2^ Z^*^ /?^<^' c^^oua^^^r.^^

in
i// ,

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

Published under the autfiority of the Secbetary ob
\v •; State for India in Council.

KDITED BY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D.Cantab., HON^. B.Sc. Princeton,

HON. LL.D. Michigan, F.K.S.

s^SSlSTED BYvJJE'Y A. K. MVRSIIALL, HON, B.Sc. (Oxon.), F.Z.S.

DIPTERA BRACHYCERA.

VOL. I.

E. BRUNETTI.

///

L 0 N D 0 N:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

CALCUTTA :
THACKER, SPINK, & CO.

BOMBAY :
THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

May, 1920.

I'RINTKD BY TAYbOB AND KUANCIS,
KED LION COURT. FI.KF.T STKHKT, LO.VDOK.

PEEFACE.

Owing to the war, the difficulties ot" coninmnicatioii; and the
loss ot" ships coming from the East, there has been an
unusual delay in the issue of the present volume, and it has
unfortunately been found impossible to incorporate in it
certain corrections which the author wished to make.
Further, owing to the difficulties under which publishers and
printers now labour, it was felt by the Editor necessary to
publish without further delay.

Another difficulty which has arisen in the preparation of
the volume is due to the fact that the MS. ran to a far larger
volume than the Indian Crovernment contemplates, and it
was therefore reluctantly decided to publish the following
families : Stratiomyidse, Leptidac, Nemcstrinidaj, Cyrtida?,
Bombyliida?, Therevidiv, fScenopinida3, Mydaidse, Empidie^
Louchopteridse, and Platy^pezidse ; leaving the remainder,
i. e., the families Pipunculida', Syr[)hida?, Conopidie, and
Oestridai for a second volume. This proceeding is, 1 gather,
against the wishes of the author, but no other solution of
the difficulty appeared possible.

A.E. SHIPLEY.

]3t May, 1920.

SYSTEMATIC 1^'DEX.

Order DIPTERA

Suborder Brachycera

Page
1

1

Faui. 1. Steatiosiyid^ .... 17

Subfam. 1. PachyyastriiKP .... 19

1. Pachyp:astei-, Mg 20

1. annulipes, Brun 21

2. Zabracliia, Coq 21

1. albipes, Brun 21

2. annulifennir, Brtm 22

0. Monacantlioniyia, Brun. . . 23

1. annandalei, Brun 24

4. Acraspidea, Brauer 24

1. felderi, Brauer 24

5. Wallacea, Dol 24

1. aro-eniea, Dol. . 25

6. Ac authina, Wied 26

1. azurea, Gcrst 26

2. arp-eutihirla, Brun 28

7. Craspedometopon, Kert. , . 28

1. frontale, Kert 29

8. Tinda, Wall- 29

1, javaiia, Macq 30

9. Evaza, Walk 31

1. flavipes, Biq 32

2. bipars, Wcilk 32

3. indica, Kerf 33

10. Ptilocera, Wied 33

1. fastuosa, Gerst 34

11. Stratiosphecomyia, Brun. . 36
1. variegata, Brun 37

Subfam. 2. Clitellariin(e 38

1. Hermetia, Latr 39

1. laeta, Meij. 40

Page

2. Eudmeta, Wied 41

1. marginata, Fabr 42

■2. brunnea, Meij. 43

3. Havida, Brun 43

3. Ampsalis, Walk 44

1. longispimis, Brun 44

4. Epbippiiiui, Latr. ....... 45

1. bilineatuni, Kabr 46

5. Negritoniyia, Biff 47

1. luaciilipeunis, Macq. . . 47

6. Ruba, Walk 48

1. infl;ita, Walk. „ 49

7. Clitellaria, M;/ 49

1. beu.inopla. Wied 50

2. bistriata, Brun 52

8. Lasiopa, BrulU 52

1 . villosa, Fabr., var. hinia-

layeiisis, Brun 53

9. Uxycera, My 53

1. sigiiiita, Brim .j4

2. albomicaiis, Brun 55

Subfam. 3. Strut inmyince .... 56

J. Cypbomyia, Wied 57

1. indica, Brun 57

2. Strafiomyia, Geoff'. 58

1. barcai Walk.' 59

2. mirropilcsa, Brun 60

3. fulvescens, Bru?/ 60

3. Odoiitomyia, My 61

1 . cyan Pa, Brun. 63

2. rufoabdominab's, Brun. . 64

3. piilcherrinia, Brun 65

4. minuta, Fabr 65

5. rubrithorax, Macq 67

6. kasliiuiieu.si.s, Brun. . . 67

7. dorsoangulata, Brun. . . 68

VI

SYSTEMATIC IKDEX.

Odontomyia (cow.). Page

8. soleimis, tf'^alk 69

9. lutatiiis, Walk 70

10. transversa, Brim 71

1 1. viridana, IVied 72

Subfam, 4. SaryincB 72

1. Ptecticus, Lw 73

1. longipenni-s, Wied 75

2. cyaneus, Brim 75

3. aurobrunneus. Brun. . . 76

4. wiilpii, Brun 77

5. apicalis, Ltv 77

6. aurifer, If'alk 78

7. australis, Sch 79

8. cingulatus, Lw., var.

ceylonicus, Bnai 80

2. Sargus, Fdbr 81

1. gemmifer, Walk 81

2. nietallinus, J^abr 82

3. mactans, Walk 83

3. Cliloroinyia, Dune 84

1. sapphiiina, Walk 84

4. Brachycara, TJioms 85

1. ventralis, Thorns. 85

5. Prosiipochrysa, Meij 86

1. vitripennis, Dol 80

6. Microchrysa, L^o 87

1. flaviventris, Wied 88

2. calopa, Brun 88

Subfam. 5. Bering 89

1 . Beris, Lair 90

1. geniciilata. Curt 91

2. amuilipes, Brun 92

2. Chlorisops, Bond 92

1. tibialis, My 93

3. Allognosta, O.-S 93

1. vagaus, Lw 94

2. assainensis, Brim 95

Subt'ani. 6. Xi/loniyince 9(i

1. Xyloitiyia, Bond 9G

1. flavipes, Dol 98

2. calopodata, Biy 98

3. nigricoruis, Brun 99

Fam. 2. LEi>Tit»iE 100

Subfam. 1. Xylophayhuc 104

1. Rhacbicenis, Walk 104

1. bicolor, Uruu 105

2. nigricornis, Brun.

3. unicinctus, Brun.

