DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY UBALDINI WAKEFIELD DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. LVIII. UBALDINI WAKEFIELD LONDON SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1899 [All rights reserved} DFV 18 V.5& LIST OF WEITEES IN THE FIFTY-EIGHTH VOLUME. J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGER. P. J. A ... P. J. ANDERSON. W. A. J. A. W. A. J. ARCHBOLD. W. A WALTER ARMSTRONG. M. B Miss BATESON. R. B THE REV. RONALD BAYNE. T. B THOMAS BAYNE. G. C. B. . . THE LATE G. C. BOASE. G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULGER. H. B HENRY BRADLEY. A. A. B. . . A. A. BRODRIBB. T. B. B. . . T. B. BROWNING. E. I. C. . . . E. IRVING CARLYLE. W. C-R. . . WILLIAM CARR. R. C. C. . . R. C. CHRISTIE. E. C-E. ... SIR ERNEST CLARKE, F.S.A. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE. A. M. C-E. . Miss A. M. COOKE. T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY. L. C LIONEL GUST, F.S.A. C. D-N. . . . CHARLES DALTON. H. D HENRY DAVEY. C. D CAMPBELL DODGSON. R. K. D. . . PROFESSOR R. K. DOUGLAS. J. A. D. . . JOHN A. DOYLE. R. D ROBERT DUNLOP. F. G. E. . C. L. F. . J. F-N. . . C. H. F. . J. L. F. . E. F. . . . W. H. F.. S. R. G. . R. G. . . . A. G. . . . J. A. H. . C. A. H. . P. J. H. . T. F. H. . J. A. H-T. R. H. T. E. H. W. H.. . J. K. . . J. K. L. T. G. L. I. S. L. . E. L. . S. L. . . F. G. EDWARDS. . C. LITTON FALKINER. . PROFESSOR J. FERGUSON, LL.D. F.S.A. . C. H. FIRTH. . THE REV. J. L. FISH. . LORD EDMOND FITZMAURICE, M.P. . THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF RIPON. . S. R. GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D. . RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D., C.B. . THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. . J. A. HAMILTON. . C. ALEXANDER HARRIS. . P. J. HARTOG. . T. F. HENDERSON. . J. A. HERBERT. . . LIEUTENANT-COLONEL R.HOLDEN, F.S.A. . PROFESSOR T.E. HOLLAND, D.C.L., LL.D. . THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. . JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A. . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON. . T. G. LAW. . I. S. LEADAM. , . Miss ELIZABETH LEE. . SIDNEY LEE. VI List of Writers. E. M. L. . J. E. L. . J. H. L. . W. D. M. E. C. M. . D. S. M. . H. E. M. . L. M. M. . A. H. M.. C. M. . . . N. M J. B. M. . A. N. . . . G. LE G. N K. N. . . . , D. J. O'D. , F. M. O'D. . H. W. P. . , A. F. P. . . B. P F. Y. P. . . D'A. P. . . . E. L. E. . . W. E. R. . . COLONEL E. M. LLOYD, R.E. . J. E. LLOYD. . THE REV. J. H. LUPTON, D.D. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, B.D., F.S.A. . E. C. MARCHANT. . PROFESSOR D. S. MARGOLIOUTH. . THE RIGHT HON. SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART., M.P., F.R.S. . MlSS MlDDLETON. . A. H. MILLAR. . COSMO MONKHOUSE. , NORMAN MOORE, M.D. . J. BASS MULLINGER. . ALBERT NICHOLSON. , G. LE GRYS NORGATE. Miss KATE NORGATE. D. J. O'DONOGHUE. F. M. O'DONOGHUE, F.S.A. MAJOR HUGH PEARSE. A. F. POLLARD. Miss BERTHA PORTER. PROFESSOR YORK POWELL. D'ARCY POWER, F.R.C.S. MRS. RADFORD. W. E. RHODES. J. M. R. . . J. M. RIGG. H. J. R. . . H. J. ROBINSON. J. H. R. . . J. H. ROUND. T. S THOMAS SECCOMBE. C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH. H. S-N. . . . SIR HERBERT STEPHEN, BART. G. S-H. . . . GEORGE STRONACH. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT. H. R. T. . . H. R. TEDDER, F.S.A. D. LL. T.. . D. LLEUFER THOMAS. M. T MRS. TOUT. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. W. U THE REV. WILLIAM URWICK. C. E. V. . . PROFESSOR C. E. VAUGHAN. J. V JOHN VENN, F.R.S., F.S.A. M. M. V. . . LADY VERNEY. R. H. V. . . COLONEL R. H. VETCH, R.E., C.B. R. A. W. . . ROBERT A. WARD. P. W PAUL WATERHOUSE. C. W-H. . . CHARLES WELCH, F.S.A. R. M. W.. . R. M. WENLEY. W. R. W. . W. R. WILLIAMS. B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWARD. W. W. ... WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Ubaldini Ubaldini UBALDINI, PETRUCCIO (1524?- 1600 ?), illuminator and scholar, born in Tuscany about 1524, was of the ancient Flo- rentine family Degli Ubaldini which gave a cardinal to the Ghibellines (cf. DANTE, In- ferno, x. 120), and an adherent, Fra Roberto Ubaldini da Gagliana, to Savonarola ( Giorn. Stor. degli Arch. Tosc. ii. 211). A thorough •examination of the Laurentian manuscripts made for the purpose of this article by the chief librarian of the Mediceo-Laurentian Library has failed to remove the obscurity which rests on Ubaldini's parentage, nor is anything to be gathered from Giovamba- tista Ubaldini's ' Istoria della Casa degli Ubaldini/ Florence, 1588, 4to. He came to England in 1545, entered the service of the crown, and was employed on the continent j in some capacity which carried him back to his native land. He returned to England in the reign of Edward VI, and saw service in the Scottish war under Sir James Crofts, governor of Haddington (1549). The results of his experience of English manners, customs, and institutions he recorded in 1551, pro- bably for the behoof of the Venetian Signory, in a ' Relatione delle cose del Regno d' In- ghilterra,' now among the Foscarini MSS. (cod. 184, No. 6626c. 336-466) in the Imperial Library at Vienna. Some idea of its contents may be gained from Von Raumer's ' Briefe aus Paris zur Erlauterung der Geschichte des sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhun- derts' (Leipzig, 1831, ii. 66 et seq. Von Raumer drew his materials from a transcript of the ' Relatione' preserved among the St. Germain des Pres MSS. vol. 740, in the Bibliotheque Royale Nationale. Other tran- scripts are Bodl. MS. 880, and Addit. MS. 10169, ff. 1-125). In the Mediceo-Laurentian Library is pre- VOL. LVIII. served (Plut. Ixxvi. cod. Ixxviii.) an anno- tated Italian version of the mV«| of Cebes, completed by Ubaldini in September 1552, and dedicated to Cosimo I, grand duke of Tuscany. Ubaldini was then resident at. Venice, and it was not until ten years later that he settled in England, where he found a Maecenas in Henry Fitzalan, twelfth earl of Arundel [q. v.] Arundel presented him at court, where he speedily obtained other patrons. He taught Italian, transcribed and illuminated manuscripts, rhymed, and wrote or translated into Italian historical and other tracts. He also pretended to some skill in physic (see his letter to Sir William Cecil, dated 22 Nov. 1569, in Lansdowne MS. 11, art. 48, f. 111). His various accomplishments, however, yielded but a scanty subsistence, and on 20 May 1574 he craved Burghley's interest with the queen to procure him l a forfeiture of a hundred marks' to relieve his embarrassment (ib. 18, art. 82, f. 178). In 1578-9, though in receipt of a pension, he was saved from arrest for debt only by the intervention of the privy council, and was compelled to compound with his creditors (Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent, x. 403, xi. 415). In 1586 he was resident in Shoreditch (Lansdowne MS. 143, art. 89, f. 349). On two occasions he appears in the list of those who exchanged new year's gifts with the queen — once in 1578-9, as the donor of an illustrated ' Life and Meta- morphoses of Ovid,' and the recipient of a pair of gilt-plate spoons, weighing five and a quarter ounces ; and again in 1588-9, when 'a book covered with vellum of Italian' elicited from Elizabeth five and a half ounces of gilt plate (NICHOLS, Progr. of Elizabeth, ii. 263, 272, iii. 24, 25). That in 1580 he visited Ireland may perhaps be inferred from Ubaldini Ubaldini the fact that he compiled an account (since lost) of the repulse of the Spanish-Italian in- vasion of Kerry in the autumn of that year. In 1581 appeared his ' Vita di Carlo Magno Imperadore,' London, 4to (later edit.), 1599, a work interesting to bibliophiles as the first Italian book printed in England. He appears to have left England in the autumn — his passport is dated 31 Oct. — or winter of 1586, and resided for a time in the Low Countries (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1586, p. 365). At any rate, it was at Antwerp that in 1588 appeared his ' Descrittione del Regno di Scotia etdellelsole sue Adjacenti' (fol.), dedicated to Sir Christopher Hatton, the Earl of Lei- cester, and Sir Francis Walsingham ; it is a free translation of Hector Boece's Chronicle, a transcript of which, made by him in 1550 and dedicated to Lord Arundel in 1576, is in the British Museum, Royal MS. 13 A. viii. The manuscript of the ' Descrittione ' is in the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, cod. ccxlvi. A handsome reprint appeared at Edinburgh (Bannatyne Club) in 1829, 4to. Ubaldini rendered into Italian in 1588 the narrative of the defeat of the Spanish Ar- mada compiled for Lord Howard of Effing- ham, and added in the following year an original memoir in the manner of Sallust on the same subject, inspired by Drake and dedi- cated to Sir Christopher Hatton. The manu- scripts of these works, entitled respectively 'Commentario del successo dell' Armata Spagnola nell' assalir 1'Inghilterra 1'anno 1588,' and 'Commentario della Impresafatta contra il regno d' Inghilterra dal lie Catholico T anno 1588,' are in the British Museum, Eoyal MS. 14 A. x-xi. A free translation of the former, entitled ' A Discourse concerning the Spanish Fleet/ was made by Augustine Ryther [q. v.], and formed the basis of Cam- den's narrative; it was reprinted in 1740, 8vo. The English original, preserved in Cottonian MS. Jul. F. x. ff. 111-17, has been recently edited by Professor Laughton in ' State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada' (NavyRec. Soc. i. 1-18). In 1591 appeared, with a dedication to the queen, to whom the manuscript had been pre- sented in 1576, Ubaldini's « Vite delle Donne llustn del Regno d' Inghilterra et del Regno di bcotia (London, 4to, '2nd edit. 1601 ; cf WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor- num, i. 169, and Macray's article on foreign authors dedications in BibKograpkica. 1897) In a small volume entitled ' Parte Prima delle brevi Dimostrationi et Precetti Utilissimi nei quah si trattano diversi propositi morali politic! et iconomici,' 1592, 4to, Ubaldini attempted the role of the sententious phi- losopher. In 1594 he laid before the queen a brief memoir on methods of taxation, which she graciously received and encouraged him to develop. It remains in Lansdowne MS. 98, art. 22. The same year appeared his ' Stato delle Tre Corti. Altrimenti : Rela- tioni di alcune Qualita Politiche con le loro dipendenze considerabili appresso di quei che dei governi delli stati si dilettano, ritrovate nelli stati della Corte Romana, nel Regno di Napoli, et nelli stati del Gran Duca di Thoscana ; cagioni secondolanaturadi quelle genti sicurissime della ferrnezza di quei governi,' 4to. ' Scelta di alcune Attioni et di varii Accidenti occorsi tra alcune Na- tioni Different! del Mondo; ca\ati della Selva dei casi diversi,' 1595, 4to (a mere scrap-book), and * Militia del Gran Duca di Thoscana. Capitoli, ordini, et privilegii della Militia et Bande di sua Altezza Serenissima prima cosi ordinati dalla buona et felice memoria di Cosimo Primo Gran Duca di Thoscana ; et di poi corroborati da i successor! suoi figliuoli,' 1597, 4to (a description of the military system of Tuscany) complete the tale of Ubaldini's prose works. His ' Rime,' printed in 1596, 4to, evince a mastery of the technique of the sonnet and the canzone, but they possess no great ori- ginality, and are by no means free from con- ceits. Two of Ubaldini's letters are preserved in the Advocates' Library (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. App. p. 124) ; two others are in the Archivio Mediceo, 4185, at Florence. The date of Ubaldini's death is uncertain. By his wife, Anne Lawrence (m. 21 Jan. 1565-6), he appears to have left issue a son Lodovico, who signed himself Lodovico Pe- trucci (Royal MS. 14 A. vii.), but must ap- parently be distinguished from Ludovico Petrucci [q.v.] A few specimens of Ubaldini's skill in illumination and caligraphy are preserved Regoli dell' eleggere et coronare in Imperadori' (dedicated, with two prefatory sonnets, to the queen) ; 17 A. xxiii. (mottoes from the gallery at Gorhauibury, a chef d'oeuvre given by Sir Nicholas Bacon to Lady Lumley) ; 2 B. ix. (Psalter from the Vulgate dedicated to the Earl of Arundel in 1565) ; on paper 14 A. xvi. ' Un Libro d'Essemplari scritto 1' anno 1550 ' (fragments of correspondence and other scraps) ; 14 A. xix. 'LeVite et i Fatti di sei Donne Illustri,' dedicated to the queen in 1577 (a distinct work from the ' Vite delle Donne Illustre' printed in 1591) ; 17 A. xxiv. (sentences, chiefly metaphysical and moral, collected from various authors for the use of Edward VI). Stowe MS. 30, a poly- Uchtred Udall glot and polychrome vellum prayer-book pre- sented to the queen in 1578, may also be by [Jbaldini's hand, as certainly is a partially illuminated Latin prayer-book presented to her in 1580, now in the Huth Library (Cat. v. 1). [Ubaldini's works ; Baretti's Italian Library, p. 186; Fontanini'sBiblioteca, ed.ApostoloZeno, 1804, ii. 289 ; Walpole's Anecd. of Painting, ed. "Wornum, i. 169 ; Biogr. Unir. ; Bradley's Diet. of Miniaturists ; Italian Kelation of England (Camden Soc.),Introd.; Addit. MS. 24192, p. 70; Notes and Queries, 8th ser.x. 28, 144 ; Athenaeum, 17 April 1897. See also Eeg. St. Mich. Cornhill (Harl. Soc.) and St. Mich. Cornhill Marr. Lie. 1520 (Harl. Soc.); Archiv. Stor. Ital. v. 381; Zouch's Life of Sidney, p. 332 ; Dugdale's Antiq. Warwickshire, ed. Thomas, i. 523 ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, pp. 1 1 7 1 , 1 1 86, 1 805 ; Coxe's Cat. Cod. MSS. in Coll. Aulisque Oxon. ii. 102; Bandini, Cat. Cod. Lat. (Ital.) Bibl. Mediceae Laurent, v. 303.] J. M. R. UCHTRED. [See UHTEED.] UCHTRYD (the Welsh form of Uhtred) (d. 1148), bishop of Llandaff, was arch- deacon of Llandaff in the time of Bishop Urban (1107-1153), and in that character attests the agreement drawn up in 1126 be- tween the bishop and Earl Robert of Glouces- ter (Liber Landavensis, ed. 1893, p. 29). In 1131 he was one of Urban's envoys in the matter of the dispute with the sees of Hereford and St. David's (ib. pp. 60, 64). He was clearly a Welshman (the name is not uncommon at this period), and pro- bably married, since ' Brut y Ty wysogion ' (Oxford 23 ruts, p. 328) mentions a daughter Angharad, who became the wife of lorwerth ab Owain, of the Welsh line of Caerllion. Upon Urban's death in 1134 lie was elected to the see of Llandaff, and in 1140 was con- secrated by Archbishop Theobald [q.v.] (Con- tinuator O/FLOK. WIG.) He did not continue the barren litigation as to the boundaries and privileges of the see which occupied so much of Urban's episcopate, and appears only in minor controversies with the priory of Goldcliff (HADDAN and STUBBS, Councils, i. 346-7) and the abbey of St. Peter's, Gloucester (Historia et Cartularium Sanct\ Petri, ed. Hart, ii. 14). He died in 1148 a date given by the ' Annals of Tewkes- "bury,' and to be inferred from the notices in the ' Bruts ' and ' Amiales Cambriae.' Ac- cording to the Gwentian ' Brut ' (Myvyrian Archaiology, 2nd ed. p. 711), the famous Geoffrey of Monmouth [q. v.] was Uchtryd's nephew and adopted son, and Mr. Gwenog- fryn Evans believes (preface to edition o 1893) that the ' Liber Landavensis ' in its original form was compiled by Geoffrey a' ^landaff under his uncle's patronage. That Jchtryd had a nephew called Geoffrey is hown by the occurrence of ' Galfrido sacer- dote nepote episcopi ' among the witnesses 0 a charter of his dated 1146 (Cartulary f St. Peter's, Gloucester, ii. 55), but the uthor of the 'History of the Kings of Britain ' is not supposed to have been or- lained priest until 1152 (HADDAN and STUBBS, Councils, i. 360). The chapter of St. David's, in a letter to Eugenius III of ibout 1145, accuse Uchtryd of illiteracy and mmorality ; it is possible, however, that the locument, the knowledge of which is due to he zeal of Giraldus Cambrensis on behalf of he claims of St. David's, may be spurious GIK. CAMBK., Works, iii. 56-8, 187-8). [Haddan and Stubbs's Councils and Eeclesias- ical Documents; Annales Cambrise.] J. E. L. UDALL. [See also UVEDALE.] UDALL, EPHRAIM (d. 1647), royalist divine, wasson of John Udall [q.v.J (STKTPE, Life of Whitgift, p. 345, folio). He was admitted a pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in July 1606, proceeded B.A. n 1609, and commenced M.A. in 1614. On 20 Sept. 1615 he was appointed perpetual curate of Teddington (HENNESSY, p. 426). On 27 Nov. 1634 he was presented to the rectory of St. Augustine's, Watling Street, London. For a long time he was regarded as one of the shining lights of the puritan party, but after the breaking out of the ^reat rebellion in 1641 he declared himself to be in favour of episcopacy and the esta- blished liturgy. He was, in consequence of this, charged with being popishly affected, and the Long parliament, on 29 June 1643, made an order that he should be ejected from his rectory, and that the rents and profits should be sequestered for Francis Roberts [q.v.], a 'godly, learned, and ortho- dox divine ' (Commons' Journals, iii. 148). His house was plundered and his books and furniture were taken away. Afterwards his enemies sought to commit him to prison, and they carried his aged and decrepit wife out of doors by force and left her in the open street (RYVES, Mercurius Eusticus, 1646, pp. 131- 133). Udall, who is described by Wood as 1 a man of eminent piety, exemplary conver- sation, profound learning, and indefatigable industry,' died in London on 24 May 1647 (SMITH^ Obituary, ed. Ellis, p. 24). Thomas Reeve (1594-1672) [q.v.] preached his funeral sermon, which was published under the title of ' Lazarus his Rest' (London, 1647, 4to). Udall was the author of: 1. ' To TrpeTtov fvxapurTKov, i.e. Communion Comlinesse. Wherein is discovered the conveniency of B2 Udall Udall the peoples drawing neere to the Table in the sight thereof when they receive the Lords Supper. With the great unfitnesse of receiving it in Pewes in London for the Novelty of high and close Pewes/ London, 1641, 4to. 2. nn?D — that is, The Key of the tioly Tongue ' (Leyden, ]2mo, 1593). The first part consists of a Hebrew grammar translated from the Latin of Peter Martinius; the second part supplies ' a practize 'or exercises on Psalms xxv. and Ixv., and the third part is a short dictionary of the Hebrew words of the Bible. The work was prized by James VI of Scotland, who is reported to have inquired for the author on his arrival in England in 1603, and, on learning that he was dead, to have exclaimed, * By my soul, then, the greatest scholar of P]urope is dead.' In 1593 also appeared (anonymously in London) the first edition of Udall's ' Com- mentarie on the Lamentations of Jeremy ; ' other editions are dated in 1595, 1599, and 1637. A Dutch translation by J. Lamstium is dated 1 660. Udall's ' Certaine Sermons, taken out of severall Places of Scripture,' which was issued in 1596, is a reprint of his volume on the 'Amendment of Life' and the 'Obedience to the Gospel.' There is also attributed to him an antipapal tract, 'An Antiquodlibet, or an Advertisement to beware of Secular Priests,' Middelburg, 12mo, 1602. [Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 148-50 ; A New Discovery of Old Pontificall Practices for the Maintenance of the Prelates Authority and Hierarchy, evinced by their Tyrannicall Perse- cution of that Eeverend, learned, Pious, and Worthy Minister of Jesus Christ, Master John Udall, in the Eaigne of Queen Elizabeth, London, 1643; Maskell's Hist, of the Martin Mar-Pre- late Controversy, London, 1845 ; Arber's In- troductory Sketch to the Martin Mar-Prelate Controversy, London, 1879 ; Arber's prefaces to his reprints of Udall's Demonstration and Dia- logue, 1880; Strype's Life of Whitgift, and Annals; Howell's State Trials, i. 1271; Neal's Puritans, i. 330.] S. L. UDALL or UVEDALE, NICHOLAS (1505-1556), dramatist and scholar, born in 1505, was a native of Hampshire. His rela- tionship with the U vedale family of Wickham in Hampshire, one member of which, living in 1449, bore the Christian name of Nicholas, is undetermined (cf. Surrey Archaeological Collections, iii. 185). Nicholas was elected a scholar of Winchester College in 1517, when he was described as being twelve years old (KiRBT, Winchester Scholars, p. 108). Pro- ceeding to Oxford, he was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi College on 1 8 June 1520. He graduated B.A. on 30 May 1524, and became a probationer-fellow of his college on 30 May 1524. He took some part in the college tuition (FowLER, #&£. Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, Oxf. Hist, Soc. pp. 86, 89, 370-1). In 1526 and the following years he ^purchased books of a Lutheran tendency of Thomas Garret, an Oxford bookseller, who personally sympathised with Lutheran doc- trines. Udall thus gained the reputation of being one of the earliest adherents of the protestant movement among Oxford tutors (FoxE, Actes, ed. Townsend, v. 421 seq.) As a consequence, it is said, he was not per- mitted to take the degree of M.A. until 1534 — ten years after his graduation. Mean- while he made some reputation in the uni- Udall Udall versity as a writer of Latin verse. He became the intimate friend of John Leland [q.v.] the antiquary, and Leland acknow- ledged with enthusiasm Udall's liberality and attainments in two Latin epigrams (Collectanea, v. 89, 105). The friends com- bined in May 1533 to write verses in both Latin and English for the pageants with which the lord mayor and citizens of Lon- don celebrated the entry of Anne Boleyn into the city after her marriage to Henry VIII. Udall apostrophised Apollo and the* Muses in Latin verse, and offered extravagant adu- lation to the new queen in English poems of very varied metres, some of which imi- tated Skelton's. The whole collection is preserved in manuscript at the British Mu- seum among the Royal manuscripts (18. A. Ixiv.) It was printed in Nichols's ' Pro- gresses of Queen Elizabeth ' and in Dr. Fur- nivall's ' Ballads from Manuscripts ' (Ballad Society, 1870, i. 379-401). Most of the English poems by Udall appear in Arber's < English Garner ' (ii. 52-60). About 1534 Udall became headmaster of Eton College, and he held the office for nearly eight years. Before taking up the appointment he published for the use of his pupils a selection from Terence, which was entitled 'Flovres for Latine Spekynge selected and gathered oute of Terence and the same translated into Englysshe.' A Latin dedication addressed by Udall to his pupils was dated from the 'Augustiniau Monastery,' London, 28 Feb. Leland and Edmund Jonson contributed prefatory eulogies in Latin. The work was printed by Thomas Berthelet, and the first edition, which is of great rarity, is dated 1533. Other editions followed in 1538, 1544, and 1560 ; an edition of 1575, which was enlarged by John Hig- gins [q. v.], reappeared in 1581. According to an early « Consuetudinary ' of Eton, plays of Terence and Plautus were acted annually by the boys under the head- master's direction ' about "the feast of St. An- drew,' i.e. 30 Nov., and occasionally English pieces were suffered to take the place of the Latin. It is possible that Udall's English comedy or interlude of 'Ralph Roister Doister' was first prepared by him to" be ' acted by his pupils at Eton. As a school- master Udall had the reputation of severely enforcing corporal punishment. Thom&s Tusser [q. v.] was one of his pupils, and he states in his autobiography, prefixed to his ' Five Hundreth Points of Good II us- bandrie ; (1575), that he received from Udall on one occasion fifty-three stripes for l fault but small or none at all.' Tusser exclaims, * See, Udall, see the mercy of thee to mee, poor lad ! ' Udall's connection with Eton was terminated under disgraceful and some- what mysterious circumstances. Early in 1541 two of his scholars, Thomas Cheney and John Horde, were, along with his servant Gregory, charged with stealing silver images and other plate belonging to the college. Their statement not merely threw on Udall the suspicion that he was cognisant of the theft, but led to an accusation against him of un- natural crime. He was summoned before the privy council for examination on 14 March 1540-1, and he then confessed that he was guilty of the second charge. He was com- mitted to the Marshalsea prison (Proceedings of the Privy Council, vii. 153). Dismissal from the head-mastership of Eton followed immediately, but Udall's imprisonment was of short duration, and his reputation was not permanently injured. On gaining his liberty he piteously petitioned an unnamed patron probably at court to procure his resti- tution to Eton, while he professed a wish to pay off his debts and to amend his way of life (printed from Cotton. MS. Titus B. viii. 371, in Letters of Eminent Literary Men, Camden Soc. pp. 1 sqq.). A year after his dismissal the bursars of Eton paid him the full arrears of his salary (LTTE, Hist, of Eton, p. 114). Other means of livelihood wrere at his command. He had on 27 Sept. 1537 be- come vicar of Braintree, and that benefice he retained on his departure from Eton. He held it for nearly seven years, resigning it on 14 Sept. 1544. His increased leisure he devoted to literary work. In September 1542 he published an English version of the third and fourth books of Erasmus's ' Apo- phthegms.' His literary capacity was noticed favourably by Henry VIII's new queen, Catherine" Parr, whose theological views in- clined, like his own, to Lutheranism. Under her patronage he assisted in translating into English the first volume of Erasmus's ' Para- phrase of the New Testament.' The work occupied him between 1543 and 1548. He himself translated the paraphrase of the gos- pel of St. Luke, which he finished in 1545, and he dedicated it to Queen Catherine. His rendering of the text of the gospel follows that of the Great Bible of 1539. He also superintended the publication of the work and wrote a general dedication addressed in. terms of extravagant eulogy to Edward VI, and another to the reader, besides prefacing the translations of the gospel of St. John and of the Acts with dedications to Queen Cathe- rine. The volume was first published in 1548 ; the title-page of the second edition of 1551 stated that Udall had ' conferred ' the text with the Latin and 'thoroughly cor- Udall 8 Udall rected'it. The second volume came out in 1549, but in that Udall had no hand. Edward VI showed Udall much favour. When Gardiner preached before the young king on 29 June 1548, and he was expected to deny the authority of the king to make reli- gious changes during his minority, Udall was directed to report the sermon by ' a noble personage of this realm ' (FoxE). The ' noble personage 'was doubtless Protector Somerset. Foxe printed Udall's report of Gardiner's ser- mon in his ' Acts and Monuments.' In 1549 a more responsible task was entrusted to him. He was ordered to reply to the catholic rebels of the west, who had put forward ' certen artycles of us the comoners of Devonsheir and Cornwall in divers campes by Est and West of Exeter.' The insurgents demanded the restoration of the mass, of the abbey lands, and of the Six Articles, together with the recall of Cardinal Pole from exile. Udall's answer bears the title ' An answer to the articles of the comoners of Devonsheir and Cornewall, declaring to the same howe they haue been seduced by evell persons, and howe their consciences may be satysfyed and stayed, concerning the sayd artycles, sette forthe by a countryman of theirs, much ten- dering the welth, bothe of their bodyes and solles.' Udall reasoned with great force against the catholic arguments, and defended the royal authority in matters of religion. His tract, which runs to eighty closely written folio pages, is preserved at the British Mu- seum (Royal MS. 18, B. xi.) It was printed for the first time by the Camden Society in « Troubles connected with the Prayer Book of 1549,' which was edited by Nicholas Pocock in 1884. Further literary work of similar tendency followed. About 1550 he issued an English translation (from the Latin) of Peter Mar- tyr's'Discourse or Traictise . . . concernynge the Sacrament of the Lordes Supper' [see VERMIGLI]. Edward VI marked his ap- probation by issuing letters patent securing to Udall exclusive rights in the original Latin version of Peter Martyr's ' Treatise of the Eucharist,' as well as in the English translation; and at the same time gave Udall permission Ho preynt the Bible in Englyshe as well in the large volume for the use of the churches wthin this our Realme and other Dominions as allso in any other convenient volume.' Of this privilege Udall does not seem to have availed himself. He contributed Latin poems to the two collec- tions of elegies published in 1551, respec- tively on Henry and Charles Brandon, dukes Suffolk, and Martin Bucer. In 1552 he translated the l Compendiosatotius Anatomie delineatio ' of Thomas Gemini [q. v.], whose copperplate engravings give the work high artistic interest. The book was dedicated to. the king. Despite the circumstances attending Udall's- dismissal from Eton, scholastic employment was also found for Udall by the ministers of his royal patron, and he was appointed ' schoolmaster ' of the young Edward Cour- tenay, then a prisoner in the Tower (Tre~ vely an Papers, Camden Soc. ii. 31 , 33). At the same time Edward VI bestowed new church preferment on Udall. In November 1551 he was nominated to a prebend at Windsor, but he failed to take up his residence there, and continued to preach elsewhere. He was consequently held in the following year to have forfeited his rights to the emoluments of the prebend. But in September 1552 a royal letter directed the dean and chapter of Windsor to pay Udall the income of the preferment ' during the time of his absence/ On 26 March 1553 he was presented to the rectory of Calborne in the Isle of Wight. The accession of Queen Mary in no way injured his fortunes. She had taken part with him in the translation of Erasmus's paraphrase, and Udall knew how to adjust his sails to the passing breeze. In 1553 he endeavoured to extract from the protes- tant martyr Thomas Mountain [q. v.], while in prison, a recantation of protestantism (NICHOLS, Narratives of the Reformation, Camden Soc. p. 178). The lord chancellor, Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, en- couraged Udall's pusillanimity, and gave him the post of schoolmaster in his household, where several boys were brought up under the bishop's superintendence. Gardiner left forty marks to his ' schoolmaster,' Udall, in his will, dated 9 Nov. 1555 ( Wills from Doc- tors' Commons, Camden Soc. 43, 44). Udall's repute as a dramatic writer was not ex- hausted. In 1554 a warrant from Queen Mary directed Udall to prepare 'dialogues and interludes,' to be performed in the royal presence ; and ordered such dresses and ap- parel to be delivered to him from the office of the revels as from time to time he might require (Losely MSS. ed. Kempe, p. 63). At the close of his life Udall again filled the office of master of a great public school. He succeeded Alexander Nowell about 1554 as headmaster of Westminster school, which Henry VIII had established in 1540 ; and he held that post until the school was ab- sorbed in the monastery of Westminster, which Queen Mary refounded in November 1556. Udall died next month, and was buried in the church of St. Margaret's, Westminster, on 23 Dec. 1556. Entries of the burial in Udall Ufford the same place of ' Katherin Woodall ' and of ' Elizabeth Udall ' figure in the parish register under the respective dates 2 Dec. 1556 and 8 July 1559 ; but there is no means of determining the relationship of either of these persons to Nicholas Udall. Udall owes his permanent fame to his work as a dramatist. Bale attributes to him not merely many comedies, but also a ' Tragcedia de Papatu.' Of the last nothing is known. Bale says that Udall translated it for Queen Catherine [Parr]. It is possible that Bale made a confused reference to ' A Tragedie or Dialoge of the unjuste usurped Primacie of the Bishop of Rome' (London, 1549, 8vo), which John Ponet translated from the Italian of Bernardino Ochino. Sub- sequent mention was made of another lost play by Udall. When Elizabeth visited Cam- bridge University in the autumn of 1564 on the night of 8 Aug. there was performed in her presence ' an English play called " Ezekias," made by Mr. Udall, and handled by King's College men only.' • The only extant play by Udall is ' Ealph Roister Doister,' a homely English comedy on the Latin model, which may have been originally written for performance by his pupils at Eton before 1541. A reference (act ii. sc. i.) to a ballad-monger, Jack Raker, who is more than once mentioned by Skelton and is noticed in Udall's play as a contem- porary, and Ralph Roister Doister's favourite form of oath, ' by the armes of Caleys,' sug- gest that the piece was originally composed in Henry YIII's reign. It is in rhymed doggerel and is divided into five acts, each with numbered scenes varying from four to eight. Besides songs which are interspersed through the text, four songs to be sung ' by those which shall use this comedy ' are col- lected in an appendix. The story, which is crudely developed, deals with the unsuccess- ful efforts of the swaggering hero, Ralph Roister Doister, to win the hand of a wealthy widow, Dame Christian Custance. It is doubtful if the piece were printed in Udall's lifetime. A quotation of Ralph's letter to Dame Custance (Ralph Roister Doister, act iii. sc. iv.), which is shown to be capable of expressing two directly opposite significa- tions by changes of punctuation, appeared in the first edition of Dr. Thomas Wilson's * Rule of Reason,' 1550-1, with the note that the passage was quoted from * An Entrelude, made by Nicolas Vdal.' In 1566 Thomas Hackett obtained a license t for pryntinge of a play intituled Rauf Ruyster Duster.' The only early copy now known lacks a title-page ; it was accidentally acquired by the Rev. Thomas Briggs, an Etonian, in 1818, and may be the edition printed by Hackett, which probably represents a revised version of the piece. The concluding verses plainly refer to Queen Mary or Queen Elizabeth, and were doubtless interpolated at a date sub- sequent to the composition of the play. In 1818 Briggs reprinted the comedy in Lon- don, in an edition of thirty copies, as an anonymous work, and at the same time pre- sented the unique original to Eton College Library, in ignorance of the fact that the play was from the pen of an Eton head- master. Another reprint followed in 1821 ; but the anonymous editor again had no in- formation to give respecting the authorship of the play. John Payne Collier, in a note in Dodsley's ' Old Plays ' (1825, ii. 3 ; cf. History of English Dramatic Poetry, 1831, ii. 445), was the first to recognise in ' Ralph Roister Doister ' the interlude which Wilson assigned to Udall in 1551. The work has subse- quently been four times reprinted — in Thomas White's ' Old English Drama' (1830, 3 vols. 18mo) ; in the publications of the Shakespeare ftrmiot'Tr 1 RA^T • in A Y»ViaT»'a ^ TT*i/vlioV» "RpT)!*! T\ "f" Q ' ; in Arber's 1869 ; and in Dodsley's ' Old Plays/ ed'. W. C. Hazlitt, 1874 (iii. 53-161). 'Ralph Roister Doister ' enjoys the distinction of being the earliest English comedy known, and, in the capacity of its author, Udall is universally recognised as one of the most notable pio- neers in the history of English dramatic lite- rature [cf. art. STILL, JOHN]. Collier, in his 'Bibliographical Catalogue' (ii. 176), attributes to Udall, the first and last letters of whose surname figure on the undated title-page, a curious doggerel poem in which an old man gives the author much moral counsel. The poem bears the title : 'The pleasaunt playne and pythye Pathe- waye leadynge to a vertues and honest lyfe, no lesse profytable then delectable. U. L. Imprynted at London by Nicolas Hyll, for John Case,' 4to. [The fullest account of Udall is by William Durrant Cooper, and is prefixed to the Shake- speare Society's edition of ' Ralph Roister Doi- ster.' See also Troubles connected with the Prayer Book of 1549, ed. Nicholas Pocock (Cam- den Soc.), pp. xx-xxv; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 211 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.; Strype's Works ; Fleay's Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama; Collier's History of English Dramatic Poetry.] S. L. UFFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1349), chan- cellor. [See OFFOKD.] UFFORD, ROBERT DE, first EAEL OF SUFFOLK of his house (1298-1369), was the second but eldest surviving son and heir of Ufford IO Ufford Robert de Utford (1279-1316), and of his wife, Cicely de Valognes. His grandfather, ROBERT BE UFFORD (d. 1298), was the founder of the greatness of the family. A younger son of a Suffolk land- owner, John de Peyton, Kobert assumed his surname from his lordship of Ufford in Suf- folk, and attended Edward I on his crusade. Between 1276 and 1281 he acted as justice of Ireland. He was instructed by Ed- ward I to introduce English laws into Ire- land (Fcedera, i. 540), and practised skilfully but unscrupulously the policy of sowing dis- sension among the different Irish septs (GIL- BERT, Viceroys of Ireland, pp. 108-10). He also built the castle of Roscommon ' at countless cost ' (Cal. Documents, Ireland, 1302-7, p. 137). On 21 Nov. 1281 Stephen de Fulburn, bishop of Waterford, was ap- pointed justice in his place, since Ufford * by reason of his infirmities could not perform his duties ' (Cal. Patent Jtolls, 1281-92, p. 1). He died in 1298. His son Robert, who was born on 11 June 1279, further increased the family possessions and importance by his marriage to the heiress Cicely de Valognes. He was summoned to parliament as a baron between 1308 and 1311, and died in 1316. Of his six sons, William, the eldest, died without issue before his father. The fifth son, SIR RALPH DE UFFORD (d. 1346), be- came justice of Ireland like his grandfather, having married Maud, daughter of Henry, earl of Lancaster [q. v.], and widow of Wil- liam de Burgh, earl of Ulster. Appointed justice in February 1344, Ralph held office until his death on Palm Sunday, 9 April 1346. He had the reputation of a vigorous and energetic but not very popular ruler (GILBERT, pp. 197-204). The youngest son, Sir Edmund de Ufford, was also a man of some note. The suggestion sometimes made that John de Offord or Ufford [q. v.], arch- bishop-elect of Canterbury, and his brother, Andrew de Offord [q. v.J, were also sons of this Robert de Ufford, is highly improbable. In all probability these latter were of an entirely different family, which derived its ! name from Offord Darcy, Huntingdonshire. The second but eldest surviving son, Ro- bert, was born about 10 Aug. 1298, and , succeeded to his father's estates. On 19 May .8 he received livery of his father's Suffolk lands, which are enumerated in ' Calendarium Inquisitionum post mortem,' i. 146 (cf. Cal. Close Rolls, 1313-18,p. 542). He was knighted and received some subordinate employments, being occupied, for example, in 1326 in levy- "M? ships for the royal use in Suffolk (ib. 323- 1 , p. 644), and serving in November 1327 on a commission of the peace in the ''• eastern counties under the statute of Wim- : Chester (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1327-30, p. 214). In May and June 1329 he attended the young Edward III on his journey to Amiens, re- ceiving letters of protection on 10 May (ib. p. 388). He was employed on state affairs down to the end of the rule of Isabella and : Mortimer, and on 1 May 1330 received ' for his better maintenance in the king's service ' ; a grant for life of the royal castle and town \ of Orford, Suffolk, which had been previously held by his father (ib. p. 522 ; Cal, Inquis. post mortem, i. 146). He also obtained grants of other lands in special tail, including the manors of Gravesend, Kent, Costessy and ! Burgh, Norfolk (DuGDALE,ii. 48). On 28 July i he was appointed to array and command the ; levies of Norfolk and Suffolk summoned to | fight ' against the king's rebels.' Neverthe- less in October he associated himself with William de Montacute (afterwards first Earl of Salisbury) [q. v.] in the attack on Mor- timer at Nottingham. He took personal part ' in the capture of Mortimer in Nottingham Castle, and was so far implicated in the deaths of Sir Hugh de Turplington and Ri- chard de Monmouth that occurred during the scuffle that on 12 Feb. 1331 he received a special pardon for the homicide (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1330-4, p. 74). He was rewarded by the grant of the manors of Cawston and Fakenham in Norfolk, and also of some houses in Cripplegate that had belonged to Morti- mer's associate, John Maltravers" [q. v.] (ib. pp. 73, 106). He also succeeded Maltravers as keeper of the forests south of Trent and as justice in eyre of the forests in Wiltshire, receiving on 3 Feb. 1331 a similar appoint- ment for Hampshire (ib. pp. 66, 69). He was summoned as a baron to parliament on 27 Jan. 1332. Henceforth he was one of the most trusted warriors, counsellors, and diplo- matists in Edward Ill's service. On 1 Nov. 1335 Ufford was appointed a member of an embassy empowered to treat with the Scots (Fcedera, ii. 925). He served against the Scots and was made warden of Bothwell Castle (Chron. de Lanercost, p. 288). On 14 Jan. 1337 he was made ad- miral of the king's northern fleet jointly with Sir John Ros (Fcedera, ii. 956 ; Ufford ceased to hold this office after 11 Aug.) On 16 March he was created Earl of Suf- folk (cf. Lords' Reports on the Diqnity of a Peer, v. 31 ; Rot. Parl. ii. 56; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1334-8, p. 418). On 18 March he re- ceived « for the better support of his dignity ' letters patent conferring on him and his heirs male lands and rents worth a thousand marks a year (Cal. Rot. Pat. 1334-8, pp. 418, 479, 496 ; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1338-40, pp. Ufford II Ufford 14, 265). He also received a grant of 201. a year from the issues of his shire (Rot. ParL iii. 107). On 25 June he was released from all his debts to the crown (Cal. Pat, Rolls, 1334-8, p. 461). During his absence in par- liament the Scots retook his charge, Both- well Castle (Chron. de Lanercost, p. 288). On 3 Oct. 1337 Suffolk was sent, with Henry Burghersh, bishop of Lincoln, the Earl of Northampton, and John Darcy, to treat for peace or truce with the French (Fcedera, ii. 998). Further powers were given them to treat with the Emperor Louis and Edward's other allies (ib. ii. 999), and on 7 Oct. they were also commissioned to treat with David Bruce, then staying in France (ib. ii. 1001), and were credited to the two cardinals sent by the pope to effect a reconciliation (ib. ii. 1002). On 4 Oct. Suffolk had letters of attorney until Easter, and many of his followers received letters of protection ( Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1334- 1338, pp. 527, 532, 535, 537). His occupa- tion on this embassy seems to confute Frois- sart's statement (FROISSART, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, ii. 430, 432, 434) that he took part in Sir Walter Manny's attack on Cad- sand on 10 Nov. [see MANNY]. Next year, on 1 July, Suffolk was associated with Arch- bishop Stratford and others on an embassy to France, and left England along with the two cardinals sent to treat for peace (Fcedera, ii. 1084; G. LE BAKER, p. 61). He either accompanied Edward III to Antwerp (FROISSART, ii. 443) or soon followed him, for on 10 Nov. he attested a charter at Antwerp (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1338-40, p. 193), and on 16 Dec. the same embassy was again empowered at the instance of the two cardinals (ib. p. 196). After this Suffolk remained in attendance on the king in Brabant, serving in September 1339 in the expedition that invaded the Cambresis and besieged Cambrai, and being in the army that prepared to fight a great battle at Buironfosse (FROISSART, iii. 10-53), where