479 % = ~ So U.S DEPARTMENT OF -AGRICUL TURE: OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—BULLETIN NO. 116. \ A.C. TRUE, Direetor. ‘ : | DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CEEY: 1896 and 18907. BY W. O. ATWATER, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry, Wesleyan University; Chief of Nutition Investigations. Office of Experiment Stations, AND A. P. BRYANT, M..S., Assistant in Nutrition Investigations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICER. : oe 1 1902. 479 VU. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—BULLETIN NO. 116. PPK OS AWRY Do POV arsrerroy es DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY 1896 and 18907. BY W. O. ATWATER, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry, Wesleyan University; Chief of Nutrition Investigations, Office of Experiment Stations, AND A. Pe BRYANT, Ms S:, Assistant in Nutrition Investigations. mda) i WF UAT) Muli = ~~ p=. ND COMME RUA CIWS SS WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1028 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A. C. True, Ph. D., Director. E. W. Aen, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record. C. F. Lanaworrtay, Ph. D., Editor and Expert on Foods and Animal Production. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS, MIDDLETOWN, CONN. W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., Chief of Nutrition Investigations. C. D. Woops, B. 8., Special Agent at Orono, Me. F. G. Benepict, Ph. D., Physiological Chemist. R. D. Miuner, Ph. B., Editorial Assistant. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Washington, D. C., July 2,,1902. Sir: In order to secure satisfactory dietary standards, it is neces- sary to know the amounts of food actually consumed by a considerable number of persons of different food habits and living under different circumstances as regards occupation and environment. The studies made under the auspices of this Department have furnished much infor- mation regarding the dietaries of farmers, professional men, laborers, mechanics, college and university students (both men and women), persons of limited incomes living in large cities, ete. The studies reported herewith were made with families for the most part in poor circumstances, living in the thickly congested districts of New York City. The statistics regarding the families studied and their food consumption were gathered by Dr. Isabelle Delaney. Almost without exception the families were of the type frequently receiving help from charitable organizations. In some cases the income was as large as many families live upon in comparative comfort. In other cases the income was very small. The data recorded show that the lack of proper food was frequently due to ignorance in buying and preparing it, or to some similar cause. Before the condition of families like many of those studied can be per- manently improved, it is necessary to learn the errors which are com- monly made in their domestic economy. Studies like those reported are a help in this regard. Indeed, the results already obtained have been made use of by the New York Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, which cooperated with this Department in carrying on this investigation. The investigations were made under the immediate direction of the chief of the nutrition investigations, Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Wes- leyan University. The report is submitted with the recommendation that it be published as Bulletin No. 116 of this Office. AWC." LRUE, Director. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. = J 1 - ye Introduction CONTENTS. Dretarysshudies 1m News York Citys sse-'- soem eae nee oe eae Detail seomulnerstbudilessnere reported sere saseeee ans] =a ae ee oe tae Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary Dietary study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of study of ~ a oripman sitamilys (NO. Wo4))\sa2-- -eeeee = acer eee eee a longshoreman’s famuly: (NO. 105)" 2-25 ee a eee applum per sitaunilivs (NO 58) 22 oe oe eee ee a..washerwoman’s family (No. 159))----22..-22....-:--- a ruck anysereamniilava (ON sl|G0)) teeta se Seater awasherwomiamn:setamarlive (INOaGIS) S52 =22 see oes e oc a loneshoremeanis dannilive (NO 62) (aes me— = 2-1 sae apcarpenter a tamillye (NO: 166): 2.22 sans ase an eee *earpentens tanaly, (NO. NG i) ese 22a ele eae oe oe ashousekeeper sidamnllya(INo:G8).25- 2 22-2 ee ee = oe Arcane taker saan ilivas NOs O)\ Seer ge a sees eee ater StAMMe GSN AInily (IN Oval (ie) es oe en rs eee Sates duioundryman stanly iGNOg (220 css se === 2 ects a A iebrelanehorsh nam heKINO), N74) Seaageseasococenaseneese aloneshoremannspeamuilliva( NOs lis) ems ee essa eee es ACATVEMLEK SHamllyanINO.t80)) = Sscmica so s2 225 seas areal nicver suammily: (NO. 183) 220, 22 & eos ace ieee se aaay laborers tamilya(NO> 18a) 22252 ae AmnUtbayenaen saan e@NOw (SG). sae bsese eee semanas am ate mm ame soranaTliva (NOs aS) sae eee sere eee asbookbinden setamiilya NOS sSS) eae seen ears een aabputeheris)tamntilive (INO. 2)) sae cr 1m ator tar trae fy Seulll neg) teyoowly? (ONO, 4IGB)) Che pscee Sess eee see necs a washerwoman sianiily (No: 194) 252222222 ye ee apsta blemaame ss tamalllyal UNOS wO 5) sae see er aruckman’ s)famniliy) (INO w96)i 22s see ae ee a Ay lonelier 4c) ieyoailhy (INO UG) ceaccenedseeae ossesceecee a longshoreman’s tamil y(No. 198)"_=- 5. 2 <= Dietary stuay- ola, carpenmterisitamuily (No: 199) 5222222. 3-2-2 Dietary study ona spaimver suamilys (NO: 200))E- 222 22a ye Dietary study of an expressman’s family (No. 201) -.-.----------+------ Dietary study. ofa waiters family (No. 204) -2- 2-2-3. ---- Ss eee Mietary ctudy-of a landlord?s family (Nos 205) e222 == 22 re i ei Dietary study .of-a-caretaker’sdamily (No: 206) <2-2 5... 52-2 3.303 3-2 = -<5 MicwamyestiG von sailor siianitlya@N@-:200))) seem ase. oc see ee Dietary study of a housekeeper’s family (No. 210).............-..------ SULA AVEO GINS OTIS Oa ee ee eee See a eee cine Sealer ewer Recuniaryzeconomy of 100d purehased {2 2t. oc. 6 ei = i ee Summary of amounts of nutrients and energy per man per day ...--.----- Goneluistaniee ssa etn oe ee ein an a ee Sts ee eM seen eee cb aeolian HAL OR OTEYO LCN. ae Io A ge og dR I a ee re Se ir Te ne ee Page. DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1896 AND 1897. INTRODUCTION. The most reliable data concerning the food consumption or people of different nationality, age, sex, and occupation, living under differ- ent financial and hygienic conditions, are obtained by means of dietary studies. These have been carried on quite actively in the United States during recent years, to some extent by independent inyesti- gators, but more extensively by individuals and institutions in differ- ent parts of the country working in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. A number of these investigations were made with families with very limited incomes, more particularly those living in the congested districts of some of the larger cities, so that considerable information concerning the normal and usual food consumption of such persons has accumulated. The information thus obtained is of much importance, for besides being of direct value to those interested in improving the conditions of the less favored classes of the community, it forms an indispensable part of the general data of an adequate and comprehensive science of nutrition, especially in establishing dietary standards. The present bulletin reports thirty-six studies made under the aus- pices of the Department of Agriculture among people with very lim- ited means living in the more congested districts of New York City. They are a continuation of previous studies,“ which were similar in character to studies carried on about the same time in Pittsburg’? and in Chicago.“ Studies made among Mexican families in New Mexico“ and among negroes in Alabama’ and Virginia’ show the food con- sumption of people with very limited means but not crowded together in cities. Among other studies made among families of very limited means in Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul, 46. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 52. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 55. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 40 and 54. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 38. . Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 71. aU. bU, cU. au. eU. gO G2 8 this country that might be especially mentioned here is an extensive series carried on by Miss Amelia Shapleigh, with the aid and super- vision of Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, among poor families in Philadelphia and Chicago,” but not yet published in detail. Some interesting studies were also undertaken in Hartford, Conn., by Miss Helen M. Hall under the joint auspices of the Hartford School of Sociology and the Storrs (Conn.) Experiment Station.’ Investigations of a similar nature have been carried on in other countries. Among these the recent dietary studies among laboring classes in Edinburgh by Drs. Noél, Paton, J. Craufurd Dunlop, and Elsie M. Inglis,“ and those of laborers’ families in York, England, made by Mr. B. Seebohm Rowntree,” are of particular interest in this connection, both because of their large intrinsic importance and because they were carried on by the same methods as those of the studies here reported and among families in much the same circumstances. DIETARY STUDIES IN NEW YORK CITY. As already suggested, the particular purpose of the investigations reported on the following pages and in the bulletin previously men- tioned’ was to obtain reliable data concerning the food consumption of the classes of people living in the crowded districts of New York City. It seemed most advisable to make dietary studies among selected fam- ilies that were believed to be representative of the regions in which they lived. To make such a selection, however, and to secure accurate and reliable statistics, it was necessary that the work be done by some one who was insympathy with the people and familiar with their daily life. Those who are brought officially and personally into direct con- tact with them and have the opportunity and the means for studying their modes of life it is believed can best collate the facts regarding their food, what they buy, how much they pay for it, how they cook and eat it, and how in any or all of these respects improvements can be made. Such favorable conditions were. secured in these investiga- tions by the cooperation of the New York Association for the Improve- ment of the Condition of the Poor, one of the oldest and largest benevolent associations in the United States, which had the advantages of large resources, long experience, and close connection with the people in the congested quarters of the city. The selection of the families to be studied and the collection of the various statistics regard- ing their circumstances and their food consumption devolved upon Dr. Isabelle Delaney, whose long experience in mission work, and «A study of dietaries.’? Partial report of Dutton Fellow, College Settlements Association, 1892-93. bConn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1896, p. 117. ¢Diet of Laboring Classes in Edinburgh. dPoverty, a Study of Town Life, p. 222. €U.S8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 46. q especially as the family physician of a very large number of people in the regions referred to, gave ber unusual opportunities for under- standing the people and their conditions, experiences, and ideas, while her sympathy with them and their confidence in her secured the freest admission to their homes to herself and anyone she brought with her. In addition to those already reported (see p. 7), studies of thirty- six families were made during 1896 and 1897, the details of which are here given. The families selected represented many nationalities and occupations. The range in total income per family was from an amount not sufficient to buy the actual necessities of life to an amount equal to that upon which families in other communities have been found to live comfortably. In some instances the persons studied were slovenly and thriftless, taking little interest in their homes. Other families, though ignorant, were willing and anxious to learn how to improve their habits of living. DETAILS OF THE STUDIES HERE REPORTED. The studies were carried on, and the final results were calculated, according to methods described in detail in previous bulletins.“ The data sought included (1) the nationality, age, sex, and occupation of the different members of the family and their general physical condi- tion; (2) the income of the family; (3) the expenditures for rent and for food; (4) the kind, quality, and quantity of the food consumed; and (5) the number of meals taken by each person present during the study. From these data and the standard tables showing the compo- sition and fuel value of the different food materials used the quantities of nutrients and energy consumed per man per day were computed. It was then possible, upon comparison with the results of similar studies elsewhere and with recognized standards, to judge whether the families studied were properly nourished, and whether they were wise in their selection and purchase of food; also to point out, in many instances, how a more nutritious diet might have been obtained at the same cost, or one equally nutritious for less. The results of the thirty-six dietary studies are given in the follow- ing pages. The text and the tables for each study contain all the data from which the cost and quantities of nutrients and energy per man per day have been computed. The final figures represent very nearly, if not exactly, the amounts actually consumed, as, although the waste was not determined, in the majority of cases it was observed to be very small, if indeed there was any at all. The circumstances of most of the families positively prohibited their throwing away any edible material. No analyses were made in connection with these studies. The com- position of each of the different food materials used was assumed to a@U.S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 46, and others given in list on cover of this bulletin. 10 be the same as that given in tables of average con.position of food materials.“ The percentages of nutrients and the fuel values employed for calculating the amounts of nutritive ingredients in these dietaries are given in Table 47 in the Appendix. The numbers in the column headed ‘* Reference number” in this table are the same as those given in parentheses in connection with the weights and cost of the food materials in the table for each dietary study, and thus serve to indicate the data used to calculate the quantities of nutrients in the different materials, i The fuel values of the nutrients were calculated by the use of the same factors as were employed in previous bulletins. Somewhat smaller factors have been proposed recently,’ but the older factors have been here retained in order that these studies may be directly comparable with those previously reported. In several instances in the following pages there is given in the dis- cussion of the dietary a table showing the price per pound of the various food materials purchased, the amounts of protein and energy in | pound, and the total quantity of each material and of protein and energy that could be obtained for 10 cents at the given price per pound, as well as the total amount expended for each food during the period of study. By the figures in such a table it is possible to form an estimate of the pecuniary economy of the different materials at the prices paid. DIETARY STUDY OF A GRIPMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 154). This study was made with a family consisting of the father, the mother, and one child. The father was a strong, healthy man, Amer- ican born, weighing 230 pounds, and was employed as gripman ona ‘able car. He was on duty from noon until midnight, and usually took one meal each day away from home. ‘The mother, Italian born, was strong and healthy, and weighed 175 pounds. She was a capable housewife. The boy, 14 years of age, weighed 75 pounds, and was rather delicate. The income of the family was $12 per week, of which $3.50 was taken by the father to pay for his meals away from home. Thirteen dollars a month rent was paid for three rooms, two well- lighted and one on an air shaft. The family was well dressed and carried considerable insurance, but saved nothing otherwise. The study began June 1, 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Meant: 24852 ot igen 2 8 Sa cope Bia ag kt Seep ere ee pe ese es nee 22 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.--...-----.-- 24 Boy, 14 years (30 meals & 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to ----..-- 24 Total number of meals taken equivalent to..-...-.--------- 70 ‘quivalent to one man twenty-three days. «U.S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 28. » By the present writers. See Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 110. Ie Tas._eE 1.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 154. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man | per day. Konds samounts;and cost.ol food for'ten days.3 | |= eee = oon Shiga a Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. drates. | value. ANIMAL FOOD, | | | Cents. Grams. Groms. | Grams. | Calories, Beef: Sirloin, 2.38 pounds, 42 cents (33); bologna, | 0.25 pound, 5 cents (1); gelatin, 0.44 pound, 7 cents | (15). Veal: Chops, 4.98 pounds, 60 cents (54).....- 5.0 36 19), Senses 324 Pork: Chops, 43 pounds, 4 cents (60); ham, smoked, | | eA POUMAS TOoiCENtsi(O0) ea seee eae eee eee ee 2.9 16 Ota Rarer 410 Poultry: Chicken, 3.387 pounds, 40 cents (83) .......-- Wey 13 VMAs ct ciara 155 Fish, ete.: Cod, fresh, 1.69 pounds, 25 cents (90); her- rings, smoked, 1 pound, 10 cents (96); oysters, 2.19 POUMAS2OTCeNLSH (LON) aangsce< scenes cee cee aoe sence 2.4 12 2 1 72 HSPs V6. os POUNAS ios CENtS (L1)\o- oo Geen. eae eee 3.6 18 lov aaerose ue 194 Buttery 2.7o pounds, 4/icentsi(118). 222... a. ee. eos ce| 2.0 1 AOA sees setae 432 Cheese, 1.75 pounds, 25 cents (120) ........7..-2......- ia i) 1 1 153 Mille 24/02 pounds, 62:cents (124)e 5-220. 55. 2 a2. Dad, 16 19 24 3 Gtalk welOotesns mena cece | tesa 21.4 | 159 26 2, 080 VEGETABLE FOOD, Cereals: Rice, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (180); bread, 14.50 pounds, 64 cents (184); cake, 2.94 pounds, 28 cents (142); macaroni, 2.50 pounds, 15 cents (158) .....--. 4.8 | 37 10 233 1, 200 Sugar. O;pounds; 52:cents) (169))as2555-22-5 2525-2. ---- Weds Ss 53. teecll eres == 118 484 Vegetables: Asparagus, 1 pound, 10 cents (174); let- } tuce, 4.36 pounds, 22 cents (193); onions, 2.51 | pounds, 6 cents (1.95); potatoes, 14.20 pounds, 45 | | cents (204); radishes, 3.24 pounds, 13 cents (208) ; | tomatoes, canned, 13.01 pounds, 51 cents (216) ...-- 6.4 12 1 73 | 357 Fruits: Bananas, 0.69 pound, 5 cents (225); cherries, | | 0.87 pound, 10 cents (227); strawberries, 2.76 pounds, | | DOT COMUSH (DOO) Note eee Fetetre ave nm eiviniate ela/elerereereietererecieieie rere = 1.8 | 1 1 10 54 Mowloveretgbledood 2.2 -- cessccce-ccee ance cose 14.4 | 50 | 12 454 2,095 DR ORRTANIOYOYG ewe OR A ee CR Nes oe ee ee 39.8 | 171 | 171 160 4,175 | «The numbers in parentheses after each food material in this and succeeding tables refer to corresponding numbers in Table 47, p. 79. The diet in this study was unusually large; but, on the other hand, the father and mother were unusually heavy and the man was at rather hard muscular work. Based on the standard of 125 grams of protein and 2,500 calories of energy for a man at moderate work, it would appear that the family had more food than they needed. Tak- ing into account, however, their weight and the occupation of the father, it is probable that they were receiving about what would sat- isfy the physiological demands of the body. According to the statistics of the study the food cost about $5.75 per week, or, approximately, half the income. This sum was equiva- lent to 86 cents per man per day, which, though perhaps not excessive considering the variety of food materials and the quantity of nutrients and energy obtained, was nevertheless larger than was necessary. Yet there was evidently careful management, as is shown by the variety in the food obtained at the price paid and also by the fact that there was no waste, ‘‘ left-over” pieces being carefully utilized. The relative economy of the food materials purchased by this family is illustrated by the figures in the following table: 12 TABLE 2.