Page
. 105
. 106

Subfam. 2. Arthroceratince . . 107

1. Desmomyia, Brun 107

1. thereviformis, Brtm. . . 107

2. Pararthropeas, Brun 108

1. thereviformis, Brun. . . 109

Subfam. 3. Coenotnyina 110

1. Coenomyiodes, Brun 110

1. edwardsi, Brun Ill

Subfam. 4. Leptinte 112

1. Atrichops, Verr 112

1. calopa, Brun 114

2. lanopyga, Brun 115

3. limbata, O.-S. 115

4. int '.niiedia, Bru7i 116

5. metatarsals, ^rM7i 117

6. cincta, Brun 118

7. caerulescens, Bi-un 110

2. Atherix, iMy 120

I. labiata, i?;> 120

3. Suragina, Widk 121

1. elegaiis, Karsch 121

4. Macellopalpus, Biq 122

1. fulvidus, Brun 122

2. fascipennis, Brun 123

5. Leptis, Fahr 124

1. apicipeutiis, Brun 125

2. discoidalis, Brun 126

3. uiiicolov, Brun 126

4. triangulata, Brun 127

6. Chrysopilus, Macq 128

1. niarmoratus, Brun 131

2. albopictus, Brun 131

3. ornatipennis, Brtm 132

4. luctuosus, Brun 133

5. fiavopuiK'tatus, Brun. . . 133

6. opalesceiis, Brun 134

I 7. bumeralis, i)'/'«?? 135

i 8. segnientatus, Z?rM« 135

j 9. cocbinensis, Brun 136

! 10. birmanensis, Brun 137

II. gravelyi, Brun 137

12. similis, Brun 138

13. magnipennis, Brun 138

14. flavopilosus, Brun 138

15. verburvi, Brun 139

i 16. albobasalis, Brun 140

17. iusuhris, Sch 140

18. ferruginosus, Wied. . . HI

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Chrysopilus {con.). Page

19. unicolor, JBizm 141

20. stigma, Brun 142

21. ](itus, Bnm 143

22. sordidus, Bnm 148

23. alternatus, Brun 144

Fam. 3. Nemestrinid-s: .... 144

1. Hirmoneura, Mff 147

1. aEnandalei, Lickt 149

2. basalia, Licht 149

3. opaca, Licht 150

4. cingulata, Licht 151

5. brunnea, Licht 151

6. ochracea, Licht 151

7. aiisteni, Licht 152

8. coffeata, Licht 152

2. Trichopsidea, IVesttv 153

1. duhini, Wand 153

3. Atriadops, JFa7id 154

1. javana, Wied 155

4. CeyUmia, Licht 155

1. magnifica, Licht 15(j

Fain. 4. Cyrtid^ 157

Subfam. 1. PhilopotintB 158

1. Philopota, Wied 158

1. viridifiuea, Bruv 159

Subfam. 2. Panopince 160

1. Pialea, JErichs 160

1. auripila, Bru7i 161

Subfam. 3. Ci/rtincp 163

1. Lasia, TVied 163

1. aurata, Bnm 164

2. Pterodontia, Gray 165

1. kashmii'ensis, Licht. . . 166

2. dorsolineata, Brim 167

3. Oncodes, Latr 168

1. costalis, Walk 169

2. octomaculatus, J?r«??. . . 170

3. fuscus, Brun 171

4. angustimarginatus,

Brun 171

5. rufnraarginatus, Brun. . 171

Fam. 5. Bombyliid^ 173

Subfam. 1. Anthracinai 176

1. Hyperalonia, Bond 178

1. dives, Walk 180

2. tristis, Wiilp 180

Page

3. tantalus, Fabr 181

4. chrysolampis, Jaen 182

5. flaviveutiis, Dvl 183

6. cenomaubi, Bond 185

7. aurautiaoa, Guir 186

8. sphinx, Fabr 187

9. suiFusipennis, Brun. . . ] 88
10. semifusCHta, Brun 188

2. Exoprosopa, Macq 189

1. ilavipennis, Brwi 192

2. flammea, Brun 193

3. lar, Fabr. 194

4. peunipes, Wied 197

5. latipenuis, Britn 198

6. lateralis, Brun 198

7. annandalei, Brun 199

8. maculiveiitris, Brun. . . 200

9. stvlata, Brun 201

10. insulata, Walk 203

11. puerula, Brun 205

12. bengalen.sis, Macq 206

13. brahma, Sch 206

14. niveiventris, lirun :;07

15. vitripennis, Brun 209

16. vitrea. Big 210

17. basifascia. Walk 211

18. alexin. Walk 211

19. semilucida, Walk 212

20. auviplena, Walk 212

21. albida, Walk 212

3. Spog. stylum, Macq 213

1. austeni, Brun 213

4. Argyramcfiba, Sch 214

1. bipunctata, Fabr.. .... 217

2. di-tigma, Wied 218

3. obscurifrons, Brtm 220

4. limitaris, Brun 220

5. intermedia, B?-u7j 221

6. bi^'oti, Brun 222

7. gestroi, Brun 222

8. uiveicauda, Brun 224

9. duvaucelii, Macq 225

10. argentiapicalis, Brun. . . 227

11. instituta, Walk 227

12. claripennis, Brun 228

13. niveisquamis, Bruit. . . 229

14. nigrofeuiorata, Brim. . . 230

15. gentilis, Bnm 230

5. Lepidanthrax, O.-S 232

1. compacta, Brun 233

2. transversa, Brtm 233

6. Anthrax, Scop 234

1. fletcheii, Brun 236

2. guttatipennis, Brun. . . 237

3. himalayanus, Brun. . . 238

SVSTEMATIC INDEX.

Autlirax (co7i.). Page

4. afra, Fabr 240

0. seuiifiiscata, Bruit 24 L

6. manifesta, JFalJc 242

7. clara, JValk 243

8. approximata, Brim. . . 244

9. aperta, Wulk 245

10. fuscoliiiibata, 5ri<».. .. 2-16
n. hottentotta, var. clari-

pennis, Brun 247

12. paniscu^, Rossi 248

13. dia, Wml 250

14. baluchianus, Brun 250

15. albofulva, Walk 251

16. aureohirta, Brun 252

17. clau-ta, Brun 253

18. troglodvta, Fabr 254

19. lucida,'ir«/A- 254

20. lirapida, Walk 255

21. referens, Walk 255

Siibfam. 2. Lomatmia 255

1. Apboebantus, Lw 256

1. ceylonicus, Bruu 257

Subfam. 3. Bombylihm 259

1. Empidideicus, Beck 260

1. indicus, Brun 260

2. Bombylius, Linn 261

1. orientalis, Macq 263

2. wulpii, Linn 264

3. major, Liyin 265

4. erectiis, Brun 267

5. maculatas, Fabr 267

6. comastes, Brun 268

7. albosparsus, Bif/ 270

8. vicimis, Brun 270

9. terminalis, Brun 270

10. fulvipes, Big 271

11. pi'opinquus, Brun 272

3. Dischistiis, Lw 273

1. resplendens, Brun 273

2. ardens, Walk 274

4. Systoechus, Lw 275

1 . socius, Walk 276

2. nivalis, Brun 277

3. flavospinosus, Bruti. . . 277

4. eupog-onatns, Bifj 278

5. Anastoechus, O.-S 278

1. longli'ostris, Wulp 278

6. Geron, Mc/ 279

1. argentifrons, Brun 279

2. albescens, Brun 280

7. Usia, Lafr. 281

1. sedophila, Brun 282

2, marginata, Brun 283

Page

8. Phthiria, My 284

1 . gracilis, Walk 285

Subfain. 4. Toxophorin/e 280

1 . Toxophora, Mg 287

1. javana, Wiecl 287

Subfain. 5. Sgstropince 289

1. Systropus, Wied 289

1. ophioneus, Westtp 291

2. edwardsi, Brun 294

3. emnenoides, Westw. . . 294

4. flavipleuva, Brun 295

Fam. 6. THEREViDiE 295

1. Thereva, Lair 297

1. kempi, Brun 298

2. nigella, Wted 299

3. flavolineata, Brun 299

4. bilineata, Brun 300

5. cylindrica, Walk 301

6. indica, Walk 301

7. persequa, Walk 301

8. invaria. Walk 302

2. Psilncephala, Zett 302

1. albina, Wied 303

2. indica, Big 304

3. ceylonica, Ki-ob 304

4. sequa, B^alk 305

5. affinis, Krob 306

3. Phycus, Walk 306

1. brunneus, Wied 307

2. argentiventris, Brun. . , 309

3. atripes, Brun 309

Fam. 7. Scenopinid.t: 310

1. Scenopinus, Latr 311

1. fenestralis, L 312

Fam. 8. Mydaidje 314

1. UydAS, Fabr 316

1. ruBcornis, Wied 317

2. carraichaeli, Bnm 318

.3. annulata, Brun 319

2. Leptomydas, Gei'st 320

1. indianiis, Brun 320

Fam. 9. EMPiDiE 321

Subfam. 1. Hybotincf 325

1. Synecbes, Walk 327

1. immaculatus, Brun. . . 328

2. bigoti, Bczzi 329

SYSTKMATIC INDEX.

Syneches (con.).

3. intequalis, Bnoi. .

4. minutus, Brun. .

5. rustic us, Brun.. . .
I), palliditarsis, Brun

7. Iratellus, Brun. .

8. insignis, Brun. . . .

9. fuscipennis, Brun.

2. Syndyas, Lw

1. parvicellulata, Bezzi

3. Harpamerus, Biff

1 . signatus, Biff

4. Acarterus, Ltv

1 . pallipes, Bezzi ....

2. tuscipennis, Brun.

5. Hybos, Mff

1. bisetosuR, Bezzi. . . .

2. tenuipes, Brun. . .

3. gagatinus, Biff.

4. apicis, Brun

0. geniculatus, U ulp
<3. niger, Brun

7. auripes, Brun

8. uitens, Brun. . . .

9. Havipalpis, Brun.

10. nigronitidiis, Brun.

11. bvuiniipps, Brun.

6. Parahybos, Kert

1. iiavipes, Brun.

Siibfain. 2. Empnue.

1 . Rhamphomyia, Mff. .

1. unifasciata, Brun.

2. himalayaiia, Brun

3. griseonigra, Brun.

2. Eiiipis, Linn

J. amplitarsie, h'rmi.

2. albobalteralis, Brun

3. carbonaria, Brun.

4. squaniata, Brun. .

0. ceylouica, Bezzi .

6. griseonigra, Brun.

7. centralis, Brmi. . .

8. subcilipes, Brun.

9. rostrata, Brun.
10. raarginata, Brun.
n. elegans, Brun,

12. iuconspicua, Brun.