he and the Earl of Derby commanded the right wing of the second ' battle ' (HEMING- BURGII, ii. 347). On 15 Nov. of the same year he was appointed joint ambassador to Count Louis of Flanders and the Flemish estates, to treat of an alliance (Foedera, ii. 1097 ; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1338-40, p. 397). He several times became security for the king's loans (ib. pp. 372, 378, 391, 403). After Edward's return Suffolk stayed behind in the Low Countries with Salisbury. The two earls remained in garrison at Ypres (FROIS- SART, iii. 129). In Lent 1340 they attacked the French near Lille, a town which upheld Philip of Valois. Rendered rash by their easy success, they pursued the enemy through one of the gates into the town. But their retreat was cut off, and they were made prisoners and despatched to Paris, which they reached on Palm Sunday. The English chroniclers wax eloquent on the indignities to which they were exposed on the road (G. LE BAKER, p. 67). Philip VI, it was said, wished to kill them, and they were spared only through the entreaties of King John of Bohemia (ib. pp. 67-8 ; MURI- MUTH, pp. 104-5 ; WALSINGHAM, i. 226 ; Chron. Anglia, 1328-88, p. 10 ; Cont. G. de Nanyis, ii. 167, calls him * Comes Auxonias ; ' FROISSART, iii. 122-31, gives a very different account of the capture; DUGDALE, Baronage, ii. 48, and BARNES, Hist, of Edward III, pp. 168-70, say that Robert Ufford, Suffolk's eldest son, and not Suffolk himself, was taken prisoner, but this is disproved by Fcedera, ii. 1170, and Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1338- 1340, p. 531). The truce of 25 Sept. 1340 provided for the release of all prisoners, but it was only after a heavy ransom, to which Edward III contributed 500/., had been paid that Suffolk obtained his freedom. He took part in a famous tournament at Dunstable in the spring of 1342 and at great jousts in Lon- don (FROISSART, iv. 127-8). He was one of the members of Edward's ' Round Table ' at Windsor, which assembled in February 1344 (MuRiMUTH, p. 232), and fought in a tournament at Hertford in September 1344 (ib. p. 159). Though not a ' founder ' of the order of the Garter, he was one of the earliest members that afterwards joined it (BELTZ, Order of the Garter, cl., 98). Suffolk served through the Breton expe- dition of July 1342, and was conspicuous at the siege of Rennes (FROISSART, iv. 137, 168). In July 1343 he was joint ambassador to Clement VI at Avignon, receiving further powers to treat with France on 29 Aug. and 29 Nov. On 8 May 1344 he was appointed captain and admiral of the northern fleet (Foedera, iii. 13 ; NICOLAS, Royal Navy, ii. 83). He busied himself at once in collect- ing vessels for a new expedition, and on 3 July accompanied Edward on a short expedition to Flanders. He continued ad- miral in person or deputy until March 1347> when he was succeeded by Sir John Howard (Foedera, iii. Ill; for his activity see ib. iii. 57, 70). On 11 July 1346 Suffolk sailed with the king from Portsmouth on the famous in- vasion of France which resulted in the battle of Crecy. On the retreat northwards, a day after the passage of the Seine, Suffolk and Sir Hugh le Despenser defeated a consider- Ufford 12 Ufford able French force (AVESBURY, p. 368). Suf- folk was one of those who advised Edward to select the field of Crecy as his battle-ground (FROISSART, v. 27). In the great victory he fought in the second * battle/ stationed on the left wing. Next morning, 27 Aug., he took part in Northampton's reconnaissance that resulted in a sharp fight with the un- broken remnant of the French army (NORTH- BURGH in AVESBURY, p. 369, speaks of the Earl of Norfolk, but there was no such earl at the time, and Suffolk is probably meant). Suffolk's diplomatic activity still con- tinued. He was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with France on 25 Sept. 1348 (Fcedera, iii. 173), and with Flanders on 11 Oct. (ib. iii. 175). The negotiations were conducted at Calais. On 10 March 1349 (ib. iii. 182), and again on 15 May 1350 (ib. iii. 196), he had similar commissions. On 29 Aug. 1350 he fought in the famous naval victory over the Spaniards off Win- chelsea (FROISSART, v. 258, 266). In May 1351 and in June 1352 he was chief com- missioner of array in Norfolk and Suffolk. In September 1355 Suffolk sailed with the Black Prince, Edward, prince of Wales (1330-1376) [q. v.], to Aquitaine. Between October and December he was engaged in the prince's raid through Languedoc to Nar- bonne, where he commanded the rear-guard, William de Montacute, second earl of Salis- bury [q. v.], son of his old companion in arms, serving with him. After his return he was quartered at Saint-Emilion, his followers being stationed round Libourne (CHANDOS HERALD, p. 44). Thence in January 1356 he led another foray, that lasted over twelve days, towards Rocamadour ('Notre-Dame de Rochemade/ WINGFIELD in AVESBURY, p. 449). Suffolk also shared in the Black Prince's northern foray of 1356, and in the battle of Poitiers which resulted from it, where he commanded, jointly with Salisbury, the third 'battle' or the rearward (G. LE BAKER, p. 143). The reversal of the posi- tion of the host, caused by Edward's at- tempted retreat over the Miausson, threw the brunt of the first fighting upon Suffolk and Salisbury, who had singlehanded to withstand the French assault (OMAN, Art of War in the Middle Ages, pp. 623-5). Suffolk distinguished himself greatly, run- ning from line to line, checking the impru- dent ardour of the young soldiers, and posting the archers in the best positions (G. LE BAKER, p. 148; WALSINGHAM, i. 282). On the march back to Bordeaux he led the vanguard. He drew three thousand florins as his share of the ransom of the Count of Auxerre (DEVON, Issue JRolls of the Ex- chequer, p. 167). Poitiers was his last great exploit, and even there he was a little effaced by Salisbury. He was fifty-eight years old, and his hair was grey (CHANDOS HERALD, p. 57). He still, however, took part in the expedition into Champagne in 1359 (FROISSART, vi. 224, 231). After that he was employed only in embassies, the last of those on which he served being that com- missioned on 8 Feb. 1362 to treat of the pro- posed marriage of Edmund of Langley to the daughter of the Count of Flanders (Fcedera, iii. 636). In his declining years Suffolk devoted himself to the removal of the abbey of Leiston, near Saxmundham, to a new site somewhat more inland. This convent was a house of Premonstratensian canons, founded in 1182 by Ranulf de Glanville [q. v.], and now become decayed. In 1363 it was trans- ferred to its new home, where its picturesque ruins still remain, though they are mostly of more recent date than the buildings which Suffolk set up. Suffolk died on 4 Nov. 1369. His will, dated 29 June 1368, is given in Nicolas's ' Testamenta Vetusta' (i. 73-4 ; cf. G. E. C[o- KAYNE], Complete Peerage, vii. 302). In it he directed that his body should be buried at the priory of Campsey, or Ash, under the arch, between the chapel of St. Nicholas and the high altar. Campsey was a house of Austin canonesses, of which the Uffords were patrons, and where Suffolk's wife had been buried in 1368, and his brother, Sir Ralph de Ufford, the justice of Ireland, in 1346 (Monasticon, vi. 584). To Ralph's widow, Maud, ' the lady of Ulster/ Suffolk left twenty marks towards the rebuilding at Bruisyard, Suffolk, of a chantry-college for five secular priests, which she had originally founded at Campsey, but which she now transferred to a new site (ib. vi. 1468), where it was afterwards handed over to Minorite nuns (ib. vi. 1555). A summary of Ufford's extensive fiefs in Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincoln- shire, and London is given in ' Calendarium Inquisitionum post mortem' (ii. 300). The possession of the castles of Framlingham, Eye, and Orford with extensive estates in Central Suffolk, gave him an exceptionally strong position in that county. It has generally been said that Suffolk lad two wives, but there is no evidence of he existence of his alleged first wife, Eleanor. Cn 1324 he married Margaret, daughter of Sir Walter de Norwich [q. v.] and widow of Thomas de Cailey (Cal. Close Rolls, 1323-7, pp. 147, 236, show that the date was between 2 July and 13 Nov. 1324). Margaret had promised a fine of 20/. to the crown for license Ufford Ufford to marry at will, but five years afterwards she and Ufford obtained, on 21 Oct. 1329, a release from its payment (ib. 1327-30, p. 497). Ufford and Margaret had two sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Ro- bert, was distinguished at the siege of Loch- maben in 1341, and took considerable part in the French wars, and, though commonly distinguished as ' Robert de Ufford le fitz/ is not seldom confused with his father. He married Elizabeth, widow of William de Latimer, without royal license, but on 20 Aug. 1337 was pardoned for the offence (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1334-8, p. 495). He died before his father, so that titles and estates passed to the younger son, William de Ufford, second earl of Suffolk [q. v.] The five daughters were : (1) Joan, betrothed in 1336 to John, son and heir of John de St. Philibert, an East-Anglian landowner. But he was a boy under six, of whose lands Suffolk had the custody (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1330-4 p. 176, 1334-8 p. 176). The marriage was not carried out, and John at last wedded another lady (DuGDALE, ii. 150). (2) Cicely, married to William, lord Willoughby De Eresby. (3) Catharine, married to Robert, lord Scales. (4) Margaret, married to Wil- liam, lord Ferrers of Groby; and (5) Maud, a canoness at Campsey. [Rymer's Foedera, vols. ii. and iii. Record ed.; Rolls of Parliament ; Calendars of Patent and Close Rolls; Cal. of Documents relating to Ire- land ; Lords' Reports on the Dignity of a Peer ; Galfridus le Baker, ed. Thompson ; Walsingham's Historia Anglicana, Chron. Anglise 1328-88, Murimuth and Avesbury, and Knighton (these last four in Rolls Ser.); Chronicle of Lanercost •(Bannatyne Club) ; Chandos Herald's Le Prince Noir, ed. F. Michel ; Froissart, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove; Hemingburgh, vol. ii. (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 47-8; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 584, 1468, 1555; Beltz's Me- morials of the Garter, pp. 98-101; Nicolas 's Royal Navy, vol. ii. ; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ire- land ; Doyle's Official Baronage, iii. 431-2 ; Nico- ias's Hist. Peerage, ed. Courthope, pp. 459, 483 ; Barnes's Edward III. A very full and detailed summary is in G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peer- Age, vii. 301-2.] T. F. T. UFFORD, WILLIAM DE, second EARL OF SUFFOLK of his house (1339 P-1382), was the second but eldest surviving son of Robert de Ufford, earl of Suffolk (1298-1369) [q. v.], «,nd of his wife, Margaret Norwich. He was born about 1339. His elder brother Robert's death made him heir to estates and earldom, and his father's advanced age brought him prominently forward, even before he succeeded to the title. On 3 Dec. 1364 he was summoned as a baron to the House of Lords during his father's lifetime. On 10 Feb. 1367 he was appointed joint commissioner of array in Suffolk, and in the same year received license to travel beyond sea. He was often engaged in local public work. On 4 Nov. 1369 he succeeded, on his father's death, to the earldom of Suffolk. He served in 1370 against the French along with the Earl of Warwick (Foedera, iii. 895). On 12 June 1371 he was put at the head of the surveyors of a subsidy for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and on 25 Oct. 1371 he was appointed chief warden of the ports and coasts of the same shires (ib. iii. 925). His appointment was renewed when a dif- ferent commission for this purpose was made out on 10 May 1373 (ib. iii. 976). In August 1372 he was summoned to serve in the abortive expedition which Edward III pro- posed to lead in person to the relief of Thouars (FROISSART, ed. Kervyn de Letten- hove, viii. 208). In the summer of 1373 Suffolk accompanied John of Gaunt on his long and fruitless foray that started from Calais and finally reached Bordeaux, whence he returned next year in April to England along with the Duke of Lancaster (ib. viii. 280-5, 321). A year later, in July 1375, he was made knight of the Garter. In the Good parliament, which met in April 1376, Suffolk, though so constantly associated with John of Gaunt abroad, at- tached himself strongly to the constitutional party headed by Bishop Courtenay and the Earl of March, and inspired by Edward, prince of Wales. He was one of the four earls added to the committee of barons and bishops which held conference with the commons before the houses joined in grant- ing a subsidy (Chronicon Anglice, 1328-88, pp. 69-70 ; cf. Rot. Parl. ii. 322). After the death of the Prince of Wales and the break up of the parliament it was still thought worth while to detach Suffolk from his asso- ciates, and on 16 July he received the im- portant appointment of admiral of the north (Foedera, iii. 1057). However, his depri- vation of that office so early as 24 Nov., in favour of the courtier Michael de la Pole [q. v.], suggests that he could not be relied upon by John of Gaunt and the ruling clique. Yet Suffolk was still enough in favour to be appointed on 29 April 1377, just before the old king's death, chief com- missioner of array for Norfolk and Suffolk (DOYLE, iii. 432). At the coronation of Richard II on 16 July 1377 Suffolk acted as bearer of the sceptre and cross. The policy of forgetting the factions of the last reign insured him fre- quent employment during the next few Ufford Ufford years, and the patent rolls of the young King contain abundant evidence of his constant activity in local commissions and similar business in Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1377 and in 1378 he was again fighting the French. On 18 June 1378 he received letters of attorney (Fcedera, iv. 4o), and followed Lan- caster to Brittany, taking part in the siege of Saint-Malo in November of that year (FROISSART, ix. 64), while a patent of 16 June 1378 refers to his share in 'the late en- gagement at sea' (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1377-81, p. 4). He transferred himself to Scotland when Lancaster was made lieutenant of the Scottish march, and on 6 Sept. 1380 he was one of the commissioners appointed to com- pose differences and give satisfaction for injuries arising out of the breach of the truce (Fcedera, iv. 96). Suffolk played a prominent part with re- ference to the peasants' re volt of 1381. When Geoffrey (wrongly called John) Litster [see LITSTER, JOHN] rose in revolt at North Walsham, and marched on 17 June towards Norwich, Suffolk was staying at one of his Norfolk manors, probably Costessey, which is very near the line of march and about four miles from Norwich. He was so popular with the commons that they formed the design to seize him and put him at their head. Suffolk was at supper when he first learnt the sudden approach of the rebels. He rose at once from table and succeeded in effecting his escape. He disguised him- self as the squire of Sir Roger de Boys, a friend who was afterwards his executor, and, avoiding the highways, he rode as hard as he could to St. Albans, whence he joined the king in London (WALSINGHAM, ii. 5 ; Chron. Anylice, p. 305). The rebels at once turned towards Norwich, whereupon the affrighted citizens sent four of their number to Suffolk, asking for his advice and guidance. But the earl had already fled the county. In the troubles that followed Suffolk was not spared. On 21 June the rebels de- stroyed his title-deeds at his manor of Burgh (REVILLE, Le Soulevement des Travailleurs d'Anyleterre, p. 114), while on 28 June the Suffolk insurgents burnt his title-deeds and court rolls at his manors of Hollesley and Bawdsey, near Ipswich. Before this, how- ever, Suffolk was back in East Anglia. The king commissioned him, with Bishop Despenser and others, to suppress the eastern revolts. Suffolk lost no time, and as early as 23 June he was at Bury, attended by a force of five hundred lances. Suffolk's first work was to remove the heads of Chief- iustice Cavendish and the prior of Bury, which the rebels had set up over the pillory. But the revolt was already checked, and the trials of the rebels began at once. After ; three days at Bury, Suffolk removed to Mil- | denhall, where he also held trials on 27 June. i In the days that followed he was occupied in , the same work at other Suffolk towns, and on 9 July was holding inquests at Horning in Norfolk (POWELL, p. 131). On 29 July he was j again holding trials at Bury (ib, p. 127). In all | he held nineteen inquests, and at Bury alone i 104 rebels were accused. Suffolk and three others were commissioned on 22 July to array the king's lieges against the rebels (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1381-5, p. 74). However, on 18 July Suffolk and his colleagues had already been ordered to suspend their processes (Fcedera, iv. 128), and on 19 Aug. the command was renewed in a more general and peremptory form (REVILLE, p. 158). On 14 Dec. he received a further commission to put down unlawful meetings and riots (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1381-5, p. 84). Sixteen rebels at least were executed in Suffolk, and still more in Norfolk. On the breaking out of a fierce quarrel between John of Gaunt [q. v.] and his former ally, Henry Percy, first earl of Northumber- land [q. v.j, Suffolk attended the council at Berkhampstead in which the duke brought his charges against the earl, and, on the latter being ordered under arrest, Suffolk joined with Warwick in acting as his surety ( WAL- SINGHAM, ii. 44; Chron. Anglia, p. 329). Northumberland now became the favourite of the London mob, and Suffolk won back his old popularity. In the parliament that met on 3 Nov. he was again strenuous on the popular side, and towards the end of its sittings he was chosen to express the opinions of the commons to the lords. On 13 Feb. 1382 he died suddenly at Westminster Hall ( WALSINGHAM, ii. 48 ; Chron. Anglia, p. 333 ; MONK OF EVESHAM, p. 35). He was buried at Campsey Priory, ' behind the tomb of my honourable father and mother.' His will, dated 12 June 1381, was proved at Lambeth on 24 Feb. 1382. It is summarised in Nicolas's 'Testamenta Vetusta' (pp. 114- 115). To his father's estates he added in 1380 those of the Norwiches from his mother, including Mettingharn Castle, near Bungay. Suffolk is praised by Walsingham for the amiability which he showed to all through- put his whole life (Hist. Angl. ii. 49). This is no conventional form of eulogy, for no one among his contemporaries made himself so universally beloved by different parties. Though the champion of the commons in 1376 and 1382, he remained the friend and companion in arms of the unpopular John of Gaunt. The revolted villeins of Norfolk Ufford Ughtred and the substantial citizens of Norwich alike looked up to him as their natural leader, and even his vigour in suppressing the revolt in Suffolk does not seem to have destroyed his popularity. His premature death was a real loss to England. Suffolk was twice married. His first wife was Joan, daughter and coheiress of Edward, lord Montacute, and of his wife Alice, the daughter of Thomas of Brotherton, earl of Norfolk [q. v.] They were married before July 1361, when Joan was twelve and Uftbrd twenty-two. By her Suffolk had four sons : Thomas, Robert, William, and Edmund. The eldest, Thomas Ufford, had license on 28 Oct. 1371 to marry Eleanor, daughter of Richard Fitzalan (afterwards Earl of Arun- del) [see FITZALAN, RICHARD III]. He died, however, before 1374, when still a mere boy, and his three brothers, all then living, also died within a year of that time. Their mother, Joan, died in 1375, without sur- viving issue, and was buried at Campsey. About a year later Suffolk married Isabella, widow of John le Strange of Blackmere, and fifth daughter of Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (d. 1369), and sister therefore of his political associate, Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick [q. v.] By her he had no issue. His widow became a nun a few weeks after his death, and, surviving him twenty-five years, died in 1416, and was buried at Ca'mpsey (G. E. C[OKAYNE], Com- plete Peerage, vii. 302-3). The earldom of Suffolk thus became extinct, and the some- what hypothetical barony of Ufford fell into abeyance, according to the doctrine of later times. The coheirs were Suffolk's three nephews — sons of his three sisters, who mar- ried— and his surviving sister, Maud de Ufford, a canoness of Campsey. The large estates conferred on the male line of the Uffords to uphold the dignity of the earldom escheated to the crown, and were mostly re-granted in 1385 to Michael de la Pole [q. v.] on his creation in that year as Earl of Suffolk. [Walsingham's Historia Anglicana, Chronicon Anglise 1328-88, Knighton's Chronicon, vol. ii, (the above in Rolls Ser.); Monk of Evesham, ed. Hearne ; Froissart, ed Kervyn de Letten- hove; Nicolas's Testaraenta Vetusta; Rymer's Foedera, Record edit.; Cal. of Patent Rolls 1377-81 and 1381-5; Rolls of Parliament; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 48-9; Doyle's Officia' Baronage, iii. 432-3 ; G. E. C[okayne]'s Com' plete Peerage, vii. 302-3 ; Beltz's Memorials o: the Garter, pp. 210-12 ; Powell's East-Anglian Rising of 1381 (1896), pp. 18, 25, 126, 131 and A. Reville's Soulevement des Travailleurs d'Angleterre en 1381, -with M. Petit-Dutaillis'i Introduction (Memoires et Documents publics >ar la Societe de 1'Ecole des Chartes, ii. 1898), >oth give valuable additions to our knowledge rom assize rolls and other unpublished docu- ments.] T. F. T. UGHTRED, SIR THOMAS, styled BAEON UGHTRED (1291 P-1365), eldest son and heir of Robert Ughtred, lord of the manor of Scarborough, Kilnwick Percy, Monkton Moor, and other places in Yorkshire, was born about 