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and ener oy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 154. In 1 pound. | mount peer ee for 10 cents.| Total ae Waki eto amount es F rice per | ex- Kind of food material. | pound. | protein Fuel | Total Protei Fuel pended rs | svalue: food. eee | value. | during study. : | Cents. | Pound. | Kcarorien | Ponds. Pound. | Calories. | Cents. Beet, sitlom: sic sc 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to .... 14 Two girls, 5 and 3 years old (30 meals * 0.4 meal of man), equiva- lent toss eek’ os ct ee shed oe So ere ee ae eee 12 Boarder! osesa2.-22- = Se eS Ses cee oe ee eee 7 Visitor 222.0 eae Je eee See ee See See eee See eee 2 Total number of meals taken equivalent to --...------------ 90 Equivalent to one man thirty days. ea TABLE 5.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 159. per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. aad SAS = Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. | drates: value: ANIMAL FOOD, Cents. Grams, Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Liver, 2 pounds, 14 cents (18); sausage, bolo- | gna, 0.25 pound, 5 cents (1); shank, fore, 3 pounds, 20 cents (23); steak, round, 2 pounds, 24 cents (29); | steak, skirt, 2 pounds, 14 cents (35); steak, sirloin, | [SPOUNGeeL2cemts((sa) kere: sects eco ane ase 3.0 26 WA ee Sec 270 Pork: Bacon, 1 pound, 12 cents (59); chops, 2.5 | | POUNGS20iCentsi(Gl)ias25 a. alae one se esi AES Foe. liga 6 | 1S} ayaa 200 Fish: Fresh mackerel, 3 pounds, 15cents (97); canned | Salmon}.2)pounds,-0 cents/(104)-- 2.222.222. 2.2 ee | 13 11 |} Wi ldeeeeosooe | 80 Bees Ora2 POUMG o.Cemts) (Lid) 222 2 Siease sto esee eee aD 1 1 a ane re pe 15 letunKene IL peo beol Oa GD Ee eae eee | FL WSS an 113 nee esl | 120 Milks 1283' pounds; 86\cents (124)... ..s5.2-..2..-....- 12 6 Zi 9 125 Milk, condensed, 2.5 pounds, 22 cents (125)..........- sd 3 3 20 125 Ota IN AU OOGE= Soanianaaoee cee. = ees aaa 8.6 53: 64 | 29 935 ——— | = | —— —_ —- VEGETABLE FOOD. | Cereals: Flour, 1 pound, 5 cents (181); oatmeal, 3.51 | pounds, 8 cents (128); bread, rye, 6 pounds, 17 | cents (1386); bread, wheat, 17.15 pounds, 36 cents | (138); soda biscuit, 2.56 pounds, 25 cents (139); | | | cakes, 1 pound, 10 cents (142); crackers, 6 pounds, | | 26 cents (153); apple pie, 0.25 pound, 10 cents (160). 1.6 60 26 329 1, 885 Susan apounds; 22icents: (169) oss. 5. 62-2 - ee me BUA a ade eoe Reet ore | 61 250 Vegetables: Canned corn, 2 pounds, 9 cents (185); onions, 1 pound, 4 cents (195); potatoes, 7.9 pounds, 15 cents (204); radishes, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (209); tomatoes, 3 pounds, 6 cents (215); canned toma- LOCS 4S 4 POW Sle Cemibse(2116) see. oe oes ss incre oe 1.6 5 1 | 33 165 Fruit: Apples, 2 pounds, 7 cents (221); currants, 2 pounds, 7 cents (228); pears, 2 pounds, 10 cents (oO) eee ene - Sa eae eee asMos, Seo aee es. = 8 ls Neeeateesererdes 11 50 Motaliveretabledkoode esse 2e sos ae eee ee | Ulead 66 27 | 434 2,300 Mutalitoude aye set eee, oe Gee eae nv eS 3, 235 The results of this study may be taken as a typical illustration of the fact that a varied and nutritious diet can be obtained at a compara- tively small cost. The quantities of protein and energy per man per day in the ration were not greatly below the standard, and, considering the cost of the food, 16.3 cents, perhaps the ration could not be much improved upon. There was a considerable variety of animal food, the greatest expenditure for any one item being for canned salmon, which, it is interesting to note, furnished less nutriment than was obtained in the fore shank of beef for half as much nioney. Cereal foods were purchased in considerable variety and quantity. There was also a variety in the vegetables and fruits, though no sort was used in large amounts. By reducing the variety of vegetables and fruits the cost of the ration could have been still further reduced without materially diminishing its nutritive value. If sufficient care were taken in cooking, the less expensive diet could be made about as attractive as that costing more. DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 160). This study was carried on in a family somewhat above the average in intelligence and thrift for the vicinity. It included the father, Amer- 27147—No. 116—02 ») Zt 18 ican born, of Scotch-Irish descent, 20 years old; the mother, 24 years old, and three children—a boy of 5, a girl of 3, and an infant of 1$ years of age, all of whom were in good health. They weighed 165, 138, 45, and 35 pounds, respectively, the weight of the infant not being ascertained, The father, a truckman, earned $14 a week. The family dressed neatly, and made a good appearance. They occupied two large, well-lighted rooms, for which $10 a month rent was paid. The rooms were furnished very simply, but were kept very neat and clean. Food was purchased for cash at the large or small markets, according to the nature of the material. Ice was used, and food was well cared for. There was practically no waste. The woman was thrifty, and though not an expert cook, was bright, and eager to learn how to improve the character of the diet. She had already profited much from lessons in domestic management given by one of the prominent local charitable organizations. The study began October 20, 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals, Mans 742 teense he Seer BE Bh eee fe Oe IR ere etre eae were 26 Woman (30 meals * 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to -......-.---- 24 Two children, 5and 3 years old (46 meals 0.4 meal of man), equiv- alent tor 328 saa. see Se ee ee Ae See ee os eee nen a ils} Infant: lyvearsiold) equivalent, tonsa. Sasa = a eee eee 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to....-.--.---.---- 77 Equivalent to one man twenty-six days. TABLE 6.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 160. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. — | ; = Carbohy-| Fuel | Cost. | Protein. | Fat. rates: Fhe = a | | A — = ANIMA DAROCD: Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Round steak, 3 pounds, 48 cents (29); fore shank, 4 pounds, 28 cents (23); plate, corned, 3.25 | | pounds, 20 cents (7). Mutton: Leg, 4.26 pounds, 96 cents (43); chops, 1 pound, 14 cents (44) ......-..--- va!) 42 | AQ Nee ere Aan 628 Pork: Sparerib, 2.06 pounds, 17 cents (81).....------- 6 slg Mig ae eae 127 Fish: Mackerel, salt, 1.63 pounds, 17 cents (99); sal- | mon, canned, 0.50 pound, 18 cents (105) .......--.--- 1.3 7 84 Butter, 3.13 pounds, 52 cents (118) 2.0 ie | 432 Milk 6 pounds) a2 icentsi(124) eet eo.seeceecce sce cere 5 3 | 70 Milk, condensed, 3.25 pounds, 23 cents (125) .......-- -9 5 | 194 Total‘animal dood Saeceeecesecasa see oe ete |} 13.3 64 | 121 36 1, 535 | — ————— VEGETABLE FOOD. | Cereals: Oatmeal, 1.75 pounds, 8 cents (129); maca- roni, 1 pound, 10 cents (158); bread, 10 pounds, 50 | cents (134); biscuit, 2.25 pounds, 10 cents (139); buns, 7 pounds, 29 cents (140); cake, coffee, 2 pounds2O0lcentsi(43)) ee seen foe eee eee eee 4.9 | 39 21 234 1,315 Sugar:2!> pounds 15 cemtsi(169) sae meneeeeeen eames Bo eaeetcemcral fn souke 2 44 181 Vegetables: Cabbage, 8 pounds, 12 cents (179); onions, 0.56 pound, 2 cents (195); peas, dry, 2 pounds, 6 cents (200); potatoes, 10.69 pounds, 24 cents (204); corn, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (185); | peas, canned, 1 pound, 10 cents (199); tomatoes, | canned;,2: pounds-9) cents! (216)! S=2s5-~- eee eee eee On8 | 17 2 71 380 Fruit: Jelly, currant, 1 pound, 10 cents (232)......... 503 J-vveceeeee 1 12 59 Total vegetable food .........-.--..-.- 2 ae 8.6 | 56 24 361 1, 935 =| as —s Total toad? <2): 9a ee 21.9 | 120 | 145 397 | 3,470 1G) The results of this dietary study indicate that the family were obtain- ing about the normal quantity of protein and energy in their daily food. The cost of the ration—22 cents per man per day——was not exces- sive, although it might easily have been reduced. The expenditure of 96 cents fora leg of lamb secured but little more than half the protein and much less than half the fat that was obtained for a similar amount expended for cheap cuts of beef. Cereal products were used in considerable variety. The price of the bread—5 cents per pound— was higher than that paid by a number of the families studied. If food had been bought in larger quantities, and a ‘portion of the money expended for meat had been used to increase the quantity of cereals, the nutritive value of the ration would have been increased with little or no diminution of its variety and palatability. The variety of vege- tables might perhaps also have been reduced and only the more econ- omical kinds purchased without decreasing appreciably the palatability of the ration. DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 161). This study was carried on with the same family as in study No. 159, after the return of the children from an outing in the country. The income during the study was %5. The study began August 6, 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to_..-..------- 24 Girl, 17 years old (80 meals * 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to--.-- - 21 Boy, 10 years old (30 meals 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. ---.- 18 Boy, 7 years old (30 meals & 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to... --- 15 Two girls, 5 and 3 years old (60 meals & 0.4 meal of man), equiva- TES Ta tat OR ete se eae eet ee aN Gh PERCE emia ay Chie ee ay hE ese, RC 24 Total number of meals taken equivalent to......----------- 102 Equivalent to one man thirty-four days. TABLE 7.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 161. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. es a al Carbohy-)| Fuel Cost. -rotein. Tat. z | Cost. | Prote Fat. | Grates. | value. ANIMAL FOOD. Cents. | Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Flank, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (35); fore shank, 2.50 pounds, 14 cents (23); corned, canned, 1 pound, | | 20 cents (6). Lamb: Chops, 1.31 pounds, 18 cents | | (41); chops, mutton, 0.81 pound, 15 cents (45)...-.--| 2.3 | 16 | We Beer ae 224 Pork: Chops, 2.24 pounds, 25 cents (60); salt, 4 | \ POU S 28] COMES (7,2) temescete = =e eta = sea ere 1.6 | 6 DD) | Eewerem=s 586 Fish: Salmon, canned, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (105); | | sardines, 1.50 pounds, 9) cents (107) .....-.-.--..... 6 | 6 3 [oveee eee 53 Hess Onsipound2icents: (Ii): Je... 22. Jseneet (a) (a) (a) lisoccomis=ase | (a) Butters2274. pounds, ol cents (18). 2. - s-2---eneee 1.5 | 31 | Ba enaS | 293 Mall 13:70 poundsolicentsi(124) ae. = sac ce cine 1.5 8 10 | 13 | 179 Milk, condensed, 4.25 pounds, 31 cents (125)........- ao 5 5 | 30 | 190 otalkamimal stood stasa seme sete see ase te tee 8.4 | 42 121 | 43 | 1,475 a Amounts too small to affect results. 20 TABLE 7.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 161—Continued. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. | ‘Carbohy-| Fuel Fat. | drates. | value. Cost. | Protein. VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Oatmeal, 3.50 pounds, 8 cents (128); bread, 20 pounds, 52 cents (188); bread, rye, 4 pounds, 12 cents (136); biscuit, soda, 6 pounds, 20 cents (189); erackers, soda, 3 pounds, 14 cents (156); cakes, | mixed, 1 pound, 5 cents (142); pie, apple, 0.25 POUNLGs HICeNTSIG1G0) eee sce eeeee eee eee eee 3.4 Sugar, 6 pounds,33 cents (169) 2-52 eee eee 1.0 Vegetables: Beans, string, 1 pound, 5 cents (178); cabbage, 3 pounds, 5 cents (179); corn, canned, 1 pound, 5 cents (185); onions, 0.50 pound, 2 cents (195); potatoes, 11.23 pounds, 22 cents (204); toma- toes, 2.50 pounds, 5 cents (215) .......------.------- 1.4 | 5 it 35 173 Fruits: Bananas, 0.94 pound, 7 cents (226); currants, | fresh, 1 pound, 8 cents (228); muskmelon, 0.50 Ic Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. 54 | 23 284 1,599 at it oe eee oye see 80 328 Pound Ss Cents (234) sesso see seek e eee races A8i|seeeee ene Wea ea ee | 4 | 15 Total vegetable 100d: 25-Sa. ses 2~ sees cee ee 6.1 | 59 ie 7 24 | 408 2,115 otal food Tics ee Soe eee een oe 146 | © i01| 145 446 | 3,590 This study shows, as did the earlier one with the same family, unusu- ally careful management of the household expenses. The variety of the food was considerable, and the quantity of nutrients obtained per man per day as large as has been found in many studies of farmers, mechanics, and other workingmen in the United States, though the cost was less than 15 cents per day. This is an instance of what can be done by careful management. The following table, showing the amounts of protein and energy purchased for 10 cents in some of the more important food materials used by this family, illustrates the relative economy of their purchases: TABLE 8.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of nutrients and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 161. | In 1 pound. | Amounts bought for 10 cents.| Total | —_—— ——— | ___—_ —— — ———| amount Kind of food material. | Price per ex- ind'ott : | pound. | protein Fuel Total Protein Fuel | pended | || value: food. *| value. | during | | study. Beef: | Cents. | Pound. | Calories. | Pounds. | Pound. | Calories. | Cents. Mlanikeve ccc Sn ocean 8.0 | 0.170 1,115 1. 25 eA | 1, 460 12 Hore shank. 202: eens oes 5.6 | .128 545 1.79 722) 975 14 Corned, canned --......--- 20.0 . 263 1, 280 50 .14 560 20 Ham biGhOpSseac- oases secs ee 13.7 . 187 1,540 .73 14 1, 120 | 18 2 Seeae ea Stoo eS ee | 18.5 | . 160 1, 695 se! 09 915 } 15 Pork: Chops, edible portion...... 1:2 . 166 1, 580 . 90 .15 1,410 25 Salté:.2o22 2226s oe scene ee 7.0 | .019 3, 670 1. 438 . 03 5, 250 28 Salmon: canned's..::.4-5-.-.-= 20.0 | 218 915 50 11 450 10 Sardines: c850s202 68 cee eae | 6.0 | 237 950 1.67 39 1,580 9 BULten eects oaoes naseeeee | 18.6 010 3, 605 DA Eos -seeeee 1,935 51 Milk 26-50 See ek eee 2 033 325 | 3.70 m2 1,180 51 Milk, eondensed: 22.2. 2-522 22.2 33 O88 1, 520 | 1.37 AZ 2,090 31 Oatmeal ese secs ee eto 2.3 161 1, 860 4.35 70 | 8,135 | 8 Bread: | Wheatt...jenciecetesacseens 2.6 109 | 1, 215 | 3. 85 42 4, 820 | 52 Rye 5.228 jie sb 2 Sas 3.0 | 090 1,180 3.33 30 35, 940 12 IBISCUIISSOGSiaess52 eee eee 3.3 | 093 1,730 3. 00 28 | 5, 185 20 Crackers, soda. ...--.. See eae 4.7 | 098 1, 925 2.14 21) 4,130 14 Cakes) mixed ls 222 0 es assess SESS PAO Ae a kntce: 1.88 | . 02 495 13 be — The canned corned beef at 20 cents a pound was very high priced, and the lamb chops at 183 cents, though more economical than the corned beef, were also high. The most economical food material was oatmeal, which was purchased at 2.3 cents per pound, while stale bread at 2.6 cents per pound was also very economical and was purchased in considerable amounts. The amount spent for green vegetables and fruit was perhaps no larger than health demanded. It is interesting to compare the quantities of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents by this family with corresponding amounts in dietary study No. 154 (p. LO). DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 162). The family consisted of the husband, a German, 33 years old, weich- . . Fas) ing 155 pounds; the mother, a Scotch woman, 35 years old, weighing 130 pounds; two sons of the latter, one 19 years old, weighing 125 pounds, the other 12 years of age, and a woman boarder 18 years old. Is, the other 12 f ag i man boarder 18 years old The weights of the younger son and the boarder were not ascertained. The income of the family was larger than most of those studied. The father earned from $18 to $25 a week at his work as longshoreman, and the mother about $5 a week selling papers. The older son was apprenticed to a printer and earned $3 a week. The boarder was out of work at the time of the study and was seeking employment, mean- while her board remained in arrears. The family occupied three rooms, paying $8.50 a month rent. They dressed well and had a con- siderable sum of money laid by. About the only form of recreation in the warm weather was an occasional day at some seaside resort. Food was purchased in small quantities, although ice was used continually. The study began August 6, 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals SI OMLULC Tipsy penne = atari oh ere Sone 4 Does Seige ee here 60 Two women (60 meals * 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.......--- 48 Boy, !2 years old (30 meals 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. .—_- 18 Total number of meals taken equivalent to ........-..--.---- 126 Equivalent to one man forty-two days. 22 TABLE 9.— Weights and cost of food and nutrienis in dietary study No. 162. | Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. SSS SSS = a la 4 ' Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat drates. | value. ANIMAL FOOD. ; Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Roune steak, 6 pounds, 70 cents (29); sirloin steak, 1.50 pounds, 23 cents (33). Veal: Breast, 4.12 pounds) 35icentsi(b3) ase os. sae ees eae eae ee ae 3.0 23 oy al Pee ee 253 Pork: Ham, smoked, 5.13 pounds, 64 cents (66); bacon: 0/38) poundoiGents (59) hassse- eee e ee | ie 8 Ola te 82 Sawn oe 228 Fish: Bluefish, fresh, 3.51 pounds, 25 cents (84); cod- | fish, fresh, 3.51 pounds, 24 cents (89); sturgeon, 37 | pounds; 10;cemts| (ML) 222-22 eeees een eee eee eeee 1.4 Qiilsssceccece|eeceamceer 37 Mees, 5.73 pounds), 82 cents (Gil4) sse2= 22 = eae ee 19 8 (a ae ares = 98 Butter, 4 pounds; 7bicentsi(18) | eae cose see tena | 1.8 al BD hislte re choxsieietse 348 C heese, 1 SS poundsyal cenits: (120) See ssesease ae oe eee | 1.0 5 | (ial cree Sas e 76 Cheese, limburger, 0.37 pound, 10 cents (123)......... (a) (a) (@) (@) | (@) Milk. 3:39 pounds,,23 cents! (124). 22. (<< <2 sean el .5 3 | 4 5 | 70 Milk, condensed, 3 pounds, 24 cents (125).........--- 6 3 3 17 110 Total smimiall food's... 2-..-22--.-!2 eee Le ite 60 95 22| — 1,220 VEGETABLE FOOD. | | | | Cereals: Bread, 25.87 pounds, 97 cents (134); cake, | { coffee, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (143) ......--. Baas Sete 2.6 | 27 a) 159 | 809 Sugar’4 pounds 18'cents) (169) 2222 2-2 see sere ee oe Fe ee reel (ee 43 | 176 Vegetables: Cabbage, 10 pounds, 18 cents (179); po- | | tatoes, 24 pounds, 40 cents (204); tomatoes, 6.50 pounds, 14 cents (215); turnips, 2.37 pounds, 5 | CENTS) (ZS) a. see esate ace ae seen ae eee eee ers ited Sh eccooSesce 59 275 TNotalaveretable 100dh-.ce oa oes casas eee eee eee eee 4.8 | 35 5 261 1, 260 Mopdltood - cA. TL ee AL. 3c ee, | 16.7 95 | 100 283 | 2, 480 «Amounts too small to affeet results. The quantity of nutrients and energy per man per day obtained by this family seems small in yiew of the fairly severe work of the father. The income was large enough to warrant a more liberal diet, and there was no apparent reason why the family should not be well nourished, so it may be that the diet was sufticient for their needs. The cost was moderate, especially considering the relatively large proportion of protein as compared with the energy. Had the amount expended for cereal food been doubled and expended as judiciously as in the previ- ous dietary study, the quantity of protein per man per day could have been increased to about 135 grams and the energy to 3,650 calories, although the total cost would have been but 1.3 cents. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER’S FAMILY (NO. 166). This study was with the same family as that in dietary study No. 31, the details of which have been published in a former report.“ They were at this time in rather better circumstances than at the time the first study was made. The members of the family were all German born, and comprised the father 47 and the mother 37 years of age, and three one 2 boy e 18, a girl of 14, and a boy of 11 years. All aU. $8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 46. 