3. Ililara, My

1. compact.), Brun. .

2. bares, Walk. . . .

3. ruHthorax, Brun.

4. peshawareusis, Bi un

4. Howlettia, Brun. . .

1. ti:i,vipes, Brun.

Page
. 330
. 330
. 331
. 331
. 332
. 332
. 333
. 333
. 333
. 334
. 334
. 334
. 335
. 335
. 336
. 338
. 338
. 339
. 340
. 340
. ;540
. 341
. 341
. 342
. .'542
. 343
. 343
. 343

344

. 345
. 345
. 346
. 346
. 347
. 349
. 350
. 351
. 352
. 352
. 353
. 353
. 354
. 355
. 356
. 356
. 357
. 357
, 358
. 359
. 359
. 360
. 363
. •.]^^]

Page
Subfani. 3, Ocydromiina 362

1. Leptopeza, Macq 362

1. vitripemiis, Brun 363

Subfam. 4. Hemerodromiinee. . . 363

1. Clinocera, Mg 364

1. fluviatilis, Brun 365

2. obscura, Brun 366

2. Microdromia, Big 366

1. dorsalis, Bru7i 367

3. Phyllodromia, Zett 367

1 . flavida, Brun 368

2, indicata, Brim 369

4. Dolichocephala, M<tcq 370

1. septemnotata, Brun. . . 371

5. Trichopeza, Bond 371

1. fiisca, Brun 372

Subfam. 5. Tachydroniiina . . 373

1. Tachydromia, My 374

1. latifascipeunis, Brun. . . 375

2. ferruginea, Brun 376

3. nepalensis, Brmi 377

4. gentilis, Brun 377

5. orientalis, B7'un 378

2. Tachjpeza, Mg 378

1. palliditibise, Brun 379

2. incisa, Brttn . 379

3. Drapetis, My 380

1. variegata, Brun 381

2. discoidalis, Bezzi .... 382

3. brevior, Brun 382

4. fascifemorata, Brun. . . 383

5. rotundicornis, Brun. . . 383

6. rufipes, Brun 383

4. Elaphropeza, Mucq 384

1. basalis, Bezzi 384

2. bicoloripes, Brun 385

3. fulvithorax, Wulp .... 385

4. ferruginea, Brun 386

5. metatarsata, Bezzi .... 386

6. variegata, Brun 387

Fam. 10. LoNCHOPTERiD.^: . . 387

1. Lonchoptera, My 388

1. lutea, Panz 389

Fani. 11. Vi,\TYVR7.iDM 390

1. Platypeza, My 391

1. argyrogyna, Meij 392

Oeder dipteea.

Suborder BRACHYCERA.

INTEOUUCTION.

In the first volume devoted to the Diptera in the " Fauna of
British India" Series, the two great suborders, Oethoeehapha
and Ctclorbhapha, into wliich tlie order is now generally divided,
were sufficiently characterised, and a comparison was also given
between the Nematocera and BKACHycEHA, into which the first
suborder is subdivided. Tlie earliest writers divided the Diptera
into Nemocera and Brachxcera, of subordinal rank based mainly
on palpal and antennal characters, and not on those of the
venation or early stages, this classification finding favour until
towards the close of the last century. Nowadays the old series of
brachycerous families is split at or near the Lokchopterid^, all
those from the Stratiomyid^e to that family being included in the
Oethorrhapha Brachycera ; the remainder, consisting of the
Platypezid^, Pipunculiu.e, Syrphid^, Conopid^ and CEstrid/E,
the enormous family Muscid^ (^sensu latissimo), and the pupiparous
Diptera (the last-named forming in themselves a separate group of
uncertain rank) constituting the Cyclorrhapha. One anomalous
family, the Phorid^, is by some placed next the Lonchopterid^
in the Orthorrhapha Brachycera, and by others next to the
MusciDJE in the Cyclorrhapha.

The formation of groups of higher rank than families has
received the attention of many dipterologists of note, and Verrall
gives an excellent resume of Brauer's (1883) and Osten-Sacken's
(1896) views. Verrall himself admitted that there were several
points in Brauer's tables that were not clear to him and others with
which he could not agree, and it may here be observed that
Brauer's primary divisions or suborders of Orthoerhapha and
Cyclorrhapha have been criticised as lately as 1907 by Prof.
Miall. Verrall, in noting this in a footnote, adds, " I quite
agree with this distinguished savant in considering the two
divisions, Orthoeehapha and CrcLOEEHAPHA, at present incom-
prehensible" (Dec. 1908). I find myself in the same predicament,
and, personally, biological affinities notwithstanding, I have an
instinctive leaning towards regarding all the families from the
Stratiomyidte to the Mlscid.e, and the Phoeid.e, as more closely
related one to the other than are a certain number of them related

B

5s BRACUYCERA.

to the Nematoceka ; in other words, I liesitate to abandon the
" old-fashioned " classification of Nematocera and I^rachycera,
pur et simple, with the Pupipara as a third group, either of equal
rank with the other two or as a subordinate section of the
Braohycera,

The Nematocera and Beachycera are certainly natural
divisions, and Osten-Sacken believed that the characters distin-
guishing them were of more fundamental importance than tliose
separating the Oethorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha ; he regarded
them as of equal ordinal rank with the Cytlorrhapha.
Williston, on the other hand, considers there is " no distinct
limitation between the Nemocera and Brachycera," * but,
according to Verrall, the shape of the anal cell provides an
infallible character in all those cases in which doubt could possibly
arise. It is quite evident, however, that these two groups have
always been perfectly clear to most dipterologists from tlie,fact that
no dispute has ever arisen as to the group to which any particular
family belonged; whilst, on the other iiand, authors are b}^ no
means in agreement as to where the Orthorriiapha Nematocera
end and the Brachycera, in the restricted sense, begin. How-
ever, these questions of biological affinities amongst the higher
divisions can only be approached by those possessing an intimate
knowledge of all the families, and it Avould be out of place to
attempt any discussion of the subject in a work restricted to the
consideration of a limited number of famihes.

Por the purposes of the present work it will be sufficient to
give, in abbreviated and slightly modified form, Brauer's divisions
of his Cyclorrhapha : —

1. Head not flattened, more or less hemispherical,

placed perpendicularly to longitudinal axis of
body; mouth placed below. Eyes always pre-
sent. Dorsal and ventral segments of abdomen
well developed, the coonecting membrane con-
cealed. Imagines livintr free, uou-parasitic .... 2.
Head flattened, placed in longitudinal axis of body;
mouth similarly placed, projecting forward. Eyes
present or absent. Dorsal and ventral plates of
abdomen very small or absent, owing to pre-
ponderance of connecting membrane. Imagines
parasitic Pupipara.

2. Frontal bladder-seam running round only upper

side of base of antennae, narrowly surrounding
the luuule, the bladder -seam being therefore
restricted, the bladder existing or rudimentary.
Jowls not separated from the superiucumbeut
cheeks. Anal cell long and pointed 3.

* Manual N. Auier. Dipt. 3rd ed. p. 59.

IXTRODUCXION'. 6

Frontal bladder-seam semicircular, formiuf^ above
tlie luniile a distinctly margined upright arch,
usually running steeply downwards over middle
of face, usually separated and distinctly sepa-
rating the clieeks and jowls at the sides. yVual
cell generally short and often subequal in length

with 2nd basal cell EuMYiD^.

■3. First posterior cell always closed. Tena spuria

present Syrphid^^.

First posterior cell always open. Vena spuria

absent 4.

4. Arista terminal Platypezid^.

Arista dorsal Pipunculid^.

The two latter families were left in the same divisional group
by Brauer, but are easily separated by the character given above.
It must be confessed that the table of groups is difficult to put
to practical use, especially by a beginner. The EuMYiDiE, unfor-
tunately given a family termination, is a combination of the
■CONOPID.T5, ffisTRiD.T;, and Muscid.e, all of which are regarded in
the present volume as good and sepai-ate families.

The PuPiPARA, it is understood, consist of three distinct
families, Hippoboscid^, Nycteribiid.^, and SiREBLiDyE.

The superfamilies herein admitted are those recognised by
Verrall in his second published volume on British Diptera, and
tlie following table of them is wholly drawn from that work : —

Table of Sajper families.

Three equally well-developed pad-like pulvilli.