1291, being eighteen years of age at his father's death in 1309 (Cal. Close Rolls, 1307-13, p. 271 ; cf. ROBERTS, Cal. Genealogicum, ii. 551). On 8 June 1319 he was appointed commissioner of array for Yorkshire, an office which he frequently illed during Edward II's reign. In October 1319 he served at the siege of Berwick in command of forty-four ' hobelars ' or light tiorse (Cal. Doc. relating to Scotland, 1307- 1357, No. 668). On 6 Oct. 1320 he was returned to parliament as knight of the shire for his county. He sided with the king against Thomas of Lancaster [q. v.], and on 14 March 1321-2 was empowered to arrest any of the earl's adherents. In the same year he was made constable of Pickering Castle, seems to have been cap- tured by the Scots, and in the following March went to Scotland to release his hos- tages (ib. No. 806). In the same month he was granted the custody of the manor of Bentele, Yorkshire, during the minority of Payn de Tibetot or Tiptoft. He attended a great council held at Westminster in June 1324, and was knighted in the same year. On 14 April 1328 he was placed on a com- mission of oyer and terminer, and in 1330 and 1331-2 again represented Yorkshire in parliament. Edward III confirmed the grants made to Ughtred, and in 1331 placed him on the commissions of the peace between the Ouse and the Derwent and in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1332 he acquired a house and garden called ' Le Whitehalle ' in Berwick, and in the same year he accompanied Ed- ward Baliolonhis invasion of Scotland. The expedition landed at Kinghorn and defeated the Earl of Fife at Dupplin Moor on 12 Aug. Ughtred was apparently present at Baliol's coronation at Scone on 24 Sept., and sat in the Scottish parliament as Baron of Inner- wick. On 20 Oct. Baliol granted him the manor of Bonkill, which was confirmed by Edward III on 19 June 1334. In the summer of the latter year the Scots rose against Baliol, who sent Ughtred to Edward with a request for help. Baliol was, however,, driven out of Scotland, and during the re- treat Ughtred with great gallantry held the bridge at Roxburghe against the Scots and Ughtred 16 Uhtred secured Baliol's retreat (Chron. de Melsa, ii. 366; Chron. Edw. land Edw. II, ii. 109, 120). In the same year he was made a knight-banneret. In 1338 Edward III, having no confidence in Baliol's military talents, required him to entrust the com- mand of Perth, then threatened with a siege by Robert the Steward, to Ughtred. He took over the command on 4 Aug., on condi- tion that he was given a garrison of 220 men in time of peace and eight hundred in time of war (Cal. Doc. rel. to Scotland, 1307-57, No. 1283). These conditions were not kept, and early in 1339 Ughtred petitioned the English government to be relieved of his charge. He was urged to remain until the arrival of reinforcements, but these were not despatched in time, and on 16 Aug. 1339 Ughtred was compelled to surrender. This led to aspersions on his courage, and he com- plained to parliament at Westminster. His explanations were held sufficient, and in April 1340 the grant of Bonkill was con- firmed to him (Hot. Part. ii. 449 a ; RYMER, Fcedera, Record ed. n. ii. 1094, 1119; Cal. Doc. rel. to Scotland, 1307-57, Nos. 1299, 1307, 1316, 1318, 1327). In the following year Ughtred was at- t ached to Robert of Artois's expedit ion against France. Siege was laid to St. Omer, and on 26 July 1340 the French attacked the Fle- mings and would have raised the siege had not Ughtred with his archers restored the fortunes of the day (Chron. de Melsa, iii. 46; ROBERT OP AVESBURY, p. 108). He was again summoned to serve against the French on 13 May 1347 ; on 14 June 1352 he was appointed warden of the sea coast of Yorkshire, and on 16 April 1360 he again received protection on crossing the seas on the king's service. He is said to have received summonses to parliament from 30 April 1343 to 4 Dec. 1364, and is accord- ingly generally reckoned a peer (BURKE; COURTHOPE). But in 1360 he was styled simply * chivaler ; ' none of his descendants were summoned to parliament, and it was probably he who represented Yorkshire in the House of Commons in 1344 and 1352 (Official Return, i. 140, 152). He died in 1365, being succeeded by his son Thomas, who was constable of Lochmaben Castle in 1376-7, served against the French in 1377 and 1379, and died in 1401 ; his will is printed in 'Testamenta Eboracensia' (Surtees Soc.), i. 241 sqq. SIR ANTHONY UGHTRED (d. 1534), a later member of the family, took a prominent part in the French and Scots wars of Ilenry VIII. During 1513-14 he was mar- shal of Tournay after its capture from the French, and from 1523 to 1528 he was captain of Berwick. He was subsequently appointed governor of Jersey, and held that office till his death in 1534. His widow, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Seymour and sister of Protector Somerset, married Gregory, lord Cromwell, eldest son of Thomas Cromwell (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vols. i-x. passim). [Rot-. Par], ii. 110, 449; Rymer's Fcedera, Record edit. vol. ii.; Cal. Patent Rolls, Edward II and Edward III ; Cal. Documents relating to Scotland; Parl. Writs, 1316-25 passim ; Chron. of Edward I and Edward II, ed. Stubbs ; Chron. de Melsa and Robeit of Avesbury (Rolls Ser.); Froissart's Chron. ed. Luce, vol. ii. ; Cal. Inq. post mortem ; Ridpath's Border History; Burlce's Extinct Peerage ] A. F. P. UHTRED or UCHTRED (d. 1016), Earl of Northumbria, was son of Waltheof the elder, earl of Northumbria, who had been deprived of the government of Deira (York- shire), the southern part of the earldom. Uhtred helped Ealdhun or Aldhun, bishop of Durham, when in 995 he moved his see from Chester-le-Street, to prepare the site for his new church. He married the bishop's daughter Ecgfrida, and received with her six estates belonging to the bishopric, on condition that as long as he lived he should keep her in honourable wedlock. When in 1006 the Scots invaded Northumbria under their king, Malcolm II (d. 1034) [q. v.], and besieged Durham, Waltheof, who was old and unfit for war, shut himself up in Barn- borough ; but Uhtred, who was a valiant warrior, went to the relief of his father-in- law the bishop, defeated the Scots, and slew a great number of them. Ethelred II (968 P-1016) [q.v.], on hearing of Uhtred's success, gave him his father's earldom, add- ing to it the government of Deira. Uhtred then sent back the bishop's daughter, re- storing the estates of the church that he had received with her, and married Sigen, the daughter of a rich citizen, probably of York or Durham, named Styr Ulfson, receiving her on condition that he would slay her father's deadly enemy, Thurbrand. He did not fulfil this condition and seems to have parted with Sigen also ; for as he was of great service to the king in war, Ethelred gave him his daughter Elgiva or JElfgifu to wife. When Sweyn [q.v.], king of Den- mark, sailed into the Humber in 1013, Uhtred promptly submitted to him; but when Canute [q. v.] asked his aid in 1015 he returned, it is said, a lofty refusal, de- claring that so long as he lived he would keep faithful to Ethelred, his lord and father-in-law. He joined forces with the Uhtred Uhtred king's son Edmund in 1016, and together they ravaged the shires that refused to help them against the Danes. Finding, however, that Canute was threatening York, Uhtred hastened northwards, and was forced to submit to the Danish king and give him hostages. Canute bade him come to him at a place called Wiheal (possibly Wighill, near Tadcaster), and instructed or allowed his enemy Thurbrand to slay him there. As Uhtred was entering into the presence of the king a body of armed men of Canute's retinue emerged from behind a curtain and slew him and forty thegns who accompanied him, and cut off their heads. He was suc- ceeded in his earldom by Canute's brother- in-law Eric, and on Eric's banishment the earldom came to Uhtred's brother, Eadwulf Cutel, who had probably ruled the northern part of it under Eric. By Ecgfrida, Uhtred had a son named Eal- dred (or Aldred), who succeeded his uncle, Eadwulf Cutel, in Bernicia, the northern part of Northumbria, slew his father's murderer, Thurband, and was himself slain by Thur- brand's son Carl ; he left five daughters, one of whom, named Elfleda, became the wife of Earl Siward [q. v.] and the mother of Earl Waltheof [q. v.] By Ethelred's daughter Elgiva, Uhtred had a daughter named Ald- gythor Eadgyth,who married Maldred, and became the mother of Gospatric (or Cos- patric), earl of Northumberland [q. v.] He also had two other sons — Eadwulf, who suc- ceeded his brother Ealdred as earl in Ber- nicia and was slain by Siward, and Gos- patric. His wife, Ecgfrida, married again after he had repudiated her, and had a daughter named Sigrid, who had three hus- bands, one of them being this last-named Eadwulf, the son of her mother's husband. Ecgfrida was again repudiated, returned to her father, became a nun and died, and was buried at Durham (on these northern mar- riages see ROBERTSON'S Essays, p. 172). [De Obsid. Dunelm. ap. Sym. of Durham, i. 215-20, also ii. 197, 383 ; Will, of Malmesbury's Gesta Eegum, ii. cc. 170, 180 (bothEolls Ser.) ; A.-S. Chron. ann. 1013, 1016; Flor. Wig. (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Freeman's Norm. Conq. i. 358, 394, 416.] W. H. UHTRED, UTRED, or OWTRED (1315 P-1396), Benedictine theologian, some- times called John Utred, was born about 1315 at Boldon, North Durham, whence he is also called Uhtred Boledunus, and erro- neously Uhtred Bolton. Apparently about 1332 he entered the Benedictine order, being at Michaelmas 1333 attached to the cell at Boldon belonging to the Benedictine moii- VOL. LVIII. astery at Durham. In February 1337 he was sent to London, and in March 1340 was one of the scholars regularly sent by the Benedictines of Durham to undergo the regular course of study at Oxford. In 1344 he removed to Stamford, probably because the Benedictines had a cell there, and not owing to the secession thither from Oxford ten years before. In 1347 he was again at Oxford, and probably graduated in arts, having accomplished the requisite seven years' course of study. At Michaelmas 1352, after the further requisite four or five years' study, he was licensed ' ad opponendum,' i.e. to dispute with incipient graduates, a license which apparently conferred the degree of B.D. Two years later he was licensed to lecture on the Sentences, and in 1357 on the Bible, thus becoming ' sacrae theologize pro- fessor' or D.D. ( Vita Compendiosa apud Add. MS. 6162, f. 31 b ; cf. RASHBALL, Univer- sities, ii. 452-3). In these capacities he had some notable disputations at Oxford, mostly attacks on the friars (LITTLE, Greyfriars at Oxford, pp. 243, 253). One John Tryvyt- lian celebrated these performances in a poem on Uhtred, printed in Hearne's 'Vita Ri- cardi II' (App. p. 357), and again in Wood's. 1 Historyand Antiquities' (ed. Gutch, i.491). Bale and other writers have described Uht- red as a supporter of Wyclif, but the only ground for the assertion is that both attacked the friars. Bale also states that the Domi- nicans at Oxford accused Uhtred of intro- ducing new opinions, and endeavoured to procure his expulsion from the church. In 1367 Uhtred was appointed prior of Finchale Abbey, and in 1368 sub-prior of Durham.. He was reappointed prior of Finchale in 1379, 1386, and 1392, and sub-prior of Dur- ham in 1381. In 1373 Uhtred was sent, with Wyclif and others, by Edward III to Rome to com- plain of various proceedings of the pope, such as keeping benefices vacant (HiGDEN, Poly- chron. viii. 379 ; WALSINGHAM, Hist. Anql. i. 316 ; RTMEE, Fcedera, Record ed. iii. 1007). In 1374, as proctor for Durham, lie attended a great council held at Westminster, under the presidency of the Black Prince, to de- termine the question of papal tribute. Ac- cording to the curious account given in the 'Flores Historiarum/ Uhtred maintained the temporal suzerainty of the pope, which was. unanimously approved ; but on the follow- ing day an opposite decision was reached. Uhtred retracted his opinion, and answer was returned to the pope that King John's surrender was invalid as lacking the consent of the barons and the realm (Flores Hist. Rolls Ser. iii. 337-9). Uhtred was again c Ulecot 18 Ulfcytel resident at Oxford at Michaelmas 1383. He died on 24 Jan. 1396, and was buried before the entrance to the choir in the church at Finchale. Bale and subsequent writers attribute to Uhtred a long list of works. Those of which the existence has been traced are: 1. ' De Substantialibus Regular Monachalis/ extant in Durham Cathedral Library (BERNARD, Cat. MSS. Anglia, iii. 12; RAINE, North Durham, p. 360). 2. l De Perfectione Vivendi,' extant in the Durham manuscript. The same manuscript contains some remarkable ' Medi- taciones,' extracts from which are printed by .Raine, who does not, however, think they are by Uhtred. 3. 'Contra Querelas Fra- trum,' a copy formerly in the abbey library at St. Albans, and now in British Museum Royal MS. 6. D. x, was written about 1390. 4. * Meditacio edita ab Uthredo,' extant in Brasenose College MS. xv. f. 61 seq., in Cam- bridge Univ. MS. Gg. iv. 11, and also in the Bodleian (CoxE, Cat. MSS. in Coll. Aulis- que O.von.; NASMYTH, Cat. MSS. in Univ. Cantabr. iii. 151 ; BERNARD, Cat. MSS. i. 142). 5. ' Numquid licitum sit Monachis secundum B. Benedict! regulam professis carnes edere, exceptis debilibus et infirmis,' formerly extant in Cotton. MS. Vitellius E. xii. 32 (THOMAS SMITH, Cat. 1696, p. 160), is now destroyed. A translation of Eusebius's 'History' which Uhtred had made in 1381 is extant in British Museum Burney MS. 310. [The principal authority is the remarkably cir- cumstantial but brief Vita Compendiosa Utbredi monachi Dunelmensis, written early in the fifteenth century, probably by John Wessington [q. v.], prior of Durham, and extant in Brit. Mas, Addit. MS. 616'2, f. 31 b. See also, besides authorities cited, Bale, De III. Scriptt, vi. 53 ; Pits, p. 528 ; Tanner's Bibliotheca ; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 220; Wood's Hist, et Antiq. ed. G-utch, i. 475, 491; information has also been kindly supplied by Mr. E. Bishop.] A. F. P. ULECOT, PHILIP DE (d. 1220), judge, was in 1204-5 constable of Chinon (Patent Rolls, p. 40 &). He seems to have been taken prisoner in France, and he stood so high in the royal favour that on 7 May 1207 King John gave him two hundred marks for his ransom (Close Rolls, p. 82 b). He witnessed charters at Rockingham and Carlisle in Julv and August 1208 (Charter Rolls, pp. 1816, 52), and is mentioned by Roger of Wend- over (ii. 00) as among John's evil counsellors in 1211. On 11 May 1212 he was given the custody of the lands of Robert de Ros (Patent Rolls, p. 92 ft). In 1213 he became forester ot Northumberland, received several manors from the king, 12 Feb. 1213 (Charter Rolls, p. 190), and became sheriff of that county and custos of the bishopric of Durham during its vacancy in conjunction with the archdeacon of Durham and Earl Warenne (Patent Rolls, p. 94 b}. On 3 Sept. 1212 he and Reiner de Clare seem to have been in charge of Richard, the king's son (ib. p. 104). He afterwards held the sheriffdom alone, and continued to hold it during the first four years of Henry III. In 1216 Ulecot and Hugh de Balliol were put by John in command of the country be- tween the River Tees and Scotland, and held the castles against the barons' ally, the king of Scots (WENDOVER. pp. 166,191). Thecus- tody of the lands of the bishopric of Durham between Tyne arid Tees had, however, been taken from him and given to Robert de Vieux- pont [q. v.] on 15 Aug. 1215 (Close Rolls, p. 225 b). Early in the reign of Henry III Ule- cot had a quarrel with Roger Bertram, and was threatened with the seizure of his lands before he would restore Roger's castle of Mid- ford on 4 April 1213 (Close Rolls, p. 3576), while on 18 July he was ordered to destroy an adulterine castle he had built at Naffer- ton to the injury of the lands and castle of Prudhoe, belonging to Richard de Umfra- yille (ib. p. 379 6). He still held his offices in the north, though Pandulph had no confi- dence in him (ib. p, 434; RYMER, i. 162). In 3 Henry III he was one of the justices itine- rant for the three northern counties, and on 16 Sept. 1220 Henry committed Gascony to his custody, in addition to his other com- mands. He died before 2 Nov. following ( Close Rolls, p. 473 b). He married Johanna, sister of the wife of Sewel FitzHenry, and was fined 100/. and a complete horse for doing so. [Authorities cited in text ; Foss's Judges of England.] W. E. K. ULFCYTEL or ULFKETEL (d. 1016), earl of the East-Angles, probably, as his name suggests, of Danish descent, is perhaps the thegn Ulfcytel who witnesses a charter of 1004 (KEMBLE, Codex Dipl. No. 710) ; in that year he was earl of the East-Angles, and, Norwich having been taken and burnt by Sweyn [q. v.], king of Denmark, Ulfcytel gathered together the East- Anglian ' witan ' and made a peace with the invaders. Shortly afterwards the Danes broke the peace and marched against Thetford. On this Ulfcytel sent to men whom he trusted to destroy the ships of the Danes in their absence, but they did not carry out his orders. Then, having gathered such force as he could muster, he met the Danes near Thetford on the day after Ullathorne Ullathorne they bad burnt tbe town. The battle was fierce and the loss heavy on both sides, many of the chief men in the earl's army being slain. The result was indecisive, and it was said that, if the earl had had a larger force, the Danes would not have been able to return to their ships ; indeed, as it was, they declared that 'they had never met with a worse hand-play in England than Ulfcytel brought them.' When the Danes invaded East- Anglia in 1010, Ulfcytel met them with the force of his earldom on 18 May at Ringmere, near Ipswich, where another battle took place. In the thick of the fight a thegn of Danish race named Thurcytel in the English army set the example of night, and was fol- lowed by the army generally, though the men of Cambridgeshire stood their ground for some while longer. The Danes were completely victorious, and again slew many of the chief men of the earldom. After the battle they harried East-Anglia for three weeks. The earl was slain fighting against the Danes in the battle of Assandun in 1016 [see under EDMUND or EADMUND, called ' IRONSIDE']. [A.-S. Chron. ann. 1004, 1010, 1016, ed. Plummer ; Flor. Wig. (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Henry of Huntingdon ; Will. Malm.'s Gesta Eegum, iii. c. 180 (both Rolls Ser.) ; Corpus Poet. Boreale, ii. 105, 107; Freeman's Norm. Conq. i. 350-2, 378, 431.] W. H. ULLATHORNE, WILLIAM BER- NARD (1806-1889), Roman catholic bishop of Birmingham, afterwards archbishop of Cabasa, was born at Pocklington in the East Riding of Yorkshire on 7 May 1806. His father, who was a grocer, draper, and spirit merchant, belonged to the ancient catholic family of the Ullathornes, and his mother, a convert, was a distant relative of Sir John Franklin, the arctic navigator. When William was between nine and ten years old the family removed from Pockling- ton to Scarborough, and at the age of fifteen he became a sailor, and made several voyages to the Baltic and the Mediterranean. Touch- ing at Memel on one of these voyages, he landed on a Sunday in order to hear mass, and was powerfully affected by the solemnity of the celebration and the devotion of the people. Soon after his return home he was placed, in February 1823, at the Benedictine College of St. Gregory, Downside, near Bath. On 12 March 1824 he received the Bene- dictine habit, taking the name of Bernard, and on 5 April 1825 he made his profession as a religious. He next studied theology under Dr. Brown, afterwards bishop of New- port and Menevia, and in October 1828 he was made subdeacon. In September 1830 he was raised to the diaconate at Prior Park by Bishop Peter Augustine Baines [q.v.J He was ordained priest at Ushaw College on 24 Sept. 1831. In 1832 he accepted the invitation of Bishop Morris to assist him in the Austral- asian mission as vicar-general, and at the same time received from government the appointment of his majesty's catholic chap- lain in New South Wales. Embarking on 12 Sept. 1832 at London, he reached Sydney on 19 Feb. 1833. A graphic account of his missionary labours in Australia is given in his 'Autobiography,' including a most in- teresting description of his intercourse with the convicts, who then formed a large portion of the Australian population. It was mainly through his representations to the Holy See as to the necessity of a bishop to carry on the work of the Roman church in Australia that the hierarchy was established by Gregory XVI, and Dr. John Bede Folding [q. v.] was ap- pointed to the newly erected see of Sydney. In the course of this first visit to Australia, Ullathorne displayed his skill in controversy by publishing * A Few Words to the Rev. Henry Fulton and his Readers,' Sydney, 1833 ; i Observations on the Use and Abuse of the Sacred Scriptures, as exhibited in the Discipline and Practice of the Protestant and Catholic Communions/ Sydney, 1834, reprinted in London 1838 ; a < Sermon against Drunkenness,' Sydney, 1834, often reprinted; and ' A Reply to Judge Burton, of the Su- preme Court of New South Wales, on " The State of Religion in the Colony,' Sydney, 1835, reprinted 1840 and 1841. Returning to England in 1836, he issued a pamphlet on the ' Catholic Mission in Australasia,' which passed through five edi- tions. He also lectured on the subject both in England and Ireland, and generous con- tributions flowed into his hands. He brought out another pamphlet on the ' Horrors of Transportation' (Dublin, 1836; reprinted 1837 and 1838) at the request of Thomas Drummond (1797-1840) [q. v.], under-secre- tary for Ireland, and it was circulated at the expense of the Irish government. In 1837 he was summoned to Rome at the instance of Cardinal Weld, in order to give an ac- count