23 were apparently in excellent health, and weighed, respectively, 157, 192, 150, 148, and 88 pounds. ‘The father was a carpenter and earned $10 a week when he had steady work. The mother acted as house- keeper or janitor in the building in which they lived and received in payment for her services the rent of four rooms, worth about $12 a month. a week; he spent 15 cents a day for his lunch. $3 a week as salesgirl; the younger boy went to school. The older son was employed by an electrician and earned $7 The daughter earned The food purchased was of good quality and there was no avoidable waste. The study began September 3, 1896, and continued ten days. number of meals taken was as follows: The Meals. MT COMIN OTN Gime tes Sar= ee pn se ee ay, i ay se Ee ENE eee Ns Rl cPoere Eh 5d Woman (30 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to........--..-- 24 Girl, 14 years old ‘30 meals * 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to _ ~~ -- 21 Boy, 11 years old (30 meals & 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to ----- 18 Total number of meals taken equivalent to...-....-.------- 118 Equivalent to one man thirty-nine days. TABLE 10.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 166. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. = ; a = = eral EDN | , Carbohy-| Fuel | Cost. | Protein, Fat. avatese PTT. | = — = — ANIMAL FOOD. | : | Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, chuck, 1.75 pounds, 15 cents (27); steak, | round, 9.50 pounds, 95 cents (29); steak, round, chopped, 1.25 pounds, 20 cents (31); steak, sirloin, 0.75 pound, 15 cents (383); fore shank, 4 pounds, 23 cents (23); liver sausage, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (19). 4.6 | 36 72a EB GORAC ORE 361 Pork: Loin, 3.75 pounds, 88 cents (61); ham, 0.75 pound, 15 cents (66); lard, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (69). 1.6 i BU eee tee 317 Begs; 4:94 pounds; 75 cents (114):..2--..-.---.---.---.| ISH) 9 | Wa Sesuaecrer 92 Butter-o pounds 62icents: (118) 25-2252... 42s rae PiGgicse seen 30) si-Bcnsasee 27 Malls o3scoupOunadss $l'8G) (124) e. 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to .... 24 Girl 12 and boy 10 years old (60 meals > 0.6 meal of man), equiv- CEMINES AU Sea ce Eg RG Si ce eR 36 Girl, 8 years old (30 meals < 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to -.--- 15 Total number of meals taken equivalent to......--..------- 159 Equivalent to one man fifty-three days. TaBLE 14.— Weights and. cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 171. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. — : * Carbohy-|. Fuel ‘ + > » ¢ ” Cost. | Protein. Fat. drates value. ANIMAL FOOD. Cents. (rrams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Corned, 2 pounds, 13 cents (3); steak, chuck, 5.50 pounds, 56 cents (27); steak, round, 5 pounds, 36 cents (30); tripe, 2 pounds, 10 cents (39). Mut- ton: Leg, 11.13 pounds, 96 cents (47) ...........-...- | 4.0 38 OUMlat seeawee 435 Pork: Chops, 3.50 pounds, 35cents (61); ham, corned, 2 pounds, 15cenis (66); sausage, 2 pounds, 20 cents (74): shoulder, salt, 5.10 pounds, 35 cents (78)-.-...-- 2.0 15 35) leases s coms 387 Fish: Cod, boneless, 1.75 pounds, 13 cents (88); cod, fresh, 5 pounds; s0 Gents) (89) seec. ses. = 2 oe ee 8 Dao e ees ECT eee otras 37 BSc el OMOUIC S220" COMES Glil/) pees -tatartelom rate =/jae 4 1 DL Nectcnsaces 13 Butter de pounds) s0icentsh (18) is meec since see LDN circerayst een Se Onl Pereeciseee 279 CGheesesith0 pounds=20!cemtsi(20))22>2252-4-2- 24-2 = | 4 3 BW ee, my ajeesrere 49 Malkee2 pounds 4 Cents (24)! so 5 sae eles Sclseer soe aeesree 1 1 1 15 Milk, condensed, 2.78 pounds, 17 cents (125) ....-..-- 3 2 2 13 80 Ocal Ama tO OU saciecls eae. = oslo ciate! = Seuseias 9.4 69 103 14 1, 295 30 TasiE 14.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 171—Continued. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. |————____—_ — ——— - Te Re oc a |Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. | rainatens alien = 7 ia, Ping 7 = a — i al ait lis “| | % | rag VEGETABLE FOOD. | | | Cents. | Grams. | Grams, | Grams. | Calories. Cereals; Flour, low grade, 3 pounds, 9 cents (132); | flour, prepared, 27.59 pounds, 51 cents (183); bread, | } 7291 pounds; s0icents, (34) 25-2 ee oe cr teeiamiae cle 1.7 | 34 | 4 | 227 | 1, 108 SUSAL TO POUNDGS 25 GEmts (169) seee eee sees eeeere PEL fal |e Ee ein ee eae = oes | 51 209 Vegetables: Greens, 5 pounds, 7 cents (189); onions, | | 5.56 pounds, 7 cents (195): potatoes, 31.26 pounds, 30 cents (204); tomatoes, 8.50 pounds, 7 cents (215); } tUTDUpS, 7 poundse7 cents: (218))ss----ess eee eee Neil) 10 | 1 | 64 | 313 Total vwercetable 100d) 2-2 see ace oe ee ees e | So 44 5 342 1, 6380 Total foGds ae tc eee ae ee He siete al uments 108); 356 | 2,925 | | The average food consumption per man per day during this study was a trifle below the commonly accepted standard as regards protein, and about one-sixth below it as regards energy. The cost, 12.7 cents per man per day, was small, indicating careful management on the part of the mother. The foods which furnished the least nutriment for the money expended on them were the soup greens, onions, tomatoes, and turnips. While a certain amount of variety in vegetable foods is desirable, a part of the 28 cents thus expended might have been used for the purchase of a larger quantity of potatoes and thus have increased the nutritive value of the ration. The cost of animal foods was 75 per cent of the total cost of the food, which is somewhat larger than usual. In other words, the family expended more than was necessary for meats, which are at best quite expensive. If, for instance, from a third to a half of the 96 cents spent for a leg of mutton had been used to purchase wheat flour, and the rest for a cheaper cut of meat, the quantity of protein and energy per man per day would have been nearer that indicated by the standard for a man at moderate work. If the ration had been increased in amount by-about one-tenth it would probably have been suflicient for the needs of the family, and would then have cost but 14 cents per man per day. This family, like those in dietary studies Nos. 159, 161, and 170, manifested a considerable degree of skill in their purchases of food. DIETARY STUDY OF A FOUNDRYMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 172). This family consisted of the father, 40 years old; his wife, 36 years old; a grandmother, 54 years old; an aunt, 28 years old; four daughters, respectively 14, 11, 4, and 2 years old, and an infant 2 months old. The weights of some members of the family were not reported. The father weighed 167; the mother, 140; the grandmother, 160; the 14-year-old daughter, 79, and the 11-year-old daughter. 70 pounds. The father a foundryman, was industrious. He earned $10 ee, ee ee Beef: Neck, 2 pounds, 16 cents (21); liver, 2 pounds, d1 a week when on full time, but his work was unsteady. At the time of the study the grandmother was bedridden, and the aunt, a rag sorter, was so ill with consumption that she was unable to work. The oldest girl was learning box making. The family rented two rooms, one light and one dark, for which they paid $5.50 a month. The mother was a good cook and did her own marketing. Owing, however, to their very limited income, food was bought in small quantities, so that she was unable to economize as she might had she been able to pur- chase larger amounts. The food was of good quality, and there was no waste. Everything about the home was neat and clean and the children were tidy and respectable in appearance. The study began October 14, 1896, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. INIT meee sen es 8 ee eee otk fees eps Seek eee ee ete alc Siete siereicie= 30 Three women (90 meals 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to... --- 72 Girl, 14 years old (80 meals 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to -... 21 Girl, 11 years old (30 meals > 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to.... 18 Two girls, 4 and 2 years old (60 meals 0.4 meal of man), equiva- HE TNC ROO errant a ep ereia 2 Sy a er emia: Gin Si eiatelcreyaior ohio 24 Iiaueatis CoTminHlesale he cee ome me ce Be oso oE ao aemeeS neo densenceadac 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.........-------- 174 Equivalent to one man fifty-eight days. TABLE 15.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 172. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. — = : Carbohy-| Fuel drates. | value. Cost. | Protein.| Fat. ANIMAL FOOD. D Cents. | Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. 16 cents (18); shank, hind, 2 pounds, 8 cents (24). Mutton: Leg, 10.50 pounds, 76 cents (48); neck, DPOUNGS sO CeNtS: (49) pra eee ste Janes cease tees 2.2 21 | LS a csiecrestasee 254 Pork: Bacon, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (59); chops, 9.75 pounds, 98 cents (61); feet, 5.86 pounds, 35 cents (62)eesalt. 4poundss39\cemtsi (12)2- see. s2c2-o22-6--- Be L 18 600 eeesemiaee 632 Fish: Blue, 4.50 pounds, 27 cents (84); eod, fresh, DGlspPOUNAS, oo CENtSi(S9)e se cece cies ele ce series Bee 1.0 9 Means es 46 Buttery 7o pOUNASs Ge2G) (WHS oceans cecee cee aan esses Ded 1 B8'\| Serisforeresere 358 Millkers:b8 pounds; 20;Gemtsi (124) aoa. enamels - a) 2 3 3 49 Milk, condensed, 5.87 pounds, 59 cents (125) ........ 1.0 4 4 25 156 Motel amim gl TOO Sees soiciee see ctelelate ele ao a= 9.8 | 55 124 !} 28 1, 495 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 44 pounds, $1.06 (131); bread, white, 1.1 pounds, 5 cents (134); rolls, 1 pound, 5 cents (166). 2.0 40 4 266 1,292 Surar, 1o-12;pounds; 70/cents (169)... 232. sac. see =< 1.2 84 Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.75 pounds, 7 cents (179); potatoes, 29.60 pounds, 31 cents (204); tomatoes, 4.50 pounds, 4 cents (215); turnips, 6.37 pounds, 3 | (GBC A) Sant anne 6 Aenea ae ene SES Bae .8 7 50 234 Rotaltveretabletood sees eta scsckonecs eee aoe 4.0 47 4 | 434 2,010 otal foGd! a a5 facet Mack, nee eM Ne ie 13.8 102 | 128| 462/ 3,505 that called for by the commonly accepted standard. The quantity of 32 protein, however, was rather small, although as large as has been found in a considerable number of studies of families of mechanics, farmers, and other working people in comfortable circumstances. The cost, 13.8 cents per man per day, was very reasonable. No suggestion for improvement seems to be called for in this case. The satisfactory results obtained are doubtless due to the fact that the woman was a good cook and could do her own marketing. They are interesting as showing that it was possible under the given conditions to live in New York City on a ration of considerable variety and at the same time of small cost. The quantities of protein and energy obtained for LO cents in some of the more important food materials purchased by this family are shown in the following table: TABLE 16.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 172. Total In 1 pound. /Amounts bought for 10 cents.| ‘7 | =a ee | amount =n ie bE oN 8 *rice per | | ex- Kind of food material. pound. prote; Fuel | Total Protein,| Fuel | pended eABSATSNS| oceilhutce,. || naayoysl rote. | value. | during | study. Beef: ‘ Cents. Pound. Calories. | Pounds. | Pound, Calories. | Cents. INC Oke at ahs ene ae 8.0 0.145 770 1.25 | 0.18 970 16 VICI 55 0ee soo ee oot ne ats 8.0 . 207 605 » 1.25 - 26 | 720 16 Shank: ee eee 4.0 . 096 405 2250 .24 | 1,005 | 8 Mutton: Iso eee ee Whip cis cee ee 40, 151 900 1.39 21 | 1,245 70 ING Cees. 6 at aera 4-5 123 985 | 9799 27 | 2,180 | 9 Pork: j Bacon = ss. - a ae 12.0 091 2, 795 83 08 | 6 Chops ee s4 een: om 10.0 154 1,270 1. 60 13 | 98 Met, - = Saerss5Sects eee! 6.0 . 158 1,405 1. 67 26 | 35 Soll tee es te Pe 9.8 019 3. 670 1.02 02 39 Fish: Bluetish’ oh-40-3 en eee 6.0 . 100 210 1.67 17 - 300 27 mresh Godieo* cc 52. cee ose 6.2 ='65 325 61 18 460 35 Biter ae 32 Soa Soe eee 21.9 . 010 3, 605 Oe emaeotenae 1,615 126 Malke S522 See esas eee eee eee 2.3 . 03: 325 4.35 .14 1, 385 20 Milk condensed S.-.2--2-2-2-. 10.0 O88 1,520 1.00 09 1,515 59 BUGUr! wat oe eas a eee 2.4 S112 1,645 4.17 46 6, 820 106° BTCC Wane foe eee eee ee 4.6 . 092 1,215 Ppa ly . 20 2,640 5 Rolls; swaten=-222:225ccnoe eee 55) 090 1, 300 1.89 al 2,440 5 SUSALS Set Saas oe eee eee neers AEG eae soeee 1, 860 DAL Gel See ee 9,115 70 Green vegetables: Cabbage, | | | tomatoes, turnips...........- 1B ere aes Ree 12.50 -15 | 1, 620 14 POUatOS o Seeeeee seem tee ees 16 . 022 | B85 9.10 | aAly 3, 695 31 The food for which they spent the most was butter, which furnished no protein and not so large an amount of energy for a given sum as some of the other food materials. For instance, $1.26 spent for butter furnished some 21,000 calories of energy, while $1.06 expended for flour purchased nearly 70,000 calories and in addition over a pound of protein. It may be questioned, however, whether any reduction in the butter would be desirable under the circumstances. The compari- son is made simply to show the relative returns for a given sum expended for different foods. The amount of green vegetables used was not large. Such food in reasonable amounts is very useful to give variety to the diet. The meats were all purchased at very low prices, bacon being the only one which cost more than 10 cents a 38 pound. The mutton neck, at 4$ cents a pound, furnished a large amount of protein and energy for the money expended, and was by far the most economical of the meats purchased. The fish furnished considerable protein, but not much energy. This was probably a wise purchase, however, since the general tendency is to purchase foods containing relatively too much fuel ingredients as compared with the amounts of protein. The use of fish counterbalanced somewhat the comparatively large amounts of sugar and butter in the diet. DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 177). This family consisted of the father, 33 years old; the mother, 29 years old; 3 sons, one 11, one 7, and one 5 years of age, and a male relative 30 years old. The members of the f eae weighed 130, 149, 63, 50, 40, and 150 pounds, respectively. The father, a truck driver, earned $2 during the ten days covered by the study. The mother was employed as housekeeper, or janitor, receiving for her services the rent of their rooms and $4 a month in addition. The cousin was not working on full time, but paid practically all his earnings ($16 per month) into the family treasury. The two older boys avemien their dinner at school, and the youngest at a kindergarten. The study began January 26, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. INGO TG A455 oe oo bese sate neces bec ose rest anee tes Goon ne aera aaa see 60 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.---..--.---- 24 Boy, 11 years old (22 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to-... 13 Boy, 7 years old (26 meals x 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to --.-- 13 Boy, 5 years old (22 meals 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to ---.. 9 WAISNWOY eerie nee Oe ee Oe thee oOo Coe 1 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.----..---------- 120 Equivalent to one man forty days. TaBLE 17.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 177. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ae RS ve - * tarbohy- ue Cost. | Protein. Fat. drates. value. | ANIMAL FOOD. Cents. | Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Flank, skirt steak, 4 pounds, 28 cents (35); neck, 1.20 pounds, 7 cents (21); rib, corned, 5 | pounds, 33 cents (9); shank, fore, 6 pounds, 30 cents (23); steak, chuck, 2.50 pounds, 25 cents (27); tripe, pickled, 2 pounds, 10 cents (38); corned, eanned, 1 pound, 15 cents (5). Mutton: Chops, 2.50 pounds, 35 cents (45); shoulder, 1 pound, 8 cents (Si) ee eee eee aca s sapiens someone 4.8 45 46) |basecoe nee 613 Pork: Ham, boiled, 0.56 pound, 10 cents (64); lard, | 0.25 pound, 2 cents (69) Sy ke EAs oP Sloe siatee sare .3 1 id Haeeeeres 69 Fish: Herring, fresh, 2 pounds, 10 cents (95)-....--...- 2 | 5 | Uy ete ocemoe 30 Eggs, 0.63 pound, 10 ¢ ents (GUA) a a AS see ee eer A 2|| 1 1 rs oes | 13 Butter, 1/68 pounds, 34 cents) (118) ..---..-.-.....2---- OM eae s accyste LGM etter cies 150 Milk, A, Gaipoundse1O\cemts' (124) ie seen ee eee eee ee: oe, 2, 2 3 39 Milk, condensed, 2 pounds, 18 cents (125)...........- 3D 2 2 12 76 otal animal foods aassco see ace eee as ~I = on lor) =I on en on Je) To} o 27147—No. 116—02 34 TABLE 17.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 177—Continued. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. alerieee. | vazikne. VEGETABLE FOOD. Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Cereals: Barley, 0.63 pound, 4 cents (126); flour, 1 | pound, 4 cents (131); oatmeal, 2 pounds, 7 cents (128); bread, 25.67 pounds, 96 cents (134); crackers, soda, 1 pound, 5 cents (156); rolls, plain, 4.50 : pounds, 20’ cents (164) -- oo ee eee oe ncmininln == 3.4 39 9 223 1,158 Sugar, 5.25 pounds; 24 cents (169) ooee eee =- eee == 6 |oie Senecio sles emeciscts 59 242 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 5 cents (179); onions, 2.64 pounds, 8 cents (196); potatoes, 15.30 pounds, 20 cents (204); soup greens, 1 pound, 6 cents (189); | tomatoes, canned, 4 pounds, 26 cents (216).....-..- I 6 | 1 40 198 | Fruits: Apples, dried, 1 pound, 10 cents (220) .......- Be re oshc ese teases 8 32 otal Veseta ble LOOG eee aeecelee meee aie eee 5.9 | 45 | 10 822 1, 630 otal LOO eA: . 5 Mose epee anette eee ee Tso 101 85 345 2, 620 It seems hardly probable that this family was properly nourished. The quantities of protein and especially energy per man per day found in the dietary study are considerably below the commonly accepted standards. The prices paid for the animal food were reasonable, and the relative expenditure for animal food—as5 per cent of the total—was rather less than the average. The most expensive food material used was canned tomatoes, for which the family expended 5 per cent of the total outlay for food, although the protein obtained was but 0.5 per cent and the energy but 0.4 per cent of the total protein and energy, respectively, in the food. The same outlay would have given a more nutritious diet if a different selection of food had been made in some cases. If the cabbage, onions, soup greens, and tomatoes had been left out of the diet and two-thirds of the money expended for them used to buy dried peas or beans, and the remainder for the purchase of more potatoes and bread, the protein could have been increased to 125 grams and the energy to 3,500 calories per man per day without increasing the cost. DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 178). This study was made with a family which consisted of the father, 42 years old; the mother, 32 years old; the grandmother, 64 years old; four sons—one 14, one 13, one 9, and one 4 years of age—and an infant 6 months old. The weights of the members of the family, aside from the infant, were 180, 145, 170, 110, 75, 60, and 30 pounds, respectively. The father, a longshoreman, earned $3 during the ten days covered by the study. The oldest boy received $3.50 per week in a printing office. The family occupied four small rooms, only one of which was well lighted. The rent was paid by the mother’s work as housekeeper or janitor. 35 The study began February 6, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. IWS SSE Ske ec SOE ee a a ee ees ee ae eae 30 Two women (60 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to .....-.--- 48 Boy, 14 years old (30 meals 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. ---- 24 Boy, 13 years old (30 meals > 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to..... 18 Boy, 9 years old (30 meals < 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to... --- 15 Boy, 4 years old (30 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to. .---- 12 Imiantaeqival ent: to te. Sse eee vance cre aes cine emcin eee eee 9 IVAISIILO Teper eetsreg ate erate ee et oe Na yee ee eRe See siemo ste ocesee al Total number of meals taken equivalent to...-...---------- 157 Equivalent to one man fifty-two days. TABLE 18.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 178. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. SSS 7 era ay ; = lease = : Carbohy-| Fue Cost. | Protein. Fat. | dates! sila. | ANIMAL FOOD. | Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Corned, 9.40 pounds, 49 cents (4); shank, hind, | 4.31 pounds, 20 cents (24); steak, chuck, 2.75 | pounds, 30 cents (27); tripe, pickled, 2 pounds, 10 | GEIST (OS) eects cee eee ee eee cio Le emce tae Qui 25 Dou eesenee ee 335 Pork: Loin, 5.43 pounds, 42 cents (60); trimmings, EDO POUN GS 2 Cents) (SZ)eaesssces nee ene ee este 1.0 9 DOE eee cea 251 Fish: Cod, salt,1 pound, 8 cents (91); herring, fresh, PaO POULGS el O;GENTS: (90)e- seme cece acicieiceiaai nee sie 4 6 2 Geese cee 43 Besse Os4a pound orcemtsn(il a heen a. aceinereee ere sie 1 es | Perera sere vote oro | reine eee 4 Butter, 2.50 pounds, 46 cents (118)-................