on a pilgrimage to St.
Winifred's well with Sir Everard Digby's
wife, Mrs. Vaux, and others. He was arrested
in November 1610, with Father Nicholas
Hart, at Harrowden,was conveyed to London,
and committed to the Gatehouse prison, and
after upwards of a year's confinement was
released at the instance of the Spanish am-
bassador, and with Father Hart sent into
banishment. Both of them had been tried
and condemned to death, and had received
several notices to prepare for execution.

After landing in Belgium, Fisher dis-
charged the duties at Brussels of vice-prefect

Fisher

64

Fisher

of the English Jesuit mission, in the absence
of Father Anthony Hoskins. He was nex
professor of holy scripture at St. John's
Louvain. At length he returned to Eng-
land, but was at once seized and confined in
the new prison on the banks of the Thames
He appears, however, to have been allowec
considerable freedom of action, and it is saic
that during his three years' confinement there
he reconciled 150 protestants to the Roman
church. He was famous for his dialectic
skill, and held several controversial confer-
ences with eminent protestant theologians
When James I desired a series of disputations
to be held before the Countess of Bucking-
ham (who was leaning to Catholicism), Fisher
defended the catholic side against Francis
"White, afterwards bishop of Ely. The king
and his favourite (Buckingham, the countess's
son) attended the conferences, the third and
last of which was held on 24 May 1622, when
Laud, bishop of St. David's and afterward
archbishop of Canterbury, replaced White.
The countess was converted by the Jesuit,
whose arguments, however, failed to convince
her son and the king. James himself proposed
to Fisher nine points in writing upon the
most prominent topics of the controversy, in
a document headed ' Certain Leading Points
which hinder my Union with the Church of
Rome until she reforms herself, or is able to
satisfy me.' Fisher's replies to these ques-
tions were revised by Father John Floyd
[q. v.] The relation of the conference between
Laud and Fisher forms the second volume of
Laud's works (Oxford 1849). On 27 June
1623 another religious disputation was held
in the house of Sir Humphry Lynde, between
Dr. White, then dean of Carlisle, Dr. Daniel
Featley, and the Jesuits Fisher and John
Sweet.

When the king of France gave his daugh-
ter in marriage to Prince Charles (afterwards
Charles I) in 1625, the French ambassador
obtained a free pardon for twenty priests, in-
eluding Fisher, who apparently enjoyed some
ten years of liberty under the royal letters
of pardon. In December 1634, however, he
was arrested, brought before the privy coun-
cil at Whitehall, and ordered to depart from
the realm, after giving bail never to return.
As he refused to find sureties, he was impri-
soned in the Gatehouse till August 1635,
when he was released at the urgent interces-
sion of the queen. During the last two years
of life he suffered severely from cancer. He
died in London on 3 Dec. 1641.

His works are: 1. 'A Treatise of Faith;
wherein is briefly and plainly shown a Direct
Way by which every Man may resolve and
settle his Mind in all Doubts, Questions, and

Controversies concerning Matters of Faith,'
London, 1600, St. Omer, 1614, 8vo. 2. 'A
Reply made unto Mr. Anthony Wotton and
Mr. John White, Ministers, wherein it is
showed that they have not sufficiently an-
swered the Treatise of Faith, and wherein
also the Chief Points of the said Treatise are
more clearly declared and more strongly con-
firmed,' St. Omer, 1612, 4to. 3. ' A Challenge
to Protestants, requiring a Catalogue to be
made of some Professors of their Faith in all
Ages since Christ.' At the end of the pre-
ceding work. 4. An account of the confer-
ence in 1622, under the initials A. C. Laud
answered this in a reply to the * Exceptions
of A. C.,' which is printed with his own ac-
count of the conference. 5. ' An Answer to
a Pamphlet, intitvled : " The Fisher catched
in his owne Net. ... By A. C.,"' s.l. 1623, 4to.
The pamphlet by Daniel Featley, to which this
is areply, appeared in 1623, and contains' The
Occasion and Issue of the late Conference
had between Dr. White, Deane of Carleil, and
Dr. Featley, with Mr. Fisher and Mr. Sweet,
Jesuites.' 6. ' An Answere vnto the Nine
Points of Controuersy proposed by our late
Soveraygne (of Famous Memory) vnto M.
Fisher. . . . And the Rejoinder vnto the Re-
ply of D. Francis White, Minister. With
the Picture of the sayd Minister, or Censure
of his Writings prefixed ' [St. Omer], 1625-
1626, 8vo.

Among the protestant writers who entered
into controversy with Fisher were G. Walker,
G. Webb, and Henry Rogers.

[De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Com-
pagnie de Jesus (1869), i. 1870 ; Dodd's Church
Hist. ii. 394; Foley's Eecords, i. 521, vi. 180,
212, 526, vii. 585, 1028, 1032,1098; Gardiner's
History of England, iv. 279, 281 ; Heylyn's Cyp-
prianus Anglicus, p. 95 ; Lawson's Life of Laud,
i. 217-19, ii. 533 ; Le Bas' Life of Laud, p. 55 ;
More's Hist. Missionis Anglic. Soc. Jesu, p. 378 ;
Morris's Condition of Catholics under James I ;
Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 91 ; Southwell's
Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 487 ; Calendar of
State Papers ; Tanner's Societas Jesu Aposto-
orum Imitatrix, p. 707; Wood's Athense Oxon.
Bliss), iv. 971.] T. C.

FISHER, JOHN, D.D. (1748-1825),
3ishop of Salisbury, the eldest of the nine
sons of the Rev. John Fisher, successively
sdcar of Hampton, Middlesex, vicar of Peter-
borough, rector of Calbourne, Isle of Wight,
and prebendary of Preston in the cathedral
f Salisbury, was born at Hampton in 1748.
rlis father became chaplain to Bishop Thomas,
he preceptor of George III, on his appoint-
ment to the see of Peterborough in 1747, and
was by him presented to the incumbency of
St. John the Baptist in that city. The son

Fisher

Fisher

received his early education at the free school
at Peterborough, whence at the age of four-
teen he was removed to St. Paul's School, of
which Dr. Thicknesse was then head-master.
In 1766 he passed to Peterhouse, Cambridge,
on a Pauline exhibition. Dr. Edmund Law,
afterwards bishop of Carlisle, was then head
of the college, and Fisher became the inti-
mate friend of his two distinguished sons,
afterwards respectively Lord -chief-justice
Ellenborough and Bishop of Elphin. He
took his degree of B.A. in 1770, appearing
as tenth wrangler, and being also eminent
for his classical attainments. In 1773 he
became M.A., and in the same year was ap-
pointed to a Northamptonshire fellowship at
St. John's, of which college he was chosen
tutor, the duties of which office, we are told,
1 he fulfilled to the great advantage of his
pupils, being distinguished not only for his
various talents, but for the suavity of his
manners and the peculiarly felicitous manner
in which he conveyed instruction.' Fisher
then became private tutor to Prince Zarto-
rinski Poniatowski, and to the son of Arch-
bishop George of Dublin, and spent some
time with Sir J. Cradock, governor of the
Cape, but * deriving no great benefit from
these connections,' he undertook parochial
work, as curate of his native parish of Hamp-
ton. In 1780 he became B.D., and on the
recommendation of Bishop Hurd he was ap-
pointed preceptor to Prince Edward, after-
wards Duke of Kent, father of Queen Vic-
toria, and became royal chaplain and deputy
derk of the closet. This appointment he
eld five years, until in 1785 his royal pupil
•vent to the university of Gottingen. On
•-his Fisher visited Italy, where he became
mown to Mrs. Piozzi, who describes him in
me of her letters as ' a charming creature, gene-
•ally known in society as " the King's Fisher " '
' WH ALLEY, Correspondence, ii. 367). The fol-
" owing year, 14 July, he was recalled from
Naples by his nomination by the king to a
ianonry at Windsor, where he took up his
residence, and in September of the next year
he married Dorothea, the only daughter of
J. F. Scrivener, esq., of Sibton Park, Suffolk,
by whom he had one son and two daughters.
The refined simplicity and courteousness of
his manners and the amenity of his temper
rendered Fisher a favourite with George III,
whose esteem he also gained by his unaffected
piety and his unswerving fidelity to him.
The king, we are told, treated him rather as
a friend than as a subject, and reposed in
him almost unlimited confidence. In 1789
he took the degree of D.D. From 1793 to
1797 he held the vicarage of Stowey, in the
gift of the chapter of Windsor. When the

VOL. XIX.

bishopric of Exeter became vacant by the
death of Bishop Courtenay, Fisher was chosen
by the king to be his successor, and was con-
secrated in Lambeth Chapel, 16 July 1803.
In 1805 George III appointed him to super-
intend the education of the Princess Char-
lotte of Wales. He fulfilled the duty, we
are told, 'with exemplary propriety and
credit.' The autobiography of Miss C. Knight
and other contemporary memoirs give some
glimpse of the difficulties of this post, which
he would have thrown up but for his respect
for his sovereign. His union of gentleness,
firmness, and patience carried him through.
His chief concern, we are told, was to train
the princess in the self-command naturally
foreign to her. At the outset of his charge
a correspondence sprang up between him and
Hannah More, who had published anony-
mously 'Hints towards Forming the Cha-
racter of a Princess.' An interview took
place, and Hannah More records that ' the
bishop appeared to have a very proper notion
of managing his royal pupil, and of casting
down all high imaginations ' (H. MOKE, Cor-
respondence, ed. Roberts, iii. 230). Fisher
was no favourite with Miss C. Knight, who
narrates that he used to come three or four
times a week to l do the important ; ' his great
point being to arm the princess against popery
and whiggism, * two evils which he seemed
to think equally great ; ' she adds, what is
contradicted by all other estimates of his
character, that ' his temper was hasty, and
his vanity easily alarmed.' His ' best ac-
complishment,' in this lady's opinion, was ' a
taste for drawing, and a love of the fine arts '
(Miss C. KNIGHT, Autobiography, i. 232 sq.)
Dr. Parr gives the following estimate of his
character : —

Unsoiled by courts and unseduced by zeal,
Fisher endangers not the common weal.

In 1804 he accepted the office of vice-
president of the British and Foreign Bible
Society. In 1807, on the death of Bishop
Douglas, Fisher was translated from Exeter
to Salisbury, where he won general respect
and affection by his faithful and unobtrusive
performance of his episcopal duties. His
mode of life was dignified, but unostentatious.
He was very liberal in works of charity, de-
voting a large portion of his episcopal re-
venues to pious and beneficent uses, leaving
his bishopric no richer than he came to it,
his personal estate amounting at his death to
no more than 20,000/. In 1818 Fisher, under
a commission from Bishop North, visited
the Channel Islands for the purpose of hold-
ing confirmations and consecrating a church,
being the first time, since the islands were

Fisher

66

Fisher

placed under the jurisdiction of the see
Winchester, that they had enjoyed episcopal
visitation (Ann. Reg. Ix. 92, 104). He died
in Seymour Street, London, after long pro-
tracted sufferings borne with exemplary pa-
tience, 8 May 1825, aged 76, and was buried
at Windsor. He published nothing beyond
his primary charge as bishop of Exeter, and
two or three occasional sermons, which were
given to the world under pressure. In his
charge he declared himself against intolerant
treatment of Roman catholics, but expressed
his opinion that bare toleration was all that
peaceable and conscientious dissenters from
the established church had any claim to. In
the same charge he repudiated the alleged
Calvinism of the church of England, which
he said was flatly contradicted by the articles
of the church. Fisher was a generous patron
both of authors and of artists, whom he is
recorded to have treated with liberality and
unaffected kindness. A portrait of him hangs
in the dining-room of the palace at Salisbury.
Fisher's only published works are : 1. l Charge
at the Primary Visitation of the Diocese of
Exeter,' Exeter, 1805, 4to. 2. < Sermon at the
Meeting of the Charity Children in St. Paul's,
3 June 1806,' London, 1806, 4to. 3. « Sermon

? reached before the House of Lords, 25 Feb.
807, on the occasion of a General Fast, on
Is. xl. 31,' London, 1807, 4to. 4. 'Sermon in
behalf of the S. P. G. on Is. Ix. 5,' London,
1809, 4to. 5. ' Sermon preached at the Con-
secration of St. James's Church, Guernsey, on
Col. i. 24,' Guernsey, 1818.

[Baker's St. John's College, ed. Mayor, p. 731 ;
Annual Eegister, 1825, also Ivi. 218, Ix. 92-104 ;
Imperial Mag. August 1825 ; Gent. Mag. 1825,
ii. 82; Sandford's Thomas Poole, pp. 65, 170,
241.] E. V.

FISHER, JOHN ABRAHAM (1744-
1806), violinist, son of Richard Fisher, was
born at Dunstable in 1744. He was brought
up in Lord Tyrawley's house, learning the
violin from Pinto, and his appearance at the
King's Theatre (1763), where he played a con-
certo, was ' by permission ' of his patron. The
following year Fisher was enrolled in the
Royal Society of Musicians. He matricu-
lated at Magdalen College, Oxford, 26 June
1777 (FOSTEK, Alumni Oxon. ii. 465). His
indefatigable industry obtained him the de-
grees of Bac. and Doc. Mus. on 5 July 1777,
his oratorio 'Providence ' being performed at
the Sheldonian Theatre two days previously.
The work was afterwards heard several times
in London ; but Fisher's name as a composer
is more closely connected with theatrical than
with sacred music. He became entitled to a
sixteenth share of Covent Garden Theatre by
his marriage about 1770 with Miss Powell,

daughter of a proprietor. He devoted his
musical talent and business energy to the
theatre. When his wife died Fisher sold his
share in the theatre, and made a professional
tour on the continent, visiting France, Ger-
many, and Russia, and reaching Vienna in
1784. The Tonkiinstler-Societat employed
three languages in a memorandum — ' Mon-
sieur Fischer, ein Engellander und virtuoso
di Violino' — which probably refers to the
stranger's performance at a concert of the
society. Fisher won favour also at court,
and became as widely known for his eccen-
tricities as for his ingenious performances.
It was not long before he drew odium upon
himself through his marriage with, and sub-
sequent ill-treatment of, Anna Storace, the
prima donna. The wedding had taken place
with a certain amount of eclat, but when the
virtuoso bullied and even struck his bride,
the scandal soon became public, and a separa-
tion followed. The emperor (Joseph) ordered
Fisher to quit his dominion. Leaving his
young wife he sought refuge in Ireland. The
cordiality with which his old friend Owen-
son welcomed him to Dublin, his personal
appearance, and introduction into the family
circle, have been amusingly described by Lady
Morgan, one of Owenson's daughters. Fisher
gave concerts at the Rotunda, and occupied
himself as a teacher. He died in May or June
1806. As an executant Fisher pleased by his
skill and fiery energy. In his youth he appears
to have revelled in his command of the instru-
ment, and in his maturer years he offended the
critics by a showiness that bordered on char-
latanism. Among Fisher's compositions, his
' Six Easy Solos for aViolin ' and i Six Duettos '
were useful to amateurs of the time ; while
his ' Vauxhall and Marybone Songs,' in three
books, were made popular by the singing of
Mrs. Weichsel, Vernon, and Bellamy. An-
other favourite book was a collection of airs
forming ( A comparative View of the English,
French, and Italian Schools,' which, how-
ever, contains no critical remarks. The songs
In vain I seek to calm to rest ' and ' See
with rosy beam ' deserve mention. The ' Six
Symphonies ' were played at Vauxhall and
the theatres ; the pantomime, with music,
Master of the Woods,' was produced at Sad-
ler's Wells ; the l Harlequin Jubilee ' at Co-
vent Garden, and, with the t Sylphs ' and
the ' Sirens,' gave evidence of the professor's
facility in manufacturing musicianly serio-
comic measures. The 'Norwood Gipsies/
1 Prometheus,' 'Macbeth,' and lastly *Zo-
beide/ point to a more serious vein, though
belonging equally to Fisher's theatrical period,
about 1770-80 ; but the well-written anthem,
Seek ye the Lord,' sung at Bedford Chapel

Fisher

67

Fisher

and Lincoln Cathedral, is of later date. Three
violin concertos were published at Berlin

1782.

[Grove's Diet. i. 530; Brown's Biog. Diet,
p. 247 ; A. B. C. Dario, p. 20 ; Pohl's Mozart and
Haydn in London, i. 42, &c. ; Royal Society of
Musicians, entry 2 Sept. 1764; Oxford Gradu-
ates, p. 231 ; Kelly's Reminiscences, i. 231 ; Mu-
sical World, 1840, p. 276; Hanslick's Geschichte
des Coucertwesens in Wien, p. 108 ; Mount-Edg-
cumbe's Reminiscences, 1834, p. 59; Clayton's
Queens of Song, i. 215 ; Lady Morgan's Memoirs,
1863, p. 80 ; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxvi. pt. i. p.
587; Gerber's Tonkiinstler-Lexikon, 1770,i.418;
Fisher's music in Brit. Mus. Library.] L. M. M.

FISHER, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1788-
1876), surgeon, son of Peter Fisher of Perth,
by Mary, daughter of James Kennay of York,
was born in London 30 Jan. 1788, and ap-
prenticed to John Andrews, a surgeon en-
joying a large practice. After studying at
St. George's and Westminster Hospitals, he
was admitted member of the Royal College
of Surgeons in 1809, became a fellow in 1836,
and was a member of the council in 1843.
The university of Erlangen, Bavaria, con-
ferred on him the degree of M.D. in 1841.
He was appointed surgeon to the Bow Street
patrol in 1821 by Lord Sidmouth, and pro-
moted to the post of surgeon-in-chief to the
metropolitan police force at the time of its
formation in 1829, which position he held un-
til his retirement on a pension in 1865. He
was knighted by the queen at Osborne on
2 Sept. 1858. He was a good practitioner,
honourable, hospitable, and steadfast in duty.
He died at 33 Park Lane, London, 22 March
1876, and was buried in Kensal Green ceme-
tery on 29 March, when six of his oldest
medical friends were the pallbearers. His
will was proved on 22 April, the personalty
being sworn under 50,000/. He married,
first, 18 April 1829, Louisa Catherine, eldest
daughter of William Haymes of Kibworth
Harcourt, Leicestershire, she died in London,
5 Oct. 1860; and secondly, 18 June 1862,
Lilias Stuart, second daughter of Colonel
Alexander Mackenzie of Grinnard, Ross-
shire.

[Proceedings of Royal Medical and Chirurgi-
cal Soc. (1880), viii. 173-4 ; Illustrated London
News, 1 April 1876, p. 335, and 27 May, p. 527 ;
Lancet, 1 April 1876, p. 515.] G. C. B.

FISHER, JONATHAN (d. 1812), land-
scape-painter, was a native of Dublin, and
originally a draper in that city. Having a
taste for art, he studied it by himself, and
eventually succeeded in obtaining the pa-
tronage of the nobility. He produced some
landscapes which were clever attempts to re-

produce nature, but were too mechanical and
cold in colour to be popular. They were,
however, very well suited for engraving, and
a set of views of Carlingford Harbour and
its neighbourhood were finely engraved by
Thomas Vivares, James Mason, and other
eminent landscape engravers of the day. In
1792 Fisher published a folio volume called
< A Picturesque Tour of Killarney, consist-
ing of 20 views engraved in aquatinta, with
a map, some general observations, &c.' He
also published other illustrations of scenery
in Ireland. Fisher did not find art profitable,
but was fortunate enough to obtain a situa-
tion in the Stamp Office, Dublin, which he
continued to hold up to his death in 1812.
There is a landscape by Fisher in the South
Kensington Museum, ' A View of Lyming-
ton River, with the Isle of Wight in the
distance.' A painting by him of ' The Schom-
berg Obelisk in the Boyne ' was in the Irish
Exhibition at London in 1888.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Catalogues of the
South Kensington Museum and the Irish Exhi-
bition, 1888 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. ; engravings
in Print Room, Brit. Mus.] L. C.

FISHER, JOSEPH (rf.1705), archdeacon
of Carlisle, was born at Whitbridge, Cum-
berland, and matriculated at Queen's College,
Oxford, in Michaelmas term 1674 : took his
B.A. degree 8 May 1679, his M.A. 6 July
1682, was fellow of that college, and on the
death of Christopher Harrison, 1695, was pre-
sented to the rectory of Brough or Burgh-
under-Stanmore, Westmoreland. Before that
time he had filled the office of lecturer or
curate, living in a merchant's house in Broad
Street, London, to be near his work. At this
place he wrote, 1695, the dedicatory epistle
to his former pupil Thomas Lambard, pre-
facing his printed sermon, preached 27 Jan.
1694 at Sevenoaks, Kent, on ' The Honour
of Marriage,' from Heb. xiii. 4. This is his
only literary production, although we are
told that he was well skilled in Hebrew and
the oriental languages. On the promotion of
William Nicolson [q. v.] to the see of Carlisle,
the archdeaconry was accepted by Fisher
9 July 1702, and his installation took place
14 July. To the archdeaconry was attached
the living of St. Cuthbert, Great Salkeld,
which he held in conjunction with Brough
till his death, which took place early in 1705.
He was succeeded in office by George Fleming
[q. v.], afterwards Sir George Fleming, bishop
of Carlisle, 28 March 1705. He was buried
at Brough.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 539;
Nicolson's and Burn's Hist, of Westmoreland
and Cumberland, i. 569 ; Le Neve's Fasti Eccles.

F2

Fisher

68

Fisher

Angl. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. 1824 ; Willis's Survey
of Cathedrals, i. 307 ; Jefferson's Antiquities of
Cumberland, i. 266.] E. C. S.

FISHER, MARY (/. 1652-1697),
quakeress, was born in a village near York
about 1623. She joined the Friends before
1652, in which year'she was admitted a quaker
minister. Shortly afterwards she was im-
prisoned in York Castle for having addressed
a congregation at Selby at the close of public
worship. This imprisonment lasted for sixteen
months, during which she wrote with four
fellow-prisoners a tract called 'False Pro-
phets and Teachers Described.' Immediately
after her release she proceeded on a mis-
sionary journey to the south and east of Eng-
land, in company with Elizabeth Williams,
a quaker minister. At the close of 1653 they
visited Cambridge, and, preaching in front of
Sidney Sussex College, were stoned by the
' scholars/ whom Mary Fisher irritated by
terming the college a cage of unclean birds.
The Friends were apprehended as disorderly
persons by the mayor of Cambridge, who
ordered them to be whipped at the mar-
ket cross 'until the blood ran down their
"bodies.' The sentence was executed with
much barbarity. This is the first instance of
quakers being publicly flogged. Shortly after-
wards Mary Fisher ' felt called to declare the
truth in the steeple-house at Pontefract,' and
for so doing was imprisoned for six months
in York Castle, at the completion of which
term she was imprisoned for another period
of three months, at the request of the mayor
of Pontefract, for being unrepentant and re-
fusing to give securities for good behaviour.
In 1655, while travelling in the ministry in
Buckinghamshire, she was also imprisoned
for several months for l giving Christian ex-
hortation ' to a congregation. Later in this
year she t felt moved ' to visit the West Indies
and New England. On her arrival, accom-
panied by Ann Austin, at Boston the autho-
rities refused to allow them to land, and
searched their "baggage for books and papers,
confiscating more than a hundred volumes,
which were destroyed. The quakeresses then
disembarked and were kept in close confine-
ment in the common gaol, the master of the
ship which brought them being compelled to
pay for their support and to give a bond that
he would remove them. During their impri-
sonment they were deprived of writing mate-
rials, and their beds and bibles were confis-
cated by the gaoler for his fees. They were
stripped naked to see if they had witch-marks
on their persons, and would have been starved
if some inhabitants had not bribed the gaoler
to be allowed to feed them. Mary Fisher
returned to England in 1657, visiting the

West Indies again at the end of that year.
In 1660 she deemed it her duty to attempt
to convert Mahomet IV, and for that purpose-
made a long and hazardous journey, largely
on foot, to Smyrna, where she was ordered
to return home by the English representative--
She retraced her steps to Venice, and at length-
succeeded in reaching Adrianople, where the-
sultan lay encamped with his army. The-
grand vizier, hearing that an Englishwoman
had arrived with a message from the ' Great
God to the sultan/ kindly offered to procure-
her an interview with the sultan, which he-
did. Mary spoke through an interpreter,
whom the sultan heard with much patience-
and gravity, and when she had concluded
acknowledged the truth of what she said and!
offered her an escort of soldiers to Constan-
tinople, which she declined. He then asked
her what she thought of Mahomet, ' a pitfall
she avoided by declaring that she knew hint
not.' She afterwards journeyed on foot to-
Constantinople, where she obtained passage-
in a ship to England. In 1662 she married
William Bayley of Poole, a quaker minister
and master mariner, who was drowned at sea
in 1675, and by whom she is believed to have-
had issue. During his lifetime she appears
to have chiefly exercised her ministry in Dor-
setshire and the adjacent counties. Her ' tes-
timony concerning her deceased husband r
appears at the end of Bayley's collected writ-
ings in 1676. In 1678 she married John
Cross, a quaker of London, in which town
she resided until — when uncertain — they emi-
grated to America. In 1697 she was living at
Charlestown, South Carolina, where she en-
tertained Richard Barrow, a quaker, after he
had been shipwrecked, and from a letter of
Barrow's it appears she was for a second time-
a widow. No later particulars of her life are*
known. Mary Fisher was a devoted, untiring,
and successful minister, and Croese describes;
her as having considerable intellectual fa-
culties, which were greatly adorned by the-
gravity of her deportment.

[Croese's Hist, of the Quakers, ii. 1 24 ; Besse's
Sufferings, &c. i. 85, ii. 85, &c. ; Manuscript
Sufferings of the Friends ; Manuscript Testimony
of the Yearly Meeting (London) ; Neal's Hist, of
New England, i. 292 ; Minutes of the Two Weeks'
Meeting (London) ; Bowden's Hist, of the Friends
in America, i. 35 ; Smith's Friends' Books, i. 22O,
612 ; Sewel's Hist, of the Society of Friends, ed.
1853, i. 440, ii. 225 ; Bishop's New England
Judged.] A. C. B.

FISHER, PAYNE (1616-1693), poetr
son of Payne Fisher, one of the captains in
the royal life guard while Charles I was in
Oxfordshire, and grandson of Sir William
Fisher, knight, was born at Warnford, Dor-

Fisher

69

Fisher

.setshire, in the house of his maternal grand-
father, Sir Thomas Neale. He matriculated
at Hart Hall, Oxford, in Michaelmas term,
1634 ; three years after he removed to Magda-
lene College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge
he first developed ( a rambling head ' and a
turn for verse-making (WooD, Athencs^liss,
iv. 377). He quitted the university very
speedily, about 1638, and entered the army in
the Netherlands. There he fought in the de-
fence of Boduc, but, returning to England
•before long, enlisted as an ensign in the army
raised (1639) by Charles I against the Scots,
and during this campaign made acquaintance
with the cavalier poet, Lovelace. Subse-
quently Fisher took service in Ireland, where
he rose to the rank of captain, and, returning
about 1644, was made, by Lord Chichester's
influence, sergeant-major of a foot regiment
in the royalist army. By Rupert's command
3ie marched at the head of three hundred men
to relieve York, and was present at Marston
Moor, but, finding himself on the losing side,
Tie deserted the royalist cause after the battle,
.and retired to London, where he lived as best
he could by his pen.

Fisher's first poem, published in 1650, cele-
brating the parliamentary victory of Mars-
ton Moor, was entitled ' Marston Moor,
Eboracense carmen; cum quibusdam mis-
cellaneis opera studioque Pagani Piscatoris,
» . .' London, 1650, 4to. He always wrote
under the above sobriquet, or that of Fitz-
paganus Fisher. By his turn for Latin
r/erse and his adulatory arts, or, as Wood
termed it, by his ability ' to shark money
from those who delighted to see their names
in print,' Fisher soon became the fashion-
able poet of his day. He was made poet-
laureate, or in his own words after the Re-
storation, * scribbler ' to Oliver Cromwell,
and his pen was busily employed in the ser-
vice of his new master. He wrote not only
Latin panegyrics and congratulatory odes on
the Protector, dedicating his works to Brad-
shaw and the most important of the parlia-
mentary magnates, but also composed a con-
stant succession of elegies and epitaphs on
the deaths of their generals. Thus the ' Ire-
nodia Gratulatoria, sive illus. amplissimique
Oliveri Cromwellii . . . Epinicion,' London,
1652, was dedicated to the president (Brad-
shaw) and the council of state, and concluded
with odes on the funerals of Ludlow and
Popham (London, 1652). To another, ' Veni
vidi, vici, the Triumphs of the most Excel-
lent and Illustrious Oliver Cromwell . . .
set forth in a panegyric, written in Latin,
and faithfully done into English verse by T.
Manly ' (London, 1652, 8vo), was added an
elegy upon the death of Ireton, lord deputy of

Ireland. The ' Inauguratio Oliveriana, with
other poems' (Lond. 1654, 4to), was followed
the next year by ' Oratio Anniversaria in die
Inaugurations . . . Olivari . . .' (London,
1655, fol.), and again other panegyrics on the
second anniversary of < his highness's ' inau-
guration (the ' Oratio . . .' and ' Paean Trium-
phalis,' both London, 1657). To the 'Paean'
was added an epitaph on Admiral Blake,
which, like most of Fisher's odes and elegies,
was also published separately as a ' broad-
sheet ' (see list in WOOD, ed. Bliss, Athence
Oxon. iv. 377, &c.) He celebrated the vic-
tory of Dunkirk in an ' Epinicion vel elo-
gium . . . Ludovici XIIII . . . pro nuperis
victoriis in Flandria, praecipue pro desidera-
tissima reductione Dunkirkae captaa . . . sub
confcederatis auspiciis Franco-Britannorum '
(London ? 1655 ?). The book has a portrait
of the French king in the beginning, and
French verses in praise of the author at the
end. Fisher afterwards presented Pepys with
a copy of this work * with his arms, and de-
dicated to me very handsome ' (PEPYS, Diary \
ed. 1849, i. 118, 121, 122). It was a usual
habit of the poet's to put different dedica-
tions to such of his works as might court
the favour of the rich and powerful. His
'vain, conceited humour' was so notorious
that when he once attempted to recite a
Latin elegy on Archbishop Ussher in Christ
Church Hall, Oxford (17 April 1656), the
undergraduates made such a tumult that he
never attempted another recitation at the
university. He printed ' what he had done '
in the ' Mercurius Politicus ' (1658), which
called forth some satire doggerel from Samuel
Woodford in ' Naps upon Parnassus ' (1658)
(see WOOD). It was not till 1681 that the
elegy on Ussher was separately issued, and
then an epitaph on the Earl of Ossory was
printed with it. With the return of the
Stuarts the time-server turned his coat, and
his verses were now as extravagant in praise
of the king as they had been of the Protec-
tor. His most despicable performance was a
pamphlet entitled * The Speeches of Oliver
Cromwell, Henry Ireton, and John Bradshaw,
intended to have been spoken at their exe-
cution at Tyburne 30 June 1660, but for
many weightie reasons omitted, published by
Marchiament Needham and Pagan Fisher,
servants, poets, and pamphleteers to his In-
fernal Highness,' 1660, 4to (Bodl.) Fisher's
character was too notorious for him to gain
favour by his palpable flatteries, and he lived
poor and out of favour after the Restoration.
He spent several years in the Fleet prison,
whence he published two works on the monu-
ments in the city churches, written before
or just after the great fire, and therefore of

Fisher

Fisher

some value. The first of these compilations
is ' A Catalogue of most of the Memorable
Tombs, &c., in the Demolisht or yet extant
Churches of London from St. Katherine's be-
yond the Tower to Temple Barre,' written
1666, published 1668, ' two years after the
great fire,' London, 4to. The second is ' The
Tombs, Monuments, and Sepulchral Inscrip-
tions lately visible in St. Paul's Cathedral . . .
by Major P. F., student in antiquity, grand-
child to the late Sir William Fisher and that
most memorable knight, Sir Thomas Neale, by
his wife, Elizabeth, sister to that so publick-
spirited patriot, the late Sir Thomas Freke '
of Shroton, Dorsetshire ; from the Fleet, with
dedication to Charles II, after the fire, Lon-
don, 1684, 4to. Several editions were pub-
lished of both these catalogues ; the latest
is that revised and edited by G. B. Morgan,
entitled 'Catalogue of the Tombs in the
Churches of the City of London,' 1885. Fisher
died in great poverty in a coffee-house in
the Old Bailey 2 April 1693, and was buried
6 April in a yard belonging to the church of
St. Sepulchre's.

Besides the works above enumerated, and
a quantity of other odes and epitaphs (see
list in WOOD and Brit. Mus. Cat.), Fisher
edited poems on several choice and various
subjects, occasionally imparted by an eminent
author [i. e. James Howell, q. v.] ; collected
and published by Sergeant-major P. F., Lon-
don, 1663; the second edition, giving the
author's name, is entitled * Mr. Howel's
Poems upon divers emergent occasions,' and
dedicated to Dr. Henry King, bishop of Chi-
chester, with a preface by Fisher about
Howell, whom he describes as having ' as-
serted the royal rights in divers learned
tracts,' London, 1664, 8vo. Fisher also pub-
lished : 1. ' Deus et Ilex, Rex et Episcopus,'
London, 1675, 4to. 2. l Elogia Sepulchralia,'
London, 1675, a collection of some of Fisher's
many elegies. 3. ' A Book of Heraldry,' Lon-
don, 1682, 8vo. 4. ' The Anniversary of his
Sacred Majesty's Inauguration, in Latin and
English ; from the Fleet, under the generous
jurisdiction of R. Manlove, warden thereof,'
London, 1685.

Winstanley sums up Fisher's character in
the following words : ' A notable undertaker
in Latin verse, and had well deserved of his
country, had not lucre of gain and private
ambition overswayed his pen to favour suc-
cessful rebellion.' Winstanley adds that
he had intended to ' commit to memory the
monuments in the churches in London and
Westminster, but death hindered him' (Lives
of the Poets, pp. 192, 193).

[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. p. 433 ; Cat. of Printed
Books in Brit. Mus.; Bodleian Cat.] E. T. B.

FISHER, SAMUEL (1605-1665),
quaker, son of John Fisher, a hatter in North-
ampton, was born in Northampton in 1605.
After attending a local school he matricu-
lated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1623, and
graduated B.A. in 1627. Being puritanic-
ally inclined he removed to New Inn Hall,
whence he proceeded M.A. in 1630. Creese-
(Gen. Hist, of Quakers, p. 63, ed. 1696) says
he was chaplain to a nobleman for a short
time, and became a confirmed puritan. In
1632 he was presented to the lectureship of
Lydd, Kent, a position variously estimated
as being worth from two to five hundred
pounds a year. Wood (Athence Oxon. iii. 700,
ed. 1813) says he was presented to the vicar-
age of Lydd, but the register shows this to
be incorrect. He rapidly obtained the cha-
racter of a powerful preacher, and was a
leader among the puritans of the district. In
his ' Baby-Baptism ' (p. 12) Fisher states that
he was made a priest (? presbyter) by certain*
presby terian divines after episcopacy was laid
aside. While at Lydd Fisher took a warm
part in favour of some anabaptists, attend-
ing their meetings and offering them the use
of his pulpit, in which he was stopped by the
churchwardens. About 1643 he returned
his license to the bishop and joined the bap-
tists, with whom he had for some time con-
sorted, supporting himself by farming. He
was rebaptised, and after taking an active*
part in the baptist community became minis-
ter to a congregation at Ashford, Kent, some
time previous to 1649, in which year he was
engaged in a controversy on infant baptism
with several ministers in the presence of over
two thousand people. He also disputed with
Dr. Channel at Petworth, Sussex, in 1651, and
was engaged in at least eight other disputes
within three years, and is said to have been
considered a ' great honour to the baptist
cause' (CROSBY, Hist, of the Baptists, i. 363).
He wrote several tractates in defence of his
principles, and 'Baby-Baptism meer Babism/
In 1654 William Coton and John Stubbs,
while on a visit to Lydd, stayed at Fisher's
house, and convinced him of the truth of
quakerism. Shortly afterwards he joined
the Friends, among whom he subsequently
became a minister, probably before his meet-
ing with George Fox at Romney in 1655.
On 17 Sept. 1656 Fisher attended the meet-
ing of parliament, and when the Protector
stated that to his knowledge no man in Eng-
land had suffered imprisonment unjustly at-
tempted a reply. He was prevented com-
pleting his speech, which he afterwards pub-
lished. He subsequently attempted to ad-
dress the members of parliament at a fast-day
service in St. Margaret's Church, Westmin-

Fisher

Fisher

ster. He appears to have laboured chiefly in
Kent, in which county Besse (Sufferings, i.
289) says he was ' much abused ' in 1658, and
in 1659 he was pulled out of a meeting at
Westminster by his hair and severely beaten.
In May of this year he went to Dunkirk with
Edward Burrough [q. v.], when the authori-
ties ordered them to leave the town. They
declined, and were then directed to be mode-
rate. After unsuccessfully endeavouring to
promulgate their doctrines to the monks and
nuns for a few days they returned to Eng-
land. During the following year Fisher and
Stubbs made a journey to Rome, travelling
over the Alps on foot, where they ' testified
against popish superstition ' to several of the
cardinals, and distributed copies of quaker
literature, nor were they molested or even
warned. ~Wood(Athence Oxon. iii. 700) states
that when Fisher returned he had a l very
genteel equipage,' which, as his means were
known to be very small, caused him to be
suspected of being a Jesuit and in receipt of
a pension from the pope, and Fisher seems
to have undergone some amount of persecu-
tion from this cause. Wood also states that
this journey took place in 1658, and that it
extended to Constantinople, whither Fisher
went, hoping to convert the sultan. In 1660
Fisher held a dispute with Thomas Danson
at Sandwich, in which he defended the doc-
trines of the Friends (see Rusticus ad Aca-
demicos}, and later in this year he was im-
prisoned in Newgate. The rest of his life
was chiefly spent in or near London, where
he was a successful preacher. In 1661 he was
imprisoned and treated with much severity
in the Gatehouse at Westminster. In 1662 he
was arrested and sent to the Bridewell for
being present at an illegal meeting. He was
again sent to Newgate for refusing to take
the oaths, and was detained for upwards of
a year, during which time he occupied him-
self in writing ' The Bishop busied beside the
Business.' During part of this imprisonment
he was confined with other prisoners in a room
so small that they were unable to lie down at
the same time. I Shortly after his discharge he
was again arrested at Charlwood, Surrey, and
committed to the White Lion Prison, South-
wark, where he was confined for about two
years. During the great plague he was tem-
porarily released, and retired to the house of
Ann Travers, a quakeress at Dalston, near
London, where he died of the plague on
31 Aug. 1665. His place of burial is uncer-
tain. Fisher's works show him to have been a
man of considerable erudition and some lite-
rary skill, but they are disfigured by violence
and coarseness. They were, however, quaker
text-books for more than a century. He was

skilful in argument, had no little logical
acumen, and great controversial powers.
Sewel asserts that he was ' dextrous and
well skilled in the ancient poets and Hebrew/
His private life appears to have been above
reproach, and the ' testimonies ' of the Friends
unite in giving him a high personal charac-
ter. William Penn, who was intimately ac-
quainted with him, praises his sweetness and
evenness of temper, his self-denial and hu-
mility, and Besse declares that he excelled
in < natural parts and acquired abilities,' and
that he ' incessantly laboured by word and
writing.' His more important works are:
1. ' Baby-Baptism meerBabism, or an Answer
to Nobody in Five Words, to Everybody who
finds himself concerned in it. (1) Anti-
Diabolism, or a True Account of a Dispute at
Ashford proved a True Counterfeit ; (2) An-
ti-Babism, or the Babish Disputings of the
Priests for Baby-Baptism Disproved; (3) An-
ti-Rantism, or Christ'ndome Unchrist'nd;
(4) Anti-Ranterism, or Christ'ndome New
Christ'nd; (5) Anti-Sacerdotism the deep
dotage of the D.D. Divines Discovered, or
the Antichristian C.C. Clergy cleared to be
that themselves which they have ever charged
Christ's Clergy to be,' &c., 1653. 2. < Chris-
tianismus Redivivus, Christ'ndom both un-
christ'ned and new-christ'ned,' &c., 1655.
3. < The Scorned Quaker's True and Honest
Account, both why and what he should have
spoken (as to the sum and substance thereof)
by commission from God, but that he had
not permission from Men,' &c., 1656. 4. 'The
Burden of the Word of the Lord, as it was
declared in part, and as it lay upon me from
the Lord on the 19th day of the 4th mo.
1656, to declare it more fully,' &c., 1656.
5. ' Rusticus ad Academicos in Exercita-
tionibus Expostulatoriis, Apologeticis Qua-
tuor. The Rusticks Alarm to the Rabbies,
or the Country correcting the University and
Clergy/ &c., 1660. 6. ' An Additional Ap-
pendix to the book entitled " Rusticus ad
Academicos," ' 1660. 7. i Lux Christi emer-
gens, oriens, eft'ulgens, ac seipsam expandens
per universum,' &c., 1660. 8. l One Antidote
more against that provoking Sin of Swearing,'
&C., 1661. 9. ' 'AiroKpVTTTa aTro/mXvTrra, Ve-
lata Qusedam Revelata,' &c., 1661. 10. ' 'ETTI-
O-KOTTOS d-rroa-KOTTos ; the Bishop Busied beside
the Businesse,' &c., 1662. The foregoing
works with many less important were re-
printed in 1679 under the title of ' The Tes-
timony of Truth Exalted,' &c., folio.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. 700 ; Fasti, i. 430,
ed. 1813; Croese's General Hist, of the Quakers,
p. 63, ed. 1696 ; Sewel's Hist, of the Quakers,
vols. i. ii. and iii. 1833 ; (rough's Hist, of the
Quakers, i. 253 ; Besse's Sufferings, i. 289, 366 ;

Fisher

Fisher

"Wood's Hist, of the General Baptists ; Crosby's
Hist, of the Baptists, i. 359 ; Britton and Bray-
ley's Description of the County of Northampton ;
Tuke's Biographical Notices of ... Friends, ii.
221, ed. 1815; W. and T. Evans's Friends' Li-
brary, vol. ii. ; Hasted's Kent, ii. 517; Fox's
Autobiography, p. 139, ed. 1765; Smith's Cata-
logue of Friends' Book ; Swarthmore MSS.]

A. C. B.

FISHER, SAMUEL (ft. 1692), puritan,
son of Thomas Fisher of Stratford-on-Avon,
was born in 1617, and educated at the uni-
versity of Oxford, matriculating at Queen's
College in 1634, and graduating at Magdalen
College— B.A. 15 Dec. 1636, M.A. 18 June
1640. He took holy orders, and officiated at
St. Bride's, London, at Withington, Shrop-
shire, and at Shrewsbury, where he was
curate to Thomas Blake [q. v.] He afterwards
held the rectory of Thornton-in-the-Moors,
Cheshire, from which he was ejected at the
Restoration. He spent the rest of his life
at Birmingham, where he died, ' leaving
the character of an ancient divine, an able
preacher, and a godly life.' He published :
1. 'An Antidote against the Fear of Death;
being meditations in a time and place of great
mortality ' (the time, Wood informs us, being
July and August 1650, the place Shrews-
bury). 2. ' A Love Token for Mourners,
teaching spiritual dumbness and submission
under God's smarting rod,' in two funeral
sermons, London, 1655. 3. A Fast sermon,
preached 30 Jan. 1692-3.

[Wood's AthenseOxon. (Bliss), iv. 587; Orme-
rod's Cheshire, ed. Helsby, ii. 21 ; Calamy's
Abridgment, i. 124.] J. M. E.

FISHER, otherwise HAWKINS, THOMAS
(d. 1577), M.P. for Warwick, was of ob-
scure origin and usually known by the name
of Fisher, because his father was ' by pro-
fession one that sold fish by retail at the
mercate crosse in Warwick.' The quick-
ness of his parts recommended him to the
notice of John Dudley, duke of Northumber-
land, then Viscount Lisle, who received him
into his service, and on 4 May, 34 Hen. VIII,
constituted him high steward and bailiff of
his manor of Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicester-
shire. For his exercise of that office during
life Fisher had an annuity of 61. 13s. 6d.
granted to him, which was 'confirmed in the
reign of Mary. He contrived to accumulate
avast estate in monastery and church lands,
of which a lengthv list is given by Dugdale
(Warwickshire, edit. 1656, p. 365). In
38 Hen. VIII he obtained the site of St.
Sepulchre's Priory, Warwick, with the lands
adjacent, and proceeded to pull the monas-
tery to the ground, raising in the place of
it ' a very fair house as is yet to be seen,

which being finished about the 8 year of
Queen Eliz. reign, he made his principal
seat.' He gave it a new name ' somewhat
alluding to his own, viz. Hawkyns-nest, or
Hawks-nest, by reason of its situation,
having a pleasant grove of loftie elmes al-
most environing it ' (ib. ) However, its old
designation of the ' Priory' was soon revived
and finally prevailed. In 1 Edward VI,
Bishop's Itchington, Warwickshire, being
alienated to him from the see of Coventry
and Lichfield, he made an ' absolute depopu-
lation ' of that part called Nether Itchington,
and even demolished the church for the pur-
pose of building a large manor-house on its
site. He also changed the name of the
village to Fisher's Itchington, in an attempt
to perpetuate his own memory. Fisher, who
was now the chief citizen of Warwick, next
appears as secretary to the Duke of Somer-
set, protector of England. There is a tra-
dition that he was colonel of a regiment in
the English army under the command of
Somerset, when the Scots were defeated at
the battle of Pinkie, near Musselburgh,
10 Sept. 1547, * where he, taking the colours
of some eminent person in which a griftbn
was depicted, had a grant by the said duke
that he should thenceforth, in memory of
that notable exploit, bear the same in his
armes within a border verrey, which the
duke added thereto in relation to one of
the quarterings of his own coat [viz. Beau-
champ of Hatch] as an honourable lodge for
that service.' Towards the end of June
1548 he was commissioned by Somerset to
repair with all diligence into the north to
the Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord Grey, with
instructions for the defence of Haddington,
and for the other necessary movements of
the king's army and his officers in Scotland.
He was also to repair to Sir John Luttrell
at Broughty, and to commune with him and
Lord Gray of Scotland, to devise with them
some means of communicating with the Earl
of Argyll, and to treat with the earl accord-
ing to certain articles proposed (Cal. State
Papers, Scottish Ser. 1509-89, i. 89, 92). In
March 1549 he was appointed along with
Sir John Luttrell to confer with Argyll and
other Scotch nobles for the return of the
queen from France and ' accomplishment of
the godly purpose of marriage ' (ib. p. 97).
Under the strain of such duties his health
gave way, and in a melancholy letter to
Secretary Cecil, dated from the ' Camp at
Enderwick,' 17 Sept. 1549, he declares that
he ' would give three parts of his living to
be away ; and wishes to be spared like ser-
vice in future ' (ib. p. 98). In 6 Edward VI
he had a grant of the bailiwick of Banbury,

Fisher

73

Fisher

Oxfordshire, being made collector of the
king's revenue within that borough and hun-
dred, as also governor of the castle, with a
fee of 66s. 7d. a year for exercising the office
of steward and keeping the king's court
within that manor. It was generally be-
lieved that the Duke of Northumberland,
anticipating want of money to pay the forces
which would be required in the event of his
daughter-in-law Lady Jane Grey being pro-
claimed queen, ' privately conveyed a vast

tomb, which bore the recumbent effigies of

T^!£ ?nd his first wife Winifred, daughter
of William Holt, probably perished in the
great fire of 1694; it has been engraved
by Hollar (DUGDALE, p. 350). His son and
heir , EDWAED FISHEE, was thirty years old
at the time of his father's death. His in-
heritance, Dugdale informs us, was then
worth. 3,000/. a year, but he soon squan-
dered it, and hastened his ruin by making a
fraudulent conveyance to deceive Serjeant

represented Warwick in the second parlia-
ment of Mary, 1554, and in the first (1554),
second (1555), and third (1557-8) of Philip
and Mary (Lists of Members of Parliament,
Official Return, pt. i. pp. 387, 391, 395, 3" "
In 1571, when Robert Dudley, earl of
Leicester, celebrated the order of St. Michael
in the collegiate church of Warwick, the

A*d en^by h m.in,Bisho? s Itchin^ton p°°L ^ iWrf iSSSfiTSSS

After, the attainder and execution of the commenced a prosecution against him ?n the
duke in 1553, Fisher was questioned about j Star-chamber, and had not Leicester inter-
the money by orders from the queen, but he posed, his fine would have been very severe
sturdily refused to deliver it up, and even He ultimately consented that an act of pa?!
suffered his fingers to be pulled out of joint j liament should be made to confirm £/£
rack rather than discover it. Fisher tate to Puckering, but being encumbered

with debts he was committed prisoner to
the Fleet, where he spent the rest of his
life. He married Katherine, daughter of
Sir Richard Longe, by whom he had issue,
Thomas, John, Dorothy, and Katherine.

Fisher is sometimes mistaken for the John
Fisher who compiled the < Black Book of

,.-,.«. , ' Warwick.' The latter was in all probability

baihft and burgesses of the borough were John Fisher, bailiff of Warwick, in 1565 '
invited to attend the earl from the Priory,
where he was Fisher's guest for six or seven
days, and thence went in grand procession
to the church. Immediately on the conclu-
sion of the ceremony, at which he had been
present, William Parr, marquis of North-
ampton, brother of Queen Catherine Parr,

J* 1 „ J T i _ _ j_ ji -r» • rm n -n •

[Dugdale's Warwickshire (1656), pp. 364-5,
and passim; Colvile's Worthies of Warwick-
shire, pp. 287-91 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom.
1547-80, Addenda, 1547-65 ; Visitation of War-
wickshire, 1619, Harl. Soc. 20.] Gr. G.

FISHER, THOMAS (1781 ?-1836),anti-

died suddenly at the Priory. The following quary, born at Rochester in or about 1781,

was the younger of the two sons of Thomas

0 -. .. Fisher, printer, bookseller, and alderman of

Kenil worth, on Saturday night, 17 Aug., that city. His father, who died on 29 Aug.
having dined with Fisher's son, Edward, at 1786, was author of the < Kentish Traveller's
his house at Itchington on the Monday pre-
viously. After supping with Mrs. Fisher
and her company, her majesty withdrew for
the kind purpose of visiting 'the good man
of the house . . . who at that time was
grevously vexid with the gowt/ but with
most gracious words she so ' comfortid him

T) n 77" ff \

To rl aniTT

Ol, VI f

n iinnfiil littln

• ESs2?S

r^l \

1*1 1 * 1 T7

pllU— J\

ivn Q08 flQ'i

v-ol Ivii i^r

p. 606X In

86 Fisher entered the India House as an
extra clerk, but in April 1816 was appointed

that forgetting, or rather counterfeyting, his searcher of records, a post for which his

TinVTIO 1~» £* T^crilTrorl ^ in TV»r\t*£i Tioo-f-o +Via-n rrr\/-\r\ lr-r\r\T«/I c\A rff\ o -r\ A 1 i-t-/^-t»r»T»-rr r» -f-fr* i »-»•*-*•» r\ -*\-t-n -*vr/\ll

payne,' he resolved ' in more haste than good knowledge and literary attainments well
spede to be on horseback the next tyme of fitted him. From this situation he retired

on a pension in June 1834, after having
spent in different offices under the company

her going abrode.' Though his resolution
was put to the proof as soon as the following

Monday, he actually accomplished it, at- altogether forty-six years. He died unmar-
tending the queen on her return to Kenil-
worth and riding in company with the Lord-
treasurer Burghley, to whom, it would seem,
he talked with more freedom than discretion
(NICHOLS, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, i.
310, 318-19). Fisher died 12 Jan. 1576-7,
and was buried at the upper end of the north
aisle in St. Mary's Church, "Warwick. His

ried on 20 July 1836, in his sixty-fifth year,
at his lodgings in Church Street, Stoke New-
ington, and was buried on the 26th in Bun-
tiill Fields. From the time of his coming to
London he had resided at Gloucester Terrace,
Hoxton, in the parish of Shoreditch.

Before he left Rochester Fisher's talents <
as a draughtsman attracted the attention of ; and w

originator and publisher of " The history ai
antiquities of Rochester and its environs
1772 (new eds., 1817 and 1833) ; the prii

Fisher

74

Fisher

Isaac Taylor, the engraver. He was besides
eminent as an antiquary. Some plates in
the ' Custumale Roffense,' published by John
Thorpe in 1788, are from drawings by Fisher ;
while it appears from the same work (pp. 155,
234, 262) that he had helped Samuel JJenne,
one of the promoters of the undertaking, in
examining the architecture and monuments
of Rochester Cathedral. His first literary
effort, a description of the Crown inn at Ro-
chester and its curious cellars, was printed
with a view and plan in the ' Gentleman's
Magazine ' for 1789, under the pseudonym of
' Antiquitatis Conservator' (vol. lix. pt. ii.
p. 1185). He had previously contributed
drawings for one or two plates. In 1795
Denne communicated to the Society of An-
tiquaries a letter on the subject of water-
marks in paper, enclosing drawings by Fisher
of sixty-four specimens, together with copies
of several autographs and some curious docu-
ments discovered by him in a room over the
town hall at Rochester. The letter, accom-
panied by the drawings, is printed in ' Ar-
chseologia,' xii. 114-31. By Fisher's care the
records were afterwards placed in proper cus-
tody. His next publications were ' An En-
Saving of a fragment of Jasper found near
illah, bearing part of an inscription in the
cuneiform character,' s. sh. 4to, London, 1802,
and ' An Inscription [in cuneiform characters]
of the size of the original, copied from a stone
lately found among the ruins of ancient
Babylon,' s. sh. fol., London, 1803. In 1806
and 1807 Fisher was the means of preserving
two beautiful specimens of Roman mosaic
discovered in the city of London ; the one
before the East India House in Leadenhall
Street, and the other, which was presented
to the British Museum, in digging founda-
tions for the enlargement of the Bank of
England. These he caused to be engraved
from drawings made by himself, and he pub-
lished a description of them in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine,' vol. Ixxvii. pt. i. p. 415.

In the summer of 1804 Fisher discovered
some legendary paintings on the roof and
walls of the chapel belonging to the ancient
Guild of Holy Cross in Stratford-on-Avon. A
work founded upon this and muniments lent
to him by the corporation appeared in 1807 as
' A Series of antient Allegorical, Historical,
and Legendary Paintings . . . discovered . . .
on the walls of the Chapel of the Trinity at
Stratford-upon-Avon . . . also Views and Sec-
tions illustrative of the Architecture of the
Chapel/parts i-iv. (Appendix, No. l,pp. 1-4),
fol. (London), 1807. His account of the
guild, with copious extracts from the ledger-
book, appeared in the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine,' new ser. iii. 162, 375.

Between 1812 and 1816 Fisher published
ninety-five plates from his drawings of monu-
mental and other remains in Bedfordshire,
under the title of ' Collections Historical,
Genealogical, and Topographical for Bedford-1
shire,' 4to, London, 1812-16. A second part,
consisting of 114 folio plates, appeared only
a few weeks before his death in 1836. He
gave up his intention of adding letterpress
descriptions on account of the tax of eleven
copies imposed by the Copyright Act. He
published numerous remonstrances in peti-
tions to parliament, in pamphlets, and in es-
says in periodicals. See his essay in the
'Gentleman's Magazine 'for 181 3, vol. Ixxxiii.
pt. ii. pp. 513-28, and his petition in 1814,
printed in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' vol.
Ixxxvii. pt. i. p. 490. In 1838 John Gough
Nichols added descriptions to a new edition.

Meanwhile Fisher had printed at the litho-
graphic press of D. J. Redman thirty-seven
drawings of ' Monumental Remains and An-
tiquities in the county of Bedford,' of which
fifty copies were issued in 1828. Fisher was
one of the first to welcome lithography in
this country. As early as 1808 he published
an account of it, under the title of ' Polyan-
tography,' with a portrait of Philip H. Andre,
its first introducer into England, in the
' Gentleman's Magazine,' vol. Ixxviii. pt. i.
p. 193. In 1807 he published in four litho-
graphic plates: 1. 'A Collection of all the
Characters . . . which appear in the Inscrip-
tion on a Stone found among the Ruins of
ancient Babylon . . . now deposited in the
East Indian Company's Library at Leaden-
hall Street.' 2. 'A Pedestal, and Fragment
of a Statue of Hercules . . . dug out of the
Foundations of the Wall of the City of Lon-
don.' 3. ' Ichnography, with Architectural
Illustrations of the old Church of St. Peter
le Poor in Broad Street, London.' 4. ( Sir
W. Pickering, from his Tomb in St. Helen's
Church, London.' Shortly afterwards he is-
sued several plates of monumental brasses to
illustrate Hasted's l Kent' and Lysons's •' En-
virons of London.' In order to encourage a
deserving artist, Hilkiah Burgess, Fisher had
ten plates etched of ' Sepulchral Monuments
in Oxford.' These were issued in 1836.

Fisher was in 1821 elected F.S.A. of Perth,
and on 5 May 1836 F.S.A. of London, an
honour from which he had been hitherto
debarred, as being both artist and dissenter.
Many of the more valuable biographies of
distinguished Anglo-Indians in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine' were contributed by Fisher.
That of Charles Grant, father of Lord Glenelg-
{Gent. Mag. vol. xciii. pt. ii. p. 561), was
afterwards enlarged and printed for private
circulation, 8vo, London, 1833. He was like-

Fisher

75

Fisher

wise a contributor to the ' European Maga-
zine/ the ' Asiatic Journal,' and to several
religious periodicals. He was one of the
projectors of the ' Congregational Magazine,'
and from 1818 to 1823 conducted the sta-
tistical department of that serial. "When
elected a guardian of Shoreditch, in which
parish he resided, he assisted John Ware,
the vestry clerk, in the compilation of a vo-
lume entitled ' An Account of the several
Charities and Estates held in trust for the
use of the Poor of the Parish of St. Leonard,
Shoreditch, Middlesex, and of Benefactors
to the same,' 8vo, London, 1836. He was
also zealous in the cause of anti-slavery.
In 1825 he published * The Negro's Memo-
rial, or Abolitionist's Catechism. By an
Abolitionist,' 8vo, London. He was a mem-
ber, too, of various bible and missionary
societies. A few of his letters to Thomas
Orlebar Marsh, vicar of Steventon, Bedford-
shire, are in the British Museum, Addit. MS.
23205. His collections of topographical draw-
ings and prints, portraits and miscellaneous
prints, books, and manuscripts, were sold by
Evans on 30 May 1837 and two following

[Gent. Mag. new ser. vi. 220, 434-8 ; Notes
and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 228, 339 ; Cat. of Library
of London Institution, iii. 350.] Of. Or.

FISHER, WILLIAM (1780-1852), rear-
admiral, second son of John Fisher of Yar-
mouth, Norfolk, was born on 18 Nov. 1780,
and entered the navy in 1795. After serv-
ing in the North Sea, at the Cape of Good
Hope, and in the Mediterranean, and as
acting lieutenant of the Foudroyant on the
coast of Egypt, he was confirmed in the
rank on 3 Sept. 1801. In 1805 he was lieu-
tenant of the Superb during the chase of Ville-
neuve to the West Indies ; and in 1806 was
promoted to be commander. In 1808 he
commanded the Racehorse of 18 guns in the
Channel, and in the same ship, in 1809-10,
was employed in surveying in the Mozam-
bique. In March 1811 he was promoted to
post-rank, and in 1816-17 commanded in suc-
cession the Bann and Cherub, each of 20 guns,
on the coast of Guinea, in both of which
he captured several slavers and pirates, some
of them after a desperate resistance. From
March 1836 to May 1841 he commanded the
Asia in the Mediterranean, and in 1840, during
the operations on the coast of Syria [see STOP-
TOED, SIR ROBERT], was employed as senior
officer of the detached squadron off Alexan-
dria, with the task of keeping open the mail
communication through Egypt. For this
service he received the Turkish gold medal
and diamond decoration. He had no further

service afloat, but became, in due course, a
rear-admiral in 1847. During his retirement
he wrote two novels : < The Petrel, or Love
on the Ocean ' (1850), which passed through
three editions, and < Ralph Rutherford, a
Nautical Romance ' (1851). He died in Lon-
don, on 30 Sept. 1852. A man who had
been so long in the navy during a very stir-
ring period, who had surveyed the Mozam-
bique, and captured slavers and pirates, had
necessarily plenty of adventures at command,
which scarcely needed the complications of
improbable love stories to make them inte-
resting ; but the author had neither the con-
structive skill nor the literary talent necessary
for writing a good novel, and his language
throughout is exaggerated and stilted to the
point of absurdity.

Fisher married, in 1810, Elizabeth, sister
of Sir James Rivett Carnac, bart., governor
of Bombay, by whom he had two children, a
daughter and a son.

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 1852,
new ser. xxxviii. 634.] J. K. L.

FISHER, WILLIAM WEBSTER, M.D,

(1798 P-1874), Downing professor of medi-
cine at Cambridge, a native of Westmore-
land, was born in or about 1798. He studied
in the first instance at Montpellier, where
he took the degree of M.D. in 1825 (D.M. I.
'De 1'inflammation considered sous le rap-
port de ses indications,' 4to, Montpellier,
1825). Two years later he was entered at
Trinity College, Cambridge, of which his
brother, the Rev. John Hutton Fisher, was
then fellow and assistant-tutor. Subse-
quently he removed to Downing College,
where he graduated as M.B. in 1834. Shortly
afterwards he succeeded to a fellowship, but
the Downing professorship of medicine fall-
ing vacant in 1841, Fisher was elected and
resigned his fellowship. He, however, held
some of the college offices. In 1841 he pro-
ceeded M.D. His lectures were well at-
tended. He acted for many years as one
of the university examiners of students in
medicine, and was an ex officio member of
the university board of medical studies. In-
addition to fulfilling the duties of his pro-
fessorship, Fisher had a large practice as a
physician at Cambridge. He was formerly
one of the physicians to Addenbrooke's Hos--
pital, and on his resignation was appointed
consulting physician to that institution. Al-
though for some time he had relinquished
the practice of his profession, he regularly
delivered courses of lectures until 1868, since
which time they were read by a deputy,
P. W. Latham, M.D., late fellow of Down-
ing. Fisher was a fellow of the Cambridge

Fisk

76

Fisken

Philosophical Society, and a contributor to
its l Transactions.' He was highly esteemed
in the university for his professional attain-
jnents and his conversational powers. He
died at his lodge in Downing College, 4 Oct.
1874, in his seventy-sixth year.

[Brit. Med. Journ. 10 Oct. 1874, p. 481 ; Med.
Times and Gaz. 10 Oct. 1874, p. 434, 17 Oct.
1874, p. 461 ; Lancet, 10 Oct. 1874, p. 533.]

Gr. G.

FISK, WILLIAM (1796-1872), painter,
foorn in 1796 at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, was
the son of a yeoman farmer at Can Hall in
that county, of a family which boasted of some
antiquity, dating back to the days of Henry IV.
Drawing very early became Fisk's favourite
occupation, but his inclination to art was
discouraged by his father, who sent him to
school at Colchester, and at nineteen years
of age placed him in a mercantile house in
London. In this uncongenial profession Fisk
remained for ten years, though he never ne-
glected his artistic powers, and in 1818 sent
to the Royal Academy a portrait of Mr. G.
Fisk, and in 1819 a portrait of a l Child and
Favourite Dog.' He married about 1826,
and after the birth of his eldest son he de-
voted himself seriously to art as a profession.
In 1829 he sent to the Royal Academy a
portrait of William Redmore Bigg, R. A., and
continued to exhibit portraits there for a few
years. At the British Institution he ex-
hibited in 1830 ' The Widow,' and in 1832
'Puck.' About 1834 he took to painting
large historical compositions, by which he is
best known. These compositions, though a
failure from an artistic point of view, pos-
sessed value from the care Fisk took to ob-
tain contemporary portraits and authorities
for costume, which he faithfully reproduced
on his canvas. Some of them were engraved,
and the popularity of the engravings led to
his painting more. They comprised ' Lady
Jane Grey, when in confinement in the Tower,
visited by Feckenham ' (British Institution,
1834) ; ' The Coronation of Robert Bruce '
(Royal Academy, 1836) ; ' La Journee des
Dupes ' (Royal Academy, 1837) ; ' Leonardo
da Vinci expiring in the arms of Francis I '
(Royal Academy, 1838) ; * The Chancellor
Wriothesley approaching to apprehend Ka-
therine Parr on a charge of heresy,' and
4 Mary, widow of Louis XII of France, re-
ceiving Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk,
ambassador from Henry VIII ' (British In-
stitution, 1838) ; ' The Queen Mother, Marie
de Medici, demanding the dismissal of Car-
dinal Richelieu ' (British Institution, 1839) ;
* The Conspiracy of the Pazzi, or the attempt
to assassinate Lorenzo de Medici' (Royal
Academy, 1839) ; the last-named picture was

in 1840 awarded the gold medal of the Man-
chester Institution for the best historical
picture exhibited in their gallery. About
1840 Fisk commenced a series of pictures con-
nected with the reign of Charles I, namely,
* Cromwell's Family interceding for the life
of Charles I ' (Royal Academy, 1840) ; < The
Trial of the Earl of Strafford ' (never exhi-
bited, engraved by James Scott in 1841, and
now in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool) ;
' The Trial of Charles I in Westminster Hall '
(Royal Academy, 1842) ; l Charles I passing
through the banqueting-house, Whitehall, to
the Scaffold ' (Royal Academy, 1843) ; ' The
last interview of Charles I with his Children '
(British Institution, 1844). After these his
productions were of a less ambitious nature,
and he eventually retired from active life to
some property at Danbury in Essex, where
he died on 8 Nov. 1872. He was also a fre-
quent contributor to the Suffolk Street exhi-
bition.

[Art Journal, 1873, p. 6; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880;
Catalogues of the Royal Academy and British
Institution.] L. C.

FISK, WILLIAM HENRY (1827-1884),
painter and drawing-master, son of William
Fisk [q. v.], was a pupil of his father, and
also a student of the Royal Academy. He
was a skilled draughtsman, and as such was
appointed anatomical draughtsman to the
Royal College of Surgeons. In painting he
was a landscape-painter, and exhibited for
the first time in 1846. In 1850 he exhibited
at the Royal Academy, subsequently being
an occasional exhibitor at the other London
exhibitions and also in Paris. He was teacher
of drawing and painting to University Col-
lege School, London, and in that capacity
was very successful and of high repute. A
series of drawings of trees which he produced
for the queen were much esteemed. He was
a clear and logical lecturer on the practical
aspect of art, and succeeded in attracting
large audiences in London and the provinces.
He also occasionally contributed articles on
painting to the public press. He died on
13 Nov. 1884, in his fifty-eighth year.

[Athenaeum, 22 Nov. 1884 ; Graves's Diet, of
Artists, 1760-1880; Catalogues of the Royal
Academy, &c.] L. C.

FISKEN, WILLIAM (d. 1883), presby-
terian minister, the son of a farmer, was born
on Gelleyburn farm, near Crieff, Perthshire.
After attending school at the neighbouring
village of Muthill, he was sent to St. An-
drews College to study for the ministry under
Professor Duncan. Subsequently he removed
to the university of Glasgow, and thence to

Fisken

77

Fitch

the Divinity Hall of the Secession church.
"While there he taught a school at Alyth, near
his birthplace. Upon receiving license in
the presbytery of Dundee, he commenced his
career as a preacher in the Secession church.
He visited various places throughout the
country, including the Orkney Islands, where
he would have received a call had he cared
to accept it. He was next sent to the pres-
bytery at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and preached
as a probationer at the adjoining village of
Stamfordham, where in 1847 he received a call,
and was duly ordained. He there laboured
zealously until his death. In the double ca-
pacity of governor and secretary he did much
towards promoting the success of the scheme
of the endowed schools at Stamfordham.
Fisken and his brothers Thomas (a school-
master at Stockton-upon-Tees) and David
studied mechanics. Thomas and he invented
the steam plough. A suit took place between
the Fiskens and the Messrs. Fowler, the well-
known implement makers at Leeds, and the
finding of the jury was that the former were
the original discoverers. The appliance which
perfected the plan of the brothers occurred to
them both independently and almost simul-
taneously. William Chartres of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, the solicitor employed by the
Fiskens, used to tell how the two brothers
wrote to him on the same day about the final
discovery, but that he receivedWilliam'sletter
first. Fisken also invented a potato-sowing
machine, a safety steam boiler, a propeller,
an apparatus for heating churches, which
worked excellently, and the 'steam tackle'
which, patented in July 1855, helped to render
the steam plough of practical use. This
system of haulage, which obtained second
prize at the royal show at Wolverhampton,
has undergone great modifications since its
early appearance in Scotland in 1852, its ex-
hibition at Carlisle in 1855, and at the show
of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land in 1863 (Journal of Royal Agricultural
Society, xx. 193, xxiv. 368). Fisken worked
on the fly-rope system. An endless rope set
into motion direct by the fly-wheel of the
engine drove windlasses of an extremely in-
genious type, by which the plough or other
implement was put in motion. A great deal
of excellent work was done on this system,
especially with tackle made by Messrs. Bar-
ford & Perkins of Peterborough, but for
some reason the system never quite took with
farmers, and very few sets of Fisken's tackle
are now in use (Engineer, 11 Jan. 1884,
p. 37). Fisken was the author of a pamphlet
on ' The Cheapest System of Steam Cultiva-
tion and Steam Cartage,' and of another ' On
the Comparative Methods of Steam Tackle/

which gained the prize of the Bath and West?
of England Society. A man of liberal views,
?reat generosity of character, and wide read-
ing, he made friends wherever he went. He
died at his manse, Stamfordham, on 28 Dec.
1883, aged upwards of seventy.

[Times, 4 and 8 Jan. 1884; Newcastle Courant,
4 Jan. 1884.] G. G.

FITCH, RALPH (Jl. 1583-1606), tra-
veller in India, was among the first English-
men known to have made the overland route
down the Euphrates Valley towards India.
He left London on 12 Feb. 1583 with other
merchants of the Levant Company, among"
whom were J. Newberry, J. Eldred, W.
Leedes, jeweller, and J. Story, a painter.
He writes : f I did ship myself in a ship of
London, called the Tiger, wherein we went
for Tripolis in Syria, and from thence we
took the way for Aleppo ' (HAKLTJTT, ii. 250).
Fitch and his companions arrived at Tripolis
on 1 May, thence they made their way to-
Aleppo in seven days with the caravan. Set-
ting out again on 31 May for a three days'
journey on camels to Bir (Biredjik) on the
Euphrates, there they bought a large boat,
and agreed with a master and crew to de-
scend the river, noticing on their way the
primitive boat-building near the bituminous
fountains at Hit (cf. CHESNEY, ii. 636). On
29 June Fitch and his company reached
Felujah, where they landed. After a week's
delay, for want of camels, they crossed the
great plain during the night, on account of
the heat, to Babylon (i.e. Bagdad) on the-
Tigris. On 22 July they departed hence in
flat-bottomed boats down this river to Bus-
sorah at the head of the Persian Gulf, where
they left Eldred for trade.

On 4 Sept. Fitch and his three companions
arrived at Ormuz, where within a week
they were all imprisoned by the Portuguese
governor at the instance of the Venetians,
who dreaded them as their rivals in trade. On
11 Oct. the Englishmen were shipped for Goa
in the East Indies unto the viceroy, where,
upon their arrival at the end of November, as;
Fitch puts it, 'for our better entertainment,
we were presently put into a fair strong prison,
where we continued until 22 Dec. ' (HAKLUTT-,
vol. ii. pt.i. 250). Story having turned monk,
Fitch, Newberry, and Leedes were soon after-
wards set at liberty by two sureties procured
for them by two Jesuit fathers, one of whom
was Thomas Stevens, sometime of New Col-
lege, Oxford, who was the first Englishman
known to have reached India by the Cape of
Good Hope, four years before, i.e. 1579 (cf.
HAKLUYT, vol. ii. pt. i. 249). After < employing^
the remains of their money in precious stones,

Fitch

Fitch

on Whitsunday, 5 April 1584, Fitch, and his
two companions, Newberry and Leedes, es-
caped across the river from Goa, and made
the best of their way across the Deccan to Bi-
japur and Golconda, near Haiderabad, thence
northwards to the court of Akbar, the Great
Mogore (i.e. Mogul, Persian corruption for
Mongol), whom they found either at Agra or
his newly built town of Fatepore (Fatehpur
.Sikri), twelve miles south from it. They
stayed here until 28 Sept. 1585, when New-
berry proceeded north to Lahore, with a view
to returning through Persia to Aleppo or
Constantinople ; as Newberry was never
heard of afterwards it is supposed he was
murdered in the Punjab. Story remained at
Goa, where he soon threw off the monk's habit
and married a native woman, and Leedes,
the jeweller, accepted service under the Em-
peror Akbar. From Agra Fitch took boat
with a fleet of 180 others down the Jumna
to Prage (Allahabad), thence he proceeded
down the Ganges, calling at Benares and
Patna, to ' Tanda in Gouren/ formerly one
of the old capitals of Bengal, the very site of
which is now unknown. From this point
Fitch journeyed northward twenty days to
Couch (Kuch Behar), afterwards returning
south to Hiigli, the Porto Piqueno of the
Portuguese, one league from Satigam. His
next journey was eastward to the country
of Tippara, and thence south to Chatigam,
the Porto Grande of the Portuguese, now
known as Chittagong. Here he embarked
for a short voyage up one of the many mouths
of the Ganges to Bacola (Barisol) and Se-
rampore, thence to Sinnergan, identified by
Cunningham (xv. 127) as Sunargaon, an
ancient city formerly the centre of a cloth-
making district, the best to be found in India
at this period. On 28 Nov. 1586 he re-em-
barked at Serampore in a small Portuguese
vessel for Burma. As far as can be learned
from this obscure part of his narrative, Fitch,
after sailing southwards to Negrais Point,
ascended the western arm of the Irawadi to
Cosmin (Kau-smin, the old Taking name
for Bassein), thence by the inland naviga-
tion of the Delta, across to Cirion (Syriam,
now known as Than-lyeng, near Rangoon),
calling at Macao (Men-Kay of Williams's
map), and so on to Pegu. Fitch's sketches
of Burmese life and manners as seen in and
near Pegu deserve perusal upon their own
merits, apart from the fact of their having
been drawn by the first Englishman to enter
Burma. With a keen eye to the prospects
of trade, he also proved himself to be a per-
sistent questioner upon state affairs. In de-
scribing the king of Pegu's dress and splen-
dour of his court retinue, he adds : l He [the

king] hath also houses full of gold and silver,
and bringen in often, but spendeth very little'
(HAKLTTYT, ii. 260). From Pegu Fitch went
a twenty-five days' journey north-east to
Tamahey (Zimme) in the Shan States of
Siam ; this must have been towards the end
of 1587, for on 10 Jan. 1588 he sailed from
Pegu for Malacca, where he arrived 8 Feb.,
soon after its relief by P. de Lima Pereira for
the Portuguese (cf. LINSCHOTEN, p. 153).
On 29 March Fitch set out on his homeward
journey from Malacca to Martaban, and on
to Pegu, where he remained a second time.
On 17 Sept. he went once more to Cosmin
(Bassein), and there took shipping for Ben-
gal, where he arrived in November. On
3 Feb. 1589 he shipped for Cochin on the
Malabar coast, where he was detained for
want of a passage nearly eight months. On
2 Nov. he sailed for Goa, where he remained
for three days, probably in disguise. Hence
he went up the coast to Chaul, where after
another delay of twenty-three days in making
provision for the shipping of his goods, he
left India for Ormus, where he stayed for
fifty days for a passage to Bussorah. On his
return journey Fitch ascended the Tigris as
far as Mosul, journeying hence to Mirdui
and Urfah, he went to Bir, and so passed
the Euphrates. He concludes the account
of his travels thus : ' From Bir I went to
Aleppo, where I stayed certain months for
company, and then I went to Tripolis, where,
finding English shipping, I came with a pro-
sperous voyage to London, where, by God's
assistance, I safely arrived the 29th April
1591, having been eight years out of my
native country ' (HAKLUYT, vol. ii. pt. i. 265).
How far Fitch's travels and experience in
the East may have contributed to the esta-
blishment of the East India Company, and
won their first charter from Elizabeth, 31 Dec.
1601, will be best gleaned from one or two
entries in their court minutes, which con-
tain the latest traces that can be found of
him. Under date 2 Oct. 1600 we read:
' Orderidthat Captein Lancaster (and others),
together with Mr. Eldred and Mr. flitch,
shall in the meetinge to-morrow morning
conferre of the merchaundize fitt to be pro-
vided for the (first) voyage' (STEVENS, p. 26).
Again, 29 Jan. 1600-1: l Order is given to . . .
Mr. Hacklett, the histriographer of the viages
of the East Indies, beinge here before the
Comitties, and having read vnto them out
of his notes and bookes . . . was required to
sette downe in wryting a note of the prin-
cipal places in the East Indies where trade
was to be had, to th' end the same may be
used for the better instruction of or factors in
the said voyage ' (id. p. 123). Again court

Fitch

79

Fittler

minutes, 31 Dec. 1606 : ' Letters to be ob-
tained from K. James to the king of Cam-
baya, gouernors of Aden, etc. . . . their titles
to be inquired of Ralph Fitch' (SAINSBURY,
State Papers, No. 36). This is the latest
mention of Fitch known to us.

In 1606 was produced Shakespeare's 'Mac-
beth ; ' there we read (act i. 3) l Her husband's
to Aleppo gone, master of the Tiger.' This
line, when compared with the opening passage
of Fitch's narrative, is too striking to be re-
garded as a mere coincidence, and is also one
of the clearest pieces of evidence known to
us of Shakespeare's use of the text of Hak-
luyt.

[Chesney's Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris,
1850 ; Cunningham's India; Archaeological Sur-
vey Keports, vol. xv., Calcutta, 1882; Hak-
luyt's Navigations, 1599, vol. ii. ; Linschoten's
Voyages, London, 1598; Stevens and Bird-
wood's Court Kecords of the East India Com-
pany, 1599-1603, London, 1886 ; Sainsbury's
State Papers, East Indies, &c., 1513-1616,
London, 1862.] C. H. C.

FITCH, THOMAS (A 1517). [SeeFicn.]

FITCH, WILLIAM (1563-1611). [See
CANFIELD, BENEDICT.]

FITCH, WILLIAM STEVENSON
(1793-1859), antiquary, born in 1793, was
for more than twenty-one years postmaster
of Ipswich, but devoted his leisure to study-
ing the antiquities of Suffolk. He made full
coTlections for a history of that county. Most
of them appear to have been dispersed by
auction after his death, though the West
Suffolk Archaeological Association, of which
he was a founder, purchased the drawings
and engravings, arranged in more than thirty
quarto volumes, and they were deposited in
the museum of the society at Bury St. Ed-
munds. Fitch published : 1. ' A Catalogue
of Suffolk Memorial Registers, Royal Grants/
&c. (in his possession), Great Yarmouth, 1843,
8vo. 2. ' Ipswich and its Early Mints ' (Ips-
wich), 1848, 4to. He contributed notices of
coins and antiquities found in Suffolk to the
1 Journal of the British Archaeological Asso-
ciation ' (vols. i. ii. iii. xxi.), and contributed
to the < Proceedings of the East Suffolk Ar-
chaeological Society.' Fitch died 17 July
1859, leaving a widow, a daughter, and two
sons.

[C. K. Smith's Collect. Antiqua, vi. 323-4;
C. K. Smith's Ketrospections, i. 245-8; Gent.
Mag. 1859, 3rd ser. vii. 202 ; Index to Journ.
Brit. Arch. Assoc. vols. i-xxx.] W. W.

FITCHETT, JOHN (1776-1838), poet,
the son of a wine merchant at Liverpool, was
born on 21 Sept. 1776, and having lost his
parents before he attained the age of ten, was

removed to Warrington by his testamentary
guardian, Mr. Kerfoot, and placed at the War-
rington grammar school under the Rev. Ed-
ward Owen. In 1793 he was articled to his
guardian, and in due time, having been ad-
mitted an attorney, was taken into partner-
ship with him, subsequently attaining a high
place in his profession. His first published
work, < Bewsey, a Poem' (Warrington, 1796,
4to), written at the age of eighteen, had con-
siderable success. He afterwards wrote many
fugitive pieces, which were collected and
printed at Warrington in 1836, under the
title of ' Minor Poems, composed at various
Times ' (8vo, pp. ii, 416). The great work of his
life was one which occupied his leisure hours
for forty years, and in the composition of
which he bestowed unwearied industry and
acute research. It was printed at Warrington
for private circulation at intervals between
1808 and 1834, in five quarto volumes. It
was cast in the form of a romantic epic poem,
the subject being the life and times of King
Alfred, including, in addition to a biography
of Alfred, an epitome of the antiquities, to-
pography, religion, and civil and religious
condition of the country. He rewrote part
of the work, but did not live to finish it. He
left money for printing a new edition, and the
work of supervising it was undertaken by his
pupil, clerk, and friend, Robert Roscoe [q. v.]
(son of William Roscoe of Liverpool), who
completed the task by adding 2,585 lines, the
entire work containing more than 131,000
lines, and forming probably the longest poem
in any language. This prodigious monument
of misapplied learning and mental energy
was published by Pickering in 1841-2, in six
volumes, 8vo, with the title of l Bang Alfred,
a Poem.'

Fitchett died unmarried at Warrington on
20 Oct. 1838, and was buried at Winwick
Church. His large and choice library was
left to his nephew, John Fitchett Marsh, and
was sold, with that gentleman's augmenta-
tions, at Sotheby's rooms in May 1882.

[Marsh's Lit. Hist, of "Warrington in War-
rington Mechanics' Inst. Lectures (1859), p. 85;
Palatine Note-book, ii. 168, 175; Kendrick's
Profiles of Warrington Worthies; Notes and
Queries, 1st ser. x. 215,334; Manchester City
News Notes and Queries, iii. 89, 98 ; Lane, and
Cheshire Hist, and G-eneal. Notes, iii. 35, 55.]

C. W. S.

FITTLER, JAMES (1758-1835), en-
graver, was born in London in 1758, and
became a student at the Royal Academy in
1778. Besides book illustrations, he distin-
guished himself by numerous works after
English and foreign masters, chiefly portraits.
He engraved also landscapes, marine subjects,

Fitton

Fitton

and topographical views, and was appointed
marine engraver to George III. He was
elected an associate of the Royal Academy in
1800; died at Turnham Green 2 Dec. 1835, and
was buried in Chiswick churchyard. Fittler
exhibited at the Royal Academy between
1776 and 1824. In 1788 he resided at No. 62
Upper Charlotte Street, Rathbone Place.
Among his most important works are : two
views of Windsor Castle, after George Ro-
bertson ; a view of Christ Church Great
Gate, Oxford, after William Delamotte ;
* The Cutting of the Corvette la Chevrette
from the Bay of Camaret, on the night of
21 July 1801,' ' Lord Howe's Victory,' and
< The Battle of the Nile,' after P. J. de Lou-
therbourg; several naval fights, after Captain
Mark Oates, Thomas Luny, and D. Serres ;
a classical landscape, with a temple on the
left, after Claude Lorraine ; the celebrated
portrait known by the name of ' Titian's
Schoolmaster,' after Moroni ; portrait of Lord
Grenville, after T. Phillips ; portrait of Dr.
Hodson, after T. Phillips; Pope Innocent X,
after Velasquez : he also executed the plates
for Forster's t British Gallery,' many of those
for Bell's { British Theatre,' and all the illus-
trations in Dibdin's ' ^Edes Althorpianae,'
published in 1822, after which time he under-
took no important work. His prints, books,
and copper-plates were sold at Sotheby's
14 July 1825, and two following days.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists.] L. F.

FITTON, SIR ALEXANDER (d. 1698),
lord chancellor of Ireland, was the younger
son of William Fitton of Awrice, co. Lime-
rick, by Eva, daughter of Sir Edward Trevor,
knt., of Brynkinallt, Denbighshire (Harl.
MS. 2153, f. 36). This William Fitton was
next male kinsman to Sir Edward Fitton,
bart., the possessor of Gawsworth, Cheshire,
who resolved in 1641 to restore the old entail
of his estates, and settled them by indenture,
which he was said to have confirmed by deed-
poll, on the above William Fitton, with re-
mainder to his two sons. Sir Edward died
in August 1643, shortly after the taking of
Bristol, and ' his heart, his brain, and soft
entrails ' were buried in a fragile urn in the
church of St. Peter in that city (Gloucester-
shire Notes and Queries, iii. 353). On the
death of Felicia, lady Fitton, in January
1654-5, William Fitton became possessed of
Gawsworth. His son Alexander was ad-
mitted a law student of the Inner Temple in
1655, and was called to the bar on 12 May
1662. He married, about 1655, Anne, elder
daughter of Thomas Jolliife (or Jollie) of
Cofton, Worcestershire, with whom he pro-
bably received a fortune, for shortly after

the mortgages on the family estates were-
paid off; and his elder brother, Edward, hav-
ing died without issue, he became, on his
father's death, the possessor of the whole.
His wife died 7 Oct. 1687, and was buried
in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, under the-
monument of her husband's ancestor, Sir Ed-
ward Fitton [q.v.] Their issue was Anne>
an only child.

In 1661 Charles, lord Gerard of Brandon,
laid claim to Fitton's estates in right of his
mother, who was sister to Sir Edward, and
a will was produced, nineteen years after Sir
Edward's death, giving the estates to Lord
Gerard. A litigation took place, in the course
of which it was alleged by Lord Gerard's
solicitor that the deed-poll executed by Sir Ed-
ward Fitton, upon which Fitton relied, was,
forged by one Abraham Granger. An issue
was then directed by the court of chancery to
try the genuineness of the document, and the
jury finally found against it. Then Granger
withdrew a previous confession, and stated
that the deed was duly signed (ORMEKOD,
Cheshire, iii. 259). The House of Lords on
hearing of this ordered that Fitton should be
fined 5QQL and committed to the king's bench
prison until he should produce Granger, and
find sureties for good behaviour during life.
Having lost his money in the fruitless prose-
cution of his case, Fitton remained in gaol
until taken out by James II to be made
chancellor of Ireland, when he was knighted.

On 12 Feb. 1686-7 he received the ap-
pointment of lord chancellor of Ireland, and
on 1 April 1689 was raised to the peerage-
as Baron Fitton of Gawsworth, but this title,,
granted by James after his abdication, was-
not allowed. Little is known of Fitton's.
qualifications for his office beyond his long^
experience of litigation. The absence of any
complaints from the bar or bench is so far in
his favour. Archbishop King has asserted
that Fitton ' could not understand the merit
of a cause of any difficulty, and therefore
never failed to give sentence according to his
inclination, having no other rule to lead him r
(State of the Protestants of Ireland under
King James, 1691, p. 59). A recent biographer
says : ' I have looked carefully through those
[decrees] made while Lord [Fitton of] Gaws-
worth held the seals, but could observe no-
thing to mark ignorance of his duty, or in-
capacity to perform it. He confirms reports,
dismisses bills, decrees in favour of awards,
grants injunctions, with the confidence of
an experienced equity judge' (O'FLASTAGAH ,
Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland,
1870, i. 487).

After the flight of James II from Ireland,
Fitton, Chief Baron Rice, and Plowden as-

Fitton

81

Fitton

sumed the office of lords justices of Ireland.
In 1690 Sir Charles Porter was appointed
lord chancellor in succession to Fitton, who
was attainted ; fled to France ; and died at
St. Germains in November 1698 (LTJTTRELL,
Relation, iv. 586). The husbands of the two
coheiresses of the Fitton estates, Lord Mohun
and the Duke of Hamilton, killed each other
(1712) in the famous duel arising from a
dispute as to the partition, * and Gawsworth
itself passed into an unlineal hand by a series
of alienations complicated beyond example '
{Cheshire, iii. 295).

[Authorities cited above ; Burke's Extinct Baro-
netcies (1844), p. 199 ; Earwaker's East Cheshire,
ii. 555, 560-3, 591 ; Nash's Worcestershire, i.
250 ; Smyth's Law Officers of Ireland, p. 36.1

B. H. B.

FITTON, SIR EDWARD, the elder (1527-
1579), lord president of Connaught and vice-
treasurer of Ireland, was the eldest son of Sir
Edward Fitton of Gawsworth, Cheshire, and
Mary, daughter and coheiress of Guicciard
Harbottle, esq., of Northumberland (ORME-
KOD, Cheshire, iii. 292). He was knighted by
Sir Henry Sidney in 1566 (Cal. Carew MSS.
ii. 149), and on the establishment of provincial
governments in Connaught and Munster he
was in 1569 appointed first lord president of
Connaught and Thomond (patent, 1 June
1569 ; Liber Hibernia, ii. 189). Arrived in
Ireland on Ascension day he was established
in his office by Sir H. Sidney in July. On
15 April 1570 he wrote to Cecil : ' We began
our government in this province at Michael-
mas, from thence till Christmas we passed
smoothly . . . but after Christmas, taking a
journey into Thomond, all fell upside down '
(State Papers, Eliz. xxx. 43). Ere long he
found himself so closely besieged in Gal way
by the Earl of Thomond and the sons of the
Earl of Clanricarde that Sidney was obliged
to send a detachment to extricate him from
his position. With their assistance and that
of the Earl of Clanricarde, ' and such others
as made profess ion of their loyalty,' he made
a dash at Shrule Castle, a place of strategical
importance, which he captured. An attack
on his camp by the Burkes was successfully
averted ; but during the conflict he was un-
horsed and severely wounded in the face.
His conduct was approved by the deputy,
who wrote that ' he in all his doings, both
formerly since these troubles began, and other-
wise in following the same, hath shewed
great worthiness, as well in device as in at-
tempt, and of good counsel according to the
success and state of things ' (ib. xxx. 56).
The short period of calm that followed served
only as the prelude to a fresh storm. O'Conor
~)on, whom he held in Athlone Castle as se-

VOL. XIX.

cunty for the good conduct of his sept, having-
escaped one night he next morning marched
against his castle of Ballintober, which he
speedily captured. But the Burkes were up
in arms and were vigorously supported by a
large body of Scots. Notwithstanding all
his exertions he gradually lost ground during
1571-2, and believing that the Earl of Clan-
ricarde was secretly instigating his rebellious
sons he arrested him and clapped him in
Dublin Castle. His conduct in the matter
led to a quarrel with Sir William Fitzwil-
liam [q. v.], who had succeeded Sidney as
deputy. Fitzwilliam complained that Fit-
ton had imprisoned Clanricarde, and refused
to reveal the nature of his offence, either to
the council or to himself as in duty bound,
which, he declared, ' implieth an accusation
of me.' When called upon to explain, Fitton
could only say that the proofs of the earl's
guilt, though satisfactory to himself, were not
likely to weigh much with the council. After
six months' imprisonment Clanricarde was
allowed to return home, when he endeavoured
to signalise his loyalty by hanging his own
son, his brother's son,hiscousin-german's son,
and one of the captains of his own galloglasses,
besides fifty of his followers that bore armour
and weapons ; but he never forgave Fitton
the injury he had done him. Meanwhile the
lord president, cooped up within Athlone,
prayed earnestly that fresh reinforcements
might be sent him, or that he might be re-
lieved of his government. In midsummer
1572 the rebels burnt Athlone to the ground,
and his position becoming one of extreme
peril he was shortly afterwards recalled, and
the office of president allowed to sink for the
nonce into abeyance.

In October he retired to England, and
seems to have spent his time chiefly at Gaws-
worth. In December, however, he was ap-
pointed vice-treasurer and treasurer at wars
(queen to Fitzwilliam, Ham. Cal. i. 491).
On 25 March 1573 he returned to Dublin in
charge of Gerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond,
and on 1 April entered upon his duties as
treasurer. Shortly afterwards a fresh quarrel
broke out between him and Fitzwilliam. It
arose out of a brawl between his servant Ro-
den and one Burnell, a friend of Captain
Harrington, the lord deputy's nephew. It
appears that Roden, having broken Burnell's
head with a dagger, was himself a day or two
after run through the body by Harrington's
servant, Meade. Meade was acquitted by the
coroner's jury, but found guilty of manslaugh-
ter by the queen's bench. Thereupon the
deputy stepped in with a general pardon,
which coming into the possession of Fitton
he refused to surrender it, and was forthwith

Fitton

Fitton

committed to gaol for contempt. Next day,
regretting his hasty action, the deputy sum-
moned him to take his place at the council
board ; but he, declining to be thus thrust
out of gaol privily, complained to the queen,
who, evidently without due consideration of
the merits of the case, sharply reprimanded
the deputy, praised Fitton for his loyalty, and
then bade them become friends again. No
doubt Fitzwilliam lost his temper, but the
treasurer's conduct was exasperating to the
last degree (BAGWELL, Ireland, ii. 256). On
18 June he was commissioned, along with the
Earl of Clanricarde, the archbishop of Tuam,
and others, to hold assizes in Connaught. On
his return he accompanied the deputy to Kil-
kenny ; but when it was proposed that he
should proceed into Munster and endeavour
to prevent the disturbances likely to arise
there owing to the escape of the Earl of
Desmond, he flatly refused to play the part
of ' a harrow without pynnes/ protesting to
Burghley that ' if I must neuely be throwen
upon all desperate reckes (I meane not for life
but for honesty and credit) I may say my
hap is hard ' (State Papers, Eliz. xlvi. 46).

In May 1575 he escorted the Earl of Kil-
dare and his two sons, suspected of treason,
into England, but returned in September with
Sir H. Sidney, Fitzwilliam's successor, whom
he attended on his northern journey. In
April 1578 he was the cause of another
' scene ' at the council board owing to his re-
fusal, apparently on good grounds, to affirm
with the rest of the council that there had
been an increase in the revenue. The only
governor with whom he seems to have cor-
dially co-operated was Sir "William Drury.
With him he was indefatigable in his prepa-
rations to meet the threatened invasion of
James Fitzmaurice. He died on 3 July 1579
'from the disease of the country,' caught
during an expedition into Longford. ' I
know/ wrote Drury, ' he was, in many men's
opinions, over careful of his posterity, and was
not without enemies that sought to interpret
that to his discredit ; but I wish in his suc-
cessor that temperance, judgment, and ability
to speak in her majesty's causes that was
found in him. And for my own part, if I
should (as of right I ought) measure my liking
of him by his good affection to me, truly my
particular loss is also very great ' (ib. Ixvii. 25).

He was buried on 21 Sept. in St. Patrick's
Cathedral beside the ' wyef of his youth, Anne,
the second daughter of Sr Peter Warburton,
of Areley in the county of Chester, knight,
who were borne both in one yere, viz. he ye
last of Marche 1527, and she the first of
Maye in the same yeare, and were maried on
Sonday next after Hillaries daye 1539, being

ye 19 daye of Januarie, in the 12 yere of their
age, and lyved together in true and lawfull
matrymonie iuste 34 yeres, for ye same Son-
day of the yeare wherein they 'were maried
ye same Sondaie 34 yeres following was she
buried, though she faithfully depted this lyef
9 daies before, viz. on Saturdaie ye 9 daie of
Januarie 1573, in wch tyme God gave theim
15 children, viz. 9 sonnes and 6 daughters '
(from a brass in St. Patrick's, of which there
is a rubbing in Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 32485,

Q.1).

SIR EDWARD FITTON the younger (1548 ?-
1606), son and heir of the above, being disap-
pointed in his expectation of succeeding his
father as vice-treasurer, retired to England
shortly after having been knighted by Sir
William Pelham (Ham. Cal. ii. 175 ; cf. Do-
mestic Cal. Add. p. 25). His interest in Ireland
revived when it was proposed to colonise Mun-
ster with Englishmen, and he was one of the
first to solicit a slice of the forfeited estates
of the Earl of Desmond. On 3 Sept. 1587
he passed his patent for 11,515 acres in the
counties of Limerick, Tipperary, and Water-
ford ; but the speculation proved to be not
so profitable as he had anticipated, and on
19 Dec. 1588 he wrote to Burghley that he
was 1,500J. out of pocket through it, and
begged that his rent might be remitted on
account of his father's twenty years' service
and his own (Ham. Cal. iv. 87). He was
most energetic in his proposals for the extir-
pation of the Irish, but seems to have taken
little care to fulfil the conditions of the grant,
and was soon remarked as an absentee. He
married Alice, daughter and sole heiress of
Sir John Holcroft of Holcroft, Lancashire,
who survived him till 5 Feb. 1626, and who,
after his death in 1606, erected a tablet to
his memory in Gawsworth Church, the latter
portion of which appears to have been vio-
lently defaced (ORMEROD, Cheshire, iii. 295).
His daughter Mary is noticed below.

[Authorities as in the text ; J. P. Earwaker's
East Cheshire.] E. D.

FITTON, MARY (fl. 1600), maid of
honour to Queen Elizabeth, and alleged to be
' the dark lady ' mentioned in Shakespeare's
sonnets, was the fourth child and second
daughter of Sir Edward Fitton the younger
[see above], by his wife, Alice, daughter of
Sir John Holcroft. She was baptised at
Gawsworth Church, Cheshire, 24 June 1578.
In 1595 Mary was one of the maids of
honour to the queen. In 1600 Queen Eliza-
beth attended the festivities which celebrated
the marriage of Anne Russell, another of her
maids of honour, and Lord Herbert, son of
the Earl of Worcester. Mary Fitton took p

Fitton

Fitton

prominent part in the masque performed then
by ladies of the court, and she led the dances
(Sidney Papers, ii. 201, 203). Her vivacity
made her popular with the young men at court,
and she became the mistress of William Her-
bert (1580-1630) [q. v.], the young earl of
Pembroke. l During the time that the Earl
of Pembroke favoured her she would put off
her head-tire, and tuck up her clothes, and
take a large white cloak and march as though
she had been a man to meet the said earl out
of the court ' (State Papers, Dom. Add. vol.
xxxiv.) Early in 1601 she was ' proved with
child ' ( Cal. Carew MSS. 1601-3, p. 20) . Pem-
broke admitted his responsibility, and both
were threatened with imprisonment. The earl
' utterly renounced all marriage/ and was sent
to the Fleet in March, but his mistress, who
was delivered of a son, seems to have escaped
punishment. The child died soon after birth.
According to Sir Peter Leicester (1614-1678)
Mary Fitton also bore two illegitimate daugh-
ters to Sir Kichard Leveson, knight (SHAKE-
SPEARE, Sonnets, ed. Tyler, xxii. ; Academy
for 15 Dec. 1888, p. 388). There seems no
doubt that she married Captain William
Polwhele in 1607. But there is some likeli-
hood of his having been her second husband,
for as early as 1599 her father corresponded
with Sir Eobert Cecil about her marriage
portion. In Sir Peter Leycester's manuscripts
the name of Captain Lougher appears beside
that of Captain Polwhele as one of her hus-
bands. Recent examination of Leycester's
manuscripts (in the possession of Lord de
Tabley) seems to show that Mary Fitton
married Polwhele before Lougher. Hence
it would seem either that the marriage con-
jecturally assigned to 1599 did not take place,
and that, when mistress of Pembroke and
Leveson, Mary Fitton was unmarried ; or that
her first husband's name is lost, and that
Lougher was a third husband. On the ela-
borate tomb erected by her mother over her
father's grave in 1606 in Gaws worth Church,
kneeling figures of herself, her brothers, her
sister, and her mother still remain.

An attempt has been made to identify Mary
Fitton with the ' mistress ' with eyes of ' raven
black ' to whom Shakespeare appears to make
suit in his sonnets (cxxvii-clvii.) There
seems little doubt that the earlier sonnets
celebrate Shakespeare's friendship with Wil-
liam Herbert, earl of Pembroke, while it has
been assumed that the later sonnets describe
how Shakespeare supplanted his friend in
the affections of a dark-complexioned beauty
of the court. This beauty, it is now suggested,
was Mary Fitton. But there is very little
beyond the fact that Mary Fitton was at one
time Herbert's mistress to confirm the iden-

tification, and it is possible that the later son-
nets deal with a fictitious situation. The
natural objection raised to the circumstance
that a lady moving in high society should have
entered into a liaison with a man of the low
social position of an actor and playwright has
been met by the discovery of the fact that Wil-
liam Kemp, the actor, dedicated to Mistress
Anne Fitton, whom he calls maid of honour to
the queen, his ' Nine Daies Wonder,' 1600, in
terms approaching familiarity. Mistress An ne
Fitton was Mary Fitton's elder sister, and
there is no good reason for supposing (as has
been suggested) that Kemp intended Mary
when he wrote Anne. Anne Fitton, bap-
tised 6 Oct. 1574, married about 1595 Sir
John Newdegate of Erbury, Warwickshire.
Kemp's employment of her maiden name
alone in his dedication is in accordance with
a common contemporary practice of address-
ing married women. The whole theory of Mary
Fitton's identification with Shakespeare's
' dark lady ' is ingenious, but the present
state of the evidence does not admit of its
definite acceptance.

[Shakespeare's Sonnets— the first quarto, 1609
— a facsimile in photo-lithography, edited by
Thomas Tyler, London, 1886, contains almost all
that can be said in favour of the theory of Mary
Fitton's identification with the 'dark lady ' of the
sonnets. Mr. Tyler has supplemented this infor-
mation by a letter in the Academy, 15 Dec. 1888,
which is to be incorporated in a volume on Shake-
speare's sonnets. See also J. P. Earwaker's East
Cheshire, ii. 566; Ormerod's Cheshire ; Nichols's
Progresses of Queen Elizabeth ; Gerald Massey's
Secret Drama of Shakespeare's sonnets (1888),
adverse to the Fitton theory.] S. L. L.

FITTON", MICHAEL (1766-1852), lieu-
tenant in the navy, was born in 1766 at
Gawsworth in Cheshire, the ancient seat of
his family. He entered the navy in June 1780,
on board the Vestal, with Captain George
Keppel. On 10 Sept. the Vestal gave chase to
and captured the Mercury packet, having on
board Mr. Laurens, late president of congress,
on his way to Holland as ambassador of the
revolted colonies. During the chase young
Fitton, being on the foretop-gallant yard,
hailed the deck to say that there was a man
overboard from the enemy. The Vestal sent
a boat to pick him up, when the object was
found to be a bag of papers, which, being in-
sufficiently weighted, was recovered. On
examination these papers were found to com-
promise the Dutch government, and led to a
declaration of war against Holland a few
months afterwards. Fitton continued with
Captain Keppel during the war in different
ships, and as midshipman of the Fortitude
was present at the relief of Gibraltar in 1782.

Fitton

84

Fitton

In 1793 he was again with Captain Keppel
in the Defiance of 74 guns, as master's mate.
In 1796 he was appointed purser of the
Stork in the West Indies, and in 1799 was
acting lieutenant of the Abergavenny of 54
guns, from which he was almost immediately
detached in command of one of her tenders.
One of his first services was, in the Ferret
schooner, to cruise in the Mona Passage, in
company with the Sparrow cutter, com-
manded by Mr. Whylie. The two accident-
ally separated for a few days. On rejoining,
Fitton invited Whylie by signal to come to
breakfast, and while waiting caught a large
shark that was under the stern. In its stomach
was found a packet of papers relating to an
American brig Nancy. When Whylie came
on board, he mentioned that he had detained
an American brig called the Nancy. Fitton
then said that he had her papers. l Papers ? '
answered Whylie ; ' why, I sealed up her
papers and sent them in with her.' < Just
so, replied Fitton; 'those were her false
papers ; here are her real ones.' And so it
proved. The papers were lodged in the ad-
miralty court at Port Royal, and by them
the brig was condemned. The shark's jaws
were set up on shore, with the inscription,
' Lieut. Fitton recommends these jaws for a
collar for neutrals to swear through.' The
papers are still preserved in the museum of
the Royal United Service Institution.

Fitton's whole service during the three
years in which he commanded the Aberga-
venny's tenders was marked by daring and
good fortune (JAMES, Nav. Hist. 1860, ii.
398, iii. 38). Several privateers of superior
force he captured or beat off. One, which he
drove ashore, he boarded by swimming, him-
self and the greater part of his men plunging
into the sea with their swords in their mouths
(O'BYENE ; a friend of the present writer has
often heard Fitton tell the story). When the
war was renewed in 1803, Fitton was again
sent out to the West Indian flagship, and ap-
pointed to command her tender, the Gipsy
schooner. At the attack on Curacao in 1804,
being the only officer in the squadron who
was acquainted with the island, he piloted the
ships in, and had virtually the direction of
the landing. On the failure of the expedition
the Gipsy was sent to the admiral with des-
patches, and Fitton, in accordance with the
senior officer's recommendation, was at last
promoted to be lieutenant, thus receiving, as
' the bearer of despatches announcing a de-
feat, what years of active employment and
of hard and responsible service, what more
than one successful case of acknowledged
skill and gallantry as a commanding officer
had failed to procure him ' (JAMES, iii. 296).

His promotion, however, made no difference
in his employment. In the Gipsy and after-
wards in the Pitt, a similar schooner, he con-
tinued to wage a dashing and successful war
on the enemy's privateers, and on 26 Oct.
1806, after a weary chase of sixty-seven
hours, drove on shore and captured the Su-
perbe, a French ship of superior force, which
had long been the scourge of English trade,
and on board of which a list of captures
made showed a value of 147,000/. The cap-
tain of the .Superbe afterwards equipped a
brig which he named La Revanche de la
Superbe, and sent an invitation to Fitton to
meet him at a place named ; but before the
message arrived Fitton had been superseded
by a friend of the admiral, Sir Alexander
Cochrane, l not to be promoted to the rank
of commander, but to be turned adrift as an
unemployed lieutenant ' (ib. iv. 184). All
that he seems to have got for capturing or
destroying near forty of the enemy's ships,
many of them privateers, was the thanks of
the admiralty, a sword valued at 50/. from
the Patriotic Society, and his share of the
prize-money, which, from his being in com-
mand of a tender, was only counted to him
as one of the officers of the flagship. He
was left unemployed till 1811, when he was
appointed to the command of a brig for ser-
vice in the North Sea and Baltic, and which
was paid out of commission in 1815. In 1831
he was appointed a lieutenant of the ordinary
at Plymouth, and in 1835 was admitted into
Greenwich Hospital, where he continued till
his death, which took place at Peckham on
31 Dec. 1852.

It is now impossible to say what was the
cause of Fitton's being so grievously ne-
glected. The record of his services is bril-
liant beyond that of any officer of his stand-
ing ; and the story of his career is in marked
and painful contrast with that of Sir Thomas
Cochrane, whose rapid promotion by the ad-
miral who superseded Fitton has been already
related.

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 1853,
new ser. xl. 312; United Service Journal, 1835,
pt. i. p. 276 ; Allen's Battles of the British Navy
(see index). Allen was an intimate friend of
Fitton in the days of his retirement at Green-
wich, and his notices of Fitton's achievements
may be considered as practically related by
Fitton himself.] J. K. L.

FITTON, WILLIAM HENRY, M.D.

(1780-1861), geologist, born in Dublin in
January 1780, was a descendant of an an-
cient family, originally of Gawsworth in
Cheshire, but long settled in Ireland. Fitton
went to school in Dublin with Moore (the
poet) and Robert Emmett. He carried off

Fitton

Fitzailwin

the senior classical scholarship at Trinity
College, Dublin, in 1798, and took his B.A.
degree there in 1799. He was destined for the
church, but his bent towards natural science
induced him to adopt the medical profession.

Before 1807 he had determined barometri-
cally the heights of the principal mountains
of Ireland, had made excursions to Wales
and to Cornwall to study their minerals and
rocks, and had been arrested on suspicion as
a rebel while engaged in collecting fossils
in the neighbourhood of Dublin. In 1808
Fitton went to the university of Edinburgh,
where he attended the lectures of Professor
Jameson, through whose influence many able
men were led to the study of geology. In
1809 Fitton removed to London, where he
continued to study medicine and chemistry,
and in 1812 he established himself in North-
ampton, assured of a good reception there as
a physician by the introduction of Lord and
Lady Spencer, and with the anticipation also
of succeeding to the practice of Dr. Kerr, the
father of Lady Davy.

At Northampton Fitton's mother and
three sisters kept house for him, till in 1820
he married Miss James, a lady of ample
fortune, by whom he had five sons and three
daughters. In 1816 Fitton was made M.D.
of Cambridge University, but after his mar-
riage he gave up the active practice of his
profession, removed to London, and devoted
himself entirely to scientific researches,
mainly geological. After acting for several
years as secretary of the Geological Society,
Fitton was made president in 1828. He esta-
blished the ' Proceedings ' of the society.

Fitton was a man of very independent
spirit. He strongly supported Herschel in
opposition to the Duke of Sussex for the chair
of the Eoyal Society. His house was a
hospitable meeting-place for scientific per-
sons, and while president of the Geological
Society he held a regular conversazione on
Sundays. Fitton was elected a fellow of the
Eoyal Society in 1815; he also belonged to
the Linnean, Astronomical, and Geographical
Societies. He was awarded the Wollaston
medal by the Geological Society in 1 852. He
died at his house in London on 13 May 1861.

Fitton's scientific work began in 1811 with
his paper, < Notice respecting the Geological
structure of the vicinity of Dublin (' Trans.
Geological Society,' 1811). Between 1817
and 1841 he contributed a series of papers
to the ' Edinburgh Review ' upon contempo-
raneous geological topics, such as ' William
Smith's Geological Map of England,' ' Lyell's
Geology,' the ' Silurian System,' &c. But
Fitton's best work was done between 1824
• and 1836, when he laid down the proper suc-

cession of the strata between the oolite and
the chalk ; dividing the ' greensand ' into an
upper and a lower division, separated by a
bed of clay, the gault. This work forms a
distinct landmark in the history of geology.
His principal papers descriptive of the green-
sand are contained in the ' Proceedings ' and
in the ' Transactions' of the Geological So-
ciety for 1834-5, and in the « Journal' of the
same society, 1845-6. It was Fitton's de-
light to instruct others in practical geology,
and many travellers, including Sir John
Franklin, Sir George Back, and Sir John
Richardson, received valuable assistance from
him.

Fitton's last paper (he published twenty-
one altogether) was { On the Structure of
North-West Australia ' in the * Proceedings
of the Geographical Society ' for 1857.

[Quart. Journ. Geological Society, president's
address, 1862, p. xxx ; Royal Society's Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers.] W. J. H.

FITZAILWIN, HENRY (d. 1212),
first mayor of London, is of doubtful origin.
Dr. Stubbs holds that he ' may have been an
hereditary baron of London' (Const. Hist.
i. 631). Mr. Loftie confidently asserts that
he was a grandson of Leofstan, portreeve
of London before the Conquest (London, pp.
22, 36, 129). The present writer has shown
(Antiquary, xv. 107-8) that this is a fallacy,
partly based on the confusion of three or four
Leofstans, who are similarly confused by
Mr. Freeman (Norman Conquest, v. 469). It
is just possible that the clue may be found
in an entry in the 'Pipe Roll' of 1165 (Sot.
Pip. 11 Hen. II, p. 18), where a Henry Fitz-
ailwin Fitzleofstan, with Alan his brother,
pay for succeeding apparently to lands in
Essex or Hertfordshire, since we learn that
our Henry Fitzailwin held lands at Watton
and Stone in Hertfordshire by tenure of ser-
jeanty (Testa de Nevill, p. 270 d), which de-
scended to his heirs (ib. pp. 276 b, 266 b). In
that case his grandfather was a Leofstan, but
as yet unidentified. It has been urged by the
writer (Academy, 12 Nov. 1887) that Henry's
career should be divided into two periods : the
first, in which he is styled Henry Fitzailwin
(i.e. JEthelwine), and the second, in which he
figures as mayor of London. He appears as
a witness under the former style in a docu-
ment printed by Palgrave (Rot. Cur. Hey.
cvii), in a duchy of Lancaster charter (Box
A. No. 163), and in two of the St. Paul's
muniments (9th Rep. i. 25, 26). A grant of
his also is printed by Palgrave (Rot. Cur.
Reg. cv). As mayor he occurs far more fre-
quently, namely five times, in the St. Paul's
muniments (9th Rep. i. 8, 10, 20, 22, 27),

Fitzailwin

86

Fitzalan

twice in the ' Rot. Cur. Reg.' (pp. 171, 432),
viz. in 1198 and 1199, and once in an Essex
charter of 1197 (Harl Cart. 83 A, 18). His
last dated appearance in the first capacity is
30 Nov. 1191, and he first appears as mayor
in April 1193 (HovEDE^, iii. 212). He pro-
bably therefore became mayor between these
dates. This is fatal to the well-known as-
sertion in the ' Cronica Maiorum et Vice-
comitumLondonise' (Liber de Ant. Leg.} that
' Henricus filius Eylwini de London-stane '
was made mayor in '1188' or 1189, and is
even at variance with Mr. Coote's hypothesis
that the mayoralty originated in the grant of
a communa 10 Oct. 1191 (vide infra). Dr.
Stubbs, however, leans to this date as the com-
mencement of Henry's mayoralty (Sel. Chart.
p. 300; Const. Hist. i. 630). Though he con-
tinued mayor, as far as can be ascertained,
uninterruptedly till his death, the only re-
corded event of his mayoralty is his famous
' assize ' (Liber de Ant. Leg. p. 206 ; Liber
Aldus, p. 319). And even this is only tra-
ditionally associated with his name. In 1203
he is found holding two knight's fees of the
honour of ' Peverel of London ' (Rot. Cane.
3 John). He derived his description as ' de
London-stane' from his house, which stood
on the north side of St. Swithin's Church
in Candlewick (now Cannon) Street, over
against London Stone. He also held pro-
perty at Hoo in Kent, Warlingham and
Burnham in Surrey, and Edmonton in Middle-
sex. He is found presiding over a meet-
ing of the citizens, 24 July 1212, consequent
on the great fire of the previous week (Liber
Custumarum, p. 88). The earliest notice of
his death is a writ of 5 Oct. 1212, ordering
his lands to be taken into the king's hands
(Rot. Pat. 14 John). It is often erroneously
placed in 1213. His wife, Margaret, sur-
vived him (Rot. Glaus. 14 John), as did his
three younger sons, Alan, Thomas, and Ri-
chard (ib. 15 John), but his eldest son, Peter,
who had married Isabel, daughter and heir
of Bartholomew de Cheyne, had died before
him, leaving two daughters, of whom the
survivor was in 1212 Henry Fitzail win's heir.

[Patent Rolls (Record Commission) ; Close
Rolls (ib.); Testa de Nevill (ib.); Palgrave's
Rotuli Curise Regis (ib.) ; Rot. Cane, (ib.) ; Pipe
Roll Society's works; Duchy Charters (Public
Record Office) ; Boger Hoveden (Rolls Series) ;
Riley's Munimenta Gildhalle Londoniensis (ib.) ;
Reports on Historical MSS. ; Stapleton's Liber
de Antiquis Legibus (Camd. Soc.) ; Stubbs's Se-
lect Charters and Constitutional Hist. ; Freeman's
Norman Conquest; Antiquary, 1887; Academy,
1887 ; Coote's A Lost Charter (London and
Middlesex Arch. Trans, vol. A'.); Loftie's London
(Historic Towns).] J. H. R.

FITZALAN, BERTRAM (d. 1424), Car-
melite, said to have been a member of the great
family of the Fitzalans, entered the Carmelite
fraternity at Lincoln, and studied at Oxford,
presumably in the house of his order, where
William Quaplod, also a Carmelite, who be-
came bishop of Derry (not of Kildare, as Bale
has it) in 1419, was his friend and patron.
Fitzalan, after proceeding to the degree of,
master, seems to have returned to Lincoln,
and to have there founded a library, in which
Bale saw the following works of his : l Super
quarto Sententiarum liber i.,' ' Qusestiones
Theologiae,' and ' Ad plebem Conciones.' Pits
also assigns to him a volume of ' Excerpta
qusedam ex aliis auctoribus,' which he men-
tions as existing in the library of Balliol Col-
lege, Oxford. The book has, however, either
been lost, or else Pits was misled by a codex
there (clxv. B) of miscellaneous contents,
some of which are by Cardinal Peter Bertrand.
Fitzalan died on 17 May 1424.

[Leland, Comm, de Scriptt. Brit.dxxviii. p. 436
(ed. A. Hall, 1709); Bale, Scriptt. Brit. Cat.
vii. 64, p. 558 ; Pits, De Angl. Scriptt. p. 610 et
seq. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 282.] R. L. P.

FITZALAN, BRIAN, LOKD OP BEDALE
(d. 1306), was descended from a younger
branch of the Counts of Brittany and Earls
of Richmond. His father, Brian Fitzalan, an
itinerant justice (Foss, Judges, ii. 326), and
sheriff of Northumberland between 1227 and
1235 and of Yorkshire between 1236 and 1239
( Thirty-first Report of Deputy-Keeper of Re-
cords, pp. 321, 364), was grandson of Brian, a
younger son of Alan of Brittany, and brother,
therefore, of Count Conan, the father of Con-
stance, wife of Geoffrey of Anjou (DFGDALE,
Baronage, i. 53 ; cf. Harl. MS. 1052, f. 9).
He was summoned to the Welsh war of
1282, and in 1287 to the armed council at
Gloucester. In 1290 he was appointed by
Edward warden of the castles of Forfar,
Dundee, Roxburgh, and Jedburgh. They re-
mained in his custody till 1292 (STEVENSON,
Doc. illustrative of Scott, Hist. i. 207-8, 350).
In 1292 he was made by Edward one of the
guardians of Scotland during the vacancy of
the throne (Fcedera, i. 761 ; cf. RISHASTGEK,
p. 250, Rolls Ser.) He took a leading share
in the judicial proceedings which resulted in
John Baliol being declared by Edward king
of Scotland, and after witnessing the new
king's homage to Edward surrendered his
rolls and official documents to the new king
(Focdera, i. 782, 785). In 1294 he was sum-
moned to repress the Welsh revolt. In 1295
he received a summons to the famous parlia-
ment of that year. Henceforth he was regu-
larly summoned, but always as * Brian Fitz-

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

g

N

alan,' though in 1301 he subscribed the letter
of the magnates sent from the Lincoln par-
liament to the pope as ' Lord of Bedale.' In
1296 and the succeeding years he was almost
constantly occupied in Scotland. On 10 July
1296 he was present at Brechin when John
Baliol submitted to Edward (STEVENSON, ii.
61). Though summoned on 7 July 1297 to
serve in person beyond sea, he was on 12 July
appointed captain of all garrisons and fort-
resses in Northumberland. On 14 Aug. 1297
he was appointed guardian of Scotland in
succession to Earl Warenne (_Fcedera,i. 874).
An interesting letter is preserved, in which
he remonstrates with the king for appointing
one of so small ability and power as himself to
sogreat apost. He was only worth 1,000/., and
feared that the salary of his office, inadequate
for so great a noble ashispredecessor,would be
still more insufficient for himself (STEVENSON,
ii. 222-4). But on 24 Sept. he was ordered to
go at once to Scotland and act with Warenne
fr. ii. 232). On 28 Sept. the musters from
ottinghamshire and Derbyshire were or-
dered to assemble under his command, and in
October he was made captain of the marches
adjoining Northumberland. In 1298 Earl
Warenne was again the royal representative
(HEMINGBURGH, ii. 155). In 1299, 1300, and
lastly in 1303, Fitzalan was again summoned
against the Scots. His last parliamentary
summonses were for 1305 to Westminster,
and for May 1306, for the occasion of making
Edward, the king's son, a knight. He died,
however, before June 1306 (see note in ParL
Writs, i. 598 ; cf. Calendarium Genealogicum,
p. 619). He was buried in Bedale Church,
* where he hath a noble monument, with his
effigies in armour cross-leg'd thereon ' (DuG-
DALE). He left by his wife Matilda two
daughters, Matilda, aged 8, and Catharine,
aged 6, who were his coheiresses ( Cal. Geneal.
p. 619). His possessions were partly in
Yorkshire and partly in Lincolnshire.

[Parl. Writs, i. 598-9 ; Kymer's Fcedera, vol.
i. ; Stevenson's Documents illustr. of Hist, of
Scotland; Calendarium Genealogicum; Dugdale's
Baronage, i. 53.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, EDMUND, EARL OF
ARUNDEL (1285-1326), son of Richard I
Eitzalan, earl of Arundel [q. v.], and his
Italian wife Alisona, was born on 1 May
1285 (Cal. Genealogicum, ii. 622). In 1302
he succeeded to his father's titles and estates.
On Whitsunday (22 May) 1306 he was
knighted by Edward I, on the occasion of the
knighting of Edward the king's son and many
others, and was at the same time married to
Alice, sister and ultimately heiress of John,
earl Warenne (Ann. Worcester in Ann. Mon.

iv. 558 ; LANGTOFT, ii. 368). He then served
in the campaign against the Scots, and was
still in the north when Edward I died. At
Edward H's coronation he was a bearer of
the royal robes (Fcedera, ii. 36). On 2 Dec.
1307 he was beaten at the Wallingford tour-
nament by Gaveston,and straightway became
a mortal enemy of the favourite (MALMES-
BURY, in STUBBS'S Chron. Ed. I and Ed. II,
Rolls Series, ii. 156). In 1309 he joined
Lancaster in refusing to attend a council
at York on 18 Oct. (HEMINGBURGH, ii.
275), and in 1310 was appointed one of the
lords ordainers (Rot. ParL i. 443 b). In
1312 he was one of the five earls who formed
a league against Gaveston (MALMESBTJRY, p.
175), and he warmly approved of the capture
of the favourite at Scarborough. Even after
Gaveston's murder Arundel adhered to the
confederate barons and was with Lancaster
one of the last to be reconciled to the king.
In 1314 he was one of the earls who refused
to accompany Edward to the relief of Stir-
ling, and thus caused the disaster of Ban-
nockburn (ib. p. 201). In 1316 he was ap-
pointed captain-general of the country north
of the Trent, and in 1318, after being one
of the mediators of a fresh pacification, was
made a member of the permanent council
then established to watch the king. In
1319 he served against the Scots.

The Despensers now ruled Edward, and
the marriage of Arundel's eldest son to the
daughter of the younger Hugh was either
the cause or the result of an entire change
in his political attitude. He consented in-
deed to their banishment in 1321, but after-
wards pleaded the coercion of the magnates.
When Edward's subsequent attempt to re-
store them began, Arundel still seemed to
waver in his allegiance. Finally in October

1321 he joined Edward at the siege of Leeds
Castle, and henceforth supported consistently
the royal cause ($.p.263, 'propteraffinitatem
Hugonis Despenser,' a phrase suggesting that
the marriage had already been arranged). In

1322 he persuaded the Mortimers to surrender
to the king at Shrewsbury (Ann. Paul in
STUBBS'S Chron. Ed. I and Ed. II, i. 301), acted
as one of the judges of Thomas of Lancaster
at Pontefract (ib. p. 302), and received large
grants from the forfeited estates of Badlesmere
and the Mortimers. The great office of jus-
tice of Wales was transferred from Mortimer
to him (Abbrev.Eot. Orig. i. %SS),*ndm
that capacity he received the writs directing
the attendance of Welsh members to the
parliament at York (Rot. Parl. i. 456). His
importance in Wales had been ^also largely
increased by his acquisitions of Kerry, Chirk,
and Cydewain. In 1325 he also became

Fitzalan

88

Fitzalan

warden of the Welsh marches (Par I. Writs,
II. iii. 854), and in 1326 he still was justice
of Wales (jRwfcro, ii. 641). In 1326 he and
his brother-in-law Earl Warenne were the
only earls who adhered to the king after the
invasion of Mortimer and Isabella. He was
appointed in May chief captain of the army
to be raised in Wales and the west ; but he
does not seem to have been able to make
effectual head against the enemy even in his
own district. He was captured in Shrop-
shire by John Charlton, first lord Charlton
of Powys [q. v.], and led to the queen at
Hereford, where on 17 Nov. he was executed
without more than the form of a trial, to
gratify the rancorous hostility of Mortimer
to a rival border chieftain (Ann. Paul. p. 321,
says beheaded, but KNIGHTON, c. 2546, says
' distractus et suspensus '). His estates were
forfeited, and the London mob plundered
his treasures.

By his wife Alice, sister of John, earl
Warenne, Arundel had a fairly numerous
family. His eldest son, Richard' II Fitzalan
[q. v.], ultimately succeeded to his title and
estates. He had one other son, Edmund,
who seems to have embraced the ecclesiasti-
cal profession, and to have afterwards aban-
doned it. Of his daughters, Aleyne married
Roger L'Estrange, and was still alive in 1375
(NICOLAS, Testamenta Vetusta, p. 94), and
Alice became the wife of John Bohun, earl
of Hereford. A third daughter, Jane, is said
to have been married to Lord Lisle (compare
the genealogies in EYTON, Shropshire, vii.
229, and in YEATMAN. House of Arundel,
p. 324).

[Rymer's Fcedera, vol. i. ; Eolls of Parliament,
vol. ii. ; Parl. Writs, vol. ii. ; Stubbs's Chronicles
of Edward I and Edward II (Rolls Series) ;
Knighton in Twysden, Decem Scriptores ; Wal-
ter of Hemingburgh (Engl.Hist. Soc.) ; Dugdale's
Baronage, i. 316-17; Doyle's Official Baronage,
i. 70 ; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, 212-24 ; Vin-
cent's Discoverie of Errours in Brooke's Cata-
logue of Nobility, p. 26.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, HENRY, twelfth EARL OF
ARTTNDEL (1511 P-1580), born about 1511,
was the only son of William Fitzalan, eleventh
earl of Arundel, K.G., by his second wife,
Lady Anne Percy, daughter of Henry Percy,
fourth earl of Northumberland. He was
named after Henry VIII, who personally
stood godfather at his baptism (Life, King's
MS. xvii. A. ix. f. 5). Upon entering his
fifteenth year his father proposed to place
him in the household of Cardinal Wolsey,
but he preferred the service of the king, who
received him with affection (ib. if. 3-7). He
was in the train of Henry at the Calais in-
terview of September 1532 (GAIRDNEE, Let-

ters and Papers of Reign of Henry VIII,
vol. v. App. No. 33). In February 1533 he
was summoned to parliament by the title of
Lord Maltravers (ib. vol. vi. No. 123). In
July 1534 he was one of the peers summoned
to attend the trial of William, lord Dacre of
Gillesland (ib. vol. vii. No. 962). In May
1536 he was present at the trial of Anno-
Boleyn and Lord Rochford (ib. vol. x. No.
876). In 1540 he succeeded Arthur Planta-
genet, viscount Lisle, in the office of deputy
of Calais. During a successful administra-
tion of three years he devoted himself to the-
improvement of military discipline and to
the strengthening of the town. At his own
expense the fortifications were extended or
repaired, and large bodies of serviceable re-
cruits were raised. The death of his father
in January 1543-4 recalled him home. On
24 April of that year he was elected K.G.
(Harl. MS. 4840, f. 729 ; BELTZ, Memorials,
p. clxxv), and during the two following
months appears to have lived at Arundel
Place. On war being declared with France
Arundel and the Duke of Suifolk embarked
in July 1544 with a numerous body of troops
for the French coast ; Henry himself followed
in a few days, and on 26 July the whole force
of the English, amounting to thirty thousand
men, encamped before the walls of Boulogne.
Arundel on being created ' marshal of the
field' began elaborate preparations for in-
vesting the town. The besieged made a most
determined resistance. In the night, how-
ever, of 11 Sept. a mine was successfully
sprung. He immediately ordered a sharp
cannonade, and at the head of a chosen body
of troops marched to the intrenchments, and
when the artillery had effected a breach by
firing over his head, successfully stormed the
town. On his return to England Arundel
was rewarded with the office of lord cham-
berlain, which he continued to fill during
the remainder of Henry's reign. ' The boke
of Henrie, Earle of Arundel, Lorde Chamber-
leyn to Kyng Henrie th' Eighte,' containing
thirty-two folio leaves and consisting of in-
structions to the king's servants in the duties
j of their several places, is preserved in Harl.
i MS. 4107, and printed from another copy in
j Jeffery's edition of the ' Antiquarian Reper-
tory,' 4to, 1807, ii. 184-209. In his will the
king bequeathed him 200/. At Henry's fune-
ral Arundel was present as one of the twelve
assistant mourners, and at the offering brought
up, together with the Earl of Oxford, ' the
king's broidered coat of armes ' (STRTPE, Me-
morials, 8vo ed. vol. ii. App. pp. 4, 15).

On the accession of Edward VI, in 1547,
Arundel was retained in the post of lord
chamberlain and chosen to act as high con-

Fitzalan

89

Fitzalan

?xable at the coronation. He had also been
"named, in the will of Henry VIII, as a mem-
ber of the council of twelve, intended to as-
sist the executors in cases of difficulty; but
his influence was destroyed when Somerset
became protector. Somerset soon disgusted
the other members of the cabinet, and Arun-
del was among the first to urge his dismissal
in favour of the Earl of Warwick. At
length, in 1549, Somerset was sent to the
Tower, while Arundel, Warwick, and four
other lords were appointed to take charge of
the king. Warwick quickly grew jealous
of Arundel's influence. When the bill for
the infliction of penalties on Somerset was
brought before parliament in 1550 Arun-
del was still in office ; but a series of ridicu-
lous charges had been collected against him
from the last twelve years of his life, and
when the late protector obtained his release
the earl had been dismissed from his employ-
ments. It was asserted that he had abused
his privileges as lord chamberlain to enrich
himself and his friends, that he had removed
the locks and bolts from the royal stores
at Westminster, had distributed ' the king's
stuff' among his acquaintance, and had been
guilty of various other acts of embezzle-
ment. The proof of these charges was
never exhibited, and Edward himself in his
* Diary ' terms the offences only ' crimes of
suspicion against him ; ' but the ' suspicion '
was sufficient for the purposes of Warwick.
Arundel was removed from the council, was
ordered to confine himself to his house, and
was mulcted in the sum of 12,000/., to be
paid in equal annual instalments of 1,000/.
each. His confinement, however, was of
short duration, and the injustice of the ac-
cusations having been ascertained, 8,000/. of
the fine was remitted. Arundel had been sent
into Sussex to allay the insurrection of 1549.
By his influence tranquillity was perfectly re-
stored throughout Sussex ( CaL State Papers,
Dom. 1547-80, p. 19). When renewed symp-
toms of uneasiness appeared shortly after his
release, the council made a second request
for his assistance in repressing the disturb-
ance. Arundel returned a severely dignified
refusal. His late punishment, he said, for
oifences which he had never committed had
injured him both in his fortune arid his health,
and he did not understand why his services,
which had formerly been so ill requited, were
again demanded. The council, after attempt-
ing to frighten him into submission, were
glad to despatch the Duke of Somerset in his
stead.

His opposition to Warwick and the ruling
party at court subjected him to much perse-
cution. Finding the necessity of offering a

united resistance to the aggressions of War-
wick, he formed a friendship with his old
enemy the Duke of Somerset. On 16 Oct.
1551 Somerset was a second time committed
to the Tower on charges of felony and treason.
In the original depositions no mention was
made of Arundel as an accomplice, but in a
few days the evidence of one of the accused,
named Crane, began to implicate him ; by
degrees Crane's recollections became more
vivid, and on 8 Nov. Arundel was arrested
and conveyed to the Tower ('King Ed-
ward's Diary ' in Cotton MS. Titus, B. ii.)
It was said that he had listened to overtures
from Somerset, and that he was privy to
the intended massacre of Northumberland,
Northampton, and Pembroke, at the house
of Lord Paget. These accusations rest en-
tirely on the doubtful testimony of Crane
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 36).
During more than twelve months that Arun-
del was confined to the Tower, Northumber-
land, although he plotted unceasingly against
the life of his prisoner, never ventured to
bring him to his trial ; Arundel's subsequent
confession was exacted as the condition of
his pardon, and on a subsequent occasion he
publicly asserted his innocence in the pre-
sence, and with the assent, of Pembroke him-
self. On 3 Dec. 1552 he was called before
the privy council, required to sign a sub-
mission and confession, and fined in the sum
of six thousand marks, to be paid in equal
portions of one thousand marks annually ;
he was bound in a recognisance of ten thou-
sand marks to be punctual in his payment of
the fine, and was at length dismissed with
an admonition (STEYPE, Memorials, ii. 383,
from the Council Book). The declining
health of the king suggested to Northumber-
land the expediency of conciliating the no-
bility. Arundel was first restored to his place
at the council board, and four days before
Edward's death was discharged entirely of
his fine. In June 1553 he strongly protested
against Edward's ' device ' for the succession,
by which the king's sisters were declared
illegitimate. He ultimately signed the letters
patent, but not the bond appended, with a

| deliberate intention of deserting Northum-
berland whenever a chance should present
itself. On the death of the king, 6 July 1553,
Arundel entered with apparent ardour into
the designs of the duke. But on the very
same evening, while the council were still dis-

1 cussing the measures necessary to be adopted
before they proclaimed the Lady Jane, he
contrived to forward a letter to Mary, in
which he informed her of her brother's death;
assured her that Northumberland's motive in
conceding it was ' to entrap her before she

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

knew of it ; ' and concluded by urging her to
retire to a position of safety. Mary followed
his advice ; while Arundel continued during
more than ten days to concur in Northumber-
land's schemes with a view to his betrayal.
He attended the meetings of the council, he
signed the letter to Mary denouncing her as
illegitimate, and asserted the title of her
rival ; he accompanied Northumberland and
others when they informed Jane of her ac-
cession to the crown, and attended her on
the progress from Sion House to the Tower
preparatory to her coronation. Arundel and
the other secret partisans of Mary persuaded
Northumberland to take the command in
person of the force raised to attack Mary,
and assured him of their sympathy when
-he started. His speeches strongly betrayed
his distrust of Arundel (Sxow, Annales, ed.
Howes, 1615, pp. 610, 611 ; HOLINSHED,
Chronicles, ed. Hooker, 1587, iii. 1086).

Arundel lost no time in endeavouring to
sound the dispositions of the councillors. They
were still under the eyes of the Tower gar-
rison. Their first meeting to form their plans
was within the Tower walls, and Arundel
said ' he liked not the air.' On 19 July 1553
they managed to pass the gates under pre-
tence, says Bishop Godwin, of conference with
the French ambassador, Lavall (Annals of
Queen Mary, pp. 107, 108), and made their
way to Pembroke's house at Baynard's
Castle, above London Bridge, when they sent
for the mayor, the aldermen, and other city
magnates. Arundel opened the proceedings
in a vehement speech. He denounced the
ambition and violence of Northumberland,
asserted the right of the two daughters of
Henry VIII to the throne, and concluded
by calling on the assembly to unite with him
in vindicating the claim of the Lady Mary.
Pembroke pledged himself to die in the cause,
amid general applause. The same evening
Mary was proclaimed queen at the cross at
Cheapside, and at St. Paul's. Pembroke took
possession of the Tower, and Arundel, with
Lord Paget, galloped off with the great seal
and a letter from the council, which he de-
livered to Mary at Framlingham Castle in
Suffolk (tjie draft of this letter is printed in
Sir Henry Ellis's 2nd series of ' Original
Letters,' ii. 243, from Lansdowne MS. 3).
He then hastened to Cambridge to secure
Northumberland. Their meeting is described
by Stow (p. 612) and by Holinshed (iii.
1088). In Harl. MS. 787, f. 61, is a copy of
the piteous letter which Northumberland
addressed to Arundel the night before his
execution (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p.
213).

In reward of his exertions Mary bestowed

on Arundel the office of lord steward of the
household ; to this were added a seat at the
council board, a license for two hundred
retainers beyond his ordinary attendants
(STRYPE, Memorials, iii. 480), and a variety
of local privileges connected with his posses-
sions in Sussex. He was also appointed to
act as lord high constable at the coronation,
and was deputed to confer on any number
of persons not exceeding sixty the dignity
of knighthood (HARDY, Syllabus of Rymer's
Fcedera, ii. 792). Though favoured by the
queen he deemed it politic to make some
show of resenting her derogatory treatment
of Elizabeth. In September 1553 he was
a commissioner for Bishop Bonner's restitu-
tion (STRYPE, Memorials, iii. 23). On 1 Jan.
1553-4 he was nominated a commissioner
to treat of the queen's marriage, and on 17
Feb. 1554 he was lord high steward on the
trial of the Duke of Suffolk. He bore, too,
a part in checking the progress of Wyatt's
shortlived rebellion. On Philip's landing at
Southampton, 20 July 1554, Arundel re-
ceived him and immediately presented him
with the George and Garter (SPEED, Historic
of Great Britaine, ed. 1632, p. 1121). Along
with William, marquis of Winchester and
others, he received from Philip and Mary,
6 Feb. 1555, a grant of a charter of incor-
poration by the name of Merchant Adven-
turers of England for the discovery of un-
known lands (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ad-
denda, 1547-65, p. 437 ; the grant is printed
in HAKLIJYT, i. 298-304). In May 1555 he
was selected with Cardinal Pole, Gardiner,
and Lord Paget to urge the mediatorial offices
of the queen at the congress of Marque, and
to effect, if possible, a renewal of amity be-
tween the imperial and French crowns. He
accompanied Philip to Brussels in the fol-
lowing September. In the same year (1555)
he was elected high steward of the university
of Oxford. When the troubles with France
commenced, the queen appointed Arundel,
26 July 1557, lieutenant-general and captain
of the forces for defence of the kingdom
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 93).
The following year he was deputed with
Thirlby, bishop of Ely, and Dr. Nicholas
Wotton to the conferences held by England,
France, and Spain, in the abbey of Cercamp,
and was actually engaged in arranging the
preliminaries of a general peace, when the
death of Mary, in November 1558, caused
him to abruptly return home in December
(cf. MS. Life, f. 53; also the letter addressed
by Arundel and Wotton to their colleague,
the Bishop of Ely, which is printed, from
the original preserved at Norfolk House,
in Tierney's 'Hist, of Arundel/ pp. 335-7.

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

It is dated ' Ffrom Arras, the xvth of No-
vembre, 1558,' and relates to a proposed
meeting at that town. Other letters and
despatches will be found in Cal. State Papers.
For. 1558).

By Elizabeth, Arundel was retained in all
the employments which he had held in the
preceding reign, although he was trusted by
no one (FROUDE, ch. xxxvi.), chiefly because
she could not afford to alienate so powerful a
subject. A commission, dated 21 Nov. 1558,
empowers Arundel, William, lord Howard
of Effingham, Thirlby, and Wotton to treat
with Scotland ; it was made out on 27 Sept.
in the last year of Mary, and the alterations
are in the handwriting of .Sir William Cecil
(Cal. State Papers, , Scottish Ser. i. 107). Dis-
gusted by the ' sinister worldnge of some
meane persons of her counsaile,' Arundel had
surrendered the staff of lord steward shortly
before the death of Mary (MS. Life, ff. 49-
51). Elizabeth on her accession replaced it
in his hands ; she called him to a seat in the
council, and added to his other honours the
appointments of high constable for the day
before, and high steward for the day of her
coronation, on which occasion he received a
commission to create thirty knights (HARDY,
Syllabus of Rymer's Fcedera, ii. 798, 799). In
January 1559 he was elected chancellor of
the university of Oxford, but resigned the
office, probably from religious motives, in
little more than four months (WooD, Fasti
Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 86, 87). In August 1559
Elizabeth visited him at Nonsuch in Cheam,
Surrey, where for five days she was sump-
tuously entertained with banquets, masques,
and music (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80,
p. 136). At her departure she accepted i a
cupboard of plate ' (NICHOLS, Progresses of
Queen Elizabeth, i. 74), as she had before re-
ceived the perquisites obtained by the earl at
her coronation. The queen paid several sub-
sequent visits to Nonsuch (LYSONS, Environs,
i. 154-5). In August 1560 he was one of the
commissioners appointed to arrange a com-
mercial treaty with the Hanse Towns. Dur-
ing the same year Arundel, in the queen's
presence, sharply rebuked Edward, lord Clin-
ton, who advocated the prosecution of the
war with Scotland for the arrest of English
subjects found attending mass at the Span-
ish or French chapels, and Elizabeth herself
could scarcely prevent them from coming to
blows. 'Those,' Arundel exclaimed, 'who
had advised the war with Scotland were
traitors to their country ' (FROTJDE, ch.
xxxviii.) Being a widower Arundel was
named among those who might aspire to the
queen's hand, a fact which led to a violent
quarrel with Leicester in 1561 (ib. ch. xl.)

Upon the queen's dangerous illness in Oc-
tober 1562 a meeting was held at the house
of Arundel in November to reconsider the
succession. The Duke of Norfolk, Arun-
del's son-in-law, was present. The object
was to further the claims of Lady Catherine
Grey, to whose son Norfolk's infant daughter
was to be betrothed. The discussion ended
at two in the morning without result.
When the queen heard of it she sent for
Arundel to reproach him, and Arundel, it
is said, replied that if she intended to govern
England with her caprices and fancies the
nobility would be forced to interfere (ib. ch.
xl.) In 1564 he resigned the staff of lord
steward 'with sundry speeches of offence'
(STRYPE, Annals, i. 413), and Elizabeth, to
resent the affront, restrained him to his
house.

Though released within a month from his
confinement, Arundel felt deeply the humilia-
tion of his suit. Early in 1566 a smart at-
tack of gout afforded him a pretext for visit-
ing the baths at Padua. He returned in
March 1567. On his arrival at Canterbury
he was met by a body of more than six hun-
dred gentlemen from Kent, Sussex, and Sur-
rey ; at Blackheath the cavalcade was joined
by the recorder, the aldermen, and many of
the chief merchants of London, and as it drew
near to the metropolis the lord chancellor,
the earls of Pembroke, Huntingdon, Sussex,
Warwick, and Leicester, with others, to the
number of two thousand horsemen, came out
to meet him. He passed in procession through
the city, and having paid his respects to the
queen at Westminster went by water to his
house in the Strand.

It has often been asserted, but quite erro-
neously, that on this occasion Arundel ap-
peared in the first coach, and presented to
Elizabeth the first pair of silk stockings ever
seen in England. The subject has been fully
discussed by J. G. Nichols in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine ' for 1833 (vol. ciii. pt. ii. p.
212, n. 12). That he sent the queen some
valuable presents appears from her letter
to him, dated at Westminster, 16 March
1567 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p.
289).

Arundel was now partially restored to fa-
vour, so that when the conferences relative
to the accusations brought by the Earl of
Murray against the Queen of Scots were re-
moved in November 1568 from Yorkto West-
minster, he was joined in the commission (ib.
Scottish Ser. ii. 864). His hopes of gaining
Elizabeth in marriage had long been buried.
As the leader of the old nobility and the ca-
tholic party he now resolved that the Queen
of Scots should marry Norfolk ; Cecil and

Fitzalan

Fitzalan

Bacon were to be overthrown, Elizabeth de-
posed, and the catholic religion restored. He
became intimate with Leslie, bishop of Ross,
and with Don Gueran, the Spanish ambassa-
dor. In 1569 he undertook to carry Leslie's
letter to Elizabeth, wherein it was falsely as-
serted that the king of Spain had directed
the Duke of Alva and Don Gueran * to treat
and conclude with the Queen of Scots for her
marriage in three several ways,' and thus
alarm the queen by the prospect of a possible
league between France and Spain and the
papacy. He followed up the blow by lay-
ing in writing before her his own objections
to extreme measures against Mary Stuart
(FROTJDE, ch. li.) When at length the dis-
covery of the proposed marriage determined
Elizabeth to commit the Duke of Norfolk to
the Tower, Arundel was also placed under
arrest, and restrained to his house in the
Strand in September 1569 (Cal. State Papers,
Scottish Ser. ii. 880). The northern insur-
rection which broke out a few weeks later
added to the length and rigour of his confine-
ment. From Arundel House he was removed
to Eton College, and thence to Nonsuch (ib.
Dom. Addenda, 1566-79, pp. 269, 279, 284,
286), where a close imprisonment brought on
a return of the gout, and by withdrawing
him from his concerns contributed to involve
Mm in many pecuniary difficulties, which,
however, his son-in-law, Lord Lumley, did
much to alleviate. Though his name appeared
conspicuously in the depositions of the pri-
soners examined after the northern rebellion,
lie had been too prudent to commit himself
to open treason. * He was able to represent
his share of the conspiracy as part of an honest
policy conceived in Elizabeth's interests, and
Elizabeth dared not openly break with the
still powerful party among the nobles to
which Arundel belonged.' Leicester, desiring
to injure Cecil, had little difficulty in inducing
the queen to recall Arundel to the council
board during the following year. "With
Arundel was recalled also Lord Lumley, and
both of them renewed their treasonable com-
munications with Don Gueran and La Mothe
F6nelon. He violently opposed himself to
Elizabeth's matrimonial treaty with the Duke
of Alencon. He strongly remonstrated
against the Earl of Lennox being sent with
Sir William Drury's army to Scotland as the
representative of James. At length the dis-
covery of the Ridolfi conspiracy, to which he
was privy, in September 1571, afforded in-
dubitable evidence that he had been for years
conspiring for a religious revolution and
Elizabeth's overthrow (FROTJDR, ch. Ivi.)
He was again placed under a guard at his
own house, and did not regain his liberty

until December 1572 (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. Addenda, 1566-79, p. 454).

Arundel passed the remainder of his day§
in seclusion. He died 24 Feb. 1579-80 at
Arundel House in the Strand, and on
22 March was buried, in accordance with his
desire, in the collegiate chapel at Arundel,
where his monument, with a long biogra-
phical inscription from the pen of Lord Lum-
ley, may still be seen (TIERNEY, Hist, of
Arundel, pp. 628-9, and ; College Chapel at
Arundel,' Sussex Archaol. Coll iii. 84-7). The
programme of his funeral is printed in the
* Sussex Archaeological Collections,' xii. 261-
262. In his will, dated 30 Dec. 1579, and
proved 27 Feb. 1579-80, he appointed Lum-
ley his sole executor and residuary legatee
(registered in P. C. C. 1, Arundell). In person
Arundel appears to have been of the middle
size, well proportioned in limb, ' stronge of
bone, furnished with cleane and firme fleshe,
voide of fogines and fatnes.' His counte-
nance was regular and expressive, his voice
powerful and pleasing ; but the rapidity of
his utterance often made his meaning ' some-
what harde to the unskilfull' (MS. Life. ff.
63, 68). His dislike of l new-fangled and
curious tearmes ' was not more remarkable
than his aversion to the use of foreign lan-
guages, although he could speak French
(PTJTTENHAM, Arte of English Poesie, 1589,
p. 227). According to his anonymous bio-
grapher he was ' not unlearned,' and with the
counsel of Humphrey Lhuyd [q. v.], who
lived with him, he formed a library, described
by the same authority as ' righte worthye of
remembrance.' His collection merged in that
of Lord Lumley [q. v.] With Lumley and
Lhuyd he became a member of the Eliza-
bethan Society of Antiquaries enumerated in
the introduction to vol. i. of the * Archteo-
logia,' p. xix.

Arundel was twice married. His first wife,
whom he had married before November 1532
(GAIRDNER, vol. v. No. 1557), wasKatherine,
second daughter of Thomas Grey, marquis of
Dorset, K.G., by whom he had one son, Henry,
lord Maltravers, born in 1538, who died at
Brussels, 30 June 1556, and two daughters,
Jane and Mary. Jane was married before
March 1552 to John, lord Lumley, but had
no issue, and nursed her father after the
death of his second wife, and died in 1576-7.
Mary, born about 1541, became the wife (be-
tween 1552 and 1554) of Thomas Howard,
duke of Norfolk, and the mother of Philip
Howard, who inherited the earldom of Arun-
del. She died 25 Aug. 1557, and was buried
at St. Clement Danes. Both these ladies
were eminent for their classical attainments.
Their learned exercises are preserved in the

Fitzalan

93

Fitzalan

British Museum among the Royal MSS.,
having been handed down with Lord Lum-
ley's library (Gent. Mag. vol. ciii. pt. ii. pp.
494-500). Arundel married secondly Mary,
daughter of Sir John Arundell of Lanherne,
Cornwall, and widow of Robert Ratcliffe,
first earl of Sussex of that family, and K.G.
She had no children by Arundel, and dying
21 Oct. 1557 at Arundel House, was buried
1 Sept. in the neighbouring church of St.
Clement Danes, but was afterwards rein-
terred at Arundel (Sussex Archceol. Coll. iii.
81-2). A curious account of her funeral is
contained in a contemporary diary, Cotton
MS. Vitellius, F. v. Arundel thus died the
last earl of his family.

His portrait was painted by Sir Anthony
More ; another by Hans Holbein, now in the
collection of the Marquis of Bath, has sup-
plied one of the best illustrations of Lodge's
1 Portraits.' A third portrait, dated 1556, is
at Parham House, Sussex. There is also an
engraved likeness of him in armour, half-
length, with a round cap and ruff, the work
of an unknown artist.

[The chief authority is The Life of Henrye
Fitzallen, last Earle of Arundell of that name,
supposed to have been written by his chaplain in
the interval between the earl's death in February
1580 and the following April, and now pre-
served among the King's MSS. xvii. A. ix. in
the British Museum. It has been largely drawn
on by Tierney (Hist, of Arundel, pp. 319-50),
and printed by J. Gr. Nichols in Gent. Mag.
for 1833 (vol. ciii. pt. ii. pp. 11, 118, 210, 490),
accompanied by notes and extracts from other
writers, and is also cursorily noticed in Dalla-
way's History of the Rape of Arundel. The Life
in Lodge's Portraits is both inadequate and in-
accurate. Other authorities are Dugdale's Baron-
age, i. 324 ; Chronicle of Queen Jane (Camd.
Soc.) ; Fronde's Hist, of England ; Tytler's Eng-
land under Edward VI and Mary ; Sussex Archseol
Coll. ; Gal. State Papers, For. 1547-69, Venetian,
1554-8; Nicolas's Historic Peerage (Courthope)
p. 30 ; Nichols's Literary Remains of Edward VI
(Roxb. Club), 1857.] ' G. G-.

FITZALAN, JOHN II, LORD OF OSWES-
TRY, CLTJN, VXD ARUNDEL (1223-1267), was
the son of John I Fitzalan, one of the barons
confederated against King John, and of his
first wife Isabella, sister and finally one o1
the four coheiresses of Hugh of Albini, last
earl of Arundel of that house. In his father's
lifetime he was married to Matilda, daughter
of Theobald le Butiler and Rohese de Ver-
dun. In 1240 his father's death put him in
possession of the great Shropshire estates o
his house, of which the lordship of Oswestry
had been in its possession since the days o:'
Henry I, and that of Clun since the reign o
Henry II. Until 1244, when he attained

his majority, the estates remained in the
ustody of John L'Estrange, sheriff of Shrop-
hire, while in 1242 his father's executors
were quarrelling with Rohese de Verdun,
apparently about his wife's portion (Rot.
Finium, i. 387). In 1243 he received his
mother's share of one-fourth of the inherit-
ance of the Albinis, including the town and
castle of Arundel. In 1244 he entered into
actual possession of all his estates.

In general politics Fitzalan's attitude was
rather inconsistent. He was no friend of
breigners. In 1258 he quarrelled with
Archbishop Boniface about the right of hunt-
ng in Arundel Forest, and in 1263 carried
on a sharp feud with Peter of Aquablanca,
;he Poitevin bishop of Hereford. In the
course of this he seized and plundered the
jishop's stronghold of Bishop's Castle (WEBB,
Introduction to Expenses Roll of Bishop
Swinfield, I. xxi-xxii. Camd. Soc.) In 1258
he seems to have adhered to the baronial
party against Henry III, and so late as De-
cember 1261 was among those still unrecon-
ciled to the king. Yet in 1258 and 1260 he
tiad acted as chief captain of the English
troops against Llewelyn of Wales, who was
on the baronial side. Finally he seems to
have adopted the middle policy of his patron
Edward, the king's son, whom in 1263 he
attended in Wales, acting in the same year
as conservator of the peace in Shropshire and
Staffordshire. He joined Edward and other
magnates in the agreement to refer all dis-
putes to the arbitration of St. Louis (Fce-
dera, i. 433). In April 1264 he was actively
on the king's side, and besieged with Earl
Warenne in Rochester Castle (LELAND, Col-
lectanea, i. 321). After the king had re-
lieved the siege, Fitzalan joined the royal
army and was taken prisoner at the battle
of Lewes (14 May). Next year Montfort's
government required him to surrender either
his son or Arundel Castle as a pledge of his
faithfulness (Fcedera, i. 454). He died in
November 1267, having in October made his
will, in which he ordered that his body should
be buried in the family foundation of Haugh-
mond, Shropshire. He was succeeded (Co-
lend. Geneal. i. 132) by his son John III
Fitzalan (1246-1272), who in his turn was
succeeded by his son Richard I Fitzalan

" John Fitzalan is loosely described by Ri-
shanger (p. 28, Rolls Ser. ; cf. p. 25 Chron. de
Bello, Camd. Soc.) as Earl of Arundel, but m
all writs and official documents he is simply
spoken of as John Fitzalan, and he never
described himself in higher terms than lord
of Arundel. His history does not, then, bear
out the notion that the possession of the

Fitzalan

94

Fitzalan

castle of Arundel conferred an earl's dignity
on its holders (but cf. TIEENEY, Hist. Arun-
del, who holds the contrary view). His son
John also is never spoken of by contemporaries
as Earl of Arundel.

[Kymer's Fcedera, i. 399, 412, 420, 434, 454 ;
Eot. Finium, i. 387, 411, 417; Eyton's Shrop-
shire, vii. 253-6 ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 314-15 ;
Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 68-9; Lords' Ke-
porton the Dignityof a Peer, pp. 411-15 (1819) ;
Yeatman's Genealogical Hist, of the House of
Arundel, pp. 334-5 ; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel,
193-200.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, JOHN VI, EAEL OF
AEUNDEL (1408-1435), born in 1408, was the
son of John Fitzalan, lord Maltravers, and
of his wife, Eleanor, daughter of Sir John
Berkeley of Beverston. His father, the grand-
son of Sir John Arundel, marshal of England,
and of Eleanor, heiress of the house of Mal-
travers, inherited, in accordance with an
entail made by Earl Kichard II [see FITZ-
ALAN, RICHARD II], the castle and earldom of
Arundel after the decease, without heirs male,
of Earl Thomas [see FITZALAN, THOMAS], and
was in 1416 summoned to parliament as Earl
of Arundel. But Thomas Mowbray, duke
of Norfolk, the husband of Earl Thomas's
eldest sister, contested his claim both to the
estate and title, and he received no further
summons as earl. On his death, in 1421, the
question was still unsettled, and the long
minority both of his son and of John, duke
of Norfolk, his rival, still further put off the
suit.

The younger John, called Lord Maltravers,
was knighted in 1426, at the same time as
Henry VI at Leicester (Fcedera, x. 357).
On attaining his majority he was summoned
to parliament as a baron (12 July 1429).
But he still claimed the earldom, and official
documents describe him as ' John, calling
himself Earl of Arundel ' (NICOLAS, Proceed-
ings and Ord. of Privy Council, iv. 28). At
last, in November 1433, on his renewed
petition, it was decided in parliament that
his claims were good, and ' John, now Earl
of Arundel, was admitted to the place and
seat anciently belonging to the earls of
Arundel in parliament and council' (Rot.
Parl. iv. 441-3 ; cf. Lords' Report on the
Dignity of a Peer, p. 405 sq. ; and TIEENEY,
Hist, of Arundel, pp. 107-39, for very diffe-
rent comments on the whole case).

Arundel's petition had been sent from the
field in France, where his distinguished ser-
vices had warmly enlisted the regent Bed-
ford in his favour, and possibly hastened the
favourable decision. In February 1430 he
had entered into indentures to serve Henry
in the French wars, and on 23 April was

among the magnates that disembarked with
the young king at Calais (WAUBIN, Chro-
niques, 1422-31, p. 360). In June he joined
Bedford at Compiegne, and brilliantly dis-
tinguished himself in the siege of that place
(SAiNT-REMY,ii. 181-4). He was thence sent
by Bedford to co-operate with a Burgundian
force in saving Champagne, from the vic-
torious course of the French governor, Bar-
basan. He compelled Barbasan to raise the
siege of Anglure, a place situated between
Troyes and Chalons, but he could not force
an engagement, and was constrained to re-
treat, leaving Anglure a ruin to save it from
falling into the enemies' hands (WAUEIN,
pp. 395, 396; cf. MAETIN, Hist, de France,
vi. 245). In the summer of 1431 he was called
with Talbot from the siege of Louviers to de-
fend the Beauvaisis from invasion, and took
part in the action in which Saintrailles was
captured (SAINT-REMY, ii. 263). On 17 Dec.
he was at Henry VI's coronation at Paris,
and next day shared with the bastard of St.
Pol ' the applause of the ladies for being the
best tilters ' at a tournament (MONSTEELET,
liv. ii. ch. 110).

In February 1432 Arundel was made cap-
tain of the castle of Rouen, and on the night
of 3 March was surprised in his bed by Ri-
carville and 120 picked soldiers, admitted by
the treachery of a B6arnais soldier. Arundel
had only time to escape from capture ; but
the gallant attack was unsupported by a larger
force, and Arundel managed to confine the
assailants to the castle, where twelve days
later they were forced to surrender (CHEETTEL,
Rouen sur les Anglais, p. 113 ; cf. Pieces Jus-
tificatives,^.^; MONSTEELET, liv. ii. ch. 113).
Soon, after he was despatched by Bedford
with twelve hundred men to reconquer some
French fortresses in the Isle de France. He
captured several, but was checked at Lagny-
sur-Marne, where, after partial successes, the
greater part of his troops deserted. Not
even the arrival of Bedford could secure the
capture of Lagny. In November Arundel
returned to Rouen as captain of the town,
castle, and bridge (LuCE, Chronique de Mont
Saint-Michel, ii. 14). In 1433 he was at
the head of a separate army, which operated
mostly upon the southern Norman frontier,
where his troops held Vernon on the Seine
and Verneuil in Perche (STEVENSON, Wars
of English in France, ii. 256, 542, 543) ; while
be was engaged on countless skirmishes, fo-
rays, and sieges (POLYDOEE VEEGIL, p. 482,
ed. 1570). With such success were his
dashing attacks attended that he was able
to carry his arms beyond Normandy into
Anjou and Maine (ib.) He is described as
lieutenant of the king and regent in the

Fitzalan

95

Fitzalan

lower marches of Normandy ' (LtrcE, ii. 20).
His cruelty, no less than his success, made
him exceptionally odious to French patriots
(BLONDEL, Reductio Normannice, pp. 190-6,
is very eloquent on this subject ; cf. MON-
STKELET, liv. ii. ch. 158). In the summer
of 1534 he was despatched with Lord Wil-
loughby to put down a popular revolt among
the peasants of Lower Normandy. This gave
them little difficulty, though in January 1435
Arundel was still engaged on the task (LuCE,
ii. 53). The clemency with which he sought
to spare the peasants and punish the leaders
only was so little seconded by his troops that
it might well have seemed to the French a
new act of cruelty (PoL. VEKG. p. 483). In
February 1435 his approach led Alencon
to abandon with precipitation the siege of
Avranches (LucE, ii. 54).

In May 1435 Arundel was despatched by
Bedford to stay the progress of the French,
arms on the Lower Somme ; but on his arrival
at Gournay he found that the enemy had re-
paired the old fortress of Gerberoy in the
Beauvaisis, whence they were devastating all
the Vexin. He accordingly marched by night
from Gournay to Gerberoy, and arrived at
eight in the morning before the latter place.
But La Hire and Saintrailles had secretly
collected a large force outside the walls, and
simultaneous attacks on the English van from
the castle and from the outside soon put it in
confusion, while the main body was driven
back in panic retreat to Gournay. Arundel
and the small remainder of the van took up
a strong position in the corner of a field, pro-
tected in the rear by a hedge, and in front by
pointed stakes ; but cannon were brought from
the castle, and the second shot from a culverin
shattered Arundel's ankle. On the return
of La Hire from the pursuit the whole body
was slain or captured (MONSTRELET, liv. ii.
ch. 172). Arundel was taken to Beauvais,
where the injured limb was amputated. He
was so disgusted at his defeat that he rejected
the aid of medicine (BASisr, i. Ill), and on
12 June he died. His body was first deposited
in the church of the Cordeliers of that town.
A faithful Shropshire squire, Fulk Eyton,
bought the remains from the French, and his
executors sold them to his brother William,
the next earl but one, who deposited them in
the noble tomb in the collegiate chapel at
Arundel, which Earl John had himself de-
signed for his interment (TiEKNET in Sussex
Arch. Collections, xii. 232-9). His remains
show that he was over six feet in height. The
French regarded the death of the ' English
Achilles ' with great satisfaction. ' He was
a valiant knight,' says Berry king-at-arms,
t and if he had lived he would have wrought

great mischief to France' (GODEFROY, p. 389).
'He was,' says Polydore Vergil, < a man of
singular valour, constancy, and gravity.' But
his exploits were those of a knight and partisan
rather than those of a real general. He had
just before his death been created Duke of
Touraine, and in 1432 had been made a knight
of the Garter.

Arundel had been twice married. His-
first wife was Constance, daughter of Lord
Fanhope ; his second Maud, daughter of
Robert Lovell, and widow of Sir R. Stafford.
By the latter he left a son, Humphrey (1429-
1438), who succeeded him in the earldom.
On Humphrey's early death, his uncle, Wil-
liam IV Fitzalan (1417-1487), the younger
son of John V, became Earl of Arundel. He
was succeeded by his son, Thomas II Fitz-
alan (1450-1524), whose successor was Wil-
liam V Fitzalan (1483-1544), the father of
Henry Fitzalan [q. v.]

[Monstrelet's Chronique, ed. Douet d'Arcq (Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France) ; Waurin's Chroniques,
1422-31 (Rolls Series); Jean le Fevre, Seigneur
de Saint-Remy, Chroniques (Soc. de 1'Histoire de
France) ; Thomas Basin's Histoire de Charles VII,
vol. i. (Soc. de 1'Histoire de France) ; Godefroy's
Histoire de Charles VII, par Jean Chartier,
Jacques leBonvier,&c. (Paris, 1661) ; Stevenson's
"Wars of English in France (Rolls Series) ; Blon-
del's De Reductione Normannise (Rolls Series) ;
Hall's Chronicle, ed. 1809 ; Polydore Vergil's Hist.
Angl. ed. 1570; Rolls of ParL, vol. iv. ; Luce's
Chron. de Mont Saint-Michel, vol. ii. (Soc. des
Anciens Textes Fra^ais) ; Doyle's Official Baron-
age, i. 76; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, pp. 106-27,
292-303, and 625, corrected in Sussex Arch. Coll.
xii. 232-9 ; Lords' Rep. on Dignity of a Peer;
Martin's Hist, de France, vol. vi.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, RICHARD I, EARL OF
ARU^DEL (1267-1302), was the son of
John III Fitzalan, lord of Arundel, by his
wife Isabella, daughter of Roger Mortimer
of Wigmore, and was therefore the grandson
of John II Fitzalan [q.v.] He was pro-
bably born on 3 Feb. 1267 (ElTON, vii. 258,
but cf. Calendarium Genealogicum, i. 347,
which makes him a little older). His father
died when he was five years old, and his
estates were scandalously wasted by his
grandmother Matilda, and her second hus-
band, Richard de Amundeville (EYTOtf, iv.
122). He was himself, however, under the
wardship of his grandfather, Mortimer, though
several custodians, among whom was his
mother (1280), successively held his castle
of Arundel. In 1287 he received his first
writ of summons against the rebel Rhys ap
Maredudd, and was enjoined to reside on his
Shropshire estates until the revolt was put
down (ParL Writs, i. 599). He is there

Fitzalan

96

Fitzalan

described as Richard Fitzalan, but in 1292
he is called Earl of Arundel in his pleas, in
answer to writs of quo warranto (Placita de
•quo warranto, pp. 681, 687). It is said, with-
out much evidence, that he had been created
earl in 1289 (VINCENT, Discovery, p. 25),
when he was knighted by Edward I. But the
title was loosely and occasionally assigned
to his father and grandfather also, though
certainly without any formal warranty, for
the doctrine of the act of 11 Henry VI, that
all who possessed the castle of Arundel be-
came earls without other title, was certainly
not law in the thirteenth century (Lords' He-
port on the Dignity of a Peer, but cf . DTJGDALE,
Baronage, i. 315). In 1292 his zeal to join
the army was the excuse for a humiliating
submission to Bishop Gilbert of Chichester,
after a quarrel about his right of hunting
in Houghton forest (TiERNEY, pp. 203-7,
from Bishop Rede's Register). In 1294 he
was again spoken of as earl in his appoint-
ment to command the forces sent to relieve
Bere Castle, threatened by the Welsh in-
surgent Madoc (Parl. Writs, i. 599). In
all subsequent writs he equally enjoys that
title, though his absence in Gascony pre-
vented his being summoned to the model
parliament of 1295. In 1297 he again served
in Gascony. In 1298, 1299, and 1300 he
held command in Scotland, and in the latter
year appeared, a 'beau chevalier et bien
ame ' and ' richement arm6,' at the siege of
Carlaverock (NICOLAS, Siege of Carlaverock,
p. 50). His last attendance in parliament
was in 1301 at Lincoln, where he was one
of the signatories of the famous letter to the
pope. His last military summons was to Car-
lisle for 24 June 1301. He died on 9 March
1302 (DOYLE, i. 70).

Fi tzalan married Alice or Alisona, daughter
of Thomas I, marquis of Saluzzo (MtTLETTi,
Memorie Storico-diplomatiche di Saluzzo, ii.
508), an alliance which is thought to point
to a lengthened sojourn in Italy in his youth.
By her he left two sons, of whom the elder,
Edmund Fitzalan [q. v.], succeeded him,
while the younger, John, was still alive in
1375 (NICOLAS, Testamenta Vetusta, p. 94).
Of their two daughters, one, Maud, married
Philip, lord Burnell, and the other, Margaret,
married William Botiler of Wem (DFGDALE,
i. 315).

[Parliamentary Writs, i. 599-600; Calenda-
Tinm G-enealogicum, ii. 622 ; Nicolas's Le Siege
•de Carlaverock, pp. 50, 283-5 ; Doyle's Official
Baronage, i. 69-70 ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 315;
Eyton's Shropshire, iv. 122, 123, vii. 260-1 ;
Lords' Report on the Dignity of a Peer, pp. 420,
421 ; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, pp. 201-12.]

T. F. T.

FITZALAN, RICHARD II, EARL OP
ARFNDEL AND WAEENNE (1307P-1376), son
of Edmund Fitzalan, earl of Arundel [q. v.],
and his wife, Alice Warenne, was born not
before 1307. About 1321 his marriage to Isa-
bella, daughter of the younger Hugh le De-
spenser, cemented the alliance between his
father and the favourites of Edward II. In
1326, however, his father's execution deprived
him of the succession both to title and estates.
In 1330, after the fall of Mortimer, he peti-
tioned to be reinstated, and, after some delay,
was restored in blood and to the greater part
of Earl Edmund's possessions (Rot. Parl. ii.
50). He was, however, forbidden to con-
tinue his efforts to avenge his father by
private war against John Charlton, first lord
Charlton of Powys [q. v.] (ib. ii. 60). In
1331 he obtained the castle of Arundel from
the heirs of Edmund, earl of Kent. These
grants were subsequently more than once
confirmed (ib. ii. 226, 256). In 1334 Arun-
del received Mortimer's castle of Chirk,
and was made justice of North Wales, his
large estates in that region giving him con-
siderable local influence. The justiceship
was afterwards confirmed for life. He was
also made life-sheriff of Carnarvonshire and
governor of Carnarvon Castle. Arundel took
a conspicuous part in nearly every impor-
tant war of Edward Ill's long reign. After
surrendering in 1336 his 'hereditary right '
to the stewardship of Scotland to Edward for
a thousand marks (Fc&dera, ii. 952), he was
made in 1337 joint commander of the Eng-
lish army in the north. Early in 1338 he
and his colleague Salisbury incurred no small
opprobrium by their signal failure to capture
Dunbar (KNIGHTON, c. 2570 ; cf. Liber Plus-
cardensis, i. 284, ed. Skene). On 25 April
he was elevated to the sole command, with
full powers to treat with the Scots for truce
or peace (Fcedera, ii. 1029, 1031), of which
he availed himself to conclude a truce, as his
duty now compelled him to follow the king to
Brabant (Chron. de Melsa, ii. 385), where
he landed at Antwerp on 13 Dec. (FROISSART,
i. 417, ed. Luce). In the January parlia-
ment of 1340 he was nominated admiral of
the ships at Portsmouth and the west that
were to assemble at Mid Lent (Rot. Parl. ii.
108). On 24 June he comported himself
' loyally and nobly ' at the battle of Sluys,
and was one of the commissioners sent by
Edward from Bruges in July to acquaint
parliament with the news and to explain
to it the king's financial necessities (ib. ii.
118 b). Later in the same year he took
part in the great siege of Tournay (LuCE,
Chronique des Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 4,
ed. Soc. de THistoire de France). In 1342

Fitzalan

97

Fitzalan

he was at the great feast given by Edward III
in honour of the Countess of Salisbury (FROIS-
SART, iii. 3). His next active employment
was in the same year as warden of the Scot-
tish marches in conjunction with the Earl of
Huntingdon. In October of the same year
he accompanied Edward on his expedition to
Brittany (ib. iii. 225), and was left by the
king to besiege Vannes (ib. iii. 227) while the
bulk of the army advanced to Kennes. In
January 1343 the truce put an end to the
siege, and in July Arundel was sent on a
mission to Avignon. In 1344 he was ap-
pointed, with Henry, earl of Derby, lieu-
tenant of Aquitaine, where the French war
had again broken out ; and at the same time
was commissioned to treat with Castile, Por-
tugal, and Aragon (Fcedera, iii. 8, 9). In
1345 he repudiated his wife, Isabella, on the
ground that he had never consented to the
marriage, and, having obtained papal recog-
nition of the nullity of the union, married
Eleanor, widow of Lord Beaumont, and
daughter of Henry, third earl of Lancas-
ter. This business may have prevented him
sharing in the warlike exploits of his new
brother-in-law, Derby, in Aquitaine. He
was, however, reappointed admiral of the
west in February 1345, and retained that
post until 1347 (NICOLAS, Hist, of Royal
Navy, ii. 95). In 1346 he accompanied Ed-
ward on his great expedition to northern
France (FROISSART, iii. 130), and commanded
the second of the three divisions into which
the English host was divided at Crecy (ib.
iii. 169, makes him joint commander with
Northampton, but MURIMUTH, p. 166, in-
cludes the latter among the leaders of the
first line). He was afterwards with Edward
at the siege of Calais (Rot. Parl. ii. 163 b}.
In 1348 and 1350 Arundel was on commis-
sions to treat with the pope at Avignon
(Fcedera, iii. 165, 201). In 1350, however,
he took part in the famous naval battle with
the Spaniards off Winchelsea (FROISSART,
iv. 89). In 1351 he was employed in Scot-
land to arrange for a final peace and the
ransom of King David (Foedera, iii. 225).
In 1354 he was one of the negotiators of a
proposed truce with France, at a conference
held under papal mediation at Guines (ib. iii.
253), but on the envoys proceeding to Avig-
non (ib. iii. 283), to obtain the papal ratifi-
cation, it was found that no real settlement
had been arrived at, and Innocent VI was
loudly accused of treachery (Cont. MFRI-
MUTH, p. 184). In 1355 Arundel was one of
the regents during the king's absence from
England (Fcedera, iii. 305). In 1357 he was
again negotiating in Scotland, and in 1358
was at the head of an embassy to Wenzel,

TOL. XIX.

*• iii. 392). In August
IdbO he was joint commissioner in complet-
ing the ratifications of the treaty of Bretigny.
In 1362 he was one of the commissioners to
prolong the truce with Charles of Blois (ib.
in. 662). In 1364 he was again engaged in
diplomacy (ib. iii. 747).

The declining years of Arundel's life were
spent in comparative seclusion from public
affairs. In 1365 he was maliciously cited to
the papal court by "William de Lenne, the
foreign bishop of Chichester, with whom he
was on bad terms. He was supported by
Edward in his resistance to the bishop, whose
temporalities were ultimately seized by the
crown. He now perhaps enlarged the castle
of Arundel (TIERNEY, Hist, of Arundel, p.
239). His last military exploit was perhaps
his share in the expedition for the relief of
Thouars in 1372.

Arundel was possessed of vast wealth, espe-
cially after 1353, when he succeeded, by right
of his mother, to the earldom of Warenne or
Surrey. He frequently aided Edward III in
his financial difficulties by large advances, so
that in 1370 Edward was more than twenty
thousand pounds in his debt. Yet at his
death Arundel left behind over ninety thou-
sand marks in ready money, nearly half of
which was stored up in bags in the high tower
of Arundel (Harl. MS. 4840, f. 393, where is
a curious inventory of all his personal pro-
perty at his death).

One of Arundel's last acts was to become,
with Bishop William of Wykeham, a gene-
ral attorney for John of Gaunt during his
journey to Spain (Fcedera, iii. 1026). He
died on 24 Jan. 1376. By his will, dated
5 Dec. 1375, he directed that his body should
be buried without pomp in the chapter-house
of Lewes priory, by the side of his second
wife, and founded a perpetual chantry in the
chapel of St. George's within Arundel Castle
(NICOLAS, Testamenta Fe£wsta,pp.94-6). By
his first marriage his only issue was one
daughter. By his second he had three sons,
of whom Richard, the eldest [see FITZALAN,
RICHARD III], was his successor to the earl-
dom. John, the next, became marshal of Eng-
land, and perished at sea in 1379. According
to the settlement made by Earl Richard in
1347 (Rot. Parl. iv. 442), the title ultimately
reverted to the marshal's grandson, John VI
Fitzalan. The youngest, Thomas [see ARITN-
DEL, THOMAS], became archbishop of Canter-
bury. Of his four daughters by Eleanor, two
are mentioned in his will, namely Joan, mar-
ried to Humphrey Bohun, earl of Hereford,
and Alice, the wife of Thomas Holland, earl
of Kent. His other daughters, Mary and
Eleanor, died before him.

Fitzalan

98

Fitzalan

[Rymer's Fcedera, vol. iii. Record edit. ; Rolls
of Parl.vol. ii.; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 316-18 ;
Doj'le's Official Baronage, i. 71-2 ; Froissart's
Chroniques, vols. i-iv. ed. Luce (Socie"t6 de
1'Histoire de France) ; Murimuth and his Cont.
(Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Knighton in Twysden, Decem
Scriptores; Tierney's Hist, of Arundel, pp. 225-
240.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN", RICHARD III, EARL OF
ARFNDEL AND SURREY (1346-1397), born in
1346, was the son of Richard II Fitzalan, earl
of Arundel [q. v.], and his second wife, Elea-
nor, daughter of Henry, third earl of Lan-
caster. He served on the expedition to the
Pays de Caux under Lancaster (NICOLAS,
Scrope andGrosvenor Roll, i. 220). In January
1376 he succeeded to his father's estates and
titles. Though the petitions of the Good
parliament contain complaints of the men of
Surrey and Sussex against the illegal juris-
diction exercised by his novel l shire-court '
at Arundel over the rapes of Chichester and
Arundel (Rot. Parl. ii. 348), he was ap-
pointed one of the standing council esta-
blished in that parliament to restrain the
dotage of Edward III (Chron. Any lice, 1328-
1388, p. Ixviii, Rolls Ser.) At Richard II's
coronation he acted as chief butler (Rot.
Parl. iii. 131). He was placed on the council
of regency (ib. iii. 386), and in 1380 put on a
commission to regulate the royal household.
In 1377 he was appointed admiral of the
west. His earlier naval exploits were but
little glorious, yet French authorities credit
him with the merit of having saved South-
ampton from their assault (LtrcE, Chronique
des Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 263, ed. Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France). About Whitsun-
tide 1378 he attacked Harfleur, but was sub-
sequently driven to sea (ib. p. 273). In the
same year he and the Earl of Salisbury were
defeated by a Spanish fleet, though they
afterwards compelled Cherbourg to surrender
(WALSINGHAM, i. 371). He next accompanied
John of Gaunt on his expedition to St. Malo,
where his negligence on the watch gave the
French an opportunity to destroy a mine and
so compel the raising of the siege (FROISSART,
liv. ii. ch. xxxvi. ed. Buchon). Arundel
barely escaped with his life (Chronique des
Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 275). The earl
showed an equal sluggishness in defending
even his own tenants when the French ra-
vaged the coasts of Sussex (WALS. i. 439 ;
cf. Chron. Anglice, p. 168). In 1381 he and
Michael de la Pole were approved in parlia-
ment as councillors in constant attendance
upon the young king and as governors of his
person (WALS. ii. 156; Rot. Parl. iii. 1046).
In 1383 he was proposed as lieutenant of
Bishop Spencer of Norwich's crusading army,

but the bishop refused to accept him (ib. iii.
155 a). In 1385 he took part in the expedi-
tion to Scotland.

Arundel definitely joined the baronial op-
position that had now reformed under Glou-
cester, the king's uncle. He took a promi-
nent part in the attack on the royal favourites
in 1386, acted as one of the judges of M. de
la Pole (WALS. ii. 152), and was put on the
commission appointed in parliament to reform
and govern the realm and the royal household
(Rot. Parl. iii. 221). His appointment as ad-
miral was now renewed with a wider com-
mission, rendered necessary by the projected
great invasion of England, which brought
Charles VI to Sluys (FROISSART, iii. 47 ; cf.
WALLON, Rich. II, liv. v. ch. iii.) In the spring
of 1387 he and Nottingham prepared an expe-
dition against the French, which, on 24 March,
defeated a great fleet of Flemish, French, and
Spanish ships off Margate, and captured
nearly a hundred vessels laden with wine
(WALS. ii. 154-6 ; Monk of Evesham, p. 78 ;
FROISSART, iii. 53. The different accounts
vary hopelessly ; see NICOLAS, Hist, of Royal
Navy, ii. 317-24). This brilliant victory
won Arundel an extraordinary popularity,
which was largely increased by the libe-
rality with which he refused to turn the rich
booty to his own advantage. For the whole
year wine was cheap in England and dear in
Netherlands (FROISSART, iii. 54). Imme-
diately after he sailed to Brest and relieved
and revictualled the town, which was still
held for the English, and destroyed two forts
erected by the French besiegers over against
it (KNIGHTON, c. 2692). He then returned
in triumph to England, plundering the coun-
try round Sluys and capturing ships there
on his way. All danger of French invasion
was at an end.

In 1387 Richard II obtained from the
judges a declaration of the illegality of the
commission of which Arundel was a member.
His rash attempt to arrest the earl produced
the final conflict. Northumberland was sent
to seize Arundel at Reigate, but, fearing the
number of his retainers, retired without ac-
complishing his mission (Monk of Evesham,
p. 90). Warned of this treachery, Arundel
escaped by night and joined Gloucester and
Warwick at Harringhay, where they took
arms (November 1387). At Waltham Cross
on 15 Nov. they first appealed of treason the
evil councillors of the king, and on 17 Nov.
forced Richard to accept their charges at
Westminster Hall. When the favourites
attempted resistance, another meeting of the
confederates was held on 12 Dec. at Hunt-
ingdon, where Arundel strongly urged the
capture and deposition of the king. But the

Fitzalan

99

Fitzalan

reluctance of the new associates, Derby and
Nottingham, caused this violent plan to be
rejected (Rot. Parl iii. 376). But Arundel
continued the fiercest of the king's enemies.
In the parliament of February 1388 he was
one of the five lords who solemnly renewed
the appeal (ib. iii. 229; KNIGHTON, cc. 2713-
2726). He specially pressed for the execu-
tion of Burley, though Derby wished to save
Mm, and for three hours the queen inter-
ceded on her knees for his life (Chronique de
la Traison, p. 133).

In May 1388 Arundel again went to sea,
still acting as admiral, and now also as cap-
tain of Brest and lieutenant of the king in
Brittany. Failing to do anything great in
that country, he sailed southward, conquered
Oleron and other small islands off the coast,
and finally landed off La Rochelle, and took
thence great pillage (FROISSART, iii. 112, 113,
129) . Next year, however, he was superseded
as admiral by Huntingdon (KNIGHTOX, c.
2735), and in May was, with the other lords
appellant, removed from the council. He
was, however, restored in December, when
Richard and his old masters finally came to
terms (NICOLAS, Proceedings of Privy Council.
i. 17).

For the next few years peace prevailed at
home and abroad. The party of the appel-
lants began to show signs of breaking up,
though Arundel still remained faithful to his
old policy. In 1392 he was fined four hun-
dred marks for marrying Philippa, daughter
of the Earl of March and widow of John
Hastings, earl of Pembroke (Rot. Pat. 15
Rich. II, in DALLAWAY'S Western Sussex,
II. i. 134, new edit.) A personal quarrel of
Arundel with John of Gaunt marks the be-
ginning of the catastrophe of Richard IFs
reign. The new Countess of Arundel was
rude to Catharine Swynford (FnoissART, iv.
50). Henry Beaufort [see BEAIJFOET, HENRY,
bishop of "Winchester], if report were true,
seduced Alice, Arundel's daughter (PowEL,
Hist, of Cambria, p. 138, from a pedigree
of the Stradlings, whose then representative
married the daughter born of the connection;
cf. CLARK, LimbusPatrumMorffanice et Glan-
morganice, p. 435). In 1393, when Arundel
was residing at his castle of Holt, a revolt
against John of Gaunt broke out in Cheshire,
and Arundel showed such inactivity in assist-
ing in the restoration of peace that the duke
publicly accused him in parliament of conniv-
ing at the rising (WALS. ii. 214 ; Ann. Ric. II,
ed. Riley, p. 161). Arundel answered by a
long series of complaints against Lancaster
(Rot. Parl. iii. 313). Some of these so nearly
touched the king as to make him very angry,
and Arundel was compelled to apologise for

what he had said. The actual English words
that he uttered in his recantation are pre-
served in the Rolls of Parliament. A short
retirement from court now seems to have
ensued (Ann. Ric. II, p. 166), but Arundel
soon returned, only to give Richard fresh
offence by coming late to the queen's funeral
and yet asking leave to retire at once from
the ceremony (ib. p. 169; WALS. ii. 215).
The king struck Arundel with a cane with
such force as to shed blood and therefore to
pollute the precincts of Westminster Abbey.
On 3 Aug. Arundel was sent to the Tower
(I'cedera, vii. 784), but was released on
10 Aug. (ib. vii. 785), when he re-entered the
council. The appointment of his brother
Thomas as archbishop of Canterbury may
mark the final reconciliation.

After the stormy parliament of February
1397, Arundeland Gloucester withdrew from
court, after reproaching the king with the
loss of Brest and Cherbourg. It was pro-
bably after this, if ever, that Arundel enter-
tained Gloucester, Warwick, and his brother
the archbishop at Arundel Castle, when they
entered into a solemn conspiracy against
Richard (Chronique de la Traison, pp. 5-6,
though the date there given, 23 July 1396,
must be wrong, and 28 July 1397, the edi-
tor's conjecture, is too late, one manuscript
says 8 Feb. ; Chronique du Reliyieux de Saint-
Denys, ii. 476-8, in Collection de Documents
Inedits, cf. FROISSART, iv. 56. The statement
is in no English authority, and has been much
questioned, cf. WALLON, ii. 161, 452). Not-
tingham, who, though Arundel's son-in-law
and one of the appellants, had now deserted
his old party, informed Richard of the plot.
The king invited the three chief conspirators
to a banquet on 10 July (Ann. Ric. II, p. 201).
From this Arundel absented himself without
so much as an excuse, but the arrest of War-
wick, who ventured to attend, was his justi-
fication. He was, however, in a hopeless
position. His brother pressed him to sur-
render, and persuaded him that the king had
given satisfactory promises of his safety (ib.
202-3 ; WALS. ii. 223). He left accordingly
his stronghold at Reigate, and accompanied
the archbishop to the palace. Richard at
once handed him over into custody, while
Thomas returned sorrowfully to Lambeth
(Eulog. Hist. iii. 371). This was on 15 July.
Arundel was hurried off to Carisbrooke and
thence after an interval removed to the
Tower. On 17 Sept. a royalist parliament
assembled. The pardons of the appellants
were revoked (Rot. Parl. iii. 350, 351). On
20 Sept. Archbishop Arundel was impeached.
Next day the new appellants laid their
charges against the Earl of Arundel before the

Fitzalan

IOO

Fitzalan

lords. He was brought before them, arrayed
in scarlet. With much passion he protested
that he was no traitor, and that the charges
against him were barred by the pardons he had
received. A long and angry altercation broke
out between him and John of Gaunt and
Henry of Derby, his old associate. He refused
to answer the charges, denounced his accusers
as liars, and when the speaker declared that
the pardon on which he relied had been re-
voked by the faithful commons, exclaimed,
' The faithful commons are not here ' (Monk
of Evesham, pp. 136-8 ; Rot. Parl. iii. 377 ;
Ann. Ric. pp. 214-19). He was, of course,
condemned, though Richard commuted the
barbarous penalty of treason into simple de-
capitation. The execution immediately fol-
lowed. He was hurried through the streets
of London to Tower Hill, amidst the lamen-
tations of a sympathising multitude. Bru-
tally illtreated by the bands of Cheshiremen
who had been collected to overawe the Lon-
doners, he displayed extraordinary firmness
and resolution, ' no more shrinking or chang-
ing colour than if he were going to a ban-
quet' (WALS. ii. 225-6; cf. Religieux de
Saint-Deny s, ii. 552). He rebuked with much
dignity his treacherous kinsfolk (Nottingham
was not present, though Walsingham and
Froissart, iv. 61, say that he was), and ex-
horted the hangman to sharpen well his axe.
Slain by a single stroke, he was buried in the
church of the Augustinian friars. The people
reverenced him as a martyr, and went on pil-
grimage to his tomb. At last Richard, con-
science-stricken though he was at his death,
avoided a great political danger by ordering all
traces of the place of his burial to be removed.
But after the fall of Richard the pilgrimages
were renewed, and the next generation did
not doubt that his merits had won for him
a place in the company of the saints (ADAM
OP USE:, p. 14, ed. Thompson). Arundel was
very religious and a bountiful patron of the
church. So early as 1380 he was admitted into
the brotherhood of the abbey of Tichfield.
In the same year he founded the hospital of
the Holy Trinity at Arundel for a warden
and twenty poor men (DUGDALE, Monasticon,
ed. Caley, &c. vi. 736-7). Between 1380
and 1387 he enlarged the chantry projected
by his father into the college of the Holy
Trinity, also at Arundel. This establishment
now included a master and twelve secu-
lar canons, and superseded the confiscated
alien priory of St. Nicholas (ib. vi. 1377-
1379; TIERNEY, Arundel, pp. 594-613). In
his will he left liberal legacies to several
churches.

By his first wife, Elizabeth (d. 1385),
daughter of William de Bohun, earl of North-

ampton, Arundel had three sons and four
daughters. The second son, Thomas [see
FITZALAN, THOMAS], ultimately became earl
of Arundel. Of his daughter Elizabeth's
four husbands, the second was Thomas Mow-
bray, earl of Nottingham [q. v.] Another
daughter, Joan, married William, lord Ber-
gavenny. A third, Alice, married John, lord
Charlton of Powys. By Philippa Mortimer
Arundel had no children.

[Walsingham's Chronicle of Bichard II, ed.
Riley ; Eulogium Historiarum ; Wright's Poli-
tical Poems and Songs ; Chronicon Anglise, 1328-
1388 (all in Kolls Series) ; Chronique de la Trai-
son etMort de Richard (Engl.Hist. Soc.) ; French
Metrical History of the Deposition of Richard II,
in Archseologia, vol. xx. ; Monk of Evesham's
Hist. Rich. II, ed. Hearne, 1729; Knighton in.
Twysden, Decem Scriptores; Chronique du Re-
ligieux de Saint-Denys, vol. i. (Documents In-
edits sur 1'Histoire de France) ; Froissart, vols.
iii. and iv. ed. Buchon, is often wrong in details ;
Rolls of Parliament, vols. ii. and iii. ; Rymer's
Foedera, vol. vii. ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 318-
320; Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 73-4; Sir
N. H. Nicolas 's History of the Royal Navy, vol.
ii. ; Wallon's Richard II, with good notes on
the authorities, is, with Stubbs's Constitutional
History of England, vol. ii., the fullest modern'
account; Dallaway's Western Sussex, n. i. 130-7,
new edit. ; Tierney's History of Arundel, pp. 240-
276 ; Nichols's Collection of Royal Wills, pp. 120-
143, contains in full Arundel's long and curious
testament, written in French and dated 1392;
it is taken from the Register of Archbishop
Arundel.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, alias ARUNDEL, THO-
MAS (1353-1414), archbishop of Canterbury.
[See ARUNDEL.]

FITZALAN, THOMAS, EAKL OP
ARUNDEL AND SURREY (1381-1415), the
second and only surviving son of Richard III
Fitzalan, earl of Arundel [q. v.], and his first
wife, Elizabeth Bohun, was born on 13 Oct.
1381. He was only sixteen when his father
was executed. Deprived by his father's sen-
tence of the succession to the family titles-
and estates, he was handed over by King
Richard II to the custody of his half-brother,
John Holland, duke of Exeter, who also re-
ceived a large portion of the Arundel estates.
In after years Fitzalan retained a bitter re-
membrance of the indignities he and his sister
had experienced at Exeter's hands ; how he
drudged for him like a slave, and how many
a time he had taken off and blacked his boots
for him (Chronique de la Traison, p. 97). He
was no better off when confined in his father's
old castle of Reigate, under the custody of
Sir John Shelley, the steward of the Duke-
of Exeter, who also compelled him to sub-

Fitzalan

101

Fitzalan

mit to great humiliations {Ann. Ric. II,
ed. Riley, p. 241 ; LELAND, Collectanea, i.
483). At last Fitzalan managed to effect his
escape, and with the assistance of a mercer
named William Scot arrived safely on the
•continent, either at Calais or at Sluys. He
•joined his uncle, the deposed Archbishop
Arundel, at Utrecht, but was so poor that he
would have starved but for the assistance of
iris powerful kinsfolk abroad. The conjec-
ture, based on a slight correction of Froissart's
story of Archbishop Arundel's commission
from the Londoners to Henry of Derby, that
Fitzalan bore a special message from, the
London citizens to Henry, that he should
overthrow Richard and obtain the English
•crown, seems neither necessary nor probable.
Froissart's whole account of the movements
of the exiled Henry is too inaccurate to
make it necessary to explain away his gross
blunders. However, Archbishop Arundel
left his German exile and joined Henry at
Paris, and his nephew doubtless accompanied
him, both on this journey and on the further
travels of Henry and the archbishop to Bou-
logne. Fitzalan embarked with Henry on
his voyage to England, and landed with him
at Ravenspur early in July 1399. There is
no foundation for the story of the French anti-
Lancastrian writers that when Richard II fell
into Henry's hands the latter entrusted Fitz-
alan and the son of Thomas of Woodstock
{who was already dead) with the custody
of the captive prince, with an injunction to
guard closely the king who had put both
their fathers to death unjustly, and that
they conveyed Richard to London ' as strictly
.guarded as a thief or a murderer ' (Chronique
de la Traison, p. 210; Religieux de Saint-
Denys, ii. 717 ; cf. Archaologia, xx. 173). On
11 Oct. Fitzalan was one of those knighted
by Henry in the great hall of the Tower of
London on the occasion when the order of the
Bath is generally considered to have been
instituted. Next day he marched, with the
other newly-made knights, in Henry's train
to Westminster, all dressed alike and ' look-
ing like priests.' At Henry's coronation, on
Monday 13 Oct., he officiated as butler
(ADAM OP USE, p. 33, ed. Thompson). The
new king even anticipated the commons'
petition in his favour by restoring him to his
father's titles and estates (Rot. Parl. iii.
435-6 ; Cal. Rot. Pat. p. 238 b ; Cont. Eulog.
Hist. iii. 385). Though still under age he
«,t once took his seat as Earl of Arundel, and
on 23 Oct. was one of the magnates who ad-
vised the king to put Richard II under ' safe
.and secret guard' (Rot. Parl. iii. 426-7).
Early in 1400 Arundel took the field against
the Hollands and the other insurgent nobles.

On the capture of John Holland, now again
only Earl of Huntingdon, by the followers of
:he Countess of Hereford, in Essex, Arundel,
if we can believe the French authorities,
hastened to join his aunt in wreaking an un-
worthy revenge on his former captor (Chro-
nique de la Traison, p. 97 sq.) After taunt-
ing Huntingdon with his former ill-treatment
of him, Arundel procured his immediate
execution, despite the sympathies of the by-
standers and the royal order that he should
be committed to the Tower (Fcedera, viii.
121). He then marched through London
streets in triumph with Huntingdon's head
on a pole, and ultimately bore it to the king
(Religieux de Saint-Deny s, ii. 742).

Arundel's great possessions in North Wales
were now endangered by the revolt of Owain
of Glyndyfrdwy [see GLENDOWER, OWEN],
who had begun life as an esquire of Earl
Richard. Earl Thomas was much employed
against the Welsh chieftain during the next
few years. In 1401 he fought with Hotspur
against the rebels near Cader Idris. In August
1402 he commanded that division of the three-
fold expedition against the Welsh which as-
sembled at Hereford. Within a month all
three armies were compelled by unseasonable
storms to retreat to England. In 1403 he was
again ordered to assemble an army at Shrews-
bury. After attending, in October 1404, the
parliament at Coventry, where he was one of
the triers of petitions for Gascony, he entered
into an agreement with the king, in accord-
ance with the ordinance of that parliament, to
remain for eight weeks with a small force at
his castle of Oswestry ; but in February 1405
he confessed that he was able to do nothing
against the insurgents (Rot. Parl. iii. 545-7 ;
NICOLAS, Proceedings of Privy Council, i.
246-7).

In the early summer of 1405 the revolt of
Archbishop Scrope and the earl marshal
brought Arundel to the north. After the
capture of the two leaders Arundel joined
Thomas Beaufort in persuading Henry to
disregard his uncle, Archbishop Arundel's,
advice to respect the person of the captive
archbishop. On 8 June, while Archbishop
Arundel was delayed at breakfast with King
Henry, his nephew was placed at the head
of a commission which hastily condemned
both Scrope and Mowbray, and ordered their
immediate execution (Ann. Hen. IV, p. 409 ;
RAYNALDI, Ann. Eccl. viii. 143 ; but cf.
Maidstone, in RAINE, Historians of the Church
of York, ii. 306 sq., Rolls Ser., for a different
account). This violence seems to have caused
a breach between Arundel and his uncle.
Henceforth the earl inclined to the policy of
the Beauforts and the Prince of Wales against

Fitzalan

102

Fitzalan

the policy of the archbishop. Arundel next
accompanied Henry in August into Wales,
where he is said to have successfully defended
Haverfordwest against Owain and his French
allies under Montmorency (HALL, p. 25, ed.
1809). But in the autumn he was engaged
in negotiating a marriage with Beatrix, bas-
tard daughter of John I, king of Portugal,
by Agnes Perez, and sister therefore of the
Duke of Braganza. John's^wife was a half-
sister of Henry IV, and English assistance
had enabled him to secure his country's free-
dom against Castile. The projected marriage
was but part of the close alliance between
the two countries, and Henry IV actively in-
terested himself in its success. A s Arundel's
means were much straitened by the devasta-
tion of his Welsh estates, the king advanced
the large sums necessary to bring the bride
' with magnificence and glory ' to England.
On 26 Nov. the marriage was celebrated at
London in the presence of the king and
queen (Ann. Hen. IV, p. 417; WALSING-
HAM, ii. 272 ; Collectanea Topog. et Geneal.
i. 80-90).

In 1406 Arundel was present at the famous
parliament of that year, and supported the
act of succession then passed (Rot. Parl. iii.
576, 582). In May 1409 he was again or-
dered to remain on his North Welsh estates
to encounter Owen (Fcedera, viii. 588), and
in November was ordered to continue the
war, notwithstanding the truce made by his
officers, which the Welsh persisted in not
observing (ib. viii. 611).

In 1410 Arundel's ally, Thomas Beaufort,
became chancellor, and the frequency of the
appearance of his name in the proceedings of
the council shows that he took, in conse-
quence, a more active part in affairs of state.
The old differences with his uncle, now driven
from power, continued, and in one letter
Arundel complained to the archbishop that
he had been misrepresented (Proceedings of
Privy Council, ii. 117-18). The triumph of
the Beauforts involved England in a Bur-
gundian foreign policy, and when in 1411 an
English expedition was sent to help Philip
of Burgundy against the Armagnacs, Arun-
del, the Earl of Kyme, and Sir J. Oldcastle
were appointed its commanders. He was
one of the commissioners appointed to
negotiate the marriage of the Prince of
Wales with a sister of the Duke of Bur-
gundy (ib. ii. 20). He was well received by
Burgundy, whom he accompanied on his
march to Paris, arriving there on 23 Oct.
On 9 Nov. he fought a sharp and successful
engagement with the Orleanists, which re-
sulted in the capture of St. Cloud (WALSING-
HAM, ii. 286 ; JEAN LE FKVRE, Chroniquc, i.

36-43 ; PIERRE DE FENIN, Memoires, pp. 22-
23, both in Soc. de 1'Histoire de France ; cf.
MARTIN, Histoire de France, v. 521). The
result was the retirement of the Armagnacs.
beyond the Loire. The English, having been
bought out of their scruples against selling:
their prisoners to be tortured to death by
their allies, returned home with large rewards-
soon afterwards. The fall of the Beauforts
and the return of Archbishop Arundel to>
power kept Earl Thomas in retirement until
Henry IV's death. Before this date he had
become a knight of the Garter (ASHMOLE^
Order of the Garter, p. 710).

The day after his accession Henry V turned
Archbishop Arundel out of the chancery and
made the Earl of Arundel treasurer in place
of Lord le Scrope. Arundel was also ap-
pointed on the same day constable of Dover
Castle and warden of the Cinque ports. In
1415 the commons petitioned against his
aggressions and violence in Sussex (Rot.
Parl. iv. 78), and an Italian merchant com-
plained of his unjust imprisonment and the
seizure of his effects by him (ib. iv. 90). He
was also engaged in a quarrel with Lord
Furnival about some rights of common in
Shropshire, which ultimately necessitated the
king's intervention (Gesta Hen. V, pref. p.
xxviii, Engl. Hist. Soc.) From such petty
difficulties he was removed by his summons-
to accompany Henry on his great invasion,
of France. He took a leading part in the
siege of Harfleur, but was one of the many
who were compelled to return home sick of
the dysentery and fever that devastated the
victorious army. On 10 Oct. he made his-
will ; on 13 Oct. he died. He was buried in a
magnificent tomb in the midst of the choir
of the collegiate chapel that his father had
founded at Arundel. There is a vignette of
the tomb in Tierney, p. 622.

Earl Thomas was in character hot, impul-
sive, and brave. He was a good soldier, and
faithful to his friends ; but he showed a vin-
dictive thirst for revenge on the enemies of
his house, and a recklessness which subordi-
nated personal to political aims. He left no
children, so that the bulk of his estates was
divided among his three surviving sisters,
while the castle and lordship of Arundel
passed to his second cousin, John V Fitzalan
(1387-1421), grandson of Sir John Arundel,
marshal of England, and of his wife, Eleanor
Maltravers [see JOHN VI FITZALAN, EARL OF
ARUNDEL]. The earldom of Surrey fell into
abeyance on Thomas's death.

[Annales Ric. II et Hen. IV, ed. Riley (Rolls
Ser.) ; Eulogium Historiarum (Rolls Ser.) ; Wals-
inghatn's Hist. Angl. and Ypodigma Neustriaa
(Rolls Ser.); Otterbourne's Chronicle, ed.Hearne;

Fitzalan

103

Fitzaldhelm

Monk of Evesham, Hist. Ric. II, ed. Hearne ;
Chronique de la Traison et Mort de Richart II
(Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; French Metrical History of
the Deposition of Richard II in Archgeologia,
vol. xx. ; Henrici V Gesta (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ;
Froissart's Chronique, ed. Buchon ; Chroniques
du Religieux de Saint-Denys (Documents Inedits
sur 1'Histoire de France) ; Waurin's Chroniques
(Rolls Ser.); Hall's Chronicle, ed. 1809; Nico-
las's Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy
Council, vols. i. ii. ; Rymer's Fcedera, vols. viii.
ix., original edition ; Rolls of Parliament, vols.
iii. iv. ; Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium, Re-
cord Commission ; Stubbs's Constitutional His-
tory of England, iii. ; Doyle's Official Baronage,
i. 74 ; Wylie's History of Henry IV, 1399-1404 ;
Biography in Tierney's History of Arundel, pp.
277-87.] T. F. T.

FITZALAN, WILLIAM (d. 1160),rebel,
was the son and heir of Alan Fitzflaald, by
Aveline or Adeline, sister of Ernulf de Hes-
ding (EYTON, Shropshire, vii. 222-3). His
younger brother, Walter Fitzalan (d. 1177),
was 'the undoubted ancestor of the royal
house of Stuart ' (ib.) His father had received
from Henry I, about the beginning of his
reign, extensive fiefs in Shropshire and Nor-
folk. William was born about 1105 and suc-
ceeded his father about 1114 (ib. pp. 222,
232). His first appearance is as a witness
to Stephen's charter to Shrewsbury Abbey
(Monasticon, iii. 519) in 1136. He is found
acting as castellan of Shrewsbury and sheriff
of Shropshire in 1138, when he joined in the
revolt against Stephen, being married to a
niece of the Earl of Gloucester (ORD. VIT.
v. 112-13). After resisting the king's attack
for a month, he fled with his family (August
1138), leaving the castle to be defended by
his uncle Ernulf, who, on his surrender, was
hanged by the king (ib. ; Cont. FLOR. WIG.
ii. 110). He is next found with the empress
at Oxford in the summer of 1141 (EYTOIST,
vii. 287), and shortly after at the siege of
Winchester (Gesta, p. 80). He again ap-
pears in attendance on her at Devizes, wit-
nessing the charter addressed to himself by
which she grants Aston to Shrewsbury Abbey
(EYTON, ix. 58). It was probably between
1130 and 1138 that he founded Haughmond
Abbey (ib. 286-7). In June 1153 he is found
with Henry, then duke of Normandy, at Lei-
cester (ib. p. 288). With the accession of
Henry as king he regained his paternal fief
on the fall of Hugh de Mortimer in July 1155.
He is found at Bridgnorth with the king at
that time, and on 25 July received from his
feudal tenants a renewal of their homage (ib.
i. 250-1, vii. 236-7, 288). His first wife,
Christiana, being now dead, he received from
Henry the hand of Isabel de Say, heiress of
the barony of Clun (ib. vii. 237), together

with the shrievalty of Shropshire, which he re-
tamed till his death (Pipe Rolls, 2-6 Hen. II)
which took place in 1160, about Easter (ib.
6 Hen. II, p. 27). Among his benefactions
he granted Wroxeter Church to Haughmond
in 1155 (EYTON, vii. 311-12), and, though
not the founder of Wombridge Priory, sanc-
tioned its foundation (ib. p. 363). He was
succeeded by William Fitzalan the second,
his son and heir by his second wife. By his
first he left a daughter, Christiana, wife of
Hugh Pantulf.

[Ordericus Vitalis (Societe de 1'Histoire de
France) ; Gesta Stephani (Rolls Ser.) ; Florence
of Worcester (Engl. Hist Soc.); Monasticon An-
glicanum, new ed. ; Pipe Rolls (Record Com-
mission and Pipe Roll Soc.) ; Ey ton's Hist, of
Shropshire.] J. H. R.

FITZALDHELM, WILLIAM (fi. 1157-
1198), steward of Henry II and governor of
Ireland, is described as the son of Aldhelm,
the son of William of Mortain (DTJGDALE,
Baronage, i. 693; 'if our best genealogists are
not mistaken,' as he cautiously adds), whose
father, Robert of Mortain, earl of Cornwall,
was half-brother of the conqueror, but after
Tenchebrai was deprived of his earldom, im-
prisoned for over thirty years, and only ex-
changed his dungeon for the habit of aCluniac
monk at Bermondsey . A brother of Aldhelm
is said to have been the father of Hubert de
Burgh [q. v.] But there seems no early
authority for this rather improbable genea-
logy, and the absence of contemporary refer-
ences to his family makes it probable that his
descent was obscure. Fitzaldhelm first appears
as king's steward (dapifer) as witnessing two
charters of Henry II to the merchants of
Cologne and their London house, which appa-
rently belong to July 1157 (LAPPENBERG, Ur-
kundliche Geschichte des hansischen Stahlhofes
zu London, Urkunden, pp. 4-5, ' aus dem
Coiner Copialbuche von 1326 '). He appears
as an officer of the crown in the Pipe Roll of
1159-60, 1160-1, and 1161-2 (Pipe Roll So-
ciety's publications, passim). In 1163 he
attested a charter which fixed the services of
certain vassals of the Count of Flanders to
Henry II (Fcedera, i. 23). He again appears
in the Pipe Rolls of 1163, 1165, and 1170, and
about 1165 is described as one of the king's
marshals and acted as a royal justice (HEARNE,
Liber Niger, i. 73,74; EYTON, pp. 80,85, 139).
In October 1170 he was one of the two justices
consulted by Becket's agents prior to their
appearance before the younger king at West-
minster (Memorials of Becket, vii. 389). In
July 1171 he was with Henry in Normandy
and witnessed at Bur-le-Roy a charter in
favour of Newstead Priory (DUGDALE, Monas-

Fitzaldhelm

104

Fitzaldhelm

ticon, vi. 966 ; EYTON, p. 159). Almost im-
mediately afterwards Henry was at Valognes,
whence he despatched Fitzaldhelm to Ireland
to act as the royal representative until Henry
obtained leisure to settle the affairs of the
island in person (Fcedera, i. 36, dated by the
Record commissioners' editors in 1181, but
assigned to this date with more probability
by ETTON, Itinerary, p. 159 ; GILBERT,
Viceroys, p. 41, gives the date 1176-7). In
the letter of appointment he is described as
the king's steward. It cost 27s. 6d. to con-
vey him and his associates, with their armour,
to Ireland (Calendar of Documents, Ireland,
1171-1251, No. 40). On 18 Oct. he, with
his followers, was at Waterford to meet the
king, who had landed close by on the pre-
vious day (BENEDICTUS ABBAS, i. 25; RE-
GAN'S statement that he accompanied Henry,
p. 124, is of less authority). He remained
in Ireland with Henry, witnessing among
other acts the charter which gave Dublin to
the men of Bristol (GILBERT, Historical and
Municipal Documents of Ireland, p. 1). He
was sent by Henry with Hugh de Lacy on
a mission to Roderick O'Conor, king of Con-
naught, to receive his homage (GiRALDtrs
CAMBRENSIS in Opera, v. 279, Rolls Ser.)
He also made a recognition of the lands given
to the monks of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin,
before his arrival in Ireland (Chartulary of
St. Mary's, i. 138, Rolls Ser.) Giraldus also
says that when Henry went home he left
Fitzaldhelm behind as joint-governor of Wex-
ford (ib. p. 286), but this may be a confusion
with a later appointment (REGAN, p. 39, says
that Strongbow was governor of Wexford in
1174). Fitzaldhelm was also sent in 1174
or 1175 with the prior of Wallingford to

Produce the bull of Pope Adrian, granting
reland to Henry, and a confirmatory bull
of Alexander III to a synod of bishops at
Waterford (Exp. Hib. p. 315). He soon left
Ireland, for he appears as a witness of the
treaty of Falaise in October \V7 ^(Fcedera, i.
30 ; BEKED. ABBAS, i. 99), and in 1175 and
1176 he was constantly in attendance at court
in discharge of his duties as steward or sene-
schal (ETTON, pp. 191, 194, 195, 198, from
Pipe Rolls ; LAPPENBERG, Stahlhof, p. 5).

On 5 April 1176 Strongbow, conqueror
and justiciar of Ireland, died (DiCETO, i. 407),
and Henry sent Fitzaldhelm to Ireland to
take his place (BENED. ABBAS, i. 125; HOVE-
DEN, ii. 100) and to seize all the fortresses
which his predecessor had held. With him
were associated several other rulers, very
different lists of which are given by Giraldus
(Exp. Hib. p. 334) and 'Benedict of Peter-
borough ' (BENED. ABBAS, i. 161). It was
at this time that Wexford and its elaborately

defined dependencies were assigned to Fitz-
aldhelm (ib. i. 163). It is remarkable that
he is never called 'justice' of Ireland, like
most viceroys of the period, but generally
1 dapifer regis ' (e.g. Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th
Rep. pt. v. p. 211). Giraldus calls him 'pro-
curator' (Exp. Hib. p. 334). Fitzaldhelm
had no easy task before him. John de Courci

&}. v.], one of his colleagues, almost at once
efied his prohibition, and, under the pretext
of disgust at his inactivity, set forth on his
famous expedition to Ulster (BENED. ABBAS,
i. 137). He also had a difference with Car-
dinal Vivian, the papal legate, which led to
Vivian's withdrawal to Scotland (WlLL.
NEWBURGH, i. 239, Rolls Ser.) But his most
formidable opponents were the ring of Welsh
adventurers who resented the intrusion of a
royal emissary to reap the fruits of their pri-
vate exploits. Their literary representative,
Giraldus, draws the blackest picture of Fitz-
aldhelm, which, though suspicious, cannot be
checked from other contemporary sources.
Fitzaldhelm was fat, greedy, profligate, and
gluttonous. Plausible and insinuating, he
was thoroughly deceitful. He was only brave
against the weak, and shirked the duties of
his office. His inactivity drove De Courci
and the choicer spirits into Ulster. From
the day on which Raymond, the acting go-
vernor, came to meet him at Waterford he
envied the bravery, the devotion, and the
success of the Geraldines, and vowed to
humble their pride. When Maurice Fitzgerald
died he cheated his sons of their stronghold
of Wicklow, though compelled ultimately to
give them Ferns as an inadequate compensa-
tion. He refused to restore Offaly to Fitz-
stephen, and deprived Raymond of his lands
in the valley of the Liffey. His nephew,
Walter the German, was suborned by Irish
chieftains to procure the destruction of Ferns.
He went on progress through the secure coast
towns, but feared to penetrate into the moun-
tainous haunts of the natives. He had little
share in Miles de Cogan's dashing raid into
Connaught. The only good thing that he
did was to transfer the wonder-working staff
of Jesus from Armagh to Dublin. Giraldus
forgets that Fitzaldhelm was also the founder
of the monastery of St. Thomas of Canterbury
at Donore in the western suburbs of Dublin
(charter of foundation printed in LELAND,
Hist, of Ireland, i. 127 ; cf. Monasticon, vi.
1140). It was also during his tenure of office
that John became lord of Ireland. At last
Henry listened to the complaints which a
deputation from Ireland laid before him at
Windsor just after Christmas 1178 (BENED.
ABBAS, i. 221), and removed Fitzaldhelm and
his colleagues from office, and for a long time

Fitzaldhelm

Fitzaldhelm

withheld all marks of favour from him (ib. •
Exp. Hib. ccxv-xx, 334-47, for the whole
history of Fitzaldhelm's government, but it
should be checked by the less rhetorical and
more impartial account of BENED. ABBAS,
with which it is often in direct conflict).
This makes it probable that Fitzaldhelm
was not quite equal to the difficulties of his
position. Substantially his fall was a great
triumph for the Geraldines.

Fitzaldhelm now resumed his duties as
1 dapifer ' at the English court. From 1181
onwards he was sufficiently in favour for his
name to appear again in the records (e.g.
EYTON, pp. 245, 267). In 1188 he became
sheriff of Cumberland, and in 1189 acted
also as justice in Yorkshire, Northumberland,
and his own county (ib. pp. 298, 336). He
remained sheriff of Cumberland until 1198
(Thirty-first Report of Deputy-Keeper of
Records, p. 276). In 1189 he witnessed a
charter of Christ Church, Canterbury (GEK-
VASE, Op. Hist. i. 503). In 1194 he attested
a grant of lands to the cook of Queen Elea-
nor (Foedera, i. 63). These are the last ap-
pearances of his name in the records. He is
said to have married Juliana, daughter of Ro-
bert Doisnell (HEAKNE, ii'fer Niger Scaccarii,
i. 73).

Fitzaldhelm has been generally identified
with a WILLIAM DE BUEGH (d. 1204), who
occupies a very prominent position in the
first years of John's reign in Ireland. A
William de Burgh appears with his wife
Eleanor in the < Pipe Roll ' of 1 Richard I
(p. 176), but he is undoubtedly different from
Fitzaldhelm, as the latter appears by his re-
gular name in the same roll. In 1199 Wil-
liam de Burgh received from John large
grants of land and castles in Ireland (Rot.
Chart, pp. 19 b, 71 b, 84 b, 107 b ; the earliest
grants of John to him were before the latter
became king, Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep.
p. 231). Of these Limerick was the most
important. In 1200 he became the terror
of the Irish of Connaught. He supported
the pretender, Cathal Carrach,in his attempts
to dispossess Cathal Crobhderg, the head of
the O'Conors, from the throne of Connaught.
* There was no church from the Shannon
westwards to the sea that they did not pillage
or destroy, and they used to strip the priests
in the churches and carry off the women
without regard to saint or sanctuary or to any
power upon earth' (Annals of Loch Ce, i. 213).
Cathal Crobhderg was expelled and took re-
fuge with John de Courci. But in 1202 he
made terms with William de Burgh, and a
fresh expedition from Munster again devas-
tated Connaught (the Four Masters, iii. 129,
put this expedition in 1 201 ). Cathal Carrach

was slain, but the treacherous Cathal Crobh-
derg contrived a plot to assassinate in detail
the followers of De Burgh. Nine hundred
or more were murdered, but the remainder
rallied and the erection of the strong castle
of Meelick secured some sort of conquest
of Connaught for the invaders. A quarrel
between De Burgh and the king's justice,
Meiler Fitzhenry [q. v.], fora time favoured
the Irish. In 1203, while De Burgh was in
Connaught, Meiler invaded his Munster es-
tates (Ann. Loch Ce, i. 229-31). This brought
William back to Limerick, but Meiler had
already seized his castles. The result was
an appeal to King John. William appeared
before John in Normandy (Rot. de Libe-
rate, 5 John, p. 67, summarised in Cal. Doc.
Ireland, 1171-1251, No. 187), leaving his
sons as hostages in the justiciar's hands. In
March 1204 a commission, at the head of
which was Walter de Lacy, was appointed
to hear the complaints against De Burgh
(Pat. 5 John, m. 2 ; Cal. Doc. Ireland, No.
209). The result was the restoration of his
Munster estates, though Connaught, ' whereof
he was disseised by reason of certain ap-
peals and the dissension between the justi-
ciary and himself/ was retained in the king's
hands ' until the king knows how he shall
have discharged himself (Pat. 6 John, m. 8 ;
Cal. Doc. Ireland, No. 230). Connaught,
however, had not been restored when soon
after William de Burgh died, ' the destroyer
of all Erinn, of nobility and chieftainship '
(Ann. Loch Ce, i. 235). The Irish believed
that ' God and the saints took vengeance on
him, for he died of a singular disease too
shameful to be described ' (Four Masters, iii.
143). He was the uncle of Hubert de Burgh
[q. v.] He was the father of Richard de
Burgh [q. v.] (Rot. Glaus, p. 551), who in
1222-3 received a fresh grant of Connaught
and became the founder of the great house
of the De Burghs. He founded the abbey
of Athassell for Austin canons (AKCHDALL,
Monast. Hiber. p. 640), and is said to have
been buried there.

[For Fitzaldhelm : G-iraldus Cambrensis, Ex-
pugnatio Hibernica, in Opera, vol. v. ed. Dimock
(Bolls Ser.); Benedictus Abbas, ed. Stubbs (Eolls
Ser.); Eymer's Foedera, vol. i. (Kecord ed.);
Eyton's Itinerary, &c. of Henry II ; Pipe Koll,
1 Richard I (Record ed.), and the French poem
on the conquest of Ireland, ed. Michel. For
De Burgh : Annals of Loch Ce, i. 211-35 (Eolls
Ser.) ; Annals of the Four Masters ; Eotuli
Chartarum, Eotuli Literarum Patentium, Eotuli
de Oblatis, Eotuli de Liberate. For both : Sweet-
man's Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland,
1171-1251; Book of Howth; Gilbert's Viceroys
of Ireland; Dugdale's Baronage ; Lodge's Peerage
of Ireland (Archdall).] T. F. T.

Fitzalwyn

106

Fitzclarence

FITZALWYN, HENRY. [See FITZ-

AILWIN.]

FITZCHARLES, CHARLES, EARL OF
PLYMOUTH (1657 P-1680), born in or about
1657, was the illegitimate son of Charles II,
by Catherine, daughter of Thomas Pegge of
Yeldersley, Derbyshire. ' In the time of his
youth/ writes the courtly Dugdale, ' giving
much testimony of his singular accomplish-
ments,' he was elevated to the peerage, 28 July
1675, as Baron of Dartmouth, Viscount Tot-
ness, and Earl of Plymouth, ' to the end he
might be the more encouraged to persist in
the paths of virtue, and thereby be the better
fitted for the managery of great affairs when
he should attain to riper years' (Baronage,
iii. 487). He married on 19 Sept. 1678 at
Wimbledon, Surrey, Lady Bridget Osborne,
third daughter of Thomas, first duke of Leeds,
but died without issue at Tangier on 17 Oct.
1680, aged 23, and was buried on 18 Jan.
1680-1 in Westminster Abbey (CHESTER, Re-
gisters of Westminster Abbey, p. 201). His
wife remarried, about August 1706, Philip
Bisse, bishop of Hereford, and died on 9 May
1718 (Hist. Reg. 1718, Chron. Diary, p. 21 ;
Political State, xv. 553). According to Wood
(Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 270) he was com-
monly called ' Don Carlos.'

[Authorities as above.] Gr. G-.

FITZCLARENCE, LOUD ADOLPHUS
(1802-1856), rear-admiral, an illegitimate
son of William IV, by Mrs. Jordan, entered
the navy in 1814, on board the Impregnable,
bearing the flag of his father, then Duke of
Clarence. Afterwards he served in the Medi-
terranean, on the North American station,
or the coast of Portugal, and was promoted
to be lieutenant in April 1821. In May 1823
he was made commander, and captain in
December 1824. In 1826 he commanded the
Ariadne in the Mediterranean, in 1827 the
Challenger, in 1828 the Pallas, and in July
1830 was appointed to the command of the
royal yacht, which he retained till promoted
to flag rank, 17 Sept. 1853. He died 17 May
1856. On his father's accession to the throne
he was granted, 24 May 1831, the title and
precedency of the younger son of a mar-

Siis, and 24 Feb. 1832 was nominated a
.C.H.

[O'Byrne's Naval Biog. Diet.; Foster's Peerage,
s.n. ' Munster.'] J. K. L.

FITZCLARENCE, GEORGE AUGUS-
TUS FREDERICK, first EARL OF MUNSTER
(1794-1842), major-general, president of the
Royal Asiatic Society of London, the eldest
of the numerous children of the Duke of

Clarence, afterwards William IV, by Mrs.
Jordan (1762 P-1816) [q. v.], was born in
1794. He was sent to a private school at
Sunbury, and afterwards to the Royal Mili-
tary College at Marlow, and on 5 Feb. 1807,
before he was fourteen, was appointed cornet
in the 10th hussars. He went with his
regiment to Spain next year, and was aide-
de-camp to General Slade at Corunna. He
returned to the Peninsula the year after as
galloper to Sir Charles Stewart, afterwards
second marquis of Londonderry, then Lord
Wellington's adjutant-general, and made the
campaigns of 1 809-1 1 . He was wounded and
taken prisoner at Fuentes d'Onoro, but effected
his escape in the melee. He was promoted
to a troop in the 10th hussars at home soon
after. He accompanied his regiment to
Spain in 1813, and made the campaigns of
1813-14 in Spain and the south of France,
first as a deputy assistant adjutant-general
(GURWOOD, Wellington Despatches, vi. 452),
and afterwards with his regiment, while
leading a squadron of which he was severely
wounded at Toulouse. On the return of the
regiment to England he was one of the chief
witnesses against the commanding officer,
Colonel Quentin, who was tried by a general
court-martial at Whitehall, in October 1814,
on charges of incapacity and misconduct in
the field. The charges were partly proved ;
but as the officers were believed to have
combined against their colonel, the whole of
them were removed to other regiments, ' as
a warning in support of subordination,' a
proceeding which acquired for them the
name of the 'elegant extracts.' Fitzcla-
rence and his younger brother Henry, who
died in India, were thus transferred to the
since disbanded 24th light dragoons, then
in India, where George became aide-de-camp
to the Marquis of Hastings, governor-gene-
ral and commander-in-chief, in which ca-
pacity he made the campaigns of 1816-17
against the Mahrattas. When peace was
arranged with the Maharajah Scindiah the
event was considered of sufficient importance
to send the despatches in duplicate, and
Fitzclarence was entrusted with the dupli-
cates sent by overland route. He started
from the western frontier of Bundelkund,
the furthest point reached by the grand
army, 7 Dec. 1817, and travelling through
districts infested by the Pindarrees, witnessed
the defeat of the latter by General Doveton
at Jubbulpore, reached Bombay, and quitted
it in the H.E.I.C. cruiser Mercury for Kosseir
7 Feb. 1818, crossed the desert, explored the
pyramids with Salt and Belzoni, descended
the Nile, and reached London, via Alexandria
and Malta, 16 June 1818. He subsequently

Fitzclarence

107

Fitzclarence

published an account of his travels, entitlec
' Journal of a Route across India and through
Egypt to England in 1817-18,' London, 1819
4to, a work exhibiting much observation
and containing some curious plates of Indian
military costumes of the day from sketches
by the author.

Fitzclarence became a brevet lieutenant-
colonel in 1819, and the same year marriec
a natural daughter of the Earl of Eglinton
and sister of his old brother officer, Colonel
Wyndham, M.P., by whom he had a nume-
rous family. He subsequently obtained a
troop in the 14th light dragoons, commanded
the 6th carabiniers for a short time as regi-
mental major in Ireland, and served as
captain and lieutenant-colonel Coldstream
guards from July 1825 to December 1828,
afterwards retiring as lieutenant-colonel on
half-pay unattached. In May 1830 he was
raised to the peerage, under the titles of the
Earl of Munster (one of the titles of the Duke
of Clarence) and Baron Tewkesbury in the
United Kingdom, his younger brothers and
sisters at the same time being given the pre-
cedence of the younger children of a marquis.
For a short time he was adj utant-general at the
Horse Guards, a post which he resigned. The
Duke of Wellington appointed him lieutenant
of the Tower and colonel 1st Tower Hamlets
militia, but refers to him ( Wellington Cor-
respondence, vii. 195, 498) as having done a
good deal of mischief by meddling with Mrs.
Fitzherbert's affairs. He appears to have
busied himself a good deal with politics be-
fore the passing of the Reform Bill (ib. viii.
260, 274, 306, 326), and after the resignation
of the whig cabinet in 1832 became very un-
popular, on the supposition that he had at-
tempted to influence the king against reform,
a charge he emphatically denied (Parl. De-
bates, 3rd ser. xiii. 179-80). At the brevet
on the birth of the Prince of Wales he be-
came a major-general, and was soon after
appointed to command the Plymouth district.
His health had been for some time impaired
by suppressed gout, which appears to have
unhinged his mind. He committed suicide
by shooting himself, at his residence in Upper
Belgraye Street, 20 March 1842. He was
buried in the parish church at Hampton.

Munster was a privy councillor, governor
and captain of Windsor Castle, a fellow of
the Royal Society, and of the Royal Geo-
graphical, Antiquarian, Astronomical, and
Geological societies of London. He became
a member of the Royal Asiatic Society on its
first formation in 1824, was elected a member
of the council in March 1825, in 1826 was
one of the committee commissioned to draw
up a plan for a committee of correspondence,

was many years vice-president, and was
chosen president the year before his death.
On 4 Oct. 1827 he was nominated by
the society member of a committee to pre-
pare a plan for publishing translations of
oriental works, and was subsequently ap-
pointed deputy-chairman and vice-president
of the Oriental Translation Fund, which was
largely indebted to his activity in obtaining
subscriptions and making the necessary ar-
rangements, and particularly in securing the
co-operation of the Propaganda Fide and
other learned bodies in Rome (OrientalTransl.
Fund, 3rd Rep., 1830). He was also presi-
dent of the Society for the Publication of
Oriental Texts. He communicated to the
SocietS Asiatique of Paris a paper on the
employment of Mohammedan mercenaries
in Christian armies, which appeared in the
1 Journal Asiatique,' 56 cahier (February
1827), and was translated in the 'Naval and
Military Magazine ' (ii. 33, iii. 113-520), a
magazine of which four volumes only ap-
peared. With the aid of his secretary and
amanuensis, Dr. Aloys Sprenger (the German
orientalist, afterwards principal of Delhi
College), Munster had collected an immense
mass of information from the great continental
libraries and other sources for a ' History of
the Art of War among Eastern Nations' (see
Ann. Rep. p. v, Journal Royal Asiatic Society,
vol. vii.) With this object he sent out, two
years before his death, an Arabic circular,
« Kitab-i-fibrist al Kutub,' &c. (or 'A List
of Desiderata in Books in Arabic, Persian,
Turkish, and Hindustani on the Art of War
among Mohammedans'), compiled, under the
order of Munster, by Aloys Sprenger, London,
1840. Munster was likewise the author of
'An Account of the British Campaign in Spain
and Portugal in 1809,' London, 1831, which
originally appeared in Colburn's ' United Ser-
vice Magazine.'

Munster is described as having been a
most amiable man in private life, and much
beloved by his old comrades of the 10th
tiussars.

[Burke's Peerage, under ' Munster ; ' Jerdan's
Nat. Portraits, vol. iii., with portrait after At-
kinson ; Proceedings of Court-martial on Colonel
Quentin, printed from the shorthand writer's
notes (1814); Fitzclarence's Account of a Journey
across India, &c. (1819); Wellington Corre-
spondence, vols. vii. and viii. ; Greville Corre-
spondence, 1st ser. ii. 10, 43, 168; Koyal Asiatic
Society, London, Comm. of Correspondence (Lon-
don, 1829) ; Annual Report in Journal Royal
Asiatic Society, London, vol. vii. (1843); Gent.
VTag. new ser. xvii. 358, xviii. 677 (will) ; a
etter from Lord Munster to the Duke of Mont-
rose in 1830 is in Egerton MS. 29300, f. 119.]

H. M. C.

Fitzcount

108

Fitzcount

FITZCOUNT, BRIAN (f. 1125-1142),
•warrior and author, was the son of Count
Alan 'Fergan' (Anglo-Saxon Chron. 1127)
of Brittany (d. 1119), but apparently ille-
gitimate. From a most interesting letter
addressed to him by Gilbert Foliot (vide
infra), we learn that Henry I reared him
from his youth up, knighted him, and pro-
vided for him in life. A chief means by
•which he was provided for was his marriage
with ' Matilda de Wallingford,' as she was
•styled, who brought him the lands of Miles
Crispin ( Testa de Nevill, p. 115), whose widow
(ib.) or daughter she was. He was further
made firmarius of Wallingford (but not, as
asserted, given it for himself), then an im-
portant town with a strong fortress. This
3>ost he held at least as early as 1127 (Pipe
Roll, 31 Hen. I, p. 139). He was despatched
in that year (1 127) with the Earl of Gloucester
to escort the Empress Maud to Normandy
(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle}, and was engaged
with him shortly afterwards in auditing the
national accounts at the treasury at "Win-
chester (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I, pp. 130-1). He
also purchased for himself the office and part
of the land of Nigel de Oilli (ib. p. 139),
and held land by 1130 in at least twelve
counties (ib. passim). From the evidence of
charters it is clear that he was constantly
at court for the last ten years of the reign.
Though a devoted adherent of the Empress
Maud, he witnessed as a ' constable' Ste-
phen's charter of liberties (1136), as did the
Earl of Gloucester. On her landing (1139),
however, he at once declared for her ( Gesta,
p. 57), met the Earl of Gloucester as he
marched from Arundel to Bristol, and con-
certed with him their plans (WiLL. MALM.
ii. 725). Stephen promptly besieged Wal-
lingford, but failing to take it, retired, leaving
a blockading force ( Gesta, pp. 57-8). But the
blockade was raised, and Brian relieved by
a dashing attack from Gloucester (ib. p. 59).
Thenceforth Wallingford, throughout the
war, was a thorn in Stephen's side, and Brian
was one of the three chief supporters of the
empress, the other five being her brother
Robert and Miles of Gloucester [q. v.] These
three attended her on her first visit to Win-
chester (March 1141), and were sureties for
her to the legate (WILL. MALM. ii. 743).
Charters prove that Brian accompanied her
to London (June 1141), and that at Oxford
lie was with her again (25 July 1141).
Thence he marched with her to Winchester
(Gesta, p. 80), and on her defeat fled with
her to Devizes, ' showing that as before they
had loved one another, so now neither ad-
versity nor danger could sever them' (ib.
p. 83).

A Brien de Walingofort

Commanda a mener la dame

E dist, sor la peril de s'alme,

Qu'en mil lieu ne s'aresteiisent. (MEYER)

He is again found with her at Bristol towards
the close of the year (Monasticon, vi. 137),
and at Oxford in the spring of 1142. And
when escaping from Oxford in December
following, it was to Brian's castle that the
empress fled (HEN. HUNT. p. 276).

It was at some time after the landing of
the empress (1139) that Gilbert Foliot wrote
to Brian that long and instructive letter,
from which we learn that this fighting baron
had apparently composed an eloquent treatise
in defence of the rights of the empress (ed.
Giles, ep. Ixxix.) Another ecclesiastic, the
Bishop of Winchester, endeavoured in vain
to shake his allegiance on behalf of the king,
his brother. Their correspondence is still
extant in the ' Liber Epistolaris ' of Richard
de Bury (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 390 b).
Brian must therefore have received, for these
days, an unusually good education, probably
at the court of Henry * Beauclerc.'

His later history is very obscure. On the
capture of William Martel at Wilton in 1143
he was sent prisoner to Brian, who placed
him in a special dungeon, which he named
'cloere Brien' (MATT. PARIS, ii. 174). In
1146 he was again besieged by Stephen, who
was joined by the Earl of Chester (HEN.
HUNT. p. 279), but he surprised and captured
shortly after a castle of the Bishop of Win-
chester (Gesta, p. 133). In 1152 Stephen
besieged him a third time, and he found him-
self hard pressed; but in 1153 he was bril-
liantly relieved by Henry (HEN. HUNT. pp.
284, 287). Thus the t clever Breton,' as Ger-
vase (i. 153) terms him, held his fortress to
the end. At this point he disappears from
view.

The story that he went on crusade comes
from the utterly untrustworthy account of
him in the * Abergavenny Chronicle' (Mon.
Angl.iv.QIS). An authentic charter of 1141-2
(Pipe Roll Soc.) proves that he held Aber-
gavenny, but, like everything else, in right of
his wife. She, who died without issue (Note-
book, iii. 536), founded Oakburn Priory,
Wiltshire, circa 1151 (Mon. Angl. vi. 1016).

[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Rolls Series) ; Gesta
Stephani(ib.) ; Henry of Huntingdon (ib.) ; Matt.
Paris's Chronica Major (ib.) ; Gervase of Can-
terbury (ib.) ; Pipe Roll of 31 Hen. I (Record
Commission) ; Testa de Nevill (ib.) ; William of
Malmesbury (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Monasticon An-
glicanum (new edit.); Round's Charters (Pipe
Roll Soc.); Maitland's Bracton's Note-book;
Meyer's L'histoire de Guillaume le Marechal (Ro-
mania, vol. xi.); Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep.;

Fitzgeffrey

109

Fitzgeffrey

Giles's Letters of Foliot (Patres Ecclesiae Angli-
canse); Athenaeum, 22 Oct. 1887; the Rev. A. D.
Crake's Brian Fitzcount (1888) is an historical
romance, founded on Brian's legendary career.]

J. H. R.

FITZGEFFREY, CHARLES (1575?-
1638), poet and divine, son of Alexander
Fitzgeffrey, a clergyman who had migrated
from Bedfordshire, was born at Fowey in
Cornwall about 1575. He was entered in
1590 at Broadgates Hall, Oxford, proceeded
B.A. 31 Jan. ] 596-7, and M.A. 4 July 1600.
In 1596 he published at Oxford a spirited
poem entitled ' Sir Francis Drake, his Hono-
rable Lifes Commendation and his Tragical
Deathes Lamentation/ 8vo. It was dedi-
cated to Queen Elizabeth, and commendatory
verses were prefixed by Richard Rous, Francis
Rous, 'D.W.,' and Thomas Mychelbourne.
A second edition, with a revised text and
additional commendatory verses, was pub-
lished in the same year. Meres, in ' Palladis
Tamia,' 1598, has a complimentary notice of
* yong Charles Fitz-Ieffrey, that high touring
Falcon ; ' and several quotations from the
poem occur in ' England's Parnassus,' 1600.
In 1601 Fitzgeffrey published an interest-
ing volume of Latin epigrams and epitaphs :
1 Caroli Fitzgeofridi Affaniae ; sive Epigram-
matum libri tres; Ejusdem Cenotaphia,' 8vo.
Epigrams are addressed to Drayton, Daniel,
Sir John Harington, William Percy, and
Thomas Campion ; and there are epitaphs on
Spenser, Tarlton, and Nashe. Fitzgeffrey's
most intimate friends were the brothers Ed-
ward, Laurence, and Thomas Mychelbourne,
who are so frequently mentioned in Cam-
pion's Latin epigrams. There is an epigram
1 To my deare freind Mr. Charles Fitz-Ieffrey'
among the poems ' To Worthy Persons ' ap-
pended to John Davies of Hereford's 'Scourge
of Folly,' n. d., 1610-11. It appears from
the epigram (* To thee that now dost mind
but Holy Writ,' &c.) that Fitzgeffrey was
then in orders. By his friend Sir Anthony
Rous he was presented to the living of
St. Dominic, Eastwellshire. In 1620 he pub-
lished l Death's Sermon unto the Living,' 4to,
2nd ed. 1622, a funeral sermon on the wife
of Sir Anthony Rous ; in 1622 < Elisha, his
Lamentation for his Owne,'4to, a funeral ser-
mon on Sir Anthony; in 1631 'The Curse of
Corne-horders : with the Blessing of season-
able Selling. In three sermons,' 4to, dedicated
to Sir Reginald Mohune, reprinted in 1648
under the title ' God's Blessing upon the
Providers of Corne,' &c. ; in 1634 a devotional
poem, ' The Blessed Birth-Day celebrated in
some Pious Meditations on the Angels An-
them,' 4to, reprinted in 1636 and 1651 ; and
in 1637/ Compassion to wards Captives, chiefly

towards our Brethren and Country-men who
are in miserable bondage in Barbaric: urged
and pressed in three sermons . . . preached
in Plymouth in October 1636,' 4to, with a
dedication to John Cause, mayor of Plymouth.
Fitzgeffrey died 24 Feb. 1637-8, and was-
buned under the communion-table of his-
church. Robert Chamberlain has some verses
to his memory in ' Nocturnall Lucubrations r
1638.

Fitzgeffrey prefixed commendatory verses
to Storer's ' Life and Death of Thomas, Earl of
Cromwell,' 1599 (two copies of Latin verse and
two English sonnets), Davies of Hereford's-
'Microcosmus,'1603, Sylvester's 'Bartas, his.
Devine Weekes and Workes,' 1605, and Wil-
liam Vaughan's ' Golden Grove,' 1608. He was
among the contributors to ' Oxoniensis Aca-
demies funebre officium in Memoriam Eliza-
bethee,' 1603, 4to, and ' Academise Oxoniensis
Pietas erga Jacobum,' 1603, 4to. There is an
epigram to him in John Dunbar's 'Epigram-
maton Centuries Sex,' 1616; Campion ad-
dressed two epigrams to him, and Robert
Hay man in ' Quodlibets,' 1620, has an epi-
gram to him, from which it appears that he
was blind of one eye. A letter of Fitzgef-
frey, dated from Fowey, March 1633, giving
an account of a thunderstorm, is preserved at
Kimbolton Castle. ' Sir Francis Drake ' and
' The Blessed Birth-Day ' have been reprinted
in Dr. Grosart's ' Occasional Issues.'

[Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, ii. 607-9 ; Dr. Gro-
sart's Memorial Introduction to Fitzgeffrey's
Poems; Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornu-
biensis; Hunter's Chorus Vatum.] A. H. B.

FITZGEFFREY, HENRY (fl. 1617),
writer of satires and epigrams, is commonly
assumed to have been a son of Charles Fitz-
geffrey [q. v.], but no evidence in support of
the conjecture has been adduced. A Henry
Fitz-Jeffrey, who is on the list of Westmin-
ster scholars elected to Cambridge in 1611
(WELCH, Alumni Westmonast. p. 81), may,
or may not, be the satirist. In 1617 ap-
peared * Certain Elegies, done by Sundrie
excellent Wits. With Satyres and Epi-
grames,' 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1618 ; 3rd edition,
1620; 4th edition, undated. The elegies-
are by Ffrancis] Bfeaumont], N[athaniel ?]
H[ooke?J, and Mpchael] D[rayton]. They
are followed by ' The Author in Praise of
his own Booke,' four lines ; and ' Of his deare
Friend the Author H. F.,' eight lines, signed
<Nath. Gvrlyn,' to which is appended 'The
Author's Answer.' In the first satire there
are some curious notices of popular fugitive*
tracts. After the second satire is a cojpy of
commendatory verses by J. Stephens. Then-
follows 'The Second Booke: of SatyricalL

Fitzgerald

no

Fitzgerald

Epigram's/ with a dedication ' To his True
Friend Tho : Fletcher of Lincoln's Inn, Gent. ; '
and at the end of the epigrams is another copy
of commendatory verses by Stephens. 'The
Third Booke of Humours: Intituled Notes
from Black-Fryers,' opens with an epigram
* To his Lou : Chamber-Fellow and nearest
Friend Nat. Gvrlin of Lincolnes-Inn, Gent.'
The notes are followed by some more verses
of Stephens, the epilogue ' The Author for
Himselfe/ and finally a verse 'Post-script
to his Book-binder/ Twelve copies of the
little volume were reprinted, from the edi-
tion of 1620, for E. V. Utterson at the Bel-
dornie Press in 1843.

[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, pt. yi.
pp. 356-60 : Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii.
608.] A. H. B.

FITZGERALD, DAVID (U1176), bishop
of St. David's. [See DAVID the Second.]

FITZGERALD, LOKD EDWARD (1763-
1798), Irish rebel, was one of the seventeen
children of James Fitzgerald, viscount and
first duke of Leinster [q. v.], by Emilia Mary,
daughter of Charles, duke of Richmond. His
father died in 1773, and his mother married
William Ogilvie. The Duke of Richmond
lent his house at Aubigny in France to the
family, who resided there till 1779 ; Ogilvie
undertook Edward's education, which had
been commenced by a tutor named Lynch.
The boy had a marked military bent, and on
returning to England joined the Sussex mi-
litia, of which his uncle, the Duke of Rich-
mond, was colonel. He next entered the 96th
infantry as lieutenant, served with it in Ire-
land, exchanged into the 19th in order to
get foreign service, and in 1781 went out to
Charleston. His skill in covering a retreat
got him the post of aide-de-camp to Lord
Rawdon, on whose retirement he rejoined his
regiment. At the engagement of Eutaw
Springs, August 1781, he was wounded in
the thigh, was left senseless on the field, and
might have succumbed had not a negro, Tony,
carried him to his hut and nursed him. Tony
was thenceforth, to the end of Fitzgerald's
life, his devoted servant or slave. After his
recovery Fitzgerald was on O'Hara's staff at
St. Lucia, but soon returned to Ireland, where
his eldest brother had him elected M.P. for
Athy. He voted in the Dublin parliament
in the small minority with Grattan and Cur-
ran. After a course of professional study at
Woolwich a disappointment in love drove
him to New Brunswick to join his regiment,
the 54th, of which he was now major. Cob-
bett was the sergeant-major, and was grateful
to Fitzgerald for procuring him his discharge,

describing him to Pitt in 1800 as the only
really honest officer he had ever known. In-
fected by the fashionable Rousseau admiration
for savage life, Fitzgerald made his way by
compass through the woods from Frederick-
ton to Quebec, was formally admitted at De-
troit into the Bear tribe, and went down the
Mississippi to New Orleans, but was refused
the expected permission to visit the Mexican
mines. On returning home he found himself
M.P. for Kildare, became intimate with the
whig leaders in London, joined in April 1792
their Society of the Friends of the People,
shared their enthusiasm for the French revo-
lution, and in October 1792 visited Paris.
He stayed at the same hotel as Paine, took
his meals with him, and at a British dinner
to celebrate French victories joined in Sir
Robert Smith's toast to the abolition of all
hereditary titles. Cashiered from the army
for attendance at this revolutionary banquet,
he was not, however, so immersed in politics
as to neglect the theatres. Hence his brief
courtship and his marriage, 27 Dec. 1792 [see
FITZGEKALD, PAMELA]. He tookhis bride over
to Ireland, and six days after his arrival at
Dublin caused a scene in parliament by de-
scribing the lord-lieutenant and the majority
as ' the worst subjects the king has.' He was
ordered into custody, but refused to make any
serious apology. When not attending parlia-
ment he enjoyed the society of his wife and
child and of his flowers at Kildare. His dis-
missal from the army and the political reaction
consequent on the atrocities in France con-
verted the light-hearted young nobleman into
a stern conspirator. Early in 1796 he joined
the United Irishmen, who now avowedly
aimed at an independent Irish republic, and in
May he went with Arthur O'Connor to Bale to
confer with Hoche on a French invasion ; but
the Directory, apprehensive of accusations of
Orleanism, on account of Pamela's supposed
kinship with the Orleans family, declined to
negotiate with Fitzgerald, who rejoined his
wife at Hamburg, leaving O'Connor to treat
with Hoche. Returning to Ireland he visited
Belfast with O'Connor, then a candidate for
Antrim, but in July 1797 he declined to solicit
re-election, telling the Kildare voters that
under martial law free elections were impos-
sible, but that he hoped hereafter to represent
them in a free parliament. In the following
autumn the United Irishmen became a mili-
tary organisation, 280,000 men, according to
a list given by Fitzgerald to Thomas Rey-
nolds, being prepared with arms, and a mili-
tary committee, headed by Fitzgerald, was
deputed to prepare a scheme of co-operation
with the French, or of a rising if their arrival
could not be awaited. Fitzgerald was him-

I tzgerald

Fitzgerald

self colonel of the so-called Kildare regiment,
but induced Reynolds to take his place. The
latter alleges that three months after his ap-
pointment he learned the intention of the
conspirators to begin the rising by murdering
eighty leading noblemen and dignitaries, and
that to save their lives he gave the authori-
ties information which led to the arrest, on
12 March 1798, at Oliver Bond's house, of the
Leinster provincial committee. He does not
state whether Fitzgerald was cognisant of the
intended murders, but anxious for his escape
he had on the llth given him a vague warn-
ing and urged flight, whereupon Fitzgerald
expressed a desire to go to France that he
might induce Talleyrand to hasten the inva-
sion. Owing perhaps to Reynolds's warning,
Fitzgerald was not at Bond's meeting ; but
being told there was no warrant against him-
self was about to enter his own house, then
being searched by the police, when Tony, on
the look-out, gave him timely notice. So far
from distrusting Reynolds, Fitzgerald, while
in concealment, sent for him on the 14th and
15th, the first time to propose taking refuge
in Kilkee Castle, the property of the Duke of
Leinster, then occupied by Reynolds. Rey-
nolds objected to the plan as unsafe, and next
day took him fifty guineas and a case of
pocket pistols. Reynolds clearly gave no in-
formation of these interviews, and Lord-chan-
cellor Clare, if not other members of the Irish
government, was also desirous of an escape.
Fitzgerald, however, remained in or near Dub-
lin, paid two secret visits, once in female at-
tire, to his wife, who had prudently removed
from Leinster House, walked along the canal
at night, and actively continued preparations
for a rising fixed for 23 May. The authori-
ties were therefore obliged in self-defence to
take more serious steps for his apprehension,
and on 11 May they offered a reward of 1,00(V.
Madden gives reasons for thinking that the
F. H. or J. H. (the first initial was indis-
tinctly written in the original document from
which he copied the entry) to whom on
20 June the sum was paid, was John Hughes,
a Belfast bookseller, one of Fitzgerald's so-
called body-guard. However; this may be,
the authorities knew that on the 19th he
would be at Murphy's, a feather dealer. Fitz-
gerald, having dined, was lying with his coat
off on a bed upstairs, and Murphy was asking
him to come down to tea, when Major Swan
and Ryan mounted the stairs and entered the
room. After a desperate struggle, in which
Ryan was mortally wounded, Fitzgerald was
captured. Shot in the right arm by Major
Sirr, who had also entered the room, his
wound was pronounced free from danger,
whereupon he said, ' I am sorry for it.' He

was taken first to the castle and then to
Newgate. Inflammation set in ; his brother
Henry and his aunt (Lady Louisa Conolly)
were allowed to see him in his last moments,
and on 4 June he expired. His remains were
interred in St. Werburgh Church, Dublin,
and Sirr, forty-three years later, was buried
a few paces off in the churchyard. A bill of
attainder was passed against Fitzgerald, but
the government allowed his Kilrush estate,
worth about 700/. a year, to be bought by
Ogilvie at the price of the mortgage, 10,400/.,
and in 1819 the attainder was repealed. Fitz-
gerald was of small stature (Reynolds says
5 feet 5 inches, Murphy 5 feet 7 inches), and
Moore, who once saw him in 1797, speaks of
his peculiar dress, elastic gait, healthy com-
plexion, and the soft expression given to his
eyes by long dark eyelashes. He left three
children : Edward Fox (1794-1863), an offi-
cer in the army ; Pamela, wife of General
Sir Guy Campbell ; and Lucy Louisa, wife
of Captain G. F. Lyon, R.N.