of the Australasian mission. His re- port to propaganda was translated into Italian, and published under the title of l Relazione sulla Missione o Vicariato Apostolico della Nuova Olanda' (Rome, 1837). The Roman authorities took a lively interest in the mis- sion, and the pope conferred upon Ullathorne the diploma of doctor of divinity. On coming back to England he was, at the suggestion of c2 Ullathorne 20 Ullathorne Dr. Lingard, examined before Sir William Molesworth's select committee of the House of Commons on ' Transportation ' (8 and 12 Feb. 1838). On his return to Sydney shortly afterwards he found himself the ob- ject of universal indignation in the colony because he had made known throughout Europe the state of moral degradation pre- vailing in the colony, and had exposed the evils of the assignment system. In 1840 he returned to England, owing to ill-health, and in 1841 he was entrusted with the charge of the mission at Coventry. He had already declined the bishopric of Hobart Town ; he now received news that he had been nominated to the see of Adelaide. This he also refused, as he did subsequently the offer 'of the bishopric of Perth in Western Australia. On 16 Oct. 1845 Ullathorne was appointed by Gregory XVI to the western vicariate of England. He was accordingly consecratec at Coventry on 21 June 1846 to the see o Hetalona 'in partibus, sub archiepiscopc JBostrensi.' In 1848, at the request of the other English vicars-apostolic, he went to Rome to petition in their name for the restora- tion of the hierarchy, and to represent the English episcopate in the negotiations. The history of these transactions he afterwards minutely detailed in his ' History of the Re- storation of the Catholic Hierarchy in Eng- land ' (London, 1871, 8vo). By brief dated 28 July 1848 he was transferred to the cen- tral district, and he was installed in St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham, on 30 Aug. (BRADY, Episcopal Succession, iii. 333, 336). When the hierarchy was restored by Pius IX, Ullathorne was translated from the titular bishopric of Hetalona to the newly erected see of Birmingham by brief dated 29 Sept. 1850. ^ His tenure of the see extended over thirty- eight years, and during that time the cause Of Catholicism made great progress in the diocese of Birmingham. He was ever ready to promote both by writing and speech what he deemed to be the interests of his church. His speeches at public meetings in the town- hall, Birmingham, in opposition to the popu- lar tumult against the 'papal aggression,' had a marked effect in abating the agitation. Among his writings on questions of the day may be mentioned his pamphlets on popular education ; on the proposal to submit con- vents to government inspection ; letters on Certain Methods of the "Rambler" and Home and Foreign Review"' (1862- a3) ; ' Letter on the Association for the I romotion of the Unity of Christendom (.18o4); 'Lectures on the Conventual Life (1868); and a 'Pastoral Letter on Fenianism' (1869). Ullathorne was a prominent figure at the Vatican council of 1870, and he played an important part in the proceedings of that body. On his return to England he pub- lished a letter on ' The Council and Papal In- fallibility'(two editions, 1870). This was followed by 'The Dollingerites, Mr. Glad- stone, and Apostates from the Faith ' (1874) ; Mr. Gladstone's Expostulation Unravelled ' (three editions, 1875), a reply to the famous pamphlet on ' The Vatican Decrees ; ' and ' The Prussian Persecution ' (1876). While he was at Birmingham the rela- tions between him and Cardinal Newman were uniformly characterised by mutual ad- miration and affection. In the ' Apologia ' Newman remarked that if he wished to point to a straightforward Englishman he should instance the bishop of Birmingham ; and Ullathorne, writing to the cardinal in 1882r speaks of the 'forty years of friendship which have enriched my life.' In 1879 Dr. Ilsley was consecrated bishop of Fesse, in order to act as Ullathorne's auxiliary. In 1888 Ul- lathorne was allowed to retire from his diocese, and he withdrew to end his days at Oscott College, receiving from Leo XIII the honorary title of archbishop of Cabasa. He died in the college on 21 March 1889, and was buried at St. Dominic's Priory, Stone, Staffordshire. There are several portraits. One of them, drawn from life, by Edwin Cocking, has been lithographed (GLANCEY, Characteristics, p. xxxvi). Another was painted by John Pettie, 11. A. (Cat. Victorian Exhib. No. 228). Ullathorne's publications of a permanent character comprise : 1. 'The Holy Mountain of La Salette,' 1854; 6th edit. 1861. 2. ' The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God: an Exposition/ 1855; translated into French and German. 3. ' A Pilgrimage to the Proto-Monastery of Subiaco and the Holy Grotto of St. Benedict,' 1856. 4. 'Ec- clesiastical Discourses delivered on special occasions,' 1876. 5. ' Church Music,' 1880. 6. 'The Endowments of Man considered in their relations with his Final End,' 1880 ; reprinted 1882 and 1888. 7. ' The Ground- work of the Christian Virtues,' 1882; 2nd edit. 1888. 8. ' Christian Patience, the Strength and Discipline of the Soul,' 1886 ; 2nd edit. 1888 ; dedicated to Cardinal Newman. 9. ' Me- moir of Bishop Willson, first Bishop of Ho- bart, Tasmania,' 1887. ' The Autobiography of Archbishop Ulla- horne, with Selections from his Letters/ appeared at London in 2 vols. [1891-2], 8vo. There is also a volume of ' Characteristics Ullerston 21 Umfraville from the Writings of Archbishop Ullathorne ..... arranged by the Rev. Michael F. Olancey,' London, 1889, 8vo. [Ullathorne's Autobiography; Birmingham Paces and Places, May 1888, i. 6 ; Brady's Epi- scopal Succession, iii. 333, 336, 400 ; Catholic Mag. 1841 v. 731, 1842 vi. 442 ; Downside Ee- view, v. 101, vi. 142, vii. 138 (portrait) ; Kenny's Hist, of Catholicity in Australia, 1 886 ; Newman's Apologia, 1890, p. 271; Oliver's Cornwall, pp. 425, 525; Eambler, 1850, vii. 429; Tablet, 1889 !. 464, 502, 542, 1893 i. 699 ; Times, 22 March 1889 ; Bishop Ullathorne : the Story of his Life, in Oscotian, July 1886, "with portraits; Ward's Life of Cardinal Wiseman, ii. 650.] T. C. ULLERSTON, RICHARD (ft. 1415), theological writer, was born in the Duchy of Lancaster. He was taught by his relative, Richard Courtenay [q. v.], and on 19 Dec. 1383 he took orders. He took the degree of •doctor of theology at Oxford. In 1407-8 he •was chancellor of Oxford, and on 1 June 1407 he was made rector of Beford, York- shire. Anthony a Wood calls him a fellow •of Queen's and canon of York (cf. HENNESSY, Novum Repertorium, cxxxiv, 321). He wrote in 1408 at the request of Hal- lam [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury, sixteen 4 Petitiones pro Ecclesise Militantis Reforma- tione,' which have been printed in Von der Hardt's 'Concilium Constantiense ' (i. 1326). In 1409 he wrote a work on the creed which was reissued with commentaries by John •Stanbridge [q. v.] in 1463. His commentary •on the Psalms, written in 1415, was dedi- cated to Henry Chichele or Chicheley[q.v.]; it is extant among Lord Mostyn's manuscripts {Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. p. 349). His * De Officio Militari,' written at Cour- tenay's request to Henry, prince of Wales, is in the library of Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge (clxxvii. 26). In 1415 he wrote •* Expositions on the Song of Songs/ based on Nicholas de Lyra, of which there is a copy in the Magdalen MS. cxv. A copy of hi's ' Defensorium Dotationis Ecclesiastics ' (per •Constantinum) is in Exeter Cathedral library (No. 46, according to Oudin) ; it was seen •there by Leland (Comm. iii. 151). [Tanner's Bibliotheca; Wood's Hist. Antiq. Oxon. ii. 117 ; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 466.] M.B. ULSTER, EARLS OP. [See COTJRCI, JOHN DE, d. 1219?; LACY, HUGH DE, d. 1242?; BURGH, WALTER DE, called Earl of Ulster, d. 1271 ; BURGH, RICHARD DE, second earl of the Burgh family, 1259 ?-1326 ; BURGH, WILLIAM DE, third earl, 1312-1 332; LIONEL OF ANTWERP, 1338-1368; MORTIMER, ROGER (VI) DE, 1374-1398; MORTIMER, EDMUND (IV) DE, 1391-1425.] ULTAN (d. 656), Irish saint, called of Ardbrecain to distinguish him from eighteen other saints of the same name in the Irish calendar, was the tribal bishop of his clan, the Dal Conchubhair, whose country lay round Ardbrecain in Meath. As his episco- pal jurisdiction in later times became part of that of Meath, he is considered an eccle- siastical predecessor of the bishops of that diocese. The mother of St. Brigit [q. v.], who was Broicsech of the Dal Conchubhair, was his kinswoman. In the * Tripartite Life of St. Patrick ' Ultan is said to have made collections for the ' life ' of St. Patrick, and Tirechan in the 'Book of Armagh' is made to say that Ultan told him, as an eye-witness, of Patrick's life. This error has led to the statement that Ultan was aged 189 when he died in 656. He is mentioned in later writ- ings as a biographer of Brigit, and the Irish hymn (Liber Hymnorum, i. 110), ' Brigit be bith-maith' — 'Brigit, woman ever good' — is attributed to him, as is the Latin hymn (ib. i. 14), ' Christus in nostra insola quae vocatur Hibernia,' but in each case other authors are possible. Besides his literary occu- pations, Ultan is always mentioned as feed- ing and teaching orphans, and as addicted, like St. Ere of Slane, to bathing in cold water. His well at Killinkere in Cavan, near the borders of Meath, was long a place of pilgrimage ; 4 Sept. is celebrated as the day of his death. A hymn in his honour is printed by Diimmler in his ' Poetse Latini ^Evi Carolini.' [Colgan's Trias Thaumaturga, 1645; Liber Hymnorum, ed. Bernard 'and Atkinson (Brad- shaw Society), 1897 ; Whitley Stokes's Tripar- tite Life of St. Patrick (Rolls Ser.) 1887, and Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore, 1890 ; O'Dono van's Marty rology of Donegal, and Annala Rioghachta Eireann, vol. i.] N. M. UMFRAVILLE, GILBERT DE, EARL OP ANGUS (1244 P-1307), was the son of Gilbert de Umfraville and Matilda, countess of Angus. The Umfravilles, a Norman house whose name is derived from Amfreville, between Brionne and Louviers in Normandy, had possessed since the Conquest the liberty of Redesdale in Northumberland (cf. Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. Hall, p. 563), and since Henry I's time the castle of Prudhoe, south of the Tyne, in the same county (ib. p. 563 ; MADOX, Baronia Anglica, p. 244). The elder Gilbert is described by Matthew Paris as a 'prgeclarus baro, partium borealium custos et flos singularis ' (Hist. Major, iv. 415). Matilda, his wife, was daughter and heiress of Malcolm, earl of Angus, the last male representative of the old Celtic earldom of Angus, a dignity that had become feudalised Umfraville 22 Umfraville like the other Scottish earldoms Celtic Scotland, iii. 289-90). Malcolm's pos- sessions and earldom passed to Matilda during the lifetime of her first husband, John Corny n, who was styled Earl of Angus. Comyn died in 1242, and in 1243 Matilda married the elder Umfraville, who died in April 1245. Gilbert the younger was therefore born about 1244. The wardship of the young heir was entrusted by Henry III to Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester (MATT. PARIS, Hist. Major, iv. 415). Simon is said to have paid a thousand marks for it, and to have made no scruple in utilising its revenues for his own purposes (ib. v. 209-10). Umfraville's relation to the Earl of Leicester accounts for his taking the popular side during the barons' wars, but he did not come of age until towards their conclusion, and then his policy changed. Before Evesham he was lighting with John de Baliol's northern army against the barons. In a charter dated 1267 he is styled ' Earl of Angus, and not before/ adds Dugdale, 'that I have seen' (Baronage, i. 505). In writs, especially in summonses to the host, from 1277 onwards he is generally called Earl of Angus (Par/. Writs, i. 876-7), and he was summoned to the Shrewsbury parliament of 1283 by that title. The peace- ful relations between England and Scotland before 1290 made it easy for Umfraville to enter into effective possession of the Angus dignity and estates, and he appears as actual possessor of Dundee, Forfar, and other chief places in Angus. In March 1290 Angus was at the Scottish parliament of Brigham, which agreed to ratify the treaty of Salisbury for the marriage of the Maid of Norway with Edward, the king's son (Hist. Doc. Scotl. i. 129). In May 1291 he was at the council of magnates at Norham (Annales Regni Scotice in RISHAN- GEK, p. 253), where, though he accepted Edward's arbitration and overlordship, he scrupled to surrender the Angus castles of Dundee and Forfar into the English king's hands. However, on 10 June Edward and the chief competitors pledged themselves to indemnify him for their surrender (Fcedera, i. 756), and on 13 June Umfraville did homage to Edward as king of Scots. He was soon made governor of the surrendered castles and of all Angus. Next year (1292) Angus was at Berwick, and accepted the sen- tence that made John Baliol king of Scots (Annales Regni Scotice, pp. 263, 358). In 1293 he witnessed Balliol's agreement with England as to his hereditary English lands (Rot. Parl. i. 115 b). In 1294 he was sent to Gascony against the French, and in 1295 and 1296 was summoned to parliament as simple ' Gilbert of Umfraville.' When John Balliol broke with Edward, Angus adhered to the English side. He attended Edward during his victorious tour through Scotland in the summer of 1296, being at Montrose on 10 July, and in August at Berwick, at- tending a great council (Hist. Doc. Scotl. ii. 62, 65). There, on 22 Aug., his son, Gilbert de Umfraville, laid violent hands upon the king's servant, Hugh de Lowther, and was saved from the king's wrath only by Angus and other magnates acting as his manu- captors, and by giving full satisfaction to the injured Hugh (ib. ii. 81). On 26 Jan. 1297 Umfraville was for the first time since 1283 summoned to parliament as Earl of Angus, a title given to him, his son, and grandson in all subsequent writs. It has been disputed in later times whether these summonses involved the creation of a new English earldom of Angus. That opi- nion is maintained by F. Townsend, Windsor herald, in ' Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica,' vii. 383 ; but the preponderance of opinion is rather towards the doctrine that, though allowed by courtesy the title of earl, the Umfravilles were really summoned as barons (Lords' Reports on the Dignity of a Peer, 1st Rep. p. 432, 3rd Rep. pp. 113-14; NICOLAS, Historic Peerage, ed. Courthope, pp. 24-5 ; G. E. C[OKAYNE], Complete Peer- age, i. 92-3, which quotes some remarks of Mr. J. 11. Round to the same effect). Angus continued to support Edward in Scotland. In 1297 he was ordered to go himself or send his son with at least three hundred infantry to the army of invasion (Hist. Doc. Scotl. ii. 180), and on 1 Nov. received the king's thanks for his services (ib. ii. 241). In 1298 he served personally through the Falkirk campaign, attending the Whitsuntide parliament at York, and receiving on 28 May letters of protection till Christmas (GoiiGH, Scotland in 1298, pp. 30, 31, 96). On 21 July he was one of the two earls who announced to Edward the position of the Scots army in Selkirk forest, and thus enabled the king to make the disposi- tions which insured his victory (HEMING- BURGH, ii. 177). In April 1299 he received letters of protection before a new official visit to Scotland (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1292-1301, p. 402) ; but in July he was ordered to join a commission that met at York to deliberate as to the garrisoning of the Scottish fortresses (Cal. Doc. Scotl. ii. 379). The statements of the fifteenth-century chronicler John Hardyng, that he took Wallace prisoner, defeated Bruce in battle, and was regent of Scotland north of the Forth (Chron. pp. 301, 303), are the fictions of an over-loyal servitor Umfraville Umfraville of the house of Umfraville. He received his last summons to the Carlisle parliament of August 1307 (Rot. Part. i. 115 b), and died the same year. He was buried with his wife in Ilexham Priory, where their effigies can, still be seen (figured in Hist, of Northumberland, ed. A. 13. Hinds, in. i. 14:2). Angus's arms are given in the Falkirk roll of arms as gules, crusilly or, with a cinquefoil or (Gouaii, pp. 134-5). He was commemorated as a benefactor to the Cistercians of Newminster, though he only seems to have sold them a confirmation or extension of his predecessor's grants to that house (Monasticon, v. 400). He also made small gifts to Hexham Priory (Hist, of Northumberland, in. i. 140). His chief pious work was the assignment of some land in Prudhoe for the maintenance of a chaplain to celebrate divine service in St. Mary's Chapel within Prudhoe Castle, for which he had license on 13 April 1301 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1292-1301, p. 588). Angus married Elizabeth, the third daugh- ter of Alexander Comyn, second earl of Buchaii [q. v.], and of his wife, Elizabeth de Quincy ( WYNTOTJX, Cronykel of Scotland, bk. viii. lines 1141-8 ; Calendarium Genea- logicum, pp. GoO-1). This lady survived her husband, but died before November 1328 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1327-30, p. 330). Their eldest son, Gilbert, the Berwick delinquent, who took some part in the Scots wars, and married Margaret, daughter of Thomas de Clare, died in 1303 without issue. Robert de Umfraville, the eldest surviving son, is noticed below. A third son, Thomas, was in 1295 a scholar dwelling at Oxford (Cal. Doc. Scotl. ii. 5). In 1306 his father assigned him 20/. a year from his Redesdale estates. Thomas was then described as the king's yeoman (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1301-7, p. 414). ROBEKT DE UMFRAVILLE, EARL OF AN- GUS (1277-1325), was more than thirty years old at his father's death. He adhered to Edward II both against Scots and barons, and was regularly summoned to the English parliaments as Earl of Angus. He fought at Bannockburn, and was taken prisoner after the battle by Robert Bruce, but soon released. Though formerly in opposition to the Despensers,hesat in judgment on Thomas of Lancaster. Bruce deprived him of his Scottish estates and title, and before 1329 the real earldom had been vested in the house of Stewart, from whom it passed in 1389 to a bastard branch of the Douglases [see DOUGLAS, GEORGE, first EARL OF ANGUS, 1380P-1403]. Robert married twice. His first wife was Lucy, sister and heiress of William of Kyme, whose considerable estates in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, including the castle of Kyme, passed thus to the Umfra- villes. By her he had a son Gilbert (see below) and a daughter Elizabeth. By his second wife, Eleanor, he had two sons, Ro- bert and Thomas (see below). GILBERT DE UMFRAVILLE (1310-1381), the son of Earl Robert and Lucy of Kyme, was summoned, like his father, to parliament as Earl of Angus. He made strenuous but unsuccessful attempts to win back his in- heritance, and was prominent among the disinherited who followed Edward Balliol in his attempt on the Scots crown, fighting in the battles of Dupplin Moor, Halidon Hill, and Neville's Cross. He married Ma- tilda de Lucy, who ultimately brought him the honour of Cockermouth and a share of Lucy estates in Cumberland, and who after his death became the second wife of Henry Percy, first earl of Northumberland [q. v.] There was no surviving issue to the marriage, so that his heir by law was his niece Eleanor, wife of Sir Henry Talboys (d. 1370), and daughter and heiress of Earl Gilbert's only sister of the full blood, Elizabeth, and her husband, Sir Gilbert Barradon. The great mass of the- Umfraville estates now passed to this lady. However, in 1378 Earl Gilbert had created a special entail which settled Redesdale, with Harbottle and Otterbourne, on his brothers of the half blood and their heirs male (Cal. Patent Rolls, 1377-81, p. 134). Of these, the elder Robert de Umfra- ville died before his half-brother the earl, so that his half-brother SIR THOMAS DE UM- FRAVILLE (d. 1386) now inherited Redesdale under the entail. This Thomas was never summoned to parliament, either as earl or baron, a fact which his poor and scanty estates will sufficiently explain. It is thought, however, that he acquired the Kyme property (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 330-31), though how this happened it is not easy to see. He married Joan, daughter of Adam de Rodom, and had by her two sons. The elder son, Sir Thomas de Umfraville (1362- 1391), who actually sat in the commons in 1388 as member for Northumberland, was the father of Gilbert de Umfraville (1390- 1421) [q. v.], ' Earl of Kyme.' The younger son, Sir Robert de Umfraville (d. 1436), was knight of the Garter [see under UMFRA- VILLE, GILBERT DE, 1390-1421]. [Calendars of Patent Rolls ; Rymer's Fcedera ; Eotuli Hundredorum, Abbreviatio Placitorum ; Historical Documents relating to Scotland ; Cal. of Documents, Scotland; Rolls of Parl. vol. i. ; Hemingburgh (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Kishanger (Rolls Ser.) ; Cartulary of Newminster (Sar- tees Soc.); Gough's Scotland in 1298; G. E. Umfraville Umfraville C[okaynejs Complete Peerage, i. 91-3 ; Nicolas's Hist. Peerage, ed. Courthope, pp. 24-5, 483-4 ; Lords' Keports on the Dignity of a Peer ; Dug- dale's Baronage, i. 505-6 ; Jervise and Gram- mack's Memorials of Angus and the Mearns [18851; Hodgson's Northumberland, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 1-48.] T. F. T. UMFRAVILLE, GILBERT DE (1390- 1421), popularly styled the 'Earl of Kyme,' was the son of Sir Thomas de Umfraville (1362-1391) [see under UMFRAVILLE, GIL- BERT DE, EARL OF ANGUS]. He was born about the end of July 1390, and was only twenty-eight weeks old when his father's death on 12 Feb. 1391 put him in possession of Harbottle and Redesdale, and such of the Umfraville estates as were included in the