---- GaP. sa AS eee sereciciee 168 Milka 7b poUunds, 24/centsi (24 a= sseecce cena seco s 5 2 3 3 49 Motatanimal tood:,286.. xsi eose ese ics 5.0 43 71 3 | 850 VEGETABLE FOOD. | | Cereals: Flour, 4 pounds, 11 cents (131); bread, 24.06 | pounds, 51 cents (138); buns, 6.88 pounds, 30 cents | MOA We rctas etaco' a Sa GE a cysiere’ slats Sidera cand eiae-cisacrerine 1.8 | 32 7 17 897 pugan Gipounds.o4. cents (169)) 25... - s2scs-2 seen. GH [asec erst eee esos 52 FP Als} Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1.87 pounds, 7 cents (175); cabbage, 5.25 pounds, 7 cents (179); carrots, 0.37 pound, 1 cent (182); onions, 0.66 pound, 3 cents (196); peas, 1 pound, 2 cents (200); potatoes, 22.74 | pounds, 30 cents (204); turnips, 4.75 pounds, 6 cents (CHS) pagecbdece en cieeiiec: pacrabeTesdeor bee saneeeaee |e seal 11 | 1 59 295 Totalbverzetable [oo0dws-a..s-e-8e 5-24 -e ees ee ee | 3.5 43 | 8 282 1, 405 Ro talbOOdS- 225. = 2s a5. senate ae ee Sees 8.5 86 | 79 285 2, 255 The income of this family during the time of the study was very limited, indeed, and the amount expended for food, 8.5 cents per man per day, was unusually small. The food materials obtained for this sum supplied 86 grams of. protein and 2,255 calories of energy, which gives evidence of considerable careful management on the part of the mother. The quantity of nutrients, however, was insufficient for the proper nourishment of the family. It is interesting to note that in this case 2 pounds of dried beans were used during the time of the study. The prices paid for meats were very reasonable and the cost of vegetables, other than potatoes, was small. 36 The following table shows the quantity of protein and energy in 10 cents’ worth of the different food materials purchased by this family: TABLE 19.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 178. In 1 pound. Amounts bought for 10 cents.| Total ae amount a : rice per ex- Kind of food material. pound, | Protein jee! Total Protein Fuel pended Small) nveulile: food. ‘| value. during | study. Beef: Cents. | Pound. | Calories.| Pounds. | Pound. | Calories. | Cents. Cored see stele sacceoaneene 5. 2 | 0.183 | 1,385 1.92 0.35 2, 650 49 nin dishaniky Sos -sceereeen 4.6 096 | 405 2.17 SPA 870 20 Chuck steak........ 2 10.9 . 166 | 735 392 15 675 30 Pickled tripe 5.0 Sibir) 270 2.00 23 545 10 Pork: | LLOINE see soeeae cess tee oe 7.7 . 166 1,580 1.30 2 2,045 42 omnes SEP GAR AR Sen e 8.0 . 050 2, 835 1.25 - 06 3, 5385 12 Fish: SalticoGd ees scsosasee ene 8.0 . 190 3, 670 1,25 24 460 8 Kreshmnenrrin Ss ses ase 5.4 195 | 660 1.85 36 1, 215 15 IBUIGCD nas foe pe ieiesicios amen asiels 18.4 010 3, 605 | COANE Jseeee tas 1, 960 46 Miles UNseste Sc coe eee ener 3.2 | 033 325 3.13 - 10 1,020 24 MOU? isi hoon ieee osee es aeesae 2.8 | .112 1, 645 3.57 41 5, 975 11 Breads foo. 82 cece as sces emia 2a . 109 | 1, 215 | 4.76 5] 5, 920 51 BUMS 4. cock. Steen emenoe scare 4.4 081} 1,450 2.27 19 3,325 30 SUP OT cate naee see lemme ees Dis laeecetnoe 1, 860 LZ | nasces veins 3, 280 34 Beans} dried esses ss. seeeeseee 3.7 225 | 1, 605 | 2.70 60 4,285 7 Green vegetables: Cabbage, | carrots, onions, peas, tur- | | Tips mee ee a: Heme coer 1: Gi asset ee joeecuemeee 6.25 21 1,855 19 IROLHTORS Fe oce:cisen oe Soe Sec ee 1 33 . 022 | 385 | 7.6 17 2,945 30 It will be seen that flour, stale bread, and beans were the most economical sources of both protein and energy. As sources of pro- tein, the pork trimmings and the milk, and as sources of energy some of the meats were the least economical. The most economical meat was the corned beef, which the family obtained for about 5 cents a pound; the most expensive was the chuck steak. It is difficult to make sug- gestions for improvement in such a case unless more money was avail- able for the purchase of food. If the family had been willing to eat more beams and bread, less vegetables, less meats, and rather less sugar, more nutriment could have been obtained for the same money. If they had had means to increase the ration one-tbird in amount with the same relative distribution of purchases as was actually found, the protein and energy would have been nearly sufficient for their needs, and the cost would have been less than 12 cents per man per day. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER’S FAMILY (NO. 180). This study was made with the same family as in studies No. 166 above, and No. 31 previously published.“ The father had work at his trade of carpentering only a few hours a day, and earned not more than $5 a week. The older son (aged 20 years) gave his mother $7 a week. The 14-year-old daughter also gave her wages of $3 a week to her mother. The family were in good health. «U.S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul, 46, 37 The study began February 17, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. ASW OPTI Dies peters tteve Rete ays Somer hys eee OO <5s.5 efeiesina dee sess 60 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to....--....---- 24 Girl, 14 years old (30 meals 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to. .--- 21 Boy, 11 years old (30 meals & 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to. ---- 18 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.........-..----- 12: Equivalent to one man forty-one days. TaBLE 20.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 180. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. - a = : —= (es SANE RS |Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. faraton' rales ANIMAL FOOD. Cents. | Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Shoulder, 2.50 pounds, 25 cents (26); steak, round, 5.06 pounds, 65 cents (29); fore shank, 1 pound,7 cents (23); kidney, 2.29 pounds, 20 cents (17); cottolene, 2.13 pounds, 22 cents (12)..........- 3.4 20 | BD) | Saecrec seer 406 Pork: Loin, fresh, 2.81 pounds, 33 cents (81); ham, smoked, 2.76 pounds, 50 cents (65); ham, boiled, 0.80 pound, 10 cents (64) ........... Be So ERIC 223) 12 23 ease ooee 263 Chickens: 3/50 pounds; 40)cents (83)\- 2.2... ... ee eee eee 7.5 | 63 90 | 7 || 1,125 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0.31 pound, 2 cents (126); bread, 40.36 pounds, $1.82 (184) 3.7 47 7 273 1, 376 Sugar, 5.75 pounds, 29 cents (169) BO: | Se aerate lea esenecee 7 299 Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 8 cents (175); cabbage, 8.99 pounds, 20 cents (180); onions, 1.25 pounds, | 6 cents (196); potatoes, 28.75 pounds, 45 cents (204); soup greens, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (189); tomatoes, 4 pounds, 16 cents (216); turnips, 1.75 pounds, 2 Centsi (21S) ee see emee ce eee oe eee cre 2:9 17 | 1 95 460 | —$S—$— | — ——— | ume — cc — Total vegetable food ..-.2...-...--s-----=- ae 7.4 64 | 8 439 | 2,185 = | | Total food -...3 os. sc nos Beane cee eae seo eee 14.9 127 98 446 | 3, 260 The quantity of protein consumed per man per day by this family was slightly larger, while the energy was somewhat smaller than called for by the commonly accepted standard for a man at moderate work. B39 Inasmuch as protein is the most expensive nutrient and is furnished by animal foods in relatively larger proportions than in vegetable foods, it would appear that this family might have had a rather better balanced ration by substituting cereals for a portion of the animal food. Such a change would certainly not have increased and perhaps might have diminished the cost of the diet. As it was, however, the cost was very reasonable, amounting to but 15 cents per man per day. DIETARY STUDY OF A DAY LABORER’S FAMILY (NO. 185). This family comprised the father, 45 years old; the mother, 45 years old, and four children; two boys, one 21 and the other 16 years old, and two girls, one aged 13 and the other 7 years. Their weights were 169, 235, 169, 150, 89, and 63 pounds, respectively. The health of the family was good. The father, a day laborer, had been idle for some time. The mother earned from $1 to $1.50 a week washing. The young man was a helper on a truck wagon receiving $3 a week wages. The rent of two back rooms, one dark, which they occupied was $5.50 a month. Food was bought by the meal and there was no visible waste. They used stale bread which could be purchased at half the price of fresh bread. Any food left from one meal remained on the table till the next. The study began March 2, 1897, and continued tendays. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. AMY OSST OVEN TT Sh ae Be Ue eee ee eee Se ee 60 Woman (30 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.........2...- 24 Boy, 16 years old (30 meals & 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to... _- 24 Girl, 13 years old (30 meals & 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to... _- 18 Boy, 7 years old (30 meals & 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to... _-- 15 Total number of meals taken equivalent to..............--- 141 Equivalent to one man forty-seven days. TABLE 22.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 185. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. . : 1 F ' Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. | Fat. drates. |’ value. ANIMAL FOOD. | |e Cents. | Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Shoulder clod, 2 pounds, 20 cents (26); skirt- ing steak, 3.50 pounds, 36 cents (36) .............--- 122;3| 9 | Suitcase | 112 Pork: Shoulder, corned, 5.56 pounds, 42 cents (78); | | | sausage meat, 2 pounds, 18 cents (75) .-..--......-. 1.3 | 12 24 Jrceceeeees 273 Pees let2 pounds25/Cemts (114) 5... cc oats at oetcceicee= .o | 1 Lt, |e eee | 14 Butter, 2.70 pounds,54 cents (118)... ...5.5..---.2--<-- lies eae. 39 eae aie | . 214 Gheesesiipound sls cents (120)i= 2422 amen eee one. Aaa 634 3) | eacoooeess | 40 MilkcS.70) pounds; 46;cents) (124) ccinc.cctsjccenc cee ocie 1.0 | 6 7 | wh] 127 Totalanime lOO .m qc - sstaas seiate oa aan cece 5.4 | 31 | 66 | 9 | 780 J } | 40 TABLE 22.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study Mo. 185—Continued. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. { Cost. | Protein. Fat. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ——= Carbohy-| Fuel drates. value. VEGETABLE FOOD. Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Cereals: Oatmeal, 5 pounds, 20 cents (128); bread, | 39.37 pounds, 78 cents (138); buns, 1.14 pounds, 5 cents (140); crackers, soda, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (156); | eake,0!50)/poiund, 6icents (142) io ee sos eee 2.4 | 51 10 249 1, 323 Sugars, starches, ete.: Molasses, 6.20 pounds, 22 cents | (170); sugar, 4.56 pounds, 24 cents (169); cornstarch, | OST pound ysicente (L712) eee ose ase eases ee eee eae 10) ne eee tes 89 369 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4 pounds, 4 cents (180); pota- toes, 9.19 pounds, 21 cents (204); turnips, 3.44 | POUNDS ACES: (218) eee ae aaa see eciee eerste aul 3 J---2-222-- 21 98 Total vegetable food .......--------+----e++--+- ae al 55 | 10 359 1,790 otal food) f:- 22 oe eee oe 9.5 86 | 76 368 2,570 The family here studied, like that in No. 178, had a very small income. ‘This fact was apparent in the quantity of nutrients and energy in the food eaten. A considerable degree of good management was displayed, however, in the selection of food, which cost but 9.5 cents per man per day. The chief suggestion for the improvement of this dietary would be an increase in the amounts of protein and energy by one-fourth or two-fifths. If this were done by increasing proportionally the quantities of food materials actually used it would make the cost only about 11.5 cents per man per day. If, however, the family felt that they could not increase the living expenses, an increase of nutriment might still have been obtained by using less animal food and a corres- ponding larger amount of cereal foods. This might, of course, have detracted to some extent from the palatability of the diet according to the opinion of the average working man, but would have furnished the protein and energy required for proper nourishment of the body. At the same time the diet would have been wholesome. DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUIT VENDER’S FAMILY (NO. 186). This study was carried on in,an Italian family comprising the hus- band, 55 years; his wife, 36 years; a nephew of 16 years, a niece of 8 years, a brother-in-law, 45 years, and his wife, 40 years of age. The weights of the members of the family were 200, 130, 120, 45, 120, and 130 pounds, respectively. All were natives of Italy, and the three men were employed at fruit vending. The head of the family earned $10 or $12 a week, and his wife, who sewed for a clothing house, earned a few dollars a week. The brother-in-law and nephew worked for their board. During the study the men worked eight days. They had a cup of coffee when they went out to work at 4 o’clock in the morning, and later in the day purchased a cup of coffee and some rolls; the other meals were taken at home. It has been assumed that, 41 as the food eaten away from home was small in amount, each one of the men had the equivalent of twenty-six full meals at home during the study. Ten dollars a month rent was paid for the three rooms which they occupied. Food was bought by the day. The study began March 17, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. BTR VOD INN ie pe re ae ee cosets Ss ry ye ee per ay A ee Bs ara) ar cyeree ate e ela cvere 52 Two women (60 meals * 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to-...----- 48 Boy, 16 years old (26 meals & 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to----- 21 Girl, 8 years old (30 meals & 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to_-.--- 15 Total number of meals taken equivalent to-....-...---.---- 136 Equivalent to one man forty-five days. TABLE 23.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 186. — | Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. es ae ve Spon aG >, Carbohy- rue Cost. | Protein. Fat. | drates: values } ANIMAL FOOD. | Cents. | Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Chopped, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (29); shank, | fore, 6 pounds, 44 cents (23); steak, sirloin, 4 pounds, 52 cents (33); steak, round, 2 pounds, 24 cents(29); suet, 1 pound, 5 cents(37). Veal: Chops, 1.61 pounds, 20 cents (54); cutlets, 1 pound, 14 COTMUSM (De) meer ac sce sere eine ein mais Semiae ses 3.9 27 PAN erasenods 353 Pork: Chops, 2.68 pounds, 26 cents (60); ham, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (66); lard, 3 pounds, 18 cents (69). 1,2 | By CY eee se 393 Chicken, 6.11 pounds; 98 cents (88) ..--.--..--..-.--.-: 2.2] 12 LOW Scene eee 142 Fish: Cod, salt, 3 pounds, 18 cents (91); shad, fresh, 2Slepounads, 25 Cents) ((L08))2e--- acess es see = 1.0 11 Bl Bape pp oe 3 EO eSeei A On P OUTS plied On (ELAN pe eepet= micree a re lareratern fee rela ne | 2.9 16 BIN Fe pews eee 187 IBWttery2.74 pounds) 5o Cents (118); o2. 22 seaces teens = U2 | Sern a 7-BT | SSS Ae 214 Cheese, 2 pounds, 34 cents (120) ..-......---.-.-----:- wd 5 Un SB eoee me 86 Milk, 40.98 pounds, 96 cents (124) ...........-0------- 2.1 14 | ale / 21 302 Total: animal-fOO0=seseseoc secs see ee cece = 15,2 | 90 | 139 21 1, 750 VEGETABLE FOOD. | Cereals: Corn meal, 2 pounds, 8 cents (151); rice, 4 | pounds, 25 cents (180); macaroni, 6.50 pounds, 40 cents (158); vermicelli, 1 pound, 9 cents (168); bread, 25.08 pounds, $1.16 (134); eake, 1.25 pounds, 15 cents (142); pie, apple, 1 pound, 10 cents (160) -. 5.0 39 7 249 1, 246 Sugars, starches, oils, ete.: Sugar, 6 pounds, 29 cents, (169); cocoa, 0.50 pound, 11 cents (171); olive oil, | 136 spounds* 34.Gents (l73)eo. sok sciee sec cieelacetee 1.6 1 15 62 397 Vegetables: Beans, dry, 1 pound, 5 cents (175): cab- : bage, 4 pounds, 6 cents (180); greens, dandelion, 2 pounds, 17 cents (188); greens, 5.43 pounds, 30 | cents (189); onions, 1 pound, 5 cents (195); parsley, 0.12 pound, 1 cent (197); pickles, mixed, 1 pound, 10 cents (203); potatoes, 10.49 pounds, 14 cents (204); spinach, 4.12 pounds, 33 cents (214); toma- fOESES pounds s0icentay (Qh) ieee se ens e see eee - 3.4 10 } 39 210 Fruits: Jelly, currant, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (232); nuts, (0}4540) Forowwh aol.) (esau i((P% ORES en boonies socesecooreucEe | TS) 1 Il 2 6 47 Total vegetable {00d :.....2.--csseeseeeceeceees 9.3 51 | 25 356 | 1, 900 RO tal TOOUMeasae = see na co soc ote cacs sonic ee ancee | 24.5 | 141 | 164 377 3, 650 | Judged by the usual dietary standards, this family consumed food in excess of their needs. The protein might have been reduced by one-seventh and still have been sufficient according to the commonly accepted dietary standards. The energy, however, could have been 42 reduced but very little. The cost of the food, 24.5 cents per man per day, was much greater than in some of the dietary studies previously described. This was due in part to the use of more expensive meats and in part to the purchase of green vegetables. The cost of the diet could have been largely reduced by the selection of cheaper meats and fish, the use of fewer eggs, and especially by decreasing the amount of green vegetables and using cereals and dry legumes in their place. The relative values of some of the principal items in this study are illus- trated in the following table, showing the amounts of protein and energy in 10 cents’ worth of each at prices actually paid per pound: TABLE 24.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 186. In 1 pound, Amounts bought for10 cents,, Total a amount =r, ° 1 pe SS a ex- Kind of food material. pound. | a a a | a pended Protein. | catwé Fogals | Protein. | ite during ; : : study Beef: Cents. Pound. | Calories. | Pounds. | Pound. | Calories.| Cents. Chopped! oaaes.cc nee eenise 10.0 0.190 | 895 1.00 | 0.19 | 895 | > 15 ore shanks sean seer fee 128 | 545 1. 37. | .18 | TAS 44 Sirloin - ces cecceee en cose 13.0 . 165 | 985 | S| S138 760 62 ROUND: Het cence cece 12.0 .190 | 895 .83 | .16 745 24 Suetis ss stiecaceecaaeeecee 5.0 .047| 3,540 2.00 09 7, 080 5 Veal: | CHOPS soe aeons eee se ones 12:5: | 199 | 825 . 80 | 16 660 20 Cittletsyeeestece see eee 14.0 | 201 | 690 Bil 4 495 14 Pork CHOPS S22 => -seseceenseeeee 9.6 | 166 1,580 | 1.04 Bi lel 1, 645 26 ame ae rt tee eee 20.0 | 142 1, 675 | 50 07 | 835 10 AO hee. sce tea beieee cess 690) |! Soon os etees 4, 220 | IG Walv aeeee eae. | 7,035 18 Ghicken Wer tern ss nae nccicsmmeee 16.0 . 193 1,045 | . 63 | -12') 655 98 Codisalt! sas5 os: See 6.0 .190 315 | 1.67 | wy 525 18 Sha dias :..ct< 5 cactseoeese sores 10.0 | .188 750 | 1. 00 > .19 | 750 28 LO ee Sp Nema ae Ee Ge se eee oasese 10.6 | .134 720 | 94 S18} | 680 129 SUPE. cose Me oe etek cack eke 20.0 | 010 3, 605 | 0 ulencctseeee | 1, 800 5d CHEESES eet ec aca tae eee eee ee 17.0 |} 259 1,950 | .59 | Be 839i 1, 145 34 Meso See etccn is Nomen eae 2.3 - 088 328 | 45301 == 14 | 1,415 96 Cormimeal eae ick tees ce see ctheene 4.0 | . 092 1, 655 | a 23 | 4,140 8 RicGe. ot Hossa eas a eed 6.2 | . O80 1, 630 1.61 | 13 2, 680 25 Macaroni: = 2222. = aoe cees a= 5.8 36 7 290 1, 400 Mowers es: eee eee yk eS THE Me al et 309 2, 430 As in the previous study, the quantities of nutrients and energy consumed per man per day should have been about 40 per cent larger in order to equal the amounts usually considered as desirable for men at moderate work. The father, however, worked indoors and at not especially active labor, so that it may be that the family needed rather less than is called for by the standard suggested. At the time of the study the family expended $7.40 per week for food, which was about half their income. If the diet selected had been increased by 40 per cent the cost would have been 22.8 cents per man per day. The rela- tively high cost as compared with that observed in some of the pre- vious studies is accounted for by the use of more expensive meats, by the higher price paid for some of the cheaper cuts of meat, and prob- ably also for bakers’ goods, and by the expenditures for canned corn and canned tomatoes. DIETARY STUDY OF A BUTCHER’S FAMILY (NO. 192). The family in this study consisted of the husband (a butcher’s assist- ant) and his wife, both natives of Ireland. The husband was sober and industrious and earned $11 per week. He also received a late breakfast at his employer’s expense. His work began very early in the morning. The family paid $7.50 a month rent for two rooms. Food was bought by the day for cash. 46 The study began April 3, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals Main. oa foes en = eb ee oe ree Se ee eae eo ee 22 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of m’ a), equivalent to-...