[Moore's Life of Lord E. Fitzgerald ; Life of
Thomas Reynolds ; Madden's United Irishmen ;
Teeling's Personal Narrative of the Irish Rebel-
lion.] J. G-. A.

FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1770?-
1807), Irish insurgent leader, born at New-
park, co. Wexford, about 1770, was a country
gentleman of considerable means. At the
breaking out of the insurrection in 1798 he
was confined in Wexford gaol on suspicion,
but on being released by the populace, com-
manded in some of the engagements that
took place in different parts of the county
during the occupation of the town, exhibit-
ing, it is said, far better generalship than
the commander-in-chief,Bagenal Beauchamp
Harvey [q. v.] Madden commends his hu-
manity to the prisoners that fell into his
hands at Gorey. At the battle of Arklow
he commanded the Shemalier gunsmen. He
afterwards joined in the expedition against
Hacketstown, and surrendered upon terms
to General Wilford in the middle of July.
With Garrett, Byrne, and others he was de-
tained in custody in Dublin until the ensu-
ing year, when he was permitted to reside in
England. He was, however, re-arrested on
25 March 1800, imprisoned for a while, and
then allowed to retire to Hamburg, where he
died in 1807. In person Fitzgerald is de-
scribed as a ' handsome, finely formed man ; '
he was besides a speaker of great eloquence.

[Madden's United Irishmen; Webb's Com-
pendium of Irish Biog. pp. 194-5.]

FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809-
1883), poet and translator, born at Bredfield
House, nearWoodbridge, Suffolk, on 31 March

Fitzgerald

112

Fitzgerald

1809, was the third son of John Purcell, who,
on the death of his wife's father in 1818, took
the name and arms of Fitzgerald. In 1821
Fitzgerald was sent to King Edward the
Sixth's Grammar School at Bury St. Ed-
munds, under the charge of Dr. Malkin. In
1826 he entered at Trinity College, Cambridge,
and took his degree in 1830. He made life-
long friendships with his schoolfellows, James
Spedding and W. B. Donne [q. v.T, and with
his college contemporaries, W. M. Thackeray,
"W. H. Thompson, afterwards master of
Trinity, and John Allen, afterwards arch-
deacon of Salop. The three brothers Tenny-
son were also at Cambridge at the same
time, but he did not know them till a later
period. With Frederic, the eldest, he kept
up a correspondence for several years, and
the laureate dedicated to him his poem ' Ti-
resias,' but, as Fitzgerald died just before it
was published, their long friendship is fur-
ther commemorated in the touching epi-
logue. Carlyle was a friend of a later date,
but firm and true to the last. Fitzgerald
spent the greater part of his life in Suffolk.
His youth was passed at Bredfield, where he
was born, and where he lived, with the ex-
ception of a short sojourn in France, till
about 1825. His home was then for some
time at Wherstead Lodge, near Ipswich, till
1835, when the family removed to Boulge
Hall in the adjoining parish to Bredfield,
and for several years Fitzgerald occupied a
small cottage close by the park gates. Here
his chief friends were George Crabbe, the
son of the poet and vicar of Bredfield, and
Bernard Barton, the quaker poet of Wood-
bridge, whose daughter he afterwards mar-
ried. He had no liking for the conventional
usages of society, and was therefore some-
what of a recluse. But he was by no means
unsocial, and to those whom he admitted to
his intimacy he was the most delightful of
companions. His habits were extremely
simple ; his charity large and generous, but
always discriminating ; his nature tender and
affectionate. He lived at Boulge till about
the end of 1853, and then settled for a time
at Farlingay Hall, an old farmhouse just
outside Woodbridge, where Carlyle visited
him in 1855. About the end of 1860 he
went to live in Woodbridge itself, taking
lodgings on the Market Hill, and there he re-
mained till, at the beginning of 1874, he re-
moved to his own house, Little Grange, which
he had enlarged some years before, and where
he continued till his death. His chief out-
door amusement was boating, and the great
part of each summer was spent in his yacht,
in which he cruised about the neighbouring
coast. But he gradually withdrew from the

sea, and after the death of his old boatman
in 1877, the river had no longer any pleasure
for him, and he was driven to console him-
self with his garden. On 14 June 1883 he
died suddenly while on a visit at Merton Rec-
tory, Norfolk, and was buried at Boulge.

Beyond occasional contributions to peri-
odical literature Fitzgerald does not appear
to have published anything till he wrote a
short memoir of Bernard Barton, prefixed to
a collection of his letters and poems, which
was made after the poet's death in 1849. In
1851 was issued ' Euphranor, a Dialogue on
Youth,' which contains some beautiful Eng-
lish prose. In 1852 appeared < Polonius : a
Collection of Wise Saws and Modern In-
stances,' with a preface on proverbs and apho-
risms. Both these were anonymous. In
1853 he brought out the only book to which
he ever attached his name, ' Six Dramas of
Calderon, freely translated by Edward Fitz-
Gerald,' but the reception it met with at the
hands of reviewers, who did not take the
trouble to understand his object, did not en-
courage him to repeat the experiment. He
consequently never issued, except to his per-
sonal friends, the translations or adaptations
of ' La Vida es Sueno ' and < El Magico Pro-
digioso.' These translations never professed
to be close renderings of their originals. They
were rather intended to produce, in one who
could not read the language from which
they were rendered, something of the same
effect as is conveyed by the original to-
those familiar with it. On this principle he
translated the l Agamemnon ' of ^schylus,
which was first issued privately without
date, and was afterwards published anony-
mously in 1876. A year or two before his
death he completed on the same lines a trans-
lation of the f QEdipus Tyrannus ' and the
' (Edipus Coloneus ' of Sophocles. But the
work on which his fame will mainly rest is
his marvellous rendering of the 'Quatrains'
of Omar Khayyam, the astronomer poet of
Persia, which he has made to live in a way
that no translation ever lived before. In his
hands the ' Quatrains ' became a new poem,
and their popularity is attested by the four
editions which appeared in his lifetime. But
when they were first published in 1859 they
fell upon an unregarding public, as heedless
of their merits as the editor of a magazine in
whose hands they had been for two years
previously. His Persian studies, which wer&
begun at the suggestion of his friend, Pro-
fessor Cowell, first led him in 1856 to-
translate the ' Salaman and Absal ' of Jami.
After this he was attracted to Attar's 'Man-
tik-ut-tair,' and by 1859 he had made a
kind of abridged translation of it, which he-

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

•called the l Bird Parliament ; ' but it remained
in manuscript till his death.

Fitzgerald was a great admirer of Crabbe's
poetry, and, in order to rescue it from the
disregard into which it had fallen, he con-
densed the ' Tales of the Hall ' by liberal
omission and the introduction of prose in
place of the more diffuse narrative in verse.
The preface to these * Readings in Crabbe,'
in which he pleaded for more attention to a
neglected poet, was the last work on which
ke employed his pen.

An edition of his collected writings, with
selections from his correspondence, is now
(1889) in the press, under the editorship of
the writer of this article.

[Fitzgerald's Collected Works, ed. W. Aldis
Wright, LL.D.] W. A. W.

FITZGERALD, LADY ELIZABETH,

called the FAIR GERALDINE (1528 P-1589),
was youngest daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald,
ninth earl of Kildare [q.v.],byhis second wife,
Lady Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Thomas
Grey, marquis of Dorset. Born apparently
about 1528 at her father's castle at May-
nooth, she was brought to England by her
mother in 1533, when her father was involved
in his son's treasonable practices. Her father
was executed in 1534, and she lived with her
mother at Beaumanoir, Leicestershire, the
liouse of her uncle, Lord Leonard Grey. In
1538 she entered the household of the Prin-
cess Mary at Hunsdon, and when that esta-
blishment was broken up in 1540, she trans-
ferred her services to Queen Catherine
Howard at Hampton Court. At Hunsdon
Henry Howard, earl of Surrey [q. v.], first
saw her. He renewed his acquaintance with
her at Hampton, and began about 1540 the
series of songs and sonnets, first printed in
Tottel's ' Miscellany ' (1557), in'which he ex-
tolled her beauty and declared his love for her.
One sonnet, in which he refers to the Floren-
tine origin ascribed to the Geraldine family and
to the Lady Elizabeth's education, is entitled
•* Description and Praise of his love Geraldine.'
Although many others describe the course of
his passion, the lady is only mentioned by
name in this one poem. Surrey at the time
of composing these sonnets was a married
man, his wife being Lady Frances, daughter
of John Vere, fifteenth earl of Oxford. This
marriage took place in 1534, and a first child
was born in 1536. Surrey's relationship with
Lady Elizabeth would seem to have been
wholly Platonic, and an imitation of Petrarch's
association with Laura. According to Nashe's
romance, called ' The Unfortunate Traveller,
or the Life of Jack Wilton ' (1594), Surrey
while in Venice consulted Cornelius Agrippa

VOL. XIX.

as to the welfare of his ladylove, and saw her
image in a magic mirror. When he arrived
in Florence he challenged to combat all who
disputed his mistress's loveliness. Drayton
utilised these stories in his beantiful poetical
epistle of ' The Lady Geraldine to the Earl
of Surrey,' first published in his « Heroicall
Epistle,' 1578. Sir Walter Scott has also
introduced the first episode into his ' Lay of
the Last Minstrel ' (canto vi. stanzas xvi-
xx.) Although these reports were widely
disseminated in the seventeenth century,
there seems no foundation for them. They
are to all appearance the outcome of Nashe's
imagination.

In 1543 Lady Elizabeth, who was then
no more than fifteen, married Sir Anthony
Browne (d. 1548) [q. v.], a widower aged
sixty. The poverty-stricken condition of
her family perhaps explains this union, which
Surrey has been assumed to deplore in his
later verse. The wedding was attended by
Henry VIII and his daughter Mary, and a
sermon was preached by Ridley. Surrey was
executed in 1547, and Lady Elizabeth's hus-
band died in 1548. About 1552 she became
the third wife of Edward Fiennes de Clinton,
earl of Lincoln (1512-1585) [q. v.] She
would seem to have been greatly in her
second husband's confidence, and the fac-
simile of a letter (dated 14 Sept. 1558),
written partly by her, acting as her husband's
secretary, and partly by himself, is printed
by the Rev. James Graves in the t Journal
of the Archaeological and Historical Asso-
ciation of Ireland' (1873). Clinton died in
1585, and made his wife executrix of his
will, but she appears to have been on bad
terms with the children of her husband's
second marriage. She died in March 1589,
leaving no issue, and was buried by her se-
cond husband in St. George's Chapel, Wind-
sor, where she had already erected an elabo-
rate monument to his memory. Her sister
Margaret was chief mourner, and sixty-one
old women, numbering the years of her life,
followed her to the grave. A fine portrait by
C. Ketel, showing a lady with auburn hair,
of very attractive appearance, is at Woburn
Abbey. A copy belonging to the Duke of
Leinster is at Carton, Maynooth. An en-
graving by Scriven was published in 1809,
and Mr. Graves gives a photograph from the
original painting in the journal noticed above.

[Rev. James Graves in Archaeological and His-
torical Association of Ireland, 1873, pp. 560
etseq. publ. Kilkenny Archseolog. Soc.; Tottel's
Miscellany, 1557, reprinted by Arber ; Poems of
Surrey and Wyatt, ed. Dr. Nott, 1815 ; Nashe's
works, ed. G-rosart, vol. v. ; Duke of Leinster's
Earls of Kildare, 1858, pp. 126-9.] S. L. L.

Fitzgerald

114

Fitzgerald

FITZGERALD, GEORGE, sixteenth j
EARL OF KILDARE (1611-1660), was son of j
Thomas, second son of William Fitzgerald, |
thirteenth earl of Kildare, by Frances, daugh-
ter of Thomas Randolph, postmaster-general
in England under Queen Elizabeth. George
Fitzgerald was in his ninth year when, in
1620, he inherited the Kildare peerage, on
the death of Gerald, the fifteenth earl, at
the age of eight years and ten months. Earl
George was given in wardship by the king
to the Duke of Lennox. On the decease of
the latter his widow transferred the ward-
ship of the minor and his estates to Richard
Boyle, earl of Cork, for 6,600/. Kildare
studied for a time at Christ Church, Oxford,
and in his eighteenth year married Joan,
fourth daughter of Lord Cork. He appears
to have been much under the influence of that
astute adventurer ; but occasional differences
occurred between them, for the settlement
of which the intervention of the lord deputy,
Wentworth, was obtained. A portrait of
Kildare, painted in 1632, in which he is re-
presented as of diminutive stature, is extant '
at Carton, the residence of the Duke of Lein-
ster. There is also preserved at Carton a
transcript, made in 1633 for Kildare, of an
ancient volume known as the f Red Book of
the Earls of Kildare.' Kildare sat for the
first time in the House of Peers, Ireland, in
1634, and was appointed colonel of a foot
regiment in the English army in Ireland.
With pecuniary advances from Lord Cork
Kildare rebuilt the decayed castle of his an-
cestors at Maynooth in the county of Kildare.
James Shirley, the dramatist, during his visit
to Dublin in 1637-8, was befriended by Kil-
dare, and dedicated to him his tragi-comedy
entitled ' The Royal Master/ acted at the
castle and the theatre, Dublin, in 1638. Kil-
dare was about that time committed to prison
for having disobeyed an order made by the
lord deputy for the delivery of documents
connected with a suit at law with Lord Digby.
In 1641 Kildare was appointed governor of
the county of Kildare, and subsequently took
part with the leaders of the protestant party
in Ireland in opposing the movements of the
Irish catholics to obtain from Charles I re-
dress of their grievances. Correspondence
between Kildare and the viceroy, Ormonde,
in 1644 appears in the third and fourth vo-
lumes of the l History of the Irish Confedera-
tion and War.' In January 1645-6 Kildare
and the Marquis of Clanricarde became sure-
ties to the extent of 10,000/. each for the
Earl of Glamorgan, on the occasion of his
liberation from prison at Dublin. Kildare
acted as governor of Dublin under the par-
liamentarian colonel, Michael Jones, in 1647,

and in 1649 he received a pension of 46s.
weekly from the government. In a subse-
quent petition to the chief justice of Munster
Kildare stated that during eleven years he
and his family had been driven to great ex-
tremities and endured much hardship in
England and Ireland through his constant
adherence and faithful affection to the par-
liament of England ; that he was then, for
debt, under restraint in London, and had
despatched his wife and some of his servants
to Ireland in hopes to raise a considerable
sum out of his estate for his enlargement
and subsistence. By his wife, who died in
1656, he had three sons and six daughters.
Kildare died early in 1660. He was buried
at Kildare. His second son, Wentworth
Fitzgerald, succeeded him as seventeenth earl
of Kildare.

[Archives of the Duke of Leinster ; Ormonde
Archives (Kilkenny Castle) ; Diaries of the Earl
of Cork ; Carte Papers (Bodleian Library), vol.
xvi. ; History of the Irish Confederation and
War, 1643-6 (Dublin, 1885-9) ; Works of James
Shirley, 1-833 ; History of the City of Dublin,
1854; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. 1884; The
Earls of Kildare, by the Marquis of Kildare,
1858-62.] J. T. G.

FITZGERALD, GEORGE ROBERT

(1748 P-1786), known as < Fighting Fitz-
gerald,' was a descendant of the Desmond
branch of the great Geraldine family, an-
ciently settled in Waterford, but removed in
the time of Cromwell to county Mayo. He
was the eldest son of George Fitzgerald, who
was for some time an officer in the Austrian
service, by Lady Mary Hervey, formerly maid
of honour to the Princess Amelia, and sister
to the Earl of Bristol, bishop of Deny. He
was educated at Eton, which he left to join
the army, his first quarters being at Gal way.
He soon became noted for his gallantry, his
recklessness, and his duels. Having at Dublin
made the acquaintance of the sister of the
Right Hon. Thomas Conolly of Castletown,
cousin of the Duke of Leinster, he married
her against the wishes of her parents, re-
ceiving with her a fortune of 10,000/. Soon
afterwards he went to the continent, where
his wife died, leaving an only daughter. In
1773 he gained celebrity in connection with
a fracas at Vauxhall relating to an actress,
Mrs. Hartley. A clergyman, the Rev. Henry
Bate [see DUDLEY, SIR HENRY BATE], who
protected the actress against the familiarities
of Fitzgerald and his friends, had, however,
much the best of the quarrel (see The Vaux-
hall Dispute, or the Macaronies Defeated;
being a compilation of all the Letters, Squibs,
4*c., on both sides of the Dispute, 1773). Fitz-
gerald married a second time the only daugh-

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

ter and heiress of Mr. Vaughan of Carrow-
more, Mayo. He now began to take an
active interest in politics. He was a strong
supporter of the legislative independence of
Ireland, and assisted in the formation of the
volunteer companies. On his estate in county
Mayo he boasted with truth that he had in-
troduced numerous improvements, much at-
tention being devoted by him to the growth
of wheat. His serious occupations were re-
lieved by wild adventures, including a habit
introduced by him of hunting at night. For
a sum of 8,OOOZ. per annum paid down his
father granted him a rent-charge of 1,000^.
per annum, and agreed to settle his whole
estates on him and his issue male. As, how-
ever, it now seemed unlikely that young
Fitzgerald would ever have any issue male,
he became jealous of his younger brother,
whose issue would ultimately inherit the
property. The father having fallen in arrears
in the payment of the rent-charge to the
amount of 12,000/., young Fitzgerald, by an
order of the court of exchequer, got posses-
sion of the property, his father being allowed
a comparatively small annuity. This an-
nuity the son neglected to pay, and carried
off his younger brother to his house at Tur-
lough. Thereupon his brother brought an
action against him for forcible abduction,
and being found guilty he was sentenced to
three years' imprisonment and a fine of 1,000/.
The sentence proved for a time a dead-letter.
He retreated to Sligo with his father, and,
being closely followed, embarked with him
in a boat for a small island in Sligo Bay.
Here his father proposed to him that if he
would pay him 3,000/. to clear his debts,
and give him a small yearly stipend, he
would convey to him the reversion in the
estate and exonerate him of all blame in the
forcible abduction. To this he agreed, and,
proceeding by unfrequented roads, the two
together reached Dublin. No sooner had
they reached it than the father set him at
defiance. A reward of 3,0001. having pre-
viously been offered for his capture, it was
not long before he was arrested. He endea-
voured to move for a new trial, but with-
out effect, and he was sent to prison, where
he remained till a serious illness induced the
authorities to liberate him. Soon afterwards
one Patrick Randal McDonnell, who had been
in league against him, was shot at and
wounded in the leg. One Murphy, a re-
tainer of Fitzgerald, was arrested on sus-
picion, but would reveal nothing. Fitzgerald
now procured a warrant for the arrest of
M'Donnell and others for false imprisonment
of Murphy, but it could not be immediately
executed on account of McDonnell's illness

from the wound in his leg. Knowing, how-
ever, that McDonnell would on a certain day
proceed from Castlebar to Chancery Hall,
they beset him on his return and took him
prisoner. In the scuffle one of the escort was
shot. The volunteers coming up, the tables
were, however, turned against Fitzgerald,
who was captured and lodged in gaol. While
there he was in some inexplicable way at-
tacked by a mob of men, who left him in a
very weak condition on the supposition that
he was dead ; but he survived to stand his
trial for murder, and being found guilty was
executed at Castlebar in the evening of Mon-
day, 12 June 1786. He was interred at mid-
night in the family tomb in a chapel which,
now in ruins, adjoins a round tower.

[Memoirs of G. E. Fitzgerald, 1786 ; Life, in
Dublin University Magazine, xvi. 1-21, 179-
197, 304-24, reprinted in 1852 ; Appeal to the
Jockey Club, &c., 1 775 ; Case of G. E. Fitzgerald,
1786 ; Gent. Mag. vol. Ivi. pt. i. 346-7, 434,
518-20 ; Sir Jonah Barrington's Memoirs.]

T. F. H.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, LORD OF
OFPALY (d. 1204), was the son of Maurice
Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.], the invader of
Ireland. Though the Geraldines had already
become a well-known family, Gerald is more
often called Fitzmaurice than Fitzgerald. Ac-
companying his father from Wales to Ireland,
he and his brother Alexander showed great
valour in the battle against Roderick O'Conor,
outside the walls of Dublin in 1171 (Exp.
Hib. in GIRALDTJS, Opera, v. 268, Rolls Ser.)
After his father's death, William Fitzaldhelm
[q. v.] deprived him and his brothers of their
stronghold of Wicklow, though after a time
compelled to give them Ferns in exchange
(ib. p. 337). He had already received from
Strongbow, Naas and other districts in Kil-
dare, and had erected Maynooth Castle (GiL-
BEET, Viceroys of Ireland, p. 93). In 1199,
though receiving King John's letters of pro-
tection, he was ordered to do right to Maurice
Fitzphilip for the lands of ' Gessil and Lega'
(? Leix), whereof he had already deforced
Maurice {Chart. 1 John, m. 6, p. i. ; Oblate
1 John, m. 12; Cal. Doc. Ireland, Nos. 101,
102). But on his death, Gerald was still in
possession of those estates {Cal. Doc. Ireland,
No. 195). He is often described as ' Baron
Offaly,' the middle cantred of which had been
among his father's possessions. He died be-
fore 15 Jan. 1204 (ib. No. 195), though gene-
rally said to have died in 1205 (Book of
Howth, p. 118, which describes him erro-
neously as justice of Ireland). He married
Catherine, daughter of Hamon of Valognes,
justiciar of Ireland between 1197 and 1199
(GILBERT, Viceroys, pp. 57, 93). He left by

Fitzgerald

116

Fitzgerald

her two sons (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland, i.
59). one of whom, his successor, was Maurice
Fitzgerald, lord of Offaly (1194 P-1257) [q. v.]
Gerald is described by his cousin, Giraldus
Cambrensis, as small in stature, but distin-
guished for prudence and honesty (Exp. Hib.
p. 354). He was the ancestor of the earls of
Kildare.

[Authorities referred to in text.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, fourth EAEL
OF DESMOND (d. 1398), justiciar of Ireland,
was the son of Maurice Fitzthomas, the first
earl of Desmond [q. v.], by his second wife,
Evelina or Eleanor Fitzmaurice, and was
generally styled Gerald Fitzmaurice. He
was in 1356 taken prisoner by the Irish, but
released on a truce being made ( Cal. Rot. Pat.
et Claus. Hib. p. 59). His father's death in the
same year was soon followed by that of his
elder brother, Maurice, the second earl. This
produced great disturbances in Munster. To
appease them Edward III granted to Gerald
the lands of his brother Maurice, together with
the custody of his idiot brother, Nicholas, who
seems to have been regarded as incompetent
to succeed (id. p. 72). This was on 3 July
1359. On 20 July the king renewed the grant
on condition of Gerald's marrying Eleanor, the
daughter of James Butler, earl of Ormonde,
then justiciar of Ireland (Feeder a, iii. 433).
The peerage writers describe Gerald as the
fourth earl, on the assumption that either
Nicholas or another brother, John, previously
bore the title (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland, i.
65 ; cf. l Pedigree of the Desmonds,' in GRAVES,
Unpublished Geraldine Documents, pt. ii.)
But the authorities only know of Maurice
and his father as his predecessors in the title.
The ' Book of Howth ' (p. 118) describes him
rightly as third earl.

In 1367 Desmond succeeded Lionel, duke
of Clarence, as justiciar of Ireland (GRACE,
Annals, p. 154). The appointment was a
confession of weakness of the home govern-
ment, for Gerald carried on even further than
his father that policy of amalgamation with
the native Irish which it had been Lionel's
main object to prevent. The period of his
rule was almost exceptionally turbulent. A
great meeting was held at Kilkenny to in-
duce the Birminghams to live in peace with
the government, and the king's officials peti-
tioned for the removal of the exchequer from
Carlow, where it was exposed to the Irish
attacks. In 1368 the Irish parliament peti-
tioned that all who held land in Irelanc
should be compelled to defend their estates
in person or by sufficient deputies. In 1369
Desmond was superseded by Sir William de
Windsor. In the same vear Desmond was

lefeated near Nenagh and taken prisoner by
3rien O'Brien, king of Thomond, whose vic-
orious army now plundered and destroyed
" imerick (Annals of Loch Ce, ii. 43 ; Annals
if the Four Masters, iii. 649). It was one of
he greatest victories ever won by the Irish
if Munster. In 1370 Windsor led an ex-
jedition to effect Desmond's release, but in
.372 O'Brien was again in arms and threaten-
ng Limerick (Cal. Rot. Pat. et Claus. Hib.
p. 846).

In 1377 Desmond was at war with Richard
de Burgh (ib. p. 103 b\ In 1381 he was ap-
pointed to t repress the malice of the rebels ;
n Munster, where no justiciar ventured to
show his face after the death of the Earl of
March (ib. pp. 114, 115). In 1386 he again
acted as deputy of the justiciar in Munster
[ib. p. 127 6). In 1393 he obtained from the
council an order compelling the town of Cork
;o pay him a rent already granted ' consider-
ng the great expenses which he continually
sustains in the king's wars in Munster ' (King's
Council in Ireland, 16 Richard II, p. 126,
Rolls Ser.) During the latter part of his life
tie was constantly at war with his hereditary
foes, the Butlers (ib. p. 261 ; cf. Cal. Rot. Pat.
et Claus. Hib. pp. 121, 122 6).

Desmond is generally described in the re-
cords as the chief upholder of the king's cause
in Munster. Yet his policy was to set the law
at defiance and adopt Irish customs and sym-
pathies. He obtained in 1388 a royal license
to allow his son James to be fostered among
his old enemies, the O'Briens, notwithstanding
the statute of Kilkenny (Cal. Rot. Pat. et
Claus. Hib. p. 139). The Irish annalists are
enthusiastic in his praises. The ' Four Masters '
describe him as ' a cheerful and courteous
man, who excelled all the English and many
of the Irish in the knowledge of the Irish
language, poetry, and history ' (iv. 761, cf.
note on p. 760). He was a man of some cul-
ture and refinement. He was called ' Gerald
the poet,' and some short French verses attri-
buted to him still survive in the ' Book of
Ross or Waterford,' in Harl. MS. 913, f. 15 b,
with the title ' Proverbia Comitis Desmond/
' The point of these is not very evident beyond
an ingenious play on words ' (CROKER, Popular
Songs of Ireland, p. 287). He is also de-
scribed as a mathematician and magician.
He died in 1398, but the Munster peasantry
long believed that he had only disappeared
beneath the waters of Lough Air, near Lime-
rick, and that every seven years he revisited
its castle.

By his wife, Eleanor Butler, who died in
1392, and is described as a ' charitable and
bountiful woman ' (Annals of Loch Ce, ii. 75),
Desmond left several children. The eldest

Fitzgerald

117

Fitzgerald

son, John, the fifth earl, according to the ordi-
nary reckoning, was drowned in the river
Suir, within a few months of his father's death
{Four Masters, iv. 761). The next son, Mau-
rice, died without male issue in 1410. The
third son, James, the O'Brien's foster-son,
usurped the earldom from his nephew Tho-
mas, the sixth earl, son of John. James was
the father of Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth earl
of Desmond [q. v.] Two daughters of Gerald
and Eleanor are also mentioned (' Pedigree
of the Desmonds,' in GRAVES, Unpublished
Geraldine Documents, pt. ii.)

[Chartularies, &c., of St. Mary's Abbey, Dub-
lin ; Annals of Loch Ce, both in Eolls 'Series;
Calendar of the Patent and Close Eolls of Ireland,
Eecord Coram.; Annals of the Four Masters;
Clyn's Annals and Grace's Annals (Irish Archaeo-
logical Soc.) ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, vol. i.
(Archdall) ; Graves's Unpublished Geraldine
Documents, first printed in Journal of Kilkenny
Archaeological Society, and then separately ; Gil-
bert's Viceroys of Ireland ; and the other autho-
rities referred to in the text.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, eighth EARL
OF KILDARE (d. 1513), was son of Thomas
Fitzgerald, seventh earl of Kildare [q. v.],
by his wife Joan, daughter of James, earl of
Desmond. Gerald became Earl of Kildare
on the death of his father in 1477, and was
elected by the council at Dublin to succeed
him as deputy-governor in Ireland. Ed-
ward IV, however, nominated Henry, lord
Grey, to that office. In connection with the
appointment serious complications arose. Kil-
dare and Grey respectively asserted rights
as governors, and presided over rival parlia-
ments of the English settlement in Ireland.
After the termination of the contest Kildare
was, in 1481, appointed as deputy in Ireland
for the viceroy, Richard, duke of York, and
during the closing years of Edward IV
advanced much in wealth and influence.
He married Alison, daughter of Sir Row-
land Fitzeustace, baron of Portlester, and
formed alliances with the most important
Irish and Anglo-Irish families. Richard III,
on his accession, laboured to secure the in-
terest of Kildare, and appointed him deputy-
governor in Ireland for his son, Prince Ed-
ward. Kildare identified himself prominently
with the Yorkist movement in Ireland, which
led to the battle at Stoke. In 1488, through
the medium of Sir Richard Edgecombe, Kil-
dare was taken into favour by Henry VII, and
received pardon under the great seal. As
lord deputy he acted energetically against
some of the hostile Irish, but was subse-
quently suspected of favouring the claims
of Perkin Warbeck. Kildare deferred com-
pliance with a royal mandate for his appear-

ance in England. His messengers, sent with
despatches to the king, were imprisoned at
London, for which no explanation was ac-
corded to him. In a letter to the Earl of
Ormonde Kildare complained of this treat-
ment, and mentioned that he understood that
he had been falsely accused of having favoured
Perkin Warbeck. He declared that he had
never aided or supported him, and that his
loyalty had been certified to the king by the
principal lords of Ireland. At the same time
the Earl of Desmond, and other chief per-
sonages in Ireland, by letter entreated the
king not to require Kildare to attend on him
in England, as they alleged that the English
interest in Ireland would be severely preju-
diced by his absence, and they assured the
king that he was a true and faithful subject.
Kildare was attainted in a parliament con-
vened by Sir Edward Poynings at Drogheda
in November 1494, and sent as prisoner to
the Tower of London. After a detention
there for two years the earl was pardoned,
and appointed lord deputy in 1496. In that
year he married, as his second wife, Eliza-
beth St. John, first cousin to Henry VII.
In 1498 Kildare presided at the first parlia-
ment held in Ireland under Poynings' law.
The statutes enacted on that occasion were
afterwards officially declared to have been
lost, but they have been brought to light and
published by the writer of the present notice.
Of Kildare's military operations the most
important was that in 1504 at Cnoctuagh,
near Galway, in which he obtained a victory
over forces commanded by some of the chief
nobles of Connacht and Munster. He was
installed as a knight of the Garter in May
1505, and continued as deputy in Ireland in
the early years of the reign of Henry VIII.
Kildare died in September 1513 of a wound
which he received in an engagement with a
sept of Leinster. He was interred in a
chapel which he had erected in the convent
of the Holy Trinity, now known as Christ
Church, Dublin. Contemporary chroniclers
styled him ' the great earl,' and described him
as l a mighty made man, full of honour and
courage, soon hot and soon cold, somewhat
headlong and unruly towards the nobles
whom he fancied not.' His son Gerald suc-
ceeded as ninth earl [q. v.] A covenant in
the Irish language, executed about 1510, be-
tween Kildare and the sept of MacGeoghegan,
extant in the British Museum, has been re-
produced in the third part of ' Facsimiles of
National MSS. of Ireland/ London, 1879.

[Archives of the Duke of Leinster; Unpub-
lished Statute Eolls of Ireland ; Patent Eolls,
Henry VII ; State Papers, Public Eecord Office,
London; Harleian MS. 433; Holinshed's Chro-

Fitzgerald

118

Fitzgerald

nicies, 1586 ; Obits of Christ Church, Dublin,
1844; Papers of Richard in, 1861 ; Earls of
Kildare, 1862; Hist, of Viceroys of Ireland,
1865 ; Eeport of Hist. MSS. Commission, 1883.]

J. T. G.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, ninth EAEL
or KILDARE (1487-1534), son of Gerald Fitz-
gerald, eighth earl [q. v.], by his first wife,
Alison Eustace, daughter and coheiress of
Rowland, baron of Portlester, was born in
1487. Sent into England in 1493 as a pledge
of his father's loyalty, his youth was spent
at court, where he was treated as befitted his
rank. In 1 503 he married Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir John Zouche of Codnor in Derbyshire,
* a woman of rare probity of mind and every
way commendable.' Shortly after his mar-
riage he was allowed to return to Ireland,
and on 28 Feb. 1504 was appointed lord high
treasurer. In the same year he accompanied
his father, the lord deputy, on an expedition
against Mac William of Clanricarde and
(JBrien of Thomond. In the battle of Knock-
doe on 19 Aug. he commanded the reserve,
but ' seeing the battle joining, could not stand
still to wait his time as was appointed/ and
by his indiscreet valour allowed the Irish
horse to capture the baggage train, together
with a number of English gentlemen (An-
nals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Donovan, v.
1277 ; Book of Howth, p. 185 ; HARDIM AN,
Galway, p. 76). The account in the ' Book of
Howth ' must be received with caution ; Ware
prudently remarks regarding Mac William and
O'Brien : ' De particulari eorum machinatione
non possum aliquid pro certo affirmare' (An-
nales, p. 71). In May 1508 he was again in
England, but for what purpose is not clear
(BERN AUDI ANDREW Annales, p. 115). On
9 Nov. 1610 he obtained from Henry VIII a
grant during pleasure, afterwards confirmed
in tail male, of the manor of Ardmolghan, co.
Meath. His father dying on 30 Sept. 1513,
he was elected lord justice by the council
pending his appointment as lord deputy. In
the following year he undertook an expedi-
tion against the O'Moores and O'Reillies, and
having slain Hugh O'Reilly he returned to
Dublin laden with plunder. For this and
other services done against the ' wild Irish '
he was rewarded with the customs and dues
of the ports of Strangford and Ardglass.
As yet nothing had happened to mar the
friendly relations between him and his bro-
ther-in-law, Piers Butler. In 1514 he pre-
sented Sir Piers with a chief horse, a grey
hackney, and a haubergeon, and about the
same time united with him to frame regula-
tions for the government of the counties of
Kilkenny and Tipperary. In June 1515 he
crossed over into England to confer with the

king about the affairs of the kingdom, and in
October he was authorised to summon a par-
liament, which met in January 1516. At
the same time (October 1515) he was, by
license of the king, permitted to carry into
execution a scheme, originated by his father,
for the foundation and endowment of a col-
lege in honour of the Virgin at Maynooth,
co. Kildare, which, however, was shortly
afterwards suppressed with other religious
houses in 1538. In 1516 he conducted an
expedition against the O'Tooles, who by
their constant depredations considerably an-
noyed the citizens of Dublin. Marching west
he next invaded Ely O'Carroll, where he was
joined by several noblemen of Munster and
Leinster, including Piers, earl of Ormonde,
and James, eldest son of the Earl of Desmond.
Having captured and razed the castle of
Lemyvannan (Leim-Ui-Bhanain, i.e. O'Ba-
nan's leap) he marched rapidly on Clonmel,
which having surrendered on conditions he
returned to Dublin in December ' laden with
booty, hostages, and honour.' In March 1517
he held a parliament at Dublin, after which
he invaded Lecale, where he stormed and re-
captured the castle of Dundrum. Thence he
marched against Phelim Magennis, whom he
defeated and took prisoner, and having cap-
tured the castle of Dungannon and laid waste
Tyrone, l he reduced Ireland to a quiet condi-
tion.' Shortly after his return, in October,
his wife, whom he dearly loved, died at Lucan,
and was by him buried with great pomp near
his mother in the monastery of the Friars
Observant at Kilcullen, co. Kildare. Hitherto
there had been no question made of his loyalty.
In 1515, however, Sir Piers Butler [q. v.]
succeeded to the earldom of Ormonde, and
shortly afterwards the old hereditary feud
between the two houses broke out with re-
doubled violence. (There is a judicious account
of this quarrel in the ' History of St. Canice's
Cathedral.' Mr. Froude's narrative is dis-
torted by his extreme partiality for Ormonde.
On the other hand, the story in Stanihurst,
manifestly derived from Geraldine sources,
must be received with caution. One notice-
able feature is the vehement animosity of the
Countess of Ormonde towards her brother.)
At the instigation of Ormonde a charge of
maladministration was preferred against him
in 1518, and early in the following year he
sailed for England. The investigation of the
charges against him was committed to Wol-
sey, but Wolsey, either from policy or pres-
sure of other business, continually postponed
the inquiry. In 1520 Kildare married the
Lady Elizabeth Grey, fourth daughter of
Thomas, marquis of Dorset, granddaughter
of Elizabeth Woodville, queen of Edward IV

Fitzgerald

119

Fitzgerald

and first cousin of Henry VIII. The same
year he was removed from office and the Earl
of Surrey appointed lord-lieutenant. Poly-
dore Vergil was perhaps not an unprejudiced
observer, but he undoubtedly expressed the
general feeling when he remarked that in
making this change Wolsey was actuated
rather by hatred of Kildare than by any love
for Surrey (Historia Anglica, lib. xxvii.) In
June Kildare accompanied Henry to the
Field of the Cloth of Gold, where he was dis-
tinguished for his gallant bearing. Fretting,
however, under his detention, he seems to
have entered into treasonable negotiations
with the wild Irish to invade the Pale, but
the charge was never brought home to him,
and it ought to be noted that the chief wit-
ness against him, O'Carroll, was a kinsman
of Ormonde's. He was placed under restraint,
and though shortly afterwards released, it
was not till July 1523 that he was allowed
to return to Ireland. In 1521 Ormonde had
been appointed deputy to the Earl of Surrey.
For a brief period peace prevailed between
the two rivals, but in October the feud broke
out afresh. In November they consented to
a treaty of peace ' for one year only.' But
the murder of Robert Talbot, a retainer of
Ormonde's, suspected of spying upon Kildare,
by James Fitzgerald, in December, at once
led to further acts of hostility on both sides.
A new charge of treason was preferred against
Mm, but by the influence of the Marquis of
Dorset the commission of investigation was
appointed to sit in Ireland, with the result
that in August 1524 Ormonde was removed
from office and Kildare established in his
stead. Immediately afterwards he was or-
dered to arrest the Earl of Desmond, believed
to be engaged in treasonable negotiations
with Francis I, ' but whether willingly or
wittingly he omitted the opportunity, as being
loath to be the minister of his cousin Des-
mond's ruin, or that it lay not in his power
and hands to do him hurt or harm, he missed
the mark at which he aimed ' (RussEL, Nar-
rative). On his return he advanced into
Ulster to the assistance of his son-in-law, Con
O'Neill, assailed on one side by O'Donnell
and on the other by his rival, Hugh O'Neill.
In May 1525 he held a parliament at Dublin,
and shortly afterwards * crucified ' Maurice
Kavanagh, archdeacon of Leighlin, for the
murder of his kinsman, Maurice Doran, bishop
of Leighlin (DowLiNG, Annals'). The same
year the charge of treasonable practices was
renewed against him by the Earl of Ossory
{he had recently resigned the earldom of Or-
monde to Sir Thomas Boleyn [q. v.]) on the
ground that he had wilfully neglected to ar-
rest the Earl of Desmond and that he had

connected himself by marriage with the 'Irish
enemy.' Accordingly, in compliance with a
summons from Henry he passed over next
year into England, and was immediately
clapped in the Tower. As to the story told
by Stanihurst of his trial before the council
and of Wolsey 's abortive attempt to have him
secretly executed, it can only be said that
there is perhaps a grain of truth in it. But
that Wolsey's hatred should have led him to
commit such an egregious piece of folly is
incredible, if indeed it is not absolutely dis-
proved by state documents (State Papers,
Hen. VIII, ii. 138). However this may have
been, he was shortly liberated on bail and
went to reside at Newington in Middlesex,
a seat of the Duke of Norfolk's. His deten-
tion proving irksome, he, in July 1528, sent
his daughter Alice, lady Slane, to instigate
his Irish allies to invade the Pale ; but his
intrigues being suspected he was again con-
fined to the Tower, and the office of deputy
transferred to Ossory. In 1530, on the ap-
pointment of Sir W. Skeffington, he was
allowed to return to Ireland, and in 1531 ac-
companied him on an expedition against
O'Donnell. But he regarded the appointment
with unconcealed dislike, and Ossory, ever
ready to strike a blow at him, combined with
the deputy. Once again was he compelled
to appear in England, but this time he ac-
quitted himself so successfully as to obtain
Skeffington's removal and his own appoint-
ment. On his return in August 1532 he re-
ceived an ovation from the populace of Dub-
lin and forthwith proceeded with little cere-
mony to remove his enemies from office. In
May 1533 he held a parliament at Dublin,
and afterwards went to the assistance of his
son-in-law, O'Carroll (son of Mulrony), whose
position was challenged by the sons of John
O'Carroll ; but during the siege of Birr Castle
he received a bullet wound in his side, which
partially deprived him of the use of his limbs
and speech (Cox's assertion that he was
wounded in the head is without foundation
in fact). Meanwhile Ossory, Archbishop
Allen, and Robert Cowley were busily com-
plaining of his conduct to the king, and in
consequence of their representations he was
again summoned to England. Suffering
acutely from his wound he, on 3 Oct., sent
his wife to make his excuses, but the king
was resolved on his coming, and gave him
permission to appoint a vice-deputy. Ac-
cordingly, having held a council at Drogheda
in February 1534, at which he delivered up
the sword of state to his son and heir, Tho-
mas, lord Oflaly [q. v.], he shortly afterwards
set sail on his last and fatal voyage (his
speech before the council recorded by Stani-

Fitzgerald

120

Fitzgerald

hurst, has every appearance of being apocry-
phal). On his arrival in April he was ex-
amined before the council, and his reply being
deemed unsatisfactory, he was committed to
the Tower, though so ill both in brain and
body, according to Chapuys, that he could
do nothing either good or evil. He would
have been put there immediately on his
arrival, says the imperial ambassador, * had
it not been that the king always hoped to
bring over and entrap his son.' On being in-
formed of Lord Thomas's rebellion he did not
care to blame him, but showed himself very
glad of it, ' only wishing his son a little more
age and experience.' About the beginning of
September he was allowed somewhat greater
liberty, his wife being permitted to visit him
freely, there being some proposal when he
got a little better to send him into Ireland
to influence his son ; but he died before the
month expired, and was buried in St. Peter's
Church in the Tower. Valiant even to rash-
ness, beloved by his friends and dependents,
a faithful husband, a lover of hospitality, he
•was by no means a match for his rival in
diplomacy, and whatever of treason there
may have been in his actions it was due rather
to imprudence than to premeditated dis-
loyalty. The office of deputy he regarded as
the prerogative of his house. By the admis-
sion of his enemies he was ' the greatest im-
prover of his lands ' in Ireland. Methodical
in his habits he in 1518 commenced an im-
port ant book called 'Kildare's Rental' (edited
by H. Hore in ' Kilkenny Arch. Soc. Journal,'
1859, 62,66),which affords us a curious glimpse
of the peculiar relations existing between
landlords and their tenantry at this period.
His picture, painted in 1530 by Holbein, is
preserved in the library at Carton, Maynooth,
co. Kildare.

[There is a serviceable but rather uncritical
life in The Earls of Kildare, by C. W. Fitzgerald,
late Duke of Leinster. The chief authorities are
the State Papers (printed), Henry VIII, vol. ii.,
supplemented by Mr. Gairdner's admirable ca-
lendars ; Sir James Ware's Annals ; Annals of
the Four Masters ; Annals of Loch Ce ; Lodge's
Peerage (Archdall).] E. D.

FITZGERALD, GERALD, fifteenth
EARL OF DESMOND (d. 1583), was the son
of James, fourteenth earl [q. v.], whom he
succeeded in 1558, doing homage before the
lord deputy, Sussex, at Waterford (28 Nov.)
Shortly afterwards, attended by ' one hundred
prime gentlemen,' he crossed over into Eng-
land, where he was graciously received by
Elizabeth, and confirmed by her (22 June
1559) in all the lands, jurisdictions, seignories,
and privileges that were held in times past
by his predecessors. Already, during the life-

time of his father, he had become notorious
for his turbulent disposition, and for his prone-
ness to private war. In 1560 a dispute arose^
between him and Thomas Butler, tenth earl
of Ormonde [q. v.], about the prize wine»
of Youghal and Kinsale, which the latter
claimed, and certain debatable lands on th&
river Suir, into which Desmond swore Or-
monde had entered by force . The dispute, con-
ducted in the usual Irish fashion, obliged the
government to intervene, and the two earls-
were accordingly summoned to submit their
claims in person to Elizabeth. Ormonde alone-
showed any willingness to obey ; but at last,
after alleging many frivolous pretexts for his.
non-compliance, Desmond appeared at court
about the beginning of May 1562, attended b j
a numerous retinue. Being charged before-
the council with openly defying the law ia
Ireland, he answered contumaciously, and re-
fusing to apologise was forthwith committed
into the custody of the lord treasurer, st,
slight confinement, as the queen wrote to his-
countess, which would do him no harm, and
which Sir William Fitzwilliam hoped would
have the effect of bringing him to such senses
as he had. Though soon released, he was not
allowed to return to Ireland till the begin-
ning of 1564, after he had consented to such
stipulations as were deemed essential to the*
public peace (MoKRiN, Patent Rolls, i. 485).
Almost immediately after his return he in-
volved himself in a quarrel between the-
Earl of Thomond and his rival Sir Don-
nell O'Brien. In October he and Ormonde-
were again on evil terms with one another,
and in November the latter complained to*
Cecil that he was continually invading his
territories, killing the queen's subjects, and
carrying off his cattle, and that in self-de-
fence he must retaliate. The death of the-
Countess Joan, the wife of Desmond, and
the mother of Ormonde, early in 1565, re-
moved the last restraint on his conduct, and
on 1 Feb. he entered the territories of Sir Mau-
rice Fitzgerald, viscount Decies, and baron of
Dromana, with a considerable body of men in
order to enforce his claim to certain disputed
arrears of rents and services. The Baron of Dro-
mana, however, being anxious to liberate him-
self from his feudal superior, had meanwhile-
enlisted the support of the Earl of Ormonde^
who, nothing loth, under this plausible pretext
of maintaining the peace to revenge himself on
his rival, immediately assembled his men and?
marched southwards. The two armies met
at the ford of Affane on the Blackwater ; a
bloody skirmish followed, in which Desmond
was wounded in the thigh with a bullet and'
taken prisoner. The queen, enraged at thi»
fresh outbreak, summoned both earls to ap-

Fitzgerald

121

Fitzgerald

pear before her. On Easter Tuesday Desmond
arrived at Liverpool in custody of Captain
Nicholas Heron, having suffered much from
sea-sickness. Ormonde was already at court.
Charges and counter-charges of high treason
followed. Eventually the two earls sub-
mitted, and consented to enter into recogni-
sances of 20,000/. each to stand to such order
for their controversies as her majesty should
think good. On 7 Jan. 1566 the lord deputy
was informed that the earls were reconciled
and licensed to depart into Ireland, but Des-
mond was not to leave Dublin until he had
paid what debts he had incurred. The ori-
ginal controversy between them, however,
remained, and seemed likely to remain, un-
decided. ' I will never,' wrote Sir H. Sidney
to Cecil on 27 April, ' unpressed, upon my
allegiance, deal in the great matters of my
lord of Ormonde, until another chancellor
come, or some other commissioner out of
England, to be joined with me for hearing
and determining of that cause ; for how in-
differently soever I shall deal, I know it will
not be thought favourably enough on my lord
of Ormonde's side.' He protested that he was
not prejudiced against Ormonde, only the
case had been ' forejudged.' On 12 Dec. he
renewed his request, and soon afterwards
(27 Jan. 1567) began a tour of inspection
through Munster, in consequence of which
he was most unfavourably impressed with
Desmond's character. At Youghal he entered
into an examination of the controversy be-
tween the earls, and having found that the
disputed lands were in the possession of Or-
monde ' at the time of the fray-making,' he
gave judgment accordingly, < whereat the Earl
of Desmond did not a little stir, and fell into
some disallowable heats and passions.' 'From
this time forward, nor never since,' he wrote
to Elizabeth, t found I any willingness in
him to come to any conformity or good order,'
but, on the contrary, found him to be ' a man
void of judgment to govern and will to be
ruled,' the cause in short of the turbulent
state of Munster. He therefore arrested him
at Kilmallock, and, carrying him to Dublin,
locked him up in the Castle, leaving his bro-
ther, Sir John of Desmond, of whose capa-
bilities he seems to have had a higher opinion,
seneschal or captain of the country. In
August 1567 Sidney left Ireland, and during
his absence, as he himself said, Sir John was
by the lord justices inveigled up to Dublin,
taken prisoner, sent over to England with
the earl, and both of them committed to the
Tower. ' And truly, Mr. Secretary,' said he,
* this kind of dealing with Sir John of Des-
mond was the origin of James Fitzmaurice's
rebellion.' The earl and Sir John landed at

Graycoite, near Beaumaris, on 14 Dec., and
on their arrival in London they were con^-
fined to the Tower, where they remained
until midwinter 1570, when the state of Sir
John's health necessitated his removal. They
were then placed under the supervision of
Sir Warham St. Leger, at his house at South-
wark. In August 1571 St. Leger complained
to the council that the earl had refused to
accompany him into Kent, and that during
his absence he had rashly ranged abroad into
sundry parts of London. Next summer he
tried to bribe Martin Frobisher, who revealed
the plot to Burghley, to assist him to escape
by sea. Meanwhile, on 30 June 1569, the
question of the prize wines had been settled
in Ormonde's favour. In the following year
Eleanor, countess of Desmond (the earl's
second wife), came to England, where she
remained with her husband till his release.
The government was undecided what to do
with him. Sir John Perrot, then president
of Munster, strenuously urged that he should
be detained for another year or two, but that
Sir John should be allowed to return. How-
ever, in March 1573, after signing articles
for his future good conduct {Cal. Carew
MSS. i. 430), he was permitted to return to
Ireland, to Perrot's disgust, who marvelled
much that her majesty should so act in re-
gard to ' a man rather meet to keep Bedlam
than to come to a new reformed country/
The Irish government thought with Perrot,
and on his arrival in Dublin on Lady-day
they rearrested him ; but on 16 Nov. he
managed to escape, and within a month after-
wards he had destroyed almost every trace of
Perrot's government in the province. Eliza-
beth was now anxious to recapture him, and
a certain Edward Fitzgerald, brother of the
Earl of Kildare, and -presumably persona grata,
was in December commissioned to remonstrate
with him. The attempt failed, as did also the
intervention of the Earl of Essex in June 1574.
Desmond was profuse in his protestations of
loyalty, but refused to surrender uncondi-
tionally. Eequired to consent to the aboli-
tion of coyne and livery, the surrender of
certain castles and other things embodied in
the articles of 8 July, he declined, and his
conduct was approved by his kinsmen, who
bound themselves by oath (18 July) ' to
maintain and defend this our advice against
the lord deputy or any others that will covet
the earl's inheritance ' (this combination,
printed in MORRIN'S Patent Rolls, ii. 109, and
the deed of feoffment that followed, have an
interesting history. See Wallop to Burghley,
Ham. Cal. iii. 63). Thereupon he was pro-
claimed, a price set on his head, and in
August Fitzwilliam and Ormonde advanced

Fitzgerald

122

Fitzgerald

into Munster, attacked Derrinlaur Castle, cap-
tured it, and put the garrison to the sword.
Convinced of the necessity of temporising,
Desmond appeared at Cork and humbly sub-
mitted himself (2 Sept.) ; but on 10 Sept. he
made over all his lands to Lord Dunboyne,
Lord Power, and Sir John Fitzedmund Fitz-
gerald of Cloyne [q. v.], in trust for himself
and his wife during their joint lives, with
provision for his daughters and remainder
to his son James (Carew MSS. i. 481). This
feoffment, though suspicious, does not neces-
sarily imply that he had, when he made it,
any premeditated intention of rebelling. In
March 1575 James Fitzmaurice [q. v.] left
Ireland for the express purpose of soliciting
foreign aid, but whether he did so, as Mac-
Geoghegan asserts, with the connivance of
the earl is extremely doubtful. Certain it is
that during the government of Sir H. Sidney
(1575-8) he manifested no rebellious inten-
tions, though occasionally resenting Presi-
dent Drury s arbitrary conduct, and he even
revealed to the deputy the nature of Fitz-
maurice's negotiations on the continent.
' This and other good shows in the Earl of
Desmond,' wrote Sidney to the queen/ maketh
demonstration that his light and loose deal-
ings (whereunto he runneth many times
rashly) proceedeth rather of imperfection of
judgement, than of malicious intendment
against your majesty/ ' I hold him,' he added,
' the least dangerous man of four or five of
those that are next him in right and succes-
sion . . . being such an impotent and weak
body, as neither can he get up on horseback,
but that he is holpen and lift up, neither
when he is on horseback can of himself alight
down without help, and therefore, in mine
opinion, the less to be feared or doubted, if
he would forget himself, as I hope now he
will not.' Sidney's is probably the most cor-
rect, as it is the most charitable, explanation
of his subsequent foolhardy conduct. On the
arrival of Fitzmaurice (17 July 1579) Des-
mond rejected his overtures to join with him
in re-establishing the old religion, notified the
fact to Drury, protested his own loyalty, de-
clared his intention of marching against the
invader, and did what he could in that direc-
tion. The death of Fitzmaurice, of whom
he seems to have been extremely jealous, and
the representations of Sanders exercised a
prejudicial effect upon him. His conduct
aroused the suspicion of Drury, who on 7 Sept.
' restrained him from liberty ' for two days,
until he promised to send his son as hostage
for his conduct to Limerick. Fascinated by
the rhetoric of Sanders and yet unwilling to
risk everything by openly rebelling, he En-
deavoured to temporise. Warned by Malby

that he was suspected, he refused to take the
only safe course open to him, and on 1 Nov.
he was proclaimed a traitor. Compelled to
act, he marched against Youghal, which he
sacked, while the Earl of Clancar did the
same for Kinsale. This did little to add to
his strength. In March 1580 Pelham cap-
tured the castle of Carrigafoyl, and in April
Askeaton and Ballyloughan, his last fort-
resses, shared the same fate. On 14 June
he and Sanders narrowly escaped being sur-
prised by Pelham, and in August he was re-
duced to such extremities that he sent his
countess to the lord justice to intercede for
him. About the same time he applied to
Admiral Winter, who was cruising in Kin-
sale waters, to transport him to England to
beg his pardon personally from the queen.
After the destruction of the Spaniards in
Fort-del-Ore the government of Munster was
entrusted to the Earl of Ormonde, while
Captain Zouche with 450 men was deputed
to hunt him down. On 15 June 1581 he
was surprised in the neighbourhood of Castle-
mange and obliged to fly in his shirt into the
woods of Aharlow. During the winter he
was compelled to keep his Christmas in Kil-
quegg wood, near Kilmallock, where he was
nearly captured by the garrison stationed
there. In September 1582 he was reported
to have two hundred horse and two thousand
foot under his command. In January 1583
he had two remarkable escapes. All attempts
to capture him seemed useless. The Munster
officials were at their wits' end. Fenton sug-
gested that he should be assassinated, while
St. Leger advised the queen to adopt a policy
similar to that which her father had found
useful in the case of ' Silken Thomas.' Mean-
while Ormonde, by more legitimate means,
was bringing him to the end of his resources.
On 5 June his countess left him, and a pro-
clamation of pardon deprived him of most of
his followers. Deserted by all except a priest,
two horsemen, one kerne, and a boy, he wan-
dered about helplessly from one place to an-
other. On 19 Sept. he was nearly captured
on the borders of Slievloghra. On Monday,
11 Nov., just as day was breaking, he was
surprised in a cabin in the wood of Glana-
ginty by five soldiers of the garrison of Castle-
mange, led on by Owen MacDonnell O'Mo-
riarty, whose brother-in-law had just been
plundered by the earl. Fearing a rescue, his
head was cut off by Daniel O'Kelly and sent
into England. His body was conveyed, ac-
cording to tradition, through the byways of
the hills to the little mountain churchyard
of Kill-na-n-onaim, or the l Church of the
Name.' In 1586 an act of parliament de-
clared his estates forfeited to the crown.

Fitzgerald

123

Fitzgerald

He married (1) Joan, daughter and heiress
of James, eleventh earl of Desmond, widow
of James, ninth earl of Ormonde, and mother
of his rival, Thomas, tenth earl ; (2) Eleanor,
daughter of Edmund Butler, lord Dunboyne,
by whom he had James, called ' the Queen's
Earl ' [q. v.], Thomas, and five daughters.

SIK JOHN OF DESMOND, who had imme-
diately on his landing joined Fitzmaurice,
signalising his adhesion by the murder of
Captain Henry Davells at Tralee, became, on
the death of Fitzmaurice and till the acces-
sion of the earl, head of the rebel army.
Sharing with his brother in the vicissitudes
of the war, he was in December 1581, after
having been wounded on several occasions,
entrapped by Captain Zouche in the neigh-
bourhood of Castlelyons. His body was sent
to Cork and 'was hanged in chaynes ouer
the citty gates, where it hanged up for 3 or
foure yeares togeather as a spectacle to all
the beholders to looke on, vntill at length
a greate storme of wynd blew it off, but the
head was sent to Dublin, and there fastened
to a pole and set over the castle wall.'

[The chief authorities are Hamilton's Calen-
dar of State Papers, vols. i. and ii. ; Collins's Syd-
ney State Papers, vol. i. ; Calendar of Carew MSS.
vols. i. and ii. ; O'Daly's Initium, incrementa, et
exitus familise Geraldinorum ; O'Sullevan's His-
torise Catholicae Ibernise Compendium; Annals
of the Four Masters ; Annals of Loch Ce ; Morrin's
Calendar of Patent Rolls, vols. i. and ii. ; Un-
published G-eraldine Documents, ed. Hayman
and Graves; Thomas Churchyard's A Scourge
for Rebels ; Bishop Carleton's A Thankful Re-
membrance of God's Mercy ; Kerry Mag. vol. i.,
where, under the title 'Antiquities of Tralee,'
will be found a most excellent discussion on that
part of Desmond's life which relates to his re-
bellion, said to be by the late Archdeacon Rowan ;
Cox's Hibernica Anglicana, vol. i. ; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. ii.] R. D.

r FITZGERALD, GERALD, eleventh
EARL OF KILDAKE (1525-1585), was son of
Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl of Kildare [q. v.],
by his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset. In 1537
Gerald's father was executed for high treason
and attainted, with forfeiture of title and
estates. Mainly through the exertions of his
tutor, Thomas Leverous, subsequently bishop
of Kildare, Gerald was conveyed to France,
whence he went to Rome, where he was re-
ceived by his relative, Cardinal Pole. He
subsequently took part with knights of Rhodes
in expeditions against the Moors, and entered
the service of Cosmo de' Medici at Florence.
After the death of Henry VIII Gerald came
to England, and married Mabel, daughter of
Sir Anthony Browne, knight of the Garter.

Edward VI, in 1552, restored to him some
of his paternal estates. In 1554 he served
against Sir Thomas Wyatt. Queen Mary
conferred upon Gerald the earldom of Kil-
dare, with possessions of his father, which,
under the attainder, had been confiscated.
The original grant for the re-establishment
of the earldom is in the possession of the
Duke of Leinster, now the chief representa-
tive of the earls of Kildare. The document
has, with autographs of the eleventh earl,
been reproduced in the fourth part of ' Fac-
similes of National MSS. of Ireland.' Gerald
conformed to the protestant religion early in
the reign of Elizabeth. He sat in parliament
in Ireland in 1559. The attainder of his
family was annulled by statute in 1568. In
1577 he attended before the privy council in
England in relation to complaints made con-
cerning the assessment imposed upon land-
holders in Ireland. He took an active part
in the warfare against hostile Irish and the
Spaniards who had landed in Munster. In
1582, on suspicion of treason, the earl's es-
tates were placed under sequestration, and
he, his son Henry, and his son-in-law Lord
Delvin, were imprisoned in the Tower of
London. After examinations before the lord
chancellor of England and other judges,
the earl was released from the Tower on
giving a bond for 2,000/., in June 1583, to
remain within twenty miles of London and
not to come within three miles of her ma-
jesty's court. In the following year the
queen granted him permission to wait upon
her, and to return to Ireland, where he sat
in the parliament at Dublin in April 1585.
He died in London on 16 Nov. following, and
was interred at Kildare. He is stated by
contemporaries to have been an expert horse-
man, valiant, small of stature, slender of
person, very courteous, but hard and angry
at times, a great gatherer of money, and ad-
dicted to gambling.

[Archives of the Duke of Leinster; Patent
and Statute Rolls ; State Papers, Public Record
Office, London; Carew MSS., Lambeth; Carte
Papers, Bodleian Library ; The Earls of Kil-
dare, 1862 ; Report of Hist. MSS. Commission,
1883.] J. T. G.

FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZ JOHN, four-
teenth EARL OF DESMOND (d. 1558), second
son of Sir John Desmond [see FITZGEKALD,
JAMES Fitzmaurice, thirteenth earl], de facto
thirteenth earl of Desmond, and More, daugh-
ter of Donogh O'Brien of Carrigogunnell, co.
Limerick, lord of Pobble O'Brien, imme-
diately on the death of his grandfather in
June 1536 assumed the position and title of
Earl of Desmond, and in order to support it

Fitzgerald

124

Fitzgerald

united himself with the head of the discon-
tented party in Ireland, O'Brien of Thomond.
Naturally the government, which had just
suppressed the rebellion of Thomas, earl of
Kildare, could not brook such insolence, and
accordingly on 25 July the lord deputy, Grey,
marched against him, and having come to
the border of Cashel encamped in the field
three days expecting his coming, as he had
promised the chief justice, with the intention
of separating him from O'Brien, ' so as we
might have entangled but with one of them
at once.' Not keeping his appointment, the
deputy marched forward and took possession
of his castle in Lough Gur, the doors and
windows of which had been carried away
and the roof burnt by the rebels themselves,
•which was then entrusted to Lord James
Butler, who made it defensible. But Fitz-
gerald had no intention of imitating his un-
fortunate kinsman Thomas, earl of Kildare,
and, although he refused to place his person
within the power of the deputy, 'he showed
himself in gesture and communication very
reasonable,' offering to deliver up his two
sons as hostages for his loyalty, and to sub-
mit his claims to the earldom to the decision
of Lord Grey. Though renewed in Decem-
ber nothing for the nonce came of the pro-
posal. ' And as far as ever I could perceive,'
wrote Grey to Cromwell in February 1537,
' the stay that keepeth him from inclining
to the king's grace's pleasure is the fear and
doubt which he and all the Geraldines in
Munster have in the Lord James Butler,
both for the old malice that hath been be-
twixt their bloods, and principally for that
he claimeth title by his wife to the earldom of
Desmond ' (State Papers, Hen. VIII, ii. 404).
Grey argued in favour of the acknowledgment
of his claims, and in August Anthony St.
Leger, who was at the time serving on the
commission ' for the order and establishment
to be taken and made touching the whole
state of Ireland,' was advised by Cromwell
* to handle the said James in a gentle sort.'
Accordingly on 15 Sept. he was invited to
submit his claims to the commissioners at
Dublin ; but suspecting their intention he de-
clined to place himself in their power, though
signing articles of submission and promising
to deliver up his eldest son as hostage for his
good faith. The negotiations continued to
hang fire. In March 1 538 the commissioners
wrote that ' he hath not only delivered his
son, according to his first promise, to the
hands of Mr. William Wyse of Waterford to
be delivered unto us, but also hath affirmed
by his secretary and writing all that he afore
promised ' (ib. p. 550). Nor was he without
good reason for his cautious conduct. The

Ormonde faction in the council, violently op-
posed to Grey and St. Leger, were assidu-
ously striving to effect his ruin by entangling
him in rebellious projects. In July 1539
John Allen related to Cromwell how the
' pretended Earl of Desmond ' had confede-
rated with O'Donnell and O'Neill ' to make
insurrection against the king's majesty and
his subjects, not only for the utter exile and
destruction of them, but also for the bringing
in, setting up, and restoring young Gerald
(the sole surviving scion of the house of Kil-
dare) to all the possessions and pre-eminences
which his father had ; and so finally among
them to exclude the king from all his re-
galities within this land ' (ib. iii. 136). In
April 1540 the council informed the king thai
' your grace's servant James Fitzmaurice, who
claimed to be Earl of Desmond, was cruelly
slain the Friday before Palm Sunday, of un-
fortunate chance, by Maurice Fitzjohn, bro-
ther to James Fitzjohn, then usurper of the
earldom of Desmond. After which murder
done, the said James Fitzjohn immediately
resorted to your town of Youghal, where he
was well received and entertained, and ere
he departed entered into all such piles and
garrisons in the county of Cork as your ma-
jesty's deputy, with the assistance of your
army and me, the Earl of Ormonde, obtained
before Christmas last ' (ib. p. 195). Ormonde
was sent to parley with him, but he refused
to trust him. On the arrival of St. Leger, as
deputy, however, he again renewed his offer
of submission, and promised, upon pledges
being given for his safety, to meet him at
Cashel. This he did, and on bended knees
renounced the supremacy of the pope. ' And
then,' writes St. Leger, ' considering the great
variance between the Earl of Ormonde and
him, concerning the title of the earldom of
Desmond ... I and my fellows thought it
not good to leave that cancer remain, but
so laboured the matter on both sides, that we
have brought them to a final end of the said
title.' St. Leger assured the king ' that sith
my repair into this your land I have not
heard better counsel of no man for the refor-
mation of the same than of the said Earl of
Desmond, who undoubted is a very wise and
discreet gentleman,' for which reason, he said,
he had sworn him of the council and given
him ' gown, jacket, doublet, hose, shirts, caps,
and a riding coat of velvet, which he took
very thankfully, and ware the same in Lime-
rick and in all places where he went with
me ' (ib. p. 285). By such conciliatory con-
duct did St. Leger, in the opinion of Justice
Cusack, win over to obedience the whole pro-
vince of Munster (Cal. Carew MSS. i. 245).
In July 1541 he was appointed chief executor

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

of the * ordinances for the reformation of Ire-
land ' in Munster, and in token of the renun-
ciation of the privilege claimed by his ances-
tors of not being obliged to attend the great
councils of the realm, he took his seat in a
parliament held at Dublin. In June 1542 he
visited England, where, being admitted to the
presence of the king, he was by him graci-
ously received, his title acknowledged, and
the king himself wrote to the Irish council
* that the Earl of Desmond hath here sub-
mitted himself in so honest, lowly, and humble
a sort towards us, as we have conceived a very
great hope that he will prove a man of great
honour, truth, and good service.' Nor did he,
during the rest of his life, fail to justify this
opinion. On 9 July 1543 he obtained a grant
of the crown lease of St. Mary's Abbey, Dub-
lin, 'for his better supporting at his repair'
to parliament. By Edward VI he was created
lord treasurer on the death of the Earl of
Ormonde (patent 29 March 1547), and on
15 Oct., when thanking him for his services
in repressing disorders in Munster, the king
offered to make a companion of his son. Dur-
ing the government of Bellingham he was
suspected of treasonable designs, and having
refused a peremptory order to appear in Dub-
lin, the deputy swooped down upon him un-
expectedly in the dead of winter, 1548, and
carried him off prisoner. He was soon re-
leased and continued in office by Mary. In
the summer of 1558 he was attacked by a
serious illness, and died at Askeaton on Thurs-
day 27 Oct. He was buried in the abbey of
the White Friars, Tralee. < The loss of this
good man was woful to his country ; for there
was no need to watch cattle, or close doors
from Dun-caoin, in Kerry, to the green bor-
dered meeting of the three waters, on the
confines of the province of Eochaidh, the son
of Lachta and Leinster' (Annals of the Four
Masters). He married four times : first, Joan
Roche, daughter of Maurice, lord Fermoy, and
his own grandniece, for which reason she was
put away, and her son, Thomas Roe (father
of James Fitzthomas Fitzgerald, the Sugan
Earl [q. v.]), known as Sir Thomas of Des-
mond, disinherited ; secondly, More, daughter
of Sir Maolrony McShane O'Carroll, lord of
Ely O'Carroll, by whom he had Gerald, his
heir, also John and four daughters — she died
in 1548 ; thirdly, Catherine, second daughter
of Piers, earl of Ormonde, and widow of
Richard, lord Power— she died at Askeaton,
17 March 1553; and fourthly, Ellen, daugh-
ter of Donald MacCormac, MacCarthy Mor,
"by whom he had a son, Sir James-Sussex
Fitzgerald, and a daughter, Elinor.

[State Papers, Hen. VIII, vols. ii. and iii. ;
Lodge's Peerage (Archdall); Ware's Annales;

Stanihurst's Chronicle; Cal. Carew MSS. vol i -
Hamilton's Cal. vol. i.; Liber Hibernise, ii 41 '
O'Clery's Book of Pedigrees, Kilkenny Arch.' Soc!
Journal, 1881, p. 413-1 E. D.

FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZMAFEICE,
thirteenth EARL or DESMOND (d. 1540), was
the son of Maurice Fitzthomas, only son
and heir-apparent of Thomas, twelfth earl of
Desmond, and Joan, daughter of John Fitz-
gibbon, the White Knight. Immediately on
the death of his grandfather, Thomas, twelfth
earl, in 1534, the succession was disputed by
John Fitzthomas, brother of the twelfth earl,
and fourth son of Thomas, eighth earl [q. v.l
on the ground of the invalidity of the marriage
of Maurice Fitzthomas with the daughter of
the White Knight. Whether it was so or not
was never determined, but John Fitzthomas
having taken forcible possession remained earl
de facto during his life, and after his death
in 1536 the earldom was seized by his son
James, fourteenth earl [q. v.], the title being
cleared by the ' accidental ' death of James
Fitzmaurice, thirteenth earl de jure, at the
hand of Maurice a totane, brother of the
fourteenth earl. Lodge, who correctly de-
scribes James Fitzmaurice as thirteenth earl,
incorrectly states that he was succeeded by
his uncle, John Fitzthomas, which was im-
possible, John having died in 1536. This
alteration makes Lodge's fifteenth and six-
teenth earls, fourteenth and fifteenth respec-
tively (cp. Unpublished Geraldine Docu-
ments, edited by Hayman and Graves, pt. ii.
pp. 103-17).

James Fitzmaurice, thirteenth earl, being
in England at the time of his grandfather's
death was, at the suggestion of the Irish
council, who had their own purposes to serve
(State Papers, Hen. VIII, iii. 106), allowed
to return home, being ' sufficiently furnished
with all things fitting and necessary for such
a journey and enterprise ' by the bounty of
the king. Landing at Cork, he was proceed-
ing through the territory of Lord Roche,
when he was waylaid and slain by Sir'
Maurice of Desmond on 19 March 1540 (ib.
p. 195). He married Mary, daughter of his
great-uncle, Cormoc Og MacCarthy, but had
no male issue (LODGE, Peerage, Archdall).
She remarried Daniel O'Sullivan Mor, and
died in 1548.

[Authorities cited above.] E. D.

^FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZMAFRICE
(d. 1579), 'arch traitor,' was the second
son of Maurice Fitzjohn a totane, i. e. of the
burnings, and Julia, second daughter of Der-
mot O'Mulryan of Sulloghade, co. Tipperary,
nephew of James, fourteenth, and cousin of

^

For some important corrections and
additions see ' Notes and Queries,' clii. 6 1-2.

Fitzgerald

126

Fitzgerald

Gerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond Earl
James had shown his appreciation of the ' ac-
cident' that had removed his competitor,
James Fitzmaurice, the so-called thirteenth
earl [q. v.J, from his path, by rewarding his
brother, Maurice a totane, with the barony of
Kerry kurrihy. But the cordial relations thus
established between the two families came to
an end with the accession of Gerald, fifteenth
earl [q. v.], who appears to have regarded his
uncle with jealousy, and to have treated him
in a way that was resented by Maurice and
his sons, who were soon at 'hot wars' with
him. During the detention of the earl and
his brother Sir John in England (1565-73),
Fitzmaurice assumed the position of captain
of Desmond, in which he was confirmed by
the warrant of the earl himself, though not
without protest on the part of Thomas Roe
Fitzgerald. His conduct gave as little satis-
faction to the government as had that of the
earl. In July 1568 he entered Clanmaurice,
the country of Thomas Fitzmaurice, lord of
Lixnaw, nominally to distrain for rent, and,
having captured two hundred head of cattle
and wasted the country, was returning home-
wards when he was met by Lord Lixnaw
himself (29 July), and utterly defeated "by
him. Hitherto he had lived on fairly good
terms with the earl his cousin ; but about
the end of 1568 the earl granted to Sir War-
ham St. Leger, in return probably for services
rendered or to be rendered to him during his
confinement, a lease of the barony of Kerry-
kurrihy. This he naturally regarded as an
act of base ingratitude, and from that moment
he seems to have entered on a line of conduct
which could only have for its ultimate object
the usurpation of the earldom of Desmond.
' James Fitzmaurice,' wrote Sir H. Sidney,
* understanding that I was arrived, and had
not brought with me neither the earl nor Sir
John his brother, which he thought I might
and would have done, assembling as many of
the Earl of Desmond's people as he could,
declared unto them that I could not obtain
the enlargement either of the earl or of his
brother John, and that there was no hope or
expectation of either of them but to be put
to death or condemned to perpetual prison.
And therefore (say ing that that country could
not be without an earl or a captain) willed
them to make choice of one to be their earl
or captain, as their ancestors had done. . .
And according to this his speech, he wrote
unto me, they forthwith, and as it had been
with one voice, cried him to be their captain '
(Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 342). Eleanor, coun-
tess of Desmond, was a shrewd woman, and
she wrote to her husband (26 Nov. 1569)
that Fitzmaurice had rebelled in order to

bring him into further displeasure, and to
usurp all his inheritance ' by the example of
his father.' In June 1569 he and the Earl
of Clancarty invaded Kerrykurrihy, spoiled
all the inhabitants, took the castle-abbey of
Tracton, hanged the garrison, and vowed
never to depart from Cork unless Lady St.
Leger and Lady Grenville were delivered up
to him. His policy, even now, seems to have
been to create a strong Roman catholic and
anti-English sentiment, and to make an al-
liance with him as the head of the Irish ca-
tholic party an object of importance to the
catholic powers of Europe. And here perhaps
we may trace the finger of Father Wolf, the
Jesuit. To this end he seduced the brothers
of the Earl of Ormonde, and entered into a
bond with the Earl of Thomond and John
Burke, son of the Earl of Clanricarde. On
12 July he wrote to the mayor and corpora-
tion of Cork, ordering them to ' abolish out
of that city that old heresy newly raised and
invented.' When Sidney took the field about
the end of July the rebellion had extended
as far as Kilkenny, while at Cork Lady St.
Leger and the English inhabitants were in
instant danger of being surrendered to the
enemy. By the end of September the deputy
had practically broken the back of the re-
bellion, and, leaving Captain (afterwards
Sir) Humphrey Gilbert to suppress Fitzmau-
rice, he returned to Dublin. Gilbert soon
brought him ' to a very base estate,' compelling
him to seek safety in the woods of Aharlow.
No sooner, however, had Gilbert departed
than he succeeded in collecting a new force,
with which he spoiled Kilmallock (9 Feb.
1570). On 1 March a commission was given
to Ormonde ' to parley, protect, or prosecute '
the Earl of Thomond, James Fitzmaurice,
and others, but without leading to any re-
sult. On 27 Feb. 1571 Sir John Perrot landed
at Waterford as lord president, and prepared
to put him down with a strong hand. But
tie, we are told, f knowing that the lord presi-
dent did desire nothing more than the finish-
ing of those wars,' proposed to terminate
them by a duel, ' believing that the presi-
dent's longing for a speedy issue, and his ex-
pectation thereof, would keep him for a time
?rom further action.' He had, indeed, no
.ntention of fighting, ' not so much,' he said,
' for fear of his life, but because on his life
did depend the safety of all such as were of
lis party.' When Perrot at last discovered
:he artifice he was so enraged that he vowed
to hunt the fox out of his hole ' without
delay. This he eventually did, but not with-
out undergoing enormous fatigue, for his foe
was a past master in the art of Irish strategy.
After holding out for more than a year he

Fitzgerald

127

Fitzgerald

was forced to sue for pardon, l which at
length the lord president did consent to, and
James Fitzmaurice came to Kilmallock,where
in the church the lord president caused him
to lie prostrate, taking the point of the lord
president's sword next his heart, in token
that he had received his life at the queen's
hands, by submitting himself unto her mercy.
And so he took a solemn oath to be and
continue a true subject unto the queen and
crown of England ' (23 Feb. 1573). He gave
up one of his sons as hostage, and Perrot
wrote to Burghley that from his conduct he
almost expected him to prove ' a second St.
Paul.' On the return of the Earl of Desmond
he exerted himself to induce that nobleman
to assume a position of irreconcilable enmity
to England, but, finding him more inclined
to submit to ' reasonable terms,' he deter-
mined to retire to the continent. His object
in so doing, he said to some, was to obtain
pardon from Elizabeth through the media-
tion of the French court ; to others he de-
clared that he was compelled to leave Ireland
by the unkindness of his cousin. One excuse
was probably as good as another. In March
1575, accompanied by the White Knight and
the seneschal of Imokilly, he and his family
sailed on board La Arganys for France, and
a few days afterwards landed at St. Halo,
where they were all cordially received by the
governor. From St. Halo he proceeded to
Paris, where he had several interviews with
Catherine de' Medici. He promised largely,
we are told, offering in return for assistance
to make Henry III king of Ireland. During
1575-6 he remained in the neighbourhood of
Paris, and received a pension of five thousand
crowns, which, considering the scarcity of
money, Dr. Dale shrewdly conjectured was
not ' pour ses beaux yeux.' But finding that
he was merely a pawn in the delicate game
that Elizabeth and Catherine were playing,
he, early in 1577, left France to try his for-
tunes at the Spanish court. Here the crown
of Ireland was offered to Don John ; but
Philip, with the Netherlands and Portugal
on his hands, had no inclination to break
openly with England ; so, leaving his two
sons Maurice and Gerald under the protection
of Cardinal Granvelle, who had taken a fancy
to them, he went on to Italy, where he met
with a much more satisfactory reception from
Gregory XIII. At the papal court he fell
in with Stukely, and a plan was soon on foot
for the invasion of Ireland, the crown this
time being promised to the pope's nephew.
Leaving Stukely to follow with the main
body of the invading force, Fitzmaurice, ac-
companied by Dr. Sanders, papal nuncio, and
Matthew de Oviedo, sailed from Ferrol in

Galicia on 17 June 1579 with a few troops
which he had gathered together, having with
him his own vessel and three Spanish shal-
lops. In the Channel two English vessels
were captured, and on 16 July they arrived
in the port of Dingle in Kerry, where they
took possession of the Fort del Ore. On the
18th they cast anchor in Smerwick harbour,
where on the 25th they were joined by two
galleys with a hundred soldiers. Four days
later, however, their ships were captured by
the English fleet. Fitzmaurice's first concern
was to despatch an urgent but ineffectual
exhortation to the Earls of Desmond and
Kildare, as heads of the Geraldines, to join
with him in throwing off the yoke of the
heretic, and then, leaving his soldiers in the
Fort del Ore to await the arrival of Stukely,
he went to pay a vow at the monastery of
the Holy Cross in Tipperary. On his way
thither he was slain in a skirmish (the merits
of which are somewhat uncertain) by his
cousin, Theobald Burke. He married Katha-
rine, daughter of W. Burke of Muskerry, by
whom he had two sons, Maurice and Gerald,
and a daughter.

[The chief authorities for his life are Hamil-
ton's Irish Calendar ; Crosby's Foreign Calendar ;
Geraldine Documents, ed. Hayman and Graves ;
Rawlinson's Life of Sir John Perrot; Hogan's
Ibernia Ignatiana; Moran's Catholic Archbishops
of Dublin ; Calendar of Carew MSS. i. 397 ;
Kerry Magazine, No. 31 ; O'Daly's Initium,
incrementa, et exitus familise Geraldinorum ;
O'Sullevan's Historiae Catholicse Iberniae Com-
pendium ; Annals of the Four Masters ; Annals
of Loch Ce; Cox's Hibernia Anglicana; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. ii. In the Kil-
kenny Archaeological Society's Journal, July
1859, will be found a collection of Irish letters
by Fitzgerald, translated and edited by Dr.
O'Donovan.] K. D.

FITZGERALD, JAMES, commonly called
the TOWEE EAEL, or the QUEEN'S EARL OF
DESMOND (1570P-1601), was elder son of
Gerald Fitzgerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond
(d. 1583) [q. v.], by his second marriage with
Eleanor, daughter of Edmund Butler, lord
Dunboyne. He was born in England about
1570, and the queen was his godmother.
When his father renounced his allegiance to
the English crown in 1579, the child seems
to have been resident in Ireland. His mother,
to dissociate him from his father's ill fortune,
delivered him up to Sir William Drury, an
acting lord justice, who sent him to Dublin
Castle. On 28 Aug. 1582 the countess bit-
terly complained to Lord Burghley that his
education was utterly neglected, and peti-
tioned for better treatment (HAYMAN and
GEAVES,91). On 17 Nov. 1583, and on 9 July

Fitzgerald

128

Fitzgerald

1584 his gaolers applied to the English autho-
rities for his removal to the Tower of London.
Their second petition was successful, and
before the close of 1584 the lad was carried
to the Tower, to remain a prisoner there for
sixteen years. On 17 June 1593 he wrote
pathetically to Cecil that ' only by being born
the unfortunate son of a faulty father, [he]
had never since his infancy breathed out of
prison.' Between 1588 and 1598 innumer-
able accounts are extant detailing payment in
behalf of * James Garolde,' as the prisoner
was called, for medicines, ointments, pills,
syrups, and the like, particulars which suggest
a very feeble state of health. The ' wages '
of the youth's schoolmaster appear in the ac-
counts, and many letters are extant to testify
to the thoroughness of the teaching as far as
it went.

Fitzgerald's condition underwent a great
change in the autumn of 1600. Tyrone's re-
bellion was still unchecked. In Munster the
Geraldine faction was united by Tyrone's in-
fluence against the English government, in
the support of James Fitzthomas Fitzgerald,
the Sugan Earl [q. v.], who, being the heir
of the disinherited elder son of James, four-
teenth earl of Desmond, had been put forward
by the rebel leaders as the only rightful earl
of Desmond. To break the union between
the Geraldine faction and the other rebels,
Sir George Carew, president of Munster, sug-
gested that the imprisoned James Fitzgerald
should be sent to the province, and paraded
as the genuine earl of Desmond. It was con-
fidently expected that the Geraldine faction
would at once transfer their allegiance to the
youthful prisoner. Elizabeth disliked the
scheme. Cecil doubted its wisdom, but finally
gave way. Fitzgerald was to assume the title
of Earl of Desmond, and a patent passed the
great seal, with the proviso that if the earl
Lad an heir, the heir should bear the title of
Baron Inchiquin. The new earl was to have
none of his father's lands restored to him,
and was to be in the custody of a governor,
Captain Price, together with a gentleman
named Crosbie, and the protestant archbishop
of Cashel, Miler Magrath. Captain Price
was ordered to indoctrinate his charge with
the necessity of supporting the queen, of ad-
hering to the protestant religion, and of main-
taining a very frugal household. Cecil di-
rected Carew to leave Fitzgerald all the ap-
pearances of liberty, but he was to be closely
watched and placed under restraint if he
showed the slightest sign of sympathy with
the government's enemies. The party left
Bristol for Cork on 13 Oct. 1600. The earl
suffered terribly from sea-sickness, and was
landed at Youghal. The Geraldines wel-

comed him with enthusiasm, although the
mayor of Cork was not very courteous. The
earl travelled quickly to Carew's headquarters
at Mallow, and thence to the centre of the
Geraldine district at Kilmallock (18 Oct.),
where Sir George Thornton, the English com-
mander, provided him with lodging. The
people still treated him with favour, and al-
though he found his position irksome, he faith-
fully preached to them Elizabeth's clemency
and the desirability of making peace with
her. But on Sunday, the 19th, while his fol-
lowers were expecting him to join them at
worship in the catholic chapel, he ostenta-
tiously made his way to the protestant church.
This act broke the spell, and the people's ac-
clamations changed to hooting. On 14 Nov.,
however, Thomas Oge, an officer in the ser-
vice of the Sugan Earl, who held a fortress
called Castlemang, surrendered it to the new
earl, and the latter dwelt with pride on the
victory in a letter to Cecil (18 Dec.) But
this was Desmond's only success. Cecil saw
that his presence in Ireland had no effect on
the rebellious population, and his guardians
found him difficult to content with the narrow
means at their command. He resented living
on 500/. a year, the allowance made him
by the government, and desired to marry a
certain widow Norreys, to which Cecil ob-
jected. Cecil held out hopes that a more
suitable marriage could be arranged in Eng-
land. At the end of March 1601 he came to
London with a letter from Carew highly re-
commending him for a grant of land and a set-
tled income in consideration of his loyalty.
On 31 Aug. 1601 he appealed to Cecil for aid,
and for some of the lands lately held by the
Sugan Earl. He described himself as penni-
less, despised, and without the means to pre-
sent himself at court. Chamberlain, writing
to Carleton, 14 Nov. 1601, says that ' the
young earl of Desmond died here [i.e. Lon-
don] the last week ' (Letters temp. Eliz., Camd.
Soc., 122) ; but it was not until 14 Jan.
1601-2 that the privy council formally an-
nounced his death, and released the persons
who had accompanied him to Ireland from the
charge of attendance upon him. On 17 Jan.
1601-2 one of these persons, named William
Power, appealed for pecuniary assistance in
behalf of the earl's four sisters, who were
suffering greatly from poverty. Irish writers
suggest that the earl was poisoned, but there
is nothing to support the suggestion.

[Hayman and Graves's Unpublished Geraldine
Documents, pt. ii. pp. 80 et seq. ; Pacata Hi-
bernia, 1633, i. cap. 14, p. 800 ; Gent. Mag. 1863
pt. ii. 414-25, 1864 pt. ii. 28-39 ; Cal. State
Papers (Domestic), 1601-3, pp. 13, 134; Cal.
Carew MSS. 1600-1.] S. L. L.

Fitzgerald

129

Fitzgerald

FITZGERALD, JAMES FITZTHOMAS,
the SUGAN EARL OF DESMOND (d. 1608), was
the eldest son of Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, com-
monly called Thomas Roe or Red Thomas.
Thomas Roe had been bastardised and disin-
herited by his father, James Fitzjohn Fitz-
gerald, fourteenth earl of Desmond [q. v.], and
though inclined to dispute the claim of his
younger brother Gerald, fifteenth earl [q. v.],
to the earldom of Desmond, circumstances
had proved too strong for him, and he had
sunk into obscure privacy. By his wife
Ellice, daughter of Richard, lord Poer, he
had two sons, James and John, and a daugh-
ter, who married Donald Pipi MacCarthy
Reagh. When of an age to understand his
position James Fitzthomas repaired to court
to petition Elizabeth for a restoration of his
rights. His petition was regarded with favour,
some slight encouragement held out to him,
and a small yearly allowance promised him.
Consequently, during the rebellion of his uncle
Gerald, both he and his father remained
staunch in their allegiance to the crown, and
after the death of the earl and the suppres-
sion of the rebellion in 1583 they naturally
looked for their restoration to the earldom.
But their petitions no longer found favour at
court, for Munster was to be ' planted ' with
Englishmen, and for ever to be made loyal
to England. So matters remained until 1598,
when Munster, in the words of the Irish an-
nalists, again became ' a trembling sod.' In-
stigated by his brother John and by Hugh
O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, James Fitzthomas
assumed the title of Earl of Desmond, and
before long found himself at the head of eight
thousand clansmen. To the expostulations
of the Earl of Ormonde he replied, on 12 Oct.
1598, by a statement of his grievances, and
by an avowal of his intention, seeing he could
obtain no justice, 'tomaintain his right, trust-
ing in the Almighty to further the same.'
The struggle lasted for three years. But in
October 1600, while withdrawing his forces
from the open into the woods of Aharlow,
he was surprised by Captain Greame and the
garrison of Kilmallock. From that day the
G'eraldines never rallied again to any pur-
pose. Dismissing his followers the earl took
to the woods for safety, where, in May 1601,
Sir George Carew was informed that he was
living' in the habit of a priest,' but determined
* to die rather than to depart the province, re-
taining still his traitorly hopes to be relieved
out of Ulster or out of Spain' (Cal. Carew
MSS. iv. 55). Carew made several attempts
to procure his capture or death, but without
success, for ' such is the superstitious folly
of these people, as for no price he may be
had, holding the same to be so heinous as no

VOL. XIX.

priest will give them absolution' (id. iii. 471).
Eventually, on 29 May 1601, he was captured
by Edmund Fitzgibbon, the White Knight
[q. v.], while hiding in 'an obscure cave many
fathoms underground' in the neighbourhood
of Mitchelstown. He was placed in irons
to prevent a rescue, ' so exceedingly beloved
of all sorts ' was he, and conveyed to Shan-
don Castle, where he was immediately ar-
raigned and adjudged guilty of treason. For
a time Carew hoped to make use of him
against a still greater rebel, Hugh O'Neill ;
but finding him to be after all but a l dull-
spirited traitor,' he on 13 Aug. handed him
over to Sir Anthony Cooke, who conveyed
him to England, where, on his arrival, he was
placed in the Tower. Of his life in prison
there remains only the following pathetic
notice : i The demands of Sir John Peyton,
Lieutenant of Her Majesty's Tower of Lon-
don, for one quarter of a year, from St. Mi-
chael's day 1602 till the feast of our Lord God
next. For James M'Thomas. Sayd tyme at
31. per week, physicke, sourgeon, and watcher
with him in his Lunacy.' He is said to have
died in 1608, and to have been buried in the
chapel of the Tower. He married Ellen,
widow of Maurice, elder brother of Edmund,
the White Knight, but had no issue.

John Fitzthomas, his brother, who had
shared with him in the vicissitudes of the
rebellion, and who indeed seems to have been
the prime instigator of it, after his brother's
capture, escaped with his wife, the daughter
of Richard Comerford of Dangenmore, Kil-
kenny, into Spain, where he died a few years
afterwards at Barcelona. His son Gerald,
known as the Conde de Desmond, entered
the service of the Emperor Ferdinand II, and
was killed in 1632. As he left no issue, in him
ended the heirs male of the four eldest sons
of Thomas, eighth earl of Desmond [q. v.]

[The principal references to the life of the
Sugan Earl will be found collected together in
the Unpublished G-eraldine Documents, edited
by Hayman and Graves, pt. ii.] E. D.

FITZGERALD, JAMES, first DUKE OP
LEINSTEE, (1722-1773), was the second but
eldest surviving son of Robert, nineteenth
earl of Kildare, and head of the great family
of the Geraldines, by Lady Mary O'Brien,
eldest daughter of William, third earl of In-
chiquin. He was born on 29 May 1722, and,
after receiving his preliminary education at
home, travelled on the continent from Fe-
bruary 1737 to September 1739. In the fol-
lowing year he became heir-apparent to the
earldom of Kildare, on the death of his elder
brother, and on 17 Oct. 1741 he entered the
Irish House of Commons as member for Athy,

Fitzgerald

130

Fitzgerald

with the courtesy title of Lord Offaly. On
20 Feb. 1744 he succeeded his father as
twentieth earl of Kildare, and in the rebellion
of the following year he offered to raise a
regiment at his own expense to serve against
the Pretender. He was sworn of the Irish
privy council in 1746, and on 1 Feb. 1747 he
received a seat in the English House of Lords
as Viscount Leinster of Taplow, Buckingham-
shire, an estate belonging to his uncle, the Earl
of Inchiquin. This peerage was conferred on
Kildare on the occasion of his marriage with
Lady Emily Lennox, second daughter of
Charles, second duke of Richmond, and sister
of Lady Holland, Lady Louisa Conolly, and
Lady Sarah Napier, which took place on 7 Feb.
1747. Kildare after his marriage took an
active part in Irish politics ; he built Leinster
House in Dublin, and exercised a princely hos-
pitality ; and from his wealth, high birth, and
influential family connections, soon formed
a powerful party. This party followed im-
plicitly all the directions of Kildare, who
pursued an intermediate policy between the
radical ideas of Speaker Boyle (afterwards
Earl of Shannon) [see BOYLE, HENKY, 1682-
1764] and his friends, and the ministerialists,
headed by the primate, George Stone, arch-
bishop of Dublin. Stone was an especial ob-
ject of hatred to Kildare, who in 1754 sent a
most violent protest to the king, attacking
the primate's nomination to be a lord deputy
during the absence of the lord-lieutenant, and
declaring the inalienable right of the Irish par-
liament to dispose of unappropriated sums of
money when voted in excess of the ministerial
demands. Stone's chief supporter, the Duke of
Dorset, was at once recalled j the primate was
struck out of the Irish privy council; and the
Marquis of Hartington, a personal friend of
Kildare's,was appointed lord-lieutenant. The
Irish people, or perhaps it is more correct to
say the population of Dublin, were delighted
at the earl's behaviour ; a medal was struck
in his honour, and he remained until the day
of his death one of the most popular noblemen
in Ireland. He justified the confidence of
the English ministry by bringing round the
speaker and Richard Malone, the chancellor
of the Irish exchequer, to the support of the
Irish administration, and in 1756 he accepted
the post of lord deputy. In 1758 he was made
master-general of the ordnance in Ireland,
in March 1760 he raised the Royal Irish regi-
ment of artillery, of which he was appointed
colonel, and on 3 March 1761 he was created
Earl of Offaly and Marquis of Kildare in the
peerage of Ireland. Five years later he re-
ceived the final step in the peerage. There
were at that time no Irish dukes, and the
marquis was eager to maintain his precedence

over all Irish noblemen. The king promised
that he should be created a duke whenever
an English duke was made, and in compliance
with this promise, when Sir Hugh Smithson-
Percy, Earl Percy, was promoted to be Duke of
Northumberland, Kildare was created Duke of
Leinster in the peerage of Ireland on 16 March
1766. After this last promotion he began to
take less part in politics, but in 1771 he drew
up and signed a protest in the Irish House of
Lords against the petition of the majority
of the Irish parliament for the continuance of
Lord Townshend in the office of lord-lieu-
tenant. The duke died at Leinster House,
Dublin, on 19 Nov. 1773, and was buried at
Christ Church in that city. He left a large
family, among whom the most notable were
William Robert [q. v.], who succeeded as
second duke of Leinster ; Charles James, a
distinguished naval officer, who was created
Lord Lecale in the peerage of Ireland ; Lord
Henry Fitzgerald, who married Charlotte,
baroness De Ros in her own right ; Lord Ed-
ward Fitzgerald, the rebel [q. v.] ; and Lord
Robert Stephen Fitzgerald, a diplomatist of
some note, who was minister ad interim in
Paris during the early years of the French
revolution, and afterwards British representa-
tive at Berne.

[The Marquia of Kildare's Earls of Kildare
and their Ancestors from 1057 to 1773, Dublin,
1858.] H. M. S.

FITZGERALD, JAMES (1742-1835),
Irish politician, descended from the family of
the White Knight [see FITZGIBBON, EDMUND
Fitzjohn], was younger son of William Fitz-
gerald, an attorney of Ennis, and younger
brother of Maurice Fitzgerald, clerk of the
crown for Connaught. He was born in 1742,
and educated at Trinity College, Dublin,where
he greatly distinguished himself. In 1769
he was called to the Irish bar, and he soon
obtained a large practice, and won a great
reputation both as a sound lawyer and an
eloquent pleader. In 1772 he entered the
Irish House of Commons as member for
Ennis ; in 1776 he was elected both for Kil-
libegs and Tulsk in Roscommon, and pre-
ferred to sit for the latter borough ; in 1784
and 1790 he was re-elected for Tulsk, and
in 1798 he was chosen to represent the county
of Kildare in the last Irish parliament. His
eloquence soon made him as great a reputa-
tion in the Irish parliament as at the Irish
bar, and he was recognised as one of the
leading orators in the days of Grattan and
Flood. Though an eloquent speaker, Fitz-
gerald was not much of a statesman ; he,
however, supported all the motions of the
radical party, and in 1782 he made his

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

most famous speech in proposing a certain
measure of catholic relief. In that year he
married Catherine, younger daughter of the
Rev. Henry Vesey, who was grandson of
John Vesey, archbishop of Tuam, and cousin
of Lord Glent worth, ancestor of the Vis-
counts de Vesci. Fitzgerald never sought
political office, but he eagerly accepted profes-
sional appointments, which helped him at the
bar. He thus became in rapid succession
third Serjeant in 1 779, second Serjeant in 1784,
and prime Serjeant in 1787. In all the de-
bates which preceded the final abolition of
the independent Irish parliament Fitzgerald
distinguished himself. He opposed the pro-
ject of the union with all his might, and
he was certainly disinterested in his cause,
for in 1799 he was dismissed from his post
of prime serjeant to make way for St. George
Daly, who had been converted to the unionist
policy. The Irish bar insisted on showing
their respect for him, and continued to give
him the precedence in court over the attor-
ney-general and solicitor-general which he
had held as prime serjeant. When the union
was carried Fitzgerald accepted it, and he
sat in the imperial parliament for Ennis from
1802 to February 1808, when he resigned the
seat to his son, William Vesey Fitzgerald. He,
however, was re-elected in 1812, but again re-
signed in January 1813, when he finally re-
tired from politics. His name, like his son's
[see FITZGERALD, WILLIAM VESEY, 1783-
1843], was unfortunately mixed up in the
Mary Anne Clarke scandal with the Duke
of York. This son, who was thoroughly re-
conciled to the union, held many important
political offices, and in recognition of his ser-
vices his mother was created Baroness Fitz-
gerald and Vesey on 31 July 1826, when
James Fitzgerald himself refused a peerage.
James Fitzgerald died at Booterstown, near
Dublin, on 20 Jan. 1835, aged 93 ; the baro-
ness had predeceased him 3 Jan. 1832. His
youngest son, HENRY VESEY FITZGERALD,
was dean of Emly (1818-26), and dean of
Kilmore from 1826 till his death, on 30 March
1860. He succeeded his eldest brother as
third Lord Fitzgerald and Vesey in 1843.

[Gent. Mag. March 1835; Blue Book of the
Members of the House of Commons ; Blacker's
Booterstown, pp. 241-3 ; Sir John Barrington's
Memoirs of the Union ; Grattan's Life of Henry
Grattan; Hardy's Life of the Earl of Charle-
mont.] H. M. S.

FITZGERALD, JOHN, first EARL OF
EJLDARE. [See FITZTHOMAS, JOHN", d. 1316.]

FITZGERALD, JOHN FITZEDMUND

(d. 1589), seneschal of Imokilly, was the son
of Edmund Fitzmaurice Riskard, seneschal of

Imokilly and Shylie, daughter of Maolrony"
O'Carroll. He was a prominent actor in the
two great rebellions that convulsed Munster
during 1563 to 1583. In 1569, being ' a prin-
cipal communicator with James Fitzmaurice/
' arch traitor ' [q. v.], he was besieged in his
castle of Ballymartyr by Sir Henry Sidney ;
but after a stout defence, in which several of
the besiegers were wounded, finding the place
untenable, he ' and his company in the dead
of night fl.ed out of the house by a bog, which
joins hard to the wall where no watch could
have prevented their escape.' He continued
to hold out with Fitzmaurice in the woods
of Aharlow till February 1573, when he
humbly submitted himself before Sir John
Perrot in the church of Kilmallock, and was
pardoned. In 1575 he accompanied Fitz-
maurice to France, but returned to Ireland
a few weeks afterwards. From that time till
the date of Fitzmaurice's landing we hear
nothing of him with the exception that on
16 Nov. 1576 he complained to the president
of Munster, Sir William Drury, that the Earl
of Desmond was coshering sixty horses and
a hundred horse-boys on Imokilly, an inci-
dent quite sufficient to show how the wind
was blowing meanwhile. Instantly on the
arrival of Fitzmaurice in July 1579 he went
into rebellion. An adept in all the strata-
gems of Irish warfare, and personally brave
in carrying his schemes into execution, he
became, after the death of the ' arch traitor/
the unquestionable, though not nominal,
head of the rebellion. It was against him,
and not the Earl of Desmond, that Or-
monde mainly directed his efforts. More than
once during that terrible struggle he was re-
ported to have been slain. He was, indeed,
once severely wounded and his brother killed,
but he manifested no intention of submitting.
In February 1581 he narrowly missed captur-
ing Sir Walter Raleigh. In May 1583 his aged
mother was taken and executed by Thomas
Butler, tenth earl of Ormonde [q. v.] But it
was not till 14 June, when he was reported
to have not more than twenty-four swords and
four horse, that he consented to recognise the
hopelessness of his cause. His submission
was accepted conditionally; but Ormonde,
who greatly respected him for his bravery,
pleaded earnestly with Burghley for his par-
don. He was, he declared, a man ' valiant,
wise, and true of his word.' Ever since his
submission ' he and his people had been em-
ployed in order and husbandry.' Ormonde's
intervention was successful so far as his life
was concerned ; but as for his lands, that was
to be left an open question. Thirty-six thou-
sand acres of good land, which the under-
takers had come to regard as their property,

Fitzgerald

132

Fitzgerald

were not to be surrendered by them with-
out & struggle. He was represented as the
most dangerous man in the province, as ' hav-
ing more intelligence from Spain than any
one else.' Their representations were not
without their calculated effect on Elizabeth,
who had at first been inclined to treat him
leniently. Not suspecting any attack, he was
in March 1587 arrested by Sir Thomas Nor-
reys and confined to Dublin Castle, where he
died in February 1589 (Ham. Cal. iv. 126, but
cf. p. 253), a few days after it had been finally
decided that he should enjoy the profit of his
lands. He married Honora, daughter of
James Fitzmaurice, by whom he had Ed-
mund and Richard, seven weeks old in 1589,
and two daughters, Catherine and Eleanor.
His son and heir, Edmund, at the time of
his father's death being a year and a half old,
was found by inquisition to be heir to Bally-
martyr and other lands in co. Cork, and was
granted in wardship to Captain Moyle. He
obtained livery of his lands on coming of age,
and in 1647 defended Ballymartyr against
his nephew, Lord Inchiquin, when the castle
was burnt and himself outlawed.

[The principal references to Fitzgerald's life
contained in the State Papers will be found in the
Unpublished Geraldine Documents, edited by
Hayman and Graves, pt. ii. pp. 1 18-36.] K. D.

FITZGERALD, SIR JOHN FITZEDMFIO)
(1528-1612), dean of Cloyne, son of Edmund
Fitzjames,bornin 1528, was a devoted loyalist,
being almost the only gentleman of note who
refused to join in the rebellion of James Fitz-
maurice Fitzgerald [q. v.] in 1569, whereupon
he was appointed sheriff of the county of Cork,
and for his good services in that office was
1 so maliced and hated of the rebels, as they
not only burned all his towns and villages to
the utter banishing of th' inhabitants of the
same, but also robbed and spoiled and con-
sumed all his goods and cattle, and thereby
brought him from a gentleman of good ability
to live to extreme poverty, not able to main-
tain himself and his people about him in the
service of her majesty as his heart desired.'
His petition for compensation was supported
by Sir Henry Sidney, who declared that he
well deserved the same both for the losses
he had sustained as also for his honesty and
civility. On the outbreak of Desmond's re-
bellion he again threw in his lot with the
government, and was again exposed to the
attacks of the rebels, insomuch that he was
obliged to take refuge in Cork. In January
1581 his condition was described to Burghley
as truly pitiful, and in May 1582 the queen
gave order that he should receive an annuity
of one hundred marks and a grant of one

hundred marks land of the escheats in Mun-
ster. In 1586 he strenuously opposed the-
bill for the attainder of the Earl of Desmond,
and by trying to maintain the legality of the-
earl's feoffment almost made shipwreck in
one moment of the reputation gained by a
long life of loyalty. Being charged with con-
niving at the marriage of Florence MacCarthy
(whose godfather he was) and Ellen, daugh-
ter of the Earl of Clancar, he denied it, de-
claring to Burghley that on the contrary he-
had done his best to prevent it ; while, as for
his action in regard to Desmond's deed of
feoffment, it was with him a thing of con-
science and honesty before God and the-
world, and not a thing desired by him. His-
loyalty was confirmed by Justice Smythes,
who wrote that he was a gentleman ' wise-
and considerate in all his doings, of great
learning in good arts, and approved loyalty
in all times of trial, just in his dealings, and
may serve for a pattern to the most of this--
country ' (Ham. Cal. iv. 46).

During the rebellion of the Sugan Earl
[see FITZGERALD, JAMES Fitzthomas] he more-
than once proved himself 'the best subject
the queen had in Munster,' and in order ' to
requite his perpetual loyalty to the crown
of England, as also to encourage others,''
Lord Mountjoy, while visiting him at Cloyne
(7 March 1601), on his way from the siege of
Kinsale to Dublin, knighted him. The castle-
of Cloyne had originally been the palace of
the bishops of Cloyne. The way in which
it came into the possession of Fitzgerald very
well illustrates the general laxity in ecclesi-
astical matters prevailing during Elizabeth's-
reign. In order to make leases of bishops'"
lands valid it was necessary to have them
confirmed by the dean and chapter, the church
thus having, as it were, double security that
its estates should not be recklessly given
away. In order to obviate this difficulty Fitz-
gerald, though a layman, got himself appointed
to the deanery of Cloyne, after which he filled,
the chapter with his dependents. Thereupon
Matthew Shehan, bishop of Cloyne, in con-
sideration of a fine of 40/., leased out on
14 July 1575, at an annual rent of five
marks for ever, the whole demesne of Cloyne
to a certain Richard Fitzmaurice, one of Fitz-
gerald's dependents. The dean and chapter
confirmed the grant, and Fitzmaurice handed
over his right and title to his master. Ther
castle, which stood at the south-east angle of
the four crossways in the centre of the town of
Cloyne, was repaired by Fitzgerald, and only
disappeared in 1797, having been recovered
for the church in 1700. He married Honor
O'Brien, niece of the Earl of Thomond, by
whom he had three sons : Edmund, who

Fitzgerald

133

Fitzgerald

married the widow of John Fitzedmund Fitz-
gerald [q. v.], seneschal of Imokilly ; Thomas
(d. 1628), who married Honor, daughter of
O'Sullivan Beare; James (o.s.p.), and two
daughters, Joan and Eleanor. He died on
15 July 1612, and was buried with his ances-
tors in the cathedral of Cloyne. Two months
later he was followed by his eldest son. ' In
the N.-E. angle of the north transept of the
cathedral,' says the late Kev. James Graves,
' was erected, doubtless during his lifetime,
a very fine monument in the renaissance style,
originally consisting of an altar-tomb, above
which was reared a pillared superstructure
crowned by an ornamented entablature ;
whilst, from the fragments still remaining,
it would appear that two kneeling armed
figures surmounted the first-named part of the
monument.' According to the epitaph he was
* hospitio Celebris, doctrina clarus et armis.'

[The principal references to Fitzgerald's life
contained in the State Papers have been collected
together in the Unpublished Geraldine Docu-
ments, ed. Hayman and Graves, pt. ii. He must
be carefully distinguished from his relative the
*eneschal of Imokilly. See also the Life and
Letters of Florence MacCarthy Keagh, by Daniel
MacCarthy, bishop of Kerry, and Dr. Brady's
Clerical and Parochial Kecords of Cork, Cloyne,
and Eoss, vol. iii.] E. D.

FITZGERALD, SIR JOHN FORSTER

(1784P-1877), field marshal, colonel 18th
royal Irish foot, was a younger son of Ed-
ward Fitzgerald of Carrigoran, co. Clare, who
sat for that county in the Irish parliament,
was a colonel of Irish volunteers in 1782,
and died in 1815, by his second wife, the
daughter and coheiress of Major Thomas Bur-
ton, 5th dragoon guards, and granddaughter
of Right Hon. John Forster, lord chief jus-
tice of Ireland [q. v.], and consequently was
younger brother of the first two baronets of
Carrigoran. The date of his birth is va-
riously given as 1784 and 1786. On 29 Oct.
1793 he was appointed ensign in Captain
Shee's independent company of foot in Ire-
land, and became lieutenant in January 1794.
In May 1794 he was given a half-pay com-
pany in the old 79th (royal Liverpool volun-
teers) regiment of foot, which had been dis- |
banded before he was born. After seven
years as a titular captain on the Irish half-
pay list, on 31 Oct. 1800 he was brought
into the 46th foot, and joined that corps, then
consisting of two strong battalions of short-
service soldiers, in Ireland. The regiment
was much reduced by the discharge of the
latter at the peace of Amiens, and young
Fitzgerald was again placed on half-pay, but
the year after was brought on full pay again
in the newly raised New Brunswick fencibles,

in which he was senior captain and brevet
major. In 1809 he was promoted major in
the 60th royal Americans, afterwards known
as the 60th rifles, and in 1810 became brevet
lieutenant-colonel. He joined the 5th or
Jager battalion, 60th, in the Peninsula, and
was present at the storming of Badajoz,
where he was among the regimental com-
manding officers specially commended by Sir
Thomas Picton (GrjRwooD, Well. Desp. v.
379), at Salamanca, Vittoria, the Pyrenees,
and many minor affairs. Part of the time he
was in command of a provisional battalion
of light companies, and in the Pyrenees com-
manded a brigade and was taken prisoner by
the French, but exchanged (ib. vii. 237).
At the end of the war he was made C.B.
and received the gold cross given to com-
manding officers of regiments and others of
higher rank who had been present in four
or more general actions entitling them to a
gold medal for each, which medals were re-
placed by the cross. He accompanied the
5th battalion, 60th, from the south of France
to Ireland in 1814, and thence in 1816 to
the Mediterranean. In 1818 it was brought
home from Gibraltar and disbanded, Fitz-
gerald, then senior major, with most of the
other officers and men, being transferred to
the 2nd battalion, 60th, at Quebec, which
then became the 1st battalion and was made
rifles. Fitzgerald, who became brevet colonel
in 1819, remained some years in Canada,
most of the time as commandant of Quebec,
and afterwards of Montreal. On 5 Feb. 1824
he exchanged with Lieutenant-colonel Bun-
bury to the command of the 20th foot in
Bombay, which he held until promoted to
major-general in 1830. He was made K.C.B.
the year after. In 1838 he was appointed
to a divisional command at Madras, but was
afterwards transferred to Bombay, and com-
manded a division of the Bombay army until
his promotion to lieutenant-general in No-
vember 1841. He was appointed colonel of
the 62nd foot in 1843, transferred to the
colonelcy 18th royal Irish 1850, became a
general 1854, G.C.B. 1862, and received his
field marshal's baton 29 May 1875. He re-
presented Clare county in parliament, in the
liberal interest, in 1852-7.

Fitzgerald married first, in New Bruns-
wick, in 1805, Charlotte, daughter of the
Hon. Robert Hazen of St. John's, New
Brunswick, by whom he had a son, John
Forster Fitzgerald — killed as a captain 14th
light dragoons in the second Sikh war — and
two daughters. He married secondly, in
1839, Jean, daughter of Hon. Donald Ogilvy
of Clova, formerly of the Madras army, and
afterwards colonel Forfarshire militia (see

Fitzgerald

134

Fitzgerald

DEBRETT, Peerage, under ' Earl of Airlie '),
and by her had a family.

Fitzgerald, who some short time before
had been received into the Roman catholic
communion, died at Tours on 24 March 1877,
being at the time the oldest officer in the
British army. By order of the French minis-
ter of war, the garrison of Tours paid him
the funeral honours prescribed for a marshal
of France.

[Foster's Baronetage, under 'Fitzgerald of Car-
rigoran ; ' Debrett's Peerage, under ' Cunningham '
and 'Airlie;' Wallace's Chronicle King's Royal
Rifles (London, 1879); Times, 4 April 1877.
The records of the old 5th or Jager battalion,
60th, with which Fitzgerald served in the Penin-
sula, were arranged by the late Major-general
Gibbes Rigaud, and have been published in the
'Maltese Cross,' the regimental newspaper of the
1st battalion king's royal rifles, in 1886-7.1

H. M. C.

FITZGERALD, KATHERINE (d.

1604), the ' old ' COUNTESS OF DESMOND, was
daughter of Sir John Fitzgerald, lord of
Decies, and became the second wife of Tho-
mas Fitzgerald, twelfth earl of Desmond,
some time after 1505. The first wife of the
earl was Sheela, daughter of Cormac Mac-
Carthy. To her (under the equivalent name
of Gilis ny Cormyk), as ' wife to Sir Thomas
of Desmond,' on 9 June 20 Henry VII, i.e.
1505, Gerald (son of Thomas) Fitzgerald,
eighth earl of Kildare, granted a lease of
lands for five years, a copy of which is pre-
served in the rental-book of the ninth earl,
now in the possession of the Duke of Leins-
ter. On its first discovery it was supposed by
some to be dated 20 Henry VIII, i.e. 1528 ;
but the earlier date is shown to be correct
not only by a facsimile given in the ' Journal
of the Kilkenny Archseological Society,' but
also by the fact (unnoticed by those who
have commented on the document) that
the Earl of Kildare who granted it died in
1513. The Earl of Desmond who was the
husband of Sheela and Katherine died in
1534, at the age of eighty. As he left a
daughter by his second wife, it may safely
be assumed that 1524 is the latest date at
which his marriage to her could have taken
place, while, as we have seen, 1506 is the
earliest. The tradition, therefore, preserved
by Sir Walter Raleigh, to which Horace
Walpole gave its popular currency, that this
second wife was married in the time of Ed-
ward IV, is at once disposed of; but it may
very probably be true of her predecessor.
In the same way the further tradition of her
having danced with Richard III may be
accounted for. Mr. Sainthill, in his ' Inquiry,'
referred to at the end of this article, endea-

voured to support these traditions by the
theory that Thomas of Desmond might have
divorced his first wife and married his second
long before 1505, but this was a mere sug-
gestion, opposed to such evidence as exists.
That the ' old countess ' was living in 1589,
1 and many years since,' is asserted by Sir W.
Raleigh in his ' History of the World ' (bk. i.
ch. 5, § 5) ; and he had good reason for know-
ing the truth of this, inasmuch as in that year
and in the year preceding he granted leases
of lands in Cork at a reduced rent pending the
life of 'the ladieCattelyn, old countess dowa-
ger of Desmond,' who had some life-interest in
them. It appears from the terms of these leases-
that her life was not supposed to be likely
to last more than five years from their date.
That her death occurred in 1604 is stated in a
manuscript of Sir George Carew's, preserved
in Lambeth Library (No. 626). From these
data it follows that, at the lowest computa-
tion, she can hardly have been less than 104
years old at the time of her decease ; and it
has been thought by some that the traditional
140 may possibly have had its rise in an
accidental transposition of these figures. It
is in Fynes Morison's ' Itinerary,' published
in 1617, that the number 140 is first given.
He visited Youghal, near which the Castle
of Inchiquin, in which the countess resided,
is situated, in 1613, and states that ' in our
time ' she had lived to the age of ' about '
140 years, and was able in her last years to
go on foot three or four miles weekly to the
market town, and that only a few years
before her death all her teeth were renewed.
From him Bacon appears to have derived
the notices which he gives in his ' Hist. Vitse
et Mortis ' and his ' Sylva ; ' and from Bacon
and Raleigh^ and a Desmond pedigree, Arch-
bishop Ussher makes mention of the countess
in his 'Chronologia Sacra/ where he says
that ' meo tempore ' she was both living and
lively. A diary kept by the Earl of Leicester
some thirty years later also records the stories
which he had heard. One additional and
original witness has, however, been recently
found, not known to previous writers on the
subject, whose evidence corroborates the
general account. Sir John Harington, who
was twice for some time in Ireland, for the
first time soon after 1584, and for the second
time in 1599, speaking in 1605 of the whole-
someness of the country, says: 'Where a
man hath lived above 140 year, a woman,
and she a countess, above 120, the country is
like to be helthy.' Of the case of the man
whom he mentions nothing is known, but
his allusion to the case of the countess evi-
dently implies that her story, as well as that
of the former, was then a familiar one. On

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

the whole, it may be concluded that the
countess reached at least the age of 104, and
that, until some further evidence, such as
the date of her marriage, be forthcoming, it
may further reasonably be conjectured that
the addition of ten years would very pro-
bably be a nearer approximation to the truth.
The stories of her death being caused by a
fall from an apple, a walnut, or a cherry tree,
may be dismissed as fictions ; while that of
her journey to London to beg relief from
Queen Elizabeth or James I has been shown
by Mr. Sainthill to belong to the Countess
Elinor, widow of Gerald, the fifteenth and
attainted earl of Desmond. Nine or ten
portraits of the old countess are said to be
in existence ; but only two of these, respec-
tively at Muckross Abbey and Dupplin Castle,
with possibly a third at Chatsworth, are sup-
posed to represent her, the others being pic-
tures of other persons by Rembrandt and
Gerard Douw.

[Article in the Quarterly Review for March
1853, pp. 329-54; Archd. A. B. Kowan's Olde
Countesse of Desmonde, 1860; Richard Saint-
hill's Old Countess of Desmond, an Inquiry, 2 vols.
(privately printed), 1861-3; article (by J. Gough
Nichols) in the Dublin Review, 1862, li. 51-91 ;
Journal of the Kilkenny Archseol. Soc., new ser.
iv. Ill, 1864 ; W. J. Thoms's Longevity of Man,
1879 ; Sir J. Harington's Short View of the State
of Ireland, 1879, p. 10 ; see also Notes and
Queries, 2nd ser. vii. 313, 365, 431, 3rd ser. i.
301, 377, 5th ser. xi. 192, 332.] W. D. M.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE (d. 1176),
English conqueror of Ireland, was the son

Nesta, daughter of Rhys the Great, king
of South Wales (Exp. Hib. p. 229). 'He
was thus half-brother to Robert Fitzstephen
[q. v.] and Meiler Fitzhenry [q. v.], and bro-
ther of David II [q. v.], bishop of St. David's
(ib. ; GIEALD. Itin. Cambr. p. 130 ; Earls of
Kildare, p. 3). His father Gerald, according
to later genealogists, was grandson of Walter
Fitzother, who figures in ' Domesday ' as a
tenant at Windsor and elsewhere, and lord
of manors in Surrey, Hampshire, Berkshire,
Middlesex, and Buckinghamshire. In the
early years of the twelfth century his father
was steward of Pembroke Castle. He was pro-
bably dead by 1136, in which year the Welsh
annals show that Nesta's second husband,
Stephen, and the ' sons of Gerald' were
fighting against the Welsh prince, Owen
(Domesday, 30 « 1, 36 a 1, 61 b 1, 130 a 1,
151 a 1 ; Ann. Cambr. pp. 30, 34, 40).

In 1168, when Dermot, king of Leinster,
was in South Wales seeking for aid to re-
establish himself in his kingdom, Rhys ap
Griffith had just released his three-year
prisoner, Robert Fitzstephen, on condition

an
of

that he should help him against Henry II.
Robert's half-brother, Maurice Fitzgeraldj
now petitioned that he might carry his kins-
man to Ireland instead; for Dermot had
promised to give the two knights Wexford
and the two adjoining ' cantreds ' in return
for their services (Exp. Hib. p. 229 ; Ann.
Cambr. p. 50). Robert crossed at once (May
1169), but Maurice did not land till some
months later, when he reached Wexford with
140 followers. Here Dermot came to meet
him, and led him to his royal city of Ferns.
In the expedition against Dublin, Maurice
commanded the English contingent, while
Robert Fitzstephen stayed behind to fortify
the rock of Carrick, near Wexford (Exp. Hib.
pp. 229, 233, 245 ; REGAN, p. 56 ; cf. Ann.
Cambr. p. 52 ; Annals of the Four Masters,
sub 1169, 1170 ; Annals of Boyle, p. 28).
Dermot had already fulfilled his promise as
regards Wexford, and when the Earl of Clare
did not come according to his engagement,
he offered his daughter, with the succession
to the kingdom, to Robert or Maurice, an offer
which both declined on the plea that they
were already married (Exp. Hib. p. 246).
Earl Richard at last landed at Waterford,
24 Aug. 1170. The town was taken next
day, Maurice and Robert arriving with Der-
mot in time to save the lives of the nobler
captives (ib. p. 255).

Next year Maurice was present at the great
siege of Dublin. His anxiety for the safety
of his half-brother Robert, whom the Irish of
Wexford were besieging in the turf fort of
Carrick, led him to propose the famous sally
from the city, when some ninety Norman
knights routed King Roderic's army of thirty
thousand men. Though the English started
southwards on the day after the victory, they
were too late to relieve Robert Fitzstephen,
who had surrendered on receiving false news
as to the fall of Dublin (ib. p. 266, &c.)

Henry IPs arrival seems to have brought
the temporary downfall of the Geraldines.
The men of Wexford attempted to curry
favour with the king by giving him their pri-
soner ; and, though Robert was soon set free,
he and Maurice were seemingly deprived of
Wexford and the neighbouring cantreds (ib. p.
278). Henry kept Wexford in his own hands,
entrusting it to William Fitzaldhelm before he
left the country, but now, or a little later, Earl
Richard gave Maurice 'the middle cantred of
Ophelan,' i.e. the district about Naas in Kil-
dare (ib. pp. 286, 314; REGAN, pp. 146-7).
On leaving Dublin, Henry charged the two
brothers, at the head of twenty knights, to
support the new governor of this city, Hugh
de Lacy; and it must have been shortly after
this that Maurice, forewarned by his nephew's

Fitzgerald

136

Fitzgerald

dream, saved his leader's life from the ambush
set for his destruction at his interview with
O'Rourke, the 'rex monoculus' of Meath
(Exp. Hib. pp. 286, 292-4).

The remainder of Maurice's life is obscure.
During the great rebellion of the young
princes (1173-4) Henry had to withdraw the
greater part of his own retainers from Ire-
land ; but there seems to be no evidence that
Maurice accompanied his half-brother Robert
to the king's assistance in England and Nor-
mandy. When Earl Richard was restored to
power, an attempt was made to consolidate
the English interests by a system of inter-
marriage. It was now that Maurice's daughter
Nesta wedded Hervey of Mountmaurice, the
great enemy of the Irish Geraldines ; while
Maurice's son took Earl Richard's daughter,
Alina, to wife. This alliance procured a grant
of Wicklow Castle and the restoration of Naas,
which had seemingly been confiscated, but
which was henceforward held as a fief of
the earl. The rest of Ophelan in North Kil-
dare was divided between Maurice's kinsmen,
Robert Fitzstephen and Meiler Fitzhenry (ib.
p. 314 ; REGAN, pp. 146-7).

Some three years later, Maurice Fitz-
gerald died at Wexford (c. 1 Sept. 1176),
* not leaving a better man in Ireland.' The
death of Earl Richard and the appointment
of William Fitzaldhelm as governor caused
the momentary downfall of the Geraldines,
who soon forced Maurice's sons to give up
Wicklow Castle in exchange for Ferns (Exp.
Hib. pp. 336-7).

Giraldus Cambrensis has described Mau-
rice's personal appearance and his character.
His face was somewhat highly coloured but
comely, his height moderate, ' neither too
short nor too tall,' and his body well propor-
tioned. In bravery no one surpassed him,
and as a soldier he struck the happy mean
between rashness and over-caution. He
was sober, modest, and chaste, trustworthy,
staunch, and faithful ; ' a man not, it is true,
free from every fault, but not guilty of any
rank offence.' He was little given to talk,
but when he did speak it was to the point.
It would seem that when he crossed over to
Ireland he was fairly advanced in life, since
the same author applies to him the epithets
' venerabilis et venerandus ' (ib. p. 297). He
was buried in the Grey Friars monastery out-
side Wexford, where, in Hooker's days (1586),
his ruined monument was still to be seen
' wanting some good and worthy man to re-
store so worthy a monument of so worthy a
knight ' (HOLINSHED, vi. 198).

Maurice Fitzgerald left several sons and
a daughter, Nesta. His wife is said to have
been Alice, granddaughter of Roger de Mont-

gomery, who led the centre of the Norman
army at Hastings (Earls of Kildare, p. 10).
She was living in 1171, as Giraldus tells us
that she and some of Maurice's children were
with Fitzstephen when the Irish were lay-
ing siege to Carrick (Exp. Hib. p. 266). Of
his sons two, Gerald (d. 1204) [q. v.] and Alex-
ander, greatly distinguished themselves in the
sally from Dublin (ib. pp. 268-9). Alexander
seems to have left no issue (Nat. MSS. of Ire-
land, pp. 125-6), and Gerald, ' a man small of
stature, but of no mean valour and integrity/
succeeded to his father's estates, and became,
through his heir, Maurice Fitzgerald II [q. v.],
the ancestor of the Fitzgeralds of OfFaly and
Kildare (Exp. Hib. p. 354). Nesta married
Hervey of Mountmaurice ; William, another
son, must have died before, or not long after
his father, as he can hardly be the William
Fitzmaurice who died about 1247 A.D. (SwEET-
MAN, i. No. 2903, cf. Nos. 89, 94). The Irish
genealogists, however, make him succeed his
father in Naas, but die without a son. They
also assign Maurice another son, Thomas the
Great, who, marrying Eleanor, daughter of
Sir William Morrie, acquired extensive pro-
perty in Munster, and became the ancestor
of the earls of Desmond, the White Knight,
the Knight of Kerry, &c. (Earls of Kildare,
p. 10). A Thomas Fitzmaurice (d. 1210-1215)
appears not unfrequently in the Irish rolls
(SWEETMAX, i. Nos. 406, 529 ; cf. Earls of
Kildare, p. 10, where his death is assigned to
1213) [see FITZTHOMAS, MAURICE, first EAEL
OF DESMOND].

[G-iraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica,
ed. Dimock (Eolls Series, vol. v.) ; Anglo-Norman
poem on the Conquest of Ireland, ed. Thomas
Wright, London, 1841, cited as Regan; Annales
Cambriae, ed. Williams ab Ithel (Rolls Series) ;
Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Donovan ; The
Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors, by the
Marquis of Kildare (Dublin, 1858), represents the
popular genealogy, &c., of the Geraldine family
at the time the book was written. See also Sir
William Bethel's Pedigree of the Fitzgeralds,
printed in the Journal of the Hist, and Archseolog.
Society of Ireland for 1868-9 (3rd ser. vol. i.) ;
Holinshed, ed. 1808; Calendar of Documents re-
lating to Ireland, ed. Sweetman, vol. i. ; Sweet-
man's Cal. of Documents, vol. i. ; Annals of Boyle,
ap O'Conor, vol. ii. ; Nat. MSS. of Ireland, ed.
Gilbert.] T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE II, BARON

OF OFFALY (1194 P-1257), justiciar of Ireland,
was born about 1194 (SWEETMAN, i. 91, 118).
His father, Gerald (d. 1204) [q. v.], through
whom he was grandson of the great Irish ( con-
quistador,' Maurice Fitzgerald [q. v.], died to-
wards the end of 1203 (ib. No. 195). His
mother is said to have been' Catherine, daugh-

Fitzgerald

137

Fitzgerald

ter of Hamo deValois, lord justice of Ireland
in 1197 ' (Earls of Kildare, p. 11 ; LODGE, i. 59).
Though ordered seisin of his father's lands on
5 July 1215, he had not entered into full pos-
session on 19 July 1215, by which time he was
already a knight. In December 1226 he was
engaged in a lawsuit with the Irish justiciar,
Geoffry de Mariscis. In 1232 he was himself
appointed to this office (2 Sept.), in succes-
sion to Kichard Burke, the head of the great
house, which for over a century was to be
the most powerful rival of the Fitzgeralds
(SWEETMAN, Nos. 793, 1458, 1977).

These were the days of popular discontent
against Peter des Roches and the foreign
favourites. Maurice, though a vassal of the
great constitutional leader, Richard the Earl
Marshal, laid waste the earl's Irish lands at
the instigation of the king or his councillors.
The earl crossed the Channel, induced, so ran
the scandal of the day, by forged letters to
which Maurice had attached the royal seal.
The justiciar, at a conference held on the
Curragh of Kildare, offered such terms that
the earl preferred battle, though he had but
fifteen knights against a hundred and fifty.
A desperate attempt on the justiciar's life
failed. Earl Richard was defeated, and carried
to his own castle at Kildare, then in Maurice's
hands (1 April 1234). He died a fortnight
later of his wounds, aggravated, says Roger
of Wendover, by a physician hired for this
purpose by Maurice the justiciar, who was
summoned to England to defend his honour.
The Archbishop of Canterbury became surety
for his safety (24 July), but a reconciliation at
Marlborough (21 Sept. 1234) with the new
Earl Gilbert was only apparent. Next year
the feud was further embittered by the mur-
der, attributed to Earl Gilbert, of Henry
Clement, who represented the accused Irish
nobles in London. The two barons were not
reconciled till the summer of 1240, when
Maurice Fitzgerald, hearing that the earl had
made his peace with the king, came to Lon-
don offering to prove his innocence by the
judgment of his peers. At Henry's interces-
sion, Gilbert Marshal reluctantly accepted
this declaration. Maurice engaged to found
a monastery for the soul of the dead man,
and in acquittance of his vow is said to
have founded the Dominican abbey at Sligo.
Matthew Paris's words, when chronicling his
death, show that his innocence was never be-
lieved (MATT. PARIS, iii. 265-6, 273-6, 327,
iv. 56-7, v. 62 : Annals of the Four Masters,
ii. 272-3 ; Loch Ce, p. 319; SWEETMAN,!. 313,
317, 374; Earls of Kildare, p. 12; Oseney
Annals, p. 78 ; WYKES, p. 78 ; Royal Letters,
i. 448, 470, 480 ; cf. art. BURGH, RICHARD
DE, d. 1243).

Roderic O'Conor (d. 1198), king of Con-
naught, had been succeeded by his brother,
Catnap Crobdherg (d. 28 May 1224). On
Cathal's death the succession was disputed
between the sons of Roderic O'Conor, Tur-
lough and ^Edh, and those of Cathal, ^Edh,
and Felim. After various changes of fortune,
in which Richard de Burgh, made justiciar
of Ireland 13 Feb. 1228, played a great part,
^Edh O'Conor was placed on the throne in
1232. Before the end of 1233 he was dis-
placed by Felim, who destroyed the castles
built by Richard de Burgh. In 1235 Maurice
and Richard led an army to ravage Con-
naught, but turned aside to attack Donnchadh
O'Briain, prince of Munster. Felim was
driven off to O'Domhnaill, while Maurice the
justiciar was mustering the spoil at Ardcarna,
launching his fleet on the eastern Atlantic,
and storming the rock of Loch Ce. The ex-
pedition closed when Felim made peace with
the justiciar, and was granted the five ' king's
cantreds.' Next year Maurice banished Felim
again, and supplanted him by his cousin,
Brian O'Conor. A great victory at Druim-
raithe restored Felim to the throne ; he once
more received the 'king's cantreds' (1237)
(Loch Ce, pp. 203-347 ; Annals of Boyle,
p. 44 ; Ann. Four Masters, sub an.)

In 1238 Maurice was warring in Ulster.
With Hugh de Lacy he deposed Domhnall
MacLochlainn (d. 1241) from his lordship
over the Cenel Eoghain, and Cenel-Conaill
in favour of Brian, son of ^Edh O'Neill.
Domhnall recovered his office next year and
maintained it, despite the justiciar's efforts,
till his death in 1241. Meanwhile Felim, who
had long been suffering from the depreda-
tions of the De Burghs, appealed to Henry III
for protection. At London (1240) his request
was granted, and he returned with orders that
Maurice should see that he had justice. Next
year Maurice and Felim forced Maelsechlainn
O'Domhnaill and the Cenel-Conaill to give
hostages. In 1246 he was again in Tir-Co-
naill, half of which he now gave to Cormac
O'Conor. Maelsechlainn renewed his hos-
tages for the other half, but on All Saints*
day took his revenge by burning the town
near Maurice's castle of Sligo. In 1247 he
led an army as far as Sligo and Assaroe (on
the Erne), and his retreat was cut off by
Maelsechlainn with the Cenel-Conaill and
Cenel-Eoghain (3 July). Maurice, by a skilful
manoeuvre, won a great victory, in which
Maelsechlainn was slain (Loch Ce; Ann. Four
Masters}.

During the years of his office Maurice had
been largely occupied in the attempt to sup-
ply Henry III with funds. His salary as
justiciar was 500/. a year ; but he seems to

Fitzgerald

138

Fitzgerald

have left office in debt. In 1233 he was or-
dered to seize Miloc Castle from Richard de
Burgh, and distrain for this noble's debts to
the king (February 1234), and was afterwards
empowered to take further measures (Royal
Letters, i. 410-14). In May 1237 he was
bidden to let the earl's friends buy their par-
don. The marriage of Henry's sister, Isa-
bella, to the emperor Frederic II brought
with it fresh demands, and Maurice was ex-
pected to wring a scutage of two marks and
a thirtieth from his Irish subjects. He was
granted safe-conducts to England in May
and July 1234, as well as in 1237 and 1242.
He seems to have actually been in England
late in 1234 or early in 1235, and perhaps in
1244. He was ordered to provide men, money,
provisions, and galleys for the Gascon expe-
dition of 1242. In January 1245 he was
bidden to build four wooden towers for the
expedition against Wales (SwEETMAN,i. 302,
304, 313, &c. ; GRACE, p. 31). Accompanied
by Felim he took a part in this war, in which
he seems to have incurred the king's dis-
pleasure by putting some of his Irish followers
to death in Anglesey. In 1237 the king sent
over a commissioner to audit his accounts, and
on 4 Nov. 1245 he resigned his office to John
Fitzgeoffrey, the son of a previous justiciar
(SWEETMAN, i. 408, 440, &c. ; GRACE, p. 31 ;
CAMPION, pp.76-7; IlANMER,p.l91,&c.) Mat-
ters were finally compromised by the infliction
of a fine of four hundred marks (2 July 1248).
This fine Maurice was at first permitted to
pay off by instalments ; later the payments
were respited (29 April 1250), and finally
(10 June 1251) in a great measure remitted
(September 1252). In August 1248 Mau-
rice had gone to Gascony on the king's ser-
vice. In December 1253 he was again sum-
moned to Gascony to take part in the medi-
tated war with the king of Castile. A later
brief seems, however, to show that the new
justiciar crossed the sea (Loch Ce, p. 405),
leaving Maurice as his deputy in Ireland
(SWEETMAN, vol. i. Nos. 305-7, 356-7).

Meanwhile, though no longer justiciar, he
had been equally active in Ireland. In 1248
he expelled Roderic O'Canannan from Tir-
Conaill. Next year he invaded Connaught
to avenge the death of Gerald Mac Feorais,
and a little later led an expedition from Mun-
ster and Connaught to meet another under
the justiciar at Elphin. The united armies
deposed Felim O'Conor, setting up his nephew
Turlough in his place. Felim was restored
by Brian O'Neill and the Cenel-Eoghain in
1250. In the same year, probably in return
for Brian's interference in Connaught, Mau-
rice invaded the land of the Cenel-Eoghain,
but failed to reduce its lord. In 1253 he made

another futile attack upon Brian O'Neill and
the Cenel-Eoghain, and two years later he
crossed over ' to meet the king of the Saxons '
at about the same time as Felim's envoys.
The 'Four Masters ' represent him as in 1257
accompanying the new lord justice against
Godfrey O'Domhnaill, and distinguished him-
self in a single combat with Godfrey. Mat-
thew Paris, however, seems to put Maurice's
death in the beginning of 1257, whereas the
'Irish Annals' date Godfrey's death, which
was due to wounds received in this expedition,
in 1258. The State Papers show conclusively
that he was alive on 8 Nov. 1256, but dead
by Christmas 1257 (Loch Ce ; Ann. Four
Masters ; MATT. PARIS, v. 642 ; SWEETMAN,
ii. 524, 563 ; cf. DOWLING, p. 15).

Fitzgerald had served the king long and
faithfully. In 1255 Henry wrote to thank
him for his strenuous defence of the country.
As justiciar he was vigorously engaged in
fortifying castles against the Irish ; by 2 Nov.
1236 he had already fortified three, and was
bidden to build two more in the coming sum-
mer. For their construction he was allowed
to draft workmen from Kent (Royal Letters,
i. 400 ; SWEETMAN, p. 352, &c.) On Richard
de Burgh's resignation he was empowered to
take over all the royal castles, even including
the great stronghold of Miloc. When the
same noble died his castles were put in Mau-
rice's charge (23 Aug. 1243), and ten years
later (3 Aug. 1253) Richard's son, Walter,
brought an assize f mort d'ancestor ' against
the warden. His deposition from the jus-
ticiarship was due to his remissness on the
Welsh expedition of 1245; but, adds the
chronicler, he bore the disgrace patiently, as
since his son's death he had learned to de-
spise the honours of earth (SWEETMAN; MATT.
PARIS, iv. 488). In character Maurice was
1 miles strenuus et facetus nulli secundus.'
1 He lived nobly all his life.' His piety may
be seen from his religious foundations : Sligo
(Dominican), Ardfert (Franciscan, 1253),
and Youghal (Franciscan, 1224) (MATT.
PARIS, v. 642 ; Loch Ce; Ann. Four Masters,
sub an. ; Earls of Kildare). In 1235, when
his soldiers were laying Connaught waste^
Maurice protected the canons of Trinity on
the island of Loch Ce. Later he presented
(1242) the hospital of Sligo to the same
foundation (Loch Ce, pp. 329, 359), and, ac-
cording to Clyn (p. 8), he died in the habit
of a Franciscan.

Fitzgerald is reckoned the second or third
baron of Offaly. This barony he held of the
Earl of Pembroke (to whom on 30 May 1240
he was ordered to do homage) or of his heirs.
He appears as Lord of Maynooth and Gallos
in Decies. According to the later genealogists

Fitzgerald

139

Fitzgerald

(Earls of Kildare,}). 15) Fitzgerald's wife was
Juliana, daughter of John de Cogan. His
eldest son seems to have been Gerald, who
predeceased him probably in 1243, and had a
son Maurice, who is noticed below. The justi-
ciar's eldest surviving son was Maurice Fitz-
maurice [q. v.] (SWEETMAN, vol. ii. No. 563).
Another was probably Thomas MacMaurice
(d. 1271, cf. Loch Ce, p. 469), father of John
Fitzthomas, the first earl of Kildare [q. v.]
Robert Fitzmaurice, who figures so frequently
in the Irish documents of the latter half of the
thirteenth century, may possibly have been
another son.

MATJEICE FITZGEKALD (d. 1268), son of
Gerald, the eldest son, inherited the barony
of Offaly (SWEETMAN, vol. ii.) He married
Agnes, daughter of William de Valence, uncle
of Edward I, and appears to have been
drowned in crossing between England and
Ireland, 28 July 1268 (CLYN, p. 9 ; Annals of
Ireland, ii. 290, 316 ; Loch Ce, p. 459 ; Ann.
Four Masters, ii. 404). He must be distin-
guished from his uncle Maurice Fitzmaurice
Fitzgerald (d. 1277) [q. v.] He left an infant
heir, GEKALD FITZMAURICE, aged three and
a half years (SwEETMAtf, Nos. 1106, 2163, p.
467, &c. ; Book ofHowth, p. 324 ; DUGDALE,
i. 776). This child was the" ward of Thomas
de Clare, brother to the Earl of Gloucester,
and, by purchase, of William de Valence.
In 1285 he, as baron of Offaly in succession
to his father, was attacked by the native
Irish of the barony. We find this Gerald
Fitzmaurice coming of age about 1286
(SWEETMAN, vol. ii. Nos. 866-7, 957, 970,
1039, &c. ; vol. iii. Nos. 29, 238, 456, p. 75,
&c.; Abbrev. Plac. pp. 263, 283), and it is
probably he to whom Clyn refers (p. 10) in
his crucial passage on the Geraldine succes-
sion where he says that * Gerald, films Mau-
ricii, capitaneus Geraldinorum ' died in 1287
and left his inheritance to his grand-uncle's
son John Fitzthomas [q. v.] Some genealo-
gists contend that Gerald Fitzmaurice was son
of Maurice Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald (d. 1277)
[q. v.], the justiciar. But he was clearly that
justiciar's grand-nephew.

[The principal authorities for the life of
Maurice Fitzgerald are the English State Docu-
ments and the contemporary English chroniclers.
The Irish documents may be found in Sweet-
man's Calendar of Irish Documents, vols. i. and
ii. (Rolls Series) ; Rymers Fcedera, ed. 1720,
vol. i. The chief contemporary English chroni-
clers are Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe (Engl. Hist.
Soc.) ; Matthew Paris, ed. Luard, vols. iii. iv. v.
(Rolls Series) ; Thomas Wykes, the Oseney An-
nals, the Dunstable Annals, ap. Riley's Annales
Monastic! (Rolls Series), vols. iii. iv. Other im-
portant contemporary documents are to be found
in the Royal Letters, ed. Shirley, vol. i. (Rolls

Series); Documents of the Anglo-Normans in
Ireland, ed.. Gilbert, vol. i. (Rolls Series). The
chief Irish Annals are the Annals of Loch Ce
(Rolls Series), vol. i. ed. Hennessy; Annals of
Boyle ap. O'Conor's Scriptores Rerum Hiberni-
carum, vol. ii. ; and the collection known as the
Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Donovan, vol.
ii. Then come the Latin-writing Irish chroni-
clers : Clyn (fl. 1348) (Irish Archseol. Soc.), ed.
R. Butler; a fourteenth-century Annales Hiber-
nise, with its fifteenth-century continuation and
expansion, both cited above as Annals of Ireland,
ap. Chartulary of St. Mary's, Dublin, ed. Gilbert,
vol. ii. (Rolls Series); the Annals of Jas. Grace
(fl. 1537) (Irish Arch. Soc.), ed. Butler. Han-
mer's Chronicle of Ireland (c. 1571) and Campion's
History of Ireland (1633) may be found reprinted
in the Ancient Irish Histories (Dublin, 1809),
but are very untrustworthy, as also are Ware's
Annals (English edition, 1705) ; and Cox's Hi-
bernia Anglicana (ed. 1 689). The Earls of Kil-
dare, by the Marquis of Kildare (Dublin, 1857),
represents the current genealogy of the Fitz-
geralds, and is a careful compilation of facts.
See, too, Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. Arch-
dall, 1789, vol. i. ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland
(Dublin, 1865); and Archdall's Monasticon Hi-
bernicum (editions 1786 and 1873). See also the
Book of Howth, ed. Brewer and Bullen, and
Hist, and Municipal Documents of Ireland, ed.
Gilbert (Rolls Series).] T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE FITZ-
MATJEICE (1238 P-1277 ?), justiciar of Ire-
land, was the son and heir of Maurice Fitz-
gerald (d. 1257) [q. v.], the justiciar (SWEET-
MAIST, vol. ii. No. 563). His mother is said to
have been Juliana de Cogan (Earls of Kildare,
p. 15). Being still a minor at his father's
death he was claimed as the ward of Margaret
de Quinci, countess of Lincoln, the widow of
Walter Marshall, of whom the elder Maurice
had held the barony of Offaly (SwEETMAtf,
vol. ii. No. 563 ; DOYLE, ii. 376, iii. 7 ; DUG-
DALE, i. 102, 607). He had perhaps come of
age two years later (7 Nov. 1259), when he
was granted Athlone Castle and the shrievalty
of Connaught (SWEETMAN, vol. ii. No. 631).
Next year he was defeated in an expedition
against Conor O'Brian at Coill-Berrain in
Munster, but succeeded in plundering the
O'Donnells, who retaliated on Cairpre (Car-
bery, co. Sligo) in North Ireland (Loch Ce,
pp. 435-7 ; Ann. Four Masters, sub an.)
He led another expedition against Brian
Ruadh O'Brien in 1272 or 1273. For the
expenses of this campaign he received a hun-
dred marks ; and it was perhaps on this oc-
casion that he borrowed from the Dublin
citizens the 86/. 19s. which they asked the
king to repay in June 1275. This expedition
of 1273 was a success, and, according to the
Irish annals, Maurice 'took hostages andob-
! tained sway over the O'Briens '

Fitzgerald

140

Fitzgerald

id. 170, No. 1139 ; Loch Ce, p. 473). He is
«aid on this occasion to have been aided
by Theobald Butler (WAKE, from Earls of
Kildare, p. 16 ; but cf. WARE, ed. 1705, pp.
57-8).

Fitzgerald was summoned to England in
1262, and in 1264 was ordered to secure for
the young Earl of Gloucester seisin of his
Irish lands. The new justiciar, Richard de
Rochelle (1261-^. May 1265),was at feud with
the Geraldines, and within a short time the
island was in arms (DOWLING, p. 16 ; CAM-
PION, p. 77 ; GRACE, p. 37 ; HANMER, ii. 401-
402 ; CLYN, p. 8; Earls of Kildare, p. 16).
The quarrel extended to the De Burghs, and
in 1264 Maurice took the justiciar Theobald
Butler and John Cogan prisoners, and in-
carcerated the former at his castle of Leigh
(Annals of Ireland, ii. 290 ; GRACE, p. 37 ;
'Book of Howth, p. 323). With the justiciar
it is said that Walter de Burgh, earl of Ulster,
was also taken (Earls of Kildare, p. 16). But
this statement seems due to a confusion with
the reported action in 1294 of Fitzgerald's
nephew, John Fitzthomas, first earl of Kil-
dare [q. v.] Next year he and his nephew,
Maurice Fitzgerald [see FITZGERALD, MAU-
RICE, d. 1257, ad fin.~\, on whose behalf the
feud with the De Burghs may have originated,
received royal letters exhorting them to peace ;
in April 1266 he was twice granted letters of
protection to England (SWEETMAN, Nos. 727,
795, 798). About August 1272 he was ap-
pointed justiciar of Ireland in the place of
James Audeley. On Henry Ill's death he
was renewed in the office and received the
oaths of succession from the Irish nobles to
the new king. About August 1273 he was
supplanted by Geoffrey de Geneville (id. vol.
ii. Nos. 924, 927, &c. ; RYMER, ii. 2). Ac-
cording to the Earl of Kildare, quoting from
Ware, in 1273 ' he invaded Offaly, but was
betrayed by his own people into the hands of
the O'Conors ' (Earls of Kildare, p. 16, but cf.
WARE, p. 57). With this may be connected
a later statement that about 23 Aug. 1273 he
was deprived of part of the barony of Offaly.
But this story seems altogether erroneous.
Fitzmaurice, although often reckoned one of
the Barons Offaly, never held the barony,
which passed on his father's death in 1257 to
his nephew (son of his elder brother Gerald)
Maurice (d. 1268), and thence to Maurice's
eon Gerald Fitzmaurice. The latter Gerald
was attacked by the native Irish in 1285,
and it is probably this incident which has
found its way disguisedly into our Fitz-
maurice's biography [see FITZGERALD, MAU-
RICE, d. 1257 ? adf,nJ\ An entry in the Irish
treasury accounts of 1276-7 shows that he led
an expedition to Glendory (Glenmalure, co.

Wicklow). On24 July 1276 he was ordered to
England to do fealty for his wife's inheritance
(SWEETMAN, ii. 258, Nos. 1249, 1321-2; cf.
CLYN, p. 9 ; Cox, p. 73). Later in the same
year (1277) he accompanied his son-in-law
against Brian Ruadh O'Brien, king of Tho-
mond. Brian was taken prisoner and be-
headed ; but a little later the two kinsmen
were besieged in Slow-Banny, and reduced
to such straits that they had to give hostages
for their lives and yield up the castle of Ros-
common (HANMER, ii. 406 ; WARE, p. 58 ;
Cox, p. 73 ; Earls of Kildare, pp. 16, 17 ; cf.
Loch Ce, i. 481 ; Annals of Ireland, p. 318).
Maurice is said to have died shortly after
(1277) at Ross (Earls of Kildare, p. 17 ; cf.
SWEETMAX, vol. ii. No. 1527).

Maurice Fitzmaurice married Emelina,
daughter and heiress of Emelina de Riddles-
ford, the wife of Hugh de Lacy (d. 1242), and
Stephen Longs word (Abbrev. Plac. p. 227 ;
SWEETMAN, vol. ii. No. 1249,vol. iii. No. 1028 ;
DUGDALE, Monast. vi. 443 ; MATT. PARIS, iv.
232). This Emelina was probably born

c. 1252 A.D. ( Cal. Gen. i. 236). He is wrongly
said to have been succeeded by a son Gerald
Fitzmaurice, an assertion due to a confu-
sion noted under MAURICE FITZGERALD (d.
1257 ?) (Earls of Kildare, p. 18 ; SAINTHILL,
ii. 47 ; cf. CLYN, p. 10). He left two daugh-
ters : (1) Juliana, who married Thomas de
Clare (d. 1286), brother of Gilbert de Clare,
earl of Gloucester, and, secondly, Adam de
Cretinge (Cal. Gen. i. 448, ii. 431 ; SWEET-
MAN, vol. ii. No. 2210, vol. iii. Nos. 940,
1142 ; CLYN, p. 40) ; (2) Amabilia, who
seems to have died unmarried, and to have
enfeoffed her cousin, John Fitzthomas [q. v.],
of part of her estates (SWEETMAN, vol. iii.
No. 940; Earls of Kildare, p. 17).

In the complicated genealogy of the Ge-
raldines, some of the entries ascribed to this
Maurice Fitzmaurice properly belong to his
nephew MAURICE FITZGERALD (d. 1268), who
is noticed under MAURICE FITZGERALD II
(1194 P-1257).

[See authorities cited in text. For editions
and value of the various chroniclers see MAUKICK
FITZGERALD II.] T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE, first EARL
or DESMOND. [See FITZTHOMAS, MAURICE,

d. 1356.]

FITZGERALD, MAURICE, fourth
EARL OF KILDARE (1318-1390), justiciar of
Ireland, born in 1318, was the youngest son
of Thomas Fitzgerald, the second earl [q. v.],
and his wife, Joan de Burgh, and was gene-
rally called Maurice Fitzthomas. He lost his
father in 1328, and became earl on his brother
Earl Richard's death in 1331. His lands re-

Fitzgerald

141

Fitzgerald

mained in the custody of Sir John D' Arcy, his
mother's second husband. Kildare was in-
volved in the opposition led by Maurice Fitz-
thomas, earl of Desmond [q. v.], to the new
policy which the justiciar, Ralph D'UfFord,
endeavoured to enforce, of superseding the
' English born in Ireland ' by ' English born in
England.' In 1345 Ufford sent a knight named
William Burton to Kildare with two writs,
one summoning him to an expedition to Mun-
ster, the other a secret warrant for his arrest.
Burton was afraid to carry out the latter in the
earl's own estates, but enticed him to Dublin,
where he was suddenly arrested while sitting
in council at the exchequer (Ann. Hid. Laud
MS. p. 386). Next year Kildare was released,
on 23 May, on the surety of twenty-four
manucaptors (ib. p. 389). He at once in-
vaded the O'More's country, and compelled
that chieftain to submit. In 1347 he was
present with Edward III at the siege and
capture of Calais (CLYN, Annals, p. 34). He
was then knighted by the king, and married
to a daughter of Sir Bartholomew Burghersh
(GKACE, Annals, p. 143). There are pre-
served in the archives of the Duke of Leinster
some interesting indentures of fealty of various
Irish chieftains to Kildare (Hist. MSS. Comm.
9th Rep. ii. 270-1).

On 30 March 1356 Kildare was appointed
justiciar of Ireland (Fcedera, iii. 326), but he
was almost at once succeeded by Thomas de
Rokeby. On 30 Aug. 1357, however, Kildare
was made locum tenens for Almaric de St.
Amand, who had been appointed justiciar on
14 July, until the arrival of the latter in
Ireland (ib. iii. 361, 368). In 1358 his Lein-
ster estates were invaded by the De Burghs,
and in the same year he and his county made
a liberal grant for the war against the
'O'Morthes' (Cal. Rot. Pat. et Glaus. Hib.
pp. 69, 75). In 1359 his mother, the Countess
Joan, died (Ann. Hib. Laud. MS. p. 393).

In 1359 Kildare was made locum tenens
for James Butler, earl of Ormonde, justiciar
of Ireland, and continued in office in 1360,
being on 30 March 1361 definitely appointed
as justiciar (Ann. Hib. Laud. MS. p. 394).
He resigned, however, on Ormonde's return
from England. In 1371 Kildare was made
justiciar, and again in 1376, in succession
to Sir William de Windsor ; but on neither
occasion did he hold the post for any time.
On the latter occasion he was specially in-
structed to remain in Leinster, while the
custody of Munster was more particularly
entrusted to Stephen, bishop of Meath. He
refused, however (GILBERT, Viceroys, p. 243),
to take office again in 1378. In 1386 he was
one of the council of De Vere, the marquis
of Dublin (ib. p, 551). He died on 25 Aug.

1390, and was buried in the church of the-
Holy Trinity, now called Christ Church, in
Dublin.

By his wife, Elizabeth Burghersh, he left
four sons, of whom the eldest, Gerald, became*
the fifth earl, and died in 1410. He was
succeeded by his son John, the sixth earl
(d. 1427), the father of Thomas Fitzgerald,
the seventh earl [q. v.]

[Chartularies, &c., of St. Mary's Abbey, Dub-
lin (Rolls Ser.); Rymer's Fcedera ; Clyn's Annals
and Grace's Annals (Irish Archseol. Soc.) ; Calen-
dar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Ireland ;
Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland ; Kildare's Earls of
Kildare, pp. 31-5.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, MAURICE (1774-
1849), hereditary Knight of Kerry and Irish
statesman, was the elder son of Robert Fitz-
gerald, knight of Kerry, by his third wife,
Catherine, daughter of Launcelot Sandes of
Kilcavan, Queen's County. The dignity of
Knight of Kerry was first borne in the four-
teenth century by Maurice, son of Maurice
Fitzgerald of Ennismore and Rahinnane.
The latter was third son by a second mar-
riage of John Fitzthomas Fitzgerald (d. 1261)
[cf. FITZTHOMAS, MAUKICE, first EARL OF
DESMOND], stated to be grandson of Maurice
Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.], the founder of the
Geraldine family in Ireland. Maurice Fitz-
gerald was born 29 Dec. 1774, and entered
public life almost before he was legally com-
petent to do so. On the representation of his
native county suddenly becoming vacant in
1794, Fitzgerald was elected to fill it. He then
wanted some months of coming of age, and
could not take his seat in parliament, but
when he eventually made his appearance in
the parliament house at Dublin he gave high
promise. For thirty-seven years uninter-
ruptedly he continued to represent Kerry in
the Irish and imperial parliaments. The
Knight of Kerry entered public life at the
same period as two of his personal friends.,
the Duke of Wellington and Lord Castle-
reagh. Up to the time of the union Fitz-
gerald sat in the Irish parliament, and he
voted in favour of that measure. He out-
lived all his colleagues, and with him ex-
pired Hhe last commoner of the last Irish
parliament.' For four years, 1799-1802,
Fitzgerald acted as a commissioner of excise
and customs in Ireland. In 1801 he was
returned for the county of Kerry to the im-
perial parliament. Soon after he entered
the House of Commons he was called to a
seat in the privy council, and at the board"
of the Irish treasury. The latter office-
he resigned at the dissolution of the whig-
ministry in 1806. While he had not much
general sympathy with the whigs, he agreed

Fitzgerald 142

Fitzgerald

with them on the catholic question. The
partial fusion of parties in the Canning
ministry called him to office as lord of the
English treasury (July 1827). The passing
of the Catholic Emancipation Act, which
had always been warmly supported by Fitz-
gerald, removed the only barrier between
him and the tories. Feeling himself bound,
as an emancipationist, to support the Duke
of Wellington, he again took office in 1830
as vice-treasurer of Ireland. Shortly after-
wards his active political career terminated,
for although he once more held office as a lord
of the admiralty in Sir Eobert Peel's short-
lived administration of December 1834, he
never again recovered his seat in parliament,
which he lost in the struggle attendant on
the Reform Bill. He was defeated at the
Kerry election of 1831, and again in 1835.
He was frequently invited to seek the suf-
frages of an English constituency,but declined.
In 1845 Fitzgerald addressed a * Letter to
Sir Robert Peel on the Endowment of the
Roman Catholic Church of Ireland.' The Duke
of Wellington and the writer were the only
survivors of those who professed Pitt's poli-
tics in the Irish parliament, and Fitzgerald's
letter, while partly explanatory of Pitt's
views and pledges, also established the fact
that this great statesman was the originator
of the ' treasonable and sacrilegious scheme '
of Peel. When Pitt left office he drew up
a paper explaining the causes of his resigna-
tion, which was delivered by Lord Corn-
wallis to the Knight of Kerry for circulation
among the leading Roman catholics. Pitt's
views were subsequently more fully re-
vealed in the ' Castlereagh Correspondence.'
Fitzgerald approved the means by which the
union was carried, declaring it to be a very
popular measure among the Munster and
Connaught population ; and with respect to
the parliament on College Green, with whose
inner workings he was intimately acquainted,
he stated that he was ' thoroughly disgusted
with its political corruption, its narrow bi-
gotry, and the exclusive spirit of monopoly
with which it misgoverned Ireland.' On the
passing of the Act of Union, Lord Castlereagh
addressed a confidential letter to Fitzgerald,
acknowledging the pledges given to the Irish
catholics, and announcing his intention to
support the endowment of their church.

In private Fitzgerald was an excellent friend
and landlord. He died at Glanleam,Valentia,
7 March 1849, having married (1), 5 Nov. 1801,
Maria (d. 1827), daughter of the Right Hon.
David Digges la Touche of Marlay, Dublin ;
and (2) Cecilia Maria Knight, a widow, who
died 15 Oct. 1859. By his first wife he had
six sons and four daughters. His four eldest

sons predeceased him, and he was succeeded
in his ' feudal ' honours by his fifth son, Peter
George Fitzgerald [q. v.]

[Gent. Mag. 1849; Cork Southern Reporter
and Kerry Post, March 1849.] G. B. S.

FITZGERALD, PAMELA (1776 ?-
1831), wife of Lord Edward Fitzgerald
[q. v.J, was described in her marriage contract
of 1792 as Anne Stephanie Caroline Sims,
daughter of Guillaume de Brixey and Mary
Sims, as a native of Fogo Island, New-
foundland, and as about nineteen years of
age. Though she has generally been regarded
as the daughter of JVladame de Genlis by the
Duke of Orleans (Egalite), this statement of
her Newfoundland birth is confirmed by in-
formation now obtained from Fogo. Henry
Sims, a respectable planter who died there in
1886, at the age of eighty-two, believed Pa-
mela to have been his cousin. Mr. James
Fitzgerald, the present magistrate of Fogo,
on arriving in the island in 1834, made the
acquaintance of Sims, who informed him that
his grandfather, an Englishman living at
Fogo in the latter part of last century, had
a daughter Mary, that she was delivered of
a child at Gander Bay, and in the following
summer sailed with her infant for Bristol, in
a vessel commanded by a Frenchman named
Brixey, and that the Simses heard nothing
more of mother or child until they learned
from Moore's book that Lord E. Fitzgerald
married a Nancy Sims from Fogo. New-
foundland had no parish registers at that
date, but Henry Sims's story may be true,
though there is the bare possibility of the
death of the child in infancy, and of the
transfer of her pedigree to a second child
placed under Mary's charge. It may be con-
jectured that when in 1782 she was sent over
by Forth, ex-secretary to the British em-
bassy at Paris, to be brought up with the
Orleans children, and familiarise them with
English, the object was to divert attention
from the arrival a little later of a child known
as Fortunee Elizabeth Hermine de Compton
(afterwards Madame Collard), who died in
1822 at Villers Helon. Hermine, who, un-
like Pamela, was recognised by the Orleans
family in after life as a quasi-relative, was in
all probability Madame de Genlis's daughter
by Egalite, and was perhaps born at Spa in
1776. In a scene between Madame de Genlis
and Pamela, witnessed by the latter's daugh-
ter, there was moreover a positive disclaimer of
maternity (Journal of Mary Frampton, letter
of Lady Louisa Howard to Mrs. Mundy,1876).
Un veracious, therefore, though the lady was,
her story may be credited that Forth casually
saw the child at Christchurch, that he sent

Fitzgerald

143

Fitzgerald

Orleans ' the handsomest filly and the pret-
tiest little girl in England,' that, enraptured
by the girl's beauty and talents, she had her
conditionally baptised, conferring on her her
own name, Stephanie, and the pet name,
Pamela, and that to guard against extortion
by the mother, she paid the latter in 1786
twenty-four guineas for a legal renunciation
of all claims. The belief of the Fitzgerald
family, in deference to which Moore retracted
his original acceptance of the Orleans-Genlis
parentage, and Louis-Philippe's opposite con-
duct to his two old playmates, strengthen this
conclusion. Against it must be set Pamela's
alleged likeness to the Orleans family ; the
rumour of 1785 (see GRIMM, Correspondence),
that Monsieur de Genlis had acknowledged
both Pamela and Hermine as his own chil-
dren, sent away in infancy to test the differ-
ence between children brought up with and
without knowledge of their status ; Egalite's
settlement on Pamela about 1791 of fifteen
hundred francs, increased on her marriage to
six thousand francs ; and Madame de Genlis's
statement in her memoirs (1825), assigning
the paternity to a legendary Seymour of good
family, who married a woman of low birth
named Sims, took her to Newfoundland, and
there died, whereupon widow and child re-
turned to England. Of winning manners,
though devoid of application or reflection,
Pamela was applauded by the mob on their
way to Versailles (Madame de Genlis had
sent her out, with grooms in Orleans livery,
to ride through the crowd), was the ornament
of her adoptive mother's political receptions,
and went with her to England in 1791, when
Sheridan is said to have offered her marriage,
and been accepted, he being struck by her
resemblance to his late wife. IJo that resem-
blance is also attributed her conquest of Lord
Edward Fitzgerald, who, objecting to ' blue
stockings/ had refused to meet the Genlis
party in England, but saw Pamela at a Paris
theatre, was immediately introduced to her,
was invited to dinner next day, joined the
party on the road, on their expulsion from
Paris as 6migrees, accompanied them to
Tournai, and there married her, 27 Dec. 1792.
The Tournai register, which, like the marriage
contract, overstates her age by at least three
years, gives her father's name as Guillaume
Berkley, and London as her birthplace, but
this may be imputed to the carelessness of
the officiating priest. The future Louis-Phi-
lippe was present at the ceremony. Arrived
at Dublin, Pamela indulged her passion for
dancing, but failed to win popularity. Mean-
while the Paris revolutionists, misled by a
report of her travelling in Switzerland with
her adoptive mother, issued a warrant against

her. She gave birth to a son in Ireland, and
in 1796 her second child, Pamela, was born
at Hamburg. Madame de Genlis, then stay-
ing there, represents herself as remonstrating
against Lord Edward's political vehemence,
and Pamela as replying that she avoided dis-
cussing politics with him for obvious reasons.
Their domestic happiness seems to have been
unalloyed. Her third child was born while
her husband was in concealment and paying
her secret visits. On his arrest she was or-
dered to quit Ireland, and after his death
repaired to Hamburg, whence she had had
an invitation from her old companion, Hen-
riette de Sercey, Madame de Genlis' niece.
Henriette had married a Hamburg merchant,
Mathiesson, and Pamela hoped there to be
able to recover the Orleans annuity. Her
children seem to have stayed behind. She
shortly afterwards married Pitcairn, the Ame-
rican consul at Hamburg, by whom she had
a daughter (who was married and living at
New York in 1835), but a separation soon
ensued. She is next heard of as encounter-
ing, about 1812, in a Dover hotel, Casimir,
another of Madame de Genlis's adopted chil-
dren, and as giving her English creditors the
slip by accompanying him to Paris. Re-
suming the name of Fitzgerald, she first lived
at the Abbaye-aux-Bois, next lodged with
Auber, the composer's father, and then went
to Montauban to lodge with the Due de
la Force, commandant of Tarn-et-Garonne.
There she is said to have had the freak of
acting as a shepherdess in the costume of
Fontenelle's pastoral heroines. She appears
to have paid at least one visit to Paris about
1820, when Madame de Genlis forgave her
abrupt departure from Paris and cessation of
correspondence. At this period her home
was at Toulouse. After the revolution of
1830 she revisited Paris, apparently in the
hope of royal favour, but received little notice,
and died eleven months after her adoptive
mother, in November 1831, in a small hotel
in the rue Richepance. Though enjoying a
pension of at least ten thousand francs, she
is said to have left nothing, so that Louis-
Philippe had to be applied to — probably by
Talleyrand, who attended it — to provide a
proper funeral at Montmartre. In 1880, a
legal informality necessitating the removal of
her remains, they were interred by her grand-
children at Thames Ditton.

[Information through Sir Gr. W. Des Vceux
from Mr. James Fitzgerald, J.P., Fogo ; Me-
moires de Madame de Genlis ; Tournai register ;
Moore's Life of Lord E. Fitzgerald ; Madden's
United Irishmen ; Memoires d'Alexandre Dumas ;
Parisot's article in Biographic Universelle;
Times, 25 Aug. 1880.] J. G. A.

Fitzgerald

144

Fitzgerald

FITZGERALD, SIR PETER GEORGE
(1808-1880), nineteenth Knight of Kerry,
eldest surviving son of the Right Hon. Mau-
rice Fitzgerald [q. v.] of Glanleam, by Maria,
daughter of the Right Hon. David la Touche
of Marlay, co. Dublin, was born 15 Sept. 1808.
He began life in the banking-house of his
maternal grandfather at Dublin. He subse-
quently entered the public service, and was
appointed vice-treasurer of Ireland in the last
ministry of Sir Robert Peel. Succeeding his
father in 1849, from that period he resided
almost constantly on the island of Valentia, de-
voting himself indefatigably to the duties of an
Irish landlord, the improvement of his estates,
and the welfare of his tenantry. He especially
earned the thanks of the people by the erec-
tion of substantial homesteads in place of
the wretched cabins with which the middle-
man system had covered the west of Ireland.
Fitzgerald manifested a keen interest in all
questions which had a practical bearing on
the progress or prosperity of Ireland ; and in
able contributions to the ' Times ' he depre-
cated the censure which at that time and
since was cast indiscriminately upon all Irish
landlords. His own admirable personal quali-
ties, his hatred of abuses, his engaging man-
ners, and his generous nature, made him a
great favourite with the Irish peasantry. His
hospitality at Glanleam was enjoyed by the
Prince of Wales and other distinguished
guests. The Atlantic cable had its British
termination on his estates, and he evinced
much public spirit and energy in connection
with the successful laying1 of the cable. He
married in 1838 Julia Hussey, daughter of
Peter Bodkin Hussey of Farranikilla House,
co. Kerry, a lineal descendant of the Norman
family of Hoses, which settled on the promon-
tory of Dingle in the thirteenth century. By
this lady he had four sons and seven daugh-
ters. Fitzgerald was a magistrate and de-
puty-lieutenant for co. Kerry, and was high
sheriff of Kerry in 1849, and of co. Carlow
in 1875. On 8 July 1880 the queen conferred
upon him a baronetcy. Fitzgerald was then,
however, suffering from a dangerous malady,
and he died on 6 Aug. following. He was
succeeded in the title and estates by his eldest
son, Captain Maurice Fitzgerald, who served
with distinction in the Ashantee war, being
present at the battles of Amoaful, Becquah,
and Ordahau, and at the capture of Coo-
massie.

[Times, 9 Aug. 1880; Guardian, vol. xxxv. ;
Kerry Evening Post, 11 Aug. 1880.] G-. B. S.

FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, surnamed
(LE GROS<£ 1182), was the son of William, the
elder brother of Maurice Fitzgerald, d. 1176

[q. v.], and Robert Fitzstephen [q. v.] (Ex*
pugnatio Hibernica, pp. 248, 310), who pre-
ceded him in the invasion of Ireland, whither
he was sent as Strongbow's representative in
April 1170 [see CLARE, RICHARD DE, d. 1176],
He landed at Dundunnolf, near Waterford (c.
1 May), at the head of ten knights and seventy
archers, and at once entrenched himself behind
a turf fortification. Here he was besieged by
the Ostmen of Waterford in alliance with the
Irish of Decies and Idrone. A sudden sally
repelled the assailants with a loss of seventy
prisoners. Raymond spared their lives against
the advice of Ilervey de Mountmaurice, who
had represented Strongbow in Ireland before
he himself arrived, and a long feud arose from
this (Exp. Hib. pp. 250-3 ; REGAN, pp. 70-2 ;
Ann. Four Masters, i. 1177 ; Annals of Inisf.
p. 114).

Four months later Earl Strongbow reached
Ireland, and the fall of Waterford was due
to Raymond, who, in the words of Giraldus,
was * totius exercitus dux et tribunus mili-
tiaeque princeps ' (25 Aug. 1170). After the
earl's marriage to Dermot's daughter, Ray-
mond accompanied his lord to Ferns. In the
Dublin expedition he led the centre of the
army, having eight hundred ( companions "
under his orders. There Raymond and Miles
de Cogan, tired of negotiations, broke into the
place and drove its ruler Asculf to his shipsy
21 Sept. 1170 (Exp. Hib. pp. 256-8 ; REGAN,
pp. 73-82; Ann. Four Masters, p. 1177,-
Annals of Boyle, p. 28).

Raymond was soon afterwards sent by the
earl to place all his conquests at the disposal
of Henry II. Raymond seems to have met
Henry in Aquitaine (c. December 1170 to
January 1171). He led the first or second
squadron in the famous sally from Dublin
about July 1171. He probably returned to*
England with Henry II in April 1172, as he
was not one of those to whom the king gave
grants of Irish land on leaving the country.
A year later, when Strongbow's services in
Normandy were rewarded by permission to-
return to Ireland, he insisted upon taking
Raymond with him (Exp. Hib. pp. 256-98 -r
REGAN, pp. 73-8).

During the earl's absence Henry de Mount-
maurice had apparently occupied his post.
The Irish had revolted, the earl's soldiers
were unpaid, and threatened to return to
England or join the Irish unless Raymond
became their constable. The earl yielded,
and Raymond led his old troops on a plun-
dering expedition against Offaly ; Dermofc
MacCarthy was routed near Lismore, and
four thousand head of cattle were driven into
Waterford. Three or four years before the-
earl had given the constableship of Leinster

Fitzgerald

145

Fitzgerald

to Robert de Quenci, along with his sister's
hand. Robert was soon slain, leaving an
infant daughter ; and Raymond now wished
to marry the widow, and thus become the
.guardian of the baby heiress. When his peti-
tion was refused Raymond made the death
-of his father an excuse for crossing over into
"Wales, and Hervey once more became the
acting constable. An unfortunate expedition
into Munster was the signal for a general
Irish rising. Strongbow was besieged in
IVaterford (1174) ; Roderic of Connaught
had burst into Meath, and was laying every-
thing waste as far as Dublin (Exp. Hib.
pp. 308-11 ; REGAN, pp. 130-7 ; Ann. Four
Masters, ii. 15-18 ; Annals of Boyle, p. 29 j
Annals of Inisf. p. 116).

The earl now offered his sister's hand to
Raymond in reward for help. Raymond and
his cousin Meiler hurried over to Wexford
just in time to save the town, marched to
VVaterford, and brought back the earl to
Wexford. The marriage took place a few
•days later, and on the morrow Raymond
starred for Meath. Roderic retreated before
him and peace was restored, though the new
constable did not leave this province until
"he had repaired the ruined castles of Trim
and Duleek (Exp. Hib. pp. 310-14 ; REGAN,
/ pp. 142-3 ; cf. Ann. Four Masters ; Boyle ;
Inisfalleri). A short calm followed. Ray-
mond took part in promoting the alliances
T)y which the Normans solidified their inte-
rests. His cousin Nesta married Hervey de
Mountmaurice, and his influence brought
about the union of William Fitzgerald and
Alina, the earl's daughter (Exp. Hib. p. 314).

In the summer of 1175 Donald O'Brien,
Idng of Munster, threw off his allegiance to
Xing Henry, and Raymond was despatched
with some eight hundred men against Lime-
rick. There he found the Irish drawn up on
the opposite bank of the river (Shannon sic)
in such strength that his soldiers feared to
cross until Meiler Fitzhenry passed over
alone, and Raymond, going to his rescue, was
at last followed by the army. The town was
taken, provisioned and garrisoned, and the
constable turned back towards Leinster (ib.
pp. 320-3; REGAN, pp. 160-4 ; cf. Ann. Four
Masters, Boyle, and Inisf.}

Meanwhile Hervey de Mountmaurice had
accused Raymond before the king of en-
deavouring to supplant the royal authority
in Leinster and all Ireland. Henry recalled
Raymond, who was about to obey, when
Donald O'Brien again revolted. The earl's
household refused to march without Ray-
mond to command them. The king's envoys
consented, and the constable started for Li-
merick once more at the head of a mixed

VOL. XIX.

army of English and Irish. On Easter eve
(3 April 1176) he forced his way through the
pass of Cashel, and three days later entered
Limerick, upon which Donald and Roderic of
Connaught renewed their fealty to the king
of England (Exp. Hib. pp. 327-31). From
Limerick he set out for Cork to aid Dermot
Macarthy, prince of Desmond, who had been
expelled by his son Cormac. News of the
earl's death (c. 1 June 1176) called him back
to Limerick, which he now determined to
evacuate in order that he might have larger
forces for the defence of Connaught in the
event of a general rebellion among the Irish.
Donald O'Brien undertook to hold the town
for the king of England, but fired it as soon
as it was evacuated (ib. pp. 327-34 ; Ann.
Four Masters, p. 25 ; Inisf alien, p. 117).

Raymond now ruled Ireland till the coming
of William Fitzaldhelm, the new governor,
to whom he at once handed over the castles
in his possession. If we may trust Giraldus,
Fitzaldhelm, unmollified by this conduct,
set himself to destroy the whole power of
the Geraldines, who were soon despoiled of
their lands. Raymond now lost his estates
near Dublin and Wexford. Next year Hugh
de Lacy succeeded Fitzaldhelm, and a general
redistribution of Ireland among the English
adventurers took place in May 1177. It was
now that Robert Fitzstephen and Miles de
Cogan received the kingdom of South Mun-
ster (i.e. of Desmond or Cork) from Lismore
west (HovEDEN,ii. 134; cf.7ra's/a//ew,p.ll7).
A few years later, when Fitzstephen's sons
had perished (1182 according to the Irish
Annals) and the Irish seemed on the point of
winning back their land, Raymond hurried
from Waterford to the help of his uncle, who
was closely besieged in Cork. According to
Giraldus, who himself came to Ireland about
this time, Raymond succeeded to his uncle's
estates, became master of Cork, and reduced
the country to quiet (Exp. Hib. pp. 349-50,
&c.) The date of his death is not given by
the contemporary English chroniclers, but
the ' Irish Annals ' seem to assign it to 1182.
This is almost certainly a mistake, as the
latter writers associate his decease with that
of Fitzstephen's son (Ralph), while the words
of Giraldus are hardly compatible with such
a synchronism (Annals of Loch Ce, sub an.
1182, and the note, with quotations, from
the Annals of Ulster and Clonmacnoise ; cf.
Ann. of Boyle, p. 31). Raymond Fitzgerald
left no legitimate issue (Exp. Hib. pp. 345,
409).

Raymond Fitzgerald was a man ' big-bodied
and broad-set/ somewhat above the middle
height, and inclining to corpulence. His eyes
were large, full, and grey, his nose rather

L

Fitzgerald

146

Fitzgerald

prominent, and his features well-coloured and
pleasant. He would spend sleepless nights
in his anxiety for the safety of his troops".
Careless in the matters of food and drink,
raiment, or personal comfort, he had the art
to appear the servant rather than the lord of
his followers, to whom he showed himself
liberal and gentle. Though a man of un-
doubted spirit, he always tempered his valour
with prudence, and, ' though he had much
of the knight about him, he had still more of
the captain. He was specially happy in this,
that he rarely or never failed in any enter-
prise he took in hand through rashness or
imprudence ' (ib. pp. 323-4 ; cf. the quaint
englishing of this passage in HOLINSHED,
p. 190; and the Book of Howth, pp. 297-8).

[It is hardly possible to make G-iraldus's ac-
count of Raymond's movements harmonise com-
pletely with that of Began, and the Irish Annals
give little or no help in settling the details of
the chronology from 1172 to 1176. Griraldus
Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica, ed. Dimock
(Kolls Series), vol. v. ; the Anglo-Norman poet
cited as Regan, ed. Michel and Wright (London,
1837) ; Annals of Loch Ce, ed. Hennessy (Rolls
Series) ; Annals of the Four Masters, ed. O'Dono-
van; Annals of Inisfallen and Boyle,ap. O'Conor's
Scriptores Rerum Hibernicarum, vol. ii. ; Hove-
den, ed. Stubbs (Rolls Series), vol. ii.]

T. A. A.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, second EARL
OF KILDARE (d. 1328), twice justiciar of
Ireland, was the son of John Fitzthomas, the
first earl, and of his wife Blanche ' de Rupe '
[see FITZTHOMAS, JOH^, first EARL OP KIL-
DARE], and was therefore generally called
Thomas Fitzjohn. On 16 Aug. 1312 his
marriage at Greencastle, on Carlingford Bay,
with Joan, daughter of Richard de Burgh,
the ' red earl ' of Ulster, was the symbol of
the union of the two greatest Norman fami-
lies in Ireland (Ann. Hib. MS. Laud in
Chart. St. Mary's, ii. 341). On 8 Sept. 1316
he succeeded to the new earldom of Kildare
on his father's death (ib. p. 352). He at
once gathered a great army to fight against
Edward Bruce and the Scots, and served
against them. His free use of the system of
* bonaght,' or ' coigne and livery/ to support
these troops afterwards became a very bad
precedent. In 1317 he was thanked by
Edward II for his services against Bruce
(Faedera, ii. 327), and in the same year he
received from the king the office of heredi-
tary sheriff for his county of Kildare, which
involved full jurisdiction and liberties within
the earldom (ib. ii. 354). In 1319 and again
in 1320 he served on a commission to inquire
into the treasons committed during the Bruce
invasion (ib. ii. 396, 417). In 1320 he was

made justiciar of Ireland, though he only
acted as viceroy for a year (Ann. Hib. MS.
Laud, p. 361). During his tenure of office
Archbishop Bicknor [q. v.] attempted to found
a university in Dublin. Kildare received a
patent empowering him to subject to English
law such of his Irish tenants as chose to be
governed by it. In 1322 he was summoned
to serve against the Scots, but the truce pre-
vented his services being required (Fcedera,
ii. 501, 523). In 1324 he was at the Dublin
parliament, where the magnates of Ireland
pledged themselves to support the crown ( Rot.
Glaus. 1Kb. 18 Edw. II, p. 30 b, Record Comm.)
In 1324 he was accused of being an adherent
of Roger Mortimer and of corresponding with
him after his escape from the Tower of Lon-
don (Parl. Writs,vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 1052). This
seems probably true, for one of the first acts
of Mortimer's party after the accession of
Edward III was to reappoint Kildare justi-
ciar of Ireland. This was before 13 Feb. 1327
(Fcedera, ii. 688). He experienced some diffi-
culty before the partisans of Edward II would
accept him. In July several great barons,
including John de Bermingham [q. v.], were
still refractory (ib. ii. 710). But a local feud
which involved the Berminghams, the Butlers,
the Poers, and De Burghs in a private war
with the Geraldines of Desmond, because
Arnold le Poer had called Maurice Fitz-
thomas, first earl of Desmond [q. v.], a rhymer,
was probably at the bottom of this disobedi-
ence (Ann. Hib. MS. Laud, p. 365; cf. GIL-
BERT, Viceroys, pp. 163-4). However, Kil-
dare compelled the chief offenders to sue
for pardon at the parliament of Kilkenny.
During his viceroyalty a native 'king' of
Leinster ventured to set up his standard
within two miles of Dublin, but was soon
subdued. The burning of one of the O'Tooles
for heresy was another example of Kildare's
vigour (GRACE, pp. 107-8). In 1327 he
granted the advowson of Kilcullen to the
priory of Holy Trinity, Dublin (Hist. M8S.
Comm. 9th Rep. pt. ii. p. 269). He died, still
in office, on 9 April 1328 at Maynooth, and
was buried in the chapel of St. Mary which
he had built in the Franciscan convent at
Kildare (ARCHDALL, Monast. Hib. p. 312).
He is described as wise and prudent (GRACE,
p. 76). His wife, Joan de Burgh, remarried,
on 3 July 1329, his successor as justiciar, John
D'Arcy (Ann. Hib. MS. Laud, p. 371). He
had by her three sons, of whom John, the
eldest, died in 1323 or 1324 at the age of nine
(ib. p. 362), being then in the hands of the
king as a hostage for his father (CLTN",p. 16).
The second Richard succeeded his father as
third earl, but died in July 1331 (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 9th Rep. pt. ii. p. 268), aged 12. The

Fitzgerald

147

Fitzgerald

youngest son, Maurice Fitzgerald (1318-
1390) [q. v.], then became the fourth earl.

[Chartularies, &c. of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin
(Eolls Ser.), especially Annales Hibernise, MS.
Laud, in vol. ii. ; Grace's Annales Hib. (Irish
Archseol. Soc.) ; Calendar of Patent and Close
Eolls, Ireland (Eecord Comm.) ; Book of Howth;
Eymer's Fcedera, vol. ii., Eecord edit.; Gilbert's
Viceroys of Ireland ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland
(Archdall), vol. i. ; Marquis of Kildare's Earls
of Kildare ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Eep. pt. ii.
p. 263 sq.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, eighth EARL
OF DESMOND (1426 P-1468), deputy of Ire-
land, was the son of James, seventh earl, and
of his wife Mary, daughter of Ulick Burke
of Connaught (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland,
i. 67). In 1462 Thomas succeeded his father
to the earldom (Annals of Loch Ce, ii. 165,
says 1463, and speaks of him as 'the chief of
the foreigners of the south'). In 1463 he
was made deputy to George, duke of Cla-
rence, the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He
showed great activity. He built border castles
to protect the Pale, especially in the passes
of Offaly, the ordinary passage of the O'Conors
in their invasions ; but the break-up of the
English power in Ireland was now so com-
plete that he had to sanction the parliamen-
tary recognition of the tax exacted by that
sept on the English of Meath, and to relax
the prohibition of traffic with the ' Irish
enemies.' He carried on the hereditary feud
with the Butlers, whose lands he devastated
in 1463. He was less successful in an expe-
dition against Offaly. In 1464 he quarrelled
with Sherwood, bishop of Meath, and both
went to England to lay their grievances before
the king (Ann. Ireland, 1443-68, in Irish
Archceol. Miscellany, p. 253). The Irish par-
liament certified that he had 'rendered great
services at intolerable charges and risks,' had
' always governed himself by English laws/
and had ' brought Ireland to a reasonable
state of peace.' But a Drogheda merchant
accused him of extorting ' coigne and livery,'
and of treasonable relations with the natives.
In the end Edward restored Desmond to office
and granted him six manors in Meath as a
mark of his favour.

The period of Desmond's government of
Ireland was one of considerable legislative
activity. But laws had little effect in re-
pressing the Irish. Two expeditions of Des-
mond against the O'Briens did not prevent
the border septs' attacks on Leinster. The
Irish of Meath called in a son of the lord of
Thomond to act as their ' king,' but his death
of a fever averted this danger. Yet Des-
mond's rule was so far successful, or his hold
over Munster so strong, that for the first

time for many years representatives of the
county of Cork appeared in the Irish par-
liament.

In 1467 Desmond was superseded as de-
puty by John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester [q.v.l
It was believed that he was a strong sup-
porter of Warwick in his hostility to Ed-
ward IVs marriage, and had incurred the
hostility of Queen Elizabeth in consequence.
Tiptoft convoked a parliament at Drogheda,
in which, on the petition of the commons,
Desmond was attainted, along with the Earl
of Kildare [see FITZGERALD, THOMAS, seventh
EAEL OF KILDARE] and Edward Plunket. The
charges brought against them were 'fosterage
and alliance with the Irish, giving the Irish
horses, harness, and arms, and supporting
them against the faithful subjects of the
king' (« Carew MSS.,' Book of Howth, &c. p.
483). On these charges Desmond was exe-
cuted at Drogheda on 14 Feb. 1468, at the
age of forty-two (CLYN, Annals, p. 46, Irish
Archaeol. Soc.) William Wyrcester (Annals
in Wars of English in France, n. ii. 789)
says that Edward was at first displeased
with his execution. This suggests that the
actual charges rather than secret relations
with English parties were the causes of
his fall. Desmond was soon looked on as
a martyr (GRACE, p. 165). It was soon be-
lieved that Tiptoft, with his usual cruelty,
had also put to death two infant sons of
Desmond (HALL, p. 286, ed. 1809 ; cf. Mirrour
for Magistrates, ii. 203, ed. 1815, and note
in GILBERT'S Viceroys, pp. 589-91), but there
is no native or contemporary evidence for
this. Richard III described Desmond as
'atrociously slain and murdered by colour
of the law against all manhood, reason, and
sound conscience ' (GAIRDNER, Letters, fyc. of
Richard III and Henry VII, i. 68). The
Munster Geraldines avenged his death by
a bloody inroad into the Pale. The Irish
writers celebrate Desmond for ' his excellent
good qualities, comely fair person, affability,
eloquence, hospitality, martial feats, alms-
deeds, humanity, bountifulness in bestowing
good gifts to both clergy and laity, and to all
the learned in Irish, as antiquaries, poets'
(Annals of Ireland, 1443-68, p. 263 j cf. Four-
Masters, iv. 1053). He founded a college at
Youghal for a warden, eight fellows, and
eight choristers (HAYMA^, Notes of the Re-
ligious Foundations of Youghal, p. xxxiii),
and procured an act of parliament allowing
the corporation to buy and sell of the Irishry
(HAYMABT, Annals of Youghal, p. 13). He
was buried at Drogheda, but Sir Henry Sidney
removed his tomb to Dublin (LODGE, i. 70).
The ' Four Masters ' (iv. 1053) say that his
body was afterwards conveyed to the burial-

L2

Fitzgerald

148

Fitzgerald

He mar-
ried Elizabeth or Ellice Barry, daughter of
Lord Buttevant, by whom he had a large
family. Four of his sons, James, Maurice,
Thomas, and John, became in succession
earls of Desmond.

[Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland; Annals of
Loch Ce ; Annals of Ireland in Irish Archaeolo-
gical Miscellany ; Annals of the Four Masters
(O'Donovan), with the note on iv. 1050-2 ; Carew
MSS., Book of Howth, &c. ; Hayman's unpub-
lished Geraldine Documents, i. 11-13; Lodge's
Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), vol. i.] T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, seventh EAEL
OF KILDARE (d. 1477), deputy of Ireland,
was son of John, sixth earl, and his wife,
Margaret de la Herne (LODGE, i. 82). He suc-
ceeded to his father in 1427, when he must
have been quite young. Between 1455 and
1459 he was deputy for Richard, duke of York,
the lord-lieutenant. In 1459 he warmly wel-
comed York on his taking refuge in Ireland.
The Lancastrian government in vain sought
to weaken his position by intriguing with
the native Irish against him. On 30 April
1461 Kildare was appointed deputy to George,
duke of Clarence (Cal. Rot. Pat. Hib. 1 Ed-
ward IV, p. 268) ; and on 5 July the confir-
mation of a grant of Duke Richard's was Ed-
ward IV's further reward for his fidelity to
the Yorkist cause (ib. p. 268 b). Next year
he was superseded by Sir Roland Fitzeustace,
but in January 1463 he was made lord chan-
cellor of Ireland. In 1464 he and his wife
Joan founded the Franciscan convent at
Adare in county Limerick (Annals of the
Four Masters, iv. 1035). In 1467 he incurred,
with his brother-in-law Desmond [see FITZ-
GERALD, THOMAS, eighth EARL OF DESMOND],
the hostility of the new deputy, John Tiptoft,
earl of Worcester. Both were attainted at
the parliament of Drogheda, but the reprisals
which followed the execution of Desmond
brought out so clearly the weakness of a
government deprived of the support of the
Fitzgeralds, that Kildare was respited. The
Archbishop of Dublin and other grandees be-
came his sureties, and on his promise of faith-
ful service the parliament of 1468 repealed
the attainder and restored him to his estates.
In the same year he was reappointed deputy,
but on the fall of Clarence, Tiptoft himself
became lord-lieutenant, and Edmund Dudley
his deputy. But on Clarence's reappointment
Kildare became deputy again, and remained
in office until 1475. By building a dyke to
protect the Pale, and by excluding ' disloyal
Irish ' from garrisons, he sought to uphold
the English rule. In 1472 eighty archers
were provided for him as the nucleus of a
permanent force, but he was expected to de-

fray half the cost. In 1474 the archers were
increased to 160, with 63 spearmen ; and in
1475 a * Brotherhood of St. George ' was es-
tablished for the defence of the Pale, of which
Kildare was president, while his son Gerald
was its first captain. This put a further force
of 120 mounted archers, 40 men-at-arms,
and 40 pages in his hands (' Carew MSS.,'
Book of Howth, &c., p. 403). His govern-
ment is an epoch of some importance in the
history of the Irish coinage. In 1475 he was
superseded by William Sherwood, bishop of
Meath. He died on 25 March 1477 and was
buried in the monastery of All Hallows
in Dublin. By his wife, Joan, daughter of
James, seventh earl of Desmond, and sister
of Thomas, the eighth earl [q.v.j, he is said
to have left four sons and two daughters
(LODGE, i. 83). He was succeeded by his
eldest son, Gerald Fitzgerald, the eighth earl
[q.T.]

[Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland ; Lodge's Peer-
age of Ireland, vol. i. ; Annals of the Four Mas-
ters; Carew MSS., Book of Howth, &c.; Marquis
of Kildare's Earls of Kildare, pp. 38-42.]

T. F. T.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS, LORD OF-
FALT, tenth EARL OF KILDARE (1513-1537),
son of Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl [q. v.j,
by his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
John Zouche of Codnor, Derbyshire, was born
in 1513. Like his father he spent a consider-
able portion of his life in England, but it was
not till 1534 that he began to play an im-
portant part in history. In February of that
year he was appointed deputy-governor of
Ireland on the occasion of his father's last
and ill-fated j ourney to England. About the
beginning of June a report obtained currency
in Ireland, through the machinations of the
Ormonde faction, that his father had been
summarily executed in the Tower, and that
his own death and that of his uncles had been
determined upon by his government. Full of
indignation at what he considered an act of
gross perfidy, he summoned the council to St.
Mary's Abbey, whither on 11 June he rode
through the city, accompanied by 140 horse-
men with silken fringes on their helmets
(whence his sobriquet ' Silken Thomas '), and
there, despite the remonstrances of his ad-
visers and the chancellor Cromer, he publicly
renounced his allegiance, and formally de-
clared war on the government. After which
he returned to Oxmantown, where he placed
himself at the head of his army. His enemies,
terrified by his decisive action, took refuge
in Dublin Castle, whence several of them
made their way to England. Archbishop
Allen was not so fortunate. By the aid of

Fitzgerald

149

Fitzgerald

his servant Bartholomew Fitzgerald, he ob-
tained a small vessel in which he hoped to
effect his escape ; but owing either to the
unskilfulness of the sailors, or the contrari-
ness of the winds, he was driven ashore near
Clontarf, whence he hastened to the neigh-
bouring village of Tartaine (Artane) to the
house of a Mr. Hothe. On the following
day, 28 July, a little before dawn, Offaly,
accompanied by his uncles, John and Oliver
Fitzgerald, and James Delahide, arrived
on the spot, when, it is said, he ordered
the trembling wretch to be brought before
him, and then commanded him to be led
away. But his servants, either misunder-
standing or disobeying him, slew him on the
spot. Whether Thomas was privy to the
murder it is impossible to say ; but it is cer-
tain that he shortly afterwards despatched
his chaplain to Rome to obtain absolution
for the crime (v. R. Reyley's Examination,
State Papers, Hen. VIII, ii. 100, and GAIBD-
NER, Cal. viii. 278, Dr. Ortez to Charles V).
Meanwhile he had been endeavouring by
every means within his power to strengthen
his position. On 27 July, Dublin Castle, his
chief object, was besieged, and those of the
nobility who declined to take an oath to sup-
port him clapped in the castle of Maynooth.
His overtures to the Earl of Ossory were re-
jected with scorn by that astute and prudent
nobleman, who, shortly after his return from
England in August, created a diversion by
invading and devastating Carlow and Kil-
dare. But an attempt made by his son,
Lord James Butler, to surprise Offaly re-
coiled on his own head, and he was only
rescued from his dilemma by the news that
the citizens of Dublin had turned on the be-
siegers of the castle and made prisoners of
them. Having concluded a short truce with
him, Offaly marched rapidly on Dublin. An
assault made by him on the castle was re-
pulsed with loss, and in a gallant sortie the
citizens succeeded in completely routing his
army. He himself narrowly escaped cap-
ture, being obliged to conceal himself in the
Abbey of Grey Friars in Francis Street. On
the same day Sir William Skeffington and an
English army set sail from Beaumaris ; but
encountering a storm in the Channel were
driven to take shelter under Lambay Island.
Intending himself to sail to Waterford, he
allowed Sir W. Brereton, with a portion of
the fleet, to make for Dublin, and shortly
afterwards landed a small contingent near
Howth to support him by land. It was,
however, intercepted by Offaly, who there-
upon retired to his principal fortress of May-
nooth. During the winter Skeffington re-
mained idle, but about the middle of March

1535 he concentrated his forces about May-
nooth, which he carried on the 23rd — an im-
portant event from a military point of view
(FEOUDE, Hist, of England, ii. 317). The
garrison, including the commandant Parese,
who was charged by the Irish, but on insuffi-
cient evidence, with having betrayed the
place, were with one or two exceptions put
to the sword. The ' Pardon of Maynooth '
practically determined the fate of a rebellion
which at one time threatened to prove fatal
to the English authority in Ireland. Offaly,
or as he was now, since the death of his
father (though Stanihurst roundly asserts
that he never obtained recognition of his
title), Earl of Kildare, who was advancing
to the relief of the place with seven thousand
men, saw his army ' melt away from him like
a snow-drift.' Still he ventured to risk a
battle with Brereton near the Naas, but was
utterly defeated, and obliged to seek shelter
in Thomond, whence he meditated a flight
into Spain. From this he was dissuaded by
O'Brien, with whose assistance and that of
O'Conor Faly he managed for several months
to keep up a sporadic sort of warfare. He
had married Frances, youngest daughter of
Sir Adrian Fortescue, but he now sent her
into England, declaring that he would have
nothing to do with English blood. Seeing
his fate to be certain, his allies submitted
one by one to the government. On 28 July
Lord Leonard Grey arrived in Ireland, and
to him he wrote from O'Conor's Castle, apolo-
gising for what he had done, desiring pardon
' for his life and lands,' and begging his kins-
man to interest himself in his behalf. If
he could obtain his forgiveness he promised
to deserve it ; if not he l must shift for him-
self the best he could.' He was still for-
midable, and to reject his overtures might
prolong the war indefinitely. Acting on his
own responsibility, Grey guaranteed his per-
sonal safety, persuaded him to submit uncon-
ditionally to the king's mercy, and a few
weeks after his arrival had the satisfaction
of carrying him over into England. For a
few days he was allowed to remain at liberty,
but about the beginning of October was sent
prisoner to the Tower. ' Many,' wrote Cha-
puys,' doubt of his life, although Lord Leonard,
who promised him pardon on his surrender,
says that he will not die. The said Lord
Leonard, as I hear, has pleaded hard for his
promise to the said Kildare, but they have
stopped his mouth, the king giving him a
great rent and the concubine a fine chain
with plenty of money. It is quite certain,
as I wrote last, that the said Kildare, with-
out being besieged or in danger from his
enemies, stole away from his men to yield

Fitzgerald

150

Fitzgerald

himself to Lord Leonard, I know not from
what motive, inclination or despair ' (GAIKD-
NEB, Cal. Hen. VIII, ix. 197). The govern-
ment, though hampered by Grey's promise,
had no intention of pardoning him. ' Quod
defertur non aufertur,' said the Duke of Nor-
folk, when asked his opinion. After suffering
much from neglect, Earl Thomas and his five
uncles, whose capture and death reflected the
utmost discredit on the government, three
of them being wholly free from participation
in the rebellion, were on 3 Feb. 1537 executed
at Tyburn, being drawn, hanged, and quar-
tered. One member only of the family, his
half-brother, Gerald Fitzgerald, afterwards
eleventh Earl of Kildare [q. v.], managed to
escape. On 1 May 1537, at a parliament held
at Dublin, Gerald Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare,
Thomas Fitzgerald, his son and heir, Sir John
and Oliver Fitzgerald, with other their accom-
plices, were attainted for high treason. It is
curious that this act should have been directed
against Earl Gerald, who had not been con-
cerned in the rebellion. In the same year an
English act was passed for the attainder of
Thomas ' earl of Kildare,' his five uncles and
their accessories. Thomas is described as a man
of great natural beauty, ' of stature tall and
personable; in countenance amiable; a white
lace, and withal somewhat ruddy, delicately
in each limb featured, a rolling tongue and
a rich utterance, of nature flexible and kind,
very soon carried where he fancied, easily with
submission appeased, hardly with stubborn-
ness weighed ; in matters of importance an
headlong hotspur, yet nathless taken for a
young man not devoid of wit, were it not as it
fell out in the end that a fool had the keeping
thereof.' Among the inscriptions in the Beau-
champ Tower is that of THOMAS FITZGEKA.
[The chief authorities for his life are Lodge's
Peerage(Archdall),rol. i.; State Papers, Hen.VIII,
vol. ii., supplemented by Mr. Gairdner's Calendar,
vols. viii. and ix. ; Ware's Annales and Bishops ;
Stanihurst's Chronicle ; Froude's Hist, of Eng-
land, chap. viii. There is a useful life by the
late Duke of Leinster in The Earls of Kildare.l

E. D.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM (1814-
1883), bishop of Killaloe, son of Maurice
Fitzgerald, M.D., by his second wife, Mary,
daughter of Edward William Burton of Clif-
den, county Galway, and younger brother of
Francis Alexander Fitzgerald, third baron of
the exchequer, was born at Lifford, Limerick,
3 Dec. 1814. He was first educated at Middle-
ton, co. Cork, and then entering Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, in November 1830, obtained a
scholarship in 1833, the primate's Hebrew
prize in 1834, and the Downes's premium for
composition in 1835 and 1837. He took his

degree of B.A. 1835, his M. A. 1848, and his
B.D. and D.D. 1853. He was ordained deacon
25 April 1838, and priest 23 Aug. 1847, and
while serving as curate of Lackagh, Kildare,
made his first essay as an author. Philip
Bury Duncan of New College, Oxford, hav-
ing offered a sum of 50/. for an essay on
' Logomachy, or the Abuse of Words,' Fitz-
gerald bore off the prize with the special
commendation of the donor and an additional
grant of 25/. for the expense of printing the
essay. After serving the curacy of Clontarf,
Dublin, from 1846-8 he was collated to the
vicarage and prebend of Donoghmore, in the
diocese of Dublin, on 16 Feb. in the latter
year. From 1847 to 1852 he was professor
of moral philosophy in Trinity College, Dub-
lin, and from 1852 to 1857 was professor of
ecclesiastical history in the same university.
His next promotion was to the vicarage of St.
Anne's, Dublin, 18 July 1851, whence he re-
moved to the perpetual curacy of Monks-
town, Dublin, on 13 May 1855, being in the
same year also appointed prebendary of Ti-
mothan, Dublin, and archdeacon of Kildare.
On 8 March 1857 he was consecrated bishop
of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, and in 1862 was
translated to Killaloe by letters patent dated
3 Feb. He was a voluminous author both
under his own name and as an anonymous
writer, and was the chief contributor to the
series of papers called ' The Cautions for the
Times,' which was edited by Archbishop
Whately in 1853. His edition of Bishop
Butler's ' Analogy ' displays such judgment
and ' learning without pedantry' that it
superseded all the previous editions. He died
at Clarisford House, Killaloe, 24 Nov. 1883,
and was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Cork,
on 28 Nov. He married, in 1840, Anne, elder
daughter of George Stoney of Oakley Park,
Queen's County, and by her, who died 20 Oct.
1859, he had six children.

He was the author of the following works,
some of which were the cause of controversy
and published replies : 1. l Episcopacy, Tra-
dition, and the Sacraments considered in
reference to the Oxford Tracts,' 1839. 2.<Holy
Scripture the Ultimate Rule of Faith to a
Christian Man,' 1842. 3. < Practical Sermons,'
1847. 4. ' A Disputation on Holy Scripture
against the Papists, by W. Whitaker/ trans-
lated, Parker Soc., 1849. 5. < The Analogy
of Religion, by G. Butler, with a Life of
the Author,' 1849; another ed. 1860. 6. 'A
Selection from the Nichomachean Ethics of
Aristotle with Notes,' 1850. 7. ' The Con-
nection of Morality with Religion,' a ser-
mon, 1851. 8. ' The Irish Church Journal,'
vol. ii., ed. by W. Fitzgerald and J. G.
Abeltshauser, 1854. 9. < National Humilia-

Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald

tion, a step towards Amendment/ a ser-
mon, 1855. 10. 'Duties of the Parochial
Clergy,' a charge, 1857. 11. 'The Duty of
Catechising the Young,' a charge, 1858.
12. ' A Letter to the Laity of Cork in Com-
munion with the United Church of England
and Ireland/ 1860. 13. ' Speech in the House
of Lords on Lord Wodehouse's Bill for Le-
galising Marriage with a Deceased Wife's
Sister/ 1860. 14. 'Thoughts on Present
Circumstances of the Church in Ireland/ a
charge, 1860. 15. ' The Revival of Synods
in the United Church of England and Ire-
land/ a charge, 1861. 16. ' Some late De-
cisions of the Privy Council considered/ a
charge, 1864. 17. ' A Charge to the Clergy
of Killaloe,' 1867. 18. ' The Significance of
Christian Baptism/ three sermons, 1871.
19. ' Remarks on the New Proposed Bap-
tismal Rubric/ 1873. 20. 'The Order of
Baptism, Speeches by Bishop of Meath and
Bishop of Killaloe/' 1873. 21. ' Considera-
tions upon the Proposed Change in the Form
of Ordaining Priests/ 1874. 22. ' The Atha-
nasian Creed, a Letter to the Dioceses of
Killaloe and Kilfenora, Clonfert, and Kil-
macduagh/ 1875. 23. ' Lectures on Eccle-
siastical History, including the Origin and
Progress of the English Reformation/ ed.by
W. Fitzgerald and J. Quarry, 2 vols. 1882.

[W. M. Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and
Ross (1864), iii. 87-8; Dublin University Mag.
April 1857, pp. 416-26.] GK C. B.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM ROBERT,

second DUKE OF LEINSTER (1749-1804),
second son of James, first duke of Leinster
[q. v.], by Lady Emily Lennox, was born
on 2 March 1749. He succeeded his elder
brother as heir-apparent to his father, and in
the courtesy title of Earl of OfFaly in 1765,
and in the following year took the title of
Marquis of Kildare when his father was
created Duke of Leinster. He then travelled
on the continent, and in his absence he was
elected M.P. for Dublin by his father's inte-
rest, after an expensive contest with La
Touche, head of the principal Dublin bank.
He was elected both for the county of Kil-
dare and the city of Dublin to the Irish House
of Commons at the general election of 1769,
and preferred to sit for Dublin. In 1772 he
served the office of high sheriff of Kildare.
On 19 Nov. 1773 he succeeded his father as
second Duke of Leinster, and soon after he
married Olivia, only daughter and heiress of
St. George Ussher, Lord St. George in the
peerage of Ireland. In the Irish House of
Commons he had made no mark, and when
lie succeeded to the dukedom he rather
eschewed politics, though his high rank and

influential connections caused his support to
be sought by all parties. When the move-
ment of the volunteers was started Leinster
showed himself a moderate supporter of the
scheme, and he was elected a general of the
volunteers, and colonel of the Dublin regi-
ment. In 1783, when the order of St. Patrick
was founded for the Irish nobility in imita-
tion of the Scotch order of the Thistle, Lein-
ster was nominated first knight, and in 1788
he was appointed to the lucrative office of
master of the rolls. In the movement of 1798
the behaviour of the duke was greatly dis-
cussed, but though Lord Edward Fitzgerald
[q. v.] was his brother he himself was never
even suspected of complicity in the rebellion.
He made every effort to save his brother's
life, alleging his own loyalty, and it was no
secret that the determination of the govern-
ment to proceed to extremities was highly
displeasing to him. At the time of the pro-
posal for the abolition of the independent
Irish parliament in 1799, he was therefore on
bad terms with the government, yet as the
leading Irish nobleman Leinster was one of
the first persons consulted by Lord Corn-
wallis. His cordial adhesion to the idea of
union was not in any way actuated by per-
sonal motives, for by the abolition of the Irish
parliament his own position as premier peer
and most influential person in Ireland was
entirely destroyed, and his support of the
scheme influenced many other peers. When
the Act of Union was passed the duke re-
ceived 28,800/. as compensation for the loss
of his borough influence, 15,000/. for the
borough. of Kildare, and 13,800^. for the
borough of Athy. He died at Cartons, his
seat in Kildare, on 20 Oct. 1804, and was
buried in Kildare Abbey. He left an only
son, Augustus Frederick Fitzgerald, who
succeeded him as third duke of Leinster,
and by his will he appointed a Mr. Henry
and his cousin, Charles James Fox, to be
the boy's guardians. In a notice of his death
it is said of him that ' he was not shining but
good-tempered ; good-natured and affable ; a
fond father, an indulgent landlord, and a
kind master.'

[The Marquis of Kil dare's Earls of Kildare and
their Ancestors ; Hardy's Life of Lord Charle-
mont ; Moore's Life of Lord Edward Fitzgerald;
Cornwallis Correspondence; Gent. Mag. Novem-
ber 1804.] H. M. S.

FITZGERALD, SIR WILLIAM RO-
BERT SEYMOUR VESEY (1818-1885),
governor of Bombay, son of William, second
baron Fitzgerald and Vesey, who died in
1843, was born in 1818. He matriculated
from Christ Church, Oxford, 21 Feb. 1833,

Fitzgerald

152

Fitzgerald

and migrated to Oriel, where he was New-
digate prizeman in 1835, and graduated B. A.,
being placed second class in classics in
1837, and M.A. in 1844. He was called to
the bar by the Honourable Society of Lin-
coln's Inn at Hilary term 1839, and went the
northern circuit. In 1848 he was returned
for Horsham, Sussex, in the conservative in-
terest, but was unseated on petition. He was
returned again for the same borough in 1852,
and retained his seat until 1865. He was
under-secretary of state for foreign affairs
under the Derby administration, in 'which
Lord Malmesbury was foreign secretary, from
February 1858 to June 1859. He was ap-
pointed governor of Bombay in January 1867,
and was sworn in a member of the privy
council, and made knight commander of the
order of the Star of India the same year, and
honorary grand cross of the same order in
1868 ; he was relieved in March 1872. In
February 1874 Fitzgerald was returned to
parliament for the third time for the borough
of Horsham, and sat until November 1875,
when he was appointed chief commissioner of
charities in England. Fitzgerald, who was
an honorary D.C.L. Oxon. (1863), and a
magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Sussex,
died at his residence in Warwick Square,
London, 28 June 1885. He married in 1846
Maria Triphena, eldest daughter of the late
Edward Seymour, M.D., and by her, who
died in 1865, left issue.

[Foster's Knightage, 1882 ; Law Times, 4 July
1885 ; Times, 30 June 1885.] H. M. C.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM THOMAS
(1759 P-1829), versifier, was born in England
of an Irish father (see preface to his ' Tears
of Hibernia dispelled by the Union'), and
claimed connection with the Duke of Lein-
ster's family. He was educated partly at a
school in Greenwich and partly in Paris, and
entered the navy pay office as a clerk in 1782.
' On all public occasions,' as the ' Annual Re-
gister ' for 1829 remarks, his ' pen was ever
ready.' His more notable productions are
either prologues for plays or appeals to Eng-
land's loyalty and valour. These latter he
was in the habit of reciting, year after year,
at the public dinners of the Literary Fund, of
which he was one of the vice-presidents. It is
to this that Byron refers in the first couplet
of ' English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ' : —
Still must I hear?— shall hoarse Fitzgerald bawl
His creaking couplets in a tavern hall ?

The 'Annual Register' for 1803 speaks of
the company at the dinner for that year as
being « roused almost to rapture ' by Fitz-
gerald's 'Tyrtaean compositions,' and says
that ' words cannot convey an idea of the

force and animation ' with which he recitedy
' or of the enthusiasm with which he was
encored.' A collection of Fitzgerald's poems
appeared in 1801 as i Miscellaneous Poemsy
dedicated to the Right Honourable the Earl
of Moira, by William Thomas Fitzgerald, esq.,r
and they are very bad. Perhaps the one
which most nearly approaches the famous
parody in the l Rejected Addresses' is the
'Address to every Loyal Briton on the
Threatened Invasion of his Country;' but
the ' Britons to Arms ! ' of a later date is-
almost of equal merit. Fitzgerald's ' Nelson's;
Triumph' appeared in 1798, his ' Tears of Hi-
bernia dispelled by the Union ' in 1802, and
his 'Nelson's Tomb' in 1806. In 1814 Fitz-
gerald issued a collected edition of his verse*
in denunciation of Napoleon Bonaparte. It
is, however, unquestionably in the 'Loyal
Effusion ' of the ' Rejected Addresses,' and
the opening couplet of ' English Bards and
Scotch Reviewers' that Fitzgerald will live.
It is only just to record that this 'small beer
poet,' as Cobbett called him, bore no malice
against James and Horace Smith for their
parody. Meeting one of them, probably the
latter, at a Literary Fund dinner, he came to*
him with great good humour, and said, ' I mean
to recite. . . . You'll have some more of "Gods
bless the regent and the Duke of York."' Fitz-
gerald died at Paddington on 9 July 1829. A
portrait appears in the 'European Magazine-*
for 1804.

[Gent. Mag. 1829, ii. 471-3; Annual Register,
1829; notes to the later editions of Eejected
Addresses.] F. T. M.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM VESEY,,

LORD FITZGERALD AND VESEY (1783-1843) r
statesman, was the elder son of the Right
Hon. James Fitzgerald [q. v.], by his wife
Catherine Vesey, who was in 1826 created
Baroness Fitzgerald and Vesey in the peerage-
of Ireland. He was born in 1783, and spent
three years at Christ Church, Oxford, where
he made some reputation as a young man of
ability, and he entered the united House of
Commons as member for Ennis, in his father'^
room, in 1808. He was greatly involved in
the famous scandal resulting from the con-
nection of the Duke of York with Mrs. Mary
Ann Clarke [q. v.], but rendered services*
to the government and the court in bring-
ing facts to light, and secured his appoint-
ment as a lord of the Irish treasury and
a privy councillor in Ireland in February
1810. His motives at this time were im-
pugned by Mrs. Clarke in a ' Letter ' which
she published in 1813, but though there pro-
bably was a grain of truth in her assertions,
there was not enough to damage Fitzgerald?fe

Fitzgerald

153

Fitzgibbon

reputation, and the lady was condemned to
nine months' imprisonment for libel. In 1812
he was sworn of the English privy council,
and appointed a lord of the treasury in Eng-
land, chancellor of the Irish exchequer, and
first lord of the Irish treasury, and in January
1813 he again succeeded his father as M.P.
for Ennis. He held the above offices until
their abolition in 1816, when the English
and Irish treasuries were amalgamated, and
in the same year he assumed his mother's
name of Vesey in addition to his own, on
succeeding to some of the Vesey estates. In
1818 he was elected M.P. for the county of
Clare. In 1820 he was appointed minister
plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to
the court of Sweden, where he spent three
years in fruitless attempts to persuade Berna-
dotte, who had succeeded to the throne of that
kingdom, to repay the large sums of money
advanced to him during the war with Napo-
leon. His efforts were of no avail, and in
1823 he was recalled in something like dis-
grace. Lord Liverpool, however, knew his
value as a polished speaker and practical
man of business, and in 1 826 he was appointed
paymaster-general to the forces. When the
Duke of Wellington formed his administra-
tion in 1828, he selected Vesey-Fitzgerald to
take a seat in his cabinet as president of the
board of trade, and this nomination made it
necessary for him to seek re-election for the
county of Clare. He was opposed by Daniel
O'Connell, and was beaten at the poll, a defeat
involving important political consequences.
A seat was, however, found for Vesey-Fitz-
gerald at Newport in Cornwall in 1829, and
in August 1830 he was elected for Lost-
withiel. In December 1830 he went out of
office with the Duke of Wellington, and
resigned his seat in parliament, but in the
following year he was again elected for Ennis,
and sat for that borough until his accession
to his mother's Irish peerage in February
1832. When Sir Eobert Peel came into
office with his tory cabinet in 1835, he did
not forget the services of Vesey-Fitzgerald,
who was created an English peer, Lord Fitz-
gerald of Desmond and Clan Gibbon in the
county of Cork, 10 Jan. 1835. He did not
form part of Sir Robert Peel's original cabinet
when he next came into office in 1841, but he
succeeded Lord Ellenborough as president of
the board of control on 28 Oct. 1841, and held
that office until his death in Belgrave Square,
London, on 11 May 1843. Vesey-Fitzgerald
was not a great statesman, but he was a
finished speaker, a good debater, a competent
official, and had refined literary tastes. At
the time of his death he was a trustee of the
British Museum, president of the Institute

of Irish Architects, and a fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries. At his death his United
Kingdom peerage became extinct, but he
was succeeded in his Irish peerage by his
brother Henry, dean of Kilmore, at whose
death in 1860 that also became extinct.

[Gent. Mag. July 1843 ; Mary Anne Clarke'*
Letter to the Right Hon. W. Fitzgerald, 1813 1

H. M. S.

FITZGIBBON, EDMUND FITZJOHN
(1552 P-1608), the White Knight, second son
of John Oge Fitzgerald, alias Fitzgibbon (d.
1569), and Ellen, daughter of Patrick Con-
don, lord of Condons, accompanied James
Fitzmaurice to France in March 1575, re-
turning in July. Being by the attainder of
his father (13 Eliz. c. 3) deprived of his an-
cestral possessions, he in 1576 obtained a
lease of a large portion of them {Cat. ofFiants,
Eliz. 2873), which he surrendered in 1579,
receiving in return a new one comprising the
lands contained in the former and others
which had in the meantime reverted to the
crown through the death of his mother (ib.
3583). Charged by his hereditary enemy,
Lord Roche, viscount Fermoy, with aiding
and abetting the rebellion of Gerald, earl of
Desmond, he appears to have trimmed his
way through the difficulties that beset him
with considerable skill, but without much
regard for his honour. The English officials-,
Sir H. Wallop in particular, were greatly pro1-
voked that the lands forfeited by his father's
rebellion were not to be allotted among the
planters, and did their best to blacken his
character. In 1584 he accompanied Sir John
Perrot on his expedition against Sorley Boy
MacDonnell, and being wounded on that oc-
casion was much commended for his valour
by the deputy. In April 1587 the government
thought it advisable to arrest him, though
it declined to follow St. Leger's advice to
make him shorter by his head. In 1589, when
all immediate danger had passed away, he
was released on heavy recognisances. In the
following year he paid a visit to England
and obtained a grant in tail male of all the
lands he held on lease (MoERiN, Cal. of Pa-
tent Rolls, ii. 198). He was appointed sheriff
of the county of Cork in 1596, and appears
to have fulfilled his duties satisfactorily. But
he still continued to be regarded with sus-
picion, and not without reason, for it is almost
certain that he was implicated in the rebel-
lion of Hugh O'Neill. He, however, on
22 May 1600, submitted unconditionally to
Sir George Thornton, and was ready enougk
when called upon to blame the folly of his
son John, who had joined the rebels (Pac.
Hib. i. 74, 133). Still Cecil was not quite
satisfied, and advised Sir George Carew to

Fitzgibbon

154

Fitzgibbon

take good pledges for him, ' for, it is said, you
•will be cozened by him at last ' (Cal. Ca-
rew MSS. iii. 462). In May 1601 he again
fell under suspicion for not attempting to
capture the Sugan Earl [see FITZGEKALD,
JAMES Fitzthomas, d. 1608], while passing
through his territories ; but, ' being earnestly
spurred on to repair his former errors' by
Sir George Carew, ' did his best endeavours
•which had the success desired.' His capture
of the Sugan Earl in the caves near Mitchels-
town purchased him the general malice of
the province. Such service could not pass
unrewarded, and on 12 Dec. 1601 the queen
declared her intention that an act should pass
in the next parliament in Ireland for restoring
him to his ancient blood and lineage. This in-
tention was confirmed by James I on 7 July
1604, and the title of Baron of Clangibbon
conferred on him. But as no parliament as-
sembled before 1613, and as by that time
he and his eldest son were both dead, it took
no effect. In 1606 he again fell under sus-
picion, and was committed to gaol, but shortly
afterwards liberated on promising to do ser-
vice against the rebels. He died at Castle-
town on Sunday, 23 April 1608, a day after
the death of his eldest son, Maurice, They
were buried together in the church of Kil-
beny, where they lay a week, and were
then removed to Kilmallock, and there lie in
their own tomb. He married, first, Joan
Tobyn, daughter of the Lord of Cumshionagh,
co. Tipperary, by whom he had two sons,
Maurice (who married Joan Butler, daughter
of Lord Dunboyne, by whom he had issue
Maurice and Margaret), and John, and four
daughters ; secondly, Joan, daughter of Lord
Muskerry, having issue Edmund and David,
who died young. Maurice and John dying,
Maurice, the grandson, succeeded, but dying
without issue the property passed to Sir Wil-
liam Fenton through his wife, Margaret
Fitzgibbon.

[All the references to Fitzgibbon's life contained
in the State Papers, the Carew MSS., and Pacata
Hibernia have been collected together in the Un-
published Geraldine Documents, pt. iv., ed. Hay-
man and Graves.] Pv. D.

FITZGIBBON, EDWARD (1803-1857),
•who wrote under the pseudonym ' Ephemera,'
eon of a land agent, was born at Limerick in
1803. He was devotedly attached to fishing
from boyhood. When he was fourteen years
old his father died, and he came to London.
At sixteen he was articled to a surgeon in the
city, but quitted the profession in disgust two
years later, and became a classical tutor in
various parts of England for three years, find-
ing time everywhere to practise his favourite
sport. He then visited Marseilles, where

he remained six years, devoting himself to
politics and the French language and litera-
ture, and becoming a welcome guest in all
literary and polite circles. Having taken
some part in the revolution of 1830, he re-
turned to England and recommended him-
self to the notice of Black, the editor of the
' Morning Chronicle.' Being admitted to the
staff, he worked with success in the gallery of
the House of Commons. For a long series of
years he wrote on angling for * Bell's Life in
London/ his knowledge of the subject and
the attractive style in which his articles
were written giving them great celebrity.
For twenty-eight years he was a diligent
worker for the daily press. His ' Lucid In-
tervals of a Lunatic ' was a paper which at the
time obtained much attention. He wrote often
for the 'Observer,' and was a theatrical critic
of considerable acumen.

With his fine genius, excellent classical at-
tainments, and perfect knowledge of French,
Fitzgibbon would have been more famous but
for an unfortunate weakness. He had perio-
dical fits of drinking. Physicians viewed his
case with much interest, as his weakness
seemed almost to amount to a kind of mono-
mania, in the intervals of which his life was
marked by abstemiousness and refined tastes.
Fitzgibbon often promised that he would
write his experiences of intoxication, which
his friends persuaded themselves would have
won him fame. But he became a wreck some
years before his death, on 19 Nov. 1857, after
a month's illness. He died in the communion
of the Roman catholic church. He left no
family, and was buried in Highgate cemetery.

Fitzgibbon made a great impression upon
all who knew him by the brilliancy of his
gifts. He possessed unblemished integrity,
a kind and liberal disposition, much fire and
eloquence, and the power of attaching to him
many friends. From 1830 to the time of his
death his writings had given a marvellous
impulse to the art of fishing, had caused a
great improvement in the manufacture and
sale of fishing tackle, and largely increased
the rents received by the owners of rivers and
proprietors of fishing rights. He once killed
fifty-two salmon and grilse on the Shin river
in fifty-five hours of fishing. His ; Handbook
of Angling' (1847), which reached a third
edition in 1853, is perhaps the very best of the
enormous number of manuals on fishing which
are extant. Besides it Fitzgibbon wrote, in
conjunction with Shipley of Ashbourne, < A
True Treatise on the Art of Fly-fishing as
practised on the Dove and the Principal
Streams of the Midland Counties,' 1838; and
' The Book of the Salmon,' together with A.
Young, who added to it many notes on the

Fitzgibbon

155

Fitzgibbon

life-history of this fish, 1850. < Ephemera '
regarded this as the acme of his teachings on
fishing. He also edited and partly re- wrote
the section on ' Angling' in Elaine's 'Ency-
clopaedia of Rural Sports ' (1852), and pub-
lished the best of all the practical editions
of 'The Compleat Angler' of Walton and
Cotton in 1853.

[Bell's Life in London, 22 and 29 Nov. 1857 ;
Francis's By Lake and River, p. 221 ; Annual
Register, 1857, p. 347; Quarterly Review, No.
278, p. 365.] M. G. W.

FITZGIBBON, GERALD (1793-1882),
lawyer and author, the fourth son of an Irish
tenant farmer, was born at Glin, co. Lime-
rick, on 1 Jan. 1793, and, after receiving such
education as was to be had at home and
in the vicinity of his father's farm, obtained
employment as a clerk in a mercantile house
in Dublin in 1814. His leisure hours he de-
voted to the study of the classics, and in 1817
entered Trinity College, where he graduated
B.A. in 1825, and proceeded M.A. in 1832,
having in 1830 been called to the Irish bar.
During his college course and preparation
for the bar he had maintained himself by
teaching. In the choice of a profession he
was guided by the advice of his tutor, Dr.
(afterwards Bishop) Sandes. His rise at the
bar was rapid, his mercantile experience stand-
ing him in good stead, and in 1841 he took
silk. In 1844 he unsuccessfully defended
Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Gray, one of the
traversers in the celebrated state prosecution
of that year, by which O'Connell's influence
with the Irish masses was destroyed. In the
course of the trial Fitzgibbon used language
concerning Cusack Smith, the Irish attorney-
general,which was construed by the latter into
an imputation of dishonourable motives, and
so keenly resented by him that he sent Fitz-
gibbon a challenge. Fitzgibbon returned the
cartel, and on the attorney-general declining
to take it back, drew the attention of the
court to the occurrence. Thereupon the chief
justice suspended the proceedings, in order
to afford the parties time for reflection, ob-
serving that ' the attorney-general is the last
man in his profession who ought to have al-
lowed himself to be betrayed into such an
expression of feeling as has been stated to
have taken place.' The attorney-general there-
upon expressed his willingness to withdraw
the note, in the hope that Fitzgibbon would
withdraw the words which had elicited it,
and Fitzgibbon disclaiming any intention to
impute conduct unworthy of a gentleman to
the attorney-general, the matter dropped, and
the trial proceeded (Annual Register, 1844,
Chron. 323). Fitzgibbon continued in large

practice until 1860, when he accepted the post
of receiver-master in chancery. He published
in 1868 a work entitled ' Ireland in 1868, the
Battle Field for English Party Strife; its
Grievances real and fictitious ; Remedies abor-
tive or mischievous,' 8vo. The book, which
displays considerable literary ability, dealt
with the educational, agrarian, religious, and
other questions of the hour. The last and long-
est chapter, which was entitled ' The Former
and Present Condition of the Irish People,' was
published separately the same year. Its de-
sign is to show, by the evidence of history and
tradition, that such measure of prosperity as
Ireland has enjoyed has been due to the Eng-
lish connection. A second edition of the ori-
ginal work also appeared in the course of the
year, with an additional chapter on the land
question, in which stress is laid on the duties
of landowners. This Fitzgibbon followed up
with a pamphlet entitled ' The Land Difficulty
of Ireland, with an Effort to Solve it,' 1869,
8vo. The principal feature of his plan of reform
was that fixity of tenure should be granted
to the farmer conditionally upon his execu-
ting improvements to the satisfaction of a
public official appointed for the purpose. In
1871 he published ' Roman Catholic Priests
and National Schools,' a pamphlet in which
the kind of religious instruction given by
Romanist priests, particularly with regard to
the dogma of eternal punishment, is illus-
trated from authorised works. A second edi-
tion with an appendix appeared in 1872.
Having in 1871 been charged in the House
of Commons with acting with inhumanity in
the administration of certain landed property
belonging to wards of the Irish court of
chancery, he published in pamphlet form a
vindication of his conduct, entitled * Refuta-
tion of a Libel on Gerald Fitzgibbon, Esq.,
Master in Chancery in Ireland,' 1871, 8vo.
Fitzgibbon also published ' A Banded Minis-
try and the Upas Tree,' 1873, 8vo. He re-
signed his post in 1880, and died in September
1882. As an advocate he enjoyed a high re-
putation for patient and methodical industry,
indefatigable energy, and great determina-
tion, combined with a very delicate sense of
honour, and only a conscientious aversion to
engage in the struggles of party politics pre-
cluded him from aspiring to judicial office.
Fitzgibbon married in 1835 Ellen, daughter
of John Patterson, merchant, of Belfast, by
whom he had two sons, (1) Gerald, now Lord
Justice Fitzgibbon, (2) Henry, now M.D. and
vice-president of the Royal College of Sur-
geons in Ireland.

[Catalogue of Dublin Graduates ; British Mu-
seum Catalogue; information from members of
the family.] J. M. R.

Fitzgibbon

Fitzgibbon

FITZGIBBON, JOHN, EARL OF CLARE
(1749-1802), lord chancellor of Ireland, the
second son of John Fitzgibbon of Mount
Shannon, co. Limerick, a successful Irish
barrister, was born near Donnybrook in 1749.
At school and at the university of Dublin he
gained great distinction. Grattan was his
great rival at Dublin, and had the superiority
in the early, while Fitzgibbon succeeded best
in the later years of the course. In 1765
Fitzgibbon obtained an optime for a trans-
lation of the 'Georgics,' 'the very rarest
honour in our academic course ' (Dublin Uni-
versity Mag. xxx. 672). He graduated B.A.
of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1767, and after-
wards entered Christ Church, Oxford, where
he graduated M.A. in 1770. In 1772 he was
called to the Irish bar, and stepped at once
into a large and growing practice. He re-
ceived in his first year 3437. 7s., between
1772 and 1783 (when he became attorney-
general) 8,9737. 6*. 3d., and between 1783
and 1789 (when he became lord chancellor)
36,9397. 3s. lid. (ib. xxx. 675). His father
is said to have allowed him 6007. a year in
addition. He conducted a successful elec-
tion petition in 1778 against the return of
Hely Hutchinson for the university, suc-
ceeded to the seat, and, along with Hussey
Burgh, represented the university till 1783.
In his early parliamentary days he gave a
moderate support to the national claims. In
1780 he opposed Grattan's declaration of the
legislative rights of Ireland ; but, in conse-
quence of an appeal from his constituents,
promised to support it on the next occasion.
' I have always been of opinion,' he said,
'that the claim of the British parliament
to make laws for the country is a daring
usurpation of the rights of a free people, and
have uniformly asserted the opinion in public
and in private.' The total repeal of Poy-
nings's law, however, seemed to him unde-
sirable. On the necessity of repealing the
Perpetual Mutiny Bill and of making the
judges independent, he entirely agreed with
his constituents (see his letter in O'FLANA-
GAN, Lord Chancellors of Ireland, ii. 160).

He succeeded in keeping on good terms
both with the government and with the
nationalists. On several important ques-
tions he supported the latter, and had his
reward in 1783, when Grattan, to his own
subsequent regret, pressed for his appoint-
ment as attorney-general (GRATTAN, Me-
moirs, iii. 202). Fitzgibbon was never for-
tunate enough to find a suitable occasion for
expressing the national feelings with which
Grattan credited him. Until the union he
remained practically the directing head of
the Irish government, and consistently used

his great influence to resist every proposal of
reform and concession. His first conflict was
over the question of parliamentary reform in
the House of Commons, where he now repre-
sented Kilmallock. He opposed Flood's bill
of 1784 as the mandate of a turbulent mili-
tary congress; and, when the sheriffs of
Dublin convened a meeting for the purpose
of electing delegates to a national congress
to consider the question, he wrote a letter
threatening them with prosecution if they
proceeded. He had the courage to appear at
the meeting and repeat his threat. Keilly,
the sheriff who was present, yielded, but was
nevertheless fined for contempt of the court
of king's bench in calling an illegal meeting.
In the House of Commons Fitzgibbon de-
fended both the legality and the expediency
of this proceeding, and stated that it had been
taken by his advice. In 1785 he supported
the government's commercial policy with
such power as to produce a special message
of thanks from the king. In a speech on
the treaty (15 Aug.) he referred to Curran
as ' the politically insane gentleman,' whose
declamation was better calculated for Sad-
ler's Wells than the House of Commons.
Curran retorted by saying that if he acted
like Fitzgibbon he should be glad of the ex-
cuse of insanity. A duel followed, ' but,'
says Lord Plunket in narrating the incident,
1 unluckily they missed each other.' Curran
is reported to have accused Fitzgibbon of
determined malignity, shown by taking aim
for nearly half a minute after his antagonist
had fired (PHILLIPS, Curran and his Con-
temporaries, p. 145). Mr. Froude ingeniously
suggests that Fitzgibbon's deliberate aim was
' perhaps to make sure of doing him no serious
harm ' (English in Ireland, ii. 484). The en-
mity lasted through life ; and Curran freely
accused Fitzgibbon of purposely seeking op-
portunities to injure him.

In the Whiteboy Act of 1787 Fitzgibbon
may be said to have begun his consistent
policy of repression. He was presumably
responsible for a clause, which had to be
abandoned, giving power to destroy any
popish chapel in or near which an illegal
oath had been tendered. In later years he re-
curred repeatedly to the evil influence of the
priests. At the same time he saw clearly the
causes of outrage which repressive measures
could not remove. In an often-quoted pas-
sage he gave his experience of Munster : ' If
landlords would take the trouble to know
their tenants,' he said, ' and not leave them
in the hands of rapacious agents and middle-
men, we should hear no more of discontents.
The great source of all these miseries arises
from the neglect of those whose duty and

Fitzgibbon

I57

Fitzgibbon

interest it is to protect them.' On the other
hand, he steadily opposed a reform of the
tithe system such as Pitt advised in 1785
and as Grattan urged in the Irish parliament
in 1787, 1788, and 1789 (LECKY, Hist, of
England, vi. 401).

In the debates on the regency in 1789 the
duty of advocating the case of the govern-
ment rested mainly on Fitzgibbon. In his
speeches, which Mr. Lecky has justly de-
scribed as ' of admirable subtlety and power,'
may be found probably the best defence which
was made of Pitt's proposal. They show,
however, that the idea of a union with Eng-
land was already in his mind, though he spoke
of it as only the least of two evils. Since the
' only security of your liberty,' he said, * is
your connection with Great Britain, he would
prefer a union, however much to be depre-
cated, to separation.' During the debate on
the lord-lieutenant's refusal to transmit to
the Prince of Wales the address of the Irish
parliament Fitzgibbon unguardedly said he
recollected how a vote of censure on Lord
Townshend had been followed by a vote of
thanks which cost the nation half a million,
and that therefore he would oppose the pre-
sent censure, which might lead to an address
which would cost half a million more (PLOW-
DEN, Hist, of Ireland, ii. 286 ; GRATTAN, Me-
moirs, iii. 377. See Fitzgibbon's subsequent
explanation in a speech of 19 Feb. 1798, re-
printed after his reply to Lord Moira on the
same day).

In 1789 Fitzgibbon succeeded Lord Lif-
ford as lord chancellor of Ireland, with the
title of Baron Fitzgibbon of Lower Connello.
Thurlow for a long time opposed his appoint-
ment, partly on the ground that the office
should not be held by an Irishman, and
partly owing to reports of Fitzgibbon's un-
popularity, but yielded at last to the pressure
of Fitzgibbon himself, the Marquis of Buck-
ingham, and others (BUCKINGHAM, Courts and
Cabinets of George III, ii. 157; O'FLANAGAN,
Lord Chancellors of Ireland, ii. 200). In 1793
he received the title of Viscount Fitzgibbon
and in 1795 that of Earl of Clare, and in 1799
he was made a peer of Great Britain as Lord
Fitzgibbon of Sidbury, Devonshire.

In his judicial capacity he displayed great
rapidity of decision, which, though called
precipitancy and attributed to his despotic
habits, was rather the simple result of his
extraordinary power of work and of concen-
tration. An anonymous biographer says that
he had heard Peter Burro wes [q. v.], an emi-
nent counsel and strong political opponent,
testify to the extraordinary correctness of
Clare's judgments (Dublin University Mag.
xxx. 682). With equal energy he devoted

himself to the task of law reform, and down
to the day of his death he sought every op-
portunity to remove legal abuses.

In politics he maintained an uncompro-
mising resistance to all popular movements,
and especially to all attempts to improve the
position of the Roman catholics. A detailed
record of his chancellorship would be a his-
tory of Ireland during the same period. His
position and opinions can be most conveni-
ently indicated by a reference to four speeches
in the Irish House of Lords, published by
himself or his friends, which are of great his-
torical importance : 1. A speech on the pro-
rogation of parliament in 1790, in which he
angrily attacked the Whig Club for inter-
fering in a question which had been raised
concerning the election of the lord mayor (see
pamphlet entitled Observations on the Vindi-
cation of the Whig Club; to which are subjoined
the speech of the Lord Chancellor as it appeared
in the newspapers, the Vindication of the Whig
Club, &c., and see also GRATTAN, Miscella-
neous Works, pp. 266, 270). 2. A speech on
the second reading of a bill for the relief of
his majesty's Roman catholic subjects in Ire-
land, 13 March 1793 (1798; reprinted in
1813). Reviewing at great length the his-
tory of the Roman catholic church in Ireland,
and the claims of the catholic church in
general, he urged vehemently the impolicy
and danger of entrusting catholics with power
in the state, but agreed that after the pro-
mises which had been made it might be es-
sential to the momentary peace of the country
that the bill should pass. His peculiar bit-
terness on this occasion was partly due to the
fact that only a few months before he had
vainly sought to dissuade the viceroy and
the English government from any conciliatory
language towards the catholics (LECKY, Hist,
of England, vi. 528), and that as a member
of the government he was speaking against
a government measure. Comparing the
speech with that of the Bishop of Killala, who
preceded him, Grattan wrote to Richard
Burke : ' The bishop who had no law was the
statesman ; the lawyer who had no religion
was the bigot ' (Memoirs, v. 557). The at-
tempt at conciliation which Lord Fitzwilliam
was allowed to make for a few months in
1794 and 1795 must have been intensely re-
pugnant to him. Fitzwilliam had marked
out the lord chancellor as one of the men who
had to be got rid of (BUCKINGHAM, Courts and
Cabinets, p. 312), and the influence of the
chancellor had doubtless a good deal to do
with the viceroy's recall. On the day of Lord
Camden's arrival the Dublin mob attacked
Clare's house, and he was saved only by the
skill with which his sister led off the crowd to

Fitzgibbon

158

Fitzgibbon

seek him elsewhere. 3. Speech in the House
of Lords, 19 Feb. 1798, on Lord Moira's motion
(printed 1798). Lord Moira attacked the
government for its coercive policy. Clare
justified that policy in a long reply, contain-
ing an elaborate account of the progress of
disaffection, and of the failure of conciliation
during a period, as he considered it, of rapid
advance. He excused a case of picketing, on
the ground that it led to the discovery of two
hundred pikes within two days, and has been
therefore denounced as the defender of torture.
Clare himself, however, was inclined to temper
a rigorous policy by moderation to indivi-
duals. Both he and Castlereagh supported
Cornwallis's proposal of a general amnesty
after Vinegar Hill, and in the case of Lord
Edward Fitzgerald he went so far as to warn
his friends that his doings were fully known
to the government, and to promise that if he
would leave the country every port should
be open to him. This did not affect his de-
termination to crush out disaffection at any
cost. (The share of Clare in the govern-
ment policy cannot be profitably separated
from the general history, as to which see the
Cornwallis and Castlereagh Correspondence,
the Lords' Report of the Committee of Secrecy,
which is understood to have been carefully
edited by Clare, and Macneven's Pieces of Irish
History.} 4. Speech in the House of Lords,
10 Feb. 1800, on a motion made by him in fa-
vour of a union (printed 1800). Clare narrated
the history of the English connection, of the re-
ligious divisions, and of the land confiscations,
recalled the circumstances in which the ' final
adjustment of 1782 ' was made, the designs
of the revolutionists, and the disorganised
state of Irish finances, and insisted that union
was the only alternative to separation and
bankruptcy. Grattan replied in an indignant
pamphlet, vindicating the action of himself
and his friends, and rebuking Clare for the
insulting language in which he spoke of his
country. The speech is certainly that of an
advocate, not of an historian ; but it is im-
possible not to admire its skilful marshalling
of facts and the vigour of its language. There
is little doubt that the passing of the Act
of Union was due to Clare more than to
any other man. For the last seven years, he
said, he had urged its necessity on the king's
ministers, and this statement is borne out by
an unpublished letter which he wrote to Lord
Auckland in 1798. ' As to the subject of the
union with the British parliament,' he said,
' I have long been of opinion that nothing
short of it can save this country. I stated
this opinion very strongly to Mr. Pitt in the
year 1793, immediately after that fatal mis-
take into which he was betrayed by Mr.

Burke and Mr. Dundas, in receiving ,an ap-
peal from the Irish parliament by a popish
democracy.' He states his continued adhe-
rence to this view, and concludes : ' It makes
me almost mad when I look back at the mad-
ness, folly, and corruption in both countries
which has brought us to the verge of de-
struction ' (British Museum Additional MS.
29475, f. 43). Yet in 1793 he told the House
of Lords that a separation and a union were
' each to be equally dreaded.' On 16 Oct.
1798 he wrote to Castlereagh : ' I have seen
Mr. Pitt, the chancellor, and the Duke of
Portland, who seem to feel very sensibly the
critical situation of our damnable country
(highly complimentary, but it was between
themselves), and that the union alone can
save it' (Castlereagh Correspondence,].. 393).

Clare was equally eager that no attempt
should be made to change, as a part of the
union, the existing catholic laws. ' Even
the chancellor,' wrote Cornwallis to Pitt,
25 Sept. 1798, l who is the most right-minded
politician in this country, will not hear of
the Roman catholics sitting in the united
parliament' (Cornwallis Correspondence, ii.
416 ; and see letter of Lord Grenville, 5 Nov*
1798, in BUCKINGHAM, Courts and Cabinets,
ii. 411; and CORNWALL LEWIS, Adminis-
trations of Great Britain, p. 185).

Clare even ventured to try humour in his
anxious desire for a union. In 1799 appeared
a tract entitled ' No Union ! But Unite and
Fall ! By Paddy Whack, in a loving letter
to his dear mother, Sheelah, of Dame Street,
Dublin,' of which he is said to have been the
author, and in which Paddy Whack advises
Sheelah to marry 'the rich, and generous,
and industrious, and kind, and liberal, and
powerful, and free, honest John Bull.' Its
humour is somewhat coarse and clumsy.

After the union Clare appeared several
times in the House of Lords, but he did not
increase his reputation. His sharp temper
brought him into frequent conflict, while the
studied disrespect with which he referred to
his countrymen, and his passionate insistence
on the madness of conceding anything to the
Roman catholics, excited a feeling of repug-
nance. ' Good God ! ' Pitt is reported to have
"aid when listening to him on one occasion,
did you ever hear in all your life such a
rascal as that ? ' (GEATTAN, Memoirs, iii. 403).
He died on 28 Jan. 1802. His funeral was
:ollowed by a Dublin mob, whose curses vio-
ently expressed the hate with which a great
mrt of his fellow-countrymen regarded him
(account by an eye-witness in Dublin Univ.
Mag. xxvii. 559 ; CLOS-CUERY, Personal Re-
collections, p. 146).

On his deathbed he is said to have sent for

Fitzgilbert

159

Fitzhamon

his wife, and requested her to burn all his
papers — :< should they remain after me, hun-
dreds may be compromised ' — and his wishes
were observed (Curran and his Contempora-
ries, p. 154). A report that he repented of
his action with regard to the union (PLOAVDEN,
Hist . of Ireland, ii. 558) is based on a sentence
in an abusive statement of his nephew Jef-
freys, who had quarrelled with his uncle over
private matters : ' I afterwards saw Lord Clare
die, repenting of his conduct on that very
question' (GRATTAN, Memoirs, iii. 403).

Clare married in 1786 Anne, eldest daugh-
ter of R. C. Whaley of Whaley Abbey, co.
Wicklow, who died in 1844. He left two
sons, both of whom succeeded to the earldom.
John, the elder (1792-1851), second earl, edu-
cated at Christ Church, Oxford, was governor
of Bombay, 1830-4. Richard Hobart, the
younger son (1793-1864), third and last earl,
had an only son, John Charles Henry, viscount
Fitzgibbon (1829-1854), who fellin the charge
of the light brigade at Balaklava.