entail of 1378. He also appears, by some inexplicable process, to have inherited the Kyme estates in Kesteven, though he was not of the blood of the old lords of Kyme. He was a royal ward (HARDYNG, p. 365), and Ralph Neville (afterwards first Earl of West- morland) [q.v.] received from Richard II the governorship of Harbottle Castle during his minority. The chief care for the youth de- volved, however, upon his uncle, Robert Um- fraville, whose martial exploits against the Scots did much to restore the waning fortunes of the house of Umfraville. After the Lancas- trian revolution, to which Robert Umfraville early adhered, Henry Percy, called Hotspur, became guardian of young Gilbert's lands. The Umfravilles and the Percys were closely related, the Earl of Northumberland's second wife being the widow of the Earl Gilbert of Angus who died in 1381, who was Robert's uncle of the half-blood. Prudhoe Castle, an old Umfraville property, was already in Northumberland's hands. In 1400 Robert Umfraville was actually in command at Harbottle (Ord. Privy Council, i. 125), where on 29 Sept. he signally routed a Scottish force. In 1403 the wardship of the young heir was transferred, after the Percys' fall, to George Dunbar, earl of March (Fcedera, viii. 323) ; while in 1405 Warkworth was transferred from the rebel house to Robert Umfraville, who in 1408 became knight of the Garter (Bei/rz, Memorials of the Garter, p. clvii). Trained from infancy in the rude school of border warfare, Gilbert entered early on his career of arms. About 1409 he distinguished himself in a tournament at Arras (HARDYNG, p. 365), and on 10 Jan. 1410 he had livery of his lands and was soon afterwards knighted. He now took an active share in his uncle's plundering forays against the Scots (HARDYNG, p. 367), though apparently not participating in Robert's destruction of Scottish shipping in the Forth early in 1411. In the autumn of 1411 Gilbert accompanied his uncle on the expedition sent under Thomas Fitzalan, earl of Arundel (1381-1415) [q.v.], to help Philip of B urgundy against the Armagnacs. Hardyng, the rhym- ing chronicler, who after 1403 transferred his services from the Percys to Robert Um- fraville, is careful in chronicling the exploits of his lord and lord's nephew, giving them perhaps a larger share of the glory of the expedition than is allowed by more sober historians. Both took part in the capture of Saint-Cloud on 8 Nov., and, according to Hardyng, gave voice to the English protest against the massacre and torture of the prisoners (p. 368; cf., however, WYLIE'S Henry IV, iv. 62-3). Hardyng also says that after the battle of Saint-Cloud Gilbert * proclaimed was Earl of Kyme' (p. 367). This certainly does not mean that he was formally created an English earl. Neither he nor his uncle after him received a sum- mons, even as a baron, to the House of Lords. The title may have been simply a mere popular recognition of his descent from earls, though he was not famous enough as a soldier to extort any special popular accla- mation. It is not quite impossible, as Sir James Ramsay suggests (Lancaster and York, i. 131), that he received a grant of this title from his French allies. Nevertheless all similar titles given in France were, like the Greys' county of Tancarville, derived from French places and represented existing French dignities. Hardyng's authority, moreover, is of little weight, and the French writers, who mainly use the title, are so ignorant as to confuse him with the Earl of Kent. His designation in English official documents is f the Doctrines and Literature of Buddhism, ranslated from the Singhalese,' London, -833, 3 vols. 8vo (edited by Upham). [Information from Mr. VV. U. Reynell-Upham ; ee also Gent. Mag. 1834, i. 336.] H. E. T. Upington Upton UPINGTON, SIR THOMAS (1845- 1898), South African statesman, born in 1845, was the son of Samuel Upington (d. 1875) of Lisleigh House, co. Cork, by Mary (Tarrant). Though a Roman catholic, he was made welcome at Trinity College, Dub- lin, where he was admitted on 11 Oct. 1861, and whence he graduated B.A. in 1865 and M.A. in 1868 (Cat. of Dublin Graduates). He was called to the Irish bar in 1867, and a few years later was made a queen's counsel, having in the interval been appointed secre- tary to the Irish chancellor, Thomas O'Hagan, baron O'Hagan [q. v.] In 1874 he settled in Cape Colony, was in 1878 elected to the re- presentative assembly, and in the same year, upon the fall of the Molteno ministry, became attorney-general in (Sir) Gordon Sprigg's ad- ministration, and one of the most prominent politicians of the colony, identifying himself to a large extent with Sir Bartle Frere's policy ; he resigned in 1881, and became leader of the opposition in the Cape parliament. In Au- gust 1883 he was chosen counsel for Patrick O'Donnell, the bricklayer who shot James Carey [q. v.], the informer, on his way to the Cape. He did all that he could to prevent O'Donnell's extradition, and was offered a big fee on condition of his returning to England to defend his client there ; but he returned the brief (Critic, 17 Dec. 1898). In 1884 Upington became premier, taking office as attorney-general, with Sir Gordon Sprigg as his treasurer. Vigorous retrench- ment had to be combined with such forward movement as the annexation of Walfisch Bay. Froude, who gives a personal descrip- tion of Upington and his wife, both of whom he liked, interviewed Upington (by the latter's desire) during the term of his mini- .stry, and was impressed by his opposition to Sir Charles Warren's expedition on the ground that it would widen the breach be- tween the English and the Dutch, who were, as a whole, ultimately loyal to British sove- reignty as knowing that it would be infinitely less irksome than any other (Oceana, 1886, pp. 65-7). In 1886 Upington resigned the premiership in favour of Sir Gordon Sprigg, but continued in the cabinet as attorney- general down to 1890. He was appointed puisne judge in the supreme court of the Cape was on the commission appointed to inquire into native laws and customs of the colony, and was a delegate at the colonial conference in 1887, when he was made a K.C.M.G. He died at Wyberg, near Capetown, on 10 Dec. 1898. He married, in 1872, Mary, daughter of J. Guerin of Edenhill, co. Cork, and left issue. A village and district in Bechuana- land are named after Upington (South Afri- can Gazetteer). [Times, 12 Dec. 1898; Trinity Coll. Dubl. Matric. Book (per the registrar) ; Colonial Office List, 1898, p. 480 ; Walford's County Families,. 1898, p. 1045 ; Wilmot's History of our own Times in South Africa, 1897 ; The [Cape] Argus Annual, 1896, p. 128.] T. S. UPPER OSSORY, LOED or. [See FlTZPATEICK, SlE BAENABY, 1535P-158L] UPTON, ARTHUR (1623-1706), Irish presbyterian leader, eldest son of Captain Henry Upton of Castle-Upton (formerly Castle-Norton), co. Antrim, by Mary, daugh- ter of Sir Hugh Clotworthy and sister of Sir John Clotworthy [q. v.], was born at Castle-Upton on 31 May 1623. His father, a Devonshire man, had come into Ireland with Essex in 1599. Upton was a strong presbyterian [see O'QuiNtf, JEEEMIAH] and a strong royalist. He refused the ' engage- ment,' and by proclamation of 23 May 1653 was ordered to remove to Munster with other presbyterian landholders. The order came to nothing, and Upton was made a magistrate by Henry Cromwell. After the Restoration he was elected (1661) M.P. for Carrickfergus, and sat in the Irish parlia- ment for forty years; on the disfranchise- ment of Carrickfergus by James II he was elected M.P. for co. Antrim. He took a very active part on the side of William III. In December 1688 he forwarded to Dublin Castle a copy of an anonymous letter seized at Comber, co. Down, and supposed to reveal a plot for the massacre of protestants. In. January 1689 he attended the meeting of protestant gentry at Antrim Castle under his relative, Lord Massereene, was placed on the council of the protestant association for co. Antrim, and appointed to represent it on the supreme council of Ulster. He raised a regiment of foot, and, as its colonel, took part in the disastrous * break of Dro- more ' (15 March 1689). He was attainted by James's Irish parliament in June 1689. With Patrick Adair [q. v.] and another he was sent to London (November 1689) with a loyal address from Ulster presbyterians to William III. His last public act was the promotion of a petition to the Irish House of Commons (14 March 1705) against the Test Act. He died late in 1706. An anony- mous ' elegy ' on him by James Kirkpatrick [q. v.] was printed at Belfast in 1707, 4to. His funeral sermon, also by Kirkpatrick, is said to have been published, but no copy is known. He married Dorothy, daughter of Michael Beresford of Coleraine, co. Derry, Upton 39 Upton and had eight sons and ten daughters. He was succeeded in his estates by his fourth son, Clotworthy (b. 6 Jan. 1665, d. 6 June 1725), also M.P. for co. Antrim, who, as a presbyterian elder representing the congre- gation of Templepatrick, took a leading part on the conservative side in the Ulster non- subscription controversy. His sixth son, John (b. 19 April 1671), was father of Clot- worthy Upton, first lord Templetown. [Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), 1789, vii. 157 ; Kirkpatrick's Loyalty of Presbyte- rians, 1713, pp. 405, 563; M'Skimin's Hist, of Carrickfergus, 1829, pp. 61, 320, 341 ; Reid's Hist. Presb. Church in Ireland (Killen), 1867, ii. 187, 515, 553; Disciple (Belfast), 1882, ii. 110, 174, 238.] A. G-. UPTON, JAMES (1670-1749), school- master, was born at Winslow, Cheshire, on 10 Dec. 1670. He was educated at Eton, and was elected a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. in 1697, M.A. in 1701. At the request of John Newborough, the headmaster, he returned to Eton as an assistant master (HARWOOD, Alumni Eton., p. 277). Before 1711 Upton received the rectory of Brimpton, near Yeovil, and in 1712 the rec- tory of Monksilver, near Taunton, both from the Sydenham family. In 1724, at the re- quest of Lord Powlett and other gentlemen, he removed from Eton to Ilminster, Somer- set, where he took pupils until 1730, when he was appointed headmaster of Taunton grammar school. All his pupils went with him, and he so greatly raised the reputation of the school that it became the largest pro- vincial school in England, having over two hundred boys. In 1731 he received the vicarage of Bishop's Hull, Somerset. He died at Taunton on 13 Aug. 1749. He married Mary, daughter of a Mr. Proctor of Eton, by whom he had issue six sons and two daughters. From his second daughter, Ann, is descended the present Tripp family of Huntspill and Sampford Brett, Somerset. Upton edited Theodore Goulston or Gul- ston's ' Poetics of Aristotle ' (1623), with selected notes, Cambridge, 1696 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 1702 (reprinted 1728 and 1747) ; and Ascham's < Scholemaster,' 1711 (reprinted 1743 and 1761). He published 'A Selection of Passages from Greek Authors,' 1726. His second son, JOHN (1707-1760), born at Taunton in 1707, was educated by his father and at Merton College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1724. In 1728 he was elected fellow of Exeter, graduating B.A. 1730, M.A. 1732. He resigned his fellow- ship in 1736 In 1732 Lord Powlett gave I him the rectory of Seavington with Donning- ton, Somerset ; afterwards Earl Talbot gave him the rectory of Great Rissington, Glou- cestershire ; on 19 Jan. 1636-7 he was ad- mitted prebendary of Rochester, and he also held the sinecure rectory of Landrillo, Den- bigh. He died unmarried at Taunton on 2 Dec. 1760. Among his pupils at Oxford was the critic, Jonathan Toup [q. v.] Up- ton published: 1. An excellent edition of ArrianVEpictetus,' 1739-41, incorporated in full by Schweighauser in his edition of 1799. 2. Edition of Spenser's ' Faerie Queen,' 1758 (see T. WARTON'S Fifth Ode and The Ob- server Observed}. 3. ' Observations on Shake- speare,' London, 1746 (2nd edit. 1748). The British Museum possesses editions of Aratus's ' Phenomena,' of the ' Greek Anthology,' and of the ' Iliad,' with many manuscript notes by John Upton. [Misc. Gen. et Her. 2nd ser. Hi. 167; Toul- min's Taunton, ed. Savage, p. 203 ; Boase's Reg. of Exeter Coll. p. 137.] E. C. M. UPTON, NICHOLAS (1400P-1457), precentor of Salisbury and writer on heraldry and the art of war, born about 1400, is stated (LODGE, Irish Peerage, vii. 153) to have been the second son of John Upton of Port- linch, Devonshire, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Barley of Chencombe in the same county. From a collateral branch of the family was descended Arthur Upton [q. v.] Nicholas was entered as scholar of Winchester in 1408 under the name 'Helyer alias Upton, Nicholas/ and was elected fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1415, graduating bachelor of civil law. He was ordained sub- deacon on 8 March 1420-1 (HENNESSY, Nov. Rep. p. xlix; TANNER, p. 73), but instead of proceeding to higher orders he seems to have entered the service of Thomas de Montacute, fourth earl of Salisbury [q. v.], and fought against the French in Normandy. He also served under William de la Pole, earl of Suf- folk [q.v.], and John Talbot (afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury) [q. v.] He was with Salis- bury at Orleans in October-November 1428, when it was relieved by Joan of Arc and Salis- bury was killed. Upton was appointed one of the executors of his will (Letters and Papers illustrating the War in France, i. 415-17). Soon afterwards Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, ' observing the parts and vertues of Mr. Upton, who at that time was not meanly skilled in both the laws, perswaded him to lay aside the sword and to take up his books again and follow his studies.' On 6 April 1431 he was admitted to the pre- bend of Dyme in Wells Cathedral, and before 2 Oct. 1434 was rector of Chedsey, Upton •which he exchanged on that date for the rectory of Stapylford ; he was also rector of Farleigh. In 1438 he graduated bachelor of canon law from Broadgates Hall (after- wards Pembroke College), Oxford, and on 11 April 1443 was collated to the prebend of Wildland in St. Paul's Cathedral. He resigned his prebend on his election on 14 May 1446 as precentor of Salisbury Ca- thedral. In 1452 he went on a mission to Rome to obtain the canonisation of Osmund [q. v.], the founder of Salisbury. He reached Rome on 27 June, returning in May 1453 without accomplishing his object. He died in 1457 before 15 July, and was buried in Salis- bury Cathedral. Upton was the author of an elaborate work entitled ' Libellus de Officio Militari ;' it was dedicated to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and was therefore written before 1446. It consists of four parts : (1) ' De Coloribus in Armis et eorum Nobilitate ac Differentia;' (2) 'De Regulis et de Signis;' (3) ' De Animalibus et de Avibus in Armis portatis ;' (4) ' De Militia et eorum [sic] No- bilitate.' A fifteenth-century manuscript of the work, possibly the original, is Addit. MS. 30946 in the British Museum; a fifteenth-century copy is in Cottonian MS. Nero C. iii. ; and later copies are in Harleian MSS. 3504 and 6106, and in Trinity College, Oxford, MS. xxxvi.; extracts from it are contained in Stowe MS. 1047, f. 252, and in Rawlinson MSS. (Bodleian Library) B. 20 and B. 107. The book, largely used by Francis Thynne [q. v.], was edited by Sir Edward Bysshe [q. v.] from Sir Robert Cotton's manuscript, and another belonging to Matthew Hale, both procured for Bysshe by John Selden ; it was entitled f Nicholai Vptoni de Studio Militari' (London, 1654, fol. ; two copies are in the Brit. Mus. Libr.) A later SIR NICHOLAS UPTON (d. 1551), son of John Upton of Lupton, Devonshire, was turcopolier of the knights of St. John, and was killed by sunstroke in July 1551 during a gallant defence of Malta at the head of thirty knights and four hundred volun- teers against Dragut, the Turkish admiral. The grandmaster, John d'Omedes, declared his death to be a national loss (LODGE, Irish Peerage, vii. 154-5 ; VERTOT, Hist, of Knights of St. John, iii. 261 ; SUTHERLAND, Knights of Malta, ii. 143 ; WHITWORTH PORTER, p. 728; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. viii. 192, ix. 81, xi. 200, 4th ser. iv. 477, 6th ser. xii. passim, 7th ser. i. 118, 171). [Preface to Bysshe's ed. of De Studio Militari, 1654, cf. Tanner MS. 21, f. 159; manuscript copies in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; Bekynton Corresp. (Rolls Ser.), i. 265 ; Statutes of Lincoln Cathe- Ure dral, ed. Bradslmw, i. 406 ; Newcourt's Repertor. Eccl. ; Hennessy's Novum Rep. pp. xlix, 55; Kirby's Winchester Scholars, p. 36 ; Prince's Worthies of Devon ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy; Fuller's Worthies; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. ; Wood's Life and Times, ed. CJark, iii. 467 n. ; Maclean's Pembroke College, p. 66.] A. F. P. URCHARD, SIR THOMAS (1611-1660), author and translator. [See URQUHART.] URE, ANDREW (1778-1857), chemist and scientific writer, was born at Glasgow on 18 May 1778. He studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities, and graduated M.D. at Glasgow in 1801. In 1804, on the resignation of Dr. George Birkbeck [q. v.], he was appointed professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in the Andersonian Uni- versity, later Anderson's College, Glasgow. In 1809 he took an active part in the founda- tion of the Glasgow Observatory, and in con- nection with this work visited London, where he made the acquaintance of Nevil Maskelyne [q. v.], Sir Humphry Davy [q. v.], William Hyde Wollaston [q. v.], and others. He resided at the observatory for some years. About this time he established a course of popular scientific lectures for working men in Glasgow, probably the first of its kind. An official report of M. (later Baron) Charles Dupin on Ure's lectures led to the establishment of similar courses at the Ecole des Arts et M6tiers in Paris. In 1818 he published an important series of determinations on the specific gravity of solutions of sulphuric acid of varying strengths. On 10 Dec. 1818 he read a paper before the Glasgow Literary Society on elec- trical experiments he had made on the mur- derer Clydsdale after his execution. He suggested, following up the work of Alex- ander Philip Wilson Philip [q. v.], that by stimulating the phrenic nerve, the vagus, or the great sympathetic, life might be restored in cases of suffocation from noxious vapours, drowning, &c. His experiments created a considerable sensation. In 182t he published a ' Dictionary of Chemistry,' founded on that of William Nicholson (1753-1815) [q. v.] Ure, in his article on ' Equivalents/ shows excellent discernment in dealing with the important chemical theories of the time ; he follows the views of Wollaston and Davy rather than those of Dalton as put forward by their author, and adopts Berzelius's nota- tion for the elements, then only just pro- posed, but adopted universally later. This ' Dictionary of Chemistry ' attained a fourth edition in 1835, and formed the basis of that of Henry Watts [q. v.] in 1863. It was translated into French by J. Riffault in Ure Ure 1822-4, and into German by K. Karmarsch and F. Heeren in 1843. In 1822 Ure was elected F.R.S. In 1829 he published a ' New System of Geology/ in which he points out the importance of chemistry and physics to the geologist, but which is chiefly devoted to a criticism of the Huttonian and Wernerian theories, and to the advocacy of the orthodox system of chronology. In 1830 Ure resigned his professorship and went to London, where he practised as an analytical and commercial chemist until his death. In 1834 he became unofficially attached to the board of customs as analytical chemist, re- ceiving two guineas for each analysis per- formed. He was also requested by the board to investigate methods of estimating the quan- tity of sugar in sugar-cane juice, and received 800 1. for two years' work on this subject. In 1835 he published his ' Philosophy of Manufactures/ in which he deals with the condition of factory workers, and in 1836 * The Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain . . .;' subsequent edit ions of both these books, edited by Peter Lund Simmonds, appeared in 1861. In 1839 he published a ' Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines/ of which a fourth edition appeared in 1853. The book was re-edited by Robert Hunt (1807-1887) fq. v.] in 1860 and 1867, and by Hunt and F. W. Rudler in 1875-8. It was translated into German by K. Karmarsch and F. Heeren in 1843-4 (Prague, 3 vols. 8vo). In 1843 he published as a pamphlet 'The Revenue in Jeopardy from Spurious Che- mistry/ in which he attacks William Thomas Brande [q. v.] and Thomas Graham [q. v.] with regard to certain analyses. Besides the books mentioned, he published ' A New Systematic Table of the Materia Medica' (Glasgow, 1813) (WATT, Bibl Brit.