Species absolutely eremochfetous (/. e., strong

bristles on head and thorax entirely absent) .... Ehemoch^ta.
Two pad-like pulvilli only, the empodium being

sometimes absent or sometimes represented by a

bristly hair. Species not truly eremochiutous . . 2.
Bas.al cells long, the anal cell being open or long

and pointed, because the branches of the 5th veiu

only gradually diverge, and the upper branch is

usually connected wath the discal cell by the

posterior cross-vein, though sometimes (Bomby-

LiiDiE, ScENOPiNiD^E, etc.) it foHus a part of the

lower margin of the discal cell : wing-venation

usually elaborate. Cephalic bristles on frons and

vertex not strongly developed, though sometimes

visible in Asilidje. Often large or very large

species and seldom small, and when small

usually with long pubescence among the stronger

bristles 3.

Anal cell short except in a few Empid.e (Hybo-

tin-e) and shorter than the preceding basal cell

(when that is present), and the upper basal cell

rather long in the Empid.e only ; 5th vein

with its lower branch recurrent (except in the

Hybotin^) and its upper branch quickly lost

b2

BKACl[yCEIlA.

in the 4tli vein ; 3rd vein simple except in a few
Empid^ ; posterior cross-vein quite absent ;
posterior cells apparently never more than four,
but usually less ; wing-veins altogether few and
simple ; alula obsolete. Face bare or only
slightly pubescent in the Mickophona, but
with peristomal bristles in Lonchoptemd^ and
side or genal bristles in Pkojiivje, but with
no face beard or pubescence as in Asilid^e.
Cephalic bristles usually strongly developed.
Species always small and distinctly chseto-

phorous 5.

Aerial species, almost always clothed with dense
furry pubescence. Legs thin and only suitable
for alighting, and consequently armed with little
more than spicules (not true bristles) on the
femora and tibia?. Eyes nearly always touching
in the cj" (holoptic) and never bulged out because

of a sunken vertex Tromoptera.

Pedestrian species, usually armed with strong bristles
and only occasionally {LapJtria, Isopvgon, etc.)
clothed with dense coarse pubescence ; or (Der-
matina) bare of both pubescence and bristles.

Legs strong, usually armed with strong bristles
on at least the tibiae and t<irsi. Eyes almost

always widely separated in both sexes (dichoptic),

and frequeiitly bulging out because of the deeply

sunken vertex 4.

Eremochsetous species in the sense that tliere are

no strong bristles on any part of the thorax or

scutellum Dermatina.

Cheetopliorous species in the sense that tliere are

strong and usually numerous bristles on the

thorax, scutellum, and legs, or at least on the

sides of the metanotum, except in the feAv cases

in which dense coarse pubescence is substituted. Energopoda.
Wing-veins (including cross-veins) I'airly normal, or

else the 2nd and 3rd veins extended almost to

the wing-tip. Antennse with three (or rarely

two) joints obvious, besides any style or arista.'. (J.
Wing-veins extremely abnormal and quile distinct

from those of any other Diptera {Gxceytt Aspistes

in the Bieionid.e) ; anterior veins up to the

3rd vein strong and conspicuous, running into

the basal half of the costa, but the subsequent

veins very faint and incomplete and abnormally

directed ; 4th, .5th, and anal veins very difficult

to trace. Palpi porrect, not jointed. Eyes

widely and equally .separated in both sexes.

Antennae apparently composed of one large joint,

which bears a very long apical or dorsal arista.

Hind legs long and the femora flattened IIypocera.

AVing rounded at the tip ; venation fairly normal,

with the 2nd vein ending considerably before

the wing-tip, and with at least one apparent

cross-vein well out towards the middle of the

wing, causing the discal cell to be present even if

INl-liODUCTION. O

exteuded back to the wing-base. Face, moiitli-
niaigin, and jowls Avithout strong bristles.
Thorax rareh' with a soft pubescence. Eyes of
the (S sometimes touching or approximated.

Imagines always predaceous Microphona.

Wings pointed at the tip ; venation abnormal, as
the 2nd and 3rd veins end close together almost
at the wing-tip ; no obvious cross-vein, and the
discal cell absent or reduced to a short middle
basal cell. Face with strong bristles round the
mouth -margin. Thorax with bristles but no
pubescence. Eyes widely and equally separated
in both sexes. Autenupe short and porrect, with
a long subdorsal arista. Colour always dull
yellowish, brownish, or greyish, but never green
or metallic Aceoptera.

Verrall incorporates iu the above table the sixteen families of
Brachtcera which occur iu Britain, as well as the seven super-
families, which accounts for characters of miuor value often being
added, but it has seemed better to give his actual diagnoses of the
higher groups in full than to attempt to abbreviate them. One or
two terms in the venation and so on are changed for the purpose
of preserving uniformity with my previous volume. His table
(pp. 14 to 30) is illustrated witli typical figures and is a veritable
epitome of the salient characters of the Bkachycera.

Coming to families, there has been less difference of opinion
amongst authors than as regards the higher groups, probably
because the characters are drawn solely from the perfect insects.
The exact rank of the Ccenomyid.e and Xylopiiagid.e as families
has been questioned, and the affinities of the LoNcnopTERiu.aE and
Phorid-E have given rise to considerable discussion. jN^otes on
these points will be found under the respective family headings.
I follow Osteu-Sacken and Verrall in placing the Xylomyin.e
subfamily of Xylophagid^ in the 1Stratiomyidj<;, and the remain-
ing subfamily, the Xylophagin.e, in the LEPTiDyE, to which
family also the C(enomyid,e are referred as a subfamily.

Some authors have desired to remove the Myopin^ sttbfamily
from the Conopid.e to the Musctd.e and also to disband the
CEstbidtE altogether and spread the genera amongst the MusciDiE,
but with these views I cannot concur.

Of two other families the taxonomic rank has been occasionally
disputed, the Acanthomerid.e and Apioceriu^e, but as neither
group occurs in the Orient they need not be discussed here. The
former family contains the most gigantic Hies known, so far as
bulk goes, measuring up to 40 milhmetres in length and 80 milli-
metres iu expanse of the wings, and they are confined to the
Neotropical llegion. They are allied to the Stratiomyid.e,
Leptid.e, and Tabakid.e. The ApioceridtE are akin to both the
Mtdaid^e and Asilid.e, Both these groups are now admitted to
be of family rank.

BRACIIYCEKA.

TahJe of all Families of Dlptera except the Nematocera,

1. Body not of leathery texture. Head free ;

mouth ji-euerally well developed, with a
more or less prominent proboscis. Two
palpi aud at least two oral bristles present.
Femora approximate at base. Abdomen
distinctly segmented. Oviparous or larvi-
parous ; in perfect state never parasitic on

warm-blooded creatures 2.

Body of leathery texture. Head placed in a
curA'ed excavation of the thorax or bent
back upon the thorax. Mouth very imper-
fect ; palpi absent. Abdomen indistinctly
segmented. Femora at base remote, through
the broad mesothorax ; claws well deve-
loped. Parasitic during- pupal and imaginal
stages in warm-blooded creatures (mammals
and birds) 23.

2. Three distinct pulvilli. Absolutely eremo-

cheetous species (i. e., no strong bristles on
head or thorax as compared with pubes-
cence) 3.

Two pulvilli (sometimes obsolete or absent).*
Species not truly eremochastous, and often
with dense fiirr}' pubescence, or bristly . . 8.

3. Third antennal joint annulated. Eyes in <$

normally contiguous or very approximate
(except in most Nemkstb,inid.«;) ; in 5

wide apart 4.

Third antennal joint not annulated (except
Xylophagin-^j. Eyes in J generally
contiguous 7.

4. Posterior cells not ptirallel with hind margin

of wing f. " Diagonal " vein never present.

Eyes in S normally contiguous 5.

Posterior cells parallel with hind margin of
wing. " Diagonal ' ' vein generally present ;
wings often reticulate. Eyes in cJ gene-
rally separated Nemestrinidae,

5. Tibia) with at least middle pair spurred [p. 144.

(indistinctly in Acanthomkrid^t;). Veins
not crowded together in anterior part of
wing. Ambient vein present (thin in
Acanthomkrid.t:). Scutellum unspined. 6.
Tibias without spnrs (except in Xylomyin^t;
and some Brrixje). Veins crowded to-
gether anteriorly (except Xylomyin^
and Berin-t;). Ambient vein absent or

* Middle one sonietinies sliorter in Nemestiunice, but always pad-like.

t Some Cyrtid.e fonn exceptions, but the enormous thoracic squamje,
globular bodies, and general appearance of this family at once distinguish
them.

INTEODUCTIOiS^ /

incomplete. Scutellum often with two or

four (rarely six or eight) spines on margin. Stratiomyidae,

6. Antennae flagelliform. Fourth posterior cell [p. 17,

closed. Wing with marginal space of last
submarginal cell at most twice that of
immediately adjoining cells. Squamae
almost obsolete. Perfect insects never

blood-suckers Acanthomeridae.