Clare has been described as the basest of
men, without one redeeming virtue (see the
account of him by Grattan's son in GRAT-
TAN'S Memoirs, iii. 393), and he has been
represented as an unsullied patriot, think-
ing only of his country's good (FROUDE,
English in Ireland, ii. 526). The one picture
is as false as the other. In Clare's cold and
unemotional manner there was a good deal
of affectation, and his friends claimed for him
that in private life he was kindly and true.
There is evidence that he was an indulgent
landlord — ' the very best of landlords,' Plow-
den calls him. It is unreasonable, moreover,
to question the general sincerity of his poli-
tical opinions. He had a fixed purpose clearly
before his mind, and he held firmly to it, un-
deterred by the abuse and the hate which he
excited. He was ambitious, not very scru-
pulous, vain, and intolerably insolent ; but
whether he used his power for good or evil
he acted with uniform courage, and in point
of ability stood head and shoulders above
all the other Irishmen of his time who sided
with the government (Curran and his Con-
temporaries, p. 139 ; Magee's funeral sermon
in Annual Register, 1802, p. 705 ; BARRING-
TOIST, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation).

[O'Flanagan's Lives of the Lord Chancellors
of Ireland ; G-rattan's Memoirs; Phillips's Curran
and his Contemporaries ; Dublin Univ. Mag.
xxx. 671 ; Metropolitan Mag. xxiv. 337, xxv.
113; Gent. Mag. Ixxii. 185; Irish Parliamentary
Debates ; Cornwallis and Castlereagh Correspond-
ence.] G-. P. M.

FITZGILBERT, RICHARD (d. 1090?),
founder of the house of Clare. [See CLARE,
RICHARD DE, d. 1090 ?]

FITZGILBERT, RICHARD (d. 1136?).
[See CLARE, RICHARD DE, d. 1136 ?]

FITZHAMON, ROBERT (d. 1107), con-
queror of Glamorgan, belonged to a great
family whose ancestor, Richard, was either
the son or nephew of Rollo, and which since
the tenth century had possessed the lordships
of Thorigny, Creully, Mezy, and Evrecy in
Lower Normandy (Roman de Rou, ed. An-
dresen, 1. 4037 sq.) Richard's son, ' Haim as
Denz ' (Haimo Dentatus), was one of the
rebels slain at Val es Dunes in 1047 (ib. 1.
4057 sq.), and Robert is generally described
as his son (PEZET, Les Barons de Creully, p.
50). But William of Malmesbury expressly
states that Robert was the grandson of this
Haimo ( Gesta Regum, bk. iii. p. 393, Engl.
Hist. Soc.) If so, Robert's father must have
been some other Haimo, probably the * Haimo
vicecomes ' mentioned in the ( Domesday Book '
as holding lands in chief in Kent and Surrey,
and who presided as sheriff over the great
suit between Odo and Lanfranc in the Ken-
tish shire moot (AISTDRESEN, Roman de Rou,
Anmerkungen, ii. 768 ; cf. LE PREVOST'S note
to his edition of ORDERICUS VITALIS, iii. 14,
* grace aux renseignements de M. Stapleton ; '
cf. also ANSELM, Epistolce, iv. 57, complaining
of the outrages of Hamon's followers) . Those
who regard Haimo Dentatus as the grand-
father of Robert, the conqueror of Glamorgan,
suppose that the former had, besides ' Haimo
vicecomes/ another son called Robert Fitz-
hamon, to whom the earlier notices of the
name really refer. In that case, Haimo the
sheriff was probably the father of Haimo
Dapifer, a tenant-in-chief in Essex, though
Mr. Ellis (Introduction to Domesday Book,
i. 432) identifies the two Haimos. There is,
however, no direct evidence for this, and it
is quite certain that ' Hamon the steward r
was brother, though hardly, as Professor Free-
man (William Rufus, ii. 82-3) says, elder
brother, of Robert Fitzhamon (WILLIAM OP
JuMiEGEsinDuCHESXE, Hist. Norm. Scriptt.
Ant. 306 c.) Robert held all the family es-
tates, and Haimo was still alive in!112 (CLARK
in Arch. Journal, xxxv. 3). It is therefore
not quite certain whether the earlier notices
of Robert Fitzhamon refer to the nephew or
the uncle ; but in any case a Robert Fitzhamon
is mentioned in Bayeux charters of 1064 and
1074 (ib. xxxv. 2). Between 1049 and 1066
the same person assented as lord to the founda-
tion of the priory of St. Gabriel (DE LA RITE,
Essais Historiques sur la Ville de Caen, ii.
409 ; cf. Nouveaux Essais, ii. 39 ; PEZET, p. 23).
In 1074 he attested a charter of William I
(Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Normandie, xxx. 702). There is no certain

Fitzhamon

160

Fitzhamon

mention of him in ' Domesday Book/ despite
the appearance of the two Hamons, his kins-
men.

When the feudal party under Odo of Ba-
yeux revolted in 1088, Robert is mentioned
among the select band of ' legitimi et maturi
barones ' who supported the royal cause (ORD.
VIT. ed. Le Pre>ost, iii. 273). His Kentish

ances against Odo as earl of Kent,
ward for his services William assigned him
great estates, particularly the lands mostly
in Gloucestershire, but partly in Buckingham-
shire and Cornwall, which had passed from
Brictric to Queen Matilda (Cont. WAGE in
ELLIS, ii. 55, and Chron. Angl. Norm. i. 73,
which is manifestly wrong in making Wil-
liam I grantor of Brictric's lands to Fitz-
hamon ; see FREEMAN, Norman Conquest, iv.
762-3). These Rufus had for a time allowed
Jiis brother Henry to possess, but about 1090
he transferred them to Fitzhamon (ORD.
VIT. iii. 350). It is possible that the Glou-
cestershire estates were now erected into an
honour (DUGDALE, Monasticon, ii. 60). Ro-
bert's marriage with Sibyl (ORD. VIT. iii.
118), daughter of Roger of Montgomery and
sister of Robert of Belleme [q. v.], must have
still further improved his position on the
Welsh marches.

The next few years were marked by the de-
finitive Norman conquest of South Wales.
But while authentic history records the set-
tlements of Bernard of Neufmarche' in Bre-
cheiniog, and of Arnulf of Montgomery in
Dyfed and Ceredigion, the history of Fitz-
hamon's conquest of Glamorgan has to be
constructed out of its results, and the un-
trustworthy, though circumstantial, legend
that cannot be traced further back than to
fifteenth or sixteenth century pedigree-mon-
gers. In 1080 the building of Cardiff, sub-
sequently the chief castle of Fitzhamon's
lordship, was begun (Brut y Tywysogion, sub
anno, Rolls Ser.), and this event may mark the
beginning of Fitzhamon's conquests. If we can
rely on the authenticity of the charter of 1086
(Hist. Glouc. i. 334), by which William I con-
firmed to Abbot Serlo Fitzhamon's grant of
Llancarvan to the abbey of Gloucester, there
•can be no doubt but that the end of William's
reign saw the beginning of the conquest. But
probability suggests that it was not until
«,fter he had obtained the honour of Glou-
cester that he was able to win so large a ter-
ritory as Glamorgan. The legend fits in with
this, for it tells us how about 1088 Eineon
[q. v.], son of Collwyn, went to London and
* agreed with Robert Fitzhamon, lord of Cor-
fceil in France and cousin of the Red King,
to come to the assistance of lestin, prince

of Morganwg.' * Twelve other honourable
knights' were persuaded by Robert to ac-
company him. Uniting his forces with lestin,
Robert defeated and slew Rhys ab Tewdwr
at Hirwaun Wrgan, received from lestin his
recompense in sterling gold, and returned to-
wards London. But Eineon, disappointed
by lestin's treachery of lestin's daughter, be-
sought them to return. At Mynydd Bychan,
near Cardiff, lestin was put to flight and de-
spoiled of his country. f Robert Fitzhamon
and his men took for themselves the best of
the vale and the rich lands, and allotted to
Eineon the uplands.' Robert himself, ' their
prince/ took the government of all the coun-
try and the castles of Cardiff, Trevuvered, and
Kenfig, with the lands belonging to them.
The rest of the valley between the Taff and
the Neath he divided among his twelve com-
panions. Such is the story as told in the so-
called Gwentian ' Brut y Tywysogion/ the
manuscript of which is no older than the
middle of the sixteenth century. The same
story is repeated, with more detail and with
long genealogical accounts of the descendants
of Fitzhamon's twelve followers, in Powel's
1 History of Cambria/ first published in 1584,
on the authority of Sir Edward Stradling,
described as' a skilful and studious gentleman
of that country/ but whose more than doubt-
ful pedigree it was a main purpose of the story
to exalt. There is in some ways a still fuller
account in Rhys Meyrick's l Book of Glamor-
ganshire Antiquities ' (1578). The ' Gwentian
Brut's ' authority is singularly small, and the
details of the pedigrees in the later versions are
of no authority at all. Rhys ab Tewdwr was
really slain by Bernard of Neufmarche and the
French of Brecheiniog (Brut y Tywysogion,
sub anno 1091 ; but the date of FLORENCE OP
WORCESTER (ii. 31), 1093, is better; cf. FREE-
MAN, William Rufus, ii. 91 ) . But his death was
followed by the French conquests of Dyved
and Ceredigion, which must surely have suc-
ceeded the occupation of Glamorgan. Fitz-
hamon's grants to English churches and the
inheritance which his daughter brought to her
husband equally prove Fitzhamon to have been
the conqueror of Glamorgan. There is almost
contemporary proof of the existence of some
at least of his twelve followers, and for their
possession of the lordships assigned to them
in the legend (e.g. Liber Landavensis, p. 27,
for Pagan of Turberville, Maurice of London,
and Robert of St. Quentin ; cf. Hist. Glouc. pas-
sim) . We can gather from the records of the
next generation that Glamorgan was orga-
nised into what was afterwards called a lord-
ship marcher, with institutions and govern-
ment based on those of an English county
('Vicecomes Glamorganscirse/ Hist. Glouc.

Fitzhamon

161

Fitzhamon

i. 347 ; ' Comitatus de Cardiff/ ib. ; Liber
Landavensis, pp. 27-8, speaks of ' Vicecomes
de Cardiff ' when Robert of Gloucester was
still alive). Except perhaps in name, Fitz-
hamon founded in Wales a county palatine
as completely organised as the earldom of
Pembroke.

Fitzhamon was a liberal benefactor to the
church. He so increased the wealth and im-
portance of Tewkesbury Abbey that he was
regarded as its second founder. Hitherto
Tewkesbury had been a cell of Cranborne in
Dorsetshire, but in the reign of William Ruf us
(ORD. VIT. iii. 15), or in 1102 (Ann. Theok. in
Ann. Mon. i. 44), the abbot Giraldus trans-
ferred himself, with the greater part of the
fraternity, to the grand new minster that was
now rising under Robert's fostering care on
the banks of the Severn. William of Malmes-
bury can hardly find words to express the
splendour of the buildings and the charity of
the monks (Gesta Regum, bk. v. p. 625 ; cf.
Gesta Pont. p. 295). The major part of the
endowments was taken from Robert's Welsh
conquest. Among the churches Fitzhamon
handed over to Tewkesbury were the parish
church of St. Mary's, Cardiff, the chapel of Car-
diff Castle, and the famous British monastery
at LI ant wit. He also granted the monks of
Tewkesbury tithes of all his domain revenues
in Cardiff, and of all the territories of himself
and his barons throughout Wales (DUGDALE,
Monasticon, ii. 66, 81). He was only less
liberal to the great abbey of St. Peter's, Glou-
cester, to which he granted the church of
Llancarvan with some adjoining lands, and
for which he witnessed a grant of Henry I of
the tithe of venison in the Forest of Dean
and the lands beyond the Severn (Hist.
Glouc. i. 93, 122, 223, 334, ii. 50, 51, 177,
301). Traces of Fitzhamon's concessions
still remain in the patronage of many Gla-
morganshire churches belonging to the chap-
ter of Gloucester.

Little reference is made to Fitzhamon by
chroniclers of the time of William Ruf us,
but he was in the close confidence of the
king until his death. Before William's fatal
bunting expedition on 2 Aug. 1100, Fitz-
hamon, then in attendance at Winchester,
had reported to him the ominous dream of
the foreign monk, and his representations at
least postponed William's hunting until after
dinner (WILL. MALM. bk. iv. p. 507). When
William's corpse was discovered Fitzhamon
was one of the barons who stood around it
in tears. Fitzhamon's new mantle covered |
the corpse on its last journey to the cathe- I
dral at Winchester (GEOFFRY GAIMAR, ed. i
Wright, 11. 6357-96, Caxton Soc. The
details are perhaps mythical, some others j

VOL. XIX.

are certainly false ; the whole account shows
the impossibility of Pezet's notion that Fitz-
hamon was away on crusade with Robert).
But no former differences about the lands
of Queen Matilda prevented Fitzhamon and
his brother Hamon the steward from imme-
diately attaching themselves with an equal
zeal to Henry I. Both are among the wit-
nesses of the letter despatched by Henry im-
ploring Anselm to return from exile (STUBBS,
Select Charters, p. 103). Fitzhamon was
among the few magnates who strenuously
adhered to Henry when the mass of the
baronage openly or secretly favoured the
cause of Robert of Normandy (WILL. MALM.
bk. v. p. 620). When in 1101 Robert landed
in Hampshire and approached Henry's army
at Alton, Fitzhamon and other barons who
held estates both of the king and the duke
procured by their mediation peace between
the brothers ( WACE, 1. 10432 sq. ed. Andre-
sen; cf. ORD. VIT. iv. 199). In March 1103
he was one of Henry's representatives in
negotiating an alliance with Robert, count of
Flanders (Fcedera, i. 7, Record ed.) He also
witnessed the Christmas charter of Henry,
which assigned punishment to the false
managers (ib. i. 12). When war again broke
out, Fitzhamon still adhered to Henry, and
busied himself in Normandy in a partisan war-
fare against the friends of Robert. Early in
1105 he was surprised by Robert's troops
from Bayeux and Caen, and forced to take
refuge in the tower of the church of Secque-
ville-en-Bessin. The church was set on fire,
and he was compelled to descend a prisoner.
For some time he was imprisoned at Bayeux,
where the governor, Gontier d'Aulnay, pro-
tected him from the fury of the mob, which
regarded him as a traitor to the duke (WAGE,
11. 11125-60, ed. Andresen; cf. Chronique
de Normandie in BOUQUET, xiii. 250-1).
This news at once brought Henry to Nor-
mandy, where he landed at Barfleur just be-
fore Easter (ORD. VIT. iv. 204), and at once
besieged Bayeux to rescue his faithful fol-
lower. Gontier sought to win the king's
favour by surrendering Fitzhamon (ib. iv.
219), but valiantly defended the town, which
Henry finally reduced to ashes, not sparing
even the cathedral. The guilt of this sacri-
lege was, it was believed, shared by Henry
and Fitzhamon (WiLL. MALM. bk. v. p. 625 ;
WACE, 1. 11161 sq. ; cf. DE TOUSTAIN, Essai
histonque sur la prise et Vincendie de Bayeux,
Caen, 1861, who satisfactorily establishes
the date as May 1105 ; cf. LE PREVOST'S note
to ORD. VIT. iv. 219). So detested did the
house of Fitzhamon become in Bayeux, that
a generation later a long resistance was made
to the appointment of his son-in-law's bastard

Fitzhamon

162

Fitzharding

to the bishopric (HERMANT, Hist, du Diocese
de Bayeux, pp. 167-9 ; CHIGOUESNEL, Nou-
velle Histoire de Bayeux, p. 131). Yet Fitz-
hamon held large estates under Bayeux, and
was hereditary standard-bearer to the church
of St. Mary there (Memoires de la Soc. des
Ant. de la Normandie, viii. 426).

Soon after Fitzhamon bought from Robert
of Saint Remi the prisoners taken at Bayeux,
and intrigued so successfully with those of
them that came from Caen that they trea-
cherously procured the surrender of Caen to
Henry (WAGE, 1. 11259 ; BOUQUET, xiii. 251).
Fitzhamon next served in the siege of Falaise,
where he was struck by a lance on the fore-
head with such severity that his faculties be-
came deranged ( WILL. MALM. bk. v. p. 625 ;
cf. Gwentian Brut, p. 93). He survived, how-
ever, until March 1107. He was buried in the
chapter-house of Tewkesbury Abbey, whence
his body was in 1241 transferred to the church
and placed on the left side of the high altar
(Ann. Theok. in Ann. Mon. i. 120). In 1397
the surviving rich chapel of stone was erected
over the founder's tomb. The ' vast pillars
and mysterious front of the still surviving
minster ' (FREEMAN, Will. Rufus, ii. 84) still
testify to Fitzhamon's munificence. He may
have built the older parts of the castle of
Creully (PEZET).

By his wife, Sibyl of Montgomery, a bene-
factress of Ramsey (Cart. Ramsey, ii. 274,
Rolls Ser.), Fitzhamon left no son, and his
possessions passed, with the hand of his daugh-
ter Mabel, to Henry I's favourite bastard,
Robert, under whom Gloucester first became
an earldom (WiLL. MALM. Hist. Nov. bk. i. ;
ROBERT OF THORIGNT in DTTCHESKE, 306 c,who
erroneously calls her Sibyl and her mother
Mabel ; ORD. ViT.,iii. 318, calls her Matilda).
Mabel was probably Fitzhamon's only daugh-
ter (WYKES in Ann. Mon. iv. 22), and cer-
tainly inherited all her father's estates, as
well as those of Hamon the steward, her uncle
(ROBERT or THORIGNY, 306 c). The Tewkes-
bury tradition was, however, that she had
three younger sisters, of whom Cecily became
abbess of Shaftesbury, Hawyse abbess of the
nuns' minster at Winchester, and Amice the
wife of the ' Count of Brittany ' (DFGDALE,
Monasticon, ii. 60, 452, 473).

[Ordericus Vitalis, ed. Le Prevost (Societe de
1'Histoire de France) ; William of Malmesbury's
Gesta Kegum and Hist. Novella (Engl. Hist.
Soc.) ; Wace's Koman de Rou, ed. Andresen ; G-.
Gaimar's Estorie des Engles (Caxton Soc.) ; His-
tory and Chartulary of St. Peter's, Gloucester
(Rolls Ser.) ; Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. ii. ed.
Caley, Bandinel, and Ellis ; Gwentian Brut,
pp. 69-77 (Cambrian Archaeological Associa-
tion); Powel's Hist, of Cambria, ed. 1584, pp.
118-41 ; Merrick's Book of Glamorganshire

Antiquities, privately printed by Sir T. Phillij
(1825); Freeman's Norman Conquest, ii. 244,
iv. 762-4, v. 820 ; Freeman's William Rufus, i.
62, 197, ii. 79-89, 613-1 5 ; G. T. Clark's Land of
Morgan, reprinted from Archaeological Journal,
xxxiv. 11-39, xxxv. 1-4; Pezet's Les Barons de
Creully, pp. 21-52 (Bayeux, 1854); De Toustain's
Essai historique sur la prise et 1'incendie de Bayeux,
1105.1 T. F. T.

FITZHARDING, ROBERT (d. 1170),
founder of the second house of Berkeley, ap-
pears to have been the second son of Harding,
son of Eadnoth [q. v.], the staller ( Gesta Re-
gum, i. 429 ; ELLIS, Landholders of Glouces-
tershire, p. 59 ; EYTON, Somerset Domesday,
i. 58 ; FREEMAN, Norman Conquest, iv. 760).
Local antiquaries have endeavoured to make
out that he was the grandson of a Danish
king or sea-rover (SEYER, i. 315 ; Bristol,
Past and Present, i. 56), a futile imagination
which has been traced to John Trevisa (MAC-
LEAN), and is probably older than his date.
Robert's eldest brother, Nicolas, inherited his
father's fief, Meriet in Somerset (ELLIS).
Robert was provost or reeve of Bristol, and
was possessed of great wealth ; he upheld the
cause of Robert, earl of Gloucester, who fought
for the empress, and purchased several estates
from the earl, among them the manor of Billes-
wick on the right bank of the Frome, which
included the present College Green of Bristol,
and the manor of Bedminster-with-Redcliff.
He had other lands, chiefly in Gloucestershire,
and held of Humphrey de Bohun in Wilt-
shire, and William, earl of Warwick, in Wrar-
wickshire (Liber Niger, pp. 109, 206). Before
Henry II came to the throne he is said to
have been assisted by Robert, probably by
loans of money ; when he became king he
granted him the lordship of Berkeley Hernesse,
and Robert is held to have been the first of
the second or present line of the lords of Ber-
keley [NICOLAS; see BERKELEY, FAMILY OF].
He granted a charter to the tenants of his fee
near the ' bridge of Bristou.' By his wife
Eva he had Maurice, who succeeded him, and
four other sons and three daughters. On his
estate in Billeswick he built in 1142 the
priory or abbey of St. Augustine's for black
canons, the present cathedral, and is said to
have assumed the monastic habit before his
death, which occurred on 5 Feb. 1170 (ELLIS).
He also founded a school in a building, after-
wards called Chequer Hall, in Wine Street,
Bristol, for the instruction of Jews and other
strangers in the Christian faith. His wife
Eva was the founder of a nunnery on StJ
Michael's Hill, Bristol. Both Robert and,
Eva were buried in St. Augustine's ChurchJ

[Smyth's Lives of the Berkeleys, i. 19-62, edJ
Maclean ; Ellis's Landholders of Gloucestershire!

Fitzhardinge

163

Fitzharris

named in Domesday, pp. 59,111, from Bristol and
Glouc. Archseol. Soc.'s Trans, iv. ; Eyton's Domes-
day Studies, Somerset, i. 59, 70, 101 ; Notes and
•Queries, 6th ser. i. 20 ; Freeman's Norman Con-
quest, iv. 757-60 ; Liber Niger de Scaccario, pp.
•95, 109, 171, 206 (Hearne) ; Will. Malm. Gesta
Eegum, i. 429 (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Eobert of Glou-
cester, p. 4 79 /Hearne) ; Eieart's Kalendar, p. 20
(Camden Soc.) ; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 365 ;
Baronage, i. 350 ; Tanner's Notitia, p. 480 ; Eng-
lish Gilds, p. 288 (Early Eng. Text Soc,); Seyer's
Hist, of Bristol, i. 313; Nicholls and Taylor's
Bristol, Past and Present, i. 56-8, 91, ii. 46, 125 ;
Britton's Bristol Cathedral, pp.. 3-7, 57.1

W.H.

FITZHARDINGE, LORD. [See BER-
KELEY, MAURICE FREDERICK FITZHARDINGE,

1788-1867.]

FITZHARRIS, EDWARD (1648?-
1681), conspirator, son of Sir Edward Fitz-
harris, was born in Ireland about 1648, and
bought up in the Roman catholic faith.
According to his own relation he left Ireland
for France in 1662 to learn the language,
returning home through England in 1665.
Three years later he went to Prague with
the intention of entering the service of the
emperor Leopold I in his operations against
Hungary, when, finding that the expedition
had been abandoned, he wandered through
Flanders to England again. He next ob-
tained a captain's commission in one of the
companies raised by Sir George Hamilton in
Ireland for Louis XIV, but on being dis-
charged from his command soon after land-
ing in France, he went to Paris, ' and, having
but little money, he lived there difficultly
about a year.' Returning to England in
October 1672 he received, in the following
February, the lieutenancy of Captain Syden-
ham's company in the Duke of Albemarle's
regiment, which he was forced to resign on
the passing of the Test Act in 1673. For
the next eight years he was busily intriguing
with influential Roman catholics, among
others with the Duchess of Portsmouth. At
length in February 1681 he wrote a libel,
* The True Englishman speaking plain Eng-
lish in a Letter from a Friend to a Friend '
(COBBETT, Parl. Hist. vol. iv., Appendix, No.
xiii.), in which he advocated the deposition
of the king and the exclusion of the Duke
of York. He possibly intended to place this
in the house of some whig, and then, by dis-
covering it himself, earn the wages of an in-
former. He was betrayed by an accomplice,
Edmond Everard, and sent first to Newgate
and afterwards to the Tower, where he pre-
tended he could discover the secret of Sir
Edmondbury Godfrey's murder. Eventually
he succeeded in implicating Danby. Fitz-

harris was impeached by the commons of
high treason, not to destroy but to serve him
in opposition to the court. His impeachment
brought into discussion an important ques-
tion of constitutional law. The lords having
voted for a trial at common law, the com-
mons declared this to be a denial of justice.
Parliament, however, was suddenly dissolved
after eight days' session on 28 March, pro-
bably to avoid a threatened collision between
the two houses; others, according to Lut-
trell, thought that the court feared that
Fitzharris might be driven by the impeach-
ment to awkward disclosures (Relation of
State Affairs, 1857, i. 72). He had had, in
fact, more than one interview with the king
through the Duchess of Portsmouth (BURNET,
Own Time, Oxford edition, ii. 280-1). The
dissolution decided his fate. He was tried
before the king's bench in Easter term, and
entered a plea against the jurisdiction of the
court on the ground that proceedings were
pending against him before the lords. This
plea was ruled to be insufficient, and Fitz-
harris was proceeded against at common law,
9 June 1681, and convicted. His wife, daugh-
ter of William Finch, commander in the
navy, exhibited wonderful courage and re-
source on his behalf. At his request Burnet
afterwards visited him, and soon satisfied
himself that no reliance whatever could be
placed on his testimony. Francis Hawkins,
chaplain of the Tower, then took him in
hand in the interests of the court, and, by
insinuating that his life might yet be spared,
persuaded him to draw up a pretended con-
fession, in which Lord Howard of Escrick,
who had befriended Fitzharris, was made the
author of the libel, while Sir Robert Clayton
[q. v.] and Sir George Treby, before whom
his preliminary examination had been con-
ducted, together with the sheriffs, Slingsby
Bethel [q. v.] and Henry Cornish [q. v.], were
severally charged with subornation. 'Yet
at the same time he writ letters to his wife,
who was not then admitted to him, which I
saw and read,' says Burnet, ' in which he
told her how he was practised upon with
the hopes of life ' (ib. ii. 282). Fitzharris
was executed on 1 July 1681, the concocted
confession appeared the very next day, and
Hawkins was rewarded for his pains with
the deanery of Chichester. The justices and
sheriffs in their reply, ' Truth Vindicated,'
had little difficulty in proving the so-called
' confession ' to be a tissue of falsehoods. The
indictment against Lord Howard of Escrick
was withdrawn, as the grand jury_ refused
to believe the evidence of the two witnesses,
Mrs. Fitzharris and her maidservant. The
court, fearful of further exposures, persuaded

M2

Fitzhenry

164

Fitzhenry

Mrs. Fitzharris to give up her husband's
letters under promise of a pension ; ' but so
many had seen them before that, that this
base practice turned much to the reproach
of all their proceedings ' (BURNET, ut supra).
Jn 1689 Sir John Hawles, solicitor-general
to William III, published some ' Remarks '
on Fitzharris's trial, which he condemns as
being as illegal as it was odious. During
the same year the commons recommended
Mrs. Fitzharris and her three children to the
bountiful consideration of the king (Com-
mons' Journals, 15 June 1689).

[Cobbett's State Trials, viii. 223-446 ; Cobbett's
Parl. Hist. vol. iv. col. 1314, Appendix No. xiii. ;
Burnet's Own Time, Oxford edit. ii. 271, 278,
280; Luttrell's Eolation of State Affairs, 1857,
vol. i. ; Keresby's Diary; North's Examen ;
Eachard's Hist, of England, pp. 1010, 1011;
Hallam's Const. Hist. 8th edit. ii. 446; Macpher-
son's Hist, of Great Britain, vol. i.ch. v.pp. 341-3;
Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 303.] G-. GK

FITZHENRY, MEILER (d. 1220), jus-
ticiar of Ireland, was the son of Henry, the
bastard son of King Henry I, by Nesta, the
wife of Gerald of Windsor, and the daughter
of Rhys ab Tewdwr, king of South Wales
(GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS, Itinerarium Kam-
brifs, in Opera, vi. 130, Rolls Ser. ; cf. An-
nales Cambria, p. 47, and Brut y Tywyso-
gion, p. 189). He was thus the first cousin of
Henry II, and related to the noblest Norman
and native families of South Wales. Robert
Fitzstephen [q. v.], Maurice Fitzgerald (d.
1176) [q. v.], and David II [q. v.], bishop
of St. David's, were his half-brothers. Ray-
mond le Gros [see FITZGERALD, RAYMOND] and
Giraldus Cambrensis were among his cousins.
In 1157 his father Henry was slain during
Henry II's campaign in Wales, when Robert
Fitzstephen so narrowly escaped (GIRALDFS,
Opera, vi. 130). Meiler, then quite young,
now succeeded to his father's possessions of
Narberth and Pebidiog, the central and north-
eastern (ib. i. 59) parts of the modern Pem-
brokeshire. In 1169 he accompanied his uncle
Fitzstephen on his first expedition to Ireland.
He first distinguished himself in the invasion
of Ossory along with his cousin Robert de
Barry, brother of Giraldus (GIRALDUS, Ex-
pugnatio Hibernica, in Opera, v. 234-5). The
French poet (REG AN, p. 37) fully corroborates
as regards Meiler. If the partial testimony
of their kinsman is to be credited, Robert
and Meiler were always first in every daring
exploit. In 1173 the return of Strongbow
to England threw all Ireland into revolt
Meiler was then in garrison at Waterford,anc
made a rash sortie against the Irish. He pur-
sued them into their impenetrable woods anc
was surrounded. But he cut a way through

hem with his sword, and arrived safely at
Waterford with three Irish axes in his horse
and two on his shield (ib. pp. 309-10). In 1174
ie returned with Raymond to Wales,but when
Strongbow brought Raymond back Meiler
jame with him and received as a reward the-
more distant cantred of Offaly' (Carbury ba-
rony, co. Kildare) (ib. p. 314, and Mr. Dimock's
note). In October 1175 he accompanied Ray-
mond in his expedition against Limerick, was
s second to swim over the Shannon, and
with his cousin David stood the attack of the1
whole Irish host until the rest of the army had
crossed over (cf. Exp. Hib. and REGAN, p. 162
sq.) He was one of the brilliant band of
Geraldines who under Raymond met the
new governor, William Fitzaldhelm [q. v.],,
at Waterford, and at once incurred his jealous
iatred (Exp. Hib. p. 335). Hugh de Lacy,
the next justiciar, took away Meiler's Kildare-
estate, but gave him Leix in exchange. This
was in a still wilder, and therefore, as Giral-
dus thought, a more appropriate district than,
even the march of Offaly for so thorough
border chieftain (ib. pp. 355-6). In 1182'
Lacy again became justice and built a castle
on Meiler's Leix estate at ' Tahmeho,' and?
gave him his niece as a wife. It seems pro-
bable that Meiler had already been mar-
ried, but he hitherto had no legitimate chil-
dren (ib. p. 345). This childlessness was
in Giraldus's opinion God's punishment to»
him for the want of respect to the church.
Giraldus gives us a vivid picture of his-
cousin in his youth. He was a dark manr
with black stern eyes and keen face. In.
stature he was somewhat short, but he was
very strong, with a square chest, thin flanks^,
bony arms and legs, and a sinewy rather
than fleshy body. He was high-spirited,,
proud, and brave to rashness. He was al-
ways anxious to excel, but more anxious to
seem brave than really to be so. His only-
serious defect was his want of reverence to
the church (ib. pp. 235, 324-5).

In June 1200 Meiler was in attendance on
King John in Normandy ( Chart. 2 John, m. 29,
summarised in SWEETMAN, Cal. Doc. Ireland,
1171-1251, No. 122), and on 28 Oct. of that
year received a grant of two cantreds in Kerry,
and one in Cork (Chart. 2 John, m. 22, Cal.
No. 124). About the same time he was ap-
pointed to ' the care and custody of all Ireland r
as chief justiciar, the king reserving to him-
self pleas touching the crown, the mint, and
the exchange (Chart. 2 John, m. 28 dors., Cal.
No. 133). During his six years' government
Meiler had to contend against very great diffi-
culties, including the factiousness of the Nor-
man nobles. John de Courci [q. v.], the con-
queror of Ulster, was a constant source csff

Fitzhenry

165

Fitzhenry

trouble to him (Pat. 6 John, m. 9, Cat. No.
524). The establishment of Hugh de Lacy
as Earl of Ulster (29 May 1205) was a great
triumph for Fitzhenry. Before long, however,
war broke out between Lacy and Fitzhenry
{Four Masters, iii. 155). Another lawless
Norman noble was William de Burgh [see
Hinder FiTZALDHELM,WiLLiAM],who was now
•engaged in the conquest of Connaught. But
while De Burgh was devastating that region,
Fitzhenry and his assessor, Walter de Lacy,
led a host into De Burgh's Munster estates
(1203, Annals of Loch Ce, i. 229, 231). De
Burgh lost his estates, though on appeal to
King John he ultimately recovered them all,
except those in Connaught (Pat. 6 John, m. 8,
Cal. No. 230). Fitzhenry had similar troubles
with Richard Tirel (Pat. 5 John, m. 4, Cal.
No. 196) and other nobles. Walter de Lacy,
at one time his chief colleague, quarrelled
with him in 1206 about the baronies of Lime-
rick (Pat. 8 John, m. 2, Cal. No. 315). In
1204 he was directed by the king to build a
•castle in Dublin to serve as a court of justice
,as well as a means of defence. He was also
to compel the citizens of Dublin to fortify
the city itself (Close, 6 John, m. 18, Cal. No.
.226). Fitzhenry continued to hold the jus-
ticiarship until 1208. The last writ addressed
to him in that capacity is dated 19 June 1208
{Pat. 10 John, m. 5). Mr. Gilbert ( Viceroys,
p. 59) says that he was superseded between
1203 and 1205 by Hugh de Lacy, but many
writs are addressed to him as justiciary during
these years (Cal. Doc. Ireland, pp. 31-44
passim). On several occasions assessors or
counsellors were associated with him in his
work, and he was directed to do nothing of
exceptional importance without their advice
(e.g. Hugh de Lacy in 1205, Close, 5 John,
m. 22, Cal. No. 268).

Fitzhenry remained one of the most power-
ful of Irish barons, even after he ceased to be
justiciar. About 1212 his name appears im-
mediately after that of William Marshall in
the spirited protest of the Irish barons against
the threatened deposition of John by the pope,
and the declaration of their willingness to live
and die for the king (Cal. Doc. Ireland, No.
448). Several gifts from the king marked
John's appreciation of his administration of
Ireland (ib. No. 398). But it was not till
August 1219 that all the expenses incurred
•during his viceroy alty were defrayed from the
exchequer (ib. No. 887). He must by that
date have been a very old man. Already in
1216 it was thought likely that he would die,
or at least retire from the world into a mo-
nastery (ib. No. 691). There is no reference
to his acts after 1219, and he died in 1220
(CLYN, Ann. Hib. p. 8). He had long ago

atoned for his early want of piety by the foun-
dation in 1202 ('Annals of Ireland' in Chart.
St. Mary's, ii. 308 ; DFGDALE, Monasticon,
vi. 1138) of the abbey of Connall in county
Kildare, which he handed over to the Austin
canons of Llanthony, near Gloucester. This
he endowed with large estates, with all the
churches and benefices in his Irish lands, with
a tenth of his household expenses, rents, and
produce (Chart. 7 John, m. 7, Cal. No. 273).
He was buried in the chapter-house at Con-
nall (Ann. Ireland, ii. 314). He had by the
niece of Hugh de Lacy a son named Meiler,
who in 1206 was old enough to dispossess
William de Braose of Limerick ( Close, 8 John,
m. 3, Cal. No. 310), and whose forays into
Tyrconnell had already spread devastation
among the Irish (Annals of Loch Ce,\. 231).
The brother of the elder Meiler, Robert Fitz-
henry, died about 1180 (Exp. Hib. p. 354).

[G-iraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hibernica,
in Opera, vol. v. (Eolls Ser.) ; The Anglo-Norman
Poem on the Conquest of Ireland, wrongly at-
tributed to Regan, ed. Michel; the Patent, Close,
Charter, Liberate, and other Rolls for the reign
of John, printed by the Record Commissioners,
and summarised, not always with quite the neces-
sary precision, in Sweetman's Calendar of Docu-
ments relating to Ireland, 1171-1251; Chartu-
laries, &c., of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin (Rolls
Ser.) ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland is not in this
part always quite accurate ; Annals of Loch Ce,
vol. i. (Rolls Ser.)] T. F. T.

FITZHENRY, MRS. (d. 1790 ?), actress,
was the daughter of an Irishman named
Flanni^an, who kept the old Ferry Boat
tavern, Abbey Street, Dublin. She contri-
buted by her needle to the support of her
father, and married a lodger in his house, a
Captain Gregory, commander of a vessel en-
gaged in the trade between Dublin and Bor-
deaux. After the death, by drowning, of her
husband, followed by that of her father, she
proceeded to London in 1753 and appeared
at Covent Garden 10 Jan. 1754 as Mrs. Gre-
gory, ' her first appearance upon any stage/
playing Hermione in the ' Distressed Mother/
Alicia in ' Jane Shore ' followed, 23 March
1754. Her Irish accent impeded her success,
and at the end of the season she went, at a
salary of 300/., soon raised to 400/., to Smock
Alley Theatre, Dublin, under Sowdon and
Victor, where she appeared ( ? 3 Jan. 1755)
as Hermione, and played (14 March 1755)
Zara in the ' Mourning Bride,' Zaphira in
* Barbarossa ' (2 Feb. 1756), and Volumnia in
' Coriolanus.' These representations gained
her high reputation. On 5 Jan. 1757 she re-
appeared at Covent Garden as Hermione, and
added to her repertory Calista in the * Fair
Penitent/ and for her benefit Lady Macbeth.

Fitzherbert

166

Fitzherbert

About this time she married Fitzhenry, a
lawyer, by whom she had a son and a daugh-
ter. He also predeceased her. She reap-
peared at Smock Alley in October 1757 as
Mrs. Fitzhenry in Calista. At one or other
of the Dublin theatres, between 1759 and

1764, she played Isabella in 'Measure for
Measure,' Emilia in ' Othello,' Cleopatra in
< All for Love,' the Queen in ' Hamlet ' (then
held to be a character of primary importance),
Mandane in the ' Orphan of China,' Queen
Katharine, and other parts. On 15 Oct.

1765, as Calista, she made her first appear-
ance at Drury Lane, and added to her cha-
racters, 9 April 1766, Roxana in the l Rival
Queens.' Returning to Dublin she played at
Smock Alley or Crow Street theatres, both
for a time under the management of Mossop,
the Countess of Salisbury and Aspasia in
* Tamerlane.' Her last recorded appearance
was at Smock Alley 1773-4 as Mrs. Belle-
ville in the ' School for Wives.' Not long
after this she retired with a competency and
lived with her two children. She returned
to the stage, Genest supposes, on no very
strong evidence, about 1782-3, and acted suc-
cessfully many of her old parts. She then
finally retired, and is said to have died at Bath
in 1790. The date and place are doubted by
Genest, a resident in Bath, who thinks there
is a confusion between her and Mrs. Fitz-
maurice, who died in Bath about this epoch.
The monthly obituary of the ' European Maga-
zine ' for November and December 1790 says :
'11 Dec. Lately in Ireland, Mrs. Fitzhenry,
a celebrated actress.' Mrs. Fitzhenry was
an excellent actress. She lacked, however,
the personal beauty of Mrs. Yates, to whom
she was opposed by the Dublin managers,
and was in consequence treated with much
discourtesy and cruelty in Dublin. Her
acting was original, and her character blame-
less. She was prudent, and it may almost be
said sharp, in pecuniary affairs.

[The chief authority for the life of Mrs. Fitz-
henry is the Thespian Dictionary, a not very
trustworthy production. Other works from which
information has been derived are Genest's Ac-
count of the English Stage ; Hitchcock's View
of the Irish Stage ; Tate Wilkinson's Memoirs ;
Notes and Queries, 7th ser. v. 372. A notice in
Gilliland's Dramatic Mirror is copied from the
Thespian Dictionary.] J. K.

FITZHEKBERT, ALLEYNE, BARON
ST. HELENS (1753-1839), was fifth and
youngest son of William Fitzherbert of Tis-
sington in Derbyshire, who married Mary,
eldest daughter of Littleton Poyntz Mey-
nell of Bradley, near Ashbourne, in the same
county. His father, who was member for the
borough of Derby and a commissioner of the

Doard of trade, committed suicide on 2 Jan.
L772 through pecuniary trouble. He was-
numbered among the friends of Dr. Johnson,
who bore witness to his felicity of manner
and his general popularity, but depreciated
the extent of his learning. Of his mother
the same authority is reported to have said
that she had the best understanding he ever
met with in any human being.' Alleyne,
who inherited his baptismal name from his
maternal grandmother, Judith, daughter of
Thomas Alleyne of Barbadoes, was born in
1753, and received his school education at
Derby and Eton. In July 1770 he matri-
culated as pensioner at St. John's College,
Cambridge, his private tutor being the Rev.
William Arnald, and in the following Octo-
ber Gray wrote to Mason that ' the little
Fitzherbert is come as pensioner to St. John's,
and seems to have all his wits about him/
Gray, attended by several of his friends, paid
a visit to the young undergraduate in his col-
lege rooms, and as the poet rarely went out-
side his own college, his presence attracted
great attention, and the details of the in-
terview were afterwards communicated to
Samuel Rogers, and printed by Mitford. Fitz-
herbert took his degree of B. A. in 1774, being
second of the senior optimes in the mathe-
matical tripos, and he was also the senior
chancellor's medallist. Soon afterwards he
went on a tour through France and Italy,
and when abroad was presented to one of the
university's travelling scholarships. In Febru-
ary 1777 he began a long course of foreign life
with the' appointment of minister at Brussels,
and this necessitated his taking the degree of
M.A. in that year by proxy. He remained at
Brussels until August 1782, when he was des-
patched to Paris by Lord Shelburne as pleni-
potentiary to negotiate a peace with the crowns
of France and Spain, and with the States-
General of the United Provinces ; and on
20 Jan. 1783 the preliminaries of peace with
the first two powers were duly signed. The
peace with the American colonies, which was
agreed to at about the same date, was not
brought to a conclusion under Fitzherbert's
charge, but he claimed to have taken a lead-
ing share in the previous negotiations which
rendered it possible. This successful diplo-
macy led to his promotion in the summer of
1783 to the post of envoy extraordinary to
the Empress Catherine of Russia, and he ac-
companied her in her tour round the Crimea
in 1787. His conversation was always at-
tractive, and among his best stories were his
anecdotes of the empress and her court, some
of which are preserved in Dyce's * Recollec-
tions of Samuel Rogers' (pp. 104-5). At
the close of 1787 he returned to England to

Fitzherbert

167

Fitzherbert

accompany the Marquis of Buckingham, the
newly appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland,
as his chief secretary, and he was in conse-
quence sworn a member of the privy council
(30 Nov.) His health was bad, and the
first Lord Minto wrote to his wife (9 Dec.
1787) that Fitzherbert was going to Ire-
land * with the greatest danger to his life, his
health being very bad in itself, and such as
the business and vexation he is going to must
make much worse.' In spite of these gloomy
prognostications he continued to hold the
post until March 1789, when he resigned the
secretaryship, and was sent to the Hague as
envoy extraordinary, ' with the pay of am-
bassador in ordinary, in all about 4,000/.' a
year. At this time his reputation had reached
its highest point, and Fox described him as
* a man of parts and of infinite zeal and in-
dustry/ but as years went on his powers of
application for the minor duties of his offices
seem to have flagged. One hostile critic com-
plained in 1793 that his letters were left un-
answered by Fitzherbert, and in the follow-
ing year he was described by the first Lord
Malmesbury as ' very friendly, but insouciant
as to business and not attentive enough for
his post.' In more important matters he acted
with promptness and energy. When differ-
ences broke out between Great Britain and
Spain respecting the right of British subjects
to trade at Nootka Sound and to carry on the
southern whale fishery, he was despatched to
Madrid (May 1791) as ambassador extraor-
dinary, and under his care all disputes were
settled in the succeeding October, for which
services he was raised to the Irish peerage
with the title of Baron St. Helens. A treaty
of alliance between Great Britain. and Spain
was concluded by him in 1793, but as the
climate of that country did not agree with
his health he returned home early in 1794.
Very shortly after his landing in England
St. Helens was appointed to the ambassa-
dorship at the Hague (25 March 1794),
where he remained until the French con-
quered the country, when the danger of his
situation caused much anxiety to his friends.
A year or two later a great misfortune hap-
pened to him. On 16 July 1797 his house,
containing everythinghe possessed, was burnt
to the ground, and he himself narrowly es-
caped a premature death. * He has lost,'
wrote Lord Minto, ' every scrap of paper he
ever had. Conceive how inconsolable that
loss must be to one who has lived his life.
All his books, many fine pictures, prints and
drawings in great abundance, are all gone.'
His last foreign mission was to St. Peters-
burg in April 1801 to congratulate the Em-
peror Alexander on his accession to the throne,

and to arrange a treaty between England and
Russia. The terms of the agreement were
quickly settled, and on its completion he was
promoted to the peerage of the United King-
dom. In the next September he attended the
coronation of Alexander in Moscow, and ar-
ranged a convention with the Danish pleni-
potentiary, which was followed in March
1802 by a similar settlement with Sweden.
This completed his services abroad, and on
5 April 1803 he retired from diplomatic life
with a pension of 2,300/. a year. When
Addington was forced to resign the premier-
ship, St. Helens, who was much attached
to George III, and was admitted to more
intimate friendship with that king and his
wife than any other of the courtiers, was
created a lord of the bedchamber (May 1804),
and the appointment is said to have been
made against Pitt's wishes. He declared
that he could not live out of London, and he
therefore dwelt in Grafton Street all the year
round. His consummate prudence and his
quiet, polished manners are the theme of
Wraxali's praise. Rogers and Jeremy Bent-
ham were included in the list of his friends.
To Rogers he presented in his last illness
Pope's own copy of Garth's 'Dispensary,' with
Pope's manuscript annotations. Bentham
had been presented to St. Helens by his elder
brother, sometime member for Derbyshire,
and many letters to and from him on sub-
jects of political interest are in Bentham's
works. Two letters from him to Croker on
Wraxall's anecdotes are in the ' Croker Papers '
(ii. 294-7), and a letter to him from the first
Lord Malmesbury is printed in the latter's
diaries. St. Helens died in Grafton Street,
London, on 19 Feb. 1839, and was buried
in the Harrow Road cemetery on 26 Feb.
As he was never married, the title became
extinct, and his property passed to his nephew,
Sir Henry Fitzherbert. From 1805 to 1837
he had been a trustee of the British Museum,
and at the time of his death he was the senior
member of the privy council.

SIK WILLIAM FITZHERBEKT (1748-1791),
gentleman-usher to George III, born 27 May
1748, was Lord St. Helens's eldest brother,
and was educated at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, receiving the degree of M.A.j9er literal
regias in 1770. He was called to the bar and
became recorder of Derby. After serving as
gentleman-usher to the king, he was promoted
to be gentleman-usher in extraordinary, and
was created a baronet in recognition of his
services 22 Jan. 1784. He resigned his post
at court soon afterwards in consequence of a
personal quarrel with the Marquis of Salis-
bury (lord chamberlain). He died 30 July
1791 at his house at Tissington, which he had

Fitzherbert

168

Fitzherbert

inherited from his father in 1772. He was
author of ' A Dialogue on the Revenue Laws/
and of a collection of moral ' Maxims.' He
is also credited with an anonymous pamphlet
'On the Knights made in 1778.' By his wife
Sarah, daughter of William Perrin, esq., of
Jamaica, whom he married 14 Oct. 1777,
he was father of two sons, Anthony (1779-
1798) and Henry (1783-1858), who were re-
spectively second and third baronets.

[Gray's Works (ed. 1884), in. 384-5 ; Hill's
Boswell, i. 82-3 ; Hutton's Bland-Burges Papers,
pp. 141-5, 189-90, 243, 250-1 ; Collins's Peer-
age (Brydges's ed.), ix. 156-7; Lord Minto's
Life and Letters, i. 175, 295, ii. 413-14, iii. 341 ;
Wraxall's Posthumous Memoirs (od. 1884), v.
35; Lord Malmesbury's Diaries, i. 504-5, ii.
38-9, iii. 98, 199, 223-5 ; Bentham's Works,
x. 261-2, 305-6, 319-20, 362, 429-31, xi. 118-
1 20 ; Mary Frampton's Journal, p. 83 ; Gent. Mag.
1791 pt. ii. 777-8, April 1839 pp. 429-30, De-
cember 1839 p. 669; Catalogue of Cambridge
Graduates ; Burke's and Foster's Baronetages.]

W. P. C.

FITZHERBERT, SIB ANTHONY

(1470-1538), judge, sixth son of Ralph Fitz-
herbert of Norbury, Derbyshire, by Eliza-
beth, daughter of John Marshall of Upton,
Leicestershire, was a member of Gray's Inn.
Wood states that he * laid a foundation of
learning ' in Oxford, but gives no authority.
The date of his entering Gray's Inn and of his
call to the bar are unknown. His shield, how-
ever, was emblazoned on the bay window of
the hall not later than 1580, where it was still
to be seen in 1671, but from which it has since
disappeared ; and he is included in a list of
Gray's Inn readers compiled in the seven-
teenth century from authentic materials by
Sir William Segar, Garter king of arms, and
keeper of Gray's Inn library (DOTJTHWAITE,
Gray's Inn, p. 46). On 18 Nov. 1510 he was
called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, and
on 24 Nov. 1516 he was appointed king's
Serjeant. About 1521-2 he was raised to
the bench as a justice of the court of common
pleas and knighted (DUGDALE, Chron, Ser.
pp. 79, 80, 81 ; Letters and Papers, For. and
Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iii.
pt. ii. p. 889). In April 1524 he was com-
missioned to go to Ireland with Sir Ralph
Egerton, and Dr. James Denton, dean of Lich-
field, to attempt the pacification of the coun-
try. The commissioners arrived about mid-
summer, and arranged a treaty between the
deputy, the Earl of Ormonde, and the Earl
of Kildare (concluded 28 July 1524), where-
by, after making many professions of amity,
they agreed to refer all future differences to
arbitration, the final decision, in the event of
the arbitrators disagreeing, to rest with the

lord chancellor of England and the privy
council, Kildare in the meantime making
various substantial concessions. The com-
missioners left Ireland in • September. On
their return they received the hearty thanks
of the king. During the next few years Fitz-
herbert's history is all but a blank. There is,
however, extant a letter from him to Wolsey
dated at Carlisle, 30 March 1525, describing
the state of the country as very disturbed,
and hinting that it was the ' sinister policy '
of Lord Dacre to make and keep it so (State
Papers, ii. 104-8 ; Letters and Papers, For.
and Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol.
iv. pt. i. pp. 244, 352, 534; HALL, Chron.
1809, p. 685).

On 11 June 1529 Fitzherbert was one of
the commissioners appointed to hear causes in
chancery in place of the chancellor, Wolsey
(RYMER, Feeder a, xiv. 299). On 1 Dec. fol-
lowing he signed the articles of impeachment
exhibited against Wolsey, one of them being
to the effect that l certain bills for extortion
of ordinaries ' having been found before Fitz-
herbert, Wolsey had the indictments removed
into the chancery by certiorari, ' and rebuked
the same Fitzherbert for the same cause.'
On 1 June 1533 he was present at the coro-
nation of Anne Boleyn. In 1534 he was with
the council at Ludlow (CoBBETT, State Trials,
i. 377 ; Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. of
the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iv.pt. iii. p. 272,
vi. 263, vii. 545, 581). He was one of the
commission that (29 April 1535) tried the
Carthusians, Robert Feron, John Hale, and
others, for high treason under the statute
25 Hen. VIII, c. 22, the offence consisting in
having met and conversed too freely about
the king's marriage. He was also a member
of the tribunals that tried Fisher and More
in the following June and July. He appears
as one of the witnesses to the deed dated
5 April 1537, by which the abbot of Fur-
ness surrendered his monastery to the king
(Letters relating to the Suppression of Monas-
teries, Camd. Soc. p. 154). He died on 27 May
1538, and was buried in the parish church of
Norbury.

Fitzherbert married twice : first, Dorothy,
daughter of Sir Henry Willoughby of Wol-
laton, Nottinghamshire; second, Matilda,
daughter and heir of Richard Cotton of Ham-
stall Ridware, Staffordshire. He had no chil-
dren by his first wife, but several by his second
[cf. FITZHERBERT, NICHOLAS and THOMAS].
The manor of Norbury is still in the possession
of his posterity. The family has been settled
at Norbury since 1125, when William, prior
of Tutbury, granted the manor to William
Fitzherbert. Though he never attained the
position of chief justice, Fitzherbert possessed

Fitzherbert

169

Fitzherbert

a profound knowledge of English law com-
bined with a strong logical faculty and re-
markable power of lucid exposition His
•earliest and greatest work, ' La Graunde
Abridgement,' first printed in 1514, is a digest
of the year-books arranged under appropriate
titles in alphabetical order ; it is also more
than this, as some cases are there mentioned
which are not to be found in the year-books,
but which have nevertheless been accepted
as authorities in the courts. Coke (Rep. PL
pref.) describes it as ' painfully and elaborately
collected,' and it has always borne a very
high character for accuracy. It was the prin-
cipal source from which Sir William Staun-
forde [q. v.] derived the material for his ' Ex-
position of the King's Prerogative,' London,
1557, 4to, and is frequently cited by Richard
Bellew [q. v.] in * Les Ans du Roy Richard
le Second.' Besides the first edition, which
seems to have been printed by Pinson, an
edition appeared in 1516, of which fine speci-
mens are preserved in the British Museum
and Lincoln's Inn. The work is without
printer's name or any indication of the place
of publication, but is usually ascribed toWyn-
kyn de Worde, whose frontispiece is found in
the second and third volumes. A summary by
John Rastell, entitled ' Tabula libri magni ab-
breviamenti librorum legum Anglorum,'was
published in London in 1517, fol.; reprinted
under a French title in 1567, 4to. The ori-
ginal work was reprinted by Tottel in 1565,
and again in 1573, 1577, and 1786, fol. Though
not absolutely the earliest work of the kind,
for Statham's abridgment seems to have had
slightly the start of it, Fitzherbert's was em-
phatically the ' grand abridgment,' the first
serious attempt to reduce the entire law to
systematic shape. As such it served as a
model to later writers, such as Sir Robert
Broke or Brooke [q. v.], whose ' Graunde
Abridgement ' is indeed merely a revision of
Fitzherbert's with additional cases, and Henry
Rolle [q. v.], chief justice of the king's bench
in 1048, whose ' Abridgement des Plusieurs
Cases et Resolutions del commun Ley,' pub-
lished 1668, was designed rather as a supple-
ment to Fitzherbert and Brooke than as an
exhaustive work (Preface, § 4). Two works
addressed to the landed interest are also at-
tributed to Fitzherbert, viz. : (1) ' The Boke
of Husbandrie,' London (Berthelet), 1523,
1532, 1534, 1548, 8vo ; (Walle) 1555, 8vo ;
(Marshe) 1560, 8vo ; (Awdeley) 1562, 16mo ;
(White) 1598, 4to. (2) ' The Boke of Sur-
vey inge and Improvements,' London (Berthe-
let), 1523, 1539, 1546, 1567, 8vo ; (Marshe)
1587, 16mo. ' The Boke of Husbandrie ' is a
manual for the farmer of the most practical
kind. 'The Boke of Surveyinge and Im-

provements ' is an exposition of the law re-
lating to manors as regards the relation of
landlord and tenant, with observations on
their respective moral rights and duties and
the best ways of developing an estate. It
purports to be based on the statute ' Extenta
Manerii,' now classed as of uncertain date,
but formerly referred to the fourth year of
Edward I. This is important, because we
know that Fitzherbert selected that statute
as the subject of his reading at Gray's Inn.
This book is therefore in all probability an
expansion of the reading. The authenticity
of the ' Boke of Husbandrie ' has been called
in question, and Sir Anthony's brother John
has been suggested as its probable author on
two grounds : (1) That Fitzherbert's profes-
sional engagements would not permit of his
acquiring the forty years' experience of agri-
culture which the author claims to possess ;
(2) that the author is described in the printer's
note, not as Sir Anthony, but as Master Fitz-
herbarde. The latter argument applies equally
to the ' Boke of Surveyinge,' which is also
stated to be the work of Master Fitzherbarde.
In the prologue to the latter treatise, how-
ever, the author distinctly claims the ' Boke
of Husbandrie ' as his own work. He says
that he has 'of late by experience' 'contrived,
compiled, and made a treatise ' for the benefit of
the* poor farmers and tenants and called it the
book of husbandry.' There seems no reason
to doubt that this claim was honestly made.
The argument from the designation ' Master '
is of no real weight. A clause in Arch-
bishop Wrarham's will (1530) provides that
all disputes as to the meaning of any of its
provisions shall be referred to the decision
of ' Magistri FitzHerbert unius justiciarii, &c.'
( Wills from Doctors' Commons, Camd. Soc.

?. 25), and Cromwell, writing to Norfolk on
5 July 1535, refers to Fitzherbert as ' Mr.
FitzHerberd.' Even less substantial, if pos-
sible, is the argument from the claim of forty
years' experience put forward by the author.
Considering how much of the legal year con-
sists of vacation, and how comparatively light
the pressure of legal business was until re-
cent times, there is nothing startling, much
less incredible, in the supposition that Fitz-
herbert during forty years found leisure to
exercise such general supervision over his
farm-bailiffs as would entitle him to say that
he had had practical experience of agriculture
during that period.

Other works by Fitzherbert are the fol-
lowing: 1. 'La Novelle Natura Brevium,'
a manual of procedure described by Coke
(Reports, pt. x. pref.) as an ' exact work ex-
quisitely penned,' London, 1534, 1537 ; (Tot-
tell), 1553 8vo, 1557 16mo, 1567 8vo, 1576

Fitzherbert

170

Fitzherbert

fol., 1567,1581, 1588,1598,1609, 1660, 8vo;
another edition in 4to appeared in 1635, an
English translation in 1652 (reprinted 1666),
8vo. The translation (with marginalia by Sir
"Wadham Wyndham, justice, and a commen-
tary by Sir Matthew Hale, chief justice of the
king's bench, 1660) was republished in 1635,
1652, 1718, 1730, 1755, 4to, and 1794, 8vo.

2. 'L'Office et Auctoritie de Justices de Peace,'
apparently first published by Tottell in the
original French in 1583, 8vo, with additions,
by R. Crompton, republished in 1593, 1606,
and 1617, 4to. An English translation had,
however, appeared in 1538, 8vo, which was
frequently reprinted under the title of l The
Newe Booke of Justices of Peas made by
A.F.Judge, lately translated out of Frenche
into English.' The last edition of the trans-
lation seems to have appeared in 1594.

3. 'L'Office de Viconts Bailiffes, Escheators,
Constables, Coroners,' London, 1538. This
treatise was translated and published in the
same volume with the translation of the
work on justices of the peace, in 1547, 12mo.
The original was also republished along with
the original of the latter work, by R. Cromp-
ton, in 1583. 4 ' A Treatise on the Diver-
sity of Courts,' a translation of which was
annexed by W. Hughes to his translation
of Andrew Home's 'Mirrour of Justices,'
London, 1646, 12mo. 5. ' The Reading on
the Stat. Extenta Manerii,' printed by Ber-
thelet in 1539.

[Bale's Script. Illustr. Maj. Brit. (Basel, 1557),
p. 710; Pits, De Rebus Anglicis (Paris, 1619),
p. 707 ; Fuller's "Worthies (Derbyshire) ; Wood's
Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 110 ; Biog. Brit. ; Foss's
Lives of the Judges ; Bridgman's Legal Biblio-
graphy; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Dibdin), ii. 210,
455, 506-8, iii. 287 »., 305 »., 328, 332, iv. 424,
431, 437, 446, 451, 534, 566; Marvin's Legal
Bibliogr. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Nichols's Leicester-
shire, iv. pt. ii. 853 ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser.
ii. 392, iii. 196, iv. 467.] J. M. K.

FITZHERBERT, MARIA ANNE
(1756-1837), wife of George IV, born in
July 1756, was the youngest daughter of
Walter Smythe, esq., of Brambridge, Hamp-
shire, second son of Mr. John Smythe of
Acton Burnell, Shropshire. Little is known
of her childhood beyond the fact that she
visited Paris, and was taken to see Louis XV
at dinner. When the king pulled a chicken
to pieces with his fingers she burst out laugh-
ing, upon which his majesty presented her
with a box of sugar-plums. She married in
1775 Edward Weld, esq., of Fulworth Castle,
Dorsetshire, who died in the same year. In
1778 his widow married Thomas Fitzherhert
of Swynnerton in Staffordshire, by whom she
was left a widow a second time in 1781.

Mrs. Fitzherbert, with a jointure of 2,000/. a
year, now took up her abode at Richmond,
where she soon became the centre of an ad-
miring circle. In 1785 she first saw the
Prince of Wales (born 1762). He fell, or
thought he fell, desperately in love with
her at first sight, and on one occasion pre-
tended to stab himself in despair. On this-
occasion she was induced to visit him at
Carlton House in company with the Duchess
of Devonshire, but soon after went abroad
to escape further solicitations. After re-
maining sometime in Holland and Germany,
she received an offer of marriage from the-
prince, which she is said to have accepted
with reluctance. They were married on
21 Dec. 1785 in her own drawing-room, by a
clergyman of the church of England, and in
the presence of her brother, Mr. John Smythe,
and her uncle, Mr. Errington. By the Mar-
riage Act of 1772 every marriage contracted
by a member of the royal family under twenty-
five years of age without the king's consent
was invalid ; and by the Act of Settlement
if the heir-apparent married a Roman catho-
lic he forfeited his right to the crown. It-
was argued, however, that a man could not
be said to marry when he merely went through
a ceremony which he knew to be invalid.
According to one account, repeated by Lord
Holland in his ' Memoirs of the Whig Party/
Mrs. Fitzherbert took the same view, said the
marriage was all nonsense, and knew well
enough that she was about to become the
prince's mistress. The story is discredited
by her well-known character, by the footing
on which she was always received by other
members of the royal family, and by the fact
that, even after the marriage of the prince
regent with Caroline of Brunswick, she was-
advised by her own church (Roman catholic)
that she might lawfully live with him. Nobody
seems to have thought the worse of her ; she
was received in the best society, and was
treated by the prince at all events as if she
was his wife.

In April 1787, on the occasion of the prince
applying to parliament for the payment of his
debts, Fox, in his place in the House of Com-
mons, formally denied that any marriage had
taken place. It is unknown to this day what
authority he had for this statement. Common
report asserted that 'a slip of paper' had
passed between the prince and his friend ; and
Lord Stanhope, in his ' History of England/
declares his unhesitating belief that Fox had
the best reasons for supposing the state-
ment to be true. The prince himself, how-
ever, affected to be highly indignant. The
next time he saw Mrs. Fitzherbert he went
up to her with the words, ' What do you

Fitzherbert

171

Fitzherbert

think, Maria ? Charles declared in the House
of Commons last night that you and I were
not man and wife.' As the prince was now
approaching the age at which he could make
a legal marriage, the curiosity of parliament
on the subject is perfectly intelligible. But
after a lame kind of explanation from Sheri-
dan, who tried to explain away Fox's state-
ment, without contradicting it, the subject
dropped, and the prince and the lady seem to
have lived happily together till the appear-
ance of the Princess Caroline [see CAROLINE,
AMELIA ELIZABETH, 1768-1821]. At the
trial of Warren Hastings in 1788 Mrs. Fitz-
herbert, then in the full bloom of womanly
beauty, attracted more attention than the
queen or the princesses. On the prince's
marriage (8 April 1795) to Caroline she
ceased for a time to live with him. But
being advised by her confessor, who had re-
ceived his instructions from Eome, that she
might do so without blame, she returned to
him ; and oddly enough gave a public break-
fast to all the fashionable world to celebrate
the event. She and the prince were in con-
stant pecuniary difficulties, and once on their
return from Brighton to London they had not
money enough to pay for the post-horses, and
were obliged to borrow of an old servant, yet
these, she used to say, were the happiest years
of her life. As years passed on, however, the
prince appears to have fallen 'under other
influences ; and at last at a dinner given to
Louis XVIII at Carlton House, in or about
1803, she received an affront which she could
not overlook, and parted from the prince for
ever. She was told that she had no fixed
place at the dinner-table, and must sit ' ac-
cording to her rank,' that is as plain Mrs.
Fitzherbert. She was not perhaps sorry for
the excuse to break off a connection which
the prince's new ties had already made irk-
some to her ; and resisting all further impor-
tunities she retired from court on an annuity
of 6,000/. a year, which, as she had no chil-
dren, was perhaps a sufficient maintenance.
She was probably the only woman to whom
George IV was ever sincerely attached. He
inquired for her in his last illness, and he
died with her portrait round his neck.

Mrs. Fitzherbert survived him seven years,
dying at Brighton on 29 March 1837. From
George III and Queen Charlotte, the Duke of
York, William IV, and Queen Adelaide she
had always experienced the greatest kind-
ness and attention, and seems never to have
been made to feel sensible of her equivocal
position. The true facts of the case were long
unknown to the public.

[In 1833 a box of papers was deposited with
Messrs. Coutts, under the seals of the Duke of

Wellington, Lord Albemarle, and a near connec-
tion of Mrs. Fitzherbert, Lord Stourton. Among
other documents the box contained the marriage
certificate, and a memorandum written by Mrs.
Fitzherbert, attached to a letter written by the
clergyman by whom the ceremony was per-
formed, from which, however, she herself had
torn off the signature, for fear it should com-
promise him. At her death she left full powers-
with her executors to use these papers as they
pleased for the vindication of her own character.
And on Lord Stourton's death in 1846 he as-
signed all his interest in and authority over
them to his brother, the Hon. Charles Langdale,
with a narrative drawn up by himself, from
which all that we know of her is derived. On
the appearance of Lord Holland's Memoirs of
the Whig Party in 1854, containing statements
very injurious to Mrs. Fitzherbert's reputation,
Mr. Langdale was anxious to avail himself of
the contents of the sealed box. But the surviving
trustees being unwilling to have the seals broken,
and thinking it better to let the whole story be
forgotten, Mr. Langdale made use of the narra-
tive entrusted to him to compose a Life of Mrs.
Fitzherbert, which was published in London early
in 1856, and is so far our only authority for
the facts above stated. In an article in the
Quarterly Review in 1854 a hope was expressed
that the contents of the box will soon be given
to the public ; but it has not at present been ful-
filled.] T. E. K

FITZHERBERT, NICHOLAS (1550-
1612), secretary to Cardinal Allen, second son
of John Fitzherbert of Padley, Derbyshire, by
the daughter of Edward Fleetwood of Vache,
was grandson of Sir Anthony Fitzherbert
[q. v/j, and first cousin to Thomas Fitzher-
bert [q. v.], the Jesuit. He became a student
in Exeter College, Oxford, and was ' exhibited
to by Sir Will. Petre, about 1568, but what
continuance he made there,' says Wood, i I
know not.' His name appears in the matri-
culation register as a member of Exeter Col-
lege in 1571 and 1572, he being then the
senior undergraduate of that college. About
that time he went abroad in order that he
might freely profess the catholic religion.
He matriculated in the university of Douay
during the rectorship of George Prielius
(Douay Diaries, p. 275). He studied the
civil law at Bologna, where he was residing
in 1580. During his absence from England
he was attainted of treason, 1 Jan. 1580, on
account of his zeal for the catholic cause, and
especially for his activity in raising funds for
the English College at Rheims. Afterwards
he settled in Rome, and received from Pope
Gregory XIII an allowance of ten golden
scudi a month. When Dr. Allen was raised
to the purple in 1587, Fitzherbert became his
secretary, and continued to reside in his house-

Fitzherbert

172

Fitzherbert

hold till the cardinal's death in 1594. He
strenuously opposed the policy adopted by
Father Parsons in reference to English ca-
tholic affairs. An instance of this is re-
corded in the diary of Roger Baynes, a for-
mer secretary to Cardinal Allen : ' Father
Parsons returned from Naples to Home,
S Oct. 1598. All the English in Rome came
to the College to hear his reasons against Mr.
Nicholas Fitzherbert,'

He never could be induced to take orders.
When a proposal was made to the see of
Rome in 1607 to send a bishop to England,
Fitzherbert was mentioned by Father Augus-
tine, prior of the English monks at Douay,
as a person worthy of a mitre. Fitzherbert,
however, deemed himself unworthy even of
the lowest ecclesiastical orders (DoDD, Church
Hist. ii. 159). While on a journey to Rome
he was accidentally drowned in an attempt
to ford a brook called La Pesa, a few miles
south of Florence, on 6 Nov. 1612. He was
buried in the Benedictine abbey at Florence.

His works are: 1. ' loannis Casse Gala-
thaevs, sive de Moribus, Liber Italicvs. A
Nicolao Fierberto Anglo-Latine expressvs,'
Rome, 1595, 8vo. Dedicated to Didacus de
Campo, chamberlain to Clement VIII. Re-
printed, together with the original Tuscan
'Trattato . . . cognominato Galateo ovvero
de' Costumi, colla Traduzione Latina a fronte
di Niccolo Fierberto,' Padua, 1728, 8vo.
2. l Oxoniensis in Anglia Academiae De-
scriptio,' Rome, 1602, 8vo, dedicated to Ber-
nardinus Paulinus, datary to Clement VIII.
Reprinted by Thomas Hearne in vol. ix. of
Leland's < Itinerary,' 1712. 3. ' De Anti^ui-
tate & Continuatione Catholicse Religionis in
Anglia, & de Alani cardinalis vita libellus,'
Rome, 1608 and 1638, 8vo, dedicated to Pope
Paul V. The biography was reprinted at
Antwerp, 1621, 8vo, and in Knox's ' Letters
and Memorials of Cardinal Allen,' 1882, pp.
3-20.

[Biog. Brit. iii. 1941 ; Boase's Eegister of
Exeter Coll. pp. 185, 208, 223 ; Dodd's Church
Hist. ii. 158; Foley's Records, ii. 229, 230;
Knox's Letters and Memorials of Card. Allen,
pp. 3, 190,201, 375, 465; Oliver's Jesuit Collec-
tions, p. 93 ; Pits, De Scriptoribus Anglise, p. 814 ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), vol. ii.] T. C.

FITZHERBERT, THOMAS (1552-
1640), Jesuit, was the eldest son and heir of
William Fitzherbert, esq., of Swynnerton,
Staffordshire, by Isabella, second 'daughter
and coheiress of Humphrey Swynnerton, esq.,
of Swynnerton. He was a grandson of Sir
Anthony Fitzherbert [q. v.], justice of the
common pleas. Born at Swynnerton in 1552,
he was sent either to Exeter or to Lincoln
College, Oxford, in 1568. Having openly de-

fended the catholic faith, he was obliged to live
in concealment for two years, and being at last
seized in 1572 he was imprisoned for recusancy.
After his release he found it prudent to remove
to London, where he was an active member
of the association of young men founded by
George Gilbert in 1580 for the assistance of
the Jesuits Parsons and Campion. In that
year he married Dorothy, the only daughter
of Edward East, esq., of Bledlow, Bucking-
hamshire. He retired with his wife to France
in 1582. There he was * a zealous solicitor'
in the cause of Mary Queen of Scots. After
the death of his wife, in 1588, he went to
Spain, where, on the recommendation of the
Duke of Feria, he received a pension from
the king. His name is repeatedly mentioned
in the letters and reports preserved among
our State Papers. When on a visit to Brussels
in 1595 he was charged before the state of
Flanders with holding a correspondence with
the English secretary of state, and with a de-
sign to set fire to the magazine at Mechlin,
but was extricated by the Duke of Feria.
In 1598 Fitzherbert and Father Richard Wai-
pole were charged with conspiring to poison
Queen Elizabeth. For this plot Edward Squire
was condemned and executed.

After a brief stay at Milan in the service of
the Duke of Feria, Fitzherbert proceeded to
Rome, where he was ordained priest 24 March
1601-2. For twelve years he acted as agent
at Rome for the English clergy. In 1606 he
made a private vow to enter the Society of
Jesus. In 1607, when the court of Rome
had some thoughts of sending a bishop to
England, Fitzherbert was on the list, with
three other candidates. He resigned the
office of agent for the clergy in consequence
of the remonstrance of the archpriest George
Birkhead [q. v.] and the rest of the body,
who appointed Dr. Richard Smith, bishop of
Chalcedon, to take his place. Dodd says
' they were induced to it by a jealousy of
some long standing. They had discovered
that Fitzherbert had constantly consulted
Father Parsons and the Jesuits in all matters
relating to the clergy, and that, too, contrary
to the express order lately directed to the
archpriest from Rome.'

In 1613 he carried into effect his vow to
enter the order of Jesuits, and in 1616 was
appointed superior of the English mission at
Brussels, an office which he filled for two
years. In 1618 he succeeded Father Thomas
Owen as rector of the English College at
Rome, and governed that establishment till
March 1639, when he was succeeded by Father
Thomas Leeds, alias Courtney. He died in
the college on 7 Aug. (O.S.) 1640, and was
buried in the chapel.

Fitzherbert

173

Fitzherbert

Wood says : l He was a person of excellent
parts, had a great command of his tongue and
pen, was a noted politician, a singular lover
of his countrymen, especially those who were
catholics, and of so graceful behaviour and
generous spirit that great endeavours were
used to have him created a cardinal some
years after Allen's death, and it might have
been easily effected, had he not stood in his
own way.'

His portrait was formerly in the English
College at Rome, and a copy of it by Munch
was in the sacristy at Wardour Castle.

His works are: 1. 'A Defence of the Ca-
tholycke Cause, contayning a Treatise of
sundry Untruthes and Slanders published by
the heretics, . . . by T. F. With an Apology of
his innocence in a fayned Conspiracy against
her Majesty's person, for the which one Ed-
ward Squyre was wrongfully condemned and
executed in November 1598,' St. Omer, 1602,
8vo. 2. ' A Treatise concerning Policy and
Religion, wherein the infirmitie of humane
wit is amply declared, . . . finally proving
that the Catholique Roman Religion only doth
make a happy Commonwealth,' 2 vols. or
parts, Douay, 1606-10, 4to, and 1615, 4to ;
3rd edit. London, 1696, 8vo. The work is
dedicated to the author's son, Edward Fitz-
herbert, who died on 25 Nov. 1612. Wood
says that a third part was published at Lon-
don in 1652, 4to. 3. 'An sit Utilitas in
Scelere : vel de Infelicitate Principis Mac-
chiavelliani, contra Macchiavellum et poli-
ticos ems sectatores,' Rome, 1610 and 1630,
8vo. This and the preceding work were
most favourably received both by catholics
and protestants. 4. A long preface to Father
Parson's ' Discussion of the Answer of M.
William Barlow, D.D., to the book entitled
" The Judgment of a Catholick Englishman
concerning the Oath of Allegiance," ' 1612.
6. ' A Supplement to the Discussion of M. D.
Barlow's Answer to the Judgment of a
Catholike Englishman,' &c., St. Omer, 1613,
4to, published under the initials F. T. 6. 'A
Confutation of certaine Absurdities, Falsi-
ties, and Follies, uttered by M. D. Andrews
in his Answer to Cardinall Bellarmine's Apo-
logy,' St. Omer, 1613, 4to, also published
under the initials F. T. Samuel Collins, D.D.,
replied to it in ' Epphata, to F. T., or a De-
fence of the Bishop of Ely [Lancelot An-
drewes] concerning his Answer to Cardinal
Bellarmine's Apology against the calumnies
of a scandalous pamphlet,' Cambridge, 1617,
4to. 7. < Of the Oath of Fidelity or Allegiance
against the Theological Disputations of Roger
Widdrington,' St. Omer, 1614, '4to. Wid-
drington (vere Thomas Preston) published
two replies to this work. 8. ' The Obmutesce

of F. T. to the Epphata of D. Collins ; or,
the Reply of F. T. to Dr. Collins his Defence-
of my Lord of Winchester's [Lancelot An-
drewes] Answere to Cardinal Bellarmine's
Apology,' St. Omer, 1621, 8vo. 9. < Life of
St. Francis Xavier,' Paris, 1632, 4to, trans-
lated from the Latin of Horatius Tursellinus.

[Addit. MS. 5815, if. 212, 213 b; Dr. John
Campbell, in Biog. Brit. ; Catholic Spectator
(1824), i. 171 ; Constable's Specimens of Amend-
ments to Dodd's Church Hist. pp. 202-12; De
Backer's Bibl. des ficrivains de la Compagnie
de Jesus; Dodd's Church Hist, ii. 410,491-6,
iii. 77 ; Erdeswick's Survey of Staffordshire,
p. 110; Foley's Eecords, ii. 198-233, vi. 762,
vii. 258 ; Gage's English- American, p. 208 ;
Grillow's Bibl. Diet, ; Intrigues of Romish Exiles,
pp. 31, 35; Morus, Hist. Missionis Anglic. Soc.
Jesu, p. 235 ; Morris's Condition of Catholics
under James I, p. ccxlii ; Oliver's Jesuit Collec-
tions, p. 92 ; Panzani's Memoirs, pp. 82, 83 ;
Pits, De Anglise Scriptoribus, p. 813 ; Southwell's
Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 762 ; Calendars of
State Papers ; Wadsworth's English-Spanish
Pilgrim, p. 65 ; Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss),
ii. 662.] T. C.

FITZHERBERT, WILLIAM (d. 1154),
archbishop of York and Saint, is also called
sometimes William of Thwayt (Chron. de
Melsa, i. 114, Rolls Ser.) and most commonly
SAINT WILLIAM OF YOEK. He was of noble
birth (WILLIAM OF NEWBUKGH, i. 55, Rolls
Ser.), and brought up in luxury (JOHN OF
HEXHAM, c. 274, in TWYSDEN), but of his
father Herbert very little is certainly known.
John of Hexham calls him Herbert of Win-
chester, and says that he had been treasurer
of Henry I. Hugh the Chanter (in RAINE,
Historians of the Church of York, ii. 223)
says Herbert was also chamberlain. Thomas
Stubbs (ib. p. 390) calls him the ' very-
strenuous Count Herbert,' and says that his
wife was Emma, the sister of King Stephen.
But of her nothing else is known (FKEEMAsr,,
Norman Conquest, v. 315), and her very exist-
ence depends on the trustworthiness of a
late authority. John of Hexham mentions
that William was a kinsman of Roger, king
of Sicily, but it is suspicious that no con-
temporary writer, even when speaking i»
some detail of William's dealings with Ste-
phen and his brother Henry of Winchester,
says a word of his relationship to the king.
One nephew of Stephen was almost elected
archbishop before him. Another nephew of
Stephen succeeded him as treasurer of York..
It is hardly probable that William was a
nephew of Stephen also.

Many of William's kinsfolk lived in York-
shire, and his elder brother Herbert held'
lands there, to which he apparently suc-
ceeded about 1140. William himself probably

Fitzherbert

174

Fitzherbert

became treasurer and canon of York before
1130, at latest before 1138 (DUGDALE, Man-
asticon, iv. 323-4, ed. Caley, £c.) In that
capacity lie accompanied Archbishop Thurs-
tan on his visitation of St. Mary's Abbey,
and witnessed his charter of foundation of
Fountains Abbey (WALBRAN, Memorials of
Fountains, i. 157). He also joined his brother
Herbert in conferring benefactions on the
Austin Priory of Nostell (Rot. 6%ar£.p.215).
Stephen made him one of his chaplains, and
granted him certain churches in the north
which he had hitherto held of his brother in
fee (Monasticon, vi. 1196).

On the death of Archbishop Thurstan (Fe-
bruary 1140) there were great disputes in the
chapter as to the choice of his successor.
"When the election of Henry de Coilli, King
Stephen's nephew, had been determined upon,
it was rendered ineffective by his refusal to
comply with the papal request to resign the
abbey of Fecamp on accepting the arch-
bishopric. At last, in January 1142, the
majority agreed to elect as their archbishop
"William the treasurer. Their choice was,
however, hardly unfettered ; for King Ste-
phen strongly pressed for his election, and
the presence of William, earl of Albemarle,
in the chapter-house to promote it doubt-
less stimulated their zeal ( JOHN OF HEXHAM,
c. 268 ; cf. GEKVASE, Op. Histor. i. 123, Rolls
Ser.) A minority persisted in voting for the
strict Cistercian, Henry Murdac of Fountains
(HovEDEtf, i. 198, Rolls Ser.), and the whole
of that famous order believed that bribes of
the treasurer had supplemented the com-
mands of the king. The archdeacon of York,
Osbert, called Walter of London in John of
Hexham and in the l Additions to Hugh the
Chanter ' (RAIKE, Historians of York, ii.
221), and other archdeacons hurried to the
king to complain of the election. They were
seized by Albemarle on their way and confined
in his castle of Bytham, Lincolnshire. Wil-
liam meanwhile was well received by Stephen
at Lincoln, and there received the restitution
of his temporalities. But he was unable to
obtain consecration from Archbishop Theo-
bald, and Henry, bishop of Winchester, the
legate, Stephen's brother, who was his friend,
could only direct him to go to Rome, where
Richard, abbot of Fountains, William, abbot
of Rievaulx, and his other enemies had already
appealed against his election as tainted by
simony and royal influence. A strong letter
of St. Bernard to Innocent II (S. BEKSTAKDI,
Omnia Opera, i. 316, ed. Mabillon; also
printed in WALBRAX, pp. 80-1), to the pope
that he had made, showed that the whole
influence of the Cistercian order was to be
directed against William. For a time Inno-

cent hesitated, but at last, in Lent 1143, he
decided that William might be consecrated
if William, dean of York, would swear that
the chapter received no royal commands from
Albemarle, and if the archbishop elect would
clear himself on oath from the charge of
bribery. These points were to be ascertained
in England, whither William arrived in Sep-
tember. The Dean of York, who had in the
meanwhile been made bishop of Durham,
was unable to attend in person the council
at Winchester, where the case was to be
settled ; but his agents gave the necessary
assurances, and William's innocence was so
clearly established that all clamoured for his
consecration. On 26 Sept. the legate Henry
himself consecrated William in his own
cathedral at Winchester (Additions to Hugh
the Chanter, p. 222).

William now ruled at York in peace, and
St. Bernard could only exhort the abbot of
Rievaulx to bear with equanimity the triumph
of his foe (Epistolce, cccliii. and ccclx. in
Opera, i. 556, 561, ed. Migne). Meanwhile
William busied himself in drawing up con-
stitutions that prohibited the profane use of
the trees and grass in churchyards, and pre-
vented clerks turning the money received for
dilapidations from the heirs of their prede-
cessors to their own personal uses (WiLKiNS,
Concilia, i. 425-6). On a visit to Durham
William succeeded in reconciling the turbu-
lent William Comyn with Bishop William
his old friend. On the same day he en-
throned the former dean of York as bishop
in Durham Cathedral, and absolved Comyn
from his sins against the church (SYMBOL,
Hist. Eccl. Dunelm. pp. 283-4, 292; also
Anglia Sacra, i. 717).

Though popular from his extraordinary
kindness and gentleness, William was of a
sluggish temperament. When in 1146 the
cardinal bishop Hincmar arrived in England
on a mission from the new pope, Lucius II,
he brought with him the pallium for the
new archbishop. Occupied, as was his wont,
on other matters of less necessity (JOHN OP
HEXHAM, c. 274),William neglected to obtain
it from Hincmar at an early opportunity.
Before long Lucius died. The new pope,
Eugenius III, was a violent Cistercian and
the slave of St. Bernard. The enemies of
William took advantage of his accession
to renew their complaints against William.
Hincmar took his pall back again to Rome.
Bernard plied Eugenius with new letters.
Henry Murdac, who was now, through Ber-
nard's influence, abbot of Fountains, led the
attack. In 1147 William was compelled to
undertake a fresh journey to Rome to seek
for the pallium. To pay his expenses he was

Fitzherbert

Fitzherbert

compelled to sell the treasures and privileges
of the church of York (ib. c. 279), and this
of course became a new source of complaint
against him. Yet even now most of the car-
dinals were in his favour, and Eugenius was
much distracted between the advice of his
* senate ' and the commands of the abbot of
Clairvaux. At last he found a pretext against
William in the fact that William of Durham
had not personally taken the pledges required
by Pope Innocent. Until this was done he
suspended William from his archiepiscopal
functions.

Disgusted at his condemnation on a second
trial for offences for which he had been
already acquitted, William left Rome and
found a refuge with his kinsman Roger the
Norman, king of Sicily. He was entertained
there by Robert of Salisbury (or Selby), the
English chancellor of King Roger. Mean-
while his relatives and partisans in Yorkshire
had revenged his wrongs by burning and
plundering Fountains Abbey, the centre of
the Cistercian opposition to him (WALBRAST,
p. 101). This indiscreet violence added a
new point to the passionate appeals of Ber-
nard. In 1147 Murdac and the rest again
appeared against William at a council held
by Eugenius at Rheims. There, as the Bishop
of Durham had omitted to purge the arch-
bishop on his oath (Chron. de Mailros, s. a.
Bannatyne Club), Eugenius finally deposed
him from his see. The chapter were directed
to proceed within forty days to a new elec-
tion. As they could not agree on any one
choice, Eugenius cut the matter short by
consecrating at Trier Henry Murdac himself
as archbishop of York (7 Dec. 1147). But
such was William's popularity that Murdac
obtained scanty recognition in Yorkshire,
where king and people continued to maltreat
his followers (Additions to Hugh the Chanter,
p. 225).

William showed great resignation to his
fate. His staunch friend Henry of Win-
chester gave him an asylum in his palace,
and treated him with all the respect due to
an archbishop. William made no complaints
of his harsh treatment. He occupied himself
in prayer and study. He renounced his
former habits of luxury. As often as he
could escape from the hospitable entertain-
ment of Bishop Henry, he spent his days with
the monks of Winchester, whose sanctity
specially attracted him to eat and drink at
their frugal table and sleep with them in
their common dormitory (Ann. de Winton in
Ann. Mon. ii. 54). He remained at Winchester
until the death of Bernard and Eugenius in
1153 again excited hopes in him of restitu-
tion. He again hurried to Rome, where,

without reflecting on the judgment passed
against him, he besought the new pope,
Anastasius IV, to show him mercy. His
friend, if not kinsman, Hugh of Puiset, who
was also seeking at Rome his recognition as
bishop of Durham, did his best to support
William's requests. The famous Cardinal
Gregory warmly espoused his cause. The
death of Archbishop Murdac, on 14 Oct.
1153, made it easy for Anastasius to accede
to William's prayers. Without questioning
the legitimacy of Murdac's rule or reopening
the suits decided against William, Anastasius
was persuaded to pity his grey hairs and mis-
fortunes. William was restored to the arch-
bishopric, and for the first time received the
pallium.

William now returned to England. Pass-
ing through Canterbury he is said to have
designated the archdeacon Roger as his suc-
cessor as archbishop. He next proceeded to
Winchester, and celebrated the Easter feast
of 1154 in the city where he had resided
when young, and which had -afforded him a
refuge in his troubles. Thence he turned
his course towards his diocese. As he ap-
proached York the new dean and his old
enemy, Archdeacon Osbert, endeavoured to
prevent his entrance into the city by declar-
ing their intention of appealing against his
appointment. But William proceeded on his
way undismayed by their hostility. A great
procession of clergy and laity welcomed him
into the town. The wooden bridge over the
Ouse gave way under the pressure of the
crowd, and many were precipitated into the
river ; but the prayers of William saved, as
men thought, the lives of every one of them.
In after years a chapel dedicated to William
was erected on the stone bridge now thrown
over the river to commemorate so signal a
miracle. He entered York on 9 May.

For the next month William ruled his
church in peace, though the appeal of the
chapter to Archbishop Theobald was fraught
with fresh mischief. But William was no
longer the worldling whose wealth and laxity
had excited the suspicions of Cistercian zealots.
With great humility he visited Fountains
and promised full restitution for the injuries
his partisans had inflicted upon the abbey.
The official chroniclers of the abbey had in
after times nothing to say against one who
could make so complete a reparation ( WAL-
BRAN, i. 80). He also visited the new Cis-
tercian foundation at Meaux, Yorkshire, and
in its chapter-house solemnly confirmed the
grants of Archbishop Murdac to the struggling
community ( Chron. de Melsa, i. 94, 108). On
Trinity Sunday he was back at York, and
when celebrating high mass in his cathedral

Fitzherbert

176

Fitzhubert

I f^o

on that festival was seized with a sudden
illness. He struggled through the service
and even appeared afterwards among the
guests assembled in his house. But he felt
that his end was near. Poison was at once
suspected, and antidotes were administered.
But he died on 8 June, eight days after
his seizure, and Bishop Hugh of Durham
buried his body in York Minster.

Faction had risen to such a height at York
that a circumstantial story soon gained cre-
dence among William's friends that Osbert
the archdeacon had caused his death by
poisoning the eucharistic chalice. A clerk
of William's, named Symphorian, accused
Osbert of the crime, in the presence of King
Stephen, and long judicial proceedings ensued.
Though the matter seems never to have been
brought to a definite issue, so acute an ob-
server as John of Salisbury was not satisfied
of Osbert's innocence (Ep. i. 158, 170, ed.
Giles). "William of Newburgh (i. 80-1),
the most critical historian of the time, was,
however, convinced by the absence of positive
testimony, and the witness of an old monk
of Rievaulx, then a canon of York, that
William died of a fever. Gilbert Foliot
{Ep. i. 152, ed. Giles) was indignant at the
baselessness of the accusations against Osbert,
but the true issue became rather obscured by
clerical opposition to the desire of Stephen,
and of the accuser, that the case should be
tried in the royal court. The two biographers
of William omit all reference to the story,
and the writers who mention it generally

Sualify it as a rumour or gossip. Yet before
Dng the misfortunes and sufferings of Wil-
liam brought worshippers to his tomb. He
began to be reputed a martyr, and miracles
were worked by him. It was believed that
when the old minster was almost burnt down
and the tomb burst open by the falling beam
the silken robe which enveloped the saint's
incorruptible body was not consumed (Vita
S. Will, in RAINE, ii. 279). The canons of
York, who envied the local saints of Ripon
and Beverley, were anxious for a saint of their
own, and a movement was started for the
canonisation of William. In 1223 holy oil
exuded from his tomb (MATT. PARIS, Hist.
Major, iii. 77, Rolls Ser.) A formal petition
to Honorius III led to the usual investiga-
tions of his claims to sanctity (WALBEAN, i.
173-5, from Addit. MS. 15352). These, after
some doubt, were so well established that in
1227 Honorius admitted him to the calendar
of saints. On 9 Jan. 1283 his remains were
translated into a shrine behind the high altar,
through the exertions of Bishop Bek of Dur-
ham, and in the presence of Edward I and
a distinguished company (details in RAINE,

pp. 228-9, from York Breviary). But all the
efforts of the York chapter could not secure
for St. William more than a local fame ; and
his shrine, though not unfrequented, was
never among the great centres of popular
pilgrimage and worship. His festival was
on 8 June, while his translation was com-
memorated on the Sunday next after the
Epiphany.

[The fullest contemporary sources for Wil-
liam's life are John of Hexham's Continuation
of Symeon of Durham, printed in Twysden's
Decem Scriptores, and William of Newburgh' s
History, edited for the Rolls Series by Mr.
Hewlett ; his life in the Actus Pontificum Ebora-
censium, generally attributed to Thomas Stubbs,
was published originally in Twysden's Decem
Scriptores, cc. 1721-2, and is now reprinted by
Canon Raine in his Historians of the Church of
York, ii. 388-97. There is a manuscript life of
Fitzherbert in Harl. MS. 2, if. 76-88, written in
a thirteenth-century hand, which contains little
special information. It has been printed for the
first time by Canon Raine in his Historians of
the Church of York, ii. 270-91, and the Eight
Miracles, pp. 531-50. This is abridged in the
short life in Capgrave's Nova Legenda Anglige,
pp. 310-11. A few additional facts come from
the Additions to Hugh the Chanter, in Raine' s-
Hist. Church of York, ii. 220-7. A full life
is in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum, tome ii.
Junii, pp. 136-46. The modern life in Canon
Raine's Fasti Eboracenses, pp. 220-33, where two
hymns, addressed to St. William, are printed,
collects all the principal facts ; Gervase of Can-
terbury, Hoveden, Annals of Winchester and
Waverley in Annales Monastici, vol. ii., Chron.
de Melsa (all in Rolls Series) ; Walbran's Me-
morials of Fountains, and Raine's Fabric Rolls
of York Minster, both published by Surtees
Society ; Chron. of Melrose (Bannatyne Club) ;
Epistles of St. Bernard, ed. Migne ; John o'f
Salisbury and Gilbert Foliot, ed. Migne or
Giles.] T. F. T.

FITZHERBERT, SraWILLIAM (1748-
1791). [See under FITZHEKBERT, ALLEYNE.]

FITZHUBERT, ROBERT (fl. 1140),
freebooter, is first mentioned in 1139. His
origin is not known, but he is spoken of as a
kinsman of William of Ypres [q. v.], and as
one of those Flemish mercenaries who had
flocked to England at Stephen's call. On
7 Oct. 1139 he surprised by night the castle
of Malmesbury, which the king had seized
from the Bishop of Salisbury a few months
before, and burnt the village. The royal
garrison of the castle fled for refuge to the
abbey, but Robert soon pursued them thither,
and, entering the chapter-house at the head
of his followers, demanded that the fugitives
should be handed over. The terrified monks
with difficulty induced him to be content

Fitzhugh

177

Fitzhugh

with the surrender of their horses. He was
already plundering far and wide, when Ste-
phen, on his way to attack Trowbridge, heard
of his deeds, and, turning aside, laid siege to
the castle. At the close of a week William
of Ypres prevailed on Robert to surrender,
and within a fortnight of his surprising the
eastle he had lost it and had set out to join
the Earl of Gloucester.

After five months in the earl's service he
left him secretly, and on the night of 26 March
(1140) surprised and captured by escalade
the famous castle of Devizes, then held for
the king. The keep resisted for four days,
but then fell into his hands. On the Earl
of Gloucester sending his son to receive the
castle from Robert, he scornfully turned him
«way from the gate, exclaiming that he had
captured the castle for himself. He now
boasted that he would be master by its means
of all the country from Winchester to Lon-
don, and would send for troops from Flanders.
Rashly inviting John Fitzgilbert [see MAR-
SHAL, JOHN], castellan of Marlborough, to
join him in his schemes, he was decoyed by
him to Marlborough Castle and there en-
trapped. The Earl of Gloucester, on hearing
of this, hastened at once to Marlborough,
and at length by bribes and promises ob-
tained possession of Robert. The prisoner
•was then taken to Devizes, and the garrison,
according to the practice of the time, warned
that he would be hanged unless they sur-
rendered the castle. They pleaded the oath
they had sworn to him that they would never
do so, and declined. Two of his nephews
were then hanged, and at last Robert him-
self. The castle was subsequently sold by
the garrison to the king.

This episode is dwelt on at some length
by the chroniclers, who were greatly im-
pressed by the savage cruelty, the impious
blasphemy, and the transcendent wickedness
of this daring adventurer.

[Cont. of Florence of Worcester ; William of
Malmesbury ; Gesta Stephani.] J. H. R.

FITZHUGH, ROBERT (d. 1436), bi-
ehop of London, the third of the eight sons
of Henry, lord Fitzhugh (d. 1424), was edu-
cated at King's Hall, Cambridge, of which
he became master, 6 July 1424, and in the
•same year was appointed chancellor of the
university (LE NEVE, Fasti, iii. 599, 697).
Before this he had enjoyed a considerable
number of ecclesiastical benefices, which his
noble birth and the leading position held
•by his father readily secured for him. In
1401 he was appointed by the prior and con-
vent of Canterbury to the rectory of St.
Leonard's, Eastcheap, which in July 1406 he

VOL. XIX.

exchanged for a canonry in the cathedral
church of Lismore, and was subsequently in-
stalled prebendary of Milton Manor in Lin-
coln Cathedral, though he had not then been
admitted to any but the minor orders. In
1417 he was ordained subdeacon by Bishop
Fordham of Ely at Downham, and deacon in
1418, and was made canon of York in the
same year. The next year, 10 July, he ex-
changed his prebend of Milton Manor for the
archdeaconry of Northampton, to which was
added the prebendal stall of Aylesbury on
4 Aug. As chancellor of Cambridge he de-
livered a speech in convocation which we are
told was much admired for the elegance of
its latinity. He proposed as a remedy for
the great decrease of students that the richer
benefices of the English church should for a
limited period be bestowed solely on gradu-
ates of either university. This measure was
carried into effect by Archbishop Chichele in
the convocation of 1438 (COOPER, Annals of
Cambridge, i. 166, 187, 194). Fitzhugh went
on various diplomatic missions to Germany
and elsewhere. In 1429 he was sent as am-
bassador to Rome and Venice, and, while
absent from the realm at the papal court,
was appointed bishop of London, Bishop Gray
being translated to Lincoln to make room for
him. He was consecrated at Foligno on
16 Sept. 1431. In 1434 he was named one
of the two episcopal delegates appointed
with other laymen and clerics to represent
the sovereign and nation of England at the
council of Basle. Letters of safe-conduct
for a year were given him, 8 May, and license
was granted to take with him vessels, jewels,
and gold and silve, ^late to the value of
two thousand markk TJEis allowance was to
be at the rate of five\ andred marks, to be
paid daily, and he was not bound to remain
away for the whole year, nor for more than
a year (RYMER, Fcedera, x. 577, 582, 583 ;
FULLER, Church Hist. ii. 438-43). During
his stay at Basle he was elected to the see of
Ely, vacated by the decease of Bishop Philip
Morgan (25 Oct. 1435), but died on his way
home. His will is dated at Dover, but he
is said to have'died at St. Osyth's in Essex,
15 Jan. 1435-6. He was buried in his
cathedral of St. Paul's, in the higher part
of the choir, near the altar, his grave being
distinguished by his mitred effigy in brass,
his left hand bearing the crozier, his right
hand raised in benediction. His epitaph thus
records the chief events of his career, and
testifies to his general popularity :

Nobilis antistes Robertus Lundoniensis,
Fili us Hugonis, hie requiescit : honor

Doctorum, flos Pontificum, quern postulat Ely,
Romse Basilicse regia facta refert.

Fitzjames

178

Fitzjames

Plangit eum Papa, Rex, grex, sua natio tota,
Extera gens si quse noveret ulla pium.

Gemma pudicitiae, spectrum pietatis, honoris
Famaque justitiae formula juris erat.

He bequeathed 121. towards the erection
of the schools at Cambridge, and all his pon-
tificals to St. Paul's, except a ring given
him by the Venetians, which he had already
affixed to St. Erkenwald's shrine.

[Dugdale's St. Paul's, pp. 45, 219, 402; Mil-
man's Annals of St. Paul's, p. 91 ; Godwin, De
Praesulibus, i. 188 ; Rymer's Fcedera, 11. cc ; Dug-
dale's Baronage, i. 405; Fuller's Church Hist. ii.
438-43.] E. V.

FITZJAMES, JAMES, DTTKE OF BER-
WICK (1670-1734), marshal of France, was
natural son of James, duke of York, after-
wards James II, by Arabella Churchill [q. v.],
daughter of Sir Winston Churchill, and elder
sister of the great Duke of Marlborough. He
was born at Moulins in the Bourbonnais, on
21 Aug. 1670, and his father gave him the
name of James Fitzjames. His handsome
face curiously combined many of the charac-
teristics of his grandfather, Charles I, and his
uncle, Marlborough. He was educated en-
tirely in France, first under the care of the
Jesuit Father Go ugh, at the College de Juilly,
then at the College du Plessis, and finally at
the Jesuit college of La Fleche. His father
always showed the greatest affection for him,
and on his accession to the throne in 1685 he
sent young Fitzjames to the camp of Charles,
duke of Lorraine, who was then besieging
Buda, under the care of a French nobleman, the
Count de Villevison. Fitzjames soon showed
his courage, and was distinguished by his
sobriety in camp as much as by his desperate
valour in the final assault on Buda. At the
conclusion of the campaign, he paid a visit to
England ; and on 19 March 1687 was created
Duke of Berwick, Earl of Teignmouth, and
Baron Bosworth in the peerage of England.
He then returned to Hungary, and served an-
other campaign under the Duke of Lorraine,
during which he was present at the great battle
of Mohacz. He was summoned to England
by James, who at once made him governor of
Portsmouth, and on 4 Feb. 1688 appointed
him colonel of the royal horse guards, the
Blues, in the place of Aubrey de Vere, earl
of Oxford. Berwick soon recognised that it
was impossible for him to hold Portsmouth,
and he fled to France to join his father. He
proposed that James should try to reconquer

greatest

vigour in raising troops among the Irish Ro-
man catholics. He served at the siege of

Derry, and commanded a detached force
against the men of Enniskillen. He was
present at the battle of the Boyne. On the
departure of Tyrconnel he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the king's forces in
Ireland, but on Sarsfield's surrender of Lime-
rick he returned to France.

In 1691 Berwick joined the French army
in the Netherlands as a volunteer, and served
under Marshal Luxembourg at the siege of
Mons, and in 1692 in the victory won over
the English and Dutch under William III
at Steenkirk. In 1693 Berwick was ap-
pointed a lieutenant-general in the French
army, and in his first campaign with this-
rank he was taken prisoner by the English
at the battle of Neerwinden. He was soon
released, and in 1695 he married, against his
father's wish, the beautiful Lady Honora Sars-
field, daughter of the Earl of Clanricarde, and
widow of Patrick Sarsfield, hero of Limerick.
She died in 1698, and in 1700 he married
Anne, daughter of the Hon. Henry Bulkeley.

Berwick served the campaign of 1702 in
Flanders under Marshal Boufflers, and in
the following year became a naturalised
Frenchman, in order to be eligible for the
rank of marshal of France. In 1704 he was
sent to Spain in command of a powerful
French army, to support Philip V, and in
an admirable campaign he prevented the
far stronger forces of the allied English and
Portuguese from invading Spain from the
west. For his services he was made a knight
of the order of the Golden Fleece by the king
of Spain, but complaint was made of his pur-
suing defensive tactics, and at the close of
the year he was recalled and made governor
of the Cevennes. He had then to fight against
the protestant mountaineers, known as the
' Camisards,' who were in open rebellion, and,
after partially subduing them, he swiftly
crossed the Sardinian frontier and took Nice,
for which exploit he was made a marshal of
France in 1706. In the following year Ber-
wick made his great campaign against the
Anglo-Portuguese army, which had in 1706
for a short time occupied Madrid. Philip V
of Spain begged Louis XIV to send him
Marshal Berwick, and the newly made mar-
shal entered Spain at the head of a small
and well-equipped French army. He at once
marched to the Portuguese frontier, and after
a most scientific campaign he drew the allied
army under Henri de Ruvigny, Lord Galway,
and the Marquis Das Minas into an unfavour-
able position, and then utterly defeated it in
the important battle of Almanza, the only
battle recorded in which an English general
at the head of a French army defeated an
English army commanded by a Frenchman.

Fitzjames

179

Fitzjames

Berwick was made governor of the Limousin
by the king of France, and the king of Spain
arranged a marriage between Berwick's only
son by his first marriage and Donna Cathe-
rina de Veraguas, the richest heiress in Spain,
and created the boy Duke of Liria and a
grandee of the first class. In 1709 the mar-
shal was recalled from Spain to defend the
south-eastern frontier of France against the
Austrians and Sardinians under Prince
Eugene. This he did in a series of defensive
campaigns, unmarked by a single important
battle, which have always been considered
as models in the art of war.

After the peace of Utrecht Berwick was
long unemployed. He refused to co-operate
in the attempt of his legitimate brother, the
* Old Pretender,' to regain the throne of Eng-
land in 1715, and preferred French politics
to English. He kept clear of party intrigues,
and his advice on military questions was re-
ceived with the highest respect. He cor-
dially supported the English alliance main-
tained by the Regent Orleans and Fleury, in
spite of his family relationship to the exiled
Stuart family.

In 1733 the war of the Polish succession
broke out, and Berwick was placed in com-
mand of the most important French army,
which was destined to invade Germany from
Strasbourg, and act against Berwick's old
adversary, Prince Eugene. He took com-
mand of his army, and in October 1733
occupied Kehl, and then went into winter
quarters. In March 1734 he again joined
his army at Strasbourg ; on 1 May he crossed
the Rhine, and carried the lines at Ettlingen,
and on 13 May he invested Philipsbourg.
The siege was carried on in the most scien-
tific manner, and the third parallel had just
been opened, when on 12 June the marshal
started on his rounds with his eldest son by
his second marriage, the Due de Fitzjames.
He had not proceeded far when his head was
carried off by a cannon-ball. The news of
this catastrophe aroused the greatest sorrow
in France, and the marshal's body was brought
to France to be interred in the church of the
Hopital des Invalides at Paris.

Berwick was a cautious general of the type
of Turenne and Moreau, whose genius shone
in sieges and defensive operations. He served
in twenty-nine campaigns, in fifteen of which
he commanded in chief, and in six battles, of
which he only commanded in one, the famous
victory of Almanza. Montesquieu, in the
6 loge prefixed to the marshal's memoirs, says
of him : ' He was brought up to uphold a
sinking cause, and to utilise in adversity
every latent resource. Indeed, I have often
heard him say that all his life he had earnestly

desired the duty of defending'a first-class fort-
ress.' Berwick left descendants both in
France and Spain, who held the highest
ranks in both those countries, in Spain as
Dukes of Liria and in France as Dues de
Fitzjames.

[The Duke's Memoires were first published by
his grandson in 1777; they only go down to
1705, and are generally published with the pre-
fatory eloge by Montesquieu, into whose hands
they were placed to be prepared for the press,
and with a continuation to 1734 by the Abb6
Hook, who published an English translation in
1779. They have been many times reprinted, no-
tably in Michaud and Poujoulat's great collection
of French memoirs. All French histories of the
period and all French biographical dictionaries
contain information about Berwick and his cam-
paigns, and in English reference may be made
to James II and the Duke of Berwick, published
1876, and The Duke of Berwick, published 1883,
by C. Townshend Wilson.] H. M. S.

FITZJAMES, SIR JOHN (1470 P-1542 ?),
judge, son of John Fitzjames of Redlynch,
Somersetshire, and nephew of Richard, bishop
of London [q.v.], was a member of the Middle
Temple, where he was reader in the autumn
of 1504 and treasurer in 1509 (DUGDALB,
Orig. pp. 215, 221). He also held the office
of recorder of Bristol in 1510, a place worth
19Z. Qs. Sd. per annum, which he does not
seem to have resigned until 1533, when he was
succeeded by Thomas Cromwell. In 1511 he
was one of the commissioners of sewers for
Middlesex (Letters and Papers of the Reign
of Henry VIII, Foreign and Domestic, i.
157, 301, iii. pt. ii. 1458, vi. 263, vii. 557).
On or about 26 Jan. 1518-19 he was ap-
pointed attorney-general, and in this capa-
city seems to have been sworn of the
council, as his signature is appended to a
letter dated 13 June 1520 from the council
to the king, then at Calais, congratulating
him on his ' prosperous and fortunate late
passage.' About the same time he was
appointed, with Sir Edward Belknap and
William Roper, to assist the master of the
wards in making out his quarterly reports.
He was also attorney-general for the duchy
of Lancaster between 1521 and 1523, and
probably from a much earlier date ; and he
seems to be identical with a certain John
Fitzjames who 'acted as collector of subsi-
dies for Somersetshire between 1523 and
1534. As attorney-general he conducted, in
May 1521, the prosecution of the Duke of
Buckingham. The same summer he was
called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, <^n
6 Feb. 1521-2 he was advanced to a puisne
judgeship of the king's bench, and two days
later he was created chief baron of the

Fitzjames

180

Fitzjames

exchequer. About the same time he was
knighted. In the autumn of 1523 he was en-
trusted by the king with the delicate task of
negotiating a marriage between Lord Henry
Percy, who was supposed to be engaged to
Anne Boleyn, and Lady Mary Talbot, daugh-
ter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Fitzjames's
diplomacy was crowned with success. On
23 Jan. 1525-6 he succeeded Sir John Fyneux
fq. v.] as chief justice of the king's bench.
He was a trier of petitions in parliament in
November 1529, and signed the articles of
impeachment exhibited against Wolsey on
1 Dec. of the same year. He seems to have
exerted himself at Wolsey's request to save
Christchurch from sequestration (ib. iii. pt. i.
12, 197, pt. ii. 873, 1383, iv. pt. iii. 2690,
2714, 2928; COBBETT, State Trials, i. 296;
BREWEK, Reign of Henry VIII, ed. Gairdner,
ii. 177 ; Proceedings and Ordinances of the
Priiy Council, vii. 338 ; DUGDALE, Chron. Ser.
80, 81). Two letters are extant from Fitzjames
to Cromwell, one dated 29 Oct. 1532, describ-
ing the state of legal business and the ravages
of the plague, the other, dated 8 March, and
apparently written at Redlynch in 1533, in
which he complains much of illness, and begs
to be excused attendance in London. He
was present, however, at the coronation of
Anne Boleyn on 1 June 1533. His name is
appended to a proclamation of 7 Nov. 1534,
fixing the maximum price of French and
Gascon wines at 41. per tun, pursuant to
statute 23 Hen. VIII, c. 7. He was a mem-
ber of the special tribunals that tried in
April 1535 the Carthusians, Robert Feron,
John Hale, and others, for high treason under
statute 25 Hen. VIII, c. 22, the offence con-
sisting in having conversed too freely about
the king's marriage. He also helped to try
Fisher and More in the ensuing June and
July. It is probable that he secretly sympa-
thised with the prisoners, as he preserved a
discreet silence throughout the proceedings,
broken only when the lord chancellor directly
appealed to him to say whether the indict-
ment against More was or was not sufficient
by the curiously cautious utterance, ' By
St. Gillian, I must needs confess that if the
act of parliament be not unlawful, then the
indictment is not in my conscience invalid.'
On 2 Sept. 1535 he wrote to Cromwell, in-
terceding on behalf of the abbot of Glaston-
bury, who he thought was being somewhat
harshly dealt with by the visitors of the
monasteries. In October 1538 he made his
will, being then ' weak and feeble in body.'
He retired from the bench in the same year,
or early in the following year, his successor,
Sir Edward Montagu, being appointed on
21 Jan. 1538-9. The exact date of his death

is uncertain. His will was proved on 1 2 May
1542. He was buried in the parish church
of Bruton, Somersetshire (State Papers, i.
384, 387 ; Trevelyan Papers, Camden Soc. ii.
55-7 ; Letters and Papers of the Reign of
Henry VIII, Foreign and Domestic, viii.
229, 350, 384, ix. 85 ; COBBETT, State Trials,
i. 393). The reputation of Fitzjames suf-
fered much at the hands of Lord Campbell,
whose errors and fabrications were ably ex-
posed by Foss. It is impossible, with the
meagre materials at our command, to say
how far Fitzjames may have allowed sub-
serviency to the king to pervert justice. His
complicity in the judicial murders of 1535
leaves an indelible stain on his memory. On
the other hand he seems to have been superior
to bribes.

[Fuller's "Worthies, Somersetshire ; Lloyd's
State Worthies, i. 125-9; Collinson's Somerset-
shire, i. 226; Hutchins's Dorset, ii. 222; Foss's
Lives of the Judges.] J. M. E.

FITZJAMES, RICHARD (d. 1522), bi-
shop of London, son of John and grandson
of James Fitzjames, who married Eleanor,
daughter of Simon Draycot, was born at Red-
lynch, in the parish of Bruton, Somersetshire.
Nothing is known of him till he became a stu-
dent at Oxford, which Wood says was about
1459. He was elected fellow of Merton Col-
lege in 1465, and had taken his degree of
M.A. before he was ordained acolyte (XIV
Kal. Maii, 1471). Fuller speaks of him as
being of right ancient and worthy parent-
age ; but Campbell, in his life of his nephew,
Sir John Fitzjames [q. v.], speaks of him
as of low origin, though he gives no autho-
rity for the statement. He served the office
of proctor in the university of Oxford in
1473, and in 1477 became prebendary of
Taunton in the cathedral church of Wells,
in succession to John Wansford, subdean of
Wells, resigned. He was afterwards chap-
lain to Edward IV, and proceeded to his
degrees in divinity. His name appears as
principal of St. Alban Hall from Michael-
mas day 1477 to the same day 1481. In
1485 he was presented to the rectory of
Aller and the vicarage of Minehead, both in
Somersetshire, and in 1495 was incorporated
M.A. at Cambridge. He held Aller till 1497,
when he was succeeded by Christopher Bain-
bridge, afterwards cardinal and archbishop
of York. He was, says Wood, esteemed a
frequent preacher, but is said to have read
and not preached his sermons. On 12 March
1483 he succeeded John Gygur in the war-
denship of his college. This post he held
till 1507, and won golden opinions for his
liberality and excellent government of the

Fitzjames

181

Fitzjocelin

college. He considerably enlarged the war-
den's lodge, and was otherwise so great a
benefactor to the college as almost to be
considered its second founder. Among other
reforms he procured an enactment that no
one admitted into the society should be or-
dained till he had completed his regency in
arts, the object being to remedy the igno-
rance of candidates for holy orders. In
1511, being at that time bishop of London,
he was appointed by the university to inquire
into its privileges, and the relation in which it
stood to the town of Oxford. He also contri-
buted to the completion of St. Mary's Church.
In 1495 he became almoner to Henry VII, and
was consecrated bishop of Rochester, 2 Jan.
1497, at Lambeth by Cardinal Morton, assisted
by the bishops of Llandaff and Bangor. He
appears to have been employed at Calais in
March 1499 in negotiations for a commercial
treaty with the Low Countries, in conjunction
with Warham and Sir Richard Hatton, and
was one of the bishops appointed to be in
the procession for receiving the Princess
Catherine of Arragon on her arrival in this
country in 1501, and to attend on the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury on his celebration of
the marriage with Prince Arthur. In January
1504 he was translated to Chichester, and to
London on 14 March 1506, soon after which
he resigned the wardenship of his college.
During his tenure of this see he did much
for the restoration and beautifying of St.
Paul's Cathedral. Bernard Andr6 comme-
morates his preaching on Sunday 31 Oct.
1507 at Paul's Cross. He lived on till 1522,
and was buried in the nave of his own cathe-
dral, a small chapel being erected over his
tomb, which was destroyed by fire in 1561.
In conjunction with his brother John, father
of the lord chief justice of England [see FITZ-
JAMES, SIK JOHN], he founded the school of
Bruton, near the village where he was born.
The palace at Fulham was also built by him.

He seems to have been a man of high
character and greatly respected, in this re-
spect very unlike his brother the chief justice.
"While at Oxford he acted as commissary (an
office which corresponds to that of the vice-
chancellor of this day) in 1481, under the
chancellorship of Lionel Woodville, bishop of
Salisbury, and again served the same office
in 1491 and 1492, under John Russell, bishop
of Lincoln ; and in 1502, upon the resigna-
tion of William Smith, bishop of Lincoln,
being then warden of Merton and bishop of
Rochester, became, as Wood says, l cancel-
larius natus.'

Fitzjames belonged to the strongly conser-
vative type of bishop. In a letter from Fitz-
james to Cardinal Wolsey (printed by Foxe)

the bishop defended his chancellor, Horsey,
who had been imprisoned on the charge of mur-
dering Hunne, a merchant tailor of London
charged with heresy. Fitzjames asked that
the cause might be tried before the council, be-
cause he felt assured that a jury in London
would condemn any clerk, be he as innocent
as Abel, as they were so maliciously set ' in
favorem hsereticse pravitatis.' Horsey was
condemned and afterwards pardoned. Foxe
prints a document the authenticity of which
Mr. Brewer doubts, to the effect that the
king orders Horsey to recompense Roger
Whapplot and Margaret his wife, daughter
of Richard Hunne, for the wasting of his
goods, which were of no little value. It ap-
pears from Fitzjames's ' Register ' that there
were a few other cases of prosecution for
heresy during his episcopate, all of which
ended in a recantation and abjuration. Fitz-
james deprecated Dean Colet's efforts at church
reform, and from 1511 onwards the dean com-
plained of the persecution he suffered at his
bishop's hands [see COLET, JOHN].

[Wood's Athena?, ed. Bliss, ii. 720; Wood's His-
tory and Antiquities, ed. Gutch ; Burnet's Re-
formation ; Fuller's Worthies; Lupton's Life of
Colet, 1887 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. i. 25, 26,
526 ; Stubbs's Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum ;
Foxe's Acts and Monuments; Le Neve's Fasti;
Godwin, De Praesulibus; Brewer's Calendar of
State Papers ; Bernard Andre's Hist, of Henry VII,
ed. Gairdner ; Gairdner's Letters of Kichard III
and Henry VII; Fitzjames's Register.] N. P.

FITZJOCELIN, REGINALD (1140?-
1191), archbishop-elect of Canterbury, son of
Jocelin de Bohun, bishop of Salisbury, and
nephew of Richard de Bohun, bishop of
Coutances (1151-79), of the house of Bohun
of St. George de Bohun, near Carentan, was
born about 1 140, for he is said to have been
thirty-three in 1174 (Anglia Sacra, i. 561),
and was brought up in Italy, whence he was
called the Lombard (BosHAM, Materials for
Life of JSecket, iii. 524). He was made arch-
deacon of Salisbury by his father, and was
reckoned a young man of prudence, indus-
try, high spirit, and ability. Like most of
the young archdeacons of his time he loved
pleasure, and was much given to hawking
(PETEK OF BLOIS, JEp. 61). In early life he
was one of the friends of Thomas, possibly
while Thomas was chancellor, and in 1164
received from Lewis VII the abbey of
St. Exuperius in Corbeil (Archceologia, 1.
348). During the progress of the quarrel
between Henry II and Archbishop Thomas
the archbishop excommunicated Reginald's
father, the Bishop of Salisbury. Reginald,
who had a strong affection for his father,
wholly withdrew from the archbishop, and

Fitzjocelin

182

Fitzjocelin

became one of his most dangerous and out-
spoken opponents. He was constantly em-
ployed by the king, who sent him on embas-
sies to Pope Alexander III in 1167 and 1169,
and the archbishop complained of his boasting
of his success at the papal court (Ep. Becket,
vi. 643). On 15 Aug. 1169 Henry sent him
to meet the pope's commissioners at Dam-
front, and shortly afterwards Thomas wrote
of him in violent terms, declaring that he
had betrayed him, had spoken disrespectfully
of the pope and the curia, and had advised
Henry to apply to the pope to allow some
bishop to discharge duties that pertained to
his see (ib. vii. 181). Peter of Blois, who
was much attached to Reginald, sent a letter
to the archbishop's friends, defending his con-
duct, chiefly on the ground that he was act-
ing in support of his father (ib. p. 195). After
the murder of the archbishop he was sent
in 1171 to plead the king's innocence before
the pope (ib. pp. 471-5 ; HOVEDEN, ii. 25). The
see of Bath having been vacant for more than
eight years, the king, in 1173, procured the
election of Reginald, who, in company with
Richard, archbishop elect of Canterbury, went
to procure the pope's confirmation. On 5 May
1174 he wrote to the king, saying that though
the pope had consecrated Richard his own
matter was still undecided. Before long he
obtained his desire by, it is said, offering the
pope a purse of money (De Nugis Curialium,
p. 35). He was consecrated at S. Jean de
Maurienne by the archbishops of Canterbury
and Tarentaise on 23 June, after having
cleared himself by oath of all complicity in
Thomas's death, and brought forward wit-
nesses to swear that he had been begotten
before his father became a priest (DiCETO, i.
391). His election scandalised Thomas's
party, and while it was yet unconfirmed Peter
of Blois wrote a letter, declaring that it was
unfair to speak of him as one of the arch-
bishop's persecutors and murderers, that he
had loved the archbishop, and only turned
against him for his father's sake (Epistolce,
JBecket, vii. 554).

Immediately after his consecration Re-
ginald went to the Great Chartreuse, and
persuaded Hugh of Avalon to come over
to England and take charge of the house
which the king had built at Witham in So-
merset (Magna Vita S. Hugonis, p. 55) ; he
then rejoined the archbishop, early in August
consecrated the church of St. Thomas the
Martyr at St. Lo {Somerset Archceol. Proc.
xix. 11, 94), and on the 8th met the king at
Barfleur (BENEDICT, i. 74). On 24 Nov. he
was enthroned by the archbishop (DiCETO,
i. 398). He enriched the church of Wells,
added to the canons' common fund, founded

several new prebends, and, as there is reason
to believe, built a portion of the nave of
the church. He appears to have desired
to strengthen the cathedral organisation by
bringing the rich abbey of Glastonbury into
close connection with it, for he made the
abbot a member of the chapter, set apart a
prebend for him, and erected the liberty of
the abbey into an archdeaconry. He granted
two charters to the town of Wells, creating
it a free borough. At Bath he founded the
hospital of St. John in 1180 for the succour
of the sick poor who came to use the baths
there. He obtained from Richard I a charter
granting to him and his successors in the see
the right of keeping sporting dogs through-
out all Somerset. He continued to take an
active share in public affairs. In 1175 he was
at the council which the archbishop held at
Westminster in May (BENEDICT, i. 84) ; in
March 1177 he attended the council called
by the king which met at London to arbi-
trate between the kings of Castile and Na-
varre (ib. pp. 144, 154), and two months later
attended the councils which Henry held at
Geddington and Windsor. He was appointed
one of the commissioners sent in 1178 by the
kings of England and France to put down the
heretics of Toulouse, and in company with the
Viscount of Turenne and Raymond of Cha-
teauneuf tried and excommunicated the here-
tical preachers there. Then, in company with
the abbot of Clairvaux, he visited the diocese
of Albi, and thence proceeded to the Lateran
council which was held in the March of the fol-
lowing year (ib. pp. 199-206, 219 ; HOVEDEN,
ii. 171). He was on terms of friendship with
the king's natural son Geoffrey, and in 1181
persuaded him to resign his claim to the see
of Lincoln. In 1186 he promoted the election
of Hugh of Avalon to the bishopric of Lin-
coln, was present at the council of Eynsham,
near Oxford, and attended the marriage of
William the Lion, the Scottish king, at Wood-
stock (BENEDICT, i. 351). At the coronation
of Richard I on 3 Sept. 1189 he walked on
the left hand of the king when he advanced
to the throne, the Bishop of Durham being
on his right (ib. ii. 83). He attended the
council of Pipewell held on the 15th ( HOVE-
DEN, iii. 15), and was probably the 'Italus r
who unsuccessfully offered the king 4,OOOJ.
for the chancellorship (RICHARD OF DEVIZES,
p. 9). The next year he obtained the lega-
tine office for the chancellor, Bishop William
Longchamp (ib. p. 14) ; he seems to have been
requested to make the application when he
and others of the king's counsellors crossed
over in February to meet Richard in Nor-
mandy. He took the side of Geoffrey against
the chancellor, and in October 1191 assisted

Fitzjohn

183

Fitzjohn

in overthrowing Longchamp (BENEDICT, ii.
218). The monks of Christ Church found in
him a steady and powerful friend during their
quarrel with Archbishop Baldwin. In this
matter he largely employed the help of his
kinsman, Savaric, archdeacon of Northamp-
ton, the cousin, as he asserted, of the emperor.
When the death of Baldwin was known in
England the monks, on 27 Nov., elected Re-
ginald to the archbishopric, acting somewhat
hastily, for they were afraid that the suffragan
bishops would interfere in the election (GEE-
VASE, i. 511). The justiciar, Walter of Cou-
tances, is said to have desired the office, and
the ministers called in question the validity
of the election. Reginald went down to his
old diocese to secure the election of Savaric
&s his successor, and as he was returning was,
on 24 Dec., seized with paralysis or apoplexy
at Dogmersfield in Hampshire, a manor be-
longing to the see of Bath. On the 25th he
sent to the prior of Christ Church, bidding
Jiim hasten to him and bring him the monas-
tic habit. He died on the 26th, and was
buried near the high altar of the abbey church
of Bath on the 29th (Epp. Cantuar. pp. 354,
355 ; RICHARD OF DEVIZES, pp. 45, 46, where
an epitaph is given). Peter of Blois notices
that he who had no small hand in causing
the demolition of the archbishop's church at
Hackington, dedicated to St. Stephen and St.
Thomas the Martyr, died on St. Stephen's
day, and was buried on the day of St. Thomas
(Epp. Cantuar. p. 554).

[Materials for the history of Thomas Becket,
archbishop, iii, vi, vii (Rolls Ser.) ; Walter Map's
De Nugis Curialium (Camden Soc.) ; Benedictus
Abbas, i. and.ii. passim (Rolls Ser.) ; Ralph de
Diceto, i. and ii. (Rolls Ser.) ; Roger de Hoveden,
ii. and iii. (Rolls Ser.) ; Magna Vita S. Hugonis
(Rolls Ser.) ; Memorials of Rich. I, ii, Epp. Can-
tuar. (Rolls Ser.) ; Gervase, i. (Rolls Ser.) ; Peter
of Blois, Epistolse, ed. Giles ; Richard of Devizes
(Engl. Hist. Soc.); Wharton'sAngliaSacra,i.561 ;
Reginald, bishop of Bath, Archseologia, 1. 295-
360 ; Reynolds's Wells Cathedral, pref. Ixxsi ;
Freeman's Cathedral Church of Wells, pp. 70,
170 ; Somerset Archseol. Soc.'s Journal, xix. ii.
9-11 ; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 773 ; Cassan's
Bishops of Bath and Wells, p. 105.] W. H.

FITZJOHN, EUSTACE (d. 1157), judge
and constable of Chester, was the son of John
de Burgh, and the nephew and heir of Serlo
de Burgh, lord of Knaresborough, and the
founder of its castle (DUGDALE, Monasticon,
vi. 957-72 ; cf., however, Notes and Queries,
•5th ser. xii. 83-4). Like his brother, Pain
Fitzjohn [q. v.], he became attached to the
court of Henry I. He witnessed some charters
of 1133. In the only extant Pipe Roll of
-Henry's reign he appears as acting as justice

itinerant in the north in conjunction with
Walter Espec. He won Henry's special fa-
vour (Gesta Stephani, p. 35, Engl. Hist. Soc.),
received grants that made him very powerful
in Yorkshire, and was reputed to be a man
of great wisdom (AiLEED OP RIEVAULX in
TWYSDEN, Decem Scriptores, c. 343 ; cf. WIL-
LIAM OF NEWBTIEGH, i. 108, Rolls Ser.) Dug-
dale gives from manuscript sources a list of
Henry's donations to Eustace (Baronage,
i. 91). He was also governor of Bamburgh
Castle (JOHN OF HEXHAM in TWYSDEN, Decem
Scriptores, c. 261). He witnessed the charter
of Archbishop Thurstan toBeverley (Feeder a,
i. 10). On the death of Henry, Fitzjohn re-
mained faithful to the cause of Matilda, and
was in consequence taken into custody and
deprived of his governorship of Bamburgh
(JOHN OF HEXHAM). He joined David, king
of Scots, when that king invaded the north,
in 1138 (Gesta Stephani, p. 35). He sur-
rendered Alnwick Castle to David (RiCHAED
OF HEXHAM in TWYSDEN, c. 319), and held
out against Stephen in his own castle of
Malton (HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, Hist. An-
glorum, p. 261, Rolls Ser.) He was present
at the Battle of the Standard (AiLEED, c.
343), where he and his followers fought along-
side the men of ' Cumberland ' and Teviotdale
in the second line of King David's host. In
the latter part of Stephen's reign he lived
quietly in the north under the government
of the Scottish king, by whose grants his pos-
sessions were confirmed.

Fitzjohn was a lavish patron of the church
and the special friend of new orders of regu-
lars. In 1131 he witnessed the charter by
which his colleague, Walter Espec [q. v.],
founded llievaulx, the first Cistercian house
established in Yorkshire (Monasticon, v. 281).
When the first monks of Fountains were in
the direst distress and had given away their
last loaves in charity, Eustace's timely present
of a load of bread from Knaresborough was
looked on as little less than a miracle (WAL-
BBAN, i. 50). He also made two gifts of
lands to Fountains (ib. i. 55, 57). In 1147
he founded the abbey of Alnwick for Pre-
monstratensian canons. This was the first
house of that order in England, and was
erected only two years after the order was
founded (Monasticon, vi. 867-8). Fitzjohn
was a friend of St. Gilbert of Sempringham
[q. v.], and established two of the earliest
nouses for the mixed convents of canons and
nuns called, after their founder, the Gil-
bertines. Between 1147 and 1154 Fitzjohn,
in conjunction with his second wife, Agnes,
founded a Gilbert ine house at Watt on in
Yorkshire (ib. vi. 954-7), and another at Old
Malton in the same county (ib. vi. 970-4).

Fitzjohn

184

Fitzmaurice

A few years later his grants to Malton were
confirmed ( Thirty-first Report of Deputy-
Keeper of Records, p. 3). He also made grants
to the monks of St. Peter's, Gloucester, the
church of Flamborough, and to the Austin
canons of Bridlington (Monasticon, vi. 286).
Fitzjohn made two rich marriages. His
first wife was Beatrice, daughter and heiress
of Ivo de Vesci. She brought him Alnwick
and Malton (ib. vi. 868). She died at the birth
of his son by her, William (ib. vi. 956), who
adopted the name of Vescy, and was active in
the public service during the reign of Henry II
(EYTON, Court and Itinerary of Henry II,
passim), and was sheriff of Northumberland
between the fourth and sixteenth years of
Henry II (Thirty-first Report of Deputy-
Keeper of Records, p. 320). He was the
ancestor of the Barons de Vescy. His son
Eustace was prominent among the northern
barons, whose revolt from John led to the
signing of Magna Charta. Fitzjohn's second
wife was Agnes, daughter and heiress of Wil-
liam, baron of Halton and constable of Ches-
ter (Monast. vi. 955), one of the leading lords
of that palatinate. He obtained from Earl
Ranulph II of Chester a grant of his father-
in-law s estates and titles. He was recog-
nised in the grant as leading counsellor to the
earl, ' above all the nobles of that country.'
In his new capacity he took part in Henry II's
first disastrous expedition into Wales, and
was slain (July 1157) in the unequal fight
when the king's army fell into an ambush at
Basingwerk. He was then an old man ( WILL.
NEWBURGH, i. 108). By his second wife he
left a son, Richard Fitzeustace, the ancestor
of the Claverings and the Lacies.

[Besides the chronicles quoted in the article,
Dugdale's Baronage, i. 90-1, largely 'ex vet.
Cartulario penes Car. Fairfax de Menstan in Com.
Ebor.,' which gives a pedigree of the Vescies;
Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. vi. ; Walbran's Me-
morials of Fountains (Surtees Soc.) ; Foss's
Judges of England,}. 115-17; Eyton's Itinerary
of Henry II; Thirty-first Report of Deputy-
Keeper of Public Records.] T. F. T.

FITZJOHN, PAIN (d. 1137), judge, was
a brother of Eustace Fitzjohn [q. v.] The
evidence for this is a charter of Henry I
(1133) to Cirencester Priory, in which Eus-
tace and William are styled his brothers.
He belonged to that official class which was
fostered by Henry I. Mr. Eyton (Shrop-
shire, i. 246-7, ii. 200) holds (on the autho-
rity of the ' Shrewsbury Cartulary') that he
was given the government of Salop about
1127. In the ' Pipe Roll' of 1130 he is found
acting as a justice itinerant in Staffordshire,
Gloucestershire, and Northamptonshire, in
conjunction with Miles of Gloucester, whose

son eventually married his daughter. He is
frequently, during the latter part of the reign,
found as a witness to royal charters. In 1134
his castle of Caus on the Welsh border was
stormed and burnt in his absence by the
Welsh (ORD. VIT. v. 37). At the succession
of Stephen he was sheriff of Shropshire and
Herefordshire. At first he held aloof, but
was eventually, with Miles of Gloucester,
persuaded by Stephen to join him (Gesta,
pp. 15, 16). His name is found among the
witnesses to Stephen's Charter of Liberties-
early in 1136 (Sel. Charters, p. 114). In the
following year, when attacking some Welsh
rebels, he was slain (10 July 1137), and his
body being brought to Gloucester, was there
buried (Gesta, p. 16; Cont. FLOR. WIG.
ii. 98). By a charter granted shortly after-
wards (Duchy of Lancaster ; Royal Charters,
No. 20) Stephen confirmed his whole pos-
sessions to his daughter Cicily, wife of Roger,
son of Miles of Gloucester. Dugdale erro-
neously assigns him Robert Fitzpain as a son..

[Pipe'Roll, 31 Hen. I (Record Comm.); Flo-
rence of Worcester (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Crests
Stephani (Rolls Series) ; Ordericus Vitalis (Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France) ; Stubbs's Select Charters ;
Duchy Charter (Publ. Rec. Office); Cott. MS.
Calig. A. vi. ; Eyton's Hist, of Shropshire.]

J. H. R.

FITZJOHN, THOMAS, second EARL.
OP KILBAEE. [See FITZGERALD. THOMAS.
d. 1328.]

FITZMAURICE, HENRY PETTY

(1780-1863), third MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE*
[See PETTY-FITZMAURICE.]

FITZMAURICE, JAMES (d. 1579),
' arch traitor.' [See FITZGERALD, JAMES-
FITZMAURICE.]

FITZMAURICE, PATRICK, seven-
teenth LORD KERRY and BARON LIXSTAW
(1551 P-1600), son and heir of Thomas Fitz-
maurice, sixteenth lord Kerry [q. v.], was
sent at an early age into England as a pledge
of his father's loyalty. When he had attained
the age of twenty he was allowed by Eliza-
beth to return to Ireland (LODGE, Peerage
(Archdall),ii.) In 1580 he joined in the rebel-
lion of the Earl of Desmond, but shortly after-
wards with his brother Edmund was surprised
and confined to the castle of Limerick. In
August 1581 he managed to escape with the
connivance, it was suspected, of his gaoler,
John Sheriff, clerk of the ordnance (State
Papers, Eliz. Ixxxv. 9, 14). In September
1582 he was reported to have gone to Spain
with the catholic bishop of Killaloe (Ham.
Cal. ii. 399) ; but he was in January 1583
wounded at the Dingle, and in April 1587 cap-

Fitzmaurice

185

Fitzmaurice

tured and committed to Dublin Castle (ib.
iii. 278 ; Cat. Carew MSS. ii. 442). In 1588
Sir William Herbert made a laudable effort
to procure his release, offering to pawn his
bond to the uttermost value of his land and
substance for his loyal and dutiful demeanour,
1 knowing him to be of no turbulent dispo-
sition ' (Ham. Cal. iii. 502). He was, how-
ever, opposed by St. Leger and Fitzwilliam,
and despite a loving attempt on the part of
his wife to obtain his freedom (ib. iv. 208) he
remained in prison till 1591-2. During the
last great rebellion that convulsed Ireland in
Elizabeth's reign he, perhaps more from com-
pulsion than free choice, threw in his lot with
the rebels (Carew Cal. iii, 203, 300) ; but the
evident ruin that confronted him and the loss
of his castle of Lixnaw so affected him that
he died shortly afterwards, August 1600 (Pa-
cata Hib. ch. xi.) He was buried with his
uncle Donald, earl of Clancar, in the Grey
Friary of Irrelaugh in Desmond. He married
Joan or Jane, daughter of David, lord Fermoy,
and by her had Thomas, his heir [q. v.], Gerald,
and Maurice, and two daughters, Joan and
Eleanor (LODGE (Archdall), vol. ii.)

[Authorities as in the text.] E. D.

FITZMAURICE, THOMAS, sixteenth
LORD KERRY and BARON LIXNAW (1502-
1590), was the youngest son of Edmund
Fitzmaurice, tenth lord Kerry, and Una,
daughter of Teige MacMahon. Made heir
to the ancestral estates in Clanmaurice by
the death of his elder brothers and their
heirs, he owed his knowledge of that event
to the fidelity of his old nurse, Joan Harman,
who, together with her daughter, made her
way from Dingle to Milan, where he was
serving in the imperial army. On his return
he found his inheritance contested by a cer-
tain John Fitzrichard, who, however, sur-
rendered it in 1552. He was confirmed in
his estate by Mary, and on 20 Dec. 1589
executed a deed settling it on his son Patrick
and heirs male, remainder to his own right
heirs (LODGE, Peerage (Archdall), vol. ii.) He
is said to have sat in the parliament of 1556,
and in March 1567 he was knighted by Sir
H. Sidney (Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 149). His
conduct during the rebellion of James Fitz-
maurice (1569-73) was suspicious, but he
appears to have regained the confidence of
the government, being commended by Sidney
on the occasion of his visit to Munster in
1576 (Ham. Cal. ii. 90). Like most of the
would-be independent chiefs in that province,
he complained bitterly of the aggressions of
the Earl of Desmond. Charged by Sir W.
Pelham with conniving at that earl's re-
bellion, he grounded his denial on the ancient

and perpetual feud that had existed between
his house and the head of the Geraldines
(Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 296, 303). His sons
Patrick and Edmund, who had openly joined
the rebels, were surprised and incarcerated
in Limerick Castle. On 3 Sept. 1581 he and
the Earl of Clancar presented themselves
before the deputy at Dublin 'in all their
bravery. And the best robe or garment they
wore was a russet Irish mantle worth about
a crown apiece, and they had each of them
a hat, a leather jerkin, a pair of hosen which
they called trews, and a pair of brogues, but
not all worth a noble that either of them had '
(BRADY, State Papers). Two months pre-
viously (23 July) he had given pledges of
his loyalty to Captain Zouche, but in May

1582 we read that after killing Captain
Acham and some soldiers he went into re-
bellion, whereupon his pledges were hanged
by Zouche (Ham. Cal. ii. 365, 369, 376).
His position indeed was intolerable, what
with the ' oppressions ' of the rebels and the
' heavy cesses ' of the government. The Earl
of Ormonde mediated for him, and in May

1583 he was pardoned (ib. pp. 430, 431, 439,
468). He sat in the parliament of 1585-6,
but he seems to have been regarded with
suspicion till his death on 16 Dec. 1590 (ib.
iv. 346, 383). He was buried in the tomb
of Bishop Philip Stack, in the cathedral of
Ardfert, Zouche refusing to allow his burial
in the tomb of his ancestors in the abbey,
which then served as a military station. He
married, first, Margaret, * the fair,' second
daughter of James Fitzjohn, fourteenth earl
of Desmond (d. 1563), by whom he had
Patrick, his heir [q. v.J, Edmund, killed at
Kin sale, Robert, slain m the isles of Arran,
and one daughter; secondly, Catherine, only
daughter and heir of Teige MacCarthy Mor
(o. s. p.); thirdly, Penelope, daughter of Sir
Donald O'Brien, brother of Conor, third earl
of Thomond.

He is said to have been the handsomest
man of his age, and of such strength that
within a few months of his death not mor&
than three men in Kerry could bend his bow.
1 He was/ says the ' Four Masters,' * the best
purchaser of wine, horses, and literary works
of any of his wealth and patrimony in the-
greater part of Leath-Mogha at that time r
(LODGE (Archdall) ; Annals of Four Masters,
s. a. 1590).

[Authorities as in text.] B. D.

FITZMAURICE, THOMAS, eighteenth
LORD KERRY and BARON LIXNAW (1574-
1630), was son of Patrick, seventeenth lord
Kerry [q. v.], whom he followed into rebellion
in 1598. After the death of his father and the

Fitzmaurice

186

Fitzneale

capture of Listowel Castle by Sir Charles
AVilmot in November 1600, finding himself
excluded by name from all pardons offered
to the rebels (Cal. Carew MSS. iii. 488, 499),
he repaired into the north, where he was
soon busily negotiating for aid with Tyrone
and O'Donnell (ib. iv. 10). Finding that he
was ' like to save his head a great while,' the
queen expressed her willingness that he should
be dealt with for pardon of his life only
(ib. p. 15). But by that time he had managed
to raise twelve galleys, and felt no inclination
to submit (ib. p. 60). After the repulse of the
northern army from Thomond in November
1601, he was driven ' to seek safety in every
bush ' (ib. p. 405). In Februaryl603 an attempt
was made to entrap him by Captain Boys,
but without success (RUSSELL and PREN-
DERGAST, Cal. i. 5-6). On 26 Oct. 1603 Sir
Robert Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, wrote
that ' none in Munster are in action saving
MacMorris, whose force is but seven horse
and twelve foot, and they have fed on garrans'
flesh these eight days. He is creeping out of
his den to implore mercy from the lord deputy
in that he saith he never offended the king '
(ib. p. 22). His application was more than
successful, for he obtained a regrant of all
the lands possessed by his father (king's
letter, 26 Oct. 1603 ; ib. p. 98 ; cf. Erck's
Cal. p. 101). His son and heir, however,
was taken away from him and brought up
with the Earl of Thomond as a protestant.
He sat in the parliament of 1615, when a
quarrel arose between him and Lords Slane
and Courcy over a question of precedency
(ib. v. 25), which was ultimately decided in
his favour (Cal. Carew MSS. v. 313, 320).
Between the father, a catholic and an ex-
rebel, and the son, a protestant and ' a gentle-
man of very good hope,' there was little sym-
pathy. The former had promised to assure
to the latter a competent jointure at his
marriage, but either from inability or un-
willingness refused to fulfil his promise. The
son complained, and the father was arrested
and clapped in the Fleet (RUSSELL and PREN-
DERGAST, Cal. v. 289, 361, 392). After a short
period of restraint he appears to have agreed to
fulfil his contract, and was allowed to ret urn
home. Again disdaining to acknowledge the
bond, and falling under suspicion of treason,
he was rearrested and conveved to London
(ib. pp. 530, 535, 547). This" time, we may
presume, surety for his good faith was taken,
for he was allowed to return to Ireland,
dying at Drogheda on 3 June 1630. He was
buried at Casnel, in the chapel and tomb of St.
Cormac. He married, first, Honora, daughter
of Conor, third earl of Thomond, by whom
he had Patrick, his heir, Gerald, and Joan ;

secondly, Gyles, daughter of Richard, lord
Power of Curraghmore, by whom he had five
sons and three daughters (LODGE (Archdall),
vol. ii.)

[Authorities as given in text.] R. D.

FITZNEALE or FITZNIGEL, RI-
CHARD, otherwise RICHARD OF ELY (d.
1198), bishop of London (1189-98), was the
son — legitimate, if born before his father
was in holy orders — of Nigel, bishop of Ely,
treasurer of the kingdom, the nephew of the
mighty Roger, bishop of Salisbury, chancellor
and justiciar of Henry I. He received his
education in the monastery of Ely, where he
acquired the reputation of a very quick-witted
and wise youth ' (Hist. Eliens. ; WHARTON,
Anglia Sacra, i. 627), and laid the foundations
of wide and accurate learning and literary
power. He belonged to a family which for
nearly a century and a half held a leading
place in the royal household and in the legal
and financial administration of the kingdom.
The year of his birth is not recorded, but he
must have been still young when in 1169 his
father, the bishop of Ely, purchased for him
for a hundred marks the treasurership which
he had long filled himself. The flourishing
condition of the treasury on Henry's death
proved the excellence of his administration,
more than a hundred thousand marks being
found in the royal coffers, in spite of Henry's
continued and costly wars. He had been ap-
pointed archdeacon of Ely by his father before
1169, became justice itinerant in 1179, and
held the prebendal stall of Cantlers in St.
Paul's Cathedral. In 1184 we find him dean
of Lincoln, and in 1186 the chapter elected
him bishop of that see, the election, however,
being annulled by Henry II, who had re-
solved that one of the holiest and wisest men
of his day, Hugh, prior of Witham, should
fill the office, and compelled Fitzneale and
his canons to elect the royal nominee (BENE-
DICT. ABBAS, i. 345). On the death of Gilbert
Foliot [q. v.], he was appointed to the see of
London shortly before the king's death in
1189. The canons of St. Paul's were sum-
moned to Normandy to elect the king's no-
minee, but political troubles and domestic
sorrows allowed Henry no time or thought
for ecclesiastical affairs. The election was
postponed from day to day, and was still pend-
ing on the king's death. Immediately after
his accession Richard I held a great council
at Pipewell on 5 Sept. 1189, the first act of
which was to fill the five sees then vacant,
confirming his father's nomination of Fitz-
neale to the see of London (MATT. PARIS,
ii. 351), to which he was consecrated in the
chapel at Lambeth by Archbishop Baldwin on

Fitzneale

187

Fitzneale

31 Dec., at the same time with Richard's chan-
cellor, William Longchamp, to the^see of Ely.
His episcopate was nearly commensurate with
the reign of Richard, and his career was on
the whole as peaceful as that of his sovereign
was warlike. The new king showed his value
for Fitzneale's services as treasurer by con-
tinuing him in his office, which he held un-
disturbed till his death. Baldwin, archbishop
of Canterbury, accompanying Richard to the
Holy Land the same year, the newly con-
4secrated bishop of London was appointed to
act as his commissary during the primate's
absence {Annals ofDunstaple, iii. 25). In this
capacity a correspondence took place between
Baldwin and Fitzneale in 1190 relative to
the suspension of Hugh, bishop of Lichfield,
who had illegally assumed the shrievalty, and
his absolution on submission (MATT. PARIS,
ii. 358 ; DICETO, ii. 77, 78). In the bitter con-
flict between Longchamp and Prince John
Fitzneale took an influential part, chiefly as
a peacemaker, an office for which he was spe-
cially qualified, not only by his benignity
and the sweetness of his address, but by his
practical common sense and large experience.
At the personal meeting between John and
the chancellor, demanded by the latter to
settle the points in dispute, held at Win-
chester on 25 April 1191, Fitzneale was one
of the three episcopal arbitrators, and was
put in charge of the castle of Bristol, one of
the strongholds nominally surrendered by
John. He was present also at the second
assembly held at Winchester, and took part
in the new settlement then attempted (HovE-
DEX, iii. 135, 136 ; Ric. DEVIZES, pp. 26, 32,
33). When Geoffrey Plantagenet, the na-
tural son of Henry II, recently appointed
by Richard to the see of York, on his land-
ing at Dover on 14 Sept., had been violently
dragged from the altar of St. Martin's priory
by the men-at-arms of Richenda, the wife of
the constable of Dover Castle, Longchamp's
sister, and committed to prison, the protests
of Fitzneale against so impious an act were
only second in influence to those of the sainted
Hugh of Lincoln in obtaining the release
of the archbishop-elect, for which Fitzneale
pledged his bishopric to the chancellor. On
bis arriving in London he afforded him a re-
ception suitable to his dignity at St. Paul's,
and entertained him magnificently at his
palace (DICETO, ii. 97 ; MATT. PARIS, Chron.
Maj. ii. 372 ; Hist. Angl ii. 22).

When Longchamp was summoned by John
to give an account of his conduct before him
and the justiciars at Loddon Bridge, between
Reading and Windsor, on 5 Oct., Fitzneale
gave the chancellor security for his safety,
and on his non-appearance took a leading part

in the discussion of the complaints against
his administration, and joined in the solemn
excommunication in Reading parish church of
all concerned in Archbishop Geoffrey's seizure
and imprisonment (MATT. PARIS, Chron. Maj.
p. 380; DICETO, ii. 98). On 8 Oct. he took the
oath of fealty to King Richard in St. Paul's,
together with the bishops and barons, ' salvo
ordine suo.' He was present at the deposi-
tion of Longchamp from his secular authority
on 10 Oct. (HOVEDEN, iii. 145, 193). Perhaps
as a gracious act of courtesy, perhaps as
a measure of policy, we find him at this
period making a present to Prince John of
a wonderful hawk which had caught a pike
swimming in the water, and the fish itself
(MATT. PARIS, Chron. Maj. ii. 383 ; DICETO,
ii. 102). We find him also at the same time
giving the benediction to the Abbot of West-
minster at the high altar of St. Paul's (Di-
CETO, ii. 101), and in 1195 to John de Cella,
on his appointment as abbot of St. Albans
(MATT. PARIS, ii. 411), and, not forgetful of
the privileges of his order, posting down to
Canterbury in company with one of the jus-
ticiars to protect the rights of himself and
his brother bishops in the matter of the election
to the vacant primatial see. He summoned
the whole episcopal body to meet him in
London to decide the matter, and on the monks
of Canterbury anticipating their action by
the election of Fitzjocelin of Bath, he, in
the name of the bishops, despatched an appeal
to the pope (DICETO, ii. 103). In December

1192 he appears in controversy with his former
friend, Archbishop Geoffrey, who had ven-
tured to carry his cross erect in his portion of
the province of Canterbury. The archbishop
was visited with excommunication, and the
New Temple, in which he was lodged and
where the oft'ence took place, was suspended
from divine service (HOVEDEN, iii. 187). In

1193 he was one of the treasurers of Richard's
ransom (ib. p. 212), and the following year
joined in the sentence of excommunication
passed on John for open rebellion against his
royal brother in the infirmary chapel at
Westminster Abbey (ib. p. 237). He was
also present at Richard's coronation at Win-
chester on 17 April 1194, which succeeded
his return from his Austrian captivity (ib.
p. 247), and in 1197, when Richard endea-
voured to enforce the rendering of military
service for his continental wars on the Eng-
lish bishops, a demand thwarted by the bold
independence of Hugh of Lincoln, Fitzneale
followed Archbishop Hubert, by whom the
illegal measure was proposed, in declaring his
readiness as a loyal subject to take his share
of the burden (GERV. CANT. i. 549 ; Mag. Vit.
S. Hugonis, pp. 249, 250). Fitzneale died

Fitzneale

188

Fitzosbern

six months before, on 10 Sept. 1198. Few
prelates of his day are spoken of in more eulo-
gistic terms by the contemporary chroniclers,
and a review of the events of his life shows
that the eulogy was not undeserved. TheWin-
chester annalist describes him as ' vir vene-
randee et piissimse recordationis et plurimge
scientiae,' most benign and most merciful,
whose words distilled sweetness; 'vir ex-
actissimae liberalitatis et munificentise,' whose
bounty was so profuse that all others in
comparison with him appeared covetous, ad-
mitting all without distinction to his table,
except those who were repelled by their own
evil deeds (Annal Wmton.i.70). It is, how-
ever, on his literary ability that Fitzneale's
fame most deservedly rests. To him, ' the
first man of letters who occupied the episcopal
throne of London ' (MiLMAN, Annals of St.
PauVs}, we are almost certainly indebted for
the two most valuable authorities for the finan-
cial and political history of the kingdom. In
his preface to the work Madox has proved by
unanswerable arguments that the * Dialogus
de Scaccario,' termed by Bishop Stubbs ' that
famous and inestimable treatise,' on the prin-
ciples and administration of the English ex-
chequer, begun in 1176, but describing the
system of the year 1178, was written by
Fitzneale. Bishop Stubbs has also recently
brought convincing evidence that in the 'Acts
of King Henry and King Richard,' which
have long passed under the name of Benedict
(d. 1193) [q. v.], abbot of Peterborough, we
have really, though altered from its incon-
venient tripartite form, the chronicle of the
events of Fitzneale's own lifetime, begun in
the days of his youth, of which the writer of
the ' Dialogue ' declares himself the author,
which was designated ' Tricolumnus,' from
its original division into three columns, con-
taining respectively the affairs of the church,
the affairs of the state, and miscellaneous
matters and judgments of the courts of
law (STTJBBS, Introduction to BENEDICTTJS
ABBAS, i. Ivii-lx). Fitzneale, distinguished
among his contemporaries in the pursuits of
literature, employed his high position for its
advancement in others, exhibiting a large and
liberal patronage towards students and men
of letters. The celebrated Peter of Blois [see
PETER] was appointed by him to the archdea-
conry of London, and he assigned to the sup-
port of the school of his cathedral of St. Paul's
the tithes of the episcopal manors of Fulham
and Hornsey. Ralph de Diceto [q. v.], the dis-
tinguished chronicler, was dean of St. Paul's
during the whole of the episcopate, and there
can hardly fail to have been much sympathy
between two men of such congenial tastes
brought into such close official relations.

[Matt. Paris, Chron. Majora, vol. ii. ; Hist.
Angl. vol. ii. 11. cc. ; Hoveden, vol. iii. 11. cc. ;
Diceto, vol. ii. 11. cc. ; Richard of Devizes, 11. cc. ;
Annales Monastici, 11. cc.; Stubbs's Jntrod. to
Benedictus Abbas ; Wright's Historia Literaria,
ii. 286-90 ; Miss Norgate's England under the
Angevin Kings, ii. 279, 296-301, 305-10, 349,
439 ; Dugdate's St. Paul's, pp. 217, 258 ; Milman's
Annals of St. Paul's.] E. V.

FITZOSBERN, WILLIAM, EARL OP
HEREFORD (d. 1071), was the son and heir
of Osbern the seneschal, who was connected
with the ducal house of Normandy, and was
murdered while guardian to the future Con-
queror. His son became an intimate friend
of the duke, and was, after him, in Mr.
Freeman's words, f the prime agent in the
conquest of England.' On the accession of
Harold he was the first to urge the duke
to action, and at the council of Lillebonne
(1066) he took the lead in pressing the
scheme upon the Norman barons. He him-
self offered the duke a contribution of sixty
ships. At the battle of Hastings he is men-
tioned by Wace as fighting in the right wing
of the invading host. He received vast estates
in the conquered land, chiefly in the west,
and became Earl of Hereford. Florence of
Worcester (ii. 1) states that he had already
received the earldom when the Conqueror
left England in March 1067. His English
career may be dealt with under two heads :
first in his capacity as Earl of Hereford
(1067-71); secondly in his special character
as joint viceroy during William's absence
in 1067. In the first of these, his function
as earl was to defend the English border
against the South Welsh. For this purpose
his earldom was invested with a quasi-pa-
latine character, and was essentially of the
nature of a military settlement. William
of Malmesbury (Gesta jRegum, iii. 256) as-
serts that he attracted a large number of
warriors to his standard by liberal rewards,
and made a special ordinance reducing the
penalties to which they would be liable by
crime. During his brief tenure of the earl-
dom he was almost always engaged in border
warfare with the Welsh, and Meredith, son
of Owen, was among the princes of South
Wales whom he fought and overthrew. In
Heming's * Cartulary of Worcester ' are several
references to his doings, in which he usually
figures as a despoiler of the church. Several
of the knights who followed him to the west,
or joined him when established there, are
mentioned afterwards (1086) in ' Domesday.'

As viceroy in William's absence he played
an important part. To Bishop Odo was en-
trusted the guard of Kent and of the south
coast, while Earl William was left to guard

Fitzosbert

189

Fitzosbert

the northern and western borders, with Here-
ford and Norwich as his bases of operation.
He is accused by Ordericus and by the Eng-
lish chronicler of great severity, and especially
of building castles by forced labour, but in
the then precarious state of the Norman rule
a stern policy was doubtless necessary. There
were, however, outbursts of revolt, especially
in his own Herefordshire, where Eadric ' the
Wild ' successfully defied him. We do not
find that he lost favour in consequence of
this with the Conqueror, for in January 1069
he was entrusted with the new castle which
William built at York on the suppression of
the local revolt, and shortly after he success-
fully crushed an attempt to renew the insur-
rection. From a somewhat obscure passage
in Ordericus it would seem that he was des-
patched the following September to retake
Shrewsbury, which had been captured by
Eadric 'the Wild/ who retired before his
advance. The last deed assigned to him in
England is the searching of the monasteries
by William, at his advice, early in 1070, and
the confiscation of all the treasures of the
English found therein (FLOR. WIG.)

It was about Christmas 1070 that the earl
was sent by William to Normandy to assist
his queen in administering the duchy. But
at the same time Baldwin, count of Flan-
ders, died, leaving him one of the guardians
to his son Arnulf. The count's widow,
Richildis, attacked by her brother-in-law,
offered her hand to the earl if he would come
to her assistance. He did so, and was slain
at the battle of Cassel, where her forces were
defeated early in 1071. He was buried at
Cormeilles, one of the two monasteries which
he had founded in Normandy.

His estates, according to the practice of
the time, were divided between his two sons ;
William, the elder, succeeding to the Norman
fief, and Roger, the younger [see FITZWIL-
LIAM, ROGER], to the English one. Some
seventy years after his death Herefordshire
was granted to the Earl of Leicester as the
husband of his heir, to be held as fully and
freely as it hud been by himself (Duchy of
Lancaster, R^yal Charters}.

[Freeman's Hist, of the Norman Conquest
gives all that is known of William Fitzosbern's
life, together with the authorities, of which Or-
dericus Vitalis is the chief.] J. H. K.

FITZOSBERT, WILLIAM (d. 1196),
demagogue, is first mentioned as one of the
leaders of the London crusaders in 1190, who
fought the Moors in Portugal (HOVEDEN,
iii. 42 ; BENED. ii. 116). He was a member
of an eminent civic family, which was said
fco have been conspicuous for wearing the

beard ' as a mark of their hatred for the Nor-
mans ' (MATT. PARIS, ii. 418). William him-
self was known as ' Longbeard,' from the
excess to which he carried this distinction.
Of commanding stature and of great strength,
an effective popular speaker, and with some
knowledge of law (HOVEDEN, iv. 5), he threw
himself into the social struggles of his day
with an energy and a success of which the
measure is preserved in that spirit of bitter
partisanship in which the chroniclers narrate
his career. William of Newburgh, who, ac-
cording to Dr. Stubbs, ' treats him judicially,'
but who clearly takes the very worst view of
him, has devoted to him a long chapter (lib. v.
cap. 20), in which he traces William's con-
duct to his extravagance and lack of means,
which led him, when his elder brother, Ri-
chard, refused to supply him with money,
first to threaten him, and then to go to the
king, whom he knew personally, and accuse
him of treason. That he did bring this charge
(cf. R. DE DICETO, vol. ii.) is certain from the
' Rotuli Curise Regis ' (p. 69), which record
that (21 Nov. 1194) he accused his brother,
before the justices, of speaking treason against
the king and primate and denouncing their
exactions. Meanwhile he appears, on the
one hand, to have posed as zealous for the
interest of the king, who was defrauded, he
urged, by financial corruption, of the treasure
that should be his ; while, on the other, he
accused the city magnates, who had to ap-
portion the heavy ' aids ' laid upon London
for the king's ransom (1194), of saving their
own pockets at the expense of the poorer
payers. He made himself, on both these
grounds, hateful to the ruling class, but suc-
ceeded in obtaining a seat on the civic coun-
cil and pursued his advantage. He had clearly
found a genuine grievance in the system of
assessment, and ' fired,' says Hoveden, ' with
zeal for justice and equity, he made himself
the champion of the poor ' (iv. 5). Addressing
the people on every occasion, especially at
their folkmoot in St. Paul's churchyard, he
roused them by stinging invective against the
mayor and aldermen. An abstract of one of
his speeches, or rather sermons, is given by
William of Newburgh (ii. 469), who tells us
that ' he conceived sorrow and brought forth
iniquity/ The craftsmen and the populace
flocked to hear him, and he was said to have
had a following of more than fifty thousand
men. The primate, alarmed at the prospect,
sided with the magnates against him, but
William, crossing to France, appealed suc-
cessfully to the king (HOVEDEN, iv. 5 ; WILL.
NEWBURGH, ii. 468). The primate now de-
termined to crush him, took hostages from
his supporters for their good behaviour, and

Fitzpatrick

190

Fitzpatrick

then ordered his arrest. Guarded by his
followers, William defied him, and the panic-
stricken magnates were in hourly expecta-
tion of a general rising and of the sacking
of the city. Soon, however, surprised by a
party of armed men, the demagogue slew one
of his assailants and fled for refuge to Bow
Church, together with a few friends, and, his
enemies said, with his mistress. He trusted
that the sanctuary would shelter him till his
followers assembled ; but the primate, dread-
ing the delay, ordered him to be dragged out
by force. On his taking refuge in the church
tower, his assailants set fire to the fabric and
smoked him out. Badly wounded by a citi-
zen as he emerged, he was seized and fastened
to a horse's tail, and so dragged to the Tower.
Being there sentenced to death, he was dragged
in like manner through the city to the Elms
(at Smithfield) and there hanged in chains
(6 April 1196), < dying/ says Matthew Paris,
* a shameful death for upholding the cause of
truth and of the poor.' William of New-
burgh writes that he ' perished, according to
justice, as the instigator and contriver of
troubles.' His nine faithful friends were
hanged with him (R. DE DICETO, ii. 143;
GERVASE, i. 533, 534). It is admitted by
William of Newburgh that his followers be-
wailed him bitterly as a martyr. Miracles
were wrought with the chain that hanged
him. The gibbet was carried off as a relic,
and the very earth where it stood scooped
away. Crowds were attracted to the scene
of his death, and the primate had to station
on the spot an armed guard to disperse them.
Dr. Stubbs pronounces him ' a disreputable
man, who, having failed to obtain the king's
consent to a piece of private spite, made poli-
tical capital out of a real grievance of the
people' {Const. Hist. i. 508). This is pro-
bably the right 'view.

[William of Newburgh (Kolls Ser.) ; Bene-
dictus Abbas (ib.); Matthew Paris, Chronica
Major (ib.) ; Ralph de Diceto (ib.) ; Grervrase of
Canterbury (ib.) ; Palgrave's Eotuli Curise (Re-
cord Commission) ; Stubbs's Roger de Hoveden
(Rolls Ser.), and Const. Hist. vol. i.] J. H. R.

FITZPATRICK, SIR BARNAB Y, LORD
OF UPPER OSSORY (1535 P-1581), son and
heir of Brian Fitzpatrick or MacGillapatrick,
first lord of Upper Ossory, was born probably
about 1535. Sent at an early age into Eng-
land as a pledge of his father's loyalty, he was
educated at court, where he became a fa-
vourite schoolfellow and companion of Prince
Edward, whose ' proxy for correction ' we are
informed he was (FULLER, Church Hist. bk.
vii. par. 47). On 15 Aug. 1551 he and Sir
Robert Dudley were sworn two of the six

gentlemen of the king's privy chamber {Ed-
ward VFs Diary}. Edward VI, who con-
tinued to take a kindly interest in him, sent
him the same year into France in order to
perfect his education, sagely advising him to
' behave himself honestly, more following the
company of gentlemen, than pressing into the
company of the ladies there.' Introduced by
the lord admiral, Lord Clinton, to Henry II,
he was by him appointed a gentleman of his
chamber, in which position he had favourable
opportunities for observing the course of
French politics. On his departure on 9 Dec.
1552 he was warmly commended for his con-
duct by Henry himself and the constable
Montmorency (Cal. State Papers, For. vol. i.)
During his residence in France Edward VI
continued to correspond regularly with him,
and so much of the correspondence as has
survived has been printed in the ' Literary Re-
mains of Edward VI,' published by the Rox-
burghe Club, i. 63-92. (Some of these letters
had previously been printed by Fuller in his
' Worthies,' Middlesex, and his ' Church His-
tory of Britain ; ' by Horace Walpole in 1772,
reprinted in the ' Dublin University Magazine/
xliv. 535, and by Halliwell in his ' Letters of
the Kings of England/ vol. ii., and in ' Gent.
Mag.' Ixii. 704.) On his return he took an
active part in the suppression of Sir Thomas
Wyatt's rebellion (1553). The same year it
appears from the ' Chronicle of Queen Jane '
that 'the Erie of Ormonde, Sir [blank] Cour-
teney Knight, and Mr. Barnaby fell out in
the night with a certayn priest in the streate,
whose parte a gentyllman comyng by by
chance took, and so they fell by the eares ;
so that Barnabye was hurte. The morrowe
they were ledd by the ii shery ves to the coun-
ter in the Pultry, where they remained [blank]
daies ' (ed. Camd. Soc. p. 33). Shortly after-
wards he went into Ireland with the Earl of
Kildare and Brian O'Conor Faly (Annals of
Four Masters ; Ham. Cal. i. 133). It is stated
both by Collins and Lodge that he was in 1558
present at the siege of Leith, and that he was
there knighted by the Duke of Norfolk ; but
for this there appears to be no authority.
He sat in the parliament of 1559. In 1566
he was knighted by Sir H. Sidney, who seems
to have held him in high estimation (Cal.
Carew MSS. ii. 148) . His proceedings against
Edmund Butler for complicity with James
Fitzmaurice were deeply resented by the Earl
of Ormonde, and led to a lifelong feud be-
tween them (Ham. Cal. i. 457, 466). In 1573
he was the victim of a cruel outrage, owing
to the abduction of his wife and daughter by
the Graces (ib. i. 502, 510, 525 ; Carew, i. 438 ;
BAGWELL, Ireland, ii. 254). In 1574 the Earl
of Ormonde made fresh allegations against

Fitzpatrick

191

Fitzpatrick

his loyalty, and he was summoned to Dublin
to answer before the council, where he suc-
cessfully acquitted himself {Ham. Cal. ii. 23,
24, 31, 33 ; Carew, i. 472). In 1576 he suc-
ceeded his father, who had long been impotent,
as Baron of Upper Ossory, and two years after-
wards had the satisfaction of killing the great
rebel Rory Qge O'More (COLLINS, Sydney Let-
ters, i.%o±\ Somers Tracts,].. 603). Owing
to a series of charges preferred against him
by Ormonde, who declared that there was ' not
a naughtier or more dangerous man in Ire-
land than the baron of Upper Ossory ' (Ham.
Cal. ii. 237 ; cf. ib. pp. 224, 246, 250), he and
Lady Fitzpatrick were on 14 Jan. 1581 com-
mitted to Dublin Castle (ib. p. 280). There
was, however, ' nothing to touch him,' he being
in Sir H. Wallop's opinion ' as sound a man
to her majesty as any of his nation' (ib.p. 300).
He, however, seems to have been suddenly
taken ill, and on 11 Sept. 1581 he died in the
house of William Kelly, surgeon, Dublin, at
two o'clock in the afternoon (LODGE (Arch-
dall), vol. ii. ; A. F. M. v. 1753). He was, said
Sir H. Sidney, ' the most sufficient man in
counsel and action for the war that ever I
found of that country birth ; great pity it was
of his death' {Carew, ii. 344). He married
in 1560 Joan, daughter of Sir Rowland Eus-
tace, viscount Baltinglas, by whom he had an
only daughter, Margaret, first wife of James,
lord Dunboyne. His estates passed to his
brother Florence Fitzpatrick (LODGE, Arch-
dall).

[Authorities as in the text.] E. D.

FITZPATRICK, RICHARD, LOKD

GOWRAN (d. 1727), second son of John Fitz-
patrick of Castletown, Queen's County, by
Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Thomas, vis-
count Thurles, and relict of James Purcell,
baron of Loughmore, entered the royal navy
and was appointed on 14 May 1687 com-
mander of the Richmond. On 24 May 1688
he was made captain of the Assurance, from
which in 1689 he was transferred to the Lark,
in which he cruised against the French in
the German Ocean. Having distinguished
himself on that station, he was advanced
on 11 Jan. 1690 to the command of the
St. Alban's, a fourth-rate, with which on
18 July he captured off Rame Head a French
frigate of 36 guns, after a fight of four hours,
in which the enemy lost forty men killed and
wounded, the casualties on board the St.
Alban's being only four; and the French
ship was so shattered that she had to be
towed into Plymouth. In February 1690-1
he drove on shore two French frigates and
helped to cut out fourteen merchantmen from
a convoy of twenty-two. In command of the

Burford (70 guns) he served under Lord Ber-
keley in 1696, and in July was detached to
make a descent on the Groix, an island near
Belle Isle, off the west coast of Brittany, from
which he brought off thirteen hundred head of
cattle, with horses, boats, and small vessels.
He was promoted to the command of the
Ranelagh (80 guns) on the outbreak of the
war of the Spanish succession, and took part
in Ormonde's mismanaged expedition against
Cadiz (1702), and in the successful attack on
Vigo which followed ; but soon after retired
from the service. In 1696 he had received a
grant of the town and lands of Grantstown
and other lands in Queen's County, and on
27 April 1715 he was raised to the Irish peer-
age as Baron Gowran of Gowran, Kilkenny.
He took his seat on 12 Nov., and on 14 Nov.
helped to prepare an address to the king con-
gratulating him upon his accession. He died
on 9 June 1727. Fitzpatrick married in 1718
Anne, younger daughter of Sir John Robin-
son of Farmingwood, Northamptonshire, by
whom he had two sons : John, who succeeded
him in the title and estates, and Richard.
The former, promoted to the Irish earldom
of Upper Ossory on 5 Oct. 1751, was father
of Richard Fitzpatrick (noticed below).

[Charnock's Biog. Navalis, ii. 134-8 ; Bur-
chell's Naval History, pp. 545, 547 ; Luttrell's
Relation of State Affairs, ii. 80, 435 ; Hist. Reg.
Chron. Diary (1727), p. 23 ; Lodge's Peerage of
Ireland (Archdall), ii. 347-] J. M. E.

FITZPATRICK, RICHARD (1747-

1813), general, politician, and wit, was second
son of John, first earl of Upper Ossory in the
peerage of Ireland and M.P. for Bedfordshire,
by Lady Evelyn Leveson Gower, daughter of
the second Earl Gower, and was grandson of
Richard Fitzpatrick, lord Gowran [q. v.] He
was born in January 1747, and was educated
at Westminster School, where he became the
intimate friend of Charles James Fox. They
were afterwards connected by the marriage
of Stephen Fox, the elder brother of Charles
James, to Lady Mary Fitzpatrick, the sister of
his friend. This schoolboy friendship lasted
until the death of Fox in 1806, and Fitzpatrick
is chiefly remembered as Fox's companion. On
10 July 1765 Fitzpatrick entered the army as
an ensign in the 1st, afterwards the Grenadier,
guards, and on 13 Sept. 1772 he was gazetted
lieutenant and captain, but he had no oppor-
tunity of going on service, and devoted him-
self to the pleasures of London life. He lived
in the same lodgings with Fox in Piccadilly,
and shared his love for gambling and betting,
classical scholarship and brilliant conversa-
tion. The two friends were recognised as the
leaders of the young men of fashion about

Fitzpatrick

192

Fitzpeter

town, and both were devoted to amateur thea-
tricals, in which Fitzpatrick was voted to be
superior to Fox in genteel comedy, though
his inferior in tragedy. Both indulged in
vers de societe, and Fitzpatrick published
' The Bath Picture, or a Slight Sketch of its
Beauties,' in 1772, and 'Dorinda, a Town
Eclogue,' which was printed at Horace Wai-
pole's press at Strawberry Hill in 1775.
When Fox entered the House of Commons
he expressed the keenest desire that his friend
should join him there, and in 1774 Fitzpa-
trick was elected M.P. for Tavistock, a seat
which he held, thanks to the friendship of
the Duke of Bedford, for thirty-three years.
Fitzpatrick had none of Fox's debating power,
but his political influence was very great on
account of his confidential relations with
Fox, who generally followed his advice.
Fitzpatrick was strongly opposed to the Ame-
rican war, but when he was ordered with a
relief belonging to his battalion to the scene
of action, he at once obeyed and refused to
throw up his commission. He arrived in
America in March 1777, and served with
credit in the guards in the action at West-
iield, the battle of Brandy wine, the capture
of Philadelphia, and the battle of German-
town, and he returned to England in May
1778 on receiving the news that he had been
promoted captain and lieutenant-colonel on
23 Jan. in that year. In 1782 he first took
office, when Lord Rockingham formed his
second administration, and in that year he
accompanied the Duke of Portland, when he
•went to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, as chief
secretary. He was promoted colonel 20 Nov.
1782, and in April 1783 he entered the coa-
lition ministry of Fox and Lord North as
secretary at war. Fitzpatrick shared the
subsequent exclusion of the whigs from power,
and he warmly supported the policy of Fox
^nd Sheridan during the excitement caused
by the French revolution. During this period
Fitzpatrick was better known as a man of
^fashion and gallantry, and as a wit, than as
a statesman or a soldier ; he was one of the
principal authors of the ' Rolliad ; ' he was
a constant attendant in the green-rooms of
the theatres and at Newmarket, and he was
so noted for his fine manners and polite ad-
dress that the Duke of Queensberry left him
a considerable legacy on this account alone.
On 12 Oct. 1793 he was promoted major-
general, and in 1796 he made his most famous
speech in the House of Commons, protesting
against the imprisonment of Lafayette and
his companions by the Austrians. In answer
to this speech Henry Dundas remarked that
•* the honourable general's two friends [Fox
«,nd Sheridan] had only impaired the impres-

sion made by his speech.' On 1 Jan. 1798
Fitzpatrick was promoted lieutenant-general,
and on 25 Sept. 1803 general, and in 1804
Pitt made him lieutenant-general of the ord-
nance. When the ministry of All the
Talents came into power in 1806, Fox ap-
pointed Fitzpatrick once more secretary at
war. On 20 April 1806 he was made colonel
of the llth regiment, from which he was
transferred to the colonelcy of the 47th
on 25 Feb. 1807. The death of Fox pro-
foundly affected Fitzpatrick, and the great
orator left him in his will a small personal
memento 'as one of his earliest friends, whom
he loved excessively.' In 1807 Fitzpatrick
was elected M.P. for Bedfordshire, and in
1812 once more for Tavistock, but his health
was seriously undermined, and he was little
better than a wreck during the latter years
of his life. He died in South Street, May-
fair, on 25 April 1813, leaving behind him
one of the best known names in the history
of the social life of the last half of the eigh-
teenth century, and the proud title of being
the most intimate friend of Charles James
Fox.

[Army Lists ; Military Panorama, Life, with
portrait, September 1813;HGent. Mag. May 1813,
and supplement; Hamilton's History of the
Grenadier Guards ; Sir G. 0. Trevelyan's Early
Life of Fox ; Lord John Russell's Memorials of
Fox ; Horace Walpole's Letters.] H. M. S.

FITZPETER, GEOFFREY, EAEL OP
ESSEX (d. 1213), younger brother of Simon
Fitzpeter, sheriff of Northamptonshire, Buck-
inghamshire, and Bedfordshire in the reign of
Henry II, marshal in 1165, and justice-itine-
rant in Bedfordshire in 1163 (NORGATE, Ange-
vin Kings, ii. 355, n. 2), married Beatrice,
daughter and coheiress of William de Say,
eldest son of William de Say, third baron,
who married Beatrice, sister of Geoffrey de
Mandeville, earl of Essex. In 1184 Geoffrey
shared the inheritance of his father-in-law
with William de Bocland, the husband of his
wife's sister (D UGD ALE) . D uring the last five
years of Henry's reign he was sheriff of North-
amptonshire, and acted occasionally as a jus-
tice of assize and judge of the forest-court
(ETTON, Itinerary of Henry II; NORGATE).
He took the cross, but in 1189 paid a fine to
Richard I for not going on the crusade (Ri-
CHARD OP DEVIZES, p. 8). On the departure of
the king he was left one of the five judges of
the king's court, and baron of the exchequer,
and was therefore one of the counsellors of
Hugh, bishop of Durham, the chief justiciar*
(HOVEDEN, iii. 16, 28). On the death of
William de Mandeville, earl of Essex, in this
year, his inheritance was claimed by Geoffrey
in right of his wife as daughter of the elder

Fitzpeter

193

Fitzpeter

son of Beatrice de Say, aunt and heiress of
the earl ; her claim was disputed by her uncle
Geoffrey, who was declared heir by his mother.
William Longchamp,the chancellor, adjudged
the inheritance to Geoffrey de Say, on con-
dition that he paid seven thousand marks,
and gave him seisin. As he made default,
the chancellor transferred the inheritance to
Geoffrey Fitzpeter for three thousand marks
(ib. Preface, xlviii, n. 6 ; Monasticon, iv. 145 ;
Pipe Roll, 2 Ric. 1). The patronage of the
priory of Walden in Essex formed part of
the Mandeville inheritance ; but, while the
succession was disputed, the monks on 1 Aug.
1190 prevailed on Richard, bishop of London,
to change their house into an abbey. When
Geoffrey went to Walden he declared that
the abbot and monks had defrauded him of
his rights by thus renouncing his patronage ;
he seized their lands, and otherwise aggrieved
them. They appealed to the Bishop of London,
who excommunicated those who disturbed
them, and William Longchamp also took their
part, and caused some of their rights to be re-
stored. This greatly angered Geoffrey, who
set at naught Longchainp's authority, and con-
tinued to aggrieve the monks. Nor did he pay
any attention to a papal mandate which they
procured on their behalf. About this time his
wife Beatrice died in childbed, and was buried
in the priory of Chicksand in Bedfordshire,
which also formed part of the Mandeville in-
heritance. Towards the end of his reign Ri-
chard exhorted Geoffrey to satisfy the monks,
but he delayed to do so, and the dispute went
on until in the reign of John he restored part
of the lands which he had taken away, and the
matter was arranged (Monasticon, iv. 145-8).
Meanwhile, in February 1191, Richard, who
had heard many complaints against Long-
champ, wrote from Messina to Geoffrey and
the other justices bidding them control him if
they found it necessary, and informing them
that he was sending over Walter, archbishop
of Rouen, to guide their actions (DiCETO,
ii. 90, 91). Geoffrey took part in the league
against the chancellor, served as one of the
coadjutors of Archbishop Walter, the new
chief justiciar (GiRALDtrsCAMBRENSis, iv.400 ;
BENEDICTUS, ii. 213), and was one of the per-
sons excommunicated for the injuries done to
Longchamp. When Hubert Walter resigned
the chief justiciarship, Richard, on 11 July
1198, appointed Geoffrey as his successor
(Fcedera, i. 71). The new justiciar gathered
a large force, marched to the relief of the men
of William of Braose, who were besieged by
Gwenwynwyn, son of the prince of Powys,
in Maud's Castle, and inflicted a severe defeat
on the Welsh (HOVEDEN, iv. 53). Richard
was in constant need of money, and Geoffrey,

VOL. XIX.

as his minister, carried out the oppressive
measures by which his wants were supplied.
The religious houses refused to pay the caru-
cage, and their compliance was enforced by
the outlawry of the whole body of the clergy.
A decree was issued that all grants were to
be confirmed by the new seal, and the people
were oppressed by the over-sharp administra-
tion of justice, and by a visitation of the forests
(ib. pp. 62-6). When Richard died, Geoffrey
took a prominent part in securing the succes-
sion of John at the council of Northampton.
At the king's coronation feast he was girded
with the sword of the earldom of Essex,
though he had been called earl before, and
had exercised certain administrative rights
which Roger of Hoveden speaks of as pertain-
ing to the earldom (ib. p. 90) ; the chronicler
seems to confuse the office of sheriff and the
title of earl. He was sheriff of several coun-
ties, and among other marks of the king's
favour received grants of Berkhamsted and
Queenhythe. He was confirmed in his office,
and evidently lived on terms of some fami-
liarity with the king (Foss). John is said
to have made him the agent of his extortion,
and he was reckoned among the king's evil
counsellors ; he served his master faithfully,
and the work he did for him earned him the
hatred of the oppressed people. At the same
time John disliked him, for the earl was a
lawyer, brought up in the school of Glanville,
and though no doubt ready enough to gain
wealth for himself or his master by any means
within the law, can scarcely have been will-
ing to act in defiance of it. He was one of
the witnesses of John's charter of submission
to the pope on 15 May 1213, and when the
king set sail on his intended expedition to
Poitou, was left as his vicegerent in con-
j unction with the Bishop of Winchester. He
was present at the assembly held at St. Albans
on 4 Aug., and promised on the king's behalf
that the laws of Henry I should be observed.
He died on 2 Oct. When the king heard of
his death he rejoiced, and said with a laugh,
' When he enters hell let him salute Hubert,
archbishop of Canterbury, whom no doubt he
will find there;' adding that now for the
first time he was king and lord of England.
Nevertheless the death of his minister left
him without any hold on the baronage, and
was an important step towards his ruin
(STTJBBS). By his first wife Geoffrey left
three sons, Geoffrey and William, who both
succeeded to his earldom, and died without
issue, and Henry, a churchman, and a daugh-
ter, Maud, who married Henry Bohun, earl
of Hereford ; and by a second wife, Aveline,
a son named John, who inherited his father's
manor of Berkhamsted. Geoffrey founded

o

Fitzralph

194

Fitzralph

Shouldham Priory in Norfolk (Monasticon,
vi. 974), and a hospital at Sutton de la Hone
in Kent (ib. p. 669), and was a benefactor to
the hospital of St. Thomas of Acre in London
(ib. p. 647).

[Roger of Hoveden, pref. to vol. iii., and 16,
28, 153, iv. 48, 53, 62-6; Benedictus, ii. 158,
213, 223 ; Ralph of Diceto, ii. 90 ; Matt. Paris, ii.
453, 483, 553, 559 ; Walter of Coventry, ii. pref.
(all Rolls Ser.) ; Roger of Wendover, ii. 137, 262
(Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 702,
and Monasticon, iv. 145-8; Foss's Judges of Eng-
land, ii. 62 ; Norgate's Angevin Kings, ii. 355,
393 ; Stubbs's Const. Hist. ii. 527.] W. H.

FITZRALPH, RICHARD, in Latin Ri-
cardus films Radulphi, often referred to simply
as 'Armachanus' or 'Ardmachanus' (d. 1360),
archbishop of Armagh, was born probably in
the last years of the thirteenth century at
Dundalk in the county of Louth. The place
is expressly stated by the author of the St.
Albans ' Chronicon Anglise' (p. 48, ed. E. M.
Thompson) and in the ' Annales Hibernise '
(an. 1337, 1360, in Chartularies of St. Mary's
Abbey, Dublin, ii. 381, 393, ed. J. T. Gilbert,
1884). Fitzralph has been claimed by Prince
( Worthies of Devon, p. 294 et seq., Exeter,
1701) for a Devon man, solely on the
grounds of his consecration at Exeter, and
of the existence of a family of Fitzralphs in
the county.

Fitzralph was educated at Oxford, where
he is said to have been a disciple of John
Baconthorpe [q. v.], and where he devoted
himself with zeal and success to the scholas-
tic studies of the day, which he afterwards
came to regard as the cause of much profit-
less waste of time (Summa in Qucestionibus
Armenorum, xix. 35, f. 161 a. col. 1). He
became a fellow of Balliol College, and it
was as an ex-fellow that he subscribed in
1325 his assent to a settlement of a dispute
in the college as to whether members of the
foundation were at liberty to follow studies
in divinity. The decision was that they were
not permitted to proceed beyond the study
of the liberal arts (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th
Rep. p. 443).

It has been commonly stated that Fitz-
ralph was at one time a fellow or scholar
of University College ; but the assertion is
part of the well-known legend about that
college fabricated in 1379, when the society,
desirous of ending a wearisome lawsuit, en-
deavoured to remove it to the hearing of the
king's council. For this purpose they ad-
dressed a petition to the king, setting forth
that the college was founded by his progeni-
tor, King Alfred, and thus lay under the
king's special protection. They further added,
to show the services which the college had

performed in the interest of religious educa-
tion, ' que les nobles Seintz Joan de Beverle,
Bede, Richard Armecan, et autres pluseurs
famouses doctours et clercs estoient jadys
escolars en meisme votre college ' (printed
by James Parker, Early History of Oxford,
App. A. 22, p. 316, Oxford, 1885 ; cf. WIL-
LIAM SMITH, Annals of University College,
pp. 124-8, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1728). This
audacious fiction with its wonderful inversion
of chronology can scarcely be said to esta-
blish any fact about Fitzralph, except the
high, if not saintly, reputation which he had
acquired within twenty years of his death.

Fitzralph seems to have continued resi-
dence at Oxford for some time after the lapse
of his fellowship, and about 1333 he is said
to have been commissary (or vice-chancellor)
of the university. It is more likely, however,
that he was chancellor, although Anthony a
Wood expressly states (Fasti Oxon. p. 21)
that this is an error ; for when he goes on
to say that the chancellor at that time was
necessarily resident, and that Fitzralph could
not be so since he was dean of Lichfield, it
is clear that he has mistaken the date of the
latter's preferment ; and one can hardly doubt
his identity with ' Richard Radyn,' who ap-
pears in Wood's list as chancellor in the very
year 1333, but whose name is written in an-
other copy ' Richardus Radi ' (SMITH, p. 125.
Radi being evidently Radi, the usual contrac-
tion for Radulphi). Fitzralph was now a
doctor of divinity. On 10 July 1334 he was
collated to the chancellorship of Lincoln Ca-
thedral (LE NEVE, Fasti Eccl Anglic, ii. 92,
ed. Hardy), and probably soon afterwards was
made archdeacon of Chester. The last prefer-
ment must have been some time after 133C
(ib. i. 561). Bale, by an error, calls him arch-
deacon of Lichfield (Scriptt. Brit. Cat. v. 93,
p. 444) ; it was to the deanery of Lichfield thai
he was advanced by the provision of Pope
Benedict XII in 1337, and installed 20 April
(T. CHESTERFIELD, DeEpisc. Coventr. etLichf.
in WHARTON, Anglia Sacra, i. 443). An ex-
press notice of William de Chambre (Cont
Hist. Dunelm. in Hist . Dunelm. Script, tres, p
128, Surtees Soc., 1839) mentions Fitzralpl
in company with Thomas Bradwardine, tb ;
future primate, Walter Burley, Robert Ho1-
cot, and others, among those scholars w1:.c
were entertained in the noble household ^
Richard of Bury, bishop of Durham, a re^or-
ence which probably belongs to a date sub-
sequent to Bury's elevation to the see in 1333
From his deanery at Lichfield Fitzralph was
advanced by provision of Clement VI to the
archbishopric of Armagh, and was consecrated
at Exeter by Bishop John of Grandison and
three other prelates on 8 July 1347 (STUBBS,

Fitzralph

195

Fitzralph

Iteg. Sacr. Angl. p. 55 ; CHESTERFIELD, 1. c. ;
Sin J. WARE, De Prcesul. Hibern. p. 20,
Dublin, 1665).

The fact that Fitzralph owed both his
highest preferments to papal influence ren-
ders it probable that he was held in favour
at the court of Avignon, though it is certain
that he was never made, as has been stated,
a cardinal. It has not, however, been noticed
•"hat he was frequently in Avignon previously
io his well-known visit in 1357. Among his
collected sermons (of which, either in full or
in reports, the Bodleian MS. 144 contains no
less than eighty-eight) there are some which
were delivered before the pope on 7 July 1335,
in November 1338, in December 1341, in Sep-
tember and December 1342, and in December
1344, dates which may possibly even point to a
continuous residence at Avignon, taken in con-
nection with the circumstance that his sermons
preached in England begin in 1345. He was
cnce more in Avignon in August 1349, having
been sent thither by the king of England on
business connected with the j ubilee announced
for 1350. A memorial of this remains in the
manuscript already referred to (f. 246 b), and
in other copies, containing under this date
Fitzralph's 'Propositio exparte illustris prin-
cipis domini regis Edwardi III in consistorio
pro gratia jubilea eiusdem domini regis populo
obtinenda.' It is highly probable that it was
this opportunity which brought Fitzralph
into connection with the negotiations then
going on between the Armenian church and
the pope. The Armenians had sought help from
Boniface XII against the advance of the Mus-
sulman, and the pope had required them as an
antecedent condition to abjure their heresies,
which were set out in 117 articles (enume-
rated at length in KAYJTALD. Ann. an. 1341,
xlix et seq. ; summarised by GIESELER, JSccl.
Hist. iii. 157 n. 2, Engl. trans., Philadelphia,
1843) . The Armenians held a council in 1 342
(see the text in MARTENE and DURAKD, Vet.
Scriptt. Ampliss. Coll. vii. 312 et seq.) ; the
pope sent them legates, and a correspondence
followed, which led to the visit of two of
• their body — Nerses, archbishop of Melasgerd
(Manasgardensis), and John, elect of Khilat
'*' (Clatensis) — to Avignon for further consul-
>•' tation. Fitzralph took part in the interviews
L which were arranged with them, and at their
?quest wrote an elaborate treatise in nine-
t,een books, examining and refuting the doc-
trines in which the Armenians differed from
catholic Christians. The book is called on the
title-page ' Richardi Radulphi Summa in
^uaestionibus Armenorum,' but the first book
s headed 'Summa de Erroribus Armenorum.'
"t was edited by Johannes Sudoris, and printed
•y Jean Petit at Paris in 1511. The facts

that Fitzralph dwells upon his personal in-
tercourse with Nerses and John, and that
he mentions Clement VI as living, seem to
expose an error in Raynaldus, who says (an.
1353, xxv. vol. vi. 588) that it was Inno-
cent VI who invited them in 1353. If this
correction is accepted, there is no reason to
doubt that the meetings with the Armenians,
described at the opening of Fitzralph's trea-
tise, took place during his visit to Avignon
in 1349. On the other hand, the concluding
chapter of the last book, which alludes to the
troubles he had suffered from opponents, looks
as though it were added at a later date, if,
indeed (which is questionable on internal
grounds), it is the work of Fitzralph at all.
If his efforts to promote a reconciliation
with the Armenian church redounded to
Fitzralph's fame abroad as a champion of
catholic orthodoxy, in England he had already
won a position of high eminence as a divine,
both by solid performances as a teacher and
writer on school theology, and by sermons,
many of which are extant, preached at various
places in England and Ireland. These, though
preserved or reported in Latin, are generally
stated to have been delivered in English (< in
vulgari '). One of them was preached ' in
processione Londonise facta pro rege,' after
the French campaign of 1346. He appears
to have been popular on all hands, and in
great request as a preacher. His visit to
Avignon, however, in 1349, brought him, so
far as is known, for the first time into that con-
flict with the mendicant orders which lasted
until the end of his life, and left his pos-
thumous reputation to be agitated between
the opposed parties in the church. Previously
he had often preached in the friars' convents
at Avignon. Thus we possess his sermon at
the general chapter of the Dominicans there,
8 Sept. 1342 (Bodl. MS. 144, f. 141), and an-
other in the Franciscan church on St. Francis's
day in this very year 1349. He was charged,
however, on this visit, with a petition from the
English clergy reciting certain well-known
complaints against the friars. This memorial,
f Propositio ex parte prselatorum et omnium
curatorum totius Ecclesiae coram papa in pleno
consistorio . . . adversus ordines mendicantes '
(Bodl. MS. 144, f. 251 b\ he presented on
5 July 1350. Before this, not later than the
beginning of May, Pope Clement had ap-
pointed a commission, consisting of Fitzralph
and two other doctors, to inquire into the main
points at issue ; but after long deliberation
they seem to have come to no positive decision,
and Fitzralph was urged by certain of the
cardinals to write an independent treatise on
the subject. This work, as he completed it
some years later, is the treatise 'DePauperie

o 2

Fitzralph

196

Fitzralph

Salvatoris' mentioned below (see the dedica-
tion to that work). In the meantime some
complaints appear to have been laid against
him before the king in respect of his behaviour
in Ireland, where he was said to have pre-
sumed upon the favour he enjoyed at the
pope's hands. The king's decision went against
him. First, 20 Noy. 1349, the archbishop's
license to have his cross borne before him in
Ireland was revoked (RYMER, Fcedera, iii. pt. i.
190 seq., ed. 1825), and next, 18 Feb. 1349-50,
the king wrote to the Cardinal of St. Anastasia
to procure the disallowal of Fitzralph's claim
of supremacy over the see of Dublin, and to
the archbishop commanding his return to his
diocese (ib. 192; the two letters of 18 Feb.
appear, in this edition of the Fcedera only,
also under date 1347-8, at pp. 154 seq.) But
down to the end of the year at least we find
Fitzralph's claims supported by riots which
called for active measures on the part of the
government (ib. pp. 211 seq.)

At Avignon, as has been seen, Fitzralph
had thus appeared as the official spokes-
man of the secular clergy, and this attitude
he maintained after his return to Ireland.
How matters reached a crisis six years later
not uite certain. Wadding, speaking

s

for the Franciscans, asserts that he had at-
tempted to possess himself of an ornament
from one of their churches, and, being foiled
in this, proceeded to a general attack upon the
order, for which he was summoned, at the
instance of the warden of Armagh, to make
his defence at the papal court (Ann. Min. vii.
127, ed. 1733). He does not, however, name
his authority. Fitzralph's own account, in
the ' Defensio Curatorum,' is that in 1356 he
visited London on business connected with
his diocese, and there found a controversy
raging about the question of ' evangelical
poverty.' On this subject he at once preached
a number of sermons, laying down nine pro-
positions, which centred in the assertion that
poverty was neither of apostolic observance
nor of present obligation, and that mendi-
cancy was without warrant in scripture or
primitive tradition. Out of these ' seven or
eight ' sermons four were printed by Johannes
Sudoris at the end of his edition of the
' SummainQuaestionibus Armenorum.' They
were all preached in English at St. Paul's
Cross, and range in date from the fourth
Sunday in Advent to the third Sunday in
Lent 1356-7. The dean of St. Paul's, Richard
Kilmington (or Kilwington), his old friend
from the time when they were together in
Bishop Bury's household, stood by him (W.
REDE, Vita Pontif. ap. TANNER, JSibl. Brit.
p. 197) ; but the anger of the English friars
was hotly excited, and the Franciscan, Roger

Conway [q. v.], wrote a set reply to the arch-
bishop's positions. It was then, and in con1-
sequence of this discussion, Fitzralph asserts
(Defensio Curatorum, ad init.), that his oppo-
nents succeeded in procuring his citation to
defend his opinions before the pope, Inno-
cent VI, at Avignon. The king forbade him>
1 April 1357, to quit the country without
special leave (RYMER, iii. pt. i. 352) ; but the-
prohibition seems to have been withdrawn,
since he was at the papal court before 8 Nov.,.
on which day he preached a sermon in sup-
port of his position, which has been frequently
published, and exists in numerous mami-
scripts, under the title of ' Defensio Cura-
torum contra eos qui privilegiatos se dicuntr
(printed by John Trechsel, Lyons, 1496 ; also«
in Goldast's 'Monarchia/ ii. 1392 et seq.,
Frankfurt, 1614; Brown's 'Fasciculus Rerun*
expetendarum et fugiendarum,' ii. 466 et seq.r
and elsewhere).

It was probably in connection with thi»
sermon that Fitzralph completed and put
forth his treatise * De Pauperie Salvatoris,r
in seven books, of which the first four will
shortly be published for the first time as an
appendix to Wycliffe's book 'De Dominio>
Divino' (edited by R. L. Poole for the Wyclif
Society). The interest of this work is partly
that it resumes the catholic contention:
against the mendicant orders which had1
been accepted by the council of Vienne and!
by Pope John XXII, and links this to a
general view of human relations towards God!
which was taken up in its entirety by Wy-
cliffe, and made by him the basis of a doc-
trinal theory which was soon discovered to-
be, if not heretical, at least dangerous. Fitz-
ralph, however, suffered no actual condem-
nation ; it is hard to see how he could have-
been made to suffer for maintaining a position
which had been upheld in recent years, though
in different circumstances, by the highest ec-
clesiastical authority ; and it is likely that
he died at Avignon before judgment was pro-
nounced, or perhaps even contemplated. A
notarial instrument of the case, of which,
there is a copy in the BodleianMS. 158, f. 174,
contains the information that Fitzralph's case-
was entrusted by the pope to four cardinals
for examination, 14 Nov., and gives the par-
ticulars on which this should proceed. But
unfortunately we have no record of the con-
clusion arrived at. Wadding (Ann. Min. viii.
127 et seqq., ed. 1733) states that while the-
inquiry was going on the pope wrote letters,,
1 Oct. 1358, to the English bishops restraining
them for the time from any interference with
the practices of the friars to which Fitzralph
had made objections ; and that in the end
silence was imposed upon the archbishop, and

Fitzralph

197

Fitzralph

the friars were confirmed in their privileges.
'This last fact is not disputed ; the friars gained
their point (cf. WALSINGHAM, Hist. Anglic.
a. 285, ed. H. T. Riley) : but whether they
.succeeded in obtaining Fitzralph's condemna-
tion is more than doubtful. Hermann Corner
{in ECCAKD, Corp. Hist. Med. JEvi, iii. 1097)
.goes so far as to say that he was arrested at
Avignon and there perished miserably. But
Wadding himself admits in his margin that
lie died 're infecta,' and the common account
as that he died in peace at an advanced age
before any formal decision upon his proposi-
tions had been reached (F. BOSQUET, Pontif.
JKom. Gall. Hist. p. 131, Paris, 1632). It is
.significant that some time before this a subsidy
had been levied upon the clergy of the diocese
•of Lincoln, where he had formerly been chan-
cellor, to contribute towards his expenses
during his stay at the papal court (Reg. Gyne-
avell. ap. TANNER, 284 note c), and Wycliffe
implies that a collection of a more general
kind was made for his support (Fascic. Zizan.

£284 ; Trialogus, iv. 36, p. 375, ed. G. V.
echler) ; while a Benedictine chronicler
asserts roundly, under the year 1368, that it
was in consequence of the default of the Eng-
lish clergy and the abundant resources of
the friars that the latter received a confir-
mation of their privileges, f adhuc pendente
lite' ( Chron. Angl. p. 38 ; WALSINGHAM, Hist.
Anglic, i. 285).

The date of Fitzralph's death was pro-
bably 16 Nov. 1360 (WARE, De Prcesul. Hib.
•p. 21 ; COTTON, Fast. Eccl. Hib. iii. 15) ; but
the ' Chronicon Anglias,' p. 48, and, among
modern writers, Bale (1. c.) give the day as
that of St. Edmund the king or 20 Nov.
The former date, ' 16 Kal. Dec./ has been
sometimes misread as 16 Dec. (Ann. Hib.
an. 1360, p. 393 ; WADDING, viii. 129), and
Wadding hesitates whether the year was 1360
•or 1359, the latter year being given by Leland
(Comm. de Scriptt. Brit. p. 373). That Fitz-
iralph's death took place at Avignon may be
accepted as certain. The discordant account
is in fact obviously derived from the statement
in Camden's edition of the ' Annales Hibernise '
(Britannia, p. 830, ed. 1607) that he died ' in
Hannonia,' which was pointed out by Ware
*(1. c.) two hundred and fifty years ago as a
mistake for 'Avinione' (see J. T. GILBERT, in-
troduction to the Chart, of St. Mary's Abbey,
Dublin, ii. pp. cxviii, cxix, where he prints ' Avi-
miona'). Hannonia then becomes localised
in ' Montes Hannonise' or Mons in Hainault,
;and Wadding (1. c. p. 129) conjectures that
his death took place in the course of his home-
ward journey. In this identification of the
^place he is followed by Mansi (note to RAY-
JSALD. Ann. vii. 33).

About ten years after Fitzralph's death
his bones are said to have been taken by
Stephen de Valle, bishop of Meath (1369-
1379), and removed to the church of St. Ni-
cholas at Dundalk ; but some doubted whether
the bones were his or another's (Ann. Hib.
1. c. ; WARE, p. 21). The monument was still
shown in the beginning of the seventeenth
century, when Ussher wrote to Camden
(30 Oct. 1606) that it ' was not long ago by
the rude soldiers defaced' (CAMDEN, Epist.
p. 86, 1691). However this may be, the state-
ment that miracles were wrought at the tomb
in which his remains were laid rests upon
early testimony. The first continuator of
Higden, whose manuscript is of the first part
of the fifteenth century, asserts of the year
1377 that l about this time God, declaring the
righteousness wrought by master Richard
whiles that he lived on the earth, that that
might be fulfilled in him which is said in the
psalm, "The righteous shall be in everlasting
remembrance," through the merits of the same
Richard worketh daily at his tomb at Dun-
dalk in Ireland many and great miracles,
whereat it is said that the friars are ill-
pleased ' (Polychron. viii. 392, ed. J. R.
Lumby ; Chron. Angl. p. 400). A like state-
ment occurs in the ' Chronicon Angliee '
(an. 1360, p. 48). In consequence of these mi-
racles Ware says that Boniface IX caused a
commission, consisting of John Colton, arch-
bishop of Armagh, and Richard Yong, abbot
of Osney, and elect of Bangor (therefore be-
tween 1400 and 1404), to inquire into his
claims to canonisation ; but the inquiry led
to no positive action in the matter. Still,
popular usage seems to have placed its own
interpretation upon the miracles, and as late
as the seventeenth century a Roman catholic
priest, Paul Harris, speaks of Fitzralph as
'called . . . by the inhabitants of this coun-
trey S. Richard of Dundalke ' (Admonition
to the Fryars of Ireland, pp. 15, 34, 1634).
Ussher had used almost the same words in
his letter already quoted. Wood states that
there was an effigy of Fitzralph in Lichfield
Cathedral, but it had been destroyed before
the time at which he wrote (Fasti Oxon. p. 21).

Besides his chief works already enume-
rated Fitzralph was the author of a number
of minor tracts in the mendicant controversy
(among them a reply to Conway), sermons
(one collection entitled ' De Laudibus Marise
Avenioni'), 'Lectura Sententiarum,' 'Quses-
tiones Sententiarum,' ' Lectura Theologies,'
' De Statu universalis Ecclesise,' l De Peccato
Ignorantise,' 'De Vafritiis Judaeorum,' 'Dia-
logus de Rebus ad S. Scripturam pertinen-
tibus,' * Vita S. Manchini Abbatis,' and ' Epi-
stolse ad Di versos,' most of which are still

Fitzrichard

198

Fitzroy

extant in manuscript. For fuller particulars
see Tanner's ' Bibl. Brit./ p. 284 et seq. The
statement that Fitzralph translated the Bible
or parts of the Bible into Irish, though often
repeated, rests simply upon a guess — given
merely as a guess — of Foxe (Acts and Monu-
ments, ii. 766, ed. 1854).

[Authorities cited above.] B. L. P.

FITZRICHARD, GILBERT (d. 1115?).
[See CLARE, GILBERT DE.]

FITZROBERT, SIMON, bishop of Chi-
chester (d. 1207). [See SIMON DE WELLS.]

FITZROY, AUGUSTUS HENRY, third
DUKE OF GRAFTON (1735-1811), grandson of
Charles (1683-1757), second duke and eldest
surviving son of Lord Augustus Fitzroy (d.
28 May 1741), by Elizabeth, daughter of
Colonel William Cosby of Strodbell in Ire-
land, governor of New York, was born 1 Oct.
1735, and educated at Westminster School
and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, taking the
degree of M.A. in 1753, as Earl of Euston.
Stonehewer, the friend of Gray, was his tutor
at Cambridge, and afterwards his private
secretary and intimate friend. Grafton subse-
quently declined the degree of LL.D. usually
conferred on its chancellor, from a dislike
to subscribing the articles of the church of
England. He was returned in December
1756 as member by the boroughs of Borough-
bridge in Yorkshire and Bury St. Edmunds
in Suffolk, when he chose the latter consti-
tuency. On 6 May 1757 he succeeded as
third Duke of Grafton, and was at once
created lord-lieutenant of Suffolk, a position
which he held until 1763, when he was dis-
missed by Lord Bute, and again from 1769 to
1790. He was appointed in November 17 56 as
lord of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales,
afterwards George III, but resigned the post
early in June 1758. His first active appearance
in politics was on the accession to power of
Lord Bute, when he flung himself into oppo-
sition. At this time he was intimately allied
with Lord Temple, and followed his lead by
visiting Wilkes in the Tower in May 1763
' to hear from himself his own story and his
defence, and to show that no influence ought
to stop the means of every man's justifying
himself from an accusation, though it should
be of the most heinous nature,' but he offended
Temple by refusing in that month to become
bail for Wilkes. His rise in parliament was
so rapid that when Pitt was summoned by
the king to form a ministry in August 1763
he had it in contemplation to enlist Grafton
as a member of his cabinet. In December
of that year Horace Walpole records in his
letters that the Duke of Grafton is much com-
mended, and, although he had never been in

office, he was now in the front rank of poli-
tics. Pitt was again called upon to form a
ministry, when he named Grafton and him-
self as the principal secretaries of state ; but
the projected administration fell through in
consequence of Lord Temple's refusal to take
office. The Marquis of Rockingham there-
upon took the treasury, and Grafton became
his secretary of state for the northern de-
partment (July 1765). Then, as ever, he was-
anxious to obtain Pitt's assistance, but the
great commoner was not enamoured of the
new cabinet, and especially objected to the
Duke of Newcastle's inclusion in it. Weak
as it was, without the support of the king-
or of Pitt, and without cohesion among them-
selves, the Rockingham ministry dragged on
for some months. Grafton threw up the
seals in May 1766, when he stated in the
House of Lords that he had not gone out
of office 'from a love of ease and indulgence to-
his private amusements, as had been falsely
reported, but because they wanted strength,
which one man only could supply ; ' and that
' though he had carried a general's staff, he
was ready to take up a mattock or spade
under that able and great minister.' At the
end of July all Grafton's colleagues followed
his example, and Pitt was forced to take
upon himself the cares of office. Grafton very
reluctantly accepted the headship of the
treasury, and Pitt, to the disgust of his-
friends, took a peerage and the privy seal
(July 1766). With a view to strengthening
the cabinet by the inclusion of the Duke of
Bedford's party, the first lord endeavoured to
obtain Lord Gower in lieu of Lord Egniont
as first lord of the admiralty, but in this he
was unsuccessful. The new ministry was
soon involved in difficulty. Wilkes came
to London, and on 1 Nov. 1766 addressed to
Grafton a letter in which he professed loyalty
and implored pardon, but on the advice of
Chatham no notice was taken of the com-
munication, and Wilkes thereupon repaired
to Paris and sent a second communication
on 12 Dec. The state of the East India
Company presented even greater dangers to
the new administration. The views of Con-
way and Charles Townshend were antago-
nistic to those of Chatham, and but for the
latter's illness, Townshend would have been
dismissed from office. Their defeat over the
amount of the land tax was l a most dis-
heartening circumstance,' and when Towns-
hend was taunted with the necessity of pro-
viding some means to recoup the reduction, he,
1 without the concurrence of the rest of the
cabinet, intimated that he had thought of a
method of taxing America without giving
offence, and the ministry found themselves

Fitzroy

i99

Fitzroy

under the necessity of bringing forward the
port duties upon glass, colours, paper, and tea.'
Grafton became more anxious than ever for
Chatham's advice in the cabinet's delibera-
tions, and for his presence in parliament. An
interview between them was at last arranged
on 31 May 1767, but the only effect of their
consultation was for the ministry to continue
in its course, with Conway taking the lead in
the commons. As Chatham's malady be-
came worse, it was necessary for Grafton
either to retire, which he often threatened,
or to assume greater responsibility in busi-
ness. He adopted the latter alternative, and
from September 1767 the ministry was known
by his name. Townshend died in that month
and Lord North succeeded as chancellor of
the exchequer, and Lord Gower with the
members of the Bedford party was included
in the government in the following Decem-
ber. The effect of these changes was to
render the ministry more united in council
but to weaken its liberal character. Wilkes
was returned for Middlesex, and Grafton,
though personally adverse to arbitrary acts
of power, was at the head of affairs when an
elected representative to parliament was first
expelled the House of Commons, and then
declared incapable of election. The cabinet
decided that the port duties levied in the
American colonies should be repealed, but
were divided upon the question whether the
duty upon tea should not be retained as an
assertion of the right. Grafton was for the
repeal of all, but, ' to his great surprise and
mortification, it was carried against him by
the casting vote of his friend Lord Rochford,
whom he had himself lately introduced into
the cabinet.' To make matters worse, he
began to neglect business, and to outrage
the lax morality of his day, thinking, to use
the strong language of Horace Walpole, ' the
world should be postponed to a whore and a
horse race.' Junius thundered against him,
accusing him, as hereditary ranger of Whittle-
bury and Salcey forests, of malversation in
claiming and cutting some of the timber —
an accusation which would appear from the
official minutes in l Notes and Queries,' 3rd
ser. viii. 231-3, to have been unfounded —
and denouncing him, both in his letters
and in a poem called ' Harry and Nan,' an
elegy in the manner of Tibullus, which was
printed in ' Almon's Political Register/ ii.
431 (1768), for what could not be gain-
said, his connection with Nancy Parsons.
This woman was the daughter of a tailor in
Bond Street, and she first lived with Hogh-
ton or Horton, a West India captive mer-
chant, with whom she went to Jamaica, but
from whom she fled to England. She is de-

scribed as ' the Duke of Graf ton's Mrs. Hor-
ton, the Duke of Dorset's Mrs. Horton, every-
body's Mrs. Horton.' Her features are well
known from Gainsborough's portrait, and she
was endowed with rare powers of attraction,
for which Grafton threw away * his beauti-
ful and most accomplished wife,' and Charles,
second viscount Maynard, raised her to the
peerage by marrying her 12 June 1776. It
was in April 1768 that the prime minister
appeared with her at the opera and thus
afforded Junius an opportunity for some
of his keenest invectives. Under the in-
fluence of these private distractions and pub-
lic troubles over Wilkes and America, resig-
nation of the premiership was often threat-
ened by Grafton. In October 1768 Chatham
resigned his place as lord privy seal, although
several of his friends still adhered to their
places. At the close of 1769 Chatham re-
covered the full possession of his faculties,
and the effect upon the ministry of his re-
appearance in the political world was instan-
taneous. Lord Granby voted against them,
and then resigned. Lord Camden was dis-
missed from his post of lord chancellor, and
the seals were given to Charles Yorke. The
death of the new chancellor followed imme-
diately on his appointment, and Grafton,
naturally timid and indolent, and with a set
of discontented friends around him, seized
the opportunity of resigning on 28 Jan. 1770.
His temporary difference with Chatham was
intensified by some words which passed be-
tween them in the following March, when
Grafton was pronounced unequal 'to the go-
vernment of a great nation.' After much
persuasion from the king's friends he took
office as privy seal in Lord North's adminis-
tration (June 1771), but, 'with a kind of
proud humility,' refused a seat in the cabinet.
This step exposed him to varying comment.
The king wrote, { Nothing can be more hand-
some than his manner of accepting the privy
seal,' but Horace Walpole sneeringly wrote,
that it came ' of not being proud.' Grafton
himself gave out in after years that he ac-
cepted this office in the hope of preventing
the quarrel with America from being pushed
to extremities, and his views probably always
leant to the side of the colonists. In August
1775 he wrote to Lord North, warmly urging
the desirability of a reconciliation, but the
prime minister did not reply for seven weeks,
when the substance of his answer was a draft
of the king's speech. His resignation was
daily expected, and on 3 Nov. the king
thought that the seal of office should be
sent for, but on 9 Nov. Grafton resigned, and
at once took public action against his late col-
leagues. An attempt was made in February

Fitzroy

200

Fitzroy

1779 to attach him and some of Chatham's
followers to the North ministry, but it failed,
and he remained out of office until the foun-
dation of the Rockingham ministry in March
1782, when he joined the cabinet as lord privy
seal. Though he acquiesced in the acces-
sion of Lord Shelburne on Rockingham's
death in the following July, he did not cor-
dially act with his new chief, and the down-
fall of the administration in April 1783 was
probably a relief to him. From that time he
remained out of office, and to his credit be it
said that although he had a numerous family
he obtained ' no place, pension, or reversion
whatever.' He had been declining in health
for more than two years, but his fatal illness
lasted for some weeks. He died at Euston
Hall, Suffolk, on 14 March 1811, and was
buried at Euston on 21 March. He was in-
vested K.G. at St. James's Palace 20 Sept.
1769, was recorder of Thetford and Coventry,
high steward of Dartmouth, hereditary ranger
of Whittlebury and Salcey forests, and the
holder of several sinecures, including places
in the king's bench, common pleas, and court
of exchequer. His first wife, whom he mar-
ried 29 Jan. 1756, was Anne, daughter and
heiress of Henry Liddell, baron Ravensworth.
After a married life of twelve years she eloped
with John Fitzpatrick, second earl of Upper
Ossory, whom she married on 26 March 1769,
the act dissolving her first marriage having
come into law three days previously. By her
the duke had two sons, George Henry, fourth
duke [q. v.], and Lord Charles [q. v.], and a
daughter, Georgiana. He married in May
1769 Elizabeth, third daughter of the Rev.
Sir Richard Wrottesley, dean of Windsor.
She is described as ' not handsome, but quiet
and reasonable, and having a very amiable
character.' She bore him twelve children.

Grafton's tastes first leant entirel

ly to plea-
Wakefield

Lodge, his official residence in Whittlebury
forest, and the races of Newmarket absorbed
his thoughts and his spare time. Latterly he
became of a more serious disposition, and he
was for many years a regular worshipper at
the Unitarian chapel in Essex Street, Strand,
London. He was the author of : 1. * Hints
submitted to the serious attention of the
Clergy, Nobility, and Gentry, by a Layman/
1789, two editions, the first edition having
been called in in consequence of the king's
illness. It urged the propriety of amend-
ment of life by the upper classes, and greater
attention to public worship, to insure which
a revision of the liturgy was necessary.
2. 'The Serious Reflections of a Rational
Christian from 1788 to 1797 ' [anon.], 1797.
In favour of unitarianism and against the in-

fallibility of the writers of the Old and New
Testaments. It was through some of Bishop
Watson's little tracts that Grafton first turned
his attention to religious inquiry, and when
his views were condemned by several writers
they found a defender in the bishop. A
volume of ( Considerations on the expediency
of Revising the Liturgy and Articles of the
Church of England ' (1790, two edits.), writ-
ten by Watson, was printed under the duke's
auspices, and seven hundred copies of an edi-
tion of Griesbach's Greek New Testament,
with the various readings in manuscript,
printed at his sole expense in 1796, were
gratuitously circulated according to his di-
rection. Late in life he wrote a ' Memoir '
of his public career, and several extracts from
it have been published in Lord Stanhope's
' History/ Walpole's ' Memoirs of George HI/
vol. iv., Appendix, and in Campbell's ' Lives
of the Chancellors ; ' but the whole work has
not yet been printed, although it has for some
time been included among the publications
of the Camden Society. On 29 Nov. 1768
Grafton was unanimously elected chancellor
of Cambridge University, and on 1 July 1769
he was installed in the senate house. Through
Stonehewer's interest Gray had been ap-
pointed by Grafton to the professorship of
modern history at Cambridge, and he thought
himself bound in gratitude to write on the
installation. The ode was begun in 1768,
finished in April 1769, and printed after July
in that year. Much to Dr. Burney's chagrin
it was set to music by Dr. John Randall, the
then music professor. Particulars of the pro-
ceedings on this occasion may be found in
Nichols's 'Illustrations of Literature/ v. 315-
317; Cradock's ' Memoirs/ i. 105-17, iv. 156-9 ;
and in the 'Gentleman's Magazine/ xxxix.
361-2. His expenses on this occasion were
estimated at 2,000/., and to celebrate his ap-
pointment he offered 500/. towards lighting
and paving the town. The duke's career dis-
appointed the expectations of his friends. His
disinterestedness of motive and the sincerity
of his friendship have received high praise, nor
was he wanting in judgment or good sense,
but these qualities were allied with many
drawbacks, and notably with timidity of
conduct, which led him in times of danger
to threaten resignation of office, and disregard
of public opinion in social life. It is perhaps
his highest praise that Fox in 1775 wrote
that he could act with him ' with more plea-
sure in any possible situation than with any
one I have been acquainted with/ and Chat-
ham in 1777 sent him ' unfeigned respect.'

[Grrenville Papers, passim ; Stanhope's His-
tory, 1713-83, vols. v-vii. ; Chatham Corresp. pas-
sim ; Walpole's Memoirs of Eeign of George III;

Fitzroy

2OI

Fitzroy

Walpole's Letters, iii. 138, ir. 139, 500, v. 106,
163, 225, 305, 347, vii. 89; Corresp. of George III
and North,!. 75-6, 281-3, ii. 225; Almon's Anec-
dotes, i. 1-34; Gent. Mag. 1811, p. 302; Tay-
lor's Sir Joshua Keynolds, i. 176 ; Dyer's Cam-
bridge, ii. 29-31 ; C. H. Cooper's Annals of
Cambridge, iv. 353-61; Gray's works (1884 ed.),
L 92-7, ii. 242, 277, iii. 318, 342-6; Baker's
Northamptonshire, ii. 170-1 ; Nichols's Illustr.
of Lit. vi. 768 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, i. 582,
ii. 67, viii. 145, ix. 87, 457,461, 487; Notes
and Queries, 2nd ser. ii. 456, 462, iii. 57 ; Bels-
ham's Lindsey, pp. 320-36 ; JohnWilliams's Bels-
ham, pp. 611-12 ; Uncorrupted Christianity, &c.,
a sermon on the duke's death by Belsham,
1811.] W. P. C.

FITZROY, CHARLES, first DUKE OF
SOUTHAMPTON and CLEVELAND (1662-1730),
natural son of Charles II, by Barbara, coun-
tess of Castlemaine [seeViLLiEES, BAEBAEA],
was born in 1662 and baptised on 18 June in
that year in St. Margaret's Church, Westmin-
ster, the king, the Earl of Oxford, and Lady
Suffolk (sister of the Countess of Castlemaine)
being sponsors. The entry in the register was
' Charles Palmer, lord Limerick, son to the
Right Honourable Roger, earl of Castlemaine,
by Barbara,' and he bore the title of Lord Lime-
rick until 1670, when the patent which created
his mother Countess of Southampton and
Duchess of Cleveland, with remainder in tail
male, conferred upon him the right to use
the title of Earl of Southampton during his
mother's life, and from that date he is com-
monly referred to as Lord Southampton. He
was installed knight of the Garter on 1 April
1673, and on 10 Sept. 1675 was created Baron
of Newbury in the county of Berkshire, Earl
of Chichester in the county of Sussex, and
Duke of the county of Southampton. On the
death of his mother in 1709 he succeeded to
the barony of Nonsuch in the county of Surrey,
the earldom of Southampton, and the duke-
dom of Cleveland. He took his seat in the
House of Lords as Duke of Cleveland on
14 Jan. 1710. His life was uneventful. He
was suspected of intriguing for the restoration
of James II in 1691, received a pension of
1,000/. per annum, charged on the proceeds
of the lotteries in 1697, took little or no
part in the debates of the House of Lords,
but joined in the protest against the abandon-
ment of the amendments to the Irish For-
feitures and Land Tax Bill in 1700. He died
in 1730. Fitzroy married, first, Mary, daugh-
ter of Sir Henry Wood, one of the clerks of
the green cloth, through whom, as next of
kin to her father, he acquired after much
litigation in 1692 a life interest of the annual
value of4,000/. ; secondly, in November 1694,
Ann, daughter of Sir William Pulteney of

Misterton, Leicestershire. By his first wife
he had no issue ; by his second, three sons
and three daughters. He was succeeded by
his eldest son William, who died without
issue in 1774. His two other sons died in
his lifetime. Of his daughters one, Grace,
married Henry Vane [q. v.], third baron
Barnard, and their grandson, William Harry
Vane, created Duke of Cleveland in 1833, was
father of the second, third, and fourth dukes
of this creation.

[Gent. Mag. new ser. 1850, p. 368; Pepys's
Diary, 26 July 1662 ; Hist.MSS. Comm. 6th Rep.
App. 367, 7th Rep. App. 2106, 4656; Nicolas's
Hist, of Knighthood, ii. Ixviii ; Lords' Journals,
xix. 37 ; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs, ii.
606, 630, iii. 397, iv. 636 ; Cal. Treas. Papers,
1697-1701-2, p. 76 ; Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary,
1730, p. 58 ; Nicolas's Peerage (Courthope).]

FITZROY, CHARLES, first BAEON
SOUTHAMPTON (1737-1797), third son of Lord
Augustus Fitzroy (second son of Charles, se-
cond duke of Grafton), by Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Colonel William Cosby, was born on
25 June 1737. He was gazetted to a lieu-
tenancy in the 1st regiment of foot in 1756,
was rapidly advanced to the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel, and served as aide-de-camp to
Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at the battle
of Minden (1 Aug. 1759), when he carried the
famous order for the advance of the cavalry,
which Lord George Sackville (afterwards
Sackville-Germain) neglected. He gave evi-
dence before the court-martial which after-
wards tried Sackville [see GEEMAIN, GEOEGE
SACKVILLE]. In 1760 he was appointed groom
of the bedchamber to the king, an office
which he resigned in 1762. He was present
at the battle of Kirchdenkern on 15 July
1761. On 11 Sept. 1765 he succeeded the
Marquis of Lome in the command of the 14th
regiment of dragoons. On 20 Oct. 1772 he
was appointed colonel of the 3rd or king's
own dragoons. On 17 Oct. 1780 he was
raised to the peerage as Baron Southampton,
and on 27 Dec. following he became groom
of the stole to the Prince of Wales. He
moved the address to the throne at the open-
ing of parliament in 1781, and spoke (18 Feb.
1782) on Lord Carmarthen's motion protest-
ing against the elevation to the peerage of
1 any person labouring under a heavy censure
of a court-martial,' a motion aimed at Lord
George Sackville-Germain, who had just been
created Viscount Sackville of Drayton, deny-
ing that, as had been alleged or insinuated,
the court-martial in question had been ani-
mated by a factious spirit. He also spoke,
without definitely committing himself to
either side, on the Regency Bill on 16 Feb.

Fitzroy

202

Fitzroy

1 789. He was advanced to the rank of general
on 25 Oct. 1793. He died on 21 March 1797.
He married, on 27 July 3 758, Anne, daughter
of Sir Peter Warren, K.B., vice-admiral of
the red, by whom he had issue nine sons and
seven daughters. He was succeeded by his
eldest son, George Ferdinand. He was lord
of the manor of Tottenham Court, Middlesex,
and had his principal seat at Fitzroy Farm,
near Highgate, the grounds of which he laid
out in the artificial style then, in vogue.

[Brydges's Peerage (Collins), vii. 451 ; Gent.
Mag. 1756 p. 362, 1759 p. 144, 1760 pp. 47,
136, 1761 p. 331, 1762 p. 391, 1765 p. 444,
1797 i. 355 ; Beatson's Polit. Index, i. 429, 455 ;
Lords' Journ. xxxvi. 180 b ; Parl. Hist.xxii. 637,
1013, xxvii. 1274 ; Walpole's Journ. of the Keign
of Geo. HI. ii. 475 ; Lysons's Environs, 1795, iii.
272 n.] J. M. K.

FITZROY, LORD CHARLES (1764-
1829), general, the second son of Augustus
Henry, third duke of Graf ton [q. v.], by his
first wife, Anne, daughter of Henry Liddell,
baron Ravensworth, was born on 17 July
1764. He took the degree of M.A. at
Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1784. Hav-
ing entered the army as an ensign in 1782 he
was appointed captain of the 3rd foot guards
in 1787, and in 1788 equerry to the Duke of
York, under whom he served in the campaign
in Flanders in 1793-4, being present at the
siege of Valenciennes. In 1795 he was ap-
pointed aide-de-camp to the king with the
rank of colonel, was advanced to the rank of
major-general in 1798, and served on the
Irish staff between February of that year
and the following April, and then on the
English staff until 1809, with the exception
of ' the year of peace/ 1802. He also com-
manded for some years the garrison of Ips-
wich. He was gazetted lieutenant-general
in January 1805, and on 4 Jan. 1814 obtained
the rank of general. Between 1784 and
1796 and also from 1802 to 1818 he repre-
sented Bury St. Edmunds in parliament.
He never spoke in the house. During the
last twenty years of his life he resided prin-
cipally at his seat at Wicken, near Stony
Stratford, where he endeared himself to the
poor by many acts of charity. He died at
his house in* Berkeley Square on 20 Dec.
1829, and was buried on the 30th at Wicken.
Fitzroy married, first, on 20 June 1795, Fran-
ces, daughter of Edward Miller Mundy,
sometime M.P. for Derbyshire, by whom he
had one son, Charles Augustus [q. v.] ; and
secondly, on 10 March 1799, Lady Frances
Anne Stewart, eldest daughter of Robert, first
marquis of Londonderry, by whom he had
two sons, George and Robert [q. v.], and one
daughter.

[Collins's Peerage (Brydges), i. 219; Grad.
Cant.; Gent. Mag. 1788 pt. i. 278, 1795 pt. i.
243, 1798 pt. i. 90, 1805 pt. i. 577, 1818 pt.
ii. 499, 1830 pt. i. 78 ; List of Members of Parl.
(Official Return of) ; Cornwallis Corresp. (Ross),
ii. 422.] J. M. R.

FITZROY, SIB CHARLES AUGUSTUS

(1796-1858), colonial governor, eldest son of
Lord Charles Fitzroy [q. v.], the second son of
Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton [q. v.],
was born 10 May 1796. He obtained a commis-
sion in the Horse Guards, and was present at
the battle of Waterloo, where he was attached
to the staff of Sir Hussey Vivian. After his
retirement from active service he was elected in
1831 as member for Bury St. Edmunds, and
voted for the Reform Bill. He did not sit in
the reformed parliament. In 1837 he was
appointed lieutenant-governor of Prince Ed-
ward Island, being knighted on his departure
to the colony. In 1841 he was appointed
governor and commander-in-chief of the
Leeward Islands, where he won great favour
by his conciliatory demeanour. Before his
term of office was completed he was recalled
(1845), in order that he might be sent to the
colony of New South Wales, then in a state
of considerable excitement and in peculiar
need of a governor of proved moderation and
courtesy. He succeeded Sir George Gipps
[q. v.] in August 1846. The colonists had
insisted on constitutional changes, and had
been irritated by Gipps's unsympathetic be-
haviour. The immediate question was the
claim of the council, then partly composed of
nominee members, to specific appropriation
of the public funds. The appointment of Fitz-
roy enabled the colonists to agree to what was
really a postponement of the full acknow-
ledgment of their claim. Their confidence
was shown in the universal sympathy on the
occasion of the fatal accident to Lady Mary
Fitzroy, 7 Dec. 1847. Mr. Gladstone had
suggested to the Legislative Council of New
South Wales a revival of the system of trans-
portation, a proposal to which a select com-
mittee had assented on the condition that an
equal number of free emigrants should be sent
out by the home government. Lord Grey,
however, had determined to send convicts
alone. The whole colony was roused to ex-
citement by the arrival (11 June 1849) of
the Hashemy with convicts on board. The
convicts were landed and sent to the up-
country districts. Fitzroy reported their
objections, but declared that he would firmly
resist coercion. Fortunately, Lord Grey
yielded the point. In 1850 Fitzroy was ap-
pointed governor-general of Australia, and
soon afterwards the Port Phillip district was
separated into the independent colony of Vic-

Fitzroy

203

Fitzroy

toria. Upon the discovery of gold Fitzroy
steadily pressed on the home authorities the
advisability of establishing a mint at Sydney.
His influence was also used on behalf of a
favourable consideration for the Constitu-
tional Act which Wentworth had passed
through the colonial legislature in 1853. His
departure, 17 Jan. 1855, took place amidst
general expressions of regret, and when news
of his death reached the colony the houses of
legislature were adjourned. Fitzroy was pre-
sent at the opening of Sydney University, and
it was under his auspices that the first rail-
way was commenced, the first stone of the
Fitzroy Dock laid, and the building of the
Exchange begun.

He died in London on 16 Feb. 1858. He
was twice married: first, on 11 March 1820,
to Lady Mary Lennox, eldest daughter of the
fourth Duke of Richmond, who died 7 Dec.
1847 ; secondly, on 11 Dec. 1855, to Margaret
Gordon.

[Records of the British Army, Royal Horse
Guards ; Antigua and the Antiguans ; Rusden's
Hist, of Australia; Sydney Morning Herald;
European Mail (for Australia), February 1858.1

E. C. K. G.

FITZROY, GEORGE, DUKE OF NORTH-
UMBERLAND (1665-1716), third and youngest
son of Charles II, by Barbara, countess of
Castlemaine [see VILLIERS, BARBARA, DU-
CHESS OF CLEVELAND], born at Oxford in De-
cember 1665, was created Baron of Pontefract
in the county of York, Viscount Falmouth in
the county of Cornwall, and Earl of North-
umberland on 1 Oct. 1674. He was employed
on secret service at Venice in 1682, and on his
return to England was created Duke of North-
umberland (6 April 1683), and elected and
installed knight of the Garter (10 Jan. and
8 April 1684). He served as a volunteer on
the side of the French at the siege of Luxem-
bourg in the summer of the same year, return-
ing to England in the autumn. Evelyn, who
met him at dinner at Sir Stephen Fox's soon
after his return, describes him as ' of all his
majesty's children the most accomplished
and worth the owning,' and is ' extremely
handsome and well shaped.' He particularly
praises his skill in horsemanship (Diary,
24 Oct. and 18 Dec. 1684). He commanded
the second troop of horse guards in 1687, was
appointed a lord of his majesty's bedchamber
in December 1688, constable of Windsor
Castle in 1701, and succeeded the Earl of
Oxford as colonel of the royal regiment of
horse March 1702-3. On 10 Jan. 1709-10
he obtained the rank of lieutenant-general,
was sworn of the privy council on 7 April
1713, and was appointed lord-lieutenant of
Surrey on 9 Oct. 1714. He was also chief

butler of England. Frogmore House, Berk-
shire, was one of his seats. He died without
issue at Epsom on 28 June 1716. He mar-
ried in 1686 Catherine, daughter of Robert
Wheatley, a poulterer, of Bracknell, Berk-
shire, and relict of Robert Lucy of Charlecote,
whom he is said, with the assistance of his
brother, Henry Fitzroy [q. v.], first duke of
Graf ton, to have privately conveyed abroad
soon afterwards.

[Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), iv. 89 ;
Courthope's Hist. Peer. ; Burke's Extinct Peer-
age ; Secret Services of Charles II and James II
(Camd. Soc.), p. 66 ; Luttrell's Relation of State
Affairs, i. 295, 304, 307, 322, 373, 434, 544, 615,
v. 46, 268, 277, 278, vi. 711, 723; Magn. Brit.
Notit. 1702, p. 549; Angl. Notit. 1687 pt. i.
p. 179, 1714 pt, ii.p. 336 ; Lysons's Magn. Brit,
i. 433 ; Haydn's Book of Dignities ; Hist. Reg.
i. 352.] J. M. R,

FITZROY, GEORGE HENRY, fourth
DUKE OP GRAFTON (1760-1844), son of Au-
gustus Henry Fitzroy [q. v.], third duke, by
his first wife, was born 14 Jan. 1760. As Earl
of Euston he was sent at eighteen years of
age to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
contracted an intimate friendship with the
younger Pitt. He proceeded M.A. in 1799.
He was afterwards for a time Pitt's warm
partisan in the House of Commons, and for
many years his colleague in the representation
of the university. In 1784 he married the
Lady Maria Charlotte Waldegrave, second
daughter of James, second earl of Waldegrave.
Euston entered parliament in 1784. The con-
servatives had resolved to attack a number
of whig seats, including those of Cambridge
University. The sitting members were Lord
JohnTownshend and James (afterwards Chief
Justice) Mansfield. The election excited great
interest throughout the country, and the
return of Pitt and Euston was hailed with
enthusiasm by the tory party. The numbers
were : Pitt, 351 ; Euston, 299 ; Townshend,
278; and Mansfield, 181. Euston's career
in the House of Commons was useful, but
not brilliant. At the outset he supported the
government of Pitt, but he rarely addressed
the house. He was appointed lord-lieutenant
of Suffolk in 1790, receiver-general in the
courts of king's bench and common pleas, and
king's gamekeeper at Newmarket. For some
years he was ranger of Hyde Park and of St.
James's Park. In addition to these offices,
conferred upon him by the prime minister, he
was hereditary ranger of Whittlebury Forest,
recorder of Thetford, a trustee of the Hun-
terian Museum, president of the Eclectic
Society of London, &c. Twice, in 1790 and
1807, his seat at Cambridge was stoutly con-
tested, on the latter occasion by Lord Palmer-

Fitzroy

204

Fitzroy

ston, but in both instances unsuccessfully.
Euston sat for his university from 1784 to
1811, when he succeeded to the peerage on the
•death of his father, 14 March 1811. A con-
siderable time before this event Euston had
changed his political views. He was unable
to support all the measures of the government
in relation to the war against France, and
seceded from Pitt when embarrassments be-
gan to surround that minister. In fact, long
before the death of Pitt, Euston had become
a whig. From the time of his accession to
the dukedom Euston steadfastly cast his votes
and exercised all his influence in favour of
civil and religious liberty. He did not, how-
ever, show bitterness towards his former
friends, being considerate and urbane in speech
and action. \Vhen the bill of pains and penal-
ties against the queen of George IV was pre-
sented to the House of Lords, he spoke ve-
hemently against the measure, and this was
almost the last occasion on which he took a
prominent part in the business of parliament.
For nearly twenty years he lived in retire-
ment, surrounded by his numerous descend-
ants ; but he had become a widower in 1808.
He received the Garter in 1834. He died at
his seat, Euston Hall, Suffolk, 28 Sept. 1844.
He was succeeded in the title and estates by
his eldest son Henry, who, as Earl of Euston,
had sat in the House of Commons for eleven
years, first as member for Bury St. Edmunds,
and then as member for Thetford. The fifth
Duke of Grafton married a daughter of Ad-
miral Sir George Cranfield Berkeley, by whom
he had issue.

[Times, 30 Sept. 1844 ; Ipswich Express, 1 Oct.
1844 ; Annual Eegister, 1844.] G. B. S.

FITZROY, HENRY, DUKE OP RICH-
MOND (1519-1536), was the son of Henry VIII
and Elizabeth Blount, a lady in waiting on
Queen Catherine of Arragon, daughter of John
Blount, esq., who, according to Wood, came
from Knevet in Shropshire, 'perhaps Kinlet,
an old seat of the Blount family. His mother
afterwards married Gilbert, son of Sir George
Talboys of Goltho, Lincolnshire, and certain
manors in that county and Yorkshire were
assigned to her for life by act of parliament.

At the age of six, on 7 June 1525, he was
made knight of the Garter, in which order
he was subsequently promoted to the lieu-
tenancy (17 May 1533). A few days after
his installation he was created Earl of Not-
tingham and Duke of Richmond and Somer-
set, with precedence over all dukes except
the king's lawful issue. The ceremony, which
took place at Bridewell on 18 June 1525,
is minutely described in an heraldic manu-
script quoted in the ' Calendar of State Papers

of Henry VIII.' On the same day he was
appointed the king's lieutenant-general north
of Trent, and keeper of the city and castle of
Carlisle. The following month (16 July) he
received a patent as lord high admiral of
England, Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Gas-
cony, and Aquitaine, and on the 22nd a further
commission as warden-general of the marches
of Scotland. He was also receiver of Middle-
ham and Sheriff Hutton, Yorkshire. Lands
and income were at the same time granted to
him amounting to over 4,000/. in yearly value.
Other offices bestowed on him were the lord-
lieutenantship of Ireland in June 1529, and
the constableship of Dover Castle, with the
wardenry of the Cinque ports, about two
months before his death. It was commonly
reported that the king intended to make him
king of Ireland, and perhaps his successor,
for which these high offices were meant to
be a preparation. Shortly after his creation
he travelled north, and resided for some time
at Sheriff Hutton and Pontefract, where his
council transacted all the business of the bor-
ders. His education was entrusted to Richard
Croke [q. v.], one of the most famous of the
pioneers of Greek scholarship in England, and
to John Palsgrave, author of ' Lesclarcissement
de la langue Francoyse/ the earliest English
grammar of the French language. Both his
tutors took great pains with his education, in
spite of the hindrance of those of his household
who preferred to see him more proficient in
horsemanship and hunting than in literature.
When ten years old he had already read some
Caesar, Virgil, and Terence, and knew a little
Greek. Croke appears to have been much
attached to him, and when in Italy, after
leaving his service, writes offering to send
him models of a Roman military bridge and
of a galley. Singing and playing on the vir-
ginals were included in his education. Va-
rious matrimonial alliances were proposed for
him, some perhaps merely as a move in the
game of politics. Within the short space of
a year there was some talk of his marrying a
niece of Pope Clement VII, a Danish princess,
a French princess, and a daughter of Eleanor,
queen dowager of Portugal, sister of Charles V,
who afterwards became queen of France ; but
he eventually married (25 Nov. 1533) Mary
[see FITZKOY, MAKY], daughter of Thomas
Howard, third duke of Norfolk, by his second
wife, and sister of his friend Henry, earl of
Surrey, who commemorated their friendship
in his poems.

In the spring of 1532 he came south, re-
siding for a time at Hatfield, and in the
autumn accompanied his father to Calais, to
be present at his interview with Francis I.
Thence he went on to Paris with his friend

Fitzroy

205

Fitzroy

the Earl of Surrey, and remained there till
September 1533. On his return he was mar-
ried, and it was intended he should go to
Ireland shortly after ; but this intention was
not carried out, perhaps owing- to the state
of his health, and he remained with the court.
He is mentioned as being present at the exe-
cution of the Carthusians in May 1535, and
at that of Anne Boleyn in May 1536. On
22 July the same year he died in ' the kinges
place in St. James,' not without suspicion of
being poisoned by the late queen and her
brother, Lord Rochford. He was buried in
the Cluniac priory of Thetford, but at the
dissolution his body and tomb, together with
that of his father-in-law, the Duke of Norfolk,
were removed to St. Michael's Church, Fram-
lingham, Suffolk. The tomb now stands on
the north of the altar. l It is of freestone,
garnished round with divers histories of the
Bible, and on the top were twelve figures,
each supporting a trophy of the Passion, but
all of them are miserably defaced. His arms
in the Garter, with a ducal coronet over
them, are still perfect.' A miniature portrait
of the young duke was formerly in the Straw-
berry Hill collection, and was engraved by
Harding. There is a sketch of it in Doyle's
' Baronage,' and also a facsimile of his signa-
ture from one of his letters, preserved among
the public records.

[Gal. State Papers Hen. VIII, vols. iv-viii. ;
Grafton's Chronicle, pp. 382, 443 ; Wriothesley's
Chronicle, i. 41, 45, 53, 54 ; Chronicle of Calais,
pp. 41 , 44, 1 64 ; Friedmann's Anne Boleyn, ii. 176,
286-7, 294; Doyle's Official Baronage, iii. 120;
Blomefield'sNorfolk,ii. 125; Statute 14 Hen. VIII
c. 34, 22 Hen. VIII c. 17, 23 Hen. VIII c. 28,
25 Hen. VIII c. 30, 26 Hen. VIII c. 21, 27
Hen. VIII c. 51, 28 Hen. VIII c. 34 ; Nott's Life
of Surrey, p. xxviii ; Green's Guide to Framling-
ham, 1878, p. 16 ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 167.1

C. T. M.

FITZROY, HENRY, first DUKE OF GRAF-
TON (1663-1690), second son of Charles II by
Barbara Villiers, countess of Castlemaine,
afterwards Duchess of Cleveland [see VIL-
LIERS, BARBARA], was born on 20 Sept. 1663,
and was, after, it is said, some hesitation,
acknowledged by Charles as his son. A rich
wife was early provided for him in Isabella,
daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, earl of
Arlington. She was only five years old when,
on 1 Aug. 1672, she was married by Archbishop
Sheldon to her young husband in the presence
of the king and court (EvELYsr, Diary, I Aug.
1672). On 16 Aug. he was made Earl of Euston,
the title being derived from Arlington's house
in Suffolk, of which he was now the probable
heir. In September 1675 he was made Duke
of Grafton. Arlington and his family were

very unwilling to sanction the alliance, and
so late as 1678 there were rumours that it
was broken off (Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep.
p. 386) ; but in 1679 the couple were re-
married, though Evelyn looked with the
greatest anxiety to the union of the 'sweetest
and most beautiful child ' to a ' boy that had
been rudely bred ' (Diary, 6 Sept. 1679).
Grafton was, however, < exceeding handsome,
by far surpassing any of the king's other
natural issue,' and his father's resolution to-
bring him up for the sea soon made him, as
Evelyn had hoped, ' a plain, useful, and ro-
bust officer, and, were he polished, a tolerable
man.' He was sent as a volunteer to learn
his profession under Sir John Berry [q. y.]r
and in his absence on 30 Sept. 1680 was in-
stalled by proxy as knight of the Garter. In
1682 he became an elder brother of the Trinity
House, colonel of the first foot guards, and,
on the death of Prince Rupert, vice-admiral
of England (KENNETT, iii. 82). In 1683 he
became captain of the Grafton, a ship of 70
guns. In 1684 he visited Louis XIV at
Conde, and, at some personal danger, won
experience of military service at the siege of
Luxemburg (Hist. MSS. Comm. App. to 7th
Rep. pp. 84, 263, 302). At the coronation
of James II he acted as lord high constable.
He shared in suppressing the rebellion of"
Monmouth; showed great gallantry at the
skirmish at Philip's Norton, near Bath, on
27 June, where he fell into an ambuscade,
and it was only with great risk that he suc-
ceeded in effecting his retreat (London Ga-
zette, 2 July 1685 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep.
pp. 3, 4). He was also present at Sedgmoor.
He first took his seat in parliament on 9 Nov.
1685 (ib. llth Rep. pt. ii. p. 321). Early
in 1686 he fought two fatal duels ; in one
case, however, Evelyn acknowledges l after al-
most insufferable provocation from Mr. Stan-
ley, brother of Lord Derby ' (Diary, 19 Feb.
1686). A few days afterwards he helped his
brother Northumberland in an attempt to>
'spirit away' his wife (ib. 29 Feb. 1686).
On 3 July 1687 he carried his complaisance
to his uncle so far as to act as conductor for
the papal nuncio D'Adda on his public entry
into London. But soon after he started with
a fleet on an expedition which first conveyed
the betrothed queen of Pedro II of Portugal
from Rotterdam to Lisbon, where Grafton
was magnificently entertained. Thence he-
sailed on a cruise among the Barbary states,
where at Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli he re-
newed treaties, and procured the release of
English captives. He returned in March
1688, and, though not much of a politician,,
and less of a churchman (BTJRNET, iii. 317)r
was disgusted at his uncle's proceedings^

Fitzroy

206

Fitzroy

and hurt at Dartmouth being preferred to
him in the command of the fleet (CLARKE,
Life of James II, ii. 208). Falling under the
influence of Churchill, he excited discontent
not only among the ships at Portsmouth,
where he now joined the fleet as a volunteer
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. pt. iv. p. 397),
but also through his own regiment of guards.
He signed the petition to James II for a ' free
and regular parliament.' Yet he accompanied
James on his march against William, and
joined with Churchill in protesting that he
would serve him with the last drop of his
blood. He was suspected, however, of having
joined the conspiracy, and on 24 Nov. ran
away with Churchill to join William at Ax-
minster (CLARKE, Life of James II, ii. 219 ;
MACPHERSON, Original Papers, i. 280-3). The
success of William restored him to his regi-
ment, at the head of which he was sent
to siege Tilbury fort. He was one of the
forty-nine lords who voted for a regency;
but he took the oaths to William and Mary
on the very first day, and carried the orb at
their coronation. Disappointed of any great
command, he served in his ship the Grafton
at the battle of Beachy Head, 30 June 1690,
and showed great gallantry in assisting dis-
tressed Dutch vessels in that unlucky action
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Hep. p. 482). Finally
he took service as a volunteer under Churchill,
now Lord Marlborough, on his expedition to
the south of Ireland. On 28 Sept. Graf-
ton went with four regiments, who ' waded
through water up to their armpits,' to effect
a landing under the walls of Cork, and storm
the town through the breach. They had
almost succeeded when a musket-ball from
the walls broke two of his ribs, and he was
conveyed dangerously wounded into the cap-
tured city. He lingered some time, but
died 9 Oct.1690 (London Gazette, September
and October 1690; cf. -Life of Joseph Pike,
in Friends' Library, ii. 368). His body was
conveyed to England and buried at Euston.
The most popular and ablest of the sons of
Charles II, his strong and decided charac-
ter, his reckless daring, and rough but honest
temperament, caused him to be widely la-
mented. It was generally believed that he
had the prospect of a brilliant career as a
sailor (BuRNET, iii. 317, iv. 105 ; cf. An Elegy
on the Death of the Duke of Grafton, a broad-
side, licensed 27 Oct. 1690; and the ballad on
The Noble Funeral of that renowned Champion
the Duke of Grafton).