}, and a pamphlet on 'The General Malaria of London ' in 1850. He was an original member of the Royal Astronomical Society and an honorary member of the Geological Society. The Royal Society's ' Catalogue ' gives a list of fifty-three papers by Ure dealing with physics, pure and applied chemistry. He will be remembered chiefly by his inauguration of popular scien- tific lectures, and by his popular scientific works, which, in spite of a somewhat inflated and diffuse style, are clear and interesting. Ure died on 2 Jan. 1857, and was buried in Highgate cemetery. There is a portrait of him by Sir Daniel Macnee [q. v.] in the South Kensington Museum. Ure's eldest son, Alexander Ure, F.R.C.S., was surgeon at St. Mary's Hospital, London, and died in June 1866 (O^TES, Diet, of Biogr. ; see also Roy. Soc. Cat,} [Obituaries in Gent. Mag. new ser. 1857, i. 242 ; Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1857, vol. xiii. ; Proceedings of Glasgow Philo- sophical Society, iv. 103; Dr. Ure, a slight sketch reprinted from the Times and . . . other periodicals (privately printed, 1875); Ure's own books and scientific papers ; Addison's Roll "of Glasgow Graduates; Calendar of Anderson's Col- lege, 1878-9 ; Roy. Soc. Cat.; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Cat. of the National Gallery ... at South Ken- sington, 1884.] P. J. H. URE, DAVID (d. 1798), geologist, born at Glasgow, was the son of a weaver in that city. His father dying while he was still young, he was compelled to labour at his trade for the support of his mother. Re- solving to enter the ministry, he obtained an education at the city grammar school, and afterwards at the university of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A. in 1776. His industry was great ; he worked at his trade almost all night, studying his books while toiling at the loom. At the university he was a great favourite with the Greek pro- fessor, James Moor [q. v.] Dissuaded by him from wasting his energies on the first objects of his enthusiasm, perpetual motion and the philosopher's stone, he turned his attention to the undeveloped science of geo- logy. While a student in divinity he was for some time assistant schoolmaster at Stewar- ton, and afterwards he taught a subscrip- tion school in the neighbourhood of Dum- barton. On 11 June 1783 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Glasgow, and afterwards became assistant to David Connell, minister of East Kilbride in Lanarkshire. During his residence in the parish he made careful researches into its history, and de- voted himself more especially to the study of its mineral strata. He published the re- sults of his labours in a volume entitled ' The History of Rutherglen and East Kil- bride ' (Glasgow, 1793, 4to), a work worthy especial notice as containing one of the first attempts to deal with the geological features of a small district in a scientific manner. On the death of Connell on 13 June 1790, Ure had some expectation of being appointed his successor, but, finding the parish not unanimous, he set off for Newcastle on foot, and acted for some time as assistant in the presbyterian church in the town. He re- mained there until he attracted the attention of Sir John Sinclair (1754-1835) [q.v.], who employed him in preparing the first sketches of the agricultural surveys of the counties of Roxburgh, Dumbarton, and Kinross for his 'Statistical Account of Scotland.' Ure's treatises were published separately by the London board of agriculture, the first two in Uri Urien 1794 and the last in 1797. He superin- tended the publication of several of the later volumes of the ' Statistical Account ' and drew up the general indices. In appre- ciation of his labours in December 1795 he was presented by David Stewart, earl of Buchan, to the parish of Uphall in Linlith- gow. He was ordained on 14 July 1796, and died unmarried on 28 March 1798 at Uphall. [Scots Mag. 1808, pp. 903-5; Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scotican. i. i. 206; Chambers's Biogr. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen, 1870; Addison's Eoll of Glasgow Graduates, 1898.] E. I. C. URI, JOANNES (1726-1796), orientalist, born in 1726 atKorosin Hungary, studied the oriental languages under J. J. Schultens at Leyden, where he took the degrees of Ph.D. and D.D., and published in 1761 a short treatise on Hebrew etymology called * Prima decas originum Hebrsearum genuinarum,' and also (for the Leyden library) an edition of the Arabic poem in honour of the prophet Mohammed called the * Burda,' with a Latin translation and further notes on Hebrew etymology ; this work he strangely dedicated 'Deo ter 0. M. atque amicis charissimis dilectissimis.' In 1766, when the university of Oxford thought the time had come for a catalogue to be made of the oriental manu- scripts which had been accumulating in the Bodleian Library for two hundred years, a savant was sought for in Holland to under- take this work, and by the advice of Sir Joseph Yorke (afterwards Baron Dever) [q. v.], then ambassador in the Netherlands, communicated to Archbishop Seeker, Uri received an invitation to Oxford, where he was provided with a stipend and set to com- pile the required catalogue. After twenty years' preparation this catalogue appeared in 1787, bearing the title < BibiiothecEe Bod- leianse Codd. MStorum Orientalium videlicet Hebraeorum,Chaldaicorum, Syriacorum, &c., Catalogus.' Little praise, however, can be assigned it ; besides numerous mistakes (cor- rected for the most part in the second volume of the catalogue by Nicoll and Pusey, which appeared in 1835), the arrangement is very faulty, different volumes of the same work frequently being registered many pages apart. While at Oxford he published an edition of some Persian and Turkish letters (1771), and also a short commentary on Daniel's Weeks with some other cruces of Old Testament exegesis. He is said to have given instruction in the oriental languages at Oxford, Joseph White [q. v.] being his most distinguished pupil. In his old age he was discharged by the delegates of the press, but by the kindness of Henry Kett [q.v.J and other friends he obtained a provision for his last years. He died at his lodgings in Ox- ford on 18 Oct. 1796. [Gent. Mag. 1796 ii. 884, 1825 ii. 184; Life of Adam Clarke, 1833, vol. ii. ; Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Library.] D. S. M. URIEN (fl. 570), British prince, is first mentioned in the tract known as the ' Saxon Genealogies ' which is appended to the 'Historia Britonum' of Nennius in four manuscripts of that work, and is be- lieved to have been written about 690. Ac- cording to this, * Urbgen ' (the old Welsh form of what still earlier was ' Urbigena ' — see RHYS, Arthurian Legend, p. 242) was one of four British chieftains who fought (about 570 ?) against < Hussa,' king of the Angles of Northumbria. He and his sons also waged war, with varying fortune, against Theodric of the same region. At last he was slain during an expedition which had shut up the English host in the isle of ' Medcaut ' (probably Lindisfarne), at the instigation of a rival prince ' Morcant/ who was jealous of his military fame (NENNIUS, ed. Mommsen, p. 206). It is in favour of the trustworthiness of this account that the writer of the ' Genealogies ' appears to have had a special interest in the family of Urien. The tenth-century genealogist of Harl. MS. 3859 makes Urien, conformably to Welsh tradition, the son of Cynfarch ap Meirchion (Cymrodor, ix. 173). Like most of the men who took part in the early conflicts with the English, Urien became a hero of British tradition, and so shadowy is the part he and his family play in the mediaeval poems and romances that Professor Rhys inclines to the view that the historical ' Urbigena ' and a mythological ' Urogenos ' have united to furnish the traits of the later ' Urien ' (Arthurian Legend, pp. 242-3). In the ' Triads ' he appears as one of the three l battle bulls ' of the isle of Britain (Myvyrian Archaiology, 1st ser. No. 12 ; SKENE, Four Ancient Books, ii. 456); his death at the hands of Llofan Llaw Ddifro was one of the three atrocious killings of the islands (1st ser. No. 38 ; Four Ancient Books, ii. 462 ; Red Book of Hergest , i. 303). Of the poems printed by Skene in the ' Four Ancient Books of Wales,' eight from the 'Book of Taliesin' (ii. 183-93, 195-6) and two from the ' Red Book of Hergest ' (ii. 267-73, 291-3) deal with the fortunes of Urien, who is variously described as ' Lord of Rheged,' ' Lord of the evening '(echwydd), 1 Ruler of Llwyfenydd ' (Lennox), ' Prince of Catraeth/ ' Golden ruler of the North/ Urquhart 43 Urquhart and 'Plead of Scotland' (Prydain). The poems thus agree with the ' Saxon Genea- logies ' in making Urien a powerful chieftain of the Northern Britons, and the statement of one of them that he was killed at ' Aber Lieu' (SKENE, ii. 270) may be trustworthy, if the mouth of the river Low, opposite Lindisfarne, once bore that name (STUART GLENNIE, Arthurian Localities, 1869). The name ' Urbgen' was borrowed by Geoffrey of Monmouth for his ' Urbgennius de Badone' (x. 6, 9; cf. also ix. 12). But the real representative of Urien in his pages is ' Urianus rex Murefensium,' one of three brothers in the north to whom Arthur gave Scotia, the Lothians, and Moray re- spectively (ix. 9, 12). The latter district, which was Urien's share, is made in another passage to include Loch Lomond (ix. 6). From the narrative of Geoffrey, Urien passed into the realm of Arthurian romance, and finally appears in ' Malory ' as King Vryens of the land of Goire, who married Morgan le Fay, Arthur's sister, and narrowly escaped being murdered by his wife. ' Gla- morganshire antiquarians took ' Goire ' to be Gower, and accordingly represent Urien as the means of driving out the Irish from the region between the Towy and the Tawy, which he thereupon received as a gift (anrheg) under the name of Rheged (lolo MSS. 70-1, 78, 86). But the real situation of Rheged remains unknown. [Skene's Four Ancient "Books of Wales ; Khys's Arthurian Legend; Zimmer's Nennius; Vindica- tus, p. 95.] J. E. L. URQUHART, DAVID (1805-1877), diplomatist, born at Braelangwell, Crornarty, in 1805, was the second son of David Ur- quhart of Braelangwell, by his second wife, Miss Hunter. His father died while David was still a child, and he was brought up by his mother. In 1817 she took him to the conti- nent, where he received his early education. After a year at a French military school he studied at Geneva under Malin, and subse- quently travelled in Spain with a tutor. Re- turning to England in 1821, he spent six months in learning the rudiments of farming, and three or four more as an ordinary work- man at Woolwich arsenal, where he acquired some knowledge of gunnery. He matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on 31 Oct. ] 822. Being prevented by ill-health from con- tinuing his studies there, he was encouraged by Jeremy Bentham, who had a high opinion of his capacity, to travel in the east. In the beginning of 1827 he sailed from Marseilles with Lord Dundonald to take part in the Greek war of independence. On board the brig Sauveur, in company with the steamer Perseverance, he shared in the attack on 28 Sept. 1827 on a Turkish squadron in the bay of Salona. The squadron was destroyed by the two vessels, and their success pre- cipitated the decisive battle at Navarino. Urquhart was afterwards appointed lieu- tenant on board the frigate Hellas, and took part in the siege of Scio, where he was severely wounded. In November 1828 he left the Greek service, the war being prac- tically at an end. His elder half-brother, Charles Gordon Urquhart, had also joined the Greeks, and obtained the rank of colonel in the army ; he was accidentally killed on 3 March 1828, in the island of Karabusa, of which he had been appointed governor. In March 1830 David Urquhart was at Argos when the protocol arrived determin- ing the Greek territory. Urquhart decided to examine the frontier personally, and his reports were communicated by his mother to Sir Herbert Taylor, private secretary of William IV. Taylor, impressed by the ability they displayed, submitted them to the king, and transmitted them to the French and Russian governments. In consequence Ur- quhart was nominated, while he was still abroad, British commissioner to accompany Prince Leopold to Greece. The prince, how- ever, subsequently declined the Greek throne, and the appointment fell through. On his arrival in England Urquhart was immediately presented to the king. In November 1831 he accompanied the ambassador extraordi- nary, Sir Stratford Canning (afterwards Lord Stratford de Redcliffe) [q. v.], to Constanti- nople, and he returned with him in September 1832. In 1833, on his own proposition, he was despatched on a secret mission to inquire into the openings for British trade in eastern countries, and to examine the restrictions under which it laboured. Arriving at Con- stantinople early in 1834, he succeeded in obtaining the implicit confidence of the Turkish government, who were at that time embarrassed by the aggressions of Mehemet Ali. England and France held aloof, and the Turks were obliged to seek help from Russia, who in turn demanded considerable concessions [see TEMPLE, HENKY JOHN, third VISCOUNT PALMEKSTON]. The Turkish offi- cials placed such reliance on Urquhart that they kept him immediately informed of all communications made to them by the Russian ambassador. Lord Palmerston, however, took alarm at Urquhart's intimacy with the Porte, and wrote to the ambassador, Lord Ponsonby, to remove him from Con- stantinople as a danger to the peace of Urquhart 44 Urquhart Europe. Urquhart returned home to justify himself, and just before his arrival his pam- phlet, ' England, France. Russia, and Turkey,' appeared and greatly enhanced his reputa- tion. On his return Urquhart found that Melbourne's ministry had been succeeded by that of the Duke of Wellington. He was unable to persuade the duke to make active intervention against Russia. Lord Melbourne returned to office in April 1835, and on 23 Sept. Urquhart was appointed secretary of embassy at Constan- tinople. On his arrival in 1836 he found that since 1831 the Russians had prohibited foreigners from trading with Circassia, al- though their claim to sovereignty over the country was open to question, Urquhart had visited Circassia in 1834, and at his instiga- tion a British schooner, the Vixen, proceeded to Soudjauk Kale, where she was seized on 26 Nov. 1836 by a Russian warship. The English government recoiled from pressing Russia to extremities on the question, and as an alternative recalled Urquhart on 10 March 1837 on account of his share in promoting the enterprise. A motion in the House of Commons on 21 June 1838 to inquire into Palmerston's conduct was de- feated by a small majority ; but Palmerston himself admitted in the debate that Urquhart believed that he was acting in accordance with the secret wishes of the English mini- stry. In another measure in which he was keenly interested Urquhart was equally un- successful. Russia, by the treaty of Adria- nople, enjoyed considerable commercial ad- vantages over other nations trading with Turkey. With a view to remedying this state of things, Urquhart, before his de- parture from England in 1835, drew up a treaty with Turkey, which the government promised to transmit to him in Constanti- nople. This, however, they had failed to do at the time of his recall. The treaty was ratified in 1838, but in so altered a condition that Urquhart considered it valueless and indignantly repudiated the authorship. Deprived by the death of William IV of the countenance of the king, and of the support of his private secretary, Sir Herbert Taylor, Urquhart found himself unable any longer to promote directly his views on state policy. He continued, however, to labour with unwearied assiduity, and by his nume- rous writings powerfully influenced public opinion. Already in 1835 he had founded the ' Portfolio,' a periodical devoted to diplomatic aifairs. In the first number he published a collection of diplomatic papers and correspondence between the Russian government and its agents, which threw light on the secret policy of the imperial cabinet. They had fallen into the hands of the Polish insurgents in 1830, and had been brought to England by Prince Adam Czar- toryski, from whose custody they had passed into that of the foreign office. The publi- cation of these documents caused consider- able stir, and, although Palmerston in 1838 disclaimed any responsibility, it would hardly have been possible without his tacit con- nivance. The ' Portfolio ' was discontinued in 1836, when Urquhart went to the east ; but it was revived in 1843, and continued to appear until 1845. In 1840 he protested against the exclu- sion of France from participation in the I pacification of the Levant' by publishing ' The Crisis ; or France before the Four Powers ' (London, 8vo ; French edit. Paris, 1840, 8vo). In 1843, in ' An Appeal against Faction } (London, 8vo), he censured the con- duct of the government in refusing an in- quiry into the causes of the Afghan war, and in the same year he took a chief part in drawing up the report of the Colonial Society, which charged the promoters of the Afghan and Chinese wars with conspiracy against England. The society refused to ratify the reports, which appeared in the name of the committee alone. In 1844 Ur- quhart published in the * Portfolio,' and sepa- rately in pamphlet form, a paper entitled 'The Annexation of the Texas : a Case of War between England and the United States,' a strong censure of the conduct of the United States government towards Mexico. On 30 July 1847 Urquhart was returned to parliament for the borough of Stafford, for which he sat until July 1852. During 1848, in conjunction with Thomas Chisholm Anstey [q. v.], he persistently urged upon parliament the necessity of an investiga- tion into Palmerston's conduct in the foreign office. The speeches on the subject were pub- lished under the title 'Debates on Motion for Papers with a view to the Impeachment of the Right Honourable Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston.' At the time of the Crimean war Urquhart strongly deprecated the principle on which English action was based — the substitution of a European protectorate over the Chris- tian subjects of Turkey for that exercised by Russia. He remonstrated against such an interference in the internal aifairs of Turkey as contrary to the law of nations, and asserted that the Turks were able unaided to cope with Russia, a prediction verified by the Turkish victories at Oltenitza and Silistria (cf. Times, II March 1853). He traversed the country forming societies, under the name of foreign Urquhart 45 Urquhart affairs committees, to inquire into the con- duct of the government. To ventilate their opinions a journal was founded in 1855 en- titled the ' Free Press,' a name changed in 1866 to the ' Diplomatic Review,' which con- tained, among other contributions, most of Urquhart's own writings on the subject. In 1864 he was compelled by his health to leave England for the continent, where he resided partly at Montreux, and partly in a house he had built on a spur of Mont Blanc. Abroad he attempted with his usual energy to revive the study of international law, which he considered to be continually vio- lated by modern states in their dealings with each other. This undertaking brought him into close relations with a number of promi- nent men, such as Le Play and Bishop Du- panloup, and led to his presence at Rome during the Vatican council of 1869 and 1870. In 1876 his health broke down com- pletely. He died at Naples on 16 May 1877, and was buried at Montreux in Switzerland. On 5 Sept. 1854 he married Harriet Ange- lina, second daughter of Lieutenant-colonel ChichesterFortescueofDromisken,co.Louth, and sister of Chichester Samuel Parkinson- Fortescue, first baron Carlingford and second baron Clermont. By her he had two sons and two daughters. She was a constant contributor to the ' Diplomatic Re- view ' under the name of ' Caritas,' and ren- dered Urquhart the most valuable assistance in his political and literary labours. She died at Brighton in October 1889. Urquhart was gifted with a rare enthu- siasm which often obscured his judgment, but he impressed men of all opinions and nationalities by his earnestness of purpose and the width of his interests. Although he was popularly known as an extravagant Turcophil, he had a thorough knowledge of the politics of Eastern Europe, which was recognised at home by Disraeli and abroad by statesmen like Thiers and Beust. To Urquhart belongs the distinction of promo- ting the naturalisation of the Turkish bath in the British Isles. He spoke enthusias- tically of the merits of the institution in his ' Pillars of Hercules ' (London, 1850, 2 vols. 8vo), a narrative of travels in Spain and Morocco. The description arrested the atten- tion of the physician Richard Barter [q. v.], who added the Turkish bath to the system of water cure he had established at Blarney, near Cork. In 1856 Barter edited a pam- phlet containing extracts from the ' Pillars of Hercules,' under the title 'The Turkish Bath, with a View to its Introduction to the British Dominions,' and both he and Ur- quhart lectured on the subject. Urquhart subsequently superintended the erection of the baths in Jermyn Street, London. Urquhart was author of numerous trea- tises, chiefly relative to international policy. His style was admirably lucid. Besides the works already mentioned, the principal are : 1. 'Turkey and its Resources,' London, 1833, 8vo. 2. ' The Spirit of the East : a Journal of Travels through Roumeli,' Lon- don, 1838, 2 vols. 8vo; 2nd ed. 1839 ; trans- lated into German and published in Eduard Widenmann and Wilhelm Hanff 's ' Reisen und Landerbeschreibungen der alteren und neuesten Zeit,' 1855-60, lief. 17 and 18. 3. ' An Exposition of the Boundary Diffe- rences between Great Britain and the United States,' Liverpool, 1839, 4to. 4. 'Diplo- matic Transactions in Central Asia,' Lon- don, 1841, 4to. 5. 'The Mystery of the Danube,' London, 1851, 8vo. 6. 'Reflections on Thoughts and Things,' London, 1844, 8vo ; 2nd ser. 1845. 7. ' Wealth and Want ; or Taxation, as influencing Private Riches and Public Liberty,' London, 1845, 8vo. 8. ' Statesmen of France and the English Alliance,' London, 1847, 8vo. 9. ' Europe at the Opening of the Session of 1847,' Lon- don, 1847, 8vo. 10. ' The Mystery of the Danube,' London, 1851, 8vo. 11. ' Progress of Russia in the West, North, and South,' London, 1853, 8vo ; 5th edit, in the same year. 12. ' Recent Events in the East,' London, 1854, 12mo. 13. 'The War of Ignorance and Collusion : its Progress and Results,' Lon- don, 1854, 8vo. 14. 