--.-.---- 24 Woman visitor (5 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to....-.-- 4 Total number of meals taken equivalent to-.....---.---.--- 50 Equivalent to one man seventeen days. TABLE 27.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 192. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. eee || : Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. arateE: valiies ANIMAL FOOD. | | | Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, sirloin, 2 pounds, 24 cents (33). Lamb chops, 5.5 pounds, 46 cents (46). Mutton, shoul- | Geras POUNGS wb Celts: (Ol) pee -eeeeeeee ee eerie 5.0 | 13 Gi, |Semcteieies 697 Pork:) Ham, 5 pounds; 60icents(66)ieassnsss-—5—-/2- oc 3.5 | 19 rt eee 496 Kish: Gods 2 pounds~i6 cents) (89))-sesne- cee eae e cee 1.0 | Gillesteewetas Case o eee 24 Hegsyo.43 pounds, 4eicenite (ili) )peeseenecmene cee: 2.5 | 17 | TAR Soe oe 200 Butters0:7o pound) 2licenits(lS)pe-eseeee see eae eee U4 Am Saaosa5 Ue asic Saane 158 Milk? 1.25 pounds: 4'cents| (124) 523 sin.- eee eee cee 2 | 1 1 2 22 Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125)...........--- 4 3 2 14 88 Totalianimal foodGec. see eases eae eee 13.8 | 89 | 135 16 1, 685 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 8.25 pounds, 29 cents (134)..........- len Meal sia 20 3 117 590 Sugars, starches, and oils: Sugar, 3.75 pounds, 18 cents (169); cocoa, 0.5 pound, 16 cents (171)...-..--- 2.0 3 4 105 480 Vegetables: Cabbage, 5 pounds, 5 cents (180); dan- aelion greens, 0.75 pound, 2 cents (188); potatoes, | 11.74 pounds, 15 cents (204); tomatoes, 2 pounds, 7 | cents (215); turnips, 2.75 pounds, 3 cents (218) ..... Agi 11 | 1 74 360 Totalveretabletfood o-22.- ese seecs cee seasons 5.6 | 34 | 8 296 1, 430 Wotal food). <2 2ecu=e a ee a ee | 19.4 123 | 143. 312 3,115 In this study the cost of food per man per day is not excessive in proportion to the income, while the nutrients and energy obtained are not far from the amounts called for by the usual dietary standard. DIETARY STUDY OF A SAIL RIGGER’S FAMILY (NO. 193). The family here studied consisted of the father, born in Germany, aged 42 years, weighing 160 pounds; the mother, born in Sweden, aged 52 years, weighing 202 pounds; and a daughter, 6 years old, weighing 52 pounds. The father, a sail rigger, earned $21 per week. On working days he bought his breakfasts at a restaurant. The fam¥y occupied four rooms, for which they paid $14 a month rent, but sublet one room for $6 a month. Food was bought for cash in small quantities at the small markets. 47 The study began April 3, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. igialeteee seme oe renee ye ee a eS tae | Selae. - sotice oes ccs 23 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.......------ 24 Girl, 6 years old (30 meals * 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to - ---- 15 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.............---- 62 Equivalent to one man twenty-one days. TABLE 28.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 193. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. SS SSS | | ae | : |Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. | avatent ation ANIMAL FOOD. | Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Round steak, 4.5 pounds, 54 cents (29); blood, | 2 pounds, 10 cents (39a). Veal: Cutlets, 1.5 pounds, } | 12 cents (55); leg, 5.5 pounds, 55 cents (56)......... 6.2 | 47 | DAS | Bree steerer: 416 Chicken} 2:25;pounds; 30icents) (83) 55... -2--- << -- 1.4 | 3 | Selb eeeecace 111 Fish: Cod, 2 pounds, 10 cents (87); pike, fresh, 4 pounds, 24 cents (103); perch, yellow, 2 pounds, 15 cents (102); sardines, canned, 1 pound, 25 cents (107) BNO | 20 Sal Are Re 110 Bere Os7 pOunds:7b Cents (LIA) pes 2. 22 - eels soccer 3.6 D7 21h] |eeeeae le 306 Butters tspounds: 49) cents: (118) Seis 2 soc reine ami 250 1 BR ere 367 NMlke744 pounds 19 cents; (124) 2s - cle cleciciew ole'cieieins “9 5 7 8 119 Milk, condensed, 7 pounds, 49 cents (125)..... ieeeenioe 250 13 12 82 501 Motel anim dylOOd mess se eremc cme sem era aalateeelais 20.3 | 122 114 | 90 1,930 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour,3 pounds, 12 cents (131); cake, coffee, 1.13 pounds, 8 cents (148); bread, rye, 3.88 pounds, 18 cents (136); bread, wheat, 2 pounds, 8 cents (134); rollssplain, pounds o cents! (164) e-o-ce sss aisitess ss 2.4 23 5 | 144 731 Sugar, 4.87 pounds, 20 cents (169).............-.....-. i6W. |lPaaceagos moosocadses 105 Vegetables: Leeks, 0.39 pound, 1 cent (192); onions, 1 pound, 2 cents(195); parsnips, 4.25 pounds, 2 cents (198); potatoes, 17.92 pounds, 20 cents (204); sweet potatoes, 0.36 pound, 1 cent (207); tomatoes, 6 MOMUNAS 21 CeMts (ZO) Nees cw slertacic ck cs = sincere ase 2.2 | 11 1 91 428 Fruits: Apples, green, 2 pounds, 10 cents (221)........ SO ulate esis lelsierilsrsicve, s\svaisie'e 5 20 Mota vesetable TO0dk mar saemee ane Jone oeeles 6.1 34 6 | 345 1,610 MRO taEIOOd. seek cen ne eee Soca e ceee seins ves 26.4 156 120 | 435 | 38, 540 The family here studied were in better circumstances than the majority of those described in this bulletin. The quantity of protein in the food per man per day was largely in excess of that called for by the commonly accepted dietary standard; the energy, however, was very close to that called for by the dietary standard for a man at moderate work. The excess of protein indicates that a considerable reduction might have been made in the amounts of such animal foods as meat, fish, and eggs, which furnished protein rather than energy. At the same time this would have reduced the cost of the ration, owing to the relatively large amount expended for animal foods as compared with vegetable and more particularly cereal foods. The 21 cents expended for tomatoes furnished but little actual nutriment, but doubt- less added to the palatability of the diet. 48 DIETARY STUDY OF A WASHERWOMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 194). This family consisted of the mother, 55 years old, and two adult chil- dren, a son 21 years old anda daughter 36 years old. There were also two children of the latter, girls, one aged 11 and the other 6 years, and two children of another daughter who was out at service, namely, a girl 11 years old and a boy 4 years old. The weights of the mem- bers of the family were 135, 140, 160, 80, 42, 75, and 30 pounds, respectively. The father and the two sons-in-law were dissipated and did not live with the family. The persons included in the study were sober and economical, but in very poor circumstances; the children were inrags. All, however, were in good health. The mother and the daughter did washing to pay the rent, and the daughter earned 32.50 a week in addition. The son was a truck driver and earned $7 a week. Food was purchased for cash by the day at the small markets. The study began April 14, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man oo 2ar Sc S ee ale Ses See ee Se ee eee eee eee 3 Two women (60 meals * 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.......-- 48 Two girls, 11 years old (60 meals << 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to.. 36 Girl, 6 years old (30 meals & 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to... --- 15 Boy, 4 years old (30 meals & 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.----- 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to...-.....--..--.- 141 Equivalent to one man forty-seven days. TABLE 29.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 194. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. : == ee l | é - 7 Carbohy-; Fuel Cost. | Protein.| Fat. aratccal eee! | SSSR MEMES UA OKON DY Cents. | Grams. | Granis. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Shank, fore, 1 pound, 8 cents (23); steak, round, 7.75 pounds, 79 cents (29). Veal: Chops, 0.85 pound, 15 cents (54), Mutton: Side, 4.88 pounds, BU H(612) aU) OY) oman aan aN ae Aeeic San oscar Soncene sac 3.4 24 2A, || Cree eee 321 Pork: Fresh (as ham), 5 pounds, 33 cents (71); 2 chops) 040 pound) 5 cents(60) tee: sosseoeeee eee eee 8 8 Aad ees os 172 Fish: Smelts, fresh, 1.50 pounds, 12 cents (110)....--.-. ron tbe Seen rnd (ean i 4 Eggs: 6.80) poundsy 77 Cents, (1s) eee. oe ce eee 1.6 | y tl aosececes 102 Butter, 1-25 pounds 29icentsi(1i'S) passe ssseee eee soe 26) Seesesec TO 4 5c Sotees 93 Milk. 37,20ipounds, 84 cents! (124) 2250-2 -onee cess eee se 1.8 12 14 18 253 Totaltanimial food! 224 -c- je seece sweets eee cee 8.5 | 54 70 | 18 945 VEGETABLE FOOD. | Cereals: Barley, pearled, 0.50 pound, 2 cents (126); bread, 17.31 pounds, 51 cents (134); buns, 15.50 | pounds, 75 cents (140); buns, hot cross, 4.32 pounds, 25 cents (141); cake, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents | | (143); cake, mixed, 2.20 pounds, 10 cents (142); cake, fruit, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (145) 4.0 | 34 19 293 1,231 Sugar, 11 pounds, 52 cents (169))-.---.-..--.-..2...--- ileal! pdcletop ro HEDpODOaae 106 435 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4.31 pounds, 15 | carrots, 0.75 pound, 2 cents (182); cucumber | pickles, 1 pound, 5 cents (202); greens, soup, 0.44 | pound, 6 cents (189); onions, 1 pound, 3 cents, | (195); potatoes, 23.25 pounds, 21 cents (204); tur- | | nips, 1.61 pounds, 3 cents (218); sauerkraut, 3 | POUNdS Scents (212 Wess sees eeeee sae ee eee eee eae = 1.3 7 | 48 235 Fruits: Apples, 1.75 pounds, 5 cents (221)............- hey eee Serer \aonoScofce 2 g Totalivepetabletoo0dssss-seeen ne eee eer eeee renee | GRay | 41 20 379 | 1,910 Potal LO0d (22 See ewecatewgeseee acsee eee eter 15.0 | 95 90 397 | 2,850 49 The family here studied represents a type of those who need to live as economically as possible. The cost of the food, 15 cents per man per day, was reasonable, but the amounts of protein and energy were small and might have been increased with probable advantage. Had they been increased one-fifth by increasing the amounts of food mate- rials purchased, but keeping the kinds and proportions the same, the cost of the daily ration would have been about 18 cents. The nutritive value of the ration could have been increased without raising the cost by substituting more economical materials for some of those pur- chased. One of the most expensive items of food used was veal chops at 18 cents a pound. The most economical foods were as usual the cereals, although here there was considerable difference in the relative economy, the buns and cakes being much more costly sources of nutri- ment than the bread. A considerable variety of fresh vegetables was also used. If two-thirds the cost of these fresh vegetables had been expended for dried beans or peas, if the money expended for buns and ‘rakes had been used to purchase bread at the price paid, and if the veal chops and mutton side had been omitted from the diet and the money spent for them had been expended for round steak at the prices paid, the quantity of protein and energy per man per day would have been increased 39 grams and 575 calories, respectively, without in- creasing the cost. If at the same time the woman had been able to do her marketing as skillfully as the woman in dietary studies Nos. 31, 155, and 180, still more nutriment would have been obtained for the same money. The changes suggested, it is believed, need not have made the diet less palatable or attractive. Had a still greater reduction in cost seemed necessary it might have been accomplished by diminishing still further the quantity of meat and increasing the amount of cereal foods correspondingly. DIETARY STUDY OF A STABLEMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 195). This study was with a family consisting of the father, 44 years of age, the mother, 39 years of age; four daughters, aged respectively 21,17, 11, and 9 years; and three sons, aged respectively 15, 13, and 4 years. The weights of the members of the family were 170, 135, 145, 155, 75, 60, 120, 100, and 25 pounds, respectively. The father earned $7.50 a week truck driving, but spent a good deal of it for drink. The older daughter earned $7 a week in a box factory, of which she paid $4 to her mother; the second daughter was idle at the time of the study. The oldest boy was a plumber’s apprentice, and from his wages paid his mother $4 a week for board. Food was bought by the day on one week’s credit at the smaller markets. The members of the family were in good health. 27147—No. 116—02 4 50 The study began April 16, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Man: 2 2 fe2e Seen ee.s 2 oat koe cote eee een = Dee ieetoe aoe eer 30 Two women (60 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to -.--.---- 48 Girl, 17 years old (30 meals « 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to..... 21 Boy, 15 years old (30 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to... -- 24 Two children, boy 13 and girl 11 years old (60 meals x 0.6 meal of man): .equivalent:to 2-2 -< - feces 2 5 -e aes eee eee cee eeeee 36 Girl, 9 years old (30 meals & 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to...--. 15 Boy, + years old (30 meals < 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to....-- 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to....------------- 186 equivalent to one man sixty-two days. | h 4 TasiE 30.-—Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 195. | Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man | per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. es —— ln Re a - Carbohy-| Fuel | Cost. | Protein. Fat. ayes sania. ANIMAL FOOD. | Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Round, 1 pound, 11 cents (29); shank, fore, | 3 pounds, 15 cents (23); shank, hind, 5 pounds, 30 cents (24); steak, round, 5.50 pounds, 52 cents, | (29); corned, rib, 12.19 pounds, $1.05 (8); roast, round, 6.81 pounds, 73 cents (22)'-5...-..-....2.--.. 4.6 | 43 | G84 | po sesdsscc 763 Pork: Bacon, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (59); ham, 6.25 pounds, 75 cents (65); ribs, sparerib, 3.50 pounds, Ohi Onits (SLs uc.cc = ere ae atlas eee me clnn ott siecle = aemtenioe oe 11 Pa er ae 278 Fish: Cod, fresh, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (87) ......---- Bvs| Nel Roce Rees oaocaaaec 4 Bees. 7.44 pounds, go Cents (U7). see oie ne | 9 | 6 5; |Eeaemse sat 71 Butter, 1.38;pounds,; 38'cents (118)... 22-2 oc eee Si aera Ou aaa eaasee | 84 Milks 20412 Mounds; HS cents (24) eee eee eee Ba 5 6 | 7 | 105 en Total animal food........... See Sc ene Secisseee 8.9 66 108 7 | 1, 305 VEGETABLE FOOD. | Cereals: Rice, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (130); bread, 19.45 \ pounds, 81 cents (134); crackers, soda, 3.386 pounds, 14 cents (156); rolls, 1.25 pounds, 9 cents (164)......) a 17 | 4 102 525 Sugar, 7.25) pounds./37 cents) (169) 22--2-- ane. eee Os) ota ee ee Lee ee | 53 | 217 Vegetables: Cabbage, 4.26 pounds, 5 cents (180); onions, 1 pound, 1 cent (195); potatoes, 21.19 pounds, 34 cents (204); tomatoes, 8 pounds, 20 cents, (215); turnips, 4.25 pounds, 5 cents (218) .... ial 5 th 36 178 Total vegetable food! ---2 a= 3 8 sees oe eee 3.4 22 5a 191 | 920 Total fOOd <2.2.4c bccn dolce oeees cere awe See 1253" 88 113 | 198 | 2, 225 As in the preceding study, the quantities of protein and energy were less than are usually regarded as desirable for persons with moderate work; the cost also was quite small. However, the total cost of food during the study was $7.60, or 10 cents more than the total income which the mother had for running expenses. As already indicated, the father drank so that the family received but a portion of his very limited wages, and food was purchased on one week’s credit. The prices of the food materials were on the whole larger than were paid for similar materials by some of the other families studied who lived in the same region. The quantity of meats consumed was largely in excess of that used by many families in similar or even better circum- stances. The money would have been more economically expended had one-half of that spent for meat been used to purchase cereals, and had the sum expended for the fresh vegetables been diminished one-half. With these changes the protein and energy per man per day would 51 have been increased by about 10 grams and 625 calories, respectively. If the diet had then been increased by about one-fourth, it is probable that the family would have been better nourished, although so far as could be seen their health at the time of the study was good. Of course, it must be borne in mind that the food consumption during so short a period does not necessarily give a fair indication of the normal food consumption of the family. DIETARY STUDY OF A TRUCKMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 196). This study was carried on in a family consisting of the father, 52 years one his wife, 46 years old; and two children, a boy of 15 and girl of 8 years, all Americans. Their weights were 125, 120, 75, and 50 pounds, respectively. The father, a truckman, had been in poor health and out of work for some time. The woman earned a little by washing, scrubbing, etc. They occupied two rooms, for which they paid $7.50 a month rent. The family appeared poorly nourished. Food was bought in small quantities for cash and there was no visible waste. The study began April 28, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. WWicinreee Seng iam eee satae eee sho cain ie eee 2. Swe ae’ 30 Woman (26 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to..........-.-- 21 Boy, 15 years (380 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.....-.- 24 Girl, 8 years old (29 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to -.-.-- 14 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.............------ 89 Equivalent to one man thirty days. TABLE 31.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 196. | Cost, agi net one fuel value Of food per man | per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. = = Aneel ten pas 2 Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. | Fat. diate (evalue ARID IXOTODL Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Tripe,1.69 pounds, 12cents (38). Mutton: Leg, | 2469) Pounds), of Cemts' (47) Ssee ean seocins ne esce= 1.5 | at Ul eproncacea 110 Pork: Loin, fresh, 2.13 pounds, ‘ Za Gentsn(G1)ieeccs. =e 8 1 om se eae 91 Fish: Halibut, fresh, 1 pound, 22 cents (94)\2....- 2.2: ot 2 Ty Reeeiee oes 18 Eggs, 3.50 pounds, 30 cents (iid) Side eee eee e Sade seeises 200) 7 a berciser rice 75 Butter, 1.06 pounds, 24 cents (118) ..................- Atti Roasters 14s Sait cece 131 Millkevi 31 poundsxs'cemts) (l24)s cc asesccteccncccccee 1 1 | 1 1 18 Milk, condensed, 3 pounds, 21 cents (125)............ ti 4 4 24 | 152 Motalranimall LOO). s/aste's'sosstoeiiss = see ee == se 5.6 | 29 | 40 25 | 595 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 0.50 pound, 3 cents (131); rice, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (130); bread, 5.82 pounds, 19 cents (134); crackers, faney, 5 ponte: 50 cents (155); rolls, coffee, 2.25 pounds, 8 cents (148); rolls, sweet, Srpoundsy 227cen ts: (144) eee hee chee eeeeee 3.5 21 17 150 59 Sugar, 8.76 pounds, 47 cents (169) Se oe nee eae UNG | Savane ele ne cers eee 133 545 Vegetables: Beans, dried, 1.75 pounds, 10 cents (175); | onions, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (195); peas, canned, 1 | pound, 8 cents (199); potatoes, 4.11 pounds, 5 cents (204); turnips, 1 pound, 3 cents (218) -...........-.. .9 8 | 1 29 160 Fruits: Raspberry jelly, 1 pound, 10 cents (231)...--. 