He was succeeded by his only son, Charles,
born on 25 Nov. 1683, who died 6 May 1757.
His widow, whose sweetness and beauty
were universally commended, subsequently
married Sir Thomas Hanmer.

[Evelyn's Diary ; London Gazette ; Burnet's
Hist, of his own Time ; Kennett's Hist, of
England, vol. iii. ; Clarke's Life of James II ;
Doyle's Official Baronage, ii. 48-9 ; Charnock's
Biographia Navalis, ii. 98-105; Ranke's Engl.
Hist. vol. iv. ; Granger's Biog. Hist. iii. 199-200;
Macaulay's Hist, of Engl. ; Hist. MSS. Comm.
Appendices, 6th, 7th, and 9th Keps.] T. F. T.

FITZROY, HENRY (1807-1859), states-
man, second son of George Ferdinand, second
Baron Southampton, by his second wife,
Frances Isabella, second daughter of Lord
Robert Seymour, was born 2 May 1807 in
Great Stanhope Street, Mayfair, London. He
matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on
27 April 1826, but afterwards left Oxford and
graduated M. A. at Trinity College,Cambridge,
in 1828, and was returned to parliament for
Great Grimsby in 1831 and 1832. He was
elected for Lewes on 21 April 1837, and con-
tinued to represent it till his death. He spoke
frequently upon practical and administrative
topics, and in 1845 became a lord of the ad-
miralty in Sir Robert Peel's government. In
December 1852 he returned to office as un-
der-secretary of the home department, and
in that capacity had charge of and was largely
instrumental in passing the Hackney Car-
riages (Metropolis) Act and Aggravated As-
saults Act of 1853, 16 and 17 Viet, c. 30 and
33, and the County Courts Extension Act Ex-
planation Act of 1854, having been equally
active in passing the County Courts Extension
Act in 1850, 17 and 18 Viet. c. 94, and 13 and
14 Viet. c. 61. Quitting this office in February
1855, he was elected chairman of committees in
the following month, and in Lord Palmerston's
administration of 1859 became chief commis-
sioner of the board of works, but had not a
seat in the cabinet. After a long and pain-
ful illness he died at Sussex Square, Kemp-
town, Brighton, 22 Dec. 1859. He married,
29 April 1839, Hannah Meyer, second daugh-
ter of Baron Nathan Meyer Rothschild, who
survived him five years, and had issue Arthur
Frederic, who died in 1858, and Caroline
Blanche, who married Sir Coutts Lindsay,
bart.

[Hansard's Parliamentary Debates; Annual
Register, 1859 ; Foster's Alumni Oxonienses ;
Gent. Mag. 1859.] J. A. H.

FITZROY, JAMES, otherwise CROFTS,
afterwards SCOTT, DUKE OF MONMOUTH and
BUCCLEUCH (1649-1685). [See SCOTT.]

FITZROY, MARY, DUCHESS OF RICH-
MOND (d. 1557), was the only surviving daugh-
ter of Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk
[q. v.], by his second wife, Lady Elizabeth
Stafford, eldest daughter of Edward Stafford,

Fitzroy

207

Fitzroy

duke of Buckingham. Her childhood was

Eassed in the summer at Tendring Hall, Suf-
:>lk, and in the winter at Hunsdon, Hertford-
shire. In 1533 a dispensation, bearing date
28 Nov. of that year, was obtained for her
marriage to Henry Fitzroy, duke of Rich-
mond [q. v.], the natural son of Henry VIII.
Owing to the tender age of both, the duchess
continued to live with her own friends, and
Richmond probably went to reside at Windsor
Castle. The duke died on 22 July 1536, and
the duchess afterwards remained a widow.
She had some trouble before she could obtain
a settlement of her dowry, as appears from a
letter to her father preserved in Cotton MS.
Vespasian, F. xiii. f. 75. A bill was signed in
the duchess's favour, 2 March, 30 Hen. VIII
(1539-40), by which she received for life the
manor of Swaffham in Norfolk, and perhaps
others. In 1546 her father offered her in mar-
riage to Sir Thomas Seymour, proposing other
alliances between the two families (expostula-
tion addressedto the privy council, Cotton MS.
Titus, B. ii.)

When the Duke of Norfolk and his son,
the Earl of Surrey, were arrested in December
1546, three commissioners were sent to her
father's mansion, Kenninghall, near Thetford,
Norfolk, to examine her and a certain Eliza-
beth Holland, ' an ambiguous favourite ' of
the duko. The commissioners reached Ken-
ninghall by daybreak, 14 Dec. The duchess,
on learning the object of their visit, at first
almost fainted. She promised to conceal
nothing. The two ladies were forthwith
brought to London (report of commissioners
to the king, State Papers, Hen. VIII, i.
888-90; FROTTDE, Hist, of England, cabinet
edit. 1870, ch. xxiii.) From the evidence of
Sir Wymound Carew it appeared that her
brother, the Earl of Surrey, had advised her
to become the mistress of Henry. Carew's
evidence was supported by another witness,
who spoke of her strong abhorrence of the
proposal. The duchess effectually screened
her father ; but against her brother her evi-
dence told fatally. She confirmed the story of
his abominable advice, and f revealed his deep
hate of the " new men " ' (FROUDE, loc. cit.)
Surrey had recently set up a new altar at
Boulogne, while his sister was a patroness
of John Foxe, the martyrologist. When
Surrey's children were taken from their
mother, and committed to the care of their
aunt, she immediately engaged Foxe as their
preceptor. The duchess's household was
usually kept at the castle of Reigate, which
was one of the Duke of Norfolk's manors.

Her father appears to have always retained
a kindly feeling towards her. In his will,
dated 18 July 1554, he bequeathed her 500/.

as an acknowledgment of her exertions to
obtain his release from confinement, and of
her care in the education of his grandchildren.
About two years before she had been granted
by the crown an annuity of 100J. towards
the support of the children.

The Duchess of Richmond died on 9 Dec.
1557. A portrait, drawn by Holbein, of
'The Lady of Richmond' remains in the
royal collection, and is engraved by Barto-
Lozzi in the volume of ' Holbein Heads ' pub-
lished in 1795 by John Chamberlain, with a
biographical notice by Edmund Lodge. A
manuscript volume of poetry, chiefly by Sir
Thomas Wyatt, in the library of the Duke of
Devonshire, is supposed by Dr. Nott to have
belonged to the Duchess of Richmond. At
p. 143 is written ' Madame Margaret et Ma-
dame de Richemont.' Nott imagined that
several pieces in the volume were written by
her hand (preface to Works of Wyatt, p. ix).

[Life by J. G-. Nichols in Gent. Mag. new
ser. xxiii. 480-7 ; Lord Herbert's Reign of King
Henry VIII; Letters and Papers of Reign of
Henry VIII (Gairdner), vols. vi. vii.] G. G.

FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865), vice-
admiral, hydrographer, and meteorologist,
second son by a second marriage of Lord
Charles Fitzroy [q. v.], was grandson of Au-
gustus Henry, third duke of Grafton [q. v.],
and on the mother's side of the first Marquis
of Londonderry. He was born at Ampton
Hall, Suffolk, on 5 July 1805 ; entered the
navy from the Royal Naval College in 1819,
and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant
on 7 Sept. 1824. After serving in the Medi-
terranean and on the coast of South America,
he was appointed in August 1828 to be flag-
lieutenant to Rear-admiral Sir Robert Ot way,
commander-in-chief on the South American
station, and on 13 Nov. 1828 was promoted
to the command of the Beagle brig, vacant
by the melancholy death of Commander
Stokes. The Beagle was at that time, and con-
tinued to be, employed on the survey of the
coasts of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and
more especially of the Straits of Magellan,
under the orders of Commander King in the
Adventure [see KING, PHILIP PARKER] . The
two vessels returned to England in the
autumn of 1830, and in the following sum-
mer Fitzroy was again appointed to the
Beagle, to continue the survey of the same
coasts. The Beagle sailed from Portsmouth
on 27 Dec. 1831, having Charles Robert Dar-
win [q. v.] on board as naturalist of the expedi-
tion. After an absence of nearly five years, and
having, in addition to the survey of the Straits
of Magellan and a great part of the coast of
South America, run a chronometric line round
the world, thus approxim ately fixing the longi-

Fitzroy

208

Fitzroy

tude of many secondary meridians, the Beagle
returned to England in October 1836. In
July 1835 Fitzroy had been advanced to post
rank, and his work for the next few years
was the reduction and discussion of his nu-
merous observations. In 1837 he was awarded
the gold medal of the Royal Geographical
Society, and in 1839 he published the ' Nar-
rative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.
ships Adventure and Beagle between the
years 1826 and 1836, describing their Exami-
nation of the Southern Shores of South
America, and the Beagle's Circumnavigation
of the Globe,' 8 vo, 3 vols. ; but the third volume
is by Charles Darwin. Of Fitzroy's work as
a surveyor it is unnecessary now to speak in
any detail. Though the means at his dis-
posal were small, the results were both great
and satisfactory, and even twelve years later
Sir Francis Beaufort, in a report to the
House of Commons (10 Feb. 1848), was able
to say : ' From the Equator to Cape Horn,
and from thence round to the river Plata on
the eastern side of America, all that is imme-
diately wanted has been already achieved by
the splendid survey of Captain Robert Fitz-
roy.' At the general election in June 1841
Fitzroy was returned to parliament as mem-
ber for Durham, virtually as a nominee of his
uncle, the Marquis of Londonderry. The
preceding canvass led to a violent quarrel
with a Mr. Sheppard, who agreed to contest
the city in the conservative interest in con-
cert with Fitzroy, but afterwards withdrew,
without, as Fitzroy thought, giving him
proper notice. The quarrel led to a challenge ;
a meeting was arranged, but Sheppard failed
to appear, alleging that his affairs compelled
him to go to London. He afterwards as-
saulted Fitzroy in front of the United Service
Club, and was summarily knocked down.
The matter was referred to a few naval and
military officers of high rank, who decided
that, under the circumstances, Fitzroy could
not give his opponent a meeting. And so it
ended, both Fitzroy and Sheppard publishing
pamphlets giving the angry correspondence
in full detail (' Captain Fitzroy's Statement/
August 1841, 8vo, 82 pp. ; ' The Conduct of
Captain Robert Fitzroy . . . , by William
Sheppard, esq.,' 1842, 8vo, 80 pp.) In Sep-
tember 1842 Fitzroy accepted the post of
conservator of the river Mersey, but resigned
it early in 1843, on being appointed governor
and commander-in-chief of New Zealand.
He arrived in his government in December,
at a time of great excitement. Questions
relating to the purchase of land were then,
as for a long time afterwards, the source of
much trouble. The settlers conceived their
interests to be of paramount importance.

Fitzroy held that the aborigines had an equal
claim on his care, and said so with more
candour than prudence. His sentiments
roused the fiercest indignation among men
whose near relations had been massacred by
the Maoris. His manner, in face of this op-
position, was not conciliatory. It was spoken
of as arrogant and dictatorial, as savouring-
more of the quarter-deck than of the council
chamber. His financial policy, too, proved
unfortunate, and incurred the bitter enmity
of the New Zealand Company, which was
strongly represented in parliament. The go-
vernment yielded to the storm, and super-
seded him in November 1845.

In September 1848 he was appointed super-
intendent of the dockyard at Woolwich, and
in March 1849 to the command of the Arro-
gant, a screw frigate, which had been fitted
out under his own supervision, and in which
he was desired to carry out a series of trials.
In 1850 he retired from active service, though
in course of seniority he became rear-admiral
in 1857 and vice-admiral in 1863. In 1851
he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society,
and in 1854, after serving for a few months-
as private secretary to his uncle, Lord Har-
dinge — then commander-in-chief of the army
— he was, at the suggestion of the president
of the Royal Society, appointed to be chief
of the meteorological department of the board
of trade. His reputation as a practical me-
teorologist already stood high, and it is by
his more popular work in this office that his
name is now best known, A cheap and ser-
viceable barometer, constructed on a plan
suggested by him, is still commonly called
' the Fitzroy barometer,' and his ' Weather
Book,' published in 1863, inaugurated a dis-
tinct advance in the study of the science.
He instituted, for the first time, a system of
storm warnings, which have been gradually
developed into the present daily forecasts;
and by his constant labours in connection
with the work of the office, and as secretary
of the Lifeboat Association, built up a strong
claim to the gratitude of all seafaring men.
The toil proved too much for a temperament
naturally excitable, and a constitution already
tried by the severe and anxious service in
the Straits of Magellan. He refused to take
the prescribed rest, and under the continued
strain his mind gave way, and he committed
suicide 30 April 1865. He married, in De-
cember 1836, Mary Henrietta, daughter of
Major-general Edward James O'Brien, by-
wh'om he had several children. His eldest
son, Robert O'Brien Fitzroy, is at the present
time (1888) a captain in the navy and a C.B.

Besides the works already named, he pub-
lished : 1. ' Remarks on New Zealand/ 1846.

Fitzsimon

209

Fitzsimon

2. 'Sailing Directions for South America/
1848. 3. * Barometer and Weather Guide,'
1858. 4. 'Passage Table and General Sailing
Directions,' 1859. 5. 'Barometer Manual,'
1861. He was also the author of official re-
ports to the board of trade (1857-65), of occa-
sional papers in the ' Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society' — of which society he
was for several years a member of council —
and in the 'Journal of the Royal United
Service Institution.'

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Journal of the
Hoyal Greogr. Soc. vol. xxxv. p. cxxviii ; A. S.
Thomson's Story of New Zealand, ii. 82 ; E. J.
Wakefield's Adventure in New Zealand, ii. 504 ;
Report from the Select Committee on New Zea-
land, 29 July 18 44 (Parliamentary Papers, 1844,
xiii.) ; Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser. (11 March
1845), Ixxviii. col. 644, and (5 May 1845) Ixxx.
cols. 172, 183.] J. K. L.

FITZSIMOIST, HENRY (1566-1643),
Jesuit, born at Dublin on 31 May 1566, was
son of Nicholas Fitzsimon, an alderman or
' senator ' of that city, by his wife Anne,
sister of Christopher Sidgreaves of Ingle-
wight, Lancashire. At the age of ten he
was ' inveigled into heresy,' and afterwards
he studied grammar, humanities, and rhetoric
for four years at Manchester. He matricu-
lated at Oxford, as a member of Hart Hall,
on 26 April 1583. ' In December following,'
says Wood, ' I find one Henry Fitz-Simons,
to be elected student of Christ Church, but
whether he be the same with the former, I
•dare not say.' It does not appear how long
he continued at Oxford, nor whether he took
a degree. In 1587 he became a student in
the university of Paris. At this period he
imagined that he was ' able to convert to
Protestancie any encounterer whatsoever ; '
but at length he was overcome in argument
by Father Thomas Darbyshire [q. v.], nephew
•of Bishop Bonner, and was reconciled to the
catholic church. After his conversion he
appears to have visited Rome. He went to
the university of Pont-a-Mousson before the
close of 1587, and studied rhetoric for one
year, philosophy for three years, from 1588
to 1591, and took the degree of M.A., after
which he read theology for three months at
Pont-a-Mousson, and for seven weeks at
Douay, privately studying casuistry at the
same time. He took minor orders, was ad-
mitted into the Society of Jesus by Father
Mansereus, the provincial of Flanders, and
began his noviceship at Tournay on 15 or
26 April 1592. On 2 June 1593 he was
sent to pursue his theological studies at Lou-
vain under Father Leonard Lessius, and
while there he also formed an intimate
acquaintance with Father Rosweyde and

VOL. XIX.

Dr. Peter Lombard. He so distinguished
himself that he was appointed to the chair
of philosophy in the university of Douay.

Being sent, at his own earnest petition, to
the Irish mission, he reached Dublin late in
1597. Wood states that 'he endeavoured
to reconcile as many persons as he could to
his religion, either by private conference or
public disputes with protestant ministers.
In which work he persisted for two years
without disturbance, being esteem'd the chief
disputant among those of his party, and so
ready and quick that few or none would
undertake to deal with him.' The hall of a
nobleman's house in Dublin having been
placed at his disposal, he caused it to be
lined with tapestry and covered with car-
pets, and had an altar made and magnifi-
cently decorated. Here high mass was
celebrated with a full orchestra, composed
of harps, lutes, and all kinds of instruments
except the organ. The catholics used to go
armed to mass in order to protect the priests
and themselves. Father Field, superior of
the Irish Jesuit mission, reported in Septem-
ber 1599 that Fitzsimon was working hard,
that crowds flocked to hear him and were
converted, that he led rather an open, de-
monstrative life, never dining without six or
eight guests, and that when he went through
the country, he rode with three or four
gentlemen, who served as companions. His
zeal led to his arrest in 1599, and he was
committed to Dublin Castle, where he re-
mained in confinement for about five years.
While in prison he held disputations with
Dr. Challenor, Meredith Hanmer, Dean Rider,
and James Ussher, afterwards primate of Ire-
land. On 12 March 1603-4 James I ordered
Fitzsimon's release, but he was not actually
liberated until three months later. About
1 June 1604 he was taken from Dublin
Castle and placed on board a ship which
landed him at Bilboa in Spain.

After some time he left Spain for Flanders,
and in 1608 he was summoned on the busi-
ness of the Irish mission to Rome, where he
made his solemn profession of the four vows,
and where he appears to have remained till
after April 1611, when he returned to Flan-
ders. On 1 July 1620 he reached the im-
perial camp in Bohemia, and, in the capacity
of army chaplain, went through the cam-
paign, of which he wrote a history. He was
again in Belgium in 1626. At length, after
an exile of twenty-six years, he returned in
1630 to his native country. Having been
condemned to be hanged for complicity in
the rebellion he was forced to leave the
Dublin residence of the Jesuits and to fly by
night to distant mountains, in company with

Fitzsimon

210

Fitzsimons

many catholics who were expelled from the
city in the winter of 1641. He died, pro-
bably at Kilkenny, on 29 Nov. 1643, though
other accounts give 1 Feb. 1643-4 and
29 Nov. 1645 as the date of his decease.

Wood remarks that 'by his death the
Roman Catholics lost a pillar of their church,
[he] being esteem'd in the better part of his
life a great ornament among them, and the
greatest defender of their religion in his
time ' (AthencB Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 96).

His works are: 1. ' Brief Collections from
the Scriptures, the Fathers, and principal
Protestants, in proof of six Catholic Articles,'
which John Rider, dean of St. Patrick's, and
afterwards bishop of Killaloe, had challenged
him to prove. Manuscript sent on 2 Jan.
1600-1 to Rider, who published an answer
entitled 'A Caveat to Irish Catholics' on
28 Sept. 1602. 2. Manuscript reply to the
< Caveat,' sent to Rider on 4 Feb. 1602-3.
Rider's ' Rescript ' was published on 30 March
1604. 3. 'A Catholick Confutation x>f
Mr. John Rider's Claim to Antiquitie, and a
calming Comfort against his Caveat. In
which is demonstrated . . . that all Anti-
quitie ... is repugnant to Protestancie . . .
And a Reply to Mr. Rider's Rescript, and a
Discoverie of Puritan Partialitie in his be-
halfe,' Rouen, 1608, 4to. 4. ' An Answer
to sundrie Complaintive Letters of Afflicted
Catholics, declaring the Severitie of divers
late Proclamations,' 1608. Printed at the
end of the preceding work. It was reprinted
by the Rev. Edward Hogan, S.J., under the
title of ' Words of Comfort to Persecuted
Catholics,' Dublin, 1881, 8vo. 5. ' Narratio
Rerum Ibernicarum,' or an l Ecclesiastical
History of our Country.' He was engaged
on this work in 1611. It was never printed.
The Bollandists often quote Fitzsimon's
manuscript collections. 6. ' The Justification
and Exposition of the Divine Sacrifice of the
Masse, and of al Rites and Ceremonies
thereto belonging' [Douay], 1611, 4to.
7. 'Catalogus prsecipuorum Sanctorum Hi-
bernise.' Manuscript finished 9 April 1611.
The Bollandists cite the editions of 1611 and
1619 ; there were also those of Douay, 1615
and 1619 ; Liege, 1619 ; Lisbon, 1620 ; Ant-
werp, 1627. The catalogue was also appended
to ' Hiberniae sive Antiquse Scotize Vindicise
adversus Thomam Dempsterum. Auctore
G. F.,' Antwerp, 1621, 8vo, and it was
printed at Rome in Porter's 'Annales.'
8. ' Britannomachia Ministrorum in plerisque
fidei fundamentis et articulis dissidentium,'
Douay, 1614, 4to. A reply to this was pub-
lished by Francis Mason, B.D., archdeacon
of Norfolk, in his ' Vindiciae Ecclesiaa Angli-
canse,' 2nd edit. London, 1638, fol. 9. < Pugna

Pragensis. A Candido Eblanio,' Briinn,

1620. It went through three editions at
least. 10. ' Buquoy Quadrimestre Iter, Pro-
gressusque, quo, favente numine, ac auspice
Ferdinando II Rom. Imp., Austria est con-
servata, Bohemia subjugata, Moravia acqui-
sita, eademque opera Silesia solicitata, Hun-
gariaque terrefacta. Accedit Appendix Pro-
gressus ejusdem Generalis, in initio Anni

1621. Authore Constantio Peregrino,' Vienna,
1621, 4to. It was printed twice at Briinn
and twice at Vienna, and translated into
Italian in 1625 by Aureli of Perugia. The
work was attacked by Berchtold von Rau-
chenstein in ' Constantius Peregrinus Casti-

fatus,' Bruges, 1621, 4to. Portions of Fitz-
imon's work are printed by Hogan, together
with the ' Words of Comfort,' under the title
of 'Diary of the Bohemian War of 1620.'
It is erroneously stated in the British Mu-
seum Catalogue that 'Constantius Peregri-
nus' wasBoudewyn de Jonge. 11. Treatise
to prove that Ireland was originally called
Scotia. Manuscript quoted in Fleming's
' Life of St. Columba.' 12. Many of his let-
ters, some written from his cell in Dublin
Castle, are printed by Hogan with the 'Words
of Comfort to Persecuted Catholics.'

[Life by the Rev. Edmund Hogan, 1881 ;
Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 112; Ware's Writers
of Ireland (Harris), p. 118; Foley's Records,
vii. 260 ; Hogan 's Cat. of the Irish Province,
S. J., p. 8 ; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 245 ;
Catholic Miscellany (1828), ix. 33; Bernard's
Life of Ussher (1656), p. 32 ; Duthillceul's Biblio-
graphic Douaisienne (1842), p. 99 ; De Backer's
Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jesus (1869), i.
1875; Shirley's Library at Lough Fea, p. 113 ;
Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 805 ; Gillow's
Bibl. Diet. ; Dwyer's Diocese of Killaloe, p. 86 ;
Hogan's Ibernia Ignatiana, i. 33, 43, 51, 52,
72-6, 81, 102, 104, 111, 124, 131, 222; South-
well's Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 224 ; Irish
Ecclesiastical Record, viii. 214, 268, 313, 347,
504, 553, ix. 15, 78, 187, 272, 430; Patrignani's
Menologio (1730), vol. i. pt. ii. p. 8.] T. C.

FITZSIMONS or FITZSYMOND,
WALTER (d. 1511), archbishop of Dublin,
was precentor of St. Patrick's Cathedral in
1476 ; he was the chapter's proxy in a par-
liament held in 1478 (King's Collections and
Cod. Clar. p. 46) ; and was also official, or
vicar-general, of the diocese. He has been
described in old records as a learned divine
and philosopher, a man of great gravity
of character and of a commanding aspect.
Having first sued out a charter of pardon
from Henry VII, for accepting promotion
by a papal provision, he was appointed by
Pope Sixtus IV to the archbishopric of Dub-
lin on 14 June 1484, and was the first arch-

Fitzsimons

211

Fitzstephen

bishop consecrated in St. Patrick's (MoNCK
MASOX, History of St. Patrick's Cathedral,
p. 139). Along with the Earl of Kildare,
lord deputy of Ireland, he espoused, in 1487,
the cause of Lambert Simnel, to whose coro-
nation in Christ Church Cathedral he was
accessory. The pope directed an inquiry to
be held, and a full report of the matter
having been made, the archbishop, with the
bishops of Meath and Kildare, was found
guilty. In the following year, however, he
was permitted with others to renew his al-
legiance to the king, and received pardon
through Sir Richard Edgecombe. The arch-
bishop, 'when the mass was ended in the choir
of the said church [St. Mary's Abbey], began
Te Deum, and the choir with the organs sung
it up solemnly, and at that time all the bells
in the church rang ' (HARRIS, Hibernica,
pt. i. p. 33). He was subsequently taken
into great favour by the king, who made him
lord deputy of Ireland in 1492, lord chancel-
lor in 1496 and 1501, and again, in 1503, lord
deputy.

Fitzsimons strenuously exerted himself,
while holding the office of lord deputy in
1492, to lessen the number of useless idlers
in Ireland. He represented to the king the
idleness of the younger brothers of the nobi-
lity, and the indolence of the common people
1 on account of the great plenty of all kinds
of provisions.' At his suggestion vagrancy
was strictly forbidden, and workhouses were
everywhere erected for the employment of
able-bodied vagabonds, beadles being ap-
pointed by him ' to look after the several
cities, towns, and parishes, to keep beggars
out, and to take up strangers ' (Council Books,
temp. Henry VII).

In 1496, the king, having made his son
Henry, duke of York, lord-lieutenant of Ire-
land, appointed Fitzsimons lord chancellor of
Ireland (RoiER, Fcedera, ed. 1727, vol. xii.)
In the same year Fitzsimons held a provincial
synod, on which occasion an annual contri-
bution for seven years was settled by the
clergy of the province, to provide salaries for
lecturers of the university in St. Patrick's
Cathedral (ALLEN, Registry, i. 105). In 1509
he was again lord chancellor, by appointment
of Henry VIII, and held that office until his
death, at Finglas, near Dublin, on 14 May
1511. He was buried in the nave of St.
Patrick's, but no memorial of him remains.

[Sir James "Ware's Works, ed. Harris, i. 343 ;
Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae, ii. 17, 110,
v. 79 ; D'Alton's Memoirs of the Archbishops
of Dublin, p. 171 ; Monck Mason's Hist, of St.
Patrick's Cathedral ; Leeper's Hist. Handbook
to St. Patrick's (2nd ed.), p. 89 ; Smyth's Law
Officers of Ireland, pp. 15, 16.] B. H. B.

FITZSTEPHEN, ROBERT (d. 1183 ?),
one of the original Norman conquerors of Ire-
land, was the son of Stephen, constable of
Aberteivi (Cardigan), and of Nesta, daughter
of Rhys ab Tewdwr, king of South Wales.
Whether Stephen was, as is sometimes stated,
a second husband of Nesta is at least very
doubtful (DiMOCK, Preface to Expugn. Hib. in
GIRALDITS CAMBRENSIS, Opera, v. ci ; cf. Cal.
Carew MSS., Book of Howth, &c., p. 435). If
the list of Nesta's children given by her grand-
son (GiRALDUSjDe Rebus a se Gestis in Opera,
i. 59) is arranged in order of their birth, her
amour with Stephen must have been after her
marriage with Gerald of Windsor and the
birth of her eldest son, William Fitzgerald,
and before the birth of her son, Meiler Fitz-
henry [q. v.], by Henry I. As Aberteivi did
not fall into English hands before 1110 or 1111
(Annales Cambria, p. 34), Robert could hardly
have been born before that date. The birth of
Nesta's son by King Henry must have fol-
lowed his expedition to Dy ved in the summer
of 1114. Robert was therefore born between
these two dates. In 1157 Robert followed
Henry II's expedition into North Wales, and
narrowly escaped the ambush in which his
half-brother, the king's son, was slain. His
inheritance included Cardigan and Cemmes,
and he became constable of Cardigan town
in succession apparently to his father. In No-
vember 1166 he was betrayed by his own men
(' dolo Rigewarc clerici,' Ann. Cambr. p. 50)
into the hands of his cousin, Rhys ab Gruffy dd,
with whom he was then at war. He was-re-
leased after three years' captivity on the
mediation of his half-brother, David II, bishop
of St. David's [q. v.], and at the instance of
Dermot, the exiled king of Leinster, whom he
agreed to help in restoring to his kingdom as
an easy release from his promise to join the
' Lord Rhys ' in his war against the English. In
the spring of 1169 Fitzstephen, with his half-
brother, Maurice Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.],
landed in Ireland at Baganbun or Bannow,
near Wexford (Exp. Hib. p. 230 ; cf. REGAN,
p. 23, and Introduction, p. xvi). They were
accompanied by thirty knights, sixty men-at-
arms, and three hundred Welsh foot soldiers.
In conjunction with Dermot's forces they took
Wexford, which was assigned, with the two
adjacent cantreds, to Fitzstephen. The suc-
cessful invasion of Ossory followed, but the
approach of Roderick O'Conor, king of Con-
naught, now caused Dermot's Irish followers
to desert. But Fitzstephen contemptuously
rejected Dermot's bribes, and built so strong
a camp at Ferns that Roderick accepted terms
that left Dermot king of Leinster. Mau-
rice Fitzgerald now joined Fitzstephen with
additional troops from Wales. Fitzstephen

Fitzstephen

212

Fitzstephen

was busy in fortifying Carrig, two miles from
Wexford, while Dermot and Fitzgerald were
attacking Dublin ; but he marched westwards
to aid Donnell, king of Limerick, against Ro-
derick. Dermot now, if Giraldus could be
believed, offered the brothers the hand of his
daughter and the succession to his throne,
and on their refusal to give up their present
wives he at their advice called in Strongbow
[see CLARE, RICHARD DE, d. 1176], who was
now encouraged by Fitzstephen's successes to
undertake what he had formally feared to
venture. But Giraldus is so extravagantly
partial to his uncle that the constant attempt
to exalt him over Strongbow fails by reason
of its obvious exaggeration. Fitzstephen's ex-
ploits are reduced to more modest, though still
solid, proportions by the French poet, who
derived his information from Maurice Regan.
In 1171 Fitzstephen was shut up in Carrig
with five knights and a few archers by his
own Wexford subjects, while the mass of the
invaders were besieged by Roderick in Dublin.
The false intelligence, vouched for by the oath
of two Irish bishops, that Dublin had sur-
rendered to the Irish induced him to surren-
der. They retreated with him, murdering
the inferior prisoners, to the island of Begerin
(' Little Erin,' REGAN, p. 85), when the news
came of the defeat of Roderick at Dublin.
There the fears or jealousy of Strongbow
(Exp. Hid. p. 271) prevented his deliverance;
but on the arrival of Henry II in October
at Waterford the men of Wexford brought
their lord bound and in chains before the
king. Henry ordered him still to be kept in
prison ' in Reginald's Tower/ 'because he had
invaded Ireland before getting his assent.'
But he released Fitzstephen before his own
departure, though he took away from him
Wexford and the two cantreds. Immediately
afterwards Henry left him at Dublin under
Hugh de Lacy. By fighting with distinction
on Henry's side in the civil war in 1173
and 1174, both in France and England,
Fitzstephen completely recovered the king's
favour. In May 1177, at a council at Ox-
ford, he and Miles Cogan received a grant
of the kingdom of Cork on condition of the
service of sixty knights. Cork city, how-
ever, the king kept in his own hands (BEKE-
DICTUS ABBAS, i. 163 ; the charter is printed
in LYTTLETON, Henry II, app. iii. to bk. v.) If
Giraldus can be trusted, Fitzstephen was ac-
tually associated with William Fitzaldhelm
[q. v.] in the government of Ireland (Exp.
Hib. p. 334 ; but cf. BEN. ABB. i. 161). On
their arrival in Ireland they decided by lot
that the three eastern cantreds should be
the portion of Fitzstephen, while the tribute
of the twenty-four cantreds farmed out and

the custody of the city was common to both.
Soon after he accompanied Philip de Braose
on an expedition against Limerick with thirty
knights, but nothing was done. Soon after
Maredudd, a bastard son of Robert, a youth
of great promise, died at Cork.

For the next five years Fitzstephen and
Cojan reigned in peace at Cork, the modest
ambition of the elderly leaders restraining
the impetuosity of their youthful followers
(Exp. Hib. p. 350). But in 1182 the trea-
cherous murder of Miles Cogan and Ralph,
another bastard of Fitzstephen, and Miles's
son-in-law, by a chieftain called Mac Tire,
was followed by a general revolt against
Fitzstephen throughout all Desmond. The
old warrior was now closely besieged in
Cork, but was relieved by his nephew, Ray-
mond Fitzgerald [q. v.] In 1183 he was
joined by his nephews Philip and Gerald
de Barri. The latter boasts of the help he
gave to his uncle (ib. p. 351). Fitzstephen
granted Philip three cantreds of his Desmond
territory (Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1171-1251, No.
340). He probably died very soon after.
Giraldus describes Fitzstephen as by turns
the luckiest and most wretched of men. He
was rather short in stature, stout, and full
of body, liberal and pleasant in his manners.
His great faults were his immoderate devo-
tion to wine and women. He left no legiti-
mate offspring.

[The main authority is Griraldus, Expugnatio
Hibernica, in Opera, vol. v. (Rolls Ser.) See also
the anonymous French poem on Irish history,
said to be translated from the original of Maurice
Regan.] T. F. T.

FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM (d. 1190 ?),
the biographer of Becket, styles himself the
archbishop's ' concivis.' lie was in the closest
connection with Becket for ten years or more,
as his ' clericus et convictor.' When Becket
became chancellor, he appointed Fitzstephen
to be 'dictator in cancelleria ejus.' Later
William became subdeacon in his chapel, and
was entri] sted with the duty of perusing letters
and petiti 3ns. Sometimes at Becket's bidding,
he either decided these cases on his own au-
thority, or was appointed advocate to one of
the parties — ' patronus causarum.' He was
present at the great council of Northampton
(13 Oct. 1164), and was sitting at the arch-
bishop's feet, when Herbert of Bosham gave
his master the rash advice to excommunicate
his enemies if they laid hands upon him. Wil-
liam induced the archbishop to refuse this
counsel, as the archbishop afterwards con-
fessed when during his exile he met William
at St. Benedict's on the Loire ( Vit. S. Thomce,
pp. 1, 2, 59).

Fitzthedmar

213

Fitzthedmar

Fitzstephen appears to have escaped most
of the disadvantages of intimacy withBecket.
He has himself preserved a rhyming Latin
poem, some ninety lines long, which he com-
posed and presented to Henry II in the chapel
of ' Bruhull.' In return for this petition the
king pardoned him. It would appear, however,
that when Becket was reconciled to the king,
his old clerk once more entered his service,
for he was an eye-witness of his murder :
* passionem ejus Cantuariae inspexi.' Of the
rest of his life we have no certain knowledge;
but Mr. Foss is inclined to identify this author
with William Fitzstephen, who along with
his brother, Ralph Fitzstephen, was sheriff of
Gloucester from 18 Henry II to 1 Richard I,
i.e. 1171-90 (Foss, i. 370; FULLER, i. 569).
This William Fitzstephen is probably the
same William Fitzstephen whom Henry II
in 1176 placed at the head of one of the six
circuits into which he divided the country.
The circuit in question included the county
of Gloucester, and his pleas are recorded in
that and the four following years, not only in
fourteen counties, but 'ad scaccarium' also.
His name appears as a justice itinerant in
1 Richard I (Foss, ib.; cf. MADOX, i. 83, 127,
&c. ; HOVEDEN, ii. 88), about which time he
perhaps died.

William Fitzstephen's most important work
is the * Vita Sancti Thomae.' This is the main
authority for the archbishop's early life. The
curious preface, entitled ' Descriptio nobilis-
simae civitatis Londoniae/ is by far the most
graphic and elaborate account of London
during the twelfth century yet remaining.
It has been printed separately in Stow's
' Survey of London,' and Hearne's ed. of Le-
land's ' Itinerary.' The < Vita Thomse' was
first printed in Sparke's ' Historic Anglicanse
Scriptores' (1723). The chief later editions
are those of Dr. Giles (1845), and that by the
Rev. J. C. Robertson (Rolls Ser. 1877). To
the same author are also attributed, though, as
it seems, on doubtful grounds, i Libri quinque
de Miraculis B. Thomas' (cf. also HARDY,
ii. 382).

[Materials for the Hist, of Thomas Becket, ed.
Robertson (Rolls Ser.), vol. ii. contains Fitz-
stephen's Vita Sti Thomse ; Roger of Horeden, ed.
Stubbs (Rolls Ser.), vol. ii. ; Madox's Hist, of the
Exchequer (ed. 1769), vols. i. and ii. ; Foss's
Judges, vol. i ; Wright's Biographia Literaria,
vol. ii. ; Hardy's Cat. of Manuscript Materials for
Hist, of Great Britain and Ireland, ii.] T. A. A.

FITZTHEDMAR, ARNOLD (1201-
1274 ?), alderman of London, was descended
on both sides from German settlers in Lon-
don, where he was born on 9 Aug. 1201.
His father, Thedmar, a man of wealth and
position, was a native of Bremen. His mother,

Juliana, was the daughter of Arnold, a citi-
zen of Cologne, and of his wife Ode. This
couple had made a pilgrimage to St. Thomas's
shrine at Canterbury to pray for children.
Their prayers being heard, they were induced
to settle in London, where two children were
born to them. The elder, Thomas, destined
to become a monk, died during the fourth
crusade. The younger, Juliana, became the
wife of Thedmar and the mother of a nume-
rous family, of which only one son, Arnold,
and four daughters grew up to maturity.
Wonderful dreams preceded Arnold's birth.
On his father's death he succeeded to all his
property. His career illustrates very remark-
ably the position of the foreign merchants
settled in London. English by birth, and
taking a prominent part in London political
life, he was still a member of the ' domus
quae Guildhalla Teutonicorum nuncupating'
the later Steelyard, and kept up close rela-
tions with the merchants of the country of
his origin. On 1 Aug. 1251 he appears as a
witness to a treaty with Liibeck (LAPPET-
BERG, Geschichte des Stahlhofes, pp. 11-12,
' aus dem Liibeck er Urkundenbuche '). He
is described as ' alderman of the Germans.'
He held the office for at least ten years.

Fitzthedmar was conspicuous among the
few leading citizens who, in opposition to
the general current of feeling in the city,
were stout supporters of Henry III and his
son Edward throughout all the barons' wars.
In February 1258, before the meeting of the
Mad parliament, the Londoners accused the
mayor and other rulers of the city of levying
the city tallages in an unjust way. Henry
appointed John Mansel to investigate the
charges. Then, on 11 Feb., Fitzthedmar, who
had hitherto not been involved, was included
in the attack. His special offence was that
he had altered the method of weighing used
in the city without the king's permission.
Before long the aldermen were deposed, and
new ones appointed, except for Fitzthed-
mar's ward, which remained in the mayor's
hands. But next year the proceedings were
reversed. On 6 Nov. 1259 a full folk-moot
was held in the king's presence at Paul's
Cross, and it was declared on John Mansel's
attestation that Fitzthedmar had been un-
justly degraded. He was therefore restored
to royal favour and to his aldermanship.
Between this date and Michaelmas 1260 Ar-
nold bought, on behalf of the German mer-
chants, of William, son of William Reyner,
the yearly rent of 2s. for a piece of land
situated to the east of the Germans' Guild-
hall, in the parish of All Hallows in Thames
Street (the site of the Steelyard). For this
he paid two marks sterling. He is described

Fitzthedmar

214

Fitzthomas

in the charter as ' aldermanus mercatorum
Alemaniae in Angliam venientium ' (ib. Ur-
kunden, p. 13). This then seems to have been
the office recently restored to him by the king.
It is often thought he was also the regular
alderman of a ward, though which ward is
unknown. Immediately afterwards the grant
of fresh privileges to the Germans in Lon-
don, on the petition of Richard, king of the
Romans, seems to have followed (17 June
1260).

Arnold next distinguished himself by his
strong hostility to the democratic mayor,
Thomas Fitzthomas. He and his friends
only escaped a plot for their destruction by
the arrival of the news of the battle of
Evesham (4 Aug.), in the middle of the
folk-moot at which the attack was to have
been made. This was on Thursday, 6 Aug.
1265. Arnold's loyalty did not, however,
save him from paying a heavy share in the
fines imposed by the victorious king on the
rebellious city. At last he got royal letters
which protected him from further exactions.
Many years later the city of Bremen com-
plained that even one of Arnold's servants,
Hermann, a Bremen citizen, had been severely
fined on the same account, and that his re-
sistance had caused a feud between London
and Bremen (Fcedera, i. 534). In 1270 the
chest containing the city archives (scrinium
civium) was under Arnold's care, while three
other citizens held the keys of it. In 1274
Arnold was among those who resisted the
validity of the charters granted by the mayor,
Walter Hervey, without the consent of the
aldermen and ' discretiores ' of the city. They
gained their point, and got Hervey removed
from his aldermanship.

Nearly all our knowledge of Arnold's acts
comes from the ' Chronica Majorum et Vice-
comitum Londoniarum,' contained in the so-
called * Liber de Antiquis Legibus ' in the
Guildhall, and edited by Mr. Stapleton for
the Camden Society in 1846. The special
particularity with which his birth, family,
and adventures are recorded, the scrupulous
absence of comment on him, yet the apolo-
getic tone of the references to his acts, have
given rise to the conjecture that he is him-
self its author. The full references to his
patron, Richard, king of the Romans, in-
crease the probability. The entrusting of
the city archives to him just before the time
that the chronicle, which contains a large
number of official documents, closes, makes
this as near a certainty as can be gathered
from merely indirect internal evidence. The
chronicle breaks off in August 1274 with the
preparations for Edward I's coronation. He
must have died before 10 Feb. 1275, on

which date his will was read and enrolled in
the Hastings court (RiLEY, Introduction to
Chronicle of the Mayors, &c., p. ix). He left
part of his property in the city to the monks
of Bermondsey, and to his kinsman, Stephen
Eswy, for his own use and for that of Ar-
nold's wife. The latter's name was probably
Dionysia, who married Adam the Taylor
after Arnold's death, and was alive in 1292.
Another * alderman of the Germans ' appears
as holding office in 1282. Dr. Lappenberg's
conjecture (p. 16) that he was alive in 1292,
and even (p. 156) in 1302, is sufficiently dis-
proved by the date of his birth. There is no
reference in the chronicle to Arnold's wife or
children, but a John Thedmar appears as a
witness in 1286 (Placita de quo warranto
14 Ed. I), and again acts as an executor in
1309.

[Liber de Antiquis Legibus (Camden Soc.),
pp. 34, 37, 43, 115, 165, 238-42, 253; Kiley's
Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of Lon-
don, the above translated, with notes and illus-
trations ; Lappenberg's Urkundliche Greschichte
des Hansischen Stahlhofes zu London, pp. 11,
14-16, 156, and Urkunden, p. 13 ; Hardy's De-
scriptive Cat. of Manuscript Materials for Hist,
of Great Britain and Ireland, iii. 205.] T. F. T.

FITZTHOMAS, JOHN, first EAEL OF
KILDARE and sixth BARON OF OFPALY
(d. 1316), belonged to the great Anglo-Irish
family of the Fitzgeralds, though the gene-
alogies are contradictory. The Earl of Kil-
dare (Earls ofKildare, pp. 15-22) makes him
grandson of Maurice Fitzgerald II [q. v.], the
justiciar, who died in 1257, and so far the
descent is undoubted. In all probability his
father was the justiciar's younger son, Thomas
Macmaurice, whose death the Irish ' Annals '
enter as taking place at Lough Mask Castle,
co. Mayo, in 1271 (Lock Ce, p. 469). In 1287
died Gerald Fitzmaurice (CLYN, p. 10), who
was this Thomas's grandnephew, and being de-
scended from Thomas's eldest brother Gerald,
had come to own Offaly and Maynooth [see
FITZGERALD, MAURICE, 1194 P-1257 ad fin.']
On Gerald Fitzmaurice's death (1287) he be-
queathed this inheritance to John Fitzthomas,
his granduncle's son and his own first cousin
once removed.

Besides the inheritance of this cousin, John
Fitzthomas seems about the same time to
have come in for that of his first cousin, Ama-
bilia, one of the two coheirs of his uncle
Maurice Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald [q. v.], the
justiciar, who died in 1277 (SWEETMAN, ib. ;
Cal. Gen. ib.) He makes his first appearance
in the receipt rolls of the Irish exchequer in
connection with a payment of 50/. from co.
Limerick through his more distant kinsman,
Thomas Fitzmaurice, the father of Maurice

Fitzthomas

215

Fitzthomas

Fitzthomas [q. v.], first earl of Desmond
(SWEETMAN, iii. 54). In the summer of 1288
the new justiciar of Ireland proclaimed a
muster against the Irish of Offaly and Leix,
who were in a state of open rebellion. They
had in 1285 taken Gerald Fitzmaurice, Fitz-
thomas's predecessor in the barony, prisoner on
his own lands (ib. iii. 265; CLYN,pp. 10, 11).
John Fitzthomas was one of the three chief
leaders of the host, and was appointed to guard
the marchers from Rathemegan (Rathangan ?
in co. Kildare) to Baly-madan. The expedi-
tion was on the whole successful, but there is
an entry of III. IBs. kd. for the ' rescue of John
Fitzthomas' (SWEETMAN, pp. 267, 273); and
Clyn, under 1289, tells us that ' lord John
Fitzthomas lost many horses and followers
(garciones) in OfFaly.' Four years later the
castle of Sligo was granted to him (Annals of
the Four Masters).

In 1291 Fitzthomas seems to have been
in England, and a little earlier had been on
an expedition against the king's enemies in
Ireland (SWEETMAN, No. 915, p. 428). In
May 1292 he was empowered to treat with
the king's adversaries. In 1294 ' Mac Mau-
rice' (i.e. in all probability John Fitzthomas)
leagued with the great Anglo-Norman family
of the Berminghamsin a disastrous expedition
against CalbachMor O'Conor, one of the most
dangerous of the rebellious Irish princes of
Leinster (Loch Cc, p. 501). When Magnus
O'Conor, king of Connaught, died in 1293,
William de Vescy, the new justiciar (12 Sept.
1290-18 Oct. 1294), put ^Edh O'Conor, a
scion of the rival race of Cathal Crobdherg,
on the throne, but so great was Fit/gerald's
power in Connaught, that within ten days the
new king was a prisoner. Before the year
was out Fitzgerald had set ^Edh free, and
the justiciar had made his own candidate king
(Loch O',p.509; Annalsof the Four Masters,
p. 459). This opposition on the part of a
mere noble seems to have roused the anger
of William de Vescy (Abbrev. Plac. p. 231 ;
SWEETMAN, vol. ii. sub 13 Nov. 1278, Nos.
2025, &c.) The feud was at its height by
April 1294, and William de Vescy accused
John Fitzthomas of felony. John accused
the justiciar of saying that the great lords of
Ireland need care very little for a king like
Edward, who was ' the most perverse and
dastard knight in his realm.' William de-
nied the charge, and offered wager of battle.
From Ireland the case was transferred to
Westminster, and a day appointed for the
combat. At the fixed time (24 July) Wil-
liam de Vescy appeared in full armour, and,
as his opponent had not arrived, claimed
judgment by default (ib. Nos. 135, 137, 147;
Abbrev. Plac. pp. 231-4; RYMEK, ii. 631).

Other accounts represent that William de
Vescy, to avoid fighting, fled to France, and
the king gave to John all that was his, in-
cluding Kildare and Rathangan. But it
would seem, from a note to Butler's 'Grace/
that Kildare remained in the king's hands
till 16 May 1316, whereas William de Vescy
was still receiving summons to parliament
in 24 Edward I, and did not surrender Kil-
dare and his Irish estates till 1297 (Annals
of Ireland, p. 323; Parl. Rolls, i. 127-34;
GRACE, p. 43 ; and note in Irish Close Rolls,
i. 36, Nos. 45-6). The famous Fitzgerald
legend of this quarrel may be read in Cam-
pion, p. 115, Holinshed, p. 241, and Burke's
* Peerage.' The j usticiarship was transferred
in the same year (18 Oct. 1294) to William
de Oddyngeseles (SWEETMAN, vol. iv. Nos.
165-6).

By this time the rivalry of the De Burghs
and the Geraldines had become violent, and
in December 1294 John Fitzthomas took
Richard de Burgh, the earl of Ulster, pri-
soner, and kept him in his castle of Ley till
12 March 1295. For this the lord of Offaly
was once more impleaded at Westminster ;
he had to find twenty-four sureties by 11 Nov.,
and was finally mulcted in Sligo and all his
Connaught estates (CLYN, p. 10 ; Annals of
Ireland, p. 323; SWEETMAN, p. 104; cf. CAM-
PION, p. 79; Parl. Rolls,-!. 135-6). The
same year John Wogan, the new justiciar,
made a peace between the two earls for two
years, and it was made permanent about
28 Oct. 1298 (Annals of Ireland, pp. 325,
328).

From 1295 John Fitzthomas's name figures
frequently on the writs for military ser-
vice. In 1296 he accompanied the justiciar
and Richard de Burgh on the Scotch ex-
pedition, .and was sumptuously entertained
by the king of England on Whitsunday
(13 May). When summoned to London for
a campaign against the king of the French,
he and the Earl of Ulster were allowed a
grace of three weeks (till 1 Aug.) beyond
the English barons, ' pour la longe mer qu'il
ount a passer ' (ib. p. 326 ; Annals of the
Four Masters, p. 467 ; Parl. Writs, pp. 280,
284, &c. ; Dignity of a Peer, ii. 278, 322).
In 1301 he was again serving in Scotland
with Edward I from August to November,
and probably again in 1303, unless he was ex-
cused on this occasion because of his son's
death (ib. ; Parl. Writs, i. 367 ; RYMEE, ii.
897). He received similar summons to attend
the Earl of Ulster against the Scotch for the
nativity of St. John, 1310, and for the Ban-
nockburn campaign of 1314 (Parl. Writs, ii.
392, 424).

During all these years there seems to have

Fitzthomas

216

Fitzthomas

been great confusion in Offaly and Kildare.
Ley, the chief stronghold of John Fitz-
thomas in Offaly, had been taken and burned
on 25 Aug. 1284 ; the castle of Kildare was
captured in 1294, and the country round
laid waste by bands of predatory Irish and
English ; and though the great Irish chief of
Offaly, Calbhach O'Conor, was slain in 1305,
yet two years later 'the robbers of Offaly
burned the town of Ley, and laid siege to
the castle till they were driven back by the
combined forces of John Fitzthomas and
Edmund Butler.' In 1309 he crossed over
to England with the Earl of Ulster and
Roger Mortimer. Three years later (1312)
his friendship with the De Burghs was rati-
fied by a double marriage. At Green Castle
in co. Down his ward, Maurice Fitzthomas
[q. v.], the head of the Desmond branch of the
family, married (5 Aug.) Richard de Burgh's
daughter Catherine; and on 16 Aug. his
son Thomas Fitzjohn married Joan, another
daughter of the same earl. At Christmas he
held a great court at Adare in co. Limerick,
and knighted Nicholas Fitzmaurice, the
knight of Kerry (Annals of Ireland, pp. 319,
323, &c. ; Loch Ce, p. 531, &c. ; Annals of
the Four Masters, pp. 481, £c.; CLYN,P. 11).
On 26 May 1315 Edward Bruce landed at
Carrickfergus (Annals of Ireland, p. 348, &c. ;
Loch Ce, p. 563; Annals of the Four Masters],
and Barbour seems to make John Fitzthomas
take part in the Earl of Ulster's expedition
which, in the ensuing summer (July-Sep-
tember 1315), forced the Scotch back from
Dundalk to the Bann (BAKBOTJK. xiv. 140-6).
After a few months spent in Ulster Edward
Bruce made a definite advance south, and by
the beginning of 1316 was laying waste John
Fitzthomas's own county. At Arscoll in
co. Kildare he was met by three hosts, each
of which outnumbered his own. But the
leaders, Edmund Butler, John Fitzthomas,
and Arnold Poer, were at variance, and the
Scotch gained an easy victory (26 Jan. 1316).
Bruce, however, almost at once began to
retreat north, burning John Fitzthomas's
great castle of Ley on his way (Annals of
Ireland, pp. 296-7, 244-8; CLYN, p. 12).
John Fitzthomas and the other Irish mag-
nates gathered at Dublin (c. 2 Feb.) and
took an oath of fealty to the king of Eng-
land's new agent, Johnde Ilotham (Annals of
Ireland, p. 350 ; Lib. Hib. pt. iv. p. 6). In
mid-February the Scotch were still lying at
Greashill in Offaly, while the English army
lay at Kildare (Annals of Ireland, p. 349).
A^little later John Fitzthomas crossed over
to England, and it was probably soon after
this that he was created Earl of Kildare.
The patent is dated 16 May 1316 (see patent

in extenso, LODGE, i. 78-9). Immediately after
this the Earls of Kildare and Ulster seem to
have taken a second oath (c. 3 July), and two
months later, just as the news of Robert
Bruce's landing reached Dublin, John Fitz-
thomas died at Laraghbryan, co. Kildare,
on Sunday, 12 Sept. (Annals of Ireland,
pp. 247, 352). He was buried at the Fran-
ciscan monastery in Kildare (ib. p. 297).

John Fitzthomas is said to have married
Blanche Roche, daughter of John Baron of
Fermoy (Earls of Kildare, p. 28 ; LODGE,
p. 79). His children were (1) Gerald, 'his
son and heir' (d. 1303) (CLYN, p. 10; GKACE,
p. 47 ; Annals of Ireland, }>> 331) ; and his suc-
cessor, (2) Thomas Fitzjohn, second earl of
Kildare [see FITZGEEALD, THOMAS, d. 1328].
To these the Earl of Kildare adds Joan, who-
in 1302 married Sir Edmund Butler (cf. An-
nals of Ireland, p. 331), and thus became
ancestress to the later marquises of Ormonde ;
and Elizabeth, who married Sir Nicholas
Netterville, ancestor of the viscounts Netter-
ville (Earls of Kildare, p. 28).

John Fitzthomas seems to have been one
of the most unruly even of the Irish barons.
Besides the feuds already noticed, he appears
to have had another with the De Lacies in
1310 (Pat. Rolls of Ireland, No. 58, p. 13,
cf. No. 240, and p. 16, No. 50). He is said
to have built and endowed the Augustinian
abbey at Adare (Earls of Kildare, p. 27 ;
AECHDALL, Monasticon, p. 414), ' for the re-
demption of Christian captives.' His fame
was of long continuance in his own country,
where an Irish poet, in 1601, wrote of him:
'The first Leinster Earl without reproach . . .
John the redoubtable, than whom no poet
was more learned' (Earls of Kildare, p. 28).
At one time or another he must have had
under his control no inconsiderable part of
Ireland. The fact that he was never justiciar
seems to point to some distrust as to his per-
fect trustworthiness, and his power is shown
by his equality in the quarrel with the great
house of Ulster, which latterly seems to have
been willing to secure peace by mutual mar-
riages. His elder son, Gerald, is said to have
been betrothed to a daughter of Richard de
Burgh ; but if this was so, the agreement
seems to have been broken short by the young
noble's death.

[Sweetman's Calendar of Documents relating
to Ireland, vols. i-v. ; Rymer's Fcedera, ed.
1720; Calendarium Genealogicum, ed. Roberts;.
Irish Close and Patent Rolls, ed. Ball and Tres-
ham, 1828 ; Parliamentary Writs (Palgrave,
1827); Liber Munerum Hibernise (Thomas,
1824); Report on the Dignity of a Peer; Book
of Howth, ed. Bond and Brewer ; Annals of the-
Four Masters, vol. ii., ed. O'Donovan ; Annals

Fitzthomas

217

Fitzthomas

of Loch Ce, ed. Henessy (Bolls Series) ; Clyn's
Annals, ed. Butler (Irish Archseol. Soc. Pub-
lications); Grace's Annals, ed. Butler (Irish Ar-
chseol. Soc.); Campion's Annals in Irish Chroni-
clers (Dublin, 1809); Holinshed, vol. vi.,ed. 1808;
Annals of Ireland ap. Cart, and Doc. of St. Mary's,
Dublin, ed. Gilbert (Rolls Series) ; Archdall's
Monasticon, ed.1789; Burke's Extinct Peerages;
Marquis of Kildare's Earls of Kildare ; Lynch's
Feudal Dignities of Ireland; Barbour's Bruce, ed.
Herrtage (Early Engl. Text Soc.); J. T. Gilbert's
Hist, of the Irish Viceroys; Eolls of Parliament,
Edward I.] T. A. A.

FITZTHOMAS or FITZGERALD,
MAURICE, first EAEL OF DESMOND (d. 1356),
justiciar of Ireland, was the son of Thomas
Fitzmaurice ' of the ape,' justice of Ireland
in 1295, and of his wife Margaret ; the king's
cousin' (Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1293-1301, No.
533). His grandfather, Maurice Fitzjohn,
was slain along with his father, John Fitz-
thomas, at the battle of Callan (1261). John
Fitzthomas was the son of Thomas Fitzmau-
rice, who seems to have been a younger son
of Maurice Fitzgerald (d. 1176) [q. v.], the in-
vader and the founder of the Geraldine family.
The genealogy is, however, not quite clear.

Maurice's father died in 1298 (Ann. Hib.
in Chart. St. Mary's, ii. 328 ; Annals of Lock
Ce, i. 521), when Maurice was still a child.
He left his vast estates in Munster, second
only to those of the De Burghs among the
Anglo-Irish nobility, to be protected by royal
nominees,whose services could thus be cheaply
rewarded (e.g. Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1302-7,
Nos. 38, 43). In 1299 Maurice's mother
married Reginald Russel without the royal
license (Rot. Orig.Abbrev.i.lQfy. The right
of his marriage was assigned to Thomas of
Berkeley (Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1293-1301,
No. 773). John Fitzthomas, afterwards first
earl of Kildare, ultimately became guardian
of his lands. On 5 Aug. 1312 his marriage
to Catherine, daughter of Richard de Burgh,
second earl of Ulster [q. v.], at Greencastle,
reconciled for a time a long-standing family
feud (Ann. Hib. p. 341 ; CLYN, p. 11, says on
25 Dec. 1413). Barbour says he played a
conspicuous part in 1315 in resisting Edward
Bruce (Bruce, xiv. 140-6, Early Engl. Text
Soc.), but his authority is hardly conclusive.
About this time, however, his active career
begins. In 1326 the death of the great Earl
of Ulster, his father-in-law, was the begin-
ning of new feuds in which Maurice vigor-
ously played his part. In 1327 a private war
broke out between him and Arnold le Poer
(Power), who had called him a ' rhymer.' Sup-
ported by the Butlers and William Berming-
ham, Maurice ravaged his enemies' lands in
Ofath, and drove his allies, the Burkes, into

Connaught. But the intervention of the vice-
roy [see FITZGERALD, THOMAS, second EARL
OP KILDARE] led to Arnold's leaving the
country and Maurice's craving pardon at a
parl iament at Kilkenny. Yet in 1 328 he again
collected a strong army against the Poers.
He also quarrelled with the Earl of Ulster,,
but in March 1329 the justiciar, Roger Out-
law, effected their reconciliation.

In 1329 Maurice was created Earl of Des-
mond, and received a grant of the county
palatine of Kerry, with royal liberties therein
to be held of the English crown. This was
| part of the policy which about the same time
gave earldoms to the other leaders of the
English colony. At the same time he received
the grant of the advowson of Dungarvan, and
a remission of his rents to the crown for that
term (Fcedera, ii. 770). In 1330 he helped
the viceroy, D'Arcy, against the clans of
Leinster. Ten thousand men, including the
chief of the O'Briens, followed his standards.
He defeated the O'Nolans and the O'Mores
and took Ley Castle. But Desmond and Ulster
soon renewed their quarrels (ib. ii. 793) until
the justiciar shut both up in prison. Des-
mond, who had been captured at Limerick
(CLYN, p. 23), soon escaped, and resisted the
next viceroy, Anthony de Lucy. He refused
to attend the Dublin parliament of June
1331, though he appeared after it had been
transferred to Kilkenny, where he swore oaths
of faithfulness, and was pardoned. But in
August Lucy seized him at Limerick, and
shut him up in October in Dublin Castle.
After eighteen months' imprisonment, Des-
mond was liberated on the petition of the
three estates. The greatest lords of Ireland
bound themselves under heavy penalties to>
be his sureties, and he swore before the high
altar of Christ Church that he would attend
the next parliament and be faithful to the
king. In the same year, 1333, he broke his-
leg by a fall from a horse. In 1335 he served
under the viceroy, D'Arcy, in the expedition
of Edward III against Scotland (Cal. Rot-
Glaus. Hib. 9 Edw. Ill, p. 41 ; CLYN , p. 26). In
1339 he inflicted a crushing defeat on the
MacCarthies and Irish of Kerry, of whom
twelve hundred were slain.

A plan of Edward III to supersede the
Anglo-Norman settlers by English ministers
produced a terrible dissension between the
' English born in Ireland ' and the l English
born in England ' (GRACE, p. 133). Desmond
took the lead in the struggle. He refused to
attend the parliament of October 1341 at
Dublin, and collected a great gathering of
the nobles and townsfolk of English blood
at Kilkenny in November. This assembly sent
a long complaint to Edward III against th&

Fitzthomas

218

Fitzurse

policy of liis viceroy, and denounced the greed
and incompetence of the ' needy men sent
from England without knowledge of Ireland.'
But the new justiciar, Ralph D' Ufford, per-
severed in the new policy. Desmond ab-
sented himself therefore from the parliament
of June 1345 at Dublin. Ufford treated
this as a declaration of war (CLYN, p. 31).
He invaded his territories, and captured his
castles of Iniskilty and Castleisland, where
he hanged the leaders of the garrison. Many
of the other nobles abandoned Desmond in
alarm. The Earl of Kildare was imprisoned.
Desmond's estates were declared forfeited.
The grandees who had been his sureties in
1333 were ruined by Ufford's insisting on
their forfeiture. Ufford died on Palm Sun-
day 1346, but all that Desmond got by his
death was a respite and a safe-conduct. In
August John Maurice was made seneschal of
Clonmel, Decies, Dungarvan, and other lands
formerly belonging to Desmond (Cal. Rot.
Pat. Hib. 20 Edw. Ill, p. 51). In September
1346 he sailed from Youghal with his wife
and two sons to answer his accusers or to
prosecute his complaints in England. He sur-
rendered himself to the king, and was retained
for some time in prison. In 1347 he was pre-
sent at the siege of Calais (CLYN, p. 34). In
1349 he was finally released from his diffi-
culties (Cal. Hot. Pat. 23 Edw. Ill, p. 158),
received back his lands, and was restored to
the king's favour. In 1348 Ralph, lord Staf-
ford, and others had bound themselves by-
heavy penalties as his sureties (Fcedera, iii.
154). He never ventured again on his old
course of contumacy.

In 1355 Desmond was taken under the
king's special protection (ib. iii. 300), the
forfeits of his manucaptors of 1333 were re-
stored (ib. iii. 306), and he himself was ap-
pointed viceroy of Ireland on 8 July, in suc-
cession to Thomas Rokesby. He remained
in office until his death on 25 Jan. 1356 (Ann.
Hib. MS. Laud, p. 392 ; Obits and Martyro-
logy of Christ Church, p. 61, Irish Arch. Soc. ;
GILBERT, Viceroys, p. 21, places his death in
July), ' not without great sorrow of his fol-
lowers and all lovers of peace.' He was buried
in the choir of the church of the Dominicans
at Dublin, but his body was afterwards trans-
ferred to the general burying-place of his race,
the church of the same order at Tralee. He
is described as ' a good man and just, who
hanged even his own kinsfolk for theft,' and
' well castigated the Irish.' He was the fore-
most Irish noble of his time, and the spokes-
man of the Anglo-Irish party which aspired
to practical independence.

Desmond is said to have been married
thrice. His first wife, Catherine de Burgh

(d. 1331), was the mother of Maurice and
John, who became in succession earls of Des-
mond. An elder son, named Nicholas, was de-
prived of his inheritance as an idiot (Fcedera,
iii. 433). His second wife is described as
Eleanor, daughter of Nicholas Fitzmaurice,
lord of Kerry. Her real name was Evelina
(Cal. Rot. Claus. 32 Edw. Ill, p. 67). She
was the mother of Gerald Fitzgerald [q.v.],
the fourth earl, called ' Gerald the poet'
(LODGE, Peerage of Ireland, i. 64, ed. Arch-
dall). His third wife is said to have been
Margaret, daughter of O'Brien, prince of
Thomond.

[A valuable communication from Mr. T. A.
Archer has been utilised for this article. The
Annals of Ireland from the 15th Century, Laudian
MS., published in Gilbert's Cartularies, &c., of
St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin, vol. ii., forms the ' chief
authority for the history of the English settle-
ment,' and copious in their accounts of Desmond.
See also Grace's Annales Hibernise (Irish Archseol.
Soc.); Clyn's Annals of Ireland (Irish Archseol.
Soc.) ; Svveetman's Calendar and Documents re-
lating to Ireland ; Rymer's Fcedera ; Liber Mu-
nerum Hibernise ; Lynch's Feudal Dignities of
Ireland ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland ; Graves's
Unpublished Geraldine Documents ; Book of
Howth ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, vol. i.]

T. F. T.

FITZURSE, REGINALD (Jl. 1170), one
of the murderers of St. Thomas of Canter-
bury, was the eldest son of Richard Fitz-
urse, on whose death about 1168 he inhe-
rited the manor of Williton, Somersetshire
(CoLLiNSOtf, iii. 487) ; he also held the manor
of Barham,Kent (HASTED, iii. 536), and lands
in Northamptonshire (Liber Niger, p. 216).
He is sometimes called a baron, for he held
of the king in chief. He was one of the four
knights who were stirred up by the hasty
words of Henry II to plot the archbishop's
death. They left Bures, near Bayeux, where
the king then was, and proceeded, it is said,
by different routes to England, all meeting
at Saltwood, then held by Ranulf de Broc,
on 28 Dec. 1170. The next day they set
out with a few men, and having gathered re-
inforcements, especially from the abbot of
St. Augustine's, at whose house they halted,
they entered the archbishop's hall after din-
ner, probably about 3 P.M., and demanded to
see him. Reginald told him that he bore a
message from the king, and took the most
prominent and offensive part in the inter-
view which ensued (FITZSTEPHEST, Becket,
iii. 123, Vita anon.,ib. iv. 71). He had been
one of Thomas's tenants or men while he was
chancellor ; the archbishop reminded him of
this ; the reminder increased his anger, and
he called on all who were on the king's side

Fitzurse

219

Fitzwalter

to hinder the archbishop from escaping.
When the knights went out to arm and post
their guards, Reginald compelled one of the
archbishop's men to fasten his armour, and
snatched an axe from a carpenter who was
on some repairs. While Thomas

was being forced by his monks to enter the
church, the knights entered the cloister, and
Reginald was foremost in bursting into the
church, shouting l King's men ! ' He met the
archbishop, and after some words tried to
drag him out of the church. Thomas called
him ' pander,' and said that he ought not to
touch him, for he owed him fealty [for the
whole story of the murder see THOMAS, SAINT].
After the murder had been done the knights
rode to Saltwood, glorying, it is said, in
their deed (Becket, iv. 158), though William
de Tracy afterwards declared that they were
overwhelmed with a sense of their guilt. On
the 31st they proceeded to South Mailing,
near Lewes, one of the archiepiscopal manors,
and there it is said a table cast their armour
from off it (ib. ii. 285). They were excom-
municated by the pope, and the king ad-
vised them to flee into Scotland. There,
however, the king and people were for hang-
ing them, so they were forced to return into
England (ib. iv. 162). They took shelter in
Knaresborough, which belonged to Hugh
Morville, and remained there a year (BENE-
DICT, i. 13). All shunned them and even
dogs refused to eat morsels of their meat (ib.
p. 14). At last they were forced by hunger
and misery to give themselves up to the
king. He did not know what to do with
them, for as murderers of a priest they were
not amenable to lay jurisdiction (NEWBURGH,
ii. 157 ; JOHN OF SALISBTTKY, Epp. ii. 273) ;
so he sent them to the pope, who could in-
flict no heavier penalty than fasting and
banishment to the Holy Land. Before he left
Reginald Fitzurse gave half his manor of
Willitontohis brother and half to the knights
of St. John. He and his companions are said
to have performed their penance in the f Black
Mountain '(various explanations of this name
have been given ; none are satisfactory ; it
was evidently intended to indicate some place,
probably a religious house, near Jerusalem),
to have died there, and to have been buried
at Jerusalem before the door of the Templars'
church (HOVEDEN, ii. 17). It was believed
that all died within three years of the date
of their crime. There are some legends about
their fate (STANLEY). Reginald Fitzurse is
said to have gone to Ireland and to have
there founded the family of McMahon (Fate
of Sacrilege, p. 183).

[Materials for the History of Becket, vols. i-iv.
(Rolls Ser.) ; Benedict, i. 13 (Rolls Ser.) ; Ralph

de Diceto, i. 346 (Rolls Ser.) ; William of New-
burgh, lib. ii. c. 25 (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; John of
Salisbury, Epp. ii. 273, ed. Giles ; Gamier, pp.
139-51, ed. Hippeau; Stanley's Memorials of
Canterbury, pp. 71-107, 4th edit.; Robertson's
Becket, pp. 266-80 ; Collinson's Hist, of Somer-
set, iii. 487 ; Hasted's Hist, of Kent, iii. 536 ;
Liber Niger de Scaccario, p. 216, ed. Hearne;
Spelman's History and Fate of Sacrilege, p. 183,
ed. 1853 ; Norgate's Angevin Kings, ii. 432 n.]

W. H.

FITZWALTER, LORD (d. 1495). [See
RATCLIFFE, JOHN.]

FITZW ALTER, ROBERT (d. 1235),
baronial leader, lord of Dunmow and Bay-
nard's Castle, was the son of Walter Fitz-
robert, by his wife Matilda, daughter of
Richard de Lucy, the faithful justiciar of
Henry II. Walter was the son of Robert,
steward of Henry I, to whom the king had
granted the lordship of Dunmow and of the
honour or soke of Baynard's Castle in the
south-west angle of the city of London, both
of which had become forfeited to the crown
by William Baynard. Robert is generally
described as the younger son of Richard
Fitzgilbert, founder of the great house of
Clare [see CLARE, RICHARD DE, d. 1090 ?],
who certainly had a son of that name (OR-
DERICUS VITALIS, ii. 344, ed. Le Prevost, Soc.
de 1'Histoire de France). This genealogy
was accepted by Dugdale (Baronage, i. 218),
but some doubt has been thrown upon it on
chronological grounds by Mr. Eyton (Addit.
MS. 31938, f. 98). If it be true, it connects
Robert Fitzwalter with the Norman counts
of Brionne, descendants of Richard the Fear-
less, and therefore with the higher ranks of
the nobility of the Conquest [see CLARE,
FAMILY or]. But in any case the house of
Fitzwalter belongs properly to the adminis-
trative families, who in the latter part of the
twelfth century had stepped into the place of
the old feudal houses. Its possession of the
soke of Baynard's Castle, to which the here-
ditary office of standard-bearer of the city
was annexed, and which grew into an ordi-
nary ward (LoFTiE, London, pp. 74-80, His-
toric Towns Series), brought it into intimate
relations with the Londoners. Robert Fitz-
walter was himself engaged in trade, and
owned wine ships which received special
privileges from King John (Eot. Lit. Pat.
i. 73 b).

Baron Walter died in 1198, and was bu-
ried at Little Dunmow, in the choir of the
priory of Austin canons (DUGDALE, Monas-
ticon, vi. 147, ed. Caley). Robert Fitzwalter
now succeeded to his estates, being already
more than of full age. His mother and father

Fitzwalter

220

Fitzwalter

are said to have been married in 1148, though
this hardly seems likely (ib. vi. 147). He
was already married to Gunnor, daughter
an d heiress of Robert of Valognes (Rot. Curiee
Regis, i. 157), from whom he inherited 30£
knight's fees, mainly situated in the north,
so that his interests now became largely
identical with the ' Aquilonares,' whom he
afterwards led in the struggle against King
John. He also acquired two knight's fees
through her uncle Geoffry of Valognes, and
about 1204 obtained livery of seisin of the
lands of his own uncle, Geoffry de Lucy,
bishop of Winchester (DTJGDALE, Baronage,
i. 218).

In 1200 Robert Fitzwalter was surety for
half the fine incurred by his brother, Simon
Fitzwalter, for marrying without the royal
license (Rotuli de Oblatis, p. 111). In 1201
he made an agreement in the curia regis
with St. Albans Abbey with respect to the
wood of Northawe ('Ann. Dunst.' in Ann.
Mon. iii. 28). He was now engaged in several
other lawsuits. One of these sprang from
his claim to the custody of the castle of Hert-
ford as of ancient right (Rot. Curiee Regis,
ii. 185). But he withdrew this suit for a
time, though in August 1202 he procured
his appointment as warden of Hertford Castle
by royal letters patent (Rot. Lit. Pat. i.
176).

Early in 1203 Fitzwalter was in attendance
on King John in Normandy. In February
and March he was with John at Rouen (Rot.
Norm. pp. 74, 78, 80,82; Hist. MSS. Comm.
9th Rep. i. 353). But he was now made
joint-governor of Vaudreuil Castle (near the
mouth of the Eure) with Saer de Quincy
fq. v.], afterwards Earl of Winchester. After
Easter King Philip of France took the field.
The governors of Vaudreuil were so disgusted
with John that they surrendered at the first
summons. They thus incurred the derision
of the whole French army, and Philip, dis-
gusted at their cowardice, shut them up in
close confinement at Compiegne (COGGES-
HALL, pp. 143-4 ; MATT. PARIS, Hist. Major, ii.
482). There they remained until redeemed by
the heavy ransom of five thousand marks. On
5 July John issued letters patent from Rouen
to certify that they had surrendered the
castle by his precept (Rot. Lit. Pat. i. 31).
But at the end of November his cousin Wil-
liam of Albini was still engaged in selling
some of Fitzwalter's lands to raise his ransom
(ib. i. 376).

In October 1206 Fitzwalter witnessed the
truce made between John and PhilipAugustus
at Thouars (Foedera, i. 95, Record edit.)
The misgovernment of John provoked his
profound resentment, and in 1212 he entered

into intrigues with Eustace de Vescy [q. v.] and
Llewelyn ab lorwerth [q. v.] against the king.
John's suspicions were aroused by private in-
telligence as he was preparing at Nottingham
to march against his rebellious son-in-law,
the Welsh prince. Most of the barons cleared
themselves, but Fitzwalter and De Vescy,
who were afraid to appear, were condemned
to perpetual exile (COGGESHALL, p. 171).
But John was so much alarmed that he shut
himself up from his subjects, and abandoned
his projected Welsh campaign. Eustace es-
caped ito Scotland, and Robert took refuge
in France (WALT. Cov. ii. 207 ; ' Ann. Wav.'
in Ann. Mon. ii. 268 ; ' Ann. Wig.' in Ann.
Mon. iv. 400). John now seized upon Fitz-
walter's estates, and on 14 Jan. 1213 destroyed
Castle Baynard. He also demolished Robert's-
castle of Benington and his woods in Essex
(' Ann. Dunst.' in Ann. Mon. iii. 35).

Fitzwalter remained in exile until John's
submission to Innocent III. On 13 May
1213 John promised peace and security to
him as part of the conditions of his reconcilia-
tion with Rome (MATT. PARIS, ii. 542), and on
27 May issued letters patent informing him
that he might safely come to England (Rot.
Lit. Pat. i. 99). On 19 July his estates were
restored (ib. i. 101). John also granted a
hundred marks to his steward as compensa-
tion (Rot. Lit. Glaus, i. 146), and directed a
general inquest into his losses like those made
in the case of the clerks who had suffered by
the interdict. Fitzwalter, however, was a
vigorous opponent of John's later measures.
It was said that John specially hated him,
Archbishop Langton, and Saer de Quincy
(MATT. PARIS, ii. 482). In 1 215 Fitzwalter was
the first mentioned in the list of barons who-
assembled in Easter week (April 19-26) at
Stamford (ib. ii. 585 ; WALT. Cov. ii. 219).
He accompanied the revolted lords on the
march to Brackley in Northamptonshire
(27 April). But John now formally refused
to accept the long list of demands which they
forwarded to him at Oxford. Thereupon
the barons elected Fitzwalter their general,
with the title of l Marshal of the army of
God and Holy Church.' They solemnly
renounced their homage to John and pro-
ceeded to besiege Northampton. They failed
there and at Bedford, where Fitzwalter's
standard-bearer was slain. But the adhesion
of London secured their success. On 17 May
the lord of Baynard's Castle entered the city
at the head of the ' army of God,' though the
partisans of John still held out in the Tower.
Fitzwalter and the Earl of Essex specially
busied themselves with repairing the walls
of London, using for the purpose the stones
taken from the demolished houses of the Jews

Fitzwalter

221

Fitzwalter

(COGGESHALL, p. 171). 'On 15 June John
gave way and signed the Great Charter.
Fitzwalter was one of the twenty-five exe-
cutors appointed to see that its provisions
were really carried out (MATT. PARIS, ii. 605).
For a short time nominal peace prevailed.
Fitzwalter now got back the custody of Hert-
ford Castle (Rot. Lit. Pat. i. 144 b}. But the
barons remained under arms, and Fitzwalter
•was still acting as ' Marshal of the army of
God and Holy Church.' He now made a
convention with John, by which London re-
mained in the barons' hands till 15 Aug.
(Fcedera, i. 133). But he was so fearful of
treachery that within a fortnight of the
Runnymede meeting he thought it wise to
postpone a tournament fixed to be held at
Stamford on the Monday after the feast of
SS. Peter and Paul (29 June) for another
week, and chose as the place of its meeting
Hounslow Heath, that the barons might be
near enough to protect London (ib. i. 134).
After the failure to arrange terms at a meet-
ing at Staines on 26 Aug. open war broke out.
The twenty- five executors assigned to them-
selves various counties to secure them for their
side. Fitzwalter, who with Eustace de Vescy
was still the leading spirit of the movement,
became responsible for Northamptonshire
<WALT. Cov. ii. 224). On 17 Sept. John
granted Fitzwalter's Cornish estates to his
young son Henry (Rot. Lit. Glaus, i. 228 ; cf.,
however, i. 115 b, 200). But the pope's annul-
ling the charter had paralysed the clerical
supporters of the popular side, and the
thoroughgoing policy of the twenty-five
tinder Fitzwalter's guidance had alienated
some of the more moderate men. Fearing
lest Archbishop Langton might be forced
to surrender his castle of Rochester, Fitz-
walter, with the assent of the warden of the
castle, Reginald of Cornhill, secretly occupied
it with a large force. John's troops soon ap-
proached, and strove, by burning Rochester
bridge and occupying the left bank of the
Medway, to cut off Fitzwalter from his Lon-
don confederates. But Fitzwalter succeeded
in keeping his position, though before long
lie was force 1 (11 Oct.) to retreat to London,
and allow the royalists to occupy the town
and besiege the castle (COGGESHALL, pp.
174-5). John now tried to deceive him by
forged letters (ib. p. 176). Fitzwalter, con-
scious of the weakness of his position, sought
to negotiate. On 9 Nov. he received with
the Earl of Hertford and the citizens of
London a safe-conduct for a conference ;
but nothing came of it. In vain the be-
leaguered garrison of Rochester bitterly re-
proached him for deserting them (MATT.
PARIS, ii. 624). On 16 Nov. they were forced

to surrender. On 16 Dec. the barons, including
Fitzwalter, were excommunicated by name
(Fcedera, i. 139). French help was now their
only refuge. Fitzwalter went over to France
with the Earl of Winchester and offered the
throne to Louis, the son of King Philip,
putting into his hands twenty-four hostages
and assuring him of the support of their
party. Fitzwalter was back in England early
in 1216. Louis landed in May, and, as John
made great progress in the east, Fitzwalter
busied himself in compelling Essex and
Suffolk, his own counties, to accept the
foreign king (MATT. PARIS, ii. 655-6). The tide
of fortune now turned, but after John's death
on 19 Oct. Fitzwalter's difficulties increased.
Gradually the English went over to the side
of Henry III. Those who remained in arms
were not respected by the French. On 6 Dec.
Louis captured Hertford Castle from the fol-
lowers of the new king Henry. Fitzwalter
naturally asked for the custody of a strong-
hold that had already been so long under his
care. The French urged that a traitor to his
own lord was not to be trusted, and Louis
told him he must wait until the end of the war
(ib. iii. 5). Fitzwalter was too deeply pledged
to Louis to join the deserters. He was sent
from London on 30 April 1217 at the head
of a strong French force to raise the siege of
Mountsorrel in Leicestershire, now closely
pressed by the Earl of Chester (WALT. Cov.
ii. 237). On his way he rested at St. Albans,
where his hungry troops ate up all the sup-
plies of the abbey (MATT. PARIS, iii. 16). He
raised the siege of Mountsorrel and advanced
to Lincoln. He was met by the regent,
William Marshall, whose forces were now
joined by the Earl of Chester with the army
that had besieged Mountsorrel. Fitzwalter
was anxious for an immediate battle. On
20 May the battle of Lincoln was fought,
and the baronial forces thoroughly defeated.
Fitzwalter himself was taken prisoner along
with his son (GERVASE CANT. ii. Ill) and
most of the leaders of his party. The Lon-
doners still held out until Hubert de Burgh's
great naval victory on 24 Aug. On 11 Sept.
the treaty of Lambeth ended the struggle.
But the reissue of the charter as the result
of the treaty showed that Fitzwalter's cause
had triumphed in spite of his personal failure.
On 8 Oct. 1217 Fitzwalter's release from
prison was ordered (Rot. Lit. Glaus, i. 328 b).
On 24 Jan. 1218 the king granted him his
scutage (ib. i. 349 £). In July he received
the custody of his nephew, Walter Fitzsimon
Fitzwalter, whose father was now dead (ib.
i. 379 b ; Excerpta e Rot. Finium, i. 15). In
the same year he witnessed the understand-
ing that the great seal was to be affixed to

Fitzwalter

222

Fitzwalter

no letters patent or charters until the king
came of age (Foedera, i. 152). But the fifth
crusade must have offered a convenient op-
portunity to him and others. In 1219 he
sailed for the Holy Land along with Earl
Saer of Winchester and Earl William of
Arundel. Before he arrived the crusading
host had been diverted to the siege of Da-
mietta. There he seems to have arrived
along with Saer de Quincy and other Eng-
lish, at the same time as the cardinal legate
Pelagius (Floras Hist. iv. 44 ; MATT. PARIS,
iii. 41). This was in the autumn of 1219
(KTJGLER, Geschichte der Kreuzzilge, p. 319).
Saer de Quincy died on 3 Nov. ('Ann. Wav.'
in Ann. Mon. ii. 292). This date makes
impossible the statement of Walter of Co-
ventry that they only arrived after Damietta
had been captured (ii. 246). The town fell
into the crusaders' hands on 5 Nov. Fitz-
walter, therefore, though he is not mentioned,
must have taken part in the latter part of
the siege (see for all points connected with
the crusade ROHRICHT, 'DieBelagerung von
Damiette ' in VON RAUMER'S Hist. Taschen-
buch for 1876, and his other article in For-
schungen zur deutschen Geschichte, 1876).
Eracles, in ' Recueil des Histor. des Croisades,'
ii. 343, says that Fitzwalter arrived in the
seventh month of 1219 (cf. also Publications
de la Societe de V Orient Latin, Serie His-
torique, iii. 55, 62, 65, 69).

The crusaders remained in Egypt until
August 1221. But Fitzwalter had gone home
sick ('Ann. Dunst.' in Ann. Mon. iii. 56), pro-
bably at some earlier period. He spent the rest
of his life peaceably in England, thoroughly re-
conciled now to the government of Henry III.
He must have by this time become well ad-
vanced in years. He was called ' Robert
Fitzwalter, senior,' in the list of executors of
the charter, and his son, presumably Robert
Fitzwalter, junior, was taken prisoner along
with him at Lincoln. On 11 Feb. 1225 Fitz-
walter was one of the witnesses of Henry Ill's
third confirmation of the great charter ('Ann.
Burton.' in Ann. Mon. i. 232). In June 1230
he was one of those assigned to hold the
assize of arms in Essex and Hertfordshire
(SHIRLEY, Royal Letters, i. 375). He died
on 9 Dec. 1235 (' Ann. Theok.' in Ann. Mon.
i. 99 ; MATT. PARIS, iii. 334), and was buried
before the high altar at Dunmow priory,
the chief foundation of his house. He is
described by Matthew Paris (iii. 334) as a
' noble baron, illustrious by his birth, and re-
nowned for his martial deeds.' Administra-
tion of his goods and chattels was granted
to his executors on 16 Dec. (Excerpta e Rot.
Finium, i. 294). His heir, Walter, was at
the time under age, so that the son who

fought with him at Lincoln must have been
dead (ib. i. 301). This Walter (d. 1257) must
have been either a younger son or a grandson.
After the death of Gunnor (she was alive in
1207) it is said that Fitzwalter married a
second wife, Rohese, who survived him. He
had also a daughter, Christina, who married
William Mandeville, earl of Essex (DOYLE,
Official Baronage, i. 685).

A large legendary and romantic history
gradually gathered round the memory of the
first champion of English liberty. A pic-
turesque tale, first found in the manuscript
chronicle of Dunmow (MS. Cotton. Cleop.
C. 3, f. 29), and reproduced in substance in
the ' Monasticon ' (ed. Caley, Ellis, and Ban-
dinel, vi. 147), tells how Fitzwalter had a
very beautiful daughter named Matilda, who
indignantly rejected the immoral advances
of King John. At last, as the maiden proved
obdurate, John caused her to be poisoned, so
that the bitterest sense of personal wrong
drove Fitzwalter to take up the part of a
constitutional leader. So generally was the
story believed that an alabaster figure on a
grey altar-tomb in Little Dunmow Church is
still sometimes pointed out as the effigy of
the unfortunate Matilda. Several poems and
plays have been based upon this picturesque
romance. In them the chaste Matilda is
curiously mixed up with Maid Marian, the
mistress of Robin Hood. Such are the plays
called < The Downfall of Robert, Earl of
Huntingdon, afterwards called Robin Hood,
with his Love to Chaste Matilda, the Lord
Fitzwater's daughter, afterwards his faire
Maid Marian/ and 'The Death of Robin Hood
with the lamentable Tragedy of Chaste Ma-
tilda, his faire Maid Marian, poisoned at
Dunmowe by King John.' Both were printed
in 1601, and were written by Henry Chettle
[q. v.] and Anthony Munday [q. v.] They
are reprinted in the eighth volume of Haz-
litt's ' Dodsley.' Michael Drayton [q. v.]
also published in 1594 a poetical account of
' Matilda, the faire and chaste Daughter of
the Lord Robert Fitzwalter,' as well as two
letters in verse, purporting to be written
between her and King John. Before 1639
Robert Davenport [q. v.] wrote another play,
' The Tragedy of King John and Matilda/
It was also believed in the seventeenth cen-
tury that Robert Fitzwalter, ' or one of his
successors,' was the founder of the famous
Dunmow custom of giving a flitch of bacon
to the couple that had never repented of their
union for a year and a day.

[Matthew Paris's Hist. Major, vols. ii. and
iii., ed. Luard ; Flores Historiarum, vols. iii. and
iv. (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; K. de Coggeshall's Chro-
nicon Anglicanum (Kolls Ser.) ; "Walter of Co-

Fitzwarine

223

Fitzwarine

ventry's Memoriale (Rolls Ser.) ; Annales Mo-
nastic! (Rolls Ser.) ; Rymer's Fcedera, vol. i.,
Record ed. ; Rotuli Literarum Patentium, Rotuli
Literarura Clausarum, Record Commission ;
Dugdale's Baronage, i. 209, 218-20; Dugdale's
Monasticon, vi. 147-9, ed. Caley, Ellis, and Ban-
dinel ; Thomson's Essay on Magna Carta, espe-
cially pp. 504-11.] T.F. T.

FITZWARINE, FULK, was the name
of several persons living in Shropshire in the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, some of
whose actions are attributed to one indi-
vidual in the romance of 'Foulques Fitz-
Warin.' FTJLK FITZWARINE I was the second
son of Warm de Metz, and of a daughter of
the Peverels, then very powerful in Shrop-
shire and the marches. He was the head of
his family in 1156, when Henry II had given
him the Gloucestershire manor of Alveston
(R. W. EYTOX, Antiquities of Shropshire, vii.
67), and died 1170-1. He had four sons, of
whom the eldest, FULK II, married Hawise,
daughter and coheiress of Joceas of Dinan,
and is traditionally stated to have made a
claim uponLudlow, which was never allowed
(ib. vii. 69). The Shropshire Pipe Roll of 1177
shows that he had been amerced forty merks
by Henry II for forest trespass. About 1180
he successfully disputed the right of Shrews-
bury Abbey to the advowson of Alberbury.
Ten years later he was fined 100/. for his
wife's share of an inheritance (Hot. Pipe,
2 Ric. I, 'Wilts'), and through her probably
acquired an interest in several Wiltshire
manors (Testa de Nevill, 1807, p. 150). On
6 Nov. 1194 he was named as attorney for
his wife in a suit of mort d'ancestre on ac-
count of lands in the same county (Rot. Curies
Regis, 1835, i. 35, 37) ; and was fined ten
merks to be excused transfretation to Nor-
mandy (Rot. Cane, de 3° Joannis, 1833, p.
122). In 1195 he is entered as owing forty
merks for the castle of Whittington adjudged
to him in the curia regis. The fine remained
unliquidated in 1202 (ib. p. 225). He died
in 1197. Next year his widow paid thirty
merks that she might not be obliged to re-
marry (Rot. Pipe, 10 Ric. I, < Wilts ')• Her
name constantly appears as a litigant down
to 1226 (Testa de Nevill, 1807, p. 128). Fulk
had six sons, of whom the eldest, FULK III,
in the year ending Michaelmas 1200, was
'fined 100J. with King John to have judgment
concerning Witinton Castle and its appurte-
nances as his right, which had been adjudged
to him by consideration of the curia regis '
(EYTON, Antiquities, vii. 72). The king was
bribed by Meuric de Powis to confirm the
latter in the possession of Whittington,
whereupon in 1201 Fulk, his brothers, and
friends rebelled. The traditional story of the

rebellion may be seen in the romance men-
tioned later. The outlawry was revoked by
patent dated from Rouen, 11 Nov. 1203 (Rot.
Patent, 1835, i. 36). In the next year John
restored Whittington (ib. i. 46). Probably
before 1 Oct. 1207 Fulk married Matilda,
daughter of Robert le Vavasour, and widow
of Theobald Walter. He received several
marks of favour from the king (Rot. Litt.
Glaus, an. 9° et an. 14° Joannis, 1833, i. 92,
126, 129), and was with him in 1212 at Al-
lerton and Durham (Rot. Chart, in turriLond.
asserv. 1837, i. pt. i. 187, 188), and at Bere
Regis in 1213 (ib. pp. 193, 199). In 1215
he was making war upon his neighbours, had
lost the royal favour, and had been despoiled
of fiefs (Rot. Litt. Glaus, i. 270). He was one
of the malcontent barons who met at Stam-
ford and Brackley in 1215 (MATT. PARIS, Chro-
nica, 1874, ii. 585), and was among those
specially excommunicated in the bull of In-
nocent III of 16 Dec. (RYMER, Fcedera, 1816,
i. 139). Henry III bestowed some of the lands
of the rebellious baron upon his own ad-
herents (Testa de Nevill, pp. 45, 48, 49, 55,
56). The king styles him ' manifestus inimi-
cus noster ' in 1217 (Rot. Litt. Glaus, i. 321).
Fulk made his peace in the following year
(ib. pp. 352, 376). Some time between 1220
and 1230 he founded Alberbury Priory. In
1221 and 1222 sufficient confidence was not
placed in him to be permitted to strengthen
Whittington without giving security for loyal
behaviour (ib. i. 460, 520). Full seisin was
granted to him by writs of 11 July and 9 Oct.
1223 (ib. pp. 554, 565). On 30 June 1245 an
assembly of the barons sent him as their re-
presentative to order the papal nuncio to
quit the country (MATT. PARIS, Chronica, iv.
420). His first wife having died he married
Clarice de Auberville (Excerpta e Rot. Fin.
1836, ii. 89). He probably died about 1256-
1257. The romance states that he was blind
during the last seven years of his life. He
died before August 1260, and his affairs were
managed for some time before his death by
his son, FULK IV, who was drowned at the
battle of Lewes in 1264. By the death of an
infant in 1420 the elder male line of this
family became extinct. Eleven Fulk Fitz-
warines in succession bore the same Chris-
tian name.

In the traditional history Fulk I is omitted,
and the career of his two successors com-
bined as that of l Fouke le Brun,' the out-
law and popular hero. We are told how he
roamed through the country with his four
brothers (recalling the ' Quatre Fils Aimon '),
cousins, and friends, and the nimble-witted
jongleur, John de Rampayne, seeking forest
adventures of the Robin Hood type, spoiling

Fitzwilliam

224

Fitzwilliam

the king, and succouring the poor, and how he
was twice compelled to quit England and en-
counter sea perils from the Orkneys to Bar-
bary. The story is preserved in a single
manuscript in French in the British Museum
(Reg. 12, c. xii.), first printed privately by
Sir T. Duffus Hardy, and then published as
4 Histoire de Foulques Fitz-Warin, par Fran-
cisque Michel,' Paris, 1840, large 8vo, and
•with an English translation and notes by
Thomas Wright for the Warton Club in 1855.
It is included by L. Moland and C. d'HSri-
cault in ' Nouvelles Francises en prose du
xive siecle,' Paris, 1858, 12mo. The text and
a new translation are given in J. Stevenson's
edition of' Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon '
(Rolls Series, 1875). The manuscript was
transcribed before 1320, and is evidently para-
phrased from an earlier record written before
the end of the thirteenth century in octo-
syllabic verses, some of which remain un-
altered. An English version in alliterative
verse was seen by Leland, who reproduces
4 Thinges excerptid owte of an old Englisch
boke yn Ryme of the Gestes of Guarine '
{Collectanea, 1774, i. 230-7). Pierre de Lang-
toft of Bridlington (Cottonian MS. Julius A.
v.), writing probably before 1320, refers to
the romance, and Robert de Brunne, writing
about the same period, says :

Thus of dan "Waryn in his boke men rede.
It is a compilation from family records and
traditions first put into shape by ' an Anglo-
Norman trouvere in the service of that great
and powerful family, and displays an extra-
ordinarily minute knowledge of the topo-
graphy of the borders of Wales, and more
•especially of Ludlow and its immediate neigh-
bourhood' (T. Wright's ed. 1855, p. xv).
There are historical anachronisms and other
inaccuracies. As a story it is full of interest.

[Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, ii. 2-12,
vii. 66-99, xi. 29-42; T. Wright's Sketch of
Ludlow Castle, 2nd ed. 1856, and Essays on the
Middle Ages, 1846, ii. 147-63 ; Frere's Biblio-
.-graphe Normand, 1860, ii. 616, 619; Histoire
Litteraire de la France, 1877, xxvii. 164-86;
Revue Contemporaine, 1858, iii. 308-17; Ward's
Cat. of Romances in the British Museum, 1883,
2. 501-8. The account of the Fitzwarines by
Dugdale (Baronage, 1675, pp. 443, &c.) is full of
errors.] H. R. T.

FITZWILLIAM, CHARLES WIL-
LIAM WENTWORTH, third EARL FITZ-
WILLIAM in the peerage of the United King-
dom (1786-1857), only son of William Went-
worth Fitzwilliam [q. v.], second earl, by his
'first wife, Lady Charlotte Ponsonby, youngest
•daughter of the second Earl of Bessborough,
•born in London 4 May 1786, was educated at

Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1806 he mar-
ried Mary, fourth daughter of Thomas, first
lord Dundas, by whom he had ten children.
j The countess di'ed in 1830. In 1807 the earl, as
j Viscount Milton, was returned to the House of
Commons for the county of York, and through
five successive parliaments he continued tore-
present the same constituency. At the elec-
I tions of 1831 he was returned, together with
Lord Althorp, for the county of Northampton,
and in 1832 he was again elected a member
for the northern division of the same county.
This seat he retained until his elevation to the
peerage by the death of his father, 8 Feb. 1833.
Fitzwilliam was a man of chivalrous honour,
high moral courage, and perfect independence
and disinterestedness. In the outset of his
political career he was opposed to parliamen-
tary reform, but afterwards became an ardent
advocate of that measure, although his family
possessed several pocket boroughs and had
been known for its aristocratic exclusiveness.
He was also an early advocate of the repeal of
the corn laws, when his own fortune depended
mainly upon the land. He took a similar view
of the then interesting question of the export
of wool. A powerful deputation of Yorkshire
manufacturers waited upon the earl (then
Lord Milton) soliciting him to oppose a pro-
jected measure permitting the export. Fitz-
william replied that he had embraced the
Slnciples of free trade without qualification,
e concurred with his father in openly con-
demning the conduct of the Manchester ma-
gistrates at the Peterloo riots of 1819, when
for petitioning that the event might be in-
quired into the earl was deprived of the lord-
lieutenancy of the West Riding. In 1851
Fitzwilliam was created a knight of the
Garter. In 1853 he was appointed a deputy-
lieutenant for Northamptonshire, and in 1856
received the royal authorisation to adopt the
surname of Wentworth before that of Fitz-
william, as it had been previously used by his
father to mark his descent from Thomas, first
marquis of Rockingham. The earl gave a
general support in the House of Lords to the
liberal government, but in the debate of 1857
relative to the conduct of Sir John Bowring
in the matter of the Arrow he spoke and
voted with the opposition. Fitzwilliam pub-
lished in 1839 his < First, Second, and Third
Addresses to the Landowners of England
on the Corn Laws/ in which he supported
the free trade policy. By the will of the
widow of Edmund Burke, who died in 1812,
power was given to Fitzwilliam's father,
Walker King, bishop of Rochester, and Wil-
liam Elliot to print and publish such parts of
the works of Burke as were not published
before her decease, and all the statesman's

Fitzwilliam

225

Fitzwilliam

papers were bequeathed to them for this pur-
pose. One considerable portion of the task
was successfully executed, but after the death
of all the three literary executors a number
of Burke's papers came into the possession of
Fitzwilliam. Accordingly in 1844 there ap-
peared, in four vols., the 'Correspondence of
the Right Hon. Edmund Burke between the
year 1744 and the period of his decease in 1797.
Edited by Charles William, Earl Fitzwil-
liam, and Lieut.-GeneralSir Richard Bourkej
K.C.B.' In 1847 Fitzwilliam published a
'Letter,' addressed to a Northamptonshire
rector, in which he recommended that Ire-
land should be extricated out of her difficul-
ties by the application of imperial resources.
Fitzwilliam died at Went worth House, York-
shire, 4 Oct. 1857. His eldest son having pre-
deceased him, he was succeeded as fourth earl
in the peerage of the United Kingdom by his
second son, William Thomas Spencer, viscount
Milton, born in 1815, who sat in the lower
house with only one intermission from 1837
to 1857. The fourth earl married, in 1838,
Lady Frances Douglas, eldest daughter of the
eighteenth Earl of Morton.

[Times, 5 Oct. 1857; Gent. Mag. 1857 ; Ann.
Reg. 1857 ; Leeds Mercury, 7 Oct. 1857.]

GK B. S.

FITZWILLIAM, EDWARD (1788-
1852), actor, was born of Irish parents near
Holborn in London on 8 Aug. 1788. In 1806
he was actor and property man with Trotter,
manager of the theatres at Southend and
Hythe. At Gosport in 1808 he was seen by
Elliston, who engaged him for his theatre
at Birmingham. As Hodge in ' Love in a
Village ' he made, at the West London Theatre,
his first appearance in London. In 1813 he
was a leading actor at the Olympic, under
Elliston, with whom he migrated to the Royal
Circus, subsequently known as the Surrey,
his first part at this house being Humphrey
Grizzle in 'Three and the Deuce.' Under
the management of Thomas Dibdin [q. v.] he
rose at this house to the height of his popu-
larity, his best parts being Leporello, Dum-
biedykes in the * Heart of Midlothian,' Patch,
Partridge in 'Tom Jones/ and Humphry
Clinker. At the Surrey he met Miss Cope-
land [see FITZWILLIAM, FAKTNY ELIZABETH],
whom on 2 Dec. 1822 he married. Fitz-
william— who had once appeared at Drury
Lane for the benefit of T. P. Cooke, playing
Sancho in ' Lovers' Q.uarrels ' and singing a
song, ' Paddy Carey,' in which he was very
popular — joined the regular company at that
house 10 Nov. 1821 as O'Rourke O'Daisy in
' Hit or Miss.' From this time his reputation
dwindled. Padreen Gar in ' Giovanni in Ire-

VOL. XIX.

land,' Loney Mactwolter in the 'Review,'
and other Irish parts were assigned him.
After a time he practically forsook the stage
and became a comic vocalist at city entertain-
ments. Abo at 1845 he retired on an annuity
from the Drury Lane Theatrical Fund, and
died at his house in Regent Street 30 March
1852. In society, in which he was popular,
he was known as ' Little Fitz.' He was about
5 ft. 3 in. in height, robustly built, and had a
good-humoured characteristically Irish phy-
siognomy. His son is noticed below.

[Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Ox-
berry's Dramatic Biography, vol. ii. ; Biography
of the British Stage ; Era newspaper, 4 April
1852; Era Almanack various years; Oxberry's
Dramatic Chronology.] J. K.

FITZWILLIAM, EDWARD FRANCIS
(1824-1857), song-writer, born at Deal in
Kent on 2 Aug. 1824, was the son of Ed-
ward Fitzwilliam, an actor [q. v.], by his
wife, Fanny Elizabeth Fitzwilliam, actress
[q. v.] He was educated at the Pimlico
grammar school, at St. Edmund's College,
Old Hall, Hertfordshire, and at the institu-
tion of L'Abbe Haffre"nique at Boulogne.
Sir Henry Bishop was his instructor in an
elementary course of harmony, and for a few
months he resided with John Barnett at
Cheltenham studying instrumentation. When
in his twenty-first year he composed a ' Stabat
Mater,' which was performed at the Hanover
Square Rooms on 15 March 1845, with much
success. In October 1847 he was appointed
by Madame Vestris musical director of the
Lyceum Theatre, and remained there for two
years. About this time he wrote a cantata
entitled '0 Incomprehensible Creator,' which
was performed at Hullah's concert, 21 May
1851. At Easter 1853 he became musical
director of the Haymarket Theatre, and held
that position until his death. His principal
compositions were * The Queen of a Day,' a
comic opera, and f A. Summer Night's Love/
an operetta, both produced at the Haymarket.
He also wrote the overture, act, and vocal
music of the * Green Bushes' for the Adelpbi
Theatre, the overtures and music of all the
Haymarket pantomimes, and of many that
were brought out at the Theatre Royal,
Liverpool. The music of Perea Nena's Span-
ish ballets, ' El Gambusino ' and ' Los Cau-
tivos,' were entirely his composition. His
works were distinguished by an intelligence
which gave promise of great excellence had
he lived to fully master the technicalities of
his art. After suffering for two years from con-
sumption, he died at 9 Grove Place, Bromp-
ton, London, 19 Jan. 1857, aged 33, and was
buried (27 Jan.) in Kensal Green cemetery.

Fitzwilliam

226

Fitzwilliam

Fitzwilliam's chief published compositions
were: 1. *O Incomprehensible Creator/ a
cantata, 1850. 2. A ' Te Deum ' for solo
voices and chorus, L86& & <A Set of
Songs; the Poetry chiefly Selected/ 1853.
4. « Songs for a Winter's Night; the Poetry
chiefly Selected/ 1855. 5. 'Seaside Mus-
ings ; Six Morceaux for the Pianoforte,* 1855.

6. * Four-Part Song for Four Voices,' 1855.

7. ' Dramatic Songs for Soprano, Contralto,
Tenor, and Bass Voices: Four Books and
an Appendix/ 1856. 8. * Three Sacred Songs
for a Child/ 1857. 9. « Songs of a Student.'
10. * Miniature Lyrics.' 11 . ' Christmas Eve,
a Lyric Ode.' His music to J. B. Buck-
stone's libretto for the opera * I r ve's Alarms '
was very popular, and ten SOL f jfrom that
piece were separately published in 1854. He
was also the composer of songs, ballads,
romances, cavatinas, serenades, and glees,
and of quadrilles, polkas, schottisches, mi-
nuets, and marches. Of the music that he
wrote for songs probably the best known is
that composed for Barnaul's l As I laye a
thynkynge/ and for two sonsrs from the * Green
Bushes '— « The Maid with the Milking Pail/
and 'The Jug of Punch.' Some of his com-
positions appeared in Hullah's ' Sacred Music
for Family Use/ and in Davison's ' Musical
Bouquet.'

ELLEX FITZWILLIAM (182*2-1 8SO\ actress,
his wife, whom he married on 31 Dec. 1853,
was eldest daughter of Thomas Acton Chaplin
(rf. November 1859). She made her first ap-
pearance in London at the Adelphi Theatre
on 7 Oct. 1841, when she played Wilhehn in
the aquatic spectacle 'Die Hexen am Rhein.*
She was for twenty-two years a prominent
member of the Haymarket company under
the management of J. B. Buckstone. Leaving
England for Australia in 1877 she soon be-
came a great favourite in the colonies. After
a twelve months' ensragement with Mr. Lewis
of the Academy ofr Music, Melbourne, she
joined the Lingard company. She was
taken ill in Murrundi, New iSouth Wales,
but was able to proceed to Xew Zealand, and
acted at Auckland, where she died from acute
inflammation, 19 Oct. 1880, aged 58 (JSra,
•JH IVo. 1SSO. r. 4; TktatricalTim*, 18Nov!
1848, p. 439, with portrait X

[Era, 25 Jan. 1857, p. 9 ; Grove's Dictionary
of Music (1879), i. 530; Planches Extrava-
g&xuas (1879), iv. 261.] G. C. B.

JTlTZWIIiTiTAM, FANNY ELIZ \-
BETH (1801-1854X actress, daughter of
Robert Copeland, manager of t ho Dover thea-
trical circuit, was born in 1801 at the dwel-

u\l to the IVver theatre,
infant of two or three years she

was brought on the stage as one of the chil-
dren in the * Stranger. After one or
similar experiments she played, when tv
years of age, the piano at a concert in Mar-
gate. Three years later, as Norah in the
* Poor Soldier/ she began a career as leading
actress at the Dover theatre. Her first ap-
pearance in London took place at the Hay-
market, at which house she played in 1817
Lucy in the * Review/ Cicely in the ' Bee-
hive/ and the page (Cherubin) in ' Follies of
a Day' («Le Manage de Figaro'). Thence she
proceeded to the Olympic, where she played
the Countess of Lovelace in ' Rochester.'
Engaged by Thomas Dibdin [q. v.l she went
to the Surrey, where she replaced Mrs. Eger-
ton [q. v.] as Madge Wildhre in the ' Heart
of Midlothian.' In June 1819, in Dibdin s
' Florence Macarthy/ she is said to have dis-
played ' distinguished merit ' (Theatrical /»-
yuw«Vor, xiv. 468). As Fanny in * Maid or
Wife/ by Barham Lavius, she made, 5 Dec,
I Sill, her first appearance at Drury Lane,
where, 9 Feb. 1822, she was the original
Adeline in Howard Payne's * Adeline or the
Victim of Seduction.' On 2 Dec. 1822 she
married Edward Fitiwilliam [q. v.] After
playing in Dublin and in the country, at the
Coburg, the (old) Royalty, and other theatres
she was enraged at "the" Adelphi, appearing
10 Oct. 1825, in a drama called * KiUigrew/
On 81 Oct. 1825 she was the original Kate
Plowden in the « Pilot,' Ftaball's adaptation
of the novel by Fenimore Cooper, one was
also the original Louisa Lovetrick in the
'Dead Shot/ and 21 Oct. 1880 Bella in
Buckstone's* Wreck Ashore,' Sheplavedin
other dramas of Buckstone and attained high
popularity. In 1832 she undertook the man-
agement of Sadler's Wells, to which house
she transferred the Adelphi success, the ' Pet
of the Petticoats,' a ballad burletta. At the
Adelphi in 1885 she gave, on the Wednesdays
and Fridays in Lent, a monologue entitled
« The Widow Wiggins.' She went in 1887
with Webster to the Haymarket, and shortly
afterwards started for America, opening at
New York as Peggy in the ' Country Girl.'
On 4 Nov. she played twelve nights in Bos-
ton, and AVemyss, ex-manager of the Chestnut
Street Theatre, who saw her, predicted that
she would make more money in the United
S M than any actress, with the exception
of Fanny Kemble, who had visited them (see
his Thtatriml Euy> P- 268, ed. 1848). The
prediction appears to have been fulfilled, since
America was revisited. Sheplay
stone in New Orleans and went with him
to Havamiah. After visitinsr man}
towns in England she returned to the Adelphi
and played, September 1844, in the « Belle of

Fitzwilliam

Fitzwilliam

*** Hetel * and wfc* is c*)M a

; 11

toiteWwat A few
; later s£* returned to ta* Haymtrfc***

said her Ladr Teazle w*s> o» aoevu* of tfe
retkit^dt^tbe^h*h*d»<^

* *' * % *. v- s. •*

gufe, Iris*

ballads and of bravura

l*$a*g
Fteach

V

poouUritT
fiiouliy. She
Uite er^, and

clirine, mts edooalod «t
Cv^ll^, Oxford, where he entejrvd*s» servitor
in 1651, Mid was elected to * demyship in the
same rear. At the l&storatian.aeeomutgtQ
Anthony a Wood. * he turned about and be-
c*me a great compiler to the restored liturgy.*
But FiUrrilliam Mmself appeals to kthe wal
I had for the present (government eren while
it was merelv to be enjoyed in hopes, and we
could only wish it might be restored* (sermon
wached in 16B3)Tln 1661 he was elected
Mlow of Magdalen, and held his fellowship
until 1670. He was made librarian of the
college in 1665, being at the same time \wi-
.'turer on music. His first patron
>. George Morley, afterwards bishop of
^ ucheater,wlkorecommendedhimtothelord
treasurer, Thomas Wriotheslej, the vir:
earl of Southampton, in 166M, in whose fainily

the Burl «f

^csa Iwi
a ^ t*wa*T
tv> the

Ui aaiDa%

Tot*, afarwaife
dawgater, la*

be

Uaak Walton, who s«nt him
lie was

V :- :.-•. V' -.: < : '- . •- ' .-;.

ako on tonaa>
well. H^*-ie

with John Kettle-

deathbed in 1^4, At the

bis pvemrments^, because bis
*W him to take the oaths of all*-
^mv to the new dynasty. In January U$O-
16dl be appeared as a witness at the trial of
John Ashtoa £%> T%J executed fbr a Jacobite
It was npHted that Ashton
a Roman catholic, and Fitewilli&m testi-
fied that • be bad received the sacrament of
the Lord s supper only six months before in
Ely Chapel '—that is* in the chapel at Kir
House, Hatton Garden, the Bishop of Ely*
London residence, which was * great resort
of the nonjurors until Bishop Turner was
deprived. Fitiwilliam appears to have been
a regular attendant at these services* tor he
admits that *he bad been a hundred times
at prayers in their altered state,* that is,
when the names of King William and Queen
Mary were omitted. llewofessxHlhiswiUiiu^
ness to submit peaceably, though he would
not take the oaths. His correspondence with
Lady RusseU consists of fifty-seven letters
which she wrote to him, and four or five
which he wrote to her. Thomas Selwood,
who edited the first edition of Lady Russell's
letters in : 4 All the letters to Dr.

FiUvrilliarn were* by him returned in one
packet to her ladvship. \vith his desire they
might be printed tor the benefit of the public?
The correspondence indicates the greatest
veneration on the part of Lady Russell for
her old instructor, and a pastoral, almost a
parental, solicitude on his mrt for his old
pupil Lady Russell consults him ou the
appointment of a chaplain, the education of
her children, the marriage of her daughter,
and, above all, her own griefs xipon the
execution of Lord William Russell, whom

vl •->

Fitzwilliam

Fitzwilliam

Fitzwilliam had attended before his execu-
tion, and at whose trial he was one of the
witnesses for the defence. She expresses the
deepest reverence for his character, and the
utmost value for his counsel. After the
revolution she strove in vain to convince
him that he * might honestly submit to the
present government.' Fitzwilliam's replies
to her arguments show the conscientious and
unselfish character of the man, and also give
some insight into his life. He begs her to
use her influence, not for himself, but for his
parishioners, ' to get some person presented
to my living, upon my resignation, in whom
I may confide without any, the least capitu-
lation, direct or indirect, beforehand. He
whom I design is one Mr. Jekyl, minister
of the new chapel, Westminster, and a fa-
vourite of the present government.' Antici-
pating that he would not be able to comply,
he adds : ' I beg of your honour three things :
first, that you would have the same good
opinion of my integrity, and of my zealous
addiction to your service, as ever you had ;
secondly, that you would permit me, in
entire trust and confidence, to make over all
my worldly goods to you ; for I fear some
men's heats may drive affairs so far as to
bring all remnants of it into a premunire ;
thirdly, that I may have some room in your
house, if any can be spared, to set up my
books in, and have recourse to them if, on
refusal, we may be permitted to stay in town.'
If Lady Russell cannot grant these last re-
quests, he intimates that he will apply to one
of her sisters, Lady Gainsborough or Lady
Alington. He died in 1699, having appointed
1 my ever dear friend, and now my truly
honoured father,' Dr. Ken, his sole executor
under his will, with a life interest in 500/.,
which he bequeathed to the library of Mag-
dalen College. He also left books and manu-
scripts to the Bodleian Library.

The only publication of Fitzwilliam extant
is ' A Sermon preached at Ootenham, near
Cambridge, on 9 Sept. 1683, being the day
set apart for Public Thanksgiving for de-
liverance of His Sacred Majesty and Govern-
ment from the late Treasonable Conspiracy,'
that is, the Rye House plot, for his supposed
complicity in which Lord William Russell
lost his life. Fitzwilliam, however, thoroughly
believed in his innocence, and testified to
that effect at the trial. On the anniversaries
of the arrest, the trial, and the execution oJ
her husband, Fitzwilliam always sent letters
of comfort and advice to Lady Russell.

Fitzwilliam was one of the few nonjurors
who are mentioned with unqualified praise
by Lord Macaulay. He groups him with the
saintly John Kettlewell, and thinks they are

deserving of 'special mention, less on account
of their abilities and learning than on account
of their rare integrity, and of their not less
rare candour.'

[Letters of Kachel, Lady Russell, 3rd edition,
1792, and a new edition by ' J. R.,' 1853 ; Some.
Account of the Life of Rachel Wriothesley, Lady
Russell, by the editor of Madame du Deffand's
Letters, 3rd edition, 1820 ; Lathbury's Hist, of
the Nonjurors ; Life of Thomas Ken, Bishop of
Bath and "Wells, by a Layman, 1851 ; State-
Trials, xii. 792 ; Bloxam's Register of Magdalen-
College, Oxford ; private information from tha
Dean of Wells (Dr. Plumptre).] J. H. 0.

FITZWILLIAM, RALPH (1256?-
1316), baron, was the son of William Fitz-
ralph of Grimthorpe in Yorkshire, and of his
wife Joan, daughter of Thomas de Greystock
(DFGDALE, Baronage, i. 740). He was pro-
bably born in 1256, as he is described in
24 Edward I as forty years old and more
(Calendarium Genealogicum, p. 515). In
1277 he served on behalf of his uncle, Wil-
liam de Greystock, in the Welsh war, and*
again on his own account in 1282, and in
1287 against the same enemy (Parl. Writs,
i. 615). In 1291 he was first summoned to>
serve against the Scots, and in 1295 was first
summoned to parliament. In July 1297 he
was appointed captain of the royal garrisons
in Northumberland (STEVENSON, Doc. Scot-
land, ii. 195), and for his services against the
Scots thanked in November, in which month
he was also appointed one of the captains of
the Scottish marches. In 1298 he was put
at the head of the troops levied in Yorkshire.
He was constantly serving against Scotland
and in parliament. In 1300 he was at the
siege of Carlaverock. In 1301 he signed as
' lord of Grimthorpe' the letter of the barons
at the Lincoln parliament to the pope. He
was also employed as a representative of the
East Riding before the exchequer in 1300,
and as the king's agent empowered to l use
all friendly ways ' to exact a purveyance of
grain from the Yorkshire monasteries in
1302. In 1304 he was commissioned with
John de Barton to act as a justice to execute
the statute of ' trailbaston ' in Yorkshire
(HEMINGBUEGH, ii. 235); but in the com-
missions of ' trailbaston ' in 1305 his name
does not appear (Fcedera, i. 970). In the
reign of Edward II he attached himself to*
the baronial opposition. In 1309 he was ap-
pointed a justice to receive in Northumber-
land complaints of prises taken contrary to*
the statute of Stamford. In 1313 he was
among the adherents of Thomas of Lancaster
who received a pardon for their complicity in
the death of Gaveston (ib. ii. 231). In the
same year he was made ' custos ' of Cumber-

Fitzwilliam

229

Fitzwilliam

land, and in 1314 one of the justices of oyer
and terminer in Cumberland and Westmore-
land for the trial of offenders indicted before
the conservators of the peace. In January
1315 the magnates of the north appointed him
one of the wardens of the marches. The king
ratified their choice, and nominated him
captain and warden of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
and of all Northumberland. In March 1315
he was also made captain and warden of
•Carlisle and of the adjoining marches. In
June 1316 he was appointed one of the war-
dens to defend Yorkshire against the Scots.
The last writ addressed to him as a commis-
sioner of array was on 15 Sept. 1316. He
-died soon after, apparently about November,
certainly before February 1317, and is said
to have been buried in Nesham Priory, Dur-
ham (DUGDALE).

Fitzwilliam inherited and acquired very con-
siderable estates in Northumberland, York-
shire, and Cumberland (Cal. Inq. Post Mor-
tem, i. 282). In 1296 he was declared nearest
heir to Gilbert Fitzwilliam (CaL Geneal. p.
515). In 1303 he got one-fourth of the
m anors in Northumberland belonging to John
Yeland (ib. p. 646). In 1306 he succeeded
to the estates of his cousin John de Grey-
stock (ib. p. 713), for the repose of whose
soul he founded a chantry at Tynemouth.

Fitzwilliam married, about 1282, Marjory,
daughter and coheiress of Hugh of Bolebec
and widow of Nicholas Corbet. She died be-
fore 1303. His eldest son William died before
liim. He was succeeded by his second son
Robert, who died before the end of 1317
< Cal Inq. Post Mortem, i. 282). The estates
then went to Ralph, the son of Robert, who
assumed the name of Greystock. The barony
remained in the family until 1487, when it
passed through females to the Dacres of the
north (DTJGDALE, ii. 24).

[Parl. Writs, i. 615-16, vol. ii. pt. iii.pp. 880-1 ;
Hymer's Foedera, vols. i. and ii. Eecord ed. ;
Calendarium Genealogicum; Stevenson's Docu-
ments illustrative of the History of Scotland,
vol. ii.; Calendarium Inquisitionum Post Mor-
tem, vol. i.; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 740; Foss's
Judges of England, iii. 89-91 ; Biographica
Juridica, p. 272.] T. F. T.

FITZWILLIAM, RICHARD, seventh
VISCOUNT FITZWILLIAM of Meryon (1745-
1816), founder of the Fitzwilliam Museum at
Cambridge, eldest son of Richard, sixth vis-
count, and Catharine, eldest daughter and co-
heiress of Sir Matthew Decker, bart., of Rich-
mond, Surrey, was descended from a member
of the English family of Fitzwilliam, who, at-
tending Prince John to Ireland on his appoint-
ment to the office of chief governor, founded
the branch which flourished in that kingdom

till the early part of the present century.
He was born in August 1745, and having
entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduated
MA. in 1764. On 25 May 1776 he suc-
ceeded his father in his Irish titles of vis-
count and baron and to his large estates. He
was a fellow of the Royal Society, and was
likewise vice-admiral of the province of Lein-
ster. On 4 Feb. 1816 he died unmarried, in
Bond Street, London, when the greater por-
tion of his property passed, in accordance
with his will (dated 18 Aug. 1815, and
printed in Acts 3 & 4 Wm. IV, c. xxvi. s. 1,
and 5 & 6 Viet. c. xxiii. s. 1), to George Au-
gustus, eleventh earl of Pembroke, while the
titles devolved upon the viscount's brother,
John, by whose death without issue in 1833
they became extinct.

Playfair, in his ' British Family Antiquity,'
gives ahigh character of Fitzwilliam. Though
a member of the church of England and Ire-
land, he was the author of a rather remark-
able publication, entitled ' The Letters of At-
ticus ' (or, ' Protestantism and Catholicism
considered in their comparative Influence on
Society '). These letters, composed in French,
and issued from the press at different dates,
were collected and reprinted anonymously
in London in 1811. Another edition appeared
in Paris in 1825 : and in the following year, in
London, an English version with the author's
name on the title-page. He is best known
by his bequest to the university of Cambridge,
of his splendid collection of printed books,
illuminated manuscripts, pictures, drawings,
engravings, &c., together with the dividends
of 100,000/. South Sea annuities for the erec-
tion of a museum. The dividends having
accumulated to more than 40,000/., the ex-
isting building was commenced on 2 Nov.
1837, from the designs of George Basevi
[q. v.], and the work was carried on under
his superintendence until his death in 1845,
when C. R. Cockerell [q. v.], the architect
of the public library, was selected as his suc-
cessor.

[Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. Archdall,
iv. 306 ; Graduati Cantabrigienses ; Cambridge
University Calendar (1887), p. 451 ; Playfair's
British Family Antiquity, v. 38 ; Slacker's Brief
Sketches of the Parishes of Booterstown and
Donnybrook, pp. 89, 108,314; Gent. Mag. (18 16),
vol. Ixxxvi. pt. i. pp. 189, 367, 627 ; Annual Re-
gister (1816), Iviii. Chron. 213.] B. H. B.

FITZWILLIAM, ROGER, alias ROGEB
DE BRETEFIL, EARL OF HEREFORD (fl. 1071-
1075), was the younger son of William Fitz-
osbern [q. v.], to whose earldom and Eng-
lish estates he succeeded at his death (1071).
He is described by William of Malmesbury
as ' a youth of hateful perfidy/ and the letters

Fitzwilliam

230

Fitzwilliam

of Lanfranc complain of his violence and
rebellious tendencies, for which the writer
eventually excommunicated him. In 1075
he gave his sister Emma in marriage to Ralf,
earl of Norfolk, against the will of the Con-
queror, according to Florence of Worcester.
At the * bride-ale' there was hatched a con-
spiracy between the two earls and their friends
against William's rule. Roger returning to
his earldom rose in revolt, but was prevented
by the royal forces from crossing the line of
the Severn. For this revolt he was fined in
the king's court at the following Christmas
(1075), and sentenced to forfeiture of his lands
and perpetual imprisonment. His rage against
the king, according to Ordericus, made Wil-
liam resolve to keep him in prison so long as
he lived, but on his deathbed he sanctioned his
release. He was, however, never released, and
when Ordericus wrote in the time of Henry I,
his two sons, Reginald and Roger, were gal-
lantly striving to regain by their services that
royal favour which their house had lost.

[Freeman's Norman Conquest. The history
of Roger's revolt is told by Ordericus Vitalis in
chap. xiii. of his 4th book.] J. H. R.

FITZWILLIAM, SIB WILLIAM
(1460 P-1534), sheriff of London, was son of
John Fitzwilliam. His mother was Ellen,
daughter of William Villiers of Brokesby in
Leicestershire. It has been claimed that the
family was descended from one William Fitz-
william of Green's Norton, who is stated to
have been a natural son of William the Con-
queror. But the existence of this natural son
receives no confirmation from contemporary
documents, and he is probably a figment of the
genealogists. Fitzwilliam lived and traded
in Bread Street, London, afterwards in St.
Thomas Apostle, having a country house at
Gaynes Park, Chigwell, Essex. He was ad-
mitted to the livery of the Merchant Taylors'
Company of London in 1490, of which he
was warden in 1494 and 1498, and master in
1499, obtaining a new charter for the company
on 6 Jan. 1502. In 1505 he was an unsuccessful
candidate for the shrievalty of London, but
was appointed to the office on the king's nomi-
nation in 1506, and was elected alderman of
Bread Street ward in the same year. Elected
sheriff of London in 1510 he refused to serve,
and was in consequence disfranchised and
fined one thousand marks by the lord mayor.
The franchise was restored and the fine re-
mitted by order of the Star-chamber, 10 July
1511. He became treasurer and high cham-
berlain to Cardinal Wolsey, who appointed
him one of the king's council. In 1515 he
was nominated sheriff of Essex, was knighted
in 1522, and was sheriff of Northampton in

1524. He entertained Wolsey during his
disgrace, 1-5 April 1530, at Milton Manor,
Northampton (the seat of the present Earl
Fitzwilliam), which he purchased in 1506
from Richard W^ittelbury. Fitzwilliam re-
built the church of St. Andrew's Under-
shaft, London, and the chancel of Marholm,
Northamptonshire. By deed (26 May 1533)
he settled twelve hundred marks on the
Merchant Taylors' Company for certain re-
ligious uses since applied (under scheme of
1887) to divinity scholars at St. John's Col-
lege, Oxford. Fitzwilliam married, first, Ann,
daughter of Sir John Hawes: secondly, Mil-
dred, daughter of Sir R. Sackville of Buck-
hurst ; thirdly, Jane, daughter of John Or-
mond. He had by his first wife issue Sir
William, his heir (father of Sir William
Fitzwilliam, 1526-1599 [q. v.]), Richard,
Elizabeth, and Ann; by his second wife,.
Christopher, Francis, and Thomas. He died
9 Aug. 1534. His will is dated 21 May 1534.
He was buried at Marholm.

[Bibl. Top. Brit. vol. x. ; Gibson's Castor, p.
187; Manuscript Records of Merchant Taylors'
Company ; Corporation of London Repertory
Book ; Collins's Peerage, iv. 387 sq. ; Testa-
menta Vetusta, ii. 665 ; G-reyfriars Chronicle
(Camd. Soc.) ; Cavendish's Life of Wolsey.]

W. C-E.

FITZWILLIAM, WILLIAM, EAEL OF
SOUTHAMPTON (d. 1542), lord high admiral of
England, was the younger son of Sir Thomas
Fitzwilliam of Aldwarke, West Riding of
Yorkshire, by Lucy, daughter and coheiress
of J ohn Neville, marquis of Montacute. From
the time when he was not more than ten years
of age he had been brought up with the king,
and was perfectly familiar with his personal
habits, his likings and dislikings. He shared
in the king's love of sportsmanship, but was
ignorant of Latin, and though he spoke French
fluently was a poor French scholar (BEE WEE,
Reign of Henry VIII). In 1509, as one of
the king's cupbearers, he was awarded many
grants and privileges ; two years later he
obtained the place of esquire of the body in
reversion. In 1513, being one of the chief
commanders in the fleet sent out against the
French, he was ' sore hurt with a quarell ' in
a fight near Brest in Brittany (HOLINSHED,
Chronicles, ed. Hooker, 1587, iii. 816). Before
the end of that year, on 25 Sept., he was
knighted for his good services at the siege of
Tournay (ib. p. 824), and shortly afterwards
created vice-admiral of England. In 1518 he-
was treasurer of Wolsey's household. In
February 1521 Wolsey sent him as ambas-
sador to the French court, seeing that he would
be a useful instrument. He was keen, bold,
sagacious, able to resist flattery and cajolery,

Fitzwilliam

231

Fitzwilliam

and never lost his presence of mind. The
French king received him cordially, talked of
sport, and presumed upon his want of expe-
rience. Fitzwilliam meanwhile kept his eyes
open to all that went on, and gave the highest
satisfaction to Wolsey. After many diffi-
culties and much tedious negotiations both
powers consented to accept,, Henry's media-
tion. When war was declared against France
in the following year, Fitzwilliam was ap-
pointed vice-admiral of the navy, under the
command of the Earl of Surrey, his special
duty being to protect the English merchant-
men from the attacks'of the enemy (HEKBEKT,
Reign of Henry VIII, p. 123). He com-
manded in 1523 the fleet stationed in the
Channel to bar Albany's passage to Scotland.
On 10 May 1524 he left England to take up
his appointment as captain of the garrison of
Guisnes in Picardy, where he remained until
the spring of 1525. By April 1525 he was
again in France, and with Sir Robert Wing-
field attended a council at Mechlin, which
he quitted for Guisnes on 21 May. In Oc-
tober 1525 he was deputed with John Tay-
lor, LL.D., to take the oath of the lady
regent, Louise of Savoy, then at Lyons
(Francis I being a prisoner in Spain), for ra-
tifying the articles of a treaty just concluded
between the crowns of England and France
(HoLiNSHED,iii. 892 ; HEKBEKT, p. 181). Ill-
health obliged him to return home in January
1526. On 24 April of that year, being then
comptroller of the king's household, he was
elected K.G. (BELTZ, Memorials of 'the Garter,
p. clxxiii). At the end of the year he was
sent, along with Clerk, bishop of Bath and
Wells, to offer Francis I the hand of the
Princess Mary, and thus promote an alliance
with France.

In June 1528 he narrowly escaped falling
a victim to the sweating sickness, then epi-
demic (Letters and Papers of Reign of
Henry VIII, ed Brewer, iv. 1932). In May
1529 he accompanied the Duke of Suffolk on
an embassy to France. During the same year
he was one of those who subscribed the articles
exhibited against Wolsey (HERBERT, p. 274).
He was present when the great seal was taken
from Wolsey, 17 Oct. 1529, and with Gardiner
was appointed to see that no part of the car-
dinal's goods were embezzled. About this
time Fitzwilliam, * on the part of the king,
mediated' a quarrel which had arisen between
the two houses of parliament inconsequence of
Fisher's hasty declaration ' that nothing now
would serve with the commons but the ruin
of the church ' (ib. p. 293). In October 1529
Fitzwilliam succeeded More as chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster. For a short time in
1533 he acted as lord privy seal. On 26 May

1535 he took passage for Calais to be present
at the diet of French and English commis-
sioners, returning in June. In the same capa-
city of commissioner he arrived at Calais on
the following 17 Aug. to redress ' such things
as were out of order in the town and marches,'
and remained thus employed until October.
Soon afterwards he was joined in another em-
bassy to France, with the Duke of Norfolk and
Dr. Cox. regarding the marriage of the Duke of
Angouleme, the French king's third son, with
the Princess Elizabeth (ib. p. 383). He was on
the council in 1536, when Sir Henry Norris
confessed to adultery with Anne Boleyn. He
also formed one of the tribunal appointed
to try Norris and the three other commoners
of a similar crime. Norris at his trial de-
clared that he was deceived into making his
confession by Fitzwilliam' s trickery (FROTJDE,
History of England, cabinet edit., 1870, ch. xi.)
He succeeded the Duke of Richmond as lord
high admiral 16 Aug. 1536, and held the
office until 18 July 1540. In the same year
he took part in the suppression of the insur-
rection in Lincolnshire. On 18 Oct. 1537,
having in the meantime been made treasurer
of the king's household, Fitzwilliam was raised
to the peerage as Earl of Southampton. He
remained treasurer for about a year. In No-
vember 1538 he was sent down to Warbling-
ton in Hampshire to examine the Countess
of Salisbury, who was implicated in the nun
of Kent's conspiracy (see his letter to Crom-
well in SIR H. ELLIS'S Original Letters, 2nd
ser. ii. 110-14). She denied all knowledge of
the plot, and was removed to Cowdray, near
Midhurst in Sussex, a place belonging to
Fitzwilliam himself, where she was detained
(FROTJDE, ch. xv.) Cowdray had been sold
to Fitzwilliam by Sir David Owen in 1528
(Sussex Archceol. Coll. v. 178, vii. 40). In
1 539, when an invasion of England was threat-
ened, he took command of the fleet at Ports-
mouth. At the parliamentary election of 1539
he put out his utmost strength to secure for
the king a manageable House of Commons,
going in person round Surrey, Sussex, and
Hampshire, where his own property was situ-
ated (Letter of Fitzwilliam to Cromwell,
Cotton MS. Cleopatra, E. 4, cited in FROTJDE,
ch. xvi.) On 11 Dec. 1539 he met Anne of
Cleves at Calais to conduct her to her future
country. Detained by the bad weather for
fifteen days, Fitzwilliam, to beguile the time,
taught the princess to play at cards. Mean-
while he wrote to advertise the king of her
arrival, and, thinking that he must make the
best of a matter which was past remedy, re-
peated the praises of the lady's appearance.
Cromwell afterwards accused Fitzwilliam of
having encouraged false hopes in his letters

Fitzwilliam

232

Fitzwilliam

from Calais (FROTJDE, ch. xvii. ; deposition
of the Earl of Southampton in STRYPE, Me-
morials, 8vo ed. vol. ii.) He witnessed the
arrest of Cromwell, 10 June 1540, when, ac-
cording to Marillac, ' to show that he was as
much his enemy in adversity as in prosperity
he had pretended to be his friend, he stripped
the Garter off the fallen minister' (FROTJDE,
ch. xvii.) Shortly afterwards, ' upon some
discontent between Henry and the king of
France, whereupon the French raised forces
in Picardy, Fitzwilliam, with John, lord
Russel, then newly made high admiral, car-
ried over two troopes of northern horse into
those parts' (HERBERT, p. 484). He died at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne in October 1542, while
on his march into Scotland, leading the van
of the English army commanded by the Duke
of Norfolk. In honour of his memory ' his
standard was borne in the fore ward through-
out that whole expedition' (ib. p. 483). In
his will, dated 10 Sept. 1542, he desired to
be buried in the parish church of Midhurst,
where a new chapel was to be built for a
tomb for himself and his wife Mabel, at an
expense of five hundred marks, ' if he should
die within one hundred miles of it ' (abstract
of will registered in P. C. C. 16, Spert,in NICO-
LAS, Testamenta Vetusta, ii. 707-9). The
chapel remains, but there are no signs of a
tomb ; he was therefore probably buried at
Newcastle. To the king he gave ' his great
ship with all her tackle, and his collar of the
Garter, with his best George beset with dia-
monds.' He married in 1513 Mabel, daughter
of Henry, lord Clifford, and sister of Henry,
first earl of Cumberland, but by this lady,
who died in 1535, he had no issue. Conse-
quently the earldom of Southampton at his
decease became extinct, while his entailed
estates would rightly devolve upon his two
nieces, daughters of his elder brother, Thomas
Fitzwilliam, who was slain at Flodden Field
in 1515: Alice, married to Sir James Fol-
jambe, and Margaret, the wife of Godfrey
Foljambe. The Cowdray estate fell to his
half-brother, Sir Anthony Browne [q. v.]

There is a portrait of Fitzwilliam in the
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, which is
considered to be a copy of the one by Holbein,
destroyed at Cowdray by the fire in September
1793 (Sussex Archaol. Coll. vii. 29 n.}

[Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 105-6; Letters and
Papers of Reign of Henry VIII, ed. Brewer and
Gairdner; Cal. State Papers, Venetian, vols. iii.
iv. vi. (Appendix) ; Collectanea Topographica et
Genealogica, i. 360, ii. 69 ; Sussex Archseol.
Coll.] G. G.

FITZWILLIAM, SIR WILLIAM (1526-
1599), lord deputy of Ireland, eldest son of
Sir William Fitzwilliam of Milton in the

hundred of Nassaburgh, Northamptonshire,
and Anne, daughter of Sir Richard Sapcote
of Elton, Huntingdonshire, was born at Mil-
ton in 1526. He was grandson of Sir William
Fitzwilliam, sheriff of London [q. v.] Related
through his mother to Sir John Russell, first
earl of Bedford, he was on his entrance into
court placed under the protection of that noble-
man, who presented him to Edward VI, by
whom he was created marshal of the king's
bench. From a lease granted to William Fitz-
william, esq., ' one of the gentlemen of the
king's chamber,' of certain lands in Ireland
on 10 July 1547, it would appear that he had
already at that time formed a connection with
Ireland, which throughout a long life was the
chief sphere of his labours (COLLINS, Peer-
age; LODGE, Peerage (Archdall); BRIDGES,
Northamptonshire, vol. ii.; WIFFIN, House
of Russell-, Cal. of Fiants, Ed. VI, 70).

When the succession to the throne was
threatened through Lady Jane Grey, he
loyally (though a protestant) stood by Mary,
and in 1555 was created temporary keeper of
the great seal of Ireland (Lib. Hib. ii. 14).
Coming under the influence of the Earl of
Sussex, who spoke of him as a friend to whom
he would gladly show pleasure, he took that
nobleman's side against Sir A. St. Leger, be-
coming one of his fiercest detractors at court
(Ham. Cal. i. 133, 231 ; Cal. Carew MSS.
i. 257, 260). On 24 July 1559 he was made
vice-treasurer and treasurer at wars in Ire-
land, a post he continued to hold till 1 April
1573, when he was relieved by Sir Edward
Fitton (Lib. Hib. ii. 43 ; Ham. Cal. i. 157).
In 1560, during the temporary absence of the
Earl of Sussex, he was appointed lord justice,
taking the oath and receiving the sword at
Christ Church on Thursday 15 Feb. (patent,
18 Jan. 1560). His conduct was approved
by the queen (Ham. Cal. i. 160), who again en-
trusted the government to him during the ab-
sence of Sussex in 1561 (patent, 10 Jan. 1561).
Meanwhile Shane O'Neill had entered upon
a course of conduct which for the next eight
years was destined to perplex and madden
the government. On the return of Sussex
in June a campaign was undertaken against
him which, though ending in failure, reflected
great credit on Fitzwilliam, by whose ' worthi-
ness,' and that of Captain Warne, the English
army was, according to Sussex, saved from
annihilation (ib. i. 177). In August he was
sent into England to explain the state of
affairs to the council ; but immediately after-
wards returned to Ireland. On Thursday,
22 Jan. 1562 he was again sworn chief go-
vernor during the absence of Sussex from
16 Jan. to 24 July (patent, 20 Dec. 1561).
On 3 Dec. he and Justice Plunket were des-

Fitzwilliam

233

Fitzwilliam

patched into England to acquaint the council
with the situation of affairs in Ireland. He
returned about the end of January 1563 ; but
appears to have spent the greater part of that
year and the beginning of the next in Eng-
land. In May 1564 Sir Nicholas Arnold,
late commissioner for reforming and intro-
ducing economy into the Irish government,
was appointed lord justice, and having in-
sinuated many things against him as vice-
treasurer, which he wholly failed to substan-
tiate, the latter retorted by saying that he
could have governed Ireland as well as Ar-
nold and saved the queen twenty thousand
marks (State Papers, Eliz., xiii. 57, xviii. 1,
2, 3). Arnold was succeeded by Sir Henry
Sidney, and he being summoned home, Fitz-
william and Dr. R. Weston were on 14 Oct.
1567 sworn lords justices, much against the
will of the former, who declared that his last
justiceship had cost him 2,000/. This was
bad enough, but to be charged by the queen
with not preventing the landing of the Scots
in Antrim was intolerable, and he complained
bitterly against it, protesting that he had
for eight years and more truly and faithfully
served her majesty without bribery, robbery,
or friendly gifts (ib. xxiii. 13). Though ' not
bred up to arms/ he, in the spring of the fol-
lowing year (1568), undertook an expedition
into the north ; but it was badly managed,
and ended in disgraceful failure (BAGWELL,
Ireland, ii. 133). Fortunately Sidney re-
turned in October and relieved him from his
more onerous duties. In 1570 he appears to
have resided chiefly in England ; but on
29 Jan. 1571 he returned to Ireland. In
March Sidney departed, and on 1 April he
was appointed lord justice. He was suffer-
ing severely at the time from ague, and pro-
tested his unfitness for the government, and
his impoverishment after thirteen years' ser-
vice, tending to his utter ruin (Ham. Cal.
i. 454, 457). His petition, supported by the
entreaties of Lady Fitzwilliam, who implored
the queen to allow her husband to return to
England before the winter came on, was un-
successful, and instead he was appointed lord
deputy, and sworn into office on 13 Jan. 1572
(patent, 11 Dec. 1571).

Forced into the gap against his will, and
miserably supplied with money, Fitzwilliam's
government (1572-5) was not remarkably
successful, though he declared that Ireland
in 1575 was in a much better state than it
was in 1571 (ib. ii. 49). With Sir Edward
Fitton in Connaught and Sir John Perrot in
Munster, his attention was chiefly directed
to Ulster. Here the grants of land made by
Elizabeth to Malby, Chatterton, Sir Thomas
Smith, and the Earl of Essex (1572-3), lead-

ing as they did to serious complications with
the Irish, and with Turlough Luineach O'Neill
in particular, greatly added to his difficulties ;
but his conduct in the matter appears to have
been much misrepresented. He was not, he
declared, opposed to the plantation scheme ;
on the contrary, he warmly approved of it,
only he objected to the way in which it was
carried into execution. There was too much
talk about it. The thing ought to have been
done quietly and with celerity. Instead of that
the Irish obtained wind of what was intended,
and had time to band together, thereby not
only obstructing the plantation, but consi-
derably embarrassing him in the government.
His views on the subject were undoubtedly
sound, and were indeed recognised to be so
by Essex himself, who, however much he
might feel inclined to resent his unwilling-
ness to co-operate and the alacrity with which
he obeyed the order to disband, was obliged
to admit that he had no other choice in the
matter (Ham. Cal. 1572-5, passim; BAGWELL,
Ireland, ch. xxix-xxxii. ; DEVEKETJX, Lives of
the Earls of Essex, vol. i. ; SHIELEY, Mona-
ffhari).

The post of treasurer, which he resigned
in 1573 to Sir Edward Fitton, far from being
a lucrative appointment, had involved him in
debts amounting to nearly 4,000/. The de-
putyship profited him nothing, and unless
shortly relieved he declared he would be
obliged to sell Milton ; as it was, his wife had
already been instructed to sell part of the
stock on the property. At the last moment
Elizabeth remitted 1,000/. and ' stalled' the
rest, thus saving him from absolute beggary.
These private difficulties, superadded to his
bodily infirmities, rendered him extremely
irritable, and led to one quarrel after another
with Sir E. Fitton [q. v.] Despite his ad-
vice and that of Sir J. Perrot, the Earl of
Desmond had in 1573 been allowed to return
to Ireland, and though promptly rearrested
in Dublin, he had a few months later managed
to escape into Munster. Mischief was of
course anticipated ; but nothing was done —
nothing indeed could be done so long as Fitton
proved insubordinate. The queen was enraged,
declaring that her honour was wounded so
long as the traitor was allowed to continue
abroad (Ham. Cal. ii. 15 ; Cal. Carew MSS.
i. 464, 466, 473). Fitzwilliam replied that
he had neither men nor credit to enable him
to take the field. Compelled at length to act,
he in August 1574 marched into Munster,
captured in rapid succession Derinlaur Castle,
Castlemagne, and Ballymartyr, and obliged
the earl to submit himself at Cork on 2 Sept.
For this service he had Elizabeth's thanks
(Cal. Carew, i. 483), but he still continued

Fitzwilliam

234

Fitzwilliam

to be hampered by the reports of his detrac-
tors at court (just retribution for his own
attacks on Sir Anthony St. Leger), and es-
pecially of his brother-in-law Sir H. Sidney.
He was seriously ill, so ill in fact that in
March 1575 he thought he could not live a
year longer, and that he was likely to be
buried in Ireland and slandered in England.
Lady Fitzwilliam, who his enemies asserted
was the real lord deputy, was despatched to
solicit his recall. His prayer was at last
listened to, and the arrival of Sir H. Sidney
on 12 Sept. restored him to private life (Lib.
Hib. ii. 4).

During the next twelve years he remained
in England quietly engaged, we may pre-
sume, in attending to his own affairs. In
1582 there was some talk of appointing him
successor to Lord Grey (Ham. Cal, ii. 364,
374, 499), but nothing came of it. He, how-
ever, obtained a crown lease of Fotheringay
Castle (LEMON, Cal. ii. 395), and it was
during his governorship that Mary of Scot-
land met her doom there. His conduct on
that occasion reflected great credit on him.
The only one who showed any respect for
her feelings, Mary gratefully acknowledged
his kindness to her, and in token of her es-
teem presented him with the picture of her
infant son, James, which is still carefully
preserved by his successors (Topog. Brit.
vol. iv.)

On 17 Feb. 1588 he was reappointed lord
deputy of Ireland in the room of Sir John
Perrot, and on 23 June, being Sunday, he
landed at the Ring's End, about six o'clock in
the morning, and on Sunday following re-
ceived the sword of state in Christ's Church.
The country was at peace, but the period
was one of critical importance. The timely
storm that dissipated the Armada relieved
the government of its chief danger, but there
were still a number of ships in the narrow
seas to cause considerable anxiety. Fitz-
william's vigilance was worthy the high trust
reposed in him. A number of Spaniards, it
was reported, who had escaped the clutches
of the sea, were roaming about the country,
and likely, if they were allowed to band to-
gether, to prove dangerous. On 22 Sept.
1588, therefore, he issued orders to the pro-
vincial governors to take all hulls of ships,
stores, treasure, &c., and to apprehend and
execute all Spaniards they might find in their
districts (Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 490). For
himself he proposed to make a journey into
Conn aught and O'Donnell's country, ' as well
for the riddance of such Spaniards thence
who were reported to be dispersed in great
numbers throughout that province, as also
for that the Irishry of that province towards

the Pale and Feagh MacHugh O'Byrne, with
the rest upon the mountain's side, grew into
such pride upon hope of those Spaniards and
their assistants.' His design was approved by
the council, and on 4 Nov. he set out from
Dublin. Proceeding directly to Athlone and
thence to Sligo, he held on towards Bally-
shannon, ' where, as I heard, lay not long be-
fore twelve hundred or thirteen hundred of
the dead bodies.' A little before coming to
Donegal, ' I being then accompanied with Sir
Owen O'Tool, whom by courteous entreaty I
had drawn thither to help the compounding
of some good course for the well-ordering of
his country,' he was met by O'Donnell and
courteously entertained by him. At Strabane
Sir John O'Dogherty came to him, ' whereof I
was not a little glad, for then I made account
before his and Sir Owen O'Tool's departures to-
settle her majesty in some good surety for the
2,100 beeves and 1,000 more for a fine, which
at Dungannon, the Earl of Tyrone's house,
upon handling of the matter, was accom-
plished, and by them both and O'Donnell
agreed that they should be cut upon the
country and paid, and in the meantime that
Sir Owen and Sir John should go and remain
with me till such pledges as I then named
were put in.' (A very different account of
this transaction will be found in Fynes
Moryson's history.) On 23 Dec. he returned
to Dublin without the loss of a single man
(Ham. Cal. iv. 53, 73, 92).

In January 1589 Sir Ross MacMahon, cap-
tain of Monaghan, exasperated by the exac-
tions of the sheriff, Captain Willis, and his
soldiers, a collection of arrant rascals accord-
ing to Fizwilliam, took the law into his own
hand and expelled them from his country.
Thereupon in March Fitzwilliam invaded and
spoiled his country so thoroughly that he left
not a house standing or a grain of corn un-
burnt. Shortly afterwards Sir Ross died, and
his brother, Hugh, being entitled to succeed
him, was by the deputy established in pos-
session in August (ib. iv. 224). The Irish
(see FYNES MOEYSON) asserted that he was
bribed ; but this he denied. According to
Fitzwilliam the new MacMahon immediately
entered upon treasonable courses, and was by
him arrested. Process, however, was for a
time delayed owing to the unwillingness of
the privy council to proceed to extremities in
what might be construed into a mere border
raid (ib. iv. 263). Convinced at last by the de-

?uty's representations, order was on 10 Aug.
590 given to proceed with his trial. ' Wherein,
for the avoiding the scandal of justice with
severity, he had the favour to be tried in his
own country, and by a jury of the best gentle-
men of his own name and blood' (Add. MSS.

Fitzwilliam

235

Fitzwilliam

12503, f. 389-90. What the Irish said about
this transaction may be read in FYNES MORY-
SON'S History, bk. i. ch. i. ; cf. also SHIRLEY,
Monaghan, ch. iv.)

In 1589 a quarrel arose between him and
the president of Connaught, Sir Richard
Bingham, which created considerable excite-
ment at the time. Bingham had been charged
by the natives with extreme harshness in his
government and as being the sole cause for
their rebellious attitude. The deputy, there-
fore, on 2 June 1589, undertook a journey
into that province for the purpose of pacify-
ing it and inquiring into the charges against
Bingham. These proceedings Bingham re-
sented and poured out the vials of his wrath
upon Fitzwilliam. The charges preferred
against him he categorically denied, with the
result that the deputy was severely repri-
manded by Elizabeth. In reply, he could
only say that 'Sir Richard hath unjustly
dealt with me, as in his answers in several
parts appeareth, to which upon the margin
I have set down some notes of truth. God
make him his, but I fear if there be an atheist
upon earth, he is one, for he careth not what
he doeth, nor to say anything (how untrue
soever), so it may serve his turn ' (Ham.
Cal. iv. 194-281 passim). Never of a strong
constitution, his health had of recent years
been very bad. During the journey into Con-
naught 'he swooned twice on one day, and
after had three fits of a tertian.' His enemies
caricatured him as being ' blind, lame, burst
and full of dropsy ; ' nevertheless he con-
trived manfully to attend to his business, and
his conduct in suppressing the mutiny of
Sir Thomas Norreys's soldiers (May 1590)
won him the high praise of Sir George Carew
(Cal. Carew MSS. iii. 33). Hugh MacMahon
out of the way, he in October 1591 parti-
tioned Monaghan (with the exception of
Donnamyne, which belonged to the Earl of
Essex) among the principal gentlemen of the
MacMahons, the termon or ecclesiastical
lands being reserved for English officials. In
July 1592 he proceeded to Dundalk in order
to determine certain border disputes between
Tyrone and Turlough Lunieach, and in June
in the following year he, at the same place,
concluded a treaty between them (Ham. Cal.
iv. 568, v. 99; Cal. Carew MSS. iii. 73).
Hardly had he done this when he was called
upon to suppress the rebellion of Maguire,
setting out from Dublin on 4 Dec. ' into the
Cavan, whither by easy journeys, yet through
very foul ways and deep fords by reason of
continual rain, he arrived within five days
after his departure' (Ham. Cal.v. 190). His
expedition was successful so far as the cap-
ture of Enniskillen Castle and the proclaim-

ing Maguire traitor went ; but the rebellion
was only the first act of a tragedy, the end
of which he was not to see. His health had
been fairly good while in the field, but on
his return he was confined closely to his
chamber. On 30 Jan. 1594 he wrote : 'It is
God's good blessing that this state is re-
duced to that staidness of quiet that the in-
firmities of the governor, old, weak in body,
sick in stomach, racked with the stone, bed-
rid with the gout, and disgraced with re-
straints, do not make it stagger' (ib. p. 201).
In the spring death seemed so near that he
deemed it necessary to provide for the govern-
ment by nominating lords justices. On
31 July his successor, Sir W. Russell, arrived,
and on 12 Aug. he and his family sailed for
England. His infirmities increased, and
eventually he lost his sight entirely. He
lived to hear of Tyrone's rebellion, and to
hear it laid to his charge. One of his last
acts was to dictate a vindication of his con-
duct during his last deputyship (Addit. MS.
12503, Brit. Mus.)

He married Anne, daughter of Sir William
Sidney, and sister of Sir Henry Sidney, by
whom he had two sons (William, who suc-
ceeded him, and John, a captain in the wars
in Scotland) and three daughters. He died
in 1599 at his house at Milton, and was buried
in the church of Marham, where, on the north
side, is a noble monument erected to him by
his widow. One of the ablest of Elizabeth's
viceroys, it was his misfortune to be vilified
by his contemporaries and to be misrepre-
sented in history as the most avaricious
and wantonly cruel of English governors.

[Authorities as in the text. In addition to
the State Papers calendared by Mr. Hamilton
and Mr. Brewer there are in the great Carte
collection in the Bodleian at Oxford four volumes
of State Papers (Iv-viii.)specifically known as the
' Fitzwilliara Papers,' relating to Ireland during
the period of his government there.] R. D.

FITZWILLIAM, WILLIAM WENT-
WORTH, second EARL FITZWILLIAM in the
peerage of the United Kingdom (1748-1833),
statesman, eldest son of William, first earl
Fitzwilliam, was born 30 May 1748, and suc-
ceeded to the earldom on the death of his
father (9 Aug. 1756). He was educated at
Eton, where he began a lifelong friendship
with his schoolfellows Charles James Fox and
Lord Carlisle. From Eton he proceeded to
Cambridge, and took his seat in the House of
Lords in 1769. On 11 July 1770 he married
Lady Charlotte Ponsonby, youngest daughter
of William, second earl of Bessborough, by
Lady Caroline Cavendish, daughter of the
Duke of Devonshire. He adhered to the whig
politics of his family, and steadily opposed

Fitzwilliam

236

Fitzwilliam

the North administration. On the death of
his uncle, Lord Rockingham, in 1782, he suc-
ceeded to estates valued at 40,000/. a year.
He kept up a princely establishment at Went-
worth House in Yorkshire, and had probably
the finest stables and kennels in England.
In 1783 Fox had intended him for the head
of his new India board ; and in their regency
arrangements of 1788 the whigs designed him
for the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland. The
Prince of Wales in September 1789 honoured
him by a visit at Wentworth, when nearly
forty thousand persons were entertained in
the park. After the outbreak of the French
revolution Fitzwilliam acted with the f old
whigs,' and in July 1794, in company with
the Duke of Portland and others, joined the
government, and was appointed president of
the council.

In December 1794 Pitt sent Fitzwilliam
to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, where he be-
came the centre of a political misunderstand-
ing which it is very difficult to unravel.
Fitzwilliam was known to be a friend to the
Homan catholic claims, and his appointment
in the place of Lord Westmorland, a favourer
of the protestants, was regarded as an indica-
tion of approaching concessions. Before Fitz-
william left England Grattan saw Pitt, and
received what he took to be assurances that
the catholic claims would be granted, though
Pitt disavowed this interpretation of his
words, and even told Fitzwilliam that he was
to give the Roman catholics no encourage-
ment, but to postpone the question until the
fullest inquiries had been made. Fitzwilliam,
when he reached Dublin, seems to have
thought that delay was impossible, after
Grattan had so raised the hopes of the party,
and upon writing to the government was sur-
prised to receive a repetition of his former in-
structions from the Duke of Portland, who
declared that no steps would be taken at the
present time in the interests of the catholics.
it is impossible to say how far Pitt, Fitzwil-
liam, or the Duke of Portland was respon-
sible for the misunderstanding. Fitzwilliam
was not aware that Pitt was contemplating
the union as a condition antecedent to eman-
cipation, and therefore could hardly under-
stand the premier's policy. He supposed
himself to have received instructions sub-
sequently disavowed by their author; nor
was this the only point of disagreement
"between himself and the cabinet. Pitt, who
had appointed Fitzwilliam chiefly to please
his new allies, had stipulated, among other
things, that the ' supporters of government
should not be displaced on the change.' Port-
land explained this to Fitzwilliam, or, as Lord
Stanhope thinks, tried ineffectually to ex-

plain it. In any case Fitzwilliam disregarded
it (Life of Pitt, ii. 293). Fitzwilliam landed
at Dublin on the evening of Sunday, 4 Jan.
1795, was in bed all day on Monday, and on
Wednesday morning Beresford, commissioner
of the customs, Cooke, secretary at war, Wolfe
and Toler, attorney- and solicitor-general,
were dismissed. Beresford appealed to the
government and was at once reinstated ; and
Fitzwilliam was informed that the resigna-
tions of Wolfe and Toler would not be ac-
cepted. But in spite of this rebuff he did
not send in his own resignation for nearly
three weeks, and remained at the castle till
25 March, when he was succeeded by Lord
Camden. f The day of his departure was one
of general gloom ; the shops were shut ; no
business of any kind was transacted ; and the
greater part of the citizens put on mourning,
while some of the most respectable among
them drew his coach down to the water-side '
(STANHOPE, Life of Pitt, ii. 365).

Fitzwilliam now drew up his own version
of the whole story in two letters addressed
to the Earl of Carlisle. He maintained, with-
out the least justification, that his dismissal
was caused by Pitt's deliberate wish to hu-
miliate his new allies. On his return to Eng-
land motions for inquiry were made in both
houses of parliament, and rejected by large
majorities ; and Beresford sent him a chal-
lenge which led to a meeting between them
at old Tyburn turnpike on 26 June. The
duel was stopped by the constables.

Fitzwilliam soon made his peace with the
government, and in 1798, when the Duke of
Norfolk was dismissed from the lord-lieute-
nancy of the West Riding for a seditious
toast, Fitzwilliam was appointed to succeed
him. On the formation of the Addington
ministry in February 1801 Fitzwilliam, with
the other whig conservatives, went into op-
position. On Aldington's resignation in April
1804 it was intended by Pitt to make Fitz-
william one of the secretaries of state, but
the allies standing out for the admission of
Fox, the negotiation came to nothing, and
Pitt went on without him. Under the
short-lived ministry of Lord Grenville in
1806 he was president of the council; and
during the political uncertainty occasioned
by the king's illness in 1811 he was sometimes
spoken of as a possible whig prime minister.
All his official hopes, however, vanished with
the determination of the prince regent to
keep the tory government in power. He
was afterwards one of the little knot of whig
magnates in the House of Lords who pro-
tested against the government policy, and
especially the maintenance of the Roman
catholic disabilities. On 31 Jan. 1812 he

Flakefield

237

Flambard

brought on a resolution in the House of
Lords charging the crown solicitor in Ireland
with tampering with the panel of the jury
selected to try one of the catholic delegates,
but was defeated by a majority of 162 to 79.
In the following March he was offered the
vacant Garter, which he declined. In 1819
he attended a public meeting at York con-
vened for the purpose of censuring the Man-
chester magistrates for their conduct in
regard to the Peterloo massacre, and was
dismissed from the lord-lieutenancy for his
violent language.

The first Lady Fitzwilliam died on 13 May
1822, leaving one son, Charles William Went-
worth, third earl [q. v.] On 21 July 1823
Fitzwilliam married Louisa, widow of the
first Lord Ponsonby, and daughter of the third
Viscount Molesworth. She died, leaving no
issue, on 1 Sept. 1824. Fitzwilliam died on
8 Feb. 1833.

[Diary of Lord Colchester ; Cornwallis Corre-
spondence ; Rocki ngham Papers ; Fronde's English
in Ireland; Plowden's Hist, of Ireland; Lord
Stanhope's Life of Pitt ; Massey's Hist, of Eng-
land ; Kose's Diary ; Lord Malmesbury's Diary.]

T. E. K.

FLAKEFIELD, WILLIAM (fl. 1700),
first weaver of checked linen in Great Bri-
tain, was, it is said, the son of a man ori-
ginally named Wilson, a native of Flakefield,
in the parish of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire,
who became a merchant in Glasgow about
the middle of the seventeenth century, and
was called Flakefield in order to distinguish
him from another merchant named Wilson.
However this may be, Richard Fleckfield was
deacon of the incorporation of weavers of
Glasgow in 1640, John Fleckfield in 1670,
and Robert Fleckfield in 1673, 1675, and 1676
(CLELAND, Annals of Glasgow, p. 425). Wil-
liam Flakefield may probably have been the
son of John or Robert Fleckfield. After
having learnt the art of weaving, he enlisted
about 1670 in the Cameronian regiment;
from this he was afterwards transferred to
the Scots guards. While on service abroad
he came across a blue and white check hand-
kerchief of German make. He resolved im-
mediately to imitate it when he returned to
Glasgow, and when he obtained his discharge
in 1700 he carried out his intention. With
some difficulty he got together the means for
making a web of two dozen handkerchiefs.
The novelty of the blue and white check and
the unusual fineness of the texture made the
article so popular that it was soon very largely
manufactured in Glasgow and its neighbour-
hood. As late as 1771 striped and checkered
linen cloth and handkerchiefs were among
the most important textile manufactures of

Glasgow (G IBSON, History of Glasgow, pp. 239,
248). Probably in consequence of being out-
stripped by imitators with larger means of
carrying on the new manufacture, Flakefield
himself seems to have obtained no benefit
from the success of his scheme, for in his old
age he was made town-drummer of Glasgow,
and died in that office.

[Ure's Hist, of Rutherglen and East Kilbride,
pp. 169-72.] E. C-N.

FLAMBARD, RANNULF (d. 1128),
bishop of Durham and chief minister of Wil-
liam Rufus, was of obscure origin (OKD. VIT.
iii. 310, iv. 107 ; WILLIAM OP MALMESBUKY,
ii. 497), a phrase perhaps not to be taken too
strictly in those days (cf. ORD. VIT. iv. 144).
Domesday shows that Rannulf Flambard
(Flamard, Flanbard, or Flanbart) was a land-
owner in Godalming hundred, Surrey, at Mid-
dleton-Stoney, Oxfordshire, and at 'Bile' and
' Becleslei ' in Hampshire. He was also tenant
of a house in Oxford, and appears to have
been dispossessed of part of his Hampshire
property on the making of the New Forest
(Domesday, 1 fol. 30b2, 157al, 51a2, 154al).
He may also, as Mr. Freeman has remarked,
be the Rannulf Flamme who holds land, in
the Survey, at < Funtelei ' in Titchfield hun-
dred, Hampshire (ib. fol. 49a2). Orderic says
that he was the son of Turstin of Bayeux.
His mother was still living in 1101, and his
brother possibly in 1130-1, so that he could
hardly have been settled in this country
under Edward the Confessor (ORD. VIT. iii.
310, iv. 109-10), as has been sometimes held.

Rannulf seems to have attached himself in
boyhood to the court of William I, where his
comely person, intelligence, eloquence, and
generosity soon cleared the road to success (ib.
iii. 310 ; but cf. Cont. Hist Dun. Eccles. i. 135).
He pushed his way by flattery, treachery, and
coarse indulgences (ORD. VIT. id.) Though no
scholar, he had a pliant wit and argumentative*
1 quickness. Even before the Conqueror's death
he was feared by many nobles, whose failings
he revealed to the king. Mr. Freeman sug-
gests with probability that he is the Rannulf
whom William I sent (c. 1072) to force his
' new customs ' on the bishopric of Durham,
and who was driven from the diocese by the
saint's vengeance (SIMEON OF DURHAM, i.
105-7 ; cf. FREEMAN, iv. 521). According^
however, to Simeon's continuator, who ap-
pears to have possessed special knowledge as
to Rannulf 's early career, Rannulf was ori-
ginally in the service of Maurice, bishop of
London (1085-1107), whom he only left
' propter decaniam sibi ablatam/ and in the
hope of doing better in the service of the
king (apparently William II) (Cont. Hist*

Flambard

238

Flambard

Dun. Eccles. i. 135). If so it was probabb
late in William I's days or early in those o
William II that he acquired his surname O]
nickname, Flambard. The exact meaning
of the epithet is very obscure, but appears
to have some reference to Rannulf s ' con-
suming ' greed and ambition (ORD. VIT. iii
310-11 ; cf. ANSELM, Epp. 1. iv. ep. ii. col
201; see, too, FREEMAN, William Rufus
ii. 555).

All the direct contemporary evidence tends
to show that it was in the early years of Wil-
liam II's reign that Rannulf came into pro-
minence. He was plainly the prime mover
of the shameless ecclesiastical policy which
reached its climax when the see of Canter-
bury was left vacant for over four years, from
28 May 1089 to 20 Sept. 1093 (FLORENCE OF
WORCESTER, ii. 45-6; WILLIAM OF MALMES-
BURY, ii. 407-8 ; SIMEON OF DURHAM, ii.
231-2 ; cf. HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, pp. 232-3 ;
and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ii. 203-4) . Hence
it is almost certain that he is the * Rannulf us '
who was sent down by the king to open a
plea against Anselm at Canterbury on the day
of that archbishop's enthronement, 25 Sept.
1093 (EADMER, Hist. Nov. pp. 41-2).

Rannulf does not seem to have borne as
yet any distinct legal office or title. He may
have been the king's chancellor, but in con-
temporary documents and chronicles he is
generally styled l Rannulf the chaplain ' or
* the king's clerk ' (Rannulfus Cappellanus)
(DUGDALE, i. 164, 174 ; cf. Cont. Hist. Dun.
Eccles. i. 135 ; and the ' Rannulfe his capel-
lane ' of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, i. 364).
Later he appears to have held all the autho-
rity of the twelfth-century justiciar, even if
he did not enjoy this specific title, which
is given him by Orderic Vitalis (iv. 107).
But his position may very well have been
somewhat abnormal, as the chroniclers give
him various titles and run off into rhetorical
phrases. In 1094 he sent back from Hastings
twenty thousand English soldiers, whom
William had summoned to Normandy, and
confiscated the 10s. with which the shire had
supplied each man for his expenses abroad
(FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, ii. 35; SIMEON OF
DURHAM, ii. 224 ; cf. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
ii. 197).

Rannulf seems to have been mainly occu-
pied in supplying the king with the money
he required for his court, his new buildings,
the wages of his stipendiary soldiers, and, in
the latter half of his reign, for the purchase of
Normandy and Aquitaine from their crusad-
ing dukes (ORD. VIT. iii. 476, iv. 80). Ac-
cording to Orderic he urged William Rufus
' to revise the description of all England,' a
phrase which has generally been interpreted as

referring to the compilation of a new Domes-
day Book. Both Dr. Stubbs and Mr. Free-
man consider this to be a misdated reference
to the Great Survey of the previous reign, in
which they admit that Rannulf took a more
or less prominent part. Though this is not im-
probable, Orderic's words refer more naturally
to a revision of a previous survey. Orderic
seems to imply that the main offence of this
survey lay in superseding the old and vague
measures of land by new ones made after a
fixed standard (ORD. VIT. iii. 311 ; WILLIAM
OF MALMESBURY, ii. 497 ; cf. also STUBBS, i.
298-9; FREEMAN, Norm. Cong. v. 377-8,
Will. Rufus, i. 331, &c.) Mr. Round seems
to have shown that there was a special levy
of 45. the hide imposed for the purchase of
Normandy in 1096. This might imply such
stringent application of the Domesday re-
cords as would justify Orderic's words with
reference to its revision (cf. ROUND, ap.
Domesday Studies, pp. 83-4).

Florence of Worcester probably gives the
true chronology of Rannulf s rise when he
tells us that he began by buying the custody
of vacant bishoprics, abbeys, and other bene-
fices. For these he paid not only a sum of
ready money, but an annual rent, and this
system continued till the end of the reign,
when the king 'had in his own hand the
archbishopric of Canterbury, the bishoprics
of Winchester and Salisbury, and eleven
abbeys all set out to gafol ' (FLORENCE OF
WORCESTER, ii. 46; Anglo-Saxon Chron. i.
364). With these sources of wealth Ran-
nulf s ' craft and guile' raised him higher
and higher, till the king made him the head
of his realm, both in matters of finance and
justice. Oncein this position Rannulf turned
his hands against laymen as well as clergy,
the rich and the poor (FLORENCE OF WOR-
CESTER, ii. 46).

All the chroniclers recognise Rannulf as
the mainspring of the king's iniquity (WiL-
LIAM OF MALMESBURY, ii. 497, 619 ; cf. ORD.
VIT. iii. 311). His rule was one of violence
and legal chicanery ; in those days ' almost
all justice slept, and money was lord ' in the
great man's courts (FLORENCE OF WORCESTER,
x 46). When William Rufus laid a tax
upon the land, Rannulf levied it at twofold
or a threefold rate, thus winning from the
dng the dubious compliment of being the
only man who would rack his brains without
caring about other men's hatred so long as
he pleased his lord (WILLIAM OF MALMES-
BURY, Gesta Reg. ii. 497 ; cf. Gesta Pont.
). 274). So great was the terror of these
days that there went abroad a rumour that
he devil had shown himself in the woods
o many Normans, and commented on the

Flambard

231

Flambard

doings of Rannulf and the king (FLORENCE

OF WORCESTER, ii. 46).

It was perhaps towards the end of hi
ministerial career that Rannulf was entrappe/
by a pretended message from his old patron,
Maurice, the bishop of London, on board a
boat belonging to a certain Gerold, one of
Rannulf s own vassals. He was carried off
to sea in a larger ship, full of armed men ;
but, after three days, during which the man-
ner of his death was disputed, he obtained
his liberty by an appeal to Gerold's fealty and
the promise of a large reward to the pirates.
Gerold fled, distrusting his lord's word, while
Rannulf, attended by a great train of knights,
made an imposing entry into London, became
a greater favourite with the king than ever,
and was not entrapped again (Cont. Hist.
Dun. Eccles. i. 135-8).

On the Whitsuntide festival of 1099
(29 May) William Rufus gave him the
bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant
since about New-year's day 1096 (Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle, ii. 203; SIMEON OF DURHAM,
Hist . Dun. JEccl. i. 133-5 ; HENRY OF HUNT-
INGDON, p. 232 ; FLORENCE OF WORCESTER,
ii. 44). A week later (5 June) Rannulf was
consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral byThomas,
archbishop of York, to whom, however, he
would make no profession of obedience (Cont.
Hist. Dun. JEccles. i. 138 ; SIMEON OF DURHAM,
Hist. Reg. ii. 230 ; FLORENCE OF WORCESTER,
ii. 44) . A. year later William Rufus was slain
(2 Aug. 1100), and, immediately after his ac-
cession, Henry I flung Rannulf into the Tower
(15 Aug.) (Cont. Hist. Dun. Eccles. i. 138 ;
Anglo-Saxon Chron. ii. 204 ; &c.), partly, as
it seems, to gratify a private grudge (ORB.
VIT. iv. 107).

Anselm, when he returned to England
(23 Sept. 1100), found the people rejoicing
over Rannulf 's captivity, ' as if over that of a
ravaging lion.' When brought up before the
king's curia ' pro pecunia . . . male retenta,'
Rannulf appealed to his ' brother bishop,' and
Anselm offered to help him, though at his
own risk, if he could clear himself of simony.
Rannulf failed to do this, and was imprisoned
in the Tower. He was not severely treated,
and managed to escape by a rope conveyed to
him in a wine-stoup, after having intoxicated
his warders at a banquet. He reached the sea-
coast, where he and his mother — according
to Orderic, a witch who had lost one eye in
communications with devils — embarked with
all their treasure in two different ships. The
mother, while trying to subdue a storm with
Tier incantations, was taken by pirates and put
ashore in Normandy l moaning and naked'
(ORD. VIT. iv. 108-10; cf. WILLIAM OF
MALMESBURY, ii. 620 ; Anglo-Saxon Chron.

.. 205 ; HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, p. 234 ;
FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, ii. 48). Anselm,
writing to Paschal II early in 1101, says
that the bishop has escaped into Normandy,
' and, joining himself with the king's enemies,
has made himself "Lord of the Pirates,"
whom, as is said for a certainty, he has sent
out to sea ' (ANSELM, Epp. 1. iv. ep. 1 ; cf.
HERMANN OF LAON, ii. c. 6).

Robert of Normandy received Rannulf
eagerly, and made him ruler of Normandy
(ORD. VIT. iv. 110, 116). Rannulf in return
urged the duke to invade England (FLORENCE
OF WORCESTER, ii. 48 ; WILLIAM OF MALMES-
BURY, ii. 620; ORD. VIT. iv. 107, 110; Anglo-
Saxon Chron. ii. 205). When the fleets of
Robert and Henry were mustered, Rannulf
counselled the bribery of the English sailors
(FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, ii. 48). After
the treaty of Winchester, August-September
1101 (Cont. Hist. Dun. EcclesJ), or more pro-
bably after Robert's defeat at Tenchebrai
(28 Sept. 1106), Rannulf obtained the king's
favour. He sent envoys to the king, who
came on to Lisieux, where the bishop received
him with splendour. There Henry pardoned
Rannulf s offences, and restored him the see
of Durham (Anglo-Saxon Chron. ii. 205,
208-9; Cont. Hist. Dun. Eccles. i. 138-, ORD.
VIT. iv. 273-4 ; FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, ii.
49 ; WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, p. 625).

Rannulf seems to have been a fully or-
dained priest by the time Anselm left the
kingdom (c. 30 Oct. 1097) (ANSELM, Epp. 1.
iv. ep. 2) ; cf. FLOR. OF WORC. ii. 46), for the
primate speaks of him as being ' professione
sacerdos.' A somewhat apocryphal account
shows us Rannulf, probably about the same
date, as pulling down and rebuilding the pri^
mitive church at Twyneham (Christchurch,
Hampshire), with its surrounding canon's
houses (Reg. de Twinham, ap. DUGDALE, vi.
303). After the peace of Winchester Ran-
nulf seems to have returned to Normandy.
Gilbert Maminot, the aged bishop of Lisieux,
died in August 1101 (ORD. VIT. iv. 116), and
in the following June Rannulf procured the
appointment of his brother Fulcher, who,
though almost an illiterate person, held the
post till his death in January 1102 or 1103
(i&.) Rannulf then persuaded the duke to
make his son Thomas, a boy of some twelve
years of age, his successor, on the condition
that should Thomas die the succession was
to pass to Rannulf 's second son (z£.) During
the boyhood of these two children Rannulf,
seemingly with Henry's consent, ruled the
bishopric for three years ' non ut praesul sed
ut preeses ' (ib. ; cf. Ivo OF CHARTRES, Epp.
153, 154, 157, and 159). At last, apparently
on his final restoration to Durham, he gave

Flambard

240

Flambard

up all claim on Lisieux (ORD. VIT. iv. 274 ;
cf. pp. 116-17).

Rannulf was at times in England during
this period, and was at Durham when the relics
of St. Cuthbert and Bede were translated
(August 1104). He was sceptical as to the
discovery till the great day of the ceremony
— perhaps till the arrival of Alexander of
Scotland — when he preached a sermon to the
people (SiM. OF DURH. Auct. i. 252, 258, 260 ;
cf. SIM. OF DURH. Hist. Reg. ii. 236 ; FLO-
RENCE OF WORCESTER, ii. 53). He took part in
Anselm's great consecration of Roger of Salis-
bury, and the four other bishops at Canterbury
(11 Aug. 1107) (EADMER, Hist. Nov. p. 187).
Next year he fruitlessly proposed to conse-
crate Thurgod to St. Andrews in Scotland, on
the plea that Thomas, the new archbishop of
York, could not legally perform the ceremony
(ib. pp. 198-9). At the council of Northamp-
ton (1109) Henry confirmed Rannulf s claims
against the men of Northumberland (Script.
Tres, App. p. xxxii). Ten years later Henry
sent him to the council of Rheims with orders
to forbid the consecration of Thurstan to the
archbishopric of York (19 Oct. 1119) ; but
he arrived too late (ROGER OF HOVEDEN,
i. 173-4). In 1127 he set out to attend the
great ecclesiastical council at Westminster
(13-16 May), but was forced to turn back
through sickness, and in the same o"r the
next year assisted his suffragan bishop of the
Orkneys, Radulph, and Archbishop Thurstan
in consecrating King Alexander's nominee to
St. Andrews (Cont. of FLOR. OF WORC. ii.
86, 89 ; with which cf. HENRY OF HUNTING-
DON, p. 247).

The concluding years of Rannulf s life were
spent in architectural works. He completed
to the very roof the nave of the cathedral,
begun by his predecessor, William of St. Ca-
rilef [q. v.1 He was a strenuous defender of
the liberties of his see, and according to
Surtees the charter is still extant in which
Henry confers on him the privileges of his
county palatine (SURTEES, i. xx). He was
never, however, able to recover Carlisle and
Teviotdale, which had been severed from his
see in the days of his exile ; and we are told
that King Henry's hatred caused William II's
charter to be destroyed (Cont. Hist. Dun.
Eccles. i. 139-40). He renewed the walls of
Durham, and guarded against a fire by re-
moving all the mean dwellings that were
huddled between the cathedral and the castle.
He threw a stone bridge across the Wear,
and founded a great castle (Norham) on the
Tweed to guard against the incursions of the
Scotch. His restless activity, says his bio-
grapher, was impatient of ease, and he 'passed
from one work to another, reckoning nothing

finished unless he had some new project
ready.' Two years before his death his health
began to fail. As the dog-days drew on he
took to his bed (1128). The fearof death made
him distribute his money to the poor, and
even induced him to pay his debts. The king,
however, reclaimed all this wasted money
after the bishop's decease. A month before
his death he had himself borne into the church,
bemoaned his evil doings, placed his ring
upon the altar as a sign of restitution, and
even attached his golden ring to the charter
of his penitence (ib. pp. 139-41 ; cf. SURTEES,
p. xx, note 9). He died on 5 Sept. 1128
(SIMEON OF DURHAM, Hist. Reg. ii. 283 ; cf.
FLORENCE OF WORCESTER, ii. 91 ; Anglo-
Saxon Chron. ii. 225).

In earlier life Rannulf was of a comely
figure (ORD. VIT. iii. 310) ; but in later years
he became full-bodied, and Orderic gives a
curious account of the difficulties he had in
escaping from the Tower (iv. 109). He was
generous to the poor ( Cont. Hist. Dun. Eccles.
i. 140), and munificent to his own friends
(ORD. VIT. iii. 310 ; cf. Cont. Hist. Dun. Eccles.
i. 135-40). Besides the Thomas mentioned
above Rannulf had at least two other chil-
dren : Elias, a prebendary of Lincoln Cathe-
dral, and Radnulf, the patron of St. Godric
(DUGDALE, vi. 1273 ; Vita Sti Godrici, c. xx.),
in whom Rannulf himself took an interest.
Foss adds a brother, Geoffrey, l whose daugh-
ter is mentioned in the Great Roll of Henry I '
(Foss, i. 66 ; but cf. Pipe Roll, p. 79, where
the entry is merely ' Fratris episcopi '). Ran-
nulf's charters are sometimes signed by his
nephews, Osbern (to whom he gave Bishop
Middleton manors) and ' Raulf,' or Rannulf.
For his other nephews, &c., see Surtees, p.
xx and App. pp. cxxv-vi.

Both Dr. Stubbs and Mr. Freeman con-
sider Rannulf to have introduced into Eng-
land the most oppressive forms of military
tenure ; and he is * distinctly charged with
being the author of certain new and evil
customs with regard to spiritual holdings'
(FREEMAN, v. 377-8). Under William I, on
a prelate's death, his immediate ecclesiastical
superior, whether bishop or archbishop, be-
came guardian of the ecclesiastical estates.
But under Rannulf 's rule the king claimed
the wardship, and kept office vacant until he
had sold it for money (ORD. VIT. iii. 313).
Thus under Rannulf 's influence the theory
arose that all land on its owner's death lapsed
back to the supreme landowner, the king,
and had to be ' redeemed' by the next heir ;
the old English heriot was transformed into
the l relief ; ' and there came into prominence
those almost equally annoying feudal inci-
dents as to marriage, wardship, and right of

Flammock

241

Flamsteed

testament which Henry I had to promise to
reform in his charter. These had existed in
embryo under William the Conqueror, or
even earlier ; but during Rannulfs rule they
stiffened into abuses, and in this respect
his influence was permanent ; for Henry I
did not abolish the new customs, he only
amended them (FREEMAN, Norman Conquest,
v. 374, &c., and William Rufus, p. 4). Con-
stitutionally speaking, the days of Rannulf s
power mark the time when the definite office
(of the justiciarship) seems first to stand out
distinctly (Norman Conquest, v. 2031).

[Orderic Vitalis, ed. Le Prevost (Soc. del'Hist.
de France), 5 vols. The chief passages relating
to Flambard are 1. viii. c. 8, x. c. 18, xi. c. 31 ;
Florence of Worcester, ed. Thorpe (Engl. Hist.
Soc.); William of Malmesbury, Gresta Regum
Angl. ed. Hardy (Engl. Hist. Soc.), paragraphs
314, 394, and Gesta Pontificum, ed. Stubbs
(Rolls Ser.) ; Simeon of Durham and his con-
tinuators (ed. Arnold) ; Historia Dunelmensis
Ecclesiae, &c., vol. i.; Historia Regum, &c., vol. ii.
(Rolls Ser.) ; Eadmer, Historia Novorum, ed. Rule
(Rolls Ser.) ; Letters of Anselm, ap. Migne's
Cursus Theologies, vol. clix. coll. 201-2; Letters
of Ivo, bishop of Chartres, ap. Migne, vol. clxii.
coll. 162, &c. ; Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold
(Rolls Ser.); Roger of Hoveden,ed. Stubbs (Rolls
Ser.) ; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. Thorpe, vol. i.
text, vol. ii. translation (Rolls Ser.); Histori<e
Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, ed. Raine (Surtees
Soc. 8 39); Domesday Book, vol. i.(ed. 1783); Dug-
dale's Monasticon, ed. 1817-30; Foss's Judges ;
Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors (1848);
Hardy's List of Chancellors, &c. ; Domesday
•Studies, vol. i. (1888); Stubbs's Constitutional
History, vol. i.; Freeman's Norman Conquest,
vols. iv. v. ; William Rufus, vols. i. ii. ; Surtees's
Durham, vol. i. ; Vita G-odrici, ed. Raine.]

T. A. A.

FLAMMOCK, THOMAS (d.1497), rebel,
usually described as a lawyer and attorney
of Bodmin, was eldest son of Richard Flamank
or Flammock of Boscarne, by Johanna or Jane,
daughter of Thomas Lucombe of Bodmin (cf.
Visitation of Cornwall, 1620, Harl. Soc. 71).
The family is of great antiquity at Bodmin,
taving held the manor of Nanstallan in un-
interrupted succession from the fourteenth to
the present century (1817). In early times
the name appeared as Flandrensis, Flemang,
Flammank, and in other forms (MACLEAN).
Thomas Flammock was the chief instigator
of the Cornish rebellion of 1487. At the time
Henry VII was attempting to collect a subsidy
In Cornwall for the despatch of an army to
Scotland to punish James IV for supporting
Perkin Warbeck. Flammock argued that it
was the business of the barons of the north,
and of no other of the king's subjects, to de-
fend the Scottish border, and that the tax was

VOL. XIX.

illegal. Working with another popular agi-
tator and fellow-townsman, Michael Joseph,
a blacksmith, he suggested that the Cornish-
men should march on London and present
a petition to the king setting forth their
grievances, and urging the punishment of
Archbishop Morton and Sir Reginald Bray,
and other advisers of the king who were held
responsible for his action. Flammock and
Joseph modestly consented to lead the throng
until more eminent men took their place.
Rudely armed with bills and bows and arrows,
a vast mob followed Flammock to Taunton,
where they made their first display of violence
and slew l the provost of Perin/ i.e. Penryn,
At Wells, James, lord Audley [see TTJCHET,
JAMES] ,j oined them and undertook the leader-
ship. They marched thence by way of Salis-
bury and Winchester to Blackheath. London
was panic-stricken ; but the rebels had grown
disheartened by the want of sympathy shown
them in their long march. Giles, lord Dau-
beney, was directed to take the field with the
forces which had been summoned for service
in Scotland. On Saturday, 22 June 1497,
Daubeney opened battle at Deptford Sffand.
At the first onset he was taken prisoner, but
he was soon released, and the enemy, who
had expected to be attacked on the Monday,
and were thus taken by surprise, were soon
thoroughly routed. Each side is said to have
lost three hundred men, and fifteen hundred
Cornishmen were taken prisoners. Audley,
Flammock, and Joseph were among the latter.
Audley was beheaded at Tower Hill. Flam-
mock and Joseph were drawn, hanged, and
quartered at Tyburn (24 June), and their
limbs exhibited in various parts of the city.
Most of their followers were pardoned. Flam-
mock married Elizabeth, daughter of John
Trelawny of Menwynick, and had a daughter
Joanna, wife of Peter Fauntleroy.

[Bacon's Hist, of Henry VII ; Thomas Grains-
ford's Hist, of Perkin Warbeck, 1618, in Harl.
Miscellany, 1810, xi. 422-7 ; Stow's Annals, s. a.
1497; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. p. 1 1 81 ;
Maclean's Trigg Minor, i. 44, 279-84, ii. 518 ;
Polwhele's Hist, of Cornwall, iv. 53-4 ; Hals's
Hist, of Cornwall, p. 24.] S. L. L.

FLAMSTEED, JOHN (1646-1719), the
first astronomer royal, born at Denby, five
miles from Derby, 19 Aug. 1646, was the
only son of Stephen Flamsteed, a maltster ;
his mother, Mary, daughter of John Spate-
man, an ironmonger in Derby, died when he
was three years old. He was educated at
the free school of Derby, where his father
resided. A cold caught in the summer of 1660
while bathing produced a rheumatic affec-
tion of the joints, accompanied by other ail-
ments. He became unable to walk to school,

R

Flamsteed

242

Flamsteed

and finally left it in May 1662. His self-
training now began, and it was directed to-
wards astronomy by the opportune loan of
Sacrobosco's ' De Sphsera/ In the intervals
of prostrating illness he also read Fale's ' Art
of Dialling/ Stirrup's ' Complete Diallist,'
Gunter's ' Sector ' and ' Canon/ and Oughtred's
' Canones Sinuum.' He observed the partial
solar eclipse of 12 Sept. 1662, constructed a
rude quadrant, and calculated a table of the
sun's altitudes, pursuing his studies, as he
said himself, ' under the discouragement of
friends, the want of health, and all other
instructors except his better genius.' Medi-
cal treatment, meantime, as varied as it was
fruitless, was procured for him by his father.
In the spring of 1664 he was sent to one
Cromwell, ' cried up for cures by the noncon-
formist party ; ' in 1665 he travelled to Ire-
land to be 'stroked' by Valentine Greatrakes
[q. v.] A detailed account of the journey
was found among his papers. He left Derby
16 Aug., borrowed a horse in Dublin, which
carried him by easy stages to Cappoquin, and

was operated upon 11 Sept., ' but found not
his disease to stir.' His faith in the super-
natural gifts of the ' stroker/ however, sur-
vived the disappointment, and he tried again
at Worcester in the February following, with
the same negative result, 'though several
there were cured.'

His talents gradually brought him into
notice. Among his patrons was Imanuel
Halton of Wingfield Manor, who lent him
the ' Rudolphine Tables/ Riccioli's ' Alma-
gest/ and other mathematical books. For
his friend, William Litchford, Flamsteed
wrote, in August 1666, a paper on the con-
struction and use of the quadrant, and in
1667 explained the causes of, and gave the
first rules for, the equation of time in a tract,
the publication of which in 1673, with Hor-
rocks's 'Posthumous Works,' closed contro-
versy on the subject. His first printed obser-
vation was of the solar eclipse of 25 Oct. 1668,
which afforded him the discovery ' that the
tables differed very much from the heavens.'
Their rectification formed thenceforth the
chief object of his labours.

Some calculations of appulses of the moon
to fixed stars, which he forwarded to the
Royal Society late in 1669 under the signa-
ture ' In Mathesi a sole fundes ' (an anagram
of ' Johannes Flamsteedius '), were inserted
in the 'Philosophical Transactions' (iv. 1099),
and procured him a letter of thanks from
Oldenburg and a correspondence during five
years with John Collins (1625-1683) [q. v.]

About Easter 1670 he ' made a voyage to
see London ; visited Mr. Oldenburg and Mr.
Collins, and was by the last carried to see

the Tower and Sir Jonas Moore ' (master of
the ordnance), ' who presented me with Mr.
Townley's micrometer and undertook to pro-
cure me glasses for a telescope to fit it.'

On his return from London he made ac-
quaintance with Newton and Barrow at Cam-
bridge, and entered his name at Jesus College.
His systematic observations commenced in
October 1671, and ' by the assistance of Mr.
Townley's curious mensurator' they 'attained
to the preciseness of 5".' ' I had no pendu-
lum movement/ he adds, ' to measure time
with, they being not common in the country
at that time. But I took the heights of the
stars for finding the true time of my obser-
vations by a wood quadrant about eighteen
inches radius fixed to the side of my seven-
foot telescope, which I found performed well
enough for my purpose.' This was by neces-
sity limited to such determinations as needed
no great accuracy in time, such as of the
lunar and planetary diameters, and of the
elongations of Jupiter's satellites. He soon
discovered that the varying dimensions of the
moon contradicted all theories of her motion
save that of Horrocks, lately communicated
to him by Townley, and its superiority was
confirmed by an occultation of the Pleiades
on 6 Nov. 1671. He accordingly undertook
to render it practically available, fitting it
for publication in 1673, at the joint request
of Newton and Oldenburg, by the addition
of numerical elements and a more detailed
explanation (HoRROCCii Op. Posth. p. 467).
An improved edition of these tables was
appended to Flamsteed's ' Doctrine of the
Sphere/ included in Sir Jonas Moore's ' New
System of the Mathematicks ' (vol. i. 1680).

A ' monitum ' of a favourable opposition of
Mars in September 1672 was presented by
him both to the Paris Academy of Sciences
and to the Royal Society, and he deduced
from his own observations of it at Townley
in Lancashire a solar parallax ' not above
10", corresponding to a distance of, at most,
21,000 terrestrial radii' (Phil Trans, viii.
6100). His tract on the real and apparent
diameters of the planets, written in 1673,
furnished Newton with the data on the sub-
ject, employed in the third book of the ' Prin-
cipia ; ' yet the oblateness of Jupiter's figure
was, strange to say, first pointed out to
Flamsteed by Cassini.

At Cambridge on 5 June 1674, he took a
degree of M. A. per literas regias, designing
to take orders and settle in a small living
near Derby, which was in the gift of a friend
of his father's. He was in London as a guest
of Sir Jonas Moore's at the Tower 13 July
to 17 Aug., and by his advice compiled a
table of the tides for the king's use ; and the

Flamsteed

243

Flamsteed

king and the Duke of York were each sup-
plied with a barometer and thermometer
made from his models, besides a copy of his
rules for forecasting the weather by their
means. Early in 1675 Moore again sum-
moned him from Derby for the purpose of
consulting him about the establishment of a
private observatory at Chelsea to be placed
under his direction.

A certain ' bold and indigent Frenchman/
calling himself the Sieur de St. Pierre, pro-
posed at this juncture a scheme for finding
the longitude at sea, and through the patron-
age of the Duchess of Portsmouth obtained a
royal commission for its examination. Flam-
steed was, by Sir Jonas Moore's interest,
nominated a member, and easily showed the
Frenchman's plan to be futile without a far
more accurate knowledge of the places of the
fixed stars, and of the moon's course among
them, than was then possessed. Charles II
thereupon exclaimed with vehemence that
' he must have them anew observed, examined,
and corrected for the use of his seamen.'
Flamsteed was accordingly appointed 'astro-
nomical observator ' by a royal warrant dated
4 March 1675, directing him ' forthwith to
apply himself with the most exact care and
diligence to the rectifying the tables of the
motions of the heavens, and the places of the
fixed stars, so as to find out the so much de-
sired longitude of places for the perfecting the
art of navigation.' A site in Greenwich Park
was chosen for the new observatory by Sir
Christopher Wren, and the building was has-
tily run up from his design at a cost of 520/.,
realised by the sale of spoilt gunpowder.

Flamsteed was ordained by Bishop Gunning
at Ely House at Easter 1675, and continued
to observe at the Tower and afterwards at
the queen's house in Greenwich Park, until
10 July 1676, when he removed to the Royal
Observatory. He found it destitute of any
instrument provided by the government ; but
Sir Jonas Moore gave him an iron sextant of
seven feet radius, with two clocks by Tom-
pion, and he brought from Derby a three-foot
quadrant and two telescopes. His salary was
100£ a year, cut down by taxation to 90/.,
and for this pittance he was expected, not
only to reform astronomy, but to instruct
two boys from Christ's Hospital. His official
assistant was a ' surly, silly labourer,' avail-
able for moving the sextant ; and his large
outlay in procuring skilled aid and improved
instruments obliged him to take private
pupils, numbering, between 1676 and 1709,
about 140, many of them of the highest rank.
Under these multiplied disadvantages, and
in spite of continued ill-health, he achieved
amazing results. The whole of the theories

and tables of the heavenly bodies then in use
were visibly and widely erroneous. Flam-
steed undertook the herculean task of revising
them single-handed. ' My chief design,' he
wrote to Dr. Seth Ward on 31 Jan. 1680,
' is to rectify the places of the fixed stars,
and, of them, chiefly those near the ecliptic
and in the moon's way ' (BAILY, Flamsteed,
p. 119). His first observation for the pur-
pose was made on 19 Sept. 1676, and he had
executed some twenty thousand by 1689.
But they were made in the old way, by
measuring intermutual distances, and gave
only the relative places of the stars. He
had as yet no instrument fit to determine the
position of the equinox, but was compelled
to take it on trust from Tycho Brahe. A small
quadrant, lent to him by the Royal Society,
was withdrawn after Sir Jonas Moore's death
on 27 Aug. 1679, with which event, he re-
marks, ' fell all my hopes of having any al-
lowance of expenses for making such instru-
ments as I still wanted.' After some fruitless
applications to government, he resolved to
construct at his own cost a mural quadrant
of fifty inches radius, which he himself set
up and divided in 1683. With its aid he
took the meridional altitudes of a number of
stars with an estimated error of half a minute,
and formed a rough working catalogue of
some of the principal. But the quadrant
proved too slight for stability, and the old
sextant was after a time again resorted to.

In 1684 Flamsteed was presented by Lord
North to the living of Burstow in Surrey,
and his circumstances were further improved
by his father's death in 1688. With the aid
of Abraham Sharp [q. v.] he was thus enabled
to undertake the construction of the mural arc
with which all his most valuable work was
executed. Its completion marked a great
advance in the art of mathematical instru-
ment making. The limb, firmly fixed in the
meridian, was of 140°, and was divided with
hitherto unapproached accuracy ; the radius
was of seven feet. Observations with it were
begun on 12 Sept. 1689. 'From this mo-
ment,' Baily writes (Flamsteed, p. xxix),
1 everything which Flamsteed did . . . was
available to some useful purpose, his pre-
ceding observations being only subsidiary,
and dependent on results to be afterwards
deduced from some fixed instrument of this
kind.' His first concern was to determine
the latitude of the observatory, the obli-
quity of the ecliptic, and the position of the
equinox ; and the method employed for this
last object, by which he ascertained abso-
lute right ascensions through simultaneous
observations of the sun and a star near both
equinoxes, was original, and may be called

E 2

Flamsteed

244

Flamsteed

the basis of modern astronomy. He deter-
mined in this way in 1690 the right ascen-
sions of forty stars to serve as points of refer-
ence for the rest. The construction of a cata-
logue, more accurate and extensive than any
yet existing, was his primary purpose ; but
he continued, as he advanced with it, to com-
pute the errors and correct the tables of the
sun, moon, and planets.

Flamsteed was elected into the Koyal So-
ciety on 8 Feb. 1677 ; he sat on the council
1681-4, and again 1698-1700. But some
years later he allowed his subscription to
drop, and his name was, on 9 Nov. 1709,
erased from the list of fellows. In Decem-
ber 1677 Dr. Bernard offered to resign the
Savilian professorship of astronomy in his
favour ; but the project was soon found to
be hopeless, owing to Flamsteed's not being
a graduate of Oxford.

His observations on the great comet, ex-
tending from 22 Dec. 1680 to 15 Feb. 1681,
were transmitted to Newton, and turned to
account in the ' Principia.' He firmly held
that they referred to the body already seen
in November, which reappeared after passing
the sun ; while Newton believed that there
were two comets, and only acknowledged
his error in September 1685. His letter on
the subject, however, shows no trace of the
' magisterial ridicule' which Flamsteed, in
his subsequent ill-humour, declared had been
thrown upon his opinion.

In a letter dated 10 Aug. 1691 Newton
advised Flamsteed to print at once a pre-
liminary catalogue of a few leading stars.
But Flamsteed had large schemes in view
which he could not bear to anticipate by par-
tial publication, and importunities irritated
without persuading him. Hence he drifted
into a position of antagonism to his scien-
tific contemporaries, which his infirmities of
temper deplorably aggravated.

He attributed Newton's suggestion to the
inimical influence of Halley [q. v.], of whom,
in his reply, he spoke in rancorous terms.
He never, it would seem, forgave him for in-
dicating, in 1686, a mistake in his tide-tables
(Phil. Trans, xvi. 192), and certainly did
what he could to frustrate his hopes of the
Savilian professorship in 1691. He disliked
him besides for his ' bantering ' manner, and
rejected all efforts towards reconciliation.

Newton's resumption of his toil upon the
lunar theory brought him into constant in-
tercourse with the astronomer royal. ' Sir
Isaac,' Flamsteed said afterwards, l worked
with the ore he had dug.' * If he dug the
ore,' Sir Isaac replied, 'I made the gold ring'
(BREWSTER, Memoirs of Newton, ii. 178).

On 1 Sept. 1694 Newton visited the Royal

Observatory, and Flamsteed, ' esteeming him
to be an obliged friend/ explained the pro-
gress of his work, and gave him a hundred
and fifty observed places of the moon with
their tabular errors, for his private use in
correcting the theory of her motions. He
stipulated, however, that they should be im-
parted to no one else without his consent.
Similar communications were repeated at in-
tervals during sixteen months, not without
chafings of spirit on both sides. Flamsteed
was often ill, and always overworked; New-
ton was in consequence frequently kept wait-
ing. There is evidence that he was occa-
sionally kept waiting of set purpose ; and his
petulant letter of 9 July 1695 is largely ex-
cused by Flamsteed's admission that ' I did
not think myself obliged to employ my pains
to serve a person that was so inconsiderate
as to presume he had a right to that which
was only a courtesy. And I therefore went
on with my business of the fixed stars, leaving
Mr. Newton to examine the lunar observa-
tions over again' (BAILY, Flamsteed, p. 63).
An offer of a pecuniary recompense for his
communications was rejected with justifiable
warmth ; yet the consequence of their grudg-
ing bestowal probably was that Newton de-
sisted in disgust from his efforts to complete
the lunar theory (EDLESTON, Correspondence
of Newton and Cotes, p. Ixiv).

Flamsteed occasionally visited Newton in
Jermyn Street after his appointment as war-
den of the mint, and found him civil, though
less friendly than formerly. He, however,
came to Greenwich on 4 Dec. 1698, and took
away twelve lunar places.

In January 1694, on tabulating his obser-
vations of the pole-star, Flamsteed was sur-
prised to find its polar distance always greater
in July than in December. ' This is the first
time, I am apt to think,' he wrote, 'that any
real parallax hath been observed in the fixed
stars.' The apparent displacements noted
by him were, in fact, caused by the aberra-
tion of light, the value of which his observa-
tions, discussed by Peters, gave, with a close
approach to accuracy, as =20". 676 (GRANT,
Hist, of Astron. p. 477). He might easily
have perceived that they were of a different
character from any attributable to annual
parallax, as J. J. Cassini at once pointed out
(Mem. de VAc. des Sciences, 1699, p. 177).
Flamsteed's * Letter to Dr. Wallis on the
Parallax of the Earth's Annual Orb ' was
published, turned into Latin, in Wallis's
* Opera Mathematica ' (iii. 701, 1699). It con-
tained a paragraph, inserted for the purpose
of refuting the charge of uncommunicative-
ness current against him, referring to the lunar
data imparted to Newton. Newton obtained

Flamsteed

245

Flamsteed

the suppression of the statement ; but Flam-
steed's feelings towards him were thenceforth
of unmitigated bitterness.

Newton nevertheless dined at the Koyal
Observatory on 11 April 1704. The real
object of the visit was to ascertain the state
of the catalogue, which Flamsteed, ' to obvi-
ate clamour,' had announced to be sufficiently
forward for printing. It was about half
finished, and Newton offered to recommend
its publication to Prince George of Denmark.
The astronomer royal ' civilly refused ' the
proposal. ' Plainly,' he added, ' his design
was to get the honour of all my pains to
himself.'

Yet the suggested plan was carried out.
A committee of the Royal Society, including
Newton, Wren, Arbuthnot, and Gregory, was
appointed by the prince, and on 23 Jan. 1705
reported in favour of publication. The prince
undertook the expense ; arrangements were
made for printing the catalogue and obser-
vations, and articles between Flamsteed, the
1 referees ; (as the members of the committee
were called), and the printers were signed
on 10 Nov. 1705.

A prolonged wrangle ensued. Each party
accused the other of wilfully delaying the
press, and a deadlock of many months was no
unfrequent result of the contentions. Flam-
steed gave free vent to his exasperation. His
observations were made with his own instru-
ments, and computed by his paid servants.
He understood better than any man living
how such a series ought to be presented, and
naturally thought it a gross hardship to be
placed at the mercy of a committee adverse
to all his views.

There were discreditable suspicions on both
sides. ( I fear,' Flamsteed wrote to Sharp on
28 Nov. 1705, ' Sir Isaac will still find ways
to obstruct the publication of a work which
perhaps he thinks may make him appear less.
I have some reason to think he thrust him-
self into my affairs purposely to obstruct
them.' On the other hand, it was resolved
at a meeting of the referees on 13 July 1708
* that the press shall go on without further
delay,' and ' that if Mr. Flamsteed do not
take care that the proofs be well corrected
and go on with dispatch, another corrector
be employed.'

By Christmas 1707 the first volume, con-
taining only the observations made with the
sextant, 1676-89, was at last printed off, but
as to the arrangement of the second there
was total disagreement. While it was at its
height the prince died, on 28 Oct. 1708, and
the publication was suspended. Not ill-
pleased, Flamsteed resumed his work with
the catalogue. A board of visitors to the

observatory, consisting of the president (New-
ton) and other members of the Royal Society,
appointed by a royal order, dated 12 Dec.
1710, was, however, empowered both to super-
intend the publication and to take cognisance
of official misconduct on the part of the as-
tronomer-royal. Flamsteed's indignant pro-
test elicited from Mr. Secretary St. John
only the haughty reply that ' the queen would
be obeyed.'

The visitors resumed without Flamsteed's
knowledge the suspended printing of his cata-
logue. Two imperfect copies, comprising
about three-fourths of the whole, had been
deposited with the referees on 15 March 1706,
and 20 March 1708, respectively. The first
only was sealed, and Flamsteed raised a need-
less clamour about Newton's ' treachery ' in
opening it. The truth seems to be that the
act complained of under the influence of sub-
sequent wrath was accomplished, with Flam-
steed's concurrence, as early as 1708. On
2 March 1711 he was applied to by Arbuthnot
to complete the catalogue from his later ob-
servations, and at first appeared disposed to
temporise : but on learning that Halley was
the editor he kept no further terms, writing
to Arbuthnot on 29 March ' that the neglect
of me, and the ill-usage I had met with, was
a dishonour to the queen and the nation, and
would cause just reflections on the authors
of it in future times ' (BAILY, Flamsteed,
p. 227).

In this temper he was summoned, on 26 Oct.
1711, to meet the president and other mem-
bers of the board at the Royal Society's
rooms in Crane Court. Requested to state
the condition of his instruments, he declared
they were his own, and he would suffer no
one to concern himself with them. Where-
upon Newton exclaimed, ' As good have no
observatory as no instruments ! ' 'I pro-
ceeded from this,' Flamsteed relates, ' to tell
Sir Isaac (who was fired) that I thought it
the business of their society to encourage my
labours, and not to make me uneasy for them,
and that by their clandestine proceedings I
was robbed of the fruits of my labours ; that
I had expended above 2,000/. in instruments
and assistance. At this the impetuous man
grew outrageous, and said, " We are, then,
robbers of your labours." I answered, I was
sorry they acknowledged themselves to be
so. After this, all he said was in a rage.
He called me many hard names— puppy was
the most innocent of them. I only told him
to keep his temper, restrain his passion, and
thanked him as often as he gave me ill names '
(ib. p. 228).

We have only Flamsteed's account of this
unseemly altercation. It at any rate put the

Flamsteed

246

Flamsteed

finishing touch to the hostility between him
and Newton, and inspired Flamsteed's reso-
lution of printing his observations according
to his own plan and at his own expense. His
petition to the queen for the suppression of
'what he termed a ' surreptitious edition of
his works was without eftect. The ' Historia
Ccelestis' appeared in 1712, in one folio
volume, made up of two books, the first con-
taining the catalogue and sextant observa-
tions ; the second, observations made with
Sharp's mural arc, 1689-1705. But the cata-
logue was the avowedly imperfect one de-
posited with the referees in 1708, and com-
pleted, without Flamsteed's concurrence,
from such of his observations as could be made
available. Halley was said to have boasted,
in Child's coffee-house, of his pains in correct-
ing its faults. Flamsteed called him a < lazy
and malicious thief,' and declared he had by
his meddling ' very effectually spoiled ' the
work. The observations were incompletely
and inaccurately given, and Halley's preface
was undoubtedly an offensive document.

The energy displayed by Flamsteed during
the last seven years of his life, in the midst
of growing infirmities, was extraordinary.
He was afflicted with a painful disease, pro-
strated by periodical headaches, and crippled
with gout. ' Though I grow daily feebler,'
he wrote in 1713, 'yet I have strength enough
to carry on my business strenuously.' He
observed diligently till within a few days of
his death, while prosecuting his purpose of
independent publication in spite of numerous
difficulties. Newton's refusal to restore 175
sheets of his quadrant observations put him
to an expense of 2007. in having them re-
copied ; and he was compelled in 1716 to
resort to legal proceedings for the recovery
from him of four quarto volumes of ' Night
Notes ' (original entries of observations), en-
trusted to him for purposes of comparison in
1705. In the second edition of the 'Prin-
cipia' Newton omitted several passages in
which he had in 1687 acknowledged his ob-
ligations to his former friend.

The enlarged catalogue was hastily printed
before the close of 1712, but only a few copies
were allowed to be seen in strict confidence.
The death of Queen Anne on 1 Aug. 1714,
quickly followed by that of Halifax, Newton's
patron, brought a turn in Flamsteed's favour.
The new lord chamberlain was his friend,
and a memorial to the lords of the treasury
procured him possession of the three hundred
remaining copies (out of four hundred) of
the spurious ' Historia Ccelestis,' delivered to
him by order of Sir Robert Walpole. Sparing
only from each ninety-seven sheets of obser-
vations with the sextant, he immediately

committed them to the flames, ' as a sacrifice
to heavenly truth,' and ' that none might
remain to show the ingratitude of two of his
countrymen who had used him worse than
ever the noble Tycho was used in Denmark/
The extreme scarcity of the edition thus de-
vastated is attested by the following inscrip-
tion in a copy presented to the Bodleian
Library by Sir Robert Walpole in 1725:
' Exemplar hoc " Histories Ccelestis," quod in
thesauraria regia adservabatur, et cum paucis
aliis yitaverat ignem et iram Flamsteedianum,
Bibliotheca Bodleiana debet honorabili ad-
modumviro Roberto Walpole, Scaccarii Can-
cellario,' &c. Its value is enhanced by a
letter from Mrs. Flamsteed pasted into it,
requesting its removal as an ' erroneous
abridgment of Mr. Flamsteed's works.'

Taken ill on Sunday, 27 Dec. 1719, Flam-
steed expired about 9.30 P.M. on the 31st.
He remained sensible to the last, but speech
failed, and his last wishes remained un-
uttered. He was buried in the chancel of
the parish church of Burstow, but though
funds were, by Mrs. Flamsteed's will, appro-
priated to the purpose, no monument has
ever marked his grave (E. DUNKIN, Observa-
tory, iv. 234). He married, on 23 Oct. 1692,
Margaret, daughter of Mr. Ralph Cooke of
London, but had no children. He left about
350Z. in ready money, and settled upon his
widow 120/. a year in Exchequer and South
Sea stock. He made ho arrangements for
the completion of his great work, of which
the first and most of the second volume were
printed at his decease. The devotion of his
assistant, Joseph Crosthwait, supplied the
omission. ' He has not left me in a capacity
to serve him,' he wrote, l notwithstanding he
has often told me he would ; but this I im-
pute to his not being sensible of his near
approach till it was too late ; but the love,
honour, and esteem I have, and shall always,
for his memory and everything that belongs
to him, will not permit me to leave Green-
wich or London before, I hope, the three
volumes are finished ' (BAILY, Flamsteed, p.
333). This was accomplished, with Sharp's
assistance, in 1725.

Of the three folio volumes constituting the
1 Historia Ccelestis Britannica,' the first com-
prised the observations of Gascoigne and
Crabtree, 1638-43 ; those made by Flamsteed
at Derby and the Tower, 1668-74, with the
sextant observations at Greenwich 1676-89,
spared from destruction with the edition of
1712. The second volume contained his ob-
servations with the mural arc, 1689-1720.
The third opened with a disquisition entitled
' Prolegomena to the Catalogue/ on the pro-
gress of astronomy from the earliest ages,

Flamsteed

247

Flamsteed

chiefly valuable for the description, with
which it terminated, of the Greenwich instru-
ments and methods ; the catalogues of Pto-
lemy, Ulugh Beigh, Tycho Brahe, the Land-
grave of Hesse, and He velius folio wed ; finally
came the ' British Catalogue ' of 2,935 stars
observed at Greenwich, to which Halley's
southern stars were appended. A dedication
to George I, by Margaret Flamsteed and
James Hodgson (the husband of Flamsteed's
niece), was prefixed to the first volume ; but
Flamsteed's vindication of his conduct was
cancelled from the preface, doubtless out
of regard to the reputation of Newton and
Halley.

The appearance of the 'Atlas Ccelestis/
corresponding to the ' British Catalogue/ was
delayed, owing to difficulties with engravers
and lack of funds, until 1729. The figures of
the constellations were drawn by Sir James
Thornhill. Crosthwait's labours in editing
his master's works thus extended over ten
years, and involved the sacrifice of his own
prospects' in life. Yet he never received one
farthing. For this signal act of injustice Mrs.
Flamsteed was responsible. She showed,
nevertheless, an active zeal for her husband's
honour, and resisted with spirit and success
the outrageous claim made by the government
after his death to the possession of his instru-
ments. She died on 29 July 1730, and was
buried with him at Burstow.

Flamsteed was in many respects an excel-
lent man — pious and conscientious, patient
In suffering, of unimpeachable morality, and
rigidly abstemious habits. His wife and ser-
vants were devoted to him, living and dead ;
but his naturally irritable temper, aggravated
by disease, could not brook rivalry. He was
keenly jealous of his professional reputation.
His early reverence for Newton was recorded
in the stray note among his observations : ' I
study not for present applause ; Mr. Newton's
approbation is more to me than the cry of all
the ignorant in the world.' Later he was not
ashamed to call him < our great pretender,'
and to affect scorn for his ' speculations about
gravity,' ' crotchets,' and ' conceptions.' The
theory of gravitation he described in 1710 as
* Kepler's doctrine of magnetical fibres, im-
proved by Sir C. Wren, and prosecuted by
Sir I. Newton,' adding, ' I think I can lay
.some claim to a part of it.' He had certainly,
.in 1681, spoken of the attraction of the sun
as determining the fall towards him of the
great comet, but attributed the curve of its
path to the resistance of the planetary vortex.

t Flamsteed,' Professor De Morgan wrote,
4 was in fact Tycho Brahe with a telescope ;
there was the same capability of adapting in-
strumental means, the same sense of the in-

adequacy of existing tables, the same long-
continued perseverance in actual observation '
(Penny Cyclopcedid). Nor was he a mere ob-
server piling up data for others to employ,
but diligently turned. them to account for
improving the power of prediction. His solar
tables were constructed at the age of twenty-
one, published in 1673 with Horrocks's ' Opera
Posthuma,' and constantly, in subsequent
years, amended. The discovery of the im-
portance of the Horroxian lunar theory was
due to him ; he extended it to include the
equations given by Newton in 1702, and he
formed thence improved tables published in
Lemonnier's ' Institutions Astronomiques ' in
1746. He remarked the alternately and in-
versely accelerated and retarded movements
of Jupiter and Saturn ; determined the ele-
ments of the solar rotation, fixing its period
at 25£ days, and formed from diligent obser-
vations of sun-spots a theory of the solar con-
stitution similar to that introduced later by
Sir William Herschel, viz. 'that the substance
of the sun is terrestrial matter, his light but
the liquid menstruum encompassing him'
(BREWSTEK, Newton, ii. 103). He observed
Uranus six times as a fixed star, the obser-
vation of 13 Dec. 1690 affording the earliest
datum for the calculation of its orbit.

Flamsteed's ' British Catalogue ' is styled
by Baily ' one of the proudest productions of
the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.' Its
importance is due to its being the first collec-
tion of the kind made with the telescope and
clock. Its value was necessarily impaired
by defective reduction, and Flamsteed's ne-
glect of Newton's advice to note the state of
the barometer and thermometer at the time
of his observations rendered it hopeless to
attempt to educe from them improved results
by modern processes of correction. The cata-
logue showed besides defects attributable to
the absence of the author's final revision. Sir
William Herschel detected errors so nume-
rous as to suggest the need of an index to the
original observations printed in the second
volume of the ' Historia Coelestis.' Miss Her-
schel undertook the task, and showed, by re-
computing the place of each star, that Flam-
steed had catalogued 111 stars which he had
never observed, and observed 560 which he
had not catalogued (Phil. Trans. Ixxxvii.
293). Her catalogue of these inedited stars
was published by order of the Royal Society
in 1798 ; they were by Baily in 1829 arranged
in order of right ascension, and identified (all
but seventy) by comparison with later cata-
logues (Memoirs E. Astr. Soc. iv. 129).

Flamsteed's portrait was painted by Gib-
son in 1712. An engraving by Vertue was
prefixed to the ' Historia Coelestis,' and the

Flamsteed

248

Flanagan

original was bequeathed by Mrs. Flamsteed
to the Royal Society. A replica is preserved
in the Bodleian Library. The features are
strongly marked, and bear little trace of age
or infirmity ; the expression is intelligent and
sensitive. Flamsteed was described by an old
writer as a ' humorist and of warm passions.'
That he occasionally relished a joke is shown
in an anecdote related by him to his friend,
Dr. Whiston, concerning the unexpected suc-
cess with which he once assumed the charac-
ter of a prophet (CoLE, AthenceCantabr. ; Add.
MS. 5869, f. 77 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
iii. 285). Peter the Great visited the Royal
Observatory, and saw Flamsteed observe
several times in February 1698.

Flamsteed's communications to the Royal
Society extended from 1670 to 1686 (Phil.
Trans, iv-xvi.), and his observations during
1713, ' abridged and spoiled,' as he affirmed,
were sent to the same collection by Newton
(ib. xxix. 285). ' A Correct Table of the Sun's
Declination,' compiled by him, was inserted
in Jones's ' Compendium of the Art of Navi-
gation ' (p. 103, 1702), and ' A Letter con-
cerning Earthquakes,' in which he had at-
tempted in 1693 to generalise the attendant
circumstances of those phenomena, was pub-
lished at London in 1750.

[The chief source of information regarding
Flamsteed is Francis Baily's Account of the
Rev. John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal
(London, 1835, 4to). The materials for this
valuable work were derived largely from a mass
of Flamsteed's manuscript books and papers, pur-
chased by the Board of Longitude for 100^. in
1771, which lay in disorder at the Royal Obser-
vatory until Baily explored them. The incentive
to the search was, however, derived from a col-
lection of Flamsteed's original letters to Sharp,
discovered after long years of neglect in a garret
in Sharp's house at Little Horton in Yorkshire,
and submitted to Baily in 1832. They were ex-
hibited before the British Association in 1833
(Report, p. 462), and are now in the possession
of the Eev. R. Harley, F.R.S., who has kindly
permitted the present writer to inspect them.
The collection includes 124 letters from Flam-
steed, 60 from Crosthwait, and 1 from Mrs.
Flamsteed, dated 15 Aug. 1720, all addressed to
Sharp, whose replies are written in shorthand on
the back of each. The first part of Baily's Ac-
count contains Flamsteed's History of his own
Life and Labours, compiled from original manu-
scripts in his own handwriting. The narrative
is in seven divisions. The first, designated ' The
Self-Inspections of J. F., being an account of
himself in the Actions and Studies of his twenty-
one first years,' was partially made known in the
life of the author published in the General Dic-
tionary (v. 1737), the materials for which were
supplied by James Hodgson. The second di-
vision, entitled ' Historica Narratio Vitae Mese,

ab anno 1646 ad 1675,' was composed in No"
vember 1707. Of the succeeding four, derived
from scattered notices, No. 5 had been published
in Hone's E very-day Book (i. 1091); while-
the seventh division, written February 1717, i*
the suppressed portion of the Original Preface
to the Historia Ccelestis, and brings down the
account of his life to 1716. An Appendix con-
tains a variety of illustrative documents, besides
Flamsteed's voluminous correspondence with
Sharp, Newton, Wren, Halley, Wallis, Arbuth-
not, Sir Jonas Moore, and others. The second
part comprises the British Catalogue, corrected
and enlarged to include 3,310 stars by Baily. An
elaborate Introduction is prefixed, and a Supple-
ment, added in 1837, gives Baily's reply to criti-
cisms on the foregoing publication. See also
Biog. Brit. arts. 'Flamsteed,' iii. 1943 (I750)r
'Halley.'iv. 2509 (1757),' Wallis.,' vi. 4133(1763);.
Rigaud's Correspondence of Scientific Men; Whe~
well's Flamsteed and Newton ; Brewster's Me-
moirs of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. ; Weld's Hist.
R. Society, i. 377 ; Roger North's Life of Lord
Keeper North, p. 286 ; Edinburgh Review, Ixiu
359 (Galloway); Gent. Mag. 1866, i. 239 (Car-
penter) ; Annuairede 1'Observatoire deBruxelles,
1864, p. 288 (Mailly); Grant's Hist, of As-
tronomy, p. 467 ; Whewell's Hist, of the Induc-
tive Sciences, ii. 162; Cunningham's Lives of
Eminent Englishmen, iv. 366 ; Noble's Continu-
ation of Granger, ii. 132; Montucla's Hist, des
Mathematiques, iv. 41 ; Bailly's Hist, de 1'Astr.
Moderne, ii. 423. 589, 650; Delambre's Hist, de-
1'Astr. au xviii6 Siecle, p. 93 ; Madler's Gesch.
der Himmelskunde, i. 397, 453 ; Andre etRayet's
Astr. Pratique, i. 3 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Acta Eru-
ditorum, 1721, p. 463; Journal R. Society, xvii.
129; Rigaud MSS. in Bodleian, Letter L;
MSS. Collegii Corporis Christi, Oxon. Codex,
ccclxt. (correspondence of Flamsteed with Newton
and Wallis in forty original letters, mostly printed
in General Diet.) ; C. H. F. Peters on Flam-
steed's Lost Stars, Memoirs American Academy,.
1887, pt. iii. Flamsteed's horoscope of the RoyaL
Observatory, 10 Aug. 1675, inscribed 'Risum
teneatis, amici ? ' is reproduced in Hone's Every-
day Book, i. 1090.] A. M. C.

FLANAGAN, RODERICK (1828-1861)r
journalist, son of an Irish farmer, was born
near Elphin, co. Roscommon, in April 1828.
His parents, with a numerous family, emi-
grated to New South Wales in 1840, and
settled in Sydney, where Flanagan received!
his education. At the age of fourteen he
was apprenticed to a printer, and on the com-
pletion of his indentures became attached to-
the ' People's Advocate.' After contributing
to the ' Advocate,' the ' Empire,' the ' Free-
man's Journal,' and other newspapers for
several years, he founded, in conjunction
with his brother, E. F. Flanagan, a weekly
journal called 'The Chronicle.' It had only
a brief existence, and upon its cessation

Flanagan

249

Flann

Flanagan became a member of the staff of
the ' Empire.' He was subsequently chief
editor of that journal, and during his con-
nection with it published a series of essays
on the aboriginals which attracted much at-
tention. The writer dealt with the manners
and customs of the natives, and severely criti-
cised the treatment they had received at the
hands of the colonists. In 1854 Flanagan
joined the literary corps of the ' Sydney
Morning Herald/ and in the columns of that
newspaper he shortly began to grapple with the
numerous events which tended to the making
of New South Wales. For nearly four years
he laboured arduously at his task of writing
the history of the colony, and by November
1860 had made such progress in his under-
taking that he left Sydney for London, bear-
ing his manuscript with him. He succeeded
in making arrangements for the publication
of the work, but while engaged in revising
the proof-sheets of the first volume was seized
with illness, the result of over-exertion. He
died towards the close of 1861, and was
buried at a cemetery near London, where a
public monument has been erected to his
memory. Flanagan's work was posthumously
issued in 1862, in 2 vols., under the title of
the ' History of New South Wales ; with an
Account of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania),
New Zealand, Port Phillip (Victoria), More-
ton Bay, and other Australasian Settlements.'
While narrating the events which have
marked the progress of New South Wales
from the earliest times till beyond the middle
of the nineteenth century, Flanagan also suc-
ceeded in bringing into one view the whole
of the British Australasian territories. The
work was pronounced to be the most com-
prehensive, moderate, and most generally
accurate of any which had hitherto appeared
dealing with the Australasian colonies.

[Heaton's Australian Dictionary of Dates and
Men of the Time, 1879; Athenaeum, 25 Oct.
1862.] G-. B. S.

FLANAGAN, THOMAS (1814-1865),
historical compiler, born in 1814, was edu-
cated at Sedgley Park School, Staffordshire,
and at St. Mary's College, Oscott, where he
remained as a professor, and was prefect of
studies for many years. In 1851 he was
appointed vice-president of Sedgley Park,
and in August the same year he became the
ninth president of that institution, in suc-
cession to Dr. James Brown, who, on the
restoration of the catholic hierarchy by
Pope Pius IX, had been advanced to the see
of Shrewsbury. Flanagan was also nomi-
nated one of the original canons of the
newly erected chapter of Birmingham. In

July 1853 he resigned the presidentship of
Sedgley Park, and returned to Oscott as pre-
fect of studies. In 1854 he was appointed
resident priest at Blackmore Park, and in
1860 he removed to St. Chad's Cathedral,
Birmingham. He died on 21 July 1865 at
Kidderminster, whither he had gone for the
benefit of his health.

In addition to some controversial tracts^
he wrote: 1. * A Manual of British and Irish
History ; illustrated with maps, engravings,
and statistical, chronological, and genealo-
gical tables,' London, 1847, 12mo, 1851,
8vo. 2. 'A Short Catechism of English
History, ecclesiastical and civil, for children/
London, 1851, 16mo. 3. ' A History of the-
Church in England, from the earliest period^
to the re-establishment of the Hierarchy in
1850,' 2 vols., London, 1857, 8vo, the only
work hitherto published which gives a con-
tinuous history of the Roman catholic church
in England since the revolution of 1688.
4. ' A History of the Middle Ages/ manu-
script, commenced at Sedgley Park, bufe
never completed.

[Husenbeth's Hist, of Sedgley Park School,
pp. 243, 244 ; Tablet, 29 July 1865, p. 468 ;
Weekly Eegister, 5 Aug. 1865, p. 85 ; Gillow's
Bibl. Diet.] T. C.

FLANN (d. 1056), Irish historian, com-
monly called Mainistrech (of the monastery),
son of Eochaidh Erann, was twenty-second
in descent from Ailill Oluim, king of Munster,
according to some Irish historians (McFiRBis
in CURRY, Cath Muighe Leana, p. 175) ; bufc
this genealogy may justly be suspected to be
an attempt to connect Flann after he be-
came famous with St. Buite [q. v.], founder
of Mainister Buite, now Monasterboice, ca.
Louth, the monastery in which this historian
spent most of his life. He attained a great
reputation for historical learning in his own
time, and has since been constantly quoted by
all writers of history in the Irish language.
He is called ' airdferleighinn ocus sui sen-
chusa Erenn,' archreader and sage of histori-
cal knowledge of Ireland (Annals of Ulster,
i. 599, ed. Hennessy), and * ferle~ighind Mai-
nistreach Buithe/ reader of Monasterboice
(Annala R. Eireann, ii. 870). ^ O'Curry
(Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,
vol. ii.) has tried to prove that he was not
an ecclesiastic ; but the verses on his death
quoted in the annals (A. R. I. ii. 870) prove
the contrary, ' Fland a primchill Buithi bind'
(Flann of the chief church of melodious
Buithe), while the ages of his sons, with the
date of his compositions, favour the conclusion
that he began life as a poetical historian, wan-
dering through the northern half of Ireland

Flann

250

Flannan

and that he retired for his later years into
the monastic clan of St. Buite. He had two
sons, of whom Echtighern, the elder, be-
came airchennach of Monasterboice, died 1067
(ib. ii. 890), and left two sons, Eoghan, who
died in 1117, and Feargna, who became a
priest, and died in 1122. His second son,
Feidhlimidh, died in 1 104, and was also famous
as an historian. The third son mentioned in
some accounts is due to a clerical error. The
local writings of Flann refer mainly to the
northern half of Ireland. He calls Brian Bo-
roimhe [see BEIAN] ' sun of the hills of West
Munster,' but chiefly celebrates the achieve-
ments of the descendants of Nial Naighial-
lach, and nowhere extols the Dal Cais, so
that he is to be regarded as a northern writer.
His writings are interesting as the genuine
productions of an Irish historian of the ele-
venth century. They have never been criti-
cally examined, and the lists given by O'Reilly,
who enumerates fourteen {Transactions of
the Ibemo-Celtic Society for 1820, p. 75), and
by O'Curry (Manners and Customs of the
Ancient Irish, ii. 149), who mentions nine-
teen, require revision. His poem on the kings
of Tara (Book of Leinster, i'acs. 132 b, line 6)
ends with Maelsechlainn, who died in 1021 ;
that on the Cinel Eoghain ends with an O'Neill
who died in 1036. Flann himself died on
17 Nov. 1056 (A. R. I. ii. 870). The beau-
tiful stone cross of Muiredach, still standing
in the enclosure of Monasterboice, was there
in the time of Flann, and it is probable that
lie was also familiar with the loftier carved
cross and with the curious leaning round
tower. The earliest extant manuscript text
of any of his writings comes within fifty
years of his death, and is a poem on King
Aedh Slaine in ' Lebar na h-Uidhre ' (fol.
53 a, line 3), beginning ' Muguin ingen chon-
cruid mac Duach don desmumhain' (Muguin,
daughter of Conchruid, son of Duach, of
South Munster), and relating how, through
the prayers of a saint, the queen, till then
childless, first gave birth to a salmon, then
to a lamb, and last of all to the famous king,
Aedh Slaine. ' The Book of Leinster,' a ma-
nuscript of the latter part of the twelfth
century, contains eleven poems of his, viz. j
(1) f. 27 b, 54, on a famous assembly of I
poets ; (2) f. 131 b, 34, on the kings of Tara
to the death of Dathi ; (3) 132 b, 6, on the
kings of Tara from Loeghaire to Moelsech-
lainn ; (4) 145 b, 19, a later text of the poem
on Aedh Slaine ; (5) 181 a, 1, on the fort-
ress of Ailech (co. Donegal); (6) 181 b, 11,
on Ailech; (7) 182 a, 24, on the deeds of
the seed of Eoghain ; (8) 182 b, 12, on sixty
victories of the clan Eoghain ; (9) 183 b, 17,
on clan Eoghain; (10) 184 b} 20, on kings

of Meath; (11) 185 b, 1, the names of the
kings of the race of Aedh Slaine. 'The
Book of Ballymote,' a manuscript of the be-
ginning of the fifteenth century, contains
(f. 11) a copy of { Leabhar comaimsirech du
Flainn ' (i.e. Flann's Book of Synchronisms),
a tale of the kings of the outer world and
of Ireland in prose and verse. 'The Book of
Lecan,' written in 1416, contains (PETKIE,
Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland, p. 142)
a poem on the household of St. Patrick. Part
of the same poem is quoted in the ' Annals '
(A. R. I. i. 130).

[O'Reilly, Transactions of Iberno-Celtic So-
ciety for 1820, Dublin; Curry's Cath Muighe
Leana (Celtic Society), Dublin, 1855; Manuscript
Materials of Ancient Irish History, Dublin, 1873 ;
Petrie's Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland,
Dublin, 1845 ; Dunraven's Notes on Irish Archi-
tecture, London, 1877 ; Royal Irish Academy,
Facsimiles of Lebar na h-Uidhre, Book of Lein-
ster ; Book of Ballymote.] N. M.

FLANNAN, SAINT and BISHOP of Cill-
da-Lua, now Killaloe (jl. 7th cent.), was
son of Torrdelbach (called also Theodoric),
son of Oathal, king of Munster. Torrdelbach
ruled the territory of Ui Torrdelbaigh, nearly
co-extensive with the present diocese of Kill-
aloe. He was a very pious and charitable
king. Flannan was sent at an early age to
St. Blathmac, ' who surpassed all the saints.'
Blathmac trained him in sacred literature
and taught him ' to plough, sow, reap, grind,
sift, and bake with his own hands for the
monks.' He was next sent to Molua, who
was reckoned among the greatest saints in
Ireland, and is mentioned by St. Bernard
as the 'founder of a hundred monasteries.'
Molua is said to have resigned his bishopric
in consequence of his engagements in Eng-
land and Scotland, and to have appointed
Flannan as his successor. But Molua or Lua,
the founder of Killaloe, died, according to the
' Annals of the Four Masters,' in 588, or 592
in Bishop Reeves's ' Adamnan.' The date of
his death proves that the alleged transaction
with Flannan is impossible. It was probably
meant to account for Flannan's being the
patron saint of Killaloe, though not the
founder.

Flannan, now appointed to a bishopric,
wished to visit Rome and receive holy orders
from Pope John ; and, according to Ware, he
was consecrated at Rome by Pope John IV
in 639, who, however, was not pope until
640. His parents and friends had strenuously
objected to the journey ; St. Bracan, probably
St. Berchan of Cluain Sosta or Clonsast in
the King's County, who flourished, according
to O'Curry, in 690, had vainly endeavoured
to dissuade Flannan from his purpose, but

Flannan

251

Flatman

finding his resolution fixed, they had earnestly
prayed for a ship, and Flannan had been
granted a miraculous voyage on a smooth
stone. This legend, which has probably no
foundation in fact at all, was known 'all
over the south of Ireland when the Emperor
Frederick took Milan.' Returning home
through Tuscany, Burgundy, and France.
Torrdelbach with his chieftains conducted
him to Killaloe, and some Romans who at-
tended him received permission to settle on an
island near. Then all the saints and chiefs of
the kingdom, far and near, came to hear what

* new rules and instructions and sacraments
of holy church he had brought from the
church and court of Rome.' Flannan's dis-
course in answer so affected Torrdelbach that
the king sought the monastery of St. Colman
at Lisinore, where he became a monk, and
with his companions laboured in clearing the
ground. On Torrd el bach's return to Killaloe
by direction of St. Colman he refused Flan-
nan's entreaties to resume his kingdom, and
died on his way back to Lismore.

Flannan, disappointed by the lukewarm-
ness of his hearers, set sail for the Isle of
Man. There nine men of horrid aspect de-
manded of him nine black rams. When he
hesitated about complying, they threatened
to ' defame him as long as they lived.' Flan-
nan used to ' sing his psalter in cold rivers,'
and fearing that he might be called on to
desert his religious life and become king, he
besought his Creator to send him some dis-
figuring blemish. In answer to his prayer
he was visited by the ' disease called morphea,
which is the sixth species of elephantiasis,
and forthwith rashes and erysipelas and boils
began to appear on his face, so that it be-
came dreadful and repulsive.' Thus by na-
tive law he was ineligible for the throne.
There is no record of the time or place either
of his birth or death, but Dr. Lanigan conjec-
tures that he was born in 640 or 650. In
after times his bones were placed in a shrine
wrought with wondrous art, and covered with
gold and silver, which was placed on the
altar of Cill-da-Lua. His memorials, that is
his gospels, bells, and staff, were also orna-
mented with artistic skill and covered with
the purest gold. There are still to be seen
at Killaloe the church of Molua, on an island
in the Shannon, and the oratory of St. Flan-
nan, also called his ' house.' They are coeval
with these saints according to Dr. Petrie,
and the oratory served the twofold purpose
of a church and a house like that at St.Dou-
lough's. Ware, referring to St. Flannan's
occupancy, says : ' While he sat there his
father Theodoric endowed the church of Kill-

- aloe with many estates, and dying full of years

was magnificently interred in this church by
his son Flannan.'

The life from which most of the foregoing
particulars are taken was evidently written
by one who desired to flatter the O'Briens,
who were descended from Torrdelbach. This
family was mainly instrumental in bringing
in the customs of the Roman church to the
south of Ireland, and hence the account of
St. Flannan's visit to Rome, which would
be highly improbable in the seventh or eighth
century, though not in the twelfth or thir-
teenth, when in all probability this life was
written. Flannan's day is 18 Dec.

[Vita Flannani Episcopi et Confessoris Codex
Salmanticensis, pp. 643-80, London, 1888; Lani-
gan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 205, 211, iii. 147-9 ; Petrie's
Round Towers, pp. 274-8 ; Martyrology of Done-
gal, pp. 179, 341 ; 0' Curry's MS. Materials, p.
412; Reeves's Adamnan, pp. 34, 371 ; Ussher's
Works, vi. 476.] T. 0.

FLATMAN, THOMAS (1637-1688),
poet and miniature-painter, was admitted a
scholar of Winchester College 22 Sept. 1649,

1 being eleven years of age at the previous
Michaelmas, and from Winchester he was
admitted 11 Sept. 1654 to a scholarship at
New College, Oxford. In the register of his
admission to Winchester he is stated to have

j been born in Red Cross Street, London ; in
the New College register he is said to have
come from Aldersgate Street. He was a fel-
low of New College in 1656, and in that year
contributed to the collection of Oxford verses
on the death of Charles Capel. In 1657 he
left Oxford, without a degree, for the Inner
Temple. He was created M.A. of Cambridge
by the king's letters, dated 11 Dec. 1666,
' being then A.B. of Oxford, as is there
described ' (BAKEK, ap. WOOD, Athence, ed.
Bliss).

Having settled in London he devoted his
talents to painting and poetry. As a minia-
ture-painter he was, and is, greatly esteemed ;
but his poetry, which was received with ap-
plause by his contemporaries, has been un-
duly depreciated by later critics. Granger
declares that ' one of his heads is worth a
ream of his Pindarics.' His Pindarics deserve
the derision of Rochester : —

Flatman, who Cowley imitates with pains,
And rides a jaded muse whipt with loose reins.

But his other poems are better. 'A Thought
of Death' (which Pope imitated in ' The Dying
Christian to his Soul ') and ' Death. A Song/
are singularly impressive; the 'Hymn for
the Morning' and 'Another for the Evening'
are choice examples of devotional verse ; and
some of the lighter poems, notably the para-
phrases of select odes of Horace, are elegant.

Flatman

252

Flattisbury

Flatman's ' Poems and Songs ' were first col-
lected in 1674, 8vo, and reached a fourth
edition in 1686. Prefixed are commendatory
verses by Walter Pope (only in first edition),
Charles Cotton, Richard Newcourt, and
others. In the third and fourth editions are a
portrait of the author, engraved by R. White,
and a dedicatory epistle to the Duke of Or-
monde, who is said to have been so pleased
with the ode on the death of his son, the Earl
of Ossory (published in 1680), that he sent the
poet a diamond ring. The edition of 1686 is
the most complete. Some of the poems were
in the first instance published separately, or
had appeared in other collections. ' A Pane-
gyrick ... to Charles the Second,' s. sh. fol.

1660, and two copies of verses prefixed to
Sanderson's ' Graphice,' 1658, were not re-
printed ; but Flatman was careful to collect
most of his scattered poems. Among his
* Poems and Songs ' he included his com-
mendatory verses before Faithorne's ' Art of
Graveing,' 1662, ' Poems by Mrs. Katherine
Philips, the Matchless Orinda,' 1667, Creech's
translation of ' Lucretius,' 2nd edit. 1683,
and Izaak Walton's edition of Chalkhill's
' Thealma and Clearchus,' 1683 ; also some
satirical verses contributed to 'Naps upon
Parnassus/ 1658 [see AUSTIN, SAMUEL, the
younger].

He died in Three-leg Alley, St. Bride's,
London, 8 Dec. 1688, and was buried in the
parish church. On 26 Nov. 1672 he had
married a * fair virgin ' of some fortune, and
in Hacket's epitaphs there is an epitaph upon
one of his sons. Flatman is said to have
possessed a small estate at Tishton, near Diss.
Two miniature portraits of him, painted by
himself, are preserved ; one in the collection
of the Duke of Buccleuch, and another in the
Dyce collection at South Kensington. There
are also portraits of him by Sir Peter Lely
and by Faithorne.

Wood ascribes to him ' Montelion's Al-
manac ' for 1661 and 1662 ; also a mock ro-
mance, ' Don Juan Lamberto : or, a Comical
History of the Late Times. By Montelion,
Knight of the Oracle,' &c., b. 1., two parts,

1661, 4to (reprinted in vol. vii. of ' Somers
Tracts,' 1812), * to both which parts (very
witty and satyrical), tho' the disguis'd name
of Montelion, Knight of the Oracle, &c., is
set, yet the acquaintance and contemporaries
of Th. Flatman always confidently aver'd
that the said Flatman was the author of
them.' A satirical tract, ' Heraclitus Ridens,'
1681, has been attributed to Flatman. Wood
(Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 37) states that in May
1672 ' there had like to have been a poetical
war' between Flatman and Dr. Robert Wild ;
but ' how it was ended I cannot tell.'

[Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iv. 244-6 ; Gran-
ger's Biog. Hist. 2nd ed. iv. 54-6, 117-18; Wai-
pole's Anecdotes of Painting, 1849, pp. 460-1 ;
Gent. Mag. March 1834 ; Notes and Queries,
4th ser. iv. 251 ; Godwin's Lives of Edward and
John Phillips, p. 113, &c. ; Hunter's Chorus
Vatum, Addit. MS. 24490, fol. 206; Corser's
Collectanea ; Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists ;
information kindly supplied by the Warden of
New College, Oxford.] A. H. B.

FLATTISBURY, PHILIP (Jl. 1500),
compiler, was of a family members of which,
from the thirteenth century, held important
positions as landowners in the county of Kil-
dare, Ireland, and occasionally filled legal
offices under the English government there.
Flattisbury appears to have been a retainer
of Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth earl of Kildare
[q. v.], deputy-governor of Ireland under
Henry VII and Henry VIII. In 1503 Flattis-
bury made for that nobleman a compilation
styled the « Red Book of the Earls of Kildare/
This volume consists mainly of documents
connected with or bearing upon the lands and
possessions of the Geraldine house of Kil-
dare. This volume was sought for eagerly,
but in vain, by the governmental agents at
the time of the attainder of the heads of the
house of Kildare in 1537. It is now in the
possession of the Duke of Leinster. A re-
production from it was given on plat£ Ix,
of the third part of ( Facsimiles of National
MSS. of Ireland,' published in 1879.

Flattisbury also transcribed for Gerald,
ninth earl of Kildare [q. v.], in 1517, a
collection of Anglo-Irish annals in Latin,
terminating in 1370 [see PEMBKIDGE, CHKIS-
TOPHBE]. To them he appended at the end
a few lines of additional matter, with a
brief panegyric on the Earl of Kildare. The
manuscript bears the following title : ' Hie
inferius sequuntur diversae Cronicae ad requi-
sitionem nobilis et praepotentis domini, Ge-
raldi filii Geraldi, deputati domini regis Hi-
berniae, scriptae per Philippum Flattisbury de
Johnston juxta le Naas, anno Domini mdxvii.
et anno regni Henrici Octavi ix.' Edmund
Campion, in his ' History of Ireland,' written
in 1571, and Richard Stanihurst, somewhat
later, referred erroneously to Flattisbury as
the author of the annals of which he was the
transcriber. Stanihurst did not record the
date of Flattisbury's death, but mentioned
that it took place ' at his town styled Johns-
town,' near Naas, in Kildare, and observes
that he was a ' worthy gentleman and a dili-
gent antiquary.' The original annals, from
which Flattisbury transcribed, were printed
for the first time in 1607 by Camden, in his
' Britannia,' from a manuscript lent to him
by Lord Howard of Naworth, and subse-

Flavel

253

Flavel

quently presented by Archbishop Laud to
the Bodleian Library, where it is now pre-
served. A new edition from the manuscript
used by Camden, and collated with frag-
ments of an older one unknown to him, was
published by the writer of the present notice
in the appendix to the ' Chartularies of St.
Mary's Abbey, Dublin,' Kolls Series, 1885.

[State Papers, Ireland, Public Kecord Office,
London ; Patent Eolls and Chancery Inquisi-
tions, Ireland ; MSS., Trinity College, Dublin ;
Holinshed's Chronicles, 1586 ; Hist, of Ireland,
Dublin, 1633 ; Ware, De Scriptoribus Hiberniae,
1639; William Nicholson's Historical Library,
1724; Hist. MSS. Comm., 8th Eep. 1881.]

J. T. G.

FLAVEL, JOHN (1596-1617), logician,
was born in 1596 at Bishop's Lydeard, Somer-
setshire, where his father was a clergyman.
He matriculated, 25 Jan. 1610-11, at Trinity
College, Oxford, and developed a turn for
logical disputation. In 1613 he was made
one of the first scholars of Wadham College.
He graduated B.A. on 28 June 1614, and lec-
tured on logic. Proceeding M. A. on 23 June
1617, he was in the same year chosen pro-
fessor of grammar. He had skill in Greek
and Latin verse. He died on 10 Nov. 1617,
and was buried in Wadham College chapel.
After Fiavel's death, Alexander Huish, of
Wadham College, edited from his manuscript
a logical treatise, with the title, ' Tractatus
deDemonstrationeMethodicus et Polemicus,'
&c., Oxford, 1619, 16mo. The treatise, which
is in four books, was not intended for publi-
cation. Huish dedicates it (1 March 1 618-19)
to Arthur Lake, bishop of Bath and Wells.
Wood mentions ' Grammat. Greec. Enchyri-
<lion,'8vo (not seen), by Joh. Flavell, possibly
the subject of this article.

[Wood's Athens* Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 207, 355,
371 ; Fiavel's Tractatus ; Oxf. Univ. Keg. (Oxf.
Hist. Soc.), n. ii- 321, iii. 328.] A. G-.

FLAVEL, JOHN (1630 P-1691), presby-
terian divine, eldest son of the Rev. Richard
Flavel, described as * a painful and eminent
•minister,' who was incumbent successively
of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, Hasler and
Willersey, Gloucestershire (from which last
living he was ejected in 1662), was born in
or about 1630 at Bromsgrove. Having re-
ceived his early education at the schools
of the neighbourhood, he entered Univer-
sity College, Oxford, at an early age, and
•gained a good reputation for talent and dili-
gence. On 27 April 1650 he was sent by
1 the standing committee of Devon' to Dipt-
ford, a parish on the Avon, five miles from
Totnes, where the minister, Mr. Walplate,
had become infirm. On 17 Oct. 1650, after
examination and the preaching of a ' trial

sermon,' he was ordained Mr. Walplate's
assistant by the presbytery at Salisbury. He
continued to minister at Diptford for about
six years, succeeding the senior minister when
he died, and endearing himself greatly to the
people, not only by his earnestness, but by
his easy dealings with them in the matter
of tithes. In 1656 he removed to Dartmouth,
though the Diptford emoluments were much
greater. On the passing of the Act of Uni-
formity (1662) he was ejected, but continued
to preach in private until the Five Mile Act
drove him from Dartmouth. He kept as near
it, however, as possible, removing to Slapton,
five miles off, and there preached twice each
Sunday to all who came, among whom were
many of his old parishioners. On the granting
of the first indulgence (1671) he returned to

Dartmouth, and continued to officiate there
even after the liberty to do so was withdrawn.