Antennae normally sickle-shaped, rarely fla-
gelliform or otherwise formed. Fourth
posterior cell nearly always open. Wing
with marginal space of last submarginal
cell at least three or four times that of
immediately adjoining cells. Squamae
very large. Adult females always blood-
suckers " Tabanidae.

7. Posterior tibiae always spurred. Body gene-

rally elongate, abdomen never balloon-like.
Eyes in 3" contiguous, in 2 wide apart ;
head of normal size and shape. Thoracic
squamae normal. Venation as in Taba-
nidae, except that the anal cell is some-
times open Leptidae, p. 100.

All tibias unspurred or with very short blunt
ones. Body short, rounded ; abdomen
often balloon-like. Eyes in both sexes
contiguous ; head very small, inconspi-
cuous, depressed, nearly all eyes. Thoracic
squamae enormous. Venation eccentric and
complex Cyrtidae, p. 157.

8. Basal cells long, at least one-third the length

of the wing. Anal cell (sometimes called
the third basal) open, or long and pointed. 9.
Basal cells short (except in Hybotix.e).
Anal cell shorter than preceding cell, when
that is present. Third vein never forked,
except in some EMPiDiE 18,

9. Posterior cells parallel vv^ith hind margin of

wing. Second longitudijial vein (and some-
times upper brancli of third also) ending
in first longitudinal near its tip. Antennte
generally clavate at tip. Eyes in J dis-
tinctly separated Mydaidae, p. 314.

Posterior cells not parallel with hind njargin
of wing. Second longitudinal vein ending
in first only in Apiocerio^^ and some
AsiLiD^ ; in all other families ending in
wing-margin. Antennae not clavate at
tip. Eyes in c? contiguous or well sepa-
rated 10.

10. Upper branch of 4tli A^ein ending before

wing-tip 11.

Upper branch of 4th vein ending below
wing-tip 12

11. Venation more complex. Five posterior cells,

the 4th closed. Eyes in cJ always wide

^ BRACHYCEEA.

apart, but less so than in $ . First longi-
tudinal vein receiving others in it before
its tip. Thorax and scutellum with strono-

bristles and pubescence ° Apioceridae.-

Venation simple and reduced. Three pos-
terior cells. Eyes in c^ contiguous or
very approximate. First longitudinal vein
never receiving others in it. Species quite

1 o 17- ^^^*'<^"te of bristles or pubescence Scenopinidae

IJ. tive posterior cells. Chsetophorous species fn '^lO

generally very pubescent also '13 ^^

Three or four posterior cells. Eremoch^tous
species, except Bombyliidje and some

S YRPHID^ 1 i

13. Vertex of head deeply sunken betvveen' the
eyes, leaving the latter very prominent.

Eyes in cJ always separated ^silidae

Vertex not sunken, therefore eyes not pro-
minent. Eyes in J contiguous or closely
approximate "^ Th^-n«„.:j nnrr

l4.Tliir7 longitudinal vein •g;nera]iy ' f;rk;d. ^^^^^^^^^' P" 295.
Posterior cross-vein absent. Eyes in d"
normally contiguous in typical groups, but
distinctly separated in Anthkacinje ; con-
tiguous in both sexes in Si/stropus. Often

nijf^ ^-^J- ''^r''' Bombyliidae, p. 173.

iiiird longitudinal vein never forked. Pos- >P--^">.

terior cross-vein present. Eyes in S con-
tiguous or approximate, except rarely; but
in CoNOPiDJE wide apart in both sexes.
JNormally not densely furry species, except

in some Sybphid^ j^g

15. Proboscis rigid and genicuiate". ' " Fir^"t pos-
terior cell closed; antenna? with apical
style (CONOPIN.12), or first posterior cell
open; antennas with dorsal arista
(Myopin^) Conopidae

Proboscis soft. First posterior cell closed or
IP -p. ^P^"- ^i^tenua} of very various formation. 16
ib. first posterior cell closed. Vena spuria pre-
sent (sometimes very faint). Eyes in both

sexes of normal size and nature Svrphidae

First posterior cell open. Vena spuria absent.
Eyes in both sexes very large (especially
in PiPUNcuLiD^) ; some of the facets
otten enormously enlarged 17

17. Arista dorsal, 3rd longitudinal' 'vein' 'well

curved ; * apical section of 4th vein curved

downwards ; hind tarsi never dilated .... Pipunculidae
Arista apical, 3rd vein nearly straight ; apical ^^"^^''^*-
section of 4th vein curved inwards. Hind

tarsi dilated -pi,*,, • j

18. Venation abnormal;! no ' ob;io'us"c'r;ss.'v;ia ^"^ ^p. 390.

Nearly straight in Chalarus.
t Except in Opeiia, a non-Oriental genus.

INTRODUCTIOX.

9

well out on disc of wing-. Eyes in both

sexes wide apart 19.

Venation fairly normal (reduced in Dolicho-
poDiD.Tc) ; at least one obvious cross-vein
well out on disc of wing. Eyes in J con-
tiguous, approximate, or wide apart 20.

19. Second and tliird longitudinal veins long,

nearly parallel. Wings long, tips pointed ;
venation different in the sexes ; no wing-
less species Lonchopteridae,

Second and third veins united in one rather [p. 387.

short strong vein. Wings short, tips well
rounded ; venation similar in both sexes ;
some species wingless Phoridae.

20. Discal cell united to 2nd basal cell ; basal

cells very short or obsolete. Third longi-
tudinal vein diverging from a swelling
near base of wmg; anterior cross-vein at
same spot ; third vein never forked. Pro-
boscis soft. Arista or style dorsal or apical.
Abdomen normally 5- or 6-segmented. . . . Dolichopodidae,
Discal and second basal cells separate (except
in a few Ehpidje). Basal cells generally
long enough to be obvious. Second and
third veins diverging well away from base
of wing ; third vein not forked, except in
some EiiriD^. Proboscis rigid or soft . . 21.

21. Antennal style present or absent ; arista, if

present, generally dorsal. Proboscis gene-
rally rigid, pointed. Abdomen normally
7-8egmented. Second and third longi-
tudinal veins diverging at one-third of the

wing ; third vein often forked Empidae, p. 321.

Antennal style never present ; arista, when
present, nearly always dorsal. Third vein
never f(u-ked 22.

22. Proboscis rudimentary ; palpi rudimentary or

absent. In larval stage always parasitic

on mammalia CEstridae.

Proboscis and palpi always distinctly pre-
sent. In larval stage rarely parasitic on
mammalia Muscidae (s. latiss.).

23. Head folding back on dorsum of thorax.

Wingless species. Parasitic on bats .... Nycteribiidae.
Head not folding back on thorax. Winged
or wingless species. Parasitic on birds and
mammals , 24.

24. Anteunfe reduced. Wings with distinct

parallel veins ; cross-veins often present.
Claws simple. Nearly all the species

parasitic on bats Streblidae.

Antennae generally more elongate. Wings,
when present, with veins crowded together
anteriorly ; cross-veins short and near base
of wing. Claws large. Parasitic on
mammals and birds Hippoboscidae.

10 URACHYCEKA.

The external characters of the Beacuycera and Cyclorrhapha
exhibit as much, if not greater variation than those of the
Nematocera. As the introduction to the previous volume on
Diptera dealt with characters common to the order generally,
those pages may be consulted in conjunction with the present
summary, which is couliued to the Bracuycera and those families
of the Cyclorriiapiia treated of herein.

The eyes in the higher BRAcnvcERA and higher Cyclorrhapha
are generally contiguous or subcontiguous above in the male, and
such flies are said to be holoptic, the eyes in the female being
distinctly separated by a comparatively broad frons, but exceptions
are numerous. Diptera in which the eyes are well separated in
the cT are called dichoptic. The Cyrtidte have contiguous eyes
in both sexes (with rare exceptions), and in some cases the eyes
are contiguous both above and below ; the Mydaid.e, Asilid.i;,
DoLiCHOPODiD^, LonchopteriDj*;, and CoxopiM:: have the eyes
equally conspicuously separated in both sexes. The lower Antho-
MYJNiE and practically all the Acalyptrata are also dichoptic.
The eyes may be pubescent or bare, this being sometimes a sexual
character, and in life they are often green {Ha;matopota) or golden
green {Clirysopilns), and in many species of Taba^s^id.e, Asilid^
aud some other groups bear brown or purple bands. In many
groups the front facets are from just perceptibly to very con-
siderably larger than the rest in the 6 , and of iniifoi-m and
smaller size in the 5 , but in the Pipunculid.t: the front facets,
though enlarged more than usual in the S , are yet more enlarged,
and to an enormous extent, in the 5 . In some Pupipara the eyes
are absent; in Cyrtid,i; and Pipuncumd.t; they occupy practically
all the head, no other parts except the antennae being visible in
profile in some species of both families.