58) ao codanasoloaacanceat 9 36 Lotaliveretable food) sa a22. sere = = sts wel esceee' 6.3 29 18 321 | 1,600 Mptal teed = 225 6.0 os Se oe se ceeeee 11.9 58 58 346 | 2,195 52 This study is remarkable for the small amounts of protein and energy which, according to the statistics, were consumed per man per day. The protein was about half and the energy two-thirds the normal amount for a man at moderate work. The cost, 12 cents per man per day, would have been very moderate had the diet been suflicient, but to bring the diet up to the standard by use of the same materials in the same proportions would require an expenditure of from 18 to 24 cents. The food purchases of this family, as a rule, were not marked by wise economy. The meats purchased were the higher priced cuts and the prices per pound were considerably in excess of those paid by some other families for similar cuts. Another evidence of the inju- dicious selection of food when the income was so limited was the pur- chase of fancy crackers at 10 cents a pound and sweet rolls at 7.3 cents a pound instead of bread which might have been purchased at 4 cents, or stale bread at 2 cents a pound. The selection of vegetables also was not such as would give the largest amount of nutriment for the expenditure. Dried beans furnished the most nutriment for the money expended. Had the family purchased less expensive cuts of meat, spent less for crackers, rolls, canned and green vegetables, and more for flour, rice, bread, dried beans, and potatoes, the quantities of protein and energy in the diet might have been increased without increasing the cost. If the same kinds of food as used had been increased in amount by about one-third to one-half, the family would doubtless have been better nourished and the cost would have been but 16 to 18 cents per man per day. All the family seemed poorly nourished and were rather sickly in appearance, hence anything which would increase the quan- tity of nutriment, even if it detracted to some extent from the variety of the diet, would have been advantageous. If, in addition to the changes already suggested, less had been expended for animal foods and more for cereals the diet would have been rendered still more nutritious although it might not have been quite as appetizing. Of course in cases like this it must be borne in mind that where the mother works out herself she has not the time and opportunity for the small domestic economies possible for a woman who remains at home. Meats, fancy breads and pastries, and a variety of vegetables are easily pre- pared in such a way as to be appetizing and palatable, while it requires some skill and thought to prepare the more common cereals so that they will be as attractive and appetizing. DIETARY STUDY OF A HUCKSTER’S FAMILY (NO. 197). The family here studied consisted of the father, a native of Scot- land, 50 years old; the mother, a native of Ireland, 35 years old, and six children, born in America—a girl 14, a boy 12, a boy 10, a girl 8, and a boy 2 years old, and an infant 3 months old. The weights of 53 the members of the family were 135, 140, 75, 65, 60, 50, 25, and 15 pounds, respectively. The father, a huckster, sold wild flowers and shrubs, making about $4.50 a week. Neither the mother nor the chil- dren were able to add anything to the family income. The family occupied two rooms, for which they paid $6.50 rent per month. The study began April 28, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. IN UE pe re ges A SR Be tet 25S FA a SSE Me Re rE PO PS oe 30 Woman (30 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to............-- 24 Girl, 14 years old (30 meals x 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to. ._-- 21 Two boys, 12 and 10 years old (60 meals & 0.6 meal of man), equiv- IIS eit aa BNE Saleh IR ee ieee eas A ac Dem ee RR ef ni i 36 Girl, 8 years old (30 meals & 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to...--- 15 Boy, 2 years old (30 meals & 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to... -- 12 iintanteeqiivalentstos a ser eee ee eee ee et = 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to........--....--- 147 Equivalent to one man forty-nine days. TABLE 32.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 197. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. | | la = | “ 7, Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. | Fat. cates rales PRSER ENE AKON M | Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Liver, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (19); drippings, 0.25 pound, 1 cent (13); corned beef, 2 pounds, 25 cents (3). Veal: Head-cheese, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (67). Mutton: Chops, 2.75 pounds, 86 cents (Hn) ecopehncSsccore eRe Don COCOS OE On Gon Ream oremEara: ie) 13 | QOME Setcmseer 240 Pork: Bacon, 4 pounds, 48 cents (59); lard, 1 pound, GICEmts) (69) Rese ee aeieise = pe omeines -e clese ee ee ecine ae at 3 Sate asses ose 310 Fish: Cod, fresh, 4 pounds, 24 cents (87); halibut, 3.06 pounds, 18 cents (93); chowder, clam, 6 | | pounds, 20 cents (86); mussels, pickled, 3 pounds, 0 NSICeMtS| (MOO) esses se eee cee esac se meso ceeets 1.6 12 2 ) 88 Beese4.84 pounds 50’ cents: (14) 2. .4--2-22<5-e00—s- 1.0 6 5 | cae a one 71 BUTE pounds? Oo Cenlish(IS)isacqece o octce se ocean eels Gblkcoee sees | Bois Seen ecs | 75 Cheese, 0.50 pound, 6 cents (120) ..:...............--. 1 | DR eee | 23 Mikal 22 50 POUMGS33/COMtSi AA) crcctecs atcc ove c,clvieeisici= th 4 | 4 | 6 78 Motalkamima | sOOd means sae seenic tents sacs coe coe | 6.8 39 73 | 11 | 885 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Corn meal, 1.50 pounds, 3 cents, (151); oat- meal, 2 pounds, 11 cents (128); rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (130); bread, 28.46 pounds, $1.02 (134); flour, prepared, 3 pounds, 12 cents (183); crullers, 7 pounds, 22 cents (157); macaroni, 1 pound, 8 cents (158) eee soem aes cote een sec wok aise aoe een emo es 3. 38 19 231 1,279 Supganio:3/ pounds,.27 cents! (169)! 225.22 cece cece se 43) IGG Ace esos seer ee 50 205 Vegetables: Greens, 4.13 pounds, 15 cents (190); let- tuce, 1 pound, 10 cents (194); onions, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (195); peas, split, 1.50 pounds, 9 cents (200); potatoes, 12.76 pounds, 17 cents (204); potatoes, 1 pound, 1 cent (205); seullions, 1 pound, 10 cents : (213); tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 7 cents (216) ..-. 1.5 ul 1 36 | 186 Motaleveretabletood! saec secce senes osc ecee ener 5.4 45 20 317 | 1, 670 MOtAlitOOGe Netee = hcc asses eeese co ae ee see eee ne 12.2 a4 3 328 2, 555 54 This family might be classed among the very poor, the income being but 75 cents a day. The quantity of nutrients per man per day in the food which they consumed was scarcely what would be required, accord- ing to the usual standard, by a man at light work, and probably was not sufficient for the needs of the family, for although they appeared to be in good health they were not robust. Had the diet been increased about one-third it would doubtless have more nearly suited the require- ments of the people nourished; the cost would then have been a trifle over 18 cents per man per day. The corned beef used was expensive for a family in such circumstances. Equally nutritious meat of similar character could have been purchased at half the price, as was evident from purchases made by other families studied who lived in the same region. ‘The mutton was also perhaps more expensive than the family could afford. The 35 cents spent for clam chowder and pickled mus- sels would have furnished much more nutriment had it been expended for some of the cheaper cuts of beef. It is also doubtful if the use of so many eggs (34 dozen at 16 cents a dozen) was warranted, although they furnished as cheap a source of nutriment as some of the meats used. A considerable variety of cereal products was used, the most expensive being the crullers at 7 cents a pound. The variety of green vegetables was, in this study as in the majority of those here reported, larger than the resources of the family would seem to warrant. Much the same suggestions for improvement as in the previous study could be made. DIETARY STUDY OF A LONGSHOREMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 198). The Polish longshoreman’s family here studied consisted of the father, 36 years old; the mother, 28 years old; and three children—a girl of 9, a boy of 5 years, and an infant 4 months old. The weights of the members of the family were 215, 165, 75, and 50 pounds, respectively, the weight of the infant not being stated. The father earned $9 a week, and they paid $10 per month rent for three rooms, two of which were light. Provisions were bought in small quantities for cash. The family appeared well nourished. The study began May 8, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals, Man oc2 e222 cecal 2 oe See Bees ices ci en She ee 30 Woman (30 meals * 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.....--.....-- 24 Girl, 9 years old (30 meals 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to. ----- 15 Boy, 5 years old (30 meals « 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to..---- 12 Iniant, equivalent t0os23-.c 2 Sn. ee a eee 9 Total numiber’or mealsrequivalent tosess2- see eee eee 90 Equivalent to one man thirty days. 55 TABLE 33.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 198. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. — — —————- ; - A Re ) p: < , Carbohy- Fuel Cost. | Protein. | Fat. avaten! vanes | ANIMAL FOOD. Cents. Grams. | Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, sirloin, 4.50 pounds, 54 cents (33); chuck, 4.8 pounds, 47 cents (27); round, 2 pounds, 30 cents (29); soup piece, 2 pounds, 16 cents (23); corned, 3.50 pounds, 35 cents (3). Veal: Loin, 5 pounds, COGS) GY) teeters eaten tae See oe IE ee 7.5 53 dds eee ene 626 Pork: Chops, 3.13 pounds, 33 cents (61); trimmings, 12 pounds, $1.20 (82); bacon, 1 pound, 12 cents, | (59); ham, smoked, 4.26 pounds, 48 cents (66)...... yiail 26 160}, Potente 1,594 Fish: White, 1.50 pounds, 18 cents (118).............. 6 2 1 ae 17 BessioA pounds 2b cents (I17,)egss-s- 2s oses-ceseee 8 6 By leaaseeys. oe 71 Buiters4spounds,.80' cents (118)... So ..s.- see nese cee EEA 1 Sy al ae Bees 487 Cheeses pounds;,24 cents (120) 222-2... sceeenesoesee Steril 8 | 10 | 1 130 Cream) 0.44spound) 4) cents) (1238)... 2.22... 22sec on ne Basoapéoce 5 Peaeeeree a Milk, 50.92 pounds, $1.03 (124)....... ee ee eens 3.4 | 26 ST | 39 555 Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125)............-. 2 1 | 1 8 46 Roralvamim al LOOM = seee ose eee ee sees meee 23.3) | 123 305 | 48 | 3, 5385 VEGETABLE FOOD, Cereals: Barley, 2 pounds, 10 cents (126); flour, 3.50 pounds, 10 cents (131); rice, 1 pound, 6 cents (130); bread, 42.32 pounds, $1.78 (184); cake, 8.50 pounds, | | 95 cents (142) ...........----- 10.0 | Hh | 21 | 496 2, 545 Sugars, starches, ete.: Sugar, 12.87 pounds, 59 cents | | (169); olive oil, 0.44 pound, 4 cents (173)....--.-..-- ord ell Bee, tees 6 | 195 856 Vegetables: Cabbage, 7 pounds, 22 cents (180); horse- | | radish, 0.50 pound, 7 cents (191); onions, 3.50 | pounds, 15 cents (195); potatoes, 24.71 pounds, 37 COMES (204) meat ae Sapte e ee cya oe ee tae Soar See 2h 10 P| 79 374 Fruits: Prunes, 4 pounds, 50 cents (237); raisins, 2 pounds, 20 cents (238); jelly, 0.50 pound, 3 cents (SI) Re Sacre sti cltres cet cicclticiie se seiensisescssceeee 2.4 | 2 | iy) 70 305 MotMiver eta ble tOOd saeessemeaes ceeaaenicces scene | Iie 89 29 | 840 4, 080 POCA LOOG Sonuss anccmecwoecise Sapte amee cis Spoeal| chu 212 334 888 7,615 The results of this dietary study are among the most interesting of those here reported. The protein in the ration was nearly double and the energy more than double that of the commoniy accepted dietary standard for men at moderate muscular work. It must be borne in mind, however, that the man and the woman were large per- sons and that the man was engaged at quite active work. Food was purchased not only in large quantity, but also in considerable variety, so that the cost per man per day was unusually high. If it had been desired, the cost could have been reduced in the same way as has been indicated in the discussion of previous studies. The family consumed a large amount of pork trimmings during the study, an average of 1.2 pounds a day, and an unusually large quantity of bread, averaging 44 pounds a day. One-third the protein and one-third the energy of the diet were obtained from these two articles, at a cost of about one- fourth of the total. Even making allowance for the activity and size of the members of the family, it would seem that the diet was larger than was called for, and that a material reduction might have been made. It is difficult to understand how this food consumption, costing $8.50 per week, could have been maintained for any length of 56 time on the income of the father, which was but $9 a week. It has been observed that among the families studied, and especially those of foreign birth, thsre was at times during dietary studies a tendency to change somewhat the ordinary mode of living. This change is some- times one of increased and sometimes one of decreased food consump- tion. In the present case it seems hardly probable that the study represents the average normal food consumption of this family. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARPENTER’S FAMILY (NO. 199). This study was made in a German family comprising the father, 48 years old, weighing 160 pounds; the mother, 48 years old, weighing 150 pounds; their daughter, 10 years old, weighing 75 pounds, and a boy boarder, 5 years old, weighing 40 pounds. All were in good health. The father, a carpenter, had steady work, but at rather low wages, earning $9 per week. The mother earned $1.50 per week washing. The young boy who lived in the family brought in $1.25 a week for board. During half of the study he was away visiting his father. The family occupied three rooms, paying $11 a month rent. Provisions were bought daily for cash at the small markets. The food was prepared in the manner to which they were accustomed in Germany. The study began May 11, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Midis & S22 cease terete ce cerae SS Se ne ete eee ne ee 21 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to --....---.--- 24 Girl, 10 years old (30 meals & 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to.... 18 Boy, 5 years old (12 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to... .-- 5 Total number of meals taken equivalent to...-......--.---- 68 Equivalent to one man twenty-three days. TaBLe 34.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 199. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. = ~ = | 0 a Carbohy-| Fuel ‘ost. | Protein. b Sl Cost. | Prote Fat drates. | value. ANIMAL FOOD. | | | Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Chopped, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (29); shank pieces, 5.13 pounds, 25 cents (23); bologna, 1 pound, 10 cents (1); tripe, 2 pounds, 12 cents (38); Liver, de oO POUDOS 12; Cenits (9) eee ae sean oer 2.9 | 25 12 1 220 Pork: Shoulder, 3.50 pounds, 35 cents (77); salt, 1.14 pounds, 8 cents (73); shoulder, smoked, 1.50 pounds, 15 cents (79); lard, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (69)......... 3.0 | 14 2st | eecreletalatetsicts 550 Fish: Flounders, 3 pounds, 15 cents (92).........-...- 6 2 BRO nee seeacenose 10 Bees; 3:19 pounds, 27centsi(@ils) ps seeecee eee een one. 1.1 7 UPA aBoneccd 85 Butter:.0:2b pounds) centsi(118)sae sense oe ceeee a nomecee sO llestateewes AN Sooke cane 35 Cheese li pounds 10! cents (120) eaetee es coeeeeee eae ateee 4 5 TAN ee ce ertotels 85 Milk, 10.32 pounds, 25 cents (124) -...2.2-2i22222 22a! 1.0 7 8 10 135 Milk, condensed, 1.75 pounds, 14 cents (125).......... 6 3 | 3 19 120 Totalianinval food 22-42 o4s2 cee eee ee ee ee 9.9 64 | 92 30 | 1, 240 57 Tasie 34.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 199—Continued. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. Carbohy-| Fuel Sq eas ?. Cost. | Protien.| Fat. | drates. vallie! VEGETABLE FOOD, | . Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Cereals: Oatmeal, 2 pounds, 10 cents (129); rice, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (180); flour, 2.86 pounds, 15 cents (131); bread, 5.94 pounds, 17 cents (134); cake, coffee, 2 pounds, 10 cents (143); cracker dust, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (154); rolls, wheat, 1.37 pounds, 8 cents (164); pie, apple, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (160); piecustard pound 10 centsi(6l)).. <<... cae =. ene 3.6 32 12 196 1,045 Sugar 169) pounds; 10:cents (1169)2.-.- 352-2522 -e--n- eda terre nicl ajo ctelecvears | 33 135 Vegetables: Cucumbers, 1 pound, 9 cents (187); greens, 0.50 pound, 2 cents (188); onions, 1 pound, 5 cents (195); potatoes, 17.50 pounds, 19 cents (204); tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 8 cents (216); turnips, | HLOMPOUUGS weAnCOIbS (219) nee mccecaeciceeccss ce cece 230 OR Reser eae 70 325 Total vegetable food................- Be east 6.0 41 | 12 299 | 1, 505 |e xe MO paletOod eran nease Sere sts sece eee ae eee eas 15.9 105 104 329 | 2,745 The quantity of protein in the food consumed per man per day by this family was not far from the average found in the studies of farm- ers and mechanics in comfortable circumstances in different parts of the country. The amount of energy, however, was small. If the diet had been increased to some extent by the use of more oatmeal, rice, flour, and bread, and if some of the money expended for green vegeta- bles and canned tomatoes had been used to buy more cereal foods, the diet could have been increased easily as regards both protein and energy with but little, if any, increase in the cost per man per day. DIETARY STUDY OF A PAINTER’S FAMILY (NO. 200). This family consisted of the father, 23 years old; the mother, 20 years old; an infant, 5 months old, and 2 male relatives (boarders), one 28 and the other 23 years of age. The weights of the adult members of the family were 135, 89, 135, and 140 pounds, respectively. The father earned $7 a week painting chairs in a factory. The two board- ers together paid $6 a week for board; one of them was idle during the time of the study. The family is representative of a class known locally as ** furnished roomers.” They paid $2.25 per week for a sin- gle room 12 by 6 feet, with a bed, stove, table, and two chairs. There ras no waste, all crumbs even being used up. Employment was unsteady, and the family were always in debt. The study began May 22, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. hreennen eee eee ae Senos Bite SRIGaS ROM Sno eRe Eee Se 89 Woman (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to......-....-..- 24 Imiant equivalenititosos-nmees cee se miee eee eer eee see aedee 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to..............--- 122 Equivalent to one man forty-one days. 58 TABLE 35.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 200. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. | | Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. inten eee ANIMAL FOOD. Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, chuck, 2 pounds, 20 cents (27); frank- furters, 2 pounds, 20 cents (14); meat, 1.50 pounds, | 16 cents (20); steak, round, 2 pounds, 23 cents (29); skirting, 3 pounds, 15 cents (36); stew piece, 0.75 pound, 6 cents (24). Mutton, 0.75 pound, 6 CONTE (44 cee cic eee eee nian nee rsialate ae oiataia ini 2.6 22 DAT. codecs 285 Pork: Chops, 5 pounds, 47 cents (61) .....------------ ital 7 1S ices sowteee 150 Eggs, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (117) ........--.------------ ail 1 1 eS sec 13 Butter, 2.75 pounds, 62 cents (118).......-.----------- SOY | Bnoae poacc 265 | ctiecees 241 Milk) 1 pound, 2’cents|(124) = Soe see- nee eee Bt ll eecasnae ecmonedeae 1 4 Milk, condensed, 2.50 pounds, 17 cents (125)....... Sal 4 3 2 15 92 Motalvanim all fo0d 2 ss saenceeseer = seer seer : 5.8 33 63 16 785 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 20.50 pounds, 80 cents (1384); bread, rye, 2 pounds, 10 cents (136); cake, coffee, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (143); rolls, plain, 1.75 pounds, 10 cents (164); rolls, sweet, 1 pound, 5 cents (144)...-. 2.6 26 5 152 776 Sugar, 4.75 pounds, 28 cents (169).......-----. SJasctine ait Vegetables: Corn, canned, 3 pounds, 20 cents (185); onions, 0.87 pound, 3 cents (195); potatoes, 28 | pounds, 28 cents (204); radishes, 1.61 pounds, 11 | cents (208); tomatoes, canned, 1 pound, 8 cents | (216) coos A, cece he coc ae amen ee ee Re Ba 8 | 1 65 310 Total vegetable food ...........