[n the end he found himself obliged to re-
move to London, travelling by sea and nar-
rowly escaping shipwreck in a storm, which

is said to have ceased in answer to his

S-ayers. Finding that he would be safer at
artmouth he returned there, and met with
his people nightly in his own house, until in
1687, on the relaxation of the penal laws,
they built a meeting-house for him. Just
before his death he acted as moderator at

meeting of dissenting ministers held at
Topsham. He died suddenly of paralysis at
Exeter on 26 June 1691, and was buried in
Dartmouth churchyard. Wood bitterly com-
ments on the violence of his dissent.

Flavel was four times married : first to
Jane Randal; secondly, to Elizabeth Mor-
ries; thirdly, to Ann Downe; and, lastly,
to a daughter of the Rev. George Jeffries.
There is a portrait of him in Dr. Williams's
library, London.

He was a voluminous and popular author.
There is a play of fine fancy in some of them,
such as the ' Husbandry Spiritualised.' All
display vigorous diction and strong evan-
gelical sentiments. They comprise : 1. ' Hus-
bandry Spiritualised,' Lond. 1669. 2. < Navi-
gation Spiritualised/ Lond. 1671. 3. ' The
Fountain of Life Opened, or a Display of
Christ in his Essential and Mediatorial Glory,
containing forty-two sermons/ Lond. 1672.
4. ' A Saint indeed/ Lond. 1673. 5. ' A Token
for Mourners/ Lond. 1674. 6. ' The Seaman's
Companion/ Lond. 1676. 7. ' Divine Con-
duct, or the Mystery of Providence Opened/
Lond. 1678, 1814. 8. < The Touchstone of
Sincerity/ Lond. 1678. 9. < The Method of
Grace in the Gospel Redemption/ Lond. 1680.
10. 'A Practical Treatise of Fear, wherein
the various Kinds, Uses, Causes, Effects, and
Remedies thereof are distinctly opened and

Flaxman

254

Flaxman

prescribed,' Lond. 1682. 11. < The Righteous
Man's Refuge,' Lond. 1682. 12. ' Prepara-
tions for Sufferings, or the Best Work in the
Worst Times,' Lond. 1682. 13. l England's
Duty under the present Gospel Liberty,' Lond.
1689. 14. ' Mount Pisgah, or a Thanksgiving
Sermon for England's Delivery from Popery/
Lond. 1689. 15. 'Sacramental Meditations
upon divers select places of Scripture,' Lond.
1689. 16. ' The Reasonableness of Personal
Reformation and the Necessity of Conver-
sion,' Lond. 1691. 17. 'An Exposition of
the Assembly's Catechism,' Lond. 1693.
18. * Pneumatologia, a Treatise of the Soul
of Man,' Lond. 1698. 19. ' Planelogia, a
succinct and seasonable Discourse of the Oc-
casions, Causes, Nature, Rise, Growth, and
Remedies of Mental Errors.' 20. 'Vindi-
ciarum Vindex, or a Refutation of the weak
and impertinent Rejoinder of Mr. Philip
Carey' (a leading anabaptist in Dartmouth).
21. ' Gospel Unity recommended to the
Churches of Christ.' 22. 'A Faithful and
Succinct Account of some late and wonder-
ful Sea Deliverances.' 23. t Antipharmacum
Saluberrimum, or a serious and seasonable
Caveat to all the Saints in this Hour of
Temptation.' 24. ' Tydings from Rome, or
England's Alarm.' 25. ' A pathetic and
serious Dissuasive from the horrid and detes-
table Sins of Drunkenness, Swearing, Un-
cleanness, Forgetfulness of Mercies, Violation
of Promises, and Atheistical Contempt of
Death.' 26. 'The Balm of the Covenant
applied to the Bleeding Wounds of afflicted
Saints.' 27. ' Vindiciaj Legis et Fcederis.'
28. ' A Familiar Conference between a Minis-
ter and a doubting Christian concerning the
Sacrament of the Lord's Supper.' 29. 'A
Table or Scheme of the Sins and Duties of
Believers.' Many editions of several of these
treatises have appeared. Collected editions
of Flavel's works were issued in 1673, 1701,
1754, and 1797 (6 vols. Newcastle). Charles
Bradley [q. v.] edited a selection in 1823.

[Life prefixed to collected edition of his Works,
Glasgow, 1754 ; Palmer's Nonconf. Mem. ii. 18-
22; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 323-6.]

T. H.

FLAXMAN, JOHN (1755-1 826), sculp-
tor and draughtsman, was born at York on
6 July 1755. According to a family tradi-
tion four brothers Flaxman, coming from
Norfolk, had fought against the king at
Naseby, and the youngest of the four, named
John, had settled as a farmer and carrier in
Buckinghamshire. From him was descended
another John, who towards the middle of
the eighteenth century carried on, partly in
London and partly in the provinces, the trade
of a maker and seller of plaster casts. He

had a good connection among artists, and
was employed as a modeller by some of the
chief sculptors of the day, including Roubil-
liac and Scheemakers. He and his wife (whose
maiden name was Lee) were on business at
York at the time when their second son, the
subject of the present article, was born. Six
months afterwards the family returned to
London, and the childhood of the sculptor
was spent almost entirely in his father's shop
at the sign of the Golden Head, New Street,
Co vent Garden. As an infant he was rickety
and ill-shapen, could only move with crutches,
and was not expected to live ; but an alert
and stubborn spirit animated the puny frame,
and from about his tenth year his health
began to mend. His mother, a woman of
little thrift, dying about the same time, his
father took a second wife, of whom we know
nothing except that her maiden name was
Gordon, and that she proved a kind and
careful stepmother. Except for a brief in-
terval of schooling, under a master whose
cruelty he never forgot, the young John
Flaxman was kept at home. Unfitted for
the play or the exercises of his age, he found
in his father's stock-in-trade all the occupa-
tion and all the pastime for which he cared.
Customers, among whom were men of note
in arts and literature, soon began to take an
interest in the sickly lad whom they found
always busy drawing or modelling behind
the counter, or trying to teach himself the
classic fables and Latin. Among the earliest
of those who noticed and encouraged his
talents were the painter Romney and a let-
tered and amiable clergyman named Mathew ;
whose wife, herself a woman of culture, used
to invite the boy to her house, and read out
translations of the ancient poets while he
made sketches to such passages as struck his
fancy. His earliest commission was from a
friend of the Mathews, Mr. Crutchley of
Sunninghill Park, for a set of six classical
drawings of this kind. He became a preco-
cious exhibitor and prize-winner, gaining at
twelve the first prize of the Society of Arts
for a medal, and another similar prize at fif-
teen. In 1767, and for two years following,
he was a contributor to the exhibitions of
the Free Society of Artists in Pall Mall;
and to those of the Royal Academy from the
second year of their foundation, 1770. In
this year he became a student at the Aca-
demy schools, and presently carried off the
silver medal. But when it came to the com-
petition for the gold medal in 1772, the suc-
cessful youth received a check, the president
and council awarding the prize to a rival,
Thomas Engleheart [q. v.], who did nothing-
afterwards to justify the choice. This reverse

Flaxman

255

Flaxman

is said to have had a salutary effect on the
character of the young Flaxman, in whose
composition a certain degree of dogmatism
and self-sufficiency went together with many
amiable qualities of kindness, simplicity, en-
thusiasm, generosity, and piety. Some ex-
perience of the former qualities, naturally
most conspicuous in early youth, caused
Thomas Wedgwood to write of him in 1775,
' It is but a few years since he was a most su-
preme coxcomb.' By the time these words
were written Wedgwood's partner, Thomas
Bentley [q. v.J, who had already had some
business relations with the elder Flaxman,
had secured the services of his second son
as a designer for the cameo wares of their
firm, then freshly in fashion. Wedgwood
himself quickly learnt to rate the talents of
the young coxcomb at their true value, and
to call him ' the genius of sculpture.' It
was by designing and preparing wax models
for classical friezes and portrait medallions
in Wedgwood ware that Flaxman chiefly
maintained himself during the first part of
his career.

That career falls into three main divisions :
first, his early life in London, brought to a
close in 1787 by his departure for Rome;
next, the period of his residence in Italy,
from his thirty-second to his thirty-ninth
year (1787-94) ; and, lastly, his second re-
sidence in London, as an artist of acknow-
ledged fame and standing, from 1794 until
his death in 1826.

In 1775, the year in which young Flaxman
began to be regularly employed by the Wedg-
woods, his family, and he with it, moved
from New Street, Covent Garden, to a larger
shop, No. 420 Strand. He had been for four
years a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Aca-
demy (1770, a wax model of Neptune ; 1771,
four portrait models in wax ; 1772, figure of
a child in wax, portrait bust in terra-cotta,
figure of History ; 1773, a figure of the Gre-
cian Comedy, a Vestal in bas-relief) ; and con-
tinued to contribute somewhat more irregu-
larly during the next twelve years. In 1780 he
showed his first design for a monument to be
erected in a church, that, namely, in honour
of Chatterton for St. Mary Redcliffe at Bristol ;
this was followed in 1784 by one in memory of
Mrs. Morley for Gloucester Cathedral, and
in 1785 by another, for Chichester, in memory
of the Rev. Thomas and Mrs. Margaret Ball
It was by works of this class that Flaxman
came in due time to earn the best part both
of his livelihood and his fame. Meantime
his incessant industry (for he is described as
continually reading or drawing when not
actually at work for his employers) did not
prevent him from increasing the circle of his

acquaintance. His chosen companions of
lis own age and calling were Thomas Stot-
lard and William Blake. For a time these
ihree young artists used to frequent together
:he drawing-room of Mrs. Mathew in Rath-
Done Place, which was the resort of a lettered
society, including such models of female ac-
complishment and decorum as Mrs. Montague,
Mrs. Barbauld, and Mrs. Chapone. There
was that about Flaxman already, and still -
more as time went on, which secured him
personal liking and respect wherever he went.
His appearance was singular, for though his
frame had acquired a wiry tenacity which
enabled him to bear much fatigue, yet he
looked feeble, and was high-shouldered almost
to deformity, with a head somewhat too large
for his body, and a sidelong gait in walking.
His mouth and set of jaw had something of
plebeian stubbornness, corresponding to his
inflexible rigidity of opinion on certain sub-
jects ; but the eyes were fine and full of en-
thusiasm, the forehead noble, the smile quaint
and winning, and in youth his features were
set off to advantage by a crop of long brown
hair curling to his shoulders. Such as he
was, Flaxman won the affections of a girl
about his own age, Ann Denman, who proved
to him the best of wives. She shared all
his studies and interests, was enthusiastic,
sensible, somewhat sententious, according to
the Johnsonian fashion of the age, in speech,
the pleasantest and most frugal of house-
keepers, his inseparable companion, helpmate,
and * dictionary' (to use his own expression).
The pair were married in 1782, and went to
live in a very small house, No. 27 Wardour
Street ; where Flaxman was elected to the
parochial office of collector of the watch-
rate. Shortly afterwards the sculptor was
made known by Romney to his friend Wil-
liam Hayley [q. v.], the Sussex squire and
poet. This maudlin writer, but genial and
generous man, conceived a warm attachment
both for Flaxman and his wife. The young
couple spent the summer holidays of several
years following their marriage at Hayley's
country house at Eartham in the South
Downs ; and his patronage, equally assiduous
and delicate, was of great use to Flaxman,
particularly in procuring him commissions
for monumental works in the neighbouring
cathedral of Chichester.

After five years of married life Flaxman
determined to start on a journey to Rome,
on which his heart had long been set. Wedg-
wood helped him both with recommendations
and with a money advance for services to be
rendered in superintending the work of the de-
signers and modellers employed for the firm
in Italy. The young couple set out in August

Flaxman

256

Flaxman

1787, and took up their quarters at Rome in
the Via Felice. They meant to stay abroad
only two years, but stayed seven. Their
residence at Rome was varied with summer
trips to other parts of Italy, the records of
some of which are preserved in the artist's
extant sketch-books and journals. These
prove him to have been a zealous and intel-
ligent student, not only of the remains of
classic art, to which by sympathy and voca-
tion he was more especially attracted, but
also of the works, then generally despised, of
the Gothic and early Renaissance ages in
Italy. At Rome he soon attracted the notice of
the resident and travelling English dilettanti.
A Mr. Knight, of Portland Place, for whom
he had already executed a figure of Alex-
ander, and just before leaving England a
Venus and Cupid, ordered from him a re-
duced copy of the Borghese vase (these works
are now at Wolverley Hall, Worcestershire) ;
* Anastasius ' Hope of Deepdene, a group
of ' Cephalus and Aurora ; the notorious
Frederick Hervey, earl of Bristol and bishop
of Derry, one on a great scale of the ' Fury of
Athamas.' Flaxman's relations with the last-
named patron and his agent were a source of
great annoyance to him ; the price fixed was
600/. ; the instalments were unpunctually
doled out ; the work remained long on hand,
and when completed left the sculptor heavily
out of pocket (the group is now at Ick-
•worth, Bury St. Edmunds). Flaxman also
spent much time on his own account on an
attempt, not very successful, to restore and
complete as a group the famous ancient frag-
ment at the Vatican known as the Belvedere
torso ; the cast of this group he in later life
destroyed. He was further engaged while
at Rome in preparing designs for a monu-
ment in relief to the poet Collins for Chi-
chester Cathedral, and for one in the round
to Lord Mansfield for Westminster Abbey.
On behalf of the Wedgwoods he found much
to employ him at first, less afterwards. The
occupation which brought him most repute,
though at first slender enough profit, during
his stay at Rome was not that of a sculptor
-or modeller, but that of a designer of illus-
trations to the poets. Mrs. Hare Naylor
.(born Georgiana Shipley, and mother of the
distinguished brothers, Francis, Augustus,
and Julius Hare [q. v.]) gave him the com-
mission for the designs to the 'Iliad' and
' Odyssey,' seventy-three drawings in all at
fifteen shillings each. These drawings no
.sooner began to be shown about among ar-
tistic circles at Rome than they aroused the
.greatest enthusiasm. Mr. Hope followed suit
with a commission for similar designs for
Dante ; Lady Spencer with one for a set of

^Eschylus subjects (at a guinea each). All
four series were successively handed over to
Piroli to be engraved, and the first copies of
each were printed at Rome in 1793 ; the
plates were then shipped to England, for
home publication, and those for the ' Odyssey '
getting lost on the voyage, the designs were
re-engraved for Flaxman by his friend Blake.
The engraved versions of the designs fall far
short of the originals, neither Piroli nor Blake
(in this his first attempt) having at all suc-
ceeded in rendering with the burin the delicacy
and expressiveness of Flaxman's pen work.

In an age much given to the cultivation of
classic art and virtu, Flaxman, even as a lad,
with no models before him except the plaster
casts of his father's shop, had shown in his
drawings and models an instinct beyond that
of any of his contemporaries for the true
qualities of Greek design. He had the secret,
almost lost to modern art, of combining ideal
grace of form and rhythmical composition of
lines with spontaneousness and truth of pose
and gesture, and the unaffected look of life.
Sketching constantly, as was his habit, with
pen and pencil the leading lines and masses
of every scene and every action of daily
humanity that caught his attention within
doors or without, and at the same time study-
ing ardently, since his arrival in Italy, the
works of Greek design in ancient vases and
bas-reliefs, he had greatly strengthened his
natural gifts both for linear design and the
expression of life and action. The best of
the outlines to the Greek poets and Dante
— and they are those which represent sub-
jects of grace and gentleness, rather than
subjects of violence or terror — are worthy
of all the praise they have won. Their suc-
cess was immediate and universal. Fuseli,
whose foible was certainly not diffidence,
at once declared himself outdone as a de-
signer. Canova, the prince of Italian sculp-
tors, was generous in recognising those qua-
lities in Flaxman which he lacked himself,
and praised his work without stint. Schlegel,
the chief of German critics, extolled it a few
years later more vehemently still. French
taste, then running towards ancient ideals,
was equally favourable, and from within a
few years of the publication of these designs
until our own time the name of Flaxman has
been perhaps more known and honoured
abroad than that of any other English artist.

Flaxman's last occupation in Italy was that
of getting packed and despatched the collec-
tion of casts from the antique which Romney
had commissioned him to form, intending
to place it for the use of students in his great
painting room at Hampstead. The sculptor
and his wife left Italy in the summer of 1794,

Flaxman

257

Flaxman

and travelled to England without any such
molestation as they apprehended from, the
disturbed state of the continent. They esta-
blished themselves in a house in Bucking-
ham Street, Fitzroy Square, where Flaxman
continued to live until his death. A son
of Hayley's, who showed some talent for
art, was placed with him as a pupil, but
within a few years died of a decline, and is
commemorated by a small memorial relief, in
Flaxman's best manner, in Eartham Church.
From the date of his return, commissions for
memorial sculptures, both public and private,
brought Flaxman employment and reward
more than sufficient for his modest desires and
frugal way of living. In the most lucrative
branch of his profession, the production of
ordinary busts and portrait statues, he found
comparatively little employment, the strength
of his art not lying in individuality of like-
ness and character. Among the best of his
emblematic groups in memory of private per-
sons, executed during the years following his
return from Rome, were those to Miss Emily
Mawley, for Chertsey Church (model exhi-
bited 1797) ; to Miss Lushington, for Lewis-
ham ; to Miss Cromwell, for Chichester, 1800 ;
and to Mrs. Knight, for Milton Church, Cam-
bridge, 1802. Among public monuments he
exhibited in 1796 the model of that to Lord
Mansfield for Westminster Abbey, and in
1798 of that to Corsican Paoli for the same
place. Through Mrs. Hare Naylor he ob-
tained the commission for a monument to
Sir William Jones (her brother-in-law) for
St. Mary's, Oxford (the model exhibited
1797 ; the finished portrait statue, 1801), and
afterwards executed another for University
College, Oxford. These commissions led the
way to an Indian connection, and Flaxman
afterwards carried out several monumental
works for the East India Company and one
for the rajah of Tanjore. In 1800 he showed
a design for a monument to a Captain Dun-
das, and in 1802 that for the monument of
Captain Montagu in Westminster Abbey. In
the meantime he had in 1797 been elected an
associate of the Royal Academy, and a full
member in 1800, in which year was exhi-
bited his diploma work, a marble relief of
t Apollo and Marpessa.'

There remain evidences of Flaxman's in-
dustry in other forms during these years. It
was his yearly habit to give his wife on her
birthday a drawing of their friend Stothard.
In 1796 he gave her instead, with a charming
dedication, a set of forty outline drawings
of his own in illustration of a little allegorical
poem he had written in blank verse, called
'The Knight of the Blazing Cross' (this vo-
lume is now in the Fitzwilliam Museum,

VOL. XIX.

Cambridge). In 1797 he published in the
' Gentleman's Magazine ' a letter to the pre-
sident and council of the Royal Academy, de-
precating, with more point and vigour of style
than are shown in any other of his writings,
the scheme of the French government for
ransacking Italy of its art treasures and bring-
ing them to Paris. The progress of the war
with France fired his patriotism, and in 1800
he addressed a pamphlet to the committee
then considering the proposal to erect a great
naval pillar in honour of British arms. Flax-
man urged in opposition the erection of a
colossal statue of Britannia triumphant, two
hundred feet high, on Greenwich Hill. The
next year he exhibited his sketch model
for such a monument, and was somewhat
wounded at the indifference with which his
project was received. About the same time
he published another letter to the president
and council of the Royal Academy on the
encouragement of the arts in England. In
1802 the act of rapine against which he
pleaded five years before had been accom-
plished, and the peace of Amiens brought all
Europe to Paris to gaze on the spoils of Italy
there assembled. Flaxman, notwithstanding
his disapproval, went too, but stiffly declined
all interchange of courtesies with the French
artists and others who had been instrumental
in the spoliation.

After 1802 the tenor of Flaxman's life con-
tinued with little change until 1810, when he
was appointed to the newly created post of
professor of sculpture in the academy. Not
only his fame as an artist, but particularly
his assiduity and popularity as a teacher in
the academy schools, recommended him to
this post. Simplicity and earnestness of
manner are said to have been his chief
characteristics as a lecturer. f The Rev. John
Flaxman' he was once styled by the obstre-
perous Fuseli in the act of leaving a jovial
party to go and hear him. His lectures
in their published form show no power of
style, and not much of order or arrangement,
and on points of scholarship and archaeology
are now quite without authority ; they are at
the same time distinguished for sound sense
and native insight into the principles and
virtues alike of Greek and Gothic art. Among
the chief works of sculpture which occupied
Flaxman in the years preceding and follow-
ing his appointment as academy professor
were the beautiful and elaborate monument
in relief for the Baring family in Micheldever
Church, Hampshire, of which the various parts
were exhibited at intervals between 1805 and
1811 ; the monument, only less rich, for the
Yarborough family at Campsall Church, York-
shire ; a model for a monument to Sir Joshua

Flaxman

258

Flaxman

Reynolds in St. Paul's (1807) ; one for a
monument to Josiah Webbe for India (1810) ;
monuments to Captains Walker and Beckett
in Leeds Church (1811) ; a monument to Lord
Conrwallis for Prince of Wales' Island (1812) ;
one in honour of Sir J. Moore for Glasgow
(1813) ; one to General Simcoe, and one to a
Mr. Bosanquet for Leyton Church (1814).
Since 1793 he had published no drawings in
illustration of the poets except three for an
edition, undertaken by Hayley, of Cowper's
translations into English of the Latin poems
of Milton (published 1810). Other sets of
drawings made but not published about this
time were one for the * Pilgrim's Progress '
and one to illustrate a Chinese tale in verse,
called ' The Casket/ which he wrote (1812)
to amuse his womankind. In 1817 he brought
out the outlines to Hesiod, which are both the
best in themselves of his designs to the Greek
poets, and much the best rendered by the en-
graver, in this instance again Blake. For the
next few years classical and decorative sub-
jects in various forms began to occupy a larger
share than usual of his time, side by side with
monumental sculpture for churches. In the
same year (1817) he designed a tripod to be
executed by the goldsmiths Eundell and
Bridge, and presented to John Kemble on
his taking leave of the stage; and in 1818, on
a commission from the same goldsmiths, set
to work on the drawings and models for a
shield of Achilles, to be executed in relief
according to the description in the 18th
book of the ' Iliad.' This task gave him
much labour and much pleasure, and in the
result added considerably to his fame ; though
nothing, as we now know, could be more un-
like the art of the Homeric age than Flax-
man's suave and flowing work, which re-
sembles a number of his happiest outline
designs worked into a single ring-shaped com-
position. In 1820 Flaxman was engaged on
a pedimental group in marble of ' Peace, Li-
berty, and Plenty ' for the Duke of Bedford's
new sculpture gallery at Woburn. A group
of 'Maternal Love' for the monument to
Mrs. Fitzharris (1817) ; two reliefs of 'Faith'
and 'Charity' for the monument of Lady
Spencer, exhibited in 1819 ; and one of ' Re-
ligious Instruction' in 1820, for a monu-
ment to the Rev. John Clowes at St. John's
Church, Manchester, show that the artist
had at the same time not broken off his usual
labour on pious memorials for the dead, and
symbols of Christian hope and consolation.
His literary industry at the same time is
shown by several articles on art and archaeo-
logy contributed to Rees's ' Encyclopaedia '
(published 1819-20).
Flaxman's home life in Buckingham Street

during these years was one of great content-
ment. He was childless, but his half-sister,
Mary Ann Flaxman, who was thirteen years
younger than himself, and his wife's sister,
Maria Denman, had joined his household. He
went little into society, but kept up an un-

Sretending hospitality in his own home,
rabb Robinson, who was first acquainted
with Flaxman in 1810, has borne witness to
the spirit of pleasantness which reigned there ;
to the dignity and simplicity of Flaxman's
character, the charm and playfulness of his
ordinary conversation, and the goodness of
heart which made him beloved alike by pupils,
servants, models, and the poor folk and chil-
dren of the neighbourhood, among whom he
went habitually armed with a sketch-book
to note down their actions and groupings,
and a pocketful of coppers to relieve their
distress. Similar testimonies of affectionate
and admiring regard have been left by others,
especially by E. H. Baily the sculptor, who
was his pupil from 1807 to 1814; by Watson
the sculptor; and by Allan Cunningham,
who only knew him in the last years of his
life. In conduct Flaxman seems to have been
faultlessly kind, upright, and generous, and in
conversation sweetness itself ; except on the
subject of religion, in which he held stiffly to
certain private opinions, compounded partly
of puritan orthodoxy and partly of Sweden-
borgian mysticism. The mystical ' Book of
Enoch ' supplied many subjects to his pencil,
and he had a sympathy with religious seers
and enthusiasts. But he was not haunted,
like Blake, by visions more real to him than
reality ; and when Sharp, the engraver, came
to him with a message from the prophet
Brothers, declaring that he must accompany
them in leading back the Jews to Jerusa-
lem, and undertake the office of architect to
the Temple, he was able to put by the offer
with a smile and speak of it humorously
afterwards.

In 1820 Mrs. Flaxman, who had made a
good recovery from a stroke of paralysis six
years before, died on 6 Feb. The blow to
Flaxman was very great. His health and
spirits were never the same again, though he
did not suffer the shock to diminish or inter-
rupt his industry. The next year he finished
and exhibited the group of ' Michael and
Satan/ for Lord Egremont, in marble, and in
1824 a f Pastoral Apollo ' for the same patron.
Both are now at Petworth. In 1822 he gave
an address at the Royal Academy on the oc-
casion of the death of Canova, and in 1823
received a visit from his old admirer, Schlegel.
He was at work about the same time on sta-
tuettes of Raphael and Michael Angelo, on
small figures of Cupid and Psyche, on designs

Flaxman

259

Flaxman

for a statue of Burns, and for one of John
Kemble for Westminster Abbey, and on
sketches for friezes for the external decora-
tion of Buckingham Palace, then uncom-
pleted. In his seventy-second year he lived
still surrounded by honour and affection, and
as busy almost as ever, though visibly failing
in strength ; when, on 3 Dec. 1826, he caught
a cold in church, which turned quickly to
inflammation. On the morning of the 7th he
died. He was buried, with no public mourn-
ing, in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields.
The most important and complete monu-
mental works of Flaxman, including those
above mentioned and others, are to be found
in Westminster Abbey, in St. Paul's, at Glas-
gow, and in Calcutta ; his most ambitious
classical and decorative groups and figures
at Petworth, Ickworth, Woburn, Deepdene,
and Wolverley Hall. But neither of these
classes of work represent him at his best.
His occupation on wax models for Wedg-
wood had accustomed him in youth to work
chiefly on a minute scale ; and on a large
scale he never learnt to design or execute
with complete mastery. Many of the short-
comings of his heroic monuments are due to
the fact of his having used half-sized, or even
smaller, instead of full-sized models in their
preparation. They are, moreover, often marred
by inexpressiveness and lack of thoroughness
in the treatment of the marble ; Flaxman not
having been himself very skilful with the
chisel, and having been content, except in a
few instances (as the 'Fury of Athamas ' and
the Academy relief of 'Apollo and Marpessa,'
which he is said to have finished in great
part with his own hand), with the empty
mechanical polish which the Italian work-
men of the time imitated from the Roman
imitations of Greek originals. His real genius
appears far better in the memorial reliefs in
honour of the private dead, which are to
be found in so many churches throughout
England — in Chichester Cathedral no less
than eight, in the cathedrals of Winchester
and Gloucester, in the churches of Leeds,
Manchester, Campsall,Tewkesbury, Ledbury,
Micheldever, Heston, Chertsey, Cookham,
Lewisham, Beckenham, Leyton, Milton, and
many more. For this class of work his fa-
vourite form of design was one of symbolic
figures or groups in relief, embodying some
simple theme of sorrow or consolation, a be-
atitude, or a text from the Lord's Prayer.
Such motives lose all triteness in his hands,
and are distinguished by a unique combina-
tion of typical classic grace with heartfelt
humanity and domestic pathos. But of these,
too, the execution in marble is often not equal
to the beauty of the motive, and in many cases

they can be studied almost better in the collec-
tion of casts from the clay models preserved in
the Flaxman Hall at University College than
in the marbles themselves. Perhaps the most
entirely satisfactory class of Flaxman's works
is to be found, not among his sculptures, but
his drawings and sketches and pen o utline, pen
and wash, or pencil. These are very numer-
ous, and include ideas and essays for almost
all his extant or projected works, whether in
sculpture or outline illustrations, as well as
many hundred studies and motives from life
or fancy not afterwards used. Slight as they
commonly are, abstract and generalised as is
their treatment of anatomical forms, they
stand alone by the peculiar quality of their
beauty; expressing, in lines of a charm equal
to, and partly caught from, that of antique
vase-paintings and bas-reliefs, the inventions
and observations of a singularly gifted, pure,
lofty, and tender spirit. The best public col-
lections of them are in the British Museum,
the South Kensington Museum, in the Flax-
man Hall at University College, and the Fitz-
william Museum, Cambridge ; many more
remain in private hands.

John Flaxman's elder brother, WILLIAM
FLAXMAN (1753 P-1795 ?), was also a modeller
and exhibitor. He contributed to the exhi-
bition of the Free Society of Artists in 1768,
and to those of the Academy at intervals be-
tween 1781 (when he sent a portrait of John
Flaxman in wax) and 1793. He is said to
have been distinguished as a carver in wood.
No details of his life have been preserved in
any published memoir or correspondence of
his brother.

Of more note as an artist, and more closely
associated with the sculptor's career, was
his half-sister, MARY ANN FLAXMAN (1768-
1833). She lived as governess in the family
of the Hare Naylors for several years, first
in Italy and afterwards at Weimar ; and
from 1810 was an inmate of John Flaxman's
house at Buckingham Street until his death.
Her work in art was strongly influenced by
his example, and shows both talent and feel-
ing. She is best known by the six designs
for Hay ley's ' Triumphs of Temper/ engraved
by Blake, and published in 1803. Her con-
tributions to the Royal Academy occur at
intervals between 1786 and 1819, and con-
sist chiefly of designs in illustration of poetry
and romance.

[Anonymous 'Brief Memoir' prefixed to Flax-
man's Lectures, ed. 1829; Allan Cunningham's
Lives of the most Eminent British Painters,
Sculptors, and Architects ; J. T. Smith's Nolle-
kens and his Times ; Dr. Lonsdale's Life of Wat-
son; Mrs. Bray's Life of Stothard; Gilchrist's
and Kossetti's Life of Blake ; Miss Meteyard's

82

Fleccius

260

Flecknoe

Life of Josiah Wedgwood; Crabb Robinson's
Diaries and Reminiscences ; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists ; articles by G-. F. Teniswood in the Art
Journal for 1867, 1868,andl872; Sidney Colvin's
Drawings of Flaxman (atlas fol. 1876) ; unpub-
lished correspondence.] S. C.

FLECCIUS, GERBARUS (ft. 1546-
1554), painter. [See FLICCIUS.]

FLECKNOE, RICHARD (d. 1678?),
poet, is said to have been an Irishman and
a Roman catholic priest. From his own ac-
count of his travels it appears that he went
abroad in 1640, and spent three or four years
in the Low Countries. He travelled to Rome
in 1645, where, as he says, he was chiefly
occupied with pictures and statues. From
Rome he made a voyage to Constantinople
about 1647, and he afterwards went to Por-
tugal, and visited Brazil in 1648. Thence
he returned to Flanders and to England.
At Rome he was visited by Andrew Mar-
veil, who described him in ' Fleckno, an Eng-
lish priest at Rome.' Marvell, with his hy-
perbolic humour, gives a quaint description
of Flecknoe's extreme leanness, his narrow
lodging up three pairs of stairs, and his ap-
petite for reciting his own poetry. Flecknoe,
as appears from his dedications, was known
to many distinguished people on the conti-
nent and in England. Langbaine says that
he was more acquainted with the nobility
than with the muses. He speaks as a moderate
catholic, though one of his books (see below)
contains a panegyric upon Cromwell at the
Protector's death. He says that nobody
prints more or publishes less than he. He
amused himself by writing plays, only one
of which (' Love's Kingdom ') was acted, and
giving lists of the actors whom he would
'have wished to represent the parts. He dis-
approved of the license of the stage, and was
regarded with special contempt and dislike
by the popular writers. Dryden refers to
him in his dedication of 'Limberham' (1678)
and a rather obscure phrase, that there is a
worse poet in the world than * he of scan-
dalous memory who left it last,' is supposec
to intimate that Flecknoe was then recently
dead. Dryden in his later satire, ' MacFleck-
noe,' 1682, says that Flecknoe

In prose and verse was owned, without dispute
Through all the realms of nonsense, absolute.

The causes of Dryden's antipathy, if they
were anything more than a general dislike
to bad poetry, are not discoverable. In one
of his epigrams Flecknoe praises Dryden,

the Muses' darling and delight,
Than whom none ever flew so high a flight.

Southey has pointed out some good lines in

Flecknoe, and Lamb prefixed some pleasing-
verses on silence to his essay { On a Quaker's
Meeting.' He is also praised in the ' Retro-
pective Review.' It must, however, be ad-
mitted that Flecknoe's verses, excepting a
?ew happy passages, are of the kind which
;hiefly pleases the author. They were printed
'or private circulation, and are often rare.

His works are : 1. ' Hierothalamium, or
:he Heavenly Nuptials of our Blessed Sa-
riour with a Pious Soule,' 1626. 2. < The
A.ffections of a Pious Soule unto our Saviour

hrist, expressed in a mixed Treatise of Verse
and Prose,' 1640. 3. ' Miscellania, or Poems
of all Sorts, with divers other Pieces,' 1653*
4. ' Love's Dominion, a dramatick piece full
of excellent Moralities, written as a pattern
for the reformed stage,' 1654 (anon.) 5. * A
Relation of Ten Years' Travels in Europe>
Asia, Affrique, and America,' 1656. 6. i The
Diarium or Journal, divided into twelve Jor-
nadas in burlesque Rhime or Drolling Verse,'
1656. 7. ' Enigmaticall Characters, all taken
to the Life from several Persons, Humours, and
Dispositions,' 1658. (A second edition, called
' Sixty-nine Characters/ &c., in 1665 ; and
also in 1665 'Enigmatical Characters, &c.
. . . being rather a new work than a new
impression of the old,' differing greatly from
the other two.) 8. ' The Marriage of Ocea-
nus and Britannia,' 1659. 9. ' The Idea
of his Highness Oliver, late Lord Protector,
with certain brief Reflections on his Life/
1659. 10. ' Heroick Portraits, with other Mis-
cellany Pieces,' 1660. 11. ' Love's Kingdom,
a Pastoral Trage-Comedy '(' Love's Dominion '
altered) ; appended is a short treatise of the
English stage, 1664 (reprinted in Hazlitt's
' English Drama and Stage,' Roxburghe Li-
brary, 1869). 12. ' Erminia, or the Fair and
Virtuous Lady, a Trage-Comedy,' 1661 and

1665. 13. ' A Farrago of Several Pieces/

1666. 14. 'The Damoiselles a la Mode/
1667 (taken, according to the preface, ' out
of several excellent pieces of Moliere ').
15. ' Sir William Davenant's Voyage to the
other World, with his Adventures in the
Poets' Elyzium : a Poetical Fiction/ 1668
(with a postscript to the actors at the theatre
in Lincoln's Inn Fields). 16. ' Epigrams of
all Sorts/ 1 bk. 1669. 17. ' Epigrams of all
Sorts, made at divers times on several occa-
sions/ 1670, with 'Epigrams Divine and
Moral.' Another book with same title (' rather
a new work than a new impression '), 1671.

18. ' A Collection of the choicest Epigrams
and Characters of R. F.' (rather a ' new work
than a new impression '), 1673 (from previous
' Epigrams ' and ' Enigmatical Characters ').

19. ' Euterpe Revived, or Epigrams made at
several times ... on persons . . . most of

Fleet

261

Fleetwood

them now living/ 1675. 20. 'A Treatise
of the Sports of Wit,' 1675 (only two copies
known, one in the Huth Library).

[Langbaine's Dramatic Poets, 1691, pp. 199-
202 ; Ware's Writers of Ireland ; Southey's Om-
niana, i. 105-10; Scott's Dryden, 1808, vi. 7,
x. 441 ; Marvell's Works (Grosart), pp. xxxiv,
229 ; Ketrospective Keview, v. 266-75.] L. S.

FLEET, SIR JOHN (d. 1712), governor
of the East India Company, was, according
to Luttrell, by trade a sugar baker, but ac-
cording to Le Neve a wine cooper. He was
elected sheriff of London on 11 Oct. 1688,
and alderman soon afterwards, having in the
interval been knighted. He was also chosen
captain of the city horse volunteers in July
1689, and lord mayor on 1 Oct. 1692. His ac-
cession to the latter office was celebrated by
a pageant called 'The Triumphs of London,'
•written by Elkanah Settle and performed in
the Grocers' Hall on 29 Oct. He represented
the city of London in parliament between
March 1692-3 and 1705, with the exception
of the short parliament which sat from 30 Dec.
1701 to 2 July 1702. On 25 April 1695 he
was elected governor of the East India Com-
pany. It was a critical epoch in the history

of the company, the charter having become, Cn the same year ne was in command of a

legally forfeit in consequence of the interest
due to the government having fallen into
arrear. The government was itself in finan-
cial straits. A rival company had also been
^projected which offered the government a
loan of 2,000,000/. at 8 per cent., while the
best offer which Fleet was authorised to make
on behalf of the old company was an advance
of 700,0007. at 6 per cent. The new company
•was accordingly incorporated on 5 Sept. 1698,
and the old company found it necessary to
effect an amalgamation. This was carried
out on 22 July 1702. Fleet was appointed,
on 11 July 1702, one of the commissioners
to execute the office of lieutenant of London,
and on 14 March 1704-5 he was elected presi-
dent of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He
married twice, his second wife being the
relict of Newcomb, the king's printer. He
died in 1712 and was buried at Battersea.

[Luttrell's Eelation of State Affairs, i. 468,
ii. 581, iii. 465, iv. 376, 605, 721, v. 193, vi. 186;
Le Neve's Pedigrees of Knights (Harl. Soc.), p.
417 ; Anderson's Hist, of Commerce, ii. 222, 236 ;
Lists of Members of Parliament (Official Eeturn
of) ; Lysons's Environs, 1792, i. 35 ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ' E. Settle.'] J. M. K.

FLEETWOOD, CHARLES (d. 1692),
was the third son of Sir Miles Fleet-

jooch

wood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, and

* of Anne, daughter of Nicholas Luke of Wood-

end, Bedfordshire (pedigree communicated

by W. S. Churchill, esq.) Sir Miles Fleet-
wood was receiver of the court of wards, and
died in 1641. His eldest son, Sir William (b.
1603), who succeeded to his father's estates
and office, took the side of the king, and died
in 1674. George, the second son, sought his
fortune in the service of Sweden, and is noticed
below. Charles, who appears to have been
much younger than his brothers, was left by
his father an annuity of 60/., chargeable on
the estate of Sir William Fleetwood (Royalist
Compos ition Papers, 2nd ser. xxiii. 165) . He
was admitted a member of Gray's Inn 30 Nov.
1638 (Harleian MS. 1912). In 1642 he and
other young gentlemen of the Inns of Court
entered the life-guard of the Earl of Essex
(LUDLOW, ed. 1751, p. 17). Though a simple
trooper Fleetwood was in September 1642
employed by Essex to bear a letter to the Earl
of Dorset, containing overtures of peace to the
king, but was dismissed without an answer
(CLARENDON, ed. Macray, ii. 340). He was
wounded at the first battle of Newbury^nby
which time he had risen to the rank of captain
(Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis, p. 244). In May
1644 parliament rewarded him with the
receivership of the court of wards, forfeited
by his brother ( WHITELOCKE, i. 256, ed. 1853).

regiment in the Earl of Manchester's army,
and already notorious as a favourer of secta-
ries. ' Look at Colonel Fleetwood's regi-
ment,' writes a presbyterian ; l what a cluster
of preaching officers and troopers there is ! '
(Manchester's Quarrel with Cromwell, p. 72).
His support of preaching officers involved
him in a quarrel with Sir Samuel Luke
(ELLIS, Original Letters, 3rd ser. iv. 260-6).
Fleetwood commanded a regiment of horse
in the new model, fought at Naseby, and as-
sisted in the defeat of Sir Jacob Astley at
Stow-in-the-Wold (SPRIGGE, Anglia Redi-
viva, pp. 67, 107, 174 ; RTISHWORTH, vi. 140).
In May 1646 Fleetwood entered the House
of Commons as member for Marlborough
(Return of Members of Parliament, i. 496).
In the quarrel between the army and the
parliament in the summer of 1647 he played
an important part. His regiment was one of
those which unanimously refused to take ser-
vice in Ireland ; he himself was one of the
four military commissioners sent to explain
the votes of parliament to the army (30 April
1647), and also one of the officers appointed
by the army to treat with the commissioners
of parliament (1 July 1647) (RFSHWORTH,
vi. 468, 475, 603). According to the state-
ments of Lilburn and Holies he was deeply
engaged in the plot for seizing the king at
Holmby (LILBTJRN, An Impeachment of High
Treason against Oliver Cromwell, 1649, p. 55 ;.

^ After ' first battle of Newbury ' read " prob-
ably while serving as a captain in TyrrelPs
regiment, lately Hampden's.'

10. For ' Tn the same vear ' read

Fleetwood

262

Fleetwood

MASERES, Tracts, i. 246). Fleetwood does not
appear to have been actively employed in the
second civil war, and took no part in the king's
trial. He was appointed on 14 Aug. 1649
governor of the Isle of Wight, in conjunction
with Colonel Sydenham (Cal. State Papers,
Dom. 1649-50, p. 277). In the summer of
1650 he accompanied Cromwell to Scotland,
and, as lieutenant-general of the horse, helped
to gam the battle of Dunbar. During his
absence Fleetwood was elected a member of
the third council of state (17 Feb. 1651), and
was recalled from Scotland and charged with
the command of the forces retained in England
(ib. 1651, pp. 44, 103). This position gave
him the command of the forces collected to
oppose Charles II's march into England. He
met Cromwell on 24 Aug. at Warwick to
concert measures with him, gathered at Ban-
bury the militia of about twenty counties,
and crossing the Severn established himself
at Upton, on the south-west of Worcester
(29 Aug.) From this point Fleetwood com-
menced the battle of 3 Sept., forcing his way
across the Teme, and driving the royalists
into Worcester (Old Parliamentary History,
xx. 25, 33, 41, 60). His services were ac-
knowledged by the thanks of the House of
Commons, and his re-election to the council
of state. In the following year Fleetwood's
importance was further increased by his ap-
pointment as commander-in-chief in Ireland
and his marriage with Cromwell's daughter.
A few weeks after the battle of Worcester
Fleetwood had lost his wife, Frances, daugh-
ter of Thomas Smith of Winston, Norfolk,
who was buried at St. Anne's, Blackfriars,
24 Nov. 1651 (Notes and Queries, iv. 3, 156).
Two days later died Henry Ireton, the hus-
band of Cromwell's eldest daughter, Bridget,
and before the end of 1652 the widow became
Fleetwood's second wife (CARLYLE, Cromwell,
Letter clxxxix.) The marriage was attri-
buted at the time to Mrs. Ireton's desire to
regain the position she had lost ; but this is
hardly consistent with the account of her
character given by the writer who tells the
story (Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson,\i. 189,
202, ed. 1885). Fleetwood's appointment to
the command of the Irish army was due to
Lambert's refusal to hold the post except with
the rank of lord deputy, which office parlia-
ment had resolved to abolish. Accordingly
the council of state nominated Fleetwood
(8 July 1652), parliament approved, and
Cromwell, as captain-general of the forces
of the Commonwealth, granted him a com-
mission as commander-in-chief in Ireland,
10 July 1652 (THTJRLOE, i. 212). He was also
made one of the commissioners for the civil
government of that country (Instructions

24 Aug. 1652, Old Parliamentary History,
xx. 92).

Fleetwood remained in Ireland from Sep-
tember 1652 to September 1655. On 27 Aug.
1654, or earlier, he was given the higher rank
of lord deputy, and continued to hold that
title until superseded by Henry Cromwell in
November 1657 (Ikth Report of the Deputy-
Keeper of Irish Records, p. 28 ; Mercurius
Politicus, 3780). The chief work of Fleet-
wood's government was the transplantation
of the condemned Irish landholders to Con-
naught, and he was also able to begin the
settlement of the disbanded soldiers on the
confiscated estates (PRENDERGAST, Cromwel-
lian Settlement of Ireland, ed. 1875, pp. 228,
267). Fleetwood was personally a warm
supporter of the policy of transplantation,
and eager to punish Vincent Gookin [q. v.]
for his book against it (THTJRLOE, iii. 139). A
bitter persecutor of catholic priests, he showed
himself ever ready to protect and favour the
anabaptists and extreme sectaries among the
soldiers, and was accordingly disliked by the
presbyterians. This was probably one of the
causes of his recall to England (Reliquice
Eaxteriance, i. 74). The sectarian party and
the army in general petitioned for his return
(THTJRLOE, iv. 276, 421). Fleetwood ap-
proved and furthered the foundation of the
protectorate. According to Ludlow he pro-
cured the proclamation of the Protector, by a
trick, and took care that all the Irish members
in the parliament of 1654 should be staunch
friends of the government (Memoirs, pp. 184,
189, ed. 1751). But according to Colonel
Hewson it was Fleetwood's l sweet healing
peaceable spirit ' which drew over the hearts
of the scrupulous, and convinced them that
' the interest of God's people ' could only be
secure by Cromwell's rule (THTJRLOE, iv. 276).
But he was always ready to intervene on be-
half of old companions in arms who were dis-
satisfied with the new government. He inter-
ceded for Colonel Alured, Colonel Rich, and
Adjutant-general Allen, proceeded against
Ludlow with great reluctance, and strove
hard to win him over (ib. ii. 728, iii. 246,
vi.251; LTJDLOW, pp. 205, 210). Fleetwood
was also in complete agreement with Crom-
well in the various breaches which took
place between him and his parliament^. On
the dissolution of the first (January 1655)
he wrote to Thurloe, declaring that freedom
for tender consciences, and the limitation cp ,'
the powers and duration of parliament were
the two essentials of any settlement (THTJR-
LOE, iii. 23, 112, 136). In December 1054
Fleetwood had been appointed one of Crom-
well's council, and on his return to England
(September 1655) he at once assumed a lead-

Fleetwood

263

Fleetwood

ing place in the Protector's court (ib. iv. 406).
He was appointed also one of the major-
generals, having under his charge the coun-
ties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Oxford, Cam-
bridge, Huntingdon, and Buckingham, but
seems usually to have exercised his functions
through a deputy. Fleetwood approved of
the exclusion of those who refused to sign a
recognition of the protectorate from the par-
liament of 1656, and though he opposed the
proposal to make Cromwell king accepted
willingly the rest of the articles of the peti-
tion and advice (LuDLOW, pp. 222, 225;
THUELOE, vi. 219, 244, 281, 310). He took
his seat in the new House of Lords, believ-
ing that the revised constitution would se-
cure the desired settlement, and was deeply
disappointed at the breach which followed
(THUELOE, vi. 752, 840). He advocated the
speedy summons of another parliament, and
was one of the committee of nine appointed
to consider the necessary measures (ib. vii.
192). In foreign as well as domestic policy
Fleetwood, moved by his strong religious
sympathies, was in complete accord with
Cromwell. He was inclined to believe that
the latter was ' particularly raised up ' to be
a shelter to poor persecuted protestants in
foreign parts, and held ' the cause of the pro-
testant interest against the common enemy '
to be the supreme interest of England (ib.
iii. 468, vii. 190). So for public, as well as
for personal, reasons Fleetwood watched with
anxiety Cromwell's last illness, and lamented
his death. ' There is none,' he wrote, ' but
are deeply concerned in this that have a true
love to this blessed cause.' ' His heart was
full of love to the interest of the Lord's
people, and made everything else bow down
unto it ' (ib. vii. 355, 375). Fleetwood's posi-
tion as head of the army and this thorough
agreement with Cromwell's views lend some
plausibility to the story that Cromwell once
designed Fleetwood to succeed him. It is
stated that the Protector some time before
his death nominated Fleetwood in writing as
his successor; but that the document was
lost or destroyed (BAKEE, Chronicle, ed. Phil-
lips, 1670, p. 653; BATES, Elenchus, ed. 1685,
pt. ii. pp. 236, 242). If a protector were to be
chosen other than one of Cromwell's sons, no
one had stronger claims than Fleetwood. He
was the officer highest in rank in the armies of
the three kingdoms. The military services of
Lambert and Harrison might have made them
dangerous rivals, but both had been distin-
guished by their opposition to the existing
government, and neither was at present a
member of the army. Fleetwood's connection
with the Cromwell family furnished a guaran-
tee to the adherents of Cromwell, and he was

at the same time trusted by the extreme sec-
taries. These reasons induced the discon-
tented officers to put him forward as their
leader in the attempt to render the army in-
dependent of the civil power. Fleetwood
took part in the elevation of Richard Crom-
well, presented the address in which the army
declared their resolution to support him, and
wrote to Henry Cromwell expressing his joy
at his brother's peaceable accession (THUE-
LOE, vii. 405). The first movement came
from the superior officers of the army, who
early in October 1659 met and drew up an
address demanding that a general should be
appointed, and that in future no officer should
be cashiered without a council of war. The
Protector refused these demands, pointing
out that he had already made Fleetwood
lieutenant-general of all the army, and so by
consequence commander-in-chief under him-
self (ib. vii. 436, 449, 452). Fleetwood was
suspected of instigating these petitions, and
the responsibility which he incurred by per-
mitting them was clearly pointed out to him
by Henry Cromwell. He endeavoured to
vindicate himself, and based his defence on
the necessity of preserving 'the honest in-
terest ' in the army (ib. pp. 454, 500).

In February 1659 the officers assembled
again, and entered into communication with
the republican party in the House of Com-
mons. They intended to present a petition,
but their own dissensions and Fleetwood's
reluctance to press matters to extremity pre-
vented the plan from being carried out (GrUl-
ZOT, Richard Cromwell, i. 304-6 ; Clarendon
Papers, iii. 430, 432 ; THUELOE, vii. 612-18).
The attacks of parliament upon the soldiers
who had been Cromwell's instruments led
to a fresh meeting in April, ending in the pre-
sentation of ' the Humble Representation of
6 April, which insisted in strong terms on the
danger of the good old cause ' from the in-
trigues of the cavaliers. The Protector, backed
by parliament, ordered these meetings of offi-
cers to be brought to an end, but Fleetwood
now placed himself at the head of the move-
ment, refused to obey the Protector's orders,
and by a military demonstration forced him
to dissolve parliament (22 April 1659).

In thus acting Fleetwood's conduct was
dictated, not by hostility to the Protector,
but by hostility to his parliament. Imme-
diately after the dissolution he had a long
interview with Richard Cromwell, and made
him large promises of support (GuizoT, i.
372 ; BAKEE, Chronicle, p. 660). Fleetwood,
Desborough, and most of the Wallingford
House party were anxious to patch up an
agreement with the Protector, while the
subordinate officers were eager for a common-

Fleetwood

264

Fleetwood

wealth, and for the revival of the Long par-
liament. They lost their influence with the
officers, 'being looked upon as self-seekers
in that they are for a protector now they
have got a protector of wax whom they can
mould as they please, and lay aside when
they can agree upon a successor ' (THTJRLOE,
vii. 666; BAKER, p. 660). They were there-
fore obliged to yield, and to recall the expelled
members of the Long parliament (6 May 1659).
At the same time Lambert's [see LAMBERT,
JOHN] re-admission to the army still further
diminished Fleetwood's influence. Nomi-
nally his authority was much increased by
this rerolution. He was appointed a mem-
ber of the committee of safety (7 May), one
of the council of state (13 May), and one of
the seven commissioners for the reorganisa-
tion of the army (LuDiow, pp. 248-51). The
twelfth article of the army address of 13 May
demanded that Fleetwood should be made
commander-in-chief, and an act was passed
for that purpose. He received his commis-
sion on 9 June 1659 (THURLOE, vii. 679).
But his powers were to last ' only during the
continuance of parliament, or till parliament
should take further order,' and all commissions
were to be signed by the speaker (BAKER,
p. 669 ; LTTDLOW, pp. 251-3). On the suppres-
sion of Sir George Booth's rising [see BOOTH,
GEORGE, 1622-1684], Lambert's brigade peti-
tioned that these restrictions should be re-
moved, Fleetwood's commission be made
permanent, and other general officers be ap-
pointed (BAKER, p. 677). These demands
were backed by a second petition signed by
most of the officers of the English army (Old
Parliamentary History, xxi. 460). Parlia-
ment answered by cashiering nine leading
officers, and by voting Fleetwood's commission
to be void, and vesting the chief command
in seven commissioners, of whom he was to
be one (11 Oct.) Fleetwood seems at first
to have attempted to mediate. His wife told
Ludlow f that her husband had been always
unwilling to do anything in opposition to the
parliament, that he was utterly ignorant of
the contrivance of the officers at Derby to
petition the parliament in so insolent a man-
ner, and had not any part in their proceedings
upon it afterwards' (Memoirs, p. 295). Lud-
low also says that Fleetwood was in the
House of Commons when the vote of 11 Oct.
was passed, and promised to submit to it
(ib. p. 275). In the violent expulsion of
parliament on 12 Oct. Lambert played the
principal part. Fleetwood assisted but kept
in the background. As before, when events
came to a crisis he sided with the army. He
was now again declared commander-in-chief
(18 Oct.), but he was in reality little more

than president of the council of officers. While
Lambert went north to meet Monck, he
stayed in London to maintain order in the city
and union in the army. He made every effort,
publicly and privately, to come to an agree-
ment with Monck, and signed a treaty with
his commissioners on 15 Nov. 1659, which
Monck refused to ratify (BAKER, pp. 685-95).
In a speech to the common council, Fleetwood
endeavoured to vindicate the conduct of the
army. ' I dare say our design is God's glory.
We have gone in untrodden paths, but God
hath led us into ways which, if we know our
own hearts, we have no base or unworthy
designs in. We have no design to rule over
others' (Three Speeches made to the Lord
Mayor, fyc., by the Lord Whitelocke, the
Lord Fleetwood, and the Lord Desborouyh,
8 Nov. 1659). With the same object and
with equally little success Fleetwood en-
gaged in epistolary controversy with Hasle-
rig (The True Copy of Several Letters from
Portsmouth, 1659). There is also printed
a reply to Colonel Morley's remonstrance
(THTJRLOE, vii. 771), entitled 'The Lord-
General Fleetwood's Answer to Colonel Mor-
ley, and some other late Officers of the Army,'
8 Nov. 1659, but this is denounced as ' a
mere fiction ' (MercuriusPoliticus, 10-17 Nov.
1659). Defections increased rapidly, and in
December it was simply a question with whom
to make terms. Fleetwood was generally
suspected of a desire to restore Richard
Cromwell, and his acts were jealously watched
by Vane's party (LUDLOW, p. 288). Ludlow
urged him to recall the Rump (ib. p. 295).
Royalist agents had for some time been soli-
citing him on behalf of the king, and he was
now vigorously pressed by his brother, Sir
William Fleet wood, and by Bulstrode White-
locke to enter into negotiations with Charles,
and to declare for a free parliament (WHITE-
LOCKE, iv. 381, ed. 1853). If he did not seize
the opportunity and make terms with the
king, Monck would bring him back without
terms. Fleetwood was on the point of agree-
ing with the city for this object, but he was
held back by a promise to take no step of the
kind without consulting Lambert, and by
the opposition of the inferior officers (Claren-
don State Papers, iii. 633). ' He replied to
the assistance and conjunction offered by
the city, that God had spit in his face, and
he was to submit to the late dissolved body
of members of parliament ' (ib. pp. 633, 647 ;
BAKER, p. 698). The soldiers declared for
the restoration of the Rump (24 Dec.), whicl:
immediately deprived Fleetwood of his pos{
of commander-in-chief (26 Dec.) His regi,
ment of horse was given to Sir A. Cooper;
Fleetwood was included in the vote of in

vood died

is in

the

Fleetwood

265

Fleetwood

demnity which was immediately passed
(2 Jan.), but was summoned (24 Jan.) to
appear before parliament on 31 Jan. 1660
to answer for his conduct. Pepys was told
on 31 Jan. that Fleetwood had written a let-
ter ' and desired a little more time, he being
a great way out of town. And how that he
is quite ashamed of himself, and confesses
how he had deserved this for his baseness to
his brother. And that he is like to pay part
of the money paid out of the exchequer dur-
ing the committee of safety out of his own
purse again' (Diary, 31 Jan. 1660). The
day fixed for his appearance was several
times adjourned, and he does not appear to
have been actually punished.

Fleetwood's escape at the Restoration was
due to the fact that he had taken no part in
the king's trial, and was not regarded as
politically dangerous. The commons excepted
twenty persons not regicides from the act of
indemnity for penalties not extending to life,
and among these was Fleetwood (18 June
1660) (Old Parliamentary History, xxii.
351). When the act came before the lords
the Earl of Lichfield exerted himself on be-
half of Fleetwood, and, thanks to his influ-
ence and that of other friends, Fleetwood
was ultimately included in the list of eighteen
persons whose sole punishment was perpetual
incapacitation from all offices of trust (LuD-
LOW, Memoirs, p. 354 ; Act of Indemnity,
29 Aug. 1660). The rest of his life was
therefore passed in obscurity. Shortly after
the Restoration occurred the death of Brid-
get Fleetwood, who was buried at St. Anne's,
Blackfriars, 1 July 1662 (Notes and Queries,
4th ser. iii. 156). Eighteen months later,
14 Jan. 1663-4, Fleetwood married Dame
Mary Hartopp, daughter of Sir John Coke
of Melbourne, Derbyshire, and widow of Sir
Edward Hartopp, bart, (ib. 4th ser. ii. 600).
From the date of his third marriage he resided
at Stoke Newington, in a house belonging to
his wife, which was afterwards known as
Fleetwood House. This house was demolished
in 1872 (ib. 4th ser. ix. 296, 364, 435, 496).
During this period he was a member of the
congregation of Dr. John Owen, two of whose
) letters to him are printed by Orme (Life of
| Owen, pp. 368,516). Fleetwood's third wife
died on 17 Dec. 1684, Fleetwood himself on
4 Oct. 1692 ; both were buried in Bunhill
1 Fields cemetery. His will, dated 10 Jan.
\ 1689-90, is printed in * Notes and Queries '
\ (4th ser. ix. 362), and also by Waylen (House
\ofCromwell, p. 69). In 1869, when the ceme-
jtery was reopened as a public garden, Fleet-
Wood's monument, which had been discovered
ueven feet below the surface of the ground,
Was restored at the expense of the corporation

of London. An engraving of it was given in
the « Illustrated London News ' of 23 Oct.
1869.

Fleetwood left issue by two of his wives,
but his descendants in the male line became
extinct about the middle of the eighteenth
century. By his first wife, Frances Smith,
he had (1) Smith Fleetwood (1644-1709),
who married Mary, daughter of Sir Edward
Hartopp, their descendants became extinct
in 1764 (NOBLE, ii. 367) ; (2) Elizabeth, mar-
ried Sir John Hartopp, third baronet, from
whom the existing Cradock-Hartopp family
is descended (ib. ii. 367 ; FOSTER, Baronet-
aye, ed. 1883). By Bridget Cromwell, Fleet-
wood was the father of (1) Cromwell Fleet-
wood, born about 1653, married in 1679
Elizabeth Nevill of Little Berkhampstead,
Hertfordshire (CHESTER, Marriage Licenses,
ed. Foster, p. 491). Administration of his
goods was granted in September 1688 ; he
seems to have died without issue ; (2) Anne
Fleetwood, buried in Westminster Abbey, and
exhumed at the Restoration (CHESTER, West-
minster Abbey Registers, p. 522) ; (3) Mary,
who married Nathaniel Carter (21 Feb. 1678),
and several other children, most of whom died
young, and none of whom left issue (WAY-
LEN, p. 88 ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi.
390).

[Pedigree of the Fleetwood family, drawn tip
by J. P. Earwaker, esq., and communicated
by "W. S. Churchill, esq. ; articles by Colonel
Chester in Notes and Queries ; Noble's House of
Cromwell, 1787 ; Waylen 's House of Cromwell,
1880 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. ; Thurloe Papers;
Carlyle's Cromwell's Letters and Speeches.]

C. H. F.

FLEETWOOD, GEORGE (ft. 1650 ?),
regicide, was the son of Sir George Fleetwood,
knt., of the Vache, near Chalfont St. Giles,
Buckinghamshire, and Catherine, daughter
of Henry Denny of Waltham, Essex. In the
will of Sir George Fleetwood, who died 21 Dec.
1620, George Fleetwood is described as his
third son, but Edward and Charles, his elder
brothers, appear to have died without issue.
In < Mercurius Aulicus,' 7 Dec. 1643, it is
stated that 'Young Fleetwood of the Vache '
had raised a troop of dragoons for the parlia-
ment, to defend the Chiltern parts of Buck-
inghamshire ; and in an ordinance of 27 June
1644 the name of Fleetwood appears in the
list of the Buckinghamshire committee (Hus-
BAND, Ordinances, 1646, p. 54). He entered
the Long parliament in July 1647 as mem-
ber for Buckinghamshire (Names of Members
returned to serve in Parliament, i. 485). In
1648 he was appointed one of the commis-
sioners for the trial of the king, attended
two sittings of the court, and was present

Fleetwood

266

Fleetwood

also when sentence was pronounced, and
signed the death-warrant (NALSON, Trial of
Charles /). In 1649 and 1650 he was colonel of
the Buckinghamshire militia, and was chosen
a member of the eighth and last council of
state of the Commonwealth (1 Nov.-lO Dec.
1653, Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1653-4, p.
xxxvi). He represented the county of Buck-
ingham in the assembly of 1653, and the
town in the parliament of 1654 (Old Par-
liamentary History, xx. 176, 297). Cromwell
knighted him in the autumn of 1656, and
summoned him to his House of Lords in De-
cember 1657 (Perfect Politician, ed. 1680, p.
293 ; Old Parliamentary History, xxi. 168).
On the occasion of Sir George Booth's rising
parliament authorised Fleetwood to raise a
* troop of well-affected volunteers ' ( Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 1659-60, pp. 125, 565). He re-
fused to assist Lambert against Monck, op-
posed the oath of abjuration in parliament, was
entrusted with the command of a regiment by
Monck in the spring of 1660, and proclaimed
Charles II at York (11 May 1660) (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 7th Rep. p. 159). When the regicides
were summoned to surrender he gave himself
up (16 June), but was excepted from the Act of
Indemnity (KENKETT, Register, pp. 181, 240).
At his trial (October 1660) Fleetwood pleaded
guilty, was sentenced to death, and said, weep-
ing, that he had confessed the fact, and
wished he could express his sorrow (Trial of
the Regicides, pp. 28, 276). A saving clause
in the Act of Indemnity suspended the exe-
cution of those who claimed the benefit of
the king's proclamation, unless their convic-
tion was followed by a special act of parlia-
ment for their execution. Fleetwood accord-
ingly petitioned parliament, stating that his
name was inserted in the list of commissioners
without his knowledge and against his will,
and that his signature to the warrant was ex-
torted by Cromwell/ whose power, commands,
and threats (he being then young) frighted
him into court.' He produced certificates from
Monck and Ashley of his services in forward-
ing the Restoration, enlarged on his early
and continued repentance, and begged^ to be
represented to his majesty as a fit object 01
his royal clemency and mercy to hold his life
merely by his princely grace ' (Hist. MSS
Comm. 7th Rep. p. 159). His life was spared
but his estate of the Vache confiscated anc
given to the Duke of York. In 1664 a war-
rant was issued for Fleet-wood's transports
tion to Tangiers, but it seems to have been
suspended at the solicitation of his wife (Cal
State Papers, Dom. 1663-4, p. 536). Accord
ing to Noble he was finally released anc
t to America (Lives of the Regicides, i
246).

* Noble's story

that he went to America is not confirmed.
On the other hand Annals of the Universe,

[Pedigree and wills kindly comnnmicated by
W.S. Churchill, esq. ; Dom. State Papers; Noble's
Lives of the Eegicides, 1798.] C. H. F.

FLEETWOOD, GEORGE (1605-1667),
Swedish general and baron, was second son
)f Sir Miles Fleetwood of Cranford and Aid-
winkle, Northamptonshire, receiver of the
:ourt of wards, and was grandson of the first
Sir William of Aldwinkle. Sir Miles had two
ither sons, William (afterwards Sir William
of Aldwinkle) and Charles, the parliamen-
tary general [q. v.] George was baptised at
Jople, Bedfordshire, 30 June 1605, and in
L629 raised a troop of horse with which he
went to Germany and j oined the Swedish army
under Gustavus Adolphus, who gave him the
rank of lieutenant-colonel. He returned to
England, and having collected a regiment
of foot conducted it to the scene of war in
1630. He became a Swedish knight 3 June
1632, and in 1636 was sent on a mission to
England. He was commandant of Greifswald
and Colberg in 1641, and having returned to
Sweden in 1653 was raised to the rank of
baron by Queen Christina, 1 June 1654. In
the following year he was sent by Charles X as
envoy extraordinary to Cromwell, in response
to Whitelocke's embassy. He was accom-
panied by his eldest son, Gustavus Miles Fleet-
wood, who was enrolled among the life-guard
of Charles II, and pursued in England his
education in the civil and military accom-
plishments of the day. Fleetwood became
a Swedish lieutenant-general in 1656, and,
having left England in 1660, member of the
council of war in 1665. In 1640 he married
Brita Gyllenstjerna, of "the family of that
Christina Gyllenstjerna who, in 1520, de-
fended Stockholm against the Danes. By
that lady he had four sons and two daughters.
He died 11 June 1667, and was buried at
Nykoping. He was a man of great energy
and prudence, much trusted by his superiors.
Whitelocke mentions him frequently in his.
1 Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the years;
1653 and 1654,' and a letter from Fleetwood
to his father in 1632, describing the battle of
Liitzen, at which he was present, is published
in the 'Camden Miscellany,' vol. i. 1847.
There are several branches of his descendants
now in Sweden. Nathaniel Whiting, minister
of Aldwinkle, dedicated his ' Old Jacob's
Altar newly repaired/ 1659, 4to, to the three
brothers, William, George, and Charles.

[Information kindly supplied by W. S.
Churchill, esq., of Manchester; Whitelocke's
Swedish Embassy ; Camden Miscellany, vol. i.'
Attartaflor, or Swedish Tables of Nobility, Stock-
holm (1859), gives the correct genealogy. Burke
in his Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies repeats
genealogical errors of Mark Noble.] C. H. D.

says on p. 282 that George FleetV
at Tangier, 17 Nov. 1672.
A miniature by S. Cooper

Fleetwood

267

Fleetwood

FLEETWOOD, JAMES, D.D. (1603-
1683), bishop of Worcester, the seventh son
of Sir George Fleetwood of the Vache, Chal-
font St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, by Cathe-
rine, daughter of Henry Denny of Waltham,
Essex, was baptised at Chalfont St. Giles
25 April 1603. He was educated first at
Eton and then at King's College, Cambridge,
of which he was elected scholar in 1623.
Having taken holy orders, he was appointed
in 1632 chaplain to the Bishop of Lichfield
(Dr. Robert Wright), by whom he was pre-
sented to the vicarage of Frees, Shropshire,
and subsequently, 12 July 1636, collated to the
prebend of Eccleshall in the church of Lich-
field, in which he was installed on 9 Sept. fol-
lowing. On the outbreak of the rebellion he
attached himself as chaplain to the regiment
of John, earl of Rivers, and was of so much
service at the battle of Edgehill — whether
he limited himself strictly to prayers and ex-
hortations or took a more active part in the
fighting is not clear — that at Charles's special
command the university of Oxford conferred
upon him the degree of D.D. on 1 Nov. 1642.
He was afterwards preferred to the rectory
of Button Coldfield, Warwickshire, from
which, however, he was ejected by the parlia-
ment. He was tutor to several noblemen
and chaplain to Prince Charles, who made
him his chaplain in ordinary on the Restora-
tion. In accordance with a royal mandate the
fellows of King's College, Cambridge, elected
him provost in June 1660. Dr. Whichcote, the
existing provost, supported by a minority of
the fellows, held out in his rooms, and Fleet-
wood was compelled to apply to Charles for a
' letter mandatory' before he would quit. He
was restored to the living of Frees and pre-
sented to the rectory of Anstey in Hertford-
shire and that of Denham in Buckingham-
shire. On 29 Aug. 1675 he was consecrated
bishop of Worcester in the church of St. Peter
le Poer, Broad Street, London. He died on
17 July 1683, and was buried in Worcester
Cathedral. A mural tablet inscribed with
his name was placed in Jesus Chapel the same
year. Wood states that he was buried in the
lady chapel, and that ' a marble monument
with an epitaph of his own making ' was
placed over his grave in 1687. No trace of
this, however, is now to be seen. By his
wife, Martha Mercer of Reading, he had
two sons, Arthur and John (the latter be-
came archdeacon of Worcester), besides four
daughters.

[Wood's Fasti Oxon.ii. 51 ; Ahimni Etonenses;
Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ; Hist. MSS. Comm.
1st Kep. App. 67, 7th Rep. App. 106; Britton's
Worcester Cathedral, App. 2 ; information from
J. P. Earwaker, esq.j J. M. R.

FLEETWOOD, SIK PETER HESKETH r>

(1801-1866), founder of the town of Fleet-
wood, descended from the ancient Lancashire
families of Hesketh and Fleetwood, son of
Robert Hesketh, esq., of Rossall, Lancashire,
was born at Wennington Hall, near Lancas-
ter, on 9 May 1801. He was educated at
Trinity College, Oxford, and graduated B.A.
in 1823 and M.A. in 1826. He was high
sheriff of Lancashire in 1830, and sat as M.P.
for Preston from 1832 to 1847, at first as a
conservative, and subsequently as a member
of the opposite party. He assumed the sur-
name of Fleetwood by royal license 5 March
1831, and was created a baronet in June
1838. He projected, and in 1836 commenced
to build the present flourishing town and
port of Fleetwood, situated on his estate of
Rossall, at the mouth of the river Wyre, in
the Fylde, Lancashire. He was a strong ad-
vocate for the abolition of the death penalty,
and in 1840 published a translation of Victor
Hugo's ' Last Days of a Condemned,' to which
he prefixed ; Observations on Capital Punish-
ment.'

He was twice married : first in 1826 to
Eliza Debonnaire, daughter of Sir T. J. Met-
calfe ; and secondly, in 1837, to Virginia
Marie, daughter of Seiior Pedro Garcia, who
still (1889) survives. Sir Peter died at his re-
sidence, 127 Piccadilly, London, on 12 April
1866. His son, the Rev. Sir Peter Louis
Hesketh Fleetwood, died in 1880, when the
baronetcy became extinct.

[Gent. Mag. June 1866, p. 906; Illustrated
London News, April 1886, p. 426; Hardwick's
History of Preston (1857), p. 555; Baines's His-
tory of Lancashire (1870), ii. 517-18; Lanca-
shire and Cheshire Historical and Genealogical
Notes, ii. 113, 118.] 0. W. S. ^

FLEETWOOD, THOMAS (1661-1717)7
drainer of Marton or Martin Meer, eldest
son of Sir Richard Fleetwood, bart., of
Calwick, Staffordshire, who survived him,
was born in 1661, and having married the
daughter and heiress of Christopher Bannis-
ter, esq., of Bank Hall, Lancashire, he pur-
chased from the Mainwarings, about 1690,
the manor of Marton Grange, or Marton
Sands, in the same county. His land adjoined
a large lake called Marton (or Martin) Meer,
occupying an area of 3,132 acres, with a cir-
cumference of about eighteen miles, and this
he boldly resolved to drain. Having first
obtained from the neighbouring proprietors a
lease of their rights in the meer for the dura-
tion of three lives and thirty-one years, he
procured in 1692 an act of parliament allow-
ing him to proceed, and commenced opera-
tions in the following year. On these exten-
sive works as many as two thousand labourers

Fleetwood

268

Fleetwood

were sometimes engaged at the same time.
The result was fairly successful for about
sixty years, but in 1755, five years after the
lease had expired, the sea broke in, almost
destroying all that had been done. In 1781
draining operations were resumed by Thomas
Eccleston of Scarisbrick, Lancashire ; but it
was not until after the middle of the present
century that Sir Thomas Hesketh succeeded
in triumphing over every difficulty, convert-
ing this large tract of fertile land, traversed by
good roads, to profitable use. Fleetwood died
22 April 1717, and was buried in the church
of North Meols, Lancashire, where there is
a monument to his memory eulogising his en-
terprise and spirit. His only daughter and
heiress, Henrietta Maria, married Thomas
Legh, younger brother of Peter Legh, esq., of
Lyme in Cheshire (EARWAKER, -£"««$£ Cheshire,
ii. 301).

[Burke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies,
1844 ; Baines's History of the County Palatine
and Duchy of Lancaster, 1836 ; Leigh's Natural
History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak,
1700.] C. H. D^j

FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM (1535?-
1594), recorder of London, son of Robert
Fleetwood, third son of William Fleetwood
of Hesketh in Lancashire, was born about
1535, and after being educated at Brasenose
College, Oxford, which he left without a de-
gree, was called to the bar of the Middle
Temple. He became freeman by patrimony
of the Merchant Taylors' Company of Lon-
don on 21 June 1557 ; autumn reader of his
inn on 21 May 1563 ; steward of the com-
pany's manor of Rushbrook in 1564, and
counsel in their suit against the Clothworkers
in 1565. In 1559 he was one of the com-
missioners to visit the dioceses of Oxford,
Lincoln, Peterborough, Coventry, and Lich-
field, and was elected M.P. for Lancaster to
the first two parliaments of Elizabeth's reign,
having previously sat for Marlborough in the
last of Mary's parliaments. In 1568 he became
* double reader in Lent' to his inn. By the
Earl of Leicester's influence he was elected
(26 April 1571) recorder of London, and the
same year was made a commissioner to inquire
into the customs, besides being returned to
parliament for the city of London (8 May
1572). As recorder he was famous for
rigorously and successfully enforcing the laws
against vagrants, mass-priests, and papists. In
1576 he was committed to the Fleet prison for
a short time for breaking into the Portuguese
ambassador's chapel under colour of the law
against popish recusants. His own account
of his action, dated 9 Nov., is printed in
Strype's 'Annals.' In 1580 he was made
eerjeant-at-law, and in 1583 a commissioner

for the reformation of abuses in printing. In
the same year he drafted a scheme for housing
the poor and preventing the plague in Lon-
don by maintaining open spaces. On 27 April
1586 he was promised the dignity of baron
of the exchequer, but did not receive it. He
was re-elected M.P. for London in 1586 and

1588. In 1588 he reported, with the solicitor-
general, as to proceedings to be taken against
the Jesuits, and in 1589 on the right of sanc-
tuary for criminals attaching to St. Paul's
churchyard. In 1591 the common council
voted him a pension of 100/., whereupon he
resigned his office. He was made queen's ser-
jeant in 1592, and died at his house in Noble
Street, Aldersgate, on 28 Feb. 1593-4. He
had formerly lived at Bacon House, Foster
Lane, and at his death owned an estate at
Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, where
he was buried. Fleetwood was a hard-working
judge, and was disappointed at not receiving
higher preferment. His connection with
Leicester was insisted on by Leicester's ene-
mies, and he is called ' Leicester's mad Re-
corder ' in ' Leicester's Commonwealth,' but he
was at the same time assiduous in cultivating
Lord Burghley's favour. He was noted for
his witty speeches, and his eloquence is eulo-
gised by Thomas Newton in his 'Encomia,'

1589. He married Mariana, daughter of John
Barley of Kingsey, Buckinghamshire, by
whom he left a family. His elder son, Sir
William, succeeded to Missenden, and the
younger son, Sir Thomas, of the Middle
Temple, was attorney to Henry, prince of
Wales. One daughter (Cordelia) married Sir
David Foulis [q. v.], and another (Elizabeth)
Sir Thomas Chaloner (1561-1615) [q. v.]
Fleetwood's works are: 1. 'An Oration made
at Guildhall before the Mayor, concerning
the late attempts of the Queen's Maiesties
evil seditious subjects,' 15 Oct. 1571, 12mo.
2. ' Annalium tarn Regum Edwardi V, Ric. Ill,
et Hen. VII quam Hen. VIII, titulorum ordine
alphabetico digestorum Elenchus,' 1579, 1597.
3. ' A Table to the Reports of Edmund Plow-
den '(in French), 1578, 1579, 1599. 4. 'The
Office of a Justice of the Peace,' 1658, 8vo
(posthumous). 5. Verses before Sir Thomas i
Chaloner's ' De Republica Anglorum instau-
randa,' 1579, and Lambarde's 'Perambulation

of Kent,' 1576. Many of Fleetwood's works
remain in manuscript. Among them are ' Ob-
servacons sur Littleton ' (Harl. MS. 5225),
besides four volumes of reports and law com-
monplaces (Harl. MS. 5153-6), and an imper-
fect but interesting 'Itinerarium ad Windsor'
(Gent. Mag. 1857, i. 602). Wood saw in
manuscript ' Observations upon the Eyre of
Pickering/ and on Lambarde's 'Archeion.' In
the preface to the 'Office of a Justice' Fleet-

Fleetvvood

269

Fleetwood

wood mentions a work by himself ' De Pace
Ecclesise,' not otherwise known.

[Baines's Lancashire, iv. 440 ; Middle Temple
MS. Records ; Merchant Taylors' MS. Records ;
Parl. Hist. i. 734 sq. ; Stow's London; Strype's
Annals; Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, i. 598;
Wright's Elizabeth and her Times ; Biog. Brit.
(1750); Official Lists of M.P.'s.] W. C-E.

/V>

FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM (1656-1723),
bishop of Ely, a descendant of the ancient
family of Fleetwood of Hesketh, Lancashire,
fifth of six children of Captain Geoffrey
Fleetwood by Anne, daughter of Mr. Richard
Smith, prothonotary to the Poultry Compter,
and nephew of James Fleetwood [q. v. ] , bishop
of Worcester, was born on 1 Jan. 1656, in
the Tower of London, where his father re-
sided till his death in April 1665. William
was on the foundation at Eton, and was
elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge,
on 27 Nov. 1675, and in due course became
a fellow. He graduated B.A. 1679, M.A.
1683, D.D. 1705. On the death of Pro-
vost Copleston in 1689, the appointment of
his successor being claimed by the crown,
Fleetwood and another fellow were deputed
to assert the right of the college to elect their
own provost, which they succeeded in main-
taining (Cole MSS. xvi. 35). In the same
year, not long after his admission to holy
orders, he gained his earliest celebrity as a
preacher by a sermon delivered in King's Col-
lege Chapel, at the commemoration of the
founder, Henry VI, on 25 March, deservedly
admired by his contemporaries as ' a perfect
model and pattern of that kind of perform-
ance.' Fleetwood speedily became one of the
most celebrated preachers of the day. He
was often appointed to preach before the royal
family, the houses of parliament, and other
public bodies on great occasions. A sweet
voice and graceful delivery commended, we
are told, the sound sense and fervent piety
of his sermons. His sermons were rendered
more useful by 'the fine vein of casuistry
which ran through most of them, wherein
he displayed a peculiar talent, and gave ease
to many weak and honest minds ' (Memoir,
p. viii). Fleetwood's reading was wide and
his learning accurate. Browne Willis terms
him a ' general scholar.' and one specially
1 versed in antiquities.' His first work besides
occasional sermons was a collection of pagan
and Christian inscriptions, illustrated with
notes,chiefly original, entitled ' Inscriptionum
Antiquarum Sylloge' (1691). In 1707 he
published anonymously his ' Chronicon Pre-
tiosum,' a book very valuable for its research
and general accuracy on the value of money
and the price of corn and other commodities for

;he previous six centuries. The question had
occurred whether the statutes of a college
making the possession of an estate of 51. per
annum a bar to the retention of a fellowship
were to be interpreted literally, or with regard
:o the altered value of money. Fleetwood
learly makes good the more liberal interpre-
tation (ATJBKEY, Lives, i. 150). Fleetwood
was a generous patron of letters. He en-
couraged Hickes in the publication of his
' Thesaurus Septentrionalis.' Hearne in the
preface to his ' Liber Scaccarii/ and Browne
Willis in the ' History of the Cathedral of
St. Asaph/ acknowledge his 'communicative-
ness ' (Cathedrals, iii. 367). The Boyle lec-
tureship was offered to him, but ill-health
prevented him from lecturing. The materials
he had prepared were subsequently published
by him in 1701, as * An Essay on Miracles/
those, namely, of Moses and of Jesus Christ.
Hoadly wrote a reply to this essay, to which
Fleetwood, from his extreme aversion to con-
troversy, made no rejoinder.

Fleetwood was a zealous whig, an ardent
friend of the revolution and of the Hano-
verian succession. Soon after the accession
of William and Mary he was appointed chap-
lain to the king, but no other mark of royal
favour followed till just before William's
death, when he was nominated to a canonry
at Windsor. The letters of nomination had
not received the royal seal when the king
died, and the House of Commons endeavoured
to set them aside in favour of one of their
own chaplains. Queen Anne, however, re-
plied to their petition that ' if the king had
given the canonry to Dr. Fleetwood, Dr. Fleet-
wood should have it.' He was installed on
2 June 1702. By the interest of Dr. Henry
Godolphin [q. v.], provost of Eton and canon
of St. Paul's, he was appointed to a fellow-
ship at Eton and to the chapter rectory of
St. Augustine and St. Faith's on 26 Nov.
1689, to which was speedily added the lec-
tureship of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, Fleet
Street, where he usually preached three times
a week to admiring crowds. But his love of
retirement and his attachment to Eton and
Windsor induced him in 1705 to exchange
his London preferments for the living of
Wexham, Buckinghamshire, worth only 60/,
per annum, where he devoted much of his
time to his favourite historical and antiquarian
studies. In 1708 Queen Anne, of her own
personal act and without his knowledge, ap-
pointed him to the see of St. Asaph, vacant
by the death of Beveridge, to which he was;
consecrated on 8 June of that year. Anne
called Fleetwood ' my bishop,' attended his;
sermons, and favoured him till her death, in
spite of the outspoken whiggism which mad»'

Fleetwood

270

Fleetwood

him specially offensive to her favourite party.
His fulfilment of the duties of the episcopate
rose much above the standard of the age, and
overcame the prejudice with which he was
at first regarded by his clergy. His concilia-
tory manners, unblemished life, and high re-
putation secured respect in a diocese where
party animosities were unusually strong (J3io-
grapk. Brit.} His first charge, issued in 1710,
which covers nineteen closely printed folio

fages of small type, will still repay reading,
t is in the form of a series of remarks on
the 'Articles of Enquiry' issued to his dio-
cese, and throws much light on the condition
of the church at the time. It closes with an
impassioned defence of his own party against
the charge of disloyalty to the church. He
gives some sensible advice to his clergy upon
the use of Welsh ('British,' he calls it) in
their sermons. This charge exhibits Fleet-
wood as one who aimed sensibly and sin-
cerely at promoting the good of his diocese.
He paved the greater part of the cathedral
at his own cost, and laid out above 100A in
the decoration of the choir (Cole MSS. xvi.
35). On the fall of the whigs Fleetwood
absented himself from court, and openly ex-
pressed his indignation at the peace of Utrecht.
Being selected to preach before the House of
Lords on the general fast day, 16 Jan. 1711-
1712, he chose for his subject 'the people
that delight in war ' (Ps. Ixviii. 30), and de-
fended the necessity of the war, of which the
advantages were to be thrown away. The
tory ministry adjourned the house beyond the
day fixed for the sermon, so that it was not
delivered ; but it was at once printed, and
though his name was concealed the author-
ship was no secret. His courageous attack
upon the Jacobite tendencies of the govern-
ment was quickly punished. Fleetwood at
this time published four sermons preached
by him on the deaths of Queen Mary, the
Duke of Gloucester, William III, and the
accession of Anne to the throne, and in an
outspoken preface assailed the principle of
non-resistance, and eloquently repudiated
the doctrine that Christianity was favourable
to political slavery. The tory ministry at
first proposed to impeach Fleetwood for the
publication. Eventually the House of Com-
mons resolved, by a vote of 119 to 54, that
the preface was malicious and factious, and
sentenced it to be burnt by the common
hangman. It was at once issued as No. 384
(21 May) of the ' Spectator/ and thus, as
Fleetwood says to Burnet in answer to a
sympathetic letter, conveyed ( above fourteen
thousand copies into people's hands who would
otherwise never have seen or heard of it.'
Swift attacked it bitterly in a couple of

papers (Works, 1814, iv. 276-93). Fleet-
wood took little part in public affairs during
the brief remainder of Anne's reign, and could
' hardly endure to think of them,' and was
especially indignant at the Schism Act of
1714. Soon after the accession of George I
several bishoprics became vacant. Of these
Ely was the first filled up, and Fleetwood was
chosen for it. He was elected on 19 Nov.
1714, three months after the king's accession.
Though advanced in years he was still assidu-
ous in discharging his duties, and as the cathe-
dral of Ely was too spacious for his voice, his
sermons were commonly delivered in the
chapel of Ely House in London, usually every
Sunday.

As bishop of Ely he delivered two charges
to his clergy in 1716 and 1722. Both enforce
the solemnity of the ministerial office, and
warmly eulogise George I. The case between
Bentley and his fellows had been heard out
before Fleetwood's predecessor, Dr. Moore
[q. v.], whose death had put a stop to a defini-
tive sentence of deprivation against Bentley.
Application was at once made to the new
bishop to carry on the case. Fleetwood de-
clared that if he visited the college at all he
would hold a general visitation, and take cog-
nisance of all delinquencies reported to him of
the fellows as well as of the master. Such
a prospect frightened several of Bentley's
opponents, whose moral character was not of
the highest, into a mutual compact of for-
bearance. When the quarrel again broke
out Fleetwood adhered to his refusal (MoNK,
Life of Bentley, i. 367-70, ii. 88, 247). He
died at Tottenham, near London, to which
place he had removed for the amendment of
his health, from Ely House, Holborn, where
he had chiefly resided, on 4 Aug. 1723, aged
67, and was buried in the north choir aisle
of Ely Cathedral, 10 Aug. A monument
bears an epitaph, laudatory, but not beyond
his deserts. He left a widow and one son,
James, on whom his father had conferred the
archdeaconry of Ely.

In both his dioceses Fleetwood secured the
love and esteem of his clergy, in spite of
opinions generally unpalatable to them. Few
bishops have left a more unspotted reputation
behind them. He endeavoured to dispense
his patronage to the most deserving without
regard to personal influence. He always
refused to enter into personal controversy.
When attacked he would say : * I write my
own sense as well as I can. If it be right
it will support itself; if it be not it is fit it
should sink.' He liberally assisted his clergy
with money, books, and in the remission of
their fees. As a preacher his style is digni-
fied, but simple, with much calmness of ex-

Fleetwood

271

Fleming

pression and clearness of thought. Arch-
bishop Herring, who when at Lincoln's Inn
was one of the most celebrated preachers of
the day, was Fleetwood's domestic chaplain,
and is said to have derived his excellent style
of pulpit oratory from him as a model.

Many of Fleetwood's sermons were pub-
lished anonymously to avoid prejudice and
allow greater freedom of speech. Besides sepa-
rate sermons on various occasions his works
include : 1. ' Sermon on 2 Cor. ix. 12, preached
before the University of Cambridge in King's
College Chapel, 25 March 1689, at the Com-
memoration of Henry VI,' 1689, 4to. 2. ' In-
scriptionum Antiquarum Sylloge,' 1691, 8vo.

3. * A Method of Christian Devotion, trans-
lated from the French of M. Jurieu,' 1692, 8 vo.

4. ' An Essay on Miracles, in two Discourses/
dedicated to Dr. Godolphin, provost of Eton,
1701. 5. 'The Reasonable Communicant/
London, 1704, 8vo (anonymous, erroneously
ascribed to Mr. Theophilus Dorrington).
6. ' Sixteen Practical Discourses on Relative
Duties, with Three Sermons upon the Case
of Self-murther, addressed to the parish-
ioners of St. Austins and St. Faith/ London,
1705, 2 vols. 8vo. 7. ' Chronicon Pretiosum,
or an Account of English Gold and Silver
Money' (anonymous), London, 1707, 8vo.
8. ' Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese of
St. Asaph/ London, 1710, 4to. 9. 'Romans xiii.
vindicated from the Abusive Senses put upon
it. Written by a Curate of Salop/ Lon-
don, 1710, 8vo (anonymous). 10. ' Sermon
in Refutation of Dr. Sacheverell's Doctrine
of Passive Obedience and Non-resistance.'
11. 'Sermon preached before the Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts at Bow Church, 16 Feb. 1710-11'
(this sermon produced a powerful effect on
behalf of the society, and was widely circu-
lated). 12. ' Sermon on Ps. Ixviii. 30, on the
Fast Day, Jan. 16, 1711-12, against such as
delight in war. By a Divine of the Church
of England/ London, 1712 (see above).
13. ' The Judgment of the Church of England
of Lay Baptism and of Dissenters' Baptism,
in two parts ' (in reply to Dr. Hickes, who
deniedits validity), London,1712,8vo (anony-
mous). 14. ' Four Sermons/ with preface,
1712 (see above). 15. < The Life and Mira-
cles of St. Wenefred, together with her
Litanies, with some Historical Observations
made thereon/ London, 1713, 8vo (anony-
mous) (directed against the superstitious
pilgrimages made to St. Winifred's well in
his diocese of St. Asaph). 16. 'Funeral Ser-
mon on 2 Sam. xii. 5, on Mr. Noble, who was
executed at Kingston for the murder of a
gentleman with whose wife he had criminal
conversation' (without name or date). 17.' The

Counsellor's Plea for the Divorce of Sir G.
D[owning] and Mrs. F[orrester] ' (without
name or date) [see DOWNING, SIK GEOKGE,
1684 P-1749]. 18. ' Charge to the Clergy of
the Diocese of Ely, 1716,' London, 1716, 4to.

19. ' Papists not excluded from the Throne
upon the account of Religion, being a vindi-
cation of Bishop Hoadly's "Preservative"'
(without his name). The title is ironical.

20. Letter from Mr. J. Burdett, executed at
Tyburn for the murder of Captain Falkland
(without name or date). 21. Letter to an
inhabitant of St. Andrew's, Holborn, about
new ceremonies in the church, of which Dr.
Sacheverell was the rector (without name or
date). 22. ' A Defence of Praying before Ser-
mon as directed by the IVth Canon' (without
name or date). 23. ' Charge to the Clergy
of the Diocese of Ely in August 1722.' A
complete collection of his works was pub-
lished in one volume folio in 1737, with a
prefatory memoir by his nephew, Dr. W.
Powell, dean of St. Asaph and prebendary
of Ely.

[Biographical preface to Fleetwood's collected
works; Bentham's Ely, pp. 208-9; Monk's Bent-
ley, i. 367, 370, ii. 88, 247; Biog. Brit. 1750;
Abbey's English Church, i. 120-7.] E. V.

FLEMING, Miss, afterwards MKS.
STANLEY (1796 P-1861), actress, was born, ac-
cording to Oxberry's' Dramatic Chronology/
31 Oct. 1796, but more probably four years
earlier. She is said to have been a grand-
daughter of John West Dudley Digges [q. v.]
In Liverpool and Manchester she played Lady
Macbeth, Helen McGregor, and other cha-
racters. She married George Stanley, a low
comedian, who appeared 9 Oct. 1834 at the
Lyceum as Nicholas Trefoil in ' Before Break-
fast/ went to America, and there died. Mrs.
Stanley's first appearance in London took
place at the Lyceum, assumably near the same
date. She is chiefly remembered in connec-
tion with the Haymarket, where she played
old women both in comedy and tragedy. She
was a tall, well-built woman, and seems to
have been a fine actress. Her daughter, Emma
Stanley, born 13 Nov. 1823, made her first
appearance at the Lyceum, in May 1843,
as Catherine in ' The Exile.' Mrs. Stanley
died suddenly of bronchitis in Jermyn Street,
17 Jan. 1861, at the reputed age of sixty-nine
years.

[Such meagre particulars as are obtainable con-
cerning Miss Fleming are derived from Oxberry's
Dramatic Chronology, an untrustworthy source ;
and Gent, Mag. 1861, pt. i. p. 234.] J. K.

FLEMING, ABRAHAM (1552 P-1607),
antiquary and poet, born in London in or
about 1552, was matriculated at Cambridge

Fleming

272

Fleming

as a sizar of Peterhouse in November 1570,
but did not go out B.A. until 1581-2. He
took holy orders, and became chaplain to the
Countess of Nottingham. Between 1589 and
1606 he preached eight times at St. Paul's
Cross. On 19 Oct. 1593 he was collated by
Archbishop Whitgift to the rectory of St.
Pancras, Soper Lane, London. He died at
Bottesford, Leicestershire, on 18 Sept. 1607,
while on a visit to his brother Samuel, the
rector of that parish, and was buried in the
chancel of the church there.

Though a poor poet, Fleming was an ex-
cellent antiquary. Most, if not all, of his
manuscript collections were in 1732 in the
possession of Francis Peck [q. v.], who de-
signed to print them in the second volume
of his ' Desiderata Curiosa.' They cannot
now be traced.

A list of fifty-nine of his works will be
found in Cooper's l Athenae Cantabrigienses/
Among these are: 1. 'Virgil's Eclogues,
translated into English Verse,' London, 1575,
and with the ' Georgics/ 1589. 2. ' The Bu-
kolikes of P. Virgilius Maro . . . Drawne
into plaine and familiar English Verse/
London, 1575, 4to. 3. ' A Panoplie of Epis-
tles, or, a Looking-Glasse for the Vnl earned.
Conteyning a perfecte plattforme of inditing
letters of all sorts,' London, 1576, 4to ; a
translation from the Latin. 4. ' A Register
of Hysterics,' from the Greek of ^Elianus,
London, 1576, 4to. 5. ' Of English Dogges/
from the Latin of John Caius, London, 1576,
4to. 6. ' A Straunge and Terrible Wunder
wrought very late in the Parish Church of
Bongay .... the fourth of this August
1577, in a great tempest of violent raine,
lightning, and thunder . . . With the
appearance of a horrible-shaped Thing,
sensibly perceived of the people then and
there assembled,' London, 1577, 12mo ; re-
printed, London, 1826, 8vo. 7. ' Of all Bias-
ing Starrs in Generall,' from the Latin of
Frederick Nause, bishop of Vienna, London,
1577, 4to. 8. ' Historie of Leander and Hero/
written by Musseus. Translation, published
about 1577. This is mentioned in a marginal
note to Fleming's translation of Virgil's
' Georgics/ 1589. 9. ' Jerom of Ferrara his
meditations, on the 51 & 31 Psalms ; trans-
lated and augmented/ London, n. d., and
1588, 16mo. Licensed in 1578. 10. ' A Para-
doxe, proving by reason and example that
baldnesse is much better than bushie haire,
&c. Written by that excellent philosopher
Synesius, or (as some say) Cyren. A prettie
pamphlet to pervse, and replenished with
recreation. Englished by Abraham Flem-
ing. Herevnto is annexed the pleasant tale
of Hemetes the Heremite, pronounced be-

fore the Queens Maiestie. Newly recognised
both in Latine and Englishe, by the said
A.F./ London, 1579, 8vo. The tale of Her-
metes is, with a few verbal changes, that
which George Gascoigne presented to Queen
Elizabeth (COOPEK, Athence Cantabr. i. 377).
11. 'Fred. Nawse, his generall Doctrine of
Earthquakes/ translated, London, 1580, 8vo.
The translator has added a history of earth-
quakes in England from the time of William
the Conqueror to the last earthquake on
6 April 1580. 12. ' A Memoriall of the
Famous Monumentes and Charitable Almes
Deedes of the Right Worshipfull Mr. Willm.
Lambe . . . who deceased the xxi. of Aprill
1580/ London, 1580, 8vo. 13. « The Foot-
path to Felicitie/ London, 1581, 24mo, re-
printed in ' The Diamond ofDeuotion/1586.
14. ' A Monomachie of Motives in the mind
of man: Or a battell between Vertues &
Vices of contrarie qualitie/ newly Englished,
London, 1582, 24mo. 15. ' Verborvm Latino-
rvm cvm Grsecis Anglicisqve conivnctorvm
locupletissimi Commentary/ London, 1583,
fol. 16. Poetical translations for Reginald
Scot's ' Disco verie of Witchcraft/ 1584. 17.' A
Shorte Dictionarie in Latine and English/
London, 1586 and 1594, 4to. 18. < The Dia-
mond of Deuotion; cut and squared into-
sixe severall pointes: namelie (1) The Foot-
path of Felicitie; (2) A Guide to God-
lines ; (3) The Schoole of Skill; (4) A
Swarme of Bees ; (5) A Plant of Plea-
sure ; (6) A Grove of Graces. Full of manie
fruitfull lessons auailable vnto the leading
of a godlie and reformed life/ London,

1586, 24mo. 19. ' The Historie of England,
. . . &c. By Raphael Holinshed. Now new-
lie digested, &c. by Abr. Fleming.' In the
first volume of Holinshed's 'Chronicles/

1587. The third volume of the same edition
was enlarged by Fleming with interpolations
from the collections of Francis Thynne, the
abridgment of R. Grafton, and the summary
of John Stow. 20. ' The Bucoliks of Publius
Virgilius Maro, Prince of all Latine Poets
. . . Together with his Georgiks or Ruralls>
otherwise called his husbandrie, conteyn-
ing foure books. All newly translated into
English verse/ London, 1589, 4to, dedicated
to Archbishop Whitgift. This version of the
' Bucolics' is not the same as that published
by Fleming in 1575. 21. Historical and
miscellaneous articles in manuscript enu-
merated in Peck's 'Desiderata Curiosa.'

[Addit. MS. 5869, f. 20 ; Ames's Typogr. An-
tiq. (Herbert) ;^ibl. Anglo-Poetica, p. 105; Bod-
leian Cat.; Brydges's Brit. Bibl. ii. 313, 583;
Brydges's Censura Literaria, 2nd edit. vi. 11, x:.
4; Brydges's Kestituta, ii. 203, iii. 47; Collier's
Poetical Decameron, i. 105, 109, 114, 116, 117,

Fleming

273

Fleming

194 ; Collier's Kegister of Stationers' Company,
ii. 87, 97, 114-16, 118, 197; Cooper's Athense
Cantabr. ii. 459 ; Eller's Belvoir, p. 386 ; Hasle-
wood's Ancient Critical Essays, ii. 35, 54 ; Hone's
Every-day Book, i. 1066; Lowndes's Bibl.. Man.
(Bohn), p. 808 ; Newcourt's Kepertorium, i. 519 ;
Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 98, 99 ; Notes and
Queries, 1st ser..vi. 85; Oldys's British^ Li-
brarian, pp. 89, 91 ; Peck's Desiderata Curiosa,
folio edit. lib. vi. 49-56 ; Peqk's Historical Pieces,
p. 28 ; Eitson's Bibl. Poetica, p. 207 ; Strype's
Annals, ii. 548 fol. ; Suckling's Suffolk, i. 124;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 287 ; Warton's Hist, of
English Poetry; Watt's Bibl". Brit.; Wood's
Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 412,485, 752.] T. C.

FLEMING, ALEXANDER, M.D. (1824-
1875), was born in 1824 at Edinburgh, where
he studied medicine and graduated M.D. in
1844. His chief work was his college essay
on the l Physiological and Medicinal Proper-
ties of AconitumNapellus,'Lond. 1845, which
led to the introduction of a tincture of aconite
of uniform strength known as Fleming's tinc-
ture. Having spent some years at Cork as
professor of materia medica in the Queen's
College, he went in 1858 to Birmingham,
where he held the honorary office of physi-
cian to the Queen's Hospital until his retire-
ment through ill-health in 1873. He died at
Brixton, London, on 21 Aug. 1875. Besides
the works above mentioned, he published two
introductory addresses and two papers in
the 'Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical
Science ' (on measles of the pig, and on the
classification of medicines).

[Brit. Med. Journ. ii. 1875.] C. C.

FLEMING, CALEB, D.D. (1698-1779),
dissenting polemic, was born at Nottingham
on 4 Nov. 1698. His father was a hosier ;
his mother, whose maiden name was Buxton,
was a daughter of the lord of the manor of
Chelmerton, Derbyshire. Brought up in
Calvinism, Fleming's early bent was for the
independent ministry. As a boy he learned
shorthand, in order to take down sermons.
In 1714 John Hardy [q. v.] became one of the
ministers of the presbyterian congregation at
the High Pavement, Nottingham, and opened
a nonconformist academy. Fleming was one
of his first pupils. He was admitted as a com-
municant in 1715. Hardy (who conformed
in 1727) taught him to discard his ancestral
theology. He gave up the idea of the minis-
try and took to business, retaining, however,
his theological tastes.

In 1727 he left Nottingham for London.
By this time he had married and had a family.
How he maintained himself is not clear. He
probably relied upon his pen ; but though he
began at once to publish pamphlets which
attracted some attention, he ' was often in

VOL. XIX.

sight of real want.' In 1727 ' a popish se-
ducer ' tried to make a convert of him, but
desisted on discovering that he had to deal
with an anti-trinitarian (Survey of the Search,
p. 101). Some help in further classical and
biblical study was given to him by John Holt,
then a presbyterian minister in London, after-
wards mathematical tutor at Warrington
Academy, and he learned Hebrew from a
rabbi. Through William Harris, D.D., pres-
byterian minister at Crutched Friars, an offer
was made for his services as a government
pamphleteer. He replied that he < would
sooner cut off" his right hand.' In 1736 he pub-
lished a pamphlet, ' The Fourth Command-
ment abrogated by the Gospel,' dedicating it
to his namesake, Sir George Fleming [q. v.],
bishop of Carlisle. It would appear that he
had been advised to do this by John Thomas,
afterwards bishop of Winchester. Bishop
Fleming offered him the living of Lazonby,
Cumberland, worth some 600/. a year. Dr.
Thomas was ready to advance what was
needed for his removal, but Fleming could
not conform. In his refusal he was warmly
supported by his wife.

His friends now began to urge him to enter
the dissenting ministry. In his fortieth year
he preached his first sermon to the presbyte-
rian congregation at Wokingham, Berkshire,
Catcot, the minister, publicly thanking him
for his services. After this he officiated at a
few places in the neighbourhood of London.
At length, on the death of John Munckley
(August 1738), he was strongly recommended
by Benjamin A very [q. v.] as a suitable can-
didate for the charge of the presbyterian
congregation at Bartholomew Close. Here
Fleming and William May were ordained as
joint pastors in 1740. Fleming had scruples
about presbyterian forms, and classed himself
as an independent. At his ordination, con-
ducted by Samuel Chandler, D.D. [q. v.],
Jeremiah Hunt, D.D., a learned independent,
and others, he refused to submit to the im-
position of hands, His confession of faith
was unique. He would only say that he be-
lieved the New Testament contained ' a re-
velation worthy of God to give and of man
to receive;' and this he promised to teach in
the sense in which he should * from time to
time ' understand it. It was soon rumoured
that Fleming was a Socinian. His congrega-
tion was never large, and the scantiness of his
stipend reduced him to straits. His friends
fell off, with the exception of Jeremiah Hunt.
After Hunt's death (1744)Fleming contracted
a close intimacy with Nathaniel Lardner,
D.D., his neighbour in Hoxton Square, and
co-operated with him in literary work.

In January 1752 James Foster, D.D. [q.v.],

Fleming

274

Fleming

became disabled from preacbing. Jobn
Weatherley (d. May 1752), a general baptist
minister, wbo supplied Foster's place, met
Fleming at Hamlin's Coffee-bouse, and en-

Ed bim for a Sunday at Pinners' Hall
^pendent). He attracted the notice of
athy Hollis, was soon afterwards elected
as Foster's assistant, and on Foster's deatb
(5 Nov. 1753) as pastor. Tbe Bartbolomew
Close congregation tben came to an end, its
few remaining members j oiningPinners' Hall.
For nearly a quarter of a century Fleming
remained at bis post ; bis ministry, tbougb
painstaking, was not popular, and wben be
ceased to preacb, in December 1777, bis con-
gregation became extinct, tbe lease of tbeir
meeting-bouse expiring in 1778. He had
admirers, wbo left bim considerable legacies,
among them being a bequest by a Suffolk
gentleman (Reynolds), who had once heard
him preach but did not know his name. A
wealthy widow placed her whole fortune
at his disposal. Fleming, however, declined
to be enriched at the expense of her needy
relatives.

Fleming's chief work is ' A Survey of the
Search after Souls,' 1758, 8vo, dedicated to
Nicolas Munckley, M.D. The title and topic
were suggested by tbe writings of William
Coward (1657 P-1725) [q .v.] To prove, against
Coward, the existence of a separate soul,
Fleming employs the arguments of Clarke,
and especially of Andrew Baxter [q. v.] He
does not contend that the soul is inherently
immortal, but simply that it possesses a ' ca-
pacity of immortality.' His view of tbe re-
surrection was adopted by Jobn Cameron
(1724-1799) [q.v.]

Fleming was an unwearied writer of argu-
mentative and combative pamphlets, the
greater part of them being anonymous. His
political brochures, in defence of civil liberty
and against the Jacobites, church establish-
ments, and the toleration of popery, are tart
enough. Against the theological writers of
his time, high and low, be entered tbe field
with confident vigour. He attacked Sher-
lock, Soame Jenyns, Wesley, the Sabbata-
rians as represented by Robert Cornthwaite,
and the Muggletonians. His most severe,
and perhaps his best remembered, publication
is his ' character ' of Thomas Bradbury [q.v.],
1 taken from bis own pen.' Tbe topics to
which he most frequently recurred were the
defence of infant baptism and of the autho-
rity of tbe New Testament against the deists,
especially Chubb, whom he is said to have
impressed. His own theology, as may be
seen in his ' True Deism, the Basis of Chris-
tianity/ 1749, 8vo, was little more than a
specially authenticated deism. He retains

' supernatural conception/ minimised after
a fashion of his own, and tbe miracles of our
Lord, which i did not introduce a single un-
natural phenomenon/ but ' removed defects
in nature ' (True Deism, p. 14). In a manu-
script sermon (10 Oct. 1773) he ranks Con-
iicius, Socrates, Plato, Cicero, and Seneca
among organs of divine revelation. Many
of his pamphlets and sermons attempt to deal
with the problem of a general depravity of
morals. Under the title of ' A Modern Plan/
1748, 8vo, he drew up ' a compendium of
moral institutes/ in tbe shape of a catechism
n which the learner asks the questions.

In his old age bis ' dear friend/ William
Dalrymple, D.D., of Ayr (Burns's ' D'rymple
mild '), procured for him tbe degree of D.D.
Prom St. Andrews. Fleming was inclined
bo reject this ' compliment ; ' but his friend
Thomas Hollis ' put it into the public papers/
so Fleming accepted it in a very character-
istic letter (6 April 1769).

After completing his seventy-ninth year
Fleming retired from public duty. He died
on 21 July 1779, and was buried in Bunbill
Fields. He married a daughter of Jobn
Harris of Hardstoft, Derbyshire, and had
ten children, of whom one survived him. He
left an epitaph for his gravestone, in which
he describes himself as ' dissenting teacher/
and expresses a conditional hope of immor-
tality. For this, however, was substituted
a eulogistic inscription by Joseph Towers,
LL.D. His funeral sermon was preached by
John Palmer at New Broad Street. A fine
portrait of Fleming, by William Chamberlain,
was bequeathed by bim to Dr. Williams's
Library. An engraving by Hopwood is given
in Wilson.

Wilson enumerates sixty of Fleming's pub-
lications. It may suffice to add such as are not
included in Wilson's list. Most of them will
be found in Dr. Williams's Library, Grafton
Street, W.C. ; others are from a collection
formed by Fleming's nephew : 1. ' The Parent
Disinherited by bis Offspring/ &c., 1728, 8vo.
2. ' Observations on Some Articles of the
Muggletonians' Creed/ &c., 1735, 8vo (an-
swered in ' The Principles of the Muggle-
tonians/ &c., 1735, 8vo, by A. B., i.e. Arden
Bonell). 3. 'An Appeal to the People of
England/ &c. [1739], 8vo. 4. < The Challenge
... on ... Baptism/ &c., 1743, 8vo. 5. 'A
Fine Picture of Enthusiasm/ &c., 1744, 8vo.

6. < A Letter to the Rev. Charles Willats
upon his Assize Sermon/ &c., 1744, 8vo.

7. f Remarks upon the Life of John Duke of
Argyle/ &c., 1745, 8vo. 8. ' Tracts on Bap-
tism/ &c., 1745, 8vo (a collection of six pre-
vious pieces, with an introduction). 9. f A
Fund raising for the Italian Gentleman/ &c.?

Fleming

275

Fleming

1750, 8vo (the reference is to the ' Young
Pretender'). 10. ' The Devout Laugh,' &c.,
1750, 8vo. 11. ' Natural and Revealed Reli-
gion at Variance,' &c., 1758, 8vo (against
Thomas Sherlock). 12. < A Letter to the Rev.
John Stevens,' &c., 1760, 8 vo. 13. 'ThePaedo-
Baptist's sense of Positive Institutions,' &c.,
n.d. 8vo. 14. ' Grammatical Observations on
the English Language,' &c., 1765, 8vo. 15. < A
few Strictures relative to the Author,' pre-
fixed to « An Enquiry,' &c., 1776, 8vo, by
Paul Cardale [q. v.] "16. 'Two Discourses,'
&c., 1778, 8vo. Some of Cardale's anony-
mous pieces have sometimes been ascribed to
Fleming. He edited many works by divines
and others, including the first volume (1756)
of Amory's ' Life of John Buncle.'

[Fleming left memoirs, which were to have
been published by Joseph Lomas Towers (son of
Dr. Towers), who died insane in 1832. A me-
moir was drawn up by Fleming's nephew, J. Slip-
per, corrected by Laurence Holden, and pub-
lished in the Monthly Eepository, 1818, p. 409
sq. ; Kippis's Life of Lardner, 1769, p. 96;
Palmer's Funeral Sermon, 1779; Aikin's Gen.
Biog. art. ' Fleming ; ' "Wilson's Dissenting
Churches, 1808, i. 103, ii. 91, 255, 283 sq., iii. 384 ;
Turner's Lives of Eminent Unitarians, 1840, i.
275 sq. ; Jeremy's Presbyterian Fund, 1885, pp.
2, 165 sq.; Fleming's tracts ; and a collection of
his manuscript sermons in the possession of the
present writer.] A. G.

FLEMING, CHRISTOPHER (1800-

1880), surgeon, was born at Boardstown in
co. Westmeath on 14 July 1800, and in 1821
graduated B. A. in the university of Dublin.
He became a licentiate of the Irish College
of Surgeons in 1824, and a member in 1826.
In 1838 he took an M.D. degree in the uni-
versity of Dublin, but did not obtain a hos-
pital appointment till 1851, when he became
surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals.
In 1856 he was elected president of the College
of Surgeons of Ireland, and in 1877 collected
some papers whichhe had previously published
in medicaljournals into a volume entitled ' Cli-
nical Records of Injuries and Diseases of the
Genito-Urinary Organs.' His only other work
is < Remarks on the Application of Chloro-
form to Surgical purposes,' Dublin, 1851, and
both are without permanent value. He mar-
ried a Miss Radcliff, and had seven children,
of whom a son and a daughter survived him.
He retired from practice a few years before
his death, and went to live at Donnybrook,
near Dublin, where he died 30 Dec. 1880.

[Sir A. Cameron's Hist, of the Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland ; British Medical Journal,
8 Jan. 1881 ; Index Cat. of Library of the Sur-
geon-General's Office, U.S. Army.] N. M.

FLEMING, SIR DANIEL (1633-1701),
antiquary, eldest son of William Fleming
of Coniston, North Lancashire, and Rydal,
Westmoreland, by Alice, eldest daughter of
Roger Kirkby of Kirkby, Lancashire, was
born on 25 July 1633, and educated at Queen's
College, Oxford, which he entered in 1650,
and Gray's Inn. By the death of his father
in 1653 he inherited considerable estates in
the neighbourhood of Rydal, for which he
paid heavy fines to the parliament. At the
Restoration he was appointed sheriff of Cum-
berland. He was a constant correspondent
of Secretary Williamson, and his letters in
the Record Office, some of which have been
calendared, afford a lively picture of the state
of affairs in Cumberland and Westmoreland
during the latter half of the seventeenth cen-
tury, and exhibit him as a staunch supporter
of the church of England, and enemy alike
of the protestant dissenter and the Roman
catholic. He regretted the release of George
Fox in 1666 as likely to discourage the justices
from acting against the quakers, and credited
to the full the reports of their burning ' steeple
houses.' He was knighted on 15 May 1681
at Windsor, and in the parliament of 1685-
1687 sat as member for Cockermouth, in which
character he opposed the declaration of in-
dulgence. He occupied his leisure in anti-
quarian researches, chiefly in connection with
his native county, and left some manuscript
collections, which have recently been edited
for the Cumberland and Westmoreland Anti-
quarian Society under the title ' Description
of the County of Westmoreland,' by Sir G. F.
Duckett, bart., London, 1882, 8vo. He died
in 1701 . He is said by Wotton (Baronetage,
iv. 120) to have been, ' not without grateful
acknowledgment, a considerable assistant to
the learned annotator of Camden's " Bri-
tannia." ' No such acknowledgment, how-
ever, is to be found in the preface to Gibson's
edition of Camden, which must be the one re-
ferred to. It was at Fleming's suggestion
that Thomas Brathwaite left his collection of
upwards of three hundred coins of the Roman
era to the university of Oxford. Fleming
married in 1655 Barbara, eldest daughter of
Sir Henry Fletcher of Hutton, Cumberland,
who was slain at Rowton Heath on the
side of the king in 1645. His eldest son,
William, created a baronet 4 Oct. 1705, died
in 1736, and was succeeded by his brother
George, bishop of Carlisle, who is separately
noticed.

[Nicolson and Burn's Westmoreland, i. 164-71 ;
Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660-7; Luttrell's Re-
lation of State Affairs, i. 93; Hist. MSS. Comm.
10th Eep. App. pt. iv. ; Lists of Members of Par-
liament (Official Eeturn of).] J. M. K.

T 2

Fleming

276

Fleming

FLEMING, SIR GEORGE (1667-
1747), bishop of Carlisle, fifth son of Sir
Daniel Fleming [q. v.] of Rydal, "Westmore-
land, and of Barbara, his wife, eldest daugh-
ter of Sir Henry Fletcher, bart., of Hutton,
Cumberland, was born at Rydal Hall, 10 June
1667, the ninth of fifteen children. He suc-
ceeded his elder brother, Sir William, who
died without heir-male, as second baronet of
Rydal in 1736. He entered St. Edmund Hall,
Oxford, June 1688. In 1690 he contributed
to some congratulatory verses upon the king's
safe return from Ireland. He proceeded B.A.
13 April 1692, and M.A. 7 March 1694.
Leaving Oxford in 1699, he became domestic
chaplain to Dr. Thomas Smith [q. v.], bishop
of Carlisle, by whom he had been ordained,
and who, 1695, presented him to the living
of Aspatria, Cumberland. He resigned As-
mtria on his collation by Bishop Nicolson
q. v.] in 1703 to the church of St. Michael,

tanwix, which he held as vicar till 1705
(HIJTCHINSON, Hist, of Cumberland, ii. 285,
583). He was instituted to the second pre-
bend in Carlisle Cathedral 7 March 1700. He
was nominated by Bishop Nicolson to the
archdeaconry of Carlisle 28 March 1705. At-
tached to the archdeaconry was the rectory of
St. Cuthbert, Great Salkeld, which he held
in conjunction with future preferment till his
accession to the episcopate (JEFFERSON, An-
tiquities of Cumberland, i. 262, 266), a portion
of this preferment being the living of Ousby,
to which he was presented by Bishop Brad-
ford, 1719, and to which a prebend was at-
tached. According to the edition of Willis's
i Survey of Cathedrals,' containing the manu-
script notes by W. Cole (i. 307), he succeeded
Joseph Fisher [q. v.] as vicar of Brough or
Burgh-under-Stanmore, Westmoreland. He
was created LL.D. by diploma at Lambeth
10 March 1726-7 (Wotton MSS.) He was
installed dean of Carlisle 7 April 1727 ; and
30 Oct. 1734 was nominated bishop. He was
consecrated bishop at Lambeth 19 Jan. 1734-
1735. On 1 May 1736 he lost his wife Cathe-
rine, daughter of Robert Jefferson, to whom
he had been married 28 Oct. 1708. He had
by her one son, William, a prebendary, and
his successor in the archdeaconry, who died
in 1743, during his father's lifetime, and
four daughters (Gent. Mag.}, the youngest
of whom, Mildred, was married in 1737
to Edward Stanley, esq., of Ponsonby Hall,
where there was a portrait of Fleming by
Vanderbank.

When the Pretender entered Carlisle in
November 1745, he installed Thomas Cop-
pock [q. v.] as bishop. It seems (Gent. Mag.
1745, p. 575) that the bishop had accom-
panied the sheriff to oppose the rebels at

Penrith, when the force ran away at the
sight of a few highlanders. Fleming con-
tributedt his share (HTJTCHINSON, Hist, of
Cumberland, ii. 437) towards repairing and
beautifying the episcopal palace, for he * laid
new floors and wainscotted the drawing-
room, dressing-room, and kitchen chambers.'
He died in his palace at Rose Castle 2 July
1747, and was buried at the east end of the
south aisle of the cathedral, where there is
a marble monument with a panegyrical in-
scription. Two letters of Fleming are in the
Wotton MSS. in the British Museum (Add.
MSS. 24120, ff. 331-2), in answer to a re-
quest for information from Thomas Wotton,
author of the 'Baronetage.' The second letter
gives full details about the Fleming family
and his own life. His title and estates passed
to his nephew William, son of his next
brother, Michael, likewise deceased, the sixth
son of Sir Daniel. This Sir William was
father to Michael, the fourth baronet — the
1 brilliant baronet,' incidentally noticed for
his social and literary gifts by Sir W. Scott,
in whose person the prefix ' le,' which had
dropped out of the family name since the
time of Edward IV, was revived at baptism
(BuRKE, Landed Gentry}.

[Wotton MSS. Brit. Mus. (Add. MSS. 24120,
ff. 331-2, &c.); G-ent. Mag. anno 1747; Le
Neve's Fasti Eccles. Angl. (Hardy) ; Cat. of Gra-
duates Oxon. 1851 ; Stubbs's Reg. Sacr. Angl. ;
Willis's Survey of Cathedrals, -with manuscript
notes by W. Cole ; Jefferson's Hist, of Carlisle,
and Hist. Antiquities of Cumberland ; Willing's
Carlisle Cathedral ; Nicolson's and Burn's Hist.
of Cumberland ; Hutchinson's Hist, of Cumber-
land ; Walcott's Memorials of Carlisle ; British
Chronologist ; old newspapers, 1745-7.]

E. C. S.

FLEMING, JAMES, fourth LORD FLEM-
ING (1534 P-1658), lord high chamberlain
of Scotland, was the eldest son of Malcolm,
third lord Fleming, lord high chamberlain, by
his wife Johanna or Jonet Stewart, natural
daughter of James IV. The father, who had
been taken prisoner at the rout of Solway in
1542, and had been tried and acquitted of
treason in 1545 for his connection with the
English party, was slain at the battle of
Pinkie 10 Sept. 1547. In August 1548 young
Fleming, along with Lord Erskine, accom-
panied the young Queen Mary to France,
Lady Fleming, his mother, being governess
to the queen. He also accompanied the
queen dowager into France in 1549 (KEITH,
Hist. i. 135). On 21 Dec. 1553 he was con-
tinued great chamberlain of Scotland for life
(Reg. Mag. Sig. 1546-80, entry 877). About
the same time he was appointed guardian of
the east and middle marches, and invested

Fleming

277

Fleming

with a power of justiciary within the limits
of his jurisdiction. He was one of the eight
commissioners elected by parliament 8 Dec.
1557 to represent the Scottish nation at the
nuptials of Queen Mary with Francis, dau-
phin of France, 24 April 1558. Though the
commissioners agreed to swear fealty to the
king-dauphin as the husband of the queen,
they affirmed that their instructions did not
permit them to agree that he should receive
the ensigns of royalty. They were thereupon
requested to support this proposal in the Scot-
tish parliament, but when they left for Scot-
land, the French court appears to have been
doubtful of the intentions of certain members
of the commission. In such circumstances
the death of four of their number on the way
home awakened grave suspicions that they
had been designedly poisoned. The Earls of
Rothes and Oassilis and Bishop Reid suc-
cumbed sooner to the attack than Fleming,
who, in the hope of recovery, returned to
Paris, but died there on 18 Dec. By his
marriage to Lady Barbara Hamilton, eldest
daughter of James, duke of Chatelherault, he
had one daughter, Jane, married first to John
lord Thirlestane, who died 3 Oct. 1595 ; and
secondly, to John, fifth earl of Cassilis, by
neither of whom had she any issue.

[Douglas's Scotch Peerage (Wood), ii. 634 ;
Crawfurd's Officers of State, pp. 327-8 ; Keith's
History of Scotland ; Hunter's Biggar and the
House of Fleming, pp. 525-8.] T. F. H.

FLEMING or FLEMMING, JAMES

(1682-1751), major-general, colonel 36thfoot,
was wounded at Blenheim when serving as
a captain in the Earl of Derby's regiment
(16th foot, now 1st Bedford), and afterwards
for many years commanded the royal fusiliers,
until promoted on 9 Jan. 1741 colonel of the
36th foot (now 2nd Worcester). He became
a brigadier-general in 1745, was present at
Falkirk and Culloden, and became major-
general in 1747. He died at Bath 31 March
1751. A tablet with medallion portrait was
erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey.

[Cannon's Hist. Records 16th Foot and 36th
Foot; Evans's Cat. of En graved Portraits (Lon-
don, 1836-53), vol. ii. ; Scots Mag. xiii. 165.]

H. M. C.

FLEMING, JOHN, fifth LORD FLEMING
(d. 1572), was the younger brother of James,
fourth lord Fleming [q. v.], and the second
son of Malcolm, third lord Fleming, by his
wife Johanna or Jonet Stewart, natural
daughter of James IV. He succeeded to
the title on the death of his brother, 18 Dec.
1558. He is mentioned in a letter of Ran-
dolph to Cecil, 3 June 1565, as one of those
who ( shamefully left Moray when he endea-

voured to prevent the marriage between Mary
and Darnley ' (KEITH, ii. 292). By commis-
sion dated 30 June 1565 he was appointed
great chamberlain of Scotland, and he took
the oaths on 1 Aug. following (Reg. Privy
Council Scot. i. 347). In the ' round-about
raid ' against Moray he accompanied the king,
who led the battle (ib. 379). He was one of
those in waiting on Mary when Rizzio was
murdered (Letter of Queen Mary to the Arch-
bishop of Glasgow, 9 May 1566, printed in
KEITH, ii. 418), but succeeded in making his
escape from the palace of Holyrood. In 1567
he was made justiciary within the bounds
of the overward of Clydesdale, appointed to
the sheriffdom of Peebles, and received the
important office of governor of Dumbarton
Castle. Though he was in Edinburgh at the
time of the murder of Darnley, he had no
connection with the tragedy. He, however,
signed the bond in favour of the marriage
of Mary and Bothwell. After the flight of
Bothwell from Carberry Hill, Fleming, along
with Lord Seton, accompanied him to the
north of Scotland, but both ultimately aban-
doned him (Illustrations of the Reign of Mary,
p. 223). He joined the party of the queen's
lords, who resolved to take measures to effect
her escape from Lochleven (KEITH, ii. 656).
Refusing the invitation to attend a parliament
to be held at Edinburgh on 15 Dec. (CALDER-
WOOD, ii. 388), he withdrew with other lords
to Dumbarton Castle, of which he was keeper,
where a bond was entered into for the queen's
liberty (KEITH, ii. 718). In the hope of ob-
taining assistance from France he refused to
deliver up the castle (CALDERWOOD, ii. 402).
After Queen Mary's escape from Lochleven,
he assembled with other lords at Hamilton
to take measures for securing the triumph
of her cause. Rather than trust herself to
the Hamiltons, Mary would have preferred
meanwhile to shut herself up in the strong-
hold of Dumbarton under the protection of
Fleming, but the Hamiltons, who had deter-
mined that she should marry Lord Arbroath,
would not permit her out of their hands, and
resolved against her wishes to stake the cause
of thequeen on a battle against the forces of
Moray. The result was the disaster at Lang-
side. Fleming was one of the three noble-
men who with the queen watched the battle
from an adjoining eminence. He, along with
Lords Herries and Livingstone, conducted her
from the field (HERRIES, Memoirs,^. 103), and
accompanied her in her gallop for life through
the Ayrshire and Galloway moors. The small
party crossed the Solway in a fishing-boat,
and on 15 May arrived at Workington. A
day or two afterwards they lodged her in the
castle of Carlisle (State Papers, For. Ser.

Fleming

278

Fleming

1566-8, entry 2199). Shortly afterwards
Fleming was sent along with Lord Herries to
ask Elizabeth's assistance to restore her to her
throne (LABANOFF, Lettres de Marie Stuart,
ii. 87). Mary also asked for Elizabeth's per-
mission for Fleming to go on a mission to
France (for the exact nature of the mission
see ' Instructions donnSes par Marie Stuart
a Lord Fleming, envoy 6 vers le roi de France/
in LABANOFF, ii. 86-90 ; and ' Instructions
donnSes &c., vers le Cardinal de Lorrain,' ib.
90-3), but Elizabeth declined her permission,
asserting that the only object of a mission of
the chatelain of Dumbarton to France must
be to take measures for bringing the French
into the country. Fleming sounded the Spa-
nish ambassador as to whether it might not
be possible to .bribe Cecil, Pembroke, and
Bedford, but de Silva gave no countenance
to the proposal, and advised that for the pre-
sent it would be best for the interests of
Mary that she should submit to Elizabeth's
wishes (FROUDE, Hist. England,c,sb. ed. viii.
362). Mary made more than one effort to
obtain Elizabeth's consent to Fleming's em-
bassy to France, but at last, finding it hope-
less to break her resolution, Fleming left for
the north. Reaching Mary at Carlisle on
5 July, he went thence to Scotland and joined
the forces under Huntly and Argyll. Fleming
was one of the commissioners appointed by
Mary to represent her cause at the confer-
ence at York (SiR JAMES MELVILLE, Memoirs,
p. 265). On his return he shut himself up in
Dumbarton Castle, which he held in Queen
Mary's name, thus keeping open a door of
communication with France. At a parlia-
ment held at Edinburgh he and his relative,
John Fleming of Boghall, were denounced,
on 17 Nov. 1569, as traitors, and their arms
were ' riven ' at the cross, in presence of the
regent and the lords (CALDERWOOD, ii. 506).
In his stronghold he bade defiance for a time
to all proclamations and threats. It became
the centre of intrigues on Mary's behalf. De
Virac, the French ambassador, took up his
residence in it to superintend the arrival of
supplies of arms and money. According to
Buchanan, Fleming had persuaded the king
of France that he l held the fetters of Scot-
land in his own hands ; and that, whenever
the French had leisure from other wars, if
they would but send him a little assistance
he would easily clap them on and bring all
Scotland to their assistance.' In January
1569-70 the regent Moray went to Dumbar-
ton in the hope that the favourable terms he
proposed, and his own personal interposition,
would induce Fleming to deliver it up, but
returned disappointed. In fact his visit sug-
gested to the Hamiltons and others who

were in the castle the scheme for his assassi-
nation, and it was within its walls that the
plot was completed and the assassin chosen
(ib. iii. 570). After the assassination Hamil-
ton, uncle of the assassin, and an indirect
agent in the murder, took refuge in the castle,
which was supposed to be almost impregnable
to assault. In May 1570 Drury was sent to
Scotland to treat with those in arms in the
cause of Mary (Col. State Papers, Scot. Ser. i.
287), and when attempting a parley with
Fleming he was stated to have been treacher-
ously shot upon (ballad of ' The Tressoun of
Dumbartune,' printed at Edinburgh by Lek-
previck, 1570). For more than a year after
the death of the regent Moray, the flag of
Mary waved above the battlements of Wal-
lace's Tower. Suddenly, on the morning of
2 May, its precipices were scaled by Captain
Thomas Crawford [q. v.], and the garrison
overpowered with scarcely an attempt at re-
sistance (see narrative in RICHARD BANNA-
TYNE'S Memorials, pp. 106-7). Fleming made
his way out alone by a postern gate ; and, the
tide being full, obtained a boat and escaped to
Argyll (HERRIES, Memoirs, p. 132 ; CALDER-
WOOD, History, iii. 57). He left Lady Flem-
ing in the castle, but she was very courteously
treated by the regent Lennox, and permitted
to pass out freely with all her plate and bag-
gage (HERRIES, p. 133). She also subse-
quently obtained a part of the forfeited rents
of Lord Fleming for her support. Fleming
proceeded to France, where he endeavoured
to concert measures for foreign assistance to
the friends of Mary. An expedition under
his direction was wrecked on the coast of
England, but although his papers were seized
he himself escaped (Correspondance de Fene-
lon, iv. 401). Ultimately he succeeded in re-
turning to Scotland, and obtained entrance to
Edinburgh Castle, still held by the supporters
of Mary. On 5 July 1572 he was mortally
wounded by French soldiers discharging their
pieces on their entrance into Edinburgh, some
of the bullets rebounding from the pavement
and striking him in the knee. After lying
for some time in the castle he was removed
in a litter to Biggar, where he died of his
wounds on 6 Sept. By his marriage to Eliza-
beth, only child of Robert Master of Ross,
killed at the battle of Pinkie in 1547, he had,
besides three daughters, one son,

JOHN FLEMING, first EARL OF WIGTOWN
or WIGTON (d. 1619). He held the office of
chief 'janitor et custos domus et cubiculi
regis ' from 30 July 1587, and was granted
large estates united into the lordship of Cum-
bernauld (18 Jan. 1588-9 and 31 Jan. 1595-6).
He was created Earl of Wi
19 March 1606-7, and

Wigtown or Wigton
died in April 1619.

Fleming

279

Fleming

By his first wife, Lillias, daughter of John,
earl of Montrose, he had four sons and six
daughters.

His heir, JOHN FLEMING, second EAEL OF
WIGTOWN or WIGTON (d. 1650), was one of
the committee of estates in 1640; became a
privy councillor in 1641 ; entered into an
association framed at his house at Cumber-
nauld in support of Charles I, and died at
Cumbernauld 7 May 1650. He married Mar-
garet, second daughter of Alexander Living-
ston, second earl of Linlithgow, by whom he
left issue. The earldom became extinct on
the death of Charles Fleming, seventh earl,
in 1747.

[Illustrations of the Eeign of Mary (Maitland
Club) ; Lord Herries's Memoirs (Abbotsford
Club) ; Sir James Melville's Memoirs (Banna-
tyne Club) ; Diurnal of Occurrents (Bannatyne
Club) ; History of James Sext (Bannatyne
Club) ; Kichard Bannatyne's Memorials ; Laba-
noff's Lettres de Marie Stuart ; Fenelon's Cor-
respondance ; Kegister of the Privy Council of
Scotland ; State Papers, Eeign of Elizabeth ; His-
tories of Keith, Calderwood, Buchanan, Tytler,
Burton, and Froude ; Douglas's Scottish Peerage
<Wood), ii. 634-5 ; Crawfurd's Officers of State,
pp. 330-1 ; Hunter's Biggar and the House of
Fleming, pp. 525-44.] T. F. H.

FLEMING, JOHN (d. 1815), botanist,
was educated at Douai, took his degree of
M.D. at Edinburgh, and became president
of the Bengal medical service. He is stated
to have been a good classic, and contributed
to several journals, but the only memoir of
his which can be cited is his ' Catalogue of
Indian Medicinal Plants and Drugs ' in the
eleventh volume of 'Asiatick Researches/
which was reprinted with additions, Calcutta,
1810, 8vo, and translated into Dutch and
German. He died of a paralytic stroke in
London, 10 May 1815. Dr. Roxburgh dedi-
cated the genus Flemingia to him, and his
name is further commemorated by the genus
of fossil plants, Flemingites.

[Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxv. pt. i. p. 568 ; Eox-
burgh's Corom. PL iii. 44.] B. D. J.

FLEMING, JOHN, D.D. (1785-1857),
naturalist, son of Alexander Fleming, was
born near Bath gate in Linlithgo wshire 1 0 Jan .
1785. Moved by the strong wishes of his
mother, he studied for the ministry, but he
discovered at an early age an intense love of
nature and natural science, which he took all
opportunities, in harmony with other duties,
to cultivate. Being asked by Sir John Sin-
clair to make a mineralogical survey of the
northern isles, he became acquainted with the
ministers of Shetland, and on the occurrence
of a vacancy in the parish of Bressay, the
right of presentation to which fell, jure devo-

luto, to the presbytery, he was nominated by
them, with consent of the people, to the
charge (licensed 22 April 1806, called 6 Aug.
and ordained 22 Sept. 1808). His ' Economical
Mineralogy of the Orkney and Zetland Is-
lands'was published in 1807. A paper i On the
Narwal or Sea-Unicorn' was communicated
at the same time to the Wernerian Society. In
1810 he was translated to Flisk in Fifeshire,
a neighbouring parish to Kilmeny, where
Dr. Chalmers was minister. Many papers on
local natural history and cognate topics were
written for the learned societies, and Fleming
soon became known as the first zoologist in
Scotland. On 16 May 1814 the degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by" the university of
St. Andrews. In 1822 he published the l Philo-
sophy of Zoology.' To remedy certain diffi-
culties of classification in Cuvier's method,
Fleming advocated the dichotomous or binary
method, a proposal which Cuvier did not ap-
prove, and for which Fleming had to fight
stoutly against other antagonists. The book
attracted much interest from many quarters
in consequence of the attention devoted by
the writer to the characters of animals. It
was translated into Italian by Signer Zan-
drini, and was for many years a standard
work among Italian savants. In 1828 the
publication of ' British Animals ' added yet
more to his fame as a naturalist. The number
of genera and species described was much in
advance of previous catalogues. Buckland's
* Reliquiae Diluvianse ' (1823) led to the pub-
lication of a pamphlet l On the Geological
Deluge as interpreted by Baron Cuvier and
Professor Buckland,' which is said to have
caused the suppression of a new edition of
Buckland's work. Fleming's connection and
correspondence with scientific men widened
as the years went on, and he was in request
for articles in the ' Quarterly ' and a series of
volumes, which, however, did not appear,
for Murray's ' Family Library.' His total
contributions to science in books, journals,
&c., amounted to 129.

While zealous for science, Fleming was
active and earnest in parochial duties; a
proof of this was that on the occurrence of a
vacancy in the neighbouring church of Auch-
termuchty, a petition signed by four hundred
parishioners (virtually all) was presented
to the patron in his favour ; but he did not
receive the appointment. In 1832 he was
presented by Lord Dundas to the parish of
Clackmannan. In 1834 he was appointed
to the chair of natural philosophy in the
University and King's College, Aberdeen.
A petition from 418 inhabitants of Clack-
mannan was presented to him asking him to
remain, but he elected to go to Aberdeen.

Fleming

280

Fleming

Although his chair was connected with a
different branch of science, he continued to
prosecute his old pursuits. The old red sand-
stone engaged a large share of his attention,
and its fossils were the subject of several
papers contributed to the scientific journals.
But many other departments of natural science
likewise engaged his attention and his pen.

From the nature of his pursuits Fleming
had been little implicated in the discussions
going on in the church and the country with
reference to patronage. But he had always
been in favour of the popular side. When
the disruption occurred in 1843 he joined
the free church. Sir David Brewster [q. v.]
had done the same at St. Andrews, where
the presbytery of the established church took
steps with the intention of compelling him
to conform to the church or to resign his
office in the university. Fleming had every
reason to believe that a similar course would
be taken with reference to himself. Ulti-
mately he agreed to accept a chair of natu-
ral science which Dr. Chalmers and others
had deemed it desirable to establish in con-
nection with the Free Church College at
Edinburgh. His appointment to this chair
in 1845 enabled him to devote his whole
heart and time to the subjects with which
he was most conversant. In undertaking to
conduct such a class, mainly for divinity
students, he acted on the conviction that a
right knowledge of nature was fitted to be
of great use to all engaged in pastoral duty ;
and that there was need at the present time
of special steps to defend the Christian faith
from what he regarded as theories ' resting
on foundations that it would take a powerful
lens to discover.' During his tenure of this
chair, besides writing as usual for the scien-
tific journals, he sent several important con-
tributions to the 'North British Review/
started by his friend and colleague, Dr. Welsh ;
he published a popular work, ' The Tempera-
ture of the Seasons' (1851), forming the
second volume of a series called ' The Chris-
tian Athenaeum,' and he prepared for publica-
tion his latest work, published after his death,
1 The Lithology of Edinburgh ' (Edinburgh,
1859).

Fleming had a vein of sarcasm which he
allowed to operate somewhat freely, and a
way of hitting opponents which could not
be very agreeable. But the genuine kind-
ness and honesty of the man came to be ap-
preciated even by those whom, like Buck-
land, he had once somewhat alienated. He
died, after a short illness, on 18 Nov. 1857.

[Scott's Fasti, iv. 494, 697, v. 424 ; Fleming's Li-
thology of Edinburgh, -with a Memoir by the Rev.
John Duns ; personal knowledge.] W. G. B.

FLEMING, SIE MALCOLM, EARL of
WIGTOWN (d. 1360 ?), the son of Sir Malcolm
Fleming of Cumbernauld, was, like his father,
a staunch adherent of King Eobert Bruce.
He was appointed steward of the household
to David, earl of Carrick, and continued to
hold the office after the young prince [see
BRUCE. DAVID, 1324-1371] succeeded to the
throne. He was also bailie of Carrick, sheriff
of Dumbarton, and keeper of the castle of
Dumbarton, for which last-named office he
had an annual salary of a hundred merks.
He was engaged in the battle of Halidon in
1333, the loss of which by the Scots left their
country at the mercy of Edward III, who
quickly reduced it all to subjection, save four
castles and an island peel, the principal of
which was the castle of Dumbarton. Flem-
ing had escaped from the battle-field, andf
hastening home, placed this castle in a posi-
tion to hold out for any length of time.
Hither, says Wyntoun, resorted all who
yearned to live freely. Here too he kept
safely David II and his queen, until the
king of France sent means to convey them
thence to France, whither Fleming accom-
panied them. On his return he received in
the following year Robert, the steward of
Scotland, afterwards Robert III, who had
effected his escape from Rothesay. David II
and 1^8 consort returned from France to Scot-
land on 4 May 1341, and the loyalty of Flem-
ing was rewarded on 9 Nov. following by a
royal cliaxter, dated at Ayr, granting him
and his hejrs male the sheriffdom of Wig-
town and other lands, and creating him Earl
of Wigtown, with right of regality and
special judicial powers. Fleming followed
David ll into England in 1346, and with
him was taken prisoner at the battle of
Durham, 17 Oct., conveyed to London and
incarcerated, in the Tower. After a length-
ened captivity he was liberated, and took a
prominent part in the negotiations for the
ransom of David II. At the meeting of the
Scottish parliament at Edinburgh on 26 Sept.
1357 he was appointed one of the commis-
sioners to conclude the treaty at Berwick on
3 Oct. following, and his seal was appended
to that document. He died about 1360, and
was succeeded by his grandson Thomas, earl of
Wigtown, who sold the earldom to Archibald,,
third earl of Douglas, 8 Feb. 1 37 1-2. Fleming
married a foster sister of King Robert Bruce,
who was called Lady Marjory, countess of
Wigtown. The royal connection is shown
in the fact that in 1329 Fleming received a
royal gift of money on the occasion of his son's
marriage. He had one son, Thomas or John,
who predeceased him, and two daughters :
(1) Lady Marjory, who married William of

Fleming

281

Fleming

Fawside, and received during her lifetime a
grant of part of the crown lands of Clack-
mannan ; (2) Lady Eva, who married John of
Ramsay, and with her husband received from
the king the thanage of Tannadice.

[Wyntoun's Chronicle, bk. viii. chaps, xxvii.
xxviii.xl.; Fordun a Goodall; Eymer's Fcedera;
Hailes's Annals, ii. 185, 186, 239, 267, iii. HO ;
Eobertson's Index of Missing Charters ; Eegis-
trum Magni Sigilli; Exchequer Eolls of Scot-
land, v. 43.] H. P.

FLEMING,

called PET MARGAKIE, born 15 Jan. 1803, was
the daughter of James Fleming of Kirkcaldy,
by Elizabeth, daughter of James Rae, and
sister of Mrs. Keith of Ravelston, the friend
of Sir Walter Scott. Scott frequently saw
Margaret Fleming at the house of her aunt,
Mrs. Keith, became strongly attached to the
child, and delighted in playing with her. She
showed extraordinary precocity; she read
history when six years old, and wrote diaries
and poems, which were preserved by her
family. They show singular quickness, vi-
vacity, and humour, while there is no trace
of the morbid tendencies too often associated
with infant prodigies. She composed an his-
torical poem upon Mary Queen of Scots,

"Who fled to England for protection
(Elizabeth was her connection) ;

an excellent epitaph upon three young tur-
keys,

A direful death indeed they had,

That would put any parent mad ;

But she [their mother] was more than usual calm,

She did not give a single dam ;

and made many quaint remarks upon various
lovers, including a gentleman who offered to
marry her with his wife's permission, but
failed to carry out his promise, and sundry
religious reflections, especially upon the devil.
That her talents were limited is proved by
her statement : 1 1 am now going to tell you
the horrible and wretched plaege that my
multiplication table givis me ; you can't con-
ceive it. The most devilish thing is 8 times
8 and 7 times 7 ; it is what nature itself can't
endure.' No more fascinating infantile au-
thor has ever appeared, and we may certainly
accept the moderate anticipation of her first
biographer, that if she had lived she might
have written books. Unfortunately she had
an attack of measles, and when apparently
recovering was taken ill and died after three
days of ' water on the brain,' 19 Dec. 1811.
Her father could never afterwards mention
her name. Her life is probably the shortest
to be recorded in these volumes, and certainly
she is one of the most charming characters.

[Pet Margarie; a Story of Child Life Fifty
Years Ago, Edinburgh, 1858. This was reviewed
in the North British Eeview for November 1863
by Dr. John Brown, who had the original diaries,
&c., before him, and gives details not recorded
in the previous account. His very pleasing ar-
ticle has been republished with Eab and his
Friends ; Scotsman, 6 July 1881 (notice of death
of her elder sister, Elizabeth Fleming).] L. S.

FLEMING, PATRICK (1599-1631), a
Franciscan friar of the Strict Observance, was
born on 17 April 1599 at Bel-atha-Lagain,
now the townland of Lagan, in the parish
of Clonkeen and county of Louth, Ireland.
His father, Gerald Fleming, was great-grand-
son of Christopher Fleming, baron of Slane
and treasurer of Ireland. His mother was
Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Cusack of
Cushinstown, a baron of the exchequer, by
Catharine Nugent, daughter of Christopher,
heir to the barony of Delvin. He was bap-
tised by Father William Jacson, and received
the family Christian name of Christopher.
At the age of thirteen he was sent by his
parents to Flanders, and placed under the
care of his uncle, the Rev. Christopher Cu-
sack, who was administrator of the Irish
colleges for the secular clergy in that country.
Having studied humanities at Douay he re-
moved to the college of St. Anthony of
Padua at Louvain, where, on 17 March
1616-17, he took the probationary habit of
St. Francis from the hands of Anthony
Hickey, the superior ; and on the same day
in the following year he made his solemn,
profession, assuming in religion the name of
Patrick. In 1623 he journeyed to Rome in
company with Hugh Mac Caghwell, then,
definitor-general of the Franciscan order,
and afterwards archbishop of Armagh. In
passing through Paris, Fleming contracted
a close friendship with Father Hugh "Ward,
to whom he promised a zealous co-operation
in searching out and illustrating the lives of
the early saints of Ireland. He completed
his philosophical and theological studies in
the Irish college of St. Isidore at Rome
(WADDING, Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, ed,
1806, p. 185), and afterwards he was sent
to teach philosophy at Louvain, where he
continued to lecture for some years. He
removed to Prague in Bohemia on being
appointed the first superior of, and divinity
lecturer in, the college of the Immaculate
Conception, recently founded in that city for
Irish Franciscans of the Strict Observance.
When the elector of Saxony invaded Bo-
hemia, Fleming fled from the city, in com-
pany with Matthew Hoar, a deacon. On
7 Nov. 1631 they were suddenly attacked
near the small town of Beneschau, by a party

% i . For 'Margaret' read 'Marjory'.
Baptismal register reads '1803, Jan. 15.
l\/Tofi/~»rt7 rtancrlii-fr of Tames Fleminff.

To authorities add: — Frank Gent, 'Marjo
Fleming and the Biographers' in Scottt

Fleming

282

Fleming

of armed peasants, who killed them on the
spot. Fleming's body was conveyed to the
monastery of Voticium, about four miles
from the scene of the murder, and solemnly
interred in the presence of forty brethren.

His works are : 1. ' Vita S. Columbani,
AbbatisBobiensis, cum annotationibus.' This
work, and the lives of some other Irish saints,
with their l Opuscula,' Fleming, before his
departure for Prague, gave to Moretus, the
famous printer of Antwerp, with a view to
publication, but the design was not then
carried into effect. The manuscripts after-
wards were edited by Thomas Sirinus, or
O'Sherrin, jubilate lector of divinity in the
college of ot. Anthony of Padua at Louvain,
who published them under the title of ' Col-
lectanea Sacra, seu S. Columbani Hiberni
Abbatis, magni Monachorum Patriarchse,
Monasteriorum Luxoviensis in Gallia, et
Bobiensis in Italia, aliorumque, Fundatoris
et Patroni, Necnon aliorum aliquot e Veteri
itidem Scotia seu Hibernia antiquorum Sanc-
torum Acta & Opuscula, nusquam antehac
edita, partem ab ipso brevibus Notis,partem
f usiori bus Commentariis, ac speciali de Monas-
tica S. Columbani institutione Tractatu, il-
lustrata,' Louvain, 1667, fol. pp. 455. This
work is of even greater rarity than the scarce
volumes of Colgan. A detailed account of
its contents, by William Reeves, D.D., will
be found in the ' Ulster Journal of Archaeo-
logy,' vol. ii. 2. f Vita Reverendi Patris
Hugonis Cavelli [Mac Caghwell],' 1626. This
biography was incorporated by Vernulseus
in the panegyric of the deceased primate
which he delivered at Louvain ; and its chief
facts are preserved by Lynch in his manu-
script ' History of the Bishops of Ireland.'
3 'Chronicon Consecrati Petri Ratisbonse,'
manuscript, being a compendium of the chro-
nicle of the monastery of St. Peter at Re-
gensberg. 4. Letters on Irish hagiology ad-
dressed to Hugh Ward, and printed in the
' Irish Ecclesiastical Record/

[Life by O'Sherrin, prefixed to Fleming's Col-
lectanea ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris),
p. 112; Preface to Colgan's Acta Sanctorum ;
Ulster Journal of Archaeology, ii. 253 ; Sbaralea's
Suppl.etCastigatioad Scriptores Trium Ordimim
S. Francisci a Waddingo aliisve descriptos, p. 573 ;
Irish Ecclesiastical Eecord, vii. 59, 193; Brenan's
Eccl. Hist, of Ireland, p. 512 ; Lowndes's Bibl.
Man. (Bohn), p. 809.] T. C.

FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431), bi-
shop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln Col-
lege, Oxford, was born of a good family in
Yorkshire — Tanner says at Croston, but the
name suggests a doubt as to the identifica-
tion— probably about 1360. He entered the
university of Oxford, and became a member of

University College. He was junior proctor
in 1407 (WooD, Fasti Oxon. p. 37 et seq.), his
year of office being still remembered in con-
sequence of the fact that he caused one of
the books of statutes and privileges of the
university, still preserved in the archives and
known as the ' Junior Proctor's Book ' (or
Registrum C), to be transcribed for him
(Munimenta Academica Oxon. i. intr. xiv,
237, ed. H. Anstey, 1868). In 1408 there
is a record of his payment of 6s. Sd. for
the use of one of the schools belonging
to Exeter College (C. W. BOASE, Register of
Exeter College, p. 14, 1879), probably with
a view to proceeding to a degree in divinity.
He had already held, since 22 Aug. 1406,
the prebend of South Newbald in the church
of York (LE NEVE, Fasti Ecclesice Angli-
cana, iii. 205, ed. Sir T. D. Hardy).

At present Fleming was, in some points
at least, a warm adherent of the Wycliffite
party, which still maintained its strength
among the scholars of Oxford. In 1407
Archbishop Arundel had held a provincial
council there, at which stringent decrees were
passed against the reading of Wycliffe's books
and an attempt made to regulate the studies
of the university ( WILEJNS, Cone. Magn. Brit.
iii. 305). Two years later the archbishop
persuaded convocation at its session in Lon-
don to appoint a committee of twelve persons
to examine the writings of Wycliffe, and to
condemn them if any heresy should be found
therein. Among these judges was Fleming,
described as a student of theology (ib. p.
172, where the date is erroneously given as
1382 ; cf. H. C. MAXWELL LTTE, History of
the University of Oxford, p. 283, n. 2, 1886).
After long debate and a delay which called
forth a complaint from the archbishop, the
majority drew up a report condemning 267
propositions attributed to Wycliffe as erro-
neous or heretical (WiLKitfS, iii. 339). But
the discussion appears to have excited the
smouldering elements of heterodox opinion.
The university was disturbed by disorderly
manifestations of lollard feeling, and Fleming
with another member of the committee itself
declared openly for some of the obnoxious
tenets. In December 1409 the archbishop
addressed a mandate to the chancellor of the
university, bidding him to warn the malcon-
tents to abstain from defending W7ycliffe's doc-
trines under heavy penalties. The language
employed is remarkable for its contemptuous
severity as applied to a man who had already
been chosen by the masters of arts some
years before to be their official representa-
tive as proctor : ' Certse personse/ wrote the
archbishop, ' dictae universitatis, quibus digna
non esset cathedra, attamen graduatse, qua3

Fleming

283

Fleming

et puerilia rudimenta non transcendunt, vix
adhuc ab adolescentise cunabulis exeuntes,
quarum una, ut asseritur, est Richardus cog-
nomento Flemmyng, quse etiam velut elin-
gues pueri, quorum nondum barbas caesaries
decoravit, prius legentes quam syllabicent,
ponentes os in ccelum, tanta ambitione tu-
mescunt quod certas dictarum conclusionum
damnatarumpublice asserere et velut conclu-
sionabiliter in scholia tenere et defendere
damnabiliter non verentur ' (ib. p. 322). The
passage has needed quotation at length since
doubts have been cast upon Fleming's at-
tachment to Wycliffism ; at the same time
his theological obliquity cannot be proved
to have extended to Wycliffe's more radical
heresies, and it would be hasty to conclude
with Wood (Hist, and Antiq. of Oxford,
Colleges and Halls, p. 234, ed. Gutch) that
he was so active in the cause 'that had
not his mouth been stopped with preferment
the business would then have proved perni-
cious ' (cf. LYTE, pp. 280-5). Whether or not
frightened by the primate's energetic mea-
sures, Fleming seems to have soon tempered
his judgment and to have won recognition as
an authority 'on the method of theological dis-
putation. Thomas Gascoigne, the most cor-
rect of divines, who was chancellor in 1434,
says that about 1420 (the date is evidently
some years too late) he introduced the pro-
cedure in such exercises which continued in
force in his own day (Loci e Libro Verita-
tum, p. 183, ed. J. E. T. Rogers).

In 1413 Fleming appears signing a peti-
tion, as B.D., promising to receive the visita-
tion of Repyngdon, bishop of Lincoln, himself
formerly, like Fleming, conspicuous on the
lollard side. On 21 Aug. 1415 he received
the prebend of Langtoft in the church of York
(LE NEVE, iii. 199) ; afterwards he became
rector of Boston ; and on 20 Nov. 1419 he
succeeded Repyngdon as bishop of Lincoln.
He was consecrated at Florence 28 April
1420 (STTJBBS, Reg. Sacr. Anglic. 65), and the
temporalities were restored to him 23 May
(RYMEK, Fcedera, ix. 909). On 18 Dec. 1421
he received instructions to head an embassy
to Germany to seek armed support from the
king of the Romans (ib. x. 161-3). But it
was in ecclesiastical affairs that his interest
directly lay. So little now was there any
taint of lollardy about him that on 22 June
1423 he appeared as president of the English
nation at the general council of Pavia ( JOHN
or RAGUSA, Initium et prosecutio Sasiliensis
concilii, in the Monum. Condi. Gen. sec. xv.,
i. 11, Vienna, 1857 ; MANSI, Cone. Collect.
Ampliss. xviii. 1059 D). The council was
transferred to Siena, and on 21 July Fleming
was the preacher before it (JOHN

p. 12). At the beginning of the following year
he was appointed to hear evidence on behalf
of the council (ib. p. 46) ; then on 23 Jan. he
preached a sermon in which he made himself
conspicuous as a champion of the rights of
the papacy as against the council, an advo-
cacy which produced a good deal of dissatis-
faction among the fathers. It was said that
he was scheming for higher preferment from
the pope (ib. p. 64). The council ended in no
positive decisions of moment ; but it is singu-
lar that Fleming's name is not mentioned
in connection with its anti-Wycliffite decree
of 8 Nov. 1423. If, as his epitaph asserts,
Fleming was chamberlain to Pope Martin V,
he was probably appointed to the office in the
course of this visit to Italy.

On his return to England he was given a
more signal mark of the pope's favour. The
archbishopric of York became vacant in the
autumn of 1423, and Fleming received the
see by his * provision/ 20 July 1424. The
Bishop of Worcester, however, had already
in January been elected by the chapter, and
the royal consent had been obtained. More-
over, Fleming displeased the king's minis-
ters (GODWIN strangely says, Henry V, De
Prcesulibus, i. 297, ed. Cambr. 1743) by his
acceptance of the archbishopric without ask-
ing permission, and it was seized into the
king's hands. In the end he had to submit,
under humiliating conditions, to re-transla-
tion to Lincoln, and neither of the candidates
obtained their desire, the archbishopric being
given by the king's nomination, after a long
interval, to the chancellor, John Kemp (Ls
NEVE, iii. 110).

Not long after his return to Lincoln,
Fleming began to prepare a plan for the
foundation of a college at Oxford. The royal
license was given by letters patent on 13 Oct.
1427, and although the bishop did not live
to carry out more than the elements of his
design, his preface to the body of statutes of
Lincoln College (which were actually drawn
up, nearly half a century later, by Bishop
Rotherham) shows clearly enough the objects
which he had in view. It was expressly with
the desire of counteracting the spread of
heresy and error and encouraging the sound
study of divinity, that he proposed to found
a little college (' collegiolum ') of theologians
in connection with the three parish churches
of St. Mildred, St. Michael, and Allhallows.
The college which he founded had little en-
dowment from him beyond the churches and
the site, and some books of which an inven-
tory is preserved (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd
Rep. 131, 1871), and it was not established
upon a firm footing until the last quarter of
the century, when Rotherham drew up a

Fleming

284

Fleming

code of statutes on the principle (he said) and
in the spirit of Fleming's design. The ninth
chapter of these statutes appointed an annual
mass for the t first founder ' on the feast of
the Conversion of St. Paul, the day of his
death.

So far as can be judged from his earlier
Memorandum Register (that for his later
years is unfortunately lost), Fleming appears
to have been an active administrator of his
immense diocese, and particularly diligent in
the visitation of monasteries within its limits.
The muniments of Lincoln Cathedral include
a number of injunctions which he addressed
to them. The best known act of his episco-
pate belongs almost exactly to the time when
he was planning his foundation for the over-
throw of heresy. The old man believed that
the movement which he had seen strong at
Oxford in his youth was still vigorous. It
was in 1428, after an urgent reminder from
the pope, 9 Dec. 1427 (RAYNALD. Ann. ix.
55 seq.), that he gave effect to the vindictive
sentence of the council of Constance of 4 May
141 5, by exhuming the bones of John Wy cliff e
from Lutterworth churchyard; he burned
them and cast them into the river Swift ( W.
LYNDWODE, Provinciate, v., f. cliv. b, ed. 1501).
As a writer he is credited only with sermons
preached at the council of Siena and with a
work, apparently lost, ' Super Angliae Ety-
mologia ' (BALE, Scriptt. Brit. Catal. vii. 90,
p. 575).

Fleming died at his palace at Sleaford on
25 Jan. 1430-1, and was buried in Lincoln
Cathedral. His altar-tomb, with effigy, still
exists. The epitaph, which has been attri-
buted to his own authorship (cf. WOOD,
Colleges and Halls, p. 236), may be found also
in manuscript, with panegyric verses attached
by one Stoon, a Cistercian monk of Shene
(Bodleian MS. 496, f. 225). He bore, barry
of six ar. and az., three lozenges in chief gules ;
on the fess point a mullet for difference sable
(WooD, p. 244).

Fleming's name is spelt variously with one
or two ms and with i or y in the second
syllable.

[Letters patent for the foundation of Lincoln
College and Fleming's preface to the Statutes, in
Statutes of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1853;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 286 ; Wood's Hist, and
Antiq. of the Univ. of Oxford, i. 551, ed. Gutch ;
information from the Lincoln Cathedral registers,
kindly communicated by the Rev. Prebendary
G. G. Perry.] R. L. P.

FLEMING, ROBERT, the elder (1630-
1694), Scottish ejected divine, was born in
December 1630 at Yester, Haddingtonshire,
of which parish, anciently known as St.
Bathan's, his father, James Fleming (d.

8 April 1653), was minister. James Flem-
ing's first wife was Martha, eldest daughter
of John Knox, the Scottish reformer ; Robert
was the issue of a second marriage with Jean
Livingston. His childhood was sickly, and he
nearly lost his sight and life owing to a blow
with a club. He speaks of an f extraordinary
impression' made upon him as a boy by a
voice which he heard when he had climbed up
into his father's pulpit at night; but he dates
the beginning of his religious life from a com-
munion day at Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh,
at the opening of 1648. At this time he was
a student of Edinburgh University, where he
graduated M.A. on 26 July 1649, distinguish-
ing himself in philosophy. He pursued his
theological studies at St. Andrews under
Samuel Rutherford. At the battle of Dunbar
(3 Sept. 1650) he was probably in the ranks
of the Scottish army, for he speaks of his
' signal preservation.' After license he re-
ceived a call to Cambuslang, Lanarkshire,
and was ordained there in 1653. His health
was then so bad that ' it seemed hopeless,'
and on the day of his ordination there was.
an ' extraordinary storm,' which he deemed
an assault of Satan.

Fleming's ministry was popular and suc-
cessful. On the restoration of episcopacy the
Scottish parliament passed an act (11 June
1662) vacating benefices that had been filled
without respect to the rights of patrons, unless
by 20 Sept. the incumbent should obtain pre-
sentation (this patrons were enj oined to grant)
and episcopal collation, and renounce the
covenant. Failing to comply with these con-
ditions, Fleming was deprived by the privy
council on 1 Oct. During the next ten years
he remained in Scotland, preaching wherever
he found opportunity. Indulgences were
offered to the ejected ministers in 1669 by
the king, and on 3 Sept. 1672 by the privy
council. By the terms of this latter indul-
gence Fleming was assigned to the parish of
Kilwinning, Ayrshire, as a preacher. He dis-
obeyed the order ; when cited to the privy
council on 4 Sept. he did not attend, and a
warrant was issued for his apprehension. He
fled to London, where his broad Scotch ' idiot-
isms and accents' somewhat 'clouded' his
usefulness. In 1674 he was again in Scot-
land, at West Nisbet, Roxburghshire, where
he had left his wife. She died in that year,
and Fleming returned to London.

In 1677 he removed to Rotterdam, having
been called to a collegiate charge in the Scots
Church there. Next year he visited Scotland
for the purpose of bringing over his children.
While there he held conventicles in Edin-
burgh, and was thrown into the Tolbooth.
Brought before the privy council in June 1679,

Fleming

285

Fleming

he agreed to give bail, but declined to pro-
mise a passive obedience. He was sent back
to prison, but soon obtained his liberty and
returned to Rotterdam. On 2 April 1683
proceedings were taken against him in the
high court of judiciary at Edinburgh, on sus-
picion of harbouring some of the assassins of
Archbishop Sharpe; his innocence appearing,
the accusation was dropped on 17 April 1684.
He did not formally demit the charge of Oam-
buslang till March 1688, on the death of
David Cunningham, who had been appointed
in his place. The act of April 1689 restored
him to his benefice, but he preferred to re-
main in Holland. During a visit to London
he was seized with fever on 17 July, and died
on 25 July 1694. His funeral sermon was
preached by Daniel Burgess (1645-1713)
[q. v.] He married Christian, daughter of Sir
George Hamilton of Binny, Linlithgowshire,
and had seven children. His son Robert [q. v.]
succeeded him at Rotterdam . In 1 672 Flem-
ing had the infeftment of the lands of Mar-
breck and Formontstoun.

Fleming's * Fulfilling of the Scripture,' his
best-known work, is a treatise on particular
providences ; it is rich in illustrative anec-
dote, and contains valuable material mixed
with legend relating to the puritan biography
of Scotland and the north of Ireland.

He published: 1. 'The Fulfilling of the
Scripture,' &c., Rotterdam, 1669, fol. Second
part, ' The Faithfulness of God/ &c. Third
part, ' The Great Appearances of God,' &c.
[1677 ?] All three parts, Lond., 1681, 12mo,
two vols. ; third edit., 1681, 8vo ; fourth edit.,
1693, 8vo ; fifth edit., 1726, fol. ; last edit.,
Edinb., 1845, 8vo, two vols. ; an abridgment
is published by the Religious Tract Society.
2. * An Account of the Roman Church and Doc-
trine,' 1675, 8vo (not seen). 3. ' A Survey of
Quakerism,' &c., 1677, 8vo (anon.) 4. ' Scrip-
ture Truth confirmed and cleared,' 1678, 8vo
(not seen). 5. t The Truth and Certainty of
the Protestant Faith,' 1678, 8vo (not seen).
6. < The Church wounded and rent/ &c., 1681,
4to (not seen). 7. ' The One Thing Neces-
sary/ 1681 (not seen). 8. ' Joshua's Choice/
1684 (previously printed in Dutch, not seen).
9. ' The Confirming Worke of Religion/ Rot-
terdam, 1685, 12mo. 10. ' True Statement
of Christian Faith/ 1692, 8vo (not seen).
11. < The Present Aspect of our Times/ &c.,
1694 (not seen). Also two separate sermons,
1692. Hew Scott adds, 'A Discourse on
Earthquakes/ 1693, by his son ; also, without
dates, ' The Healing Work/ &c., and ' Episto-
lary Discourse/ two parts (this is by his
son).

[Fleming left a diary, which was not pub-
lished; his rather confused list of thirty-eight

memorable occurrences of his life, entitled A Short
Index, &c., is printed at the end of Memoirs by
Daniel Burgess, prefixed to the 1726 edition of
the Fulfilling ; a fuller memoir is prefixed to the
1845 edition ; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. ;
Wilson's Dissenting Churches, 1808, ii. 469;
Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, 1861,
iii. 200 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation, 1870, ii.
221 sq.] A. G.

FLEMING, ROBERT, the younger
(1660 P-1716), presbyterian minister, son of
Robert Fleming the elder [q. v.], was born at
Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, about 1660. His
early education was at the school of his uncle
by marriage, John Sinclair, minister of Or-
miston, Haddingtonshire. He entered into
a religious ' covenant ' at the age of thirteen,
and set his heart on the ministry. In 1679 his
father took him to Holland, where he studied
at Leyden and Utrecht. He pursued his own
course of reading, gaining a wide familiarity
with classics and the fathers, and with theo-
logical writers of the most opposite schools.
On 9 Feb. 1688 he was privately ordained by
Scottish divines in Holland, without special
charge. He removed to England, and was
domestic chaplain in a private family for
about four years. In 1692 he accepted a call
to the pastorate of the English presbyterian
congregation at Leyden. On his father's death
he was invited to succeed him in the Scots
Church at Rotterdam, to which he was in-
ducted in 1695.

In 1698 Fleming received a call to the
Scots Church, Founders' Hall, Lothbury.
His acceptance was urged by William Car-
stares [q. v.], and William III, who had known
him in Holland, ' signified his desire to have
him near his person.' Fleming began his
ministry at Founders' Hall on 19 June 1698.
The meeting-house was rebuilt for him about
1700. His position was one of great influence,
though he never became a public man. Wil-
liam III consulted him on the ecclesiastical
affairs of Scotland, and he was in friendly
relations with Archbishop Tenison. Through
the influence of his kinsman, John, lord Car-
michael, secretary of state for Scotland, he had
the offer of the principalship of Glasgow Uni-
versity, but this he declined. On 15 May
1701 he succeeded Vincent Alsop as one of
the Tuesday lecturers at Salters' Hall, a lec-
tureship which represented the liberal side
in the Calvinistic controversy. On 7 May
1707 he was the spokesman of the London
ministers of the three denominations in pre-
senting an address of congratulation to Queen
Anne on the union with Scotland. These
appointments were unusual in the case of one
who, like Fleming, was distinctively a Scot-
tish presbyterian. But Fleming's views were

Fleming

286

Fleming

broad, and indeed he was the pioneer of a
principle which afterwards became the symbol
of the most liberal section of English dissent.
His 'Christology' (1705-8) shows that while
himself orthodox on the person of Christ, he
was resolutely opposed to any form of sub-
scription. He held the tenet of the pre-exist-
ence of our Lord's human soul.

Fleming inherited from his father a strong
taste for studies directed by the aim of tracing
the divine hand in history. To the specula-
tions advanced in his ' Apocalyptical Key'
(1701) he chiefly owes his posthumous fame.
In 1793, and again in 1848, attention was
directed to the apparent historical verifica-
tion of some of his conjectures. He predicted
the fall of the French monarchy by 1794 at
latest, and fixed on a period ' about the year
1848' as the date at which the papacy would
receive a fatal, though not immediately de-
structive blow. Fleming makes no preten-
sions to the character of a prophet ; his spe-
culations are put forward with the modesty
of a devout student of history and scripture.

A serious illness laid Fleming aside for a
time. On his recovery he paid a visit to
Holland, where he took some part in political
negotiations in the protestant interest. He
returned, shortly before the accession of King
George, in improved but still uncertain health.
His weakness increased, and he died on 21 May
1716. Joshua Oldfield, D.D., preached his
funeral sermon. He left a widow and several
children.

He published : 1. ' The Mirror of Divine
Love ... a poetical Paraphrase on the . . ,
Song of Solomon. . .other Poems/ &c., 1691,
8vo. 2. ' An Epistolary Discourse . . . with
a Second Part,' &c., 1692, 8vo. 3. < A Dis-
course on Earthquakes/ &c., 1693, 8vo ; re-
printed!793. 4. 'The Rod and the Sword/ &c.,
1694,8vo; reprinted 1701 and 1793. 5. < Apo-
calyptical Key. An extraordinary Discourse
on the Rise and Fall of Papacy,' &c., 1701,
8vo (dedicated to Lord Carmichael) ; re-
printed 1793, and Edinb. 1849, with memoir
by Thomas Thomson. 6. ' Discourses on Several
Subjects/ 1701, 8vo (includes No. 5). 7. < A
Brief Account of Religion/ &c., 1701, 8vo.
8. ' Christology/ &c., vol. i. 1705, 8vo (dedi-
cated to Queen Anne) ; vols. ii. and iii., 1708,
8vo; an abridgment was published in one
vol., Edinb. 1795, 8vo. 9. ' The History of
Hereditary Right/ &c., 8vo (anon. ; not seen ;
mentioned by Wilson). Also eight separate
sermons at funerals and special occasions
between 1688 and 1716.

[General Preface to Fleming's Christology,
1701 (many biographical details); Oldfield's
Funeral Sermon, 1716; Protestant Dissenters'
Magazine, 1799, p. 431 ; "Wilson's Dissenting

Churches, 1808, ii. 468 sq. ; Calamy's Hist, Ace.
of My Own Life, 1830, i. 441, ii. 63, 363;
Thomson's Memoir, 1849; Anderson's Scottish
Nation, 1870, ii. 222 sq.] A. Gr.

FLEMING, SIK THOMAS (1544-1613),
judge, son of John Fleming of Newport, Isle
'of Wight, by his wife, Dorothy Harris, was
born at Newport in April 1544. He entered
Lincoln's Inn on 12 May 1567, and was called
to the bar there on 24 June 1574. In 1579
he was sent to Guernsey as commissioner to
inquire into certain alleged abuses connected
with the administration of the island. He en-
tered parliament in 1584 as member for Win-
chester, of which place he was then recorder.
He was re-elected for the same borough in
1586 and 1588. In 1587 he was made a
bencher of his inn, and in Lent 1590 discharged
the duties of reader there. He retained his
seat for Winchester at the election of 1592.
On 29 Nov. 1593 he was called to the degree
of serjeant-at-law. On 27 March 1594 he
succeeded Serjeant Drew as recorder of Lon-
don {Index to Remembrancia, 93). A speech
delivered by him in that capacity on present-
ing the lord mayor, Sir John Spencer, to the
court of exchequer will be found in Nichols's
' Progresses of Elizabeth/ iii. 254. It is emi-
nently judicious in tone, as may be judged by
the following extract : ' He that taketh upon
him the office of a magistrate is like to a
good man to whose custody a precious jewel
is committed ; he taketh it not to retain and
challenge it for his own, nor to abuse it
while he hath it, but safely to keep, and
faithfully to render it to him that deposed
it when he shall be required. He must do
all things not for his private lucre, but for
the public's good preservation and safe cus-
tody of those committed to his charge, that
he may restore them to him that credited in
a better and more happy state, it may be,
than he received them.' On 5 Nov. 1595 he
was appointed to the solicitor-generalship
over the head of Bacon, who acknowledged
that he was an ' able man ' (SPEEDING, Let-
ters and Life of Bacon, i. 365, 369). In this
capacity, in 1596, he assisted Sir Edward
Coke, attorney-general, in taking the con-
fession of Sir John Smith [q. v.], sometime
ambassador to the king of Spain in the
Netherlands, who had been committed to the
Tower for having, as by his confession he ad-
mitted, on 12 June 1596, in company with
his kinsman, Seymour, the second son of the
Earl of Hertford, incited the militia in the
neighbourhood of Colchester to mutiny. He
also assisted in the examination of John
Gerard, a Jesuit charged with blasphemy,
on 13 May 1597 (STRYPE, Annals (fol.), iv.
297-300). On 26 Sept. following he was

Fleming

287

Fleming

returned to parliament for the county of
Southampton. In January 1600-1 he re-
ceived a commission from the queen to in-
quire into the abuses connected with patents,
a work which was soon interrupted by the
more urgent duty of investigating the Essex
plot (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1598-1601,
pp. 560, 563). His speech on the prosecu-
tion of Sir Christopher Blunt, Sir Charles
Davers, and others of the conspirators, is
reported at length in Cobbett's ' State Trials/
i. 1435. In the parliament of 1601 he repre-
sented the borough of Southampton. On
the accession of James I he was retained in
office as solicitor-general, and placed on the
commission for perusing and suppressing un-
licensed books ; and he received the honour
of knighthood at Whitehall on 23 July 1603.
At the general election of March 1603-4
he retained his seat for the borough of South-
ampton. On 27 Oct. 1604 he was created
chief baron of the exchequer (NICHOLS, Pro-
gresses of James I, i. 208 ; STRYPE, Whit-
gift (fol.), ii.577; DUGDALE, Chron. Ser. 99,
100). His elevation to the bench disqualified
him for sitting in the House of Commons,
but he was permitted to attend the debates
in the upper house. No new writ, however,
seems to have been issued either then or
on his promotion to the chief justiceship
(Comm. Journ. i. 257, Index, i. 1028). He
helped to try the conspirators concerned in
the gunpowder treason on 27 Jan. 1606 (CoB-
BETT, State Trials, ii. 159) ; and the same
year delivered an elaborate judgment on the
important case of Bates, a Levant merchant,
who had refused to pay the duty on certain
currants imported by him, on the ground
that it had been imposed without the consent
of parliament. The duty had in the first in-
stance been imposed by the Levant Company
under a patent by Elizabeth; but James I,
soon after his accession, by letters patent,
directed the revenue officers to levy the duty
upon all currants imported, thus subjecting
the Levant Company to the impost (ib. ii. 382,
391). Fleming's judgment, which proceeded
wholly 'upon reasons politic and precedents/
was for the crown. He argued that it was
part of the royal prerogative to impose cus-
toms, and that the amount was in the absolute
discretion of the king, and moreover that in
the particular case, currants being a luxury,
no real hardship was suffered. The judgment,
which is reported at length in Cobbett's' State
Trials/ ii. 388, was subjected to much severe
criticism by Hakewill and Whitelocke, in the
course of the great debate on impositions in
June and July 1610 (ib. p. 477; Debates in
1610, Camden Soc. 79, 103, 157). Coke
roundly says that it was ' against law and

divers express acts of parliament ' (Inst. pt. ii.
cap. 30, ad fin.} On 25 June 1607 Fleming was
advanced to the chief-justiceship of the king's
bench. In that capacity he delivered a judg-
ment in the case of the postnati tried in the
exchequer chamber in 1608 (COBBETT, State
Trials, ii. 609), the question being whether
the accession of James I had the effect of
naturalising in England persons born in Scot-
land, and in Scotland persons born in England
after the event. It was decided in the affir-
mative, two judges only dissenting. Flem-
ing's judgment has not been preserved. On
13 Feb. 1610 he was commissioned to supply
the place of the lord chancellor during his
sickness (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603-10,
p. 58). In 1612 he was a member of the
committee of the privy council that sat at
York House to determine whether the Coun-
tess of Shrewsbury had been guilty of an
offence in refusing to give information to the
privy council concerning the escape of her
niece, Arabella Stuart, to which she had been
privy. Fleming took occasion to enlarge upon
the several privileges incident to nobility by
the law of England, arguing that being de-
rived from the king, they entailed on persons
of quality a correlative obligation ' to answer,
being required thereto by the king, to such
points as concern the safety of the king and
quiet of the realm/ the breach of which was
a high contempt and ingratitude. The com-
mittee were unanimous that the matter was
cognisable in the Star-chamber, and resolved
that if sentence should there be given the
countess should be fined 20,0007. and impri-
soned during the king's pleasure (COBBETT,
State Trials, ii. 774-6). Anthony a Wood
(Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 355) states that on
7 Aug. 1613 it was ' granted by the venerable
convocation that Sir Thomas Fleming, chief
justice of England, might be created M.A.,
but whether it was effected appears not/
Fleming died the same night in his bed, after
entertaining his tenantry at his seat, Stone-
ham Park, Hampshire. He was buried in
the parish church of North Stoneham. It has
been said that Bacon regarded Fleming as an
'able man.' Coke is more explicit, giving
him credit for ' great judgment, integrity,
and discretion/ and ' a sociable and placable
disposition ' (Rep. x. 34). Fleming and his
eldest son, Sir Thomas, were both members
of a club founded in 1609 for the practice of
the gentle game of bowls, at East Standen,
Isle of Wight, where the members usually
dined with the governor twice a week during-
the season (WoRSLET, Isle of Wight, p. 223).
Fleming married in 1570. By his wife, of
whom we know nothing beyond the fact that
her Christian name was Mary, he had issue

Fleming

288

Flemming

eight sons and seven daughters. His eldest
son, Thomas, who was knighted by James I
at Newmarket on 26 Feb. 1604-5, married
Dorothy, youngest daughter of Sir Henry
Cromwell of Hinchinbroke, Huntingdon-
shire, known as ' the golden knight.' This
lady, who was an aunt of the Protector, has
been erroneously identified by Foss with
Fleming's own wife. Fleming's posterity
failed in the male line in the last century,
but Browne Willis, the antiquary, having
married one of the judge's descendants in the
female line, his grandson succeeded to Stone-
ham Park and assumed the name of Fleming.
The present owner, John Edward Browne
Willis Fleming, is thus a lineal descendant
of the judge in the female line.

[Spedding's Letters and Life of Bacon, iv. 378 ;
"Woodward's General History of Hampshire, ii.
110-12; Noble's Cromwell Memoirs, ii. 167;
Nichols's Progr. of James I, i. 496; Foss's Lives
of the Judges.] J. M. K.

FLEMING, THOMAS (1593-1666), Ro-
man catholic archbishop of Dublin, third son
of William Fleming, sixteenth baron of Slane
in the peerage of Ireland, by his cousin El-
linor, younger daughter of Thomas, fifteenth
baron, was born in 1593. He became a Fran-
ciscan friar, and was for six or seven years a
professor of theology at Louvain. While
there, on 23 Oct. 1623, he was promoted to
the archbishopric of Dublin, which was va-
cant by the death of Eugene Matthews, by
Pope Urban VIII, from whom he thereupon
obtained letters apostolic,.assuring protection
and patronage to the colleges founded on the
continent for the Irish priesthood, and also
sanctioning the mission in Ireland (DE BTTKGO,
Hibernia Dominicana, p. 874). Paul Harris,
a secular priest of the diocese, inveighed bit-
terly against this and other selections of pre-
lates from the order of the regulars, and at-
tacked the archbishop in his ' Olfactorium '
and similar publications. In July 1640 Fle-
ming presided over a provincial synod in the
county of Kildare. When the parliamentary
declaration of March 1641 excluded the
smallest tendency of royal clemency to the
members of his community, the archbishop
selected Joseph E verard to attend as his proxy
at the synod of the clergy which met at Kil-
kenny in May 1642. In October of the same
year he felt constrained to appear in person at
the general convention of the Roman catho-
lic confederates at Kilkenny, and he rather
strangely selected Dr. Edmund Reilly, whose
.acts at this period of his life were of a violent
political tendency, to act as vicar-general
during his absence from the diocese. On
20 June 1643 Fleming and the Archbishop of

Tuam were the only prelates who signed the
commission authorising Lord Gormanston,
Sir Lucas Dillon, Sir Robert Talbot, and
others, to treat with the Marquis of Ormonde
for the cessation of hostilities. In the fol-
lowing month Scarampa arrived in Ireland
as minister of the pope, with supplies of money
and ammunition ; but Fleming rejected both,
and with two other bishops signed a letter
to the lords justices ratifying the articles of
cessation. He was present in July 1644 at
the general assembly held at Kilkenny when
an oath was agreed upon by which each con-
federate swore to bear true faith and allegi-
ance to the king and his heirs. Scarampa
remained in the discharge of his office until
November 1645, when Rinuccini, archbishop
of Fermo, arrived as apostolic nuncio extra-
ordinary. During the greater part of 1649
Fleming resided quietly in his diocese ; but
he was not long allowed to enjoy repose from
political labours. His better judgment and
prudence were no longer overruled by the
nuncio's presence, and therefore, when the
meeting of Irish prelates was held at Clon-
macnoise on 4 Dec. 1649, Fleming was one
who signed the declaration of oblivion of all
past differences. But Charles, on his resto-
ration, declared the peace with the confede-
rates to be null and void. This step Ormonde
had advised, and the archbishop consequently
pronounced his excommunication. As a lead-
ing member of the Roman catholic party in
Ireland, Fleming was involved in most of the
political and religious controversies of his
time, and in common with many of his co-re-
ligionists suffered considerable annoyance and
persecution. In the midst of his troubles he
died in 1666, and was succeeded in 1669 by
Peter Talbot, the administration of the dio-
cese being entrusted in the meantime to James
Dempsey, vicar apostolic and capitulary of
Kildare.

[Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerages, 1883,
p. 217 ; D' Alton's Memoirs of the Archbishops
of Dublin, pp. 390-429 ; Moran's History of the
Catholic Archbishops of Dublin since the Kefor-
mation, i. (all published) 294-411.] B. H. B.

FLEMMING, JAMES (1682-1751),

colonel. [See FLEMING.]

FLEMMING, RICHARD (d. 1431),
bishop of Lincoln. [See FLEMING.]

FLEMMING, ROBERT (d. 1483), dean
of Lincoln, nephew of Bishop Richard Flem-
ing [q. v.], the founder of Lincoln College,
Oxford, was probably connected with the
earlier days of the college, the foundation
of which was left by his uncle in an incom-
plete and unfinished state, At any rate, he

Flemming

289

Flemyng

displayed afterwards his care for this society
by some valuable presents. Probably also
he had an early connection with the church
at Lincoln, inasmuch as twenty years after
his uncle's death, under the episcopate of
Bishop Lumley, he was chosen to be dean
(1451). Lincoln Cathedral was then in a
most disturbed state from the long and bitter
struggle which had been carried on between
the late dean, Mackworth, and the bishop,
Alnwick. Doubtless the disputes between the
episcopal and decanal powers still continued,
and this may have induced Flemming to
leave his cathedral and become a resident in
Italy. Here also he had far greater facilities
for cultivating his literary tastes. Flemming
is said by Leland and Pits to have distin-
guished himself at Oxford, and to have gained
a reputation for his elegant Latin scholar-
ship. His journey to Italy is attributed to
his eager desire for instruction. He visited,
according to the same writers, all the more
celebrated universities, and formed friend-
ships with their most learned scholars ojk At
Ferrara he became the pupil of Baptista
Guarino, professor of Greek and Latin, and
attended his lectures for a considerable
period. He then went to Rome, where he
remained several years intent upon study.
Here he formed a friendship with Platina,
the author of the ' Lives of the Popes,' and
librarian of the Vatican, and other learned
men, and became known to the reigning
pontiff, Sixtus IV, a pope whose sole recom-
mendation was his love of letters. Pope
Sixtus appointed Flemming to the office of
prothonotary, and he thus became employed
in the complicated affairs of the Roman see.
In summer, during the hot season, it was his
custom to retreat to Tivoli, and here he
composed his poems, written in heroic metre
and dedicated to the pope. These poems
were entitled : 1. i Lucubrationes Tiburtinse.'
2. ' Epistolae ad diversos.' 3. ' Carmina di-
versi generis.' In addition to these Flem-
ming is said to have compiled a dictionary
of the Greek and Latin tongues, but whether
this was written during his sojourn in Italy
or after his return to England does not appear.
Other works (unspecified) are attributed to
him. Flemming, on his return from Italy, be-
stowed some valuable manuscripts, curiously
illuminated, and, according to Wood, ' limned
on their margins with gold,' on Lincoln Col-

lege, which are probably still to be found
among the manuscript collections of that col-
lege. He also gave the college copies of his
own works, and a table for the high altar in
the college chapel. He had probably returned
to England before 1467, in which year he was
installed into the prebend of Leighton Manor

YOL. XIX.

In 1444, between 8 June

-<and 29 October, he was enrolled in the

University of Cologne (Keussen, Die

in Lincoln Cathedral. This he exchanged
in 1478 for that of Leighton Buzzard. There
does not appear to be any special record of
his work as dean of Lincoln. Both his pre-
decessor and his successor were remarkable
for their turbulence. But the great number
of dispensations from Pope Sixtus found to
be existing in Lincoln Cathedral at the visi-
tation in 1501 may have been due to Flem-
ming's influence with that pope. He died
in 1483.

[Wood's Athense, vol. ii. ; Pits, De Script.
Illustr. s. v. ; Bishop Smyth's Memorandum Ke-
gister, MS. Lincoln.] G. G-. P.

FLEMYNG, MALCOLM, MD. (d.

1764), physiologist, was born in Scotland
early in the eighteenth century. He was a
pupil of Monro at Edinburgh and of Boer-
haave at Leyden. In the first of his five
printed letters to Haller (Epist. ad Hal-
lerum, vol. iii.) he speaks of Boerhaave as
their common preceptor, and as having been
t mihi supra fidem amicus et beneficus,' but
to Haller himself he would be l prorsus igno-
tus,' although they may have been at Ley-
den at the same time. He began practice in
Scotland about 1725, and removed after a
time to Hull. In 1751, finding his health
unequal to a country practice, he came to
London, and made an attempt to support a
wife and three children by teaching physio-
logy. His lessons were intended for medi-
cal pupils who had not been at the univer-
sities, and were unable to read the standard
books in learned or foreign languages. He
seems to have read only one course of lec-
tures, in the winter of 1751-2 ; in 1752 he
issued a syllabus of the lectures, but probably
he got no more pupils, the attempt being
premature for London. About the end of
1752 he left London and settled at Brigg
in Lincolnshire, on account of his wife's
health, and to obtain practice. In a letter
to Haller (February 1753), shortly after his
arrival at Brigg, he hints at a possibility of
teaching physiology at Oxford and Cam-
bridge. The last letter to Haller (Brigg,
June 1753) contains a Latin ode on the peace
of Aix, ' to fill up the page.' In 1763 he was
living at Lincoln, and still in practice. He
died there 7 March 1764 (Gent. Mag. 146).
Flemyng's writings show him to have been
well abreast of the best physiological teach-

ing of his time, and an original experimenter
and reasoner as well. One of the Haller
letters (iii. 369) contains a statement of the
fact that motor and sensory nerves are ana-
tomically distinct, although they might co-
exist in the same bundle ; the experimental
proof came many years after. The ossicles

IT

Flemyng

290

Fletcher

of the ear serve the same purpose, he says, as
the wooden rod inside a violin, ' ad continu-
andos tremores.' His ' Introduction to Phy-
siology,' 369 pages, 8vo, Lond. 1759, being
the substance of his London lectures in-
creased to twenty-eight, is full of the latest
information well digested. He employed a
person in the Norway trade to get for him a
manuscript copy of a paper on the resuscita-
tion of the drowned by a Copenhagen au-
thority. His first work, dated from Hull in
June 1738 and published at York in 1740,
was ' Neuropathia,' a Latin poem in three
books on hypochondriasis and hysteria, with
a prose summary and additions prefixed, dedi-
cated to Peter Shaw (' Doctissime Shavi ! ') ;
it was republished at Rome, with an Italian
translation by Moretti, in 1755. His next
venture was ' A Proposal for the Improve-
ment of Medicine, &c.,' being a collection of
therapeutic essays on the use of bark in
small-pox, on limes and other fruits and
vegetables in scurvy, &c. ; it was dedicated
to Mead, who had been pleased with the
1 Neuropathia.' In 1748 he published a new
edition, much enlarged, and with remarks on
Berkeley's tar-water doctrine and on the
bishop's use of the term ' panacea.' In 1751
he published in London ' The Nature of the
Nervous Fluid, or Animal Spirits,' an at-
tempt to adapt the latter doctrine to cur-
rent nervous physiology. In the same year
he published anonymously ' A new Critical
Examination of an Important Passage in Mr.
Locke's Essay on Human Understanding [on
the possibility of thought being superadded
to matter], in a familiar letter to a friend.'
In 1753 he issued a physiological comment on
Solano's prognostics from the pulse (dicrotism,
intermittence, &c.), an account of which had
been brought to England by Dr. Nihell, phy-
sician to the English factory at Madrid. In
1755 Flemyng published a paper in the l Philo-
sophical Transactions ' on the imbibition of the
liquor amnii by the foetus. Another paper, on
corpulency, was read at the Royal Society in
1757, but not issued until the author printed
it in 1760 ; it was translated into German by
J. J. Plenk at Vienna in 1769, and reprinted
in London as late as 1810. In 1754 he pub-
lished at York l A Proposal to diminish the
Progress of the Distemper among the Horned
Cattle ' (2nd edition, Lond. 1755). His other
writings are a 'Dissertation on James's Fever
Powder ' (Lond. 1760), and « Adhesions or
Accretions of the Lungs to the Pleura'
(Lond. 1762), discussing the divergent views
of Boerhaave and Haller as to the effects
on the breathing. A disparaging criticism
of this unimportant piece by a London re-
viewer caused him to issue the remainder

of the impression with a * Vindication ' in
1763.

[Epistolse ad Hallerum, vol. iii. ; Flemyng's
writings.] C. C.

FLETA, though sometimes loosely used
as if it were the name of a person, is really
the name of a Latin text-book of English
law, which, from internal evidence, seems to
have been written in 1290 or thereabouts.
It was printed with a dissertation by Selden
in 1647, and again in 1685. The one old
manuscript in which it is found {Cotton MS.
Julius, B. viii., fourteenth century) bears on
its frontispiece the title l Fleta,' and in the
preface there is a statement to the effect that
* this book may well be called Fleta, for it
was composed in Fleta.' This seems to mean
that it was written in the Fleet prison, and
the conjecture has been made that it was the
work of one of the corrupt judges whom
Edward I imprisoned.

[The manuscript ; Selden's Dissertation ; Ni-
chols's Introduction to edition of Britton (1865).]

F. W. M.

FLETCHER, ABRAHAM (1714-1793),
mathematician, born in 1714 at Little Brough-
ton, Bridekirk, Cumberland, was the son of
a tobacco-pipe maker, who taught him his
own trade, but gave him no higher instruc-
tion. The boy learnt to read, write, and
cipher as he best could, applying himself par-
ticularly to the study of arithmetic, from which
he proceeded to the investigation of mathe-
matical theorems. After the day's toil in the
workshop he would hoist himself by a rope
into the loft over his father's cottage, in order
to pursue his studies uninterruptedly. Having
worked through Euclid he set up as a school-
master at the age of thirty, and acquired con-
siderable reputation as a teacher of mathe-
matics. He married early. His wife, like his
parents, discouraged the pursuit of learning as
an unprofitable thing. Turning his attention
to botany, Fletcher studied the properties
rather than the classification of plants ; in-
creased his income by the sale of herbal de-
coctions, and was known to his neighbours as
Doctor Fletcher.' He also studied judicial
astrology, and cast his own nativity, which
Hutchinson found in one of his books. ' This
gives,' says another astrologer, e seventy-eight
years and fifty-five days' duration of life.
Fletcher lived seventy-eight years seventy-
one days, dying on 1 Jan. 1793.

Fletcher published: 1. 'The Universal
Measurer; the Theory of Measuring in all
its various uses, whether artificers' works,
gauging, surveying, or mining,' Whitehaven,
1753, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. < The Universal Measurer

Fletcher

291

Fletcher

and Mechanic, a work equally useful to the
Gentleman, Tradesman, and Mechanic, with
copperplates,' London, 1762, 8vo.

[Hutchinson's Hist, of Cumberland, ii. ,324;
Watt's Bibl. Brit.] E. H.

FLETCHER, ALEXANDER (1787-

1860), presbyterian divine, son of William
Fletcher, minister at the Bridge of Teith,
near Doune, Perthshire, by Jean Gilfillan,
sister of the Rev. Michael Gilfillan, was born
at the Bridge of Teith 8 April 1787, and edu-
cated in the village of Doune and at Stir-
ling grammar school. At the age of eleven
lie was sent to Glasgow College, whence he
passed to the divinity hall in 1802, and ul-
timately became M.A. of the university of
Glasgow. Having been received into the
associated synod of Scotland 23 Dec. 1806,
his first labours in the ministerial office were
as co-pastor with his father at the Bridge of
Teith, 16 Sept. 1807. In November 1811 he
came to London as minister of Miles Lane
Chapel, Meeting-house Yard, London Bridge.
Here he very soon obtained popularity as a
preacher. The church accommodation be-
came too limited, and the congregation erected
a new place of worship in London Wall,
under the name of Albion Chapel, which
was opened 7 Nov. 1816. This building cost
upwards of 10,000/., and was soon crowded
in every part. Here he began his annual
Christmas sermon to the young, a practice he
kept up with unabating success to the last.
He was now in the height of his power and
fame, especially popular as a preacher to the
young. In April 1824 he was prosecuted in
the civil and ecclesiastical courts in a breach
of promise case with Miss Eliza Dick. In the
king's bench no verdict was given, but in
the meeting of the united associate synod at
Edinburgh he was suspended from the exer-
cise of his office and from church fellowship
(Trial of the Rev. Alexander Fletcher before
the United Associate Synod, London, 1824,
pp. xvi, 120 ; Trial of the Rev. A. Fletcher
before the Lord Chief Justice of the Court of
Common Sense, 1825 ; An Appeal to the Public
against the Associate Synod of Scotland, by
A. Fletcher, 1824 ; The Injustice of the United
Associate Synod Exposed, presented by A.
Fletcher, 1825 ; The Loves of the Saints, or
the Diverting History of Sandy and Bobby,
1825). The result was his separation from
the secession church. He removed with the
greater part of his congregation to Grub
Street, and afterwards to their new and spa-
cious temple in Finsbury Circus, an edifice
which cost about 13,000^., and was at the
time the largest chapel in London. Here for
thirty-five years he continued to minister with

acceptance and success. He was honoured
with the degree of D.D. from America, and
after a long separation was again welcomed
as a minister of the united presbyterian
church. His last sermon was preached to
nearly three thousand children, in Surrey
Chapel, in February 1860, and from that time
he gradually declined in health. His fame
mainly rests upon his talent in preaching to
children, and upon his ' Family Devotions/
of which fifty thousand copies were sold in
England, besides numerous editions in the
United States. He died of bronchitis and
dropsy at 4 Portland Place, Lower Clapton,
Middlesex, 30 Sept. 1860, and was buried in
Abney Park cemetery 8 Oct., in the presence
of six thousand persons. He married, 13 Jan.
1846, Lydia, daughter of Richard Baynes of
Rayne Lodge, Essex.

He was the author of very numerous
works, and his name is also found attached
to the prefatory introductions to many books
on theological subjects. The following are
his chief publications : 1. ' The Tendency of
Infidelity and Christianity contrasted/ two
sermons, 1815. 2. A sermon on the death
of Queen Caroline, 1821. 3. 'A Spiritual
Guardian for Youth/ a sermon, 1822. 4. ' A
Collection of Hymns for Albion Chapel/
1822. 5. 'The Christian Ambassador/ a ser-
mon, 1827. 6. < The History of Miles Lane
Chapel/ 1832. 7. < A Guide to Family De-
votion, containing a Hymn, a portion of
Scripture, with Reflections and a Prayer for
the Morning and Evening of every Day in
the Year/ 1834. 8. < Finsbury Chapel Col-
lection of Hymns/ 1835. 9. ' The Juvenile
Preacher, including twelve sermons by A.
Fletcher/ 1836. 10. ' Scripture History de-
signed for the Improvement of Youth/ 1839.
11. ' The Illustrated Watts's Hymns, edited
by A. Fletcher/ 1840. 12. 'The Master's
Joy, the Servant's Reward/ the funeral ser-
mon of E. Temple, 1841. 13. The funeral
sermon of Augustus Frederick, duke of
Sussex, 1843. 14. ' The Sabbath School
Preacher and Juvenile Miscellany/ 1848-50,
2 vols., continued as < Dr. Fletcher's Juvenile
Magazine/ 1850-1, 1 vol. 15. < Address to
the Young/ 1851. 16. < The Bible the Great
Exhibition for all Nations/ 1851. 17. Ser-
mon on the funeral and death of the Duke of
Wellington, 1852. 18. The annual Christ-
mas-day sermon to children, 1855. 19. Ad-
dress at the grave of H. Althans, 1855.
20. 'Closet Devotional Exercises for the
Young/ 1859. 21. ' Scripture Teaching for
the Young/ 1859.

[Macfarlane's Altar-Light, a tribute to the
memory of the Eev. A. Fletcher, 1860 ; Blair's
The Prince of Preachers, Rev. A. Fletcher, 1860 ;

Fletcher

292

Fletcher

The Christian Cabinet Illustrated Almanack,
1860, p. 31, with portrait; Gent. Mag., November
1860, p. 563; Times, 10 Oct. 1860, p. 10;
Fletcher's History of Miles Lane Chapel, 1832,
pp. 45-9.] G. C. B.

FLETCHER, ANDREW, LOKD INNER-
PEFFER (d. 1650), judge, was the eldest son
of Robert Fletcher of Innerpeffer and Beucleo,
Forfarshire, a burgess of Dundee. He suc-
ceeded Sir John Wemyss of Craigtoun as an
ordinary lord of session, 18 Dec. 1623, and
retained his seat in 1626, when many of the
lords were displaced. In 1630 he was placed
upon a commission upon Scotch law, and in
1633 was a member of commissions to revise
the acts and laws of Scotland with a view to
constructing a code, a project which was not
proceeded with, and to report upon the juris-
diction of the admiral and chamberlain. He
was also ordered to examine Sir Thomas
Craig's work 'Jus Feudale,' with a view to its
publication. In 1638 he was a commissioner
to take subscriptions to the confession of
faith of 1580. He was employed in 1639
in regulating the fees of writers to the signet
and others, and parliament adopted the scales
which he laid down. On 13 Nov. 1641 he,
with others, was appointed to his judgeship
afresh by the king and parliament, and his
appointment was objected to by the laird of
Moncrieff, upon the ground that he was in-
capacitated by having purchased lands the
subject of litigation before him. The matter
was referred to the privy council, and as
Fletcher retained his seat the charge was
presumably disproved. In the same year he
was a commissioner for the plantation of
kirks, and about this time was elected mem-
ber for Forfarshire, but his election was
avoided for illegality. He represented that
county, however, in parliament in 1646,1647,
and 1648. On 1 Feb. 1645 he was appointed
a commissioner of the exchequer, was on the
committee of war for Haddingtonshire in

1647, and on the committee of estates for
Haddingtonshire and Forfarshire in 1647 and

1648. He was fined 5,000/. by the Protector
in 1648. Upon the question whether condi-
tions should be obtained from the English
army on behalf of Charles I, he was one of
the four who voted against abandoning the
king, and was removed in 1649 from his offices
of judge and commissioner of the exchequer,
on account of his accession to ' the engage-
ment,' for the carrying on of which he had
subscribed in the previous year 8, 500/. (Scots),
repaid by order of parliament in 1662 after
his death to his son Robert. He was also
' ordained to lend money to the public.' In
March 1650 he died at his house in East
Lothian. He married a daughter of Peter

Hay of Kirkland of Megginch, brother to
George, first earl of Kinnoull, by whom he
had a son Robert, afterwards knighted, who
was father of Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun.

[Acts Scots Parl. ; Books of Sederunt ; Brun-
ton and Haig's Senators ; Guthrie's Memoirs ;
Lament's Diary, p. 14 ; Gordon's Hist. Scots
Affairs (Spalding Club), i. 109.] J. A. H.

FLETCHER, ANDREW (1655-1716),
Scotch patriot, born in 1655 at Salton (for-
merly Saltoun), East Lothian, was the son and
heir of Sir Robert Fletcher (1625-1664), a
country gentleman of good estate, at whose
pressing instance Gilbert Burnet [q. v.], after-
wards bishop of Salisbury, became parish
minister of Salton in 1665. In his epicedial
' discourse ' on his patron Burnet describes him
as a man of singular devoutness, very charit-
able, and somewhat a cultivator of philosophy
and science. Sir Robert is said (BucHAN, p. 6)
to have expressed a desire on his deathbed that
Burnet should superintend the education of
his son, then a boy of ten, and this Burnet
seems to have done during the remaining five
years of his stay at Salton. Their acquaint-
ance long survived this connection, and Bur-
net, in the ' History of his own Time' (iiu
24), speaks of Fletcher as ' a Scotch gentle-
man of great parts and many virtues, but a
most violent republican, and extremely pas-
sionate.' Fletcher became one of the most
accomplished Scotchmen of his time. While
young, he made a tour on the continent, and
after his return to Salton soon became a
marked man through his local opposition to
Lauderdale. In July 1680 he was rebuked
by the Scotch privy council for obstructing
the drafting of a number of men from the
militia into the standing force maintained to
overawe presbyterian malcontents (FoTJN-
TAINHALL, Hist. Notices, i. 270). In the Scotch
convention of estates which met in June 1678
Fletcher sat as a commissioner for his county
(FouNTAiNHALL, Hist. Observes, ' Accompt of
the Convention of Estates,' &c., pp. 270-1), the
statement in the official lists of that assembly
(Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, viii.
214; Members of Parliament: Return to the
Home of Commons, 1878, pt. iii. p. 583) that
' a James Fletcher' was one of the commis-
sioners for East Lothian being undoubtedly
incorrect. He voted in it with the Duke of
Hamilton in opposition to Lauderdale's policy.
He was punished as a malcontent by having
soldiers quartered on him, and a petition
which he and others presented, complaining
of this proceeding as ' contrare to law,' was
' much resented ' by the council (FOUNTAIN-
HALL, Hist. Notices, i. 281). He was again
a commissioner for East Lothian in the Scotch

Fletcher

293

Fletcher

parliament which met in July 1681, and he
industriously opposed the measures of Lau-
clerdale's successor, the Duke of York. Sir
John Dalrymple, in a statement seemingly
unsupported (pt. i. bk. i. p. 39), asserts that
Fletcher broached the successful proposal to
make a profession of presbyterianism part of
the test which was imposed by that parliament
<cf. WODROW, iii. 298, and BURNET, ii. 301-2,
who differ materially as to the early history of
the test). Certainly he had the courage with
only one other member to record a protest
against the provision of the act which made
subscription to the test imperative on county
electors, as well as on their representatives
{Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, viii. 245).
lie is said to have addressed to members of
the parliament anonymous letters beseeching
them to oppose the Duke of York's succession
(FOUNTAINHALL, Hist. Observes, p. 209). In
April 1682, as a commissioner of cess and
excise, he, with some colleagues, was again
brought before the privy council on a charge
of not having levied a local tax to be applied
in supplying the soldiery with corn (FOUN-
TAINHALL, Hist. Notices, i. 352). Fletcher
took part in the exodus of Scotch malcontents
which followed the condemnation of Archi-
bald, ninth earl of Argyll [q. v.], for refusing
more than a qualified acceptance of the test. It
is said (FOUNTAINHALL, Hist. Observes,}*. 214)
that when he was about this time an exile at
Brussels the Duke of York asked the Spanish
governor there to have him arrested. Hearing
•of this Fletcher came secretly to London and
was taken into the confidence of Monmouth,
Hussell, and Sydney, who were planning their
movement for a change in the system of go-
vernment. With its collapse and Monmouth's
ilight to Holland, Fletcher left England and
was for a time in Paris, where Lord Preston,
•Charles II's envoy extraordinary toLouis XIV,
wrote to Halifax, 5 Oct. 1683: 'Here is
one Fletcher, laird of Salton, lately come
from Scotland. He is an ingenious but a
•violent fanatic, and doubtless hath some com-
mission, for I hear he is very busy and very
virulent ' (Appendix to Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th
Rep. 343 £). Fletcher is next heard of as
in Holland, and as one of the most intimate
associates and advisers there of Monmouth,
from whom he hoped for at the very least the
convocation of a * free parliament ' in Eng-
land. In spite of his impetuosity Fletcher
was earnest in dissuading Monmouth from
imprudent enterprises. He was strongly op-
posed to Argyll's disastrous expedition to
Scotland, and to Monmouth's own expedition
to England (BURNET, iii. 25, from Fletcher's
own information ; FERGUSON, p. 210). To
Lord Grey of Wark's argument in its favour,

founded on the success of Henry VII's expe-
dition, Fletcher replied that Henry reckoned,
as Monmouth could not, on the support of
a strong party of powerful English nobles

(BURNET, ib.)

Fletcher nevertheless sailed with Mon-
mouth and landed at Lyme 11 June 1685.
On the 13th he was to have been joined with
Lord Grey in the command of a troop of horse
in an expedition to Bridport. He rode, or
insisted on riding, a fine charger brought in
that day by one Dare, who also accompanied
the duke to England. Dare, formerly a dis-
affected goldsmith and alderman of Taunton,
joined the refugees in Holland, and made him-
self useful to them and to Monmouth by aid-
ing them to communicate with their friends
in England. After having been Monmouth's
secretary he was appointed paymaster of the
expeditionary force, and much benefit to the
enterprise was expected from his knowledge
of the district and his old connection with
Taunton. Dare angrily disputed Fletcher's
claim to the use of his horse, and after having
reviled him for some time shook a switch at
him, on which Fletcher drew a pistol and
shot him dead. Monmouth was forced to part
with Fletcher, who embarked on board the
vessel which had been hired to bring the
expedition to England, and the papers of
which were made out for Bilbao. According
to Lord Buchan (p. 18) Fletcher told his
friend Keith, the earl marischal, that he
quitted Monmouth, not on account of the
Dare incident, but out of disgust at Mon-
mouth's proclamation of himself at Taunton
as king. But the Dare catastrophe occurred
on 13 June, and Monmouth was not pro-
claimed king at Taunton until the 20th. The
contemporary authorities, while differingmore
or less as to details, agree that the death of
Dare alone produced Fletcher's separation
from Monmouth. Fletcher was incapable of
falsehood. Keith must have misunderstood
or misreported him (cf. BUCHAN, ib. ; BURNET,
iii. 44-5; EGBERTS, i. 272-4; FERGUSON,
221-2 ; State Trials, xi. 1055).

According to the earl marischal's further
reports of conversations with him (see BU-
CHAN, pp. 19-23) Fletcher was thrown into
prison soon after he landed at Bilbao, and his
extradition was demanded by the English
minister at Madrid. He is represented to
have made a romantic escape from prison,
and then to have wandered through Spain in
disguise, viewing the country and the people,
studying in the conventual libraries, and pur-
chasing rare and curious books, some of which
found their way to his library at Salton.
When his Spanish wanderings were over, he
went to Hungary and fought as a volunteer

Fletcher

294

Fletcher

against the Turks (ib. p. 22, with a referenc
to family manuscripts), whom in one of hi
writings Fletcher calls ' the common eneni
of mankind.' In his absence he was tried a
Edinburgh, 4 Jan. 1686, for treasonable com
plicity in Monmouth's rebellion, when he wa
sentenced to death and his estate forfeited
One of the two witnesses on whose evidenc
he was condemned described him as ' a littl
man,' wearing ' a brown periwig, of a lean
face, pock-marked ' (State Trials, xi. 1054)
Of the amnesty proclaimed by James II in hi
letter to the parliament of Scotland, 29 Apri
1686 (Acts, &c., viii. 879-80), Fletcher, un
like some other Scotchmen in his predicament
did not avail himself, because it was given
in virtue of ' the dispensing power,' and no
by an act of the legislature (see BTJCHAN
p. 30, &c.)

Fletcher joined William of Orange at th
Hague in 1688, and with the revolution re-
turned to Scotland. He was not a member o
the Scottish convention which met 14 March

1689, and which became a parliament in Jun

1690, when his estates were restored to him
by a special act. He became, however, one 01
the busiest members of ' the club ' (Leven and
Melville Papers, p. 159), an association con-
sisting mainly of the leaders and members of
the majority of the parliamentary opposition
formed soon after William's accession, osten-
sibly to diminish the power of the crown in
.Scotland. Fletcher, as a republican and a
hater of English domination, naturally ap-
proved this object. He now began to attempt
to create a Young Scotland and Scotch home
rule party. When William Paterson pro-
posed to form the association which became in
1695, by an act of the Scotch parliament, ' The
Company of Scotland trading with Africa and
the Indies,' the principal operation of which
was the disastrous attempt to colonise the isth-
mus of Darien, Fletcher is said to have brought
Paterson down from London to Salton, to
have introduced him to his neighbour, the
Marquis of Tweeddale, then minister for Scot-
land, and to have aided in persuading that
nobleman to support the scheme (DALKYMPLE,
vol. iii. pt. iii. p. 129; BTJCHAN, p. 46). These
statements are not supported by any contem-
porary authority. In the original list of share-
holders (1696) Fletcher figures as the sub-
scriber of 1,0001. to the stock of the company
(Darien Papers, p. 373).

In 1698 appeared, without author's name,
Fletcher's earliest published writings, three
in number: 1. 'A Discourse of Government
relating to Militias,' an able and vigorous
contribution to a controversy which was at
that time being fiercely waged in England.
Fletcher argued that in warfare a militia

was more effective than a standing army.
He sketched a plan for the establishment of
a national militia by the formation of camps-
of military instruction, in which all the adult
youth of the country were to be trained and
disciplined with Spartan rigour, and from
which ecclesiastics were to be excluded.
2. 'Two Discourses concerning the Affairs,
of Scotland, written in the year 1698.' In
the first of these Fletcher urged that the
84,000/. annually spent on maintaining a.
force of regulars in Scotland might be much
more usefully employed in promoting indus-
try. In the second ' Discourse ' Fletcher pro-
posed a sweeping measure of social reform.
He estimated at two hundred thousand at
that time of scarcity, and at one hundred
thousand in ordinary times, the number of
beggars and vagrants who infested and preyed
upon Scotland. He proposed that every man
of a certain estate should be obliged to take
a proportional number of them into his ser-
vice. They were to be servants not slaves,
to call them so was to be punishable, and
they were to be protected by law like ordi-
nary servants, with the important excep-
tions that their servitude was to be com-
pulsory and hereditary, and that they and
their children might be ' alienated,' i.e. sold
by their masters. Fletcher found precedents,
for his scheme in Scotch acts of parliament
passed in 1579 and 1597, the first of which,
Fletcher said, allowed the compulsory servi-
tude of the children of beggars for a term of
years, which the second extended to their
ifetime. The act of 1579, as Fletcher failed
;o observe, permitted the compulsory servi-
tude of even an adult beggar for a year, and
;his term also was extended to his lifetime
>y the act of 1597. In the same ' Discourse'
Fletcher made suggestions for the improve-
ment of the condition of the Scotch farmer. He
denounced rack-renting, to which he ascribed
•he general poverty of Scotland. 3. *Dis-
3orso delle cose di Spagna scritto nel mese
di Luglio, 1698,' with the imprint 'Napoli/-
Dut in all probability printed at Edinburgh.
?his curious Italian tractate, written at the
ime of the negotiation of the first partition
reaty, shows how measures might be taken,
unsuspected by any one except Fletcher him-
elf,forthe attainment of universal monarchy
>Y Spain. There seems to have been a second,
dition of the ' Discorso/ to which Fletcher
•refixed an { Aviso ' which was not in the
rst (see his Political Works, ed. 1737, p. 179).
letcW returned to the subject of Spain in
rhat professes to be 'A Speech upon the
•tate of the Nation in April 1701,' but it
robably never was spoken, and does not
eem to have been published in Fletcher's

Fletcher

295

Fletcher

lifetime. It attributes to William III a pro-
ject for making himself an absolute monarch,
in connivance with Louis XIV.

Fletcher entered, as a commissioner for
East Lothian once more, the new Scotch par-
liament of 1703. The Scotch were irritated
by the failure of the Darien scheme, and by
the unsatisfactory character of the English
proposals for a treaty of union. Fletcher and
the national party saw an opportunity for
wresting from Queen Anne a large measure
of political independence for Scotland by
making her acceptance of their terms a pre-
liminary to their entering on the question of
the succession. Fletcher took a very promi-
nent part in the parliamentary controversy
between the national and the court parties.
On 27 May 1703 he carried a resolution to
defer a grant of supply until guarantees were
obtained for the security of the religion and
liberties of Scotland, On 22 June he pro-
duced a draft act of security, which, if ac-
cepted by the parliament of Scotland and
by Queen Anne, would have given after her
death home rule to Scotland, Fletcher's
scheme of security was only to take effect if
Queen Anne's successor on the throne of
England should also be sovereign of Scot-
land. He proposed that in this contin-
gency the Scotch executive should be chosen
not by the sovereign of both countries, but
by a committee of the parliament of Scot-
land. The Scotch parliament was to meet
annually, and the votes in it were to be taken
by ballot. For every nobleman added to the
parliament a ' lesser baron,' or county mem-
ber, was to be added. A national militia was
to be established as soon as the Act of Security
became law. For these 'limitations' Fletcher
pleaded throughout the stormy session of
1703. Among Fletcher's proposals, which
were embodied in the Act of Security passed
by the Scotch parliament, and in 1704 as-
sented to by Queen Anne, was that for the
immediate formation and arming of a Scotch
national militia, a measure which was re-
garded by the English government and par-
liament as a menace of civil war. Another
of his proposals, to deprive the sovereign of
the power of declaring war and making peace,
was embodied in a special act, which also
was touched with the sceptre. When the
queen's commissioner announced in the ses-
sion of 1703 that all the acts passed by the
parliament during it would be thus touched,
except the Act of Security, Fletcher rose and
moved a resolution declaring that ' after the

decease of her majesty we will separate our
crown from that of England.' Fletcher's de-
fiant speeches, along with the adoption of
some of the measures advocated in them, con-

tributed powerfully to induce Queen Anne's
advisers to revive, this time successfully, the
project of a legislative union of England and
Scotland.

Fletcher issued, without his name, in the
year of their delivery, * Speeches by a Mem-
ber of the Parliament which began at Edin-
burgh the 6th of May, 1703.' In 1704 ap-
peared, also anonymously, the most attractive,
to modern readers, of his political writings,

I An Account of a Conversation concerning a
Right Regulation of Governments for the
common good of Mankind. In a Letter to
the Marquis of Montrose, the Earls of Rothes,
Roxburg, and Haddington, from London the
1st of December, 1703' — a dialogue described
in the text as between Fletcher himself, the
Earl of Cr[o]m[a]rty, Sir Ed[ward] S[ey]-
m[ou]r, and Sir Christopher] M[u]sgr[a]ve.
Fletcher supports his theories with much
dramatic force against his interlocutors. In
the ' imaginary conversation ' occurs an often
quoted and misquoted remark of Fletcher's.

I 1 knew,' he says, l a very wise man so much
of Sir Christopher's sentiment that he be-
lieved if a man were permitted to make all
the ballads he need not care who should
make the laws of a nation.' In the remain-

ng sessions, 1704 to 1707, of the Scotch par-
liament Fletcher continued very active, but
with diminished influence, the majority de-
ciding on assenting to the union. In all its
sessions he displayed great irritability, the
assembly having on several occasions to inter-
?ere to prevent him fighting duels with the
Duke of Hamilton and Lord Stair, among
others (see SIK DAVID HUME, pp. 147, 160,
&c., and a detailed narrative of a duel just
on the point of being fought by him in BUR-
TON'S Qufifin Anne, i. 164-5). Once, July
1705 (SiR DAVID HUME, p. 167), he seems
to have gone the length of proposing that the
(first) king of Prussia should be named
successor to Queen Anne in the sovereignty
of Scotland. He and the Jacobites voted
together against the chief clauses of the Act of
Union. It had been touched by the sceptre
when, 27 Jan. 1707, he made his last notice-
able appearance in the last parliament of
Scotland, with a motion, apparently success-
ful, incapacitating noblemen's eldest sons for
election by the expiring Scotch legislature
to the first union parliament of Great Britain.

Fletcher was one of the members of the
motley party opposed to the union who, in
April 1708, were brought in custody to Lon-
don on a suspicion of having been privy to
the attempted French invasion of Scotland

in the previous month in the interest of the
Pretender (BoYER, History of Queen Anne,
ed. 1722, p. 338) ; but he was soon discharged,

Fletcher

296

Fletcher

and with this incident he disappeared from
public life. What is known of his subsequent
career entitles him to a place among the early
improvers of Scotch agriculture. In Holland
he had been struck by the efficacy of the
mill-machinery used there for removing the
husk of barley and converting it into * pot'
barley, and of the fanners for winnowing corn.
In 1710 he engaged James Meikle, an inge-
nious millwright in the neighbourhood of
Salton, father of the better known Andrew
Meikle, to go to Amsterdam and, under his
direction, to see to the construction of such
portions of the ironwork of the barley-mills
as could not easily be made in Scotland.
Meikle took them to Salton and there erected
a barley-mill, which found constant employ-
ment (cf. ALLARDYCE, ii. 70, where the Sal-
ton mill is said to have been erected upon a
plan made from memory by 'William Adam,
the architect,' doubtless the father of the three
brothers Adam) . ' Salton barley ' became con-
spicuous on the signboard of almost every
Scotch retailer of such articles, yet for more
than forty years that barley-mill remained
the only one in Great Britain, Ireland, or
America. Fanners also were erected at Sal-
ton, but apparently not until a few years
after Fletcher's death (HEPBURN, pp. 145-6 ;
SMILES, p. 198). Fletcher died in London in
September 1716, and his remains were taken
to Salton, where they were deposited, and
rest in the family burial-vault.

Fletcher's ardent, courageous, and disin-
terested patriotism raise him far above the
Scotch politicians of his time. Historians
from Wodrow to Macaulay unite in bearing
testimony to his worth. Hume calls him ' a
man of signal probity and fine genius ' (His-
tory of England, ed. 1854, vi. 396). The Ja-
cobite Lockhart of Carnwath, who sat with
him in the Scotch parliament of 1703-7, de-
clared him (p. 75) to be l so steadfast to what
he thought right that no hazard nor advan-
tage, no, not the universal empire, nor the
gold of America, could tempt him to yield
or desert it.' The strict Wodrow (iv. 227),
after speaking of him as ' one of the brightest
of our gentry, remarkable for his fine taste
in all manner of polite learning, his curious
library, his indefatigable diligence in every
thing he thought might benefit and improve
his country, 'praises the ' sobriety, temperance,
and good management' which he exhibited in
private life. As a writer he is superior to
any Scotchman of his age, and his oratory,
nervous and incisive, is made eloquent by his
sincerity and earnestness. His chief fault
was his irritability of temper. The story re-
tailed to Mrs*. Calderwood during her journey
in Holland (Coltness Papers, pp. 166-7, and

eproduced in CHAMBERS, iii. 319 w.) of a
)utch skipper deliberately sent out of the
world by ' old Fletcher of Salton ' from a
dislike of his tobacco-smoking, may have
>een meant to refer to the patriot, though
;his is by no means certain, since the date of
ler narrative is 1756, forty years after his
death. If told of him it is probably apo-
cryphal. Macky (p. 223) describes him as
a low,' i.e. short, ' thin man, brown com-
jlexion, full of fire, with a stern, sour look.'
He died unmarried.

All the writings of Fletcher previously
mentioned are contained in the first collec-
tion of his ' Political Works,' London, 1737 ;

; l Character of the Author, from a MS.
in the Library of the late Thomas Rawlinson/
prefixed to it, and often reprinted subse-
quently with the same account of its source,
being simply that given by Macky in the
volume already quoted from. In the next
dition of the ' Political Works/ Glasgow,
1747, the ' Discorso delle cose di Spagna '
appears in an English translation solely.
The volume, London, 1798, professing to
contain the 'Political Works/ gives only
Fletcher's ' Discourse on Militias ' and the 'Ac-
count of a Conversation/ 'with notes, &c., to
which is prefixed a sketch of his life, with
observations, moral, philosophical, and politi-
cal, by R. Watson, M.D.' The life is value-
less. To Lord Buchan's ' Memoir ' are ap-
pended Fletcher's parliamentary speeches of
1703. 'An Historical Account of the Ancient
Rights and Power of the Parliament of Scot-
land/ &c., published anonymously at Edin-
burgh in 1703, and reprinted at Aberdeen in
1823 as ' undoubtedly ' written by Fletcher,
may be pronounced to have been undoubtedly
not written by him were it only because a
very complimentary reference is made in it
to the author of the ' Discourse of Govern-
ment with relation to Militias.' The cata-
logue of the Edinburgh Advocates' Library
attributes to Fletcher two pamphlets, no-
where else referred to, in connection with him :
1.* Scotland's Interest,or the great Benefit and
Necessity of a Communication of Trade with
England/ &c., 1704. 2. ' State of the Con-
troversy betwixt United and Separate Par-
liaments/ &c. Neither of these pamphlets
is in the Library of the British Museum.
Fletcher left behind him a manuscript ' Trea-
tise on Education/ of which nothing seems
now to be known. The library which he
formed is still preserved at Salton Hall, in a
room built expressly for it in 1775 by his
grand-nephew, also an Andrew Fletcher.

[Fletcher's writings ; Earl of Buchan's Essays
on the Lives and Writings of Fletcher of Saltoun
and the Poet Thomson (1792): Biographical,

Fletcher

297

Fletcher

Critical, and Political, 1792; Bishop Burnet's
History of his own Time, ed. 1823 ; Wodrow's
History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scot-
land, 1829-30 ; Fountainhall's Historical Ob-
serves of Memorable Occurrences in Church and
State, 1840, and Historical Notices of Scottish
Affairs, 1847-8 (Bannatyne Club) ; Sir David
Hume of Crossrigs' Diary of the Proceedings in
the Parliament ... of Scotland, 1700-7 (Ban-
natyne Club) ; Lockhart Papers, 1817 ; Macky's
Memoirs, 1733 ; Sir John Dalrymple's Memoirs
of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. 1790; G. Ro-
berts's Life, &c., of James, Duke of Monmouth,
1844; J. Ferguson's Kobert Ferguson the Plot-
ter, 1887; Howell's State Trials; J. Hill Bur-
ton's History of Scotland, 2nd edit. 1873, and
History of the Reign of Queen Anne, 1880 ;
R. Chambers' s Domestic Annals of Scotland,
1858-61 ; Allardyce's Scotland and Scotsmen in
the Eighteenth Century (from the manuscripts
of John Ramsay of Ochtertyre), 1888 ; G-. Buchan
Hepburn's General View of the Agriculture and
Rural Economy of East Lothian, 1794 ; Smiles's
Lives of the Engineers, ' Andrew Meikle; ' other
authorities cited ; family information ; communi-
cations from Sir W. Fraser, deputy-keeper of
the Records of Scotland. The chief autho-
rity for a life of Fletcher is the quasi-bio-
graphical rhapsody of David Steuart Erskine
[q. v.], the eccentric (eleventh) earl of Buchan
(1742-1829), who did not turn to much account
the papers relating to Fletcher which were lent
to him from the family archives, and which
were afterwards, unfortunately, lost. When Lord
Buchan's statements can be tested, he is too often
found untrustworthy. Before the papers were
lost they were also consulted by the writer of the
memoir of Fletcher in the third edition of the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1797. He extracted
from them the interesting statement that while
the Jacobite George Keith, the well-known (tenth)
earl marischal, who had been with Fletcher a
member of the Scotch parliament of 1703-7,
was governor of Neufchatel, he asked Rousseau
to write a life of Fletcher, for which he pro-
mised the needful material. There are brief
reports of several of Fletcher's parliamentary
speeches, sometimes given as those of a nameless
' member,' in Boyer's Annals of Queen Anne,
1703-7, but the most instructive indications of
his parliamentary career are in Sir David Hume's
Diary. Some depreciatory remarks on Fletcher's
parliamentary influence and tactics in the manu-
script memoirs of Sir John Clerk are quoted in
Somerville's History of Great Britain during
the Reign of Queen Anne, p. 204 n., and in
Howell's State Trials, xi. 1050 n. The Retro-
spective Review (first series), vol. iv. part i., con
tains an article on ' Fletcher's Political Writings.'
There are interesting references to Fletcher and
his schemes, political and social, in Lord Mac-
aulay's History of England, and still more of the
kind in Dr. Hill Burton's History of Scotland
A brief notice appears in Anderson's Scottish
Nation.] F. E.

FLETCHER, ANDREW, LOED MILTON
(1692-1766), lord justice clerk, was the
eldest son of Henry Fletcher of Salton,
Haddingtonshire, by his wife Margaret,
daughter of Sir David Carnegie of Pittarrow,
bart., and nephew of Andrew Fletcher of
Salton [q. v.] He was born in 1692, and
having been educated for the bar was ad-
mitted an advocate on 26 Feb. 1717. In
the following year he was nominated a
cashier of the excise. In 1724, when only
thirty-two years of age, he was appointed an
ordinary lord of session in the place of Sir
John Lauder of Fountainhall, and took his
seat on the bench on 4 June in that year.
On 22 June 1726 he became a lord justiciary
on the resignation of James Hamilton of
Pencaitland, and by patent dated 7 July 1727
was nominated one of the commissioners for
improving the fisheries and manufactures of
Scotland. On 21 June 1735 he succeeded
James Erskine of Grange as lord justice clerk,
and on 10 Nov. 1746 was appointed principal
keeper of the signet. In 1748 he resigned
the office of justice clerk, ' but retained the
charge of superintending elections, which he
considered as his masterpiece' (Scotland and
Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, 1888, i.
89). The acuteness of his judgment, and his
accurate knowledge of the laws and customs
of Scotland, early recommended him to the
notice and confidence of Lord Islay, after-
wards Archibald, third duke of Argyll, to
whose hands the chief management of Scottish,
affairs was then entrusted, and for a number
of years Milton acted as his confidential
agent in Scotland. As lord justice clerk he
presided at the trial of Captain Porteous in
1736, and in May of the following year was
examined at the bar of the House of Lords
with regard to matters arising out of those
proceedings. During the rebellion of 1745
he acted with great leniency and discretion,
and after its suppression strenuously exerted
himself in the promotion of the trade and
agriculture of the country. He took an
active part in the abolition of the exceptional
heritable jurisdictions, and under his advice
the greater part of the government patronage
in Scotland was dispensed. Milton died at
Brunstane, near Edinburgh, on 15 Dec. 1766,
in the seventy-fifth year of his age, after a
long illness. He married Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir Francis Kinloch of Gilmerton, bart.
His mother appears to have been a woman
of great energy and enterprise. Taking with
her a millwright and a weaver she went to
Holland, where ' by their means she secretly
obtained the art of weaving and dressing
what was then, as it is now, commonly called
Holland (fine linen), and introduced the

Fletcher

298

Fletcher

manufacture into the village and neigh-
bourhood of Salton' (The Bee, xi. 2). A
number of Milton's letters relating to affairs
in Scotland in 1745 will be found in the
appendix to John Home's ' History of the
Rebellion in the year 1745 ' (1802). Two
portraits of Milton by Allan Ramsay were
exhibited in the Scotch Loan Collection at
Edinburgh in 1884 (Catalogue, Nos. 121 and
187). A small engraving by R. Scott, after
one of Ramsay's portraits, forms the fronti-
spiece to the eleventh volume of ' The Bee.'
[The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer,
xi. 1-5 ; Brunton and Haig's Senators of the
College of Justice (1832), pp. 498-9 ; Anderson's
Scottish Nation (1863), ii. 226; Chalmers's Biog.
Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen (1869), ii. 36 ; Scots
Mag. 1746 viii. 550, 1748 x. 509, 1766 xxviii.
671 : Burke's Landed Gentry (1879), i. 574.]

G. F. K. B.

FLETCHER, ARCHIBALD (1746-
1828), reformer, was descended from the
highland clan of Fletcher, his ancestors, ac-
cording to tradition, being the first who ( had
raised smoke or boiled water on the braes of
Glenorchy.' He was the eldest son of Angus
Fletcher, a younger brother of Archibald
Fletcher of Bennice and Dunans, Argyle-
shire, by his second wife, Grace M'Naghton,
and was born at Pooble in Glenlyon, Perth-
shire, in 1746. After attending the gram-
mar school of Kenmore in Breadalbane he
entered the high school of Perth in his thir-
teenth year. He served an apprenticeship
to a writer to the signet in Edinburgh, and
became confidential clerk to Lord-advocate
Sir James Montgomery, who introduced him
to Mr. Wilson of Howglen, with whom he
became partner. In his earlier years he de-
voted much of his spare time to study, rising
at four in the morning to read Greek, attend-
ing a debating society, and enrolling himself
in some of the university classes, including
that of moral philosophy, where he had as
one of his fellow-students Dugald Stewart,
with whom he became intimately acquainted.
In 1778 he was chosen, on account of his
knowledge of Gaelic, to negotiate with the
M'Cra highlanders, who refused to embark
at Leith for service in America. When about
this time the Faculty of Advocates brought
forward a resolution that no one above the
age of twenty-seven should be admitted a
member of their body, Fletcher wrote a
pamphlet against the proposal, which was so
successful that the resolution was withdrawn.
The pamphlet gained him the friendship of
Henry Erskine. He also distinguished him-
self by an ' Essay on Church Patronage,' in
which he supported the popular side. In
1784, when burgh reform was first agitated

in Scotland, he became secretary of the so-
ciety then formed in Edinburgh, and drew
up the principal heads of a reform bill to be
submitted to parliament. He was deservedly
called 'father of burgh reform/ both on ac-
count of his initiation of the agitation and
the skill and energy with which he directed it.
In 1787 he was sent as delegate to London by
the Scottish burghs to promote this object,
when he gained the friendship of Fox and
other leaders. It was not till 1790 that he
was called to the Scottish bar. The following
year he married Miss Eliza Dawson, a lady
of literary tastes [see FLETCHEE, ELIZA].
At first his success at the bar was hindered
by his advanced political opinions, but he
gradually acquired a considerable practice.
He was a supporter of the American war of
independence, a prominent abolitionist, and
so strong a sympathiser with the French
revolution that he attended every anniver-
sary of the fall of the Bastille from 14 July
1789. He acted without fee as counsel for
Joseph Gerrald and * other friends of the
people ' charged with sedition in 1793, and
in 1796 was one of the minority of thirty-
eight who opposed the deposition of Henry
Erskine, dean of the faculty. In 1816 he
retired from the bar on account of declining
health, and took up his residence at Park-
hill, Stirlingshire. Still taking a special in-
terest in questions affecting the burghs of
Scotland, he published in 1825 'An Exami-
nation of the Grounds on which the Conven-
tion of Royal Burghs claimed the right of
altering and amending the Setts or Consti-
tution of the Individual Burghs.' He died at
Auchindinny House, near Edinburgh, 20 Dec.
1828. He is described by Lord Brougham,
as ' one of the most upright men that ever
adorned the profession, and a man of such
stern and resolute firmness in public prin-
ciple as is very rarely found united with the
amiable character which endeared him to pri-
vate society.'

[Account by Mrs. Fletcher in Appendix to her
Autobiography ; Kay's Edinb. Portraits, ii. 445-
447 ; Cockburn's Life of Lord Jeffrey ; Ferguson's
Henry Erskine and his Times.] T. F. H.

FLETCHER, ELIZA (1770-1858), auto-
biographer, was born on 15 Jan. 1770, at Ox-
ton, near Tadcaster in Yorkshire, where her
father, named Dawson, descendant of a race of
yeomen, was a land surveyor, and lived on a
little family estate. Eliza was the only child
of his marriage with the eldest daughter of
William Hill. The mother died ten days
after the birth. At eleven years old Eliza,
a beautiful, intelligent girl, was sent to the
Manor School at York. The mistress (Mrs.

Fletcher

299

Fletcher

Forster) was t a very well-disposed, conscienti-
ous old gentlewoman,' but incapable of pro-
per superintendence. ' Four volumes of the
"Spectator" constituted the whole school
library.' Miss Dawson had a profound ad-
miration for William Mason the poet, then
a York notability, especially on account of
his ( Monody ' upon his wife's death, and was
shocked at seeing him ' a little fat old man
of hard-favoured countenance/ devoted to
whist. When she was seventeen accident
brought to her father's house a Scotch advo-
cate, Archibald Fletcher [q. v.], ' of about
forty-three, and of a grave, gentlemanlike,
prepossessing appearance.' They carried on
a literary correspondence for a year, and after
another meeting became engaged, though the
father opposed the union, preferring a higher
suitor, Lord Grantley. Miss Dawson got a
friend, Dr. Kilvington, to tell Lord Grantley
of her engagement. On 16 July 1791 the
lovers were married in Tadcaster Church.
Her father did not sanction the ceremony by
his presence, but he could not withhold his
blessing. For seven-and- thirty years, at the
end of which time her husband died, ' there
was not a happier couple in the three king-
doms.' Fletcher's steady adherence to his
whig principles prevented his getting into
practice, and they were often reduced to
their last guinea. Her sympathy prevented
her from ever regretting the sacrifice to prin-
ciple. Afterwards success in life set steadily
in with little interruption. Mrs. Fletcher
died at Edinburgh 5 Feb. 1858. Her ' Auto-
biography,' of which a few copies had been
printed for private circulation, 8vo, Carlisle,
1874, was published at Edinburgh the fol-
lowing year under the editorship of her sur-
viving child, the widow of Sir John Richard-
son, the Arctic explorer. The ' Life ' also con-
tains a memoir by Mrs. Fletcher of her daugh-
ter Grace, and another of her son Archibald,
by his widow. It is an attractive book about
a most lovable woman, who seems, according
to her portraits, at fifteen and eighty, to prove
* that there is a beauty for every age.'

[Autobiography of Mrs. Fletcher of Edin-
burgh; Gent. Mag. 3rd ser. iv. 340; Athenaeum,
1 May 1875.] G. G.

FLETCHER, GEORGE (1764-1855), a
reputed centenarian, son of Joseph Fletcher,
was baptised at Clarborough, Nottingham-
shire, 15 Oct. 1764, but according to his own
account on 2 Feb. 1747, and worked as a
labourer. On 2 Nov. 1785 he enlisted in the
23rd foot, the royal Welsh fusiliers, from
which regiment he deserted on 16 March
1792. Under a royal proclamation dated 1793
all deserters were pardoned, and their ser-

vices restored on certain conditions. Fletcher,
taking advantage of this amnesty, re-enlisted
into the 3rd foot guards on 14 March 1793,
stating that he had originally entered the army
in October 1773. This addition of twelve years
to his army services he continued to claim,
throughout the remainder of his life. He re^
mained in his regiment for ten years, and was-
then pensioned from Chelsea, Hospital on
18 April 1803 on Is. 2$d. a day. By some over-
sight he was credited with twenty-four and a
half years' service, and his age at the time of
his discharge was entered as forty-nine instead
of thirty-nine. After this period he was In.
the service of the West India Dock Company
for thirty-six years, at the end of which time
he retired on a pension. He was a local
preacher in the Wesleyan methodist con-
nexion, and in his sermons gave sketches of
his own career, when he took credit for his
great age, and related details of his services
at the battle of Bunker's Hill in July 1775, al-
though he was then only eleven years of age.
The fame of his age caused large congrega-
tions to attend his preaching, and his portrait
as a man of a hundred and six, who had lived
in four reigns, was extensively sold in 1853.
One of his later announcements says : ' Fins-
bury Chapel, Moorfields. Two sermons will
be delivered Wednesday, June 21, 1854, by
the Venerable George Fletcher, in his 108th
year. For the benefit of an aged minister.'
He died at 41 Wade Street, Poplar, London,
2 Feb. 1855, aged 91.

[Thoms's Human Longevity, 1873, pp. 64,
164-70; Registrar-general's Weekly Return,
17 Feb. 1855, p. 49; Gent. Mag. April 1855,

&440, and June, p. 657 ; Illustrated London
ews, 10 March 1855, p. 221, with portrait;
Times, 13 Feb. 1855, p. 7, col. 6.] G. C. B.

FLETCHER, GILES, LL.D. (1549?-
1611), civilian, ambassador, and poet, was
certainly born in or about 1549 at Watford,
Hertfordshire, as appears from his own state-
ment on being admitted to the university of
Cambridge. It has hitherto been supposed
that he was a native of Kent. His father,
Richard Fletcher, was vicar of Bishops Stort-
ford, Hertfordshire, from 1551 to 1555, and
was subsequently rector of Cranbrook and
vicar of Smarden, Kent. Giles was educated
at Eton, whence he was elected to King's Col-
lege, Cambridge, being admitted a scholar on
27 Aug. 1565, and a fellow on 28 Aug. 1568.
He proceeded B.A. in 1569, and commenced
M. A. in 1573. In 1576 he took an active part
in opposition to the provost, Dr. Goad, and
signed articles accusing the provost of mal-
administration and infringement of the col-
lege statutes. These articles were laid before
Lord Burghley as chancellor of the university..

Fletcher

300

Fletcher

His decision was unfavourable to the provost's
opponents, and Fletcher had to sign a formal
submission and apology.

He was deputy orator of the university in
1577. On 28 Oct. 1579 the provost of his
college enjoined him to divert to the study
of the civil law. On 3 July 1580 he was con-
stituted commissary to Dr. Bridgwater, the
chancellor of the diocese of Ely. On 16 Jan.
1580-1 he married Joan Sheafe of Cranbrook.
In 1581 he was created LL.D., and on 5 July
in that year was in a commission for visiting
the church of Chichester, of which diocese he
occurs as chancellor in 1 582. About the latter
part of 1584, or beginning of 1585, he appears
to have been living at Cranbrook, where his
son Phineas [q. v.J was born. In the parlia-
ment which began 23 Nov. 1585 he served for
Winchelsea.

He was sent to Scotland with Thomas Ran-
dolph, the English ambassador in that country.
There is a letter from Fletcher to Sir Francis
Walsingham, dated Edinburgh, 17 May 1586,
giving an account of the proceedings of the
general assembly, and in conclusion begging
to be employed in some honest service in Eng-
land. At a subsequent period he was em-
ployed in negotiations in Germany, Hamburg,
and Stade. In 1588 he was despatched on a
special embassy to Russia, being probably re-
commended to this post by Randolph, who
had formerly been ambassador to that country.
Before he set out Fletcher was made a master
extraordinary of the court of requests. In
Russia he was treated with the greatest indig-
nity, but he nevertheless contrived to secure
for the English merchants very considerable
concessions. The queen sent a formal com-
plaint to the emperor, remonstrating on the
manner in which Fletcher had been treated.
He returned to England in 1589, and it is
believed that he was soon afterwards made a
master of requests in ordinary. He was cer-
tainly about the same time constituted se-
cretary or remembrancer to the city of London.

In 1590 he formed the design of writing
an extensive history of the reign of Queen
Elizabeth in Latin. He applied to Lord
Burghley for assistance and the communica-
tion of state papers, and consulted him on
his plan, especially as to whether he should
undertake to justify at length the marriage
of Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn, and at
what point he should commence his work.
He forwarded a scheme in Latin of his first
book, to comprise the first year of Elizabeth's
reign, with a paper of articles in which he
desired information.

His account of Russia, which appeared in
1591, excited no little alarm on the part of
the Eastland merchants of England. Point-

ing out the passages which they believed were
calculated to give offence to the emperor, they
memorialised Lord Burghley. The book was
quickly suppressed, and it is only within the
last few years that this very curious and in-
teresting work has reappeared in its integrity.

Fletcher was one of the commissioners em-
powered by the privy council on 25 Oct. 1591
to examine Eustace White, a seminary priest,
and Brian Lacey, a disperser of letters to
papists, being empowered to cause them' to
be put to the manacles and such other tor-
tures as were used in Bridewell. His brother,
the bishop of London, a few months before
his death made strenuous efforts to obtain for
Fletcher the situation of master extraordinary
in chancery. It does not appear that he was
successful. Fletcher was one of the bishop's
executors. This trust involved him in great
difficulties, and he was only saved from arrest
by the interposition of the Earl of Essex.
On 20 June 1597 he was presented by the
queen to the office of treasurer of the church
of St. Paul, vacant by the elevation of Dr.
Bancroft to the see of London. In 1600 he
obtained from King's College, Cambridge, a
lease of the rectory of Ringwood, Hampshire,
for ten years. It had been previously leased
by the college in 1596 for a similar term to
Richard Sheafe of Cranbrook, clothier. An
expression of sympathy for his unfortunate
patron, the Earl of Essex, led to his being
committed in February 1600-1 to the private
custody of Mr. Lowe, one of the aldermen of
London. On 14 March following he appealed
for release to Sir Robert Cecil in a letter
stating that he was infirm through grief of
mind for this restraint, and the affliction of
his wife and children.

In the reign of Elizabeth he was plaintiff
in a suit in chancery against Nathaniel Pow-
nall on personal matters. There was also a
bill filed by him, Joan, his wife, and Phineas,
his eldest son, against John Hall, respecting
the site of the manor of Hynwick, Worcester-
shire, and a pasture lying on the banks of the
Severn below the park of Hallow, under a
lease granted by the Bishop of Worcester.
In November 1610 he was employed by the
Eastland merchants to treat with Dr. Jonas
Charisius, the king of Denmark's ambassador,
touching the removal of the trade from the
town of Krempe. He died in the parish of
St. Catherine Colman, Fenchurch Street, Lon-
don, where he was buried on 11 March 1610-
1611. His daughter Judith was baptised at
St. Thomas the Apostle, London, 1 Aug. 1591.
His son Nehemias was buried at Chelsea
12 June 1596. His sons Phineas and Giles
are noticed in separate articles.

Fletcher's lease of Ringwood had been re-

Fletcher

301

Fletcher

newed by King's College in 1605. On 5 Aug.
1611 James I sent a letter to the provost and
fellows to grant his widow the term of ten
years in that parsonage.

The following is a list of the works written
by or ascribed to Fletcher : 1 . Latin verses
(#) in the collection presented by the Eton
scholars to Queen Elizabeth at Windsor
Castle, 1563; (6) prefixed to Foxe's * Acts and
Monuments,' 2nd edit. 1570; (c) subjoined to
Carr's 'Demosthenes/ 1571 ; (d) with Walter
Haddon's poems, 1576 ; (e) before Peter Baro's
'Prelections on Jonah,' 1579; (/) onthemotto
and crest of Maximilian Brooke in Holins-
hed's ' Chronicles,' p. 1512 ; (g) in the Cam-
bridge University collection, on the death of
Sir Philip Sidney, 1587. 2. A Latin letter
in the name of the university of Cambridge.
In ' Epistolae Academies,' MS. ii. 455. 3. A
brief of his ' Negotiation in Moscovia.' In
Lansd. MS. 60, art. 59 ; Ellis's ' Letters of
Eminent Literary Men,' 76-85 ; and Bond's
' Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century,'
p. 342. 4. ' Of the Russe Common Wealth ;
or, Manner of Government by the Russe Em-
perour (commonly called the Emperour of
Moskouia), with the Manners and Fashions
of the People of that Country,' London, 1591,
8vo. Dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. Abridged,
with the suppression of material passages, in
Hakluyt's ' Voyages,' i. 474. Reprinted also,
with the suppression of some passages and
many verbal differences, in ' Purchas, his Pil-
grimes,' iii. 413. Epitomised by Harris, in
his ' Collection of Voyages,' i. 542. Reprinted
as ' The History of Russia, or the Govern-
ment of the Emperour of Muscovia, with the
Manners and Fashions of the People of that
Countrey,' London, 1643, 1657, 12mo ; also
with the proper title, from the original edi-
tion, in Edward A. Bond's ' Russia at the
Close of the Sixteenth Century,' published
for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1856, 8vo.
There is a manuscript copy of the f Russe
Common Wealth' at University College, Ox-
ford (MS. No. 144). Another manuscript
copy is preserved at Queens' College, Cam-
bridge. 5. 'Answers to matters objected
against Mr. Horsey by the Emperour's Counsel
of Rusland.' In Bond's ' Russia at the Close
of the Sixteenth Century/ p. 373, from a manu-
script in the state paper office. 6. 'Licia,
or Poemes of Love : in Honour of the ad-
mirable and singular Vertues of his Lady,
to the imitation of the best Latin Poets, and
others. Whereunto is added the Rising the
Crowne of Richard the Third/ 4to, n. d.
Dedication to Lady Molineux, wife of Sir
Richard Molineux, dated from the author's
chamber 4 Sept. 1593. An edition of this
work, prepared by the Rev. Alexander B.