Three ocelli are ]iormally present in all the Brachycera, but
they are occasionally absent (Coxopin.t;).

The lower part of the head, or epistome, exhibits a wide range
of shape and size, from being barely or not at all produced beyond
the eyes in profile either forwards or downwards (as in most
PiPUNCULiD.15) to forming a long strong conical rostrum {Nemoielus
ill Ktratiomyid.t; ; lihingia, Volucella, LycastrU in Syrphii).^).
The face frequently has a central bump, as in most SYRPiiiD.ii:, or
it may be less prominent, gently curved, or flattened. The mouth-
parts attain their highest development in the Tabaxid.e, a family
in which the females of all the species have the reputation of
being blood-suckers. The parts of the female Tabanid mouth
consist of the labium or lower lip, a pair of maxillae and of
mandibles, strong piercing organs, and a pair of large, fleshy,
conspicuous, approximately conical maxillary palpi.* The pro-
boscis in the Bracuycera is usually soft, and formed for sucking
the juices of plants or animal matter, but it is not infrequently
of enormous length, longer than the whole body and of extreme

* Compare ' Indian Diptera,' i. p. 18.

IXTEODUCTIOX.

11

slenderness, and in this state either adapted for pierciug
the skill (Pangonia) or for imbibing the juices of i^owers
(NemestmjStid.t: , Cyrtid.t:, and many Bombylib^e). Occasionally
it is long, rigid, and geniculate (Co^'OPID,E). Biting flies are
disti-ibuted throughout many bracliycerous and cyclorrbaphous
groups. Si/rjijjhoromyia, in Leptid.e, has been definitely proved
to bite man severely on occasions ; the Tabanid.e generally confine
their unwelcome attentions to the larger mammals, though one
genus, Hccmatopota, widely distributed throughout the world, its
luitural home being apparently Africa, is very prone to attack
man. The strong horizontal horny proboscis of the Stomoxys
group of true Muscinids is well known, as are also the tsetse-flies
(Glossina) inhabiting Africa, these being the carriers of sleeping-
sickness. PJiiheinatomt/ia, a genus of Muscinid flies, possesses a
circlet of teeth-like prt)jections at the tip of the proboscis with
which, even if unable actually to pierce the skin, it can easily
enlarge an abrasion already made. The proboscis in not a few
genera is rudimenlary, in some almost obsolete, as in ffisiKiu.E,
the members of which family cause cattle instinctively the greatest
terror on their approach for the purpose of depositing their eggs
on the animals' mouths, nostrils, etc. An isolated case occurs
here and there of a genus with a strong rigid proboscis in a group
in which the organ is normall}" soft and fleshy, as Dripneia in the
AjS'tuomtix^e. The Asilid.e and Empii),e are two other extensive
families generally possessing a rigid horny proboscis, with \vhich
they easily pierce and carry off their prey, consisting of softer
Diptera and other insects. The lahella, sometimes called " sucker-
flaps," vary in size, shape, and strength, sometimes being small
and soft, in other cases acting as organs of attrition to rub off
small particles of food.

The palpi, apart from those of the jVematoceua, consist usually
of two joints, in some highly specialized families of one only, these
being the maxillary pair, the labial palpi being considered to be
absent in the Diptera. Though large and prominent in some families
(Tabaxid.e), it is often difficult in others (BoMBYLiiniE, Theue-
viD.E, Asilid.e) to examine them without removing the dense
furry or bristly pubescence characterising these groups. Howe\ er,
in most of the Braciiyceija the location of any genus or species
can be readily ascertained without reference to these organs.
They are normally porrect, i. e., directed horizontally forwards,
especially in the blood-sucking Muscids, but frequently project
more or less downwards, and they may be present or absent,
respectively, in genera of considerable affinity, whilst in the
Cybtid.e they are generally obsolete.

As regards the antennte, a gradual change takes place from the
many-jointed elongate flagellum of the Nematocera to the compact
three-jointed form of the bulk of the remainder of the Diptera,
the 3rd joint often being the only conspicuous one.* In the

* For comparative notes on tlie antenna; in Nematoceea and BRAcnTCEitA,
see ' Indian Diptera,' i. p. 20.

12 ISRACIIYCEUA.

earlier families of the BiiAcnycEKA (.SxiiATioMnD.i:, TauanidtE,
some LEPTiu.i;, etc.) the third joint is usual))' aunulated, that is,
faintly separated by more or less distinctly impressed lines into
several divisions, generally eight or five, and in this character
considerable resemblance is apparent to the nematocerous families
BiBioNiD.E, SiMULiiD.Ti;, and Kuyphid^e. These anuulations in
subsequent familes of Brachyceka gradually disappear in an
obviously single elongate joint, as in many BoMBYLiiDyi:, Tiieue-
YiD^, and AsiLiD.TD, witli or without a more or less distinct one-
or two-jointed apical style ; and in later families still, the 3rd
joint is further shortened and may bear either a style or arista.

The arista, the bristle-like liair situated on the upper side of
the 3rd joint, makes its appearance in the very first brachycerous
family, the Stratiomyid^.,* and is present in one or more genera
in probably all the subsequent families, with a few exceptions
(Tabanid^, AcanthomekiutE, ScENOPixiD.i:, MydaidjE, and Apio-
cekiBjE), and of these, all except the first are groups of quite
limited extent. The arista is at first (Stkatiomyib.e, Leptidte)
mainly apical or subapical, afterwards either apical or dorsal in
the same family, and, finally, mainly dorsal (Doliciiopodik.t;), which
is its normal nature in the remaining brachycerous families and
in the Cyclokriiapiia. The arista may be quite bare, pubescent to
a varying degree, or conspicuously plumose. In the great majoritj''
of Braciiycera the two basal antennal joints are differentiated
from the 3rd in the nature of the scapal joints in Nematocera, and
are usually short, bearing short bristles, cylindrical or, especially
the 2nd, more or less cup-shaped ; but in the 3rd joint the most
varied forms exist even in a single family, this being especially the
case in the Stratiomyid.^, Bombyliid.'e, and Syrpiiid.e. Briefly,
the 3rd joint may be elongate-cylindrical (annulated or not), strap-
shaped, filiform, tapering, conical, tooth-shaped, oblong, rounded,
oval, reniform, globular, or of irregular shape. In one aberrant
genus (IthacJiicerus in Leptid.e) it is strikingly pectinate, recalling
PsdUophora in the Nematocera, whilst in 2'alurocera, a genus
of North American Tachinids, the 3rd joint in the female is
of an extraordinaril}^ fantastic shape. In the Cyclorrhapha the
two basal joints are normally as in the Braciiycera, though
the 3rd joint again shows the same extreme range of variety in the
two largest families, Syrphib^ and MrsciD.E, but remains of
remarkably uniform, though peculiarly characteristic, form in
others (Pipunoulid.ie, Platypezid.e;. In these groups it may
bear a short style or an arista. The 1st and 2nd antennal joints
sometimes depart from their more or less general form, the
former being exceedingly long and cylindrical in Systropus and
conspicuously so in Stratiomyia, the 2nd showing unusual develop-
ment in certain genera.

Coming to venation, it will be observed that in the Braciiycera

* The only nematocerous family in which tlie arista appears is the Okpiine-
PiiiUD.E, a group of about half a dozen species, and as it consists of several
joints it is perhaps not truly identical.

IMKODUCTION. 13

several characters adopt nearly the opposite form to that in the
Nematoceea. Of these perhaps the principal is the anal cell,
which is always wide open in the Nematoceba, normally widening
towards its tip, whereas in the Brachyceka it normally contracts
towards its tip, frequently very strikingly so ; and in a large
number of genera it is completely closed more or less near the
wing-margin, either by the gradual approximation of the 5th and
6th veins or by the lower branch of the former turning down,
frequently at a sharp angle or well-rounded curve, often in the
latter cases closing the cell some distance from the margin of the
wing. In the higher families of Beachyckra the anal cell is very
elongate, extending generally to the wiug-margin, but in sub-
sequent families, notably the Empid.e, it is considerably shortened
through the abnost or quite recurrent ending of the lower branch
of the 5th vein in the anal vein at or before the middle of the
latter, whilst in Doliciiopodid.e and LoNCHOPTERin^ it is shorter
still. It increases in length again in two out of the three first
families of the Cyclorriiapha, though it is short in one of them
(Platypeziuje), whilst in the higher Muscids it is always com-
paratively short, and in the lower Muscid.e normally short or
absent, although conspicuous exceptions occur (some Oetalin^
and Trypetin.e, for example). In the Conopid^, one of the two
fauiilies* that may be regarded as forming tiie transition from the
BRACHYCERA-like Cyclorriiapha to the MusciDiE {s. latiss.) it is
long in the Conopin^e and sliort in the Myopin.e, which tends to
prove the intermediate nature of the Coxopid.e.