'The Occupation of the Crimea,' London, 1854, 8vo. 15. ' The Home Face of the " Four Points," ' London, 1855, 8vo. 16. ' Familiar Words as affect- ing the Character of Englishmen and the Fate of England,' London, 1855, 12mo. 17. ' The Lebanon : a History and a Diary,' London, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo. 18. ' Materials for a True History of Lord Palmerston,' London, 1866, 8vo. 19. l Appeal of a Protestant to the Pope to restore the Law of Nations,' Lon- don, 1868, 8vo ; Latin edit. 1869. [Urquhart's "Works ; Manuscript Life of Urquhart by Mr. L. D. Collet ; private informa- tion ; Griffin's Contemporary Biogr. in Brit.Mus. Addit. MS. 28512, ff. 208-12; Mrs. Bishop's Memoir of Mrs. Urquhart, 1897 ; Ashley's Life of Patmerston, 1879, ii. 61; Greville Papers, 1888, iii. 334, 413, iv. 122, 123, 164 ; Doubleday's Political Life of Peel, 1856, ii. 246 ; Corresp. entre M. Urquhart et 1'Eveque d'Orleans [Du- panloup], 1870.] E. I. C. URQUHART, THOMAS (ft. 1650?), violin-maker, was distinguished among old London makers by the beauty of his style, and especially by the excellence of his varnish. Some of Urquhart's instruments are small in Urquhart 46 Urquhart size ; all are said to have been pure and silvery in tone. A violin with the Urquhart label, dated 1666, is in Mr. Hill's collection. There is in the possession of Mr. John Glen, Edinburgh, an old flute, stamped with Urquhart's name, and characteristically varnished, but it is not possible to decide that this instrument was made by the cele- brated Urquhart. [Grove's Diet. iv. 210, 283; Hart's The Violin, pp. 168, 202, 317; Pearce's Violin- makers, p. 85; Davidson's The Violin; Sandys and Forster's Hist, of the Violin, p. 249 ; Fleming's Old Violins ; Fiddle Fancier's Guide, p. 124; information kindly given by Mr. Arthur Hill, Mr. John Glen, and Mr. Alfred Moffat.] L. M. M. URQUHART or URCHARD, SIB THOMAS (1611-1660), of Cromarty, author and translator, eldest son of Thomas Ur- quhart (1582-1642), of a family content to trace back their descent to Galleroch de Ur- chart, who nourished in the time of Alex- ander II (though they might, as Sir Thomas subsequently showed, have gone back very much further), was born in 1611, five years after the marriage of his parents (Aberdeen Sasine, Reg. House, Edinb. ; note from Rev. J. Willcock; previous memoirs have erro- neously assigned Urquhart's birth to 1605 or 1606). The father (Sir) Thomas, the elder, suc- ceeded his father, Henry Urquhart, on 13 April 1603, and his grandfather Walter on 11 May 1607 ; and it is recorded that he received the patrimonial estate from the latter unburdened in any way. During the autumn of 1606 (the prenuptial contract is dated 15 July 1606) he married Christian (born 19 Dec. 1590), fourth daughter of Alexander Elphinstone, fourth lord Elphinstone [q. v.], by his wife Jean, daughter of William, sixth lord Livingstone. He appears to have been a favourite with James I, whose learning and views on genealogical and ecclesiastical matters he shared, and the king is said to have knighted him when he was at Edin- burgh in 1617. He had abandoned Roman Catholicism, but remained a devout episco- palian, and firmly refused to sign the cove- nant of 1638. In the meantime, owing to reckless expenditure, his affairs became hopelessly involved. He seems to have re- sided occasionally, during the winter, at Banff, of which place he is described as a ' parochiner ' in 1630 (Annals of Banff, New Spalding Club, i. 62, ii. 28, 418). In June 1636, in order to meet some of the more pressing demands, he alienated a portion of the family estates to one William Rig and others (cf. Registr. Magni Sigilli Scot. 1634-51, pp. 534, 543, 546, 566, 739, 1374); and in the following year a 'letter of protection ' from his creditors was granted him by Charles I under the great seal, dated from St. James's, 20 March 1637. Four months later (19 July) two of the old man's sons, Thomas and a younger brother, were indicted for laying violent hands on their father and detaining him in an upper chamber, called the ' Inner Dortour,' at Cromarty. The lords of the council appointed certain noblemen to investigate the affair, which was thereupon adjusted without further reference to the law. Sir Thomas, the elder, survived these events a little over five years, and, harassed to the last by creditors, died at Cromarty in August 1642. Although a devoted royalist and episcopalian, he was unmolested on that account, as he was known to be harmless and ' environed with covenanters as neigh- bours ' (GOKDON, Hist, of Scots Affairs, Spald- ing Club, i. 61). As 'Thomas Urquhardus de Cromartie,' the future author of the 'Jewel' was ad- mitted at King's College, Aberdeen, in 1622, during the regentship of Alexander Lunan (Fasti Aberdonenses, p. 457). Aberdeen was not only then pre-eminent in literature and learning, but a stronghold of loyalty and episcopacy (ib. p. 41 ; cf. Logopandecteision, p. 42). Among the members of his col- lege Urquhart extols William Lesly and his successor as principal, William Guild, his private tutor William Setoun (Fasti Aberd. p. 452), and many others. It is pro- bable that he owed much of the recondite and eccentric learning for which he was more specially noted to his great-uncle, John Ur- quhart, called the ' tutor of Cromarty ' (see below), who was ' known all over Britain,' his ward asseverates, ' for his deep reach of natural art.' Urquhart was an apt scholar. While others were in quest of game, the diversions of Urquhart were the study of ' optical secrets, mysteries of natural philo- sophie, reasons for the varietie of colours, the finding out of the longitude, the squar- ing of a circle and wayes to accomplish all trigonometrical calculations by signes without tangents with the same comprehen- siveness of computation ' (Logopan.}*. 35). But before his ' braines were ripened for eminent undertakings,' he set off on ' the grand tour,' travelling through France, Spain, and Italy. According to his own account he soon spoke the languages of those countries with such a ' liveliness of the country accent ' that he passed ^for a native/ and he seized every opportunity of demonstrating the superiority of Scotland in point of 'valour, learning, and honesty ' to any of the nations that he visited Urquhart 47 Urquhart (Jewel, p. 224). He states (Logopan. p. 10), that he thrice entered the lists, like his favourite hero, the Admirable Crichton, against men of three several nations to vin- dicate his native country, and, having dis- armed his opponents, magnanimously spared their lives, though not until they had t in some sort acknowledged their error.' Shortly after his return from the conti- nent Urquhart appeared in arms among the northern confederates who opposed the * vulgar covenant.' The first skirmish of the Scottish war was occasioned by Urquhart's attempt to recover by force a store of arms deposited by him in Balquholly House (now Halton Castle), Turriff, which had been seized by the Barclays of Towie. Close upon this followed the Trott of Turriff (14 May 1639), in which Urquhart shared, and the short-lived royalist occupation of Aberdeen. Ten days later, upon the anti-covenanter force dispersing, he sailed from Aberdeen for England, and entered the service of Charles I, by whom he was knighted in the gallery at Whitehall on 7 April 1641. While in Lon- don he seems to have resided in Clare Street. Before returning to Scotland in the autumn of the ensuing year to take upon him the burden of the ' crazed estate ' which he in- herited upon the death of his father, Sir Thomas saw through the press and dedi- cated to his then political leader, James Hamilton, third marquis of Hamilton [q. v.J, his three books of * Epigrams.' Each book contains forty-four epigrams or rather apho- risms; in metrical form they are sextains, and are sententious and sedate, not witty (cf. COLLIER, Bibl. Cat. ii. 461). At the close of 1642, after setting apart the bulk of the rents due from his estate for the pay- ment of creditors, he went abroad again for three years. But affairs seem to have been mismanaged in his absence, and he returned to find the creditors changed, not for the better, and the debt little, if at all, reduced. From the close of 1645 he took up his abode in the ancestral tower of Cromarty, a for- talice erected under a royal grant of James III to William Urquhart, dated 6 April 1470. In 1648 he was appointed officer of horse and foot in the royal interest for putting the kingdom into a state of defence. It speaks well for his power of detach- ment and his cheerfulness amid 'solicitu- dinary and luctiferous discouragements, fit to appall the most undaunted spirits,' that he was able to prepare for press in the very year of his return his abstruse work on trigonometry, entitled < Trissotetras.' This singular book was dedicated by Sir Thomas to his mother, who is addressed with every embellishment of adulatory extravagance as * Cynthia.' He found, moreover, a source of keen pleasure in his books at Cromarty — ' not three among them,' he says, ' were not of mine owne purchase, and all of them to- gether in the order wherein I had ranked them , compiled (like to a compleat nosegay) of flowers which in my travels I had gathered out of the gardens of above sixteen several king- doms ' (Logopan.} Most of these treasures were soon unhappily sequestrated and sold by the creditors, ' iron-handed,' he complains, ' in the use of homings and apprizings.' The worst of this gang, in the debtor's eyes, were 1 the caitiff' Robert Lesley, descendant, as he avers, though wrongly, from Norman Lesley, the murderer of Cardinal Beaton, and Sir James Eraser of Darkhouse, ' of whom no good can truly be spoken but that he is dead.' Among his enemies he naturally in- cludes the usurers, who 'blasted all his schemes for the benefit of mankind ; ' but with none of his foes did he quarrel more forcibly than with the neighbouring mini- sters of Kirkmichael, Cullicuden, and Cro- marty, and to the ( acconital bitterness ' of this last, one Gilbert Anderson, he fre- quently refers. His struggle with his creditors and his attempts at squaring the circle were inter- rupted by the news of the execution of the king. Early in 1649 he joined Thomas Mac- kenzie of Pluscardine, Colonel Hugh Eraser, John Munro of Lumlair, and others, who rose in arms and planted the standard of Charles II at Inverness. The rising proved abortive, and on 2 March 1649 the estates of parliament at Edinburgh declared Ur- quhart a rebel and a traitor. No active steps seem to have been taken against him until 22 June 1650, when he was as a ' malig- nant' examined by a commission of the general assembly, and charged with having taken part in the northern insurrection, and with having vented dangerous opinions. His political attitude was probably regarded by the commission as innocuous, for his case was merely referred to the discretion of John Annand, minister of Inverness (cf. General Assembly Records, Scot. Hist. Soc. 1896). On the coronation of Charles II at Scone Urquhart finally quitted the old castle of Cromarty and joined the Scottish army. The expeditionary force was very heterogeneously composed, and, according to Urquhart, who had abated none of his antipathies, it was spoiled by presbyterians, whom he accuses of deserting on the eve of the battle, ' lest they should seem to trust to the arm of flesh.' Prior to the battle of Worcester Sir Urquhart 48 Urquhart Thomas lodged in the town in the house of one Spilsbury, * a very honest sort of man/ in whose attic was stored his very extensive baggage. In addition to ' four large port- mantles ' full of scarlet cloaks, buff suits, and other ' precious commodity,' his effects comprised three large trunks filled with ' an hundred manuscripts' of his own com- position, to the amount of 642 ' quinter- nions,' of five sheets each. The royalist army having been routed and Urquhart captured, the Cromwellian soldiers ran- sacked Spilsbury's house. At first the precious manuscripts had wellnigh escaped, for ' the soldiers merely scattered them over the floor ; but reflecting after they had left the chamber on the many uses to which they might be ap- plied, they returned and bore them out into the street.' One quinternion only, containing part of the preface to the ' Universal Lan- guage,' was rescued from the kennel and restored' to Sir Thomas, while the portion of another containing the writer's marvellous genealogy was eventually spared 'the in- exorable rage of Vulcan ' and the tobacco- pipes of the musketeers. Urquhart himself was committed to the Tower of London with other Scottish gentlemen taken at Worcester. During the summer of 1651 his imprisonment was relaxed, and on 16 Sept. in that year Urquhart, who seems to have won the good graces of all his gaolers while in the Tower, was removed to Windsor Castle (CaL State Papers, Dom.) Early next month Cromwell ordered his release on parole de die in diem (ib.} The prisoner speaks highly of the Protector's indulgence, by means of which he was enabled to address himself to repair in some measure the loss of his hundred manuscripts. Hitherto his pro- jects had been devised for the good of man- kind and the glory of his country : hence- forth his ingenuity was to be exerted in the interests of himself. First, therefore, in 1652, he issued the recovered fragment of his genealogy to convince Cromwell and the parliament that a ' family which Saturn's scythe had not been able to mow in the course of all former ages, ought not to be pre- maturely cut off.' In this he succinctly traces his pedigree back to the 'red earth from which God framed Adam, surnamed the protoplast.' The local origin of the name he ignores in order to derive it from Ourqhartos, i.e. 'the fortunate and well- beloved.' This Ourqhartos was fifth in descent from Noah, and married the queen of the Amazons. The genealogy showed clearly how Sir Thomas was the hundred and forty-third in direct line (hundred and fifty-third in succession) from Adam, and hundred and thirty-third from Japhet, ' anno mundi 5598 ; ' but it did not succeed in its avowed object of convincing Cromwell of its compiler's value to his country (cf. LOWER, On Family Names, 1860, p. 362; the pedigree, which is correct as far as verifiable — that is, as far back as about 1300 — was continued down to the close of the seventeenth century by David Herd, ap. Urquhart Tracts, Edinb. 1774). Urquhart next published his *EKOVCU- @d\avpov, better known as 'The Jewel' (eKo-KvpaXavpov = jewel out of the mireP) Author and printer shut themselves up to see whether head or hand could compose the quicker ; and their joint concern issued from the press in the short space of fourteen working days. Urquhart's aim was to con- vince the government of the signal and un- precedented services which he might be capable of rendering, and he puffed his work with unblushing effrontery. The ' Jewel r proper, as rescued from the ' kennel of Wor- cester,' comprised but two and a quarter sheets of small pica, ' as it lieth in an octavo size,' forming the introduction to a work of twelve hundred folio pages, irreparably lost, on a ' Universal Language ' (a kind of ances- tor of Volapiik). This ' introduction,' how- ever, was, in the author's opinion, the cream of the book. Among the numerous merits- of his language he remarks that ' three and sixtiethly, in matters of enthymens, syllo- gisms, and all manner of illative ratiocina- tion it is the most compendious in the world.' The main and by far the most interesting portion of the work (hastily composed as a supplement to the ' Jewel ' proper) is a rhap- sodical vindication of the Scots nation (be- fore the presbyterians had ' loaded it with so much disreputation for covetousness and hypocrisie'), interspersed with notices and characters of the most eminent Scots scholars and warriors who had flourished during the previous half-century. Despite its obvious extravagance, Urquhart's 'Jewel' has not only many graphic and humorous touches^ but much truth of observation; while its inimitable quaintness justifies its title in the eyes of lovers of recondite literature. During the May of 1652 Urquhart's papers were ordered to be seized, and their exami- nation by the government very probably con- tributed to his enlargement. On 14 July following he was allowed to return to Scotland for five months, on condition that be did nothing to the prejudice of the Com- monwealth. His three attendants — William, Francis, and John Urquhart — had received passes in the previous March. His leave was subsequently extended, but he does not Urquhart 49 Urquhart seem to have utilised the time to advantage as far as his creditors were concerned, and he surrendered to his parole in 1653, when he published in London his * Logopandectei- sion,' being a continuation and expansion of his ideas on the subject of a universal lan- guage, interspersed with chapters of an auto- biographical and declamatory nature, while the volume concludes with a fanciful sum- mary of the author's demands or ' proquiri- tations ' from the state. The same year (1653) saw the appearance of Urquhart's admirable translation of the first book of Rabelais — ' one of the most perfect transfusions of an author from one language into another that ever man accom- plished.' In point of style Urquhart was Rabelais incarnate, and in his employment of the verbal resources, whether of science and pseudo-science or slang, he almost sur- passed Rabelais himself.' As for his mis- takes, they as truly •' condoned by their mag- nificence.' He often met the difficulty of iinding the exact equivalent of a French word by emptying all the synonyms given fey Cotgrave into his version ; thus on one occasion a list of thirteen synonyms in Habelais is expanded by the inventive Ur- quhart into thirty-six. Some of the chap- ters are in this way almost doubled in length. After 1653 practically nothing is known of Urquhart, but it seems probable that he remained for some years longer in London, going on with his translation of Rabelais (a third book of which appeared after his death), a prisoner in name more than in reality. When he crossed the sea is not known, but tradition states that he died abroad on the eve of the Restoration. The mode of his death, as handed down appa- rently by family tradition, was that he died in an uncontrollable fit of laughter upon hearing of the Restoration. It is highly probable that he died in the early part of 1660, as on 9 Aug. in that year his brother (Sir) Alexander of Cromarty petitioned the council for a commission to execute the office of sheriff of Cromarty, held for ages by his predecessors, and belonging to him as eldest surviving son of Sir Thomas Urquhart who died in 1642. In 1663 Sir Alexander claimed compensation to the amount of 20,203J. (Scots) for the losses incurred by his brother during 1650, and 39,203/. (Scots) for the losses of 1651-2 (one pound Scots = one shilling and eightpence sterling). Sir Alex- ander's ' pretty ' daughter, Christian, married before 1665 fPEPTS, Diary, 3 Oct.) Thomas Rutherford, Lord Rutherford, elder brother of the third lord, who has been identified with VOL. LVIII. Scott's ' Master of Ravenswood.' On Alex- ander's death the honours of the family and what estates were left passed to Sir John Urquhart, son of John Urquhart of Craigfintray, Laithers, and Craigston, who was the son of John Urquhart, the ' Tutor of Cromarty/ by his first marriage. Sir John's son Jonathan sold Cromarty in 1685 to Viscount Tarbat, first earl of Cromarty, and on the death of Jonathan's son James, in 1741, the 'Tutor's' descendant, William Urquhart of Meldrum, became the repre- sentative of the ancient house of Cromarty (see DAVIDSON, Inverurie, 1878, pp. 468-9 ; FEASEE MACKINTOSH, Antiquarian Notes 1865, pp. 202-3). Urquhart was a Scottish euphuist, with a brain at least as fertile and inventive as that of the Marquis of Worcester (many of whose hundred projects he anticipated). His sketch of a universal language exhibits rare inge- nuity, learning, and critical acumen. Hugh Miller pointed- out that the modern chemical vocabulary, with all its philosophical inge- nuity, is constructed on principles exactly similar to those which Urquhart divulged more than a hundred years prior to its inven- tion in the preface to his ' Universal Lan- guage.' [His fantastic and eccentric diction, which accurately reflects his personality, obscures in much of his writing his learning and his alertness of intellect. Urquhart's singularities of mind and style found, how- ever, their affinity in Rabelais, and conspired to make his translation of the great French classic a universally acknowledged ' monu- ment of literary genius.' Two portraits of Urquhart by Glover, both representing a man with flowing locks, at- tired in the height of cavalier foppery, were finely engraved by Lizars for the Maitland Club's edition of Urquhart's 'Works' in 1834. Urquhart's works are : 1. ' Epigrams, Divine and Moral. By Sir Thomas Urchard, Knight, London. Printed by Barnard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet in the yeare 1641, 4to, 34 leaves,' with an engraved portrait by G. Glover as frontispiece (Brit. Mus.) Another edition for William Leake, 1646, 4to (Brit. Mus., Bodl., Huth). 2. ' The Trisso- tetras : or a most Exquisite Table for Re- solving all manner of Triangles . . . with Grreater Facility than ever hitherto hath been Practised. ... By Sir Thomas Ur- juhart of Cromartie, knight. Published for the benefit of those that are mathematically affected/ London, printed by James Young, 1645, 4to, with full-length portrait by Glover 'HAZLITT ; Brit. Mus. copy has no portrait), [t was reissued in 1650 as ' The Most Easy Urquhart Urry and Exact Manner of Resolving all sorts of Triangles, whether Plain or Sphericall . by T. U. Student in the Mathematick, for William Hope/ London, 4to (Brit. Mus. 3. ' navroxpovoxavov: or a peculiar Promp- tuary of Time ; wherein (not one instanl being omitted since the beginning of motion) is displayed A most exact Directory for all particular Chronologies in what family soever : arid that by deducing the true Pedi- gree and Lineal descent of the most ancient and honorable name of the VRQVHART" in the house of Cromartie since the Creation of the world until this present year of God, 1652. London, printed for Richard Baddeley Middle Temple Gate, 1652, sm. 8vo (Brit. Mus. ; Douce). 4. ' 'EK