Grosart, who has prefixed a ' Memorial-In-
troduction/ was printed for private circu-
lation in the 'Miscellanies of the Fuller
Worthies' Library/ 1871. Cf. Hunter's ' New
Illustrations of Shakespeare/ ii. 77, 78; Dyce's
' Account of the Lives and Writings of Beau-
mont and Fletcher/ pp. xv, xvi. 7. 'Reasons
to moue her Majesty in some Commisseration
towards the Orphanes of the late Bisshopp of
London/ Lambeth MS. 658, f. 193 ; Dyce's
' Account of the Lives and Writings of Beau-
mont and Fletcher/ p. xiv, and less correctly
in Birch's' Elizabeth/ ii. 113. 8. 'Deliteris
antiquaa Britanniae, Regibus praesertim qui
doctrina claruerunt, quique Collegia Canta-
brigiae fundarunt/ in Latin verse, Cambridge,
1633,12mo. Edited by his son Phineas. 9. 'An
Essay upon some probable grounds that the
present Tartars, near the Cyprian Sea, are the
Posterity of the Ten Tribes of Israel.' Printed
in Samuel Lee's ' Israel Redux/ 1677, from
the author's manuscript, furnished by his-
grandson, Phineas Fletcher, citizen of Lon-
don ; and again by Whiston in his ' Memoirs/
1749, p. 576, from a manuscript formerly in
Sir Francis Nethersole's library, under the fol-
lowing title: 'A Discourse concerning the
Tartars, proving, in all probability, that they
are the Israelites, or Ten Tribes, which, being
captivated by Salmanaser, were transplanted
into Media.' 10. Three Eclogues in ' Poe-
mata varii argument!/ 1678. They are en-
titled respectively 'Contra Praedicatorum
Contemptum/ ' Querela Collegii Regalis/ and
' De morte Boneri.'

[Addit. MS. 6177, p. 151 ; Ames's Typogr.
Antiq. (Herbert), p. 1128 ; Baker MS. iv. 14 seq. ;
Beloe's Anecdotes, v. 222; Biog. Brit.; Birch's
Elizabeth, ii. 77, 78, 100, 101, 113, 114, 150, 171,
223, 224 ; Memoir by E. A. Bond ; Chamberlain's
Letters, temp. Eliz. p. 106; Cooper's Athense
Cantabr. iii. 34 (unpublished) ; Cotton. MS;
Nero B. v. 333 ; Dixon's Personal Hist, of Lord
Bacon, p. 317; Dyce's Lives of Beaumont and
Fletcher; Ellis's Letters of Eminent Lit. Men,
p. 76; Faulkner's Chelsea, ii. 128, 196; Fuller's
Worth! es, ' Kent ; ' G reen's Cal. State Papers, Dom.
James I, ii. 66; Grosart's Memorial-Introduction
to Licia; Heywood and Wright's King's and Eton
Colleges, pp. 239-41, 245, 248, 252 ; Home's Cat. of
Queen's Coll. Library, p. 1002 ; Hunter's Illustr.
of Shakespeare, ii. 77, 78 ; Jardine on Torture,
p. 92 ; Lansd. MSS. xxiii. art. 18-20, 24, 26, 36,
Ix. art. 59, Ixv. f. 154, Ixxii. art. 28, cxii. art. 39 ;
Ledger Coll. Regal, ii. 537, iii. 19, 132 ; Lemon's
Cal. State Papers, Dom. ii. 100, 646 ; Le Neve's
Fasti (Hardy), ii. 357 ; Lloyd's State Worthies,
p. 662 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), pp. 810,
1358; Lodge 's Illustr. ii. 547 ; Newcourt's Reper-
torium, i. 107 ; Lib. Protocoll. Colt. Kegal. i. 227,
238, ii. 19 ; Stephenson's Suppl. to Bentham's
Ely, p. 32 ; Strype's Annals, ii. 420, 422, iv. 268

Fletcher

302

Fletcher

fol.; Strype's Grindal, 267 fol. ; Thorpe's Ca
State Papers, Scottish Ser. p. 521 ; Willis's No
Parl. iii. (2) 107; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss
i. 191.] T. C.

FLETCHER, GILES, the younger (1588 ?
1623), poet, younger son of Giles Fletcher
LL.D., the elder [q. v.], and younger brothe
of Phineas Fletcher [q. v.], was (according t
the account given to Fuller by John Ramsey
who married the poet's widow) born in Lon
don, and educated at Westminster School
Neither statement has been corroborated
Before 1603 Fletcher matriculated at Cam
bridge. He was elected scholar of Trinity
College on 12 April 1605 ; proceeded B.A. in
1606 ; became a minor fellow of his college
on 17 Sept. 1608, reader in Greek gramma
in 1615, and in Greek language in 1618
To Thomas Nevile, D.D., master of Trinity
Fletcher acknowledged special indebtedness
About 1618 he left Cambridge to hold a col-
lege living, which he soon exchanged for the
rectory of Alderton, Suffolk. It has been sug-
gested that the great Francis Bacon presented
him to the latter living. In Fletcher's latest
work, 'The Reward of the Faithfull/ which
he dedicated to Sir Roger Townshend, he
expresses his gratitude for favours rendered
him to Sir Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey, the
father of Sir Roger's wife, and to Francis
Bacon, Sir Nathaniel's half-brother. He refers
to the latter as his ' honourable benefactor,
although he admits that he had no personal
acquaintance with him. Fuller writes that
Fletcher's ' clownish, low-parted parishioners,
having nothing but their shoes high about
them, valued not their pastor, according to
his worth, which disposed him to melancholy
and hastened his dissolution.' He died in
1623 ; the registers of Alderton are not ex-
tant at that date. Letters of administra-
tion were granted to his widow Anne on
12 Nov. 1623. She afterwards married John
Ramsey.

Fletcher wrote his poems at a very early
age. In 1603 he contributed a somewhat
frigid 'Canto upon the death of Eliza' to a
volume of academic verse issued at Cambridge
to celebrate Elizabeth's death and James I's
accession. His chief work followed in 1610,
while he was still at Trinity. It is entitled
* Christ's Victorie and Triumph in Heaven
and Earth over and after Death' (Cambridge,
by C. Legge, small 4to), in two parts, with
separate title-pages (' Christ's Triumph over
Death,' and 'Christ's Triumph after Death'),
dedicated to Dr. Nevile, master of Trinity,
with prefatory verses by Francis (afterwards
Sir Francis) Nethersole, and by the author's
brother Phineas. The poet in a prose preface
defends the application of verse to sacred

subjects, and acknowledges his obligations to
' thrice-honoured Bartas, and our (I know no
name more glorious than) Edmund Spencer,
two blessed soules.' Fletcher tells the story
of Christ's life with many digressions, and
concludes with an affectionate reference to
the poetic work of his brother Phineas, whom
he calls ' Young Thyrsilis.' His admiration
of Spenser is very apparent. Allegorical de-
scriptions of vices and virtues abound in his
poem. There is a wealth of effective imagery,
with which the occasional simplicity of some
passages descriptive of natural scenery con-
trasts attractively. But exaggerated Spen-
serian characteristics mar the success of the
work as a whole. The versification, although
based on Spenser's, is original. Each stanza
has eight lines, the last an Alexandrine,
rhyming thus : ababbccc. Milton borrowed
something from ' Christ's Triumph ' for his
'Paradise Regained.' Fletcher's poem was
reissued at Cambridge in 1632, and (in four
parts) in 1640 ; it was again issued in 1783
(with Phineas Fletcher's 'Purple Island'),
in 1824, in 1834 (as vol. xx. of Catter-
mole and Stebbing's ' Sacred Classics '), and
in 1888 in the ' Library of Theological Lite-
rature.'

Fletcher also published a prose tract (dedi-
cated to Sir Roger Townshend, bart.), ' The
Reward of the Faithfull : the Labour of the
Faithfull: the Ground of our Faith,' London,
1623. A few verse translations from Boethius
and Greek epigrams are scattered through
;he book. Among the Tanner MSS. (465 f. 2)
it the Bodleian are some verses by Fletcher,
after Petronius,' and in the library of King's
College, Cambridge, is a manuscript entitled
^Egidii Fletcheri Versio Poetica Lamenta-
ionum leremiae/ which was presented to
he college on 2 Feb. 1654-5 by ' S[amuel]
"h[oms] soc.'

Fletcher's poetical works appear in Chal-
mers's and Sandford's collections, and have
>een published by Dr. Grosart in the 'Fuller
Worthies' Library ' (1868), and in ' Early
English Poets/ 1876.

[Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Addit. MS.
4487, f. 122; Cole's MS. Athense Cantabr.; Dr.
Trosart's introduction to his edition of the poems;
uller's Worthies.] S. L. L.

FLETCHER, HENRY (fi. 1710-1750),
ngraver, worked in London, and produced
ngravings possessing some merit. He most
xcelled as an engraver of flowers, notably
The Twelve Months of Flowers ' and ' The
welve Months of Fruits,' engraved from
rawings by Peter Casteels [q. v.], made in
730 for a publication by Robert Furber,
le well-known gardener. He also engraved

Fletcher

303

Fletcher

some fine plates of birds from drawings by
Casteels and Charles Collins. He engraved
some of the vignettes and tail-pieces to the
first edition of Voltaire's ' Henriade,' pub-
lished in London in 1728. Among his other
works were * Bathsheba,' after Sebastiano
Conca ; a set of views of Venice, engraved
with L. P. Boitard after Canaletto ; 'A View
of Stocks Market in 1738,' and ' A View of
the Fountain in Temple Gardens,' after Joseph
Nichols ; ' A View of Bethlehem Hospital,
Moorfields,' and portraits of Kobert Nelson
(1715), after Kneller, Ebenezer Pemberton
(1727), and the Kev. Robert Warren.

[Dodd's manuscript History of English En-
gravers ; Le Blanc's Manuel de 1'Amateur d'Es-
tampes ; Cohen's Guide de 1'Amateur des Livres
a Figures du xviiime Siecle ; Redgrave's Diet, of
Artists.] L. C.

FLETCHER, SIR HENRY (1727-1807),
politician, a native of Cumberland, was born
in 1727. Brought up in the service of the
East India Company, he successively com-
manded two of its vessels, the Stormont and
the Middlesex. When he retired from his
command, after rendering conspicuous ser-
vices to the company, he was chosen a direc-
tor of the East India board, and continued
to fill that office for eighteen years, being
always re-elected when he retired by rota-
tion. Fletcher entered parliament in 1768
as member for the county of Cumberland,
where he had fought successfully against a
very powerful influence. He joined the whig
opposition in the House of Commons, and on
the accession of that party to power was
rewarded with a baronetcy, 20 May 1782.
In 1783 he gave a general approval to the
treaty of peace with France, so far as related
to the settlements of the East India Com-
pany. When Fox introduced his famous
India Bill, Fletcher was nominated one of
the seven commissioners for the affairs of
Asia. Fletcher declared in the House of
Commons in 1783 that it would have been
much better for England, and Europe in
general, if the navigation to the East Indies
had never been discovered. But having once
acquired these Indian possessions, the British
must never give them up. Fletcher regarded
the retention and proper government of India
of such vast importance, that he resigned a
high and lucrative position in order to advo-
cate his views in parliament. Fox's measure,
however, was lost, and administrative reform
in India was postponed. In 1796 Fletcher
voted with the great whig leader for a direct
censure upon ministers, on the ground of
having advanced money to the Emperor of
Germany and the Prince of Conde without

the knowledge or consent of parliament. He
also supported Grey in the following ses-
sion in his motion on parliamentary reform.
Fletcher continued to represent the county
of Cumberland until the general election of
1806. He died on 25 March 1807, and was
succeeded in the title by his only son of the
same name. The character of Fletcher stood
high among his contemporaries for generosity
and integrity.

[Gent. Mag. 1807; Hansard's Parliamentary
Debates.] G. B. S.

FLETCHER, JOHN (1579-1625), dra-
matist, a younger son of Dr. Richard Fletcher
[q.v.], afterwards bishop of London, by his first
wife Elizabeth, was born in December 1579
at Rye in Sussex, where his father was then
officiating as minister.^A 'John Fletcher of
London ' was admitted 15 Oct. 1591 a pen-
sioner of Bene't (Corpus) College, Cambridge,
of which college Dr. Fletcher had been pre-
sident. Dyce assumes that this John Fletcher,
who became one of the bible-clerks in 1593,
was the dramatist. Bishop Fletcher died, in
needy circumstances, 15 June 1596, and by
his will, dated 26 Oct. 1593, left his books to
be divided between his sons Nathaniel and
John.

Fletcher's intimacy with Francis Beau-
mont (1584-1616) appears to date from about
1607. Aubrey states that there was a 'won-
derful consimility of phansy ' between the
two poets ; that they lived together on the
Bankside in South wark, near the Globe;
and that they shared everything in common.
Beaumont probably began his literary career
before Fletcher; although the attribution
to him of ' Salmacis and Hermaphroditus '
(anonymously published in 1602, and printed
in 1640 among ' Poems by Francis Beaumont,
Gent.') is doubtful. The earliest of the plays
attributed to t Beaumont and Fletcher ' is the
' Woman Hater,' which was entered in the
'Stationers' Register '20 May 1607 and pub-
lished anonymously in the same year. It is
largely written in a mock-heroic style. Dyce
assumed that it was wholly by Fletcher, but
later critics more reasonably claim it for
Beaumont, who had undeniably a rich vein
of burlesque. The versification has none of
Fletcher's peculiarities. Beaumont in 1607
prefixed some commendatory verses to the
' Fox,' and a similar compliment was paid to
Jonson by Fletcher, who also commended
'Catiline,'' 1611.

' The Faithful Shepherdess,' n. d., 4to, the
unassisted work of Fletcher, was published
not later than 1610 (probably in 1609), for
one of the three persons to whom it was dedi-
cated, Sir William Skipwith, died 3 May

% In 1588 he was admitted
*s a Kind's scholar to the cathedral grammar
school, Peterborough, where his brothers,
Nathaniel and Theoohilus. were also

Fletcher

3°4

Fletcher

1610. John Davies of Hereford, in the
' Scourge of Folly,' n. d. [1611], has an allu-
sion to Fletcher's pastoral. On the stage it
was not successful, but the printed copy was
ushered into notice with commendatory verses
by Field, Beaumont, Jonson, and Chapman.
The ' Faithful Shepherdess/ which was under
some obligations to Tasso's 'Aminta' and
Guarini's ' Pastor Fido,' is the most famous
and the best of English pastoral plays. The
lyrical portions supplied Milton with hints
for ' Comus.' In January 1633-4 it was suc-
cessfully revived at court. The ' Scornful
Lady,' published in 1616, has a mention of
the Cleve wars, which began in 1609. It
was performed, as Mr. Fleay remarks, by the
children of Her Majesty's Revels at Black-
friars, which theatre was in possession of the
king's company after 1609. The ' Scornful
Lady' is an excellent comedy of English
domestic life, and was very popular both be-
fore and after the Restoration. The charac-
ter of Vellum in Addison's ' Drummer ' was
sketched (as Addison himself informed Theo-
bald) from that of the steward Savil. To
Beaumont may be assigned the first two acts ;
they are chiefly written in prose, which
Fletcher very rarely employed. In the later
acts Fletcher seems to have had the larger
share.

The ' Maid's Tragedy,' 1619, 4to, and ' Phil-
aster,' 1620, 4to, were produced not later than

1611. Dryden asserts without authority that
the 'first play that brought Fletcher and
Beaumont in esteem was their "Philaster." '
Some modern critics have denied that Fletcher
had any hand in ' Philaster,' but John Davies
of Hereford, in the ' Scourge of Folly ' [1611],
mentions this play, with the 'Faithful
Shepherdess ' and the ' Maid's Tragedy,' in
his epigram to Fletcher. Detached passages
in the fourth act and two scenes in the fifth
(scenes three and four), with the rhetorical
harangues in act i. scene 1, are in Fletcher's
manner. But Beaumont's genius dominates
the play ; and the poetry at its highest is
of a subtler quality than can be found in
any play that Fletcher wrote singlehanded.
' Philaster ' held the stage for many years.
Elkanah Settle in 1695 produced a new ver-
sion without success. Another alteration,
the ' Restauration, or Right will take place,'
was printed in the first volume of the * Works,'
1714, of George Villiers, duke of Bucking-
ham, and a third, by the elder Colman, was
performed at Drury Lane in 1764. The
' Maid's Tragedy ' was composed before 31 Oct.
1611, for on that day Sir George Buc li-
censed a play to which he gave the title of
1 The Second Maiden's Tragedy.' In the first
three acts Fletcher's hand cannot be traced

to any noticeable extent ; but he was mainly
responsible for the fourth and fifth acts. Un-
til the closing of the theatres the ' Maid's.
Tragedy ' was frequently performed, and it
again became popular at the Restoration.
Waller absurdly turned it into a comedy by
rewriting (in rhyme) the last act.

'A King and No King,' which in some re-
spects is a more solid piece of work than the
1 Maid's Tragedy/ was licensed for the stage
in 1611 and printed in 1619, 4to. Arbaces,
in his insolence and magnanimity, is cer-
tainly one of the most striking figures in the
English drama. Garrick prepared an altera-
tion of ' A King and No King/ in which he
had intended to personate Arbaces ; but at
the last moment the play was withdrawn.
Beaumont unquestionably had the chief share
in the authorship ; Fletcher's contributions
were confined to the fourth and fifth acts.

' Four Plays or Moral Representations in
One/ first printed in the 1647 folio, is an early
work. Mr. Fleay adduces some arguments
(Englische Studten, ix. 14) to show that it
was brought out as early as 1608. The
Induction and the first two pieces, the
' Triumph of Honour ' and the ' Triumph of
Love/ are usually and with probability as-
cribed to Beaumont, and the last two, the
'Triumph of Death' and the 'Triumph of
Time/ to Fletcher.

The ' Knight of the Burning Pestle/ writ-
ten in ridicule of such extravagant plays
as Heywood's ' Four Prentices of London/
was published anonymously in 1613, 4to.
W. B[urre] the publisher, in a dedicatory
epistle to Robert Keysar, states that he ' had
fostered it privately in his bosom these two
years/ and that it was the elder of Don
Quixote (i. e. Shelton's translation, which
appeared in 1612) ' above a year.' Hence the
date of composition cannot be later than 1611.
From the same epistle we learn that the play
was written in eight days and that it was not
successful on the stage. It is probable that
Beaumont had but slight help from Fletcher
in this drollest and most delightful of bur-
lesques, for Fletcher nowhere shows any in-
clinations towards the mock-heroic. At its
revival in 1635 the ' Knight of the Burning
Pestle ' was received with great applause, as
Brome testifies in the ' Sparagus Garden ; '
and it was occasionally acted after the Re-
storation.

'Cupid's Revenge' was published in 1615
as the work of Fletcher, but from internal
evidence it is clear that Beaumont was con-
cerned in the authorship. The colloquy be-
tween Bacha and Leucippus in act iii. scene 2
is in Beaumont's most strenuous manner;
and in the second act his hand can be clearly

Fletcher

305

Fletcher

traced. Mr. Robert Boyle (Englische Stu-
dien, viii. 39) detects the presence of a third
author, and Mr. Fleay supposes that this
(third author was Nathaniel Field [q. v.l The
play was acted by the children of HerMajesty's
Revels at Whitefriars in January 1611-12.
For the groundwork of the plot the play-
wrights were indebted to Sidney's 'Arcadia.'
The l Coxcomb,' first printed in the 1647
folio, was acted in 1612-13, and may have I
been produced earlier. The underplot, re-
lating to Viola, may be attributed to Beau-
mont ; but in other parts of the play we
are more frequently reminded of William
Rowley than of Beaumont or Fletcher. It
•is a somewhat unpleasing play. The * Cap-
tain/ 1647, was composed some time before
20 May 1613, when Hemings and his com-
pany were paid for representing it at court.
No portion can be definitely assigned to Beau-
mont ; but Fletcher certainly had assistance
from some quarter. Mr. Fleay suggests that
* Jonson worked with Fletcher on the ori-

f'nal play.' There are occasional traces of
iddleton's hand. The most powerful and
most repulsive scene, act iv. sc. 5, cannot be
•ascribed to Fletcher, although he probably
supplied the song ' Come hither you that
love.'

In honour of the marriage of the Count
Palatine with the Princess Elizabeth, Fe-
bruary 1612-13, Beaumont composed the
•* Masque of the Inner Temple and Grayes
Jnne,' n. d., 4to, which was dedicated to Sir
Francis Bacon. The songs are of rare beauty.

The 'Honest Man's Fortune,' 1647, was
performed in 1613. In the Dyce Library is
preserved the manuscript copy which was
licensed in 1624 by Sir Henry Herbert for
the king's company. It is entitled 'The
Honest Mans Fortune, plaide in the yeare
1613.' The fifth act is plainly by Fletcher,
and Mr Boyle has given excellent reasons
for ascribing the third act, or part of it, to
Massinger. Mr. Fleay's suggestion that
the fourth act (with perhaps part of the third)
belongs to Field is very plausible. Acts i. and
ii. are by some other playwright. Appended
to the play is a curious copy of verses ' Upon
an Honest Man's Fortune. By Master John
Fletcher.' Not a trace of Beaumont's hand
can be found in this comedy. Nor can any
part of the < Knight of Malta,' 1647, pro-
duced before Burbage's death (March 1618-
1619), be safely assigned to Beaumont. Mr.
Macaulay (A Study of Francis Beaumont,
•p. 196) gives the fifth act to him ; but the
poverty of the lyrical passages affords suffi-
cient evidence that he was not the author.
Three scenes (iii. 2, 3, iv. 1) are shown by
Mr. Boyle to belong to Massinger, and to

VOL. XIX.

these may be added part of another (v. 2).
The second act, which contains the strongest
writing in the play, is wholly by Fletcher,
who also contributed iii. 1. Some other
dramatist wrote the first act and part of the
fifth. No portions of ' Thierry and Theo-
doret/ published in 1621 and written pro-
bably about 1616, can be confidently given to
Beaumont. The most impressive scene (iv. 1),
in which Ordella declares her readiness to
lay down her life for her husband, is unmis-
takably Fletcher's. In depicting womanly
heroism Fletcher always overshoots the
mark ; when he essays to be profoundly pa-
thetic he becomes sentimental. Massinger
largely assisted him in this play, but the
third act appears to be by some unknown
author. ' Wit at Several Weapons,' 1647,
produced about 1614, is a merry comedy of
intrigue, and the scene is laid in London.
In reading it we are strongly reminded of
Middleton's town-comedies, or of the mixed
work of Middleton and Rowley.

Beaumont died 6 March 1615-16, and ap-
pears to have given up dramatic work as
early as 1614. Dyce printed from Harleian
MS. 6057, fol. 34, some lines, ' Come, sorrow,
come,' signed ' I. F./ that may have been
written by Fletcher on the occasion of Beau-
mont's death. Aubrey states, on the autho-
rity of Earle, that Beaumont's ' main busi-
nesse was to correct the overflowings of Mr.
Fletcher's witte,' and Dryden declares that
Beaumont was ' so accurate a judge of plays '
that Ben Jonson ' submitted all his writings
to his censure.' Little weight can be at-
tached to these statements; but the stage
tradition, that Beaumont was superior in
judgment to Fletcher, is supported by sound
criticism. In the most important plays that
they wrote together Beaumont's share out-
weighs Fletcher's, both in quantity and
quality. Beaumont had the firmer hand and
statelier manner ; his diction was more
solid ; there was a richer music in his verse.
Fletcher excelled as a master of brilliant
dialogue and sprightly repartee. In the
management of his plots and in the develop-
ment of his characters he was careless and
inconsistent. But in his comedies the un-
ceasing liveliness and bustle atone for struc-
tural defects; and in tragedy his copious
command of splendid declamation reconciles
us to the absence of rarer qualities. Fletcher's
metrical characteristics are strongly marked.
He sought by various devices to give greater
freedom to the movement of blank verse.
Thus he introduces redundant syllables in
all parts of the line, and he is particularly
fond of ending the line with an emphatic
extra monosyllable, a practice in which he

Fletcher

306

Fletcher

stands alone. Having introduced so much
freedom into his blank verse, he was able to
dispense almost entirely with the use of
prose. Fletcher's verse, however, becomes
monotonous, owing to his habit of pausing
at the end of the line ; and for tragic pur-
poses it is wanting in solidity. His metrical
peculiarities are of importance in helping us
to distinguish his work from the work of his
coadjutors.

The following fifteen plays may be confi-
dently regarded as Fletcher's unaided com-
positions. ' Wit without Money,' 1639, 4to,
was produced (as appears from a reference to
the 'dragons in Sussex/ ii. 4) not earlier
than August 1614. Langbaine says that he
had often seen this comedy acted ' at the
Old House in little Lincoln's-Inn-Fields
with very great applause.' In the eighteenth
century it was frequently performed at Co-
vent Garden. ' Bonduca,' 1647, produced
some time before Burbage's death (March
1G18-19), presents in the person of Caratach
a worthy portrait of a magnanimous soldier ;
and the frank, fearless boy Hengo, nephew
of Caratach, is sketched with loving tender-
ness. An alteration of * Bonduca ' was pro-
duced and published in 1696 ; another, by
the elder Colman, was acted at the Hay-
market and published in 1778 ; a third, by
J. R. Planche" (entitled ' Caractacus '), was
performed at Drury Lane in 1837. ' Valen-
tinian,' 1647, also produced before March
1618-19, displays to good effect Fletcher's
command of dramatic rhetoric. It would
be hard to overrate the delightful songs. A
wretched alteration by the Earl of Rochester
was printed in 1685. The ' Loyal Subject,'
1647, was licensed for the stage 16 Nov. 1618.
Arenas, the ' loyal subject,' in his submission
(under the most severe provocations) to
kingly authority, surpasses even Aecius in
' Valentinian.' The play was performed at
Whitehall 10 Dec. 1633, and Sir Henry Her-
bert records that it was * very well likt by
the king.' The ' Mad Lover,' 1647, produced
before March 1618-19, is a strangely gro-
tesque piece of work, but it held the stage
both before and after the Restoration. The
' Humorous Lieutenant/ 1647, is of uncer-
tain date ; but as Burbage's name is not found
in the list of ' principal actors/ we may infer
that the date of production is later than
March 1618-19. In the Dyce Library is
preserved a manuscript copy, dated 1625,
with the title 'Demetrius and Enanthe, a
pleasant comedie, written by John Fletcher,
Gent./ differing somewhat from the printed
comedy; it was edited by Dyce in 1830.
'Women Pleased/ 1647, was probably pro-
duced about 1620. The most entertaining

personage in this well-ordered play is the?
hungry serving-man, Penurio. Fletcher was
indebted for his plot to three stories of
Boccaccio's 'Decameron/ and to Chaucer's
< Wif of Bathes Tale.' From Sir Henry
Herbert's * Office-Book ' it appears that three
of Fletcher's plays were presented at court in
1621— the < Island Princess/ 1647, the 'Pil-
grim/ 1647, and the ( Wildgoose-Chase/
1652. The first, which is of slender merit,
was revived with alterations in 1669 ; again
in 1687, with alterations by Nahum Tate ;
and in 1699 the play was turned into ail
opera by Motteux, the music being composed
by Daniel Purcell, Clarke, and Leveridge.
The ' Pilgrim ' is of far more interest. Cole-
ridge declared that ' this play holds the first
place in Beaumont and Fletcher's roman-
tic entertainments' (Remains, ii. 315). An
alteration by Sir John Vanbrugh was pub-
lished in 1700. When Humphrey Moseley
brought out the folio of 1647 he was unable
to obtain a copy of the ' Wildgoose-Chase/
This brilliant comedy was first published in
1652, 4to, ' Retriv'd for the publick delight
of all the Ingenious ; and private Benefit of
John Lowin and Joseph Taylor, servants to
His Late Majestie. By a Person of Honour/
In a dedicatory epistle Lowin and Taylor obi-
serve : ' The play was of so general a received
acceptance that, he himself a spectator, we
have known him unconcerned, and to have
wished it had been none of his ; he, as well as
the thronged theatre (in despite of his innate
modesty), applauding this rare issue of his
brain.' Commendatory verses by Richard
Lovelace and others follow the epistle. The
first four acts of Farquhar's 'Inconstant/
1702, are taken from the 'Wildgoose-Chase/
' Monsieur Thomas/ probably one of the later
works, was first published in 1639, with a dedi-
catory epistle by Richard Brome to Charles
Cotton the elder, and with a copy of verses
by Brome in Fletcher's praise. D'Urfey's
' Trick for Trick/ 1678, is little more than a
revival of ' Monsieur Thomas.' The ' Woman's
Prize/ 1647, was described by Sir Henry Her-
bert as ' an ould play ' in 1633. ' Upon com-
plaints of foule and offensive matters con-
teyned therein' he suppressed the performance
on 19 Oct. 1633. The players brought the
manuscript to him the next day for revision,
and he returned it to them, ' purgd of oathes,
prophaness, and ribaldry e/ on 21 Oct. It
was acted before the king and queen 28 Nov.,
and was 'very well likt.' Fletcher wrote
the ' Woman's Prize ' to serve as a sequel to
the ' Taming of the Shrew ; ' he lays the scene
in England, and represents Petruchio in com-
plete subjection to his second wife, Maria.
' A Wife for a Month/ 1647, was licensed by

Fletcher

307

Fletcher

Herbert 27 May 1624. As Nicholas Tooley,
who personated one of the principal cha-
racters, died in June 1623, this play must
have been produced some time before it was
licensed. It is a singular and powerful play,
but its performance had been discontinued
in the time of Langbaine, who mentions
it as ' well worth reviving.' ' Rule a Wife
and have a Wife,' 1640, was licensed by Her-
bert 19 Oct. 1624, and performed at court
twice in that year. It is among the very
best of Fletcher's comedies, and met with
great success. In 1759, having undergone
some alteration, it was revived by Garrick,
and it has been occasionally played in the
nineteenth century. The underplot is founded
on the eleventh of Cervantes's 'Novelas Ex-
emplares.' Davies mentions a somewhat
absurd tradition that the character of Caca-
fogo 'was intended as a rival to Falstaff'
(Dram. Miscell. ii. 406). The 'Chances/
1647, probably a late work, was deservedly
popular. The plot is taken from ' La Se-
nora Cornelia/ one of Cervantes's ' Novelas
Exemplares.' In 1682 an alteration by
Villiers, duke of Buckingham, who com-
pletely rewrote acts iv. and v., was produced
at the theatre in Dorset Gardens ; in 1773
Garrick brought out another alteration at
Drury Lane ; and in 1821 ' Don John, or the
Two Violettas, a musical drama in three
acts/ was played at Covent Garden.

Massinger's hand has been already traced
in three plays — the ' Honest Man's Fortune/
the l Knight of Malta/ and 'Thierry and
Theodoret/ but there are many others to
which he contributed. Sir Aston Cokaine,
in his ' Epitaph on Mr. John Fletcher and
Mr. Philip Massinger ' (Poems, 1662, p. 186),
expressly states : l Playes they did write
together, were great friends.' In an address
' To my Cousin Mr. Charles Cotton ' (the
elder Cotton) he mentions that Massinger
was associated with Fletcher in the author-
ship of several of the plays published in the
1647 folio. Cokaine also addressed some
lines of remonstrance to the publishers of
the folio of Beaumont and Fletcher's plays,
Humphrey Moseley and Humphrey Robin-
son, saying that

. . . Beaumont of those many writ in few,
And Massinger in other few.

Although he claims to have been a friend
of Massinger, Cokaine's information was de-
rived from the elder Cotton, ' Fletcher's chief
bosome-friend informed me so.' Shirley, who
edited the 1647 folio (or advised the pub-
lishers), makes no mention of Massinger in
his address to the reader. Humphrey Mose-
ley in a prefatory note states that he had

once had the intention of printing Fletcher's
works by themselves, 'because single and
alone he would make a just volume ; ' but
tie also is silent on the subject of Massinger.
Internal evidence shows clearly that Cokaine
was abundantly justified in claiming for Mas-
singer a share in some of the plays printed
in the 1647 folio. But Fletcher collaborated
with others besides Massinger. Among the
' Henslowe Papers ' is preserved a letter ad-
dressed to Henslowe by Field, Daborne, and
Massinger, in which the three playwrights
beg for an advance of 51. to supply their
urgent necessities ; and to this letter, which
was written some time before January 1615—
1616, Daborne appends a postscript : ' The
mony shall be abated out of the mony re-
maynes for the play of Mr. Fletcher and ours *
(the play to which Daborne refers may per-
haps be the ' Honest Man's Fortune '). Ex-
ternal and internal evidence agree in attri-
buting to William Rowley a share in some
of the dramas that pass as the work of Beau-
mont and Fletcher ; ' and it is certain that
others were either altered or completed by
James Shirley.

The 'Queen of Corinth/ 1647, was pro-
duced some time before March 1618-19, as
one of the principal characters was personated
by Burbage. Fletcher's hand can only be
detected in the second act ; the first and
fifth acts are by Massinger, and the rest of
the play appears to be by Middleton and
Rowley. The fine tragedy of ' Sir John Van
Olden Barnavelt/ first printed from manu-
script by the present writer (A Collection of
Old English Plays, vol. ii.), is unquestion-
ably the j oint work of Massinger and Fletcher.
It was produced in August 1619, shortly
after Barneveldt's execution. Mr. S. L. Lee
(Athenceum, 19 Jan. 1884) discovered among
the State Papers two letters of Thomas Locke
to Carleton, the English ambassador at the
Hague. On 14 Aug. 1619 Locke wrote that
when the players ' were bringing of Barne-
velt upon the stage ' the Bishop of London
at the last moment forbade the performance.
On 27 Aug. he announced: ' Our players have
fownd the meanes to go through wth the play
of Barnevelt, and it hath had many spec-
tators and received applause.' Mr. Boyle
(BuLLEtf, Old Plays, vol. ii., Appendix) has
drawn up an elaborate analysis of the play,
assigning to each their respective shares in
the composition. To 1619 probably belongs
the lost play of the ' Jeweller of Amsterdam/
which was entered in the ' Stationers' Books/
8 April 1654, as the work of Fletcher, Field,
and Massinger. Mr. Fleay's suggestion that
the subject of this play was the murder of
John Van Wely is highly probable. The

x2

Fletcher

308

Fletcher

' Little French Lawyer,' 1647, written about
1620, is mainly by Fletcher ; but Massinger's
hand is seen in the first act, and occasionally
in acts iii. and v. The character of La- Writ,
which Coleridge declared to be 'conceived
and executed from first to last in genuine
comic humour,' is Fletcher's creation. ' A
Very Woman/ printed in 1655 as the work
of Massinger, was written by Fletcher and
revised by Massinger. It is to be identified
with a comedy called ' The Woman's Plot,'
which was acted at court in 1621. On 9 Sept.
1653 it was entered in the ' Stationers' Re-
gister ' by Humphrey Moseley under the title
of ' A Very Woman, or the Woman's Plot/
as a play of Massinger. It was again en-
tered by Moseley 29 June 1660 under the
title of ' A Right Woman ; ' and in the second
entry it is ascribed to Beaumont and Fletcher.
In its present state it is probably (as Mr.
Fleay observes) the version revised by Mas-
singer for representation in 1634. The amus-
ing scene in the slave market (iii. 1), and
the still more amusing scene (iii. 5) in which
Borachia is overcome by Candy wine, are in
Fletcher's raciest manner, and the beautiful
colloquy (iv. 1) between Almira and An-
tonio is in his sweetest vein of romantic
tenderness. The l Custom of the Country/
1647, is mentioned in Sir Henry Herbert's
' Office-Book/ 22 Nov. 1628, as an ' old play.'
Part of the story is taken from the ' Travels
of Persiles and Sigismunda/ 1619, translated
(through the French version) from Cervantes,
and part from a novel in Cinthio's ' Heca-
tommithi.' Mr. Boyle adduces good reasons
for assigning several scenes of this skilfully
conducted play to Massinger ; for the grosser
portions Fletcher must be held responsible.
Colley Gibber's 'Love makes a Man/ ]700,
and Charles Johnson's' Country Lasses/ 1715,
were partly borrowed from this play. The
opening scene, modelled on ' Julius Caesar '
(ii. 1), of the ' Double Marriage/ 1647, com-
posed about 1620, is unquestionably by Mas-
singer; and probably he contributed some
scenes in the fourth and fifth acts. The
' False One/ 1647, composed about 1620, deals
with the fortunes of Julius Caesar in Egypt.
The rhetorical passages are of very high
merit, and the Masque of Nilus in the third
act is a graceful lyrical interlude. Mas-
singer's contributions are confined to the first
and fifth acts. ' Beggar's Bush/ 1647, was
performed at court at Christmas 1622. Cole-
ridge is reported to have said, ' I could read
it from morning to night ; how sylvan and
sunshiny it is ! ' The scenes in which the
woodland life of the beggars is depicted are
much in the manner of William Rowley (or
Rowley and Middleton, as in the ' Spanish

Gipsy'). Mr. Boyle assigns to Massinger
the first act and ' act ii. sc. 3, act v. sc. 1 and
2 down to line 110 ; ' but Massinger's share
is not clearly marked in this play. ' Beggar's
Bush ' continued to be popular after the Re-
storation, and three alterations have appeared,
the last in 1815 under the title of ' The Mer-
chant of Bruges/ when Kean took the part
of Flores with success at Drury Lane. The
' Prophetess/ 1647, licensed by Sir Henry Her-
bert 14 May 1622, is an odd jumble of his-
tory and supernaturalism. Massinger's share
was very considerable. An alteration by
Betterton ' after the manner of an opera/
with a prologue by Dryden, was produced
in 1690. The ' Sea Voyage/ 1647, an inte-
resting romantic comedy licensed by Her-
bert 22 June 1622, is partly modelled, as
Dryden observed, on the ' Tempest.' A poor
alteration by D'Urfey, entitled ' A Common-
Wealth of Women/ was produced in 1686
and published in the same year. The ' Elder
Brother/ published in 1637 as a work of
Fletcher, was probably revised and com-
pleted by Massinger after Fletcher's death.
A contemporary manuscript copy (unknown
to Dyce) is preserved in Egerton MS. 1994.
Colley Cibber formed from the ' Elder Bro-
ther ' and the ' Custom of the Country ' his
' Love makes a Man.' Both the date and
the authorship of the powerful tragedy the
' Bloody Brother' are uncertain. On the title-
page of the first quarto, 1639, it is ascribed
to ' B. J. F.' (Ben Jonson and Fletcher?) ;
in the second quarto, 1640, ' John Fletcher,
Gent./ is given as the author's name. It had
been entered in the ' Stationers' Register/
4 Oct. 1639, as the work of ' J. B.' Mr.
Fleay contends that the date is 1616-17, and
that the authors were Fletcher, Massinger,
andField, with the assistance of Jonsoninone
scene, iv. 2. Mr. Boyle tentatively assigns
iv. 1 to Daborne, who was not only incapable
of writing it, but had probably retired from
the stage and taken holy orders before 1617,
its earliest possible date. A plausible view
is that the * Bloody Brother ' was written
in the first instance by Fletcher and Jonson,
and that it was revised by Massinger on the
occasion of its revival at Hampton Court in
January 1636-7. It was one of the plays
surreptitiously acted at the Cockpit in 1648 ;
during the performance a party of foot-
soldiers beset the house and carried off the
actors in their stage habiliments to prison.
After the Restoration it was very popular.
The 'Lovers' Progress/ 1647, is a play of
Fletcher's with large alterations by Massin-
ger; the plot is taken from D'Audiguier's
'HistoireTragi-comiquedenotre temps/1615.
In the prologue the reviser, with the modesty

Fletcher

3°9

Fletcher

for which Massinger was distinguished, de-
clares himself to be

ambitious that it should be known
"What's good was Fletcher's and what ill his own.

This play is unquestionably a revised version
of the ' Wandering Lovers/ a play licensed

6 Dec. 1623, and may be identified with the

* Tragedy of Oleander ' (ascribed to Massin-
ger), which was performed at Blackfriars

7 May 1634. A play called ' The Wander-
ing Lovers, or the Picture,' was entered in
the ' Stationers' Register,' 9 Sept. 1653, as a
work of Massinger. In spite of the puzzling
after-title the entry probably refers to the
1 Lovers' Progress.' The ' Spanish Curate,'
1647, was licensed 24 Oct. 1622. Both plot
and under-plot are taken from a Spanish ro-
mance (of Goncalo de Cespides), which had
been translated into English by Leonard
Digges under the title of ' Gerardo the Un-
fortunate Spaniard,' 1622. The excellent
comic scenes are Fletcher's, but the more
serious portions of the play belong to Mas-
singer. In the preface to his alteration of
'Philaster,' 1763, the elder Colman states
that the ' Spanish Curate ' had been recently
revived without success. An alteration was
acted at Covent Garden in 1840. ' Love's
Pilgrimage,' 1647, a romantic comedy of
high merit, appears to be almost entirely by
Fletcher. In the first act are found some
passages that occur, with slight alterations,
in Ben Jonson's 'New Inn,' published in
1629. Weber's explanation, which Dyce
accepted, is that Shirley introduced these
passages when he revised Fletcher's play.
Mr. Fleay is of opinion that 'Love's Pil-
grimage ' was written as early as 1612, and
that Ben Jonson was the borrower. He
urges that the disputed passages are ' dis-
tinctly Fletcher's in style and metre ; ' but
this is a very bold assertion, for nothing
could be more Jonsonian than Colonel Tipto's
elaborate enumeration of his various articles
of finery (New Inn, ii. 2 ; Love's Pilgrimage,
i. 1). Nor is it possible to accept Mr. Fleay's
identification of ' Love's Pilgrimage ' with the
lost play ' Cardema ' or ' Cardano,' acted in
1613. The story of ' Love's Pilgrimage ' is
taken from ' Las dos Doncellas,' one of the

* Novelas Exemplares ' of Cervantes. ' Love's
Cure,' 1647, has an allusion to the Russian
ambassador who was in England in 1622 ;
and there are references to the renewal of
the war between Spain and Holland, and to
i the miraculous maid in Flanders ' who
' lived three year without any other susten-
ance than the smell of a rose.' The date
would seem to be about 1623, and the play is
probably by Massinger and Middleton. Mr.

Fleay fixes 1608 as the date of the original
production, and contends that 'Love's Cure'
is an alteration by Massinger of a play by
Beaumont and Fletcher. The ' Nice Valour,
or the Passionate Madman,' 1647, is an
amusingly eccentric comedy. In v. 3 men-
tion is made of a prose-tract that was not
published until 1624, but the original play
may have been written earlier. Mr. Fleay
suggests that much of the play was re-
written by Middleton. The verbal quibbles
are strongly suggestive of Middleton, and the
poetry is frequently in his manner. To this
play belongs the beautiful song ' Hence all
you vain delights,' which gave Milton hints
for ' II Penseroso.' In a contemporary com-
monplace-book preserved among the Malone
MSS. the song is ascribed to William Strode;
but Fletcher's claim to this and the other songs
in the ' Nice Valour ' cannot be seriously dis-
puted. Fletcher's hand can hardly be traced
in the ' Laws of Candy,' 1647, which is largely
by Massinger. The principal plot is taken from
the ninth novel of the tenth decade of Cin-
thio's ' Hecatommithi.' The ' Fair Maid of
the Inn,' 1647, licensed for the stage 22 Jan.
1625-6, was brought out after Fletcher's
death. Only a small portion can be assigned
to Fletcher ; the chief contributors seem to
have been Rowley and Massinger. Part of
the story is drawn from ' La Ilustre Fregona,'
one of Cervantes's ' Novelas Exemplares.'
From Sir Henry Herbert's 'Office-Book' it
appears that the ' Maid in the Mill,' licensed
29 Aug. 1623, and acted three times at court
in that year, was a joint work of Rowley and
Fletcher. The plot is taken partly from
Gon9alo de Cespides's ' Gerardo,' and" partly
from a novel of Bandello. To Fletcher may be
safely assigned the whole of the first act, part
of the third, and the early part of v. 2 (scene
between Otrante and Florimel). The ' Night-
Walker, or the Litte Thief,' was published
in 1640 as the work of John Fletcher. Her-
bert's 'Office-Book' shows that this comedy
was 'corrected' by Shirley in 1633. We
learn from the same source that it was acted
at court before the king and queen in January
1633-4, and was ' likt as a merry play.' Lang-
baine says that he had seen it acted by the
king's servants with great applause both in
town and country. Weber plausibly con-
jectured that the ' Night- Walker ' is an al-
teration by Shirley of Fletcher's ' Devil of
Dowgate, or Usury put to Use,' mentioned
by Sir Henry Herbert as ' a new play ' in
October 1623. The ' Coronation,' printed in
1640 as a work of Fletcher, was licensed in
February 1634-5 as written by Shirley, who
in 1652 claimed it in a list of his plays ap-
pended to the 'Cardinal.' There is no reason

Fletcher

3io

Fletcher

for supposing that Fletcher had any hand in
it. The ' Noble Gentleman/ 1647, was licensed
on 3 Feb. 1625-6. It is impossible to assign

29 June 1660, as a work of Beaumont and
Fletcher. Weber printed it in 1812 from a
manuscript which is now preserved in the
Dyce Library.

The ' Two Noble Kinsmen' is stated on the
title-page of the first edition, 1634, to have
been written by Fletcher and Shakespeare.
It is difficult to ascribe to Shakespeare any
share in the conduct of the plot, but it is
infinitely more difficult to conceive that any
other hand wrote the first scene (with the
opening song), Arcite's invocation to Mars
(v. l),.and the description of the accident
that resulted in Arcite's death (v. 4). Out-
side Shakespeare's later plays there is nothing
that can be compared with these passages.
To Fletcher belong acts ii., iii. (with the
exception of the first scene), iv., and v. 2.
Mr. Boyle has shown that Massinger had a
hand in the ' Two Noble Kinsmen/ and some
of the Shakespearean portions have suffered
from Massinger's interpolations. There is no
reason for supposing that Shakespeare and
Fletcher worked together on this play. Shake-
speare's contributions may have been written
(towards the close of his career) for a revival
of the old play of ' Palamon and Arsett/
mentioned by Henslowe in 1594, and these
' additions ' may have come into the hands
of Fletcher and Massinger after Shakespeare's
death.

It is generally agreed that Fletcher was
largely concerned in the authorship of
' Henry VIII.' That play in its present state
appears to be in the main a joint production
of Fletcher and Massinger, composed about
1617, some Shakespearean passages (notably
the trial-scene of Catherine) having been in-
corporated. Wolsey's famous soliloquy, * So
farewell to the little good you bear me ' (iii. 2),
and his parting words to Cromwell, may be
safely attributed to Fletcher, who must also
be held responsible for Cranmer's somewhat
fulsome prophecy at the close of the play.
The ' History of Cardenio/ entered by Hum-
phrey Moseley in the ' Stationers' Register/
9 Sept. 1653, as a joint work of Fletcher and
Shakespeare, is to be identified with the lost
play * Cardano ' or ' Cardema/ acted at court
in 1 6 1 3. Late seventeenth-century entries in
the ' Stationers' Register ' carry no authority
so far as Shakespeare is concerned.

A comedy, the ' Widow/ composed about
1616, was printed in 1652 as the work of
Jonson, Fletcher, and Middleton. It was

attributed to the three dramatists on the au-
thority of the actor Alexander Gough, but
appears to belong wholly to Middleton.

Fletcher was buried on 29 Aug. 1625 at
St. Saviour's, Southwark. ' In the great
plague, 1625/ says Aubrey (Letters written
by Eminent Persons, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 352), ' a
knight of Norfolk or Suffolk invited him into
the countrey. He stayed but to make himselfe
a suite of cloathes, and while it was makeing
fell sick of the plague and died. This I had
from his tayler, who is now a very old man,
and clarke of St. Mary Overy's.' Sir Aston
Cokaine, in his ' Epitaph on Mr. John Fletcher
and Mr.Philip Massinger/ wrote that Fletcher
and Massinger were buried in the same grave.
Dyce supposed that ' the same grave ' means
nothing more than { the same place of inter-
ment/ but there is no reason why the words
should not be accepted in their literal sense.

Fletcher is seen at his best in his comedies.
Few poets have been endowed with a larger
share of wit and fancy, freshness and variety.
Such plays as the ' Wildgoose-Chase ' and
' Monsieur Thomas ' are a feast of mirth from
beginning to end. The ' Faithful Shepherdess '
is (not excepting Ben Jonson's 'Sad Shep-
herd') the sweetest of English pastoral plays ;
and some of the songs scattered in profusion
through Fletcher's works are hardly sur-
passed by Shakespeare. In tragedy he does
not rank with the highest. ' Bonduca ' and
' Valentinian ' are impressive works, but in-
ferior to the tragedies that he wrote with
Beaumont, the l Maid's Tragedy' and ' A
King and No King.'

Beaumont and Fletcher's plays were col-
lected in 1647, fol., prefaced by various copies
of commendatory verses ; and a fuller collec-
tion appeared in 1679, fol. An edition in 10
vols., commenced by Theobald and completed
by Seward and Sympson, was published in
1750; another, under the general editorship of
the elder Colman, appeared in 1778, 12 vols. ;-
an edition by Weber in 14 vols. followed in
1812 ; and in 1840 George Darley wrote an
introduction to the 2-vol. edition. The latest,
and by far the best, edition is that of Alex-
ander Dyce, 11 vols. 1843-6.

[Dyce has collected the scanty materials for
Fletcher's biography in the memoir prefixed to-
vol. i. of his edition of Beaumont and Fletcher ;
and his prefatory remarks before the various plays
supply full bibliographical details, with notes
on the origin of the plots, the theatrical history
of the plays, &c. Mr. Fleay in his Shakspere;
Manual, -which must be regarded as a tentative
essay, and in papers contributed to the New Shak-
spere Society's Transactions, has rendered very
valuable aid towards distinguishing Fletcher's
work from the work of Beaumont and others..

Fletcher

311

Fletcher

His paper on the chronology of Beaumont and
Fletcher's plays in the ninth volume of Englische
Studien deserves attention. Mr. Kobert Boyle's
investigations in Englische Studien, and in the
Transactions of the New Shakspere Society, are
particularly important for the light they thro-w-
on Fletcher's connection with Massinger. Mr.
Macaulay's Study of Francis Beaumont, 1883,
is brightly written.] A. H. B.

FLETCHER, JOHN, M.D. (1792-1836),
medical writer, born in 1792, was the son
of Thomas Fletcher, merchant, of London.
Finding his father's counting-house irksome,
he began the study of medicine at Edin-
burgh, having already been an occasional
hearer of Abernethy and C. Bell in London.
He graduated M.D. in 1816. After making
a start in practice at Henley-on-Thames,
whither his family had retired suddenly in
reduced circumstances, he returned to Edin-
burgh and took private pupils in medicine.
His Latin scholarship and systematic methods
brought him many pupils. In 1828-9 he
joined the Argyll Square school of medi-
cine, having Mclntosh, Argyle Robertson,
and, for a time, James Syme, as his col-
leagues. He lectured on physiology, and
afterwards on medical jurisprudence. His
repute as a lecturer stood very high ; in 1836
he gave a course of popular lectures on phy-
siology to large audiences of the educated
laity of both sexes, illustrated by prepara-
tions and diagrams of his own making. He
died of a sudden illness the same year. His
earliest publication was 'Rubi Epistolse
Edinburgenses/ being a collection of good-
humoured satirical pieces on students and
professors. In 1822 he published ' Horae
Subsecivse/ a dialogue in Latin, and said to
be a very useful little book. His principal
work was ' Rudiments of Physiology,' in three
parts, Edinb. 1835-7, the last part (on sen-
sation, &c.) having been brought out by R.
Lewins, M.D. It is distinguished by origi-
nality and erudition. His ' Elements of
Pathology,' published several years after his
death (1842) by two of his pupils, John J.
Drysdale, M.D., and J. R. Russell, M.D.,
shows a certain leaning to the teaching of
Hahnemann. A paper entitled ' Vieles Spre-
chen ist gesund,' in Behrend's ' Wochentl.
Repert.' iv. 175 (1837), is attributed to him.
Besides one or two introductory lectures, his
only other publication is a tract on the trial
of Robert Reid for the murder of his wife,
29 June 1835 ; Reid was thought to have got
off unfairly, on a medico-legal plea urged by
Fletcher.

[Brit, and For. Med. Rev. 1836, ii. 302 ; bio-
graphical preface, by Lewins, to pt. iii. of
Kudiments of Physiology.] C. C.

FLETCHER, JOHN, D.D (d. 1848?),

catholic divine, a native of Ormskirk, Lan-
cashire, was educated at Douay College, and
at the English seminary of St. Gregory in
Paris. When the seminary was dissolved
he proceeded to the college of St. Omer, of
which his great-uncle, the Rev. William
Wilkinson, was for some time president.
Fletcher was one of the professors at St.
Omer throughout the imprisonment of the
members of the college at Arras and Dour-
lens. Upon their release in 1795 Fletcher
accompanied them to England, and was suc-
cessively missioner at Hexham, Blackburn,
and Weston Underwood. He was created
D.D. by Pope Pius VII on 24 Aug. 1821, in
recognition of his missionary merit and ex-
cellent sermons. Fletcher became chaplain
to the Dowager Lady Throckmorton, and
served the mission at Leamington. In 1844
he removed to the mission at Northampton,
which he resigned in 1848, owing to his ad-
vanced age. He died shortly afterwards.

His works are: 1. ' Sermons on various
Religious and Moral Subjects, for all the
Sundays after Pentecost,' 2 vols., London,
1812, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1821. Prefixed is < An
Essay on the Spirit of Controversy/ which was
also published separately. 2. ' The Catholic's
Manual,' translated from the French of Bos-
suet, with preliminary reflections and notes,
London, 1817, 12mo, 1829, 8vo. 3. < Thoughts
on the Rights and Prerogatives of the Church
and State ; with some observations upon the
question of Catholic Securities,' London, 1823,
8vo. 4. l Comparative View of the Grounds
of the Catholic and Protestant Churches/
London, 1826, 8vo. 5. 'The Difficulties of
Protestantism/ London, 1829, and again 1832,
8vo. 6. ' The Catholic's Prayer-Book/ Lon-
don, 1830, 12mo. For some time this manual
was extensively used. It was chiefly com-
piled from the manuscript of ' A Prayer-Book
for the Use of the London District/ 1813, by
the Rev. Joseph Berington [q. v.] 7. ' The
Prudent- Christian/ London, 1834, 12mo.
8. ' Guide to the True Religion/ a series of ser-
mons, 2nd edit., London, 1836, 8vo. 9. 'Tran-
substantiation, &c. A Letter/ London, 1836,
8vo. 10. ' Short Historical View of the Rise,
Progress, and Establishment of the Anglican
Church/ London, 1843, 8vo.

He also published translations of several
works, including Father Edmund Campion's
t Ten Reasons ' (1827), Antonio deDominis's
' Motives for Renouncing the Protestant Re-
ligion ' (1827), and De Maistre's 'Letters on
the Spanish Inquisition ' (1838).

[Gillow's Bibl. Diet, of the English Catholics;1
Catholic Magazine and Review (1833), iii. 112;
Butler s Hist. Memoirs (1822), iv. 441.] T. C, .

Fletcher

312

Fletcher

FLETCHER or DE LA FLECHERE,
JOHN WILLIAM (1729-1785), vicar of
Madeley , was born in 1729 at Nyon in Switzer-
land. His father was an officer in the army.
His schooldays were spent at Nyon, whence
he proceeded to the university of Geneva.
Both at school and at college he was dis-
tinguished for his attainments, especially in
classical literature. He was intended by his
friends for the sacred ministry, but he himself j
determined to be a soldier. With this inten-
tion he went, without his parents' consent,
to Lisbon, accepted a captain's commission,
and engaged to serve the king of Portugal
on board a man-of-war which was about to
sail to Brazil. Being prevented by an acci-
dent from carrying out his resolution, he re-
turned to Switzerland. His uncle, who was a
colonel in the Dutch service, procured a com -
mission for him, and he set out for Flanders ;
but his uncle having died before the arrange-
ment was completed, he gave up all thoughts
of being a soldier, and went on a visit to
England. During this visit he was recom-
mended as a tutor to the two sons of Thomas
Hill, esq., of Tern Hall in Shropshire, and
in 1752 entered Mr. Hill's family in that
capacity. He was soon afterwards deeply
impressed with the preaching of the metho-
dists, and determined to seek holy orders.
In 1757 he was ordained deacon and priest
on two successive Sundays by the Bishop
of Bangor (John Egerton), at the Chapel
Royal, St. James's. His first ministerial work
was to help Wesley at the West Street Chapel,
and to preach in various places to the French
refugees in their native tongue. He was
urged to return to Switzerland, but preferred
to remain in the land of his adoption, and
again made Tern Hall his home. He was
accustomed to help the vicar of Madeley, a
large parish ten miles distant, and he * con-
tracted such an affection for the people of
Madeley as nothing could hinder from in-
creasing more and more until the day of his
death' (BENSON). His intimacy with the
brothers Wesley, especially Charles, with
whom he kept up a constant correspondence,
increased, but, unlike them, he preferred pa-
rochial to itinerant work, and in 1760 he
accepted the living of Madeley, of which Mr.
Hill was the patron, in preference to one
which was double its value. Madeley is said
to have been a rough parish, ' remarkable for
little else than the ignorance and profane-
ness of its inhabitants, among whom respect
to men was as rarely to be observed as piety
towards God ' (ib.) It therefore offered
abundant scope for the untiring and self-
denying efforts of its new vicar, who con-
tinued, amid much opposition, to labour there

for a quarter of a century. Mr. Gilpin, a,
gentleman who lived in the neighbourhood,
and was well acquainted with Madeley,
writes in the most rapturous terms of hi*
ministerial work, and Wesley says that ' from
the beginning of his settling there he was a.
laborious workman in the Lord's vineyard,,
endeavouring to spread the truth of the gos-
pel, and to suppress vice in every possible
way. Those sinners who endeavoured to
hide themselves from him he pursued to
every corner of his parish, by all sorts of
means, public and private, early and late, in
season and out of season, entreating and
warning them to flee from the wrath to come.
Some made it an excuse for not attending the
church service on a Sunday morning that
they could not awake early enough to get
their families ready. He provided for this-'
also. Taking a bell in his hand, he set out-
every Sunday for some months at five in
the morning, and went round the most dis-
tant parts of the parish, inviting all the in-
habitants to the house of God.' He esta-.
blished < societies,' after the Wesley pattern,
at Madeley Wood and Coalbrook Dale, two-
outlying hamlets, and was so lavish in his
liberality that he injured his own health by
his abstinence in order that he might give
his money to the poor. Mr. Ireland, a rich
and pious gentleman of Bristol, whose name-
frequently appears in connection with the
evangelical revival, helped him with his purse,
and persuaded him to make a tour with him
in Italy and Switzerland. f As they ap-
proached the Appian Way, Fletcher directed
the driver to stop before he entered upon it.
He then ordered the chaise door to be opened,
assuring his fellow-traveller that his heart
would not suffer him to ride over that ground
upon which the apostle Paul had formerly
walked, chained to a soldier, on account of
preaching the everlasting gospel. As soon,
as he had set his foot upon this old Roman-
road, he took off his hat, and walking on,
with his eyes lifted up to heaven, returned
thanks to God, in a most fervent manner, for
that light, those truths, and that influence
of the Holy Spirit which were continued to
the present day.' In 1768 Selina, countess-
of Huntingdon, invited him to take the su-
perintendence of her college at Trevecca in
Wales, founded for the education of ' pious
young men of whatever denomination for the
ministry.' He was not to reside at Trevecca,
but was to visit the college as frequently as
he could. He made there, as he did every-
where, an extraordinary impression. Benson,
his principal biographer, was head-master at
the time, and thus writes of him : ' Mr.
Fletcher visited them [the students] fre-»

Fletcher

313

Fletcher

quently, and was received as an angel of
God. It is not possible for me to describe
the veneration in which we all held him.
Like Elijah, in the schools of the prophets,
he was revered, he was loved, he was almost
adored, and that not only by every student,
but by every member of the family. And
indeed he was worthy.' When the Calvinis-
tic controversy broke out in 1771 he resigned
his office, because he sympathised with Wes-
ley and not with Lady Huntingdon on the
points in dispute ; but he maintained, in re-
lation to the college, the same truly Christian
spirit which he had shown throughout the
whole of that unhappy controversy. ' Take
care, my dear sir,' he wrote to Mr. Benson,
who was dismissed from the head-mastership
because, like Fletcher, he took the Arminian
side, ' not to make matters worse than they
are ; and cast the mantle of forgiving love
over the circumstances that might injure
the cause of God, so far as it is put into the
hands of that eminent lady [Lady Hunt-
ingdon] who hath so well deserved of the
church of Christ. Rather suffer in silence,
than make a noise to cause the Philistines to
triumph.'

By his incessant work in his parish, his
frequent journeys in all weathers to Tre-
vecca, his self-denying abstinence, and his
literary labours, he injured his health, which
was not naturally strong, and in order to re-
cruit it he paid a long visit at the house of
Mr. Ireland, who now lived at Newington.
But he could not find there the rest and re-
tirement which he needed ; for ' he was con-
tinually visited by high and low, and by per-
sons of various denominations, one of whom
being asked when he went away what he
thought of Mr. Fletcher, said : " I went to see
a man that had one foot in the grave ; but I
found a man that had one foot in heaven ! " '
During his enforced absences from Madeley
he frequently wrote pastoral letters to his
parishioners, which breathe the spirit of the
most ardent piety ; and always took care to pro-
vide a ' locum tenens ' who would carry on his
work on his own lines. Partly to see his re-
lations, and partly in the hope of recovering
his health, he made another journey to Swit-
zerland, and stayed for some time at Nyon,
his birthplace, where he lodged in the same
house with William Perronet, son of that
vicar of Shoreham whom Charles Wesley
called the archbishop of methodism. He re-
turned to England with his health greatly
improved in 1781, and in the same year mar-
ried Mary Bosanquet, a lady of a kindred
spirit with his own. With her he settled
quietly down at Madeley, and spent the
remainder of his life in active parochial

work. He showed a particular interest ia
the children of the parish, teaching them
himself every day, and warmly took up the,
new scheme of Sunday schools, establishing
a large one at Madeley. In all his labours-
he was cordially helped by Mrs. Fletcher.
The laying the foundation of the Sunday
schools at Madeley was his last public work.
After about a week's illness he died at Madeley
on 14 Aug. 1785, leaving behind a reputa-
tion of saintliness such as few have ever at-
tained. John Wesley, in a funeral sermon
on the suggestive text, < Mark the perfect
man, and behold the upright, for the end of
that man is peace,' said that he had never
met so holy a man, and never expected to do-
so on this side of eternity ; and the testimony
of others is equally explicit.

Fletcher was a voluminous and very much,
admired writer. His best-known work is.
his * Checks to Antinomianism,' which was-
called forth by the disputes between the
Arminians (so called) and Calvinists in 1771.
It was written in defence of the minutes of the
Wesleyan conference of 1770, which aroused
the hostility of Lady Huntingdon and her.
friends, and had special reference to a * cir-
cular printed letter,' under the name of the
Hon. and Rev. Walter Shirley, inviting all
1 real protestants ' to meet and protest against
the obnoxious minutes. John Wesley ' knows-
not which to admire most [in the ' Checks'],
the purity of the language (such as scarce
any foreigner wrote before), the strength and
clearness of the argument, or the mildness-
and sweetness of the spirit that breathes-
throughout the whole.' Much of this praise
is thoroughly deserved ; and there is another
feature in the work which Mr. Wesley has.
not noticed. The ' Checks ' show that the
writer had a great sense of humour, and a,
vein of delicate satire, which, if he had not
been restrained by that spirit of Christian:
charity to which Mr. Wesley refers, would
have made him a most dangerous antagonist to
meddle with. But, unfortunately, the ( Checks
to Antinomianism ' are so inextricably mixed
up with the most feeble, bitter, and unprofit-
able controversy of the eighteenth century,
that justice has scarcely been done to their
intellectual merits. His other works are :
1. ' An Appeal to Matter of Fact and Com-
mon Sense ; or a Rational Demonstration of
Man's Corrupt and Lost Estate,' which was,
addressed ' to the principal inhabitants [that
is, the gentry] of the parish of Madeley, and
was published in 1772, though written a year
earlier. 2. ' An Essay on Truth ; or a Rational
Vindication of the Doctrine of Salvation by
Faith,' which he dedicated to Lady Hunting-
don and published in 1773. 3.' Scripture Scales

Fletcher

$14

Fletcher

to weigh the Gold of Gospel Truth,' 1774.
4. ' Zelotus [? Zelotes] and Honestus Recon-
ciled ; or an Equal Check to Pharisaism and
Antinomianism ' (which includes the first and
second parts of the 'Scripture Scales'), 1775.
6. 'The Fictitious and Genuine Creed,' 1775.
6. 'A Polemical Essay on the Twin Doctrines
of Christian Imperfection and a Death Purga-
tory,' popularly called his « Treatise on Chris-
tian Perfection,' 1775. 7. ' A Vindication of
Mr. Wesley's Calm Address to our American
Colonies, in Three Letters to Mr. Caleb Evans.'
8. ' American Patriotism further confronted
with Reason, Scripture, and the Constitu-
tion ; being Observations on the Dangerous
Politics taught by the Rev. Mr. Evans and
the Rev. Dr. Price,' 1776 ('I carried one of
them' (these tracts), wrote Vaughan to Wes-
ley, ' to the Earl of D. His lordship carried
it to the lord chancellor, and the lord chan-
cellor handed it to the king. One was im-
mediately commissioned to ask Mr. Fletcher
whether any preferment in the church would
be acceptable ? Or whether he [the chancel-
lor] could do him any service ? He answered,
"I want nothing but more grace"'). 9. 'The
Reconciliation ; or an Easy Method to Unite
the Professing People of God, by placing the
Doctrines of Grace and Justice in such a
Light as to make the candid Arminians Bible-
Calvinists, and the candid Calvinists Bible-
Arminians,' 1776. This was preceded by a
tract entitled 'The Doctrines of Grace and
Justice equally essential to the Pure Gospel ;
with some Remarks on the mischievous Di-
visions caused among Christians by parting
those Doctrines ; ' but this was intended as
an introduction to the ' Reconciliation,' and
the two were subsequently printed and sold
in one volume. During the last nine years
of his life his health was too delicate to allow
him to write anything except letters to his
friends and the pastoral addresses already
referred to.

[Life of the 'Rev. John W. de la Flechere,
compiled from the narrative of the Rev. J. Wes-
ley ; the Biographical Notes of the Rev. Mr.
Gilpin, his own Letters, &c., by the Rev. Joseph
Benson ; Fletcher's Checks to Antinomianism,
and Works, passim.] J. H. 0.

FLETCHER, JOSEPH (1582 ?-l 637),
religious poet, son of Thomas Fletcher, mer-
chant tailor of London, was, according to his
epitaph, sixty years old at the time of his
death in 1637. There can be little doubt that
he was four or five years younger. He was
entered at Merchant Taylors' School on
11 March 1593-4, and was elected to St
John's College, Oxford, in 1600, matriculat-
ing on 23 Jan. 1600-1, at the age of eighteen

He proceeded B.A. in 1604-5 and M.A. in
1608. He took part in a burlesque pageant
called ' The Christmas Prince/ played at
Oxford in 1607, together with his fellow-
collegiate, Laud (TKIPHOOK, Miscellanea
Antigua Anglicana, 1816). In the autumn
of 1609 he was presented to the rectory of
Wilby, Suffolk, by Sir Anthony Wingfield,
and he died there on 28 May 1637, being
buried in the church. A mural brass above
bis grave with verses inscribed upon it is
still extant. He married, first, in May 1610,
Grace, daughter of Hugh Ashley, vicar of
St. Margaret's, Ilkettshall, a parish in the
neighbourhood of Wilby. By her he had six
children: Joseph (baptised 7 April 1611),
William (baptised 13 April 1612), Grace
(baptised 28 Dec. 1613), Marie (baptised
27 Aug. 1605), John (baptised 18 May 1617),
and a sixth child, born in December 1618.
Fletcher's first wife died in giving birth to
the sixth child, and she was buried in Wilby
Church on 4 Dec. 1618. Her husband, when
entering her death in the burial register,
added two elegiac poems, one in Latin and
the other in English. Fletcher's second
wife (Anne) survived him, and to her he
left all his property by a will dated 1 May
1630.

Fletcher was the author of a volume of
poetry — now very rare — entitled ' The His-
torie of the Perfect, Cursed, Blessed Man :
setting forth man's excellencie, miserie, feli-
citie by his generation, degeneration, regene-
ration, by I. F., Master of Arts, Preacher of
God's Word, and Rector of Wilbie in Suffolk/
London, 1628, 1629. This is dedicated to
the author's patron, Sir Anthony Wingfield.
A long prose address to the reader precedes
the poem, which is written throughout in
heroic verse, and rarely rises above medio-
crity. Emblematical designs by Thomas Cecil
are scattered through the volume. No copy
is in the British Museum. A poem of far
higher literary quality called ' Christes Bloodie
Sweat, or The Source of God in his Agonie,by
I. F.' (London, 1613), has also been attributed
to Fletcher by Dr. Grosart and Mr. W. 0. Haz-
litt. The British Museum Catalogue accepts
the identification of ' I. F.' with Fletcher's
initials. But the authorship is very uncertain,
and little of the fervour of the earlier work
is discernible in the later. Dr. Grosart re-
printed the two volumes in his ' Fuller's
Worthies Library' as Joseph Fletcher's poeti-
cal works (1869).

[Robinson's Merchant Taylors' School Reg.
i. 34; Clark's Oxf. Univ. Reg. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.),
n. ii. 245, iii. 250 ; Dr. Grosart's preface to
Fletcher's Poetical Works ; Notes and Queries,
3rd ser. viii. 268.] S. L. L.

Fletcher

315

Fletcher

FLETCHER, JOSEPH, D.D. (1784-
1843), theological writer, was born 3 Dec.
1784 at Chester, where his father was a
goldsmith. In his boyhood he was deeply
impressed by the gospel, and after attend-
ing the grammar school of his native city,
prepared for the ministry in the independent
church by studying, first at Hoxton and then
at the university of Glasgow, where he took
the degree of M.A. in 1807. Receiving a call
from the congregational church of Blackburn,
Lancashire, he began his ministry the same
year, and continued there till 1823, when he
became minister of Stepney meeting, in the
metropolis. In 1816 he added to his duties
that of theological tutor in the Blackburn
college for training ministers. While dis-
charging the duties both of the congregation
and the chair, with marked ability and suc-
cess, Fletcher was also a voluminous writer.
The ( Eclectic Review ' had just begun its
career, and Fletcher was one of its regular
contributors. His papers gave proof of ample
stores of information, and of a scholarly and
powerful pen. On particular subjects Fletcher
published tracts and treatises that won con-
siderable fame. His lectures on the ' Prin-
ciples and Institutions of the Roman Catholic
Religion ' (1817) won great appreciation, Dr.
Pye Smith, Robert Hall, and others expressing
a very high opinion of them. A discourse on
'•Personal Election and Divine Sovereignty'
(1825) was also much commended. A volume
of poems (1846) was the joint production of
himself and his sister, Mary Fletcher. In 1830
the senatus of the university of Glasgow con-
ferred on him the degree of D.D. Without
reaching the first rank in any of his perform-
ances, he showed a completeness of character,
a combination of reasoning power and emo-
tional fervour which made him an acceptable
.and instructive preacher. As a writer who
gave birth to all his literary offspring amid the
whirl of constant practical work and endless
engagements he did little more than show
what he might have done with leisure and
other facilities for literary work. He died
8 June 1843.

JOSEPH FLETCHEK the younger (1816-
1876), congregational minister, Dr. Fletcher's
fourth son by his wife Mary France, was
born at Blackburn 7 Jan. 1816 ; was educated
at Ham grammar school, near Richmond,
Surrey ; went from a Manchester counting-
house in 1833 to study at Coward College ;
was called to the congregational church of
Hanley in 1839 ; was transferred to Christ-
church, Hampshire, in 1849, in succession to
Daniel Gunn [q. v.] ; resigned his charge
owing to paralysis at the close of 1873, and
died at Christchurch 2 June 1876. He kept

a school for a time at Christchurch, but the
death by drowning of seven of his pupils in
May 1868 caused him to close his establish-
ment. He published, besides the memoirs of
his father in 1846, < Six Views of Infidelity,'
a series of lectures given at Hanley in 1843 ;
' History of Independency,' an important
work in 4 vols. 1847-9, reissued 1853 ; and
' Life of Constantine the Great,' 1852 (Con-
gregational Year-Book^ 1877). He is also
credited with the libretto of an oratorio en-
titled l Paradise/ by John Fawcett the
younger [q. v.]

[Memoirs of the Eev. Joseph Fletcher, D.D.,by
his son, 1846 ; Waddington's Congregational
Hist.] W. G. B.

FLETCHER, JOSEPH (181 3-1852), sta-
tistician, born in 1813, was educated as a
barrister. From the age of nineteen he was
engaged upon works and reports in connec-
tion with the health, occupations, and well-
being of the people. He acted as secretary
to the handloom inquiry commission, and
afterwards to the children's employment
commission. His valuable reports of these
commissions formed the basis of useful legis-
lation. The disclosures of the children's em-
ployment commission in particular established
the necessity of parliamentary control. In
1844 Fletcher was appointed one of her ma-
jesty's inspectors of schools ; and his volu-
minous reports were among the most service-
able contributions to British educational sta-
tistics. For many years Fletcher was one of
the honorary secretaries of the Statistical
Society of London, and in this post he earned
wide recognition among statists at home and
abroad. He was also during the same period
editor of the 'Statistical Journal,' and re-
sponsible for the collation and arrangement
of the vast collection of documents published
in that journal. Fletcher was a member of
the council of the British Association, and
on several occasions acted as secretary to the
statistical section, contributing also a series
of memoirs to the association reports. In
1850 Fletcher published a < Summary of the
Moral Statistics of England and Wales ; '
and in the following year a work on ' Edu-
cation : National, Voluntary, and Free/ He
paid great attention to foreign educational
systems, and issued (1851-2) two treatises
on ' The Farm School of the Continent, and
its Applicability to the Preventive and Re-
formatory Education of Pauper and Criminal
Children in England and Wales.' Fletcher
died at Chirk, Denbighshire, 11 Aug. 1852.
He was an ideal statistician, having in a
singular degree the power of grasping facts
and realising their relative significance. He

Fletcher

316

Fletcher

was buried in the graveyard of Tottenham
Church.

[Gent. Mag. 1852 ; Journal of the Statistical
Society, 1852; Athenaeum, 1852.] G. B. S.

FLETCHER, MKS. MARIA JANE

(1800-1833). [See JEWSBTJRT.]

FLETCHER, PHINEAS (1582-1650),
poet, was elder son of Giles Fletcher, LL.D.
[ q. v.], by his wife, Joan Sheafe, and was bap-
tised at his birthplace, Cranbrook, Kent, of
which his grandfather, Richard Fletcher, was
vicar, on 8 April 1582. Like his father, he
was educated at Eton, and was thence elected
on 24 Aug. 1600 a scholar of King's College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1604,
M.A. in 1607-8, and afterwards B.D. He ob-
tained a fellowship before midsummer 1611 ;
contributed English verse to the university
collections in 1603, and acquired the reputa-
tion of a poet among his Cambridge friends.
In 1614 he wrote a pastoral play, ' Sicelides,'
to be acted before James I on his visit to
Cambridge, but the royal party left the uni-
versity before it was ready, and the piece was
performed later at King's College. Fletcher
remained at King's College till midsummer
1616. In his * Piscatory Eclogues,' where he
writes of himself under the name of Thyrsil,
he asserts that he left the university — * un-
grateful Chame,' he calls it — in resentment
for some slight cast upon him by the autho-
rities :

Not I my Chame, but me proud Chame refuses,
His froward spites my strong affections sever ;
Else from his banks could I have parted never.

For the next five years Sir Henry Willoughby
seems to have entertained Fletcher as his
chaplain at Risley, Derbyshire. In 1621 Wil-
loughby presented the poet to the rectory
of Hilgay, Norfolk, where he lived for the rest
of his life. Soon after settling at Hilgay he
married Elizabeth Vincent. In 1627 the pub-
lication of his ' Locustse/an attack on Roman
Catholicism, seems to have involved him in
a quarrel with some neighbours. His inti-
mate friends included Edward Benlowes
[q. v.l his junior by more than twenty years,
and Benlowes introduced him to Francis
Quarles. In Quarles's 'Emblems' (1635),
bk. v. No. vi., a globe representing the world
is inscribed with the name of four places, one
of them being Hilgay. Fletcher died at the
close of 1650. His will, dated 21 June 1649,
was proved by his widow, the sole execu-
trix, 13 Dec. 1650. Mention is made there
of two sons, Phineas and William, and four
daughters, Ann, Elizabeth, Frances, and
Sarah.
Fletcher's chief volume, ' The Purple Island

or the Isle of Man, together with Piscatorie
Eclogs and other Poeticall Miscellanies by
P. F.,' was printed by the printers to the uni-
versity of Cambridge in 1633. The dedica-
tion to Benlowes is dated * Hilgay, 1 May
1633.' There Fletcher describes the poems
that follow as ' these raw essayes of my very
unripe yeares, and almost childehood,' and
says that Benlowes insisted on their publica^
tion. A commendatory preface by Daniel
Featley, D.D., is succeeded by eulogistic verses
by E. Benlowes, his brother William, Francis
Quarles (two poems), Lodowick Roberts, and
A. C., who has been identified with Cowley.
' The Piscatory Eclogs arid other Poeticall
Miscellanies' has a separate title-page. The
seven 'Eclogs' contain much autobiographi-
cal matter, but the names of the author's,
friends are disguised. Thelgon is the poet's,
father, Thyrsil himself, and Thomalin is John
Tomkins. The ' Miscellanies ' include epitha-
lamia in honour of the author's cousins, ' Mr.
W.' and ' M. R.' (perhapsWalter and Margaret
Robarts) of Brenchley, and poems addressed
to Cambridge friends, the initials of whose
names alone are given, together with metrical
versions of the psalms. Membersof the Court-
hope family are believed to be intended by
' W. C.' and ' E. C.' Cole suggested that
' E. C., my son by the university,' was one
Ezekiel Clarke. A third title-page intro-
duces another poem, ' Elisa: an Elegie upon
the unripe demise of Sr Antonie Irby.' The
lady had died in 1625, and at the time that-
the elegy was published the husband was on
the point of marrying again. A poem by
Quarles closes the volume. In the British
Museum is the presentation copy given by
Fletcher to Benlowes. ' The Piscatory Ec-
logs ' was edited separately by Lord Wood-
houselee in 1771. 'The Purple Island' was.
reissued separately in 1784 and 1816 ; the
latter edited by Headley.

' The Purple Island,' in twelve cantos of
seven-line stanzas, is an elaborate allegorical
description of the human body and of the vices
and virtues to which man is subject. Them
are many anatomical notes in prose. The
body is represented as an island, of which the
bones stand for the foundations, the veins
for brooks, and so forth in minute detail.
Fletcher imitates the ' Faery Queene.' Quarles
calls him 'the Spencer of this age/ and
Fletcher eulogises his master in canto vi.
stanzas 51-2. But Fletcher's allegory is over-
loaded with detail, and as a whole is clumsy
and intricate. His diction is, however, singu-
larly rich, and his versification melodious.
Incidental descriptions of rural scenes with
which he was well acquainted are charm-
ingly simple, tfnd there is a majesty in his

Fletcher

3*7

Fletcher

personifications of some vices and virtues
which suggest Milton, who knew Fletcher's
works well.

Fletcher's other works are: 1. 'Locustae
vel Pietas Jesuitica. The Locusts or Apol-
lyonists,' Cambridge, Thomas & John Bucke,
1627. The first part in Latin verse is dedi-
cated to Sir Roger Townshend, the patron of
Phineas's brother Giles, and has commenda-
tory verse by S. Collins. The second part
in English verse, in five cantos of nine-line
stanzas, is dedicated to Lady Townshend,
and has prefatory verse by H. M., perhaps
Henry More. Two manuscript copies of the
Latin part are in the British Museum. One
Harl. MS., 3196, is dedicated in Latin prose to
Thomas Murray, provost of Eton (d. 1625),
and in Latin verse to Prince Charles. The
second manuscript (Sloane MS. 444) is dedi-
cated to Montague, bishop of Bath and Wells.
The poem is a sustained attack on Roman
catholicism,and the English version suggested
.many phrases to Milton. 2. ' Sicelides, or
Piscatory, as it hath been acted in King's Col-
ledge in Cambridge,' London, 1631. The piece
is in five acts, partly in blank, and partly
in rhymed verse. Songs are interspersed,
and there are comic scenes in prose. 3. f The
Way to Blessedness ; a treatise ... on the
First Psalm,' with the text, London, 1632
•(prose). 4. ' Joy in Tribulation ; a Consola-
tion for afflicted Spirits,' London, 1632 (prose).
-&. ' Sylva Poetica Auctore P. F.,' Cambridge,
1633; a collection of Latin poems and ec-
logues ; dedicated to Edward Benlowes. 6. l A
Father's Testament, written long since for the
benefit of a particular relation of the Author,'
London, 1670 (prose, with some verse, chiefly
translations from Boethius). Fletcher also
edited a previously unpublished Latin poem
by his father, entitled 'De Literis Antiques
Britannise,' Cambridge, 1633. He contri-
buted verses to f Sorrowe's Joy,' Cambridge,
1603 (a collection of Cambridge poems in Eng-
lish on the death of Elizabeth and accession of
James I) ; to < Threno-Thriambeuticon,' Cam-
bridge, 1603 (a similar collection in Latin) ;
•to his brother I i les's ' Christ's Victory,' 1610 ;
and to his fr -ml Benlowes's ' Theophila,'
1632. Dr. Grosart has credited Fletcher with
the authorship of a love-poem of consider-
able beauty, and somewhat lascivious tone, en-
titled ' Brittain's Ida,' an account of the loves
of Venus and Anchises. This poem was first
issued in 1627, and was described as by Ed-
mund Spenser. It is clear that Spenser was
not the author. There is much internal re-
semblance between Fletcher's other works
and ' Brittain's Ida,' and no other name has
l)een put forward to claim the latter poem.
But no more positive statement is possible.

Dr. Grosart has collected Fletcher's poetical
works in lour volumes in his ' Fuller's
Worthies Library/

[Dr. G-rosart's Memoir, in his edition of
Fletcher's Poems ; Dr. Grosart's Fuller's Worthies
Miscellany, iii. 70, where Fletcher's -will is
printed ; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Addit.
MS. 24487, f. 125; Cole's MS. Hist, of King's
College, Cambridge (Cole's MSS. xv. 35) ; Howell's
Letters, ii. 64 ; Eetrospective Review, ii. 341 ;
Phillips's Theatrum Poetarum.] S. L. L.

FLETCHER, RICHARD, D.D. (d. 1596),
bishop of London, was son of a Richard
Fletcher, ordained by Ridley in 1550, and
vicar of Bishops Stortford till his deprivation
by Mary in 1555. In July of the same year
he and his son witnessed the martyrdom of
Christopher Wade at Dartford in Kent, of
which an account signed by both was fur-
nished to Foxe (Acts and Mon. iii. 317, ed.
1684). On the accession of Elizabeth the
elder Fletcher was appointed to the vicarage
of Cranbrook, Kent, where Fuller states the
younger Fletcher to have been born. Fletcher,
however, was appointed by Archbishop Parker
to the first of the four Norfolk fellowships
founded by him in Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge, and on the college books he is
styled ' Norfolciensis.' He was admitted as
a pensioner of Trinity College, Cambridge,
16 Nov. 1562, and became a scholar there
in 1563. He became B.A. in 1565-6, M.A.
in 1569, B.D. in 1576, and D.D. in 1581.
He was made fellow of Corpus Christi in
1569. In 1572 he was incorporated M.A.
of Oxford, and in the same year was ap-
pointed to the prebendal stall of Islington
in St. Paul's Cathedral. According to Mas-
ters (Hist, of Corpus Christi College, pp. 285-8)
he received this stall from Matthew Parker,
son of the archbishop, who appears to have
had the patronage made over to him (for
this turn) to carry out his father's design of
getting prebendal stalls annexed by act of
parliament to his Norfolk fellowships. He
vacated his fellowship on his marriage with
Elizabeth Holland, which took place in Cran-
brook Church in 1573. In 1574 he was
minister of Rye in Sussex, where his son John
[q. v.] the dramatist and three of his elder
children were born. He was introduced by
Archbishop Parker to Queen Elizabeth, who
was attracted by his handsome person, courtly
manners, and ability as a preacher.

Sir John Harington says of him ' he could
preach well and speak boldly, and yet keep
decorum. He knew what would please the
queen, and would adventure on that though
that offended others.' Elizabeth's favour in-
sured rapid preferment. On 19 June 1575
he was presented by the queen to the living

Fletcher

318

Fletcher

of Bradenham, Buckinghamshire. In 1581
he became one of her chaplains in ordinary.
Whitgift recommended him unsuccessfully
for the deanery of Windsor. On 15 Nov.
1583 he was appointed to the deanery of
Peterborough, and on 23 Jam 1585-6 he was
installed prebendary of Stow Longa in Lin-
coln Cathedral, and in the same year became
rector of Barnack, Northamptonshire, on the
presentation of Sir Thomas Cecil. He also
held the rich living of Algarkirk in South
Lincolnshire, which, together with his stall,
on his becoming bishop of Bristol, he was
allowed to retain in commendam (Calendar
of State Papers, Dom. p. 663). He was also
chaplain to Archbishop Whitgift, and in that
capacity is stated to have helped to draw
up the original of the present 55th canon,
ordaining the form of bidding prayer to be
used by preachers before sermons. He is
said, however, the canon notwithstanding, to
have used a form of his own composing. He
held the deanery of Peterborough for six
years. He preached before the commissioners
for the trial of Mary Queen of Scots, in the
chapel of Fotheringay Castle, 12 Oct. 1586,
drew up a detailed report of the examination
of the queen, and officiated as chaplain at her
execution, 8 Feb. 1586-7. He obtruded his
* unwelcome ministrations ' upon Mary with
the insolence of unfeeling bigotry, and the
1 stern Amen ' with which his solitary voice
echoed the Earl of Kent's imprecation, l So
perish all the queen's enemies/ was an evi-
dent bidding for high preferment, followed
up without delay by a sermon (preserved in
manuscript in the library of St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge) delivered before Elizabeth
immediately after the execution of her rival.
Two years later Elizabeth resolved to confer
upon her ' well-spoken ' chaplain her father's
recently founded see of Bristol, which she
had kept vacant for thirty years. He was
consecrated by Whitgift in Lambeth Chapel
14 Dec. 1589 (STRYPE, Whitgift, i. 616). Ac-
cording to Sir John Harington, his elevation
was helped forward by some of the queen's
court, who were on the look-out for compliant
candidates, and obtained the bishopric for him
on terms by which he almost secularised the
see (COLLIER, Church Hist. vii. 222 ; STRYPE,
Whitgift, ii. 112). He took part in the con-
secration of Bishop Coldwell of Salisbury,
.16 Dec. 1591. Fletcher had a house of his
own at Chelsea, where he chiefly resided,
spending much more of his time at court than
in his diocese. Here his first wife, Elizabeth,
died, December 1592, shortly after the birth
of her daughter Mary (baptised 14 Oct.), and
was buried in Chelsea Church beneath the
altar. After three years' stay at Bristol he

was translated to the much richer see of Wor-
cester, his election taking place 24 Jan.
1592-3.

In June 1594 the see of London became
vacant by the death of John Aylmer [q. v.]
Fletcher wrote (29 June) to Lord Burghley,
giving reasons for his translation thither.
He 'delighted in' London, had been edu-
cated there, was beloved by many of the
citizens to whom he could be useful, and
would be near the court, ' where his presence
had become habitual and lookedfor ' (STRYPE,
Whitgift, ii. 214-15). The queen signified her
assent to his translation, and as bishop-elect
of London he took part with Whitgift and
others in drawing up the so-called ' Lambeth
Articles,' happily never accepted by the
church, in which some of the most offensive
of the peculiar doctrines of Calvinism were
dogmatically laid down. The queen con-
demned both the articles and their authors
very severely. Fletcher soon offended her
still more by an ill-advised second marriage.
She objected to the marriage of all bishops,
and thought it specially indecorous in one
two years a widower to contract a second
marriage, and that with a widow. The new
wife was the widow of Sir Richard Baker
of Sissinghurst in Kent, and sister of Sir
George GifFord, one of the gentlemen pen-
sioners attached to the court. She was a
very handsome woman, probably wealthy, ' a.
fine lady,' but with a tarnished reputation.
A very coarse satirical ballad preserved by
Cole (MS. xxxi. 205) says of the bishop, ' He
of a Lais doth a Lucrece make.' Fletcher
was forbidden the court, and the queen de-
manded from the primate his suspension from
the exercise of all episcopal functions. The
inhibition was issued on 23 Feb. 1594-5,
hardly more than a month after his confir-
mation as bishop of London. The next day
he entreated Burghley's good offices for his
restitution to the royal favour in a letter of
the most degrading adulation and self-abase-
ment (STRYPE, Whitgift, ii. 216). Through
Burghley's mediation the suspension was re-
laxed at the end of six months, and the queen
became partially reconciled to him. He con-
tinued piteous appeals to Burghley for re-
admission to the court. f His greatest com-
fort seculor' (sic, Fletcher's spelling in his
autograph letters is not only irregular but
ignorant) t for twenty years past had been
to live in her Highness' gratious aspect and
favour. Now it was a year all but a week
or two since he had seen her ' (ib. p. 218).
This letter was written on 7 Jan. 1595-6.
Elizabeth is said to have visited him at Chel-
sea, but he appears to have been still excluded
from court. He had so far resumed his offi-

Fletcher

319

Fletcher

cial position as to assist at the consecration
of Bishop Day of Winchester and Bishop
Vaughan of Bangor, 25 Jan. 1596 ; in March
he issued orders regulating the exercise of
their authority by ecclesiastical officers within
his diocese (COLLIEE, Eccl. Hist. ix. 352-6),
and in the following May he ventured to ask
for the appointment of his brother, Dr. Giles
Fletcher the elder [q. v.], as an extraordinary
master of requests (Lansd. MSS. Ixxxii. 28).
But his spirit was broken. On 13 June 1596
he assisted at the consecration of Bilson as
bishop of Worcester. He sat in commission
on 15 June till 6 P.M., and was smoking a
pipe of tobacco (of which he was immode-
rately fond, and to which Camden, prejudiced
against a novel habit, groundlessly attributes
his end) when he suddenly exclaimed to his
servant, ' Boy, I die,' and breathed his last.
He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral with-
out any memorial, leaving eight children,
several of whom were still very young. He
died insolvent, with large debts due to the
queen and others, his whole estate consisting
of his house at Chelsea, plate worth 400/.,
and other property amounting to 500/. A
memorial on behalf of his family was at once
presented to the queen. It was urged that
his debts were caused partly by his rapid
promotions, involving heavy payments of
first-fruits, partly by ' allowances or gratifi-
cations' made to members of her court, by her
desire, while he had spent the whole revenue
of his see on hospitality and other duties in-
cumbent on his office. His death, chiefly due
to the queen's anger at his marriage, had
atoned for the offence so given. His children
had no resources, and their uncle with nine
children of his own had barely enough for his
family (GEEEN, Calendar of State Papers,
Dorn. June 1596). What was the result of
this appeal to Elizabeth's generosity we are
not informed. His widow took for her third
husband Sir Stephen Thornhurst, knight, and
dying in 1609 was buried in Canterbury Ca-
thedral. Five of his eight children were :
Nathanael (b. 1575), Theophilus (b. 1577),
Elizabeth (b. 1578), John, the famous drama-
tist [q. v.], and Maria (b. in London 1592).
His will is dated 26 Oct. 1593, and was proved
23 June 1596.

Camden styles Fletcher ' praesul splendidus.
Fuller describes him as ' one of a comely
person and goodly presence. . . . He loved
to ride the great horse, and had much skill
in managing thereof; condemned for being
proud (such was his natural stately gait) by
such as knew him not, and commended for
humility-by those acquainted with him. He
lost the queen's favour by reason of his second
marriage, and died suddenly more of grief than

any other disease ' (FTJLLEE, Church Hist, v.,
231).

From the leading part he took in the com-
position of the ' Lambeth Articles,' and his
patronage of Robert Abbot [q. v.], after-
wards bishop of Salisbury, his theology was
evidently Calvinistic. Fletcher published
nothing. The manuscripts of the two ser-
mons (see above) preached at Fotheringay
and before Elizabeth after Mary's execution
are in the library of St. John's College, Cam-
bridge (i. 30), together with (1) a relation of
the proceedings against the queen of Scots at
Fotheringay on 12, 14, and 20 Oct., (2) a rela-
tion of divers matters that passed at Fother-
ingay on 8 Feb. 1586-7, and of the execution
of Mary, and (3) the manner of the solemnity
of the funeral of Mary on 1 Aug. Strype has
printed his exhortation to Mary upon her
execution (Annals, in. i. 560), and Gun-
ton his prayer at the execution (Hist, of
Peterborough, p. 75). His articles of visita-
tion are to be found in Strype (Annals, iv.350),
and some of his letters to Burghley (SxEYPE,
Whitgift, ii. 204-57).

[Strype's " Annals ; Cooper's Athense Cantabr.
ii. 205, 548 ; Dyce's Beaumont and Fletcher,
i. 7, 38 ; Faulkner's Chelsea, ii. 127, 197 ;
Fuller's Ch. Hist. v. 231; Collier's Ch. Hist. vii.
222, 396, ix. 352 ; Milman's St. Paul's, p. 301 ;
Camden's Annals, sub an. 1596; Cole MSS. xxvii.
22,xxxi. 305 ; Masters's Hist, of C.C.C. (ed. Lamb),
p. 323.] E. V.

FLETCHER, SIB RICHARD (1768-
1813), lieutenant-colonel royal engineers, son
of the Rev. R. Fletcher, who died at Ipswich
17 May 1813, was born in 1768. He passed
through the Royal Military Academy, WooL-
wich, was gazetted a second lieutenant in the
royal artillery 9 July 1788, and transferred to
the royal engineers on 29 June 1790. In 1791
he was sent to the West Indies, and took part
in the capture of Martinique, Guadaloupe, and
St. Lucia. At the storming of the Morne For-
tunes in the latter island, he was wounded in
the head by a musket-ball. He for a time com-
manded the royal engineers at Dominica, and,
returning to England at the end of 1796, was
appointed adjutant of the royal military arti-
ficers at Portsmouth. On 27 Nov. of this year
he married a daughter of Dr. Mudge of Ply-
mouth, and continued to serve at Portsmouth
until December 1798, when he was ordered
to Constantinople, and appointed a major
while employed in Turkey. On his way
out he was shipwrecked off the Elbe, and had
to cross two miles of ice to reach the shore.
He reached Constantinople in March 1799,
and in June of that year accompanied the
grand vizier in his march to Syria. On his
return from this expedition he was employed

Fletcher

320

Fletcher

on the defences of the Dardanelles. In
January 1800, ' equipped as a Tartar,' he left
Constantinople on a special mission to Syria
and Cyprus, returning in April, when he re-
ceived a ' beniche ' of honour from the sul-
tan. In June he embarked with the divi-
sion for Syria, landed at Jaffa, and was em-
ployed in constructing works of defence there
and at El Arish.

In December he was sent off in the Camelion
to Marmorice with despatches for Sir Ralph
Abercromby, who, with the army, was on his
-way to Egypt. He was then sent with Major
McKerras in the Penelope frigate to survey
the coast of Egypt, with a view to the dis-
embarkation of the troops. On arriving off
Alexandria they shifted into the Peterel sloop
of war, and proceeded in one of her boats to
reconnoitre Aboukir Bay, and with great en-
terprise landed at the spot which appeared
the most favourable for, and which was sub-
sequently chosen as the place of, disembarka-
tion. At dawn of day, as they were return-
ing to the Peterel, they were surprised by a
French gunboat. McKerras was killed by
a musket-ball, and Fletcher was taken pri-
soner.

After the capture of Cairo and Alexandria
and the capitulation of the French, Fletcher
-was released, and received for his services a
gold medal from the sultan. He returned to
England in 1802, and was stationed at Ports-
mouth, where he was employed in the exten-
sion of the Gosport lines of fortification. He
-was afterwards appointed brigade major to
Brigadier-general Everleigh, and held the
appointment until July 1807, when he joined
the expedition, under Lord Cathcart and Ad-
miral Gambier, to Copenhagen. In 1808 he
-was ordered to the Peninsula, where Sir H.
Dalrymple was then commander-in-chief ; he
took over the command of the royal engi-
neers from Major Landmann on 27 Aug., just
after the battle of Vimeiro. The convention
of Cintra followed, and Fletcher accom-
panied the army to Lisbon. On 21 June 1809
lie was promoted lieutenant-colonel, having
held local rank as such, with extra command
pay of twenty shillings a day since the March
^previous.

On the appointment of "Wellington as
commander-in-chief, Fletcher joined his staff
as commanding royal engineer, and accom-
panied him in the campaigns of 1809 and
1810 in Spain and Portugal. He took part
in the battle of Talavera on 27 and 28 July
1809, and was complimented by Wellington
in his despatch of 29 July. In October 1809
Wellington retired into Portugal. Fletcher,
as chief engineer, superintended the designing
*nd execution of the lines of Torres Vedras,

under the immediate orders of Wellington,
from October 1809 to July 1810, when the
works were nearly complete. Fletcher then
handed over the works to Captain (afterwards
Sir John) Jones, and hastened to the scene of
active operations on the Coa. He was pre-
sent at the battle of Busaco, and Wellington
in his despatch of 30 Sept. 1810 mentioned
his particular indebtedness to Fletcher. The
army retired behind the lines upon which
Fletcher had bestowed so much labour, and
he had the satisfaction of seeing the French
effectually checked by them. In November
1810, in a despatch to Lord Liverpool, Wel-
lington again specially noticed Fletcher's ser-
vices.

Fletcher was present at the battles of
Sabugal (2 April)., Fuentes d'Onoro (5 May),
and at the evacuation of Almeida by the
French on 10 May 1811. At the first Eng-
lish siege of Badajoz in May, and at the
second in June 1811, Fletcher had the direc-
tion of the siege operations, and was men-
tioned in despatches. In January 1812 he
had the direction of the siege of Ciudad
Rodrigo, and on its capture, Wellington, in
his despatch of 20 Jan. 1812, stated that
Fletcher's •' ability exceeded all praise.' The
third siege of Badajoz took place in March
and April 1812, and Fletcher again directed
the attack. On 19 March the garrison made
a sortie, and Fletcher was struck in the groin
by a musket-ball. A silver dollar piece re-
ceived the blow and saved his life, but in-
flicted a wound which disabled him. Wel-
lington, however, insisted that Fletcher should
retain the direction of the attack, and con-
sulted him in his bed every morning until
near the end of the siege. After the assault
and capture of Badajoz, Fletcher remained
there to place it again in a state of defence,
and then proceeded on leave of absence to
England.

In May 1811 the master-general of ordnance
had represented his important services to the
prince regent, and a pension had consequently
been granted him of twenty shillings a day
from 7 May 1811. He was now made a knight
commander of Hanover, created a baronet,
decorated with the gold cross for Talavera,
Busaco, Ciudad Rodrigo, and Badajoz, and
permitted to accept and wear the insignia of
the Portuguese order of the Tower and Sword.

On his return to the Peninsula, Fletcher
took part in the battle of Vittoria (21 June
1813), and was again mentioned in despatches.
He then made all the arrangements for the
blockade of Pampeluna, under Sir Rowland
Hill, and arriving at St. Sebastian shortly-
after the commencement of the siege he di-
rected the operations under Sir T, Graham,

Fletcher

321

Fletcher

until in the final and successful assault on
31 Aug. 1813 he was killed by a musket-ball
in the forty-fifth year of his age. Sir Augustas
Eraser says, in a letter written at the time :
' We cannot get Sir Richard's loss from our
minds ; our trenches, our batteries, all remind
us of one of the most amiable of men I ever
knew, and one of the most solid worth. No
loss will be more deeply felt, no place more
difficult to be filled up.'

Fletcher was buried with three other en-
gineer officers on the height of St. Bartholo-
mew, opposite St. Sebastian, where a tomb-
stone recorded the fact. A monument to
his memory, designed by E. H. Baily, R.A.,
was erected in "Westminster Abbey by his
brother-officers of the corps of royal engi-
neers. It stands at the west end of the north
aisle.

Fletcher left a son and five daughters, his
wife having died before him ; his only son
died in 1876 without issue, and the baronetcy
became extinct.

[Jones's Sieges in Spain ; Jones's "War in Spain ;
Wellington Despatches ; Napier's History of the
War in the Peninsula; Alison's History of Europe;
Landmann's Recollections; Sabine's Letters of
Colonel Sir A. S. Fraser; Conolly's Notitia His-
torica of the Corps of Royal Engineers ; Corps
Records.] R. H. V.

FLETCHER, ROBERT (/.1 586), verse
writer, seems to be identical with a student
of Merton College, Oxford, who came from
Warwickshire, proceeded B.A. in 1564, and
M.A. in 1567. He was admitted a fellow in
1563, but in 1569 quarrelled with Bickley,
the new warden. ' For several misdemeanors
he was turned out from his fellowship of that
house (i.e. Merton) in June 1569,' whereupon
he became schoolmaster at Taunton, and
afterwards 'preacher of the word of God'
(WOOD). He wrote two works, both very
rare, viz. : 1. f An Introduction to the Looue
of God. Accoumpted among the workes of
St. Augustine, and translated into English
by Edmund [Freake], bishop of Norwich that
nowe is ... and newlie turned into Eng-
lishe Meter by Rob. Fletcher,' London (by
Thomas Purfoot), 1581, dedicated to Sir
Francis Knollys. 2. ' The Song of Solomon/
in English verse, with annotations, London,
by Thomas Chard, 1586. A third very rare
volume — a copy is in the Grenville Library
at the British Museum — by a Robert Fletcher,
who may be identical with the author of the
two former volumes, is entitled l The Nine
English Worthies . . . beginning with King
Henrie the first, and concluding with Prince
Henry, eldest sonne to our soueraigne Lord
the King/ London, 1606, dedicated to Prince
Henry, and to the Earls of Oxford and Essex,

VOL. XIX.

' and other young lords attending the princes
highnesse.' Fletcher commends Ascham's
advice as to the need of learning in men of
high rank. Prefatory verse is contributed
by R. Fenne, Thomas, lord Windsor, Sir Will.
Whorewood, John WTideup, Jo. Guilliams,
Paul Peart, and others. A brief life of each
monarch in prose is followed by an epitaph in
verse, except in the last case, where the life
is wholly in verse.

[Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 179; Oxford
Univ. Reg. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), i. 253 ; Ames's Typ.
Antiq. ed. Herbert, pp. 998, 1195; Brodrick's
Memorials of Merton College, pp. 54, 267.]

S. L. L.

FLETCHER, THOMAS (1664-1718),
poet, eldest son of Thomas Fletcher by his
wife Mary Bourne, was born at Wirley
Magna, Staffordshire, on 21 March 1664,
and was educated at Winchester School and
at New College, Oxford, where he graduated
B.A. on 10 April 1689, M.A. on 14 Jan. 1692,
B.D. and D.D. on 25 June 1707. He was a
fellow of his college, and held for a time a
mastership at Winchester School. A man
of the same name held the prebend of Barton
David in the church of Wells from 1696 to
1713, and is probably the same person, though
the cathedral archives do not establish the
fact. Fletcher was an admirer of Bishop Ken,
and wrote some fulsome verses to him on his
promotion to the see of Bath and Wells in
1685. The prebend did not fall vacant until
after Ken's deprivation, but it is probable
that he still retained and exerted sufficient in-
fluence with the dean and chapter of Wells to
secure Fletcher's appointment, the more so as
they cordially detested his successor, Bishop
Kidder. Fletcher died on 21 Feb. 1718. By
his wife, Catherine Richards, he had three
daughters and one son, Thomas. He is now
represented by Thomas William Fletcher,
esq., of Lawneswood House, near Stourbridge,
Staffordshire.

Fletcher is the author of a small volume
of verse entitled ' Poems on Several Occa-
sions and Translations, wherein the first and
second books of Virgil's vEneis are attempted
in English/ London, 1692, 8vo. A dedication
to the Rev. William Harris, D.D., l school-
master of the college near Winton/ explains
that the poems are chiefly juvenile exercises.
The first book of the ^Ene'id is translated in
heroic couplets, part of the second and also
part of the fourth in blank verse. The volume
also contains a translation of the second
epode of Horace, and of part of the first book
of Boethius's ' De Consolatione Philosophise/
the verses to Ken referred to in the text, a
' pastoral ' on the birth of Christ, and some
other pieces of a conventional stamp.

Flete

322

Flexman

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 559;
Hearne's Remarks and Collections (Oxford Hist.
Soc.), i. 291 ; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl.; Cat.
of Oxford Graduates ; Burke's Landed Gentry ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] J. M. E.

FLETE, JOHN (fl. 1421-1465), a Bene-
dictine monk, prior of Westminster Abbey
in the reign of Henry VI, and the author
of a Latin chronicle of the early history of
that foundation, entered the monastery of
St. Peter's, Westminster, about 1421, as-
cending step by step the different posts avail-
able to the brethren, till in 1448 he was
unanimously elected prior. During the sus-
pension of Abbot Norwych, who succeeded
Kirton as abbot in 1462, Flete, assisted by
two monks, administered the spiritual and
temporal affairs of the monastery, and had
he lived would probably have been made
abbot on the death of Norwych (1469). But
in 1465 he resigned the post of prior and
seems to have died soon afterwards. He was
a pious and learned man, ' addicted to read-
ing of history, and zealous for the gaining
of souls ' (STEVENS). His homilies, which are
mentioned as ' notable ' by several writers,
are no longer extant, and the only remaining
record of him is his manuscript history of
the abbey. He began to write it in 1443,
and intended to carry it on to that year, but
it ends with Abbot Littington's death in
1386, and in all probability Flete's duties
as prior and acting-abbot prevented his carry-
ing out his original plan. The first chapters
of the ' Chronicle ' are devoted to the legends
of the foundation and dedication of the ab-
bey ; these are followed by an account of the
benefactors and the relics, and it concludes
with the lives of the abbots up till 1386.
The book has been much used by later his-
torians of the abbey, but is inexact in many
particulars. The original manuscript is in
the Chapter Library, Westminster, and there
is a later and abridged manuscript copy in
Lambeth Library.

[Widmore's Hist, of St. Peter's, Westminster ;
Tanner's Bibliotheca ; Pits, De Illustr. Brit.
Script.] E. T. B.

FLEXMAN, ROGER, D.D. (1708-1795),
presbyterian minister, was born on 22 Feb.
1708 at Great Torrington, Devonshire, where
his father was a manufacturer. He showed
early promise, and at the age of fifteen (1723)
was admitted to the academy of John Moore,
presbyterian minister at Tiverton, Devon-
shire, to study for the ministry. He declined
an offer from Moore of the post of tutor in
the academy, and applied to the Exeter as-
sembly on 7 May 1728 to admit him to ex-
amination for license. His application was

granted, in spite of his youth, in considera-
tion of his long study, and the ' great want
of ministers.' On examination he gave full
satisfaction to that staunch Calvinist, John
Ball (1665 P-1745) [q. v.] He was licensed
at Tiverton in the course of the summer. Ac-
cording to the records of the Exeter assembly
he began his ministry at Great Torrington.
He was ordained at Modbury, Devonshire,
on 15 July 1730. In 1731 he became minis-
ter at Bow, near Crediton, Devonshire, and
appears to have assisted Josiah Eveleigh, the
presbyterian minister at Crediton. In 1735
he removed to Chard, Somersetshire, and in
1739 to Bradford, Wiltshire. He came to
London in 1747, having accepted a call to
the presbyterian congregation in Jamaica
Row, Rotherhithe. In 1754 he was chosen
one of the preachers of the Friday morning
lecture, founded in 1726 at Little St. Helen's,
Bishopsgate, by William Coward (d. 1738)
[q. v.]

Flexman was an assiduous, and for some
time a successful, minister at Rotherhithe.
In 1770 he received the degree of D.D. from
the Marischal College, Aberdeen. Prefer-
ment was offered him in the established
church. Owing partly to the failure of his
health, partly, perhaps, to his adoption of
Arian views, his congregation declined, and
on his resignation in 1783 became extinct.
He retained his lectureship to extreme old
age. Heterodox on a main point of theology,
Flexman was conservative in his religious
philosophy, and in later life exhibited ' un-
common ardour ' in opposition to materialists
and necessarians.

Flexman was remarkable for historical at-
tainments, and especially for his minute and
accurate knowledge of the constitutional his-
tory of England. His extraordinary memory
was invaluable in historical research. His re-
putation in this respect introduced him to
some of the leading politicians of his day,
and, having already shown skill as an index-
maker, he was appointed (1770) one of the
compilers of the general index to the journals
of the House of Commons. His plan was
adopted by a committee of the house, and
the period 1660-97 was assigned to him. He
completed his work in four folio volumes
(viii-xi.) in 1780 ; it was his best paid piece
of literary work. George Steevens, in con-
versation with Johnson, happened to men-
tion Flexman's ( exact memory in chrono-
logical matters : ' Johnson impatiently cha-
racterised him as ' the fellow who made the
index to my " Ramblers," and set down the
name of Milton thus: Milton, Mr. John.'
Flexman compiled a bibliography appended
to his edition of Burnet's 'Own Time,'

Flexmore

323

Fliccius

1753-4, 8vo, 4 vols. ; a memoir and biblio-
graphy prefixed to the ' Twenty Sermons/
1755, 8vo, of Samuel Bourn the younger
fq. v.] ; and bibliographies annexed to the
funeral sermons for Samuel Chandler, D.D.
[q. v.], 1766, and Thomas Amory, D.D. [q. v.],
1774. He was a trustee of Dr. Williams's
foundations from 1778 to 1786, and librarian
from 1786 to 1792.

In ' Psalms and Hymns for Divine Wor-
ship,' 1760, 12mo, edited by Michael Pope,
presbyterian minister of Leather Lane, are
four compositions, signed ' F.J which were
contributed by Flexman. One of them ap-
pears, with improvements, in Kippis's ' Col-
lection/ 1795, 12mo, and has found a place
in similar collections of more recent date.

During his last years Flexman was subject
to a painful disorder, which seems to have
weakened his mind. He died on 14 June
1795, at the house of his daughter in Prescot
Street, Goodman's Fields. His funeral ser-
mon was preached by Abraham Rees, D.D.,
of the ' Cyclopaedia.' He married (1747) a
daughter of a member of his congregation at
Bradford, named Yerbury.

Flexman's contributions to periodical lite-
rature have not been identified. Besides the
above he published: 1. 'The Connexion and
Harmony of Religion and Virtue/ &c., 1752,
8vo (charity sermon). 2. ' Critical, His-
torical, and Political Miscellanies,' &c., 1752,
8vo; 1762, 8vo. 3. 'The Plan of Divine
Worship in the Churches of Protestant Dis-
senters/ &c., 1754, 8vo (against forms of
prayer). 4. < The Nature and Advantage of
a Religious Education/ &c., 1770, 8vo (ser-
mon). Also funeral sermon for Amory, 1774,
8vo.

[Rees's Funeral Sermon, 1795; Protestant
Dissenters' Magazine, 1795, pp. 264, 399 sq. ;
Wilson's Dissenting Churches, 1808, iv. 361 sq.;
Murch's Hist. Presb. and Gen. Bapt. Churches in
West of Engl. 1835, pp. 64, 67, 456; Boswell's
Johnson (Wright), 1859, viii. 327; Jeremy's
Presbyterian Fund, 1885, p. 170; manuscript
minutes of Exeter assembly (May 1723 to Sep-
tember 1728) in Dr. Williams's Library ; manu-
script list of ordinations, preserved in the records
of the Exeter assembly.] A. Gr.

FLEXMORE, RICHARD (1824-1860),
pantomimist, whose real name was Richard
Flexmore Geatter, son of Richard Flexmore
Geatter, a well-known dancer, who died at
an early age, was born at Kennington, Lon-
don, 15 Sept. 1824. At the age of eight he
commenced his theatrical career at the Vic-
toria Theatre, where his juvenile drollery
soon attracted attention. In 1835 he ap-
peared at a small theatre which then existed
in Chelsea in a fantastic piece called ' The

Man in the Moon/ and danced very eifectively
a burlesque shadow dance. He subsequently
became a pupil of Mr. Frampton, and showed
great aptitude for stage business in his own
peculiar line. As a grotesque dancer his
services soon became in request at various
theatres, and in 1844 he appeared as clown
at the Grecian Saloon. The winter following
he made his first great hit when taking the
part of clown at the Olympic Theatre, which
was then under the management of T. D.
Davenport. His wonderful activity and
abundant flow of animal spirits became
quickly recognised, and he was then engaged
for the Princess's Theatre, where he remained
for several seasons. On 28 July 1849 he
married, at St. Mary's parish church, Lam-
beth, Francisca Christophosa, daughter of
Jean Baptiste Auriol, the famous French
clown, and with her acted with great success
in the chief cities of the continent. He after-
wards appeared at the Strand, the Adelphi,
and Covent Garden theatres, and more re-
cently at Drury Lane, where he performed in
the pantomime ' Jack-in-the-Box ' at Christ-
mas 1859. He was especially noted for his
close and natural imitation of the leading
dancers of the day, such as Perrot, Carlotta
Grisi, Taglioni, Cerito, and others ; but al-
though chiefly known as a dancing clown, he
could when required also take the part of
clown a la Grimaldi in a very efficient man-
ner, and was one of the most diverting
pantomimists who ever delighted a holiday
audience. His physical strength and activity
were remarkable ; but he overtaxed his powers
to obtain the applause of the public, and
brought on a consumption, of which he died
at 66 Hercules Buildings, Lambeth, London,
20 Aug. 1860, and was buried at Kensal
Green on 27 Aug. His widow, who married
her cousin, Monsieur Auriol, died in Paris
3 Sept. 1862. His mother, Ann Flexmore
Geatter, whom he had supported for many
years, died 26 Dec. 1869, aged 88.

[Gent. Mag., October 1860, p. 440 ; Times,
23 Aug. 1860, p. 8; Era, 26 Aug. 1860, p. 10,
2 Sept. p. 10 ; Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic
News, 19 Dec. 1874, p. 268 (portrait), 18 Dec.
1875, p. 294; Mrs. Evans Bell's A First Appear-
ance, 1872, i. 129-33, iii. 195-7.] G. C. B.

FLICCIUS or FLICCUS, GERBARUS,
GERLACHUS or GERBICUS (f,. 1546-
1554), a native of Germany, was the painter
of the interesting portrait of Archbishop
Cranmer which was presented to the British
Museum in 1776 by John Michell, M.P., of
Bay field Hall, Norfolk, and in June 1879
was transferred to the National Portrait
Gallery. This portrait was painted in 1546,

T 2

Flight

324

Flight

•when the archbishop was fifty-seven years of
age, and shows Cranmer without the long
white beard which he suffered to grow after
Henry VIII's death in the following year.
The picture is signed ' Gerbarus Fliccus Ger-
mamcus faciebat.' It has been frequently
engraved, viz. in Thoroton's ' History of Not-
tinghamshire' (1677), Strype's 'Memorials
of Cranmer/ Lodge's ' Illustrious Portraits/
and other works. Other portraits from the
hand of the same painter have been noted,
viz. ' Thomas, first Lord Darcy of Chiche '
(painted in 1551), at Irnham in Lincoln-
shire ; ' James, second Earl of Douglas and
Mar ' (painted in 1547), at Newbattle Abbey,
East Lothian ; and others. The last-named
portrait, which is probably a copy of an older
one, as the earl was killed at Otterbourne in
1388, is stated to be signed < Gerbicus Flicciis
Germanicus faciebat setatis 40.' A curious
double portrait was offered for sale at Christie's
auction-rooms on 25 July 1881 ; it contained
two small portraits of the painter and a friend
named Strangways, who were fellow-pri-
soners in London at the time (1554) when
it was painted, and the painting was exe-
cuted in prison, according to the inscriptions.
This picture was then in the possession of
Robert de Ruffiero, Belsize Park Road, and
had formerly belonged to Dr. Edward Monk-
house, F.S. A. All these portraits are painted
in the style of Lucas Cranach, the great Lu-
theran painter of Saxony, and this, taken with
the date of imprisonment and the painter's
connection with Cranmer, would point to his
being one of the victims of the religious per-
secutions of Queen Mary's reign and himself
an ardent protestant.

[J. G. Nichols, in Archseologia, xxxix. 25 ;
Cat. of the National Portrait Gallery, 1888; infor-
mation from G. Scharf, C.B., F.S.A.] L. C.

FLIGHT, BENJAMIN (1767 P-1847).
organ-builder, was son of Benjamin Flight^
of the firm of Flight & Kelly, organ-builders.
In conjunction with his son J. Flight and
Joseph Robson he constructed the apolloni-
con, an instrument with five manuals, forty-
five stops, and three barrels. This ingenious
contrivance was exhibited in 1817 and the
following years until 1840. The partnership
with Robson was afterwards dissolved, but
Flight continued to interest himself in cer-
tain inventions and improvements in the
mechanism of organs. He died, aged 80, in
1847, leaving the business in the hands of
his son, J. Flight, who carried it on until
1885.

[Grove's Diet. i. 74, 532; Rees's Cyclopaedia,
vol. xxv. under ' Organs;' private information.]

L. M. M. '

FLIGHT, WALTER (1841-1885), mine-
ralogist, son of William P. Flight of Win-
chester, was born in Winchester 21 Jan. 1841.
[Ie was educated at Queenwood College^
Hampshire, where Debus then taught che-
mistry and Professor Tyndall physics, and in
after life Debus was his constant friend.
After coming of age Flight proceeded to Ger-
many and spent the winter session of 1863-
L864 studying chemistry under Professor
Heintz at the university of Halle. He passed)
the next two years at Heidelberg, and acquired
a thorough knowledge of chemistry. His
studies in Germany were completed at Berlin,
where he acted for some time as secretary
and chemical assistant to Professor Hofmamu
In 1867 Flight returned to England, and
took the degree of doctor of science at London
University. In 1868 he was appointed assist-
ant examiner there in chemistry under Pro-
fessor Debus. On 5 Sept. 1867 he became an
assistant in the mineralogical department of
the British Museum under Professor N. Story-
Maskelyne. In the laboratory, which was
now specially fitted up, he commenced a series
of researches upon the mineral constituents
of meteorites and their occluded gases, which
rapidly brought him into notice. He was
appointed examiner in chemistry and physics-
at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,
in 1868, and in 1876 examiner to the Royal
Military Academy, Cheltenham. He also-
acted for several years as a member of the-
committee on luminous meteors appointed by
the British Association. In 1880 he married
Kate, daughter of Dr. Fell of Ambleside.

Flight wrote twenty-one papers on scien-
tific subjects, of which the first three, all on
chemical subjects, appeared in German perio-
dicals in 1864-5-70. The later papers were
chiefly upon meteorites, dealing in detail
with the recorded circumstances of their fall,
and with their mineralogical and chemical
constituents ; several, written in conjunc-
tion with Professor Story-Maskelyne, give-
accounts, published in the ' Philosophical
Transactions/ of the meteorites which fell at
Rowton in Shropshire, at Middlesborough,
and at Cranbourne in Australia. A paper,
thus jointly written, on ' Francolite,Vivianite,
and Cronstedtite from Cornwall/ appeared in
the ' Journal of the Chemical Society ' for
1871. The last paper Flight wrote was on
the meteorite of Alfianello in Italy. Between
1875 and 1883 Flight contributed a series

(published

1887). Flight was elected a fellow of the-
Royal Society on 7 June 1883. In 1884 he
was taken so seriously ill that he was com-

Flindell

325

Flinders

pelled to resign his post in the British Mu-
seum, and died on 4 Nov. 1885, leaving a
widow and three young children.

[Geol. Mag., December 1885 ; A Chapter in
the History of Meteorites, by W. Flight (with
obituary notice), 8vo, 224 pp., seven plates and
six woodcuts, 1887.] W. J. H.

FLIISTDELL, THOMAS (1767-1824),
newspaper editor and printer, was horn in
1767 at Helford, in the parish of Manaccan,
Cornwall, and was, to use his own words,
* bred an illiterate half-seaman.' He was
apprenticed to a printer, and in 1790, when
twenty-three years old, was sent to Yorkshire
to conduct the ' Doncaster Gazette,' the circu-
lation of which he largely increased through
his happy audacity in anticipating the de-
cision of the jury in the trials of Hardy and
HorneTooke by publishing the verdict of 'not
guilty.' About 1798 he returned to Helston in
his native county, where he opened business
as a printer, starting the ' Stannary Press/ and
publishing several works by the Rev. Richard
Polwhele and Dr. Hawker, as well as an
edition of Pope's l Essay on Man.' In 1800
he removed to Falmouth, and in that year
was published the first volume of his impres-
sion of the Bible, which he issued in num-
bers. The introduction and notes to three of
the books of the Old Testament were contri-
buted by the Rev. John Whitaker, and Pol-
whele wrote the notes on the other books;
but the work was left incomplete, and copies
are now very scarce. The first number of
the ' Cornwall Gazette and Falmouth Packet,'
a weekly paper, was started at Falmouth
under his editorship on 7 March 1801, and it
lasted until 16 Oct. 1802, when it ceased
through the bankruptcy of his partners.
Flindell possessed abundant energy and a
vigorous style of composition, and when
backed by the support of the leading Cornish
gentry he was emboldened into establishing
at Truro in the following year a larger news-
paper called the ' Royal Cornwall Gazette.'
Its first number appeared on 2 July 1803,
and it still survives. A rival newspaper in
the opposite political interest was started in
a few years, when the two editors (Flindell
and Edward Budd) opened a fierce contro-
versy in their own journals and in separate
publications. To damage his political anta-
gonist Flindell wdtild have published the de-
tails of a private conversation, and a letter
of remonstrance with him on this point is in
the l Life of Samuel Drew,' pp. 369-72. He
parted with his interest in this paper in 1811,
but he continued the printing business at
Truro during the next year. His next ven-
ture was the l Western Luminary,' a weekly
newspaper of tory principles, which he set on

foot at Exeter early in 1813. It prospered
for some years, until the fierceness of his
political zeal led him to stigmatise Queen
Caroline as ' notoriously devoted to Bacchus
and Venus,' when Wetherell brought the
matter before the House of Commons (24 and
25 July 1820), and moved that it was a breach
of the house's privileges. This was not un-
reasonably resisted by Lord Castlereagh, and
as it appeared in the subsequent discussion
that a prosecution would be instituted the
motion was withdrawn. For this indiscre-
tion Flindell was prosecuted, and on 19 March
1821 was sentenced to an imprisonment of
eight months in Exeter gaol. During his
confinement he composed a volume entitled
' Prison Recreations : the philosophy of reason
and revelation attempted, with a view to
the restoration of the theory of the Bible
on the ruins of infidelity.' The discussion
of religious topics was one of his chief
pleasures, and the pages of his Exeter paper
contained a lengthened controversy from
three divines, named Cleeve, Dennis, and Car-
penter, on the Trinitarian question, which
Flindell ' closed at last in a somewhat per-
plexed manner/ and provoked from Colton
the epigram printed in Archdeacon Wrang-
ham's catalogue of his English library, p. 564,
to the effect that the three parsons had proved
' not one incomprehensible but three/and Flin-
dell had shown ' not three incomprehensible
but one.' His prison restraint impaired his
health ; he wrote in January 1824 that he
was breaking up fast, and his illness was ag-
gravated by his indignation at the severe
treatment which he had received, while others
who had used equally strong language had
escaped scot-free. After a protracted illness
he died at Exeter on 11 July 1824, aged 57.
His wife and a numerous family survived
him ; he had eight children in 1806, some
of whom are mentioned in Boase's ' Collec-
tanea Cornub./ p. 251. Several letters by
Flindell are in J. E. Ryland's ' Kitto/ pp.
124-9, 155 ; Polwhele's ' Traditions and Re-
collections/ ii. 778-81 ; ' Reminiscences/ i.
125-6 ; and f Biographical Sketches in Corn-
wall/ ii. 57. ' A man of strong understand-
ing, though by no means polished or refined/
was Polwhele's accurate estimate of Flindell's
character.

[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ; An-
drews's British Journalism, ii. 128-33 ; Timper-
ley's Typographical Anecdotes, pp. 853, 879, 893 ;
Gent. Mag. 1824, ii. 93 ; Hansard, new ser. ii.
586-609.] W. P. C.

FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814),
captain in the navy, hydrographer and dis-
coverer, was born on 16 March 1774 at Don-
ington, near Boston in Lincolnshire, where

Flinders

326

Flinders

his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather
had practised as surgeons. He was intended
for the same profession, but being, in his
own phrase, ' induced to go to sea, against
the wish of friends, from reading " Robinson
Crusoe," ' he applied himself to the study of
geometry and navigation with such assiduity
that he obtained a competent knowledge of
them without a master or other assistance.
In May 1790, acting, it would seem, on the
advice of a cousin who was governess in
the family of Captain (afterwards SirThomas)
Pasley, he offered himself on board Captain
Pasley's ship, the Scipio, at Chatham. Pasley
receivedhim kindly , placed him on the quarter-
deck, took him with him to the Bellerophon
during the Spanish armament, and in the end
of the year, when the Bellerophon was paid
off, sent him to the Providence with Captain
William Bligh [q. v.], on the point of sailing
to the South Sea on his second and success-
ful attempt to transplant the bread-fruit tree
to the West Indies. His preliminary study
of navigation now proved serviceable, and
he was entrusted by Bligh with a greater
share of the navigation and chart-drawing
than was due to his few months' service at
sea. On his return to England in 1793 Com-
modore Pasley was again commissioning the
Bellerophon, and again took Flinders with
him. On returning to Portsmouth after the
battle of 1 June. Flinders was taken by Cap-
tain Waterhouse, formerly a lieutenant of the
Bellerophon, on board the Reliance, which
he was then fitting out for a voyage to New
South Wales, in order to carry out Captain
John Hunter [q. v.], the newly appointed
governor of the colony. The Reliance arrived
at Port Jackson in September 1795, and for
the next five years Flinders devoted the
whole of the time that he could be spared
from the duties of the ship to exploring
or surveying the adjacent parts of Australia.
In this work he was associated with the
surgeon of the Reliance, George Bass [q. v.],
who, while Flinders was detained on board,
made an extended coasting voyage by him-
self in awhaleboat. Bass's observations were,
however, so imperfect that it was not till they
were plotted, after his return, that the mean-
ing of what he had done became apparent. It
was then seen that he must have passed be-
tween New South Wales and Van Diemen's
Land, till then believed to be connected
with it, a discovery which the governor
considered so important that, in September
1798, he appointed Flinders to command
the Norfolk, a sloop of twenty-five tons, and
despatched him to examine behind the Fur-
neaux Islands, with instructions, if he found
a strait, to pass through it, sail round Van

Diemen's Land, and return by the south and
east sides. This was happily done in a voyage
extending from 7 Oct. to 11 Jan. 1799, and
the existence of the strait being thus demon-
strated the governor, acting on Flinders's
suggestion, gave it the name of Bass's Strait.
It is unnecessary to speak in detail of the
many other coasting voyages which Flinders
made at this period, in boats varying in size
from an 8-foot dingey to the sloop of twenty-
five tons. During the commission of the Re-
liance he had, by his own exertions, allowed
indeed and sanctioned by the governor, ex-
plored and in a rough way surveyed the
coast from Hervey Bay in the north to the
circuit of Van Diemen's Land in the south.
When the Reliance arrived in England in
the latter part of 1800, and some account of
the new discoveries was made public, a desire
was at once expressed for a more systematic
examination of these coasts. Sir Joseph
Banks was earnest in the cause, and, mainly
at his instigation, an expedition for that pur-
pose was resolved on. Flinders had already
been promoted to the rank of lieutenant on
31 Jan. 1798, and was now, on Banks's re-
commendation, appointed to command the
Xenophon, receiving the rank of commander
a few weeks later, 16 Feb. 1801. The Xeno-
phon, a north-country ship of 334 tons which
had been bought into the navy some years
before, was now rechristened the Investi-
gator, and was fitted out in a very liberal
manner, the East India Company also allow-
ing the officers 600/. for their outfit. The
instructions, dated 22 June 1801, prescribed
the survey of New Holland, beginning with
King George's Sound and the south coast.
Provided with these, with all existing charts
and books of voyages, and with a passport
from the French government, the Investi-
gator sailed from Spithead on 18 July 1801.
Touching in Simon's Bay, from which she
sailed on 9 Nov., on 6 Dec. she was off Cape
Leeuwin, and on the 8th arrived in King
George's Sound. This had already been ex-
amined by Vancouver in 1791, and was now
more carefully surveyed by Flinders, after
which he examined, in more or less detail,
the whole coastline to the eastward as far as
Port Phillip. The greater part of this was
new ground, seen for the first time, and the
names given by Flinders to the different bays,
gulfs, headlands, and islands still call atten-
tion to the names of the officers of the In-
vestigator, to some of the incidents of the
voyage, and to the fact that the captain, his
brother, the second lieutenant, and a mid-
shipman named John Franklin [q. v.] were
natives of Lincolnshire. Cape Catastrophe
commemorates the loss of the cutter with her

Flinders

327

Flinders

crew and two officers, whose names, Thistle
and Taylor, live in two neighbouring islands.
Hard by is Memory Cove, and a few miles
further are Port Lincoln, Cape Donington,
Boston Island, Spalding Cove, Grantham
Island, and Spilsby Island, one of the Sir
Joseph Banks group. On Kangaroo Island
they found a countless number of kangaroos,
of which they killed thirty-one, knocking
them down with sticks. On 8 April, off En-
counter Bay, they met the French exploring
ship Geographe, under the command of Cap-
tain Nicolas Baudin, of his conversation with
whom Flinders has left an amusing account.
Whether from the excitement of meeting the
French ship or from the state of the weather,
which prevented the ship's entering the bay,
the embouchure of the Darling escaped his
notice, but with this exception he seems to
have obtained a chart of the coast which,
under the circumstances of a running survey
— and, for the most part, it was nothing
more — was wonderfully accurate, and is still
the basis of our admiralty charts. From
Port Phillip eastward the coast which had
been first explored by Bass had been ex-
amined more closely by Lieutenant Grant of
the Lady Nelson in 1800 (JAMES GRANT, A
Voyage in the Lady Nelson to New South
Wales, London, 4to, 1803) — a priority of dis-
covery and survey which was contested by
the French, who, in ignorance of Grant's
work, also surveyed the coast in 1802, re-
naming the several noticeable points, not
only in that part, but also in that further
west, which had been examined by Flinders
(MM.PERONetFEEYCiNET, Voyageaux Terres
Australes, 1800-4, Paris, 1807-16). On 9 May
1802 the Investigator arrived at Port Jack-
son, where she found the Lady Nelson, or-
dered to act as her tender during the fur-
ther progress of the survey. While the
ship was refitting, an observatory was esta-
blished on shore under the charge of Lieu-
tenant Flinders and Franklin. The ship's
company was badly in want of fresh pro-
visions, but the price was prohibitive ; none
could be purchased on the public account,
and all that could be done was to pay the
men what savings' allowance was due, so
that they might buy some for themselves,
when fortunately the Geographe came in in
a very distressed state, owing to the ravages
of scurvy, so that out of a complement of
170 not more than twelve were capable of
doing their duty. All the resources of the
colony were at once put at their disposal,
and some few cattle which the governor had
as breeding stock were slaughtered for the
stranger. One quarter of beef — only one —
Flinders managed to secure for his own men.

On 22 July the Investigator sailed from
Port Jackson, with the Lady Nelson, as a
tender, in company. The tender proved,
however, of but little use ; she was so bad
a sailer that she retarded the work, and, after
being aground and having lost part of her
false keel, was worse than ever. She was
accordingly sent back, and the Investigator,
rounding Cape York on 31 Oct., proceeded
with the survey of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
The ship, however, was leaking badly ; on
examination it was found that many of her
timbers were rotten, and the examining offi-
cers reported that if she had fine weather
she might last six months without much
risk. Flinders was naturally much disap-
pointed. He had hoped ' to make so accurate
an investigation of the shores of Terra Aus-
tralis that no future voyage to the country
should be necessary.' This was now impos-
sible. He finished the survey of the Gulf
of Carpentaria, and to the westward as far
as Arnhem Bay ; then finding his men sickly
went to Timor for refreshments, and returned
to Port Jackson on 9 June 1803. The ship
was then officially surveyed and pronounced
incapable of being repaired. Flinders there-
fore, in consultation with the governor, de-
termined to go home as a passenger in the
Porpoise, an old Spanish prize attached to
the colony. Fowler, the first lieutenant
of the Investigator, was appointed to com-
mand her, with twenty-two officers and men ;
the rest of the ship's company staying at
Port Jackson to await Flinders's return with
another vessel. She put to sea on 10 Aug.
in company with the East India Company's
ship Bridgewater and the Cato of London ;
and standing to the north on the 17th, the
Porpoise and Cato both struck on Wreck
Reef. The Porpoise stuck fast, but the Cato
rolled over and sank in deep water, her men
having barely time to scramble on shore.
The Bridgewater sailed away, leaving them to
their fate ; and after earnest deliberation, it
was determined that Flinders should attempt
to fetch Port Jackson in one of the boats.
This he succeeded in doing, and the governor
at once engaged the Holla, bound to China,
to relieve the party and to carry them on to
Canton ; two schooners accompanying her ;
one to bring back to Port Jackson those who
preferred it, and one, the Cumberland of
;wenty-nine tons, to go with Flinders to
England. At the wreck the master, the
boatswain, and eight men agreed to accom-
pany him on this risky voyage : and the
Little craft parted from the Rolla on 11 Oct.,
passing through Torres Straits. In crossing
the Indian Ocean the Cumberland proved to
be very leaky ; her pumps were worn out and

Flinders

328

Flinders

the labour was excessive ; so much so that
Flinders determined to fetch Mauritius in
hopes of finding some more convenient way
of getting home. According to his last news
from home France and England were at peace ;
and even if not, he believed that the passport
given him by the French government before
he left England would meet the case. Un-
fortunately, as the instructions given him by
Governor King, on leaving Port Jackson, did
not clearly warrant his touching at Mauritius,
he considered it prudent to state his reasons
in the log; in doing which he laid little
stress on the necessities of his case, but dwelt,
with the ardour of a surveyor, on the oppor-
tunities that would be afforded him of obtain-
ing information on many points of interest.
He anchored on 1ft Dec. in Baie du Cap,
from which he was directed to go round to
Port Louis and see the governor, M. Decaen.
Decaen at once objected that the passport
was for the Investigator, and had no men-
tion of the Cumberland. Flinders was there-
fore detained, his men were made prisoners,
and his books and papers taken for examina-
tion. The last entry in his log was sufficient
to excite suspicion ; and Flinders, burning
with anxiety to get to England and renew
his survey, appears, even from his own ac-
count, to have acted with want of temper
and tact. The governor was omnipotent ;
his personal ill-will put the worst construc-
tion on Flinders's unlucky explanations; he
declared that the man was there as a spy,
attempting to take a base advantage of the
passport which had been granted to aid a
scientific voyage. Flinders was accordingly
kept in close confinement ; and though, after
nearly two years, he was allowed to reside in
the country with leave to go about within
two leagues of the house, his imprisonment
was continued for nearly seven years. All
exchanges were refused ; instructions for his
release were sent out from France, but De-
caen chose to consider them optional, or not
sufficiently explicit, and still detained him ;
nor did he release him till 7 June 1810,
when he gave him permission to return to
England, by Bombay, on parole not to serve
against France during the course of the war.
Accordingly, on 9 June, Flinders left Mau-
ritius in a cartel for Bombay, but meeting
with a man-of-war sloop bound to the Cape,
he took passage in her to that place, where
he found a ship going to England. He ar-
rived at Portsmouth on 24 Oct. 1810. As
soon as his release was known in England,
he had been promoted to post rank, with
seniority dated back as far as the patent of
the existing board of admiralty would allow,
7 May 1810. It was admitted that had he

come home in the Cumberland or at that
time, he would have been then, in 1804, pro-
moted; but it was impossible to date the
commission back without an order from the
king in council, which would involve more
trouble than the admiralty were willing to
undertake.

A few months after his return he was de-
sired to prepare a narrative of his voyage,
to which task he steadily devoted himself
for the next three years. The sedentary em-
ployment aggravated the symptoms of a dis-
ease due probably, in its origin, to the hard-
ships to which he had been exposed, and
which had become more developed during the
term of his long imprisonment. He lived to
complete his work, and died, 19 July 1814,
shortly before it was published. He had
married in April 1801, while fitting out
the Investigator, and at his death left one
daughter, a child two years old.

Flinders appears to have had an extraor-
dinary natural gift as a surveyor, so that with
little or no instruction he became one of the
best of the hydrographers who have graced
our naval service. His survey of a large pro-
portion of the Australian coast, though car-
ried out under great disadvantages, has stood
the test of time, and forms the basis of our
modern charts. He was also one of the first,
if not actually the first, to investigate the
error of the compass due to the attraction of
the iron in the ship, and contributed a paper
on the subject to the Eoyal Society, written
while detained in Mauritius (Phil. Trans.
1805, p. 187).

[The principal authority for Flinders's profes-
sional life and for the history of his work is his
own narrative: A Voyage to Terra Australis
undertaken for the purpose of completing the
discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted
in the years 1801-2-3, in his Majesty's ship
the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed
vessel Porpoise and Cumberland schooner, with
an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise,
arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and
imprisonment of the commander during six
years and a half in that island (2 vols. 4to, with
atlas fo. 1814); see also Observations on the
Coasts of Van Diemen's Land, on Bass's Straits,
its Islands, and on parts of the Coasts of New
South Wales (4to, 1801). The memoir in the
Naval Chronicle, xxxii. 177 (with a portrait), is
based on information supplied by Flinders him-
self; it is in this (p. 182 ??.) that the sugges-
tion -was first made to give the name of Australia
or Australasia to ' the tract of land hitherto most
unscientifically called "New Holland,"' and
which Flinders wrote of as Terra Australis. His
correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks and many
letters from Eobert Brown (1773-1858) [q.v.j,
the botanist of the Investigator, are in Addit.

Flinter

329

Flitcroft

MSS. 32439 passim, and 32441, ff. 424-33. His
correspondence with Sir Edward Pellew in 1805
is in the Public Eecord Office, Admirals' Des-
patches (East Indies), vol. 18.] J. K. L.

FLINTER, GEORGE DAWSON (d.

1838), soldier of fortune, by birth an Irish-
man, entered the British army in 1811 as an
ensign in the 7th West India regiment of
foot, and was advanced to the rank of lieu-
tenant on 22 July 1813. He was sent with
his regiment to Curasao in the West Indies
in 1812, and in 1815 visited Caracas, then in
the throes of an unusually bloody and ex-
asperated civil war, in which many horrible
atrocities were committed. Here he acted
as interpreter to the British embassy. In the
following year he was placed on the half-pay
list, and seeing no prospect of promotion in
the British service, he fixed his residence at
Caracas, where he was treated with great dis-
tinction by the governor-generalGagigal, and
obtained employment as interpreter between
the Spaniards and the English and Ameri-
cans. He afterwards travelled through most
of the European colonies in the West Indies
and on the continent of America, married a
Spanish American lady, through whom he
acquired a large property in land and slaves,
obtained a commission in the Spanish army,
and though remaining on the British half-
pay list until 1832, had for some years before
that date held the position of a staff officer
in the Spanish service. On the outbreak of
the Carlist war in 1833 he declared for Isa-
bella, and in 1834-5 he served under Mina
and Valdez in their unsuccessful operations
against Zumalacarregui in the Basque pro-
vinces. In 1836, while engaged in organising
the militia in Estremadura, he was surprised
by some of the troops of Gomez and Cabrera,
taken prisoner, and thrown into a loathsome
dungeon, from which by the connivance of
his gaoler he contrived to escape, and made
his way to Madrid. He was then placed in
command of Toledo, whence on 18 Feb. 1838
he made a sortie, inflicting a severe defeat
on the Carlists under Jara and Peco, who
were in great force in the neighbourhood.
In this action he placed nearly eighteen hun-
dred of the enemy hors de combat without the
loss of a single man killed or wounded. On
his return to Toledo on the 20th, he was
saluted by the municipal authorities as the
liberator of the province, and on the 22nd
the Cortes recognised his services by a vote
of thanks. On 16 March, though outnum-
bered by two to one, he drove Basileo Garcia
out of Val de Penas, but was prevented by
lack of reinforcements from improving his
advantage. His conduct on this occasion
was severely censured by the Spanish govern-

ment, and he was removed from his command.
Maddened by disappointment and disgust,
he committed suicide at Madrid by cutting
his throat on 9 Sept. 1838. Flinter was a
knight of the royal order of Isabella the Ca-
tholic, and the author of the following works :
1 . ' The History of the Revolution of Caracas,
comprising an impartial Narrative of the
Atrocities committed by the contending par-
ties, illustrating the real state of the contest
both in a commercial and political point of
view. Together with a Description of the
Llaneros, or People of the Plains of South
America,' London, 1819, 8vo. 2. ' An Ac-
count of the present State of the Island of
Puerto Rico,' London, 1834, 8vo. 3. < Con-
sideraciones sobre la Espana y sus Colonias,'
Madrid, 1834.

[Army Lists 1812, 1813, 1816, 1832; Gent.
Mag. 1838, ii. 553 ; Ann. Eeg. 1838, pp. 422-3
App. to Chron. p. 224 ; Borrow's Bible in Spain
(Murray's Home and Colonial Library), cap.

J. M. B.

FLINTOFT, LUKE (d. 1727), composer,
took the degree of B.A. at Queens' College,
Cambridge, in 1700, and was appointed priest-
vicar at Lincoln Cathedral in 1704. He re-
mained there until 1714. On 4 Dec. 1715 he
was sworn as a gentleman of the Chapel Royal,
and i s described in the ' Cheque Book ' as ' from
Worcester,' which therefore was probably his
birthplace. On 9 July 1719 he was appointed
reader in Whitehall Chapel, and was subse-
quently made a minor canon of Westminster.
He died on 3 Nov. 1727, and was buried in the
cloisters of Westminster Abbey. His claim
to a place in musical history depends upon
the question whether a certain ' double chant7
in G minor, attributed to him, is or is not
the first specimen of the kind in existence.
The arguments for and against this will be
found in 'Notes and Queries,' 3rd ser. x. 206,
xi. 267, 391, and 445.

[Grove's Diet. i. 533 ; Bemrose's Chant Book;
Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal, ed. Rim-
bault; G-raduati Cantabr. (1823), p. 172; Notes
and Queries, as above.] J. A. F. M.

FLITCROFT, HENRY (1697-1769), ar-
chitect, son of Jeffery Flitcroft, gardener to
William III at Hampton Court, and grand-
son of Jeffery Flitcroft of Twiss Green, Win-
wick, Lancashire, was born on 29 Aug. 1697,
and on 6 Nov. 1711 was apprenticed to Tho-
mas Morris, citizen and joiner of London, for
seven years, being admitted to the freedom
of that company on 3 Nov. 1719. It is said
that Flitcroft was employed as a carpenter
in the house of Richard Boyle, third earl of
Burlington [q. v.], and broke his leg by falling

Flitcroft

330

Flood

from a scaffold ; hence he attracted the notice
of the earl, who employed him as draughts-
man on the edition of Inigo Jones's designs,
published by Kent in 1727 at the Earl of
Burlington's expense ; some of these draw-
ings are in the library of the Royal Institute
of British Architects. Burlington's patronage
insured Flitcroft's success, and even gained
the architect the nickname of * Burlington
Harry.' In 1726 Flitcroft was employed in
the office of the board of works ; he con-
tinued to be engaged as clerk of the works
at Whitehall, St. James's, and Westminster,
as well as at Richmond and Kew, until
20 Nov. 1746, when he was appointed master-
carpenter; on 10 May 1748 he succeeded
Kent as master-mason; and on 10 March
1758 he succeeded Ripley as comptroller of
the works in England, which post he held
until his death. In 1729 Flitcroft designed
a mansion for John Baynes near Havering in
Essex; in 1733 he was commissioned to
make the necessary alterations in Carlton
House, then recently purchased, for Frede-
rick, prince of Wales. In 1731 he entered
into a contract to pull down the old church
of St. Giles-in-the-Fields and to erect a new
church and steeple in its place; the new
church was opened in 1734, having been
erected at a cost of over 10,000^., exceeding
the original estimate by about 3,000/. It is
perhaps too closely copied fromGibbs's church
of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. In 1737-9 Flit-
croft was employed in erecting the church of
St. Olave, Tooley Street, Southwark, which
was completed at a cost of 5,000/. About
1745 he designed the church of St. John at
Hampstead. Flitcroft made considerable al-
terations in Wentworth House, Yorkshire,
for the Marquis of Rockingham, and in Wo-
burn Abbey, Bedfordshire, for the Duke of
Bedford ; in 1747 he designed for Mary Lepel,
lady Hervey, a house in St. James's Place,
looking on the Green Park, afterwards occu-
pied by the Earl of Moira ; and in 1749 he

shire. Flitcroft's general repute led to his
being elected sheriff of London and Middle-
sex in June 1745, but he paid the fine to be
excused serving the office ; in 1747 he paid a
similar fine on being elected renter warden
of the Joiners' Company. He built for him-
self a house at Frognal, Hampstead, called
Montagu Grove, where he resided for some
time. He died on 25 Feb. 1769, in his seventy-
second year, and was buried at Teddington
in .Middlesex. In the Royal Library at the
British Museum there is a volume of archi-
tectural drawings and designs by Flitcroft,
executed about 1750, and dedicated to Wil-
liam, duke of Cumberland.

[The Dictionary of Architecture ; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists; Cunningham's Handbook to
London.] L. C.

FLOOD, SIR FREDERICK (1741-1824),
Irish politician, was the younger son of John.
Flood of Farmley, county Kilkenny, and
nephew of Warden Flood, chief justice of the
court of king's bench in Ireland, the father of
the Right Hon. Henry Flood [q. v.] He was
born in 1741, and was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin,where he proceeded B. A. in 1761,
M.A. in 1764, LL.B. in 1766, and LL.D. in
1772. He was called to the Irish bar in 1763,
and soon attained considerable success both
in legal practice and in the social circles of
Dublin, in which he was immensely popular
from his wit and oddity. He succeeded to
handsome estates both from his father and
his mother, and in 1776 he was elected to
the Irish House of Commons as member for
county Wexford. His relationship to Henry
Flood did more for his reputation than his
own abilities, and with commendable pru-
dence he consistently followed in his cousin's
footsteps. In 1778 he was made a K.C. and
elected a bencher of the King's Inns, and on
3 June 1780 he was created a baronet of
Ireland ' of Newton Ormonde, co. Kilkenny,
and Banna Lodge, co. Wexford.' Two years
later he married Lady Juliana Annesley,
daughter of the fifth Earl of Anglesey, and
he took a prominent part in the volunteer
movement, being elected colonel of the Wex-
ford regiment. In all the great debates
which preceded the abolition of the Irish
parliament Flood was a frequent speaker.
Sir Jonah Barrington calls him an osten-
tatious blunderer, whose 'bulls' did not
contain the pith of sound sense which under-
lay the mistakes of Sir Boyle Roche. He
adds that Flood would rashly accept any
suggestions made to him while speaking, and
one day, just after he had declared ' that the
magistrates of Wexford deserved the thanks
of the lord-lieutenant,' he added, on some
wit's suggestion, ' and should be whipped
at the cart's tail ' (BAEEINGTON, Personal
Sketches, i. 111). He steadily opposed the
Act of Union, but when that measure was
carried he did not retire from politics, but
sat in the united House of Commons for the
county of Wexford from 1800 to 1818. He
made no particular impression there, but
was appointed lord-lieutenant of Wexford in
1814. His only son died unmarried in 1800,
and it was proposed to perpetuate Flood's
title by creating him a baronet of the United
Kingdom, with remainder to his only daugh-
ter Frances, who was married to Richard
Solly, esq. He died before the patent for
this new honour had passed the great seal

Flood

331

Flood

on 1 Feb. 1824, and left his estates to his
grandson, Richard Solly, who took the name
of Flood in addition to his own.

[Burke's Extinct Baronetage; Sir Jonah
Barrington's Memoirs and Personal Sketches ;
Grattan's Life and Times of Henry G-rattan ;
Hardy's Life of Lord Charlemont.] H. M. S.

FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791), states-
man and orator, illegitimate son of the Right
Hon. Warden Flood, chief j ustice of the king's
bench in Ireland, was born in 1732, and when
sixteen entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a
fellow commoner. After three years' resi-
dence he matriculated at Christ Church, Ox-
ford, where he graduated M.A. 1752. He was
admitted a member of the Inner Temple on
19 Jan. 1750, and for some time pursued the
study of the law in England. He returned
to Ireland in his twenty-seventh year, and
having been elected a member for the county
of Kilkenny in the Irish House of Commons,
he took his seat on the opposition benches in
1759. Parliament was dissolved upon the
death of George II in the following year, and
Flood was returned for the borough of Callan
in the place of James Agar, who was declared
' not duly elected.' It is generally asserted
that Flood's maiden speech was an attack upon
Primate Stone, who at that time was the recog-
nised leader of the English party, and it is re-
lated that ' during the first part of Mr. Flood's
speech, his grace, who was in the House of
Commons, and did not know precisely what
part the new member would take, declared
that he had great hopes of him ; when Flood
sat down his grace asserted, with some vehe-
mence, that a duller gentleman he had never
heard ' (Memoirs of the Earl of Charlemont,
i. 157). His first speech, however, of which
there is any authentic record was delivered
on 12 Oct. 1763 (CALDWELL, Irish Debates,
1766, i. 31-7). Owing to his eloquence and
social position, Flood quickly became the
most prominent leader of the popular party,
and it was through his untiring exertions
that a powerful opposition was at length
organised within the Irish House of Com-
mons. The principal objects which Flood
kept steadily in view were the shortening ot
the duration of parliaments, the reduction
of pensions, the creation of a constitutional
militia, and the independence of the Irish
legislature. But though these measures of re-
form were frequently brought forward, they
were for many years rejected either by parlia-
ment or the privy council as a matter of course.
For the first seven years of the new reign the
political history of Ireland was uneventful,
and in 1767 Flood contemplated entering the
English House of Commons, but his over-

tures for a seat appear to have been unsuc-
cessful (Letters to Flood, p. 42). In October
1767 Lord Townshend went over as the new
lord-lieutenant. A different line of policy
was adopted by the government, and in the
following year the Octennial Bill was passed.
With the aid of the undertakers, Flood was
able successfully to oppose the ministerial
scheme for the augmentation of the Irish
army, and parliament was dissolved in May
1768. At the general election Flood was
returned for the borough of Longford as well
as for Callan, and elected to sit for the latter.
About this time he became involved in a
quarrel, arising out of the election contest
for Callan, with James Agar of Ringwood,
with whom he fought two duels. Agar chal-
lenged Flood on the second occasion in Sep-
tember 1769. They met in Dunmore Park,
near Kilkenny, and the former was mortally
wounded. Flood was formally tried at the
Kilkenny assizes in April 1770, and a ver-
dict of manslaughter in his own defence was
duly returned. In order to break down the
power of the undertakers, who were now in
alliance with Flood and the popular party,
Townshend strongly urged the government
to call Flood to office. The advice was not
taken, and when the new parliament met in
1769 the money bill was rejected, and a re-
solution declaring that it had been thrown
out l because it did not take its rise in the
House of Commons ' was carried by the op-
position. On 26 Dec. parliament was sud-
denly prorogued, and was not summoned
again for fourteen months. Flood now sys-
tematically opposed the government on every
occasion, and devoted all his energies to
obtain Townshend's recall. A series of papers
relating to recent Irish politics, written by
Langrishe, Flood, Grattan, and others, ap-
peared from time to time in the l Freeman's
Journal.' These papers, which created a great
sensation, were afterwards published in a col-
lected form under the title of ' Baratariana/
with a dedication to Lord Townshend, writ-
ten by Grattan. The contributions signed
' Sindercombe,' which have been attributed
on insufficient grounds to Hugh Boyd, were
written by Flood. Though powerful and
well reasoned, they are laboured in style,
and ' certainly give no countenance to the
notion started at one time that he was the
author of the " Letters of Junius " ' (LECKT,
Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, p. 75).
Townshend was at length recalled in Sep-
tember 1772, and upon the appointment of
the Earl of Harcourt as lord-lieutenant the
government was conducted for a time on
more liberal principles. Flood now ceased
from opposition and vigorously supported the

Flood

332

Flood

introduction of the absentee tax. Harcourt
writing to North, 27 Nov. 1773, says: 'Mr.
Flood was violent and able in behalf of the
bill in a degree almost surpassing everything
he had ever uttered before' (The Harcourt
Papers, ix. 117). But in spite of his elo-
quence, and without any open hostility on
the part of the government, the measure was
defeated. After a long period of negotia-
tion Flood in October 1775 accepted the
post of vice-treasurer of Ireland, a sinecure
worth 3,500/. a year. Flood contended that
after Townshend's recall ' the only way any-
thing could be effected for the country was
by going along with government and mak-
ing their measures diverge towards public
utility ' (GRATTAN, Life, i. 206) ; and he seems
to have thought that by obtaining a seat in
the Irish privy council he would be better
able to influence the government for the
good of the country. The history of his ne-
gotiations for office, as related in the letters
of Harcourt and Blaquiere, is by no means
creditable to him, and Harcourt, writing to
North on 9 Oct. 1775, says : ' Since I was
born I never had to deal with so difficult a
man, owing principally to his high-strained
ideas of his own great importance and popu-
larity. But the acquisition of such a man,
however desirable at other times, may prove
more than ordinarily valuable in the diffi-
cult times we may live to see, and which
may afford him a very ample field for the
display of his great abilities ' ( The Harcourt
Papers, ix. 361). After the general election
in 1776 Flood was unseated for Callan, but
was subsequently returned at a by-election
for the borough of Enniskillen. During Har-
court's administration, and while Flood was
in office, an embargo was placed on Irish
exports for two years, and four thousand
Irish troops, termed by Flood ' armed nego-
tiators,' were sent to America. Both these
measures were very unpopular, and to the
latter Grattan afterwards referred when de-
scribing Flood as standing ' with a metaphor
in his mouth and a bribe in his pocket,' and
giving ' a base suffrage against the liberty
of America, the eventual liberty of Ireland,
and the cause of mankind ' (GRATTAN, Life,
iii. 94). When Buckingham became lord-
lieutenant, Flood frequently absented him-
self from the meetings of the privy council,
and rarely voted for the government in the
House of Commons. He identified himself
with the volunteer movement and became
colonel of one of the regiments. In 1779
though still a minister, Flood spoke in sup-
port of the amendment to the address in favour
of free trade. At length his attitude became
so hostile to the government that at the

request of the Earl of Carlisle, Buckingham's
successor in office, he was in the autumn of
i781 removed from the post of vice-treasurer
as well as from his seat in the privy council.
When Flood once more took his seat on the
opposition benches he found his popularity
gone, and his place as leader of the popular
mrty filled by Grattan. On 11 Dec. 1781,
n a speech lasting three hours and a half,
?lood maintained that the power of the Irish
>rivy council to alter heads of bills before
sending them to England rested solely on
an erroneous decision of the judges in 1692,
mt the committee for inquiry for which he
asked was refused by a considerable majority
^Parl. Reg. i. 153-74). A few days after-
wards he spoke in the debate on Yelverton's
Dill for the repeal of Poynings's law, and
grievously complained that ' after a service
of twenty years in the study of a peculiar
question it was taken out of his hands and
entirely wrested from him.' ' The hon. gentle-
man (he added) was erecting a temple of li-
3erty ; he hoped therefore at least he should
3e allowed a niche in the fane.' Whereupon
Yelverton cleverly retorted that, as Flood
seemed to think he had espoused this question,
e would remind him that according to the
aw, * if any man married a wife and lives
with her in constancy it was a crime to take
her away from him ; but if a man shall sepa-
rate from his wife, desert and abandon her
for seven years, another then might take her
up and give her his protection ' (ib. p. 189).
On 22 Feb. 1782 Flood supported Grattan's
motion for an address to the king in favour
of the independence of the Irish parliament,
and in the same year an attempt was made
by Montgomery in the House of Commons
to obtain Flood's restoration to his old office
of vice-treasurer. The Duke of Portland,
who succeeded Carlisle as viceroy in April
1782, being anxious to enter into negotiations
with Flood, asked for authority to offer him
a seat in the Irish privy council, if he should
deem it expedient. The nomination, which
was intended to be at the option of the vice-
roy, was by some extraordinary mistake sent
directly to the ' Gazette,' and Flood straight-
way refused to accept the nomination. Le-

ipeal

Declaratory Act (6 Geo. I, c. 5) was not suf-
ficient, but that an act of parliament ex-
pressly disclaiming the right to legislate for
Ireland should be obtained without delay.
In this view he was supported by the greater
portion of the volunteers, and by this means
Flood in some measure regained his old popu-
larity. Grattan differed with him on the ques-

Flood

333

Flood

tion as well as on the advisability of continu-
ing the volunteer convention, and on 28 Oct.
1783, in the debate on Sir Henry Cavendish's
motion for retrenchment in the expenses of the
country, the famous collision between the two
great Irish orators took place. The speeches
of both were full of the bitterest personal
invective. Flood, alluding to the grant which
parliament had bestowed upon Grattan, re-
ferred to him as ' the mendicant patriot who
was bought by my country for a sum of
money, and then sold my country for prompt
payment,' and concluded by saying that ' if
the gentleman enters often into this kind of
controversy with me, he will not have much
to boast of at the end of the session.' While
Grattan, after comparing Flood to an * ill-
omen'd bird of night with sepulchral notes,
a cadaverous aspect and broken beak,' and
asserting that neither minister nor people
could trust him, concluded his speech with
the following words : ' I therefore tell you in
the face of your country, before all the world,
and to your beard, you are not an honest
man' (ib. ii. 35-43). The quarrel nearly
ended in a duel. On their way to a hostile
meeting at Blackrock they were arrested and
bound over to keep the peace. On 1 Nov.
Flood was allowed to make a further speech
in vindication of his character, in which he
gave an explanation of his political conduct
during the whole of his parliamentary career
(ib. pp. 61-70). With this incident their
friendship of twenty years terminated, but
though they never became reconciled, they
successfully co-operated in opposing Orde's
Commercial Propositions in 1785. At the gene-
ral election a few months previously Flood had
been returned with Curran for the borough of
Kilbeggan. In November 1783 the volunteer
convention met in Dublin, and Flood was ap-
pointed assessor to the committee appointed
to draw up a scheme of parliamentary reform.
The Bishop of Derry brought forward the ques-
tion of extending the franchise to the Roman
catholics, but was successfully opposed by
Flood and Charlemont. At length a compre-
hensive plan of reform which had been drawn
up by Flood, and gave no political rights to
the Roman catholics, was agreed to on 28 Nov.
1783. On the following day Flood brought
forward the measure in the Irish House of
Commons. The house, however, refused to
receive the bill by 157 to 77 (Journals of
the Irish House of Commons, xi. 144), and,
resenting the interference of the volunteers,
passed a resolution that it had ' now become
indispensably necessary to declare that this
house will maintain its just rights and pri-
vileges against encroachments whatsoever '
(ib.) The volunteer convention was dis-

solved, but in March of the following year
Flood again brought forward the Reform
Bill. Though supported by petitions from
twenty-six counties, it was rejected on the
question of committal by a majority of 74
(Parl. Reg. iii. 13-23, 43-85). Meanwhile,
in October 1783, Flood was returned to the
English House of Commons as one of the
members for Winchester, having purchased
his election from the Duke of Chandos for
4,000/. His English career was a failure.
As Grattan remarked, ' he misjudged when
he transferred himself to the English parlia-
ment ; he forgot that he was a tree of the
forest too old and too great to be transplanted
at fifty' (GKATTAN, Miscellaneous Works,
1822, p. 118). On 3 Dec. he took part in the
debates for the first time, and made a lengthy
speech against Fox's East India Bill (Parl.
Hist. xxiv. 56-9). The subject was one of
which he had little knowledge, and by want
of tact he managed to prejudice both sides of
the house against him. In a curious passage
Wraxall thus refers to Flood's speech : ' The
slow, measured, and sententious style of
enunciation which characterised his elo-
quence, however calculated to excite admi-
ration in the sister kingdom, appeared to
English ears cold, stiff, and deficient in some
of the best recommendations to attention.
Unfortunately, too, for Flood, one of his own.
countrymen, Courtenay, instantly opened
upon him such a battery of ridicule and wit,
seasoned with allusions or reflections of the
most personal and painful kind, as seemed to
overwhelm, the new member ' (Memoirs, 1884,
iii. 185-6). Having had a misunderstanding*
with the Duke of Chandos, Flood was not
returned again for Winchester at the general-
election in 1784. After two unsuccessful
contests for the borough of Seaford he ob-
tained the seat upon petition. On 15 Feb.
1787 he spoke at great length against the
treaty of commerce with France (Parl. Hist.
xxvi. 425-38, 465), and on 4 March 179O
asked for leave to introduce a bill for the re-
form of parliament, providing for the addi-
tion of one hundred new members, to be
elected by the resident householders in every
county. Fox ' owned that he thought that
the outlines of the present proposition the
best of all which he had yet heard suggested,'
but Pitt's motion for an adjournment was>
carried, and Flood's bill was consequently
lost (ib. xxviii. 452-79). At the general
election in 1790 Flood was not returned to
either parliament. He retired to his seat at
Farmley in the county of Kilkenny, where
he died on 2 Dec. 1791, in the fifty-ninth
year of his age, and was buried in the family
vault at Burnchurch, near Farmley. Flood

Flood

334

Flood

married, on 13 April 1762, Lady Frances
Maria Beresford,the sixth daughter of Marcus,
first earl of Tyrone. There was no issue of
the marriage. His widow survived him many
years, and died at Clifton on 18 April 1815.
By his will he left a considerable amount of
property to Trinity College, Dublin, after his
wife's death, for the establishment of a pro-
fessorship of Irish, the maintenance of a
prize fund for the best compositions in Eng-
lish, Irish, Greek, and Latin, and for the
purchase of Irish books and manuscripts.
The validity of the will was contested, and
the gift to Trinity College having been de-
clared void, as being contrary to the law of
mortmain, John Flood of Flood Hall, a ne-
phew of Chief-justice Flood, was successful
in establishing his claim to the property in
question.

Flood was a man of ample fortune and
many social qualities. Possessing brilliant
conversational powers, delighting in field
sports and private theatricals, genial and
frank in manner, he was popular in all
classes of society. In his youth Flood had
a fine figure and a handsome countenance ;
but in later life he was somewhat gaunt in
appearance, and was described by Wraxall
as * a man of the most forbidding physiognomy.'
"With the exception, perhaps, of Malone,
Flood was the first great orator which Ireland
produced. His speeches, though too laboured
and sententious, were remarkable for the
closeness of their reasoning. As a master of
grave sarcasm and fierce invective he had no
equal, while his readiness of reply, his ex-
tensive knowledge of constitutional questions,
and his consummate mastery of parliamen-
tary tactics, made him a most formidable op-
ponent to the government in the Irish House
of Commons. Curran declared that ' Flood
was unmeasurably the greatest man of his
time in Ireland.' In Grattan's opinion Flood
' had faults ; but he had great powers, great
public effect. He persuaded the old, he in-
spired the young ; the Castle vanished before
him. On a small subject he was miserable.
Put into his hand a distaff, and like Hercules
he made sad work of it ; but give him the
thunderbolt, and he had the arm of Jupiter '
(GRATTAN, Miscellaneous Works, 1822, p. 118).
Flood was identified with all the great mea-
sures of Irish reform in his time ; but though
he was prepared to give complete religious
toleration to the Roman catholics in Ireland,
he consistently refused to give them any
political power. Though he cannot be charged
with corruption in accepting office, Flood
committed a grave error in judgment in
doing so, which proved fatal to his reputation.
Moreover, instead of resigning when he found

that he had over-estimated his influence with
the government, he clung to office as long as
he was able. His long silence during the
debates on the many constitutional questions
which he had vigorously supported when in
opposition is an indelible stain upon his poli-
tical character. The loss of his popularity
had a perceptible influence on his nature,
and his career from the time of taking office
was that of a soured and disappointed man.
A portrait of Flood ' speaking in the Irish
House of Commons' was exhibited in the
Loan Collection of National Portraits of
1867 (Catalogue, No. 796). An engraving
from a drawing by Comerford will be found
in Barrington's ' Historic Memoirs ' (1833),
ii. opp. 106, and a lithograph of the portrait,
in the possession of the university of Dublin,
forms the frontispiece to Flood's ' Memoirs.'
While at Oxford Flood wrote some Eng-
lish verses on the death of Frederick, prince
of Wales, which were published in f Epicedia
Oxoniensia,' &c. (1751), pp. 127-8. While
preparing for his parliamentary career he
translated several speeches of Demosthenes,
and other portions of the classics ; but his
manuscripts were all destroyed shortly after
his death. The authorship of ' A Letter to
the People of Ireland on the Expediency
and Necessity of the Present Associations in
Ireland in favour of our own Manufactures,
with some Cursory Observations on the effects
of a Union,' Dublin, 1799, 8vo, has been at-
tributed to him. His ' sepulchral verses ' on
Dr. Johnson are to be found in Bos well's
1 Life of Johnson ' (G. B. Hill's edition), iv.
424-5. He was the author of the following
works : 1. ' An Ode on Fame and the First
Pythian Ode of Pindar ' (anon.), London,
1775, 4to. 2. < Speech of the Right Hon.
Henry Flood in the House of Commons of
Great Britain, Feb. 15, 1787, on the Com-
mercial Treaty with France,' Dublin, 1787,
8vo. 3. ' Speech and Proposition of the
Right Hon. Henry Flood in the House of
Commons of Great Britain, March 4, 1790,
for a Reform in the Representation of Parlia-
ment,' London, 1790, 8vo.

[Warden Flood's Memoirs of Henry Flood
(1838) ; Original Letters, principally from Lord
Charlemont ... to the Eight Hon. Henry
Flood (1820) ; Lecky's Hist, of England, vol. iv.
chap. xvi. xvii., vol. vi. chap. xxiv. ; Lecky's
Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (1871),
pp. 63-103; Fronde's English in Ireland (1881),
vols. ii. iii. ; Memoirs of the Life and Times of
Henry Grattan, vols. i. ii. iii. ; Hardy's Memoirs
of the Earl of Charlemont (1812); Charles
Phillips's Curran and his Contemporaries (1857) ;
Wills's Irish Nation (1875), iii. 171-90; Webb's
Compendium of Irish Biography (1878), pp. 207-

Flood

335

Florence

210 ; Dublin University Mag. vii. 652-72, viii.
80-112; Dublin Keview, xiii. 100-55; Monthly
Review, xcvii. 187-99 ; Burke's Landed Gentry
(1879), i. 574-5; Gent. Mag. 1791, vol. Ixi.
pt. ii. pp. 1163-4, 1224-32, 1792 vol. Ixii. pt.
i. pp. 44-8, 1793 vol. Ixiii. pt. i. p. 477, 1813
vol. Ixxxv. pt. i. p. 473 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd
ser. viii. 101-3, 189-90, 259, x. 305, xi. 171 ; Offi-
cial Eeturn of Lists of Members of Parliament,

it. ii. pp. 168, 184, 659, 665, 670, 674, 675, 681 ;

"att's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

G. F. B. B.

pt.
W

FLOOD, ROBERT. [See FLTJDD.]
FLOOD, VALENTINE, M.D. (d. 1847),
anatomist, was born in Dublin, where his
father practised as a barrister, and was edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, as a mem-
ber of which he took the degrees of B.A. in
1820, M.B. and M.A. in 1823, and M.D. in
1830 (Cat. of Graduates in University of
Dublin, 1591-1868, p. 199). After serving
the apprenticeship, at that time necessary
for becoming licensed by the Irish College
of Surgeons, to Richard Carmichael [q. v.],
he took out the letters testimonial of the
college, of which he ultimately became a
fellow, and in 1828 or 1829 was appointed
demonstrator of anatomy in the school of
medicine connected with the Richmond Hos-
pital. His increasing reputation as an ana-
tomist led to his being chosen a lecturer
on anatomy in the Richmond school about
1831-2. For a few seasons he gave his
undivided attention to this branch of the
profession, and became a favourite among
the pupils. As a private teacher he eventu-
ally commanded one of the best classes in
Dublin. Had Flood continued these pur-
suits, for which he was so admirably adapted,
it is certain that he would have enjoyed a
highly prosperous career. But becoming
ambitious of succeeding as a general prac-
titioner, he connected himself with one of
the Dublin dispensaries about 1835, and
laboured incessantly among the poor of the
district in which he lived. To follow out
his intention of becoming by this means in-
troduced into general practice, his classes
were neglected ; students first complained,
then rebelled, and finally deserted him.
Having lost position both as a lecturer and
a private teacher, Flood was at length obliged
to leave Dublin. He went to London, and
became associated with a medical school in
Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square ; but he
did not succeed. His health became im-
paired, and in 1846 he returned to Ireland.
He then obtained one of the appointments
afforded by the board of health to some
fever sheds at Tubrid, in the county of Tip-
perary, and there contracted the epidemic

typhus, of which he died 18 Oct. 1847. A
stone was erected to his memory by the
clergy of both denominations, and the prin-
cipal members of the relief committee at
Tubrid.

^ As early as 1828 Flood published at Dub-
lin the first volume of a work never com-
pleted, entitled ' The Anatomy and Physio-
logy of the Nervous System/ 12mo, which,
though not without merit, lacked lucidity
of style, and attracted little attention. In
1839 he issued the treatise upon which his
fame will chiefly rest, ' The Surgical Ana-
tomy of the Arteries, and Descriptive Ana-
tomy of the Heart : together with the Phy-
siology of the Circulation in Man and in-
ferior Animals,' 12mo, London, 1839 (new
edition by John Hatch Power, M.D., 16mo,
Dublin, 1850). During his connection with
the Richmond school he brought out a work
on ' The Anatomy and Surgery of Femoral
and Inguinal Hernia. Illustrated with eight
folio plates, drawn on stone by Mr. William
Lover, from dissections and designs by Dr.
Flood,' fol., London, 1843, an excellent com-
pilation. Flood was a member of the Royal
Irish Academy.

[Dublin Quarterly Journ. of Med. Science,
v. 282-5 ; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biogr.
p. 210 ; Med. Directory of Great Britain and
Ireland for 1845, p. 565.] G. G.

FLORENCE OF WOECESTEE (d. 1118),
chronicler, a monk of Worcester, is said by
one of his continuators, who praises his skill
and industry, to have died on 7 July 1118
(FLOE. Wia. ii. 72). This is all that is
known of his personal history. He wrote
the ' Chronicon ex Chronicis/ which is based
on the work of Marianus, an Irish monk.
Marianus, who died in 1082 or 1083, com-
posed a general chronicle from the creation
to his own time, containing a few notices of
events relating to Britain and Ireland. The
additions of Florence nearly all refer to Eng-
lish affairs. From 455 to 597 he uses the
f Anglo-Saxon Chronicle/ then chiefly Baeda
to 732, and then again the ' Chronicle ' and
lives of saints, and later Asser's 'Life of
Alfred,' together with some short extracts
from Abbo. From 946 to 971 he relies on
the ' Lives ' of Dunstan, Oswald, and ^Ethel-
wold, and then again returns to the ' Chro-
nicle,'which he amplifies from other sources.
Some events specially connected with Wor-
cester receive notice, though passed over by
the English chronicle-writers. After the con-
clusion of the work of Marianus, Florence
still goes on recording some pieces of conti-
nental history. His own work ends at 1117 ;
he has several continuators. One of the

Florence

336

Florio

earliest of them was a monk of Worcester
named John. Orderic (p. 504) says that
John, a monk of Worcester, added to the
work of Marianus matters belonging to the
reigns of the Conqueror and his sons, William
Rufus and Henry, down to his own day, and
that his chronicle, which covered nearly a
hundred years, was undertaken at the com-
mand of Bishop Wulfstan. He no doubt
found John employed on the works of Ma-
rianus and Florence when he visited Wor-
cester about 1136, and probably confused the
continuator, and possibly transcriber, of Flo-
rence with the original author. One con-
tinuator went down to 1031, another probably
to 1037, another to 1141, and one manuscript
has a continuation to 1295. Florence used
a version of the ' Chronicle ' which has since
been lost ; it was no doubt a version written
at Worcester, which is to some extent repre-
sented by the Peterborough ' Chronicle.' This
fact invests his work with peculiar impor-
tance, indeed it is one of the most valuable
of the authorities for early English history ;
but it is impossible to say how much of the
passages which are not to be traced to ex-
tant versions of the ' Chronicle. ' or other
^arly sources is to be set down as translation
from this lost Worcester chronicle, or is to
be regarded as merely the amplifications of
the twelfth-century compiler. Florence is
an industrious and careful writer, but either
he or the work which he copied adopted views
on certain subjects, such, for example, as the
causes of the English defeats in the reign of
./Ethelred the Unready, which seem exag-
gerated (GREEX, Conquest of England, p. 381).
He wrote a list of the English bishops and
genealogies of the kings, and, according to
Bale, a book ' De Rebus sui Coenobii.' Nine
manuscripts of Florence's 'Chronicle' are
extant. The first in the list of Sir T. D.
Hardy, MS. C. C. C. Oxford, 12th cent, fol.,
ends abruptly at 1140; it belonged to the
church of Worcester, contains the lists and
genealogies, and insertions and a continua-
tion by a contemporary monk of Worcester.
MS. Lambeth, 12th cent, fol., ends at 1131,
contains some lists, formerly belonged to
Abingdon, and has some special Abingdon
notices. MS. Bodl. 297, fol., also 12th cent,,
ends at 1131 and has notices of charters of
Bury St. Edmunds. MS. C. C. C. Cambr. xcii.,
13th cent, fol., ends at 1131 and has a con-
tinuation to 1295 ; it formerly belonged to
Peterborough. Florence's 'Chronicle' was
first printed in 1592 at London, 4to, under
the editorship of William Howard of Na-
worth, third son of Thomas, duke of Norfolk,
who dedicated his work to Lord Burghley ;
it was reprinted faultily at Frankfort, along

with the 'Flores Historiarum,' 1601, fol. The
two manuscripts used by Howard belong to
Trinity College, Dublin; his edition ends
with 1141. The portion from 450 to 1066 is
edited by Petrie in the l Monumenta His-
torica Britannica,' pp. 616-44, 1848, fol.,
where the portions taken from Marianus are
omitted in the text, and the whole work
from 450 with the C. C. C. Cambr. continua-
ion to 1295 was edited by B. Thorpe for the
English Historical Society, 1849, 2 vols. 8vo.
Florence's ' Chronicle ' has been translated
by T. Forester for Bohn's 'Historical Li-
brary,' 1847, 8vo, and by J. Stevenson in his
' Church Historians,' vol. ii. pt. i. 1853, 8vo.

[Florence of Worcester, ii. 72 (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ;.
Orderic, p. 504, ed. Duchesne ; Hardy's De-
scriptive Cat. ii. 130 (Rolls Sep.); Mon. Hist.
Brit., Preface, pp. 83-7; Wright's Biog. Lit,
ii. 73: Green's Conquest of England, pp. 341,
381.] W. H.

FLORIO, JOHN (1553P-1625), author,
was born about 1553, according to the inscrip-
tion on his portrait issued in 1611, where he
was described as fifty-eight years old. His
father, MICHAEL ANGELO FLORIO, a Floren-
tine protestant, whose family was originally
settled at Sienna, fled to England shortly
before Edward VI's reign from persecution
in the Valteline, and was in 1550 preacher
to a congregation of Italian protestants in
London. Sir William Cecil and Archbishop
Cranmer both patronised him, but charges of
gross immorality were brought against him ;
he was ultimately banished from Cecil's house>
where he had resided, and he temporarily
severed his connection with the Italian church
in London (cp. STRTPE, Memorials, n. i. 377-
378 ; STRYPE, Cranmer, pp. 343, 881, 883). A
manuscript by him in the Cambridge Uni-
versity Library, ' Regole de la Lingua Thos-
cana,' shows that he was for some time a
teacher of Italian in London, perhaps in the
service of William Herbert, first earl of Pem-
broke, to whose son Henry, ' Signore Arrigo
Herbert,' this work is dedicated (London,
21 Aug. 1553). The elder Florio also wrotey
' Catechismo, cioe forma breve per amaestrare
i fanciuli: Laquale di tutta la Christiana
disciplina cotiene la somma . . . Tradotta dr
Latino in lingua Thoscana,' without date or
place, and ' Historia de la vita e de la morte^
de 1'illustrissima SignoraG. Graia, gia Regina
eletta e publicata d'Inghilterra : e de le cose
accadute in quel regno dopo la morte del re*
Edoardo VI,' with Italian translations of seve-
ral works attributed to Lady Jane Grey, 1607.
The former work was probably published in
London ; the latter has been conjecturally
assigned to a Dutch publishing house : on its
title-page the author is described as 'Fioren-

Florio

337

Florio

tino gia predicatore famoso del Sant' Euan-
gelo in piii cita d'ltalia et in Londra.' After
the accession of Queen Mary, the elder Florio,
according to Wood, took his family to the
continent again, and there John received his
early education ; but these statements lack
confirmation.

We know that John Florio resided in his
youth at Oxford, and about 1576 became
tutor in foreign languages to Emanuel, son
of Robert Barnes, bishop of Durham, who was
a commoner of Magdalen College. Florio
matriculated at Magdalen in 1581 (WOOD),

* and was a teacher and instructor of certain
scholars in the university.' He dedicated
his f First Fruites ' to Leicester in 1578, from
'* his lodgings in Worcester Place,' Oxford.
He similarly dated from Oxford a transla-
tion from the Italian of Ramuzio, dedicated
to Edmund Bray, high sheriff of Oxfordshire,
25 June 1580 ; and inscribed to Sir Edward
Dyer a manuscript collection of Italian
proverbs, also from Oxford, 12 Nov. 1582.
In his * Second Frutes,' 1591, he writes that
his first patron, Leicester, whom ' every mis-
creant does strike, being dead,' had been suc-
ceeded by one Nicholas Saunders of Ewell.
In the same place he makes highly appre-
ciative reference to Spenser, 'the sweetest
singer of all our western shepherds,' who, he
says, had heralded Leicester's virtues. A
few years later Florio was, according to his
own account, taken into 'the pay and patron-
age' of the Earl of Southampton, in which he

* lived some years ' ( The Worlde of Wordes,
1598 dedication), and to the Earl of Pem-
broke he was soon under heavy obligations.

At the close of the sixteenth century Florio
was living in London on intimate terms
with all the chief literary men and their
patrons. In 1598 he dedicated his great
Italian-English dictionary to Roger, earl of
Rutland, Henry, earl of Southampton, and
Lucy, countess of Rutland. He there calls
himself { Resolute John Florio,' and venom-
ously attacks one ' H. S.' who had insulted the
sonnets of one of his friends. Hunter suggests
that * H. S.' may be Henry Salisbury, author
•of a Welsh dictionary, and a protege of the
Earl of Pembroke. Florio's admirable trans-
lation of Montaigne's ' Essays ' was licensed
to Edward Blount in 1599, but was not pub-
lished till 1603. Each of the three books is
separately dedicated — the first to Lucy, coun-
tess of Bedford, and Anne, lady Harington ;
the second to Elizabeth, countess of Bedford,
and Penelope, lady Rich ; the third to Eliza-
beth, lady Grey, and Mary, lady Nevill. To
the countess of Bedford's exhortations and to
.Sir Edward Wotton's advice Florio attri-
butes his preparation of the work and acknow-

VOL. XIX.

ledges assistance from Theodore Diodati [see
DIODATI, CHARLES] and his ' sympathising
friend, Maister Doctor G winne ' [see GWINNE,
MATTHEW, M.D.] The latter is doubtless
author of the many pieces of commendatory
verse contributed to this and other of Florio's
works under the title of ' II Candido.' Sir
William Cornwallis [q. v.], writing of a recent
translation of Montaigne in his ' Essayes/
(1600), says: 'Montaigne speaks now good
English. It is done by a fellow less behold-
ing to nature for his fortunes than wit, yet
lesser for his face than his fortune. The truth
is he looks more like a good fellow than a wise
man, and yet he is wise beyond either his
fortune or education.' This is undoubtedly
a reference to Florio. Cornwallis obviously
saw in manuscript Florio's translation, which
was entered at Stationers' Hall four years
before its publication.

Farmer and Warburton have argued that
Shakespeare ridiculed Florio in Holofernes in
1 Love's Labour's Lost.' They chiefly rely
on the bombastic prefaces to the ' Worlde of
Wordes ' and to Montaigne. But there is really
nothing thereto justify the suggest ion. Florio
writes more in the vein of Armado than of
Holofernes, and beyond the fact that he was
a teacher of languages in London he bears no
resemblance whatever to the latter, a village
schoolmaster. Florio as the protege of Lords
Southampton and Pembroke doubtless met
Shakespeare, but this is pure conjecture. We
are on safer ground in tracing the original of
Gonzago's description of an ideal state in the
' Tempest ' to Florio's translation of Mon-
taigne's essay. One copy of the 1603 edition
of the Montaigne at the British Museum
contains an autograph signature said to be
by Shakespeare himself. It was purchased
as a genuine autograph for 140/. in 1838,
having been in the possession of the Rev. Ed-
ward Patteson of East Sheen, Surrey, whose
father, Edward Patteson, minister of Smeth-
wick, Staffordshire, had had it in his posses-
sion at least as early as 1780. Sir Frederick
Madden, in a letter originally addressed to
the Society of Antiquaries (26 Jan. 1837),
and afterwards republished from the 'Ar-
chseologia ' as a separate pamphlet, vouched
for the authenticity of the autograph. But
later investigation has left little doubt that
it is an eighteenth-century forgery. Another
copy of the same date in the same collection
bears a signature alleged to be that of Ben
Jonson. This is doubtless genuine.

In 1603 Florio became reader in Italian
to Queen Anne at a salary of 100/. a year,
and on 5 Aug. 1604 was appointed by the
king gentleman-extraordinary and groom of
the privy chamber. In 1610 John Healey

Florio

338

Florio

dedicated to him his translation of ' Epictetus.'
After 1620 Florio resided at Fulham, and he
died there in August or September 1625.
Wood says that he retired to Fulham shortly
before his death on account of the plague ;
but although he owned the lease of a house
in Shoe Lane, Fleet Street, Fulham was^his
ordinary place of residence for at least five
years before he died. By his will, dated
20 July 1625, and proved 1 May 1626, he
left most of his small property to his wife
Rose. A daughter, Aurelia, married to John
Molins, a surgeon of Shoe Lane,is mentioned.
To the Earl of Pembroke he bequeathed ' all
my Italian, French, and Spanish books, as
well printed as unprinted, being in number
about 340, viz. my new and perfect Dic-
tionary, as also my ten dialogues in Italian
and English and my unbound volume of
divers written collections and rhapsodies.'
Florio desired these books and manuscripts
to be placed in Pembroke's library, either at
Wilton or Baynard's Castle in London, and
begged the earl to protect his wife from the
molestation of his enemies, and to hand over
to her any profit arising from the publica-
tion of his manuscripts. His executors were
Theophilus Field [q. v.], bishop of Llandaff
and afterwards of Hereford, and Richard
Cluett, vicar of Fulham. Nothing is cer-
tainly known of the fate of Florio's manu-
scripts. Oldys possessed an autograph of
' Giardino di Ricreatione,' which is now in
the British Museum (see No. 3 below), and
Wood says that Pembroke handed over much
manuscript material to Torriano, who edited
Florio's Italian-English Dictionary in 1659,
adding an English-Italian part. A suit of
arms impaling Florio's was granted to his son-
in-law Molins on 23 Aug. 1644. The poet
Samuel Daniel [q. v.] has been claimed as
Florio's brother-in-law, on the ground that in
the commendatory verse prefixed by Daniel to
the 1613 edition of the Montaigne the trans-
lator is addressed as ' brother,' whereas in the
earlier edition of 1603 Daniel had merely
called Florio his friend. But the difference in
the designation is amply accounted for by the
fact that Florio and Daniel were in 1613 bro-
ther-officers in the queen's household. There
is no other evidence of a family relationship,
and the theory may safely be rejected.

Florio's works are: 1. 'His First Fruits,
which yield familiar speech, merry proverbs,
witty sentences, and golden sayings,' Lon-
don, 1578, with which is bound* up 'Perfect
Induction to the Italian and English Tongues,'
both dedicated to Robert, earl of Leicester.
The ' First Fruits ' consist mainly of simple
dialogues in English and Italian. The British
Museum has only an imperfect copy. 2. 'A

Short and Briefe Narration of the Two Na-
vigations and Discoueries to the North-weast
Partes called New Fraunce. First trans-
lated out of French into Italian by that
famous learned Man, Geo. Bapt. Ramutius
[Ramuzio], and now turned into English by
John Florio/ London, 1580; dedicated to
Edmund Bray. 3. 'Giardino di Ricreatione/
London (Woodcock), 1591 ; dedicated to
Master Nicholas Saunders of Ewell, esq. — a
collection of 6,150 proverbs, all in Italian.
A manuscript is in the British Museum with
a dedication to Sir Edward Dyer ( Addit. MS.
15214). It has been in the possession suc-
cessively of Oldys, Isaac Heard, and B. H.
Bright. 4. 'Florio's Second Frutes to be
gathered of twelve Trees of diuers but de-
lightsome tastes to the tongues of Italian
and English men. To which is annexed his
Garden of Recreation, yielding 6,000 Italian
proverbs/ London (ThomasWoodcock), 1591;
dedicated to Nicholas Saunders. This work
consists mainly of Italian and English dia-
logues, with a reprint of No. 3. 5. ' A
Worlde of Wordes : a most copious and
exact Dictionarie in Italian and English, col-
lected by John Florio/ London (for E.Blount),
1598 [see dedication noticed above] ; son-
nets by II Candido, i.e. Gwynne, and verses
by B. B. are affixed. A list of seventy-six,
books consulted by the compiler is given.
In 1611 the dictionary was reissued as
' Queen Anna's New World of Words, or Dic-
tionarie of the Italian and English Tongues,
collected and newly much augmented by
lohn Florio/ London (for E. Blount and W.
Barret). An Italian dedication to the queen
is followed by an English address by the au-
thor, an Italian poem by Alberico Gentili,
an Italian and English sonnet by II Candido,
and English verses by Samuel Daniel, James
Mabbe, and John Thorys. ' Necessary Rules
and Short Observations for the True Pro-
nouncing and Speedie Learning of the Italian,
collected for Queen Anne/ forms an appendix
of 73 pages. A third edition, ' Vocabolario
Italiano et Inglese/ revised by Gio. Torriano,
appeared in 1659, together with an English-
Italian part, apparently prepared from Florio's
manuscripts. A fourth edition in 1688, further
revised by J. Davis, M.D., was dedicated to
Maria d'Este, queen of England. 6. ' The
Essayes on Morall, Politike, and Millitarie
Discourses of Lo. Michaell de Montaigne.
First written by him in French, and now done
into English/ London (for E. Blount), 1603
[for dedication see above]. There are pre-
fatory verses by II Candido and Daniel.
The second edition, dated 1613, is dedicated
to Queen Anne, and is declared to be trans-
lated from the last French edition. A reprint

Flower

339

Flower

edited by Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy, M.P.,
appeared in 1889.

A fine portrait of Florio, aged 58, engraved
by W. Hole, is prefixed to the 1611 edition
of the Italian Dictionary. A painting by
Mytens is said to have belonged to the Earl
of Dorset, and to be now at Knole Park,
Sevenoaks.

[Hunter's New Illustrations of Shakespeare, i.
23, 145, 146,261, 273, 281 ; Wood's AthenseOxon.
ed. Bliss, ii. 380 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser.
viii. 4 : Florio' s Works in Brit. Mus. Libr.]

S. L. L.

FLOWER, BENJAMIN (1755-1829),
political writer, born in London in 1755, was
the son of a prosperous tradesman, to a share
of whose business he succeeded. Edward
Fordham Flower [q. v.] was his nephew.
Through unfortunate speculations, however,
described with much candour by himself in a
* Statement of Facts,' he soon found himself
greatly embarrassed, and ultimately, in 1785,
accepted an engagement to travel in business
on the continent for half the year, spending
the other half in the service of a firm at Tiver-
ton. He thus had opportunities of visiting
Holland, Germany, and Switzerland, and
spent six months in France in 1791, 'the
most innocent part of the revolution.' The
impressions thus imbibed inspired his work on
the French constitution (1792), which is, how-
ever, much less an account of the French con-
stitution than an attack on the alleged defects
of the English, and is too discursive and irrele-
vant to be of much value for either purpose.
It contributed to his being about this time se-
lected to edit the ' Cambridge Intelligencer,'
which his brother Richard, a farmer and
staunch liberal, had a considerable share in
establishing. It was almost the only pro-
vincial newspaper in the kingdom which de-
nounced the war with France as l absurd and
wicked,' and advocated the removal of the
grievances of the dissenters on the broad
grounds of religious liberty. It thus attracted
attention out of all proportion to its ability.
Flower's hostility to the war was vigorously
expressed in his ' National Sins Considered,'
1796 ; but here again he is exceedingly digres-
sive. In 1799 he was summoned before the
House of Lords for an alleged libel upon
Bishop Watson, whose political conduct he
had censured, and after a very short hearing
was adjudged guilty of a breach of privilege,
and sentenced to six months' imprisonment in
Newgate, and a fine of 100£. The proceed-
ings seem to have been of a very arbitrary
nature ; but Flower's attempts to obtain their
revision by application to the court of king's
bench were unsuccessful. His captivity was
alleviated by the visits of Miss Eliza Gould

a young lady who had herself suffered for her
liberal opinions. Shortly after his release he
married her, and, relinquishing his newspaper,
established himself in business as a printer
at Harlow in Essex, where he printed the
works of his favourite divine, Robert Robin-
son, and carried on a monthly magazine, en-
titled 'The Political Register,' from 1807 to
1811. His other publications were the ' Life
of Robinson ' accompanying the latter's works,
a preface to his brother Richard's l Letters
:'rom Illinois,' and some pamphlets on family
affairs. His wife died in 1810, leaving him two
highly gifted daughters [see ADAMS, SAEAH
FLOWER ; FLOWER, ELIZA]. In his latter
years he retired to Dalston, where he died on
17 Feb. 1829. Circumstances have given him
a more important place in the history of Eng-
lish journalism than his literary or political
abilities could have procured him. His style
has the warmth imparted by conscientious
conviction, but he has no great argumenta-
tive power. As a man he is entitled to honour
for his disinterested consistency, and his in-
dependence of thought preserved him from
some of the extremes to which the vehemence
of his temper might have inclined him.
Though an advocate of the French republic,
be was not a republican at home, and in re-
ligion he belonged to the most conservative
school of English unitarianism.

[The principal authority for Flower's life up
to 1808 is the Statement of Facts published by
him in that year on occasion of a lawsuit for
defamation, in which he recovered damages. See
also an obituary notice, probably by W. J. Fox,
in the Monthly Repository, new ser. vol. iii.]

R. G-.

FLOWER, EDWARD FORDHAM

(1805-1883), author, younger son of Richard
Flower, a brewer, banker, agriculturist, and
breeder of sheep, was born at Marden Hall,
Hertfordshire, on 31 Jan. 1805. Benjamin
Flower [q. v.] was his uncle. At the age of
twelve he went with his father to Illinois,
United States, but returning in 1824 he in
1827 married Celina, eldest daughter of John
Greaves of Radford House, near Leamington,
and, settling at Stratford-on-Avon, opened a
brewery in 1832, which was so successful
that in thirty years he was able to retire and
leave the business to his sons. He four
times held the office of mayor of Stratford,
the last occasion being in 1864, the year of
the Shakespeare tercentenary. In this cele-
bration he took a leading part, and was well
known to all visitors to Shakespeare's birth-
place, more especially to Americans, many
of whom he hospitably entertained at his
residence, The Hill, built in 1855. As a
liberal he contested Coventry in 1865, and

z2

Flower

340

Flower

North Warwickshire in 1868, but was not
elected. In 1873 he removed his residence to
London, and being a great lover of horses he
spent the remainder of his life in an endeavour
to mitigate the sufferings caused by the use
of improper harness, tight bearing-reins, and
gag-bits. In these efforts he was to a certain
extent successful. He died at 35 Hyde Park
Gardens, London, 20 March 1883, and his
widow Celina died 2 March 1884, aged 79.
He left three sons, Charles Edward Flower,
William Henry Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.,
director of the Natural History Department,
British Museum, and Edgar Flower. The
books he published were : 1. 'A Few Words
about Bearing Reins,' 1875. 2. 'Bits and
Bearing Reins,' 1875 ; seventh edition, 1886.
3. ' Horses and Harness,' 1876. 4. 'The
Stones of London, or Macadam v. Vestries,'
1880.

[Bits and Bearing Reins, 1886, pp. 3-15, with
portrait and memoir; Victoria Mag. May 1878,
pp. 67-8, with portrait ; Live Stock Journal.
30 March 1883, p. 282 ; Illustrated London
News, 7 May 1864. p. 453, with portrait ; Times,
27 March 1883, p. 7.] G. C. B.

FLOWER, ELIZA (1803-1846), musical
composer, elder daughter of Benjamin Flower
[q. v.], was born at Harlow, Essex, 19 April
1803. Her first published compositions, a
series of 'Fourteen Musical Illustrations of
the Waverley Novels' (1831), followed by
' Songs of the Seasons' and a number of other
pieces, indicated the musician's power of sym-
pathetic expression. Among a few political
songs, 'The Gathering of the Unions,' a juve-
nile composition, has been republished as
having been performed at the great Bir-
mingham meeting in May 1832, where, in
fact, the words had been sung, but to another
musical setting. Of a higher character, though
equally simple, is the widely known chorus,
* Now pray we for our country ' (1842). The
chief work of Miss Flower's musical life was
the composition of 'Hymns and Anthems,
the words chiefly from Holy Scripture and
the writings of the poets,' arranged in five
parts, 'Adoration '(1841), 'Aspiration,' 'Be-
lief,' 'Heaven upon Earth' (1846), and 'Life
in Death ' (as yet unprinted). Eighteen of
these pieces were republished in 1888, and
a further selection is contemplated. The ob-
ject of the composer was to supply a musical
service for the congregation of South Place
Chapel, Finsbury, which had no liturgy, and
was accustomed to simple psalmody led by
a precentor. A choir was, however, formed,
and many of these compositions, full of melody
and musical feeling, and at the same time
truly devotionalln character, were performed.

Among the anthems deserving special men-
tion are several to poetry written by her
sister, Mrs. Sarah Flower Adams [q. v.],
including ' Darkness shrouded Calvary,' and
the well-known 'Nearer, my God, to Thee/
to the music of which many admirers of this
hymn are strangers. Among the more simple
hymns are Sir John Bowring's ' Ancient of
Ages 'and Milton's 'Defend the Poor and
Desolate.' For the South Place Chapel choir
a hymn-book was specially compiled by Mr.
W. J. Fox, to which music from the best
composers was adapted by Miss Flower. This
highly gifted and enthusiastic musician died
of consumption 12 Dec. 1846, and was buried
in her father's grave near Harlow. Her por-
trait, drawn from memory by Mrs. Bridell
Fox, lithographed by Vinter, has been pub-
lished by Charles Fox.

[Private information ; Brown's Diet, of Musi-
cians, p. 249 ; The Keasoner, December 1846.1

L. M. M.

FLOWER, JOHN (Jl. 1658), noncon-
formist divine, born about 1624, was the son
of William Flower of Cubley, Derbyshire.
He became a commoner of New Inn Hall,
Oxford, in Act term 1640, proceeded B.A.
2 April 1647, and was created M.A. by the
parliamentary visitors, 14 April 1648. Ac-
cording to Wood ' he was soon after preacher
of God's word at Ilmington in Warwickshire,
and afterwards at Staunton in the county of
Nottingham, where I find him in 1658 ' (Fasti
Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 101, 112). He wrote :
1. ' The Free and Honourable Servant, set
forth in his Privileges and Prerogatives,' 8vo,
London, 1652. 2. ' Several Quaeries concern-
ing the Church of Jesus Christ upon Earth,
briefly explained and resolved,' 8vo, London,
1658.

[Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 101, 112 ; Notes
and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 46.] Gr. G.

FLOWER, ROGER (d. 1428 ?), speaker
of the House of Commons, son of William
Flower, sheriff of Rutland in 1386-7, by Elena
his wife, was returned to parliament for the
county of Rutland in 1396-7, again in 1399,
1402, 1404, 1413-14. He was one of the
feoffees of the Brigitine nunnery founded by
Henry V in 1414. Still representing Rutland
county he was chosen speaker four times — in
1416, 1417, 1419, and 1422— a distinction
hitherto unprecedented except in the case of
Thomas Chaucer [q. v.] From his holograph
will (dated 15 April 1424, proved 20 June
1428) it is clear that he was a lawyer. Not
only is it plainly the composition of one well
versed in legal technicalities, but it contains
a bequest of chattels ' in mine inn ' in London,
where the inn referred to can only be one of

Flower

341

Flower

the Inns of Court. From this document it
appears that besides his ancestral manor of
Okeham or Oakham in Rutlandshire, he held
estates in Leicestershire ; that he had four
sons, Robert, Roger, John, and William, and
two daughters, Anneys and Joan, the latter
being married to Sir Henry Plesyngton of
Burley in Rutland, grandson of Sir Robert
Plesyngton [q. v.], chief baron of the ex-
chequer in the reign of Richard II, and that
his wife, Cecile, daughter of Anneys Sainon,
was then living. The latter was his second
wife, his first wife being Catherine, daugh-
ter and heiress of William Dalby of Exeter,
founder of certain almshouses mentioned in
the will, and of which Flower seems to have
been the patron. The probate of the will being
dated 20 June 1428, Flower presumably died
in that year. The manor of Okeham was in
the possession of Sir Richard Flower, a de-
scendant, who died in 1523. Sir William
Flower, Sir Richard's great-great-grandson,
distinguished himself during the Irish rebel-
lion of 1641, and was grandfather of William,
created Baron of Castle Durrow (Irish peer-
age) in 1733, whose son Henry was created,
in 1751, Viscount Ashbrook (Irish peerage),
a title still extant.

[Wright's Eutland, i. 29, 136 ; Official Return of
Lists of Members of Parliament ; Eot. Parl. iv.
95 a, 107 a, 117 a, 170 a; The Fifty Earliest Eng-
lish Wills (Early English Text Soc.), 55-64;
Manning's Speakers, 62.] J. M. E.

FLOWER,, WILLIAM (1498 P-1588),
Norroy king of arms, born at York about
1498, was probably the elder son of John
Flower, tailor and corn merchant, of the
parish of All Saints upon the Pavement,
York, whose goods were administered on
2 Nov. 1523 by Margaret, his widow. He
married Helen Davyes, and had two sons
and three daughters, of whom Elizabeth mar-
ried first, about 1570, Robert Glover [q.v.],
Somerset herald, and secondly, in April 1588,
a Mr. Woolward. Noble rightly says ' few
have been more assiduous in the duties of
their profession than this Norroy, as the
visitations of his province evince ' {Hist, of
Coll. of Arms, p. 172). He became Guisnes
pursuivant extraordinary upon the removal
of Fulke ap Howell at Westminster, 10 July
28 Henry VIII. When Calais pursuivant
extraordinary he was sent, 1 April 1543, to
Rouen to visit the merchants and marines
who had been captured by the French, and
were confined there (NOBLE, loc. cit.) On
30 May 1544 he was appointed Rouge Croix,
and promoted to the office of Chester herald
about 37 Henry VIII. With Sir Gilbert
Dethick [q. v.], Garter, he attended the Mar-
quis of Northampton into France, when he

had an allowance of 10s. per diem for his
* dyett.' The deputation from Thomas Haw-
ley, Clarenceux, to Flower, constituting him
his marshal and deputy, is dated at the house
of the said Clarenceux in Barbican, London,
1555, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary. His patent
as Norroy is dated 29 Jan. 1561-2 (RTMEE,
Foedera, xvi. 620 ; MACHYN, Diary, Camden
Soc., p. 276). A commission of visitation
was addressed to him on 10 July, 6 Elizabeth.
On 9 March 1580 he obtained a patent join-
ing Robert Glover, Somerset, his son-in-law,
with himself for the office of Norroy, in which
patent he is stated to be then eighty-two
years of age. Flower died at Windsor in the
autumn of 1588. His will, bearing date
14 Oct., 30 Elizabeth, 1588, was proved in
London 22 Nov. following. ^The effects were
small, and the legacies consisted chiefly of
articles of furniture and wearing apparel
(will registered in P. C. C. 9, Leicester).

Flower's < Visitation of Yorkshire ' in 1563
and 1564 was edited for the Harleian Society
in 1881 by Charles Best NorclifFe of Langton,
Yorkshire, from the original manuscript,
which has been in the possession of the family
since 1738. Two copies of this visitation, one
with additions, are in the College of Arms ;
a portion only is to be found in the British
Museum, Harleian MS. 1171. In 1567
Flower undertook a ' Visitation of the County
Palatine of Lancaster,' on which occasion he
appointed Robert Glover his marshal or de-
puty ; the visitation has for that reason been
sometimes described as ' Glover's Visitation.'
The original manuscript is preserved in the
College of Arms, but a carefully written
transcript of it by Glover is in the British
Museum, Harleian MS. 2086. A second
copy in the same collection, Harleian MS.
6159, with additional and enlarged pedi-
grees, was made by William Smith [q. v.] ,
Rouge Dragon pursuivant, in 1598. Tran-
scripts of this visitation, all in the libraries
of Humphrey Chetham of Manchester, and
of Queen's College, Oxford, and other copies,
more or less inaccurate, are in several public
and private collections. It was printed by
the Chetham Society in 1870 under the edi-
torship of Canon F. R. Raines. Flower's
last undertaking was a 'Visitation of the
County Palatine of Durham 'in 1575, in which
he was again greatly assisted by Glover.
One hundred and forty copies of this visitation
were printed at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1820
from a copy in the possession of Nicholas
John Philipson, F.S.A., of that town. Manu-
script copies exist in the libraries of the
British Museum (Harl. MSS. 1171 and 1540),
of the College of Arms, of Queen's College,
Oxford, and of Durham Cathedral.

Flowerdew

342

Flowers

[Raines's Introduction to Lancashire Visitation
(Chetham Soc.) ; Norcliffe's Preface to Yorkshire
Visitation (Harl. Soc.); Calendar of State Papers,
Domestic, 1547-80, Foreign, 1553-8, p. 312;
Noble's History of the College of Arms ; Sims's
Manual for the Genealogist, 2nd ed., pp. 165,
168, 176.] G. G.

FLOWERDEW, EDWARD (d. 1586),
judge, fourth son of John Flowerdew of
Hethersett, Norfolk, a large landed proprie-
tor, was educated at Cambridge, but took no
degree. He became a member of the Inner
Temple 11 Oct. 1552, and in the autumn of
1569 and Lent of 1577 was reader, and in
1579 treasurer. He obtained considerable
celebrity as a lawyer in his own county.
In 1571 he became counsel to the dean and
chapter of Norwich, and in 1573 to the town
of Great Yarmouth. He was counsel also
to Sir Thomas Gresham. The town of Nor-
wich gave him a silver cup in 1571, presum-
ably for professional services, and various
grateful clients settled annuities on him,
Thomas Grimesdiche settling 40s. and John
Thornton 26*. 8d. in 1573, and Simon Har-
court of Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, one
third of five marks in 1575. On 12 Feb. 1584
he received a grant from the clerk of the royal
kitchen of a buck in summer and a doe in
winter yearly from any royal forest in Nor-
folk or elsewhere. His professional advance-
ment was to be serjeant and recorder of Great
Yarmouth in Michaelmas term, 16 Oct. 1580,
and on 23 Oct. 1584 third baron of the ex-
chequer, when he resigned his recordership.
On 20 Feb. 1585 he was a member of the
special commission for the county of Middle-
sex, before which Dr. Parry was tried and
convicted for high treason. In the winter
of 1585 and 1586 he went circuit in South
Wales, and in March held the assizes at
Exeter. Here gaol fever broke out, and,
seizing upon him, carried him off between
14 March and 4 April. He was buried at
Hethersett Church. He was a man of grasp-
ing temper, but apparently not of fine feel-
ings. In 1564 he purchased Stanfield Hall
and its furniture of John Appleyard, in order
to live there, and also married Elizabeth,
daughter of AVilliam Foster of Wymond-
ham, who had long been Appleyard's mis-
tress. In 1575 he acquired the site of the
dissolved abbey of Wymondham. The pa-
rishioners, wishing to preserve the church,
petitioned the crown to be allowed to buy it
at a valuation, and paid the money. Flower-
dew, however, stripped it of its lead and
carried off a quantity of freestone, where-
upon the exasperated parishioners dismantled
it. His lands were dispersed on his death,
and he left no issue. According, however,

to another account, he had a daughter, who
married Thomas Skelton.

[Foss's Judges of England ; Blomefield's Nor-
folk, i. 721, 724 ; Dugdale's Origines Jurid. ;
Holinshed's Chron. iv. 868 ; Leicester Corre-
spondence, p. 224; Burgon's Gresham, ii. 493,
499 ; Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 5 ; Manship's
Yarmouth,!. 295 ; Palmer's continuation of Man-
ship's Yarmouth, ii. 337 et seq. and Vincent's
Norfolk Collections there cited; Monro's Acta
Cancellarise ; Strype's Annals, iv. 310, and Par-
ker, 453 ; Weever's Fun. Mon. p. 864 ; Lemon's
Domestic Papers, 1581-90 ; App. 4, Rep. Publ.
Records, p. 273 ; Gawdy MSS., Hist. MSS.
Comm. Rep., 1885.] J. A. H.

FLOWERS, FREDERICK (1810-1886),
police magistrate, third son of the Rev. Field
Flowers, rector of Partney, Lincolnshire,
1815-18, was born at Boston in 1810, and
educated at Louth grammar school, Lincoln-
shire. He was admitted a student of Lin-
coln's Inn 10 Nov. 1828, called to the bar
18 Nov. 1839, joined the midland circuit,
and for many years practised as a special
pleader. In 1862 he was appointed recorder
of Stamford, and was for some time revising
barrister for the northern division of Not-
tinghamshire. He was named by Sir George
Grey police magistrate at Bow Street, Lon-
don, 6 July 1864, and sat at that court until
his death. He also acted as a magistrate
for Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Hertfordshire,
and Essex. As a police magistrate he was
extremely well known and greatly respected.
His common sense, combined with a sound
knowledge of the law, prevented him from
making many mistakes in his decisions. He
possessed kindness, tact, and discrimination,
and a strong sense of justice, especially to-
wards those who were poor and weak. He
died at his residence, Holmesdale, Tottenham
Lane, Hornsey, Middlesex, 26 Jan. 1886, and
was buried at Partney on 30 Jan., where on
his grave is a monumental cross, and in the
church there is a memorial brass. He married
in 1841 Ann, only daughter of R. Kirby, by
whom he left one son.

[Law Times, 13 Feb. 1886, p. 275; Solicitors'
Journal, 30 Jan. 1886, p. 225; Law Journal,
30 Jan. 1886, p. 79 ; Graphic, 8 Jan. 1881, p. 32,
with portrait; Saturday Review, 30 Jan. 1886,
pp. 145-6.] G. C. B.

FLOWERS, GEORGEFRENCH (1811-
1872), composer and musical theorist, fourth
son of the Rev. Field Flowers, was born in
1811 at Boston, Lincolnshire ; he studied music
under Rink and Von Wartensee in Germany,
graduated Mus. Bac. from Lincoln College,
Oxford, in 1839, and proceeded doctor of music
in 1865. In the meantime he was organist
at the Chapel of the British Embassy, Paris,

Floyd

343

Floyd

St. Mark's, Myddelton Square, and St. John's,
Paddiiigton, successively. Flowers founded
the Contrapuntists' Society in 1843, was re-
sponsible for some contrapuntal and musical
reviews in the * Literary Gazette ' about that
time, and was author of an analysis of Goss's
* Harmony ' in the ' Fine Arts Journal' (1847,
p. 445 et seq.) His ' Essay on the Construc-
tion of Fugue with . . . new Rules for Har-
mony ' appeared in London in 1846 ; the ' Pic-
torial Representation of the Science of Har-
mony,' a translation of Easier 's * Reisekarte,'
in 1850; and a poem on l Muscular Vocalisa-
tion,' Barrow-on-Humber, in 1861. Flowers
introduced and developed Vogler's system of
progressive cadences (cf. his papers in Mu-
sical World of 1848, pp. 501 and 554). He
contributed opinions on musical matters for
many years to the ' Musical Examiner ' and
'Musical World.' In 1850 (Mus. World,
p. 650) he announced his determination to
cultivate and bring forward English vocal
talent by means of a British school of vocali-
sation. His attempt was justified a year or
two later by some measure of success, strik-
ingly illustrated by the excellent singing of
his young pupils in St. James's Hall, yet no
trace remains of the institution which pro-
mised so well. The late Mrs. Howard Paul
may be cited as having been its most distin-
guished member. Flowers displayed in the
composition of his ( Organ Fugues,' ' Pastoral
Chorus,' and 'Choral Fugue' all the erudition
expected from so earnest a follower of Bach
and Vogler. His elaborate first mass, about
1860, probably marks the date of his recep-
tion in the church of Rome. Flowers died
of cholera, 14 June 1872.

[Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 535 ; Brown's Diet,
of Musicians, p. 249 ; Musical World, 1844-52;
other periodicals mentioned above ; Gorman's
Converts to Home. p. 39 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon.l

L. M. M.

FLOYD, FLOUD, or LLOYD, ED-
WARD (d. 1648 ?), was a catholic barrister
who became steward in Shropshire to Lord-
chancellor Ellesmere and the Earl of Suffolk.
In 1621, when he was a prisoner in the Fleet
at the instance of the privy council, he was
impeached in the House of Commons for
having said : ' I have heard that Prague is
taken ; and Goodman Palsgrave and Good-
wife Palsgrave have taken their heels ; and
as I have heard, Goodwife Palsgrave is taken
prisoner.' These words, it was alleged, were
spoken by him in a most despiteful and scorn-
ful manner, to insult the prince palatine and
his wife. The case led to an important consti-
tutional decision. The commons condemned
him on 1 May to pay a fine of 1,000/., to
stand in the pillory in three different places

for two hours each time, and to be carried
from place to place upon a horse without a
saddle, with his face towards the horse's tail,
and holding the tail in his hand. Floyd im-
mediately appealed to the king, who the next
morning sent to inquire upon what prece-
dents the commons grounded their claim to
act as a judicial body in regard to offences
which did not concern their privileges. A
debate of several days led to a conference of
the two houses, when it was agreed that the
accused should be arraigned before the lords,
and that a declaration should be entered on
the journals that his trial before the commons
should not prejudice the just rights of either
house. The lords added to the severity of
the first judgment. On 26 May Floyd was con-
demned to be degraded from the estate of a
gentleman ; his testimony not to be received;
he was to be branded, whipped at the cart's
tail, to pay 5,000 L, and to be imprisoned in
Newgate for life. When he was branded in
Cheapside he declared that he would have
given 1,000/. to be hanged in order that he
might be a martyr in so good a cause. Some
days afterwards, on the motion of Prince
Charles, it was agreed by the lords that the
whipping should not be inflicted, and an
order was made that in future judgment
should not be pronounced, when the sentence
was more than imprisonment, on the same
day on which it was voted. The remainder
of the monstrous sentence on Floyd seems
to have been carried into effect. But he was
liberated on 16 July 1621, after the new
lord keeper Williams had prevailed with
Buckingham to recommend to Charles I a
liberal exercise of his prerogative of mercy
in the case of political prisoners (GARBINEK,
Hist. iv. 137). On the petition of Joane,
his wife, the lords on 6 Dec. 1621 ordered his
trunk and writings to be delivered up to her ;
the clerk first taking out l such popish beads
and popish books' as were therein (Lords'
Journals, iii. 183). Perhaps he is the person
whose death is thus recorded by Smyth:
' July 1648, Mr. Fludd (an honest recusant),
my old acquaintance, about this time died '
(Obituary, p. 26).

Hallam speaks with great severity of the
cruelty of these proceedings. 'The cold-
blooded, deliberate policy of the lords is still
more disgusting than the wild fury of the
lower house ' (Constitutional Hist., 7th edit,
i. 361). A collection, made by Sir Harbottle
Grimstone, bart., of the proceedings in Floyd's
case in the House of Commons is preserved
in the Harleian MS. 6274. art. 2.

[Gardiner's History of England, ir. 119-22;
Birch's James I, ii. 252-8; Camden's James I;
Campbell's Lord Chief Justices, i. 366, 389, 390;

Floyd

344

Floyd

Commons' Journals, i. 596-624 ; Howell's State
Trials, ii. 1153 seq. viii. 92; Lingard's Hist, of
England (1849), vii. 223; Lords' Journals, iii.
110-83 ; Parliamentary Hist. v. 427-47.] T. C.

FLOYD, HENRY (1563-1641), Jesuit,
elder brother of Father John Floyd [q. v.],
born in Cambridgeshire in 1563, received his
education in the English College of Douay
during its temporary removal to Rheims. On
8 May 1589, being then a deacon, he was sent
with other students by Dr. Richard Barret,
president of the college, to assist in com-
mencing the new English College founded by
Father Parsons atValladolid (Records of the
English Catholics, i. 220, 224). For a time
he was stationed at the ' residence' or semi-
nary established by Parsons at Lisbon. He
was probably ordained priest in 1592, and he
defended universal theology with great ap-
plause at Seville on 20 Feb. 1592-3. From
Lisbon he crossed over to England about 1597,
and for nineteen years he was chaplain to
Sir John Southcote. In 1599 he entered the
Society of Jesus, and in 1618 was professed
of the four vows. He underwent many vicis-
situdes, and at various times was incarcerated
in Newgate, the Clink, and the Fleet prisons
in London, and in Framlingham and Win-
chester gaols. His zeal in promoting the
catholic cause rendered him particularly ob-
noxious to the government, and his name fre-
quently occurs in the state papers. On the
accession of James I, being sent into banish-
ment with many other priests, he returned
to Lisbon ; but he soon revisited England,
and again fell into the hands of the pursui-
vants. After serving the mission in the Lon-
don district for many years, he died in London
on 7 March 1640-1.

[More's Hist. Missionis Angl. Soc. Jesu, p. 286 ;
Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 93; Foley's Re-
cords, i. 503-13, vii. 267.] ' T. C.

FLOYD, JOHN (1572-1649), jesuit,called
also DANIEL A JESTJ, younger brother of Father
Henry Floyd [q.v.],was born in Cambridge-
shire in 1572. After studying in the school
of the English Jesuits at Eu in Normandy,
he was admitted on 17 March 1587-8 into
the English College at Rheims, where he made
his course of humanities and philosophy.
Next he proceeded to Rome, was admitted
into the English College there 9 Oct. 1590,
and joined the Society of Jesus 1 Nov. 1592
(FoLEY, Records, vi. 185). On 18 Aug. 1593
he received minor orders at Rheims or Douay,
and on the 22nd of the same month he was
sent back to the English College at Rome
with nine companions (Douay Diaries, pp.232,
J33). He taught philosophy and theology
with great success, and acquired fame as a

preacher. In 1609 he became a professed;
father of the Jesuit order. He laboured long
and zealously on the English mission. Having"
ventured to visit Father Edward Oldcorne in
Worcester gaol in 1606, he was detained, and
he was unable either by entreaties or bribes
to escape the clutches of Popham (MoBUSy
Hist. Missionis Anglic. Soc. Jesu, p. 287).
After a year's imprisonment he was sent into*
exile with forty-six other priests, and he spent
four years in preaching at St. Omer and com-
posing controversial works. Then he re-
turned to England, where he was often cap-
tured, and as often contrived by payments of
money to escape from the pursuivants. Fi-
nally he settled at Louvain, where he was
professor of theology. He died suddenly at
St. Omer on 15 Sept. 1649 (Florus Anglo-
Bavaricus, p. 51).

Wood describes him as ' a person excel-
lently learned, as well in philosophy as
theology ' (Athence Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 483),
He wrote the following works, some of
which appeared under the pseudonyms of
Daniel a Jesu, Hermannus Loemelius, George
White, and Annosus Fidelis Verimentanusr
and the name Flud, and the initials J. R. :.
1. ' The Overthrow of the Protestants Pulpit-
Babels, convincing their Preachers of Lying-
and Rayling, to make the Church of Rome
seeme mysticall Babell ' [St. Omer], 1612, 4to.
This contains an answer to 'The Jesuites
Gospell,' by William "Crashaw [q. v.], pub-
lished in 1610. Floyd's work, which pur-
ports to be by ' J. R., Student in Divinity,*
has been erroneously ascribed toFather Robert
Jenison (GiLLOW, Bibliographical Diet. iii.
611). In reply to this or some other work
by Floyd, Sir Edward Hoby wrote 'A
Counter- Snarle for Ishmael Rabshakeh, a.
Cecropedian Lycaonite, being an Answer to a
Roman Catholic, who writes himself J. R.,*
London, 1613. 2. 'Purgatories Triumph over
Hell, maugre the barking of Cerberus in Syr
Edward Hobyes Counter-Snarle. Described
in a Letter to the said Knight, from J. R.,
authour of the Answere unto the Protestants,
Pulpit-Babels,' 1613, 4to, to which Hoby re-
joined in a book entitled ' Curry-comb for a
Coxcombe,' 1615. 3. ' Synopsis Apostasies
Marci Antonii de Dominis, olim Archiepiscopi
Spalatensis, nunc apostatee, ex ipsiusmet libro
delineata,' Antwerp, 1617, 8vo, translated into
English by Father Henry Hawkins, St. Omer,
1617, 8vo, and again edited by John Fletcher,
D.D. [q. v.], Lond. 1828, 8vo. 4. < Hypocrisis-
M. A. de Dominis detecta, seu censura in
ejus libros de Republica Ecclesiastica,' Ant-
werp, 1620, 8vo. 5. < Censura X Librorum
de Republica Ecclesiastica M. A. de Dominis/
Antwerp, 1620, 12mo ; Cologne, 1621, 8vo,

Floyd

345,

Floyd

6. ' God and the King ; or a Dialogue wherein
is treated of Allegiance due to ... K. James
within his Dominions, which (by removing
all Controversies and Causes of Dissentions
and Suspitions) bindeth Subjects by an in-
violable band of Love and Duty to their
Soveraigne,' translated from the Latin, Co-
logne, 1620, 12mo. 7. ' St. Augustine's Medi-
tations,' translated, St. Omer, 1621, 16mo,
Paris, 1655, 16mo. 8. ' Monarchic Eccle-
siasticae ex scriptis M. Antonii de Dominis
. . . Demonstratio, duobus libris comprehensa,
seu Respublica Ecclesiastica M. Ant. de
Dominis, per ipsum a fundamentis eversa,'
Cologne, 1622, 8vo. 9. ' A Word of Comfort ;
or a Discourse concerning the late lamentable
Accident of the Fall of a Roome at a Catholike
Sermon in the Black-Friars at London, where-
with about fore-score persons were oppressed
. . . By J. R. P.,' St. Omer, 1623, 4to. This
relates to the ' Fatal Vespers ' [see DRTTRY,
ROBERT, 1587-1623]. 10. 'Of the Sacrifice
of the Mass,' translated from the Spanish of
Antonio Molina, St. Omer, 1623, 4to. 11. 'On
the Real Presence,' St. Omer, 1624, 12mo.

12. 'An Answer to Francis White's [suc-
cessively bishop of Norwich and Ely] Reply
to Mr. Fisher's Answer to the Nine Arti-
cles offered by King James to Father John
Fisher, S. J./ St. Omer, 1625, 4to. Francis
Mason replied to Floyd in the second edit.
of his ' Vindiciee Ecclesise Anglicanae,' 1625.

13. ' An Apology of the Holy Sea Apostolicks
Proceedings for the Government of the Catho-
licks of England during the tyme of persecu-
tion. With a Defence of a Religious State,
written by Daniel of Jesus,' Rouen, 1630,
4to. The first part is translated from the
French. An enlarged Latin edition was
published at Cologne and St. Omer in 1631.
This work relates to the disputes between
the Jesuits and the secular priests in the mat-
ter of the episcopacy. It drew down the
censure of the theological faculty of the Sor-
bonne upon its author, who replied with
No. 15 below. 14. f A Paire of Spectacles
for Sir Humphrey Linde to see his way
withall ; or, an Answeare to his booke called
Via Tuta, a Safe Way,' s.l. 1631, 8vo. This
has been sometimes attributed to Father Ro-
bert Jenison, but with no apparent founda-
tion. Lynde's ' Via Tuta/ 1628, was answered
more fully by John Heigham. 15. 'Her-
manni Loemelii . . . Spongia qua diluun-
tur Calumniee nomine Facultatis Parisien-
sis impositse libro qui inscribitur Apologia
Sanctae Sedis Apostolicae circa Regimen Ca-
tholicorum Anglige,' &c., St. Omer, 1631, 8vo.
A rejoinder was published on the part of
the Sorbonne. Gillow gives a list of the
principal books occasioned by Floyd's works

against Dr. Richard Smith, bishop of Chal-
cedon, and the French clergy who supported
him (Bibl. Diet. ii. 304, 305). 16. 'Answer
to a Book intituled "Instructions for the
Catholicks of England."' 17. 'The Church
Conquerant over Human Wit,' St. Omer,,
1638, 4to, being a reply to Chilling-worth's
'Religion of Protestants.' 18. 'The Total
Summ/ St. Omer, 1638, 4to, reprinted in
1639 with ' The Judgment of an University
Man on Mr. Chilli ngworth's Book, by Father
William Lacy.' 19. ' The Imposture of Pu-
ritan Piety,' St. Omer, 1639. 20. ' A Treatise
on Holy Pictures.' 21. ' Vita Brunehildis,
Francorum Reginse, liber primus,' manuscript
folio, at St. Omer. It is cited by Bollandus-
in his notes to the life of St. Nicet, bishop of
Besan^on, under 8 Feb.

[Gillow's Bibl. Diet, of the English Catholics ;
Foley's Eecords, iv. 237, vii. 268; Oliver's Jesuit
Collections, p. 94; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser.
ix. 38; Panzani's Memoirs, pp. 124, 125; South-
well's Bibl. Scriptqrum Soc. Jesu, p. 449 ; De
Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de-
Jesus (1869), i. 1888 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii.
105 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 195, iii.
92, 386, 995, iv. 309.] T. C.

FLOYD, SIR JOHN (1748-1818), general,
was elder son ofCaptain JohnFloyd of the 1st
or king's dragoon guards ^BlTe^~trrG6rmany
during the seven years' war), by Mary, daugh-
ter of the Rev. James Bate, rector of Chilham,
Kent. He was born on 22 Feb. 1748, and
entered the army on 5 April 1760, at the age
of twelve, as a cornet in Eliott's light horse,
afterwards the 15th or king's royal hussars.
He is said to have received his commission
without purchase, as some recognition of hist
father's gallantry, and he at once joined the
regiment, and distinguished himself at the
battle of Emsdorf. He was promoted lieu-
tenant on 20 April 1763, and made riding-
master to his regiment. His skill in this
capacity brought him under the notice of the
authorities. General Eliott, afterwards Lord
Heathfield, spoke most favourably of his abili-
ties, and he was ' lent ' to the 1st dragoons,,
the royals, in order to improve their riding.
Under the patronage of Eliott, Floyd was pro-
moted, without purchase, captain-lieutenant
on 20 May 1770, and captain on 25 May 1772
in the 15th hussars, and on 5 May 1779 major
in the newly raised 21st light dragoons. In
1781 it was determined to raise a cavalry
regiment expressly for service in India, and
on 24 Sept. in that year Floyd was gazetted
lieutenant-colonel of this new regiment, which
was styled first the 23rd, and then the 19th
light dragoons. He reached Madras in 1782,
in which year he was gazetted a local colonel
in the East Indies, and remained in that

Floyd

346

Floyer

presidency for eighteen years, during which
he showed himself the most accomplished
English cavalry commander who ever served
in the south of India. On 18 Nov. 1790 he
was promoted colonel, and was in the same
year appointed by Lord Cornwallis to com-
mand all the cavalry upon the Coromandel
coast. In the three campaigns of Lord Corn-
wallis against Tippoo Sultan Floyd greatly
distinguished himself. Before Lord Corn-
wallis had assumed the command in person,
Floyd performed his greatest feat of arms.
He had occupied Coimbatore on 21 July 1790
with the van of the army, and, after leaving
headquarters there, he established himself on
26 Aug. at Satyamangalam with a detach-
ment of the 36th regiment, and some of his
own troopers of the 19th light dragoons.
He was attacked by the enemy's cavalry in
greatly superior force, but succeeded in re-
treating in good order. Cornwallis hereupon
gave Floyd the command of the van-guard.
He was wounded during the siege of Banga-
lore in March 1791, distinguished himself on
the left wing in the battle of Arikera in
May 1791, and served in the general action
in May 1792 near Seringapatam, which in-
duced Tippoo to sue for terms. After the
conclusion of this war Floyd took his regi-
ment into cantonments at Bangalore ; he
served as second in command to Colonel
Braithwaite in the capture of Bangalore in
1793, and was promoted major-general on
6 Oct. 1794. When the second war with
Tippoo Sahib broke out, Floyd again com-
manded the cavalry, and acted as second in
command to General Harris. He led the
advance of the army into Mysore, and the
charges of his cavalry did much to win the
battle of Malavalli. When the siege of Se-
ringapatam was formed, Floyd commanded
the covering army, and brought the Bombay
column, under Major-general James Stuart,
safely into camp. In the year after the cap-
ture of Seringapatam, Floyd,who had acquired
great wealth from the lucrative appointments
ne had held in India, and from the booty
of Seringapatam, returned to England. He
•was received with great distinction, was ap-
pointed colonel of the 23rd light dragoons on
11 Sept. 1800, and was promoted lieutenant-
general on 1 Jan. 1801. He never again saw
service, but spent some years on the staif in
Ireland, commanding the Limerick division
from 1803 to 1806, and the Cork division
from 1809 to 1812. He was transferred to
the colonelcy of the 8th light dragoons on
13 Sept. 1804, promoted general on 1 Jan
1812, and in 1817 he received the honourable
but sinecure office of governor of Gravesenc
and Tilbury. On 30 March 1816 he was

reated a baronet, and a special crest of a
.ion rampant, bearing the standard of Tippoo
Sultan in its paws, was granted to him. Floyd
was twice married: first, in 1771, to Rebecca

Tuliana, daughter of Charles Darke of Ma-
dras ; and secondly, in 1803, to Anna, daugh-

er of Crosbie Morgell, and widow of Sir Barry

Denney, bart., of Tralee Castle. By his first
wife he left one son (an officer who served in

he Peninsula and at Waterloo, and who
.ucceeded him as second baronet) and two
daughters, one married to General Sir Joseph
Fuller, G.C.H., and the other to the Right

ETon. Sir Robert Peel, the second baronet.

Floyd died suddenly of gout in the stomach,
on 10 Jan. 1818, shortly before completing his
seventieth year.

[Royal Military Calendar, 1st edit. ; Foster's
Baronetage ; Military Record of the 8th Hussars;
Cornwallis Correspondence ; Mackenzie's Sketch
of the War with Tippoo Sultan from 1789 to

L79 2 ; Dirom's Narrative of the Campaign in

[ndia in 1792 ; Beatson's War with Tippoo Sul-
tan in 1799; Lushington's Life and Services of
eneral Lord Harris ; Wellesley Despatches.]

H. M. S.

FLOYD, THOMAS (Jl. 1603), author, a
Welshman, entered New Inn, Oxford, as a
commoner in 1589, graduated B.A. on 9 Feb.
1592-3, afterwards transferred himself to
Jesus College, and took the degree of M.A.
on 5 Feb. 1595-6. He was the author of
1 The Picture of a Perfect Commonwealth,
describing as well the Offices of Princes and
inferior Magistrates over their Subjects, as
also the Duties of Subjects towards their
Governors,' &c., London, 1600, 12mo. He
also wrote some Latin verses in ' Academiae
Oxoniensis Pietas erga Jacobum Regem,' 1603.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ( Bliss), i. 744; Fasti,
i. 257, 270.] J. M. R.

FLOYER, SIR JOHN (1649-1734), phy-
sician, born in 1649, was the son of Richard
Floyer of Hintes, Staffordshire. He entered
as commoner of Queen's College, Oxford, at
the beginning of 1664, being then fifteen years
of age. He was B.A. 16 April 1668, M.A.
1671, B.M. 27 June 1674, D.M. 8 July 1680
(WooD). After twelve years' residence in
Oxford, he settled at Lichfield as a physician.
He was knighted in or before 1686, whether
merely for professional eminence or for poli-
tical services does not appear ; but he would
seem to have been in some way mixed up
with the intrigues of James II in 1686 to
obtain control over the corporation of Lich-
field. There is no record of any other notable
events in his life, except the publication of
his several books. Floyer's name is known
in connection with that of Samuel Johnson,

Floyer

347

Floyer

who was, by his advice, sent up to be touched
by Queen Anne for the ' evil.' It is also
noteworthy that some of Floyer's books were
printed for Michael Johnson, bookseller, of
Lichfi eld, father of the lexicographer. Floyer
attained considerable eminence in his profes-
sion, and died on 1 Feb. 1734.

Floyer was one of the most original phy-
sicians of the great scientific period in which
he lived. His works show independence of
thought and the spirit of research ; while
some have been important as being the start-
ing-points of new methods in medical prac-
tice.

His first book, ' The Touchstone of Medi-
cines,' contains a number of operations on
the taste and smell of plants and other drugs,
considered as a guide to their medicinal vir-
tues, a subject treated of by Galen and other
ancient writers, and by some of the moderns,
though not now held to be worth considera-
tion. This work, as well as that on animal
humours, which is of the same class, contains
many chemical and microscopical observa-
tions, but it appears to have been treated with
some ridicule.

His work on the pulse watch is much more
important. Floyer was the first to make
regular observations upon the rate of the
pulse, counting the number of beats in a
minute by the watch. Before his time, though
other points connected with the pulse had
been carefully studied, this had been ne-
glected. The pulse watch was merely a
watch constructed to go for exactly one
minute. Though Floyer's observations were
not perfectly accurate, still, in Haller's words,
he ' broke the ice,' and introduced a practice
now universal. Floyer did good service also
by his advocacy of cold bathing in a work
published under different titles in several edi-
tions. He showed that the Roman customs
of bathing had been prevalent in Britain in
former times, and attributed to their disuse
the occurrence of many diseases. He even
went so far as to ascribe salutary physical
consequences to infant baptism by immersion,
and advocated the restoration of this ancient
method of performing the rite. Indeed he
succeeded more than once in getting children
thus baptised according to the rubric ; and
his authority has been quoted by theological
advocates of baptism by immersion. He also
built or got built a cold bath in the neigh-
bourhood of Lichfield.

The work on asthma is also very note-
worthy, not only as containing excellent
clinical observations, but as giving the first
account, derived from dissection, of the change
in the lungs now called emphysema, which
is found in one of the forms of asthma as then

understood. This observation, which has
been often quoted in modern text-books, was
made not on the human subject, but on a
broken-winded mare. Floyer clearly dis-
tinguishes spasmodic asthma (from which he
himself suffered), and assigns for it the same
cause as do most modern authorities, viz. :
' contraction of the muscular fibres of the
bronchia.' His other medical writings are
less important. Haller remarks that Floyer's
works were less known abroad than they
deserved to be, and even in this country he
has hardly received full justice. He was
evidently a man of miscellaneous as well as
medical learning, and greatly interested him-
self in the study of prophecy.

He wrote: 1. ' «£ap/LiaKo-Bd<rai/oy, or the
Touchstone of Medicines,' London, printed
for Michael Johnson at Lichfield, vol. i. 1687,
vol. ii. 1690, 8vo. 2. 'Preternatural State
of the Animal Humours, described by their
Sensible Qualities,' London, 1696, 8vo. 3. ' An
Enquiry into the Right Use of Baths,' London,
1697, 8vo; afterwards under other titles,
viz.: 'The Ancient Psychrolusia Revived,'
London, 1702, 1706 ; l History of Hot and
Cold Bathing,' with appendix by Dr. Baynard,
London, 1709, 1715, 1722 ; Manchester, 1844,
12mo ; in German, Breslau, 1749 ; in Latin,
Leyden, 1699, Amsterdam, 1718. 4. 'Trea-
tise on the Asthma,' London, 1698 ; 3rd ed.
1745, 8vo ; in French, Paris, 1761 (WATT,
Bibl Brit:} 5. ' The Physician's PulseWatch,'
vol. i. 1707, vol. ii. 1710, 8vo. 6. A letter on
bathing in Dr. Joseph Browne's account of
cures performed by cold baths, London, 1707.
7. ' A Letter concerning the Rupture of the
Lungs,' London, 1710, 8vo (WATT). 8. 'The
Sibylline Oracles, translated from the Greek,'
London, 1713, 8vo. 9. ' A Vindication of the
SibyllineOracles,'London,1715,8vo. lO.'Two
Essays, on the Creation and on the Mosaic
System,' Nottingham, 1717, sm. 8vo. 11. 'An
Exposition of the Revelations/ London and
Lichfield, 1719. 12. ' Exposition and Vin-
dication of Esdras ' (announced as on sale
1722; not seen). 13. 'An Essay to restore
the Dipping of Infants in their Baptism,' Lon-
don, 1722, 8vo. 14. ' Medicina Geronocomica,
or the Galenic Art of Preserving Old Men's
Healths,' London, 1724, 1725, 8vo. 15. 'A
Comment on Forty-two Histories described
by Hippocrates in his " Epidemics," ' &c.,
London, 1726, 8vo. 16. Two memoirs in
' Philos. Transactions,' vols. xxi. and xxiii.,
of no great importance.

Floyer states that the following manu-
scripts were left in the library of Queen's
College, Oxford, but they are not named in
Coxe's Catalogue of Oxford MSS. : (1) ' Ad-
vice to a Young Physician ; ' (2) ' Medicines

Fludd

348

Fludd

distributed into Classes by their Tastes;'
(3) 'The Third and Fourth Parts of the
Pulse Watch;' (4) 'Essay on Air, Exercise,'
&c. Two letters of Floyer's, without impor-
tance, are among the Brit. Mus. MSS.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ii. 979 (ed. 1721) ;
Harwood's History of Lichfield, 1806 ; Haller,
Bibl. Med. Pract. iv. 10; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Gent,
Mag. March 1734.] J. F. P.

FLUDD or FLUD, ROBERT, M.D.

(1574-1637), rosicrucian, second, or, accord-
ing to Waite, fifth son of Sir Thomas Fludd,
knight, by Elizabeth, daughter of Philip
Andros of Taunton, Somerset, was born in
1574 at Milgate House, in the parish of Bear-
sted, Kent. The family was of Welsh origin ;
Robert's grandfather, David Fludd, was of
Morton, Shropshire. Sir Thomas Fludd was
* sometime treasurer of war to Q. Elizabeth
in France and the Low Countries.' In 1591
Fludd became commoner of St. John's Col-
lege, Oxford, and graduated B.A. on 3 Feb.
1596 ; M.A. on 8 July 1598. As a student
of medical science he travelled for nearly
six years on the continent, visiting France,
Spain, Italy, and Germany, and teaching in
noble families. Returning with consider-
able repute as a proficient in chemistry, he
became a member of Christ Church, Oxford,
and on 16 May 1605 received the degrees of
M.B. and M.D. Early in 1606 he was twice
examined by the College of Physicians ; on
the second occasion (7 Feb.) the censors
reported that although he had not fully
satisfied the examiners, he was qualified to
practise medicine. In consequence of al-
leged expressions of contempt for the Gale-
nic system, he was cited to appear before
the censors on 2 May 1606. He denied the
charges ; his accusers not appearing, he was
dismissed with an admonition. Thrice in
the same year he was examined as a candi-
date for the fellowship, and on 22 Dec. was
pronounced l dignus.' But he got into further
trouble with the authorities, and ' tarn in-
solenter se gessit ' that on 21 March 1608 he
was again admonished. On 20 Sept. 1609
he was elected a fellow of the College of
Physicians ; he served as censor in 1618,
1627, 1633, and 1634.

Fludd practised in London as a physician,
and kept a handsome establishment. His
success in the healing art is ascribed by Fuller
to his influence on the minds of his patients,
producing a * faith-natural ' which aided the
' well working ' of his drugs. He had his
own apothecary under his roof, which was
unusual ; and he was always provided with
an amanuensis, to whom he dictated at un-
timely hours his numerous and elaborate

treatises on things divine and human. He
claims notice as a mechanician ; by his own
account he had constructed a wooden bull
that bellowed, an automatic dragon, and a
self-performing lyre.

As a writer, Fludd is the chief English
representative of that school of medical mys-
tics who laid claim to the possession of the
key to universal science. With less of original
genius than Paracelsus, he has more method,
and takes greater pains to frame a consistent
system. The common idea of this school, that
the biblical text contains a storehouse of
hints for modern science, has lost interest,,
its potency expiring with the Hutchinsonians.
And since Fludd did not make, like Para-
celsus, any permanent addition to the pharma-
copoeia, or foreshadow, like Servetus, any later
discoveries in chemistry or physiology, his
lucubrations have passed into oblivion. His
writings obtained more attention abroad than
at home, though Selden highly valued them,
and an admiring writer (John Webster) es-
teems their author 'one of the most Christian
philosophers that ever writ.' Kepler and
Gassendi entered the lists against him. De
Quincey, following Buhle, makes him oddly
enough the ' immediate father ' of free-
masonry.

Fludd is best remembered for his connec-
tion with the fraternity of the rosy cross, a
society so obscure that its very existence has
been denied. It was introduced to the public
in 1614 by an anonymous work in German,
best known as the ' FamaFraternitatis,' which
promised a ' universal and general reforma-
tion of the whole world ' through the l Orden
des Rosenkreuzes.' This publication, which
Gottfried Arnold regards as an elaborate skit
on the part of Johann Valentin Andreas
(1586-1654), ascribed the foundation of the
fraternity to one Christian Rosenkreuz, in ih&
fifteenth century. In addition to the attain-
ment of the usual prizes of the alchemist, one
of its practical objects was reported to be the
gratuitous healing of the sick. The move-
ment was commended to Fludd's notice by
the German alchemist, Michael Maier, who-
visited him in London. Fludd came for-
ward in vindication of the fraternity, espe-
cially from the suspicions of theologians.
To a manuscript ' Declaratio breuis,' which
he addressed to James I, are appended the
confirmatory letters of French and German
associates. On behalf of German writers of
the fraternity, Justus Helt testifies (20 April
1617) that they are neither popish nor Lu-
theran, in short that 'Fratrum theosophiam
esse Calvinistarum theologiam.'

Flood takes the position that all true
natural science is rooted in revelation. He.

Fludd

349

Fludd

opposes the 'ethnic philosophy' of Aristotle,
and is equally opposed to all modern astro-
nomy, for he denies the diurnal revolution
of the earth. Holding with the neoplatonists
that all things were ' complicitly and ideally
in God ' before they were made, he advances
to a doctrine of the divine immanence which
betrays a strong pantheistic tendency. In
the dedication of one of his works (1617) he
addresses the deity, '0 natura naturans, in-
finita et gloriosa.' St. Luke he calls his
* physicall and theosophicall patron ' (Mosai-
call Philos.}

Fludd died unmarried on 8 Sept. 1637 at
his house in the parish of St. Catherine,
Coleman Street ; he had previously lived in
Fenchurch Street. He was buried with some
ceremony in the chancel of Bearsted Church,
under a stone which he had laid for the pur-
pose ; it bears an English inscription. He
left directions for a monument in the style
of that of Camden at Westminster; this,
with bust and long Latin epitaph, was erected
10 Aug. 1638 within the chancel rails at
Bearsted, by his nephew, Thomas Fludd or
Floyd of Gore Court, Otham, Kent. His
portrait was engraved by Mathias Merran
of Basle, and again by Cooper. It represents
a man with bald head, high forehead, and
good features. Granger mentions five differ-
ent prints of him . A sister of Fludd married
Sir Nicholas Gilbourne of Charing, Kent
{Answer to Foster, p. 108).

In his printed works his name is given
indifferently as Flud or Fludd ; the former
seems to represent his earlier usage, and it is
that of the manuscript ' Declaratio breuis '
(1 617). The punning translation, ' De Fluc-
tibus,' used by Fludd in his second publica-
tion, and adopted by Kepler and others, ar-
gues an ignorance of Welsh, as the rendering
bears no relation either to 'llwyd' (grey), or
'llwydd' (luck). Once he employs (1617) the
name Rudolf Otreb, an anagram for Robert
Floud. He published also under the name
of Joachim Frizius ; and a posthumous work,
•which has been assigned to him, appeared
under the name of Alitophilus.