The auxiliary and 1st vein are generally obviously present,
sepai'ate and simple, but in some groups of Acalypteata they
are frequently coalescent.f The 2nd vein is nearly always verv
prominent and sim])le ; the 3rd, which is nearly always siuiple in
Nematocera, is normally forked in the higher faunlies of Brachy-
CERA. The 4th and 5th veins in these latter families are generally
both forked, but in the highest three families of the CYCLOREHAriiA
(Peatypezid.e, Pipunculib.e, and Syrphid.^) tliere are normally
only three endings to the two veins, in which cases it is the 5th
vein that is considered forked, its upper branch forming part or
the whole of the hinder side of the discal cell. This cell in the
jS^jSMATOCERA is Confined to the Tipueid.i: and Ehyphid^ — that is
to say, the two families generally placed next to the Brachycera,
in which latter the cell is a standard feature, though exceptions
occur (some Empid^e), — and it is prominently retained in the
calyptrate Muscids and the bulk of the Acalyptrata. The
anterior cross-vein is nearly always present, though rudimentary
in some Stratiomyid.e ; but the posterior cross-vein disappears
after the higher families are passed, if the theory of the forked
5th vein be upheld. +

* Tlie other being tlie (EsTRin.E.

t Thej are tlien called the 1st vein, following Schiiier.

J It may as well be .stated here that I am by no means convinced that this
is the correct interpretation.

14 13RACnrCEEA.

The bi'ach^'cerous venation attains its most perfect form perhaps
in the Taba.nid.e, and it is elaborated most in the AsilidtE,
Nemestrinid.^, Mydaid^, and CYKTioiE (despite the latter
family also exhibiting some very simple venational types), being
quite eccentric in the last three families, many of the longi-
tudinal veins in the hinder part of the wing running more or
less parallel to the hind margin ; whilst in certain genera of
NEMESTRiMDyE au additional character is the net-like system of
verv numerous small cross-veins. An isolated instance of a cell
being subdivided by numerous cross-veins occurs in Lifcastris
(SvRpniu.Ti;), in which the subcostal cell is so divided.

After the Brachycera the venation becomes more simplified,
and is, speaking broadly, remarkably uniform in type throughout
the MusciD.E, in the higher groups of which (Tachinids, Dexiids,
Sarcophagids, and Muscinids) the 1st posterior cell is quite or
nearly closed by the upturned apical section of the 4th vein,
whilst in the Antkomyin.e and the various subfamilies forming
the AcALYPTRATA that cell is broadly open, JS'umerous minor
differences occur in these groups, but the type of venation
remains the same. Passing on to the Pupipara, some genera
may be observed to possess peculiar venation, but they need not
be discussed here.

The g(meral form of the body exhibits the \videst diversity.
The head may be variously proportioned to the body, perhaps
attaining its minimum of size in the Cyrtid.t: and its maximum
in PiPUXCULiD.i:, but normally it is approximately of the same
width as the thorax and usually juore or less semicircular. The
thorax and abdomen both vary greatly in length and breadth in
relation to one another, and range from the flattened form in some
Stratiomyid-^ to the humped thorax iu mam^ Empid.e and to tlie
globular or balloon-like abdomen in most Cyrtid.t, the whole
body in many species of the latter family being practically
splierical. As regards vestiture, a short pubescence over the
greater part of the tliorax and abdomen is common to the vast
majority of genera in BR/VCitYCERA, a few restricted groups being
for all practical purposes absolutely bare (Scenopinus). The earher
families are eremocha^tous — that is, possess no distinct bristles of
a chaetotactic nature on the head or thorax ; but such bristles
gradually appear in successive families, as witnessed by the apical
spurs on the tibia3 in Leptid.^, spicules or stick-like spines on the
legs in some Bombyliid.i:, and real bristles and spines in that family,
in DoLiciiopoDiD.E, Empim:, and Thereyid.e, culminating in the
powerful chaetotactic system in most Asilid.e ; after which these
cliaracters gradually diminish or practically disappear (as iu
PiPUNCULiD.E and SYRPniDJs), reappearing and attaining probably
their greatest development in the order in the Tachini>',e, the
highest group of the Muscid^e (s. latiss.). The pubescence,
always soft in Stratiomyid^, attains its greatest development
perhaps in Bombyliid.ij, Theretid^, and Asilid.e ; and true

IXl'RODUCTIOX. 15

scales, covering sometimes extensive parts of the body or legs, are
common in many genera of Bombtliid^ and TiiereviDjE.

The vestiture of the legs varies from practical bareness, through
the whole gamut of soft and tine to a long and ragged pubescence,
bristles, spines, scales, and tooth-like serrations (the latter generally
confined to the underside of the femora), all of them often forming
good generic or specific characters. As a rule, aerial species (that
is, those that are frequently on the wing and addicted to hovering)
possess soft pubescence on the body and weak legs devoid of
strong bristles, as they are ])resumably employed mainly for
alighting ; whereas, on the contrary, pedestrian (which frequently
means predatory) species mostly possess strong bristles or spines,
and powerful legs capahle of running swiftly and surely and of
holding their prey when captured, and possessing comparatively
reduced powers of flight. Compare, for instance, a JjomhyUvs
with an average Asilid. A peculiar character called "touch
hairs" is present in certain genera of Leptid.e, Tabaniu.e, and
some other widely divergent groups, and this is dealt \\\t\\ under
the genus Ltpfis.*

The genitalia in the BRACnTCERA are usually more or less con-
cealed in most families or are of simple form, but they afford in
the cJ good taxonomic characters in Asilidte and DoLiciioi?ODiDiE,
being fully free in the latter family ; but the genitalia are always
more uniform in the $ and of little value for classification in
that sex.

Life Histories.^

Although the metamorphoses of the Diptera in general are still
but imperfectly understood, considerable progress in their study
has been made since the older writers (Eeaumur, De Geer, etc.)
first broke the ice, and the early stages of a comparatively large
number of common species have been worked out. Taking the
order as a whole, the larva may be described as maggot-like,
though extreme forms of shape are far from uncommon. It
generally consists of a head segment and twelve others, of which
the three anterior ones are presumed to represent the thorax
of the perfect insect. The head segment is often so indefinitely
])resented that Brauer sometimes uses the expressions " head
capsule" and "jaw capsule." Even when obviously present the
head is sometimes most disproportionately minute or placed below
the anterior end of the body so as to be invisible from above ;
also not infrequently in the flesh-feeding maggots no head can be
detected with certainty. These latter forms are called acephalous,

* These notes on vestiture are compiled chiefly from Verrall.

t Tliese remarks on the early s'ages are wholly culled from Dr. Sharp's
paper (y. Verrall, p. 31). This article should certainly be studied by all
interested in the subject. lu addition to a preliminary general resuvie of
bracbycerous larvae, it offers a translation of Brauer's classificatiou of tlie
families in Brachycera based on larval cbai'acters, and, lastly, more detailed
information is given on each family or group of families separately.

16 BKACllYCERA.

whilst at the other end of the scale, ?'. e., those larvse with unduly
large heads, the term eucephalous is applied. The eucephalous
kinds are the less coinmon, but they are the normal form in the
nematocerous family CuLiciDyE, The head in the larvae of the
majority of brachycerous families exhibits an intermediate type
between the extreme forms. Mauy kinds of larvae have retractile
heads, the front part being completely withdrawable inside the
following segment or segments.

Eegarding the mouth-parts Brauer, roughly speaking, described
the larviB of the jNematocera as having the jaMs moving
horizontally, except in cases where the mouth-parts are quite
rudimentary, when the larva is peripneustic aud 13-segmented.
He claims for the Ekachycera vertically moving jaws — sucking
and boring groups coming also under this division, the head being
not well developed. Brachycerous larvae with rudimentary mouth-
parts are amphipneustic or metapneustic, with ten to twelve
obvious segments.