--.2sseeeeeee0e+ 5.0 | 34 | 6 269 1, 300 Métal To0d «fe eset ee eee ee ees 10.8 67 69 285 2, 085 The quantities of protein and energy consumed per man per day by this family were but little more than half the amount ordinarily con- sidered necessary for men at moderate work, and undoubtedly more food than this would be required to maintain the family in good phys- ical condition. A certain grade of work might of course be done upon a small amount of protein and energy; but it has been observed that within certain limits the character of the work improves as the diet becomes more liberal. The family was very poor, always in debt, and the utmost economy in expenditure of all kinds was necessary. But while the cost of the food per man per day was small, the expenditures were not in all cases the wisest, for a more nutritious diet could have been purchased for the same amount of money. The relative economy of the materials purchased during this study is illustrated by the figures in the follow- ing table, showing the quantities of nutrients and energy in 10 cents’ worth of each at the prices paid per pound. 59 TaBLE 36.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 200. | In 1 pound. Amount bought for 10 cents. | Total a learns = = —— amount rs = . rice per) | | ex- Kind of food material. pound. | protej Fuel Total | protein, | Fuel pended (eeeOLel scale: food. | *7O%M-) value. | during | | study. Beef: Cents. Pound. | Calories. | Pounds. | Pound. | Calories. Cents. Chuckisteakesceccee-s--c-- 10.0 0. 166 735 1.00 0.17 725 | 20 MraAMkfUnters secscccs ace | 10.0 . 196 1,170 1.00 . 20 | 1, 165 20 IROUNGIStea eres nese: 11.5 | . 190 895 ete elie 775 | 23 Skirting weesascce. cee scones 5.0 | . 161 1,040 2.00 By) | 2,075 | 15 SL WaDIECESeecsic oes ees 8.0 | . 096 405 1,25 | el 2a 505 6 Mutton, stew piece...........-. 8.0 . 135 1, 445 1.25_| alle 1, 805 6 OTK ICHOPS: ce as tneccceneesiek..s 9.4 . 134 1, 270 1.06 .14 1, 350 | 47 IS{DUTTS 0 toe GRM aR OEE Ame Eeeoere 22.5 | . 010 3, 605 Paar ee oee Soca. | 1, 600 62 Millkaecondensed’.-..22-.2--2-- 6.8 | . 088 1,520 1. 47 | 13 2,235 | 17 Brea | Wiheaitaet sco. oaence ooewcee 3.9 . 092 1215 2.56 3237) 3, 110 80 UV Curate tate Ss.qeinrcminisje cis cisles 5.0 | . 090 1, 180 2.00 | .18 | 2,365 10 ROU Stars e. ons aeinccen. 5.7 | 097 1,470 1. 76 | lis 2,575 10 IROMS*sSweebicsss...ss oneness 5.0 | O81 1, 450 2.00 | 16 2,905 | 5 SU pe so cinisiaieteiaiclere alata ors steueies By Ou lteeee mes 1, 860 WaiO} |eesece es. 3, 155 28 Comycannedsa.. seseccneccee- 6.7 . 028 | 455 1.50 | 04 680 20 IROUHLOESe oes a ascies clectec.cnie cee 1.0 | . 022 | 385 10.00 | 22 3, 875 28 . Greenvegetables: Onions, rad- f ISHeS hee ee cease ae ae Me ONG Se scckee soc cee see's 1.43 02 210 4 Tomatoes, canned..........--- 8.0 | 012 | 105 125 01 130 8 The most expensive materials purchased in any quantity were the butter, beefsteak, canned corn, and radishes. The variety and amount of animal food and of green vegetables might have been reduced and the money thus saved used to purchase dried legumes, oatmeal, rice, flour, and bread. Apparently this would not have materially reduced the palatability of the diet, yet the quantity of nutrients would have been increased without increasing the cost. Had the family spent their money for food as wisely as those described in dietary studies Nos. 178 and 185, they would not have been so poorly nourished. The use of stale bread instead of rolls, and of oatmeal and dried beans instead of canned corn, would have resulted in a considerable increase of nutriment, but not of cost. DIETARY STUDY OF AN EXPRESSMAN’S FAMILY (NO. 201). This study was made ina family comprising the father, 30 years old, weighing 135 pounds; the mother, 25 years old, weighing 130 pounds; a girl, 11 years old, weighing 75 pounds; a girl, 9 years old, weighing 60 pounds; a boy, 7 years old, weighing 55 pounds; a girl, 5 years old, weighing 38 pounds, and a boy 3 years and an infant 10 months old, whose weights were not stated. The father, an expressman, who owned his horse and wagon, earned on an average $10 a week, although his income was variable. The mother apparently understood nothing about the purchasing and preparation of food; the home was poorly managed, and the table unattractive. Each member of the family had a small insurance, which required about $1 a month to maintain. They occupied three rooms, for which they paid $12 per month rent. 60 The study began May 22, 1897, and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Mane 2: oe $k Sorel ce Ce ee ee es ee ines seen ae eee 30 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to.-.-----.----- 24 Girl, 11 years old (30 meals x 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to .... 18 Girl 9 and boy 7 years old (60 meals x 0.5 meal of man), equiva- Vent tO.2022% ce oe eR ree 62 Sars ae ee ee ee eee 30 Girl 5 and boy 3 years old (60 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equiva- lentitol ess ss ead a eae ee Je ee aes omer seine eee 24 Imfant. J O;months"old\ equivalent tos seseeees eee see ee Se eee 9 Total number of meals taken equivalent to--_..--..-------- 135 Equivalent to one man forty-five days. TasLe:37.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 201. | Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. == ee : aa ee ental _ Carbohy-| Fuel | Cost. | Protein. Fat. learates: Wales ANIMAL FOOD. | | | Cents. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, chuck, 11 pounds, $1.11 (27); round, | chopped, 7.99 pounds, 84 cents (29); shin, 2 pounds, | 12 cents (23); corned, 6 pounds, 35 cents (8) ...-.-.-- 5.4 45 Sialteoeeseree 529 Pork: Loin, fresh, 4.50 pounds, 41 cents (68); bacon, mound, lOicents (69) s2455-ee- eee ake ek mee sae ileal 7 13 Ul oo aaseee 196 Hees" 2:43) pounds, 30'cents (114) ess sen. cee see scent = ail 3 | Ohl cat ecce cee 40 BUtCer SOO WNGS, (Ob COLTS WULS)) ts ac ce speiete seit ieiaiaie iene 1.5 0 26 s Wisi ore anters 242 Mall)3:76\pounds: 1 Gents (124) 222-2 o-oo nc ncte es 5 it) 1 | 2 22 Milk, condensed, 6 pounds, 42 cents (125).........--- Ao, 6 | 5 33 206 Motalveminiclet oodles eee seee see ee [p@torg 62 90 35 | 1, 235 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 20.40 pounds, $1 (184); buns, 1.25 pounds, 5 cents (140); cakes, 2 pounds, 20 cents (149); cakes, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cakes, sweet, 2.50 pounds, 20 cents (142); crackers, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (152); crullers, 7.75 pounds, 65 cents (157); rolls, water, 4.75 pounds, 25 cents (166); pie, apple, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (160) ...............- 5.6 33 Pf 222 1, 297 Sugar, 10.63 pounds, 53 cents (169) --.....--------...- TEP le ssceaoeas Beapesenme 107 | 439 Vegetables: Cabbage, 3 pounds, 5 cents (189); onions, 1.50 pounds, 8cents (195); potatoes, 7.62 pounds, 10 | eents (204); rhubarb, 3 pounds, 5 cents (210); soup greens 1 pound? 2 cents (188)i--e- os. eee ai 3 1 19 | 100 Fruits: Apples, 1 pound, 10 cents (221); strawberries, 2 POUT LOCENtS) (259) iaeerine eee ace eee einer | 4 07 0 2 | 9 Total vegetable fo0d': 2228.25.52 se oae senna ho Pe) 36 28 350) 1,845 Totalsood ss: ockseassaeecceenee Seo ocneaamectee IW EYE 98 | 118 385 | 3, 080 As regards the amounts of nutrients eaten little need be said con- cerning the results of this study. The quantity of protein and energy was not greatly below that found in the diet of working people in different parts of the United States and the cost was not large. By more judicious use of some materials at the prices paid and the sub- stitution of more economical materials for some of those used the quantity of nutrients might have been sufficiently increased to meet all demands of the body without increasing the cost. Care and skill in the preparation of the food could have made this diet much more attractive. 61 DIETARY STUDY OF A WAITER’S FAMILY (NO. 204). This family comprised only the husband, 40 years old, and his wife, 35 years old, weighing 175 and 125 pounds, respectively. The hus- band was a waiter in a restaurant, and earned $7 a week and board. He was at home for but three meals during the time of the study. The couple occupied one furnished room, for which they paid $2.25 per week rent. Provisions were bought daily at the small markets. In the opinion of those making the study the couple belonged to the lowest type found in the city among those who claim to have a home. The study began June 22, 1897, and continued ten days. ‘The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. NA ingens oe eee rc ae. oo ee eS wre See ao tee eee ee ss OSS 3 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to .......-...-. 24 Total number of meals taken equivalent to...-..........-.- 2 Equivalent to one man nine days. 1 TABLE 38.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 204. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. ae se ar me Carbohy-| Fuel | Cost. | Protein. Fat. rn tess yale: ANIMAL FOOD. | | | Cents. | Grams. Grams. Grams. | Calories. Beef: Beef, 0.75 pound, 8 cents (20); steak, sirloin, | | 0.50 pound, 6 cents (33). Mutton, 0.75 pound, 7 | | COMTSH(ASD) eo aek occ ec oom retrace bm ierinc tere 2.3 | 15 203) eos 247 Pork: Chops, 2.37 pounds, 30 cents (61); spareribs, 3 pounds, 18 cents (61); bacon, 0.50 pound, 6 cents | (59) eee eT) ie ee a A IO ee ee Be 6.0 | 38 | Sy Mees aaa ee 909 Hess 02ipounds; 10icents) (115) ini. sae ec oe nace. Noa 3 | Deleon eee 79 Butter, 0:43 pound;9-cents:Gi8) 22.2. .---...5.. 252-0. 1.0 0 On Rene consec 177 MA ermpOUN AS el GiCENtS (T24) ison de cecicicisie cecil clei } 1.8 12 14 | 18 | 253 Motallanim alitoo dieses tes em ese ee eee eric 73 139 18 1, 665 VEGETABLE FOOD. | | Cereals: Flour, 1 pound, 5cents (131); bread, 1 pound, | | 5 cents (134); bread, dry,0.25 pound, 1 cent (134); | | bread, rye, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (187); biscuit, 0.25 | POMC FCEMCS | (89) ve see eens ia See oven re mteisiale esis 2.0 | 20 3 | 115 581 Sugars?) pounds 0)cents!(169)- sete 2-228. eee il Oh eee Ja ernaeeere fe 101 414 Vegetables: Potatoes, 14.44 pounds, 31 cents (204); | | | tomatoes, canned, 2 pounds, 10 cents (216)........--) 4.6 | 17 | 1 | 138 645 Motal’veretablefoodis2-<2. eseee eee ce nieace ces | ods 37 4 | 354 | 1,640 Beverages: Beer, 13.50 pounds, 45 cents (243)...---..- 5.0 | 3 ea eae | 78 | 335 Rotel fod ese este eee. ek ne ee 24.9 | 113 | 143 | 450 | 3,640 | | The quantities of protein and energy in this study approached quite nearly to the standard for persons at moderate work. The cost, ~ however, 25 cents per man per day, might easily have been reduced by more careful selection of food, if such reduction had been desired. It should be mentioned, however, that the cost includes one item which doubtless should be included in many of the other studies, but for vari- ous reasons could not be ascertained, namely, the amount paid for beer. The family used, on an average, about a quart a day. 62 DIETARY STUDY OF A LANDLORD’S FAMILY (NO. 205). This family consisted of a man 55 years old, weighing 200 pounds, and his wife 50 years old, weighing 175 pounds. The couple lived very simply, occupying two rooms. They rented twenty-five rooms for which they paid $80 per month, and sublet: the rooms for about $2 or $3 each per week. Their income was probably not far from $200 per month. They did all the work in the house themselves and were very thrifty, owning several pieces of property outside of the city. Provisions were bought for cash partly in quantity and partly by the day. The study began June 1, 1897,and continued ten days. The number of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Mans 255.554 eet Soe cca acta rare ree oye et See ae 30 Woman (30 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to--...........- 24 Visitor 5255: ooo ne See eee ee ee eee eee eee 2 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.........-..----- 56 Equivalent to one man nineteen days. TABLE 39.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 205. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. | = a z; 1 7. | Cost. Protein. Fat. Mpeetets fuel } —_ = —— |- ANIMAL FOOD. | Cents. | Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, 0.75 pound, 10 cents (38); round, 6 | pounds, 87 cents (29); sirloin, 1 pound, 16 cents (33). 5.9 | 34 20) | Soo Sem cees 372 Pork: Ham. smoked, 4 pounds, 48 cents (66); head- | cheese; i pound; 10\cents'(67) co seessee sees ocean Se 18 40 ma eee 446 Eggs, 3.94 pounds, 88 cents (115) ....--.-.......---..- -| 2.0 14 CS Peseeeesce 150 Butter, 1.75 pounds, 36 cents (118) ....-............... | 159 1 Gil osnadaase 329 Cheese; 1 pound) 10:\cents!|(120) tis. - ~~ ee cee aes | 5 | 6 8 1 103 Cheese, cottage, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (122) ........-.-- AR: 7 10 0 . 121 Milk, 19.69 pounds, 30 cents (124) ...................-. 1.6 | 16 19 24 341 Milk, condensed, 1.50 pounds, 11 cents (125) .........- .6 | 3 | 3 19 118 Totalanimal 100d ea. see cee eee ek See ee eee 15.9 99 150 44 1, 980 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Flour, 2 pounds, 10 cents (131); flour, pre- | pared, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (133); bread, 8.13 pounds, 42 cents (134); bread, rye, 1.50 pounds, 5 cents (136); cake, 0.88 pound, 10 cents (149); rolls, water,,0 25 pound, 1 cent (166); rolls, Vienna, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (165); pie, lemon, 0.50 pound, 10 | cents) (162).2 125. 2 och. ee eae SS ee eee 4.6 34 7 215 1, 086 Sugars, starches, ete.: Cornstarch, 0.56 pound, 5 cents (172); sugar, 6.25 pounds, 27 cents (169) ............ Ve T Ve ccic-wewjois| face aeeess 161 660 Vegetables: Cabbage, 1 pound, 3 cents (180); eucum- bers, 0.50 pound, 2 cents (187); onions, 2.50 pounds, 9 cents (195); potatoes, 10.10 pounds, 29 cents (204); radishes, 0.50 pound, 1 cent (209); tomatoes, 1 pound, 5 cents (215); tomatoes, canned, 4 pounds, | 13 cents (216); pickles, cucumber, 0.25 pound, 1 cent | (202) ace ee re er eee oe ee ene 3.3 8 | 1 57 276 Fruits: Lemons, 0.25 pound, 2 cents (233); strawber- TICS, 19 pPOUNGS 9 Gents) (239) eos saeee eee eneeneee ee 6 0 0 2 8 Notalsyveretabl esoods.ss-- sees en eee eee ee seas eeelOE2 42 | 8 435 2,030 | Totalio0d 082. eee ieee ee eae 26.1 141 | 158 479 | 4,010 63 The daily food consumption per man per day in this study was con- siderably in excess of the ordinary standard for a man at moderate muscular work. The weights of both man and woman were, however, above the average, and it is very likely that they required more than the average quantities of nutrients, judging by what has been found with other families in good health who performed similar amounts of work. It seems probable that the dietary could have been reduced about one- eighth and still have been sufficient for the needs of the consumers. Such suggestions for changes are based on theoretical considerations. The fact is recognized that individuals vary considerably in’ their requirements. However, the changes suggested in this and other studies seem warranted on the basis of average results. It is interest- ing to note that, in spite of the fact that the couple were quite well-to- do, the amount paid for food, 26 cents per man per day, was not excessive. DIETARY STUDY OF A CARETAKER’S FAMILY (NO. 206). This family consisted of the mother, born in Ireland, and three children born in America; the mother was 36 years old, and weighed 139 pounds; one daughter 19 years old weighed 110 pounds, and the other, 17 years old, weigbed 100 pounds; the weight of the 4-year-old son was not reported. The mother earned $16 a month cleaning offices. The elder daughter earned $7 a week as telephone operator, and the younger daughter earned $3 a week as book folder. The family paid $9 per month for the rent of three rooms. During three days of the study they had a poor woman helping about the house, who took her meals with them. Provisions were bought by the day for cash at the small markets. The study began June 15, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Three women (63 meals 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to...--.---- 51 Girl, 17 years old (30 meals x 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to. -- --- Pall Boy, 4 years old (30 meals x 6.4 meal of man), equivalent to...---- 12 NF TRT EG Teepe cae ese ee ape cen ee catia Beg ee Oe bad SA yh, on Se 1 Total number of meals taken equivalent to.......-.--.------ 85 Equivalent to one man twenty-eight days. 64 TABLE 40.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 206. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. SS ip = ee ol P Carbohy-| Fuel Cost. | Protein. Fat. | drates. | value, ANIMAL FOOD. | Cents. | Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, round, 3.25 pounds, 48 cents (29); sir- | loin, 1 pound, 15 cents (33); cottolene, 0.75 pound, Sicents;\ (12) eee aec ee esas aoe coe cies aoe See 2.5 | 13 DAN ceecstenes 249 Pork: Sparerib, neck, 2.25 pounds, 8 cents (80); | f spareribs, 6.62 pounds, 47 cents (81); ham, boiled, | 0.50 pound, 10 cents (64); ham, smoked, 3 pounds, 35 cents (66); frankfurters, 0.25 pound, 4 cents (14) -- 3.7 | 34 62. ee eee 716 Fish: Cod, fresh, 0.75 pound, 7 cents (87) ......-..... 53 i ON Sas6 2 ee 4 Bees; O:spound® 10icenits Gus) ences saaese seen eee 4 | 2 27) eee 27 Butter? pounds 44 comtsi($)) se eeae see eee eee 1.6 0 28 | eat See 260 Milk, 22.78 pounds, 63 cents (124) ...-...2-.....-....- 2.3 | 12 15 18 263 Buttermilk, 2.50 pounds, 4 cents (119)...............- Alt 1 0 2 12 Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) ..........-.. af, 2 1 9 54 Totalanimal To0d 22326 22 ja5-- ase eee 11.1 65 129 29 1.585 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 14.75 pounds, 75 cents (134); cakes, coffee, 1 pound, 10 cents (143); cakes, sweet, 0.50 pound, 5 cents (149); crackers, soda, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (156); wheat, rolls, 4.50 pounds, 5 cents (167) .| 30D 31 6 192 | 971 Sugars, starches: Cocoa, 0.50 pound, 22 cents (171); | sugar, 8.50 pounds, 40 cents (169)..................- 224) 2 2 141 605 Vegetables: Cabbage, 6.25 pounds, 15 cents (180); cauliflower, 2.94 pounds, 10 cents (183); ecuecum- bers, 1 pound, 3 cents (186); onions, 2 pounds, 5 | cents (195); peas, green, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (201); | potatoes, 12.82 pounds, 38 cents (204)............... 2 8 if 50 247 Fruits: Apricots, fresh, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (224); cherries, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (227); gooseberries, 1.50 pounds, 8 cents (229); lemons, 0.75 pound, 5 cents (283); peaches, preserved, 1 pound. 10 cents (235); raspberries, jam, 1.50 pounds, 16 cents (240); straw- berries, 2 pounds, 20 cents (239); watermelons, 0.50 | Pound ysrcents) (24) aoe oeeecele es selnaeire seer ee 2.5 1 1 24 112 Total vesetabletood cose eeeee ease eee. 10.9 | 42 10 407 1, 985 Motal food s.ss- see Soe 2 Tcrainas See ee ee aeeeers 22.0 107 | 139 436 3, 520 The quantities of protein and energy per man per day in this study are about equal to those found on the average in the dietary of farm- ers, mechanics, and other working people in comfortable circumstances in various parts of the country. The cost, 22 cents per man per day, was not excessive for the kinds and amounts of food purchased. — If the family had so desired, the expense could have been reduced to some extent by a different selection of food materials. DIETARY STUDY OF A SAILOR’S FAMILY (NO. 209). This study was made in a family comprising the father, 50 years old; the mother, 39 years old; three boys, one 17, one 5, and one 3 years of age, and two girls, one 15 and the other 10 years of age. The weights of the members of the family were 150, 200, 100, 35, 25, 88, and 50 pounds, respectively. All were in good health. The father worked on a tug boat, earning $30 a month. The oldest son was a porter and paid $4.50 a week to his mother for board. The family . 65 occupied three rooms, for which they paid $11.50 per month rent. Provisions were purchased daily at the small markets for cash. The study began June 15, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. IIB m8 oS SOS GOGAT SO HEE Doe Ges Be BARS ee eee eee ere es 23 Woman (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to........-....- 24 Boy, 17 years old (30 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to...-- 24 Girl, 15 years old (30 meals & 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to..... 21 Girl, 10 years old (23 meals * 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to....-. 14 Boy, 5 years old (23 meals & 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.....- 9 Bay, 3 3 years old (30 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.....- 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to..-.-------.----.