His principal works are : 1. f Apologia
Compendiaria, Fraternitatem de Rosea Cruce
euspicionis . . . maculis aspersam, veritatis
quasi Fluctibus abluens,' &c., Leyden, 1616,
8vo. (the assailant of the rosicrucians was
Andreas Libavius). 2. 'Tractatus Apolo-
geticus integritatem Societatis de Rosea
Cruce defendens,' &c., Leyden, 1617, 8vo (a
revision of No. 1). 3. 'Tractatus Theologo-
philosophicus,' &c., Oppenheim, 1617 [the
date is given in a chronogram], 4to (this
treatise ' a Rudolfo Otreb Britanno ' is de-
dicated to the rosicrucian fraternity, and

consists of three books, 'De Vita/ <De
Morte,' and ' De Resurrectione ; ' in the third
book he contends that those filled with the
spirit of Christ may rise before his second ad-
vent). 4. ' Utriusque Cosmi . . . metaphysica,
physica atque technica Historia,' &c., Oppen-
heim and Frankfort, 1617-24, fol. (has two
dedications, first to the Deity, secondly to
James I ; very curious copperplates ; it was
to have been in two volumes, the first con-
taining two treatises, the second three ; it was
completed as far as the first section of the
second treatise of the second volume). 5. 'Ve-
ritatis Proscenium,' &c., Frankfort, 1621, fol.
(reply to Kepler, who had criticised him in
appendix to ' Harmonice Mundi,' 1619, fol.)
6. ' Monochordon Mundi Symphoniacum,'
&c., Frankfort, 1622, 4to (reply to Kepler's
1 Mathematice,' 1622, fol.) 7. ' Anatomise
Amphitheatrum,' &c., Frankfort, 1623, fol.
(includes reprint of No. 6). 8. ' Philosophia
Sacra et vere Christiana,' &c., Frankfort, 1626,
fol. (portrait ; dedicated to John Williams,
bishop of Lincoln). 9. ' Medicina Catho-
lica,' &c., Frankfort, 1629-31, fol. (in five
parts ; the plan included a second volume,
not published). 10. 'Sophiee cum Moria
Certamen,' &c., Frankfort, 1629, fol. (reply
to the ' Qusestiones Celebres in Genesim,' by
Marin Mersenne). 11. ' Summum Bonorum,'
&c. [Frankfort], 1629, fol. ('per Joachim Fri-
zium ; ' further reply to Mersenne, who had
accused Fludd of magic ; Gasseudi took up
the controversy in an ' Examen Philosophise
Fluddanse,' 1630). 12. 'Doctor Fludds An-
swer vnto M. Foster, or, The Sqvesing of
Parson Fosters Sponge,' &c., London, 1631,
4to (defence of weapon-salve, against the
' Hoplocrisma-Spongus,' 1631, 4to, of Wil-
liam Foster [q. v.], of Hedgerley, Bucking-
hamshire) ; an edition in Latin, ' Responsum
ad Hoplocrisma-Spongum,' &c., Gouda, 1638,
fol. Posthumous were : 13. ' Philosophia Moy-
saica,' &c., Gouda, 1638, fol. ; an edition in
English, 'Mosaicall Philosophy,' &c., London,
1659, 4to. 14. 'ReligioExculpata,' &c. [Ra-
tisbon], 1684, 4to (' Autore Alitophilo Reli-
gionis fluctibus dudum immerso, tandem . . .
emerso;' preface signed J. N. J. ; though
assigned to Fludd, this work wholly differs
in character from his genuine productions).
15. 'Tractatus de Geomantia,' &c. (four
books), included in 'Fasciculus Geomanti-
cus,' &c., Verona, 1687, 8vo. 16. An un-
published manuscript, copied by an amanu-
ensis, and headed 'Declaratio breuis, &c./
is in the British Museum, Royal MSS., 12 C.
ii.; the manuscript 12 B. viii., which seems
to have been another copy of this, with a
slightly different title, has perished by fire.
Fludd's 'Opera' consist of his folios, not

Fludyer

350

Fogg

reprinted, but collected and arranged in six
volumes in 1638; appended is a 'Clavis
Philosophic et Alchimise Fluddanse,' Frank-
fort, 1633. fol. ^

[Fuller's Worthies, 1672, p. 78 sq. (second
pagination), gives the name as Floid ; "Wood's
Athense Oxon. 1691, i. 504, 509 (i.e. 519), 773,
778, 793; additions in Bliss, ii. 618; Ebert's
Lexicon, 1821-30, No. 7701 ; Webster's Display-
ing of Supposed Witchcraft, 1677 ; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of Engl. 1824, ii. 119 ; De Quincey's
Historico-Crit. Inquiry into the Origin of the
Kosicrucians and the Freemasons (1824), Works,
xvi. 406 sq. ; Hunt's Relig. Thought in Engl.
1870, i. 240 sq. ; Mank's Coll. of Phys. 1878, i.
150 sq. ; Waite's Keal Hist, of the Rosicrucians,
1887, p. 284 sq. ; Fludd's Works.] A. GL

FLUDYER, SIR SAMUEL (1705-1768),
lord mayor of London, born in 1705, was the
son of Samuel Fludyer, a clothier in the city
of London. His mother was Elizabeth Mon-
sallier, and her sister Judith was grandmother
of the eminent legist, Sir Samuel Romilly.
1 The Fludyers (i.e. Samuel and his brother
Thomas) began their career in very narrow
circumstances, but by extraordinary industry,
activity, enterprise, and good fortune they ac-
quired inordinate wealth' (ROMILLY, Me-
moirs). Romilly would have become a clerk
in their counting-house had not their deaths
put an end to the scheme. In due course
the brothers became common councillors in
the city of London, Samuel for Bassishaw
ward, Thomas for Aldgate. In 1751 Samuel
was elected alderman of Cheap ward. Three
years later he served the office of sheriff, was
elected M.P. for Chippenham in 1754, was
knighted in 1755 by George II, made a baronet
in 1759, and became lord mayor in 1761. On
this occasion George III attended the inau-
guration dinner, while the queen and royal
family witnessed the lord mayor's show from
David Barclay's house opposite Bow Church
in Cheapside. This 9 Nov. was also distin-
guished by the last known exhibition of a
play written expressly for the day by the
* city poet ' (NICHOLS, Anecd. i. 44). Fludyer
failed in an attempt to represent the city of
London at the election of 1759, but was re-
elected for Chippenham in 1761. He was
deputy-governor of the Bank of England at
the time of his death, which took place, of
apoplexy, on 18 Jan. 1768. His fortune was
estimated at 900,0007. (Gent. Mag.} Sir
Thomas, who succeeded his brother in the
representation of Chippenham, died in March
1769.

[Orridge's Citizens of London, 153-7; Memoirs
of Sir S. Romilly; Taubman's Pageants; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. i. 44 ; Gent. Mag. 1768.] R. H.

^ * A page of Fludd's handwrit-
ing, taken from the commonplace-book of

Toachim MorsiuS. is renrnrlnr^ in H

FOGG, LAURENCE (1623-1718), dean<
of Chester, son of Robert Fogg (who was an
active worker for the parliament, rector of
Bangor-is-y-Coed, Flintshire, ejected 1662,
died 1676), was born at Darcy Lever, in the
parish of Bolton, in 1623, and educated at
Bolton grammar school and at Cambridge.
He was admitted pensioner of Emmanuel Col-
lege on 28 Sept. 1644, and was afterwards of
St. John's College. He held the office of
taxor of the university in 1657. The degree
of S.T.P. was granted to him in 1679. He
was appointed rector of Hawarden, Flint-
shire, in 1655 or 1656, and was among the
first who restored the public use of the liturgy.
In 1662 he resigned his living, owing to an
apparent ambiguity in an act of parliament
relating to subscription, but he afterwards-
conformed. He preached at Oldham on
20 May 1666, being then curate of Prestwich,
and described as theol. baccal. In 1672 he
was appointed vicar of St. Oswald's, Chester,
and on 4 Oct. 1673 was inducted prebendary
of Chester Cathedral. In the latter year he
became vicar of Plemonstall, Cheshire, on
the presentation of the lord keeper Bridge-
man, and on 14 Nov. 1691 was installed dean
of Chester. He was a candid, sober-minded
churchman, and much esteemed by the more
moderate and pious dissenters, with whom
he was on intimate terms. Philip and Mat-
thew Henry both refer to him with appre-
ciation. The latter in 1698 listened to one
of Fogg's sermons with 'singular delight/
' I have from my heart forgiven,' he writes,
' so I will endeavour to forget all that the
dean has at any time said against dissenters,
and against me in particular.' He wrote :

1. 'Two Treatises; i. A General View of
the Christian Religion ; ii. An Entrance
into the Doctrine of Christianity by Cate-
chistical Instruction,' Chester, 1712, 8vo.

2. ' Theologies Speculativae Schema,' Lond.
1712, 8vo. 3. ' God's Infinite Grace in Elec-
tion, and Impartial Equity in Preterition
Vindicated,' Chester, 1713, 8vo. He died on
27 Feb. 1717-18, and was buried in Chester
Cathedral, where a monument to his memory
was erected by his son Arthur (1668-1738),
prebendary of Chester, but, although it was
extant in Ormerod's time, it is no longer to
be found there.

[Cf. Calamy's Abridgment, 1713, ii. 708 ; Con-
tinuation, 1727, ii. 826; Ormerod's Cheshire,
1819, i. 427; Booker's Prestwich Church, 1852,
p. 118 ; Sir J. B. Williams's Mem. of M. Henry,
1828 ; Philip Henry's Diaries and Letters (Lee),
1882 ; Worthington's Diary (Chetham Soc.), i.
20, 90, 104; Palatine Note-book, iv. 55, 79;
Gastrell's Notitia Cestriensis (Raines), i. 135-6r
138; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), iii. 265, 271.;

Foggo

351

Foggo

G-raduati Cantabr. 1823; Watt's Bibl. Brit.;
communications from Mr. W. H. Gladstone of
Hawarden, Mr. Thomas Hughes, F.S.A., of Ches-
ter, and Mr. J. C. Scholes, Bolton.] C. W. S.

FOGGO, GEORGE (1793-1869), histo-
rical painter, younger brother of James Foggo
[q. v.], born in London 14 April 1793, re-
ceived his early education with his brother
at Paris, and joined him in London in 1819,
after which date he was inseparably asso-
ciated with him in his works and life. With
his brother he founded the society for obtain-
ing free access to our museums, public edi-
fices, and works of art, of which the Duke of
Sussex was president, Joseph Hume chairman
of committees, and George Foggo honorary
secretary. He worked as a lithographer also
with his brother, and they lithographed their
large picture of ' Parga ' and other original
works ; in 1828 he published by himself a
set of large lithographs from the cartoons by
Raphael. Foggo published in 1844 a cata-
logue of the pictures of the National Gallery,
with critical remarks, the first attempt to
make the collection intelligible to the public.
Together with his brother, he was an un-
sparing critic of the Royal Academy and its
system of education, and published some
pamphlets on the subject. He was associated
with other plans for the advancement of art,
and was a man of great energy. He also
published in 1853 the ' Adventures of Sir J.
Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.' He died in Lon-
don 26 Sept. 1869, aged 76.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Ottley's Diet, of
Recent and Living Painters ; G-raves's Diet, of
Artists, 1760-1880; Art Journal, 1860 p. 372,
1869 p. 360; Catalogues of Royal Academy,
British Institution, &c. ; manuscript and other
notes in Anderdon's Illustrated Academy Cata-
logues, print room, British Museum.] L. C.

FOGGO, JAMES (1789-1860), historical
painter, was born in London 11 June 1789.
His father was a native of Fifeshire, and a
watchmaker of good repute, but an advanced
republican. He strenuously advocated negro
emancipation in repeated visits to North and
South America. Towards the end of 1799
the free assertion of these principles led him
to fear persecution, and he took refuge in
France with his wife and children. Unfor-
tunately the Foggos arrived just at the com-
mencement of Napoleon's military despotism,
and were unable to quit Paris and return to
their native land as they desired. James and
his younger brother George [q. v.], wishing to
become painters, were placed in the academy
at Paris under the instruction of Jean Bap-
tiste Regnault. They became desirous of
emulating the work done, under the encourage-

ment of their country, by the French histo-
rical painters. In 1815, on Napoleon's return
from Elba, Foggo quitted France for Eng-
land, where he found all the friends of his
family dead or dispersed. He set up a studio
in Frith Street, Soho. In 1816 he exhibited
' Jane Shore ' at the Royal Academy, and in
1818 ' Hagar and Ishmael ' at the British In-
stitution, contributing also to the latter a
study of ' An Assassin's Head.' The pic-
ture of 'Hagar' was well hung, and at-
tracted attention, but did not find a purchaser.
Foggo was obliged to support himself by
teaching, and occasionally painting portraits.
In 1819 his father had to go on a journey
to Brazil, and his mother, with his brother
George, joined him in London. From this
time for forty years the two brothers lived
and worked together, painting on the same
canvas, and devoting themselves to historical
compositions. They spent about three years
in painting a very large picture, representing-
* The Christian Inhabitants of Parga pre-
paring to emigrate.' This, when completed,
was too large for exhibition in the ordinary
galleries, and the Foggos were compelled to
exhibit it separately at their own expense.
They were forced to eke out their means by all
kinds of artistic drudgery. By sketching in
accessories to architectural and sculptural
designs they became acquainted with Francis
Goodwin, the architect, who advised them to
paint pictures suitable for altar-pieces in
churches. They subsequently produced ' The
Pool of Bethesda ' for the Bordesley Chapel
at Birmingham ; ' Christ blessing little Chil-
dren ' for St. Leonard's Church, Bilston ;
' Christ confounding the Rulers of the Syna-
gogue,' exhibited at the Royal Academy, and
much admired, but mysteriously lost on its
way to Manchester, for which town it was
destined ; ' Nathan reproving David' for Mac-
clesfield town hall, and ' The Entombment
of Christ,' presented by Mr. Edward Moxhay
to the French protestant church, St. Martin's-
le-Grand. The brothers lost patronage by
their open advocacy of a more liberal system
of education in art than that provided by the
Academy. They were unsuccessful competi-
tors at the Westminster Hall exhibitions in
1843-7, but exhibited their works with Hay-
don and others at the Pantheon. Among-
other historical pictures painted by them
were : t The Martyrdom of Anne Askew/
1 Wat Tyler killing the Tax Collector,' < The
Barons taking the Oath at Bury St. Edmunds/
' Napoleon signing the Death-warrant of the
Due d'Enghien/ ' General Williams among
the Inhabitants of Kars,' &c.

In 1852 they undertook the arrangement
and care of the exhibition at the Pantheon

Foillan

352

Folcard

in Oxford Street, and continued it for three
years. Mr. Hart, a well-known picture
dealer, offered to purchase all the unsold
works which the Foggos had by them. The
offer, gladly accepted, came to nothing, owing
to the premature death of the purchaser. The
brothers were much esteemed in private life
for many excellent qualities, and their friends
were numerous and sincere. Foggo died in
London 14 Sept. 1860, and was buried in the
Highgate cemetery.

[Authorities under GEORGE FOGGO.] L. C.

FOILLAN", SAINT and BISHOP (d. 655),
"brother of Fursa [q. v.], left Ireland with his
brother, and passing through Wales settled
in East Anglia, where he was received by
King Sigebert. When Fursa, having com-
pleted his monastery of Cnoberesburgh, was
about to retire to the hermitage of his brother
Ultan, he placed the monastery in charge of
Foillan and two others. Fursa, some time
after, was driven abroad by the disturbed
state of the country, and settled in the terri-
tory of Neustria. Foillan some time later
left Cnoberesburgh, and with Ultan followed
Fursa to the continent. Here they were in-
vited to settle in Brabant, to the north of
Peronne, by Gertrude, daughter of Pepin,
abbess of Nivelles. She wished them to in-
struct her community, especially in music, for
which the Irish were famous. With the aid
of Gertrude they erected a monastery at
Posse, not far from Nivelles, over which Ultan
•was placed, Foillan remaining in charge of
the establishment at Nivelles. Foillan, when
travelling through the forest of Soignies in
Hainault with three of his disciples, was
••set upon by robbers and slain on 31 Oct.,
.and probably in 655. The bodies were not
discovered until 1C Jan. following. This
day was afterwards observed as that of the
Invention of St. Foillan. He was buried at
Fosse, and in the calendar of (Engus and
other authorities is accounted a martyr, doubt-
less because he was killed in the discharge of
his duty. He appears to have been a bishop,
but the story of his having been consecrated
"by Pope Martin I seems to have no better
foundation than the idea which possessed
many mediaeval writers that every one ought
to have gone to Rome. The monasteries of
Fosse and Peronne, with that of St. Quinton,
formed one of those groups of Irish monas-
teries which were so frequent on the con-
tinent in that age, and performed an impor-
tant part in sowing the seeds of religion and
•civilisation among barbarian tribes.

[Colgan, Acta Sanct. 99-103 ; Lanigan's Eccl.
iHist. ii. 464-6; Ussher's Works; Calendar of
{Engus, clxi.] T. 0.

FOLBURY, GEORGE (d. 1540), master
of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, graduated
B.A. at Cambridge in 1514, was preacher to
the university in 1519, took the degree of
B.D. in 1524, was presented to a canonry
and to the prebend of North Newbald in the
church of York in March 1531, to the rectory
of Maidwell, Northamptonshire, on 20 Feb.
1533-4, elected master of Pembroke Hall in
1537, and died between 10 July and 10 Nov.
1540. He is said to have been for a time
tutor to Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond,
natural son of Henry VIII, but this is not
confirmed by the memoir of the duke pub-
lished in ' Camden Miscellany,' vol. iii. Bale
states that he took the degree of D.D. at
Montpelier, and that he was a poet, orator,
and epigrammatist. His works seem to have
perished.

[Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ; Le Neve's Fasti
Eccl. Angl. iii. 674 ; Letters and Papers, For.
and Dom. Henry VIII, vol. v. g. 166, 31 ; Bale's
Scriptt. lllustr. Maj.Brit. (Basel, 1557), cent. ix.
27.] J. M. E.

FOLCARD or FOULCARD (fl. 1066),
hagiographer, a Fleming by race and birth,
was a monk of St. Bertin's in Flanders, who
is supposed to have come over to England in
the reign of Edward the Confessor. He en-
tered the monastery of the Holy Trinity or
Christ Church. Canterbury, and was renowned
for his learning, and especially for his know-
ledge of grammar and music ; his manners
were affable and his temper cheerful. Soon
after the Conquest the king set him over
the abbey of Thorney, Cambridgeshire ; but
he was never strictly abbot, for he did not
receive the benediction. After holding the
abbey about sixteen years he retired, owing
to a dispute with the Bishop of Lincoln, evi-
dently Remigius, and returned, as may be
fairly inferred from Orderic, to his own land.
The statement in the 'Monasticon' that he
was deposed by Lanfranc at the council of
Gloucester in 1084 seems to lack foundation.
Either while he was a monk at Canterbury,
or during his residence at Thorney, which
seems more probable, he and his monastery
were in some trouble, and were helped by
Aldred [q. v.], archbishop of York, who per-
suaded the queen either of the Confessor or
of the Conqueror to interest herself in their
cause. In return Folcard wrote the ' Life of
Archbishop John of Beverley ' for Aldred. His
works are : 1. ' Vita S. Bertini/ dedicated to
Bovo, abbot of St. Bertin's from 1043 to 1065,
and printed in Mabillon's l Acta SS. 0. S. B.'
in. ii. 104, and in Migne's ' Patrologia,' cxlvii.
1082. 2. 'Vita Audomari,' in Mabillon,
ii. 557, and Migne. 3. A poem * in honorem

Foldsone

353

Foley

S. Vigoris Episcopi,' written between 1045
and 1074, in Achery's ' Spicilegium,' iv. 576,
and Migne. 4. < Vita S. Oswaldi' in Ma-
billon, i. 727, the Bollandists' 'Acta SS./
Capgrave, and Migne. 5. ' Responsoria for
the Festival of St. John of Beverley/ com-
posed before ' Vita S. Johannis Episcopi Ebo-
racensis,' which was written before 1070, and
is printed in the Bollandists' ' Acta SS.' May,
ii. 165, Migne, and ' Historians of York ' (Rolls
Ser.), i. 238. 6. ' Vita S. Botulfi,' suggested
by the fact that the relics of the saint were at
Thorney, dedicated to Walkelin, bishop of
"Winchester, and therefore written in or after
1070, in Mabillon, in. 1, the Bollandists'
1 Acta SS.' June iv. 324, and Migne.

[Ordericus Vitalis, Eccles. Hist. lib. xi. 835, Du-
chesne; Histoire Li tterairede la France, ed. 1868,
viii. 132 ; Cave's Scriptt. Eccles. Historia, p. 531 ;
Bale's Scriptt. cent. ii. 164 ; Dugdale's Monas-
ticon, ii. 594 ; Wright's Biog. Lit. i. 512 ; Hardy's
Cat. i. i. 373, 423, ii. 790 ; Kaine's Historians of
York, i., Pref. lii. (Rolls Ser.)] W. H.

FpLDSONE, JOHN (d. 1784?), painter,
obtained some note as a painter of small por-
traits, which he executed with great rapidity.
He used to attend his sitters at their dwell-
ings in the morning, dine with them if they
lived at a distance, and finish his work before
evening. His portraits, though naturally of
no great merit, had sufficient likeness to gain
him employment. Two portraits by him of
Miss Elizabeth Haffey, a child, and her
brother, John Burges Haffey, were engraved
in mezzotint by Robert Laurie, and a picture
by him, entitled ' Female Lucubration/ was
similarly engraved by P. Dawe. Foldsone
exhibited first at the Society of Artists in
1769 and 1770, and afterwards at the Royal
Academy from 1771 to 1783, shortly after
which date he died. He painted madonnas,
mythology, history, and portraits, but his
artistic productions seem to have been indif-
ferent and on a par with his general character.
He left a wife and family ; his eldest daugh-
ter, Sarah, attained some note as a miniature-
painter [see MEE, SARAH].

[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters ; Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-
1880 ; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Por-
traits ; Royal Academy Catalogues.] L. C.

FOLEY,

of Irish,

1815. His parents were poor people, and he
had never worn shoes, when he obtained em-
ployment in the shop of Patrick Grey in
Traiee. Under the influence of a clergyman
in the neighbourhood he left the church of
Rome, and was sent to study for ordination
in the then established church of Ireland at

VOL. XIX.

BY, DANIEL (1815-1874), professor
i, was born at Traiee, co. Kerry, in

Trinity College, Dublin. He was in time
ordained, and took the degree of B.D., and
obtained the prebend of Kilbragh, in the ca-
thedral of Cashel, and the rectory of Temple-
tuohy. Irish was his native tongue, and in
1849 he was appointed professor of that lan-
guage in the university of Dublin, and held
the office till 1861. While holding this office
he wrote a preface to a small Irish grammar
by Mr. C. H. H. Wright, and < An English-
Irish Dictionary, intended for the use of Stu-
dents of the Irish Language,' Dublin, 1855.
This work is based upon a dictionary pre-
pared early in this century by Thaddeus Con-
nellan [q.v.], but published without date,
long kept in sheets, and issued in Dublin from
time to time with a variety of false title-
pages. Foley altered some of the Irish in-
terpretations, and added a good many words.
Many of the Irish words are inventions of
his own, as fuam-ainm (sound-name) for
onomato-poeia ; or paraphrases, as duine (per-
son) for microcosm, eudaigh (clothes) for
caparison ; or errors due to defective educa-
tion, as ainis (anise) for caraway. The uni-
versity of Dublin made a grant towards the
publication, but as a dictionary it is of no
authority. Foley took an active part in op-
position to disestablishment of the church in
Ireland, and lectured on the subject in Eng-
land. He died at Blackrock, near Dublin,
7 July 1874, and was buried in the cemetery
of Kill o' the Grange.

[A. "Webb's Compendium of Irish Biog. ; infor-
mation from Joseph Manning of Traiee; Foley's
Works.] N. M.

FOLEY, JOHN HENRY (1818-1874),
sculptor, was born in Dublin on 24 May 1818.
At the age of thirteen he entered the schools
of the Royal Dublin Society, and gained the
first prizes for human form, ornamental de-
sign, animals, and architecture. In 1834 he
I came to London, and was admitted a student
of the Royal Academy in the following year.
In 1839 he exhibited 'The Death of Abel'
and * Innocence,' which at once attracted at-
tention, and in the following year a group of
' Ino and Bacchus,' which was purchased by
the Earl of Ellesmere. In 1841 came ' Lear
and Cordelia,' followed in 1842 by ' Venus
rescuing ^Eneas from Diomed,'and by'Pros-
pero and Miranda 'in 1843. In 1844 he sent
a figure, ' Youth at the Stream/ to the com-
petition at Westminster Hall for the decora-
tion of the houses of parliament, and in 1847
he received a commission to execute the statue
of Hampden, which now stands in the en-
trance corridor, together with that of Selden,
afterwards commissioned. In 1849 he was
elected an associate of the Royal Academy,

A A

Foley

354

Foley

and in 1858 a royal academician. He con-
tinued to contribute to the exhibitions of the
Academy till 1861, but in consequence of a
dispute about the arrangement of the sculp-
ture at the following exhibition he refused to
exhibit again. Among the finest of his exhi-
bited works not already mentioned were ' The
Mother/ 1851 ; 'Egeria/ 1856; 'The Elder
Brother in Comus,' his diploma work, 1860 ;
and ' Oliver Goldsmith,' 1861. More impor-
tant, however, than these were some of his
subsequent works, the three equestrian statues
of Lord Canning, Lord Hardinge, and Sir
James Outram for Calcutta ; and the group
of Asia and the figure of the prince for the
Albert Memorial, the latter of which was
not erected till after his death. Among his
other works in public places are : ' Caractacus '
and ' Egeria' at the Mansion House, 'John
Stuart Mill' on the Thames Embankment,
' Sir Charles Barry ' in the House of Com-
mons, and ' Lord Herbert ' in Pall Mall. His
statues of O'Connell, Lord Gough, Goldsmith,
and Burke are at Dublin, Lord Clyde at
Glasgow, Father Mathew at Cork, Olive at
Shrewsbury, the Hon. J. Stuart at Ceylon,
and General Stonewall Jackson in America.
Of Foley's sepulchral monuments the most re-
markable are those erected to Admiral Sir Wil-
liam Cornwallis and others in Melfield Church,
Hampshire, to General the Hon. Robert Bruce
in Dunfermline Abbey, and to Brigadier-gene-
ral John Nicholson in Lisburn Cathedral.
If we add his statues of Grattan, Faraday,
and Reynolds, his monument to James Ward,
R.A., and his relief of Miss Helen Faucit
(Lady Martin), the list of his more cele-
brated works will be nearly complete ; but
he also designed the seal of the Confederate
States of America, and we must take account
of a large number of busts and other com-
missions of minor importance before we can
fully appreciate the fulness of his employ-
ment and the industry of his life. He was a
very conscientious and fastidious workman,
consulting his friends as to his designs, and
altering them continually in course of execu-
tion. After a life of devotion to his art he
died at Hampstead of pleuritic effusion of the
heart, 27 Aug. 1874. He left his models to
the Dublin Society, and the bulk of his pro-
perty to the Artists' Benevolent Fund.

Foley fully deserved the favour which he
enjoyed almost from the beginning to the end
of his career. His earlier and more ideal
works, like ' Ino and Bacchus,' ' Innocence,'
and 'The Mother/ were marked by a na-
tural grace and freshness of conception which
were at that time rare in modern sculpture.
His later figure of ' Egeria' is touched with
finer poetry, and in his conception of ' Carac-

tacus' he displayed that vigour of imagination
and grasp of character which distinguished
his statues of public men from the work of
most of his contemporaries. His three noble
equestrian statues of Indian worthies are
perhaps his greatest works. They are all very
different from one another ; but that of Sir
James Outram, reining up his horse and turn-
ing round as it were suddenly in his saddle,
is the most vivacious and original.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Art Jour-
nal, 1865, 1875, 1877; Works of John Henry
Foley, R.A. ; English Encyclopaedia ; Encyclo-
paedia Britannica; Clement and Hutton's Artists
of the Nineteenth Century.] C. M.

FOLEY, PAUL (1645 P-1699), speaker
of the House of Commons, second son of
Thomas Foley [q. v.] of Witley Court, Wor-
cestershire, founder of the Old Swinford
Hospital, was born in or about 1645 (Mon.
Inscript.} In 1670 he purchased the estate
of Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, from Alice
Lingen, and between 1697 and 1699 pulled
down the old house and built the present one.
In 1679 he was chosen by the city of Hereford
as one of its representatives, and served in the
same capacity in seven parliaments in three
successive reigns. He bore a high reputation
for integrity and personal piety, due, perhaps,
in part to the good influence of Richard
Baxter, his father's bosom friend. In politics
he was a strong tory, but was among those who
insisted most strenuously upon the vacancy of
the throne caused by the flight of James II.
He was a member of the Convention parlia-
ment, and was one of the managers of the
free conference between the two houses of
parliament which took place in 1689 and led
to the settlement of the succession. In 1690
(26 Dec.) Foley was elected by the House of
Commons one of the commissioners for stating
the public accounts, and showed himself a
good financier, though his opinions on certain
points were singular. If we may credit Roger
North, he held that ' all foreign trade was
loss and ruinous to the nation ' (Life of Lord
Guilford, i. 293) — a statement which may
have meant only that by means of foreign trade
the crown was rendered too independent of
parliamentary supplies. But his honesty and
industry were conspicuous and commended
him to the House of Commons when it had
to choose a speaker in place of the venal Sir
John Trevor. An attempt was made by
Wharton to impose on the house a nominee
of the king, but, a division taking place, Foley
was elected on 14 March 1694-5, and in the
next parliament (November 1695) was again
unanimously chosen. His conduct in the
chair, which he occupied until December
1698, was upright and impartial. His inde-

Foley

355

Foley

pendence showed itself conspicuously in his
remarks on the king's rejection of the Place
Bill. Foley took part in the debates from
time to time. He spoke openly against the
employment of Dutch and French officers in
the English army and navy, and steadily
opposed the attainder of Sir John Fenwick
in 1696. Earlier in the same year Foley
joined with Harley in proposing to parliament
the establishment of a national land bank. A
bill was passed authorising the government
to borrow 2,564,0007. at seven per cent. It
received the royal assent on 27 April. If
before 1 Aug. half the sum had been sub-
scribed, the subscribers were to be incor-
porated into a land bank, which was to lend
annually on mortgages of land alone a sum
of not less than 500,0007. Foley was one of
the commissioners for raising the loan, but
his efforts failed, and, in spite of various modi-
fications of the original scheme, he and his
colleagues were unable to borrow more than
2,100/. The land bank thus proved a dis-
astrous fail are. The library at Stoke Edith con-
tains a valuable collection of books and pam-
phlets, which bear out Roger North's observa-
tion (ib. i. 292) that Foley was a busy student
of records and had compiled a treatise which
went further into the subject of precedents
than either Cotton or Prynne had gone.
Bishop Burnet, who naturally disparages a
political opponent, yet gives him credit for
being * a learned lawyer and a man of virtue
and good principles' (Hist. iv. 191), and
Macaulay considers him to have been ' supe-
rior to his partisan, Harley, both in parts
and elevation of character ' (ib. iv. 67). Foley
died from gangrene in the foot on 13 Nov.
1699 (MS. Family Notes], and was buried
at Stoke Edith, where the inscription on his
monument antedates his death by two days.
He was not a man of extraordinary ability,
but his political career was wholly free from
those vices which most of the public men of
his day displayed. He married Mary, daugh-
ter of Alderman Lane of London, and by her
had two sons, Thomas (d. 1737), who was an
active member of parliament, and Paul, a
barrister-at-law. The grandson of the elder
son, also Thomas, was raised to the peerage
as Baron Foley of Kidderminster 20 May 1776.
A similar peerage, held by a cousin, had be-
come extinct ten years earlier [see FOLEY,
THOMAS]. The peerage of the seco»"q creation
is still extant.

[Manning's Lives of the Speakers ; Nash's Ma-
terials for Hist, of "Worcestershire, ii. 460-2, App.
82-4 ; Parl. Hist. v. 64-108 ; Kennett, pp. 510-
512 ; Luttrell's Brief Eelation, iv. 583 ; Robin-
son's Manor Houses of Herefordshire, pp. 257-8 ;
Macaulay's History.] C. J. K.

FOLEY, SAMUEL (1655-1695), bishop
of Down and Connor, was eldest son of Samuel
Foley of Clonmel and Dublin (d. 1695),
younger brother of Thomas Foley [a. v.l
founder of the Old Swinford Hospital. His
mother, Elizabeth, was sister of Colonel Solo-
mon Kichards of Polsboro, Wexford. He
was born at Clonmel 25 Nov. 1655, was
admitted fellow-commoner of Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, 8 June 1672, was elected fel-
low 11 June 1697, and was ordained in the
church of Ireland in 1678. On 14 Feb. 1688-9
he was installed chancellor of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, Dublin, and was attainted by
James II's parliament in the same year. On
4 April 1691 he became dean of Achonry
and precentor of Killala. He proceeded D.D.
of Trinity College in the same year. On
4 Oct. 1694 he was enthroned bishop of Down
and Connor in succession to Thomas Hacket,
who had been deprived for gross neglect of
duty. He died of fever at Lisburn 22 May
1695, and was buried there. The bishop was
married, and left issue. He wrote : 1. Two
sermons, one preached 19 Feb. 1681-2, and
the other 24 April 1682. 2. ' An Account
of the Giant's Causeway,' published in the
< Philosophical Transactions ' for 1 694. 3. ' An
Exhortation to the Inhabitants of Down and
Connor concerning the Religious Education
of their Children,' Dublin, 1695. Foley left
some manuscripts on the controversy between
protestantism and Roman Catholicism to the
library of Trinity College, Dublin.

[Burke's Peerage, s.v. 'Foley;' Cotton's Fasti
Eccles. Hibern. i. 270, ii. 118, iii. 208, iv. 84,
105 ; Ware's Bishops of Ireland, ed. Harris, i.
214 ; Ware's Writers of Ireland, ed. Harris, 253.]

S. L. L.

FOLEY, THOMAS (1617-1677), founder
of the hospital at Old Swinford, Worcester-
shire, was eldest son of Richard Foley of
Stourbridge. by a second marriage with Alice,
daughter of William Brindley of Hide, Staf-
fordshire. His father was engaged in the
iron manufactory near Stourbridge (four miles
from the town), died 6 July 1657, aged 77,
and was buried in the chancel of Old Swin-
ford Church. His mother died 26 May 1663,
aged 75. There is a legend (cf. SMILES, Self-
Help, ed. 1877, pp. 205-7) that Richard Foley
the father was originally a fiddler. On per-
ceiving that the supremacy of the Stourbridge
ironworks was threatened by the competi-
tion of ironworkers in Sweden, who had
discovered the process of ' splitting,' he is
said to have worked his way to a Swedish
iron port and obtained access to the factories,
where he learned the secret of the successful
process. On his return home he induced some

AA2

Foley

356

Foley

friends to join him in erecting machinery for
the purpose of working the process. The
first experiments failed, and Foley paid a
second secret visit to Sweden to perfect his
knowledge. His second attempt at Stour-
bridge succeeded, and he thus laid the foun-
dations of his family's fortune. The splitting
machine introduced by Foley is still in use
in the neighbourhood of Stourbridge. Cole-
ridge tells the story as ' the best attested in-
stance of enthusiasm existing/ but unfortu-
nately confuses Richard with his son Thomas
(Table-talk, ed. Ashe, pp. 332-3).

Born 3 Dec. 1617, Thomas actively pur-
sued the iron industry of his native place,
and amassed a large fortune, which was in-
creased by a wealthy marriage. He acquired
much landed property in the neighbourhood
of Stourbridge and Old Swinford, and secured
valuable church patronage at Kidderminster
and elsewhere. His association with Kid-
derminster brought him the acquaintance of
Richard Baxter [q. v.], with many of whose
opinions he strongly sympathised. Baxter
describes Foley as ' a truly honest man . . .
who from almost nothing did get about 5,0007.
per ann. or more by ironworks, and that with
so just and blameless dealing that ever he had
to do with that ever I heard of magnified his
great integrity and honesty, which was ques-
tioned by none.' As a church patron he always
chose, according to Baxter, ' the most con-
formable ministers that could be got.' Foley
was also on good terms with Baxter's friend,
James Berry [q. v.], a well-known major-ge-
neral under Cromwell's regime. When Crom-
well urged that Foley should become high
sheriff of Worcestershire — an office which few
country gentlemen were ready to undertake —
Berry wrote to Thurloe (17 Nov. 1655) : 'Mr.
Foley I know to be an honest man, but I fear it
would be much to his prejudice to have the
place, he having no conveniency in the coun-
try, and being a friend, I hope my lord will
favour him a little ' ( Thurloe State Papers,
iv. 211). A day or two later Berry wrote
more emphatically in the same sense (ib. iv.
216). Although no avowed enemy to Crom-
well's government, Foley, like Baxter, had
royalist leanings, and desired apparently to
have as little as possible to do with the Com-
monwealth. He none the less seems to have
been high sheriff in 1656, when Baxter
preached a sermon before him, and in the
same year was one of the commissioners for
levying the property-tax in Worcestershire.
In 1659, while the Rump was sitting at
Westminster, Foley and John Bridges pre-
sented a petition, drawn up by Baxter, ' in
favour of tithes and the ministry.' He sat
in the Convention parliament of 1660 as mem-

ber for Bewdley. In later life he settled aft
Witley, where he had a fine estate, now the
property of the Earl of Dudley, whose trus-
tees purchased it for 900,000/. In 1667 he
founded a hospital at Old Swinford, endow-
ing it with land producing 600/. a year. Sixty
poor boys between the ages of seven and
eleven, selected in fixed numbers from dif-
ferent parishes in Worcestershire and Staf-
fordshire, were to be fed, clothed, and edu-
cated there free of charge, and were to be
afterwards apprenticed by the trustees. The
hospital is still standing, and the endowment)
now produces 5,500/. a year. There are 160
boys in the school. Foley died at Witley
1 Oct. 1677, and was buried in the church
there, under a monument with a long Latin
inscription. He married Anne, daughter of
George Brown of Spelmonden, Kent, by whom
he had four sons : Thomas, Nathaniel (1647—
1663), Paul [q. v.], afterwards speaker of the
House of Commons, and Philip. Foley had:
also two daughters : Martha, wife of William
Jolliffe, a London merchant, and Sarah, the
wife of (1) Essex Knightly of Fawsley,
Northamptonshire, and (2) of John Hamp-
den, grandson of the patriot. A portrait of
Foley is in the Old Swinford Hospital. It
was painted by William Trabute, and is en-
graved in Nash's 'Materials.'

A grandson, THOMAS (heir of Foley's eldest
son),became M.P. for Stafford in William Ill's-
first parliament, and sat for that constituency,
and afterwards for Worcester, until he was
raised to the peerage, 1 Jan. 1711-12, being-
one of the twelve peers made by the tory
administration of Harley and St. John to
secure a majority for their peace negotiations
in the House of Lords. He died 22 Jan.
1732-3. This peerage became extinct 8 Jan.
1766. It was revived in the person of a
kinsman [see FOLEY, PAUL, ad fin.] in 1776,
and is still extant.

[Nash's Materials for Hist, of Worcestershire,
ii. 210-12, 464-6, App. 82-4 ; Baxter's Reliquiae ;
Chambers's Biog. Illustrations of Worcestershire,
p. 187; Noake's Worcestershire Notes and Qiieries,
p. 264 ; Noake's Guide to Worcestershire, p. 331 ;
Official Lists of Members of Parl. i. 5 1 7 ; Collins's
Peerage, viii. 364 et seq. ; information kindly
communicated by P. H. -Foley, esq., Presfrwood,
Stourbridge.] S. L. L.

FOLEY, Sm THOMAS (1757-1833), ad-
miral, second son of John Foley of Ridge-
way in Pembrokeshire, where the family had
been settled for several centuries, a nephew
of Thomas Foley, a captain in the navy (d.
1758), who had been round the world with
Anson in the Centurion, was born in 1757,
and entered the navy on board the Otter in
1770. After serving in her on the New-

Foley

357

Foley

foundland station for three years he was in
1774 appointed to the Antelope, going out
to Jamaica as flagship of Rear-admiral Clark
Gayton [q. v.] While in her he was re-
peatedly lent to the small craft on the sta-
tion, and saw a good deal of active cruising
against the colonial privateers. He returned
to England in the Antelope in May 1778 ; on
the 25th was promoted to the rank of lieute-
nant, and on the 28th was appointed to the
America, with Lord Longford. In her, he
took part in the operations of the fleet under
Keppel [see KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS, VISCOUNT]
in 1778, and Sir Charles Hardy [q. v.] in
1779. In October 1779 he was appointed to
the Prince George with Rear-admiral Robert
Digby [q. v.], in which he was present at the
capture of the Spanish convoy off Cape Finis-
terre on 8 Jan. 1780, the defeat of Langara
off Cape St. Vincent on 16 Jan. and the sub-
sequent relief of Gibraltar [see RODNEY,
•GEORGE BRYDGES, LORD], Continuing in
the Prince George when she went to North
America in 1781, and afterwards to the West
Indies with Sir Samuel Hood [see HOOD,
SAMUEL, VISCOUNT], Foley was present as a
lieutenant in the attempted relief of St. Kitts,
and in the engagements to leeward of Do-
minica on 9 and 12 April 1782. In the fol-
lowing October, on the invaliding of Cap-
tain Elphinstone [see ELPHINSTONE, GEORGE
KEITH, LORD KEITH], he was for a few weeks
acting captain of the AVarwick at New York,
and on 1 Dec. was confirmed in the rank of
commander, and appointed to the Britannia,
armed ship. In her he continued after the
peace and till the beginning of 1785, when
he brought her to England and paid her off.
From December 1787 to September 1790 he
commanded the Racehorse sloop on the home
station, and from her was advanced to post
rank on 21 Sept. In April 3793 he was ap-
pointed to the St. George of 98 guns as flag-
captain to Rear-admiral John Gell [q. v.],
with whom he went to the Mediterranean,
took part in the operations at Toulon (August-
December 1793), and, when Gell invalided,
continuing as flag-captain to Rear-admiral
Sir Hyde Parker (1739-1807) [q. v.], assisted
in driving the French squadron into Golfe
Jouan (11 June 1794), and in defeating the
French fleet in the two engagements off Tou-
lon (13 March, 13 July 1795). In March 1796
he accompanied Parker to the Britannia, in
which he remained with Vice-admiral Thomp-
son, who relieved Sir Hyde towards the close
of the year. As flag-captain to the com-
mander in the second post, Foley thus held
an important position in the battle off Cape
St. Vincent on St. Valentine's day, 1797. He
was shortly afterwards appointed to com-

mand the Goliath of 74 guns, one of the
ships sent into the Mediterranean under Cap-
tain Troubridge in May 1798 to reinforce
Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson [see NEL-
SON, HORATIO, VISCOUNT ; TROUBRIDGE, SIR
THOMAS], He thus shared in the operations
of the squadron previous to the battle of the
Nile, in which he had the distinguished good
fortune to lead the English line into action.
In doing so he passed round the van of the
French line as it lay at anchor, and engaged
it on the inside ; the ships immediately fol-
lowing did the same, and a part at least of
the brilliant and decisive result of the battle
has been commonly attributed to this man-
oeuvre. It has also been frequently and
persistently asserted that in doing this Foley
acted solely on his own judgment, and that
Nelson, had time permitted, would have pre-
vented him. But this assertion is distinctly
contradicted by the positive statements of
Sir Edward Berry [q. v.] in his ' Narrative/
that Nelson's projected mode of attack was
' minutely and precisely executed/ and also
by the fact that Captain Miller of the Theseus,
writing a very detailed account of the com-
mencement of the battle, gives no hint that
the Goliath's manoeuvre was at all unex-
pected by him or the other captains who fol-
lowed Foley (LAUGHTON, Letters and Des-
patches of Viscount Nelson, pp. 151, 156).
The probable explanation of the apparent
contradiction would seem to be that the ad-
visability of passing inside had been fully
discussed between the admiral and the cap-
tains of the fleet, and that the doing or not
doing it was left to the discretion not only of
the captain of the leading ship but of all the
others. If this was the case, Foley merely
exercised the right of judgment which Nel-
son had entrusted, not to him alone, but to
whoever happened to lead (HERBERT, pp.
40-3 ; Journal of the Royal United Ser-
vice Institution, 1885, xxix. p. 916). The
Goliath continued on the Mediterranean sta-
tion, attached to the command of Lord Nel-
son, till towards the close of 1799, when she
was sent home. In the following January
Foley was appointed to the Elephant of
74 guns for service in the Channel fleet. In
1801 she was sent into the Baltic, in the
fleet under Sir Hyde Parker ; and when it-
was decided to attack the Danish position at
Copenhagen, Nelson, on whom the duty de-
volved, hoisted his flag on board her, his own
flagship, the St. George, drawing too much
water for the contemplated operations. It
was thus that Foley, as flag-captain, assisted
in drawing out the detailed instructions for
the several ships to be employed on this ser-
vice, and, in Nelson's own words, with ' his

Foliot

358

Foliot

advice on many and important occasions dur-
ing the battle ' (NICOLAS, Nelson Despatches,
iv? 304, 315). Immediately after the battle
Nelson went back to the St. George, and the
Elephant, continuing attached to the fleet,
returned to England in the autumn, when
she was paid oft. In September 1805, when
Nelson was going out to resume the com-
mand of the fleet off Cadiz, he called on Foley
and offered him the post of captain of the
fleet. Foley's health, however, would not
at that time permit him to serve afloat, and
he was obliged to refuse (HERBERT, p. 41).
On 28 April 1808 he was promoted to the
rank of rear-admiral, and in 1811 was ap-
pointed commander-in-chief in the Downs,
in which post he continued till the peace.
On 12 Aug. 1812 he became a vice-admiral ;
was nominated a K.C.B. in January 1815, a
G.C.B. on 6 May 1820, and attained the rank
of admiral on 27 May 1825. In May 1830
he was appointed commander-in-chief at
Portsmouth, where he died 9 Jan. 1833.
He was buried in the Garrison Chapel, in a
coffin made of some fragments of oak kept
from his old ship Elephant when she was
broken up.

Foley married, in July 1802, Lady Lucy
Fitzgerald, youngest daughter of the Duke
of Leinster/and cousin, on the mother's side,
of Sir Charles and Sir William Napier.
During his married life he had lived for the
most part at Abermarlais, an estate in Car-
marthenshire, which he purchased about
1795, apparently with his share of a rich
Spanish prize which had been the subject of
a very singular law case (ib. p. 16). He left
no issue, and after his death Lady Lucy
resided principally at Arundel till 1841,
when she moved to the south of France,
where, in the neighbourhood of Marseilles,
she died in her eightieth year in 1851. Foley
is described as ' above six feet in height, of
a fine presence and figure, with light brown
hair, blue eyes of a gentle expression, and
a mouth combining firmness with good
humour' (ib. p. 40). His portrait by Sir
William Beechey is now in the possession
of Mr. H. Foley Vernon of Hanbury Hall,
Worcestershire; an engraved copy is pre-
fixed to Herbert's « Memoir.'

[Life and Services of Admiral Sir Thomas
Foley, by J. B. Herbert (Cardiff, 1884, reprinted
with additions from the Red Dragon, vol. v.) ;
Marshall's Royal Naval Biography, i. 363 ; Ni-
colas's Nelson Despatches.] J. K. L.

FOLIOT, GILBERT (d. 1187), bishop
successively of Hereford and London, was
born early in the twelfth century, as in 1170
he is described by a chronicler as grandcevus.

He was of a Norman family which had been
settled in England from the Conquest, and
was related to the Earls of Hereford. It ap-
pears that some of his connections were among
the Normans who had acquired estates in Scot-
land. Hence Dean Milman conjectures he may
have been a Scotchman, but incorrectly (Latin
Christ, vol. iii.) The earliest fact known,
about him is his profession as a monk in the
famous monastery of Clugny, where he must
have been under Peter the Venerable, the
great antagonist of St. Bernard. Foliot rose
to the rank of prior of this house of three
hundred monks, from which post he was pro-
moted to the headship of the affiliated house
of Abbeville, and from this to the abbacy of
Gloucester. A letter from Hugh of Clugny
to him lauds his religion, wisdom, and elo-
quence as the honour of the church of God,
and felicitates the church of Clugny, which
was thought worthy to have such a son
(Materials for Life of Becket, v. 30). In
1147 Foliot was promoted to the bishopric of
Hereford, which he held for about sixteen,
years. In the vast mass of materials now
collected for the illustration of the life of
Becket there are abundant notices of the
character of Foliot, his great antagonist. The
testimony of all these is that he was the
most remarkable among all the bishops of
England for his learning, eloquence, and
great austerities, and that he was very high
in favour with Henry II, who used him as
his most trusted counsellor. They are also-
unanimous in declaring that he aspired to*
the primacy, which is probably true, in spite
of the disclaimer which Foliot afterwards
made of this ambition. There is a letter to
him from Pope Alexander III, written in a
very laudatory strain, and earnestly caution-
ing him against too great austerities, lest by
the failure of his health the church of God
should suffer grievous loss (ib. v. 44). When
in 1161 the Bishop of London became imbe-
cile, the king proposed to Foliot to administer
the diocese, finding what was necessary for
the support of the bishop, and paying over
the balance to him. This Foliot declined, as
being < perilous to his soul,' and begged the
king to excuse him from the charge (ib. v. 1 5).
The turning-point in Foliot's career was his
opposition to the election of Becket at West-
minster, May 1162. This is recorded by all
Becket's biographers, but with varying cir-
cumstances. There is no doubt that Becket
was held, at the time of his election, by the
English churchmen generally as altogether
a king's man, and as one likely to oppress
the church. Foliot, it appears, was the only
one who had the courage of his opinions.
There may have been jealousy at the bottom,

Foliot

359

Foliot

but this ascetic and high-born churchman
would naturally object to Becket, both as
having lived a very secular life, and as being
of low extraction. He afterwards withdrew
his objection, but he himself declares that
he merely did this on the threat of banish-
ment of himself and his kindred. The saying
attributed to him by William Fitzstephen,
that the king had wrought a miracle by turn-
ing a secular man and a soldier into an arch-
bishop, is probably true (ib. iii. 36). Soon
after this the Bishop of London died, and
Henry, with the consent of the pope, trans-
lated Foliot to the see (28 April 1163). Upon
this occasion Becket wrote him a very kind
letter. Canon Robertson {Life of Becket}
thinks that he was insincere in doing this ;
but though the archbishop afterwards had
the bitterest feelings against Foliot, it is not
clear that they existed at this time. Becket
speaks as though the promotion were due to
his influence. ' We have called you to the
care of this greater church, being confident
that, by God's mercy, we have done well.
Your character, your well-known religion,
the wisdom given to you from above, the
good work done by you in the diocese of
Hereford, have merited that it should be said
to you, "Friend, go up higher"' (Materials,
v. 29). Becket mentions in this letter that
the pope had specially appointed Foliot to be
the director of the king's conscience, and
there is a letter from the pope to Foliot sug-
gesting certain matters which were to be
urged upon the king. But very soon after
the translation the feelings of the archbishop
towards Foliot underwent a change. The
new bishop of London refused to make the
usual profession of obedience to the metro-
politan see of Canterbury. A vast deal has
been written on this subject. Among the
materials published by the Rolls Commis-
sion there is a long treatise upon it. The
contention of the Bishop of London was that
he had already promised canonical obedience
as bishop of Hereford, and that the promise
ought not to be renewed. For the archbishop
it was contended that Foliot had entered on
a new office, which required a new oath of
obedience. The most remarkable thing about
the matter was that the pope refused to in-
terfere. He had already begun to look coldly
on Becket, fearing to offend the king. Foliot's
refusal was the commencement of the open
hostility between the two bishops, which con-
tinued ever increasingly till Becket's death.
With regard to the question of the clerical
immunities it is probable that Foliot's views
coincided with those of Becket, as all the
bishops appear to have been of one mind on
this point at the council of Westminster

(1163). But Foliot saw that it was neces-
sary or politic to yield to the king, and he
secretly agreed with him to concede the point.
Now also, by way of opposing Becket, he
began to claim metropolitical dignity for the
see of London, and to assert that it owed
no subjection to Canterbury (ib. vi. 590).
At Clarendon (1164) Foliot witnessed with
satisfaction the humiliation of Becket, and
at Northampton, in the same year, when the
archbishop was so hardly dealt with in money
matters, he counselled him to resign his see,
and otherwise acted an unfriendly part to-
wards him. At the famous scene, when the
archbishop went to the king, carrying his
cross in his own hand, Foliot actually tried
to wrest it from him by force, declaring that
it was his right to carry it as dean of the
province. Being unable to obtain it, he ex-
claimed, * You have always been a fool, and
always will be one ' (WILL. CANT. GEKVASE).
On Becket's escape, Foliot was one of the
envoys sent by Henry to the French king,
to ask him not to receive the fugitive — an
embassy which was altogether unsuccessful.
Nor was he more successful with Pope Alex-
ander at Sens, though, as has been seen, he
was highly esteemed by that pope. In de-
claiming against Becket, he said, 'The wicked
flee when no man pursueth.' ' Spare, brother,'
said the pope. ' I will spare him/ returned
the bishop. ' I said not spare him ,' said Alex-
ander/ but rather spare yourself (ALANTJS).
Throughout Becket's exile Foliot was the
chief ecclesiastical adviser of the king, and
the leader of the opposition against Becket.
He administered the affairs of the see of
Canterbury, and when all Becket's friends
and adherents were banished, he is charged
by the archbishop with having denied them
any help, and carefully cut off their means of
support. On these grounds Becket was spe-
cially infuriated against Foliot. He brings
some serious charges against his episcopal acts,
asserting that he had taken bribes to allow
clerical matrimony, and had ordained the sons
of priests to their father's benefices. These
charges the bishop denied. At Argentan
(1167) Foliot appeared before the pope's le-
gates and the king of England and inveighed
against Becket, deriding him as thinking that
his debts were quashed by his consecration,
as sins are done away in baptism. He declared
that if the pope would not help the church of
England against him the king and nobles
would recede from the Roman church. Upon
this, Becket excommunicated him, but the
pope, being appealed to, restrained the arch-
bishop from issuing such sentence till a recon-
ciliation could be effected. This prohibition,
he afterwards informed Becket, only held good

Foliot

360

Foliot

to the beginning of Lent 1 169. Foliot there-
fore knew what he had to expect when that
time came, and, in anticipation of the sen-
tence, he appealed to Rome against it when it
should be issued. This precaution was soon
shown to be needed, for on Palm Sunday,
1169, at Clairvaux, the sentence of excom-
munication was again pronounced against him
by Becket. This sentence was brought to
England and published with great adroitness
and courage by a young Frenchman named
Berengar,who,in St. Paul's Cathedral, on As-
cension day, 1169, when the priest, Vitalis,
was saying mass, presented himself at the altar
during the offertory and handed the priest a
paper, which was accepted on the supposition
that it was intended for an offering. Then,
holding the paper in the priest's hand, he de-
manded that it should be read before mass
was proceeded with. The priest opened the
paper and found the sentence of excommuni-
cation against the bishop, and as he did so
Berengar proclaimed loudly to the people that
the Bishop of London was excommunicated.
Then, by the aid of one of the archbishop's
friends, he succeeded in making his escape
through the people, who were inclined to use
him roughly. The bishop, being informed
of what had been done, came from his manor
of Stepney, and, calling all the clergy of his
church together, explained to them that he
had previously appealed against this sentence,
which was therefore null and void. He,
however, submitted to it for the time, but
immediately despatched a messenger to the
king abroad, requesting his intervention with
the pope, and his license for himself to go
abroad. Henry wrote strongly to the pope,
and sent his license to Foliot, who at Michael-
mas crossed the sea on his way to the papal
court. Foliot found or suspected all sorts
of dangers blocking his way ; but he suc-
ceeded in reaching Milan in safety, where he
found letters from the pope informing him
that he had empowered the bishops of Rouen
and Exeter to absolve him. He returned to
Rouen, where he was formally absolved on
Easter day, 1170 (RABTJLPH DE DICETO). But
he was not to remain long free from Becket's
curse. On 14 June he joined with the Arch-
bishop of York in crowning the king's son.
This was a matter of the direst offence to
Becket, and when, by a nominal reconcilia-
tion between the archbishop and the king
the former was able to return to England
(December 1170), he had secretly sent letters
before him excommunicating all the bishops
who had taken part in the ceremony. These
prelates hastened to the king with their com-
plaints, and the anger felt by Henry on hear-
ing them led to the murder of Becket by

he four knights. There is no reason to sup-
pose that Foliot in any way suggested this
;rime, but so great was the horror caused by
it that the Bishop of London did not obtain
absolution from the sentence of excommuni-
ation till May 1172, after taking an oath
that he had not received any letter from the
pope prohibiting the coronation, and that
tie had not contributed to Becket's death.
Foliot remained at the height of favour with
King Henry. In 1173 he was summoned to
Normandy, and carried back to England let-
ters from the pope's legates, written at the
request of the king, promising that the va-
cancies in the various sees should be filled
up by free election. In 1174, on the occa-
sion of Henry's famous pilgrimage to Can-
terbury, the Bishop of London preached the
sermon, and maintained with earnestness that
the king had no complicity whatever in
causing the death of St. Thomas. Foliot took
a leading part in the elections of Archbishop
Richard and Archbishop Baldwin (ROGER
DE HOVEDEN), and continued to hold a promi-
nent position among the English bishops
until his death in the spring of 1187. His
character has been judged harshly, or favour-
ably, by the numerous writers who have em-
ployed themselves on the career of Becket,
according as they favoured the archbishop or
the contrary. All, however, including the
monkish chroniclers, allow Foliot the praise
of great ability and of a strict ascetic life.
As to the former, his numerous letters, printed
in the Becket collection, abundantly tes-
tify ; especially the famous letter or pamphlet
(printed in ' Materials for Becket's Life,' vol.
v.) which reviews and denounces with great
force the career of Becket. The authorship of
this letter has been questioned, but the balance
of authorities is in favour of its being Foliot's
(ROBERTSON, Life of Becket, appendix v.)
The only work attributed to Foliot by the
bibliographers is ' A. Treatise on Solomon's
Song.'

[Materials for the Life of Becket, ed. Robert-
son, published in Rolls Series, 1877, 6 vols.,
superseding Dr. Giles's publications ; Historia
Radulphi de Diceto, ed. Stubbs, Rolls Series,
1876, 2 vols. ; Chronica Rogeri de Hoveden, ed.
Stubbs, Rolls Series, 1869, 4 vols.; Matthew
Paris's Chronica Majora, ed. Luard, Rolls Series,
1876, 7 vols.; Robertson's Life of Becket, 1859 ;
Milman's Latin Christianity, vol. iii. 1854.1

a. G-. P.

FOLIOT, ROBERT (d. 1186), bishop of
Hereford, a near kinsman of Gilbert Foliot
[q. v.], bishop of London, was a man of con-
siderable learning, who, according to Bale
(Scriptt. Illustr. p. 216, ed. Basil), quoting
from Leland (Itin. viii. 78), was celebrated

Folkes

361

Folkes

for his achievements in the liberal arts, both
in England and in France, where he made the
friendship of Thomas Becket, ' having him as
a pupil whom he afterwards had as a patron.'
Bale states that he was called l Melundinensis,'
from the place of his studies. This may mean
cither Melun or Meaux. By Becket's influ-
ence he was made archdeacon of Oxford to-
wards the close of 1161. While holding this
office he wrote a letter of consolation and ad-
vice to Gilbert Foliot, who, having been ex-
communicated by Becket, had written to him
in very affectionate terms (BECKET, Mate-
rials, vi. 606-9). In 1155 he was the first
occupant of the newly founded stall of Wel-
lington in Hereford Cathedral. The see of
Hereford had been vacant since the death of
William of Maledon in 1167, in consequence
of Henry II's refusal to issue a license of
election. Foliot was then appointed, and after
some further delay was consecrated with three
other bishops at Canterbury by the recently
appointed Archbishop Richard, 6 Oct. 1174.
In 1179 he was one of the four English
bishops deputed to attend the Lateran council
(HfjLiNSHED, Chronicle, ii. 178 ; D'AcHERY,
Syicileg. xii. 650). He consecrated the abbey
church of Wigmore, to which, on the same
/iay, he is said to have presented various
/jewels (LELAND, Itin. viii. 78). He died
/ 9 May 1186. His liberality was shown by
/ his large gifts of lands, books, vases, and or-
/ naments to his cathedral at Hereford, where
a yearly commemoration was celebrated on
the anniversary of his death. Bale attributes
to him ' a most lucid work,' l De Sacramentis
Antiques Legis/ ' Conciones Aliquot,' and
certain other unnamed works.

[Godwin, De Prsesulibus, ii. 6; Bale's Scrip-
tores Illustres, p. 216, ed. Basil, 1557; Leland's
Itin. viii. 78 ; Britton's Hereford Cathedral.]

E. V.

FOLKES, MARTIN (1690-1754), anti-
quary and man of science, born in Queen
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on
29 Oct. 1690, was the eldest son of Martin
Folkes, bencher of Gray's Inn, by his wife
Dorothy, second daughter of Sir William
Ho veil, knt., of Hillington Hall, near Lynn,
Norfolk. When a boy he was sent to the
university of Saumur, and his tutor Cappel,
son of Lewis Cappel, described him as ' a
choice youth of a penetrating genius and
master of the beauties of the best Roman and
Greek writers.' Soon after February 1706-7
Folkes was sent to Clare Hall, Cambridge,
and there made great progress in mathematics
and other studies. He held the degrees of
M.A., Cambridge (6 Oct. 1717), and D.C.L.,
Oxford (July 1746). On 29 July 1714, when

only twenty-three, he was elected a fellow
of the Royal Society. In 1722-3 he was ap-
pointed vice-president of the society, and
often presided in the absence of Sir Isaac
Newton. On Newton's death he was a can-
didate with Sir Hans Sloane for the presi-
dentship. Sloane was chosen, but Folkes
became president (30 Nov. 1741) on Sloane's
retirement. Under Folkes the meetings were
literary rather than scientific. Stukeley de-
scribes them at that time as ' a most elegant
and agreeable entertainment for a contem-
plative person.' Folkes contributed ten papers
to the ' Transactions ' of the society, his com-
munications being chiefly on astronomy and
metrology. He resigned the presidentship
from ill-health on 30 Nov. 1753. As presi-
dent he was a principal object of attack in
Sir John Hill's ' Review of the Works of the
Royal Society ' (1751), and the book is < dedi-
cated ' to him (DISRAELI, Calamities and
Quarrels of Authors, 1860, pp. 364-6).

In 1733 Folkes went with his family to
Italy and remained abroad about two years
and a half. He went to Paris in May 1739.
On 5 Sept. 1742 he was elected a member of
the French Academy, in succession to Ed-
mund Halley. Folkes was elected a fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries on 17 Feb.
1719-20. He was afterwards vice-president,
and from 1749-50 till his death president of
the society. His communications were on
Roman antiquities and coins (NICHOLS, Lit.
Anecd. ii. 581). He published at his own
expense : 1. ' A Table of English Gold Coins
from the 18th year of King Edward III,'
with weights and values, London, 1736,
4to. 2. < A Table of English Silver Coins
from the Norman Conquest to the Present
Time,' with weights, values, and remarks,
1745, 4to. The ' Tables' were much con-
sulted by antiquaries. Folkes had more than
forty plates engraved to illustrate his ' Tables/
and these, purchased after his death by the
Society of Antiquaries, were utilised in the
society's reprint of the * Tables ' published in
1763, 4to, 3 parts, and edited by J. Ward
and Dr. A. Gifibrd. Folkes was an associate
of the Egyptian Club and a member of the
Spalding Society (instituted 1710, ib. vi. 13).
He was a friend of Sir I. Newton and a patron
of George Edwards, the naturalist. He gave
some help to Theobald for his notes on Shake-
speare. He was a man of extensive know-
ledge and is described as upright, modest, and
affable. He died from a paralytic attack on
28 June 1754, and was buried in the chancel
of Hillington Church, Norfolk. In 1792 a
monument by Ashton, after Tyler, was
erected to him in Westminster Abbey in the
south aisle of the choir. He bequeathed to

Folkes

362

Follett

the Koyal Society 200/., a cornelian ring for
the use of the president, a portrait of Bacon,
and his portrait by Hogarth. The sale of
his library, prints, drawings, gems, pictures,
coins, &c., in 1756 lasted fifty-six days and
brought 3,090/. 5s. He destroyed various
manuscripts of his own writings shortly be-
fore his death.

Folkes married (about 1714 ?) LTJCRETIA
BRADSHAW, an actress who appeared as ' Mrs.
Bradshaw' at the Haymarket Theatre in
1707 and at Drury Lane from 1710 to 1714
(ib. ii. 588, 589 : GENEST, Account of the
English Stage, vol. i.) She acted Sylvia in
the ' Double Dealer,' Corinna in the ' Con-
federacy/ and other parts. She spoke an
epilogue (about 1712) to the ' Generous
Husband/ ' in boy's cloaths.' The author of
the ' History of the English Stage/ 1741 (cited
by NICHOLS, loc. cit.) calls her ' one of the
greatest and most promising genii of her time/
and says that Folkes took her oft' the stage
for her 'exemplary and prudent conduct.'
Nichols gathers that she was a handsome
woman, probably only of second-rate abili-
ties. At the time of her husband's death
she was living in confinement at Chelsea, her
mind having been for some time deranged.

The issue of this marriage was : 1. A son
Martin, who entered Clare Hall, and was
killed, during his father's lifetime, by a fall
from his horse at Caen in Normandy, whither
he had gone to finish his studies. He in-
herited his father's taste for coins. 2. Dorothy
Rishton, who married and had a son and two
daughters. 3. Lucretia, married in 1756 to
(Sir) Richard Betenson.

Portraits of Folkes were produced by J.
Richardson (1718), Vanderbank, Hogarth
(1741), Hudson, and Gibson. There is a
portrait-medal of him (specimens in British
Museum) by J. A. Dassier (1740), described
by G. Vertue (manuscript notes in Brit. Mus.)
as ' done very like him.' A curious portrait-
medal (specimens in British Museum) with
the reverse type of a sphinx, the sun, and the
tomb of Caius Sestius, was executed at Rome.
It bears a date of the era of masonry corre-
sponding either to A.D. 1738 or 1742, and there
is a story (referred to in HAWKINS, Medallic
Illustrations, ii. 571) that it was made by
command of the pope as a surprise to Folkes
on his visit ; but Folkes is not known to have
been in Rome either in 1738 or 1742.

[Memoir in Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 578-98,
and numerous references in indexes in vii. 137,
566 of ib. ; and in index in viii. 39 of Nichols's
Lit. Illustr. ; Memoir in Weld's Hist, of the
Royal Society, i. 479 fF., and other references in
vols. i. and ii. ; Gent. Mag. 1754, xxiv. 292;
Brit. Mus. Cat.; Hawkins's Medallic Illustr.

(ed. Franks and Grueber), ii. 558, 571 ; Stukeley's
Memoirs (Surtees Soc.), where Folkes's wife is
called ' Mrs. Bracegirdle.'] W. W.

FOLLETT, SIE WILLIAM WEBB
(1798-1845), attorney-general, second and
eldest surviving son of Benjamin Follett, a
timber merchant, of Topsham, near Exeter,
and formerly a captain in the 13th regiment
of foot, by his wife, a daughter of John Webb
of Kinsale, was born 2 Dec. 1798. At first
his health was very feeble, but in 1809 he
was put to school under Dr. Lempriere at
Exeter grammar school, and in 1810 to Mr.
Hutchinson's school at Heavitree, near Exe-
ter, whence he proceeded to Trinity College,
Cambridge, and took a B.A. aegrotat degree
in 1818 and an M.A. in 1830. In 1836 he
was appointed counsel to the university. In
Michaelmas term 1814 he joined the Inner
Temple, and read in the chambers of Robert
Bayly and Godfrey Sykes. He became a
special pleader in 1821, but early in 1824 was
obliged from illness, the rupture of a blood-
vessel in the lungs, to give up work for some
months. In Trinity term, however, of the
same year he was called to the bar, and joined
the western circuit in the following summer.
His first reported case is Moore v. Stockwell,
6 Barnwell and Cresswell, p. 76. in Michael-
mas term 1826. From the time he came to
London he was a tory, and lived very much
with John Wilson Croker [q. v.], though at
Cambridge his opinions are said to have been
whig. He was a cousin of Mrs. Croker, and
eventually married Croker's ward, Jane Mary,
eldest daughter of Sir Ambrose HardingeGif-
fard, chief justice of Ceylon, in October 1830,
by whom he had four sons and two daughters.
From the first, except for a few early appear-
ances at sessions, his professional career was
one unbroken success, and yet it provoked
neither envy nor detraction. The years
1831-3 brought him an election petition prac-
tice of unprecedented magnitude. In 1832
he contested Exeter unsuccessfully against
Buller and Divett, but in 1835 was returned
for it, heading the poll with 1,435 votes. He
succeeded well in the House of Commons,
but for the most part contented himself with
speaking on legal and not on general topics.
He became a king's counsel in Michaelmas
term 1834, and was solicitor-general in Sir
Robert Peel's administration from November
1834 to April 1835, and was also knighted.
His first speech was on 31 March 1835 upon
Lord John Russell's Irish church motion.
On 23 June of the same year he moved an
amendment to clause 9 of the Government
Corporation Bill for the purpose of preserv-
ing the rights of freemen to the parliamentary
franchise, and was only defeated by 278 to 232.

Follett

363

Fonblanque

When, later in the year, the House of Lords,
on Lyndhurst's advice and against Peel's, re-
cast the bill, and so produced a conflict be-
tween the two houses, the high tories formed
plans for dispensing with Peel and coming
in with Lyndhurst as prime minister, and
Follett and Praed to lead the commons. In
1837 he was re-elected at Exeter without a
contest, and in 1841 headed the poll with
1,302 votes. In Peel's second administra-
tion in the same year he became again solici-
tor-general, and in April 1844, when Pollock
became chief baron, Follett succeeded him as
attorney-general, and, his re-election being
opposed, again won with 1,293 votes. His
health, however, failed, and symptoms of
paralysis appeared in his lower limbs. When
he addressed the House of Lords for the
crown on O'Connell's appeal, he was obliged
to do so sitting on a high chair. He spent
some months on the continent, but returning
home in March 1845, soon fell ill again, and
for some months before his death had given
up all hope of recovery. He died 28 June
1845 at Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park,
and was buried in the south-eastern vault of
the Temple Church on 4 July. He was uni-
versally popular and universally regretted.
1 In every qualification of intellect and grace
of manner,' writes Lord Hatherley (Life, i.
270), * he was as nearly perfect as man can
be.' His best-known cases at the bar were
his defence of Lord Cardigan for his duel with
Captain Tuckett, in which he obtained an ac-
quittal on technical grounds, and the action
of Norton against Lord Melbourne, in which
he appeared for the plaintiff. With little
knowledge of classical or modern languages or
literatures, limited general information, and
a complete absence of rhetoric or fire, he was
nevertheless unrivalled for lucidity, dexterity,
promptitude, and persuasiveness. He was
unfortunately parsimonious and too eager to
accumulate a fortune, and fell a victim to
his application to professional work. In
person he was tall and slim, with a fine brow,
large mouth, and grey eyes. His voice was
mellow and full, and his gestures, though
limited, were very graceful. He has left
behind him the reputation of having been
the greatest advocate of the century. His
personal property was sworn at 160,000/.
There is a statue of him in Westminster
Abbey, and a portrait by F. R. Say, which
has been engraved by G. R. Ward. One
speech of his on the second reading of the
Dissenters' Chapels Bill, 6 June 1844, has
been published.

[Times, 30 June 1845; Hansard's Parlia-
mentary Debates ; Croker Papers, ii. 367 ; Duke
of Buckingham's Courts and Cabinets, ii. 199;

McCullagh Torrens's Melbourne, ii. 191; Raikes's
Journal, ii. 77; Ballantyne's Experiences, i. 125;
Blackwood's Mag. lix. 1 ; Dublin Univ. Mag.
xx. 117; Fraser's Mag. xxxii. 165; Gent. Mag.
1845.] J. A. H.

FOLLOWS, RUTH (1718-1809), qua-
keress, born in 1718 at Weston in Notting-
hamshire, was the daughter of Richard and
Ruth Alcock, who were poor quakers. When
twenty-three years old she married George
Follows, quaker, of Castle Donington in
Leicestershire, with whom she lived sixty
years, and by whom she had two children.
When about thirty years of age she received a
certificate enabling her to travel as a minister,
and visited and preached at the majority of
the quaker meetings in the United Kingdom.
Her first sermon was preached in 1748 at
Castle Donington, whence she proceeded to
London, attending over eighty meetings on
her way. She remained in London until the
middle of 1749, from which time till 1758
she appears to have done little more than
attend to meetings in the neighbourhood of
her own residence, and those at Atherstone
and Matlock. In 1758 she visited Yorkshire
and Lancashire, and in 1760 made an ex-
tended tour, which embraced most of the meet-
ings in the western and midland counties, as
well as London and Norfolk. During the fol-
lowing year she visited Ireland, where she
remained several months, working so ardu-
ously as to seriously injure her health. Qua-
kerism was at this time at a low ebb in Ireland,
and her letters show that she was greatly
dispirited. In 1764 she laboured in Wales,
and between that time and 1788 she visited
nearly every part of England and Wales, and
made several excursions into Scotland. In
1782-3 she spent several months in ministerial
work in Ireland. From 1788 till her death
she was almost incapacitated by the infirmi-
ties of age ; but she was able to make occa-
sional journeys, the last she undertook being
in 1795, when seventy-seven years old. She
died on 3 April 1809, and was buried seven
days later in the quaker burial-ground at
Castle Donington. She is not known to have
been the author of any works. Her life was
very self-denying and her piety intense, her
ministry being highly valued for its sim-
plicity and earnestness.

[Stansfield's Memoirs of Ruth Follows, 1829 ;
Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books.] A. C. B.

FONBLANQUE, ALBANY (1793-
1872), journalist, born in London in 1793,
was the third son of John Samuel Martin de
Grenier de Fonblanque [q. v.] He was in-
tended for service in the royal engineers,
but his education at Woolwich having been

Fonblanque

364

Fonblanque

interrupted for two years by a dangerous ill-
ness, he studied law under Chitty. Before
he was twenty, however, he had gained such
success as a contributor to newspapers as to
determine him to devote himself entirely to
journalism. His career was again inter-
rupted by a serious attack of illness, but upon
his recovery he resumed his journalistic la-
bours, chiefly upon the ' Morning Chronicle '
and the ' Times/ In 1820 he married, and,
after a short engagement on the ' Atlas,' be-
came in 1826 principal leader writer upon
the ' Examiner,' which found in his brilliant
pen a substitute for Leigh Hunt, whose con-
nection with the paper had ceased upon his
departure for Italy. He was intimate with
Bentham, the Mills, Grote, and the chiefs of
the utilitarian school in general, and was a
leading contributor to the i Westminster Re-
view ' from its establishment in 1823. The
publishers of the 'Examiner' were deeply
embarrassed, and about 1828 the paper was

furchased by the Rev. Dr. Robert Fellowes
[j. v.], author of ' The Religion of the Uni-
verse.' Dr. Fellowes, in September 1830,
placed the entire management in Fonblanque's
hands, and sold the paper to him a few years
afterwards. Its reputation as the chief organ
of high-class intellectual radicalism was re-
cognised by a subscription to defray the cost
of improved machinery to allow of its being
issued at a lower price. The contribution
took the form of a prepayment of subscrip-
tions for ten years, and the measure produced
a large increase of circulation. Fonblanque,
in an unpublished letter, gives W. J. Fox
and Stuart Mill the chief credit for their
exertions in accomplishing the end in view.
Mill had already regularly contributed let-
ters which aroused the attention of Carlyle ;
and Disraeli, then coquetting with radicalism,
was among the subscribers. In 1837 Fon-
blanque republished his most remarkable ar-
ticles of the preceding ten years, under the
title of ' England under Seven Administra-
tions.' Macaulay disputed the wisdom of the
step. ' Fonblanque's leading articles in the
"Examiner,"' he tells Macvey Napier, 'were
extolled to the skies while they were consi-
dered merely as leading articles. . . . Fon-
blanque had not considered that in that form
they would be compared, not with the rant
and twaddle of the daily and weekly press,
but with Burke's pamphlets, with Pascal's
letters, with Addison's Spectators and Free-
holders.' This is evidently true, and yet the
publication has preserved Fonblanque from
becoming a mere nominis umbra. The book
counts among the authorities for the history
of the period, and brings together the choicest
examples of the indomitable spirit and caus-

tic wit which constituted his chief distinction
as a journalist.

The publication of the ' Seven Adminis-
trations ' indicated the high water-mark of
Fonblanque's public influence. It was the
time when, as a eulogist in the ' Scotsman '
said, ' an epigram in the " Examiner " went
off like a great gun, echoing all over the
country.' This position could not but be af-
fected by the decline of the liberal party in
reputation from 1836 onward, and its ultimate
rehabilitation through the acceptance of new
ideas, chiefly of financial and commercial re-
form, which Fonblanque, though approving,
could not make his own. In the divisions
among his own section of the party he in-
clined rather to the support of the whig
cabinet than to the combative radicalism of
Mill. The two schools of old-fashioned Lon-
don radicalism and of Benthamite utilita-
rianism, with both of which Fonblanque had
intimate affinities, waned more and more,
and when at length in 1847 the liberals were
returned to office, Fonblanque consented to
relinquish the editorship of the ' Examiner,'
and accepted an appointment, apparently
most uncongenial to a wit and satirist, in the
statistical department of the board of trade.
He had been offered the government of Nova
Scotia, but he could not tear himself away
from London. The editorship of the ' Ex-
aminer ' passed into the hands of JohnForster
(1812-1876) [q. v.] Fonblanque, however,
remained proprietor until 1865, and continued
until about 1860 to contribute articles distin-
guished by all his old pungency, though less
and less abreast with the spirit of the new
time. He felt himself entirely out of place
as the board of trade's statistician. Tra-
ditions linger in the office of his late arrivals,
his early departures, his panics when called
upon for official information, his general in-
accessibility, but gentle and almost mournful
courtesy to those with whom he deigned to
communicate. He was understood to suffer
from domestic troubles, and his health was
never good. He dropped almost entirely out
of society for the last ten years of his life,
and was rarely to be seen except in the library
of the Athenaeum, or absorbed in a game of
chess at the St. James's Club. He died 13 Oct.
1872. A second collection of his leading ar-
ticles, with a memoir by his nephew, Edward
Barrington de Fonblanque, was published in
1874.

Fonblanque is one of the few English jour-
nalists who, merely as such, have gained a per-
manent place in literature. This is due partly
to his gifts of humour and sarcasm, partly to
the republication of his best work, but chiefly
to his instinct for literary form. The finish

Fonblanque

365

Fonblanque

and polish of his articles give them a literary
value independent of the subject. Fonblanque
wrote slowly and rewrote much. He did not
consider his early articles in daily newspapers
worth reprinting, and when at a later period
he was tempted by great offers to write in the
' Morning Chronicle,' he felt himself unequal
to the task and soon abandoned it. No edi-
tor, perhaps, has ever more strongly impressed
his personality upon his journal, or habitually
written in a more individual and recognisable
style, even to the risk of monotony. His
slowness of composition makes the great ex-
tent and overwhelming proportion of his con-
tributions to the ' Examiner ' the more re-
markable. His negative bent made him be-
fore all things a censor and a critic, and
disabled him from taking broad surveys of
measures and men. His strong positive
views on legislation, derived from Bentham,
made his journalistic work in that department
more fruitful if less brilliant. In politics he
was no revolutionist, but a staunch radical
reformer, whose hostility to abuses did not
involve hostility to institutions, some few ex-
cepted, which he thought decisively con-
demned by his utilitarian standard. He may
be taxed with occasional injustice to indi-
viduals, but not with deliberate unfairness ;
he was in purpose thoroughly impartial, and
never employed his powers of satire for the
mere sake of giving pain. Being sarcastic he
naturally passed for a cynic, but the character
did him great injustice. He seems to have
been shy and sensitive, patient in a never-
ending contest with ill-health and domestic
unhappiness, scrupulously honourable and
delicate in all personal relations, and subdued
in manner, except when he held the pen or
became animated in discussion. All his
friends who have left notices of him celebrate
his social charm and his disinterested kind-
ness. He was a brilliant talker, a finished
scholar, and a theoretical student of music
and art.

[Life and Labours of Albany Fonblanque, ed.
E. B. de Fonblanque, 1874 ; H. R.Fox Bourne's
English Newspapers, vol. ii. ; Home's Spirit of
the Age, vol. ii. ; obituary notices in Examiner,
Daily News, and Scotsman.] K. Or.

FONBLANQUE, JOHNDE GRENIER

(1760-1837), jurist, son of Jean de Grenier
Fonblanque, a naturalised Englishman and
banker in London, who was descended from
an ancient and noble Huguenot family of
Languedoc, was born in 1760. He was edu-
cated at Harrow and Oxford ; became a stu-
dent of the Middle Temple, and was called
to the bar by that society 24 Jan. 1783. He
soon obtained a good practice as an equity

lawyer. He is said to have caused quite a
sensation by disputing the then established,
but now exploded, doctrine of scintilla juris.
He was leading counsel on behalf of the
merchants of London in their opposition to
the Quebec Bill of 1791, and pleaded their
cause at the bar of the House of Commons.
By the influence of the Duke of Bedford he
sat for Camelford, 1802-6. In 1804 he was
made king's counsel. Fonblanque was a
steady whig and a personal friend of the Prince
of Wales, for whom he is supposed to have
written the letters addressed to George III on
his exclusion from the army. He died 4 Jan.
1837, and was interred in the Temple Church,
in the vault belonging to the Middle Temple,
of which society he was senior bencher. At
the time of his death Fonblanque was called!
' Father of the English Bar.' Writing to one
of his sons Lord Lyndhurst says of him : ' I
have known jurists as profound as your father,
but I have known no one who was so perfect
a master of the philosophy of law.' In 1786
Fonblanque married the daughter of Colonel
John Fitzgerald, by whom he left three sons
and a daughter. He assumed the old family
prefix de Grenier in addition to the name of
Fonblanque by royal license in May 1828.
Fonblanque edited the ' Treatise on Equity T
ascribed to Henry Ballow [q. v.], with such
additions and improvements that it became
almost a new work. It enjoyed considerable
reputation as an authority on the subject, and
went through several editions (5th ed. 1820);
He also wrote two tracts, ' A Serious Ex-
hortation to the Electors of Great Britain '
(1791 ?), and ' Doubts as to the Expediency
of adopting the Recommendation of the-
Bullion Committee,' 1810.

[Gent. Mag. March 1837, p. 325; Fonblanque'*
Life of Albany Fonblanque, pp. 1-4 (1874);
County Courts Chron. and Bankruptcy Gaz.
1 Feb. 1866, p. 44 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-T.

FONBLANQUE, JOHN SAMUEL
MARTIN DE GRENIER (1787-1865),
legal writer, eldest son of John de Grenier
Fonblanque [q. v.], was born in Brook Street,,
Grosvenor Square, London, in March 1787.
He was educated at the Charterhouse and at
Caius College, Cambridge, where he was one
of the founders of the Union Debating So-
ciety. He also kept his terms at Lincoln's
Inn. At college he burst a blood-vessel and
was advised change for his health, where-
upon, having obtained a commission in the
21st fusiliers, he served with the regiment
in Cadiz and Gibraltar, and in Italy under
Lord W. Bentinck, by whom he was appointed
deputy judge advocate-general. He took an
active part in the war between Great Britain

Fonnereau

366

Fontibus

and the United States, was present at the
taking of Washington, the battle of Balti-
more, and the disastrous attempt on New
Orleans, where he was captured by the enemy.
After the battle of Waterloo he served in
France with the army of occupation, and re-
turning to England in 1816 he was called to
the bar, and appointed by Lord Eldon in the
following year a commissioner of bankruptcy.
On the institution of the bankruptcy court by
1 & 2 William TV, c. 56, he was appointed
one of the original commissioners. Fon-
blanque died at Brighton 3 Nov. 1865. He
wrote (jointly with Dr. J. A. Paris) ' Medical
Jurisprudence,' 3 vols. 1823— for this work
the first award of the Swiney prize was made
to the authors — and ' Observations on the Bill
now before Parliament for the Consolidation
and Amendment of the Laws relating to
Bankrupts,' &c. 1824. He also was one of the
founders of' The Jurist, or Quarterly Journal
of Jurisprudence and Legislation,' vols. i-iv.
1827-33.

[Gent. Mag. December 1865, p. 801 ; County
Courts Chronicle and Bankruptcy Gazette, 1 Feb.
1866, p. 44; Brit. Mus. Cat.] * F. W-T.

FONNEREAU, THOMAS GEORGE

(1789-1850), author and artist, was the se-
cond and posthumous son of Thomas Fonne-
reau (son of Z. P. Fonnereau, the descendant
of an ancient family from the neighbourhood
of Rochelle, which settled in England at the
edict of Nantes and realised a fortune in the
linen trade), who married on 19 Oct. 1786
Harriet, daughter of John Hanson of Reading.
His father died at Topsham, Devonshire, on
26 Dec. 1788; his mother survived until 2 Feb.
1832. He himself was born at Reading on
25 Aug. 1789, and his elder brother, John
Zachary, who married Caroline Sewell, died
without issue at Douai in 1822. After prac-
tising as an attorney in partnership with John
Gregson at 8 Angel Court, Throgmorton
Street, from 1816 to 1834, he succeeded, by the
death of a relation, to a good property, and
devoted himself for the rest of his life to his
books and his friends. His political opinions
leaned to conservatism, and he published in
1831 a ' Practical View of the Question of
Parliamentary Reform,' which, unlike most
of the swarm of pamphlets issued at that
crisis, passed through two editions. It was
written mainly to prove that a purely demo-
cratic government is inapplicable to the cir-
cumstances of England, and that the existing
system was ' founded on a concentration of
the various interests of the country in the
House of Commons.' While still a lawyer
lie occupied chambers in the Albany, and as a
' great lover and liberal patron of art ' enter-

tained a distinguished set of artists and wits
at ' choice little dinners,' which are com-
memorated in the pages of Planche's ' Recol-
lections.' With one of these friends he tra-
velled in Italy about 1840, and on his return
there were printed for private distribution, at
the expense of D. Colnaghi, a few copies of
' Mems. of a Tour in Italy, from Sketches by
T. G. F., inspired by his friend and fellow-
traveller, C. S., esq., R.A.' (probably Clark-
son Stanfield), containing thirteen sketches
of scenery. On inheriting his fortune he
gratified an inclination which had long pos-
sessed him by building, with the assistance
of his friend, Decimus Burton, * a bachelor's
kennel,' his own depreciatory designation of
' an Italian villa with colonnade and campa-
nile,' which arose at Haydon Hill, near
Bushey in Hertfordshire. There he died on
13 Nov. 1850, and was buried in a vault in
Aldenham churchyard, with many members
of the family of Hibbert, his nearest relatives.
His name would by this time have perished
had he not printed for private circulation in
1849 a few copies of ' The Diary of a Dutiful
Son, by H. E. O./ the second letters of his
three names. A copy fell accidentally into
the hands of Lockhart, who inserted numer-
ous extracts from its pages into the * Quarterly
Review,' Ixxxvi. 449-63 (1850). The intro-
duction to the volume sets out that his father
urged him to keep a diary of the remarks
which he heard in the house of a distant re-
lation, ' a literary man in affluent circum-
stances,' and that some little time afterwards
he showed the diary as a proof that he had
adopted the suggestion. A concluding para-
graph reveals that this was an imposition, as
the conversations were the product of his
own inventive powers. They contained many
original and acute observations, from a thinker
not dissatisfied with the world, and not
anxious for much change, on poetry, philo-
sophy, and political economy, and they pre-
sent in style and substance an accurate re-
presentation of his talk. Lockhart suggested
its publication to the world, and a copy,
evident!}7" prepared for the press, was found
among Fonnereau's papers after his death.
This was published by John Murray in 1864.

[Gent. Mag. 1786 pt. ii. 907, 1788 pt. ii.
1183, 1851 p. 107; Cussans's Hertfordshire, iii.
pt. i. 268, pt. ii. 179 ; Planche's Recollections,
i. 233 ; Preface to 1864 ed. of Diary of a Dutiful
Son ; Agnew's Protestant Exiles, iii. 234.]

W. P. C.

FONTIBUS (FOUNTAINS), JOHN DE
(d. 1225), ninth abbat of Fountains, sixth
bishop of Ely, was elected abbat of Foun-
tains in 1211, and blessed on 13 Dec. at Mel-

Foot

367

Foot

rose Abbey by Ralph, bishop of Down. All
that is known of his rule at Fountains is that
he prosecuted the work of his predecessor
vigorously, continuing the erection of the
choir and lady chapel. He made himself
useful to King John, from whom there are
several letters extant to him, one showing
that the king had entrusted many of his
valuables to the care of the abbey. On
24 Dec. 1219 he was elected bishop of Ely,
after the two elections of Geoffrey de Burgh
and Robert of York had been quashed by the
pope. This was chiefly through Pandulf's
influence (Annal. Monast. iv. 412), whose
letter to the king in his favour is given by
Prynne (W ALB KAN", Memorials of Fountains
Abbey, i. 171). He was consecrated at West-
minster by Archbishop Langton on 8 March
1219-20, and enthroned on 25 March. In
1221, in conjunction with the Bishop of Salis-
bury, Richard le Poore, he was appointed by
Honorius III to investigate the complaints
of the monks of Durham against their bishop,
Richard de Marisco. He went to Durham,
summoned the bishop to appear before him,
and seems to have found the accusations
true (Dunstable Annals, iii. 62, 67). The
bishop appealed to the pope, but the pope
referred the matter back to the two bishops
(R. WENDOVEK in MATT. PARIS, iii. 62, 63).
While still abbat of Fountains he had been
appointed by the pope one of a commission
to inquire into the merits of Hugh, bishop of
Lincoln, before his canonisation. In 1223,
in conjunction with his successor at Foun-
tains and the abbat of Rievaulx, he received
a similar injunction with respect to William,
archbishop of York. In 1225 he witnessed
Magna Charta (Burton Annals, i. 231). He
died at his palace at Downham on 6 May
1225, and was buried in Ely Cathedral. He
gave the tithes of Hadham to the Ely monks
to provide for his anniversary, and endowed
them with the churches of Witchford and
Meldreth, with a view to their hospitality.
His skeleton was found entire in 1770, when
the choir was repaired and altered (Steven-
son's supplement to BENTHAM'S Ely, Notes,
p. 76).

[Annales Monastic?, i. 231, iii. 62, 67, iv. 412 ;
Eoger of Wendover and Matt. Paris, iii. 58, 62,
63, 93 ; Chron. de Mailros (Fulman), p. 181 ;
Historia Eliensis, in Wharton's Anglia Sacra,
i. 634-5 ; Hardy's Le Neve, i. 328 ; Walbran's
Memorials of Fountains Abbey, i. pp. Ixiv, Ixv,
134-6,164-5,171.] H. K. L.

FOOT, JESSE (1744-1826), surgeon, was
born at Charlton in Wiltshire in 1744. He
received a medical education in London, be-
coming a member of the Surgeons' Company,

and about 1766 went to the West Indies,
where he practised for three years in the is-
land of Nevis, returning in 1769. After this
he went to St. Petersburg, where he became
'a privileged practitioner of the College of
St. Petersburg,' as he afterwards described
I himself, and practised there some time pro-
fitably. Returning to England, he was
appointed house-surgeon to the Middlesex
Hospital, and on the conclusion of his term
of office began practice in Salisbury Street,
Strand, afterwards removing to Dean Street,
Soho, where he had a large practice for many
years. He died at Ilfracombe on 27 Oct.
1826.

Foot's principal branch of practice may be
gathered from the titles of his numerous pro-
fessional books and pamphlets. His belief
in his own merits was great, and he aspired
to surpass John Hunter in fame ; but finding
himself unable to succeed, he endeavoured
to defame his rival, to prove that his dis-
coveries were plagiarisms or of little merit, to
denounce him as an embittered, ill-tempered
man, and to represent that his works were
written by Smollett. His * Life of Hunter '
shows in almost every page the intense
jealousy by which he was actuated. Foot's
inclination to biography is also seen in his
lives of the seducer and duellist Bowes and
his wife, Mary Eleanor, countess of Strath-
more [q. v.], whom he attended profession-
ally for thirty-three years, and of his friend
Arthur Murphy [q. v.], whose executor he
was. He was also strongly prejudiced in
favour of the West Indian planters and their
treatment of their slaves, and his vigorous
* Defence ' ran through three large editions
in three weeks. He attacked Wilberforce
and the abolition party on several occa-
sions.

Foot wrote : 1. ' A Critical Inquiry into the
Ancient and Modern Manner of Treating Dis-
eases of the Urethra, and an Improved Method
of Cure,' London, 1774 ; 6th edit. 1811. 2. 'Ob-
servations on the New Opinions of John Hun-
ter in his Treatise on the Venereal Disease/
in three parts, 1786-7. 3. 'An Essay on
the Bite of a Mad Dog, with Observations
on John Hunter's Treatment of the Case of

Master R [Rowley], and also a Recital

of the Successful Treatment of Two Cases,'
1788; 2nd edit. 1791. 4. 'A New Dis-
covered Fact of a relative nature in the
Venereal Poison,' 1790. 5. 'A Defence of
the Planters in the West Indies, comprised
in Four Arguments/ &c., 1792. 6. 'A Com-
plete Treatise on the Origin, Theory, and
Cure of the Lues Venerea and Obstruction
in the Urethra, illustrated by a great variety
of Cases, being a course of twenty-three

Foot

368

Foote

lectures read in Dean Street, Soho, 1790
and 1791;' 4to,1792; new edit., 8vo, 1820,
amended and corrected ; German translation,
Leipzig, 1793-4. 7. ' A Plan for Prevent-
ing the Fatal Effects of the Bite of a Mad
Dog, with Cases/ 1792. 8. ' Life of John
Hunter,' 1794 ; 2nd edit. 1797. 9. ' Dia-
logues between a Pupil of the late John
Hunter and Jesse Foot, including passages
in Darwin's " Zoonomia," ' 1795. 10. ' Cases
of the Successful Practice of the Vesicae Lo-
tura in the Cure of Diseased Bladders/ pt. i.
1798, pt. ii. 1803. 11. ' Observations prin-
cipally upon the Speech of Mr. "Wilberforce
on his Motion in the House of Commons,
30 May 1804, for the Abolition of the
Slave Trade/ 1805. 12. 'Important Re-
searches upon the Existence, Nature, and
Consummation of Venereal Infection in
Pre°-nant Women, New-born Infants, and
Nurses, by the late P. S. 0. Mahon, con-
trasted with the Opinions of the late John
Hunter upon the subject/ 1808. 13. l The
Lives of Andrew Robinson Bowes, Esq., and
the Countess of Strathmore, written from
thirty-three years' professional attendance,
from Letters and other well-authenticated
Documents/ 1810. 14. 'Life of Arthur
Murphy, Esq./ 1811. 15. ' Review of Everard
Home's Observations on the Diseases of the
Prostate Gland/ 1812. 16. 'Facts relative to
the Prevention of Hydrophobia/ in ' Medical
Facts and Observations/ iii. 33. 17. ' Two
Letters on the Necessity of a Public Inquiry
into Cause of the Death of the Princess Char-
lotte and her Infant/ 1817. See also for
several minor contributions 'Index to the
London Medical and Physical Journal/ vols.
i-xl., 1820.

FOOT, JESSE, the younger (1780-1850), sur-
geon, was not the son but the nephew of the
preceding. He practised for many years as
a surgeon at Clarendon, Jamaica, returned
home about 1819, and lived with his uncle in
Dean Street, Soho, for two years, marrying
Miss Foot (presumably his cousin) on 4 Sept.
1819. He succeeded to his uncle's practice,
and in 1826 brought out a new edition oi
his work on the urethra, which is described
as the eighth edition. He became surgeon to
the Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital
He published ' Ophthalmic Memoranda/ 1838,
and wrote several papers in the 'Lancet 'and
the ' London Medical and Surgical Journal,
enumerated in Dechambre. In 1834 he pub-
lished < The Medical Pocket-book for 1835.
Foot died at Ilfracombe, aged 70, on 5 Jan
1850 (Gent. Mag. 1850, i. 225).

[Georgian Era, ii. 574 ; D£chambre's Diction-
naire Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales, 4th
ser. vol. iii. 1879; Foot's Works.] G. T. B.

FOOTE, SIR EDWARD JAMES (1767-
L833), vice-admiral, youngest son of the Rev.
Francis Hender Foote, rector of Bishops-
bourne, near Canterbury, and, on the mother's
side, nephew of Sir Horace Mann [q. v.], was
born at Bishopsbourne on 20 April 1767. In
1779 he was entered at the naval academy
at Portsmouth, and in 1780 joined the Dub-
Lin of 74 guns, under Captain Samuel Wallis.
In November he was moved into the Belle
Poule frigate, and in her was present in the
action on the Dogger Bank, 5 Aug. 1781.
He shortly afterwards joined the Endymion
frigate, in which he was present in the battle
of Dominica, 12 April 1782. After the peace
he was appointed to the Europa, bearing the
flag of Vice-admiral Gambier, on the Jamaica
station; served as acting lieutenant of the
Swan, the Antelope, and the Janus, and was
confirmed in the rank on 12 Aug. 1785. In
1787 he was for a few months in the Royal
Sovereign, and in September 1788 was ap-
pointed to the Crown, going out to the East
Indies with the broad pennant of Commo-
dore Cornwallis, by whom, in the summer of
1791, he was made commander of the Ata-
lanta sloop. He was afterwards transferred
to the Ariel, which he brought home and
paid off in October 1792. In 1793 he com-
manded the Thorn sloop, and on 7 June 1794
was advanced to post rank, and appointed
to the Niger frigate, in which for the next
two years he was employed in the Channel
and on the coast of France. He then joined
the Mediterranean fleet under Sir John Jervis-)
and had the good fortune, on the early morn-
ing of 14 Feb. 1797, to bring the first posi-
tive intelligence of the immediate proximity
of the Spanish fleet, and, a few hours later,
to assist in its defeat. The Niger shortly
afterwards returned to England, and at-
tended the king at Weymouth during the
autumn ; on going back to Spithead, Foote-
was, at the king's especial desire, appointed
to the Seahorse of 38 guns, and ordered out
to the Mediterranean. He was on his way
to join the detached squadron under Sir
Horatio Nelson, when, off the coast of Sicily,
on 26 June 1798 he fell in with and cap-
tured the French frigate Sensible of 36 guns,
carrying General Baraguay d'Hilliers and his
stafi\ From his prisoners Foote learned the
destination of the expedition ; he at once
made sail for the coast of Egypt, and in
company with the Terpsichore arrived off"
Alexandria on 20 July. After seeing the-
French ships there and in Aboukir Bay, the
frigates went in search of Nelson, but, not
meeting with him, returned to Egypt on
17 Aug. , when they found that the French fleet
had been meantime destroyed. On the de-

Foote

369

Foote

parture of Nelson for Naples, Foote remained
attached to the blockading squadron; but
the following spring he rejoined Nelson at
Palermo, and in March was sent with Captain
Troubridge into the Bay of Naples, where,
on Troubridge being called away in May, he
was left as senior officer [see TKOUBKIDGE,
SIK THOMAS ; NELSON, HORATIO, VISCOUNT].
In this capacity, on 22 June, he, in conjunc-
tion with Cardinal Ruffo and the Russian
and Turkish admirals, signed the capitula-
tion of the forts Uovo and Nuovo ; a capitu-
lation which Nelson, on arriving in the bay
two days later, pronounced invalid, and re-
fused to carry into effect. Nelson does not
seem to have seriously blamed Foote for
'his share in the transaction, considering that
he had yielded to the false representations of
Ruffo, who had received express orders not
to admit the rebels to terms; nor, on the
other hand, did Foote present any remon-
strance against the capitulation being an-
nulled. On the contrary, throughout July,
August, and September — in which month he
was ordered home — he repeatedly addressed
Nelson in terms of gratitude and devotion,
which went far beyond the submission re-
quired from a junior officer (NICOLAS, Nelson
Despatches, iii. 517 n., 518). It was not till
1807, after Nelson's death, that he, publicly
at least, found out what wicked things had
•been done in the Bay of Naples in 1799, and
published a 'Vindication' of his conduct,
which had never been attacked, and a viru-
lent criticism of Lord Nelson's, which he had
till then inferentially approved of. The fact
was that he had learned from Harrison's 'Life
•of Nelson ' that the great admiral had de-
scribed the capitulation as ' infamous,' a term
correct enough when applied, as Nelson had
applied it, to the conduct of Ruffo, but which
Nelson's personal bearing towards Foote had
clearly shown was not applied to him. That
Foote had exceeded his powers was perfectly
certain ; he had been guilty of an error of
judgment and a weakness which Nelson had
^pointed out and had condoned ; Ruffo's treat-
ing with armed rebels, contrary to the orders
of his sovereign, was on a totally different
footing.

On his return to England in the early part
•of 1800, Foote, still in the Seahorse, was
again sent out to the Mediterranean, with
Sir Ralph Abercromby [q. v.J and staff as
passengers, and in charge of a convoy of
store-ships and transports. He was appointed
to attend on the king at Weymouth during
the summer of 1801, and was then sent
to India in charge of convoy. In October
1802 the Seahorse was paid off, and the fol-
lowing year, at the particular desire of the

VOL. XIX.

iing, who had conceived a strong partiality
?or him, Foote was appointed to the royal
yacht Princess Augusta, in which he re-
mained till promoted to flag rank in August
1812. It is said that he would have much
preferred active service, but that, as his at-
tendance seemed grateful to the king in his
derangement, he felt that the yacht was his
proper sphere of duty. In 1814 he hoisted
hiis flag as second in command at Portsmouth,
but struck it at the peace, and had no further
service, becoming in due course a vice-admi-
ral in 1821. He was nominated a K.C.B.
in 1831, and died at his house in the neigh-
bourhood of Southampton on 23 May 1833.
He was twice married : first, to Nina, daughter
of Sir Robert Herries, banker ; secondly, to
Mary, daughter of Vice-admiral Patton; and
had issue by both wives.

[Ralfe's Naval Biography, iii. 130 ; Marshall's
Roy. Nav. Biog. i. 559; United Service Journal
(1833), pt. ii. p. 379; Gent. Mag. (1833), vol.
ciii. pt. ii. p. 180; Foote' s Vindication of his
Conduct (1807); Nicolas's Despatches and Let-
ters of Lord Nelson, iii. 477.] J. K. L.

FOOTE, MARIA, COUNTESS OF HAK-
KINGTON (1797 P-1867), actress, was born
24 July 1797 (?) at Plymouth. Her father,
Samuel T. Foote (1761-1840), who claimed
to be a descendant of Samuel Foote [q. v.],
sold out of the army, became manager of
the Plymouth theatre, and married a Miss
Hart. In July 1810 Miss Foote appeared
as Juliet at her father's theatre, in which
also she played as Susan Ashfield in ' Speed
the Plough,' and Emily Worthington in
the ' Poor Gentleman.' Foote afterwards
took an hotel in Exeter. The experiment
not succeeding, his daughter appeared at
Covent Garden, 26 May 1814, as Aman-
this in the ' Child of Nature ' of Mrs. Inch-
bald. In this part, which specially suited
her, she made a great success. Her second ap-
pearance was at the same theatre in the same
character in the following season, 14 Sept.
1814. On 6 Dec. she was the original Ulrica
in ' The King and the Duke, or Which is
Which ? ' attributed to Jameson. On 2 Jan.
1815 she played Miranda in the ' Tempest/
and 17 April 1815 was the original Adelain
the ' Fortune of War,' attributed to Kenney.
For her benefit, 6 June 1815, she appeared as
Statira in ' Alexander the Great,' Betty act-
ing, for that occasion only, Alexander. This
was her first appearance in tragedy. Fanny
in the ' Clandestine Marriage,' Hippolita in
an alteration of the ' Tempest,' Lady Percy
in ' King Henry IV,' Helena in the ' Mid-
summer Night's Dream,' and many other
parts, chiefly secondary, in old pieces and new,

B B

Foote

370

Foote

followed. Her abilities proved to be limited.
She had, however, a reputation for beauty
sufficient to secure her constant engagements
at the patent theatres and in the country.
She played with success in both Ireland and
Scotland, and accompanied Liston, Tyrone
Power, and other actors to Paris, where they
all acted with very unsatisfactory results.
In 1815 she formed at Cheltenham an in-
trigue with Colonel Berkeley, by whom she
had two children. An alleged promise of
marriage made by him was not kept. * Pea
Green ' Haynes then proposed to her and was
accepted. He retracted, however, his offer,
and as the result of an action for breach of pro-
mise of marriage had to pay 3,0001. damages.
These proceedings gave rise to a keen pam-
phlet warfare, through which and through
some opposition on the stage Miss Foote re-
tained a large measure of public sympathy.
At Covent Garden she played every season
up to 1824-5 inclusive, frequently in sub-
ordinate parts, but taking occasionally cha-
racters such as Miss Letitia Hardy in the
' Belle's Stratagem,' Miss Hardcastle, and, for
her benefit, Lady Teazle. She was the ori-
ginal Isidora in Barry Cornwall's ' Miran-
dola.' On 9 March 1826 she made as Letitia
Hardy her first appearance at Drury Lane,
where also she played Violante in the l Won-
der,' Rosalind, Virginia, Maria in ' A Roland
for an Oliver,' Imogen, and Maggy in the
'Highland Reel.' Other parts of importance
in which she was seen at one or other house
were Maria Darlington, Beatrice, Roxalana,
Violante, Imogen, Ophelia, Desdemona, Ju-
liana in the 'Honeymoon,' and Clara in
' Matrimony.' At Bath on 13 and 14 Jan.
1826 she was the object of ill-natured de-
monstrations on the part of a portion of the
audience. Chronicling these and condensing
them, Genest says that ' she was a very pretty
woman and a very pleasing actress, but she
never would have travelled about as a star
if it had not been for circumstances totally
unconnected with the stage ' (Account of the
Stage, ix. 358-9). A writer in the 'New
Monthly Magazine 'for March 1821, variously
stated to be Talfourd, Campbell, and Horace
Smith, writes warmly concerning ' the pure
and innocent beauty with which she has en-
riched our imaginations,' and, referring to
her then anticipated departure, asks rhapso-
dically, ' Is comedy entirely to lose the most
delicate and graceful of its handmaidens and
tragedy the loveliest of its sufferers ? ' Talfourd
speaks highly of the grace of her movements,
and specially commends her singing of the
song ' Where are you going, my pretty maid ? '
Her singing and dancing and her power of
accompanying herself upon the harp, guitar,

and pianoforte added to her popularity. She
was indefatigable in the pursuit of her pro-
fession, and is said to have traversed England,
Ireland, and Scotland every year for five years,
in course of which she posted twenty-five
thousand miles. Her theatrical career closed
at Birmingham on 11 March 1831, and on
7 April of the same year she married Charles
Stanhope, fourth earl of Harrington. She died
27 Dec. 1867. She was of medium height, her
face oval, and her features expressive. She
had an abundance of light brown hair. By
those most under her influence the character
of her acting was described as fascinating. A
whole-length portrait by Clint of Miss Foote-
as Maria Darlington was sold in June 1847,
with the effects of Thomas Harris, lessee of
Covent Garden.

[The Stage, 1815 ; Burke's Peerage ; Dramatic
Magazine; GTenest's Account of the English
Stage ; Facts illustrative of the Evidence in the
trial of Foote v. Haynes, 1835; Notes and
Queries, 7th ser. vi. 6.] J. K.

FOOTE, SAMUEL (1720-1777), actor and
dramatist, second son of Samuel and Eleanor
Foote, was born at a house in Truro long-
known as Johnson Vivian's, and was bap-
tised at St. Mary's in that city 27 Jan. 1720.
His father (1679-1754) was a commissioner of
the prize office and fine contract, at one time
member forTiverton and mayor of Truro. His
mother, Eleanor Goodere, through the death
of her brother, Sir John Dinely Goodere, bt.>
murdered by another brother, Captain Samuel
Goodere [q. v.], inherited a considerable for-
tune. Foote was educated at Worcester under
Dr. Miles, and matriculated at Worcester Col-
lege, Oxford, 1 July 1737. His college life,
like his subsequent career, was marked by
extravagance. Without taking a degree he
proceeded to the Temple. A turn for mimicry
had already displayed itself, and after wast-
ing his entire fortune as a man of fashion at
the Grecian, the Bedford, and other coffee-
houses, he appeared at the Haymarket, 6 Feb.
1744, as ' a gentleman ' in ' Othello,' playing1
with a company of novices collected and
trained by Macklin, at that period excluded
from Drury Lane. He repeated this imper-
sonation three or four times, and gave it for
a benefit at Drury Lane on 10 March. On
2 March, at the Haymarket, he played Lord
Foppington in the ' Relapse,' and recited an
epilogue, apparently of his own composition.
He is also said to have played Pierre in
' Venice Preserved.' These ill-judged experi-
ments were complete failures. Foote then
proceeded to Dublin, where, according to
Hitchcock (Irish Plays, i. 147), ' he brought
a few crowded houses and was well received/

Foote

371

Foote

On 1 Nov. 1745 he appeared at Drury Lane
as Sir Harry Wildair in the ' Constant
Couple.' He afterwards appeared as Lord
Foppington, Bayes, Sir Courtly Nice, and
other parts played by Colley Cibber. He had
meanwhile conceived the idea of turning to
advantage his talent for mimicry, and on
22 April 1747 he opened the Haymarket with
a concert, a farce extracted from the ' Old
Bachelor,' called ' The Credulous Husband,'
in which Foote was Fondlewife, and an
entertainment by himself called 'The Di-
versions of the Morning.' In this, with the
assistance of Shuter and other actors, he
met with much success. His career was,
however, stopped by the Westminster magis-
trates, and Foote then hit upon the device
of summoning his friends, for 25 April at
noon, to take with him a ' dish of chocolate,'
for which was subsequently substituted a
1 dish of tea.' Tickets for this were obtained
at George's Coffee-house, Temple Bar. On
the invitation appeared ' N.B. — Sir Dilbury
Diddle will be there, and Lady Betty Frisk
has absolutely promised.' According to a state-
ment of TateWilkinson (Memoirs, i. 24 et seq.),
which Genest says ' is not to be reconciled with
the bills,' the entertainment was principally
made up of satirical mimicry of actors, such as
Quin, Delane, Ryan, Woodward, Mrs. Wof-
fington, and of Garrick, upon whom he was
especially severe. In November 1747 Foote,
still at the Haymarket, gave ' Tea at 6.30 ; '
in March 1748 he substituted for this ' Choco-
late in Ireland,' and soon afterwards produced
an entertainment similar in kind called ' An
Auction of Pictures.' In 1748-9 this class
of entertainment was continued until March
or April, when Foote produced the two-act
comedy, the ' Knights,' printed 1754, 8vo,
in which he played Hartop. This piece
ended with a feigned concert between two
cats, in which Italian opera was ridiculed.
Various persons of more or less importance
had been libelled in these productions ; but
the complaints and retorts of those injured
only added to the piquancy of the produc-
tion. A second fortune having been left him,
Foote disappeared to Paris, whence, after
some years' absence, he returned with 'Taste,'
a two-act comedy produced unsuccessfully
at Drury Lane 11 Jan. 1752, 8vo, 1753, with
a prologue written and spoken lay Garrick.
an,,, t Englishman in Paris,' Co vent Garden,

The

24 March 1753, 8vo, 1756, was more fortu-
nate. Foote let Macklin have the piece for
his benefit. Macklin played Buck, a character
which Foote took when he transferred the
play, 20 Oct. 1753, to Drury Lane stage.
In the course of this season Foote played
Fondlewife, Ben in ( Love for Love/ Brazen

in the ' Recruiting Officer,' and gave his last-
ingly popular l Tea.' The following two
seasons he appeared at Covent Garden, where
he played, 3 Feb. 1756, Buck in the l Eng-
lishman Returned from Paris,' a piece in three
acts, 8vo, 1756, the idea and incidents of
which Foote took from Murphy, the dramatist,
who indiscreetly confided them to him. On
1 March 1756 he played Sir Paul Plyant in
the 'Double Dealer,' and 30 March Lady
Pentweazel in 'Taste.' In 1756-7 he re-
turned to Drury Lane, where, 5 Feb. 1757, he
produced the ' Author,' 8vo, 1757, a two-act
piece, in which, as Cadwallader, he mimicked
a Mr. Aprice, a friend of his own, who had
interest enough to obtain the suppression of
the play. An additional scene, which he in-
tended to introduce into it for his benefit, is
g'ven in the 'Monthly Mirror,' vii. 39-41.
e also played Gomez in Dryden's ' Spanish
Friar.' In December 1757, in company with
Tate Wilkinson, Foote visited Dublin, where
he had a favourable reception, socially and
artistically, but played no new part. Wil-
kinson and Foote were engaged by Garrick,
and appeared at Drury Lane 17 Oct. 1758.
For his benefit Foote appeared, 18 Dec. 1758,
as Shylock, and was a failure. With 100/.,
which he borrowed from Garrick, he visited
Scotland. According to the ' Courant ' he
reached Edinburgh 15 March 1759, and ap-
peared on the 20th at the Canongate Concert
Hall. He played many parts, and was made
much of. He is said to have given the first
afternoon entertainment in Edinburgh. He
returned in May, and in the autumn went
once more to Dublin, where, at the Crow
Street Theatre, he produced, 28 Jan. 1760,
his comedy the 'Minor,' originally in two
acts, 8vo, 1760. In this he played Shift, a
character designed to satirise his associate,
Tate Wilkinson. Piece and excursion alike
failed, and Foote, in want of funds, opened
in the summer of 1760 the Haymarket,
where, with a company hastily assembled, he
produced the ' Minor,' now enlarged to three
acts. In this, Foote's best comedy, his title
to a portion of which has been disputed, he
satirised Whitefield and the methodists. In
its new shape it was a great success. Foote,
who played at the Haymarket the characters
of Shift, Smirke, and Mrs. Cole, is said to
have sent the manuscript to the Archbishop
of Canterbury, with a request that he would
excise or alter whatever was objectionable.
It was returned untouched, the archbishop
shrewdly surmising that Foote wished to ad-
vertise it as ' corrected and prepared for the
press by his Grace the Archbishop of Can-
terbury.' Once more at Drury Lane he was
the original Scotchman in the 'Register

B B 2

Foote

372

Foote

Office ' of Joseph Keed, a piece from which
he was accused by Reed of having stolen the
character of Mrs. Cole in the ' Minor.' In
partnership with Murphy, Foote leased Drury
Lane for a summer season. On 15 June 1761
the management produced Murphy's 'All
in the Wrong,' a version of Moliere's ' Oocu
Imaginaire.' Foote wrote and spoke the
prologue. The ' Citizen,' also by Murphy,
was played 2 July 1769, Foote appearing as
Young Philpot. The ' Old Maid ' of Murphy
was given for the first time the same night.
' Wishes, or Harlequin's Mouth Opened,' a
comedy by Thomas Bentley, with a speaking
harlequin, closed the season with a failure.
Foote, who played in this Distress a poet,
took over 300/. for his share of the entire
venture, though he had broken his contract
and supplied no novelty. In 1762, at the
Haymarket, Foote produced the ' Orators,'
8vo, 1762, ridiculing, in Peter Paragraph,
George Faulkner, the Dublin printer, who had
lost a leg, and who brought an action against
him. At Covent Garden, 12 Jan. 1762, he
played Young Wilding in the ' Lyar,' 8vo,
1764, his adaptation of ' Le Menteur ' of
Corneille. From this period the original
characters of Foote, with the exception of
Ailwould in BickerstafFe's ' Dr. Last in his
Chariot,' Haymarket, 31 Aug. 1769, and
Francisco in the ' Tailors,' Haymarket, 2 July
1767, were confined to the Haymarket and to
his own comedies. Many of these were played
in the afternoon. Their order is as follows :
Major Sturgeon and Matthew Mug in the
1 Mayor of Garratt,' two acts, 1763, 8vo, 1764 ;
Sir Thomas Lofty and Sir Peter Pepperpot in
the ' Patron,' three acts, 1764, 8vo, 1764 ;
Zachary Fungus in the ' Commissary,' three
acts, 1765, 8vo, 1765 ; Foote in ' An Occa-
sional Prelude,' one act, printed in the
' Monthly Mirror,' vol. xvii. ; the Devil in
the ' Devil upon Two Sticks,' three acts,
30 May 1768, 8vo, 1778 (by this piece Foote
reaped between 3,000/. and 4,000/. ; on his
way to Ireland he lost 1,700/. at Bath to
cardsharpers, and had to borrow 100/. to pro-
ceed on his journey) ; Sir Luke Limp in the
' Lame Lover,' 8vo, 1770, three acts, 27 Aug.
1770 ; Flint in the ' Maid of Bath,' three
acts, 26 June 1771, 8vo, 1778; Sir Mat-
thew Mite in the ' Nabob,' three acts,
29 June 1772, 8vo, 1778 ; Sir Robert Ris-
counter in the ' Bankrupt,' three acts, 21 July
1773, 8vo, 1776 (this season Foote gave an
entertainment with puppets known as l The
Primitive Puppet Show,' and produced an
unprinted entertainment entitled ' The Hand-
some Housemaid, or Piety in Pattens ') ; Air-
castle in the * Cozeners,' 1774, 8vo, 1778, and
O'Donnovan in the 'Capuchin,' three acts,

17 Aug. 1776, 8vo, 1778. This piece was an
alteration of the famous ' Trip to Calais,' the
performance of which was stopped by the
censor. In 1766 Foote was visiting at Lord
Mexborough's, where he met an aristocratic
party, including the Duke of York. Playing
on his vanity they mounted him on a high-
mettled horse, which threw him and fractured
his leg in two places. He accepted the acci-
dent with philosophy, and asked for the re-
moval of the leg, which was accomplished.
As a compensation for this loss the Duke of
York obtained for Foote a patent to erect
a theatre in the city and liberties of West-
minster, with the privilege of exhibiting
dramatic pieces there from 14 May to 14 Sept.
during his natural life. This was a fortune.
Foote purchased his old premises in the Hay-
market, and erected a new theatre on the
site, which he opened in May 1767 with the
1 Prelude,' in which he referred to the loss of
limb and to the gift of his patron, &c. In
1767 he engaged Spranger Barry [q. v.] and
Mrs. Ann Dancer, subsequently Mrs. Spranger
Barry [q. v.], and produced tragedy, announc-
ing as the cause of such a proceeding that
they were dangerous neighbours. Upon his
visit to Dublin in 1768 Foote found his
f Devil upon Two Sticks ' once more a source
of fortune. In 1770 he rented the Edinburgh
Theatre for the winter season, and took over
his company. The result was unsatisfactory,
and he resigned his lease to West Digges
[q. v.] The year previously Foote, whose
treatment of Garrick consisted in alternately
sponging upon him and ridiculing him, in-
tended to caricature the famous procession in
the jubilee, but by influence from without
was induced to abandon the idea. A notion
previously entertained of caricaturing Dr.
Johnson was given up in consequence of
Johnson sending word to Foote that, in case
the threat was carried out, ( he would go from
the boxes on the stage and correct him before
the audience ' (Monthly Review, Ixxvi. 374).
Few of Foote's plays had been produced
without an acknowledged purpose of carica-
turing some known individual. For a long
time this practice succeeded. Foote was wise
enough to withdraw when, as in the case of
Johnson, he found his man too strong for
him. When, after the production of the
' Nabob,' two members of the East India Com-
pany called upon him with the intention of
castigating him, he had tact enough to keep
them talking until he had disarmed their re-
sentment and induced them to stay to dinner.
The most he ordinarily had to fear was an
interference of the censor, and a consequent
diminution of profits. Those who winced
most under his attacks held it prudent to

Foote

373

Foote

hold their tongues. Garrick, who smarted
more frequently than most, said that nobody
in London thought it worth while to quarrel
with him. So accustomed was Foote to this
process that, when he heard his leg was to
be cut off, he said, ' Now I shall take off old
Faulkner to the life,' Faulkner having lost
one of his legs. The privilege of the buffoon
was at length to be denied him. In prepar-
ing the t Trip to Calais ' he hit upon the cele-
brated Duchess of Kingston, and told his
acquaintance, with customary garrulity and
indiscretion, that she was to be shown in
the character of Lady Crocodile. The in-
fluence of the duchess sufficed to secure the
prohibition of the play. A correspondence
undignified on both sides, though marvel-
lously clever on that of Foote, took place be-
tween the author and the duchess, and re-
sulted in Foote abandoning some hastily
formed schemes of vengeance, and in the
production of the ' Capuchin,' in which the
satire was transferred from the duchess to
Jackson, an Irish clergyman who was in her
pay, and who ultimately committed suicide
to avoid the penalty of death, to which he
had been condemned for treason. This man,
under the disguise, transparent to a large
number of people, of Dr. Viper, Foote lashed
in the * Capuchin.' Jackson's answer was by
insinuations conveyed in the paper of which
he was editor, and copied into other periodi-
cals, charging Foote with the most odious
form of crime. For a time Foote, on the
advice of his friends, kept silence. He
opened the Haymarket on 20 May 1776 with
his comedy, the ' Bankrupt.' An organised
opposition upon the part of a portion of the
audience drew Foote before the curtain to
appeal for justice, and to say that he had
taken steps in the court of king's bench to
bring the charges to an issue. A further
mine was, however, sprung beneath Foote,
a discharged servant appearing (8 July 1776)
to prefer a bill of indictment against the
author for a criminal assault. Under these
circumstances Foote received the full sup-
port of friends convinced of his innocence.
Those whom he had libelled thronged to de-
fend him. Evidence that the charge was
due to Jackson was forthcoming, and on the
trial in the court of king's bench the jury re-
turned an unhesitating verdict of acquittal.
Foote was, however, much shaken. On
16 Jan. 1777 he disposed of his patent to
George Colman for 1,600/. a year and a spe-
cific sum for the right of acting Foote's un-
published pieces. Foote, who had undertaken
to play at another house, appeared at the
Haymarket in the ' Devil upon Two Sticks,'
the ' Nabob,' the ' Minor,' and other pieces.

A great falling off in power was, however,
apparent. On 30 July, in the ' Maid of Bath,'
his name appeared in the bills for the last
time. Acting on medical advice he started
for the South of France, and arrived at Dover
20 Oct. 1777 on his way to Calais. He was
in good spirits, joking with the servants at
the Ship Inn. At breakfast next morning
he was seized with a shivering fit, a second
followed, and on the same day, 21 Oct. 1777,
he died. The body was removed to his house,
Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East, by William
Jewell, the treasurer to the Haymarket, who
had been sent for, and on the Monday night
following (3 Nov.) he was buried by torch-
light in the west cloister in Westminster
Abbey. The register of the abbey calls him
Samuel Foote, esq., and gives his age as
fifty-five (CHESTER, Registers of Westminster,
p. 424). No monument is erected to him,
though a tablet was put up by Jewell in St.
Martin's Church, Dover. His will, dated
13 Aug. 1768, was proved the day after his
death. It bequeathed his possessions intrust
to his illegitimate sons, Francis Foote and
George Foote, with remainder in case they
should die in their minority to Jewell, to
Foote's mother, who, however, was dead,
and to his brother, Edward Goodere Foote.
In addition to the plays mentioned Foote
wrote ' A Treatise on the Passions so far as
they regard the Stage ; with a Critical En-
quiry into the Theatrical merit of Mr. G — k,
Mr. Q — n, and Mr. Barry . . .' London, 8vp
(no date), 1747 ; ' The Roman and English
Comedy consider'd and compar'd. With re-
marks on the " Suspicious Husband." And an
Examen into the merits of the Present Comic
Actors,' London, 1747, 8vo ; ' A Letter from
Mr. Foote to the Reverend Author of the
Remarks, critical and Christian, on the Mi-
nor,' London, 1760, 8vo ; ' Apology for the
" Minor," with a Letter to the Rev. Mr. Bain/
Edinburgh, 1771, 8vo and 12mo (same date).
He is credited with the authorship of an ac-
count of the murder of his uncle, which is
said to have been his first production. There
is, however, reason for sparing him this ig-
nominy. ' Wit for the Ton ! the Convivial
Jester, or Sam Foote's Last Budget opened,'
&c., London (no date), 1777, contains some
of his jokes, but is, of course, not by him.
A long list of polemical works to which his
pieces gave rise, many of them claiming to be
by him, but ordinarily virulent attacks upon
him, is given in Mr. Lowe's useful ' Biblio-
graphical Account of English Theatrical
Literature,' 1888. Mr. Lowe believes that
'A Letter to the Licenser' (regarding the
prohibition of the 'Trip to Calais') was pub-
lished, but has never seen it catalogued.

Foote

374

Foote

Its only appearance seems to have been in a
daily newspaper for 3 Aug. 1775, whence it
was copied into the ' Westminster Magazine,'
August 1775. The ' Methodist, a comedy ;
being a Continuation and Completion of the
plan of the " Minor," written by Mr. Foote,'
&c., 3rd edit. London (no date), 1761,
8vo, is, according to the ' Biographia Dra-
matica,' ' a most impudent catchpenny job of
Israel Pottinger.' Foote's prose tracts, like
his letters, are forcibly, wittily, and logically
written. It is, however, as a dramatist, a
wit, and an actor that he has to be judged.
all these qualities he is noteworthy. No
complete collection of his plays has been
made, more than one of his pieces, chiefly
his early entertainments, having never been
printed. From the dates given it will be seen
that the plays were in many cases not printed
until long after their appearance on the stage.
What are called his dramatic works were is-
sued in 4 vols. 8vo, 1778, and with life by
John Bee, i.e. Badcock, in 3 vols. 12mo, 1830.
Three dramatic trifles are given in ' The Me-
moirs of Samuel Foote, with a Collection of
his Genuine Bon Mots, &c. By William
Cooke/ London, 1805, 12mo, 3 vols. In the
series edited by Cumberland, Mrs. Inchbald,
Lacy, and in innumerable similar collections,
various plays are to be found, and collections
of the 8vo editions are in the British Museum
and other libraries. In the ' Comic Theatre,'
being a free translation of all the best French
comedies by S. Foote and others, London,
1762, 5 vols. 12mo, one play only, the 'Young
Hypocrite,' is said in the ' Biographia Dra-
matica ' to be by Foote. A play of Foote's
occasionally appears on the present stage.
To the list already given may be added the
'Tryal of Samuel Foote, esq., for a Libel
on Peter Paragraph,' acted in 1761 at the
Haymarket, and the ' Diversions of the
Morning,' compiled from his ' Taste ' and
other sources, and played at Drury Lane in
1758. These pieces, previously unprinted,
Tate Wilkinson gives at the close of vol. iv. of
his ' Wandering Patentee,' 12mo, 1795. ' Lin-
damira, or Tragedy a-la-mode,' a burlesque
tragic bagatelle, by Foote, is included in
' Thespian Gleanings,' by T. Meadows, come-
dian, Ulverstone, 8vo, 1805. It is taken from
' Diversions of the Morning.' The 'Slan-
derer/ a comedy, is said to have been left in
manuscript, and appears to be lost. As a rule
the plays are invertebrate, and the manners
they sketch are not to be recognised in the
present day. Foote had, however, a keen
eye to character, and on the strength of the
brilliant sketches of contemporary manners
which he afforded, and of the wit of the dia-
logue, they may be read with pleasure to this

day. Foote's satire is direct and scathing.
Much of it is directed against individuals, not
seldom with no conceivable vindication, since
Foote singled out those, such as Garrick,
to whom he was under deepest obligations.
During his lifetime and for some years subse-
quently Foote was known as the English Aris-
tophanes. Without being deserved, the phrase
is less of a misnomer than such terms ordi-
narily are. As an actor Foote seems to have
attracted attention only in his own pieces.
Tom Davies, who speaks with something not
far from contempt of his general performances,
praises his Bayes in the * Rehearsal.' In
this, however, Foote, like Garrick, used to
introduce allusions to contemporary events.
This, of course, was quite in Foote's line. The
words of Davies are : ' Public transactions,
the flying follies of the day, debates of grave
assemblies, absurdities of play-writers, poli-
ticians, and players, all came under his cog-
nisance, and all felt the force of his wit ; in
short, he laid hold of everything and every-
body that would furnish merriment for the
evening. Foote could have written a new
" Rehearsal " equal to the old ' {Dram. Misc.
iii. 304-5). What is this but an account of
Foote's own entertainments ? Such success
as he obtained as an actor in early life was
due to an imitation, conscientious at first, but
subsequently degenerating into buffoonery, of
Colley Gibber. Even as a mimic Johnson
disputed his capacity, saying, ' His imitations
are not like. ... He goes out of himself with-
out going into any other people/ As a con-
versationalist and wit he stood alone. Many
of the jokes fathered upon him by his biogra-
pher Cooke are to be found in early collec-
tions, such as Taylor the Water Poet's
' Wit and Mirth.' More anecdotes concern-
ing Foote are to be found among theatrical
ana than are told of any half-dozen of
his contemporaries or successors. The opi-
nions expressed with regard to him by those
who lived in his society or under his influ-
ence show a curious mixture of fear and ad-
miration. Garrick was distinctly afraid of
him, and, in spite of being his equal in wit
and his superior in scholarship, sought at
almost any cost to cajole him. His favour-
able utterances are accordingly to be taken
with allowances. Johnson, who despised
without fearing him, says : l The first time I
was in company with Foote was at Fitz-
herbert's. Having no good opinion of the
fellow I was resolved not to be pleased, and
it is very difficult to please a man against his
will. I went on eating my dinner pretty
sullenly, affecting not to mind him. But the
dog was so very comical that I was obliged
to lay down my knife and fork, throw myself

Foote

375

Forannan

back upon my chair, and fairly laugh it out
No, sir, he was irresistible ' (BoswELL, John-
son, ed. Hill, iii. 69, 70) . Fox told Rogers that,
meeting Foote at Lord William Bentinck's,
ie anticipated that the actor would prove a
fcore, and continued : * We were mistaken ;
whatever we talked about, whether fox-
hunting, the turf, or any other subject, Foote
instantly took the lead and delighted us all '
(ROGERS, Table Tfcflfc, ed. Dyce, pp. 101-2). Sir
Joshua Reynolds is credited with having said
that ' by Foote's buffoonery and broad-faced
merriment, private friendship, public decency,
and everything estimable among men were
trod under foot ' (CLAJRK RUSSELL, Represen-
tative Actors, -p. 137). TateWilkinson declared
that ( if any man possessed the gift of pleasing
more than another Mr. Foote was the man,'
and Colman the younger says Foote always
made him laugh. Testimony of the kind may
be indefinitely extended. He was short, fat,
and flabby in appearance, his face intelligent,
and his eye bright. He was a gourmand, an
egotist, and a thoroughly selfish man, with
a few redeeming traits, which the contrast
with his general character gave almost the
appearance of virtues. A portrait of Foote
by Sir Joshua Reynolds is in the Mathews
collection in the Garrick Club. Another por-
trait by Zoffany in a scene from ' The Com-
missary ' was given by the actor to Fitzherbert,
and is now in the collection of the Earl of
Carlisle. Zoffany also painted Foote as Stur-
geon in the 'Mayor of Garratt,' and in other
characters.

[The chief authorities for the life of Foote are
the Memoirs of Samuel Foote, esq., with a Col-
lection of his Genuine Bon Mots, Anecdotes,
Opinions, &c., by William Cooke, 3 vols. 1805,
and the Memoir prefixed to the Works of Samuel
Foote, esq., by John Bee (Badcock), esq., 3 vols.
1830; Memoirs of the Life and Writings of
Samuel Foote, esq., the English Aristophanes,
&c., London (no date), 1777, is an anonymous
and untrustworthy work; the Garrick Corre-
spondence ; Walpole's Letters ; Forster's Histo-
rical and Biographical Essays ; Boswell's Life of
Johnson, ed.Dr. Birkbeck Hill ; Genest's Account
of the Stage ; Tate Wilkinson's Memoirs and
Wandering Patentee and Davies's Life of Garrick
overflow with information ; George Colman's Ran-
dom Recollections ; Peake's Memoirs of the Col-
man Family; O'Keeffe's Recollections ; Boaden's
Life of Siddons and Life of Bannister. The
Life and Times of Frederic Eeynolds, by himself,
Notes and Queries, 2nd and 4th ser., and Dibdin's
History of the Edinburgh Stage, 1888, may also
be consulted, as may the Town and Country
Magazine, and other periodicals of the last cen-
tury. Lives of Foote appear in the Biographical
Dictionaries of Chalmers and of Rose. Lowe's
Bibliography of the Stage and Boase and Court-

ney's Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, i. 152-7, 1181-3,
supply useful bibliographies. There are few books
dealing with the stage from which particulars,
frequently untrustworthy and contradictory, may
not be gleaned.] J. K.

FOR, ANN AN, SAINT and BISHOP (d.

982), was, according to the ' Book of Leinster/
eighteenth in descent from Fiacha Suidhe,
brother of Conn the Hundred Battler [q. v.]
His clan held the plain of Magh Feimhin,
near Clonmel. Forannan was chosen bishop
by popular election, and consecrated, accord-
ing to his l Life,' in ' the city called in the
barbarous dialect of the Irish Domhnach mor/
i.e. Donoughmore, which, it is added, is the
metropolis of Ireland. From this Lanigan
erroneously inferred it to have been in Ar-
magh. But the ' Book of Leinster,' the ' Lebar
Brecc,' and the ' Martyrology of Donegal ' all
term him of Donoughmore in Magh Feimhin/
the territory of his family. In obedience to
a vision directing him to go to the Meuse,
Forannan, with twelve companions, left Ire-
land about 969, and, as usual with Irish
saints, was miraculously conveyed across the
sea. While in search of the appointed place
they met Count Eilbert, who had built many
churches, and among them one dedicated to
St. Patrick. He then led them to Rome, that
they might obtain the instruction in monas-
tic learning which they sought for. ^ There
Forannan received the episcopal dignity and
the title of abbot ; he was ordered to turn
aside for further instruction in the Bene-
dictine rule to a monastery named Gorzia.
Thence he went to Walciodorus, now Wassor,
between Dinant and Givet. The pious em-
peror Otto heard of his fame, and, after some
hesitation in acknowledging Forannan's rank,
took the abbey under his protection. Wal-
ciodorus had been founded in 945 by Eilbert,
and Macallen, an Irishman, was the first
abbot. Macallen, on leaving Ireland, had
first gone to Peronne, the Irish monastery
founded by St. Fursa [q. v.], and there won
the patronage of Hersendis, the wife of Count
Eilbert. Walciodorus was one of a group of
such monasteries supplied with inmates from
[reland. By Forannan's influence a place
called Hasteria (now Hastieres) was added
to his monastery. He also obtained a village
called Gruthen, which he made over to the
monastery, in order that its vineyards might
supply the monks with wine. Several in-
terpretations of the name Walciodorus have
been proposed; some taking it to be from
vallis decora,' the beautiful valley, others
;rom ' waltz-dor,' the torrent of the wood.
Seven years after his arrival Count Eilbert
died. He was attended during his illness
jy Forannan, and was buried in the Basilica

Forbes

376

Forbes

of Walciodorus. Forannan died in 982.
His day is 30 April.

[Bollandists' Acta Sanct. 30 April, torn. iii.

L807 ; Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. iii. 401 ; Book of
inster, p. 348 d; Lebar Brecc, p. 156; Mar-
tyrology of Donegal, 30 April.] T. 0.

FORBES, ALEXANDER, first LOKD
FORBES (d. 1448), was the eldest son of Sir
John de Forbes of that ilk. The lands of
Forbes in Aberdeenshire gave name to the
family, who trace back their ancestors in it
to the time of King William the Lion (1165-
1214). Sir John de Forbes was justiciar and
coroner for Aberdeenshire in the time of Ro-
bert III, and leaving four sons was the com-
mon ancestor of the families of the Lords
Forbes, Forbes Lord Pitsligo, and the For-
beses of Tolquhoun, Foveran, Watertoun,
Culloden, Brux, &c. The eldest son, Sir
Alexander de Forbes, succeeded to the estates
in 1405, on his father's death, and during his
time both added considerably to their extent
and obtained their consolidation into a barony,
with his own elevation to the peerage as a
baron of parliament. In 1407 he was one
of four knights who went to England to
hold a friendly tournament with an equal
number of English knights. "Wyntoun calls
him a knight of Mar, and praises the worthy
manner in which he and his comrades upheld
the honour of their country on the field of
chivalry. In 1419 he formed one of the con-
tingent of Scottish knights who with their
followers responded to the appeal of Charles,
dauphin of France, to Scotland for help against
the English. He took part in the war then
going on, and was present at the battle of
Beaug6, 22 March 1421. During the same

Ejar he visited James I in his captivity in
ondon, and afterwards returned to Scot-
land, but came again into England as far as
Durham in 1423, to convoy James I into
his kingdom. Between 1436 and 1442 he was
created by James II a lord of parliament,
under the title of Baron Forbes. He died in
1448. He married about 1423 Lady Eliza-
beth Douglas, only daughter of George, first
earl of Angus [q. v.], and granddaughter of
Robert II. By her, who afterwards became
the wife of David Hay of Tester, he left issue
two sons and three daughters: (1) James,
second lord Forbes, (2) John, provost of the
church of St. Giles, Edinburgh, (3) Anna-
bella, who married Patrick, master of Gray,
(4) Margaret, who married the laird of Fy vie,
and (5) Elizabeth, who married Irvine of
Drum. Through his marriage to Elizabeth
Douglas his children were heirs of entail to
the earldom of Angus.

[Registrum Magni Sigilli, ii. Nos. 54-9, 127,
134, 279, 1239, 1298, &c. ; Rymer's Foedera, x.

308; RotuliScotise; Wyntoun's Fordun a Good-
all, ii. 460 ; Exchequer Rolls ; Sir William Fraser'a
Douglas Book, ii. 23.] H. P.

FORBES, ALEXANDER, fourth LOKI>
FORBES (d. 1491), was the eldest son of
William, third lord Forbes, and succeeded his
father in or before 1483. The gift of the fine
payable to the crown on his marriage was ac-
quired by Margaret, lady Dirleton, who wished
him to marry her own daughter, Margaret Ker.
But he declined her proposals, and without her
consent married Lady Margaret Boyd, daugh-
ter of Thomas, earl of Arran. For this he was
condemned by the lords auditors on 5 July
1483 to pay Lady Dirleton double the value,
of his marriage or two thousand merks. Ha
espoused the cause of James III when
the son of that monarch rose in rebellion in.
1488 against him. After the king's death at
Sauchieburn he was summoned to answer
before parliament to a charge of treason and
conspiracy, but instead of obeying the sum-
mons he exposed the blood-stained shirt of
the slain king on his spear at Aberdeen, and
raised a considerable force there with the ob-
ject of avenging his death. But his hopes of
success were suddenly extinguished by the
defeat of the Earl of Lennox (with whom
he had been acting in concert) at Tilly-
moor, near Stirling, and on submitting to»
James IV, he was pardoned and received
into favour. He died about 1491, survived
by his widow, who was a granddaughter of
James II, and who in 1509 married David ,.
lord Kennedy, afterwards first earl of Cas-
silis, but leaving no issue. He was suc-
ceeded by his two brothers, Arthur, fifth lord,
and John, sixth lord, Forbes.

[Acta Auditor urn Dominorum, pp. 1 1 3*, 1 2 1 * ;
Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, ii. 169-215;
Treasurer's Accounts, i. xlii ; Registrum Magnr
Sigilli, ii. Nos. 1678, 2529, 2530, 3371, 3696, &c. ;
Pinkerton's Hist, of Scotland, ii. 8.] H. P.

FORBES, ALEXANDER (1564-1617),
bishop of Aberdeen, belonged to the Brux
branch of the Forbes family. He was the
son of John Forbes of Ardmurdo in Aber-
deenshire, by his second wife, a daughter of
Graham of Morphie. Educated at St. An-
drews, where he took his degree of A.M. in
1585, he was appointed in 1588 minister of
Fettercairn in Kincardineshire, and soon be-
gan to take a position of some prominence
in the church. So early as 1594 we find
him associated by the general assembly in at
committee of the most eminent ministers
appointed ' to treate upon the offence con-
ceaved by the king against John Ross,' a too
freespoken preacher. Between 1593 and 1602
he was a member of eight out of ten general

Forbes

377

Forbes

assemblies, and seems consistently to have
supported the king's efforts to restore epi-
scopacy in the church of Scotland. On
12 Nov. 1604 he was advanced to the bishop-
ric of Caithness, retaining, however, his bene-
fice of Fettercairn, a circumstance which ex-
plains the charge specially brought against
him in the libellous verses in which (1609)
the Scottish bishops were assailed —

Rarus adis parochos, 0 Catanaee, tuos.

He was one of the bishops who, ' clothed in
silk and velvet,' rode in procession between
the earls and the lords at the opening of the
parliament at Perth in 1606. The general
assembly at Linlithgow in December of the
same year appointed him, as bishop, perpetual
moderator of the presbytery of Caithness,
which was charged by the privy council
(17 Jan. 1607) to receive him as such within
twenty-four hours on pain of rebellion. He
was a member of the assembly of 1608, of
the conference at Falkland in the follow-
ing year, and of the important assembly at
Glasgow in 1610, which completed the re-
storation of episcopal government in the
church of Scotland. In the same year the
episcopal succession was reintroduced from
England, and Forbes was consecrated in 1611
in the cathedral of Brechin by the Arch-
bishop of St. Andrews and the Bishops of
Dunkeld and Brechin. In 1610, and again
in 1615, the king appointed him a member of
the court of high commission (Scotland).
In the latter year he was in London, and in-
curred much blame by assenting, on the part
of the Scottish prelates but without their
authority, to an act which all parties in
Scotland looked on as an encroachment on
the rights of the Scottish church — the abso-
lution by the Archbishop of Canterbury of the
Marquis of Huntly, who lay under excom-
munication in Scotland. His compliance
was not desired by the king, but it pleased
Huntly, and may have paved Forbes's way
for translation (1616) to the see of Aberdeen,
where Huntly 's influence was paramount.
The general assembly which met at Aberdeen
the same year called his conduct in question,
and expressed a wish that Patrick Forbes
[q. v.] should be appointed to the vacant see.
But the promotion of the Bishop of Caith-
ness seems to have been already decided on
at court, and he was formally elected by the
chapter of the diocese. He was instituted
at St. Andrews 23 Feb. 1617, and died at
Leith 14 Dec. in the same year. Calderwood
tells an ill-natured story, that on his death-
bed ' fain would he have spoken with the
Bishop of St. Andrews [Spotiswood], but
he being loathe to leave his play at cards,

howbeit it was the Lord's day, the other de-
parted before he came to him.' He adds
that Bishop Forbes ' was impudent and shame-
less. He was not ashamed, when the lords
of session and advocates came out of the-
Tolbooth at twelve hours, to follow them into-
their houses uncalled, and sit down at their
tables ; therefore he was nicknamed Collie.'
On the other hand, he is described by Spotis-
wood as ' a man well-born and of good in-
clination.' Forbes is said to have written
against Gordon the Jesuit. He married Chris-
tian, daughter of Straton of Crigie, and had
seven sons and three daughters. One of his
sons, John Forbes, minister of Auchterless,
Aberdeenshire, suffered for his loyalty in the-
civil war, and was recommended for com-
pensation by the parliament of the Restora-
tion ; another, Colonel William Forbes, is
probably the same as an officer of that name'
and rank in the army of Mont rose.

[Calderwood's History of the Kirk of Scot-
land ; Grub's Eccl. History of Scotland ; Scott's
Fasti ; Lumsden's Family of Forbes ; Kow's
Historie of the Kirk of Scotland ; Bishop Pa-
trick Forbes's Funerals; Keith's Catalogue of
Scottish Bishops, &c.] J. C.

FORBES, ALEXANDER, fourth and last
LORD FORBES OF PITSLIGO (1678-1762), Jaco-
bite, only son of the third lord, by Lady Sophia/
Erskine, third daughter of John, ninth earl of
Mar, was born 22 May 1678. He succeeded
to the estates and title on the death of his
father in 1691. In early manhood he tra-
velled in France, and having made the ac-
quaintance of Fenelon, was introduced by
him to Madame Guy on and other 'quietists.'
Their influence left a deep impression on his
mind, and led him to devote much of his at-
tention to the study of the mystical writers.
He was an adherent of the protestant episco-
pal church of Scotland, and a warm supporter
of the exiled Stuart family. He was strongly
opposed to the Act of Union, and on the
oath of abjuration being extended to Scot-
land, ceased to attend parliament. Having
taken part in the rebellion of 1715 he was
compelled, after the retreat of Mar, to take
refuge on the continent, but was never at-
tainted, as has sometimes been erroneously
stated, and in 1720 returned to Scotland,,
taking up his residence chiefly at Pitsligo,
where he continued a correspondence with-
the quietists, and engaged in a kind of tran-
scendental devotion. In 1734 he published
' Essays Moral and Philosophical.' On the
outbreak of the rebellion of 1745, though
sixty-seven years of age and asthmatic, he
again took up arms in behalf of the Stuarts..
His decision, from his sober and staid charac-

Forbes

378

Forbes

ter, had great influence in the surrounding
district, but it was taken after much hesita-
tion. ' I thought,' he says, ' I weighed, and
I weighed again. If there was any enthu-
siasm in it, it was of the coldest kind ; and
there was as little remorse when the affair
miscarried as there was eagerness at the be-
ginning.' He raised a regiment of well-ap-
pointed cavalry, numbering about a hundred,
and composed chiefly of Aberdeenshire gentle-
men and their tenants. When they were
drawn up ready to set out, he moved to the
front, lifted his hat, and said, ' 0 Lord, Thou
knowest that our cause is just ; ' then added
the signal, ' March, gentlemen.' He arrived
at Edinburgh 8 Oct. 1745, a few days after
the victory at Prestonpans. After the disas-
ter at Culloden he remained in hiding near
Pitsligo, protected by the general regard in
which he was held in the district. His prin-
cipal place of concealment was a cave con-
structed in the arch of a bridge at a remote
spot in the moors of Pitsligo. He adopted
the disguise of a mendicant, and on one oc-
casion actually received a small coin from
one of the soldiers sent in search of him.
Occasionally he took refuge in the neighbour-
ing bogs. His estates were seized in 1748,
but in the act of attainder he was named
Lord Pitsligo, a misnomer for Lord Forbes
of Pitsligo. On this account he endea-
voured to obtain a reversal of the attainder,
but though the court of session gave judg-
ment in his favour 10 Nov. 1749, this deci-
sion was reversed on appeal to the House of
Lords 1 Feb. 1750. After this the search
for him relaxed, and he resided for the most
part with his son at Auchiries, under the
name of Mr. Brown. In March 1756 a party
was sent to search for him, but he was hid
in a small recess behind a wainscot, which
was concealed by a bed in which a lady slept.
He died 21 Dec. 1762. He was twice mar-
ried : first, to Rebecca, daughter of John Nor-
ton, merchant, London, by whom he had one
son, John, master of Pitsligo ; and secondly,
to Elizabeth Allen, who had been companion
to his first wife, but by this marriage there
was no issue. He wrote ' Thoughts concern-
ing Man's Condition ' in 1732, and it was pub-
lished in 1763, and again in 1835, with me-
moir by his kinsman Lord Medwyn.

[Memoir prefixed to Thoughts concerning Man's
Condition ; Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors
(Park), ii. 158; Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen,
ii. 36-8.] T. F. H.

FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE
(1817-1875), bishop of Brechin, second son of
John Hay Forbes, lord Medwyn [q. v.], by his
wife Louisa, daughter of Sir Alexander Gum-

ming Gordon, bart., of Altyre, Elgin, was born
at Edinburgh 6 June 1817. He was sent to
the Edinburgh Academy, and to a school kept
by Canon Dale at Beckenham, Kent. In 1833
he matriculated at Glasgow University. After
studying for one session there he obtained a
nomination to Haileybury, where he took
prizes and medals for classics, mathematics,
political economy, law, history, Arabic, and
Sanskrit, showing special aptitude for oriental
languages. In September 1836 Forbes sailed
for Madras, and a year after his arrival was
appointed assistant to the collector and ma-
gistrate of Rajahmundry. In 1839 he was
acting head assistant to the Sudder and
Foujdarry Adawlut, when his health broke
down. After nine months' leave of absence
at the Cape of Good Hope, he returned to
India and resumed his post at Rajahmundry,
but was again attacked by fever, and sent
back to England for two years. He never
returned to India, though he had no idea of
throwing up his appointment when he matri-
culated at Brasenose College, Oxford, 23 May
1840. Duringhis residence, however, he came
strongly under the influence of the prevailing
' Oxford movement,' and determined to take
orders. As an undergraduate he won the
Boden Sanskrit scholarship. He took the
B.A. degree 29 Feb. 1844, and resigned his
Indian appointment 5 June following. He
proceeded M.A. 19 Nov. 1846, and received
the honorary D.C.L. on his appointment as
bishop of Brechin in May 1848. He was
ordained at Trinity 1844, and was curate at
Aston Rowant, a village near Oxford, till the
following January, when he transferred his
services to St. Thomas's, Oxford. A year later
Forbes became incumbent of Stonehaven,
Kincardine, having expressed to Moir, bishop
of Brechin, his wish to serve the Scotch epi-
scopal church. He remained there till May
1847, when, on the nomination of Dr. Pusey,
who had become his intimate friend at Ox-
ford, he was appointed to the vicarage of St.
Saviour's, Leeds, a church built for the pur-
pose of giving practical illustration to ' Trac-
tarian ' doctrine. In the following August
Moir, bishop of Brechin, died. Mr. Gladstone,
in conversation with Bishop Wilberforce, sug-
gested that Forbes might fit the post. His
name was presented to the electors at the
diocesan synod, and he was elected by a large
majority over the Rev. W. Henderson. The
headquarters of the bishopric he changed from
Brechin to Dundee, becoming vicar of St.
Paul's, Dundee, and prosecuting parochial to-
gether with episcopal duties. On 5 Aug. 1857,
at a meeting of the diocesan synod at Brechin,
Forbes delivered his primary charge, which
took the form of a manifesto on the Eucharist,

Forbes

379

Forbes

inculcating the doctrine of the real presence,
and vindicating the Scotch communion office.
Great stir was made by the charge, which
was published, and in the following Decem-
ber it was proposed at an episcopal synod that
a declaration on the doctrine of the Eucharist
should be issued on the authority of the col-
lege of bishops. The motion was lost, but
a declaration of similar purport was issued
by Terrot, Ewing, and Trower, bishops re-
spectively of Edinburgh, Argyll, and Glas-
gow, and clearly directed against Forbes.
Keble wrote a lengthy answer to the bishops,
and published pamphlets on various aspects
of the case. In May 1858 the college of
bishops issued a pastoral letter, in spite of
an elaborate protest by Forbes, announcing
that they felt bound to resist the teaching of
the Bishop of Brechin on the matter in dis-
pute. A year and a half later Forbes was pre-
sented to the college for erroneous teaching
in this primary charge by Mr. Henderson, his
rival for the bishopric, and two vestrymen.
He was formally tried, and the final finding
of the court in March 1860 was a declaration
of admonition and censure to the bishop to
be more careful in future. Throughout the
long period of suspense, as both before and
after, Forbes continued his incessant labours
in the service of the church. When he took up
his residence in Dundee, the churchmen there
were so few that their only place of worship
was a room over a bank. He left behind him
the pro-cathedral of St. Paul, and the churches
of St. Salvador and St. Mary Magdalene.
He founded schools in connection with the
churches, was a visitor of the Royal Infir-
mary, on the committee of a Model Lodging-
house Association and the Dundee Free Li-
brary, a member of the Dundee school board,
and a director of the Prisoners' Aid Society.
He took great interest in sisterhoods and
their work, and founded that of St. Mary and
Modwenna. His work was interfered with by
frequent attacks of ill-health, and consequent
journeys abroad. On the continent he be-
came the intimate friend of Dr. von Dollin-
ger, and sympathised with the Old Catholic
movement. He constantly corresponded with
Mr. Gladstone, who was a warm friend and
adviser. On 8 Oct. 1875 Forbes died from a
sharp gastric attack. He was buried beneath
the chancel of St. Paul's, Dundee. His many
admirers erected in his memory Forbes Court,
Dundee, the existing episcopal see-house. As
a theologian Forbes takes high rank. He was
deeply versed in the whole range — patristic,
mediaeval, and modern — of his subject, and
in his own treatment of it gave it an exact
systematic and dogmatic form. This appears
in his two chief works : (1) ' A Short Ex-

planation of the Nicene Creed,' 1852 (2nd
ed. considerably enlarged, 1866), which is a
brief handbook of dogmatic theology, founded
largely on the fathers and schoolmen, and
more technical than is usual with English
text-books ; (2) l An Explanation of the
Thirty-nine Articles/ 2 vols. 1867 and 1868,
which aims at elucidating the positive doc-
trine of the articles and defends the catholic
as distinguished from the ultra-protestant or
puritan interpretation ; this book was written
at the suggestion of Dr. E. B. Pusey, whose
help ' in each step of its progress to matu-
rity' is acknowledged by Forbes in the dedi-
cation. Many of Forbes's numerous publi-
cations are sermons (including a collected
edition in four volumes), pastoral charges,
and manuals of devotion. Of the others
the more important are : ' Commentary on
the Seven Penitential Psalms,' 1847; 'The
Prisoners of Craigmacaire ; a Story of the '46,'
1852 ; < Commentary on the Canticles,' 1853 ;
' The Pious Life and Death of Helen Inglis/
1854. Forbes also translated the first part
of ' Memoriale Vitse Sacerdotalis,' from the
Latin of Arvisenet, 1853 ; edited with his
brother, G. H. Forbes, the ' Arbuthnot Mis-
sal/ 1864 ; translated the Scotch communion
office into Greek, 1865; edited ' Meditations
on the Passion by the Abbot of Monte Cas-
sino/ 1866 ; published with elaborate preface
* Kalendars of Scottish Saints, with Personal
Notices of those of Alba, Laudonia, and
Strathclyde/ 1872 ; wrote an introduction to
Miss Kinloch's ' History of Scotland/ 1873 ;
and edited Lady Eleanor Law's ' Translation
from Pinart/ and from manuscript ' Lives of
St. Ninian, St. Kentigern, and St. Columba/
1875. At the time of his death he was en-
gaged on a translation of the works of St.
Columban. He contributed at various times,
to the ' Ecclesiastic/ the ' Christian Remem-
brancer/the 'North British/ the 'Edinburgh/
and the ' Quarterly Review.' By Forbes's
express wish the greater portion of his cor-
respondence and journals has not been made
public.

[Mackey's Bishop Forbes, a Memoir (with
photogravure portrait); Memoir of Alexander,
Bishop of Brechin, anon.; Prinsep's Madras
Civil Servants, 1885, p. 54.] A. V.

FORBES, SIB ARTHUR, first EARL or
GRANARD (1623-1696), eldest son of Sir Ar-
thur Forbes of Corse in Aberdeenshire (who
went to Ireland in 1620 with the Master
of Forbes's regiment, of which he was lieu-
tenant-colonel, and was granted large estates
in Leitrim and Longford by James I), by
Jane, daughter of Sir Robert Lauder of the
Isle of Bass, and widow of Sir Alexander

Forbes

380

Forbes

Hamilton of Killeshandra, co. Cavan, a lady
of singular ability and courage, was born
in 1623, and at an early age exhibited con-
spicuous spirit and ability. His father was
killed in a duel in 1632, and he was trained
entirely under his mother's care. During
the rebellion of 1641 she was besieged in
Castle Forbes, the family seat, for nine months,
and Forbes raised men for her relief, though
only eighteen years old. He is next heard
of in Scotland, serving under Montrose in the
cause of Charles I. On the defeat of Mont-
rose in 1645 he was taken prisoner, and for
two years confined in Edinburgh Castle. On
his release he still embraced every oppor-
tunity to aid the fallen fortunes of the Stuarts,
but, all efforts to restore them failing, he re-
turned to Ireland in 1655. In 1660 he was
sent to Charles at Breda to assure him that
if he would only go over to Ireland the
whole kingdom would declare for him. At
the Restoration he was appointed a commis-
sioner of the court of claims in Ireland, and
received additional grants of land in West-
meath. In 1661 he entered parliament as
member for the family borough of Mullingar.
In 1663 he did good service in the north of
Ireland by nipping in the bud efforts there
in support of Blood's plot. Honours now
flowed rapidly in on him. In 1670 he was
sworn of the Irish privy council, and ap-
pointed marshal and commander-in-chief of
the army. In 1671 he was one of the lords
justices. On several subsequent occasions
he held the same post. In 1672 he was the
means of rendering to the presbyterian church
of Ireland, of which he was an attached mem-
ber, an important service, by procuring for
it the first grant of regium donum, which
that body continued to enjoy until the passing
of the Irish Church Act in 1869, with the
exception of a short interval. Kirkpatrick,
in his ' Presbyterian Loyalty,' gives an ac-
count of his action in this matter, which, he
says, came ' from Sir Arthur Forbes's own
mouth,' to the effect that he (Forbes) being
in London, the king inquired of him as to
the welfare of the Irish presbyterian ministers,
of whose loyalty and sufferings in his cause
he had often heard. Forbes having told him
that ' they lived in no great plenty,' the king
said 'that there was 1,200/. a year in the
settlement of the revenue of Ireland which
he had not yet disposed of, but designed it
for a charitable use, and he knew not how to
dispose of it better than by giving it to these
ministers.' It subsequently appeared that
only 600/. was available for the purpose, and
at this figure the grant was made to Forbes
(Presbyterian Loyalty, p. 384).
In 1675 he was created Baron Clanehugh

and Viscount Granard. In 1684 he raised
the 18th regiment of foot, and was made-
colonel thereof, and in the same year was-
advanced to the dignity of Earl of Granard.
James II, when he came to the throne, en-
deavoured to make use of his services for the
promotion of the interests of Romanism, but
Granard could not be induced to betray his
fellow-protestants. He was accordingly re-
moved from the command of the army, Tyr-
connel being put in his place. When James's
Dublin parliament passed the acts of repeal
and attainder, he boldly remonstrated with
the king. Finding his arguments vain, he
went to the House of Lords, entered his
solemn protest against these measures, and
retired to Castle Forbes. Here he was be-
sieged by the Irish, but in vain. When
William went over to Ireland, no one wel-
comed him more heartily than Granard. He-
was placed by the king in command of a
force of five thousand men for the reduction
of Sligo, the surrender of which he secured.
This was his last public service. His closing
years were spent quietly at Castle Forbes,
where he died in 1696.

He married Catherine, daughter of Sir
Robert Newcomen of Mosstown, co. Long-
ford, and widow of Sir Alexander Stewart,
ancestor of the Mountjoy family, by whom
he had five sons and one daughter.

[Forbes's Memoirs of the Earls of Granard ;
Kirkpatrick's Historical Essay upon the Loyalty
of Presbyterians ; Adair's True Narrative ; Reid's
History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.]

T. H.

FORBES, SIE CHARLES (1774-1849),
politician, of Newe and Edinglassie, Aber-
deenshire, son of the Rev. George Forbes of
Lochell, was born in 1774. He was a de-
scendant of Alexander Forbes of Kinaldie and
Pitsligo, and was in 1833 served heir male in
general to Alexander, third lord Forbes of
Pitsligo, father of Alexander, fourth lord
Forbes [q. v.], attainted in 1745. Forbes was
educated at Aberdeen University, of which,
late in life, he was elected lord rector. Shortly
after leaving the university he went out to
India, and became the head of the first mer-
cantile house in our eastern dependency,
Forbes & Co. of Bombay. His name ranked
high in the commercial world for ability, fore-
sight, and rectitude of character. On re-
turning to England, he was elected to par-
liament for the borough of Beverley, and
represented that place from 1812 to 1818. In
the latter year he was returned for Malmes-
bury, and continued to represent that town
until the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832.
As a member of the House of Commons he

Forbes

381

Forbes

enjoyed the respect of all parties, for his love
of justice, kindly feeling, and plain, straight-
forward honesty. Though a tory of the tories,
he ' never allowed his political creed to cloud
his fine judgment and keen sense of right
and wrong, and his manly spirit was readily
•engaged in favour of the poor, the weak, and
the persecuted.' He warmly supported catho-
lic emancipation; and when the Duke of
Wellington incurred great unpopularity in
1830, Forbes pronounced in the House of
Commons a warm panegyric on the duke's
•conduct. Forbes was one of the earliest to
advocate the claims of women to the fran-
•chise. In the session of 1831 he asked upon
-what reasonable grounds they could be ex-
cluded from political rights, pointing out that
ladies had the power of voting for directors
of the East India Company, and maintain-
ing that if the right of voting was grounded
on the possession of property, there ought to
be no distinction of sex. Forbes was a strong
opponent of the Reform Bill of 1831-2.
During the debates in the former session he
spoke of the measure as 'the vile Reform
Bill, that hideous monster, the most fright-
ful that ever showed its face in that house.'
He declared that he should follow it to the
last with uncompromising hostility, and if it
were carried he should rejoice in abandoning
parliament. He put forward an urgent plea
for Malmesbury, stating that he would rather
represent it than be returned either by London,
Middlesex, or Westminster. The borough,
after much angry discussion, was left with
one member only. Forbes was most dis-
tinguished in connection with India. From
his long residence in the East, he knew the
people intimately, and he spent a large por-
tion of his fortune in their midst. In par-
liament and in the proprietors' court of the
East India Company his advocacy of justice
for India was ardent and untiring. One of
his last acts was the appropriation of a very
large sum of money to procure for the in-
habitants of Bengal a plentiful supply of
pure water in all seasons. His fame spread
from one end of Hindostan to the other.
When he left India he was presented by the
natives with a magnificent service of plate,
-and twenty-seven years after his departure
from Bombay the sum of 9,000/. was sub-
scribed for the erection of a statue to his
honour. The work was entrusted to Sir
Francis Chantrey, and the statue now stands
in the town hall of Bombay, between those of
Mountstuart Elphinstone and Sir John Mal-
colm. It was the first instance on record of
the people of India raising a statue to any one
unconnected with the civil or military service
of the country. An address, signed by 1,042

of the principal native and other inhabitants
of Bombay, expatiated upon his services to
the commercial development of the country
and the improvement in the position of the
natives. In his private charities Forbes was
most liberal ; he was also a munificent con-
tributor to the leading public charities of
Scotland. Forbes was of a bluff but kindly
nature, diffident as to his own merits, of a
straightforward and manly character. On
the death of his uncle in 1821 Forbes suc-
ceeded to the entailed estates of the Forbeses
of Ne we, and was created a baronet by patent
in 1823. He married in 1800 Elizabeth,
daughter of Major John Cotgrave, of the
Madras army, and by that lady he left four
sons and two daughters. He died in London
20 Nov. 1849.

[Ann. Reg. 1849; Gent. Mag. 1850; Han-
sard's Parliamentary Debates ; Aberdeen Jour-
nal, 28 Nov. 1849.] G-. B. S.

FORBES, SIB CHARLES FERGUS-
SON, M.D. (1779-1852), army surgeon, was
born in 1779 and educated to the medical
profession in London. He joined the army
medical staff in Portugal in 1798, was ga-
zetted next year assistant-surgeon to the
royals, served in Holland, at Ferrol, in Egypt,
the Mediterranean, the West Indies, and
through the Peninsular war, having been
appointed to the staff in 1808 and made de-
puty inspector-general of hospitals in 1813.
He retired in 1814 with that rank and the
war medal with five clasps, and commenced
practice as a physician in Argyll Street,
London. He had graduated M.D. at Edin-
burgh in 1808, and joined the College of Phy-
sicians of London in 1814, becoming a fellow
in 1841. In 1816 he was appointed physician
to the newly founded Royal Westminster In-
firmary for Diseases of the Eye in Warwick
Street, Golden Square, having George James
Guthrie [q. v.] as his surgical colleague. In
1827 some difference of opinion arose between
Forbes and Guthrie as to the treatment of
inflammatory affections of the eye ; the sub-
ject was noticed in the 'Lancet ' adversely to
'Guthrie, who commenced an action for libel
against the journal, but abandoned it on
learning that Forbes had been subpoenaed
as a witness. Having been insulted at the
hospital by one Hale Thomson, a young
surgeon in Guthrie's party, Forbes challenged
the former to a duel. It was fought with
pistols on Clapham Common at half-past
three in the afternoon of 29 Dec. 1827 ; when
each had fired twice without effect, the se-
conds interposed, but another encounter was
demanded by the principals, which was also
harmless. The seconds then declared the

Forbes

382

Forbes

duel at an end, against the wishes of the
parties. Forbes resigned his appointment at
the hospital, carrying a number of its sub-
scribers with him. He declined an offer by
Guthrie to give him the satisfaction of a
gentleman and an officer of the same service,
on the ground that the offer was not made
until after events at the hospital had been
allowed to take their course. He had a con-
siderable practice among a number of families
of the nobility, and was much esteemed.
His only writings are two small pamphlets
of correspondence, &c., on the Guthrie affair
(1828), and a brief record of a case of fatal
thrombosis of the thigh veins in the * Medico-
Chirurgical Transactions/ xiii. (1827). He
was a knight of the Crescent, and in 1842
was made a Guelphic knight of Hanover. He
died at Argyll Street on 22 March 1852,
aged 73.

[Gent. Mag. April 1852 ; Med. Times and Gaz.
1852, i. 355; Munk's Coll. of Phys. vol. iii. ;
pamphlets on the Guthrie incident.] C. C.

FORBES, DAVID (1777 P-1849), major-
general, was the son of a Scotch minister in
the county of Elgin, and entered the army
when a mere boy as an ensign in the 78th
highlanders, or Ross-shire buffs, when Francis
Humberstone Mackenzie, afterwards Lord
Seaforth, raised that regiment in March 1793.
He was promoted lieutenant on 3 May 1794,
and in the following September his regiment
joined the army in the Netherlands, under the
command of Lieutenant-colonel Alexander
Mackenzie Fraser [q. v.] He served with
distinction in all the affairs of the disastrous
retreat before Pichegru, and was especially
noticed for his behaviour at Geldermalsen
on 5 Jan. 1795. He was present at the
affair of Quiberon and the attack on Belle
Isle in that year, and in 1796 he pro-
ceeded with his regiment first to the Cape
and then to India. He remained in India
more than twenty years, seeing much ser-
vice. In 1798 his regiment formed the escort
of Sir John Shore when he advanced into
Oude to dethrone the nawab, and it was en-
gaged throughout the Maratha campaign of
1803, and especially at the storm of Ahmed-
nagar. For his services in this campaign
Forbes was promoted captain on 25 June
1803, and he remained in garrison until 1811,
when his regiment was selected to form
part of the expedition sent against Java in
1811, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty. He
was placed in command of the flank com-
panies of the various British regiments, and
at their head led the assaults on the lines of
Waltevreede and the lines of Cornells, and
•was to the front in every engagement with

the Dutch troops. For these services he was
five times thanked in general orders, received
the gold medal for Java, and was promoted
major on 29 Aug. 1811. In May 1812 he
commanded the grenadiers of the 59th regi-
ment and the light companies of the 78th in
an expedition for the reduction of the sultan
of Djocjocarta, and in May 1813 he suppressed!
the serious insurrection which broke out
among the Malays at Probolingo in the east
of the island of Java. In this insurrection
Lieutenant-colonel Fraser of the 78th was
killed, and Forbes, as major, received the
step in promotion on 28 July 1814. In 1817
he returned to Scotland, being the only officer
who returned out of forty-two, and bringing
with him only thirty-six out of twelve hun-
dred rank and file. He went on half-pay
and settled at Aberdeen, where he lived with-
out further employment for the rest of his
life. On 10 Jan. 1837 he was promoted
colonel, in 1838 made a C.B., and in 1846
promoted major-general. He died at Aber-
deen on 29 March 1849.

[Hart's Army List; Gent. Mag. May 1849;
and for the affair at Probolingo the Military
Panorama for February 1814.] H. M. S.

FORBES, DAVID (1828-1876), geologist
and philologist, born at Douglas, Isle of Man,
on 6 Sept. 1828, was one of the nine children
of Edward Forbes of Oakhill and Croukbane,
lear Douglas, and Jane, eldest daughter and
leiress of William Teare of the same island.
Se was younger brother of Edward Forbes
"q. v.] David Forbes showed an early taste
br chemistry ; he was sent to school at Brent-
wood in Essex, whence he passed to Edin-
mrgh University. Leaving Edinburgh about
;he age of nineteen, Forbes spent some months
"n the metallurgical laboratory of Dr. Percy
n Birmingham, but he was still under twenty
when he accompanied Mr. Brooke Evans to
Norway, where he received the appointment
of superintendent of the mining and metal-
urpfical works at Espedal, a post which he
leld for ten years. Forbes showed courage
n arming four hundred of his miners to aid
-.he government against a threatened revolu-
tion in 1848, and received the personal thanks
of the king. He was elected fellow of the
Royal Society in June 1856. Entering into
partnership with the firm of Evans & Askin,
nickel-smelters of Birmingham, Forbes went
:o South America in 1857 in search of the
ores of nickel and cobalt. From 1857 to
.860 he traversed the greater part of Bolivia
and Peru, and embodied his observations
on the minerals and rock-structure of those
countries in a classical paper, which is printed
"n the < Quarterly Journal' of the Geological

Forbes

383

Forbes

Society for 1860. He visited England in
1860, when it was proposed to appoint him
as a representative of the English government
in South America. Sir Roderick Murchison
and Lord John Russell were memorialised,
but the appointment was not considered ne-
cessary. Returning to South America he
traversed the mining districts of the Cordil-
leras, and increased the large collection of
minerals already formed in Norway. From
South America Forbes made an expedition
to the South Sea Islands, studying more es-
pecially their volcanic phenomena. In 1866
he travelled in Europe and in Africa. He
had a talent for learning languages, and a
remarkable power of securing the confidence
of the half-savage miners of America. Forbes
settled in England, and became foreign secre-
tary to the Iron and Steel Institute. In that
capacity he wrote the half-yearly reports on
the progress of metal- working abroad which
appeared in the journal of the institute from
1871 to 1876. During his later years Forbes
was so entirely absorbed in his literary and
scientific pursuits that he neglected to take
sufficient exercise ; the death of his wife, to
whom he was profoundly attached, caused
him to suffer severe mental trouble ; his con-
stitution, already enfeebled by a recurrent
fever caught in South America, gave way,
and he died on 5 Dec. 1876. Many repre-
sentative men of science attended his funeral
at Kensal Green cemetery, London, on 12 Dec.

1876. Forbes joined the Geological Society
in 1853, and had been one of the secretaries
since 1871. He was also a member of the
Ethnological Society, to which he contributed
a paper on the * Aymara Indians of Bolivia
and Peru.'

He wrote fifty-eight papers on scientific
subjects, including three in conjunction with
other investigators. Sixteen of his papers
appeared in the ' Geological Magazine ' from
V1866 to 1872. His first paper, ' On a Simple
Method of Determining the Free and Com-
bined Ammonia and Water in Guano and
other Manures/ appeared while he was a lad
of seventeen in the ' Chemical Gazette ' for
1845. Among his last papers were those
4 On Aerolites from the Coast of Greenland,'
published in the { Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society' for 1872, and 'The Ap-
plication of the Blow-pipe to the Quantitative
Determination or Assay of Certain Minerals '
in the t Journal of the Chemical Society ' for

1877. He was one of the first to apply the
microscope to the study of rocks, and his
paper in the ' Popular Science Review ' on
' The Microscope in Geology ' was translated,
and appeared in the leading foreign scientific
periodicals.

Igneous and metamorphic phenomena oc*
cupied much of Forbes's attention, and at
Espedal he experimented on a large scale
on the action of heat on minerals and rocks.
He wrote some important papers on this sub-
ject, including ' The Causes producing Folia-
tion in Rocks' (Geological Society, 1855),
'The Igneous Rocks of Staffordshire' ('Geol.
Mag.' iii. 23), and 'On the Contraction of
Igneous Rocks in Cooling '(' Geol. Mag.' vii. 1) .
Forbes tried hard to direct the attention of
British geologists to chemical geology. His
views are expressed in his articles on ' Chemical
Geology' ('Chemical News,' 1867 and 1868)
and ' On the Chemistry of the Primeval Earth '
('Geol. Mag.' 1867, p. 433, and 1868, p. 105).
During his travels he had amassed a large
fund of geological information, of which only
a part was used in his published papers. He
postponed an intended publication until too
late.

[G-eol. Mag., 1877, p. 45, obituary notice by
Professor John Morris; Nature, xv. 139 ; Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., president's address, 1877, pp.
41-8 ; Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute,
1876, pp. 519-24 ; Times, 12 Dec. 1876, p. 6.1

W. J. H.

FORBES, DUNCAN (1644 P-1704),
genealogist, was the eldest son of John Forbes
of Culloden, Inverness-shire, M.P. and pro-
vost of Inverness, by Anna, eldest daughter
of Alexander D unbar of Grange (marriage
contract dated 1643). He received an ex-
cellent education at Bourges and elsewhere
on the continent, and on the death of his
father about 1688 succeeded to the family
estates. He represented Nairnshire in the
convention of 1678 and 1681-2, Inverness-
shire in the convention of 1689 and in the
parliament of 1689-1702, and Nairnshire in
the parliament of 1702, remaining undis-
turbed in his seat until his death (FOSTER,
Members of Parliament of Scotland, 2nd edit,
pp. 138-9). He was among the most active
of those patriots who in Scotland contributed
to bring about the expulsion of James II.
The year after the revolution his estates at
Culloden and Ferintosh were ravaged by the
Jacobite hordes of Buchan and Cannon, and
damage done to the amount of 54,OOOZ. Scots,
or 4,500/. sterling. The Scotch parliament
met his claim for compensation by voting
him a perpetual grant of a liberty to distil
into spirits the grain of the barony of Ferin-
tosh upon his paying a small specific com-
position in lieu of excise (Introduction to
Culloden Papers, pp. v-vii). Forbes married
Mary, second daughter of the second Sir
Robert Innes, bart., of Innes, Moray shire
(contract dated 1668), and felt a warm in-
terest in his wife's family. For this reason,

Forbes

384

Forbes

and also for the specific purpose of warrant-
ing a grant or confirmation of arms by the
Lord Lyon, he compiled in 1698 ' Ane Account
of the Familie of Innes,' a very honest, pains-
taking work. Long after it had served its
first purpose the work had become known
from Pennant having extracted from it the
account of the family tragedy of 1580 (Tour
in Scotland, 5th edit. i. 331-7). A formal
-copy being found in the Innes charter-chest
along with the Lord Lyon's patent, they were
privately printed at Edinburgh in 1820 at the
expense of the then Duke of Roxburghe, who
wanted, as he afterwards observed to a friend,

* to show those proud Kerrs that he was of
as good blood on his father's side as on his
great-grandmother's.' Another edition was
edited for the Spalding Club in 1864 by
Cosmo Innes, who had discovered the author's
original manuscript at Culloden. Appended
are valuable charters and notes, chiefly from
the Innes charter-chest at Floors, and from
those of Leuchars and Dunkintie. Follow-
ing a suggestion of Forbes, a member of the
family, Robert Innes of Blairtoun in Bal-
helvie, writer to the signet and Lyon clerk,
copied the early part of Forbes's manuscript
and added his own genealogy down to 1729 ;
it is now preserved at Edingicht, Banffshire.
Forbes died 20 June 1704. He had, with seven
daughters, two sons : John, who succeeded
him in the representation of Nairnshire, and
died without issue in 1734; and Duncan
fq. v.], lord president of the court of session.
Forbes is represented as a person of great
worth ; he certainly possessed some share of
the ability which shone in the next generation
of his house. He had turned his attention, as
his son Duncan did afterwards, to the danger-
ous state of the clans, and is known as the au-
thor of ' A Plan for Preserving the Peace of
the Highlands.' His ' MS. Diary,' to judge from
the extract given in the Introduction to the

* Culloden Papers,' would be well worth print-
ing.

[Memoirs of the Life of Lord President Forbes
•(8vo, London, 1748), pp. 9-10; Hill Burton's
Life of Lord President Forbes (1847), pp. 273-4 ;
The Familie of Innes (Spalding Club), preface,
pp. 191, 255.] G. G.

FORBES, DUNCAN (1685-1747), presi-
dent of the court of session, born 10 Nov. 1685,
-was the second son of Duncan Forbes (1644 ?-
1744) [q. v.], of Culloden and Bunchrew, near
Inverness, by his wife, Mary Innes. Duncan
and his elder brother, John, were sent to the
•grammar school of Inverness. Here, accord-
ing to his first biographer, who preserves some
details omitted from more decorous records,
•the brothers became known as ' the greatest

boozers in the north' from their convivial
prowess. Duncan drank freely until, about
1725, delicate health compelled greater tem-
perance, for a period at least. The same
writer states that on the occasion of his
mother's funeral (in 1716, seeBuETON, 303),
Forbes and the rest of the party drank so
hard that when they went to the burial-place
they left the body behind. On his father's
death in 1704 Forbes's elder brother took the
estate and Forbes inherited a small sum of
money which he lost in mercantile specula-
tions. He then went to study law at Edin-
burgh, under John Spottiswood, but, finding
the teaching inadequate, proceeded in 1705
to Leyden. He had been present in March
1705 at the remarkable trial of Captain
Thomas Green for piracy (HowELL, State
Trials, xiv. 1311). The execution of a man
afterwards proved to be innocent made a deep
impression upon him, as appears from a re-
markable passage in his speech in the House
of Commons on the Porteous case. At Ley-
den he studied both the civil law and oriental
languages. He returned to Scotland in 1707.
Soon after his return he married Mary, daugh-
ter of Hugh Rose, twelfth baron of Kilravock,
near Culloden. She died early, though the
exact date is not known, certainly before 1717.
He was admitted an advocate 26 July 1709,
and was soon afterwards appointed sheriff of
Midlothian (BKUNTON and HAIG). This ap-
pointment was due to the favour of John,
second duke of Argyll. The duke's brother,
Lord Islay (afterwards third duke of Argyll),
was also a warm friend. Forbes, it is said,
managed the duke's estates gratuitously,
though he might have had 500/. or 600/. a
year for his services. He took an active part
in politics on the whig side. On a canvass
for his brother on one occasion his liberality
in distributing claret and his vigour in con-
suming his own share carried the election. In
1715 he distinguished himself by loyal exer-
tions against the rebels. His brother John
joined the famous Simon Fraser, twelfth lord
Lovat [q. v.], at Stirling, and accompanied
him to Inverness. The brothers had raised
forces to support the government. Culloden
and Kilravock (the house of Duncan's father-
in-law) were garrisoned ; and, in combination
with Lovat, they threatened Inverness, which
surrendered just before the battle of Sheriff-
muir. Duncan Forbes was rewarded by the
office of depute-advocate, upon which he en-
tered 12 March 1716. He accepted the office
with great reluctance. He was expected, as
he thought, to take part in the trial of some
of the rebels in Carlisle. The law which
provided that trials should take place in the
counties in which the treasonable actions

Forbes

385

Forbes

were alleged to have taken place was sus-
pended. Forbes regarded this as unjust. He
was not called upon to prosecute. He even
collected money to support the Scottish
prisoners at Carlisle. He wrote a remark-
able anonymous letter to Sir Robert Walpole,
strongly protesting against severity to the
rebels (Culloden Papers, pp. 61-5). His
sentiments exposed him to some suspicion of
Jacobite leanings.

In 1722 he stood against Alexander Gor-
don of Ardoch for the Inverness burghs.
Gordon was returned, but upon a petition
Forbes was declared to be duly elected. He
had already been frequently employed as
counsel in appeals to the House of Lords,
and he made acquaintance with many emi-
nent statesmen, and, it is said, with Pope,
Arbuthnot, and their circle (Scots Mag. Ixiv.
539). He knew Thomson the poet, who
apostrophises him in ' Autumn,' and patron-
ised Ruddiman and other men of letters. On
29 May 1725 he was appointed lord advocate
in succession to Robert Dundas of Arniston
[q. v.], and is said to have distinguished
himself by his humanity. His salary was
only 500/. or 600/. a year, and he had to dis-
charge many of the duties previously attached
to the office of secretary of state for Scotland,
which was suspended during the years 1725-
1731, and finally abolished in 1746.

Forbes had to take active measures during
the troubles which arose from the extension
of the English system of taxation to Scot-
land. A riot took place at Glasgow in 1725,
when Shawfield, the house of Daniel Camp-
bell, M.P. for Glasgow, who had supported
the malt tax, was sacked by the mob. Forbes
at once accompanied a force, commanded by
General Wade, which marched upon Glas-
gow. Forbes, as lord advocate, ordered the
arrest of the Glasgow magistrates for their
negligence, and brought them, with some of
the rioters, to Edinburgh (WoDROW, Ana-
lecta, Maitland Club, iv. 215-17). They
were liberated after a short time. The same act
provoked a strike of the Edinburgh brewers,
who had been ordered by the court of session
to sell their ale at a fixed price. The court,
at Forbes's request, ordered them to continue
their trade, and threatened to commit them
to prison. After a sharp dispute the brewers
yielded, and Forbes received warm thanks
from Walpole. He afterwards proposed very
stringent regulations for the protection of
the revenue. Forbes was a tenant of the in-
famous Francis Charteris [q. v.], at the old
manor house of Stoneyhill, near Edinburgh.
The anonymous biographer says that he de-
fended Charteris, who died in 1732. In grati-
tude for this and for some other reasons

VOL. XIX.

harteris left him 1,OOOJ. and the life-rent of
Stoneyhill (BTJRTON, pp. 309, 310).

In 1735 Forbes succeeded to the family
estates on the death of his brother, and under-
took agricultural improvements at Bunchrew,
mall property near Culloden. In 1737 he
book a conspicuous part in opposing the bill
inflicting penalties upon the city of Edin-
burgh for the Porteous affair. He made two
firm, though temperate, speeches, reported
in the ' Parliamentary History ' (x. 248, 282),
on 16 May and 9 June. The Duke of Argyll
and all the Scottish members took the same
side, and the bill was reduced to a measure
' for making the fortune of an old cook-maid '
(Mrs. Porteous), and even then carried by a
casting vote. Though Forbes had thus op-
posed government while holding an official
position, he was immediately appointed lord
president of the court of session, and took his
seat 21 June 1737. He soon gained a very
high character as a judge (Culloden Papers;
Edinb. Rev. xxvi. 108; LOUD COCKBTTRN).
Many of the cases which he decided are given
in Kilkerran's reports. He immediately made
regulations for improving the despatch of
business, and reported in February 1740 that
all arrears had been cleared off (BuRTOtf, p.
361). He enforced respect for his office upon
all classes, and at the same time laboured
at other incidental tasks. He made an elabo-
rate investigation, at the request of the House
of Lords, into the origin and history of Scot-
tish peerages. He tried hard to convert
various friends to a favourite crotchet. He
held that the commercial prosperity of the
country, otherwise in a satisfactory state, was
threatened by the ' excessive use of tea.'
He proposed to limit the use of tea by all
persons with an income under 501. a year.
But memorials to the solicitor-general, Mur-
ray (afterwards Lord Mansfield), and other
eminent persons met no response.

The approach of the rebellion of 1745
brought more serious difficulties. Forbes
strongly, but vainly, urged preventive mea-
sures, and especially the plan, afterwards
adopted by Chatham, of the formation of
highland regiments (BURTON", p. 368). In
August 1745 he went to Inverness and cor-
responded with many of the highland leaders,
especially Lovat, who had been known to his
father, intimate with his brother John, and
had kept up a friendly correspondence with
Duncan Forbes since 1715 ($.p. 119). Forbes
had assisted Lovat in some of his complex
lawsuits (ib. pp. 127, 128). Forbes now en-
deavoured to detach Lovat from the Pre-
tender's cause. Lovat's clan made a sudden
raid upon Culloden, which was fortified and
garrisoned ; but Lovat disavowed his com-

c o

Forbes

386

Forbes

plicity, and for a time kept to his mask (ib.
pp. 227-42). Forbes was meanwhile left, by
Cope's departure to the south in September,
the sole representative of government in the
north of Scotland. Blank commissions were
sent to him for distribution among the loyal
clans. After Prestonpans his position be-
came very difficult. He was joined by the
Earl of Loudon, and they raised a force of
two thousand men. When the highlanders
moved northwards in the beginning of 1746
Forbes and Loudon retreated into Ross-shire,
and ultimately to Skye, where they heard of
the battle of Culloden. Forbes then returned
to Inverness. He protested against the cruel-
ties of the Duke of Cumberland, who showed
his spirit by calling Forbes 'that old woman
who talked to me about humanity ' (ib. p. 382).
Forbes had been obliged to raise sums upon
his own credit. * Small sums ' amounted to
1,500/., and he advanced besides three times
his annual rents. The consequent anxiety
and the labours which he had gone through
seem to have broken his health. He died
10 Dec. 1747. A statue by Roubiliac was
raised to him in the parliament house at Edin-
burgh.

He left an only son, John, who was a
friend of Thomson's, and is said to be de-
scribed as the ' joyous youth' who kept the
Castle of Indolence in a ' gay uproar.' He
entered the army, served at Fontenoy, and
after his father's death lived in retirement at
Stradishall, Suffolk, slowly paying off the en-
cumbrances upon his paternal estates.

Forbes is also known as the author of some
theological works. As lord advocate he had
been engaged in 1728 in the prosecution of
James Carnegie of Finhaven, who had been
grossly insulted during one of the usual con-
vivial parties at a funeral by a Mr. Bridgeton,
and, trying to stab Bridgeton, had killed Lord
Strathmore (HowELL, State Trials, xvii. 73-
154). Carnegie was acquitted after long ar-
guments, in which frequent reference was
made to the Mosaic law and Jewish cities of
refuge. Forbes, according to his anonymous
biographer, was so much impressed by these
arguments that he set to work to learn He-
brew. The result of his studies appeared in
three treatises, which were published soon
after his death as his * Works, now first
collected* (undated). They contain : 1. 'A
Letter to a Bishop, concerning some impor-
tant Discoveries in Religion and Theology,'
1732 (an exposition of Hutchinson's ' Moses's
Principia '). 2. ' Some Thoughts concerning
Religion, natural and revealed . . . tending
to show that Christianity is, indeed, very near
as old as the Creation,' 1735 (an answer to
Tindal's ' Christianity as Old as the Creation,'

chiefly from prophecy). 3. ' Reflections on
the Sources of Incredulity with respect to
Religion ' (posthumous). The two first were
translated into French by Charles Fran£ois
Houbigant in 1769 ; but, it is said, * the soli-
dity of a Scottish lawyer could not be ex-
pected to suit with the vivacity of French
reasoners.' Another peculiarity perhaps had
more importance. Forbes was a follower of
the fanciful school founded by John Hut-
chinson (1674-1737) [q. v.], and afterwards
represented by Bishop Home, Jones of Nay-
land, Parkhurst, and others, with which his
translator seems to have been in sympathy.
His piety was superior to his scholarship,
but his books show an attractive enthusiasm
and seriousness. Warburton in 1750 (Let-
ters, 2nd edition, p. 40) recommends the pos-
thumous work on incredulity as t a little
jewel. I knew and venerated the man,' he
adds ; ' one of the greatest that ever Scot-
land bred, both as a judge, a patriot, and a
Christian.' Though Warburton is not a safe
critic, he seems to have expressed a general
opinion.

[Memoirs of the Life, &c., of the late Right
Hon. Duncan Forbes, 1 748 ; Culloden Papers,
with memoir by Duff, 1815; Tytler's Life of
Kames, 1814, i. 45-8 ; Elchies's Notes on Juris-
diction, No. 14 ; Brunton and Haig, pp. 508-12 ;
Lives of Simon, Lord Lovat, and Duncan Forbes
of Culloden, by John Hill Burton, 1747. The
last is founded upon an examination of original
papers preserved at Culloden, many extracts from
which are given.] L. S.

FORBES, DUNCAN (1798-1868), orien-
talist, was born of humble parentage at Kin-
naird in Perthshire on 28 April 1798. His
parents emigrated to America in the spring
of 1801, taking only their youngest child
with them, while Duncan was consigned to
the care of his paternal grandfather in Glen-
fernate. His early schooling was of the
scantiest, and he knew no English till he was
about thirteen years old, but he soon showed
intellectual independence and plain common-
sense. When barely seventeen years old he
was chosen village schoolmaster of Straloch,
and soon after began to attend Kirkmichael
school as a student. In October 1818 he
entered Perth grammar school, and qualified
himself to matriculate two years after at the
university of St. Andrews, where he took
the degree of M.A. in 1823. In the summer
of the same year he accepted an appoint-
ment in the Calcutta Academy, then newly
established, and arrived at Calcutta in the
following November. Ill-health, however,
obliged him to return to England early in
1826, when he became, soon after his arrival
in London, assistant to Dr. John Borthwick

Forbes

387

Forbes

Gilchrist [q. v.], teacher of Hindustani, and
afterwards to Dr. Sandford Arnot. In 1837
he was appointed professor of oriental lan-
guages in King's College, London, a post
which he occupied until 1861, when he was
elected to an honorary fellowship of the col-
lege. From 1849 to 1855 Forbes was em-
ployed by the trustees of the British Museum
to make a catalogue of the collection of
Persian MSS., previously uncatalogued, and
numbering at that time just over a thousand.
This work is contained in four large volumes
of manuscript in the department of Oriental
MSS. The plan of arrangement, the absence
of bibliographical apparatus, probably due to
want of revision from the cataloguer, and,
lastly, the addition of new collections equal
in bulk to the old, rendered it necessary to
entirely recast Forbes's work in the new
printed ' Catalogue of Persian MSS.' The
preface to the latter (vol. iii. p. xxviii) states
that ' the use of Dr. Forbes's catalogue was
practically confined to the help it afforded in
the preliminary classing of the MSS.' He was
a successful teacher, and writer of useful pub-
lications. His habits were singularly self-
den ving, and his chief relaxation was chess-
playing, on the history of which in the Orient
he wrote ' Observations on the Origin and
Progress of Chess, containing a brief ac-
count of the theory and practice of the Chatu-
ranga, the primaeval game of the Hindus,
also of the Shatranj, the mediaeval game of
the Persians and Arabs,' &c., 8vo, London,
1855. This was followed by a work of great
research, entitled ' The History of Chess,
from the time of the early Invention of the
Game in India till the period of its Esta-
blishment in Western and Central Europe,'
8 vo, London, 1860. Some portions of it have,
however, been handled with great severity
by Dr. van der Linde in his ' Geschichte des
Schachspiels.' Forbes, who was a member
of the Royal Asiatic Society, was created
honorary LL.D. of St. Andrews University
in 1847. He died on 17 Aug. 1868. With
Sandford Arnot, Forbes was joint author of
4 A New Persian Grammar, containing . . .
the elementary principles of that . . . lan-
guage,' 8vo, London, 1828, and ' An Essay
on the Origin and Structure of the Hin-
dostanee Tongue, . . . with an account of
the principal elementary works on the sub-
ject,'8vo, London, 1828; second edition, 8vo,
London, 1844; 3rd edit., enlarged (appen-
dix), 3 pts. 8vo, 1861. He also added to
the new edition of Arnot's l Grammar of the
Hindustani Tongue,' 8vo, London, 1844, f a
selection of easy extracts for reading in the
Persi- Arabic and Devanagari character, with
a copious vocabulary and explanatory notes.'

He also published : 1. ' The Hindustani Ma-
nual; a pocket companion for those who
visit India. Part 1. A compendious gram-
mar. Part 2. A vocabulary of useful words,'
18mo, London, 1845 ; new edit., 24mo, 1850;
new edit., revised by J. T. Platts, 24mo,
1874. 2. ' A Grammar of the Hindustani
Language in the Oriental and Roman Cha-
racter. To which is added a copious selec-
tion of easy extracts for reading in the
Persi-Arabic and Devanagari characters,'
8vo, London, 1846. 3. < A Dictionary, Hin-
dustani and English. To which is added a
reversed Part, English and Hindustani,'
2 vols. 8vo, London, 1848 ; 2nd edit., greatly
enlarged, 2 pts. 8vo, 1857 ; new edit., printed
entirely in the Roman character, 2 pts. 8vo,
1859. 4. ' Oriental Penmanship; an essay
for facilitating the reading and writing of
the Talik character . . . ,' 4to, London, 1849.
5. ' Two Letters addressed to E. B. Eastwick,'
attacking Eastwick's ' Lucubrations on the
Bagh o Bahar,' 8vo, London, 1852. 6. ' A
smaller Hindustani and English Dictionary,'
sq. 8vo, London, 1861. 7. 'A Grammar of
the Bengali Language,' 8vo, London, 1861.
8. ' The Bengali Reader ... A new edition
. . . revised,' 8vo, London, 1862. 9. 'A
Grammar of the Arabic Language,' 8vo, Lon-
don, 1863. 10. ' Arabic Reading Lessons,'
8vo, London, 1864. 11. ( Catalogue of Ori-
ental Manuscripts, chiefly Persian, collected
within the last five-and-thirty years,' 8vo,
London, 1866. For the Oriental Translation
Fund he translated the Persian romance ' The
Adventures of Hatim Tai,'4to, London, 1830.
He edited, with a vocabulary, the ' Bagh o
Bahar ' in 1846, 1849, and (with the Hindu-
stani text i printed in the Roman character '),
1859 ; revised and corrected L. F. Smith's
translation of the same work in 1851, and
published his own version in 1862. In 1852
appeared his edition of the ' Tota-Kahani '
in Hindustani, and in 1857 his edition of
the ' Baital-Pachisi ' in Hindi. Writing as
Fior Ghael ' Forbes discussed Celtic dialects,
denying that Welsh was one, in the ' Gentle-
man's Magazine ' for May 1836, and led the
warm controversy which followed (cf. Gent.
Mag. 1838-9). Forbes was also author of a
privately printed autobiography.

Forbes's books, though clear and conve-
nient to use, show little original research.
It is indeed to be regretted that he en-
deavoured to cover, without due equipment
of scholarship, an area of oriental study ex-
tending into fields so widely separated as
Arabic and Bengali, in neither of which
was he really at home. Still his elementary
manuals are often of greater use to beginners
than more learned works.

C C 2

Forbes

388

[Annual Keport of the Royal Asiatic Society,
May 1869, pp. vii-viii ; St. Andrews Univ. Calen-
dar, 1800-53, pp. 24, 70 ; King's College Calen-
dar • Brit. Mus. Catalogues of Printed Books and
of Persian MSS. ; Cat. of Printed Books in Li-
brary of Faculty of Advocates, iii. 206-7 ; in-
formation kindly supplied by Professor Cecil
Kendall.]

FORBES, EDWARD (1815-1854), na-
turalist, son of Edward Forbes, banker, and
brother of David Forbes (1828-1876) [q. v.],
was born at Douglas, Isle of Man, on 12 Feb.
1815, and was educated at home and at a
day-school at Douglas. He very early dis-
played marked and widespread tastes for na-
tural history, literature, and drawing. When
at school he is described as tall and thin,
with limbs loosely hung, and wearing his hair
very long. His school-books were covered
with caricatures and grotesque figures, and
his parents were so impressed by his artistic
talent that at the age of sixteen they sent
him to London to study art. Being, how-
ever, refused entrance to the Royal Academy
School, and found not sufficiently promising
by his teacher, Mr. Sass, Forbes entered at
Edinburgh University in November 1831 as
a medical student. While in London he had
made his first contribution to the ' Mirror '
(August 1831), ' On some Manx Traditions.'
In his first year at Edinburgh he attended
Knox's lectures on anatomy, Hope's on che-
mistry, and Graham's on botany, and became
a devoted student of natural history in
Jameson's museum and in the country round
Edinburgh. At this early period his powers
of generalisation and abstraction were as
noticeable as his perfect familiarity with
natural objects and his varied experimental
studies. His peculiar vein of humour showed
itself in sketches of the most grotesque kind,
and equally broad comic verses. During the
vacation of 1832 he investigated the natural
history of the Isle of Man. He returned to
Edinburgh with a bias against medicine,
which turned his note-books into portfolios
of caricatures, and he was far more con-
genially employed in 1834-5 in writing and
drawing for the ' University Maga,' which
he and a few other students brought out
weekly from 8 Jan. to 26 March 1835. In
this the professors and other prominent per-
sons were severely satirised, and the complete
volume was dedicated to 'Christopher North.'
The death, early in 1836, of his mother, who
had particularly wished him to become
physician, left him free to resign medical
study. Meanwhile the Maga Club had de-
veloped into a ' Universal Brotherhood of the
Friends of Truth,' whose membership de-
manded good work already done as well as

rood fellowship, and the maintenance of a
character free from stain. In this society-
Forbes always continued to take an interest.

Meanwhile Forbes's vacations had been
utilised for much natural history work. In
:he summer of 1833, with his friend Camp"
sell, afterwards principal of Aberdeen Uni-
ersity, he went to Norway, sailing from the-
[sle of Man to Arendal in a brig. Both the-
voyage and the land trip were occupied with
the keenest observation of natural history, and'
an account of it was given by Forbes in the
* Magazine of Natural History,' vols. viii. and
ix. The return journey was through Chris-
biania and Copenhagen, and at these places
Forbes made several botanical friends. Int
the summer of 1834 Forbes dredged in the
Irish Sea and continued to explore the natural
history of the Isle of Man. The results of
the dredging appeared in the * Magazine of
Natural History,' vols. viii. and ix. In the-
summer of 1835 he visited France, Switzer-
land, and Germany, and was so much at-
tracted by the Jardin des Plantes that he-
resolved to spend the winter of 1836-7 in
Paris, studying at the Jardin and attending the
lectures of De Blainville and Geoffroy Saint-
Hilaire. From their lectures he was much
impressed with the necessity of studying the
geographical distribution of animals. After
this winter he travelled in the south of France
and in Algeria, collecting many natural his-
tory specimens, on which he based a paper in
the ' Annals of Natural History,' vol. ii.

In 1837-8 Forbes was back in Edinburgh,
working at natural history, bringing out his-
little volume on ' Manx Mollusca,' and taking-
an active part on behalf of the students in
the notable snowball riots of 1838, which
were the subject of much of the contents of
the revived 'University Maga' of 1837-8.
He also published, under the title of l The
University Snowdrop,' a collection of his
songs and squibs on the riots, being especially
severe on the town council, who, as patrons
of the university, had made themselves ob-
noxious to the students by calling out the
military. Owing largely to Forbes's exer-
tions, the thirty-five students who were ar-
rested were fully acquitted. In the summer
of 1838, after a fruitful tour through Austria,
during which he collected about three thou-
sand plant specimens, Forbes attended the
British Association meeting at Newcastle,,
read before it a paper ' On the Distribution
of Terrestrial Pulmonifera in Europe,' and
was asked to prepare another on the distri-
bution of pulmoniferous mollusca in the
British Isles, which he presented at the suc-
ceeding meeting after much original study.
After studying the star-fishes of the Irish Sea

Forbes

389

Forbes

]ae published a paper on them in the ' Werne-
rrian Memoirs,' vol. viii. The winter of 1838-9
£ound him delivering a course of lectures
before the Edinburgh Philosophical Associa-
tion on ' The Natural History of the Animals
an the British Seas.' At this period he de-
.scribes himself as studying ' with a view to
the development of the laws of species, of
the laws of their distribution, and of the
•connection between the physical and mental
•development of creatures.'

At the British Association meeting of 1839
.at Birmingham Forbes obtained a grant for
dredging researches in the British seas, with
;a view to illustrating the geographical dis-
tribution of marine animals, and started the
famous club of ' Red Lions,' named from the
place of the first dinner. Throughout his life
Forbes's humorous songs, the subject often
taken from some branch of science, were
among the most conspicuous after-dinner fea-
tures. About this time Forbes undertook to
publish a ' History of British Star-fishes,'
many of which had been first observed by
himself. The work was published in parts,
illustrated from his own drawings, and com-
pleted in 1841. In 1839-40 he lectured on
natural history both at Cupar and St. An-
drews with great success, having much ori-
ginal material, and aiding his lectures by
excellent chalk drawings on the spot. Towards
the end of 1839 he founded a ' University
Club,' under whose auspices an l Academic
Annual ' (the only one which appeared) was
published, containing Forbes's paper ' On the
Association of Mollusca on the British Coast
considered with reference to Pleistocene Geo-
logy,'in which he established his notable divi-
sion of the coast into four zones, and pointed
out the effects on the fauna of subsidence
and elevation. He gave a series of lectures
•at Liverpool in the spring of 1840, visited
London and made the acquaintance of many
leading men of science, and travelled and
dredged extensively before the meeting of the
British Association at Glasgow. In the follow-
ing winter he was disappointed by failure to
gain a class for lectures in Edinburgh.

In 1841 Forbes was appointed naturalist
to H.M.S. Beacon, engaged on surveying work
in the Levant. Gaining the interest of all on
board in his studies, he made extensive col-
lections of marine animals and learned many
facts of importance in the natural history of
the ^Egean Sea. He also studied the rela-
tions of animals and plants on the islands of
the Archipelago. His friend William Thomp-

son of Belfast [q. v.] accompanied the expedi-
tion from April to June. In the autumn
Forbes dredged on the south-west coast of
Asia Minor, and made antiquarian and na-

tural history excursions into the uplands of
Lycia. In the spring of 1842 he made an
extended journey in Lycia with Lieutenant
Spratt and the Rev. Mr. Daniell (who died
soon after in Asia Minor), discovering the
ruins of Termessus, and exploring many other
interesting sites. Besides making antiquarian
discoveries Forbes made great collections of
land and fresh-water mollusca, and of plants,
and ascertained the main features of the geo-
logy of Lycia. In the early summer Forbes
returned to Rhodes and learned that his
father's losses precluded further remittances,
and that his friend John Goodsir and others
were canvassing for his appointment as pro-
fessor of botany at King's College, London.
The British Association had, however, made
a grant of 60/. in aid of his researches, and
he longed to compare the fauna of the Red
Sea with that of the Mediterranean. But he
was stricken with fever on board a wretched
caique and becalmed at sea for a week;
this illness impaired his constitution for life.
On recovering, he was cheered by an increased
grant from the British Association, and pre-
pared to go to Egypt, but being strongly urged
to return to London if he wished to secure
the King's College chair, he reluctantly came
back in October 1842.

During his absence he had been elected
to the coveted professorship at King's Col-
lege, but it was worth less than 100/. a year.
He consequently applied for the curatorship
of the museum of the Geological Society at
150/. a year, and was elected, thus relieving
the society from a dangerous conflict about
other candidates. The detailed work of the
new appointment absorbed nearly all his time,
and necessitated the postponement of full
publication of his researches in the ^Egean ;
but he presented a valuable ' Report on the
Mollusca and Radiata of the ^Egean Sea ' to
the British Association in 1843, which raised
his reputation greatly. His botanical lec-
tures opened well, and became popular from
their philosophical tone and practical illus-
trations based on a wide knowledge of plants
in their native habitats. He had frequent
returns of intermittent fever, and his labour
at the Geological Society was incessant. The
want of a skilled palaeontologist on the Geo-
logical Survey became evident in 1844, and
at Mr. (now Sir A. C.) Ramsay's suggestion
Forbes received the appointment in October.
Meanwhile he delivered an important lecture
before the Royal Institution (23 Feb. 1844) on
* The Light thrown on Geology by Submarine
Researches,' in which he expounded his dis-
coveries about littoral zones, the characters
of deposits formed at various depths in the
ocean, and the migration of mollusca. The

Forbes

39°

Forbes

government now granted 500/. towards the
publication of his ^Egean researches, which
unfortunately he never had time to complete
for the press. The Fullerian professorship at
the Royal Institution was also offered to him
but declined. The success with which his
fertile mind was still grappling with im-
portant zoological questions is shown by his
ingenious paper < On the Morphology of the
Reproductive System of the Sertularian
Zoophyte, and its analogy with the Repro-
ductive System of the Flowering Plant/ in
'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
December 1844. •

His work in connection with the Geological
Survey gave a new and most important de-
velopment to Forbes's ideas. His work was
not only to discriminate, name, describe, and
arrange the fossils collected by the survey,
but also to visit the districts where the sur-
veyors were working and examine the rocks
with the fossils in them. Relieved by his im-
proved income, Forbes now became a fellow of
the Geological (4 Dec. 1844) and of the Royal
Societies (13 Feb. 1845), and founded the
club of the Metropolitan Red Lions, to which
not only the younger scientific men, but also
such literary men as Douglas Jerrold, Lover,
and Jerdan were admitted. Forbes's songs
and stories, as well as his brilliant conver-
sation, encouraged good fellowship and ce-
mented many friendships. Early in 1845
he gave a course of lectures at the Royal
Institution on l The Natural History and
Geological Distribution of Fossil Marine Ani-
mals.' On 28 Jan. 1845 he was elected a
member of the Athenaeum Club by special
vote, on the strong recommendation of Pro-
fessor Owen. All this time he was struggling
with debility and mental distress, during
which he writes : ' Had I foreseen the torrent
of misfortunes which has poured on my family,
I should have taken some other course in life
that might have enabled me to assist them.'
To this year's meeting of the British Asso-
ciation at Cambridge he contributed a re-
markable paper on the geographical distribu-
tion of local plants. After the meeting he
went on a dredging expedition from the Shet-
lands round the west of Scotland and found
many new medusae and several living molluscs
which had up to that time only been known
in a fossil state. Wearied by routine work
at the survey and the attempt to complete
his book on Lycia, he had a severe illness in
the winter of 1845-G, but between 30 March
and 4 May 1846 he gave a course of lectures
at the London Institution on ' The Geogra-
phical and Geological Distribution of Or-
ganised Beings.' The King's College lectures
on botany followed immediately, but Forbes

was able to finish his important paper ' On
the Connection between the Distribution of
the existing Fauna and Flora of the British
Isles and the Geological Changes which have
affected their Area/ published in the first
volume of the * Memoirs of the Geological
Survey/ and to complete his l Lycia/ which
appeared in the autumn and became a stan-
dard work. In the autumn he was with the
survey party in the North Wales mountains,
At times he would amuse his companions by
fantastic contortions of his body in imitation
' of the elvish forms that he loved so much to
design.' Early in 1847 a remark of Forbes's.
led to the formation of the Palaeontographical
Society , which has done so much for British pa-
leontology . In a lecture at the Royal Institu-
tion on 14 May, on 'The Natural History Fea-
tures of the North Atlantic/ Forbes referred to
the bearing of scientific research on deep-sea,
fisheries, and censured the government and
the public for their neglect of the subject,
which has only lately received much attention.
He continued his preparation for his great
work on the * History of British Mollusca T
(in conjunction with Mr. Sylvanus Hanley),
which appeared in four volumes (1848-52).
It was a work of vast research, for which
many summer dredging excursions and visits
to the museums of well-known collectors-
were made. During the autumn of this year,
as throughout his remaining years in London,
geological excursions were made on survey
work. Of Forbes on these excursions Mr.
(afterwards Sir A. C.) Ramsay wrote : < There
never was a more delightful companion. Ifc
was on such occasions that his inner life best
revealed itself. His knowledge was so varied,
his conversation often so brilliant and in-
structive.'

On 31 Aug. 1848 Forbes married Emily
Marianne, youngest daughter of General Sir
Charles Ashworth [q. v.] After this his mind
was continually unsettled by the prospect of
Jameson's resignation or death, and the conse-
quent chances of his succession to the Edin-
burgh chair of natural history. During the
autumn of 1849 he made important discoveries
in relation to the true position of the Purbeck
beds, showing that they belonged to the oolitic
series, and inferring the probable existence
in them of mammalian remains afterwards
found by the Rev. P. B. Brodie and Mr. S. H.
Beckles (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xiii. 261).
The winter of 1849-50 found Forbes busy
with the arrangement of the new geological
museum of the survey at Jermyn Street, but
literary and lecturing work absorbed most of
his time. In the summer a dredging expe-
dition among the Western Hebrides, with
Goodsir and MacAndrew, added many species

Forbes

391

Forbes

to the British fauna and many valuable facts
to geology. In the spring of 1850 he gave
twelve lectures at the Royal Institution on
the t Geographical Distribution of Organised
Beings.' The Jermyn Street museum was
opened by Prince Albert on 12 May 1851,
and during the summer a scheme for esta-
blishing a school of mines was matured.
Forbes was appointed lecturer on natural
history as applied to geology and the arts.
The school opened in November with a few
pupils, but it is recorded that the districts
that memorialised for mining schools sent no
pupils ; and matters improved little during
the remainder of Forbes's life in London, so
that he had to make the serious effort of lec-
turing in his best style without adequate pay
or results. He wrote a delightful article on
' Shellfish, their Ways and Works,' for the
first number of the new series of the ' West-
minster Review' (January 1852). During
the winter of 1852-3 he worked out impor-
tant new views on the classification of the
tertiary formations, which he did not live to
complete in memoir form, but which were
published by his colleagues in 1858 (see infra).
In February 1853 he was elected president
of the Geological Society, an office never be-
fore held by so young a man. In the summer
he spent a short holiday in geologising in
France. Returning to London, Jameson's
resignation was conditionally announced, but
the temporary appointment of a deputy post-
poned a new appointment till Jameson's death
in April 1854. Backed by overwhelming
influence, Forbes was elected to the Edin-
burgh professorship and was pressed to com-
mence lecturing at once. His leave-taking
of the Geological Society on going north was
marked by an eloquent speech from Sir R.
Murchison, dwelling especially on Forbes's
power of attaching every one to him.

The Edinburgh work was entered on with
an eager zeal far too exhausting. Crowded
audiences stimulated the lecturer's powers to
the highest degree. He set vigorously to
work to remodel Jameson's museum. Geo-
logical excursions with large numbers of stu-
dents filled up each week. Early in August
he returned to London to complete unfinished
work, but illness overtook him. He was,
however, present at the Liverpool meeting of
the British Association, and presided over the
geological section, but was considerably worn.
His last writing was a review of Murchison's
' Siluria,' which appeared in the ' Quarterly
Review,' October 1854. He had also under-
taken to be joint editor of the 'New Philoso-
phical Journal,' formerly conducted by Jame-
son. He lectured through the first week of
the winter session in manifest ill-health, but

in the second week had to desist, owing to
disease of the kidneys, of which he died on
18 Nov. 1854, in his fortieth year. He was
buried on 23 Nov. in the Dean cemetery, Edin-
burgh. By his will he left his papers to Mr.
R. Godwin- Austen and his natural history col-
lections to the College Museum at Edinburgh.
Mrs. Forbes and two children, a boy and a girl,
survived him. Mrs. Forbes married in 1858
Major William Charles Yelverton [q. v.], after-
wards fourth viscount Avonmore. Busts of
Forbes were subscribed for and placed in the
Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street,
and in the Edinburgh Museum, and a bronze
medal and prize of books were founded, to be
given to the most deserving student in natural
history at the Royal School of Mines.

Forbes lived an unusually full life, occupied
in promoting science and arousing enthu-
siasm and awakening intelligence in others.
To almost every department of biology he
rendered much service, especially by con-
necting various branches together and illus-
trating one by the other. He played an im-
portant part in elevating palaeontology to a
high position in practical geology, and in
elucidating ancient British zoology. He had
a remarkable talent for discovering the rela-
tions of detached phenomena to the general
scheme of nature and making broad generali-
sations ; and he looked on the world not as
a mere piece of mechanism, but as a visible
manifestation of the ideas of God. Many who
knew him testified that 'the old mourned
him as a son, the young as a brother.' An
eminent naturalist, writing in the ' Literary
Gazette,' 25 Nov. 1854, said : ' Rare as was
the genius of Edward Forbes, his character
was rarer still. ... A thorough spirit of cha-
rity seemed to hide from him all but the good
and worthy points in his fellow-men. Worked
to death, his time and his knowledge were at
the disposal of all comers ; and, though his
published works have been comparatively few,
his ideas have been as the grain of mustard-
seed in the parable.' Forbes's love of social
life and his vigorous and genial humour are
apparent throughout his career. His humor-
ous verses have not been collected, but seve-
ral are published in the first two lives men-
tioned below. One on the < Red Tape Worm '
contains the following lines :—

In Downing Street the tape worms thrive ;

In Somerset House they are all alive ;

And slimy tracks mark where they crawl

In and out along Whitehall.

"When I'm dead and yield my ghost,
Mark not my grave by a government post ;
Let mild earth worms with me play,
But keep vile tape worms far away.

Forbes

392

Forbes

And if I deserve to rise
To a good place in Paradise,
May my soul kind angels guide,
And keep it from the official side !

A list of Forbes's principal writings is
given in the appendix to his ' Life ' by Wilson
and Geikie, but many of his articles and cri-
tiques in periodicals, some not being iden-
tified, are not included. A list of his scientific
papers is given in the Royal Society's ' Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers,' vol. ii. The fol-
lowing chronological list gives only the more
important of the memoirs, in addition to the
separate works: 1835. ' Natural History Tour
in Norway ; ' four papers in Loudon's ' Maga-
zine of Natural History,' 1st ser. vols. viii.
and ix. ; many papers in ' University Maga ; '
'Records of Dredging,' ' Mag. Nat. Hist.'
vols. viii. and ix. 1837-8. Many articles in
1 University Maga,' vol. ii. 1838. ' Malaco-
logia Monensis;' 'The University Snow-
drop ; ' ' On the Distribution of Pulmoniferous
Mollusca in Europe,' 'British Association
Report.' 1839-40. 'On the British Cilio-
grada ' (with J. Goodsir), ' Brit. Assoc. Re-
ports.' 1841. ' A History of British Star-
fishes.' 1842. ' Letters on Travels in Lycia,'
' Ann. Nat. Hist.' vols. ix. and x. 1843. ' On
the Radiata of the Eastern Mediterranean,'
4 Trans. Linn. Soc.' vol. xix. ; 'Report on the
Mollusca and Radiata of the ^Egean Sea,'
'Brit. Assoc. Report.' 1844. 'On the Mor-
phology of the Sertularian Zoophyte,' ' Ann.
Nat. Hist.' vol. xiv. 1845. 'Report on
and Catalogue of Lower Greensand Fossils,'
' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.' vol. i. ; ' Geogra-
phical Distribution of Insects ' and other ar-
ticles in 'Penny Cyclopaedia,' supplement.
1846. ' On the Geology of Lycia ' (with Lieu-
tenant Spratt, R.N.), 'Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.' vol. ii. ; ' Travels in Lycia ' (with Lieu-
tenant Spratt), 2 vols. ; 'On the Connection
between the Distribution of the existing
Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and
Geological Changes,' ' Memoirs of the Geo-
logical Survey,' vol. i. ; ' Monograph on
the Cretaceous Fossils of Southern India,'
1 Trans. Geol. Soc.' 2nd ser. vol. vii. ; * On
Palaeozoic and Secondary Fossil Molluscs of
South America,' Appendix to Darwin's ' Geo-
logy of South America.' 1848-52. ' History
of British Mollusca' (with Mr. Hanley),
4 vols. 1848. ' Palaeontological Map of the
British Isles,' Keith Johnston's 'Physical
Atlas; ' ' Monograph of the Naked-eyed Me-
dusae,' Ray Soc. ; ' Monograph of the British
Fossil Asteriadae/ and ' Monograph of the
Silurian Cystideae of Britain,' ' Mem. Geol.
Survey/ vol. ii. pt. ii. 1849. 'British Or-
ganic Remains,' Decade I., ' Mem. Geol. Sur-
vey.' 1850. ' British Organic Remains,' De-

cade III. (Echinoderms),'Mem. Geol. Survey.'
1851. 'On Australian Mollusca/ 'Voyage of
the Rattlesnake/ vol. ii. 1852. ' On Arctic
Echinoderms/ Appendix to Dr. Sutherland's
' Arctic Voyage ; ' ' Monograph of British Ter-
tiary Echinoderms/ Palaeontographical Soc. ;
' The Future of Geology/ Westminster Re-
view/ July. 1853. ' On the Fluvio-Marine
Tertiaries of the Isle of Wight," Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.' vol. ix. ; ' On the Geology of Le-
banon/ Appendix to Risk Allah Efiendi's
work on Syria. 1854. Map of Homoiozoic
Belts, Johnston's ' Physical Atlas ; ' Presi-
dential address to Geol. Soc. ; Inaugural ad-
dress at Edinburgh, ' Edinb. Monthly Journ.
of Science.' 1855. Literary papers selected
from contributions to the ' Literary Gazette/
edited by Lovell Reeve, 1 vol. 1858. ' On
the Fluvio-Marine Tertiary Strata of the Isle
of Wight/ completed by Austen, Ramsay,
and Bristow,' Mem. Geol. Survey.' 1859. 'Na-
tural History of European Seas/ completed
by Mr. R. Godwin- Austen, 1 vol.

[Memoir by Professors George Wilson and A.
Geikie, 1861; by Professor J. Hughes Bennett,
in Monthly Journ. of Medicine, January 1855;
by Hugh Miller, in Witness, 22 Nov. 1854; Scots-
man, 22 Nov. 1854; British Quarterly Review,
1861, vol. xxxiv.; Literary Gazette, 25 Nov. 1854.]

G. T. B.

FORBES, SIR FRANCIS (1784-1841),

chief justice of New South Wales, born in
the Island of Bermuda, North America, in
1784, was the eldest son of the Hon. Francis
Forbes, a member of the privy council of
Bermuda. Admitted at Lincoln's Inn on
26 May 1806, he was called to the bar in
Easter term 1812 (Lincoln's Inn Registers).
He became attorney- and advocate-general
at Bermuda in 1813, and was promoted to
the office of chief justice of Newfoundland in
1816. On 1 June 1823 he was nominated
chief justice of New South Wales, his being
the first appointment to that office. He pro-
mulgated the new charter of justice at Go-
vernment House and elsewhere on 17 May
1824, and took his seat on the bench the same
day. Under this charter a supreme court of
criminal jurisdiction was opened by Forbes on
the following 10 June, and by his exertions
trial by jury was obtained in quarter sessions
on 14 Oct. He was appointed to the legislative
council by sign-manual, 11 Aug. 1825, and
became a member of the executive council
during the same year. Thanks to his strong
remonstrances an attempt by Governor Ralph.
Darling [q. v.] to gag the colonial press in 1826
proved only partially successful. His health
breaking down under the strain of his varied
duties, he left for England in April 1836.

Forbes

393

Forbes

He was knighted 6 April 1837, but, failing
to recover his accustomed strength, he re-
signed his office in July, and returned to the
colony soon afterwards. He died at Leitrim,
near Sydney, 9 Nov. 1841. In 1813 he mar-
ried Amelia Sophia, daughter of David Grant,
M.I)., of Jamaica, who long survived him.
[Heaton's Australian Diet. pp. 70-1.] G. G.

OF

FORBES, GEORGE, third EAKL
GRANARD (1685-1765), naval commander and
diplomatist, son of Arthur Forbes, second
earl, by his wife Mary, daughter of Sir George
Rawdon, bart., of Moira, county Down, was
born in Ireland 21 Oct. 1685, and was for a
time at the grammar school at Drogheda.
His grandfather, Arthur Forbes, first earl
[q. v.], died when young Forbes was about
twelve years of age. Coming to London with
his grandmother in 1702, he introduced him-
self to Admiral George Churchill [q.v.], then
first of the council to the lord high admiral,
Prince George of Denmark, and sought to
enter the navy. Churchill eventually ap-
pointed him to the Royal Anne at Ports-
mouth, and got him a lieutenancy in one of
the new marine regiments. Young Forbes
was midshipman of the St. George in 1704,
and served under Rooke at the capture of
•Gibraltar, where he was employed on shore
as aide-de-camp to the Prince of Hesse-Darm-
stadt, and in the great sea-fight off Malaga
which followed. The same year he became
heir to the earldom on the death of his elder
brother, Lord Forbes, a captain in the Scots
royals, from wounds received at Blenheim
(freas. Papers, xciii. 72, Blenheim Roll). In
1705 he was second lieutenant of the Triton
frigate, one of the most active cruisers in the
navy, which captured twenty-three French
privateers in the Channel alone in fifteen
months. He was in her at the siege of Os-
tend in 1706, where he served on shore, and
first became known to his future friend, the
Duke of Argyll [see CAMPBELL, JOHN, DTJKE
OF ARGYLL AND GREENWICH], who com-
manded in the trenches. On returning home
Forbes found his commission awaiting him
as captain of the Lynn frigate, in which he
served as convoy to the Baltic trade. The
~ >ynn being ordered to the West Indies, Forbes
transferred to the Gosport, and on 3 Jan.
to the Leopard of 50 guns. On 6 March
\he was appointed brigadier in the 4th
troop <X horse-guards, of which the Duke of
Argyll -kas captain and colonel. The bri-
gadiers of the horse-guards — styled in their
commissions * corporals/ and in society ' cap-
tains ' — were commissioned officers ranking
"with lieutenants of horse (CANNON", Hist. Rec.
Life Guards, p. 169). Forbes did duty with

his troop until appointed to command the
Sunderland of 60 guns, part of the western
squadron under Lord Dursley, afterwards
third Earl Berkeley. In 1708 Forbes became
exempt of his troop and a brother of the
Trinity House. In May 1709 he left his ship
to do duty with his troop at Windsor, where
'his sprightliness of genius and politeness
of manner recommended him to Queen Anne'
{Memoirs of the Earls of Granard, p. 86),
at whose desire he was appointed to the Graf-
ton of 70 guns. Forbes, who in the mean-
time had married, sailed for the Mediterranean
with Sir John Norris in 1710. Charles III
of Spain (afterwards the emperor Charles VI)
then had his court at Barcelona, and Norris
stationed some ships off the coast of Cata-
lonia, the command of which was assigned
to Forbes, who was directed to co-operate
as much as possible with the Spanish court,
and was permitted to reside on shore. Two
Genoese ships of war, of 50 and 70 guns re-
spectively, were at Cadiz taking in specie,
alleged to be for the use of the French fac-
tion in Italy. The Spanish king proposed
that Forbes should put out to sea and seize
the vessels on their return voyage. Forbes
explained that England was at peace with
the Genoese republic ; but being pressed by
the king, and the queen offering him her sign-
manual for his indemnification, he started
with his own ship, the Grafton of 70 guns,
and the Chatham of 50 guns, Captain Had-
dock, took the Genoese ships into PortMahon,
discharged the officers and crews to shore,
landed the specie, amounting to 1,600,000
dollars, and returned with the ships to Bar-
celona. Charles III, greatly pleased, made
Forbes a grant of the duty payable at the
mint for coinage of the amount, and urged
him to go back to Minorca and fetch the
specie. Forbes, doubting the legality of the
capture, excused himself until he should re-
ceive instructions from home, or from Gene-
ral Stanhope, the British ambassador and
commander-in-chief in Spain, and, to avoid
any appearance of backwardness, set out to
confer with Stanhope. He joined the part
of the allied army under Marshal Starem-
berg, and was slightly wounded while charg-
ing with Brigadier Lepell's regiment at the
battle of Villaviciosa, 10 Dec. 1710. Stan-
hope had surrendered at Brihuega the day
previous. Forbes returned to Barcelona, and
found orders from home forbidding the dis-
posal of the Genoese treasure, which sorely
disconcerted the Spanish court. Forbes came
to England bearing an autograph letter from
Charles III to Queen Anne. Eventually,
the British government decided to retain the
capture and indemnify the Genoese republic.

Forbes

394

Forbes

In the end Forbes accepted 6,000/. in lieu of
what had promised to prove a large fortune.
Full details of the transaction are given in
4 Memoirs of the Earls of Granard,' pp. 87-93.
In January 1711 the Duke of Argyll was ap-
pointed to the command in Spain. He set
out in the spring, leaving Forbes, who was
to serve with him, in London to solicit sup-
plies for the army, which was short of money.
Forbes obtained an order for eight hundred
thousand dollars of the Genoese treasure, and
set off, riding through Holland, Germany,
the Tyrol, and Italy to Genoa, where he took
ship, with such despatch that he reached
Barcelona in twenty-one days from England.
He served with the army* in Spain during
that year, at the head of three hundred ca-
valrymen drafted from home, whom Argyll
purposed to form into a new regiment of
horse under Forbes's command. The regi-
ment was never completed, as peace negotia-
tions were too far advanced. A return of
the army in Spain, dated 19 Feb. 1712, is in
' Treasury Papers/ cxliv. 23, and is the only
paper of any interest entered under Forbes's
name in the ' Calendars of State Papers ' for
the period. In 1712 Forbes was appointed
to the Greenwich of 50 guns, and became
cornet and major in his troop of horse-guards.
After the peace of Utrecht he commanded a
small squadron of vessels in the Mediter-
ranean, and took up his residence with his
wife and child in Minorca, whence he re-
turned home in 1716. The year after he was
appointed lieutenant-governor of the castle of
St. Phillipa, Minorca, and acted as governor
of the island during the brief hostilities with
Spain in 1718. He introduced better order
in the island, and abolished the trials for
witchcraft, which had been a source of much
misery.

On his return home in 1719 Forbes, at the
desire of George I, proceeded to Vienna, to
carry into effect a long-cherished project of
the emperor Charles VI, of forming a naval
power either in Naples and Sicily or on the
Adriatic, for which purpose Forbes received
the rank of vice-admiral in the imperial ser-
vice with a salary of twelve thousand florins
a year, and unlimited powers of organisation.
But the imperialist ministers looked coldly
on the scheme, and adopted a policy of tacit-
obstruction, which at the end of two years
led Forbes to resign his appointment in pri-
vate audience with the emperor, who pre-
sented him with a valuable diamond ring in
recognition of his services. Forbes joined the
king at Hanover, and afterwards returned
home. In 1724 he was appointed to com-
mand the Canterbury of 60 guns on the Me-
diterranean station, and was employed on

shore at the defence of Gibraltar against the
Spaniards in 1726-7. In September 1727
Forbes, who had previously sat in the Eng-
lish House of Commons for the borough of
Queenborough, was called to the Irish house
of peers under the title of Baron Forbes. In
1729 he was appointed governor and captain-
general of the Leeward Islands, a post he
resigned at the end of a year. In 1730 he
proposed to the government to lead a colony
to Lake Erie, where it would form a barrier
against French encroachments from Canada.
He was to be fettered by 'no restrictions be-
yond the ten commandments,' and was to
have an annual grant of 12,0007. for the use
of the colony for seven years. If the govern-
ment at the end of that time was satisfied
to take over the settlement, Forbes was to
be created an English peer, with a perpetual
pension of 1,000/. a year out of the revenues
of the post office. If the government were
not satisfied to take over the colony, a grant
of the sum was to be made to Forbes and his
heirs, with a palatinate jurisdiction, similar
to that of Lord Baltimore in Maryland, in
which case Forbes was to repay the 84,0007.
advanced, and pledged his family estates as
security for the amount. Sir Eobert Wai-
pole, who disliked Forbes as being ' too busy
and curious,' admitted the fairness of the
terms, but the project was not carried out.
In 1731 Forbes was appointed to the Corn-
wall of 80 guns, and commanded that ship in
the Mediterranean under Sir Charles Wager.
This was the last time he served afloat.

In 1733 Forbes was appointed envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
the Empress Anne of Russia. He negotiated
and concluded a treaty — the first entered
into by the court of St. Petersburg with
any European state — for the better regula-
tion of the customs, and for favouring the
introduction of British woollen goods. After
his return to England in 1734 the czarina,
with whom he was a favourite, offered him
supreme command of the imperial Russian
navy, which he declined. He obtained his
flag rank and succeeded to the title of Earl
of Granard on the death of his father the
same year.

In 1737 Granard, who was a member of
the Irish Linen Company, and took much
interest in political economy, was instrumen-
tal in introducing improvements in the Irish
currency. The details will be found in ' Me-
moirs of the Earls of Granard,' pp. 145-51.
When the popular outcry against Spain arose
in 1739, he was offered the command of ' a
stout squadron ' for the West Indies, but de-
clined, believing the ministry not to be in
earnest j nevertheless when his senior, Ad-

Forbes

395

Forbes

miral Vernon, who had been laid aside, was
brought back over his head and sent out,
Granard considered himself superseded, and
refused to serve again. His name was re-
tained on the flag list, and half-pay was
issued for him for some time, but on 31 Dec.
1742 his resignation was finally accepted.
The statement of some biographers that he
continued in the service, and was senior
admiral at his death, arose from confusing
Granard — who was better known in the naval
service as Lord Forbes — with his son, Admiral
of the Fleet the Hon. John Forbes [q. v.]
Granard had retired from the army more
than twenty years before he left the sister
service. He had been in treaty with Lord
Dundonald for the command of the 4th troop
of horse-guards, for which he was to give
10,000/., but broke off the negotiations at
the wish of the Duke of Argyll, who desired
to see him rise to the head of the navy. By
Argyll's interest Granard was returned to the
House of Commons for the Scottish burghs of
Ayr, Irvine, &c., in 1741, and took a very
active part in the stormy discussions which
drove Sir Robert Walpole from office 3 Feb.
1742, in consequence of which he was ap-
pointed one of the committee of inquiry into
the conduct of the ex-minister. But he sub-
sequently separated from his colleagues in
disgust, and retired from public life. He was
made a privy councillor of Ireland, and held
the governments of Westmeath and Long-
ford. He died in Ireland in 1765. There is
some uncertainty as to the day of his death,
two different dates being given in ' Memoirs
of the Earls of Granard,' and other dates,
all within the year, being given in other
publications (see Notes and Queries, 6th ser.
x. 312 ; also Ann. Reg., Gent. Mag., and
Scots Mag. 1765). In person Granard was
of middle height and spare figure, with a
dark complexion, and strongly marked fea-
tures. In his habits he was very active and
extremely abstemious, eating little and drink-
ing nothing but water, customs to which he
attributed his good health. He was a great
reader, with a very retentive memory, and a
quick, intelligent observer. The family manu-
scripts contain several treatises by him on
subjects connected with political economy,
geography, and the naval resources of different
countries (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. 212).
Granard (then Lord Forbes) married in
1709 Mary, eldest daughter of Sir William
Stewart, first earl of Mount] oy, and widow
of Phineas Preston of Ardsal'lagh, co. Meath,
by whom she had had two children (see
ARCHDALL, Peerage of Ireland, vi. 153). By
this lady, who died 4 Oct. 1755, he had three
children : George, fourth earl of Granard,

who saw a good deal of army service in the
Mediterranean in his earlier years, raised the
old 76th foot, which was disbanded in 1763,
and died a major-general and colonel 29th
foot in 1769 ; John (1714-1796) [q. v.]; and
a daughter.

[The best biography of Admiral Lord Granard
is in Forbes's Memoirs of the Earls of Granard
(London, 1858). The work contains a few mis-
printed dates. Supplementary details can be
found under date in the Home Office Military
Entry Books, and in the Admiralty and Foreign
Office Papers in the Public Eecord Office. Mer-,
vyn Archdall's Peerage of Ireland, ii. 148-9;
Charnock's Biog. Nav. iii. 330, and other bio-
graphical notices contain errors. Some of these
are referred to in Notes and Queries, 6th ser. x.
312-13. Granard's papers remaining in posses-
sion of the family are reported on in Hist. MSS.
Comm. 2nd Eep. 212-16, 3rd Eep. 431, wherein
are given extracts from Lord Granard's diary at
St. Petersbiirg. Letters from him at Minorca
in 1716-17, addressed to G. Bubb, British en-
voy in Spain, from Egerton MSS. 2171 f. 144,
2174 ff. 338, 343, 2175 ff. 5, 176; and from
St. Petersburg in 1733, to Sir Thomas Eobinson,
British minister at Vienna, Addit. MSS. 23788-
f. 42, 23789 f. 36. These letters, which are-
very imperfect in their orthography, and all
bear the queer cramped signature ' Gffbrbes,' con-
tain nothing of pubjic interest.] H. M. C.

FORBES, GEORGE, sixth EAKL OF
GRANARD in the peerage of Ireland, and first
BARON GRANARD in the United Kingdom
(1760-1837), lieutenant-general, eldest son
of George, fifth earl of Granard, by his first
wife, Dorothy, second daughter of Sir Nicho-
las Borley, bart., of the Isle of Anglesea, and
great-grandson of Admiral George, third earl
of Granard [q. v.], was born 14 June 1760,
and was educated at Armagh. He married,
10 May 1779, Lady Selina Frances Rawdon,
youngest daughter of George Rawdon, first
earl of Moira, by his third wife, Lady Eliza-
beth Hastings, eldest daughter of the ninth
Earl of Huntingdon. By this lady, who
was sister of the first Marquis of Hastings,
Granard had nine children. On succeeding
to the title, the year after his marriage, he
made a lengthened tour on the continent. He
was introduced to Cardinal York at Rome,
attended one of Frederick the Great's re-
views in Silesia, and resided in France and
at Vienna. On his return home he devoted
himself to politics, and, following the example
of Lord and Lady Moira, adopted liberal
opinions, and with his votes and interest
steadily supported the policy of Charlemont,
Grattan, Curran, and other leaders of the
liberal party in Ireland. The Marquis of
Buckingham referred to him as the most un-
compromising opponent of his administration.

Forbes

396

Forbes

Granard was appointed a lieutenant-colonel
in the army 17 May 1794, and lieutenant-
colonel commandant of the 108th foot, an
Irish regiment which he raised in November
following. The 108th was broken up at Gi-
braltar in 1 796. Granard also raised the Long-
ford militia, and commanded it at the battle
of Castlebar in 1798, where the regiment,
which was said to be disaffected, ran away.
Lord Cornwallis wrote in highest praise of
Granard's gallantry in endeavouring to rally
his regiment (Cornwallis Correspondence, ii.
593). He was also present at Ballinamuck,
where the French, under Humbert, surren-
dered to Cornwallis.

Granard displayed the greatest aversion to
the union, an opinion from which none of the
inducements then so lavishly offered by the
government made him swerve, and he was one
of the twenty-one Irish peers who recorded
their protest against the measure (see 'Protest
of the Irish House of Lords,' Ann. Reg. 1800,
p. 196). Having been deprived of his seat in
the House of Lords after the union, he took
little part in politics, but devoted himself to
the management of his estates, and is said
to have been a popular landlord. During the
brief administration of ' All the Talents ' in
1806 he was made a peer of the United
Kingdom under the title of Baron Granard
of Castle Donington, Leicestershire (the
seat of his father-in-law), and was also ap-
pointed clerk of the crown and hanaper in
Ireland, then a most lucrative office. He
became a colonel in the army in 1801, major-
general in 1808, and lieutenant-general in
1813. In 1819 he resigned the lieutenancy
of county Longford in favour of his son,
Viscount Forbes, M.P., and afterwards re-
sided chiefly in France. He supported the
Roman Catholic Emancipation and Reform
Bills, and after the passing of the latter was
offered a promotion in the peerage, which he
declined, as he had previously the order of St.
Patrick. He died at his residence, the Hotel
Marbceuf, Champs-Ely sees, Paris, 9 June
1837, at the age of seventy-seven, and was
buried in the family resting-place at New-
townforbes, Longford, Ireland.

[Forbes's Lives of the Earls of Granard (Lon-
don, 1858), pp. 194-200; Gent. Mag. new ser.
*i». 205.] H. M. C.

FORBES, HENRY (1804-1859), pianist
and composer, a pupil of Smart, Hummel,
Moscheles, and Herz, had greater success as
executive artist and professor than as com-
poser. When organist of St. Luke's, Chelsea,
he published (1843) 'National Psalmody,'
containing some original numbers. His opera,
'The Fairy Oak,' was condemned by the

critics, although, in spite of, or perhaps in
consequence of, its want of originality, it
held the stage with the approval of the pub-
lic for a week or two after the production
| at Drury Lane, 18 Oct. 1845. A cantata,
I ' Ruth,' was performed in 1847. Forbes was
frequently associated with his brother, George
Forbes (1813-1883), in concerts, and was
between 1827 and 1850 conductor of the
Societa Armonica. He died on 24 Nov.
1859, in his fifty-sixth year.

[Grove's Dictionary of Music, i. 539, iii. 543 ;
Brown's Dictionary of Musicians, p. 250; London

daily and weekly papers of October 1845 and
November 1859.]

L. M. M.

FORBES, JAMES (1629 P-1712), non-
conforin ist divine, a Scotchman, was born in or
about 1629. He was educated at Aberdeen,
where he proceeded M. A., being subsequently
admitted ad eundem at Oxford. In 1654 he
was sent to Gloucester Cathedral, where he
preached ' with great success, but to the ap-
parent danger of shortening his life.' At the
Restoration he was speedily ejected from the
cathedral, but he still continued at Gloucester,
' ministering privately as he could.' Struck by
his talents, RobertFrampton[q.v.], then dean,
but afterwards bishop of Gloucester, ' courted
him to conformity in vain.' In consequence
of Yarrington's, or rather Packington's, plot,
he was committed to Chepstow Castle, where
he was long kept in a ' strait and dark ' room.
On regaining his liberty he returned to his
pastoral charge, in the pursuit of which he
was often imprisoned in Gloucester, on one
occasion for a whole year. During the reign
of Charles II he was indicted upon the
Corporation Act, the penalty of which was
imprisonment. He was also indicted on
23 James I, the penalty of which was 20/. a
month, and upon 35 Elizabeth, of which the
penalty was to abjure the realm or suffer
death. At the same time, also, he was ex-
communicated, and the writ de excom. ca-
piendow&s out against him. At the time of
Monmouth's rebellion he retired to Enfield,
Middlesex, and there continued unmolested
in his ministry. He was afterwards recalled
to Gloucester, where he continued to labour
until his death, * though to his disadvantage/
Altogether, he exercised his ministry in
Gloucester for fifty-eight years ' wanting but
one month.' He died 31 May 1712, aged 83,
and was buried under his own communion-
table. His funeral sermon was preached by
John Noble of Bristol. Calamy, who repre-
sents him as the model of a nonconformist
divine, states that at his death he left many
gifts to charitable uses, including his library,
which was of considerable value. Forbes

Forbes

397

Forbes

was the author of: 1. 'Nehustan; or, John
Elliot's " Saving Grace in all Men " proved
to be No Grace, and His Increated Being in
All, a Great Nothing. By J. F.,' 4to, Lon-
don, 1694. Elliot, who was a Gloucester
quaker, published a reply in the following
year, ( The Grace of God asserted to be Sav-
ing and Increated.' 2. ( A Summary of that
Knowledge and Practice that leads to Heaven,'
8vo, London, 1700. 3. ' God's Goodness to
His Israel in All Ages. Being the Substance
of some Sermons on Psalm Ixxiii. 1. By J. F.,
minister of the Gospel,' 8vo, London, 1700.
4. * Pastoral Instruction : being some Re-
mains of the Reverend James Forbes, M. A.,
late Minister of the Gospel in Glocester.
Containing I. A Farewel-Letter of Advice
to his People. II. The Sum of the Last
Sermon he preach'd before the Ministers
of his County, June 19th, 1711. III. His
Short Counsel to Youth. To which is added
his Funeral-Sermon, preach'd at Glocester,
June 3d, 1712. By J[ohn] N[oble],' 8vo,
London, 1713. His portrait has been engraved
(EvAtfS, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, \i. 156).

[Calamy and Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial
(1802-3), ii. 245, 249-51 ; Joseph Smith's Biblio-
theca Anti-Quakeriana, p. 186.] Gr. G.

FORBES, JAMES (1749-1819), author of
' Oriental Memoirs,' born in London in 1749,
claimed descent from the Earls of Granard.
In 1765 he went out to Bombay as a writer
to the East India Company. In 1775, as pri-
vate secretary to Colonel Keating, he accom-
panied the expedition sent to assist Regoba,
who was regarded by the Bombay authorities
as the rightful peshwar of the Mahrattas.
After a visit to England for his health he held
an appointment at Baroche in Goojerat, and
in 1780 became collector and resident at Dub-
hoy. Under the treaty of 1782 this district
and other conquests were ceded to the Mah-
rattas, and in 1784 Forbes quitted India. He
had not only acquired a competency, but, being
a good draughtsman and keen observer, had
filled a hundred and fifty folio volumes (fifty-
two thousand pages) with sketches and notes
on the fauna, flora, manners, religions, and
archaeology of India. He became an F.R.S.
and F.S. A. He married in 1788 Rose, daugh-
ter of Joseph Gaylard of Stanmore, near Har-
row, Middlesex, and resided alternately at
London and Stanmore. Anxious to make
himself acquainted with the continent, he
visited Switzerland and Germany, and during
the peace of Amiens went over to France. He
reached Paris with his wife and daughter the
very day, however, after the decree for the
detention of all British subjects. Junot, on
reading his letters of introduction, entered his
age as sixty, in order that he might remain

in Paris ; but after seven or eight months of
comparative liberty, during which he visited
his brother at Tours, Forbes was relegated to
Verdun, where all the English had to report
themselves twice a day. Sir Joseph Banks,
president of the Royal Society, applied to
Carnot, president of the Institute, for his
release, on the ground of his being an anti-
quary and artist. A letter which Forbes him-
self wrote to Carnot on the same subject is
printed in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' for
1804 (ii. 734). In June 1804 he was allowed
to return to England, and sailed from Mor-
laix to Dartmouth on 25 July. In 1806 he
published .* Letters from France,' an account
of his captivity. Three years later his only
child Eliza married Marc Ren6 de Monta-
lembert, a member of an old Poitou family,
whom the revolution had driven to England,
and who had joined the British army. In
1810 Charles de Montalembert, the future
orator and historian, was born, and at the
age of fifteen months was consigned to the
grandfather's sole charge, as the mother ac-
companied her husband with his regiment.
Thenceforth Forbes divided his time between
his ' Oriental Memoirs,' which, profusely il-
lustrated, appeared in four quarto volumes,
1813-15, and his grandson. He prepared for
Charles's eventual use an enlarged manu-
script edition of the ' Memoirs,' the four
volumes expanded to forty-two by copies of
his original sketches, letters, verses, and other
additions. It may be doubted whether Mon-
talembert, devoid of interest in the East,
ever bestowed more than a cursory glance
at these quartos, now preserved at Oscott Col-
lege by the family. Yet Forbes, as Mrs. Oli-
phant remarks, was ' the parent of Monta-
lembert's soul ; ' for the boy's parents were
insignificant people, whereas the protestant
grandfather's piety and thoroughness left a
permanent impress on the catholic champion.
After Waterloo Forbes accompanied his
daughter and her family to France, where he
remained nearly two years. Charles returned
to England with him, and in 1819 both started'
for Stuttgart, where Count Montalembert was
French ambassador, but at Aix-la-Chapelle-
Forbes was taken ill and died on 1 Aug. Mrs-
Oliphant speaks of Charles and a servant as
the sole witnesses of his end ; but the con-
temporary account in the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine' states that he had a lingering illness, and
that his daughter was by his deathbed. She-
returned to England a widow about 1831,
published an abridgment of the 'Memoirs' in?
1834, and died in 1839.

[Oriental Memoirs ; G-ent.Mag. 1819 ; Letters
from France ; Mrs. Oliphant's Memoir of Mon-
talembert.] J. Gr. A.

Forbes

398

Forbes

FORBES, JAMES, M.D. (1779-1837),
inspector-general of army hospitals, was born
at Aberdeen in 1779, and received his general
education at Marischal College there. For
the study of medicine he went to Edinburgh,
where he graduated M.D. In 1803 he entered
the army as assistant-surgeon to the 30th
regiment, became surgeon to the 95th regi-
ment in 1809, and staff-surgeon the same year.
He was in the retreat from Corunna, and im-
mediately after accompanied the expedition
to Walcheren, where he was commended for
his abilities and zeal during the disastrous
prevalence of intermittent fever and other
camp sickness. He then returned to service
in the Peninsula, receiving the rank -of phy-
sician to the forces. After the peace he was

erected at Colchester for the sick and wounded
from the field of Waterloo. He then became
successively superintendent of Chelsea Hos-
pital and medical director at Chatham. In
1822 he returned to foreign service in the
West Indies, Nova Scotia, and Canada. In
1829 he was appointed principal medical
officer in Ceylon, from which he returned in
1836 with his health broken by the climate.
He was promoted to the rank of inspector-
general of hospitals, and nominated to the
chief direction of the army medical depart-
ment in India, but was unable from ill-health
to proceed to his post. He died 7 Nov. 1837
at Maddox Street, Regent Street, London, in
his fifty-ninth year, and was buried in Ro-
chester Cathedral. No writings of his appear
in library catalogues.

[Gent. Mag. February 1838.] C. C.

FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809-1868),
man of science, youngest son of Sir William
Forbes, seventh baronet of Pitsligo, and
Williamina Belches, sole child and heiress
of John Belches of Invermay, Perthshire,
afterwards Sir John Belches Stuart of Fetter-
cairn, Kincardineshire, was born at Edin-
burgh on 20 April 1809. His mother had
been the first love of Sir Walter Scott.
Forbes was educated at home until the age
of sixteen, when he entered the university of
Edinburgh, with a view to joining the bar.
His natural bent, however, soon drew him to
the study of physics, and at a very early age
he contributed anonymously some able papers
to Sir David Brewster's scientific periodical,
the ' Philosophical Journal.' He avowed the
authorship after a time, when Brewster en-
couraged his scientific zeal, and proposed
him as a member of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. He was elected at the unprece-
dentedly early age of nineteen. Forbes now
relinquished his legal studies, in opposition

to Brewster's prudent advice. In the spring
of 1831 Forbes visited London, Cambridge,
and Oxford, where he formed friendships
with Mrs. Somerville, Herschel, Babbage,
Whewell, Lyell, Airy, and Buckland. The
same year he co-operated with Brewster in
the foundation of the British Association. In
1832 he was elected a fellow of the Royal
' Society of London. Forbes had started on
an extensive scientific tour in the summer of
1832, when he was suddenly recalled from
Geneva by news of the death of Sir John
Leslie, professor of natural philosophy in the
university of Edinburgh. Sir John Herschel,
in a testimonial, spoke of him ' as marked by
nature for scientific distinction.' His friend
Brewster was his chief opponent, and a tem-
porary coolness resulted. Forbes was elected,
after a very exciting contest, by a majority of
twenty-seven to nine, 30 Jan. 1833. He soon
justified his selection. ' In addition to high
scientific genius,' says Principal Shairp (Life
of Forbes), ' a finely cultivated literary taste
and style, and natural powers of eloquence,
perfected by the best aids of art' (he took les-
sons in elocution from Mrs. Siddons), Forbes
had ' a dignified and commanding presence,
and gentle and refined manners, wielded by
a will of rare strength, purity, and elevation.'

In his lectures Forbes traversed the whole
range of natural philosophy, but the manu-
scripts were by his orders destroyed by his
executors. His discovery of the polarisation
of heat soon indicated his genius as a scientific
investigator. The professorial work achieved
by Forbes included the institution of a com-
plete system of examining, which is still in
force. In 1837 Forbes was appointed dean
of the Faculty of Arts, in special recognition
of the part which he had taken in establish-
ing the improved system. In 1841 and sub-
sequently Forbes was very active in the dis-
cussions arising out of a bequest by General
Reid. Forbes was anxious to devote this to
a superannuation fund for professors. He
afterwards induced the senatus to apply this
and the Straton bequest of 1842 to the founda-
tion of fellowships. It was finally decided,
however, by the law courts that the Reid
fund should be devoted to the music chair.
He had some sharp encounters with oppo-
nents, especially with Sir William Hamilton,
but without losing their respect or friend-
ship. Forbes meanwhile continued his ex-
periments, and carried on a correspondence
with many of the most distinguished men of
science of the day.

Forbes's vacations at this time (1840-2)
were spent in Alpine travels and glacier in-
vestigations, which yielded scientific results
of the first importance. He married Alicia,

Forbes

399

Forbes

eldest daughter of George Wauchope, on
4 July 1843. In consequence of ill-health
Forbes was compelled to spend the winter of
1843 and the summer of 1844 in Italy, return-
ing to Edinburgh in September of the latter
year. The summer of 1845 was spent with his
wife in the west highlands, in a tour ranging
from Bute to Skye. In the latter island he
explored the Cuchullin mountains with M.
Necker, finding ' amidst the splendid hyper-
sthene formation indisputable traces of gla-
ciers.' These explorations were afterwards
embodied in a paper on the geology of the
Cuchullins. In September 1845 a pension
of 200/. per annum was conferred upon him
for the services he had rendered to science.
In 1846 he visited the Alps, and again for
the last time in 1850. In 1850 he put the
finishing touches to his survey of the Mer de
Glace, which for some years was the only
correct Alpine map in existence.

The last scientific expedition undertaken
by Forbes was a journey to Norway at the
close of the university session of 1850-1. He
went to see the total eclipse of the sun, and
to examine the Norwegian glaciers. The tour
was a very fatiguing one, and Forbes returned
home with his health greatly impaired. He
began his classes in November 1851, but was
attacked by haemorrhage, which proved to be
the precursor of a long and dangerous illness^
In the succeeding January he moved from
Edinburgh to Clifton, which was his head-
quarters for two years. His enforced leisure
•was employed in the composition of his ' Dis-
sertation on the Progress of Mathematical
and Physical Science,' principally from 1775
to 1850, for the eighth edition of the 'Ency-
clopaedia Britannica,' and in preparing for the
press a work on ' Norway and its Glaciers,'
similar in character to his ' Glaciers of the
Alps.' The university of Oxford conferred
the honorary degree of D.C.L. on Forbes in
June 1853. He resumed his class work in
the session of 1854-5, and continued it, with
but little interruption from illness, until 1859,
being latterly assisted by Dr. Balfour Stewart.
The foundation of the Alpine Club in 1858
was regarded by Forbes with keen interest,
and he was elected an honorary member.

In 1859 Brewster resigned the principal-
ship of the United College, St. Andrews,
on becoming principal of Edinburgh Uni-
versity. Forbes offered himself for the va-
cancy, with the recommendation of Sir G.
Cornewall Lewis, the Duke of Argyll, and
Mr. Gladstone. He received the appoint-
ment on 2 Dec. 1859, and resigned his pro-
fessorship at Edinburgh University in the fol-
lowing April, when he received the honorary
degree of LL.D. The Scottish University

Commission was sitting, and Forbes had to
supply it with information and suggestions.
He proved himself to be an able and a fear-
less reformer, and the college was also in-
debted to him for a laborious examination
and classification of its ancient charters. The
collegiate church of St. Salvator was in great
part restored by his action. He gave lec-
tures on glaciers, climate, heat, and the history
of discovery, and endeavoured to complete
his researches on the conductivity of iron.
In consequence of continued weak health
Forbes was obliged to decline the presidency
of the British Association in 1864. From
this time forward there was no recovery in
his condition. The last public act he per-
formed was to preside at the ceremonial of
the laying of the foundation-stone of the new
college hall at St. Andrews — a building which
owed its existence entirely to his own ex-
ertions. By September 1867 he had to go to
the Riviera for his health. His weakness
obliged him to decline an offer of the presi-
dency of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
In the summer he returned to Clifton, to be
under the care of Dr. Symonds. He lingered
for eight months, and died on 31 Dec. 1868.

Forbes, though somewhat cold in manner,
united to a very sensitive nature a high moral
courage, while his domestic affections were
unusually warm. He was methodical and
persevering, and his cousin, Bishop Forbes,
says that his ' sense of right amounted to
chivalry.' He was a strict disciplinarian, and
somewhat over-sensitive about his claims to
scientific reputation (Life, p. 467), but he
was universally respected, and was beloved
by his intimate friends. He left a great mass
of correspondence, which is said to be of
much interest, but too much concerned with
personal controversy to be published at pre-
sent. He was an attached member of the
episcopal church of Scotland. Forbes had
two sons, Edward Batton and George, and
three daughters, one of whom died before,
and the others soon after him.

An original experimenter upon heat, Forbes,
beginning with Mellon i's thermo-multiplier,
measured the refractive index of rock-salt
with heat from various sources, luminous and
non-luminous, and was led in early life to his
most brilliant discovery, viz. the polarisation
of heat, by transmission through tourmaline
and thin mica plates, and by reflection from
the latter. ' By employing mica for depo-
larisation, he succeeded in showing the double
refraction of non-luminous heat — a fact of
which this experiment remains the only proof.
He also produced circularly polarised heat
of two internal reflections, using Fresnel's
rhombs made of rock-salt. He thus esta-

Forbes

400

Forbes

Wished by these researches the identity of
thermal and luminous radiations.' Professor
P. G. Tait, in his survey of the scientific work
of Forbes, observes that his ' discovery of the
polarisation of heat will certainly form an
epoch in the history of natural philosophy.'
At a later stage Forbes determined the ther-
mal conductivity of trap-tufa sandstone and
pure loose sand, and finally obtained quan-
titative measurements of the absolute thermal
conductivity of iron at various temperatures,
and showed that this is diminished (contrary
to the assumption of Fourier) by increase of
temperature, thus following the known laws
of electrical conductivity.

But Forbes is equally well known by his
glacier theory, which he summed up in the
statement that ' a glacier is an imperfect fluid
or viscous body which is urged down slopes of
a certain inclination by the mutual pressure
of its parts.' The analogy between glaciers
and viscous bodies had been vaguely noticed
by previous observers, such as Bordier (1773),
Basil Hall, and especially Bishop Rendu of
Ann6cy. Forbes was undoubtedly the first
to obtain accurate measurements, and to
establish a definite base for future theories.
He was, as Professor Tait says (ib. p. 511),
' the Copernicus or Kepler of this science.'
He announced facts, though he did not pro-
perly give a physical theory. The facts were
sufficient to explode the so-called gravitation
and dilatation theories previously current, and
they have been partly explained by theories
of W. Hopkins, Faraday, James and Sir
"William Thomson, and Professor Tyndall.
Forbes's substantial originality is unques-
tionable, and Professor Tyndall says that
his book was ' worth all other books on the
subject taken together.' Some unfortunate
discussions arose as to his relations to other
inquirers. His first observations were made
.during a visit to Agassiz's hut on the lower
Aar glacier in 1841. Forbes claimed to have
been the first to notice the ' veined structure'
in glaciers, and it seems that he was cer-
tainly the first to recognise its importance
and publish an account of it. Professor Guyot
of Neufchatel had noticed it previously, but
his notes remained in manuscript. Agassiz
had also apparently seen it, but without at-
taching importance to it. Two honourable men
were alienated by the discussions arising out
of this, and by an alleged want of recognition
on Forbes's part of Agassiz's previous work.
Professor Tyndall, in his ' Glaciers of the Alps '
(1860), gave an account of Rendu's specula-
tions, which Forbes and his friends considered
to attribute too much to the earlier inquirer.
Forbes wrote a ( reply,' now appended to his
' Life.' He had certainly himself called at-

tention to Rendu's work in his first book,
and Rendu afterwards wrote to him in the
friendliest terms, showing no sense of injury.
He must be acquitted of any intentional
unfairness, and may fairly claim to have
founded the scientific study of the pheno-
mena. Full information may be found in
Forbes's 'Life' and in the papers there re-
ferred to, with which should be compared
Professor Tyndall's ' Principal Forbes and his
Biographers' (1873). Forbes's chief work,
' Travels through the Alps of Savoy and other
parts of the Pennine Chain, with Observations
on the Phenomena of Glaciers/ appeared in
1843. It is the most charming, as well as
most scientifically important of all books of
Alpine travel. A list of 149 publications of
various kinds, chiefly papers in the ' Proceed-
ings ' of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, is ap-
pended to his 'Life,' besides which he contri-
buted articles to the ' Quarterly,' l Edinburgh,'
and other reviews upon scientific subjects.

The Royal Society of London awarded to
Forbes the Rumford medal for his discovery
of the polarisation of heat, and the royal
medal for a paper on the influence of the
atmosphere on the sun's rays. The Keith
medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh was
thrice presented to him, and he occupied the
post of secretary to that society from 1840
till the failure of his health in 1851. Besides
being a fellow of the Royal Societies of Lon-
don and Edinburgh, and of the Geological
Society, he was corresponding member of the
Institute of France, and associate or hono-
rary member of the Bavarian Academy of
Sciences, of the Academy of Palermo, of the
Dutch Society of Sciences (Haarlem), of the
Helvetic Society, of the Pontifical Society,
of the Pontifical Academy of Nuovi Lincei
at Rome, and of the Natural History Societies
of Heidelberg, Geneva, and Vaud ; and ho-
norary member of the Royal Medical Society
of Edinburgh, of the Cambridge, Yorkshire,
St. Andrews, and Isle of Wight Philosophical
Societies, and of the Plymouth and Bristol
Institutions.

[Forbes's Life and Letters, by Principal Shairp,
Professor P. G. Tait, and A. Adams-Reilly, 1873 ;
Professor Forbes and his Biographers, by Pro-
fessor Tyndall, 1873 ; Chambers's Encyclopaedia,
1874 ; Encyclopaedia Britannica (ninth ed.),art.
'Forbes,' 1879; Waller's Imperial Diet.; Forbes's
Scientific Writings.] G. B. S.

FORBES, JAMES OCHONCAR, seven-
teenth LORD FORBES (1765-1843), colonel,,
was the eldest son of James, sixteenth baron,
by Catherine, only daughter of Sir Robert
Innes,bart., of Ortoun. The lands of Forbes in
Aberdeenshire, still in their possession, have
been held by this ancient family since the

Forbes

401

Forbes

reign of William the Lion (1165-1214).
Forbes was born 17 March 1765. He entered
the army as ensign in the Coldstream guards
13 June 1781, became lieutenant and captain
21 April 1786, captain and lieutenant-colonel
23 Aug. 1793, colonel 3 May 1796, major-
general 29 April 1802, lieutenant-general
27 March 1808, and general 12 Aug. 1819.
He served in Flanders with his distinguished
regiment, and was present in the battles and
sieges of St. Amand, Famar, Valenciennes,
Dunkirk, Lincelles, Tournay, Vaux, Gateau,
Nimeguen, Fort St. Andre, &c. He subse-
quently accompanied the expedition to the
Helder, and was present in nearly every action
which took place in that campaign. He was
appointed second in command of the troops
in the Mediterranean in March 1808, and in
the same year sailed for Sicily. He was made
colonel of the 94th foot 14 April 1809, of the
54th foot 23 Sept. 1809, and of the 21st foot
1 June 1816, which he held till his death.

Forbes succeeded his father in the title in
1804, and was chosen a representative peer
in 1806. He married at Crailing, 2 June
1792, Elizabeth, eldest daughter and heiress of
Walter Hunter, esq. , of Polmood, in the county
of Peebles, and Orailing, in the county of
Roxburgh, by the Lady Caroline Mackenzie,
fourth daughter of George, earl of Cromarty,
by whom he had ten children. His eldest
son, the Hon. James Forbes, was an officer
in the Coldstream guards in the Peninsula
and at Waterloo, but predeceased his father
in 1835. Forbes was constituted in 1826
high commissioner of the church of Scot-
land. He died 4 May 1843 at Bregenz, on
the Lake of Constance, in his seventy-ninth
year, and was succeeded by his second but
•eldest surviving son, Walter, eighteenth lord
£ q. v.] Forbes was a baronet of Nova Scotia,
and a knight of St. Januarius of Sicily.

[Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; Colburn's
United Service Mag. 1843, pt. ii. 319 ; Account
of Eoyal Military Chapel, Wellington Barracks,
1882 ; private communications from family.]

E. H-K.

FORBES, JOHN (1571-1606), Capuchin
friar, known as FATHER ARCHANGEL, born
in Scotland in 1571, was the second son of
John, eighth lord Forbes, by his first wife,
the Lady Margaret Gordon, eldest daughter
of George Gordon, fourth earl of Huntly,
the leader of the Scottish catholics at the
time of the Reformation. Lord Forbes was
a protestant, and eventually drove his wife
away from his house on account of her con-
tinued attachment to the ancient form of
religion. Their son John adhered to the same
faith, being encouraged to do so by his elder

VOL. XIX.

brother William, who had gone to Flanders
and joined the Capuchin order, and by his
uncle, Father James Gordon, the celebrated
Jesuit. Having changed clothes with a shep-
herd boy, he crossed over to Antwerp, where
he was arrested by a soldier of the Spanish
army and imprisoned as a spy in the citadel.
On recovering his liberty he learned Flemish
and Latin ; and on 2 Aug. 1593 he received
the habit of a novice in the Capuchin monas-
tery at Tournay. On the same day in the
following year he took the solemn vows. He
was remarkable for his zeal and piety, and
resided in succession in the houses of his
order at Bruges and Antwerp. It is related
that at Dixmude he converted three hundred
Scottish soldiers to the catholic religion. His
mother ultimately went to Flanders, and a
pension was granted to her by the king of
Spain. She died at Ghent on 1 Jan. 1605-6,
and her son John survived her only seven
months, dying on 2 Aug. 1606. He was
buried in the nave of the Capuchin Church
at Termonde. He and his brother William,
also called in religion Father Archangel
(who died 21 March 1591-2), are regarded
as distinguished ornaments of the Capuchin
branch of the Franciscan order.

The life of John Forbes was written in
Latin by Father Faustinus Cranius of Diest,
under the title of f Alter Alexius, natione
Scotus, nobili familia oriundus, nuper in
Belgium felici S. Spiritus afflatu delatus, et
infamiliam Seraphici Patris S. Francisci Cap-
pucinorum adscriptus, sub nomine F. Arch-
angeli,' Cologne, 1620, 12mo. It was trans-
lated into Italian under the title of ' Narrativa
della Vita d'un Figlio et d'una Madre,' Mo-
dena, 1634, 4to. An English version, with
Forbes's portrait prefixed, engraved by J.
Picart, was printed at Douay, 1623, 8vo, to-
gether with a memoir of Father Benedict
Canfield [q. v.], and < The Life of the Re-
verend Fa. Angel of loyevse, Capvchin
Preacher.' These three biographies had pre-
viously appeared in French at Paris in 1621.

[Life by Faustinus Cranius ; Harl. MS. 7035,
pp. 182-7; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 22;
Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vii. 550; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of England, 5th edit. ii. 82 ; Douglas
and Wood's Peerage of Scotland, i. 593 ; Evans's
Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 15985; Notes
and Queries, 3rd ser. xi. 455; The Brothers
Archangel, by an English Catholic, Lond. 1872;
Michel's Les Ecossais en France, ii. 276.] T. C.

FORBES, JOHN (1568 P-1634), minister
of Alford, Aberdeenshire, was the third son
of William Forbes of Corse, Aberdeenshire,
whose ancestor, a son of the second Lord
Forbes, received Corse and other lands from
James III, to whom he was armour-bearer.

D D

Forbes

402

Forbes

William Forbes, an early adherent of the
Reformation, married Elizabeth, daughter of
Alexander Strachan of Thornton. Of their
sons, Patrick, the eldest [q.v.], became bishop
of Aberdeen, William, the second, founded
the family of Craigievar, and Arthur [q. v.],
the fourth, that of the Earls of Granard in
Ireland. John was born about 1568, edu-
cated at the university of St. Andrews, where
he took the degree of M.A. in 1583, and was
ordained minister of Alford in 1593. He
soon rose to distinction in the church, and
when the proceedings of the synods of Aber-
deen and Moray against the Marquis of
Huntly — the pillar of Romanism in the north
— were interfered with by the privy council,
he was sent by them to London to seek
redress from the king. In their letter to
James they state that Forbes had been spe-
cially chosen because of 'his fidelity and
uprightness, and his sincere affection borne
to the kingdom of God, his majesty's ser-
vice and peace of the land.' He went to
court in March 1605, was graciously received
by the king, and succeeded in the object of
his mission. In July following he was ap-
pointed moderator of the Aberdeen assem-
bly, which was held contrary to the king's
orders ; and when he and others were sum-
moned before the privy council to answer for
their disobedience, they declined its juris-
diction, as the matter was spiritual, and
offered to submit their conduct to the judg-
ment of the church. For this Forbes and
five others were imprisoned in Blackness,
tried for high treason, found guilty by a
packed jury, and banished from the king's
dominions for life. After taking an affecting
farewell of their friends the exiles sailed from
Leith for Bordeaux 7 Nov. 1606. On reach-
ing France Forbes visited Boyd of Trochrig
at Saumur, and then went to Sedan. For
some years he appears to have travelled much,
visiting the reformed churches and univer-
sities, in which many of his countrymen then
held professorships. In 1611 he was settled
as pastor of a British congregation at Middel-
burg, and in the following year he and his
brother Arthur, then an officer in the Swedish
service, spent several weeks at Sedan with
their kinsman, Andrew Melville. Soon after
this he was offered release from banishment
on conditions which he could not accept. In
1616 he was in London for several months,
and saw the king, who promised to revoke
his sentence of exile, but the promise was not
fulfilled. After a ministry of ten years at
Middelburg, where he was greatly respected,
he became pastor of the British church at
Delft. In 1628 Charles I, influenced by Laud,
began to interfere with the worship and dis-

cipline of the English and Scots churches in
the Netherlands, and Forbes was ultimately
removed from his charge. He died in 1634,
aged about sixty-six. He was held in honour
by the reformed churches abroad for his cha-
racter, talents, and learning, and was revered
by many of his own countrymen as one who
had suffered for righteousness' sake. He
married Christian, daughter of Barclay of
Mathers. Two of his sons were colonels in
the Dutch service, one of whom afterwards
fought on the side of the covenanters, a third,
Patrick (1611 ?-l 680) [q. v.], became bishop of
Caithness, and a fourth minister of Abercorn.
His three daughters married in Scotland.

He was the author of the following : 1 . * The
Saint's Hope, and infallibleness thereof/
Middelburg, 1608. 2. Two sermons, Middel-
burg, 1608. 3. 'A Treatise tending to the clear-
ing of Justification,' Middelburg, 1616. 4. l A
Treatise how God's Spirit may be discerned
from Man's own Spirit,' London, 1617. 5. Four
sermons on 1 Tim. vi. 13-16, 1635. 6. A
sermon on 2 Tim. ii. 4, Delft, 1642. 7. < Cer-
tain Records touching the Estate of the Kirk
in 1605 and 1606,' Edinb. Wodrow Soc. 1846.

[Scott's Fasti ; Lumsden's House of Forbes ;
Life by Laing prefixed to Certain Records, &c. ;
Young's Life of Welsh ; Wodrow MSS. in Libr.
of Grlasg. Univ. ; Calderwood's Hist. ; J. Mel-
ville's Autob. ; M'Crie's Life of A. Melville.]

G-. W. S. ,

FORBES, JOHN (1593-1648), of Corse,
professor of divinity, second son of Patrick
Forbes of Corse, bishop of Aberdeen [q. v.], and
Lucretia, daughter of David Spens of Wor-
miston, Fifeshire, was born on 2 May 1593,
and entered King's College, Aberdeen, in 1607.
In 1612 he visited his exiled uncle at Middel-
burg, and then passed to the university of
Heidelberg. There he studied theology under
the care of David Pareus, and made good
use of the famous library, rich in Eastern
manuscripts, for which the university was
celebrated. He remained there till 1615,
when he removed to Sedan, and continued
his studies under his kinsman and hereditary
friend Andrew Melville. He afterwards spent
some time at other foreign universities, and
was ordained at Middelburg in April 1619,
by his uncle, John Forbes (1568 P-1634),
[q. v.], and other presbyters. He married
about this time a Middelburg lady, Soete
Roosboom, and returned the same year to
Aberdeen, of which his father was then
bishop. In 1620 he was appointed by the
synod professor of divinity in King's College,
a post for which he was pre-eminently quali-
fied by his talents and character, his classi-
cal and Hebrew scholarship, and his profound
acquaintance with the history and literature

Forbes

403

Forbes

of the Christian church. His course of lec-
tures comprehended the history of doctrine,
moral theology as based on the Decalogue,
and the duties of the pastoral office. His
first publication, ' Irenicum Amatoribus Ve-
ritatis et Pacis in Ecclesia Scoticana,' Aber-
deen, 1629, was highly commended by Arch-
bishop Ussher. In this work he defends
with great learning and moderation the law-
fulness of episcopacy, and of the innovations
in worship allowed by the synod of Perth in
1618. On his father's death in 1635 he suc-
ceeded to the estate of Corse, his elder brother
having predeceased him. He contributed a
Latin sermon, a 'Dissertatio de Visione Beati-
fica,' and Latin verses to the bishop's * Fune-
rals,' and probably supervised the whole col-
lection. In February 1637 he took some part
in furthering Dime's plans for uniting the
reformed and Lutheran churches. Charles I's
measures for remodelling the church of Scot-
land provoked religious strife and the sign-
ing of the national covenant by multitudes.
Forbes, though he deplored the action of the
king, considered the covenant an unlawful

Subjects in Scotland.' In July following
the Earl of Montrose, Henderson, and other
covenanting leaders, lay and clerical, visited
Aberdeen to make converts to their cause.
Forbes and five other doctors of divinity put
into their hands a paper containing queries
concerning the covenant, and a famous dis-
cussion followed, which was conducted in
writing. The doctors argued against the
covenant as unlawful in itself, and as abjur-
ing episcopacy and Perth articles, to which
they had sworn obedience at their ordination.
In 1639 subscription was made compulsory.
Great efforts were made to induce Forbes to
sign. The covenanters acknowledged his
orthodoxy and high Christian character, and
delayed proceedings in his case in the hope
of his submission. After much perplexity
he gave his final answer, that he could not
profess what his conscience condemned, and
he was thereupon deprived of his chair, and
forced to leave the official residence, which
he had himself given to the university. The
synod of Aberdeen petitioned the general as-
sembly to allow him to continue his profes-
sorial duties without taking the covenant,
but this was refused. He made no separa-
tion from the church, now presbyterian, but
attended its services and received the com-
munion as formerly. At the time of his or-
dination he probably preferred presbytery,
but his mature views on the subject were
' that episcopacy is legitimate and agreeable
to the word of God, that in churches governed

by the common council of presbyters there is
a defect, but that it is not essential, and does
not destroy the nature of the church, nor
j abrogate the right of ordination and juris-
j diction,' In 1643 the solemn league and
covenant was sanctioned by the assembly and
parliament, and all adults were ordered to
j swear it on pain of confiscation, and of being
I declared enemies to God, king, and country.
For Forbes, who thought the solemn league
vastly more objectionable than the national
covenant, obedience was out of the question,
and to escape prosecution he sailed for Camp-
vere 5 April 1644, with his son George, the
sole survivor of nine children borne him by
Soete Roosboom, who had died in 1640. He
visited the chief towns in the Netherlands,
but made his headquarters at Amsterdam,
where he prepared for the press his great work,
' Instructiones Historico-Theologicae de Doc-
trina Christiana, et vario rerum statu, ortisque
erroribus et controversiis, jam inde a tempo-
ribus Apostolicis ad tempora usque seculi de-
cimi-septimi priora,' Amsterdam, 1645. This
work received the imprimatur of foreign di-
vines and theological faculties, and gained
him the reputation of being one of the greatest
theologians of the reformed church. Burnet
says of him that he was ' perhaps inferior to
no man of his age,' and of this work that ' if
he had been suffered to enjoy the privacies of
his retirement and study to give us the second
volume, it had been the greatest treasure of
theological learning that perhaps the world
has yet seen' (Pref. to Life of Bedell). In
Holland Forbes preached frequently in the
Scots and English churches, and often joined
in the Dutch and French services, receiving

portunity. He returned to Aberdeen in July
1646, and spent the remainder of his life in
seclusion at Corse. He died 29 April 1648,
and was buried in the churchyard of Leochel.
He had lived an eminently devout and Chris-
tian life, and was emphatically ' a lover of
truth and peace.' His ' Diary,' or ' Spiritual
Exercises,' kept from 3 Feb. 1624 till the
end of 1647, reveals throughout the character
of a saint. He was small in stature, of a dark
complexion, studied standing, and when at
Aberdeen sought recreation in the game of
golf. His son George married a daughter of
Kennedy of Kermuck. A second edition of
the ' Instructiones ' was published at Geneva
in 1680, and in 1702-3 his whole Latin
works were printed at Amsterdam in two
folio volumes. This edition contains a Latin
translation of the diary, posthumous trea-
tises on moral theology and the ' Pastoral
Care,' and his previously printed works, with
additions and corrections from his manu-

D D 2

Forbes

404

Forbes

scripts. The original English copy of the
' Diary ' is preserved at Fintray House by
his representatives and has never been pub-
lished.

[Life by Dr. Garden, prefixed to his Works ;
Irving's Lives of Scottish Writers; Bishop
Forbes's Funerals (Spottiswoode Society, Edin-
burgh), 1845.] G. W. S.

FORBES, JOHN (1714-1796), admiral
of the fleet, second son of George, third earl
of Granard [q. v.], was born in Minorca on
17 July 1714, and first went to sea in May
1726, on board the Burford, commanded
by his uncle, the Hon. Charles Stewart, in
the Mediterranean. In 1729 he followed
Stewart to the Lion, went out with him to
the West Indies, and was made a lieutenant
by him in 1731. He afterwards served in
that rank on board the Britannia, with Sir
John Norris, at Lisbon, and in 1737 was
promoted by him to be captain of the Poole.
In 1738 he commanded the Port Mahon on
the Irish station; in 1739 commanded the
Severn of 50 guns in the Channel ; in 1740
was moved into the Tiger ; and in 1741 into
the Guernsey, in which he went out to the
Mediterranean. In 1742 he was appointed by
Admiral Mathews to the Norfolk of 80 guns,
in which ship he took an honourable part in
the ill-managed action off Toulon on 11 Feb.
1743-4. In September 1745, ' there being no
appearance of service in the Mediterranean,
he quitted the fleet and returned by land to
England to take care of his health that was
very much impaired ' (Memoirs of the Earls
of Granard, p. 173). In the following year
he was a witness at the court-martial on
Vice-admiral Lestock, against whom his tes-
timony bore heavily ; and in 1747, being pro-
moted to be rear-admiral of the blue, he went
out overland ' through Germany and Italy to
serve in the fleet in the Mediterranean under
Vice-admiral Byng.' In 1749 he was left
commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean ;
and in 1754, • being then at the German Spa,
he was offered the command of the squadron
preparing for the East Indies ; but his health
being very imperfect he thought it his duty to
decline the service ' (ib. p. 174) ; and for the
same reason he refused the government of
New York. He was still in feeble health in
1755 when war with France again broke out ;
and, being unable to serve at sea, he accepted,
in December 1756, a seat at the admiralty,
which, with the exception of two months in
1767, he occupied till April 1763. His name is,
perhaps, now best known for his honest and
sturdy, though curiously illogical, refusal to
sign the warrant for the execution of Admiral
Byng. In consequence of this disagreement

with his colleagues Forbes retired from the
board on 6 April, but was reappointed on
29 June 1757. In 1755 he had been pro-
moted to the rank of vice-admiral, and in
January 1758 to be admiral of the blue. On
quitting the admiralty in 1763 he was ap-
pointed general of marines. In 1751 he had
been returned to the Irish parliament as
member for the borough of St. Johnstown ;
he was now in 1764 returned for Mullingar.
* He consented to these returns, the first time
to preserve peace in the county, and the
second, to support family interest; for he
was ever disinclined to be in parliament, and
therefore made it a condition when he ac-
cepted a place at the admiralty board that
he should not be brought into the British
parliament' (ib. p. 175). From this time he
took no active part in public business, though
he is said to have been frequently consulted
on naval affairs. He describes himself as
spending much time in reading, his wretched
health permitting him little other solace ;
he, however, wrote a ' Memoir of the Earls of
Granard,' the manuscript of which, dated in
1770, was published by the Earl of Granard
in 1868. In 1770 he was made admiral of
the white ; and on the death of Lord Hawke
in 1781 was advanced to the high rank of
admiral of the fleet, which he held till his1
death on 10 March 1796. A story is told —
but with a suspicious want of detail — that
the government (at some unfixed date), being
desirous of conferring the generalship of ma-
rines on { a noble lord, very high in the naval
profession, and very deservedly a favourite
of his sovereign and his country,' offered
Forbes a pension of 3,000/. a year and a
peerage to descend to his daughter, in com-
pensation for the resignation which they re-
quested ; but that Forbes refused, saying that
the generalship of marines was a military
employment, and that he would not accept
of a pension nor bargain for a peerage ; but
would lay the generalship of marines and his
rank in the navy at the king's feet, ' entreat-
ing him to take both away, if they could for-
ward his service ' (Gent. Mag. vol. Ixvi. pt. i.
p. 260). It is difficult to see the peculiar
nobility of refusing to accept a pension in
lieu of a sinecure. And if this had been a
military employment the case would have
been even worse ; since, as we are told, ' for
the last twenty years of his life he was never
able to stand ; nor could he scarce turn him-
self in bed without assistance, being lame in
both hands and feet. He was a singular in-
stance of longevity accompanied by so much
infirmity' (ib.} His portrait by Komney,
now in the Painted Hall at Greenwich (to
which-it was given by his daughters), corro-

Forbes

405

Forbes

berates this miserable account. It shows
the face of a man not yet old, but worn and
pinched.

Forbes married, in 1758, Lady Mary Capel,
daughter of William, third earl of Essex,
and by her had two daughters, twins ; one
of whom, Catherine Elizabeth, married the
Hon. William Wellesley-Pole, afterwards
third Earl of Mornington ; the other, Maria
Elinor, married the Hon. John Charles Vil-
liers, afterwards third Earl of Clarendon.

[Memoirs of the Earls of Granard ; Cbarnock's
Biog. Nav. iv. 338 ; Naval Chronicle, xxv. 265,
with an engraving of Komney's portrait ; Gent.
Mag. 1796, vol. Ixvi. pt. i. p. 260.] J. K. L.

FORBES, JOHN (1733-1808), of Ske-
later, usually known as FOKBES-SKELATEK,
general in the Portuguese service, was the
only son of Patrick Forbes of Skelater in
Aberdeenshire, a branch of the Forbes of
Corse. He entered the army when a boy of
fifteen as a volunteer at the siege of Maes-
tricht, and was successful in winning a com-
mission. He was essentially a soldier of
fortune, and when Portugal applied to Eng-
land for officers to reorganise her army under
the Count of Lippe Buckeburg, he was one
of the first to volunteer. Forbes remained in
Portugal after the termination of the seven
years' war; and as he was a catholic and
had married a Portuguese lady, he had no
difficulty in getting employment. He acted
for many years as adjutant-general of the
Portuguese army, but at last, in 1789, he
was asked to resign, owing to the jealousy
of the Portuguese officers, and was made a
knight of the order of Aviz, and promoted
general. When Portugal decided to join the
war against the French revolution, a corps
was sent to assist the Spanish army in Rous-
sillon, under the command of Forbes. The
Portuguese soldiers behaved well, but the
commanders of the Spanish army were always
at variance, and Forbes himself had much
trouble with his adjutant-general, Gomes
Freire de Andrade. In the result the French
republicans utterly defeated the combined
Spanish-Portuguese army, and Forbes re-
turned to Portugal with his corps. He was
too old to seek further active service, so he
went to Brazil with the Queen Maria Pia, the
prince regent, and the court when they fled
before Junot, and on arrival there he was
appointed governor of Rio de Janeiro, in
which city he died on 8 April 1808.

[Gent. Mag. September 1808; Diego deLemos's
Historia de Portugal.] H. M. S.

FORBES, JOHN, M.D. (1799-1823), bo-
tanist, was born in 1799, and became a pupil
of Shepherd of the Liverpool botanic garden.

The Horticultural Society despatched him to
the east coast of tropical Africa, and for this
he left London in February 1822, in the expe-
dition commanded by Captain William Owen.
He sent home some considerable collections
from Madeira, Rio, the Cape, and Madagascar,
after which he determined to march up the
Zambesi to the Portuguese station Zumbo,
three hundred leagues from the mouth of the
river, and thence southwards to the Cape,
but he succumbed to fatigue and privation
at Senna, in August 1823, before accomplish-
ing half the distance. The genus Forbesia,
Eckl., commemorates the unfortunate col-
lector.

[Revue Encyc. xii. 574 ; Nouvelle Biographie
Generale, xviii. 146; Lasegue'sMuseeBot.Deless.
p. 376.] B. D. J.

FORBES, SIE JOHN (1787-1861), phy-
sician, fourth son of Alexander Forbes, was
born in December 1787 at Cuttlebrae, Banff-
shire, N.B. In 1799 he went to the academy
of Fordyce, where he passed three years.
Here he was a schoolfellow of Sir James
Clark [q. v.], with whom he formed a life-
long friendship. Having obtained a bursary
to the grammar school at Aberdeen, he pro-
ceeded thither in 1802, and in the following
year entered Marischal College, where he re-
mained till 1806. He then went to Edin-
burgh, and took the diploma of surgery, and
entered the navy as assistant-surgeon in 1807.
He used to mention that he came up to Lon-
don by a Leith smack, and was fourteen days
on the passage, and that he spent three more
days and nights on the journey to join his
ship at Plymouth. He served chiefly in the
North Sea and in the West Indies, and re-
mained in the navy till the reduction in 1816,
when he was placed on half-pay. He then re-
turned to study in Edinburgh, and graduated
there as M.D. in 1817. His inaugural disser-
tation. ' De Mentis Exercitatione et Felici-
tate exinde derivanda,' was characteristic of
the man, and served as the basis of a little
work published many years afterwards, ' Of
Happiness in its Relation to Work and
Knowledge,' 1850. He settled as a physician
at Penzance, where he succeeded Dr. J. A.
Paris [q. v.], who had recently removed to
London. Here he remained about five years,
and during the greater part of this time de-
voted himself chiefly to meteorological and
geological pursuits, the results of which were
his ' Observations on the Climate of Pen-
zance' (1821) and two elaborate papers in
the ' Transactions of the Provincial Medical
and Surgical Association ' (vol. ii. 1834, vol.
iv. 1836) on < The Medical Topography of the
Hundred of Penwith, comprising the Dis-

Forbes

406

Forbes

trict of the Landsend in Cornwall.' In 1820
he married a daughter of John Burgh, esq.,
H.E.I.C., who died in 1851, and by whom he
had one son, who survived him. In 1822 he
removed to Chichester, as successor to Dr.
(afterwards Sir William) Burnett [q. v.], who
had recently removed to London. Here he
had for about a year a rival in Dr. John
Conolly [q. v.], but as there was not room
for two physicians Conolly left the place, con-
tinuing, however, to be his intimate friend
and literary co-operator. Forbes had a good
practice at Chichester, amounting frequently
to 1,500/. a year, and was very popular,
both as a man and as a physician. He
was an active supporter of the charitable,
scientific, and literary institutions of the
place, and especially was mainly instrumen-
tal in founding the infirmary in 1827, which
was the first general hospital established in
the county. His principal professional works
were undertaken and partly completed at
Chichester. He had in 1821 published a
translation of Laennec's great work on ' Me-
diate Auscultation,' with the description of
the newly invented stethoscope. Forbes exe-
cuted his translation well, and it reached a
fifth edition in 1838 ; but it is chiefly credit-
able to him as showing how much he was
in advance of most of the physicians of the
day, by many of whom Laennec's great dis-
covery was treated with contempt and ridi-
cule. It is curious, after the lapse of nearly
seventy years, to see how entirely Forbes's
anticipations (as expressed in his preface)
have been falsified by the result, but only
because the instrument has obtained a suc-
cess so far exceeding his most sanguine expec-
tations. Although certain that the stetho-
scope will be acknowledged to be one of the
greatest discoveries in medicine, he doubts
whether it will ever come into general use.
In 1824 he followed up the subject by a trans-
lation of Auenbrugger's remarkable work,
' Inventum novum ex Percussione Thoracis
Humani ut signo abstrusos interni pectoris
morbos detegendi ' (Vienna, 1761), which was
comparatively unknown in England. He
addecl to the translation some* Original Cases
. . . illustrating the Use of the Stethoscope
and Percussion in the Diagnosis of Diseases
of the Chest.' He next undertook, in con-
j unction with Drs. Tweedie and John Conolly,
the ' Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine,' which
was begun in 1832, issued in parts with re-
markable regularity, and finished in four large
octavo volumes in 1835. It was the work
of sixty-seven writers, including some of the
most eminent physicians of the day. Forbes
himself was said to be ' the life of the work,'
and contributed to it several excellent ar-

ticles, besides a ' Select Medical Bibliography,'
which was afterwards published in a separate
form (1835). When this great work was
nearly completed, Forbes planned a continua-
tion, with improvements, of the ' Medical
Quarterly Review,' in hopes of supplying the
profession with a journal of a higher critical
and scientific character than was then in
existence. He induced many of the writers
in the ' Cyclopaedia ' to contribute articles to
the ' British and Foreign Medical Review '
from the beginning, and John Conolly's name
appeared with his own in the title-page of
the first seven volumes. The numbers ap-
peared quarterly ; the first was published in
January 1836. For four years Forbes con-
tinued to reside at Chichester, but in 1840
he removed to London, chiefly with the ob-
ject of improving the ' Review.' This move
no doubt entailed upon him a considerable
pecuniary loss, for he could never expect at
the age of fifty-three (even though, through
the influence of his friend, Sir James Clark,
he was appointed physician to the queen's
household) to obtain a London practice equal
to what he had enjoyed at Chichester. But
he was at this time entirely engrossed in the
1 Review/ the establishment of which was
indeed a great event both in his own life
and also in medical literature. It soon be-
came the leading medical journal in this
country, and its reputation spread not only
all over Europe but also in America, where
it was reprinted. It continued in existence
for twelve years, and was at last terminated
by himself when the circulation began to
fall off continuously. In the last number
(October 1847) he gives a very interesting
history of the ' Review ' from its beginning,
from which it appears that, though it was
for about eight years self-supporting, yet
altogether he lost' about 500/. by the under-
taking. Notwithstanding this he completed
the work by the addition of an excellent index,
which entailed upon him a considerable ex-
pense. This he dedicated to 264 old contri-
butors, friends, and readers, who had com-
bined to present him with a memorial of
their approval and esteem in reference to
his management of the ' Review.' The cir-
culation of the ' Review' was never so large
as had been reached in former years by
its rival, Johnson's ( Medico-Chirurgical Re-
view,' and its discontinuance was no doubt
connected with the offence taken by the pro-
fession at his article (January 1846) entitled
'Homoeopathy, Allopathy, and "Young Phy-
sic."' The article was probably much mis-
understood, and the outcry swelled by writers
who had been personally aggrieved by other
articles in the * Review.' But it is admitted,

Forbes

407

Forbes

even by his admirers (including the late
Edmund Parkes), that he was carried too
far by his love of fairness in approving what
could only be accepted by professed homoeo-
pathists, though he denounced some of the
absurdities of Bahnemann's system. The
article undoubtedly did good in helping to
prove that far too much medicine was habitu-
ally given to patients. When Forbes gave
up the ' Review ' it was amalgamated with
Johnson's, under the title of ' The British and
Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,' and
continued on the same lines till the end of
1877. In 1845 Forbes was made a fellow of
the London College of Physicians, in 1852
an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and in 1853
lie was knighted. He was also a member of
various learned and scientific societies both
in Europe and America. He continued to
live in London till 1859, employing himself
chiefly in benevolent and literary works, and
occasionally making short tours on the con-
tinent, of some of which he wrote an account.
Among other inquiries he gave a good deal
of attention to mesmerism, attempting to
separate the truth from the superincumbent
mass of imposture. He carefully investigated
cases of clairvoyance, and gave a very amusing
account of his detection of the impostors in
some

' Athenaeum
afterwards in a collected form, with the title
4 Illustrations of Modern Mesmerism from
Personal Investigation/ 18mo, 1845. His
last medical work was published in 1857
with the title of ' Nature and Art in the Cure
of Disease,' which he ' bequeathed as a legacy
to his younger brethren,' explaining in it
more fully than had been done in his article
in the 'Review' his ideas on the nature of dis-
eases, and especially their curability by the
powers of nature alone. Not long after the
publication of this work he began to suffer
from symptoms of softening of the brain ;
and in 1859 he left London, and went to live
with his only son (his wife having died some
years before) at Whitchurch, near Reading,
where he died, 13 Nov. 1861. In private life,
while professing, as it is said (Med. Times
and 6r#z.), too little perhaps of the Christian
faith, Forbes was a man to be both loved and
honoured, and few men in the present cen-
tury have done more to promote the cause
of sound medical literature. Besides the
works already mentioned the two following
may be noticed : 1. ' A Physician's Holiday,
or a Month in Switzerland in the Summer
of 1848.' 2. l Sight-seeing in Germany and
the Tyrol in the Autumn of 1855.'

[Obituary notice in the Lancet ; Med. Times
and Gazette ; Edinb. Med. Journal ; Brit. Med.

Ml UJ. JU.1S UCUCUtlUJJ. \Ji LJU.C IIIIJJWOI/UIO 1JJ.

letters originally published in the
nseum' and the ' Medical Gazette,' and

Journal (and also 5 Aug. 1876, p. 174); Brit,
and For. Med.-Chir. Eev. by E. A. Parkes, re-
printed in a separate form, 1862; article by
Forbes in the last vol. of the Brit, and For. Med.
Eev. ; personal knowledge and recollection.]

W. A. &.

FORBES, JOHN HAY, LOKD MED-
WYtf (1776-1854), Scotch judge, second
son of Sir William Forbes, bart. [q. v.], was
born at Edinburgh in 1776. He was admitted
advocate in 1799, was for some time sheriff-
depute of the county of Perth, and was made
lord of session in January 1825, when he as-
sumed the courtesy title of Lord Medwyn,
from his estate in Perthshire. In December
1830 he was made a lord of justiciary. He
resigned that appointment in May 1847, alto-
gether retired from the bench in October 1852,
and died at Edinburgh, 25 July 1854. He
edited a new edition of ' Thoughts concern-
ing Man's Condition and Duties in this Life,
and his Hopes in the World to come, by Alex-
ander [Forbes (1678-1762) [q. v.], fourth],
Lord [Forbes of] Pitsligo,' with a life of the
author, 1835, 4th ed. Edinburgh, 1854. He
was an attached episcopalian, and did much
to promote the interests of his church in the
Scottish capital. Forbes married Louisa,
daughter of Sir Alexander Cumming Gordon
of Altyre, Elgin, and by her had, with other
children, a son, Alexander Penrose, bishop of
Brechin [q. v.]

[Grent. Mag. September 1854, p. 300; Ander-
son's Scottish Nation, ii. 232 ; Kay's Edinburgh
Portraits, ii. 99.] F. W-T.

FORBES, PATRICK (1564-1635), of
Corse, bishop of Aberdeen, eldest son of Wil-
liam Forbes of Corse and Elizabeth Strachan,
was born in 1564. After attending the high
school of Stirling he studied at the univer-
sities of Glasgow and St. Andrews, under his
kinsman Andrew Melville. He accompanied
Melville in his flight to England in 1584, and
visited Oxford and Cambridge. Returning
to St. Andrews he prosecuted his theological
studies, and was offered a divinity chair, but
this he declined in deference to his father's
wishes. In 1589 he married Lucretia, daugh-
ter of David Spens of Wormiston in Fifeshire.
James Melville tells us that he brought about
this marriage of ' good, godly, and kind Patrick
Forbes of Corse.' Forbes had lived in close
intimacy with both the Melvilles from his boy-
hood. After his marriage he went to Mont-
rose, and resided there till his father's death
in 1598, when he removed to Corse. Besides
attending to his estates, he continued his theo-
logical studies, and diligently expounded the
scriptures to his own family and dependents.
The bishop and clergy earnestly solicited him

Forbes

408

Forbes

to enter the ministry, and, failing in this, be-
sought him to transfer his Sunday expositions
to his parish church, which was then vacant.
His compliance with this request brought
down an order from the king and Archbishop
Gladstanes that he should discontinue his
public ministrations till he received ordina-
tion. He at once submitted, and restricted
himself as before to the religious instruction
of his own household. In 1611 the minister
of Keith in a fit of melancholy committed
suicide, but had time before he died to en-
treat Forbes, by whom he had been comforted,
to become his successor. Forbes, regarding
the call as providential, gave his consent to
the entreaties of the community, and was
ordained and admitted to the pastoral charge
of Keith in 1612. The moderate episcopacy,
which had received the sanction of the as-
sembly in 1610, had been opposed by the
party to which he belonged, but its intro-
duction caused no schism in the church. In
the year of his ordination Forbes published a
' Commentary on the Apocalypse,' being the
substance of lectures on that book which he
had delivered at Corse. A second edition
was printed at Middelburg in 1614 with an
appendix defending the lawful calling of the
ministers of the reformed church against the
Romanists, and in which the doctrine of
apostolical succession is maintained from a
point of view then common to presbyterians
and episcopalians. This work was highly
approved by Andrew Melville, who urged
Forbes's son John to translate it into Latin.
"When the see of Aberdeen fell vacant in
1615 Forbes was thought the ' fittest of all
men for the place/ and professors and clergy
petitioned for his appointment, but another
was preferred. He preached the opening
sermon at the general assembly of 1616, took
a prominent part in its proceedings, and,
with other eminent ministers, was commis-
sioned to revise the confession of faith, liturgy,
and rules of discipline. The see of Aberdeen
was again vacant in 1618, and Forbes was
nominated by the king from regard to his
qualifications and the wishes of the clergy of
the diocese, who, together with all the lead-
ing churchmen of the country, pressed him
to accept the office. He was greatly dis-
tressed and perplexed, not from any objec-
tions to episcopacy, but because of the troubles
caused by the innovations which the king
was then forcing on the church. He at length
yielded and was consecrated on 17 May 1618.
The assembly which met at Perth in August
of that year was ordered by the king to give
its sanction to five articles enjoining kneel-
ing at the communion, the observance of
festivals, confirmation, and the private ad-

ministration of the sacraments in cases of
sickness. Forbes wished the church had not
been troubled with these innovations, but as-
he esteemed them indifferent he went with
the majority in giving effect to the king's
wishes. In the discharge of the duties of
the episcopal office he more than justified the-
great expectations that had been formed of
him. In his own diocese he was regarded
with universal respect and affection, and no-
Scottish bishop stood higher in general esti-
mation. He spent the summer in visiting
the parishes under his care. He travelled
without parade and sometimes paid visits of
surprise, when, after being present at divine-
service without previous intimation, he prir-
vately commended the pastor or corrected
what he saw amiss. He disjoined parishes-
which had been united through the covetous-
ness of the titheholders, and increased the
number of clergy. Reverenced by all classes,
he was frequently made the arbiter of their
disputes, and did much to put down the-
feuds then so prevalent. The two colleges
of Aberdeen were raised by him to a condi-
tion of great prosperity, and by his encourage-
ment of piety and learning he gathered around
him a body of clergy who were ornaments to
their church and country. As a member of
the privy council his opinions were regarded
with the greatest deference by his colleagues.
He strenuously opposed Charles I's plans for
conforming the church to the English pat-
tern, but in 1632 he had a shock of paralysis,,
which incapacitated him for taking much
part in public affairs. He still attended
synods and church, to which he had to be-,
carried, and sometimes preached as it had
been his constant practice to do when in
health. He gave his pastoral counsels from
his bed to crowds of clergy and laity who-
came to visit him. He died on 28 March
1635, and was buried with every mark of
sorrow and respect in the south transept of
his cathedral. Soon after his death a memorial
volume was published entitled 'Funerals/
&c., which contains the highest tributes to.
his worth by the Aberdeen doctors and by
many of the most eminent men in the king-
dom. Archbishop Spottiswoode likens him.
to Bishop Elphinstone, the greatest of his.
predecessors, and says of him : ' So wise, ju-
dicious, so grave and graceful a pastor I have
not known in all my time in any church/
Bishop Burnet says : ' He was a gentleman
of quality and estate, but much more emi-
nent by his learning and piety than his birth
or fortune could make him. He was in all
things an apostolical man ' (Pref. to Life of
Bedell).
A Latin translation of his ' Commentary

Forbes

409

Forbes

on the Apocalypse,' with appendices, was
published at Amsterdam by his son in 1646.
In 1629 the bishop published a small work
entitled ' Eubulus,' &c., which, like his other
writings, is directed against Romanism. There
is a fine portrait of him in the hall of the uni-
versity at Aberdeen, and an engraving in the
first edition of the ' Funerals.' His pulpit
in the college chapel and his tomb both bear
the shield of the Corse family surmounted
by a star instead of a mitre, and a motto
from the Apocalypse, ' Salvation to our God
and to the Lamb.'

Besides his son John (1593-1648) [q. v.],
he had two sons and two daughters.

[Life in Wodrow MSS. (Glasg. Univ.) ; Life of
Dr. John Forbes of Corse, prefixed to Garden's
edition of his Works ; Bishop Forbes's Funerals,
with Memoir (Spottiswoode Soc.), Edinb. 1845.1

G. W. S.

FORBES, PATRICK (1611 P-1680),
bishop of Caithness, was the third son of John
Forbes [q. v.], minister of Alford, Aberdeen-
shire, and afterwards of Delft. He studied at
the university and King's College of Aber-
deen, of which his uncle, the bishop, was chan-
cellor, and took his degree in 1631. Return-
ing to Holland he became an army chaplain.
He was in Scotland in 1638, and signed the
national covenant in presence of the general
assembly held at Glasgow in that year. In
an account of the assembly it is stated that
4 Mr. Patrick Forbes was so much the more
gladly received, that his father before him had
been ane sufferer for the truth of Christ Jesus.
To whom the moderator said these words :
" Come forward, Mr. Patrick. Before ye were
the son of a most worthy father, but now ye
appear to be the most worthy son of ane most
worthy father." ' In 1641 he became minister
of the British church at Delft, in which his
father had officiated. He was an acquaint-
ance and correspondent of Principal Baillie,
who makes favourable mention of him in his
letters of 1644, 1645, and 1646. He com-
mends a manuscript which Forbes had writ-
ten and sent him, and wishes to see it in print.
He asks Spang, minister of the Scots church
at Campvere, to * keep correspondence with
that young man,' and to urge him to 'use dili-
gence ' against the British sectaries in Hol-
land, and to ' write against the anabaptists.'
After a short ministry at Delft he again be-
came a military chaplain (apparently to the
Scots brigade), and continued to officiate in
that capacity till the Restoration. The king,
having restored episcopacy in Scotland, ap-
pointed Forbes, then chaplain to Lord Ru-
therford, governor of Dunkirk, to the bishopric
of Caithness, and with five others he was con-

secrated at the abbey church of Holyrood
7 May 1662 by the archbishops of St. An-
drews and Glasgow and the bishop of Gal-
loway. He had probably received pres-
byterian ordination in Holland, but none of
the presbyterian clergy who were raised to
the episcopate in Scotland were reordained.
Kirkton, referring to his appointment to the
bishopric, calls him ' the degenerate son of
ane excellent father ; ' but in conforming to
episcopacy he had the great body of the Scot-
tish clergy to keep him company. It was the*
schism of the protesters which had kept the
church in anarchy from 1651 that led to the
overthrow of presbytery, and even if it had
stood there was little likelihood of the schism
being healed. Forbes died in 1680, aged about
sixty-nine. Little is known of the manner
in which he discharged his episcopal duties ;
but he had the reputation of being ' an honest-
hearted and holy man.' Wodrow heard from
a Caithness minister that a gentleman who
had been reproved for swearing before the-
bishop replied that he ' had not sworn before
but after his lordship,' and that Forbes was
known as the ' swearing ' bishop. The epi-
thet is an obvious addition to an old story
which had been localised to give it point, and
there is no reason to doubt that in personal
character Forbes was worthy of his traditions
and training. He married in Holland a
daughter of Colonel Erskine, a distinguished
officer of the Scots brigade, and had a family.
His son John, who was commissary of Caith-
ness, died at Craigievar, Aberdeenshire, in
October 1668, and was buried at Leochel in
the Craigievar aisle.

[Scott's Fasti ; Lumsden's House of Forbes ;
Life of Mr. John Forbes prefixed to Forbes's
Records (Wodrow Soc.) ; Statistical Account of
Scotland; Grub's Eccles. Hist, of Scotland;
Steven's Scottish Church, Rotterdam; Wodrow's
Analecta.] G. W. S.

FORBES, ROBERT (1708-1775), bishop
of Ross and Caithness, was born in 1708 at
Rayne in Aberdeenshire, where his father was
schoolmaster. He was educated at Marischal
College, Aberdeen (A.M. 1726). In 1735 he
went to Edinburgh, was ordained priest by
Bishop Freebairn, and ere long appointed
minister of the episcopal congregation at
Leith, a town which was his home for the
rest of his life. In his room there, in 1740,
John Skinner (author of ' Tullochgorum ')
' received baptism ' at his hands ' after that
he had declared that he was not satisfied
with the sprinkling of a layman, a presby-
terian teacher.' On 7 Sept. 1745, when Prince
Charles was on his descent from the high-
lands, Forbes was one of three episcopal

Forbes

410

Forbes

clergymen who were arrested at St. Ninians,
near "Stirling, ' on suspicion of their intend-
ing to join the rebels,' and confined in Stir-
ling Castle till 4 Feb. 1746, and in Edin-
burgh Castle till 29 May following. His arrest
by no means damped his ardour in the cause
of the Stuarts, and it even gave him oppor-
tunities for acquiring information respecting
the events of the campaign from his com-
panions in confinement. In 1769 the epi-
scopal clergy of Ross and Caithness elected
him their bishop, and he was consecrated at
Forfar on 24 June by the primus (Falconer)
and Bishops Alexander and Gerard. He con-
tinued to reside at Leith, but made two visi-
tations of his northern flock in 1762 and
1770. In 1764 he had a new church built
for him, where he ' had a pretty throng audi-
ence ; ' but he would not 'qualify' according
to law, and he was soon reported to govern-
ment. Soldiers were sent to his meeting to
see whether he prayed for King George, and
he was summoned before the colonel-com-
manding (Dalrymple). A minute account
of the interview that ensued is preserved in
his third * Journal.' He made no submis-
sion, but thought it better to have his ser-
vices conducted henceforth without singing ;
and, receiving significant advice from a friend

* to make a visit for some months to the coun-
try, lest some things might happen, should
he stay at home, which would be very dis-
agreeable to him,' he betook himself for some
weeks to London. There he worshipped with
the remnant of the nonjurors, and received
from their bishop (Robert Gordon) a staff
that had once belonged to Bishop Hickes.
On the death of Bishop Gerard in 1765 he was
elected bishop of Aberdeen, but difficulties
arose and he declined the appointment. So
late as 1769 he was at a meeting of Jacobites
at Moffat, when proposals were discussed for
the continuance of the Stuart line and the
Stuart pretensions by marrying Charles Ed-
ward to a protestant. Forbes died at Leith
18 Nov. 1775, and was buried in the Malt-
man's aisle of South Leith parish church. He
was twice married. His second wife, Rachel,
daughter of Ludovick Houston of Johnston,
was as enthusiastic a Jacobite as her hus-
band. The bishop permitted favoured guests
to drink out of Prince Charlie's brogues ;
she sent to the ' royal exile ' the seed-cake
which Oliphant of Gask presented to him.
' Ay/ said Charles,' ' a piece of cake from
Scotland, and from Edinburgh too.' Then,
rising from his seat, and opening a drawer,

* Here,' he said, ' you see me deposit it, and
no tooth shall go upon it but my own.' Forbes
began about 1760 to write in the ' Edinburgh
Magazine,' his articles being chiefly topogra-

phical and antiquarian. He took part in
bringing the communion office of the Scottish
episcopal church to its present state, the edi-
tions of 1763, 1764, and 1765 being printed
under his supervision. The 'Journals' of
his episcopal visitations were edited in 1886
by the Rev. J. B. Craven. In the bishop's
own lifetime appeared ' An Essay on Chris-
tian Burial, and the Respect due to Burying-
Grounds,' by a ' Ruling Elder of the Church
of Scotland ' (1765), and an ' Account of the
Chapel of Roslin' (1774); but his most im-
portant work is the ' Lyon in Mourning,' ten
octavo volumes in manuscript, bound in black,
and filled with collections relative to * the
'45,' with which are bound up a number of
relics of the same expedition. The volumes
date from 1747 to 1775 ; important extracts
from them were published (1834) under the
title of ' Jacobite Memoirs,' by Robert Cham-
bers ; the originals are in the Advocates' Li-
brary, Edinburgh.

[Preface to Chambers's Jacobite Memoirs ;
Life in Bishop R. Forbes's Journals, edited by
the Rev. J. B. Craven ; Grub's Eccl. Hist. ; Dow-
den's Scottish Communion Offices ; Scots Mag.
No. xxxvii.] J. C.

FORBES, WALTER, eighteenth LORD
FORBES (1798-1868), second but eldest sur-
viving son of James Ochoncar, seventeenth
lord [q. v.], by Elizabeth, daughter and heiress
of Walter Hunter, esq., of Polmood, Peebles-
shire, and Crailing, Roxburghshire, was born
at Crailing 29 May 1798. In 1814 he joined
the Coldstream guards, of which his father
had been for twenty-six years an officer, and
in which his elder brother, the Hon. James
Forbes, was then holding a commission. He
was very soon destined to see active service ;
for he was present" with his regiment at
Waterloo, being then probably one of the
youngest officers in the service. But though
so young, he commanded a company at the
defence of Hougoumont. He was in the
3rd company as junior ensign. The captain,
Sir William Gomme, was on the staff; the
next senior officer, Cowell, had been taken ill
the day before, and therefore absent ; and the
other ensign, Vane, wounded ; so after that
Forbes was the only officer present, and
therefore he commanded. He retired from
the army in 1825, having married, 31 Jan.
in that year, Horatia, seventh daughter of
Sir John Gregory Shaw, bart., of Eltham,
Kent, by whom he had a family of seven
children. He succeeded his father as eigh-
teenth lord and premier baron of Scotland
4 May 1843.

Forbes interested himself much in church
matters, and was greatly attached to the

Forbes

411

Forbes

episcopal church in Scotland. He was most
energetic in the origin and foundation of St.
Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, and was one of
its greatest benefactors. Forbes married,
secondly, 4 April 1864, Louisa, daughter of
James Ormond, esq., of Abingdon, by whom
he left at his decease at Richmond, 1 May
1868, two sons. There is a beautiful memo-
rial window in the guards' chapel at the
Wellington Barracks, given by his widow,
and also a tablet to his memory and that of
his father and elder brother, by his son, the
present and nineteenth Lord Forbes.

[Private family communication ; Account of
Royal Military Chapel, Wellington Barracks,
1882.] E. H-R.

FORBES, WILLIAM (1585-1634), first
bishop of Edinburgh, was the son of Thomas
Forbes, a burgess of Aberdeen, descended
from the Corsindac branch of that house, by
his wife, Janet, the sister of Dr. James Car-
gill [q. v.] Born at Aberdeen in 1585, he
was educated at the Marischal College, gra-
duating A.M. in 1601. Very soon after he
held the chair of logic in the same college,
but resigned it in 1606 to pursue his studies
on the continent. He travelled through
Poland, Germany, and Holland, studying at
several universities, and acquiring the friend-
ship, among others, of Scaliger, Grotius, and
Vossius. Returning after five years to Bri-
tain, he visited Oxford, where he was invited
to become professor of Hebrew, but he fell
sick, and was advised to seek his native
northern air. Ordained, probably by Bishop
Blackburn of Aberdeen, he became minister
successively of two rural Aberdeenshire
parishes, Alford and Monymusk ; in Novem-
ber 1616 (pursuant to a nomination of the
general assembly) he was appointed one of
the ministers of Aberdeen ; and at the Perth
assembly in 1618 was selected to defend the
lawfulness of the article there proposed for
kneeling at the holy communion. In the
same year, in a formal dispute between him
and Aidie, then principal of Marischal Col-
lege, he maintained the lawfulness of prayers
for the dead. Such doctrines would not have
been tolerated elsewhere in Scotland, but in
Aberdeen they were received with favour,
and on Aidie's enforced resignation in 1620
the town council of the city, who were
patrons of Marischal College, * thought it
meet and expedient ' that Forbes ' salbe ear-
nestlie dealt with to accept upon him to be
primar [principal] of the said college, with
this alwayis condition, that he continew his
ministrie in teaching twa sermons every
week as he does presentlie.' In the end of
1621 he was chosen one of the ministers of

Edinburgh. He went with reluctance, and
before he had been there many months he
got into trouble with the more unruly of his
flock. His zeal for the observance of the
Perth articles was distasteful to many, and
when he taught that the doctrines of the
Romanists and the reformed could in many
points be easily reconciled, discontent was
succeeded by disorder. Five of the ring-
leaders were dealt with by the privy coun-
cil ; but Forbes felt that his ministry at
Edinburgh was a failure, and more trouble
arising from his preaching in support of the
superiority of bishops over presbyters, he
gladly availed himself of an opportunity to
return to Aberdeen, where in 1626 he re-
sumed his former charge, to the great joy
of the whole community. In 1633, when
Charles I was in Scotland for his coronation,
Forbes preached before him at Holyrood,
and his sermon so pleased the king that he
declared the preacher to be worthy of having
a bishopric created for him. Shortly after-
wards the see of Edinburgh was erected ;
Forbes was nominated to it, and was con-
secrated in February 1634. In the begin-
ning of March he sent an injunction to his
clergy to celebrate the eucharist on Easter
Sunday, to take it themselves on their knees,
and to minister it with their own hands to
every one of the communicants. When
Easter came he was very ill, but he was
able to celebrate in St. Giles ; on returning
home he took to bed, and died on the follow-
ing Saturday, 12 April 1634, aged 44. He
was buried in his cathedral ; his monument
was afterwards destroyed, but a copy of the
inscription is in Maitland's ' History of Edin-
burgh.' A fine portrait of him by his friend
and townsman, Jamesone, is preserved in
the hall of Marischal College, Aberdeen. He
was married, and left a family, of whom one
of the younger sons, Arthur, is said to have
become professor of humanity at St. Jean
d' Angel, near La Rochelle. Forbes's anxiety
for a reconciliation with Rome and his zeal
for episcopacy made him obnoxious to the
presbyterian party in the church of Scot-
land, but his great learning and piety are in-
disputable. * He was,' says Bishop Burnet
(Pref. Life of Bishop Bedell}, ' a grave and
eminent divine ; my father that . . . knew
him well has often told me that he never
saw him but he thought his heart was in
heaven, and was never alone with him but
he felt within himself a commentary on those
words of the apostles, " Did not our hearts
burn within us, while he yet talked with
us, and opened to us the scriptures ? " He
preached with a zeal and vehemence that
made him forget all the measures of time ;

Forbes

412

Forbes

two or three hours was no extraordinary thing
for him.'

Forbes himself published nothing, but in
1658 a posthumous work, ' Considerations
Modestse et Pacificse Controversiarum de
Justificatione, Purgatorio, Invocatione Sanc-
torum Christo Mediatore, et Eucharistia,'
was published from his manuscripts by T. G.
(Thomas Sydeserf, bishop of Galloway). Other
editions appeared at Helmstadt (1704) and
Frankfort-on-the-Main (1707) ; while a third,
with an English translation by Dr. William
Forbes, Burntisland (Oxford, 1856), forms
part of the 'Anglo-Catholic Library/ Though
lacking the author's final touches, and in
parts a mere fragment, it is yet a work of
great depth and learning; it deals with what
may be called the imperial questions of the
Christian church, and from its combined se-
riousness and moderation it has powerfully
affected many who have had at heart, like
Forbes, reunion of the church on a catholic
scale. Besides the ' Considerations,' Forbes
wrote * Animadversions on the works of Bel-
larmine,' which was used by his friend and
colleague at Marischal College, Dr. Baron
(1593 P-1639) [q. v.], but the manuscripts
seem to have perished in the ' troubles ' which
so soon began. A summary of his sermon
before Charles I is given in the folio edition
(1702-3) of the works of Dr. John Forbes.

[Vita Auctoris, prefixed to Considerationes
Modestae; Eecords of Town Council and Kirk
Session of Aberdeen ; Gordon's Scots Affairs (and
other publications of the Spalding Club), Cal-
derwood, Burnet, Wodrow MSS. (Glasgow Univ.
Libr.); Bayle's Dictionary; Irving's Lives of
Scottish Writers ; Grub's Eccles. Hist. &c.]

JVC.

FORBES, SIR WILLIAM (1739-1806),
of Pitsligo, banker and author, was born in
Edinburgh 5 April 1739. His father, al-
though heir to a Nova Scotia baronetcy, was
an advocate, being constrained to follow a
profession, as the family estate, Monymusk,
Aberdeenshire, had been sold by his grand-
father. Forbes's maternal grandmother was
a sister of Lord Pitsligo, whose activities in
1745 led to the forfeiture of his estate, also
in Aberdeenshire. His mother, Christian
Forbes, was a member of a collateral branch
of the Monymusk family, and was left a
widow when William, the elder of two sur-
viving boys from a family of five, was only
four years old. She settled in Aberdeen in
1745 for the education of her children, who
were brought up as Scottish episcopalians.
The younger boy died in 1749, and in October
1753 Lady Forbes, with her surviving son,
settled in Edinburgh. A staunch friend of the
family, Sir Francis Farquharson of Haugh-

ton, had arranged with Messrs. Coutts, an
eminent firm of bankers in Edinburgh, to
admit Forbes as an apprentice, and he entered
their service at Whitsunday 1754. The ap-
prenticeship lasted four years, then he was
clerk in the counting-house for two years
more, at the end of which he got a small share
in the business as a partner. Meanwhile his
mother and himself lived strictly within their
limited means, though their society was still
in keeping with their birth.

In 1761 John Coutts, the principal partner
of the firm, died, and as his brothers, who
had settled in London, severed their connec-
tion with the business, a new partnership,,
considerably to the advantage of Forbes, was
proposed and established in 1763. After seven
years (in 1770) he married Elizabeth Hay,
eldest daughter of Sir James Hay of Smith-
field, bart., and then separated from his
mother, who died in 1789. In the ' Narra-
tive of the last Sickness and Death of Dame
Christian Forbes,' 1875, Forbes pays a tribute
to his mother's worth with pathetic earnest-
ness.

From 1763 to 1773 the active members of
the firm, still under the original name, were-
Sir Robert Herries, Sir William Forbes, and
James Hunter, afterwards Sir James Hunter
Blair. The name of the Messrs. Coutts was
retained till 1773, when a new contract was
made, and the firm was designated Forbes,
Hunter, & Co., Sir William Herries having
settled in London to conduct in St. James's
Street the business afterwards notable as
Herries & Co. Forbes now being at the head
of his firm resolved to confine the transactions
of the house to banking alone. The house
speedily became one of the most trusted in
Scotland, and proved its claim to public credit
by the excellence of the stand it made during
the financial crises and panics of 1772, 1788,
and 1793. In 1783 the firm, after difficult
preliminaries, began to issue notes, and the-
success of the experiment was immediate,
decided, and continuous. Forbes had now
come to be regarded as an authority on
finance, and in this same year he took a lead-
ing part in preparing the revised Bankruptcy
Act. Pitt used to consult him, and adopted
in 1790 several of his suggestions regarding
augmentation of the stamps on bills of ex-
change. In 1799 Pitt offered him an Irish
peerage, which he declined. The company
in 1838 became the Union Bank Company.

Forbes early aspired to win back some of
the alienated possessions of his ancestors.
Lord Pitsligo's only son, the Hon. John
Forbes, had bought Pitsligo. William Forbes
bought about seventy acres of the upper
barony (the lower barony having passed by

Forbes

413

Forbes

purchase to a stranger), and on the death of
John Forbes he succeeded in 1781 to the
whole. He improved the estate exceedingly ;
laid out the village of New Pitsligo, Aber-
deenshire, in 1783, and did much in subse-
quent years to advance the interests of the
villagers as well as of the tenantry. Forbes
became known for his public spirit in Edin-
burgh. The High School, the Merchant Com-
pany, the Morningside Lunatic Asylum, and
the Blind Asylum all owe much of their
present excellence to his sagacity. Forbes
shares with his partner, Hunter Blair, the
credit due for the formation of the South
Bridge. He also succeeded in giving the
Scottish episcopalians a real and sure stand-
ing in Edinburgh. Archibald Alison (1757-
1839) [q. v.] was brought to the city at his
suggestion, and in Alison's published dis-
courses there is a touching funeral sermon to
his memory.

Forbes steadily declined invitations to
stand for parliament. His refined literary
tastes brought him into contact with the
best society of the time both in Scotland and
In London. He was a member of Johnson's
literary club, and he receives honourable
mention in Boswell's < Tour to the Hebrides.'
His long and familiar friendship with the
poet Beattie enabled him to produce 'An
Account of the Life and Writings of James
Beattie, LLD., including many of his Origi-
nal Letters.' This appeared in two quarto
•volumes in 1806, and was republished in
three octavo volumes the following year.
Forbes had written before this the tribute
to his mother, which remained in manu-
script till 1875, another portion of the same
manuscript, not hitherto printed, being de-
voted to the memory of his wife. Lady
Forbes, for the benefit of whose health he
made his only lengthened visit to the con-
tinent in 1792-3, died in 1802, and he was
never the same man afterwards. He died
12 Nov. 1806, a few months after the ap-
pearance of his ' Life of Beattie.' This work,
in spite of Jeffrey's strictures in the * Edin-
burgh Review ' for April 1807, is a valuable
record of the times, though too ponderous.
Jeffrey's article as it originally appeared in
the ' Review ' was about three times longer
than in the collected ' Essays,' and opened
with a lofty and eloquent tribute to the worth
•of Forbes. Scott speaks of him with equal
warmth in the introduction to the fourth
canto of ' Marmion.' Forbes left four sons
and five daughters. To his eldest son, Wil-
liam, who succeeded him in the baronetcy,
Tie addressed in 1803 his interesting auto-
biographical work, * Memoirs of a Banking
House.' The second son, John Hay Forbes

[q. v.], rose to be a judge in the court of ses-
sion as Lord Medwyn ; the third was named
George, and went into his father's business ;
and Charles, the fourth son, was in the navy.

[Forbes's Works, as above ; Edinb. Eev. vol. x. ;
Marmion, introd. to canto iv. ; Boswell's Tour to
the Hebrides ; Memoirs of Lord Kames, ii. 212 ;
Life of Scott, ii. 50, 152; Chambers's Eminent
Scotsmen ; Life of J. D. Forbes, by Principal
Shairp, and others.] T. B.

FORBES, WILLIAM ALEXANDER

(1855-1883), zoologist, second son of Mr. John
Staats Forbes, chairman of the London, Chat-
ham, and Dover Railway Company, was born
at Cheltenham on 24 June 1855, and educated
at Kensington school and Winchester Col-
lege. Leaving Winchester in 1872 he studied
in succession at Edinburgh University (1873-
1875) and University College, London (1875-
1876), as a medical student ; but he early
showed great powers of acquirement in bio-
logy, to which he finally devoted himself.
Entering at St. John's College, Cambridge,
in 1876, he gained a first class in the natural
sciences tripos of 1879, and was subsequently
elected a fellow of his college. In the same
year he was appointed prosector to the Zoo-
logical Society of London on the death of his
friend, Professor A. H. Garrod [q. v.], whose
literary executor he became. He also lec-
tured on comparative anatomy at Charing
Cross Hospital Medical School. During the
three following years his work at the so-
ciety's gardens produced a rich harvest of
original and valuable papers, those on the
muscular structure and voice organs of birds
being especially notable. In the summer of
1880 Forbes made a short excursion to Per-
nambuco, of which he published an account
in the ' Ibis ' for 1881, and in July 1882 he
left England to investigate the fauna of east-
ern tropical Africa, starting from the mouth
of the Niger. Being detained at Shonga, four
hundred miles up the Niger, by the breaking
down of his communications, Forbes died of
dysentery on 14 Jan. 1883. His remains
were brought to England and buried, 1 April
1884, in the churchyard of Wickham in Kent.
Forbes was an excellent worker, possessed
of much personal attractiveness, and gave
promise of being one of the leading zoo-
logists of his time. His collected papers
have been published in a memorial volume
edited by his successor as prosector, Mr. F. E.
Beddard, 1885. His principal papers were
' On the Anatomy of the Passerine Birds '
(' Proc. Zool. Soc.' 1880, 1881, 1882) ; ' On
the Contributions to the Anatomy and Clas-
sification of Birds made by Professor Garrod'
('Ibis/ 1881) ; and 'On the Anatomy of the

Forby

414

Forcer

Petrels collected during the Voyage of H.M . S .
Challenger' (< Zoology of the Challenger/ iv.
pt. xi. 1882). Forbes's last journals, published
in the ' Ibis,' 1883, are included in the me-
morial volume. Forbes also edited the col-
lected edition of Professor A. H. Garrod's
papers, 1881, and wrote the memoir of Garrod
which accompanies it.

FForbes's Collected Papers, 1885; Ibis, 1883,
p. 384.] GK T. B.

FORBY, ROBERT (1759-1825), philo-
logist, born in 1759 of poor parents at Stoke
Ferry, Norfolk, was educated at the free
school of Lynn Regis, under David Lloyd,
LL.D., and at Caius College, Cambridge,
where he obtained a fellowship (B.A. 1781,
M.A. 1784). Sir John Berney, bart., induced
him to leave the university, and to become
tutor of his sons, presenting him in 1787
to the small living of Horningtoft, Norfolk.
Afterwards he fixed his residence at Barton
Bendish, where he took pupils ; and on their
number increasing, he removed to Wereham.
Two years subsequently, in 1789, by the death
of his uncle, the Rev. Joseph Forby, he came
into possession of the valuable rectory of
Fincham, Norfolk. He removed thither in
1801, and continued to reside in his parish till
his death, which occurred suddenly while he
was taking a warm bath, on 20 Sept. 1825,
aged 66. He was elected a fellow of the Lin-
nean Society in 1798, and was a distinguished
scholar. At one time, though at what period
is uncertain, he was resident at Aspall, Suffolk,
as tutor to the children of Mr. Chevallier.

He published some small pieces of ephe-
meral interest, and an important philological
work entitled ' The Vocabulary of East
Anglia ; an attempt to record the Vulgar
Tongue of the twin sister counties, Norfolk
and Suffolk, as it existed in the last twenty
years of the Eighteenth Century, and still
exists : with Proof of its Antiquity from Ety-
mology and Authority,' 2 vols. London, 1830,
8vo. This was edited by the Rev. George
Turner of Kettleburgh. Prefixed to vol. i.
is the author's portrait, engraved from a
painting by M. Sharp. Vol. iii., being a
supplementary volume by the Rev. W. T.
Spurdens, was published at London in 1858.

Forby assisted Mr. Mannings in his ' Pur-
suits of Agriculture,' and in 1824 wrote the
prospectus of a continuation of, as supple-
ment to, the new edition of Blomefield's
'Norfolk.'

[Memoir by Dawson, prefixed to the Voca-
bulary; Davy's Athense Suffolcenses, iii. 155;
Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1846; Gent. Mag.
xcvi. 281 ; Britton's Architectural Antiquities of
Great Britain, iii. 13*.] T. C.

FORCER, FRANCIS, the elder (1650 ?-
1705 ?), composer, is mentioned by Hawkins
as the writer of many songs, five of which
may be found in Playford's * Choyce Ayres-
and Dialogues,' bk. ii. 1679, one in the edi-
tion of 1681, and two in that of 1683. Some
of his music is in the Fitzwilliam Collection,
Cambridge, an overture and eight tunes are in
the Christ Church Library, Oxford, and a set
of instrumental trios, with a jig and gavotte
for organ, among the British Museum manu-
scripts. He was one of four stewards for
the celebration of St. Cecilia's day of 1684.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century
Forcer, who may have had some previous in-
terest in the concern, became the lessee of
Sadler's Wells music house, garden, and water
at Clerkenwell, with one James Miles (about
1697) as his partner. To Miles was assigned
the control of the good cheer, the building or
' boarded house ' becoming known as Miles's
Music House, while the waters were adver-
tised as Sadler's Wells. The musical enter-
tainment at such places of resort at that period
was said by Hawkins to be hardly deserving
the name of concert, i.e. concerted music, for
the instruments were limited to violins, haut-
boys, and trumpets playing in unison, and
when a bass was introduced it was merely to
support a simple ballad or dance-tune. ' The
musick plays, and 'tis such music as quickly
will make me or you sick,' comments an old
writer upon the efforts of arival establishment ;
and Ned Ward describes the combination of
attractions at Sadler's Wells in the lines,

The organs and fiddles were scraping and hum-
ming,

The guests for more ale on the table were drum-
ming.

Lady Squalb rose to sing, and ' silenced the
noise with her musical note,' and a fierce
fiddler in scarlet ran ' up in alt with a hey
diddle diddle, to show what a fool he could
make of the fiddle.' It appears that these
primitive entertainments were announced ( to
begin at eleven, to hold until one.' Forcer ob-
tained a license to marry Jane Taylor of Wor-
plesdon, Surrey, 30 July 1673. He was then
described as ' of St. Bartholomew, Exchange,
London, gent., bachelor, about twenty-three/
He died in 1704 or 1705, leaving (by a
will dated 1704) to his son, Francis Forcer,
various properties in Durham and in Fetter
Lane, without mention of Sadler's Wells.
Nor was Sadler's Wells among the property
left by James Miles upon his death in 1724.
By the latters will his daughter Frances,
wife of Francis Forcer the younger, became
entitled to an annuity, and lands in Berk-
shire, Essex, &c. are settled upon Henry and

Forcer

415

Ford

John Miles Tompkins, the children of the
said Mrs. Francis Forcer (d. 1726) by her
first husband.

FOKCEE, FRANCIS, the younger (1675?-
1743), was known after 1724 as master of
Sadler's Wells, and he resided there until
his death. He had been sent to Oxford, en-
tered Gray's Inn on 8 July 1696, and was
called to the bar in 1703. Notwithstand-
ing his culture, Forcer's reign at Sadler's
Wells was marked by the introduction of
nothing more intellectual than rope-dancing
and tumbling. In 1735 a license for sing-
ing, dancing, pantomime, &c., and the sale of
liquors was refused him by the authorities,
who, however, promised at the same time
not to interfere. It was not until after
Forcer's death, when John Warren was oc-
cupier in 1744, that the grand jury of Middle-
sex thought it necessary to protest against
the demoralising influence of this and similar
places of amusement. Forcer the younger
was tall, athletic, and handsome. Garbott
relates that he improved the place, and adds :
Miles in his way obliging was, we know,
Yet F . . . . r's language doth the softer flow ;
Behaviour far genteeler of the two,
By birth a gentleman and breeding too,
Oxford, for liberal arts that is so fam'd,
(Inferior all, none equal can be nam'd)
His Alma Mater was, it is well known,
And Gray's Inn learned gave to him the gown.
Call'd was he from thence unto the bar, &c.

— a profession soon abandoned for the lucra-
tive position 'behind the barr' at Sadler's
Wells, where Stephen Monteage, Woollaston,
and other habitue's were wont to ' tarry.'
Forcer was found to be ' very ill of the new
distemper' on 5 April 1743; on the 9th he
died. By his will he desired that his lease
of Sadler's Wells should be sold ; other pro-
perty was left to his widow, Catherine, for
life, and the bulk of his property to Frances
(Mrs. Savage), his daughter by the former
marriage.

[Addit.MSS. British Museum, 29283-4-5, and
31403; Playford's Theater of Music, ii. 25; Choyce
Ayres and Dialogues ; W. H. Husk's Account of
the Celebrations of St. Cecilia's Day, p. 14 ; Haw-
kins's Hist, of Music, iv. 380 ; Foster's London
Marriage Licenses, p. 498 ; Guidott's Account of
Sadler's Wells; Malcolm's Londinium Kedivi-
vum, iii. 232 ; Gent. Mag. xiii. 218, xiv. 278,
xviii. 68, Ixxxv. 559 ; Mirror, xxxiv. 218; Per-
cival's Collection relating to Sadler's Wells (Brit.
Mus.); Ned Ward's Walk to Islington, p. 13;
P. C. C. Eegisters, Somerset House ; Hovenden's
Kegisters of Clerkenwell ; Entry-books of Gray's
Inn ; Stephen Monteage's MS. Diary (at Guild-
hall) in Partridge's Almanacks, 1733 to 1746
passim ; Garbott's New Kiver. See also Pinks's
Clerkenwell, p. 420, &c.] L. M. M.

these musical productions Ford alsopublif
a sermon on John xi. 36, in 1826, and in ]

FORD. [See also FORDE.]

FORD, ANNE (1737-1824), authoress
and musician. [See THICKNESSB.]

FORD,DAVID E VERARD (1797-1875),
author and musical composer, was born on
13 Sept. 1797 at Long Melford in Suffolk,
where his father, the Rev. David Ford, was
congregational minister. In 1816 he entered
Wymondley College, andin 1821 became con-
gregational minister at Lymington in Hamp-
shire. During the twenty years of his resi-
dence in this town he published seven books
of psalm and hymn tunes harmonised for four
voices ; a chorus for five voices — ' Blessings
for ever on the Lamb' (1825?) ; a song, 'The
Negro Slave ' (1825) ; ' Progressive Exercises
for the Voice, with illustrative examples '
(1826) ; ' Observations on Psalmody ' (1828 ?) ;
and in 1829 the ( Rudiments of Music/ the
eleventh thousand of which was issued with
the author's final revisions in 1843. Besides

ished

and in 1828

' Hymns chiefly on the Parables of Christ/
But the work by which he is best known,
and which produced a great and immediate
effect upon the religious world of the time,
was an essay entitled, ' Decapolis ; or the
Individual Obligation of Christians to save
Souls from Death.' This was published in
1840, and within a year had reached its fifth
thousand; a fifth American edition also being
issued in New York in 1848. Other essays of
a similar kind were entitled ' Chorazin ; or an
Appeal to the Child of many Prayers/ 1841 ;
' Damascus ; or Conversion in relation to
the Grace of God and the Agency of Man/
1842 ; ' Laodicea ; or Religious Declension/
1844 ; and l Alarm in Zion ; or a few
Thoughts on the Present State of Religion/
1847. In 1841 Ford accepted an appoint-
ment from the Congregational Union to visit
the stations of the Home Missionary Society,
and in 1843 took the oversight of a newly
formed church in Manchester. Here he re-
mained till 1858, when he retired from stated
service as a resident minister. He, however,
still continued to preach to other congrega-
tions in various parts of the country till 1874,
when cataract, beginning to affect his vision,
compelled him to desist. He died at Bed-
ford 23 Oct. 1875 at the age of seventy-eight.
[Works of Ford ; private sources.] J. B-N.

FORD, EDWARD (/. 1647), ballad and
verse writer, was probably a native of Nor-
folk. He wrote: 1. l Wine and Women, or
a brief Description of the common Courtesie
of a Curtezan/ London, 1647 (3 Dec. 1646),
dedicated to ' Robert Walloppe, esq./ M.P.

Ford

416

Ford

The author signs his name ' Ed. Foord.' The
work is in six-line stanzas, to each of which
is appended a scriptural text. Drunkenness
and immorality are denounced in alternate
gtanzas. 2. 'An Alarm to Trumpets, or
Mounte Chival to every defeated, remisse,
and secure Trumpet in England, Scotland,
and Ireland,' London (12 Aug.), 1651. The
dedication to the author's 'worthy friend, Mr.
John Bret, Trumpet in Special ' to Cromwell,
is signed < Edw. Ford.' The book collects
scattered pieces, chiefly religious, in verse
and prose, and shows much sympathy with
the parliamentary party. 3. ' Fair Play in
the Lottery, or Mirth for Money,' London,
1660, dedicated to the author's namesake, Sir
Edward Ford [q.v.]» a collection of droll
verses descriptive of a lottery-drawing. Four
ballads by Ford issued as broadsides about
1640 are extant in the Roxburghe Collection.
These are (1). . .or

A merry discourse between him and his loane,
That sometimes did live as never did none.

2 parts, signed ' Ed. Ford.' Printed in Lon-
don by F. Coules (Eoxb. Coll. i. 82-3 ; Eoxb.
Ballads, ed. Chappell, i. 253); (2) 'A Dia-
logue between Master Guesright and poore
Neighbour Needy,' signed E. F. (ib. i. 74-5 ;
ib. i. 230) ; (3) ' Impossibilities' (id. i. 164-5;
ib. i. 492) ; (4) ' A merry Discourse between
Norfolke Thomas and Sisly Standtoo't, his
wife' (ib. i. 270-1 ; ib. ii. 170), reprinted in
J. O. HalliwelTs 'Norfolk Anthology,' 1852,
pp. 149-57. Ford in his ballads, as else-
where, severely denounces the vices of the
day.

[Ford's works and ballads as above."!

S. L. L.

FORD, SIB EDWARD (1605-1670),
soldier and inventor, born in 1605 at Up Park,
in the parish of Harting, Sussex, was the
eldest son of Sir "William Ford, knight, of
Harting, by Anna, daughter of Sir Edmund
Carell, knight, of West Harting (BERRY,
Sussex Genealogies, p. 182). He became a
gentleman-commoner of Trinity College, Ox-
ford, in 1621, but left the university with-
out taking a degree. Charles I gave him a
•colonel's commission on the outbreak of the
war, and in 1642 made him high sheriff of
Sussex. According to Vicars he offered his
majesty ' a thousand men, and to undertake
the conquest of Sussex, though sixty miles
in length.' He began to raise forces accord-
ingly, and on 18 Nov. 1642 the House of Com-
mons ordered him to be apprehended (Com-
mons'Journals, ii. 854). Sir William Waller,
after taking Winchester and Arundel Castle,
"besieged Chichester, which Ford surrendered
eight days later (29 Dec.) Ford soon after-

wards obtained his release by the interest of
his wife, Sarah, with her brother, General
Ireton [q. v.] On 4 Oct. 1643 he was knighted
by Charles I at Oxford (METCALFE, Book of
Knights, p. 201). He commanded a regiment
of horse under Lord Hopton, to whom he
proposed the recapture of Arundel Castle.
Hopton took it after three days' siege (19 Dec.
1643). Ford was left in command by Hop-
ton, with a garrison of above two hundred
men and many good officers, but, as Claren-
don says, he had insufficient experience, al-
though ' a man of honour and courage.'
After a siege of seventeen days the garrison
surrendered l at mercy,' Ford and Sir Edward
Bishop presenting themselves to Sir William
Waller on 6 Jan. 1643-4 as hostages for the
delivery of the castle, both thus becoming
his prisoners for the second time (ViCARS,
God's Arke, p. 123). They were declared by
parliament on 9 Oct. 1644 to be incapable of
any employment. Ford was imprisoned in
the Tower of London, from which in De-
cember he escaped (Commons' Journals, iii.
730). He then retired to the continent. In
1647 the queen, knowing his relationship with
Ireton, sent him to England to join Sir John
Berkeley (d. 1678) [q. v.] in a futile negotia-
tion with the army.

On 12 Nov. 1647 he with others was
ordered by the House of Commons into safe
custody upon suspicion of being privy to the
king's escape from Hampton Court (ib. v.
356). On 21 March 1648-9 parliament ordered
that he should pay for his delinquency one full
third of the value of his estate (Calendar of
State Papers, Dom. 1649-50, p. 46). On
9 July 1649 the house made an order for
remitting the remainder of his fine and dis-
charging his sequestration (Commons' Jour-
nals, vi. 257).

In 1656 he was employed, with Cromwell's
encouragement, and at the request of the
citizens of London, in devising an engine for
raising the Thames water into all the higher
streets of the city, a height of ninety-three
feet. This he accomplished in a year s time,
and at his own expense ; and the same ' rare
engine ' was afterwards employed in other
parts of the kingdom for draining mines and
lands, which work it performed better and
cheaper than any former contrivance. He
also, in conjunction with Thomas Toogood,
constructed the great water-engine near the
Strand Bridge for the neighbourhood. As
this obstructed the view from SomersetHouse,
Queen Catherine, the consort of Charles II,
caused it to be demolished ; but Ford and
Toogood obtained a royal license to erect
other waterworks at Wapping, Marylebone,
and between Temple Bar and Charing Cross.

Ford

417

Ford

After the Restoration he invented a mode of
coming farthings. Each piece was to differ
minutely from another to prevent forgery.
He failed in procuring a patent for these in
England, but obtained one for Ireland. He
died in Ireland before he could carry his de-
sign into execution, on 3 Sept. 1670. His
body was brought to England, and interred
in the family burial-place at Harting. Wood
says : ' He was a great virtuoso of his time,
yet none of the Royal Society, and might
have done greater matters if that he had not
been disincouraged for those things he had
done before' (Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii.
906).

By the marriage of his only daughter,
Catharine, to Ralph lord Grey of Werke, Up
Park became the property of the earls of
Tankerville until it was sold in 1745.

He wrote : 1. ' A Design for bringing a
Navigable River from Rickmansworth in
Hartfordshire to St. Giles's in the Fields,'
&c., London, 1641, 4to, with an answer by
Sir Walter Roberts, printed the same year,
and both reprinted in 1720. Ford's pam-
phlet is also reprinted in the ' Harleian Mis-
cellany.' 2. 'Experimented Proposals how
the King may have money to pay and main-
tain his Fleets with ease to his people. Lon-
don may be rebuilt, and all proprietors satis-
fied. Money be lent at six per cent, on pawns.
And the Fishing-Trade set up, which alone
is able and sure to enrich us all. And all
this without altering, straining, or thwarting
any of our Laws or Customes now in use,'
London, 1666, 4to. To this was added a
' Defence of Bill Credit.' 3. ' Proposals for
maintaining the Fleet and rebuilding Lon-
don, by bills to be made payable on the taxes
to be given to the King by Parliament,'
manuscript in Public Record Office, * State
Papers,' Dom. Charles II, vol. clxxi. 4. Im-
portant letters of intelligence preserved among
the ' Clarendon State Papers' in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford.

[Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843),
pp. 477, 478, 626 ; Calendar of the Clarendon
State Papers, i. 545 ; Dallaway's Sussex ; Notes
and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 80 ; Calendars of State
Papers, Dom. 1649-50 p. 46, 1659-60 p. 97,
1661-2 p. 146, 1663-4 pp. 396, 655, 1664-5
pp. 72, 214, 230, 1665-6 p. 170, 1666-7 pp.
127, 439; Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. 330, 331,
7th Rep. 686, 9th Rep. 893 ; Sussex Archaeological
Collections, v. 36-63, ix. 50-3, xix. 94, 118;
Tierney's Arundel, pp. 58-68.] T. C.

FORD, EDWARD (1746-1809), surgeon,
is stated to have been ' the son of Dr. Ford,
a prebendary of Wells,' and to have been
born in that city l in 1750' (Gent. Mag.
vol. Ixxix. pt. ii. p. 1168). As, however, his

VOL. XIX.

age at the time of his death is given as ' 62 '
(ib. p. 984), he would have been born in
1746, the son of Thomas Ford, prebendary
of St. Decuman, Wells, and vicar of Ban-
well and of Wookey, Somersetshire, who died
29 Aug. of the same year (ib. xvi. 496 ; LB
NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 185, 197). He re-
ceived his medical training under Dr. John
Ford, then in practice at Bristol. At an early
age he settled as a surgeon in London, was
admitted a member of the court of assis-
tants of the Royal College of Surgeons, ac-
quired an excellent practice, and was greatly
liked. In 1780 he was appointed surgeon to
the Westminster General Dispensary, which
office he resigned, after more than twenty
years' service, on 16 July 1801. At this time,
the finances of the charity being very low,
Ford generously presented it with the arrears
of his salary, amounting altogether to four
hundred guineas, and his example was fol-
lowed by the physicians to the institution,
Drs. Foart Simmons and Robert Bland {Gent.
3fo0.vol.Lni.pt, ii.p. 661). He died 15 Sept.
1809 at Sherborne, Dorsetshire, when on his
way from Weymouth to Bath, 'a very humane
and benevolent gentleman, well known in the
abodes of poverty, wretchedness, and disease/
Besides papers in various medical serials
(RETJSS, Alphabetical Register of Authors, p.
138, supplement, pt. i. pp. 360-1), Ford was
author of a valuable treatise entitled ' Ob-
servations on the Disease of the Hip Joint ;
to which are added some Remarks on White
Swellings of the Knee . . . illustrated by
cases and engravings,' 8vo, London, 1794
(WATT, Bibl. Brit. i. 257 d, 377 e), of which
revised editions were published in 1810 and
1818 by his nephew and successor Thomas
Copeland [q. v.], to whom he bequeathed his
house in Golden Square, London, and a con-
siderable legacy. He was elected a fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries, 3 May 1792
(GotTGH, Chronological List of Soc. Antiq.
1798, p. 51). He was twice married. His
first wife, Sarah Frances, daughter of Hugh
Josiah Hansard, died in 1783, and was buried
at Hillingdon, Middlesex (LYSONS, Parishes
in Middlesex, p. 161).

[David Rivers's Literary Memoirs of Living-
Authors, 1798, i. 191; Noble's Continuation of
Granger, iii. 115.] GK G.

FORD, EMANUEL (/. 1607), romance
writer, was the author of ' Parismus, the
renovmed prince of Bohemia. His most
famous, delectable, and pleasant historie,
conteining his noble battailes fought against
the Persians, his love to Laurana, the king's
daughter of Thessaly, and his strange ad-
ventures in the desolate Island.' London,

E E

Ford

418

Ford

by Thomas Creede, 1598. This work was
licensed to Creede on 22 Nov. 1597 (ARBER,
iii. 98), and was dedicated to Sir Robert
Radcliffe, the Earl of Sussex, Viscount Fitz-
waters, Lord Egremond and Burnell. At
the close is a recommendatory epistle from
the author's friend L[azarus] P[lot], the
pseudonym of Anthony Munday. The book
imitated the Spanish romances. Its style was
euphuistic, but its story was for the most
part original. It was extraordinarily well
received, and on 25 Oct. 1598 Creede ob-
tained a license for a second part. It is
called in the ' Stationers' Registers' (ib.
iii. 129) ' Parismenos. The triall of true
friendship,' but when published it was en-
titled * Parsimenos. The second part of the
most famous, delectable, and pleasant His-
torie of Parsimenos, the renowned prince of
Bohemia,' London, 1599, and was dedicated
to the Countess of Essex. Innumerable re-
prints of the whole work followed. In 1608
a volume was issued containing l The First
Part of Parismus ' with a second title-page
introducing 'Parismenos, the second part.'
The latter bears the date 1609 and the words
' The third time imprinted and amended.' A
fourth edition of the whole is dated 1615 :
others are dated 1630, 1636, 1649 (13th
edit.), 1657, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1668-9, 1671,
1677, 1684, 1690, 1696, and 1704. The
romance was also frequently issued in an
abridged form as a chapbook without date.
A reference to the work in Thomas May's
1 Old Couple ' (not published till 1658, al-
though acted earlier) illustrates the book's
popularity (DODSLEY, Old Plays, ed. Haz-
litt, xii. 12; cp. Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
vi. 310).

Another of Ford's romances is entitled
< The most pleasant history of Ornatus and
Artesia, wherein is contained the unjust
reign of Thaeon, king of Phrygia.' The
Douce collection in the Bodleian Library
has a copy dated 1607, dedicated to Bryan
Stapleton, es<j., of Carleton, Yorkshire.
Heber had an imperfect copy, which he be-
lieved to have been published before 1598.
Editions of 1634, 1650, 1669, and 1683 are
known. The British Museum Library has
none earlier than 1650. A third romance
by Ford is called ' The Famous History of
Montelion, knight of the oracle, son of the
true mirrour of Princes, the most renowned
king Persicles of Assyria.' In a jovial pre-
face the author states that the success of
1 Parismos ' encouraged him to produce this
work. The earliest edition now known is
dated 1633. J. O. HalliweU-Phillipps had
in his possession at one time a copy of earlier
date. Other editions are dated 1663, 1668,

1671, 1683, 1687, 1695. It also appeared
frequently .as an undated chapbook. Ford's
title of ' Montelion, knight of the oracle,' was
the pseudonym adopted by John Phillipps
[q. v.], one of Milton's nephews, who issued
almanacks under that name in 1660 and
1661. Flatman [q. v.] also employed the
same nom-de-guerre in his mock romance of
1 Don Juan Lamberto.' Both ' Ornatus and
Artesia ' and ' Montelion ' are written on the
same models as ' Parismos.'

[Dunlop's Hist, of Fiction, ed. Wilson, 1888,
ii. 547; Hazlitt's Handbooks; Brit. Mus. and
Bodl. Libr. Catalogues.] S. L. L.

FORD, SIR HENRY (1619 P-1684), secre-
tary of state, born in or about 1619, was the
eldest son of Henry Ford of Bagtor in II-
sington, Devonshire, by Katharine, daughter
and heiress of George Drake of Spratshays
in Littleham, in the same county. He was
absurdly supposed to have been grandson of
John Ford the dramatist [q. v.] (LYSONS,
Magna Britannia, vol. vi. Devonshire, pt. ii.
pp. 291-2) ; his grandfather was Thomas
Ford, son and heir of George Ford of Ilsing-
ton (Visitation of Devonshire in 1620, Harl.
Soc., p. 108). He was for a time fellow-com-
moner of Exeter College, Oxford (BoASE, ./te^.
of Exeter Coll. p. Ixi), but his father dying,
and his mother marrying again, he went home
to look after his patrimony. With his step-
father, John Cloberry of Bradstone, Devon-
shire, he had many hot disputes over the
property, which had to be settled in the law
courts. In the reign of Charles II he pur-
chased Nutwell Court, in the parish of Wood-
bury, near Exeter, which he made the place
of his future abode. He was put in the com-
mission of the peace for the county, and was
lieutenant-colonel, under Sir John Drake of
Ash, his kinsman, in the militia for the
eastern division of the shire, of which he was
likewise a deputy-lieutenant. On the death
of Sir Thomas Stucley he was elected mem-
ber for Tiverton, 6 April 1664, and kept his
seat until the dissolution of Charles's last
parliament, 28 March 1681 (Lists of Mem-
bers of Parliament, Official Return, pt. i. pp.
522, 535, 541, 547). Prince, who knew him
well, describes Ford as ' an excellent orator,'
and witty, but the single specimen he gives
of his wit is by no means brilliant ( Worthies
of Devon, ed. 1701, p. 315). In 1669 he ac-
companied John, lord Robartes, the lord-lieu-
tenant, to Ireland as secretary of state, but
* to his no little damage and disappointment '
was recalled along with his chief the very next
year. In 1672 Ford, having been knighted
at Whitehall on 20 July in that year (Ls
NEVE, Knights, Harl. Soc., p. 279), acted in

Ford

419

Ford

the same capacity to Arthur Capel, earl of
Essex. He did not, however, continue in
office long, ' for being sent into England on
some important affair, contrived by those
who were willing to put him out of the way,
he returned no more unto Ireland ' (PKINCE,
p. 316). The fact was that his brusque,
overbearing manner made him everywhere
disliked. He died in 1684, aged 65, at Nut-
well Court, and was buried in Woodbury
Church (LYSONS, Magna Britannia, vol. vi.,
Devonshire, pt. i. pp. cxcv-vi, pt. ii. pp. 291-
292). He left a son Charles, supposed to
have died in his minority, and three daugh-
ters, married to Drake, Holwell, and Eger-
ton (ib. vol. vi. pt: ii. p. 571). On 22 July
1663 he was elected F.R.S. (THOMSON", Hist,
of Roy. Soc., appendix iv.), and remained in
the society until 1682 (Lists of Roy. Soc. in
Brit. Mus.)

[Prince's Worthiesof Devon, 1701, pp. 314-16.]

Of. Of.

FORD, JAMES (1779-1850), antiquary,
"born at Canterbury on 31 Oct. 1779, was the
eldest son of the Rev. James Ford, B.A.,
minor canon of Durham, and afterwards
minor canon of Canterbury. He entered
the King's School, Canterbury, in 1788, ma-
triculated at Trinity College, Oxford, 8 July
1797, and became fellow of his college 2 June
1807. He graduated B.A. 1801. M.A. 1804,
B.D. 1812, and in 1811 was junior proctor
of the university. He held the perpetual
curacies of St. Laurence, Ipswich, and of
Hill Farrance, Somersetshire. He was sub-
sequently presented (28 Oct. 1830) to the
vicarage of Navestock in Essex, and died
31 Jan. 1850. His quaint directions (see
SIDEBOTHAM, Memorials, p. 96) for a funeral
of great simplicity were carried out when he
was buried in Navestock churchyard. There
is a monument to him in Navestock Church,
and a portrait of him in the common room
of Trinity College, Oxford. He married, on
19 Nov. 1830, Lsetitia, youngest daughter
of Edward Jermyn, bookseller, of Ipswich,
but left no children. To the university of
Oxford Ford bequeathed 2,000/. for the en-
dowment of ' Ford's Professorship of English
History,' and to Trinity College, Oxford,
4,000 1. for the purchase of advowsons, as well
as 4,000/. for the endowment of four ' Ford's
Studentships,' two of which were to be con-
fined to youths educated at the King's School,
Canterbury. Ford was a collector and com-
piler on antiquarian subjects. His large col-
lection for a new edition of Morant's ' History
of Essex ' is in the library of Trinity Col-
lege, Oxford, and his manuscript collec-
tions for a history of bishops from the Re-

volution onwards were purchased by the
British Museum. He was also a contributor
to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' and to Ni-
chols's ' Literary Illustrations/ vols. vi. and
viii., and was the author of 'The Devout
Communicant/ 1815, 12mo, and ' A Century
of Christian Prayers/ 2nd ed. Ipswich, 1824,
8vo.

[Sidebotham's Memorials of the King's School,
Canterbury (1865), pp. 95-8 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Nichols's Lit. Illustr. viii. 659, 668 ; Gent. Mag.
1848, new ser. xxx. 330.] W. W.

FORD, JOHN (Jl. 1639), dramatist, se-
cond son of Thomas Ford of Ilsington, De-
vonshire, was baptised at Ilsington 17 April
1586. His mother was a sister of Lord-chief-
justice Popham. He is probably the John
Ford, 'Devon, gen. f./ who matriculated at
Exeter College, Oxford, 26 March 1601, aged
sixteen years (Oxford Univ. Reg. vol. ii. pt. ii.
p. 246). On 16 Nov. 1602 Ford was ad-
mitted a member of the Middle Temple. In
1606 he published an elegy on the Earl of
Devonshire, 'Fames Memoriall ; or the Earle
of Devonshire Deceased. With his honour-
able life, peacefull end, and solemne Funerall/
4to,with a dedicatory sonnet to the Lady Pene-
lope, countess of Devonshire, and commen-
datory verses by Barnabe Barnes and ' T. P.'
Ford seems to have had no personal acquaint-
ance with the earl or with Lady Penelope,
and he is careful to state that his elegy was
not written from any mercenary motive. In
the course of the poem he makes mysterious
allusions to a lady, ' bright Lycia the cruel,
the cruel-subtle/ whose affections he had
vainly sought to engage. To 1606 also be-
longs 'Honor Trivmphant; or the Peeres
Challenge, by Armes defensible, at Tilt, Tur-
ney, and Barriers. . . . Also the Monarches
Meeting ; or the King of Denmarkes wel-
come into England/ 4to. His earliest dra-
matic work was an unpublished comedy en-
titled ' An 111 Beginning has [or may have]
a Good End/ acted at the Cockpit in 1613.
On 25 Nov. 1615 ' A booke called Sir Thomas
Overburyes Ghost, contayneing the history
of his life and vntimely death, by John
Fford, gent./ was entered in the Stationers'
Register. This must have been a prose-tract
or a poem, as a play on the subject would
certainly have been forbidden. In 1620 Ford
published a moral treatise, ' A Line of Life.
Pointing out the Immortalitie of a Vertuous
Name/ 12mo.

First on the list of Ford's plays in order
of publication is ' The Lovers Melancholy.
Acted at the Private House in the Blacke
Friers, and publikely at the Globe by the
Kings Maiesties seruants/ 1629, 4to, which

EE2

Ford

420

Ford

had been brought out 24 Nov. 1628. Four
copies of commendatory verses are prefixed,
and the play is dedicated l To my worthily
respected friends, Nathaniel Finch, John Ford,
Esquires ; Master HenryBlunt, Master Robert
ElUce, and all the rest of the Noble Society
of Gray's Inn.' In the dedicatory epistle
Ford states that this was his first appearance
in print as a dramatic writer, and hints that
it may be his last . Gifford rightly pronounces
the comic portions of ' The Lovers Melan-
choly ' to be despicable ; but it contains some
choice poetry, notably the description (after
Strada) of the contention between the night-
ingale and the musician.

In 1633 was published ' 'Tis Pity Shee's a
Whore. Acted by the Queenes Maiesties
Seruants at the Phoenix in Drury Lane,' 4to,
with a dedicatory epistle to John, first earl
of Peterborough, to whom the dramatist
acknowledges his indebtedness for certain
favours. In this tragedy, of which the sub-
ject is singularly repulsive, Ford displays the
subtlest qualities of his genius. The final
colloquy between Annabella and Giovanni
is one of the most memorable scenes in the
English drama. In the same year (1633)
was published ' The Broken Heart. ATragedy.
Acted by the Kings Majesties Seruants at
the private House in the Black-Friers. Fide
Honor,' 4to, dedicated to William, lord
Craven. 'Fide Honor' is an anagram of
1 John Forde.' ' I do not know,' says Lamb,
' where to find in any play a catastrophe so
grand, so solemn, and so surprising as this ; '
but Hazlitt and others have remarked on the
fantastic unreality, the violent unnatural-
ness, of the closing scenes. A third play was
printed in 1633, ' Loues Sacrifice. A tragedie
receiued generally well. Acted by the Queenes
Majesties Seruants at the Phcenix in Drury
Lane,' 4to, with a dedicatory epistle to the
author's cousin, John Ford of Gray's Inn, and
commendatory verses by James Shirley. De-
tached passages and scenes are excellently
written, but the plot is unsatisfactory, and
the characters badly drawn. ' The Chronicle
Historic of Perkin Warbeck. A Strange
Truth. Acted (some-times) by the Queenes
Maiesties Servants at the Phcenix in Drurie
Lane. Fide Honor,' 1634, 4to, with a dedi-
catory epistle to William Cavendish, earl of
Newcastle, and five copies of commendatory
verses, is the most faultless, but not the
greatest, of Ford's plays — well planned and
equably written, a meritorious and dignified
composition. It was reprinted in 1714, 12mo,
when the movements of the Pretender's adhe-
rents in Scotland were attracting attention,
and it was revived at Goodman's Fields inl 745 .
'The Fancies Chast and Noble,' 1638, 4to, a

comedy acted at the Phoenix, dedicated to
Randal Macdonnel, earl of Antrim, is inge-
niously conceived but awkwardly executed.
From a passage in the prologue it has been
hastily supposed that Ford was abroad whea
the play was produced. ' The Ladies Triall.
Acted by both their Majesties Servants at the-
private house in Drvry Lane. Fide Honor/
4to, was brought out 3 May 1638, and was
published in the following year with a dedi-
catory epistle to John Wyrley, esq., and his
wife, Mistress Mary Wyrley. The prologue-
was written by Theophilus Bird, the actor.
There is much to admire in the first four acts,
but the conclusion is strangely huddled.
Pepys notices its revival at the Duke of York's;
theatre in March 1688.

1 The Sun's Darling : A Moral Masque :
As it hath been often presented at Whitehall
by their Majesties Servants, and after at the
Cock-pit in Drury Lane with great applause.
Written by John Foard and Tho. Decker,
Gent.,' 4to, was posthumously published in
1656, some copies being dated 1657. This
play, which may have been an alteration of
Dekker's unpublished ' Phaeton,' was licensed
for the Cockpit 3 March 1623-4. The lyrical
portions, which doubtless belong to Dekker,.
are the most attractive. From Sir Henry
Herbert's ' Diary ' it appears that two other
plays by Ford and Dekker, 'The Fairy
Knight ' and f The Bristowe Merchant,' were
produced in 1624, but they were not pub-
lished. f The Witch of Edmonton ; A known
True Story. Composed into a Tragi-comedy
by divers well-esteemed Poets, William
Rowley, Thomas Dekker, John Ford, &c./4to,
first published in 1658, was probably written-
in 1621, soon after the execution of the re-
puted witch, Elizabeth Sawyer. Ford seems
to have contributed little or nothing to the-
powerful scenes in which Mother Sawyer
figures, but he must be credited with no small
share of the scenes that deal with Frank
Thorney. In September 1624 was licensed!
for the stage 'A new Tragedy, called A
late Murther of the Sonn upon the Mother,
written by Forde and Webster,' which was<
not published. A copy of commendatory
verses by Ford was prefixed to Websterrs=
' Duchess of Malfi,' 1623.

A tragedy by Ford, ' Beauty in a Trance/
was entered in the Stationers' Register
9 Sept. 1653, and three comedies, ' The Lon-
don Merchant,' 'The Royal Combat,' and
'An 111 Beginning has a Good End,' were
entered 29 June 1660. These four unpub-
lished pieces were among the plays destroyed
by Warburton's cook. Ford prefixed com-
mendatory verses to Barnabe Barnes's ' Foure
Bookes of Oflices,' 1606, Sir Thomas Over-

Ford

421

Ford

bury's 'Wife,' 1616, Shirley's 'Wedding,'
1629, Richard Brome's < Northern Lass,'
1632 ; and he was one of the contributors
to ' Jonsonus Virbius,' 1638. Dyce was of
opinion that the verses to Barnabe Barnes
were by the dramatist's cousin.

Ford drops from sight after the publication
of the 'Ladies Trial' in 1639; but in Gif-
ford's time ' faint traditions in the neigh-
bourhood of his birth-place ' led to the sup-
Eosition that, having obtained a competency
:om his professional practice, he retired to
Devonshire to end his days. In the ' Time-
Poets ' (< Choice Drollery,' 1656) occurs the
•couplet —

Deep in a dump John Forde was alone got,
With folded arms and melancholy hat.

It is certain that he had very little comic
talent. That he was a favourite with play-
goers is shown by his familiar appellation,
•* Jack Ford,' mentioned by Heywood in the
' Hierarchie of Blessed Angels,' 1635—

And hee's now but Jacke Foord that once was
John.

He was not dependent on the stage for his
livelihood, and his plays bear few marks of
haste. In the prologue to the ' Broken
Heart ' he declared that his ' best of art hath
drawn this piece,' and in all his work the
diction is studiously elaborated.

Ford's works were first collected by Weber
in 1811, 2 vols. 8vo. A more accurate edi-
tion was published by Gifford in 1827, 2 vols.
8vo. An edition of Ford and Massinger, by
Hartley Coleridge, appeared in 1848 ; and in
1869 Dyce issued a revised edition of Gifford's
'Ford,' 3 vols. 8vo.

[Memoir by Grifford, revised by Dyce, prefixed
•to Ford's Works, 1869 ; Lamb's Specimens of
Dramatic Poets : Swinburne's Essays and Studies.!

A. H. B.

FORD, MICHAEL (d. 1758 ?), mezzotint
engraver, was a native of Dublin, and a pupil
of John Brooks, the mezzotint engraver [q. v.]
When Brooks quitted Ireland about 1747,
Ford set up as his successor at a shop on Cork
Hill. He engraved a number of portraits in
mezzotint, which on account of their scarcity
are highly valued by collectors . Among them
were James, earl of Barrymore, after Ottway ;
Maria Gunning, countess of Coventry, after
F. Cotes ; George II, after Hudson ; William,
earl of Harrington, after Du Pan ; Richard
St. George, after Slaughter; and William III,
after Kneller. He also painted portraits, and
engraved some himself, viz. Henry Boyle,
speaker of the House of Commons in Ireland,
Henry Singleton, lord chief justice of Ireland,
and a double portrait of William III and

Field-marshal Schomberg, the heads being
copied from Kneller. Ford's address as pub-
lisher appears on some of the mezzotint en-
gravings by Andrew Miller [q. v.] and James
MacArdell [q. v.] With the former he seems
to have been in rivalry, as they engraved the
same subjects, notably Hogarth's full-length
portrait of Gustavus Hamilton, viscount
Boyne, in which Ford's print seems to be the
earlier of the two. It is probable that Ford
visited London, but this is not certain. On
28 Oct. 1758 the ship Dublin Trader, Cap-
tain White, left Parkgatefor Dublin, and was
never heard of again ; she carried 70,000/. in
money and 80,000/. in goods, and numerous
passengers, among whom were Edward, fifth
earl of Drogheda, and his son, Theophilus
Gibber [q. v.], and others. There are grounds
for supposing that Ford was also among the
passengers.

[Chaloner Smith's Brit. Mezzotinto Portraits ;
J. T. Gilbert's Hist, of Dublin, vol. ii.] L. C.

FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858), critic
and author of ' The Handbook for Travellers
in Spain,' was the son of Sir Richard Ford, a
descendant of an old Sussex family, who was
M.P. for East Grinstead in 1789, and for some
time an under-secretary of state, and even-
tually chief police magistrate of London. He
died, at the age of forty-seven, on 3 May 1806,
leaving a family of three children. Richard,
the eldest, born in 1796, was educated at Win-
chester School, from which he went to Trinity
College, Oxford, where he graduated (B.A.
1817, M. A. 1822). He afterwards entered at
Lincoln's Inn, and read in the chambers of
Pemberton Leigh and Nassau Senior, but
though called to the bar he never practised.
In 1824 he married, and six years later he
took up his quarters with his family in the
south of Spain, where he spent the next four
years, and acquired his extraordinary know-
ledge of the country by a series of long riding
tours made between 1830 and 1834 from his
headquarters in the Alhambra or at Seville.
Shortly after his return from Spain he bought
a small property at Heavitree, near Exeter,
where his brother, the Rev. James Ford, a
prebendary of the cathedral, was living. He
there built himself a house and laid out
grounds with an artistic taste which made
his residence one of the local lions of East
Devon. His employment suggested an essay
on cob walls, in which he traced the analogy
between the earthen walls of the Devonshire
peasantry and the tapia or concrete structures
of the Moors and Phoenicians, and this, written
in 1837, was the first of a series of articles that
continued to appear in the ' Quarterly Re-
view ' until the year before his death, when.

Ford

422

Ford

it ended with his genial review of 'Tom
Brown's School Days.' He was an occasional
contributor also to the l Edinburgh,' < British
and Foreign Quarterly,' and ' Westminster '
reviews, and for the ' Penny Cyclopaedia ' he
wrote the admirable article on V elazquez. In
1840 he undertook to write a ' Handbook for
Travellers in Spain,' and finished it in 1845.
Of this an article in the ' Times ' on his death,
commonly attributed to Sir W. Stirling Max-
well, truly said that ' so great a literary
achievement had never before been performed
under so humble a title ; ' and a sale of two
thousand copies within a few months proved
the public estimate of its merits. Its only
fault was that it gave too much for the con-
venience of the traveller, for the two stout
volumes of over a thousand closely-printed
pages contained in the guise of a manual the
matter of an encyclopaedia. In the next edi-
tion (1847) it was cut down to the ordinary
dimensions of Murray's ' Handbooks for Tra-
vellers,' and the parings, with the addition
of some new matter, made the delightful little
volume published in 1846 under the title of
* Gatherings from Spain.' In 1855 it was re-
stored to its first shape, but in the interval
alterations had been found necessary, and the
use of a somewhat larger type made the exclu-
sion of much of the preliminary matter un-
avoidable ; and thus the ' Handbook for Spain '
in its original form has now come to be in-
cluded among those treasures that book lovers
covet. The revision was nearly his last work ;
his health had latterly shown signs of fail-
ing, and he died at Heavitree on 1 Sept. 1858.
The year before his death he had been nomi-
nated as one of the committee to decide upon
a site for the National Gallery, but resigned
on account of his health. He was three times
married : first, in 1824, to a daughter of the
Earl of Essex ; secondly, in 1838, to the Hon.
Eliza Cranstoun, eldest daughter of Lord
Cranstoun: and in 1851 to Mary, only daugh-
ter of Sir A. Molesworth. Ford's love of art
was hereditary. His maternal grandfather,
Mr. Booth, was an eminent connoisseur and
collector of pictures, and his mother, Lady
Ford, an amateur artist of exceptional ability ;
and in the opinion of competent j udges he him-
self might have been no less distinguished as a
painter than as a man of letters. His sketches,
brought home from Spain, often served as the
originals of his friend David Roberts's illus-
trations of Spanish architecture and scenery.
He was an indefatigable collector of pictures,
etchings, drawings, and prints ; his collection
of majolica ware was reckoned one of the
choicest in existence, and in all matters of
cpnnoisseurship there was no higher autho-
rity. Spain at the time of his visit was an

unworked mine of artistic treasure. He may
be said to have been the first to make Velaz-
quez known to English readers, for in Madrid
alone Velazquez is to be seen, as he says, ' in
all his protean variety of power.' His article
upon Velazquez in the ' Penny Cyclopaedia J
was followed by one in the ' Quarterly Review r
(No. clxv.) upon the predecessors of Velazquez
and Murillo, and the history of the various
schools of painting in Spain ; and these, with
the masterly article in No. cliv. upon the his-
tory of Spanish architecture, make up a trea-
tise on Spanish art no less remarkable for its-
learning than for its lucidity and brilliancy.
In the handbook the infectious spirit of en-
joyment is perhaps the quality that most of
all commends it to the ordinary reader, but
there too the critical faculty and the artist's
eye always make themselves felt. He was.
a kindly critic, severe in cases of pretended
erudition, but always generous and cordial
in his recognition of genuine work.

Besides the writings already mentioned he
wrote in 1837 a pamphlet called ' Historical
Enquiry into the Unchangeable Character of
a "War in Spain/ a trenchant reply to ' The
Policy of England in Spain,' a pamphlet in
support of Lord Palmerston. He also wrote
the explanatory letterpress for ' Apsley House
and Walmer Castle, illustrated by plates,'
1853 ; for the ' Guide to the Diorama of the
Campaigns of the Duke of Wellington,' 1852 ;
and for ' Tauromachia, or the Bull Fights of
Spain, illustrated,' 1852.

[Times, 4 Sept. 1858 ; Eraser's Mag. October
1858.] J. 0.

FORD, SIMON (1619 P-1699), divine,
son of Richard Ford, was born at East Ogwell,,
near Newton Bushel, Devonshire, about 1619,
was educated at the grammar schools of
Exeter and Dorchester, and entered Mag-
dalen Hall, Oxford, in 1636. He was lineally
related to Nicholas Wadham, founder of Wad-
ham College, but failed to obtain a scholar-
ship there. In 1641 he proceeded B.A., and
was expelled from Oxford soon afterwards,
on account of his strong puritan leanings
(WOOD, Fasti, ii. 147). When the parlia-
mentary visitors were sent to Oxford in 1647,
Ford returned and was received with much
honour. He took the degree of M. A. 12 Dec.

1648, was made a delegate of the visitors in

1649, and was created B.D. ' by dispensation,
of the delegates,' 16 Feb. 1649-50. His friend
Dr. Edward Reynolds, who had become dean
of Christ Church, admitted him as a senior
student there, and he frequently preached at
St. Mary's. A sermon delivered against the
Engagement of 1651 led to his removal from
his studentship. He became lecturer of New-

Ford

423

Ford

ington Green, London, and later vicar of St
Lawrence, Reading. There he engaged in
much local controversy. In an assize sermon
preached in 1654 he denounced the people
of Readingfor their support of extravagant re-
ligious views, and was called before the grand
jury to explain his conduct (cf. The Case of
the Town of Reading stated, 1654,p. 17). Two
years later a quaker named Thomas Speed ex-
cited his wrath. Ford and Christopher Fowler
[q. v.], another Reading clergyman, pub-
lished jointly ' A Sober Answer to an Angry
Epistle . . . written in haste by T. Speed,'
London, 1656, to which Speed replied in
'The Guilty-covered Clergyman unvailed,'
1656. In July 1659 Ford left Reading to
become vicar of All Saints, Northampton.
On 30 Jan. 1660-1 he preached at Northamp-
ton against ' the horrid actual murtherers of
Charles I.' In 1665 he proceeded D.D. at
Oxford. On 30 March 1670 he was chosen
minister of Bridewell, London, but resigned
the post on becoming vicar of St. Mary, Alder-
manbury, 29 Dec. following. Failing health
compelled him to remove to the rectory of Old
Swinford, Worcestershire, which was con-
ferred on him by Thomas Foley [q. v.] on
22 May 1676. Hedied at Old Swinford 7 April
1699, and was buried in his church. His wife,
Martha Stampe of Reading, died 13 Nov. 1684.
Ford's chief works are : 1. ' Ambitio Sacra.
Conciones duse Latine habitse ad Academicos
Oxon.,' Oxford, 1650. 2. 'Two Dialogues
concerning Infant Baptism,' the first pub-
lished in 1654 and the two together in 1656,
with a commendatory preface by the Rev.
Thomas Blake of Tamworth. 3. 'The Spirit
of Bondage and Adoption largely and prac-
tically handled, together with a Discourse on
the Duty of Prayer in an Afflicted Condition/
London, 1655. 4. ' A Sober Answer ' [see
above], London, 1656. 5. ' A Short Cate-
chism declaring the practical use of the
Covenant interest of Baptism of the Infant
Seed of Believers,' London, 1657, an epitome
of No. 2. 6. < Three Poems relating to the
late dreadful Destruction of the City of Lon-
don by Fire . . . entituled : I. Conflagratio
Londinensis [in Latin hexameters with Eng-
lish translation in heroic verse] ; ' II. Lon-
dini quod reliquum [in Latin elegiacs with
English translation] ; III. Actio in Londini
Incendarios ' [in Latin hexameters only], Lon-
don, 1667. The first two parts have separate
title-pages. A copy in the Bodleian of the
first poem is entitled ' The Conflagration of
London, poetically deleniated,' and has com-
mendatory manuscript verses by John Mill
addressed to Thomas Barlow (afterwards
bishop). A fourth part, ' Londini renascentis
Imago poetica,' published inLatin only in!668,

was issued in an English translation in 1669.
In its Latin form it is sometimes bound up
with the three earlier poems. 7. ' Carmen
Funebre ex occasione Conflagrations North-
amptonae, 20 Sept. an. 1675 conflagrate, con-
cinnatum,' London, 1676 ; republished in an
English translation by F. A., M.A., as ' The
Fall and Funeral of Northampton in 1677.'
8. 'A Plain and Profitable Exposition of,
and Enlargement upon, the Church Gate-
chism,' London, 1684, 1686. 9. 'A new
version of the Psalms of David,' in metre,
London, 1688. Ford also translated two
discourses for the first volume of the English
version of ' Plutarch's Morals,' London, 1684.
His published sermons are also very numerous.
They include sermons on the king's return,
1660 ; on the burial of Elizabeth, wife of Sir
James Langham, 1665 ; on the Duke of York's
victory over the Dutch, 1665. ' A Discourse
concerning God's Judgments,' London, 1678,
was prepared as a preface to James Illing-
worth's account of ' a man [John Duncalf]
whose hands and legs rotted off in the parish
of King's Swynford in Staffordshire, where
he died 21 June 1677.' Both tracts were
reissued in 1751 with a notice of the cir-
cumstances by William Whiston, ' with his
reasons for the republication thereof, taken
from the Memoirs.' Edward Stillingfleet,
bishop of Worcester, wrote a preface for ' the
substance of two sermons preached ' by Ford
'at the performs
certain criminals
called Midlent

church of Old Swinford,' London, 1697. A
graceful piece of Latin verse by Ford, en-
titled ' Piscatro/ and dedicated by him to
Archbishop Sheldon, was first published in
' Musarum Anglicanarum Analecta,' vol. i.
1721, and was issued in an English verse
translation (by Tipping Silvester) at Oxford
in 1733.

[Wood's Athense Oxon., ed. Bliss, iv. 756-60 ;
Burrows's Visitation of Oxford University, Cam-
den Soc. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; art. infra, FOWLER,
CHRISTOPHER.] S. L. L.

FORD, STEPHEN (d. 1694), noncon-
formist divine, is said to have been a servant
to the head of a college at Oxford. He cer-
tainly studied at Oxford, though at what
college does not appear. During the Com-
monwealth he was presented to the vicarage
of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, where, after
his ejectment in 1662, he still continued to
preach privately as he had opportunity. But
tie was sadly harassed by reason of his noncon-
formity, and at length, on some of his ene-
mies threatening his life, he removed to Lon-
don. There he settled with a congregation

Ford

424

Ford

in Miles Lane, Cannon Street, and continued
to officiate as their pastor nearly thirty years.
He often preached in the time of the plague,
when other ministers had fled into the
country. In May 1692 Matthew Clarke
(1664-1726) [q. T.I was ordained joint-pastor
with him. Ford is said to have died ' some
time in the year 1694' (WALTER WILSON,
Dissenting Churches, i. 473). He published :
1. 'The Evil Tongue condemned; or, the
Heinousness of Defaming and Backbiting/
8vo, London, 1672. 2. ' A Gospel-Church :
or, God's Holy Temple opened,1 8vo, London,
1675, and other tracts vaguely mentioned by
Calamy. Ford was one of the twenty-one
divines who subscribed John FaldoV Quaker-
ism No Christianity,' 8vo, 1675.

[Calamy and Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial
(1802-3), iii. 121-2 ; Walter Wilson's Dissent-
ing Churches, i. 472-3, 476-7 ; Joseph Smith's
Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana, p. 188.] G-. Or.

FORD, THOMAS (d. 1648), composer,
was one of the musicians of Henry, Prince of
Wales. The appendix to Dr. Birch's ' Life ' of
the prince shows that in 1611 Ford received
a salary of 30/. per annum, which was soon
afterwards increased to 40/. He with the
rest of the musicians may possibly have been
appointed before the prince was created Prince
of Wales (see BIRCH, p. 427 n.) It is pro-
bable that after the prince's death the salaries
were continued, for in 1626 he received a
grant of 80/. per annum, ' 40/. for the place
he formerly held, and 40J. for that which
John Ballard deceased held' (RYMER, Feed-era,
ed. 1715, xviii. 728). In 1607 he published
' Musicke of Sundrie Kindes. Set forth in
two Bookes. The first whereof are Aries
(sic) for four Voices to the Lute, Orphorion,
or Basse- Viol, with a Dialogue for two Voices,
and two Basse- Viols in parts tunde the Lute
way. The second are Pavens, Galiards, Al-
maines,Toies, ligges, Thumpes, and such like,
for two Basse- Viols, the Liera way, so made
as the greatest number may serve to play
alone, very easy to be performde. Composed
by Thomas Ford. Imprinted at London by
lohn Windet at the Assignes of William
Barley, and are to be sold by lohn Browne
in Saint Dunstons churchyard in Fleetstreet,
1607.' The first book, containing eleven
songs, among which are the celebrated ' Since
first I saw your face,' and ' There is a Lady
sweet and kind,' is dedicated to Sir Richard
Weston, and the second, containing eighteen
pieces, to Sir Richard Tichborne. An anthem,
in five parts, 'Let God arise,' is printed in
the Musical Antiquarian Society's publica-
tion for 1845 (p. 61), from a set of manu-
script part-books in the possession of the

editor, Mr. Rimbault, and formerly in that of
John Evelyn. Ford contributed to Sir Wil-
liam Leighton's f Tears and Lamentacions of
a Sorrowfull Soule' (1614) two anthems,
1 Almighty God, which hast me brought,' for
four voices with lute and treble-viol, and
'Not unto us 'for five voices. In Hilton's
1 Catch that catch can' (1652) three sacred
canons by Ford are contained : ' I am so
weary' (reprinted in BTJRNEY'S JZw£.iii*415)l
1 O Lord, I lift my heart to Thee,' and ' Look
down, 0 Lord' (ib. p. 416). Another canon,
' Haste thee, O Lord,' contained in Tudway's
collection (Harl. MS. 7337), ascribed "to
Ramsey, is considered by Mr. T. Oliphant to
be by Ford (pencil note in MS.) Ford died
in November 1648, and was buried on the
17th in St. Margaret's, Westminster.

[Hawkins's Hist. ed. 1853, pp. 566, 570;
Birch's Life of Henry, Prince of Wales, 1760,
pp. 427, 455, 467 ; Grove's Diet. i. 540 ; Regis-
ters of St. Margaret's, Westminster ; authorities
quoted above.] J. A. F. M.

FORD, THOMAS (1598-1674), noncon-
formist divine, was born at Brixton, Devon-
shire, in 1598. According to Wood he was
entered, in Easter term 1619, a batler in
Magdalen Hall, Oxford, as a member of which
he proceeded B.A. 22 Feb. 1624, and M.A.

1 June 1627 (Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 414,
431). When taking orders he became ( a
very faithful ' tutor in his house for several
years. His puritanical opinions, which he
took no pains to conceal, subjected him to
considerable persecution at the hands of
Laud. Accepted Frewen [q. v.], then presi-
dent of Magdalen College, ' changed the com-
munion-table in the chapel into an altar/
as the puritans considered. Several of the
preachers at St. Mary's inveighed against this
innovation. Ford in his turn preached on

2 Thess. ii. 10, 12 June 1631, and offered
some' smart reflections 'on making the eucha-
rist a sacrifice, setting up altars instead of
tables, and bowing to them. This plain
speaking having excited the wrath of the
Laudian party, the next Saturday the vice-
chancellor (William Smith) called Ford be-
fore him and demanded a copy of his sermon.
Ford offered to give him one if he demanded
it ' statutably.' The vice-chancellor then or-
dered him to surrender himself prisoner at
the castle. He refused to go unless accom-
panied by a beadle or a servant. The follow-
ing Saturday the vice-chancellor sealed up
his study, and afterwards searched his books
and papers, but found nothing that could be
urged against him, as Ford had taken care to
secrete his private memoranda. In the mean-
time an information was sent to Laud, then

Ford

425

Ford

chancellor of the university, who returned
orders to punish the preachers. Thereupon
a citation in his name was fixed on St. Mary's,
2 July, commanding Ford's appearance before
the vice-chancellor on the 5th. Appearing
on the day appointed he was pressed to take
an oath, ex officio, to answer any questions
about his sermon ; but he refused it, because
there were no interrogatories in writing. He
again offered a copy of his sermon if de-
manded according to the statutes, and the
next day delivered one, which was accepted.
But on pretence of former contumacy the
vice-chancellor commanded him again to sur-
render himself prisoner. Ford appealed from
him to the congregation, and delivered his
appeal in writing to the proctors (Atherton
Bruch and John Doughty). They carried it
to convocation, who referred the cause to
delegates, a majority of whom, upon a full
hearing, acquitted him of all breach of the
peace. From them the vice-chancellor him-
self appealed to convocation, who again ap-
pointed delegates ; but the time limited by
statute expired before they could arrive at a
decision. Laud then brought the cause be-
fore the king and council, who heard it at
Woodstock 23 Aug. Ford, when questioned
by the king, stuck manfully to his statement.
In the end he was sentenced to quit the
university within four days (RusHWOKTH,
Hist. Coll pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 110-11). His
popularity was such that many of the scholars,
arrayed in their gowns, assembled at Mag-
dalen to conduct him out of the city with all
honour. The affair has been minutely set
forth by Wood (Antiquities of Oxford, ed.
Gutch, vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 374-9), who is very
severe on Ford for his * insolencies.' Soon
afterwards Ford was invited by the magis-
trates of Plymouth to become their lecturer.
Laud was no sooner informed of this than he
procured letters from the king forbidding the
townsmen to elect Ford on pain of his ma-
jesty's displeasure, and another to the Bishop
of Exeter, commanding him not to admit
him in case he should be elected (PKYNNE,
Canterburies Doome, pp. 175-6). Ford, find-
ing the bishop bent upon excluding him from
all preferment in England, embraced an op-
portunity of going abroad as chaplain to an
English regiment under the command of
Colonel George Fleet wood [q. v.], in the ser-
vice of Gustavus Adolphus. He travelled
with the colonel into Germany, and was for
some time in garrison at Stode and Elbing.
The English merchants at Hamburg invited
him to be their minister, with the promise
of a stipend of 2001. a year. But growing
weary of life abroad he returned home. Laud
having probably forgotten his existence, no

opposition was offered to his institution to the
rectory of Aldwinkle All Saints, Northamp-
tonshire, 18 Oct. 1637, a preferment which
he owed to Sir Myles Fleetwood (BEIBGES,
Northamptonshire, ii. 210, where his name
is misprinted ' Forth '). In 1640 he was
elected proctor for the clergy of the diocese
of Peterborough in the convocation which
framed the so-called ' et ceetera oath.' He
held his rectory for ten years ; but on the
outbreak of the civil war, after a short stay
at Exeter, he retired to London, and was
chosen minister of St. Faith's, and in 1644,
on the death of Mr. Bolls, a member of the
Westminster Assembly. Ford afterwards
settled at Exeter, where he exercised his
ministry with such success that ' the whole
city was mightily reformed, and a good relish
of the best things appeared in the gene-
rality.' He preached in the choir of the
cathedral (as his brother pastors, Lewis
Stucley and Thomas Mall, did in the nave),
' but,' relates Calamy, ' he was once put out
of it, in 1649, by Major-general Desborough,
who quartered there, for refusing the " En-

fagement." ' He was appointed minister of
t. Lawrence, Exeter, and also acted as an
assistant-commissioner for Devonshire. The
enforcement of the Bartholomew Act in 1662
obliged him to desist from preaching pub-
licly. A year later he was compelled by the
Oxford Act to remove to Exmouth, about
nine miles from Exeter, where he lived very
privately. When the ' Indulgence ' came out
he returned to Exeter, but in feeble health.
He died in December 1674, in his seventy-
sixth year, and was buried on the 28th in
St. Lawrence's Church, Exeter, near his wife,
Bridget Fleetwood, and several of his chil-
dren. His writings are as follows : 1. ' Sing-
ing of Psalmes the duty of Christians under
the New Testament, or a vindication of that
Gospel-Ordinance in V sermons upon Ephe-
sians v. 19,' 12mo, London, 1659 ; 2nd edit.,
'with many additions,' the same year. 2. 'The
Sinner condemned of himself: being a Plea
for God against all the Ungodly, proving
them alone guilty of their own destruction/
8vo, London, 1668. 3. 'Scripture's Self-
Evidence, proving it to be the only Rule of
Faith' (cited by Calamy). He preached
once before the commons, 30 July 1645, and
once before the lords, at a fast held 29 April
1646, and his sermons were undoubtedly pub-
lished. Wood, who otherwise is grossly un-
fair to Ford, states that ' a certain doctor of
divinity of his time and persuasion, that
knew him well, hath several times told me
that this our author was a man of very great
parts and of unbyassed principles, one and
the same in all times and changes.' Calamy's

Ford

426

Forde

account of Ford is probably more correct than
that given by Wood. According to the latter
Ford was born about 1603, went to college
at sixteen, and died in 1676.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1096-8;
Calamy and Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial (1802-
18031 ii. 26-31 ; Brook's Puritans, ii. 395-6.]

G. G.

FORD or FOORD, WILLIAM (fl. 1616),
divine, was educated at Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1578.
He was elected fellow of his college in 1581,
proceeded M.A. in 1582, and commenced B.D.
in 1591. He afterwards became chaplain to
the Levant Company at Constantinople. On
31 July 1611 he petitioned the court for an
augmentation of his salary of two hundred
sequins ; on the following 1 Oct. the court
allowed him an advance from 30/. to 50/, on
the ground of his being ' well spoken of for
paines and merits in his charge.' On 1 Sept.
1613 he intimated a wish to resign his post,
but was requested to remain a year longer.
He received permission to return home, 6 July
1614. His only known publication is 'A
Sermon [on Gen. xxiii. 2-4] preached at Con-
stantinople, in the Vines of Perah, at the
Funerall of the vertuous and admired Lady
Anne Glover, sometime Wife to the Honour-
able Knight Sir Thomas Glover, and then
Ambassadour ordinary for his Maiesty of
Great Britaine, in the Port of the Great
Turke/ 4to, London, 1616. In dedicating
this discourse to Lady Went worth the author
would perhaps be encouraged, should it prove
acceptable to her, ' to second it with some
more pleasing and delightfull subiect, which
mine owne experience hath gathered from no
lesse painefull then farre forraigne obserua-
tions.'

[John B. Pearson's Biographical Sketch of the
Chaplains to the Levant Company, pp. 12, 13,
46.] G. G.

FORD, WILLIAM (1771-1832), book-
seller and bibliographer, son of John Ford,
tinman, was born at Manchester in 1771, and
educated at the grammar school of that town.
Though intended originally for the medical
profession, he went into the Manchester trade,
and subsequently became a book and print
seller. While in business as a manufacturer,
he formed a curious and valuable library,
which when he commenced as a bookseller
served as the basis of the stock described in
his first catalogue, dated 1805. In this cata-
logue were many rarities, one of which was
a volume containing ' Licia, or Poems of
Love/ and the original edition of Shake-
speare's ' Venus and Adonis/ 1593, now in the

Malone collection, Bodleian Library. The
catalogue attracted the attention of biblio-
philes all over the country, and brought him
into correspondence with Dibdin, Malone,
Heber, Bindley, and other collectors. The
collection produced upwards of 6,000/. In
a letter to Dibdin, Ford wrote : l It was my
love of books, not of lucre, which first in-
duced me to become a bookseller.' His second
catalogue came out in 1807, and his third,
containing more than fifteen thousand arti-
cles, in 1800-11. Other catalogues followed,
and all were esteemed for their accurate de-
scriptions and curious bibliographical notes.
He was a chief contributor to a series of
papers in ( Aston's Exchange Herald/ of which
twenty-four copies were reprinted in octavo,
with the title, ' Bibliographiana, or Biblio-
graphical Essays, by a Society of Gentlemen/
Manchester, 1817. Of a continuation of these
papers, printed in the ' Stockport Advertiser/
only ten reprints were made up. In the same
paper he wrote a useful chronology of Man-
chester. He was also one of the early con-
tributors to the ( Retrospective Review.' In
1816 he met with a reverse of fortune, and
his large stock was sold by auction. He re-
sumed business soon after, but was not re-
warded with the success which, in the opinion
of Dibdin, his efforts and merit deserved.
His last catalogue was printed at Liverpool
in 1832, where he had carried on business
for a few years. Books from his stock, fre-
quently containing annotations in his hand-
writing, are still to be met with. He pub-
lished a series of local views and portraits,
some of which were etched by himself. His
portrait was painted and etched by Wyatt in
1824. He died at Liverpool on 3 Oct. 1832,
and was buried in St. James's cemetery.

His son John carried on the same business,
and that of an auctioneer. A second son,
William Henry, survived until 1882.

[Notice by J. Crossley in Manchester School
Register (ChethamSoc.),ii. 79 ; Earwaker's Local
Gleanings, 1875, i. 38, 52, 79 ; Palatine Note-
book, i. 190 (a memoir by Ford of the Stringers,
Cheshire artists), ii. 124, 269, iii. 88 (list of
his portraits, &c.); Dibdin's Bibliomania, 1811,
pp. 164, 629 ; Dibdin's Library Companion, p. 696 ;
Dibdin's Remin. of a Literary Life, 1836, i. 317 ;
Procter's Byegone Manchester, 1880.] C. W. S.

FORDE, FRANCIS (d. 1770), conqueror
of Masulipatam and friend of Clive, was the
second son of Mathew Forde of Seaforde, co.
Down, and M.P. for Downpatrick in the
Irish House of Commons, by Anne, daughter
of William Brownlow of Lurgan. He is said
to have married in 1728 Mrs. Martha George
(BuKKE, Landed Gentry, ed. 1882) ; but this
is improbable, for he is first mentioned in

Forde

427

Forde

the { Army List ' as having been appointed
a captain in Adlercron's (the 39th) regiment
on 30 April 1746. This regiment was the first
ever sent to India of the king's army, and it
is worthy of remark that Eyre Coote (1726-
1783) [q. v.], afterwards Sir Eyre, was only
the junior captain when Forde was promoted
major in it on 13 Nov. 1755. He first appears
in Anglo-Indian history as the commander of
a small party which was defeated at Nellore
(MALCOLM, Life of Clive, ii. 26) ; but Clive
early perceived his great military abilities,
and it was upon Olive's express invitation
that Forde resigned his commission in the
royal army in June 1758, and proceeded to
Bengal in order to act as second in command
to Clive in that presidency, and to be ready
to succeed him in case of need.

The victory of Plassey had secured the pos-
session of Bengal to the East India Company,
but Clive felt that the British authority could
not be considered as safely established until
the French were driven out of the Deccan.
The great danger lay in the powerful dominion
erected by M. Bussy, the ablest French officer
who ever served in India in the Northern
Circars between the company's two eastern
presidencies. Bussy had secured the grant of
the coast districts known as the Northern
Circars from the nizam, where he had esta-
blished an efficient system of administration
and organised a powerful army. At the
beginning of 1759 the Comte de Lally, the
governor-general at Pondicherry, suddenly
recalled Bussy from Masulipatam, and ap-
pointed M. Conflans, an incompetent officer,
to succeed him. At this juncture Colonel
Forde, as he was called in anticipation of the
colonel's commission which Clive had pro-
mised him from the East India Company,
landed at Vizagapatam with a small force of
five hundred Europeans, two thousand sepoys,
and twelve guns. He at once advanced
against Conflans, and, after defeating him at
Condore, took Rajamahendri and all the bag-
gage of the French army. He was then
hindered by want of money ; the ally of the
English, Bassalat Jang, refused to pay ; the
European soldiers mutinied ; and Forde was
obliged to remain inactive for fifty days. At
last he determined that any action was better
than no action ; he feared that the French
fleet might throw reinforcements into Masu-
lipatam, or that Bussy might return ; and he
quieted his soldiers by promising them the
whole booty of the city. He thereupon de-
termined to assault Masulipatam, though
he had barely nine hundred men with him
after deducting his losses by sickness and the
garrisons he had left at Rajamahendri and
Vizagapatam. At midnight on 25 Jan. the

assault took place ; 284, or nearly one-third
of Forde's little army, were killed or wounded,
but the city was taken, and five hundred
French soldiers and 2,100 sepoys surrendered
themselves prisoners. The result of this gal-
lant action was that the French lost their
foothold in the Deccan, and the Northern
Circars were ceded to the East India Com-
pany. Forde was both publicly and privately
thanked by Clive, but his disappointment was
bitter when he found, on returning to Cal-
cutta, that after having resigned his commis-
sion in the king's army the directors of the
East India Company had refused to confirm
his commission in their service. His disap-
pointment was aggravated by the return to
India of his junior, Eyre Coote, with the rank
of lieutenant-colonel in the king's service, and
the comm and of a fine regiment. Nevertheless
he was ready to assist Clive in his opera-
tions against the Dutch at Chinsurah, and it
was to Forde that Clive pencilled his famous
note when Forde reported that the Dutch
were in a favourable position to be attacked,
and that he only wanted an order in council
to attack. f Attack at once ; will send
order in council,' was Clive's response on the
back of a playing-card, and he then resumed
his game. Forde did attack, and completely
defeated the Dutch, and in the following year
he returned to England with Clive. Clive
obtained a company's commission for Forde,
and his great quarrel with Sulivan and his
party in the India House was largely due to
Clive's advocacy of Forde for high military
command in India, in opposition to the Suli-
van candidate, Eyre Coote. Forde remained
for some time in England, and in 1769 he
was appointed, on Clive's recommendation,
to be one of the three supervisors who were
to be despatched to India with full powers
to examine into every department of adminis-
tration. The three supervisors, Mr. Henry
Vansittart, M.P., Mr. Luke Scrafton, and
Forde, set sail from Portsmouth in Septem-
ber 1769 on board the Aurora frigate ; they
touched at the Cape of Good Hope on 27 Dec.
1769, and were never heard of again.

[Burke's Landed Gentry, ed. 1882; Army Lists,
1754-8 ; Orme's Narrative of Affairs in Hindo-
stan ; Malcolm's Life of Clive ; Mill's History of
India ; Stubbs's History of the Bengal Artillery,
which contains good plans.] H. M. S.

FOKDE, SAMUEL (1805-1828), painter,
born at Cork on 5 April 1805, was son of
Samuel Forde, a tradesman, who became in-
volved in difficulties, and went to America,
deserting his family. The elder brother
was a talented musician, and was able to
earn sufficient to send young Samuel to

Forde

428

Forde

school, where he learnt Latin and French. A
friend, Mr. Aungier, taught him Latin, and
he learnt Greek by his own perseverance.
Forde very soon displayed a talent for art,
and though Cork did not offer much to in-
spire a youthful artist, his taste for literature
helped to nourish and foster the high aspira-
tions which distinguished, even in his school-
boy days, the numberless sketches on which
he employed himself. He became a student
in the Cork Academy, drawing from the col-
lection of casts which Lord Listowel had
obtained for that institution. The master,
Chalmers, was also a scene painter, and taught
Forde distemper painting, so that he was able
to be employed at the theatre. He had an
intention of becoming a mezzotint engraver,
and taught himself the art with materials
roughly made by his own hands, but soon
relinquished any further practice, and became
a teacher of drawing, and subsequently master
in the Cork Mechanics' Institute. Among
his fellow-students and intimate friends was
Daniel Maclise [q. v.] Up to about twenty
years of age Forde was principally engaged
on works of a decorative character painted
in distemper ; in 1826 he was able to execute
works of his own invention, and give ex-
pression to the grand projects which his poeti-
cal mind conceived. His first picture was
the ' Vision of Tragedy,' the idea taken from
Milton, which was painted in distemper, in
grey and white. A cartoon for this subject
was in the possession of Mr. Justice Willes,
and was presented by his nephew to the South
Kensington Museum. Forde was continually
occupied in projecting pictures of an ambi-
tious nature. In November 1827 he painted
in two days a ' Crucifixion' for the chapel of
Skibbereen. In October 1827 his lungs first
became affected. Early in 1828 he com-
menced a large picture of the ' Fall of the
Rebel Angels/ but although he was able to
dispose of the picture, he was not destined to
complete it. He slowly sank under the in-
crease of his consumptive symptoms, and died
on 29 July 1828, at the early age of twenty-
three. He was buried in St. Finn Barr's
churchyard at Cork.

[Dublin Univ. Mag. (March 1845), xxv. 338;
Q'Driscoll's Life of Daniel Maclise : Redgrave's
Diet, of Artists.] L. c.

FORDE, THOMAS (d. 1582), catholic
divine, was born in Devonshire and educated
at Trinity College, Oxford, where he obtained
a fellowship. He proceeded B.A. 13 May
1563, and commenced M.A. 14 July 1567
(BoASE, Register of the Univ. of Oxford, p.
251). On being converted to the Roman
catholic faith he went in 1570 to the Eng-

lish College at Douay. In March 1572-3
he was ordained priest at Brussels, with
Richard Bristow [q. v.] and Gregory Martin,
these being the first three alumni who were
presented for holy orders from Douay Col-
lege. He took the degree of B.D. in the
university of Douay in 1576, and soon after-
wards returned to England upon the mis-
sion. On 17 July 1581 he was apprehended
with Edmund Campion [q. v.l and John Col-
leton [q. v.], in the house of Mr. Yates at
Lyford, Berkshire. He was conveyed to
London with the other priests and com-
mitted to the Tower. On the testimony of
two perjured witnesses he was convicted of
complicity in the pretended conspiracy of
Rheims and Rome, although he had never
been in either of those cities. Sentence of
death was pronounced 21 Nov. 1581. On
28 May 1582 he was executed with two
other priests, John Shert and Robert John-
son. Between the time of their condemna-
tion and execution they were examined in
the Tower by the attorney- and solicitor-
general, Popham and Egerton, and two civi-
lians, Dr. Hammond and Dr. Lewis, in order
to elicit from them opinions which might be
considered treasonable in reference to the
bull of Pope Pius V and the deposing power
of the holy see. Forde was beatified by the
decree of Pope Leo XIII, dated 29 Dec. 1886.

[Bridgewater's ConcertatioEcclesise Catholicae,
if. 85 b, 86 b ; Challoner's Missionary Priests
(1741), i. 77; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 107;
Douay Diaries, p. 423 ; Hist, del Glorioso Mar-
tirio di diciotto Sacerdoti (Macerata, 1585),
p. 127; Raissius, Catalogus Christi Sacerdotum,
p. 28 ; Simpson's Life of Campion, p. 220 seq. ;
Stanton's Menology, p. 238 ; Stow's Annales
(1615), p. 694; Tablet, 15 Jan. 1887, pp. 81,
82.] T. C.

FORDE, THOMAS (fi. 1660), author,
describes himself as belonging to the neigh-
bourhood of Maldon, Essex, being of the same
kindred as John Udall, the puritan (FoEDE,
Fcenestra, p. 135). He was a staunch and
pious royalist. His books indicate some
classical attainments. James Howell was
apparently intimate with him. His earliest
work was ' The Times Anatomized in several
characters, by T. F.,' London, 1647. This
series of pointed essays on such topics as
<A Good Subject,' ' A Soldier of Fortune/
1 Religion,' and the like, has sometimes been
wrongly assigned to the famous Fuller. Oldys
first showed that Forde was the author. An
early manuscript note in the copy in the
British Museum gives the writer's name as
'T. Ford, servant to Mr. Sam. Man.' 'Lusus
Fortunse, the play of Fortune ; continually
acted by the severall creatures on the Stage

Fordham

429

Fordham

of the World,' London, 1649, consists of a
number of moral essays, illustrated by quo-
tations from ancient and modern literatures.
Among modern writers, Spenser, Cowley,
Donne, Cornwallis, Bacon, Fuller, Hall,
Heylyn, and Sylvester are represented. A
Latin poem prefixed is signed I. H. (James
Ho well ?). In 1660 appeared five tracts
which are sometimes met with as separate
publications and sometimes bound together
in a single volume, bearing the general title
1 Virtus Kediviva, with several other pieces
from the same pen.' Each piece has a sepa-
rate title-page and is separately paged.
(1) 'Virtus Rediviva, or a Panegyrick on
the late king, Charles I.' consists of a prose
tract and two elegies in verse, written on
the anniversaries of Charles I's execution in
1657 and 1658 respectively. (2) 'Love's
Labyrinth, or the Royal Shepherdess, a Tragi-
Comedie, by Tho. Forde Philothal,' is partly
imitated from Robert Greene's 'Arcadia,'
and partly borrowed from Gomersal's ' Sforza,
Duke of Milan.' One of its songs is taken
bodily from Greene; another is a version of
Anacreon's 'Love's Duel.' The play is in
blank verse. It was never acted. Verses
by ' N. C.' and Edward Barwick are prefixed.
(3) 'A Theatre of Wits, Ancient and Modern/
a collection of apophthegms. (4) ' Fsenestra
in Pectore, or Familiar Letters,' apparently
a selection fromForde's actual correspondence
with his father, a friend at Barbadoes, E. B.
(Edward Barwick ?), and others. In a letter
addressed to 'Mr. T. F.,' i.e. the famous
Thomas Fuller, he praises unstintedly Ful-
ler's ' Church History ' (p. 135). On p. 166
he translates Martial's ' Non amo te Sabidi,'
&c., as ' I do not like thee, Nell,' &c., the
prototype of the better-known ' I do not like
thee, Dr. Fell ' [cf. FELL, JOHN, and BKOWN,
THOMAS or TOM]. (5) ' Fragmenta Poetica,
or Poetical Diversions with a panegyrick
upon his sacred Majestie's most happy re-
turn on the 29 May 1660.' Besides sacred
poems, there are some verses here in praise
of George Herbert and Thomas Bastard.
The description ' Philothal,' which commonly
follows Forde's name on his title-pages, is
apparently an abbreviation of 'Philo-tha-
lassios,' a lover of the sea.

[Hunter's manuscript Chorus Vatum in Addit.
MS. 24489, f. 400 ; Forde's works ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Bailey's Life of Thomas Fuller, pp. 585-6,
759.] S. L. L.

FORDHAM, GEORGE (1837-1887),
jockey, son of James Fordham, was born at
Cambridge on 24 Sept. 1837. He was trained
for the turf by Richard Drewitt and Edward
Smith, and at the age of thirteen had his

earliest mount at Brighton. In October 1851
tie gained his first victory in the Trial Stakes
at the Brighton autumn meeting. He carried
off the Cambridgeshire in 1853 on Little
David, and in the following year he unex-
pectedly won the Chester Cup on Epami-
nondas. From this time Fordham became a
very popular rider. In 1855 he was at the
head of the list of winning jockeys, and dur-
ing eight succeeding years he occupied the
same position, his best record being 165 wins
in 1862. In 1859 he won his first important
race, the One Thousand Guineas. The same
year he won the Oaks on Summerside. Ford-
ham won the Ascot Cup five times, the
Alexandra Plate once, the Gold Vase six
times, the Ascot Stakes twice, and the Prince
of Wales's Stakes four times. He rode several
favourites for the Derby, but only won it in
1879 upon Sir Bevys. Fordham had in all
twenty-two mounts for the Derby, his last
appearance in the race being in 1883, when
he was unplaced on Ladislas. He never won
the St. Leger, though he rode twenty-two
races. He won the Oaks five times. For
the Two Thousand Guineas Fordham had also
twenty-two mounts, but only won twice. He
secured the One Thousand Guineas seven
times out of twentv-one mounts for that race.
Many of Fordham s best efforts were in small
races, when he frequently succeeded against
expectation by his singular skill and resolu-
tion. His greatest achievement is said to
have been in 1871, when he won the Cam-
bridgeshire on Sabinus. His only Cesare-
witch victory was in 1857, when the famous
dead heat occurred between three.

Fordham was a great favourite on the con-
tinent, and especially in France, where he
frequently rode. He won the Grand Prix
de Paris in 1867, 1868, and 1881, the French
Derby in 1861 and 1868, and the French
Oaks in 1880. He had no superior as a rider
of two-year-olds. His weight was only
3st. 121b. when he won his first Cambridge-
shire. His services were much in request
from a very early period ; and one owner pre»-
sented him with a Bible, a testimonial pin,
and a gold-mounted whip, all of which he
preserved through life, religiously follow-
ing the motto engraved upon the whip of
' Honesty is the best policy.' He also received
souvenirs from the Rothschilds, the Prince
of Wales, and other patrons of the turf.
He was frequently offered 1,500/. a year to>
ride in England and France, but he would
never agree to receive a fixed salary.

During the latter part of his career failing
health frequently kept Fordham out of the
saddle. Between 1875 and 1878 he was
not seen in public. His last win was in

Fordun

43°

Fordun

Leopold de Eothschild's colours on Brag in
the Brighton Cup of 1883, and his last race
the Park Stakes at Windsor in August 1884.
He carried the most implicit confidence of all
his employers, and was kind to young jocke;
It was said that he never attempted to take
advantage of a youngster at the start.

Fordham was twice married : first to Miss
Hyde of Lewes, who died in 1879; and
secondly to her cousin, Miss Leith. After
the loss of his first wife he went to reside at
West Brighton, where an accident in riding
produced a concussion of the brain. He was
for weeks in a serious condition. At the
close of 1884 Fordham left Brighton and re-
turned to Slough, where he had previously
lived, and he died there 12 Oct. 1887.

Fordham was devoted to his family. He
was never known to give a vote for a parlia-
mentary candidate in his life. He was ex-
tremely reticent on horse-racing, had a deep
aversion to gambling of all kinds, and ever
showed the greatest anxiety to keep his son
from being in any way associated with the
turf. His own career was scrupulously
honourable.

[Times, Sportsman, and Morning Post, 13 Oct.
1887.]

FORDUN, JOHN (d. 1384?), is the
writer upon whom Walter Bower [q. v.]
based the earlier part of his great work, the
' Scotichronicon.' At the end of his chro-
nicle Walter Bower claims for himself books
vi-xvi., while to his predecessor he allows
books i-v. (Scotichron. i. 1, ii. 513). Fordun
wrote fifteen of the first twenty-three chap-
ters of book vi. also (id. i. 338), and the rest of
Bower's work down to 1383 is very largely
based upon Fordun's notes (Prolog. Scoti-
chron. i. 1). Even in the first five books of
the ' Scotichronicon ' there are, however,
many passages [see BOWER, WALTER] inter-
polated by Bower.

The prefaces to the later redactions of
the ' Scotichronicon ' are our only authority
for Fordun's life. He only once intimates
his name by an acrostic (FORDUN, p. 3 ; Scoti-
chron. i. 3). The important manuscript of
the ' Scotichronicon ' in the British Museum
(Royal Library, 13 EX), commonly known
as the ' Black Book of Paisley' (a fifteenth-
century manuscript), calls John de Fordun
'capellanus ecclesise Aberdonensis,' while
the 'prologue 'to the 'Scotichronicon' styles
him ' dominus Joannes Fordoun, presbyter '
(SKENE, pref. p. xvii; MURRAY, pp. 2, 15).
From these indications Mr. Skene has in-
ferred that he was a ' chantrey priest ' in the
cathedral at Aberdeen (p. xiv). From the
preface to another manuscript we learn that

Edward 'Langschankes,' the tyrant, had car-
ried off to England or burnt all the truly
national records of the Scotch history. After
their loss, ' a certain venerable ' priest, Lord
John Fordon, desired to repair the loss, and,
after collecting in his own country, wandered
like a 'curious bee' with his manuscript
(' Codex Sinualis ') in his breast, ' in prato
Britannise et in oraculis Hiberniae, per civi-
tates et oppida, per universitates et collegia,
per ecclesias et coenobia, inter historicos con-
versans et inter chronographos perendinans '
(Pref. to Book of Cupar ; the Dublin MS. of
Scotichron. ap. SKENE, pp. 49, 50). This
journey in quest of materials is calculated,
from internal evidence, to have taken place
between 1363 and 1384. In the prologue to
the 'Scotichronicon' Bower tells us of a
conversation in which a certain venerable
doctor remarked that he could very well re-
collect this writer of whom the company
made so much : ' He was an unlearned man
(homo simplex), and not a graduate of any
school ' (Scotichron. i. 1). Mr. Murray sug-
gests that the John Fordun whose name ap-
pears in the 'Exchequer Rolls of Scotland' as
making certain payments on behalf of the
burgesses of Perth in 1393-5 was the his-
torian (MURRAY, pp. 2, 3; cf. Exchequer
Rolls of Scotland, iii. 366). He also remarks
that Fordun must have been the friend of
Walter Wardlaw, the bishop of Glasgow and
legatus a latere in Scotland, and, if a chantry-
priest of Aberdeen, must likewise have known
John Barbour [q. v.] (MURRAY, pp. 2, 3 ; cf.
FORDUN, bk. v. c. 50). Fordun probably died
soon after 1384, the year in which his annals
end.

Fordun's writings, as now preserved, consist
of : 1. ' Chronica Gentis Scotorum.' 2. ' Gesta
Annalia.' Some manuscripts also include
certain 'materials/ Of these materials a
great part has been worked up into the later
books of his 'Chronica;' the rest consist of
documents relating to the ' controversy with
England as to the independence of Scotland.'
These ' Independence ' documents appear in
book vi. of the ' Chronica ' as contained in
the Wolfenbiittel MS., and before the ' Gesta
Annalia.' In the Trinity Coll. Cambridge MS.
they are found in the middle of the ' Gesta
Annalia' at the year 1284. Of the ' Chronica
Gentis Scotorum,' book i. is almost entirely
mythical ; book ii. continues the story of the
Scots from their first king in Great Britain,
Fergus, to the days of Maximus and Theo-
dosius (c. 395 A.D.); book iii. extends to the
days of Charles the Great (c. 814 A.D.) ; book
LV. down to the reign of Macbeth (1057 A.D.) ;
book v. from Malcolm Canmore's accession to
the death of King David (1153 A.D.) The

Fordun

431

Fordyce

last eighteen chapters of this book are made
up of extracts from Abbot Baldred or Ailred
of Rievaulx, * Lamentatio pro morte regis
David.' At this point the i Gesta Annalia '
take up the narrative, and continue it from
the accession of Malcolm IV (1153 A.D.) down
to 1383 A.D. The historical chapters of book
vi. (i.e. cc. 9-23) are a sketch of English
history from Cerdic, or rather Woden, down
to the death of Edward the Confessor.

From Mr. Skene's careful analyses of the
extant manuscripts of these works it appears
that Fordun compiled the materials for
book v. and the still extant part of book vi.
before his journey into England; for the ad-
ditions which these books in their later form
contain ' are frequently taken from William
of Malmesbury, while in the materials there
is no allusion to that writer.' Of the ' Gesta
Annalia ' there also seem to be two texts, the
earlier one of which (represented by Cotton
Vitellius MS. E. xi., a sixteenth-century
manuscript, and Trinity Coll. Dublin MS.
E. 2, 28, a sixteenth- or seventeenth-century
manuscript) was plainly drawn up in 1363,
for the list of English kings in chapter 80
ends with ' Edwardus tertius qui nunc est,' and
the history of events breaks off with the
year 1363. On the other hand, the Wolfen-
biittel MS. (fourteenth century) carries on
the narrative to 1383, and, after recording
the Black Prince's death, winds up the list of
English kings with ' Edwardus princeps ge-
nuit Ricardum qui nunc est ' (SKE^E, pref.
pp. xxxii-iii; cf. FOEDTJN, pp. 319, 382, 383).
It was apparently after his journey into Eng-
land that Fordun compiled the first four
books, and brought the ' Gesta Annalia' down
to 1384 or 1385.

Fordun's authorities are collected by Mr.
Skene at the end of the second volume of his
edition. He was an historian of no great
discernment when dealing with early times,
but becomes more valuable the nearer he
gets to his own days. There can be little
doubt that he made use of Irish materials in
his work,

[Johannis de Fordun, Chronica G-entis Sco-
torum, vols. i. and ii. ed. Skene, for the Histo-
rians of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1871-2) ; Johannis
de Fordun, Scotichronicon, ed. Hearne, 5 vols.
(Oxford, 1722) ; Gale's Scriptores, vol. iii. ; Bower's
Scotichronicon, ed. G-oodall (Edinburgh, 1759).
All the references to Fordun are to Skene's edi-
tion; those to the Scotichronicon to Groodall's
Notes on the Black Book of Paisley (New Club
Series) by David Murray (Paisley, 1885); Die
Handschriften der herzoglichen Bibliothek zu
"Wblfenbiittel (Otto von Heinemann, Wolfen-
biittel, 1886), vol. i. pt. ii. p. 26. Mr. Skene's
preface to the first volume of his Fordun contains
a precise account of the various manuscripts of

Fordun and Bower ; he has here collected every-
thing that can be said about his author's life
and work.] T. A. A.

FORDYCE, ALEXANDER (d. 1789),
banker, youngest son of Provost Fordyce
of Aberdeen, and brother to David, James,
and William Fordyce, each of whom is
separately noticed, was educated under his
uncle, Thomas Blackwell the younger [q. v.],
and was afterwards for some time in the
hosiery trade at Aberdeen. Abandoning
this occupation, he went to London, and
obtained a situation as outdoor clerk to a
banker named Boldero. Eventually he be-
came the most active partner in the firm of
Neale, James, Fordyce, & Down. Under his
guidance this firm speculated freely, and
gained a large sum by obtaining early intel-
ligence of the signature of the preliminaries
of the peace of Paris in 1763, and a still
larger one when East India stock rose greatly
in 1764-5. With the proceeds of these and
other speculations Fordyce purchased an es-
tate and built a fine house at Roehampton,
where he lived in great magnificence. He
stood as a candidate for the borough of Col-
chester at the general election of 1768, and
spent nearly 14,000/., but was defeated by
twenty-four votes. On this he proceeded to
build a hospital and otherwise l nurse ' the
borough. In 1770 he married Lady Mar-
garet Lindsay, second daughter of the Earl
of Balcarres. The tide of fortune then
turned ; he lost heavily at the beginning of
1771 in the fluctuations of the market caused
by the dispute with Spain about the Falk-
land Islands. His partners became alarmed,
but it is said he succeeded in quieting their
fears by the simple expedient of showing
them a pile of bank notes which he had bor-
rowed for the purpose for a few hours. His
losses continuing, he absconded, and the bank
stopped payment on 10 June 1772. The
stoppage precipitated a crisis which was im-
pending in consequence of the collapse of a
speculative mania in Scotland ; no bankrupt-
cies of importance happened for a few days,
but then a great panic arose in the city. Sir
Richard Glyn and Halifax stopped payment,
though only temporarily as it turned out,
and the stoppage of Sir George Colebrooke
was only prevented with difficulty. Fordyce
soon returned and went through his exami-
nation at the Guildhall, although his life was
supposed to be in danger from the mob. His
deficiency seems to have been about 100,000/.
He died 8 Sept. 1789, at Mr. Mead's in George
Street, Portman Square. A sermon by Thomas
Toller, published in London in 1775, describes
Fordyce's fall. His widow married in 1812
Sir James Bland Burges [q. v.]

Fordyce

432

Fordyce

[Gent. Mag. xlii. 310, 311, and 292, 293, 296,
392, 434-6, xxxviii. 274, xl. 344, vol. lix. pt. ii.
p. 866 ; Grenville Papers, iv. 539-43 ; Walpole's
Letters, v. 393-6 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation.]

E. C-N.

FORDYCE, DAVID (1711-1751), pro-
fessor at Aberdeen, born at Broadford, near
Aberdeen, and baptised 1 April 1711, was the
second son of George Fordyce of Broadford,
provost of Aberdeen. After attending Aber-
deen grammar school he was entered of Ma-
rischal College in 1724, where he went through
a course of philosophy under Professor Daniel
Garden, and of mathematics under Mr. John
Stewart. He took his M.A. degree in 1728.
Being intended for the church he next studied
divinity under Professor James Chalmers, and
obtained in due time license as a preacher,
though he never received a call. In 1742 he
was appointed professor of moral philosophy
in Marischal College. By Dodsley he was
employed to write the article ' Moral Phi-
losophy ' for the ' Modern Preceptor,' which
was afterwards published separately as ' The
Elements of Moral Philosophy,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1754. It reached a fourth edition in
1769, and was translated into German, 8vo,
Zurich, 1757. Previously to this Fordyce
had attracted some notice by his anonymous
'Dialogues concerning Education,' 2 vols.
8vo, London, 1745-8. In 1750 he made a
tour through France, Italy, and other coun-
tries, and was returning home in September
1751 when he lost his life in a storm off
the coast of Holland. His premature end is
noticed by his brother, Dr. James Fordyce
[q. v.], in one of his ' Addresses to the Deity,'
and a bombastic epitaph from the same pen
will be found in the * Gentleman's Maga-
zine' for 1796 (vol. Ixvi. pt. ii. pp. 1052-
1053). Fordyce's posthumous works are :
1. 'Theodoras: a Dialogue concerning the
art of Preaching,' 12mo, London, 1752, which
was often reprinted, along with James For-
dyce's ' Sermon on the Eloquence, and an
Essay on the Action of the Pulpit.' 2. ' The
Temple of Virtue. A Dream [by D. For-
dyce]. Published [with some additions] by
James Fordyce,' 16mo, London, 1757 (other
editions in 1759 and 1775).

[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. 1814, xiv. 468-70;
Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen, ii. 54-5 ; Irving's
Book of Scotsmen, p. 149 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]

G. G.

FORDYCE, GEORGE (1736-1802), phy-
sician, born at Aberdeen on 18 Nov. 1736,
was the only and posthumous son of George
Fordyce of Broadford, a small property near
that city. His father was one of a family
of twenty children, several of whom became

well known, e.g. David, the professor of philo-
sophy [q. v.] ; James, the divine [q. v.] ; Sir
William, the physician [q. v.] ; and John,
also a physician. George Fordyce was sent
to school at Fouran, and afterwards to the
university of Aberdeen, where he became
M.A. at the age, it is said, of fourteen. A year
later he was sent to his uncle, Dr. John For-
dyce of Uppingham, to prepare for the medical
profession, and, after spending four years with
him, entered as a medical student in the
university of Edinburgh. Here he became
a favourite pupil of Cullen, from whom he
imbibed a fondness for chemistry and materia
medica, as well as an insight into practical
medicine. He graduated M.D. in October
1758 with a dissertation ' De Catarrho,' which
shows considerable knowledge of chemistry
and contains results which the author thought
worth quoting in his public lectures thirty
years later. Immediately afterwards he came
to London, but in 1759 passed over to Ley-
den, where he studied anatomy under Al-
binus. Returning to London in the same
year he resolved to settle there as a lecturer
on medical science, a career which was at
that time, owing to the absence of regular
medical schools, a comparatively open one-
Before the end of the year he had commenced
a course of lectures on chemistry, and in 1764
added courses on materia medica and the
practice of physic. These subjects he con-
tinued to teach for nearly thirty years, lec-
turing on the three in succession from seven
to ten on six mornings in the week the whole
year through. Such arduous labour pro-
bably soon began to bear fruit, as we find
that Fordyce married in 1762, and in after
years his lectures were extremely popular,
being attended successively by thousands of
students, among them many who subse-
quently became distinguished. Several full
copies of notes by his pupils still exist in
manuscript.

Fordyce was admitted licentiate of the
College of Physicians on 25 June 1765. Five
years afterwards, a vacancy having occurred
for a physician at St. Thomas's Hospital
through the death of Akenside, Fordyce be-
came a candidate, and, after a close contest
with Dr. (afterwards Sir William) Watson,
was elected on 11 July 1770 to that office,
which he held till his death. In 1776 he
was made F.R.S., and wrote several papers
in the < Philosophical Transactions.' In 1787
he was elected l speciali gratia ' fellow of the
College of Physicians, the greater honour
because at that time only graduates of Eng-
lish universities were generally eligible to
the fellowship, and because Fordyce had been
an active partisan of the licentiates in their

Fordyce

433

Fordyce

quarrel with the college. Fordyce took an
important part in the compilation of the new
* Pharmacopeia Londinensis,' which was is-
sued in 1788. In 1793 he assisted in form-
ing a Society for the Improvement of Medical
and Chirurgical Knowledge, to the l Trans-
actions ' of which he also contributed.

Fordyce was not at first successful in prac-
tice, owing, it is said, partly to disregard of
appearances in manner and dress ; but in
later life he was fully occupied till his health
began to give way. His habits had always
been such as to try his constitution ; and in
early life, it is said, he often reconciled the
claims of pleasure and business by lecturing
for three hours in the morning without having
gone to bed the night before. He had con-
ceived the idea that man ought to eat only
once in the day, and consequently took no
meal but a dinner, though this, if anecdotes
are trustworthy ,was a very liberal one (MTJNK,
Coll of Phys. 1878, ii. 375). He died of dis-
orders connected with gout on 25 May 1802,
at his house in Essex Street, Strand. He
was the father of two sons, who died young,
and two daughters, who survived him. His
portrait, by T. Phillips, is preserved at St.
Thomas's Hospital, and was engraved by
S. Phillips in 1796.

Fordyce was a man of much intellectual
force and of great attainments in medicine.
His friend Dr. Wells, no mean judge, thought
him more generally skilled in the medical
sciences than any other person of his time.
He was also a good chemist and mineralogist.
One of his chemical papers in the ' Philoso-
phical Transactions ' (No. 7 in list below) is
important as confirming by an indirect method
the views of Priestley and Lavoisier in oppo-
sition to the doctrine of Phlogiston. His
medical lectures, judging from the manu-
script notes, seem to have been lucidly ar-
ranged and remarkable for rather elaborate
logical analysis. They are said by Dr. Wells
to have been composed and delivered entirely
without notes, and with a slow, hesitating
manner. The ' Elements of Physic ' was the
text-book for these lectures ; but it is on the
1 Treatise on Digestion ' and the ' Disserta-
tions on Fever' that Fordyce's reputation
rests. The former, which was first delivered
as the Gulstonian lecture before the College
of Physicians, is a work of great ability and
conceived in a scientific spirit. Rejecting
all purely mechanical and chemical theories,
he treats digestion as a physiological process.
A similar reaction against the scholastic medi-
cal systems of the last century is shown in
the ' Dissertations on Fever,' in which the
leading principle is that l observation of the
disease is entirely to be adhered to, without

VOL. XIX.

any reasoning why or how anything in it
takes place.' Fordyce's observations on the
temperature of the human body were nume-
rous and historically important. He devised
experiments, the results of which were com-
municated to the Royal Society by Sir C.
Blagden, which showed that the body pre-
serves a constant temperature even in heated
rooms.

He wrote: 1. 'Elements of Agriculture
and Vegetation,' Edinburgh, 1765, 8vo ; 2nd
edition, London ; 3rd edition, ib., 1779 (lec-
tures given to a class of gentlemen interested
in agriculture). 2. ' Elements of the Prac-
tice of Physic,' 2 vols., London; 2nd edi-
tion, 1768-70 ; 6th edition, ib., 1791. 3. 'Trea-
tise on the Digestion of Food,' London,
1791 ; 2nd edition, 1791. 4. ' Dissertation on
Simple Fever,' London, 1794 ; 2nd edition,
ib., 1800 ; ' Second Dissertation on Tertian
Intermittent Fever,' ib., 1795 ; < Third Dis-
sertation on Continued Fever,' 2 pts., 1798-9 ;
' Fourth Dissertation,' ib., 1802 ; ' Fifth Dis-
sertation' (edited after the author's death by
Dr. Wells), ib., 1803. 5. < Syllabus of Lec-
tures on Chemistry,' 12mo, s. d. The first
four were translated into German. In ' Philo-
sophical Transactions : ' (1) * Of the Light pro-
duced by Inflammation,' vol. Ixvi. ; (2) ' Exa-
mination of Ores in Museum of Dr. W. Hun-
ter,' vol. Ixix. ; (3) l New Method of Assaying
Copper Ores ; ' (4) < On Loss of Weight in
Bodies on being Melted or Heated,' vol. Ixxv. ;
(5) ' Account of an Experiment on Heat,'
vol. Ixxvii. ; (6) ' The Croonian Lecture on
Muscular Motion ; ' (7) ' On the Cause of the
Additional Weight which Bodies acquire on
being Calcined,' vol. Ixxxii. ; (8) ' Account
of a New Pendulum, being the Bakerian
Lecture,' vol. Ixxxiv. In ' Transactions ' of
a society above mentioned : (1) f Observa-
tions on the Small-pox and Causes of Fever; '
(2) ' An Attempt to Improve the Evidence
of Medicine ; ' (3) ' Some Observations upon
the Composition of Medicines.'

[Gent. Mag. June 1802 (memoir by Dr. Wells,
the original authority); Monthly Mag. July
1802 ; Archives of St. Thomas's Hospital.]

J. F. P.

FORDYCE, JAMES, D.D. (1720-1796),
presbyterian divine and poet, third son of
George Fordyce of Broadford, merchant and
provost of Aberdeen (who had twenty chil-
dren), was born at Aberdeen in the last
quarter of 1720. David Fordyce [q. v.] was
his elder brother, Alexander Fordyce [q. v.]
and Sir William Fordyce [q. v.] were his
younger brothers ; George Fordyce, M.D.
[q. v.], was his nephew. From the Aberdeen
High School Fordyce proceeded to Marischal

F P

Fordyce

434

Fordyce

College, where he was educated for the mi-
nistry. On 23 Feb. 1743 he was licensed
by the Aberdeen presbytery. In September
1744 he was presented by the crown to the
second charge at Brechin, Forfarshire. His
admission was delayed, as the parishioners
stood out for their right of election ; he was
ordained at Brechin on 28 Aug. 1745. His
position was not comfortable, and he did not
get on with his colleague. In 1753 he took
his degree of M.A. at Marischal College, and
in the same year he received a presentation
to Alloa, Clackmannanshire. The parishioners
wanted another man ; however, Fordyce got
a call on 5 June, demitted his charge at
Brechin on 29 Aug., and was admitted at
Alloa on 12 Oct. 1753. Here he won the
affections of his flock, and rapidly acquired
reputation as a preacher. He published
several sermons ; in 1760 his sermon before
the general assembly on the ' folly, infamy,
and misery of unlawful pleasures ' created a
profound impression, and stamped him as a
pulpit orator of the first rank. The univer-
sity of Glasgow made him a D.D.

Already Fordyce had turned his thoughts
to London, where several members of his
family had established themselves. During
a visit to his brother Alexander in 1759 an
unsuccessful effort had been made by his
friends to procure for him a call to a vacant
pastorate in Carter Lane. In 1760 he was
chosen as colleague to Samuel Lawrence,D.D.,
minister of the presbyterian congregation in
Monkwell Street. He demitted his charge
at Alloa on 30 May, and was released from
it on 18 June 1760. Lawrence died on
1 Oct., and Fordyce became sole pastor. He
preached only on Sunday afternoons, the
morning lecturer being Thomas Toller, Law-
rence's son-in-law.

Fordyce's eloquence soon drew crowds to
Monkwell Street. He had the natural ad-
vantages of a dignified presence and a piercing
eye ; his delivery and gestures were studied
with great care. His topics were didactic,
but he freed them from dryness by his powers
of imagination and a polish and pomp of his
style which satisfied cultured tastes. He
forsook generalities, and dealt with the ethics
of actual life. Garrick is said to have heard
him more than once, and to have spoken
highly of his oratory. Boswell speaks of his
' long and uninterrupted social connection '
with Johnson ; he introduced Johnson to
Blair. His sympathetic account (in 'Ad-
dresses to the Deity,' 1785) of Johnson's
religious character has often been quoted.
From this and other passages of his writing
it is evident that, while he avoided the posi-
tion of a party preacher and steered clear of

controversy, his moderation had not destroyed
his evangelical faith.

Fordyce's popularity lasted for about twelve
years. Several causes contributed to its de-
cline. In 1772 the failure of his brother
Alexander involved the ruin of some of For-
dyce's warmest adherents, and the alienation,
of many friends. In 1775 the congregation
was rent by a quarrel between Fordyce and
Toller; the ground of the ill-feeling is not
stated, but may perhaps be gathered from the
tone of Toller's funeral sermon for Alexander
Fordyce. Fordyce's part in the dispute is
not excused by his friends ; he procured the
dismissal of Toller on 28 Feb. 1775 ; a large
part of the congregation withdrew with.
Toller to an independent meeting-house in
Silver Street. Fordyce now undertook the
whole of the duties at Monkwell Street ; his
audience thinned, and disappointment preyed
upon his health. Under medical advice he
resigned his office at Christmas 1782. His
charge at the ordination of his successor,
James Lindsay, D.D., on 21 May 1783, is re-
garded as his finest effort of pulpit eloquence.

He retired to a country residence near
Christchurch, Hampshire, where he was a
neighbour of Lord Bute, who gave him the
range of his library. Several publications,
including a poor volume of poems, were the
fruits of his leisure. On the death (1792) of
his brother, Sir William Fordyce, he removed
to Bath. He was troubled with asthma,
and, after much suffering from this cause,
died suddenly of syncope on 1 Oct. 1796 in
his seventy-sixth year, and was buried in
one of the parish churches of Bath. A funeral
sermon was preached by Lindsay at Monk-
well Street on 16 Oct. He married (1771)
Henrietta Cummyng, who died at Bath on
10 Jan. 1823, aged 89. There was no issue
of the marriage.

He published: 1. 'The Eloquence of the
Pulpit/ &c., 1752, 8vo (ordination sermon ;
often reprinted with David Fordyce's ' Theo-
dorus'). 2. 'The Temple of Virtue/ ^c.,
1757, 12mo (byDavid Fordyce ; but this edition
has additional matter by James Fordyce).
3. ' The Folly ... of Unlawful Pleasures/
&c., 1760, 8vo ; 2nd edit. Edinb. 1768, 8vo.
4. ' Sermons to Young Women/ 1765, 2 vols.
12mo, often reprinted. 5. ' The Character and
Conduct of the Female Sex/ 1776, 8vo.
6. ' Addresses to Young Men/ 1777, 2 vols.
8vo. 7. ' Addresses to the Deity/ 1785, 8vo.
8. ' Poems/ 1786, 8vo. 9. ' A Discourse on
Pain/ 1791, 8vo (Chalmers refers to a certain
'cure for the cramp' here given, and con-
nects it with a passage from Beaumont and
Fletcher). Also sermon on popery (1754),
reprinted 1779; ordination sermon and charge

Fordyce

435

Forest

(1755) ; sermon on Eccles. xi. 1 (1757) ;
funeral sermon for Lawrence (1760) ; sermon
on Prov. viii. 6, 7 (1775) ; charge at ordina-
tion of Lindsay (1783).

[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. ; Lindsay's
Funeral Sermon, 1797; Protestant Dissenting
Magazine, 1796 p. 399 sq., 1797 p. 81 sq. ;
"Wilson's Dissenting Churches, 1808, iii. 114,
209 sq. ; Chalmers's Gren. Biog. Diet. 1814, xiv.
470 sq.; Mitchell's Scotsman's Library, 1825,
p. 30 sq. ; Bogue and Bennett's Hist, of Dis-
senters, 1833, ii. 606 sq. ; Boswell's Johnson
(Wright), 1859, ii. 168, viii. 413, x. 155; Ander-
son's Scottish Nation, 1870, ii. 244 sq. (gives the
family pedigree).] A. Gr.

FORDYCE, SIE WILLIAM (1724-
1792), physician, son of Provost Fordyce of
Aberdeen, and brother of David Fordyce
[q. v.], was born at Aberdeen in 1724, and
educated at Marischal College, also serving
a medical pupilage with a local practitioner
and with his brother John at Uppingham
in 1743. It has been inferred that he quali-
fied at Edinburgh, from the fact that he was
admitted a member of the Royal Medical
Society there, 22 Dec. 1744 ; but it is more pro-
bable that he left Edinburgh without quali-
fying, volunteering for the army during the
war with France which ended in 1748, and
obtaining an appointment as surgeon to the
guards, with whom he served in three cam-
paigns, enduring many hardships. Probably
after the peace he travelled and studied in
France. He was at Turin in 1750 (Frag-
menta Chirurgica, p. 21), but returned to Lon-
don in the same year. While retaining for
many years his connection with the army, he
entered upon general practice in London, and
this and the growing note of his brothers in-
troduced him to the best circles. In 1770 he
was created M.D. at Cambridge by royal man-
date, and was admitted licentiate of the Royal
College of Physicians on 10 April 1786. He
was knighted by George III in 1787. It is
stated ( Gent. Mag. Ixii. 1218) that he was sent
for to greater distances and received greater
sums than almost any physician of his time,
and accumulated much money. He aided his
brother Alexander [q. v.] to his dazzling rise
of fortune, and suffered great loss when he
failed, generously taking upon himself the
burden of his brother James's loss also. His
generosity and hospitality were very great.
His medical skill and knowledge were con-
siderable for his time, as testified by his
works, some of which went through nume-
rous editions. The Society of Arts voted him
a gold medal for his work on rhubarb. He
died at Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, after
a long illness, on 4 Dec. 1792, aged 68. At
the time of his death he was lord rector of

Marischal College, Aberdeen, to which he left
1,000/.

Fordyce's works (all published in London)
•e : 1. 'A Review of the Venereal Disease
and its Remedies,' 1767, fifth edition 1785 ;
German translation, Altenburg, 1769. 2. ' A
New Inquiry into the Causes, Symptoms, and
Cure of Putrid and Inflammatory Fevers, with
an Appendix on the Hectic Fever and on the
Ulcerated Sore Throat,' 1773, fourth edition
1777 ; German translation, Leipzig, 1774.
3. ' The Great Importance and Proper Method
of Cultivating and Curing Rhubarb in Britain
for Medical Uses,' 1784. 4. 'Fragmenta
Chirurgica et Medica,' 1784. 5. ' Letter to
Sir John Sinclair on the Virtues of Muriatic
Acid in curing Putrid Diseases,' 1790.

[G-ent. Mag. Ixii. 1217 ; Fordyce's Works ;
Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii.
359-60.] G-. T. B.

FOREST, JOHN (1474 P-1538), martyr,
entered the convent of Franciscans of the *

*r w

Observance at Greenwich when about seven- *
teen years of age. Some nine years later \ioluvi
he was sent by the convent to study theo-
logy in the Franciscan house without Water-
gate at Oxford. In due time he suppli-
cated the regents for admission to oppose
in divinity for the degree of bachelor, but
there is no evidence of his having taken
any degree, though Pits calls him doctor of
theology. After returning to Greenwich he
was appointed minister of the English pro-
vince, but the date is doubtful. In January
1525 Cardinal Wolsey attempted to hold a
visitation of the Observants by virtue of his
legatine power. This was strongly opposed
by most of the friars, but Forest supported
his authority, and went so far as to curse
nineteen of his recalcitrant brethren at Paul's
Cross. This, according to Francis a S. Clara,
proves him to have been provincial minister.
On the other hand, certain letters from the
convent at Greenwich seem to show that he
was elected minister to succeed Friar William
Peto, who had displeased Henry VIII by his
expression of opinion about the divorce. A
list of names in Cromwell's hand apparently
implies that Forest might be reckoned on as
an opponent of Peto on the king's behalf, and
he was probably appointed for that reason.
The king knew him personally from the fact
of his being confessor to the queen (Catherine
of Arragon), and at a later time he said that
Forest had promised to preach in his support.
But after his appointment as minister he
became an ardent advocate of the queen's
cause, preaching himself on her behalf and
preventing other members of his convent
from preaching on the other side. Mean-

FF2

Forester

436

Forman

while discontented friars of his convent fre-
quently complained to Cromwell of his con-
duct. In the spring of 1 533 the king succeeded
in procuring his deposition and the appoint-
ment of Fr. Jean de la Hey, a Frenchman,
as commissary. Forest was sent to some
convent in the north, but in the following
year was back in London imprisoned at New-
gate on a charge of heresy, the basis of which
was denial of the king's supremacy. He at
first submitted to the court. His confine-
ment, therefore, was not strict, and he was
allowed to celebrate divine service and hear
confessions. It was found that he used this
opportunity of confirming his visitors in the
old faith, and employed his leisure in writing
a book, ' De auctoritate Ecclesise et Pontificis
Maximi,' inveighing with great vehemence
against the pride and impiety of the king in
assuming the title of head of the church.
Sentence of death had been passed upon him
at the commencement of his imprisonment,
and when his relapse was discovered it was
immediately carried out. He was burnt on
22 May 1538 in Smithfield with unusual
barbarity, being slung alive over a fire in-
stead of being surrounded by faggots. An
image called Dderfel Gadern, which had been
long venerated in North Wales, was used as
fuel to fulfil a Welsh prophecy, which said
that it would set a forest on fire. Bishop
Hugh Latimer preached a sermon on the
occasion, urging him in vain to recant, and
the lord mayor, Cromwell, and other great
people were present. The book mentioned
above is the only literary work which he is
said to have composed, and that is not known
to be extant. There are, however, some letters
of his to Queen Catherine and others printed
by Wadding and Parkinson.

[Cal. Hen. VIII, vols. v. vi. vii. ; Hall's Chron.
pp. 135, 2326; Bourchier's Hist. Eccl. deMartyrio
Fratrum Angl. Ingoldstadt, 1583, p. 28 ; Francis
a S. Clara, Supplem. Hist. Prov. Angl., Douay,
1671, p. 8 ; Athense Oxon. i. 107 ; Foxe, iv. 590,
v. 179; Pits, i. 726; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib.
p. 292 ; Wadding's Annales Minorum, xvi. 365,
390, 419; Parkinson's Collect. Anglo-Mi noritica,
pp. 234, 241 ; Gasquet's Hen. VIII and English
Monasteries, i. 193-201 ; Fronde, iii. 295; Parker
Soc.: 1 Lat. xi. 266, 2 Lat. pp. 391-2, 2 Tyn.
p. 302, 2 Gran. pp. 365-6, Bale pp. 139, 509 •
Kawlinson MS. B. 488, f. 41 b.] C. T. M.

FORESTER, JAMES (^.1611), theo-
logical and medical writer, matriculated in
the university of Cambridge as a sizar of Clare
Hall, 26 May 1576. He proceeded B.A. in
1579-80, M.A. in 1583, and practised physic
(COOPER, Athena Cantabr. iii. 58). By pro-
curement of Henry Barrow, the puritan, he
wrote out part of the book entitled < A brief

Description of the False Church/ but he says
that he found fault * in respect off the sharpe
maner of wrytyng thereof,' and caused it to
be reformed, but he alleged that he never
saw the book in print. He was indicted with
Barrow, Greenwood, and others, on 21 March
1592-3, for writing and publishing books to
cry down the church of England and the
queen's prerogative in ecclesiastical matters.
As he expressed penitence, however, his life
was spared.

He was the author of : 1. 'The Pearle of
Practise, or Practisers Pearle for Phisicke
and Chirurgerie found out by J[ohn] H[ester]
a Spageriche or Distiller, amongst the Learned
Observations and Proved Practises of many
expert Men in both Faculties. Published and
drawn into methode/ London, 1594, 4to.
2. ' The Marrow and Juice of 260 Scriptures/
London, 1611, 4to.

[Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), p. 1256;
Egerton Papers, pp. 166, 178 ; Strype's Annals,
iv. 93 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] T. C.

FORFAR, EAELS OF. [See DOUGLAS,
ARCHIBALD.]

FORGAILL, D ALLAN (/. 600), Irish
saint. [See DALLAN.]

FORMAL, ANDREW (d. 1522), arch-
bishop of St. Andrews, is said to have been one
of the Formans of Hatton, near Berwick-on-
Tweed (Scotichron. p. 242). The ' Lord Trea-
surer's Accounts ' record a small payment to
him on 22 Oct. 1489 (Accounts of Lord High
Treasurer^. 123; cf. p. 128). According to
Mr. Dickson, he was protonotary by Septem-
ber 1491, and his name appears in that ca-
pacity several times in the treasury accounts.
In May 1492 he distributed the royal alms
in St. Giles's, and in April 1498 won money

from James IV at cards (ib. pp. 187, 386 ;

pp. 172, 187, &c.) When P
beck landed in Scotland (November 1495)

the protonotary appears to have been told
off to attend him. He received 74/. 8s. in
connection with this service (21 Sept. 1496)
at the time of the futile expedition across the
Tweed. He probably remained with War-
beck till the impostor sailed from Ayr for
Ireland in July 1497 (ib. pp. 299, 344-5, Pref.
pp. cxxvii-clii'i). Next September 'Andrew
Forman, protonotary apostolic and prior of
May/ was despatched with the Bishop of
Aberdeen and Sir Patrick Hume to make
terms with Henry VII. A truce was signed
for seven years at Aytoun in Berwickshire
(30 Sept. 1497). He was employed in other
embassies in 1499 and 1501, and on 8 Oct.
1501 was empowered to treat for the mar-
riage of James IV to Henry VII's daughter

Forman

437

Forman

Margaret (RYMER, pp. 673, 721, 772, 778-
780 ; PAUL, No. 2602).

Forman was rewarded by permission to
hold benefice in England (24 May 1498), and
with a pension of a thousand merks l till he
"bepromovit to a bishoprik orabbasy ' (13 Oct.)
(DiCKSON, Pref. p. clviii) ; and by the grant
of the wardship of the Rutherford heiress
(12 Nov. 1502), who ultimately married his
brother, Sir John Forman (Reg. of Great Seal,
Nos. 2677, 3612). By 8 Oct. 1501 he was
postulate of Moray, and by 12 Nov. 1502 full
bishop of this see (ib. No. 2677 ; KYMEE,
p. 778). In 1502 he was also commendator
of Pittenweem in Fife and of Cottinghame
in England (Reg. of Great Seal, No. 2677).
On 30 July 1509 Forman was appointed
ambassador to Henry VIII. Early in 1511
(January?) James IV commissioned him to
bring about a general peace among Christian
princes with a view to a great crusade. For
the next few years he was occupied in this
work. The pope, Julius II, determined to
make him a cardinal (BEEWEE, i. 1459, 1461,
1643, &c.) Forman succeeded in making a
truce between Julius and Louis XII (id. ii.
776), but not in securing universal peace.
James IV made an alliance with Louis for
an attack on England, and Louis made the
ambassador archbishop of Bourges, for which
see, after a contested election, he did homage
on 12 Sept. 1513 (MICHEL, i. 318-21 ; Gallia
Christiana, ii. 93-4). Henry, suspecting the
king of France's intentions, refused the bishop
a safe-conduct through his country (12 Nov.
1512); but Forman was abroad by April
1513, and sent news of Julius II's death to
Scotland. In these days he was reckoned
omnipotent with James (BEEWEE, No. 3651).
Leo X, who succeeded Julius II in the pa-
pacy, had promoted the Bishop of Moray
to St. Andrews (by 27 Jan. 1514), then va-
cant by the death of Alexander Stewart,
James IV's son, who was slain at Flodden
(No. 4682, LESLIE, p. 95). His election to
this see was contested by Gavin Douglas
[q. v.] and John Hepburn. It was generally
believed that Forman was supported by the
new regent, the Duke of Albany, whom, how-
ever, the bishop did not accompany to Scot-
land. In March 1515 the bishop was at
Lyons, and about 3 June he left Bruges for
Scotland. Leo had already appointed the
new archbishop his legate in Scotland, but
promised to revoke the commission on hear-
ing of Henry VIII's disapproval (2 March
1515) (BEEWEE, ii. Nos. 210, 291, 365, 576,
593).

The archbishop was so unpopular in Scot-
land that in January 1515 it was reported
that the lords would league against him, and

that ' the duke will be the werr ressavit if he
tak his part.' His great offence seems to
have been the accumulation of ecclesiastical
benefices which the lords thought would be
better in the hands of members of their own
family. Besides the offices already noticed he
had held the monasteries of Dryburgh, Dun-
fermline, Kilwinning, and Arbroath, and
was accused of aiming at the see of Glasgow
also (ib. ii. Nos. 27, 50, 776 ; LESLIE, p. 101).
He appears, however, to have very soon re-
signed everything, except St. Andrews and
Dunfermline (No. 776) ; and in February
1516 the three competitors for St. Andrews
consented to abide by Albany's decision. Al-
bany gave St. Andrews to Forman, and pro-
moted James Hepburn to the see of Moray
(LESLIE, p. 106). In May 1516 Albany was
still urging his claims to the cardinalate (No.
1869) ; and it appears that, notwithstanding
Henry VIII's opposition, he was ' legatus
natus cum potestate legati a latere' (regni
Scotise) ( Great Seal, ii. No. 389). As bishop
of Moray he had procured for this see an
exemption from the authority of St. Andrews,
much to the displeasure of James IV and his
son. As archbishop of St. Andrews he sought
to limit, though he could not at once annul,
the exemption and authority of Glasgow (Ro-
BEETSON, pp. ccxxvi-ccxxyiii). As primate
of Scotland he issued an important series of
constitutions in 1515-16, which are printed
in the ' Scotise Concilia ' (pp. cclxx, &c.) He
died in 1522, and was buried at Dunferm-
line (Scotichron. p. 245).

Forman is praised for his generosity, his
politicalcapacity, and his scholarship. Dem-
ster makes Forman the author of three works :
1. ' Contra Lutherum.' 2. ' De Stoica Phi-
losophia.' 3. ' Collectanea Decretalium '
(ib. p. 243). Robertson, in the notes to
his ' Scotise Concilia,' prints some interest-
ing documents showing the debts Forman
incurred in his candidature for the cardinal-
ate, and how the bishop laid his ill-success
to the charge of Henry VIII, who would
not suffer him to pass through England (i.
p. cxxvi).

[Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scot-
land, ed. T. Dickson ; Reg. of the Great Seal of
Scotland, ed. J. B. Paul, vols. i. and ii.; Cal. of
Doc. Henry VIII, vols. i. and ii., ed. Brewer ;
Rymer's Fcedera, vol. xii., ed. 1 792 ; Michel, Les
Ecossaisen France, vol. i., ed. 1862; Exchequer
Rolls of Scotland, ed. Burnet ; Burton's The
Scot Abroad, i. 138-40; Registrum Moraviense
(Maitland Soc.); Concilia Scotiae, ed. Jos. Ro-
bertson; Gordon's Scotichronicon, ed. 1867;
Keith's List of Scotch Bishops, ed. 1824 ; Leslie's
Hist, of Scotland (sixteenth cent, translation).]

T. A. A.

Forman

438

Forman

FORMAN, SIMON (1552-1611), astro-
loger and quack-doctor, was fifth son of the
eight children of William Forman and his
wife Mary, daughter of John Foster, by
Marianna Hallam. Simon's grandfather,
Richard Forman, was governor of Wilton
Abbey before the suppression of the monas-
teries, and when the abbey was made over
to William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, held
some office about the park. Dying in 1556
Richard was buried at Foulson, Devonshire.
Simon's father, William, born at Quidhamp-
ton, Wiltshire, in 1524, served as page to
Lady Willoughby; married in 1544 Mary
Foster, who came from the neighbourhood
of Andover ; was deprived of property which
he should have inherited from his father, and
died 1 Jan. 1564, being buried at Foulson.
Simon's mother lived to the age of ninety-
seven, dying in 1602, and being buried with
her husband. She was vigorous to the last,
walking two miles within a fortnight of her
death. Simon, who paid much attention to
the genealogy of his family, claimed descent
from some apocryphal Richard Forman, earl
of Devonshire in the time of William I, who
is said to have built the church of St. James
at Exeter. A Sir George Forman was created
K.B. in 1485, and Sir William Forman, haber-
dasher, was lord mayor of London in 1538-9.
With both of these Simon declared that he
was connected.

Simon was born at Quidhampton, 30 Dec.
1552. Lilly's statement that he was son of
a chandler, and was born in Westminster,
is untrue. He suffered as a child from bad
dreams, presaging ' the troubles of his riper
years.' A clergyman of Salisbury, named
Riddout, who had formerly been a cobbler,
and who removed to Quidhampton, when
the plague raged in Salisbury, first taught
Simon his accidence. Afterwards he went
for two years to a free school in the Close
at Salisbury, under a master named Boole or
Bowie, ' a severe and furious man,' and was
thence removed to the care of one Min-
terne, prebendary of the cathedral, a person
of unpleasantly frugal habits. The death of
Simon's father in January 1563-4 left him
destitute. His mother neglected him, and
made him do menial work. On 8 Feb. 1567
he apprenticed himself to Matthew Comin,
a general dealer, of Salisbury. His master
treated him kindly, but his mistress had a
violent temper, and he left after a serious
quarrel with her (29 June 1572). He had
Kept up his studies by getting a schoolboy
who lodged with his master to teach him at
night all he learnedby day. He went through
the Isle of Wight on his way home to Quid-
hampton. His mother still declined to main-

tain him ; he became a schoolmaster near
his native place, and received 40s. for half a
year's work. On 20 May 1573 Simon made
his way to Oxford with a friend, Thomas
Ridear. He entered Magdalen College as a
poor scholar, and studied at the school at-
tached to the college. John Thornborough,
a demy of the college (afterwards bishop of
Limerick), and his friend Robert Pinkney
of St. Mary's Hall, two pleasure-loving young
gentlemen, took him into their service. He
had to attend them on hunting expeditions
to Shotover, and to walk to Cowley almost
every day to assist them in the courtship of
a young lady for whose hand they were both
suitors. Forman left Oxford 12 Sept. 1574,
and until midsummer 1578 found employ-
ment as an usher in several small schools at
Wilton, Ashmore, and Salisbury. Early in
1579 he was lodging in the parsonage of
Fisherton, and it was about that date that
he discovered what he claimed to be his mi-
raculous powers. 'I did prophesy,' he re-
cords in his diary, 'the truth of many things
which afterwards came to pass, and the very
spirits were subject to me.' In June he was
robbed of his goods and books, and, on the
information of one William Estcourt, was
sent to gaol for sixty weeks, apparently on
the ground of practising magic. This proved
the first of a long series of similar experi-
ences. He was set free 14 July 1580, begged
his way to London, and obtained work as
a carpenter at Greenwich. On 14 Aug. he
first practised his healing arts, which cured
one Henry Jonson of London of a pulmonary
complaint. In September he accompanied
his patient to Holland ; stayed for a fort-
night at the Hague, and largely increased
his knowledge of astrology and medicine.
He was home again in October, and went to
Quidhampton for a year, 'curing sick and
lame folk,' but the justices at the Lent assizes
bound him over to abstain from his quackery,
and he had often to ' thresh and dig and hedge '
for his living. In the autumn of 1581 he
hired a house at Salisbury, and renewed his
practice of physic and surgery. In August
1582 he went to sea, and landed in Studland.
On his return he travelled much, but finally
set up in the next year (1583) in London as
a doctor and astrologer. There he remained
till the end of his life. He lived at different
times in New Street, St. Thomas's Church-
yard, Philpot Street, and elsewhere. The au-
thorities invariably condemned his methods
of gaining a livelihood, and he repeatedly
suffered imprisonment, but gradually he ac-
quired a lucrative practice, although for the
most part a disreputable one. The Bishop
of London summoned him in 1583 j he was

Forman

439

Forman

imprisoned for nearly the whole of July 1584,
and in the summer of 1585 he was robbed,
assaulted, and sent to prison. The assault
was perhaps due to his personal immoralities,
of which he left an elaborate record in his
diaries. Women figured largely among his
patients, and his treatment of them was very
unprofessional. In 1588 he began to publicly
practise necromancy, and to ' call angels and
spirits.' In 1589 he was impressed for the
Portugal voyage, but he seems to have been
released from service within a month. On
26 July 1590 he was threatened with pro-
cess in the Star-chamber. His fortunes suf-
fered eclipse, and he was near starvation.
With a view to improving his position he
began writing a treatise on mathematics and
medicine. In 1592 the tide turned in his fa-
vour. He worked assiduously and with great
success among the poor in plague-stricken
districts of London, where few doctors ven-
tured. He himself caught the infection. The
College of Physicians summoned him in May
1593 for practising without a license. He
confessed that he had practised in England
for sixteen years, but in London for two only ;
claimed to" have effected many cures : ac-
knowledged that the only medical authors
he studied were ' Cockes and Wainefleet '
(the first is probably a reference to Francis
Coxe [q. v.]), and boasted that he used no
other help to know diseases than the ' Ephe-
merides.' He declared that celestial signs
and aspects gave him all the information
about diseases that he required. The phy-
sicians reported that he was laughably igno-
rant of medicine and astronomy. He was
interdicted from the practice of medicine, and
was fined 5/., which he promised to pay.

Forman had no intention of relinquishing
his work. In 1594 he began experiments
with the philosopher's stone and wrote a book
on magic. Persons moving in high society,
especially ladies, began to employ him. In
1595 he went aboard ' my Earl of Cumber-
land's ship ' to attend Lady Hawkins, and in
September 1601 he wrote that he had made
the acquaintance of Lord Hertford. To his
poor patients he always remained accessible.
But the physicians still refused to tolerate
him. On 7 Nov. 1595 he was re-examined by
them and was sent to prison and fined 10/. On
22 Dec. the lord keeper Egerton ordered his
release and demanded from the physicians an
explanation of their conduct. In Septem-
ber 1596 he was charged by the college with
administering a water of his own manufac-
ture, in the success of which he thoroughly
believed, to a patient who died after drink-
ing it. The physicians again sent him to
prison, but he was set free in November.

In September 1597 he was charged before
the lord mayor with assaulting a woman, and
was in the Counter for a fortnight. In 1597
he took a house at Lambeth so as to be within
the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury and free from the attacks of the physi-
cians. But he seems to have suffered again
at their hands in 1598, and on 25 June 1601
the College of Physicians petitioned Arch-
bishop Whitgift to allow them to proceed
against him once more.

Forman had now acquired many power-
ful friends. On 26 June 1603 the university
of Cambridge gave him a license to practise
medicine (Ashmole MS. 1301, now 1763,
f. 44), and on 27 June he proceeded M.D.
from Jesus College. On 30 March 1607 a
number of patients complained to the College
of Physicians of Forman's prophetic methods
of cure, and of the high charges which he
demanded for his drugs. But until the end
of his life Forman's connection among ladies
of the court increased. At the trial of those
charged with the murder of Sir Thomas
Overbury in 1615, four years after Forman's
death, it was shown that one of the defen-
dants, Mrs. Turner, had constantly consulted
Forman in order not only to forward an in-
trigue of her own with Sir Arthur Main-
waring, but also to assist her friend the Coun-
tess of Essex, who was seeking a divorce from
the Earl of Essex (D'EwEs, Autob. i. 87). A
very familiar letter was produced in court,
written by the countess to Forman, in which
she asked him to alienate by his magical
philtres the love of her husband Essex, and
to draw towards her the love of the Earl of
Somerset. Indecent images in wax of the
persons concerned in these scandals were
brought into court by Forman's widow. A
book in his handwriting was also produced
containing the names of his female clients and
accounts of their intrigues with gentlemen
about the court of which they had given the
doctor secret knowledge. It is stated that
Lord-chief-justice Coke was about to read out
these notes when his attention was attracted
to the name of his own wife (State Trials, ii.
931-2 : WELDO^, Court of James J, ed. Sir
W. Scott, i. 418; cf. Ashmole MS. 411, f. 179).
Forman was likewise reported to be especially
skilful in tracking thieves and stolen treasure

poem entitled 'Overbury's
Vision' (1616), Overbury is made to say that
he often crossed the river to Lambeth, where

Forman was, that fiend in human shape,
That by his art did act the devil's ape.

Forman died 12 Sept. 1611, and was buried

Forman

440

Forman

the same day in the church of St. Mary,
Lambeth. His friend Lilly reports that on
the previous Sunday Forman's wife had asked
him whether he or she should die first. He
answered that she would bury him on the
following Thursday. On the Monday, Tues-
day, and Wednesday Forman was in his usual
health, and his wife twitted him with the
falseness of his prophecy. But on Thursday
after dinner he took a boat at Southwark to
cross the Thames to Puddle Dock, and hav-
ing rowed into mid stream fell down dead.
A storm arose immediately after his death.
With this curious story may be compared the
account of the death of Sir John Davies [q. v. ] ,
which his wife Eleanor foretold.

Forman seems to have married twice.
Weldon describes one of his wives as ' a very

Sretty wench ' who was noted for her infi-
elity. At Lambeth on 29 July 1599, when
he was forty-seven, he married his first wife,
Anne Baker, a niece on her mother's side of Sir
Edward Moninges, and a member of a Canter-
bury family. This lady was only seventeen at
the date of the marriage, and the union does
not seem to have been a happy one. The name
of Forman's second wife, who survived him,
was Jane, and she had a sister, Susan Browne
of London. She was her husband's executrix,
and a letter from her to a friend referring to
her troubles since her husband's death, and
dated from Lambeth Marsh 26 Feb. 1611-
1612, is in Ashmole MS. 240, f. 107. By his
first wife Forman had a son Clement. He
left 1,200/. in money and a large illegitimate
family.

The sole work which Forman is known to
have printed in his lifetime is ' The Grounds
of the Longitude, with an admonition to all
those that are incredulous and believe not
the trueth of the same. Written by Simon
Forman, student in astronomie and philo-
sophy,' London, 1591, by Thomas Dawson.
No copy is in the British Museum. One is
in the Ashmolean collection at the Bodleian.
Forman left a mass of manuscripts to Richard
Napier, ' who had formerly been his scholar.'
Napier bequeathed them to Sir Richard Na-
pier his nephew, whose son Thomas gave
them to Elias Ashmole [q. v.] They are now
among the Ashmolean MSS. at the Bodleian.
The manuscripts, which Wood remarks For-
man did not live to methodise, include much
autobiographical material. One of the most
interesting features is a folio manuscript
pamphlet entitled 'The Bocke of Plaies
and notes thereof per Formans for common
pollicie.' The earliest extant accounts are here
supplied of the performances of Shakespeare's
• Macbeth' (at the Globe Theatre on Saturday,
20 April 1610), of the ' Winter's Tale ' (at the

Globe on Wednesday, 15 May 1611), and of
* Cymbeline.' A representation of a play,
acted 30 April 1611, by another dramatist
on the subject of Richard II is also described.
The passages relating to Shakespeare were
first printed in J. P. Collier's * New Particu-
lars,' 1836, pp. 6-26 ; facsimiles are given in
Mr. J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps's' Folio Shake-
speare ' (1853-65). A diary from 1564 to
1602, with an account of Forman's early life
(from Ashmole MS. 208), was printed by
Mr. J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps in 1843 for the
Camden Society, but the astrologer's frank
confessions of his immoral habits led the
committee to cancel the publication after a,
few sheets had passed through the press.
Sixteen copies were alone struck off. Mr.
Halliwell-Phillipps added to this collection
some genealogical notes by Forman, and
issued it privately in an edition of 105 copies
in 1849. The transcript is not always in-
telligible, but the difficulty of transcribing
Forman's crabbed handwriting is very great.
A diary for 1607 (Ashmole MS. 802, f. 152)
was examined by Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps and
deemed unfit for publication. Bliss has printed
in his notes to Wood's ' Athenss Oxon.' ii.
101-2, an ( Argumente between Forman and
Deathe in his Sicknes 1585, Sept. the 4th/
in verse from Ashmole MS. 208, f. 13 b. Six
books of medical practice, dated between
March 1596 and December 1600, give the
names of Form an's patients and their diseases.
Chemical and medical collections, astrological
papers, alchemical notes, verses on miscella-
neous topics, and Forman's letters to Napier,
fill a large number of the remaining manu-
script volumes. There are also separate trea-
tises on the plague, on the art of geomancy,
on prayer, on the astrological judgments of
diseases, on the creation of the world, the re-
storation of the Jews, and the life of Merlin,
besides a poem on antichrist, prayers in Latin
and English verse, and the astrologer's ac-
counts of his dreams. In the printed diary
Forman mentions that in 1600 he wrote out
the two books of ' De Arte Memoratus ' by
Appolonius Niger, and copied also the four
books of Stegonnographia and divers other
books (p. 30). There are, moreover, manu-
script verses on his troubles with the doctors
in the Plymouth Library, and these were
printed by Mr. J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps in
his privately printed account of that library
in 1853. Sir S. E. Brydges printed in ' Cen-
suria Literaria,' iy. 410, a short account by
Forman 'of Lucifer's creation and of the
world's creation,' from a manuscript in St.
John's College, Oxford.

Forman states that his portrait was painted
in 1600, when he was arrayed in elaborate

Forman

441

Forman

raiment. In the 'Antiquarian Repertory'
(1780), i. 275, is an engraved portrait ' from
the original drawing in the collection of the
Right Hon. Lord Mountstuart/ now the pro-
perty of the Marquis of Bute.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 98;
William Lilly's History of his Life and Times
(1715), pp. 12-16 (Lilly obtained his informa-
tion from Forman's widow) ; the publications of
Forman's manuscripts described above, edited by
Mr. J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps ; Hist. MSS. Comm.
8th Eep. 226-8 (archives of the College of Phy-
sicians); Black's Catalogue of the Ashmolean

MSS.; Weldon's Court of King James, ed. Scott,
1812, i. 417-18 ; D'Ewes's Autobiography, i. 87-
89 ; Halliwell-Phillipps's Outlines of the Life
of Shakespeare, ed. 1887, i. 230-1, ii. 85-7, 258-
259 ; Lysons's Environs, i. 303 ; Halliwell's Ar-
chseologist, p. 34 ; Loseley MSS. ed. Kempe, p.
387 ; Strype's Whitgift, ii. 457. A manuscript
completed in 1615 and dealing with astrology
and medicine, said to be the work of a pupil of
Forman's, perhaps Eichard Napier, was sold at
Sotheby's 21 May 1857, and is said to throw
light on Forman's life ; cf. Notes and Queries,
6th ser. ix. 230-1.] S. L. L.

INDEX

TO

THE NINETEENTH VOLUME,

Finch, Anne. See Conway, Anne, Viscountess

(d. 1679).

Finch, Anne, Countess of Winchilsea (d. 1720 ) 1
Finch, Daniel, second Earl of Nottingham and

sixth Earl of Winchilsea (1647-1730) 1

Finch, Edward (fl. 1630-1641) 5

Finch, Edward (1664-1738) . 5

Finch, Edward (1756-1843) . 5

Finch, Francis Oliver (1802-1862) 6

Finch, Sir Heneage (d. 1631) . 7
Finch, Heneage, first Earl of Nottingham

(1621-1682) 8

Finch, Heneage, second Earl of Winchilsea

(d. 1689) 11

Finch, Heneage, first Earl of Aylesford ( 1647 ?-

1719) 12

Finch, Sir Henry (d. 1625) .... 12

Finch, Henry (1633-1704) . . . 13
Finch, Sir John, Baron Finch of Fordwich

(1584-1660) 14

Finch, Sir John (1626-1682) .... 18
Finch, Peter (1661-1754). See under Finch,

Henry.

Finch, Robert (1783-1830) .... 18
Finch, Robert Poole (1724-1803) ... 19
Finch, Sir Thomas (d. 1563) .... 19
Finch, William (d. 1613) .... 20
Finch, William (1747-1810) .... 20
Finch-Hatton, Edward (d. 1771) ... 20
Finch-Hatton, George William, Earl of Win-
chilsea and Nottingham (1791-1858) . . 20
Finden, Edward Francis (1791-1857) . . 21
Finden, William (1787-1852) . ... 21
Findlater, Andrew (1810-1885) ... 22
Findlater, Charles (1754-1838) . .22
Findlater and Seafield, fourth Earl of. See

Ogilvy, James (1664-1730).

Findlay, Alexander George (1812-1875) . 23

Findlay, Robert, D.D. (1721-1814). . . 24

Finet or Finett, Sir John (1571-1641) . . 24
Fineux, Sir John (d. 1525). See Fyneux.
Fingall, second Earl of. See Plunket, Chris-
topher (d. 1649).

Finger, Godfrey or Gottfried (fl. 1685-1717) . 25

Finglas, Patrick ( ft. 1535) .... 27

Finglow, John (d, 1586) 27

Finingham, Robert de (d. 1460) ... 27

PAGE

. 27
. 29
. 30
.31
. 32
. 32
. 32
. 32
. 33
. 34
. 35
.37
.38
39

Finlaison, John (1783-1860) ...
Finlay, Francis Dalzell (1793-1857) .
Finlay, George (1799-1875) ...
Finlay, John (1782-1810) . . .
Finlay, Kirkman (d. 1828) ...
Finlay, Kirkman (1773-1842) ..
Finlay son, George (1790-1823) ..
Finlayson, James, D.D. (1758-1808) .
Finlayson or Finleyson, John (1770-1854)
Finlayson, Thomas (1809-1872) ..
Finn Barr, Saint and Bishop (d. 623) .
Finnchu, Saint (fl. 7th cent.) . . .
Finnerty, Peter (1766 P-1822) . . .
Finney, Samuel (1719-1798) . . .
Finnian, Saint (d. 550) ..... 39
Fintan, Saint (d. 595) ..... 41
Fintan or Munnu, Saint (d. 634) ... 42
Firbank, Joseph (1819-1886) . . . .48
Firebrace, Henry (1619-1691). ... 44
Firmin, Giles (1614-1697) .... 45
Firrnin, Giles (1665-1694). See under Fir-

min, Thomas.

Firmin, Thomas (1632-1697) . ... 46
Firth, Mark (1819-1880) ..... 49
Fischer, Johann Christian (1733-1800) . . 50
Fischer, John George Paul (1786-1875). . 51
Fish, Simon (d. 1531) ..... 51
Fish, William (1775-1866) . . . .52
Fishacre, Fissakre, Fishakle, or Fizacre,

Richard de (d. 1248) ..... 53
Fisher, Catherine Maria (d. 1767) . . . 53
Fisher, Daniel (1731-1807) .... 54
Fisher, David, the elder (1788 P-1858) . . 54
Fisher, David, the younger (1816 ?-1887) . 54
Fisher, Edward (fl. 1581). See under Fisher,

otherwise Hawkins, Thomas.
Fisher, Edward (fl. 1627-1655) . 55

Fisher, Edward (1730-1785?) . 56

Fisher, George (1794-1873) . 56

Fisher, James (1697-1775) . 57

Fisher, Jasper (fl. 1639) . . 58

Fisher, John (1459 P-1535) . 58

Fisher, John (1569-1641) . 63

Fisher, John, D.D. (1748-1825) . 64

Fishe.r, John Abraham (1744-1806) . 66

Fisher, Sir John William (1788-1876) . 67

Fisher, Jonathan (d. 1812) . .67

444

Index to Volume XIX.

Fisher, Joseph (d. 1705) 67

Fisher, Mary (/. 1652-1697)

Fisher, Payne (1616-1693)

Fisher, Samuel (1605-1665)

Fisher, Samuel (fi. 1692)

Fisher, otherwise Hawkins, Thomas (d. 577)

Fisher, Thomas (1781 P-1836).

Fisher, William (1780-1852)

Fisher, William Webster, M.D. (1798 ?-

874)

Fisk, William ( 1796-1872)

Fisk, William Henry (1827-1884)

Fisken, William (d. 1883) .

Fitch, Ralph (fi. 1583-1606) .

Fitch, Thomas (d. 1517). See Fich.

Fitch, William (1563-1611). See Canfield,

Benedict.

Fitch, William Stevenson (1793-1859) .
Fitchett, John (1776-1838) ....
Fittler, James (1758-1835) ....
Fitton, Sir Alexander (d. 1698)
Fitton, Sir Edward, the elder (1527-1579)
Fitton, Sir Edward, the younger (1548P-1606).

See under Fitton, SirEdward, the elder.
Fitton, Mary (fi. 1600) ..... 82
Fitton, Michael (1766-1852) . . . .83
Fitton, William Henry, M.D. (1780-1861) . 84
Fitzailwin, Henry (d. 1212) .... 85
Fitzalan, Bertram (d. 1424) . . . .86
Fitzalan, Brian, Lord of Bedale (d. 1306) . 86
Fitzalan, Edmund, Earl of Arundel (1285-

1326) ........ 87

Fitzalan, Henry, twelfth Earl of Arundel

(1511P-1580) ...... 88

Fitzalan, John II, Lord of Oswestry, Clun,

and Arundel (1223-1267) .... 93
Fitzalan, John VI, Earl of Arundel (1408-1435) 94
Fitzalan, Richard I, Earl of Arundel (1267-

1302) ........ 95

Fitzalan, Richard II, Earl of Arundel and

Warenne (1307P-1376) .... 96
Fitzalan, Richard III, Earl of Arundel and

Surrey (1346-1397) ..... 98
Fitzalan, alias Arundel, Thomas (1353-1414),

archbishop of Canterbury. See Arundel.
Fitzalan, Thomas, Earl of Arundel and

Surrey (1381-1415) ... .100

Fitzalan, William (d. 1160) . . . .103
Fitzaldhelm, William (fi. 1157-1198) . . 103
Fitzalwyn, Henry. See Fitzailwin.
Fitzcharles, Charles, Earl of Plymouth (1657 ?-

1680) . . . . . * . * . .106
Fitzclarence, Lord Adolphus (1802-1856) . 106
Fitzclarence, George Augustus Frederick first

Earl of Munster (1794-1842) . .106

Fitzcount, Brian (fi. 1125-1142) . . 108

Fitzgeffrey, Charles (1575 P-1638) . . 109

Fitzgeffrey, Henry (fi. 1617) . .109

Fitzgerald, David (d. 1176), bishop of St.

David's. See David the Second.
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward (1763-1798)
Fitzgerald, Edward (1770?-1807) .
Fitzgerald, Edward (1809-1883) . .

Fitzgerald, Lady Elizabeth, called the Fair

Geraldine (1528 ?-l 589) . . . .113
Fitzgerald, George, sixteenth Earl of Kildare

(1611-1660) ....... 114

Fitzgerald, George Robert (1748 P-1786) . 114
Fitzgerald, Gerald, Lord of Offaly (d. 1204) . 115
Fitzgerald, Gerald, fourth Earl of Desmond

(d. 1398) ....... 116

Fitzgerald, Gerald, eighth Earl of Kildare

....... 117

110
Ill
111

Fitzgerald, Gerald, ninth Earl of Kildare

(1487-1534) 118

Fitzgerald, Gerald, fifteenth Earl of Desmond

(d. 1583) 120

Fitzgerald, Gerald, eleventh Earl of Kildare

(1525-1585) m

Fitzgerald, Gerald Fitzmaurice (1265?-

1287 ?). See under Fitzgerald, Maurice II.
Fitzgerald, Henry Vesey (d. 1860) See

under Fitzgerald, James (1742-1835).
Fitzgerald, James Fitzjohn, fourteenth Earl

of Desmond (d. 1558) 12&

Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice, thirteenth

Earl of Desmond (d. 1540) . . . .125
Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice (d. 1579) . 125
Fitzgerald, James, commonly called the Tower

Earl, or the Queen's Earl of Desmond

(1570P-1601) 127

Fitzgerald, James Fitzthomas, the Sugan Earl

of Desmond (d. 1608) . . . . . 129
Fitzgerald, James, first Duke of Leinster

(1722-1773) 129

Fitzgerald, James (1742-1835) . . .130
Fitzgerald, Sir John, of Desmond (d. 1581).

See under Fitzgerald, Gerald, fifteenth Earl

of Desmond.
Fitzgerald, John, first Earl of Kildare. See

Fitzthomas, John (d. 1316).

Fitzgerald, John Fitzedmund (d. 1589) . . 131
Fitzgerald, Sir John Fitzedmund (1528-1612) 132
Fitzgerald, Sir John Forster (1784 P-1877) . 13$
Fitzgerald, Katherine, the « old ' Countess of

Desmond (d. 1604) 134

Fitzgerald, Maurice (d. 1176) . . . . 135
Fitzgerald, Maurice (d. 1268). See under

Fitzgerald, Maurice II, Baron of Offaly.
Fitzgerald, Maurice II, Baron of Offaly

(1194P-1257) 136.

Fitzgerald, Maurice Fitzmaurice (1238?-

1277?) 139

Fitzgerald, Maurice, first Earl of Desmond.

See Fitzthomas, Maurice (d. 1356).
Fitzgerald, Maurice, fourth Earl of Kildare

(1318-1390) 140

Fitzgerald, Maurice (1774-1849) . . .141
Fitzgerald, Pamela (1776 P-1831) . . .142
Fitzgerald, Sir Peter George (1808-1880) . 144
Fitzgerald, Raymond, surnamed Le Gros

(d. 1182) 144

Fitzgerald, Thomas, second Earl of Kildare

(d. 1328) 146

Fitzgerald, Thomas, eighth Earl of Desmond

(1426P-1468) 147

Fitzgerald, Thomas, seventh Earl of Kildare

(d. 1477) 148

Fitzgerald, Thomas, Lord Offaly, tenth Earl

of Kildare (1513-1537) . . . .148
Fitzgerald, William (1814-1883) . . .150
Fitzgerald, William Robert, second Duke of

Leinster (1749-1804) 151

Fitzgerald, Sir William Robert Seymour

Vesey (1818-1885) 151

Fitzgerald, William Thomas (1759 P-1829) . 152
Fitzgerald, William Vesey, Lord Fitzgerald

and Vesey (1783-1843) . . . .152
Fitzgibbon, Edmund Fitzjohn (1552 P-1608) . 15a
Fitzgibbon, Edward (1803-1857) . . .154
Fitzgibbon, Gerald (1793-1882) . . .155
Fitzgibbon, John, Earl of Clare (1749-1802). 15S
Fitzgilbert, Richard (d. 1090?), founder of

the house of Clare. See Clare, Richard de

(d.1090?).

Index to Volume XIX.

445

PAGE

Fitzgilbert, Richard (d. 1136 ?). See Clare,

Richard de (d. 1136?).

Fitzhamon, Robert (d. 1107) . . . .159
Fitzharding. Robert (d. 1170) . . . .162
Fitzhardinge, Lord. See Berkeley, Maurice

Frederick Fitzhardinge (1788-1867).
Fitzharris, Edward (1648 P-1681) . . .163
Fitzhenry, Meiler (d. 1220) . . . .164
Fitzhenry, Mrs. (d. 1790?) . . . .165
Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Baron St. Helens

(1753-1839) 166

Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony (1470-1538) . .168
Fitzherbert, Maria Anne (1756-1837) . .170
Fitzherbert, Nicholas (1550-1612) . . .171
F'itzherbert, Thomas (1552-1640) . . .172
Fitzherbert, William (d. 1154) . . .173
Fitzherbert, Sir William (1748-1791). See

under Fitzherbert, Alleyne.

Fitzhubert, Robert (fl. 1140) . . . .176
Fitzhugh, Robert (d. 1436) . . . .177
Fitzjames, James, Duke of Berwick (1670-

1734) 178

Titzjames, Sir John (1470 ?-1542 ?) . . 179
Fitzjames, Richard (d. 1522) . . . .180
Fitzjocelin, Reginald (1140 ?-1191) . .181
Fitzjohn, Eustace (d. 1157) . . . .183

Fitzjohn, Pain (d. 1137) 184

Fitzjohn, Thomas, second Earl of Kildare.

See Fitzgerald, Thomas (d. 1328).
Fitzmaurice, Henry Petty (1780-1863), third

Marquis of Lansdowne. See Petty-Fitz-

raaurice.
Fitzmaurice, James ((£.1579), ' arch traitor.'

See Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice.
Fitzmaurice, Patrick, seventeenth Lord Kerry

and Baron Lixnaw (1551 ?-1600) . . 184
Fitzmaurice, Thomas, sixteenth Lord Kerry

and Baron Lixnaw (1502-1590) . . .185
Titzmaurice, Thomas, eighteenth Lord Kerry

and Baron Lixnaw (1574-1630) . . .185
Fitzneale or Fitznigel, Richard, otherwise

Richard of Ely (d. 1198) . . . .186
Fitzosbern, William,Earl of Hereford (d. 1071) 188
Fitzosbert, William (d. 1196). . . .189
Fitzpatrick, Sir Barnaby, Lord of Upper

Ossory (1535 ?-1581) 190

Fitzpatrick, Richard, Lord Gowran (d. 1727) 191
Fitzpatrick, Richard (1747-1813) . . .191
Fitzpeter, Geoffrey, Earl of Essex (d. 1213) . 192
Fitzralph, Richard, in Latin Ricardus filius

Radulphi, often referred to simply as * Ar-

machanus' or * Ardmachanus ' (d. 1360) . 194
Fitzrichard, Gilbert (d. 1115?). See Clare,

Gilbert de.
Titzrobert, Simon, bishop of Chichester (d.

1207). See Simon de Wells.
Fitzroy, Augustus Henry, third Duke of Graf-
ton (1735-1811) 198

Fitzroy, Charles, first Duke of Southampton

and Cleveland (1662-1730) . . . .201
Fitzroy, Charles, first Baron Southampton

(1737-1797) .201

Fitzroy, Lord Charles (1764-1829). . . 202
Fitzroy, Sir Charles Augustus (1796-1858) . 202
Fitzroy, George, Duke of Northumberland

(1665-1716) 203

Fitzroy, George Henry, fourth Duke of Graf-
ton (1760-1844) 203

Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond (1519-

1536) 204

Fitzroy, Henry, first Duke of Grafton (1663-

1690) . \ .205

PAGE

Fitzroy, Henry (1807-1859) . . . .206
Fitzroy, James, otherwise Crofts, afterwards

Scott, Duke of Monmouth and Buccleuch

(1649-1685). See Scott.
Fitzroy, Mary, Duchess of Richmond (d.

1557) 206

Fitzroy, Robert (1805-1865) . . .207

Fitzsimon, Henry (1566-1643) . . 209

Fitzsimons or Fitzsymond, Walter (d. 1511). 210
Fitzstephen, Robert (d. 1183?) . .211

Fitzstephen, William (d. 1190 ?) . .212

Fitzthedmar, Arnold ( 1201-1274 ? ) . .213

Fitzthomas, John, first Earl of Kildare and

sixth Baron of Offaly (<f. 1316) . . .214
Fitzthomas or Fitzgerald, Maurice, first Earl

of Desmond (d. 1356) 217

Fitzurse, Reginald (fl. 1170) . . . .218
Fitzwalter, Lord (d. 1495). See Ratclifie,

John.

Fitzwalter, Robert (d. 1235) .... 219
Fitzwarine, Fulk I (d. 1170-1) ; Fitzwarine,

Fulk II (d. 1197); Fitzwarine, Fulk III (d.

1256-7 ?) ; Fitzwarine, Fulk IV (d. 1264) . 223
Fitzwilliam, Charles William Wentworth,

third Earl Fitzwilliam in the peerage of

the United Kingdom (1786-1857) . . 224
Fitzwilliam, Edward (1788-1852) . . .225
Fitzwilliam, Edward Francis (1824-1857) . 225
Fitzwilliam, Ellen (1822-1880). See under

Fitzwilliam, Edward Francis.
Fitzwilliam, Fanny Elizabeth (1801-1854) . 226
Fitzwilliam, John, D.D. (d. 1699) . . .227
Fitzwilliam, Ralph (1256 ?-1316) . . .228
Fitzwilliam, Richard, seventh Viscount Fitz-
william of Meiyon (1745-1816) . . .229
Fitzwilliam, Roger, alias Roger de Breteuil,

Earl of Hereford (fl. 1071-1075) . . .229
Fitzwilliam, Sir William (1460 ?-1534) . . 230
Fitzwilliam, William, Earl of Southampton

(d. 1542) 230

Fitzwilliam, Sir William (1526-1599) . . 232
Fitwilliam, William Wentworth, second Earl

Fitzwilliam in the peerage of the United

Kingdom (1748-1833) . . . 235

Flakefield, William (fl. 1700). . . 237

Flambard, Ranulf (d. 1128) . . 237

Flammock, Thomas (d. 1497) . . 241

Flamsteed, John (1646-1719) . . 241

Flanagan, Roderick (1828-1861) . . 248

Flanagan, Thomas (1814-1865) . . 249

Flann (d. 1056) ... . 249

Flannan, Saint and Bishop of C 11-da-Lua,

now Killaloe (fl. 7th cent.) . . 250

Flatman, Thomas (1637-1688) . . 251

Flattisbury, Philip (fl. 1500) . . 252

Flavel, John (1596-1617) . . 253

Flavel, John (1630 ?-1691) . . 253

Flaxman, John (1755-1826) . . 254

Flaxman, Mary Ann (1768-1833). See

under Flaxman, John.
Flaxman, William (1753 ?-1795 ?). See

under Flaxman, John.
Fleccius, Gerbarus (fl. 1546-1554). See Flic-

Flecknoe, Richard (d. 1678 ?)
Fleet, Sir John (d, 1712)
Fleetwood, Charles (d. 1692) .
Fleetwood, George (fl. 1650 ?)
Fleetwood, George (1605-1667)
Fleetwood, James, D.D. (1603-1683)
Fleetwood, Sir Peter Hesketh (1801-1866)
Fleetwood, Thomas (1661-1717)

260
261
261
265
266
267
267
267

446

Index to Volume XIX.

PAGE

. 268

271
271
273
273
275
275
276

276

277

277

Fleetwood, William (1535 P-1594) .
Fleetwood, William (1656-1723) . . .
Fleming, Miss, afterwards Mrs. Stanley

(1796P-1861)

Fleming, Abraham (1552 P-1607) .
Fleming, Alexander, M.D. (1824-1875). .
Fleming, Caleb, D.D. (1698-1779) .
Fleming, Christopher ( 1800-1880) .
Fleming, Sir Daniel (1633-1701) .
Fleming, Sir George (1667-1747) .
Fleming, James, fourth Lord Fleming (1534 ?-

Fleming or Flemming, James (1682-1751) .

Fleming, John, fifth Lord Fleming (d. 1572)

Fleming, John, first Earl of Wigtown or Wig-
ton (d. 1619). See under Fleming, John,
fifth Lord Fleming.

Fleming, John, second Earl of Wigtown or
Wigton (d. 1650). See under Fleming,
John, fifth Lord Fleming.

Fleming, John (d. 1815) 279

Fleming, John, D.D. (1785-1857) . . .279

Fleming, Sir Malcolm, Earl of Wigtown (d.
1360?) 280

Fleming, Margaret (1803-1811) . . .281

Fleming, Patrick (1599-1631) . . .281

Fleming, Richard (d. 1431) ....

Fleming, Robert, the elder (1630-1694) .

Fleming, Robert, the younger (1660 P-1716) .

Fleming, Sir Thomas (1544-1613) .

Fleming, Thomas (1593-1666)

Flemming, James (1682-1751). See Fleming.

Flemming, Richard (d. 1431). See Fleming.

Flemming, Robert (d. 1483) ....

Flemyng, Malcolm, M.D. (d. 1764)

Fleta

Fletcher, Abraham (1714-1 793) .

Fletcher, Alexander (1787-1860)

282
284
285
286

. 289
. 290
. 290
. 291
Fletcher, Andrew, Lord Innerpeffer (d. 1650) 292

Fletcher, Andrew (1655-1716) . . .292
Fletcher, Andrew, Lord Milton (1692-1766) . 297
Fletcher, Archibald (1746-1828) . . .298
Fletcher, Eliza (1770-1858) . . . .298
Fletcher, George (1764-1855) . . . .299
Fletcher, Giles, LL.D. (1549 P-1611) . . 299
Fletcher, Giles, the younger (1588 P-1623) . 302
Fletcher, Henry (ft. 1710-1750) . . .302
Fletcher, Sir Henry (1727-1807) . . .303
Fletcher, John (1579-1625) . . . .303
Fletcher, John, M.D. (1792-1836) . . .311
Fletcher, John, D.D. (d. 1848 ?) . . .311
Fletcher or De la Flechere, John William

(1729-1785) 312

Fletcher, Joseph (1582 P-1637) . . .314
Fletcher, Joseph, D.D. (1784-1843) . . 315
Fletcher, Joseph (1813-1852) . . . .315
Fletcher, Joseph, the younger (1816-1876).

See under Fletcher, Joseph, D.D. (1784-

1843).
Fletcher, Mrs. Maria Jane (1800-1833). See

Jewsbury.

Fletcher, Phineas (1582-1650) . 316

Fletcher, Richard, D.D. (d. 1596) . 31

Fletcher, Sir Richard (1768-1813) . 319

Fletcher, Robert ( A. 1586) . . 32

Fletcher, Thomas (1664-1718) . 32

Flete, John (fl. 1421-1465) . . 325

Flexman, Roger, D.D. (1708-1795). 325

Flexmore, Richard (1824-1860) . 32c

Fliccius or Fliccus, Gerbarus, Gerlachus, or

Gerbicus (/. 1546-1554) . .32:

Flight, Benjamin (1767 P-1847) . 324

PAGE

Flight, Walter (1841-1885) . . . .324

Flindell, Thomas (1767-1824) . . .325

Flinders, Matthew (1774-1814) . . .325

'linter, George Dawson (d. 1838) . . . 329

lintoft, Luke (d. 1727) ..... 329

Flitcroft, Henry (1697-1769) . . . .329

Flood, Sir Frederick (1741-1824) . . .330

Flood, Henry (1732-1791) . . . .331

Flood, Robert. See Fludd.

Flood, Valentine, M.D. (d. 1847) . . .335

Florence of Worcester (d. 1118) . . . 335

Florio, John (1553 P-1625) . . . .336
Florio, Michael Angelo (fl. 1550). See under

Florio, John.

Flower, Benjamin (1755-1829) . . .339

Flower, Edward Fordham (1805-1883) . .339

Flower, Eliza (1803-1846) . . . .340
Flower, John (fl. 1658) ..... 340

Flower, Roger (d. 1428?) . . . .340

Flower, William (1498 P-1588) . . .341

Flowerdew, Edward (d. 1586) . . .342

Flowers, Frederick (1810-1886) . . .342

Flowers, George French (1811-1872) . . 342

Floyd, Floud, or Lloyd, Edward (d. 1648 ?) .343

Floyd, Henry (1563-1641) . . . .344

Floyd, John (1572-1649) . . . .344

Floyd, Sir John (1748-1818) . . . .345

Floyd, Thomas (fl. 1603) . . . .346

Flover, Sir John (1649-1734) . . . .346

Fludd or Flud, Robert, M.D. (1574-1637) . 348

Fludyer, Sir Samuel (1705-1768) . . .350

Fogg, Laurence (1623-1718) . . . .350

Foggo, George (1793-1869) . . . .351

Foggo, James (1789-1860) . . . .351

oggo,
oillan,

Saint and Bishop (d. 655) .

Folbury, George (d. 1540)
Folcard or Foulcard (fl. 1066)
Foldsone, John (d. 1784?) .
Foley, Daniel (1815-1874) .
Foley, John Henry (1818-1874)
Foley, Paul (1645 P-1699) .
Foley, Samuel (1655-1695) .
Foley, Thomas (1617-1677)

.352
.352
.352
.353
.353
.353
.354
.355
.355

Foley, Thomas (d. 1733). See under Foley,

Thomas.
Foley, Sir Thomas (1757-1833) . . .356

Foliot, Gilbert (d. 1187) 358

Foliot, Robert (d. 1186) 360

Folkes, Lucretia (fl. 1707-1714). See under

Folkes, Martin.

Folkes, Martin (1690-1754) . . . .361
Follett, Sir William Webb (1798-1845) . . 362
Follows, Ruth (1718-1809) . . . .363
Fonblanque, Albany (1793-1872) . . .363
Fonblanque, John de Grenier (1760-1837) . 365
Fonblanque, John Samuel Martin de Grenier

(1787-1865) 365

Fonnereau, Thomas George (1789-1850). . 366
Fontibus (Fountains), John de (d. 1225) . 366

Foot, Jesse (1744-1826) 367

Foot, Jesse (1780-1850). See under Foot, Jesse.
Foote, Sir Edward James (1767-1833) . .368
Foote, Maria, Countess of Harrington (1797 ?-

1867) 369

Foote, Samuel (1720-1777) . . . .370
Forannan, Saint and Bishop (d. 982) . . 375
Forbes, Alexander, first Lord Forbes (d. 1448) 376
Forbes, Alexander, fourth Lord Forbes (rf.

1491) 376

Forbes, Alexander (1564-1617) . . .376
Forbes, Alexander, fourth and last Lord Forbes

of Pitsligo (1678-1762) . . . .377

Index to Volume XIX.

447

PAGE

Forbes, Alexander Penrose (1817-1875) . . 378
Forbes, Sir Arthur, first Earl of Granard

(1623-1696) .... .379

Forbes, Sir Charles (1774-1849) . 380

Forbes, Sir Charles Fergusson, M D. (1779-

1852) .381

Forbes, David (1777?-! 849) . 382

Forbes, David (1828-1876) . 382

Forbes, Duncan (1644 P-1704) . 383

Forbes, Duncan (1685-1747) - . 884

Forbes, Duncan (1798-1868) „ 386

Forbes, Edward (1815-1854) . 388

Forbes, Sir Francis (1784-1841) . 392

Forbes, George, third Earl of Granard (1685-

1765) 393

Forbes, George, sixth Earl of Granard in the

peerage of Ireland, and first Baron Granard

in the United Kingdom (1760-1837) . . 395
Forbes, Henry (1804-1859) . . . .396
Forbes, James (1629 P-1712) . . . .396
Forbes, James (1749-1819) . . . .397
Forbes, James, M.D. (1779-1837) . . .398
Forbes, James David (1809-1868) . . .398
Forbes, Jamea Ochoncar, seventeenth Lord

Forbes (1765-1843) 400

Forbes, John (1571-1606) . . .401

Forbes, John (1568 P-1634) . . .401

Forbes, John (1593-1648) . . .402

Forbes, John (1714-1796) . . .404

Forbes, John (1733-1808) . . .405

Forbes, John, M.D. (1799-1823) . . .405
Forbes, Sir John (1787-1861) . . . .405
Forbes, John Hay, LordMedwyn (1776-1854) 407
Forbes, Patrick (1564-1635) .... 407
Forbes, Patrick (1611 P-1680) . . .409
Forbes, Robert (1708-1775) . . . .409
Forbes, Walter, eighteenth Lord Forbes (1798-

1868) . . . . . . . .410

Forbes, William (1585-1634) . . . .411

Forbes, Sir William (1739-1806) . . .412

Forbes, William Alexander (1855-1883)
Forby, Robert (1759-1825) .
Forcer, Francis, the elder (1650 P-1705 ?)
Forcer, Francis, the younger (1675 ?-l 743).

See under Forcer, Francis.
Ford. See also Forde.
Ford, Anne (1737-1824). See Thicknesse.
Ford, David Everard (1797-1875) .
Ford, Edward (ft. 1647) .
Ford, Sir Edward (1605-1670)
Ford, Edward (1746-1809) .
Ford, Emanuel ( ft. 1607) .
Ford, Sir Henry (1619 P-1684)
Ford, James (1779-1850) .

Ford, John ( fl. 1639)

Ford, Michael (d. 1758 ?)
Ford, Richard (1796-1858) .
Ford, Simon (1619 P-1699) .

Ford, Stephen (d. 1694)

Ford, Thomas (d. 1648)

Ford, Thomas (1598-1674) .
Ford or Foord, William (A. 1616) .
Ford, William (1771-1832) .

Forde, Francis (d. 1770)

Forde, Samuel (1805-1828) .
Forde, Thomas (d. 1582) .
Forde, Thomas (fi. 1660)
Fordham, George (1837-1887).
Fordun, John (d. 1384?) ...
Fordyce, Alexander (d. 1789) .
Fordyce, David (1711-1751) .
Fordyce, George (1736-1802) .
Fordyce, James, D.D. (1720-1796) .
Fordyce, Sir William (1724-1792) .
Forest, John (1474 P-1538) .
Forester, James (fl. 1611)
Forfar, Earls of. See Douglas, Archibald.
Forgaill, Dalian (fl. 600). See Dalian.
Forman, Andrew (d. 1522) . . .
Forman, Simon (1552-1611) .

PAGE

. 413
. 414
. 414

415
415
416
417
417
418
419
419
421
421
422
428
424
424
426
426
426
427
428
428
429
430
431
432
432
433
435
435
436

436
438

END OF THE NINETEENTH VOLUME.

1

DA Dictionary of national biography

28 v.19

D4

1885 \

v.19

For use in
the I

o:

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

I

DEPT.

He was hearing confessions at the Grey-
friars till Feb. 1538 (L. andP.xm. i. 880).