---- 127 Equivalent to one man forty-two days. TaBie 41.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 209. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per aay. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. = = = = | Cost. | Protein. | Fat. Carbohy- ee ANIMAL FOOD, | | Cents. | Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories. Beef: Steak, skirt, 3.50 pounds, 24 cents (32); shin, | } 2 pounds, 10 cents (23); shank, 4.50 pounds, 25 cents (24). Mutton, 9.75 pounds, $1 (52)...........| 3.8 32 | SOP Se oteey ors 522 Pork: Chops, 5 pounds, 50 cents (61); spareribs, 3 MOUMUSNoesCen ts: (GL) Aaeme ccs ee -cciissoee > esses Jat 2.0 12 Pale Roemmmacse 244 Mpegs Ol POUNGS,asiCeNts (ip) eseee- asec ecec eee 9 6 AN asc eeree 62 Butter, 1.50 pounds, 30 cents (118)....... Seer eee ores af 0 SiS rere tere cayatere | 130 @heese;/0:50)pound, 8 cents, (121) 2... 225... 2 cee. “2 1 Dp, eae” at 23 Milk, 16.34 pounds, 39 cents (124) ..........-........- a) 6 7 9 126 Milk, condensed, 1 pound, 7 cents (125) ............. 2 1 1 | 6 38 MowalwvanimalOOdsen eeesewe ne eee eee eee 8.7 58 91 15 1,145 VEGETABLE FOOD. Vereals: Barley, 0.44 pound, 2 cents (126); flour, 2.38 | | pounds, 7 cents (131); bread, 3.50 pounds, 22 cents | (134); bread, stale, 11.25 pounds, 28 cents (138); crullers, 5 pounds, 35 cents (157); cakes, 3 pounds, 25 cents (149); doughnuts, 1.50 pounds, 10 cents (157); rolls, water, 2 pounds, 10 cents (166); pie, | apples0:39spoundsio cents) (160)25- so 55-08: 122 3.4 29 21 | 179 | 1,049 Sugars, starches, etc.: Molasses, 3.50 pounds, 8 cents | (170); sugar, 3.25 pounds, 16 cents (169)..........-- .6 We ee eteetee ote 62 259 Vegetables: Beans, 2 pounds, 9 cents (176); corn, canned, 3 pounds, 12 cents (185); greens (soup), 2 pounds, 7 cents (188); onions, 1.25 pounds, 5 at (195); potatoes, 15.88 pounds, 22 cents (204); peas, green, 0.75 pound, 10 cents (201); tomatoes, | canned, 4 pounds, 12\cents (216).-....-...2--5-.---- 1.8 il a) 47 | 232 PomlbvexetapletOodesee= arene temas se eeeees te 5.8 on 22 288 1,540 PROG RLOO UM eee ee een eee ee er clea eiee 14,5 95 113 303 2,685 This family were apparently in good health and it may be that the food was sufficient. It is probable, however, that had there been a little more protein and considerable more energy the diet would have been more suited to their needs. With an increase of the same kinds of food materials the cost would necessarily have been greater, but had 27147—No. 116—02 66 the increased expenditure been for flour, bread, dried legumes, etc., the cost of the diet would not have been proportionately increased. Thus, if they had purchased 2 pounds more of beans and 224 pounds of stale bread in addition to the other foods used, the diet would have fur- nished 122 grams of protein and 3,575 calories of energy per man per day, at a cost of 16 cents. Had they omitted the canned tomatoes, corn, soup greens, and green peas the expense would have been reduced 1 cent per man per day, with a reduction of only 2 grams of protein and 64 calories of energy.. The cost of the diet was very moderate and in this, as in other cases, the family were justified in spending a sum reasonable in proportion to their income to render the diet attractive and palatable. DIETARY STUDY OF A HOUSEKEEPER’S FAMILY (NO. 210). This family consisted of the mother, 54 years of age; two adult sons, one 31 and the other 27 years old; two daughters, one 18 and the other 15 years old; and three grandchildren, a girl of 9, a boy of 6, and girl of 4 years. The mother, German born, acted as house- keeper or janitor for the building in which they lived, thus paying the rent of their flat, which was valued at $11.50 per month. The sons were both at work, the younger earning $12 a week. The older son paid $3.50 a week for his board. The older of the two daughters earned $5 a week in a flower store, and the younger $2.50 a week book folding. Food was purchased daily for cash. The family were not in the best of health; none of the members seemed strong. The study began June 20, 1897, and continued ten days. The num- ber of meals taken was as follows: Meals. Twomen:: Sod Gis tee eee oe eee eee 51 Two women (60 meals < 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to -....--.- 48 Girl, 15 years old (30 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to .... 21 Two children, girl 9 and boy 6 years old (51 meals & 0.5 meal of man) siequivalent to: -. $. sseos names eee eee eee teeares 26 Child, 4 years old (30 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.... 12 Total number of meals taken equivalent to........-..-..... 158 Equivalent to one man fifty-three days. 67 TABLE 42.— Weights and cost of food and nutrients in dietary study No. 210. Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of food for ten days. == = = ene = 7 |Carbohy- Fuel Cost. Protein. ee s te Fat drates. value. ANIMAL FOOD. | 7 —_ 2 Cents. Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories, Beef: Steak, chuck, 5.50 pounds, 51 cents (27); bolo- | | ‘gna, 1 pound, 5 cents (1). Mutton, 5.50 pounds, | | GHEGEINIST (OZ) Cos seca ore amie Mae ores eee | 233 17 20 ieae sees ae 256 Pork: Head-cheese, 1 pound, 10 cents (67); loin, 7 pounds, 70 cents (61); bacon, 1 pound, 10 cents (59) ; | ham, boiled, 0.50 pound, 10 cents (64) ............- 1.9 12 DEN ea acter | 273 Fish: Clam chowder, 2 pounds, 10 cents (86); salm- on, 1 pound, 10 cents (104); weak (fresh), 6 pounds, 30 cents (112a); sturgeon, 0.50 pound, 10 cemtsi(112) .2.--. Baste sts sic iwisi=: «502 > Po eaee hee ease eek ileal a 2 1 52 Buber aoe OUNAS.421Gemtsi (HS) os sis ce caine coe sacle seen aeeincise siecle | TOES Suse eeeas 121 Wilkes 25:72 pounds; ‘60 cents((124)). 22222 5.55-205s25- 1.9 7 9 11 158 Motegi pel OOME se ee ane sate esee ce mee eee 7.2 43 68 12 860 VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Bread, 15.25 pounds, 63 cents (134): bread, | rye, 3.50 pounds, 15 cents (136); cake, 3 pounds, 30 | cents (149); doughnuts, 1 pound, 5 cents (157); | | TOs’ 50 pounds; 10icemtsi G66) -225_-255-2- ceeee sce O13 18 | 6 113 592 Suran4spounds..2l cents (169)ise.0..- tae tones lce. Ae. ee tbe |e ee 34 129 Vegetables: Beans, 1 pound, 4 cents (176); greens, | | | soup, 0.50 pound, 1 cent (188); onions, 0.50 pound, | | 2 cents (195); potatoes, 13.60 pounds, 30 cents (204); | sauerkraut, 4.50 pounds, 20 cents (212); tomatoes, | canned 2’ pounds;'8cents) (216)... ju... a. cece -< 12 4 1 26 132 Fruits: Apple butter, 0.50 pound, 4 cents (223)....... sal () leoeeeccoce 3 12 Motalaveretable t00dseesece. 2 sess. 5 22sec 2 4.0 22 | Hall 176 875 otalerood sao eee meee RE ere as | pathent 11.2 65 | 75 188 1, 735 This family was certainly insufficiently nourished. Like the family in dietary study No. 158 and that in No. 200, the diet furnished only little over half the normal amounts of proteinand energy. — It is not surpris- ing, in view of this fact, that the family did not appear strong and robust. While there were no particular extravagances in the diet; the food materials could have been selected much more wisely. The sugges- tions which have been given in connection with some of the preceding studies apply equally well in this case. Under the conditions.it appears that choice must be made between variety of food and quantity of nutrients, as the sum available for food was not great enough to secure both. The mother had comparatively little time to devote to the prep- aration of the food and to marketing, which doubtless rendered it more difficult in this case to secure the greatest possible returns for the money expended. The relative economy of the different materials used is shown in the table following, giving the quantities of nutrients and energy in 10 cents’ worth of each at the prices paid per pound. 68 TaBLE 43.—Cost of food materials per pound, and amounts of protein and energy obtained for 10 cents in each, in dietary study No. 210. ; +. eee Oo tal = In 1 pound. Amounts bought for 10 cents. | amount cep es | - Kind of food material. oun ae f pended Seay ust eeETUL Total yc Fuel ine Protein. | value. food. | Protein-.| vatue. Guts Cents. | Pound. | Calories. Pounds. | Pound. | Calories. | Cents. Beef, chuck steak s.255. ss-2e- 9.3 0.166 | 735 1.08 0.18 790 | 51 Mitton Se secme ce crc arte sarees 11.8 | moze 1, 560 . 85 .14 1,315 | 69 Pork: Head-cheese..../.2....525: 10.0 | .195 | 1, 790: | 1.00 . 20 1, 790 | 10 TOU. |*Sailnigger's family2o-s05.ceenss eee eee eee 15 127 | 98 446 3, 260 194 | Washerwoman’s family................-.. 15 95 | 90 397 2, 855 209)|"Sailors familyes:s shccecies nc cnsceeeceeeee es 15 95 113 303 2, 685 39-| Dyers familyiaoce.csesccc tee criccouiceeace ne ee 16 72 | 98 314 2, 455 110). Salesman’ sifamiliys 2225. en noetaa ee as snes oenes 16 | 79 | 125 347 2,910 1120) Tineroofer's familys acs sca eee se cee eee 16 84 | 114 227 2,335 159) | aWasherwoman’sitamilverscese sence -ceeceee one 16 119 | 91 463 3, 230 1887| ‘Bookbinder sWiamily--- 22 pcsascccosesnesceo ne 16 85 88 309 2, 430 199) ‘Carpenter'sifamil yoseecennee eee eee eee 16 | 105 104 329 2,745 AVCTaLOlOF FO ShUGIeS Seah se ae seeomeenon 15 94 102 352 2,779 GROUP C.—Studies in which the cost per man | per day ranged from 17 to 20 cents. 38 | Sailors’ boarding house: =. ..----- eee aceaeciee = 17 96 129 181 2,335 162 | Longshoreman’s family ........-......---...- 17 95 100 283 2,480 32 | Jeweler’s family ...... Se Satneeiesecmsrbion tue ese 18 101 106 296 2,610 52) | Housekeeper’s famtilys-co.s. 14.5 22 IR OASU Astin concise meeinee Cates LOD Se anes ain inln/atsion nee Sele alte ae 22.3 23 SHANK, TOE ao occ cnchoeeeeenae 155, 159, 160, 161, 166, 168, 177, 12.8 180, 186, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, 209. 24 Shanks MIN. sa ceccte leet 2 7 Se 200s 209Me aca cccae eee 9.6 Dyof loser anaes 25 NOs ehics seen nncneee HOSS Sse cca s SCO BR COOSDOSAAE 20.9 VSD? | Secs oes 26 Shouldente eens > oer ee IRLSOSIS5 2ossecsieee cae cee 16.4 USF Rests ae 27 Steaks ichuckiaesessscseeccess | 155, 158, 166, 168, 171, 177, 178, 16.6 LOT ae ee ee 198, 200, 201, 210. 28 ID SRR R Se rincicci ae RTGS Seb ee ee Asse Re | 18.5 | 18.0 29 Steak, round] ees eee eee 158, 159, 160, 162, 166, 167, 180, 19.0 | 12.8 186, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201, 205, 206. 30 DOP eases act oaneeeee LES Se oo sme t ce Adega eure 16.4 | i Aerie @U.8. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 28, revised. 80 TaBLe 47.—Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City—Continued. aComposition assumed. foe Kind of fcod material. Dietary studies in whichused.| Protein.| Fat. ey Beef—Continued. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per-cent. 31 Steak-round: choppedes--ss4| il boul Ofeenmenaeceecceeea eee 20.3 AB:6),|\. Sseeee ee 82 | Steak skirts. 22552222 et ee 1 200 Gis win cele eee ee oP ne 19.7 33 Steakysirloinpesss: eee ease , 154, 159, 162, 166, 168, 186, 187, 16.5 | | 188,192, 198, 204, 205, 206. 34 | TD) Ota aietajoee: Sinise: ae eteime 22 OWES See nS oe teen 13.3 30 Steak, Skirt 2 tie chicas e nereetse LOO MOU Vihizscaseeee coe eee 1720 36 Steno skintinieiss-. oescr ease | Sb 200: eee neoemee cone Ee Ped 16.1 Oral & .SHeb tenance: oe ees oe cee NID GH 186523. 8. Setcris.15 Seems 4.7 38 Fat 61 ae eA Ue eI Ee | 155,177, 178,196, 199.22. =. ce2 11.7 3 DO ss ase8. ces 362 sees oseee SMS Sa 7 tt oe ot sence teenie 16.8 39a IBIOOG SSeGeeee ee eae oe eel Lo eee eensene eee eee ees 7.5 Lamb: | 40 IBTCASE Cs corse ees econ cee se LOS: Sse ic Pooh eases See ace 19.1 41 CHOPS 555208 soot aa rece eae NOR Besos aaRo man eRiG sacha Hor 18.7 42 1 is) ee ee a ee Sasa WTO) Fatale Heitor He ciwietsm ites aca 15.9 43 DOs eons sonore ence re GOES ot oh Soe sea eettome eee 19.2 43a Shoulder sek daeccce soccer LST. ase > Siamcaon see Se aes ee 18.1 Mutton: 43b SIUC, eee ees ee et ee eres 204, Mee aoe bana oe eee oaee 138.0 5 44 @hopsic tet sats-soe4-- sere EGOSGS 200K 204 cee ieee eters 13.5 : 45 DOsctbecoceeccte aces seme UGeLTT MOVs sa sce 2 see ners eee 16.0 30. 46 1D eae a cenaeentbereteccese 168; LOD e Se ccs maiscetowebeecion 16.0 P 47 BF 2) een Ne pe ee ee LOS MOGs 2s 22 eee eeee 18.5 LS SOM cesar 48 DOA ake Re eae see Li De ee Sec oxnteh Sean eee nee 15.1 Wa ad corer eee ae 49 ING Gk: Saber aes teense oe arte LID Sse Set Dactaceenceianster 12.3 LEO see eee 50 Shoulder oi sao sense econ 158 3B. eRe SOR Lee c ee IE 1929) |e ac yee 51 DOs sae sen eee nisee LK, 192s Sees Se eons vee 13.7 15.5 SRS Sete 52 | SIGs .cce ae Sosetaeeaecesees 1945209 210 Scene ee ese sees ar 16.2 29 Syl ae esi ee els | Veal: | 53 | IBTGASt Aa Ae Soe ee me eee G2 32. cece che eee See 19.5 14.0 eeidaciecene 54 Chops’). 2a5..52 45 Seen fia Ry: oa ct Lo De eee ees 19.9 LOSS Sse. 55 Cuflete: 2A see ee ero VSGNLOS eke. pet ese eee eee ee 20.1 1a Oi\ 2, eter ora pal Head- Cheese dye 5. sacs accte en clases INV/36 Ganseaae seo aad onan adacd| peas 3edchcl|-ckkoasee flats tose 56 | (ote aOR Se RIO rec OS en Latte eot creme eee octets 15.5 ECE Rede ab sac 57 IONE REE IS em aA eons os LOS ss crecis ae soe ohio eae 16.6 Qn0N ln cece 58 | Shouldereeeosea eee ee ily Peer noreris a eee? Sena Sei ips HON Pees Ses sr | Pork: 59 IBACON = ..oockecac cas atem tniseiene 158, 159, 162, 168, 172, 183,195,197, 9.1 625.2) |S sceeeeees 198, 201, 204, 210. | 60 CHOPS) < stch se a aeees ce eae 154, 158, 161,178,180, 183, 186,194. 16.6 BOL || cos cece 61 | DOne. 3. Stee Sr ca eee ee 159, 166.171, 172,196, 198, 200, 204, 13.4 24.25.22 Meeee | 209, 210. | 62 MGCtR soc. aes Coes sense e eee 2c Pes ocates asses sceecee ee 15.8 26. 3225-0 h eee 63 Meet, pidkleda.c. s: sata ale I BBY ts ois ote a es ae ene 16.3 14° Syl eee 64 | Ham: boiled!<3 36 sea eeseee- OSH SO 2206 210 sate ee 20.2 DO AM 2 85. seperate 65 | aim. SIMOKEd!

: -as--625-- Ibs HAR iGeeses aepeos rae sa58 amcor 152 Orae@kers esse see ne eee SSH 2OIEE seer eciceeeeoee aces 153 DOestes eee aie eee ees - IG Ree aaa NES EReN is Aceeecoos 154 Crackerdusteesseereo see ae TOQUAR Ss eee ee ee ie rena 155 Grackers) fancyeseseenesce a=. OG RAs as jaeteme eee eens ais 156 @rackers;sodas-cwessscese- =e LOL LU Soe 1S il O5s 206 ceca «21 157 @rullers) 25 sccgesess soe ee 166, 168, 180, 197, 201, 209, 210. 158 MEX CW Cos eb ecinebosed nos 154 160M 70MS6; 1972s. 2-2 ae 159 IMnitiimG2 saeco oan co ermaceee LS See Ae conn cee rnc ce sleante 160 Pievapplehsscsesn J eens eee 159, 161, 186, 199, 201, 209........ 161 PIC CUSTALGpiosece aces eciacas NOOK amare omens carta tasers 162 Pieslemonls oases ose ee OO Shales corer cieaa as nse A rites Dee 163 Inolllic Lasalle SER oe A osenoccoose MOS RL TOR Sp aears etek cee aoiee sc 27147—No. 116—02 6 Per cent. 11.6 — J o P orkor = baie OHO S) SEES DOS INOW OS eee OY — _ bo fos 2 6 et OO re = P99 ROY IG LO ISO SONAMAA HM OOANrP OID HR OTAINOWONIWOR ld “8 so —PMWINIMWUO AO _ 209 er es CNHOM CRN NO Per cen ae ra SO hae man ono o 0 e = = oF Se SINIR wwnhe ra OOO WO OR eR O11 © t. or AHWMO1SOHUNOrHMOWOCH"100 Per cent. HOUR OL OO 71.9 ~I SU RINS Sa IO OOO Ei Bee HOD eat a7 82 TaBLE 47.—Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City—Continued. s Ket Kind of food material. Dietary studiesin which used.} Protein. | | Cereals—Continued. Per cent. 164 | Rolissplaints sa-sscaeceecne 177, 180, 188, 193, 195, 199, 200... 9.7 165 — Rolls sVienn ay ens. see sae 1665200. Jos. a ceeees hese eee 8.5 166 Rolls, Waters Fn eee eee 180, Ace 170, 172, 201, 205, 209, 9.0 167 Ros iwheait=.--s]scseese2 a5 9.4 168 Mermicelli” oasc et ssecesc=e 10.9 Sugars, starches, and oils: 169 SUGAaL. stent. wasccacteccosscces|| USM anal acc cccccmimccmce ose lcce seer 170 Molassess 22-2 3: wa: wasn ace 2.4 171 COCOR. 22-2 s eee exec 21.6 172 | Cornstarch sce- ease sence \ELSH 20S tee = 2 aac es gee omen eine aa eee 173" | Olive Oils... denied. Soe ac es ges ol SO R198 sos ics cm s.c sine siaveteeiore| seme nore | Vegetables: 174 ASPRYAPUS 225.0 eee ase seca 1.8 175 | (BEANS) sae ae eee ee ee 22.5 176 | DO nies syne Sass cubes ate 4.7 177 | Beans; ‘Strin pies eee ac see eee 2.3 178 DOs 2 Ros denen ewes Qa. 179 Cabbage naceaccars th aeencese | 155, 158, 160, 161, 162, 166, 167, 1.6 | 168,170, 172,177,178, 180, 187. 180 | DOr Res ece sees eter | 183,185, 186,192, 194, 195, 198, 1.4 | 201, 205, 206. 181 Cabbage sprouts.-.2-c2.-2-<. UST ccice cio eats Sele eerie ioe ieee ee 4.7 182 Carrotsiesnss cosccon Soon eee 78. T8794... Ane erctncmiete cree Lal! 183 Gaulinowers.-s.<: s-o5e ss 206; Roe ee re ae ee eee 1.6 184 | COM Sion ae ene 1 158, 1665167, 1.70 2<<./-5=s2eeeoee Sok 185 Corn; canned: 22..2-t-s22.0 4! 159, 160, 161, 168, 188, 200, 209. . 2.8 186 GUCUMIDErS ann een eee 155, D060 a ket eee 8 187 DOssss2s cee Cee ee 199°905 esa ee ere cckeonas ee a 188 Gre@ns sees asa eeict bs seam 167, 179, 186, 201, 209, 210........ 2.4 189 | Dots: eRe eee nce ee | 166, 171,177, 180, 183, 186, 187, 4,2 | | 194. 190 | DO. soos fateeeesssseenes el O72 Oh toes: cect eertenens crc 1.8 191 | Hlorse-radishe----en eee eee | OSs: eee eo chk ees settee canes 1.6 192 WnGeks S22 20 hs cers ee |e Be soon anos rossctosecnoseesed 1.0 193 Bethucec eons: cece we eee LDA, Sota Se encis sae eee eee 2 194 . DOs seasons canteen ae 197k Cae ee ee onees Sees 1.0 195 ONIDNS eee ee Reece 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166, 1.4 167, 170, 171, 172, 186, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 205, 206, 209. 210. 196 DOesseeeks cece oansse eee lem Masaeh iy soko cee 1.6 197 Parsleyis 2.0 2s ee So eee 186, 192, 199 Wesel acta be eee ne aig: 198 PATSNLpSs Sacce ec oe ces seen oe NOS. sock tn 2 Seco eeeceee~ ees 13 199 Peas: -CaNNeG==. asses ene oe ee 16018021 OG: 23. oi ant aoa 3.6 200 Peas cOnied es sa eeeen soe nee 160: IVS) WSR 7. ese ee Efe 24.6 201 Peas) /@TCON. 2 cc. csaeecue sss 20653209 ni Sas eee eee oes 730 202 Pickles, cucumber........--. OED OB wae ercisisere scans 3) 203 Pickles*smixedta see ceeee eee TG Gewecke wines seen at emeneee Ueal 204 | Potatoesinnte we cea e eee eee Wsed intalles: Saas seniewc cee ee aad 205 Potatoes, cooked............- ue ods Sn eee ae 2.5 206 Potatoes, Sweet..2.<.ccce see 117 QR Sie orcs see ioiate cisiete ciswiaece LAS 207 DOs eestor OS ee arshcace oe etos aot eee e eles 1.8 208 | RaGgishes shee eee ee TAC OOO ne eee eee ene i148) 209 | DOs 2nc% SonlecteSoee seieeeas OOS DORE se sae cee wc oes erates 9 210 Rhubarb Sac. Gaaeniseenee eee ls D0 Dhcsee.tarare e otohoiaiee sts ee hacia 4 211 Saladisce 22 eeBaeeoeceeeeee. Ee ee eee ain CBee Nom 122 212 Sauerkraut ES Bee ae Re 166; 18051942102 32-2 ese ee ee iii 213 pceallions: 4.22 5-22 s ae. ees OF ceed atento ten coe ee ciceeeer 1.4 214 | SpINACh sc see cae as ecen eee | SEDO! SG S322 eee ee ae ee scoters 2a 215 Tomatoes ss Foes coeere eee 158, 159, 161, 162, 166, 167, 168, oii) 170, 171, 172 180, 186, 187, 192, 193, 195,205. 216 Tomatoes, canned..........- ' 154, 158, 159, 160, 162, 177, 183, 2 s 188, 197, 199, 200, 204, 205, 209, 210. 217 Tomatoicatsup.--- ss. ssc. 5 TES AST ooo. 38 ec dann cep eee ales 218 ‘NUIMIPS Oe cccee wees eee 162, 170, 171, 178, 183, 185, 192, 1.3 194, 195, 196. 219 DOs. . She cca ae we oeee een A A pra © Vegi epi yy oe al a9) Fruits: 220 Apples Gvied= sce «nc-cmsncees a Wife cote ncOndae coos cn de 3008 1.6 221 Applesss32cateen sceeee ne ee P59 (03193 104s Ole eee ae c2 .3 222 DOs paces cee eer 166; 168A 80 saa ce ceeasaceee 4 223 Apple PUGS s5ace ec aoacacees DIOS: coke coe ee eee ee 12 224 Apricots oaheee nace eee | D06 he ee eee 1.0 225 Banands: cei s-cecee oc scare LBA SIGUE caose seas eeealemele see i 15} 296 DO ne bes cst eee ase TGs sie Sass Sata vaste ee isisiera (se aets .8 227 @Herrresé. Meek ns ene ee | LE DOGS oe aan eerste arse eteteeisins 1.0 228 Gurramtse et tee ee een 159 16) csc oe eae ee eee 1.5 299 Gooseberries.... 2. 0.220000: 206 Face ae coenen a lse seen emes 4 Fat. Per cent. 4.2 2.2 3.0 _ WONWRNE RDONNNHR RE DP WWwWwWW Dr Ot). Deych hence ot Ce eh ety. Cig Liat pth) Mca PWOOW RHR ATH PO OON ROW nN Hown Re wD [or] Carbohy- drates. Per cent. 59.9 ou Do = onoow-] WARmROosINWwW wo loren Ser) Hoo ee _ SRNAEE DSONYSoRoOpR B ASW HO ee FESS memos SoCo SOROS SuSE Cone hs CNN BON SCHAROOGCHRONDOMMRO - o _ om oN He ENR OREO SND RSOHROS OCOMWIWORUN OF ~I moo 83 TaBLe 47.—Percentage composition of different food materials used in computing the nutrients in the food consumed in dietary studies in New York City—Continued. Bee Kind of food material. Dietary studies in which used.| Protein. Fat. Carbohy- No. | drates. Fruits—Continued. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. 230 (GLa CS eet stelereierersie =