The number of body-segments is frequently by no means easy
to ascertain. Dr. Sharp stating that there is "no morphological
criterion yet discovered by which the segments can be numbered.*'
In some cases, of course, they are obvious enough, whilst in others
there are what have been termed intercalary segments, apparently
consisting of the undue development of the integument between
the orthodox segments, the larvje of the Theeeyid^ and ScEiso-
PINID.E being instances in which the apparent number of segments
approximates to about twenty. The larva with the smallest
number of segments appears to be that of the nematocerous
family Blephaeocerid.e, in which only five or six are present.

Locomotion is usually effected by means of pseudopods, as
jointed legs are unknown through the whole order of the Diptera,
these pseudopods being transverse swellings on the under (or
sometimes both upper and under) surface of the body, and they
may also be furnished with rows of bristles or small wart-like
projections, placed on a varying number of segments according to
the species.

The spiracles in Dipterous larvae consist of a posterior pair
placed near or at the tij) of the body, where there is often some
special development for their protection. Larvae with only one
pair of spiracles, the posterior ones, are called metapneustic ; but
if in addition there is a pair of anterior ones placed a little behind
the head, they are termed amphipneustic: whilst when intermediate
spiracles are also present, making, so to speak, three sets in all,
they are known as peripneustic.

The pupa-case is ordinarily the dried larval skin, the imago
escaping through a longitudinal split occurring between two
transverse splits, normally on the ord and 5th segments re-
spectively.

further detailed information will be found under the respective
families or genera concerned.

SXKATIOMi:iD,T£. 17

Family STRATIOMYID.E.

Head hemispherical or flattened, rather short, usually about as
broad as thorax, generally bare. Eyes contiguous in S (occasion-
ally very narrowly separated, Saryus, etc.), wide apart in $ ; if
hairy in 6 , nearly always bare in $ ; sometimes upper facets
enlarged in 6 , all facets equal in 5 ; posterior orbits often very-
broad and conspicuous, irons seldom prominent, but lower part
of head forming a conspicuous snout in some genera {Kemotelns) ;
three distinct ocelli. Proboscis usually short and fleshy, some-
times rudimentary, occasionally long aud thin {Nemotelus), rarely
conspicuous ; palpi 1- to 3-jointed, inconspicuous. Antennae
porrect, approximate at base, sliowing, perhaps, greater diversity
of form than in any other family of Diptera, 3-jointed ; 3rd joint
aunulii ted, forming apparently several (up 1o eight) animlations ;
an apical style, often \ ery large, or an apical or subapioal arista
often present.

Tliorux generally quadrangular or roughly oblong or oval, more
or less pubescent, moderately or considerably arched ; scutellum
semicircular or broadened, unarmed or with 2, 4, 6, or 8 spines,
occasionally produced into a prominent erect blunt cone or spine
(Monacanthomijia, Oeratothi/rea). A strong spine on each side of
thorax in some genera {Ej)hi2')pium, Nefjritomyia).

Abdomen of Ave to seven, sometimes eight, segments ; of very
varied shape, globular, much broader than thorax {Fachi/c/aste') ,
Acanthina, Cyphomyia) ; broader and shorter than thorax (C'tt^eiia) ;
quadrate {IStratiomyia, Odontomyia) ; oblong or oval, and about as
long as thorax (Evaza, Tinda, and many others) ; or very elongate,
linear, cylindrical, or flattened {^aryus, Hermetia.^ Stratio-
sjihecomyia). Genital organs usuall}^ inconspicuous.

Leys normally of moderate length and strength, or rather weak ;
destitute ot bristles or spines (except for a serration below hind
femora in some Xi'lomyin.!) ; generally bare or with pubescence
mainly coniined to the feuiora; tibiae uuspurred, except in
Xylomiin.?!; aud some BERiN.i:.

Wings generally with the characteristic venation of the family
(except XvLOMYiN.i; aud IjEiun^); anterior veins (subcostal, Isi,
2ad, and 3rd longitudinals) crowded together in fore part of wing-
and the posterior \eins very faint, often not reaching wing-margin.
In typical genera costa not reaching wing-tip, ambient vein
absent ; 3rd vein simple or forked, fork occurring at some distance
beyond discal cell, both branches ending in costa before wing-tip ;
discal cell always present, lower side often formed of upper branch
of 5th vein, in which case posterior cross-vein absent ; anterior
cross-vein present, not distally further than middle of discal cell,
joining, except in Sahgix.i:, 3rd vein to discal cell. In Clitel-
LAKiix.i;, 2ud veiu apparently anastomosed with 3rd or mav be
considered absent. In Sai!Gin.t;, anterior cross-vein joining
prsefurca and discal cell, as 2nd vein originates much later than

c

18 STRATIOMYID/E.

usual. Prsefui'ca originating in this family about opposite base
of discal cell (except in Behin.t; and Xi'LOMiixiii), whereas in all
otiier families of Buachycera it originates much sooner. In
Berin.i; and Xylojiyiism: all the veins attain the Ming-niargiu ;*
praefurca quite distinct ; costa nearl}'^ or quite reaching wing-tip ;
ambient vein more or less distinct ; 4th posterior cell closed in
Xylomyin^. In all subfamilies, membrane of wing always ribbed
or wrinkled ; squamae variable in size, thoracic pair sometimes
absent.

The Stratiomyid.e are invariably bare of bristles or spines
(except the side thoracic spines in a few genex'a), but often possess
dense soft pubescence extending over the whole body and thw
femora. The crowding together of the anterior veins and the
extremely wide variation of form in the antenna) (perhaps greater
than in any other family of Diptera) are their principal characters.
In the Berin.?! and Xylomyin^^ the venation takes the form of
the other allied families and the antenna) are more uniformly
constructed, elongate or subconical, with distinctly aniuilated
3rd joint. The family is closely allied to the LEPXiDyE and
TAisANiDyE aud to the small family of gigantic flies, the Acan-
THOMERiD^, known only from South America.

Life-liistorij . — The larvae show considerable variation, though
easily recognised when once seen, and those of some species are
popularly known as rat-tailed maggots, as are also those of the
Eristalin.e. They are 12-segmented, including head, hemi-
cephalous or conical, very elongate, rather leather}^ and more or
less flattened. They live in earth, dung, semi-liquid or decaying
matter, and many are aquatic ; in the latter case the eggs are laid
on plants above the surface of the water. No pseudopods ;
terminal spiracles not visible, placed wholly inside a chamber
which has generally a closed or obscure aperture. Pupa coarctate,
in which character this family differs from all other Brachycera,
the imago escaping through transverse slits on the 3rd and 5th
segment and a longitudinal slit between them.

Many species hibernate in North Europe, but very possibly do
not do so in the Tropics. The life-histories of several European
species are well knovvn. The imagines frequent grass and low
herbage in marshy situations and, generally speaking, are sluggish
in habits, though some have a very rapid flight in hot sunshine. f

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Abdomeu of at least seveu obvious segments. ... 2.
Abdomen of five, or at most six, segments 3.

2. Prjefiuca beginning at about opposite base of

disoal cell : 4th posterior cell wide open .... Bkrin.'e, p. 89.
Praifurca begiriiiing considerably before base of [p. 96.

dihcal cell ; 4tii posterior cell closed Xylomyin-s?,

* Except fur tm aborlivp branch of the 4th vein in some BERiNiK.
+ Additional and more detailed information occurs under the various sub-
families or genera concerned.

STKATIOMYID.i:. 19

o. Fourth veiu with only two terminations (i.e.,
only two true veinlets issuing from discal cell,
the apparent ord veinlet being the upper [p. 19.

branch of the 5th vein) Pachygastmnje,

Fourth vein with three terminations (i.e., three
true veinlets issuing from discal cell) ; upper
branch of r)th vein either separated from discal
cell by the posterior cross-vein being present,
or in punctiform contact with that cell when

posterior cross-vein is absent 4.

4. Anterior cross-vein joining- prajfurca to discal cell. SARGixiE, p. 72.
Anterior cross-vein joining ord vein, as usual, to

discal cell 5. [p, 56.

o. Posterior cross-vein present STEATlOMYixiE,

Posterior cross-vein absent Clitellaeiin^,

[p. .38.

The Hue of deniarcatiou between the two last subfamilies is
very iudetiuite, and, as more than one author has suggested, they
might well be united into a single subfann]}^ The posterior cross-
vein is often a variable quantity even in groups in which it is
technically present — for instance, it is absent in Ftecticiis anstralis^
Sch., though present in the other Indian species. Wiliiston sinks
the alleged subfamily Hebmetii^^e in Clixellakiix^ and his view
is adopted here.

Subfamily PACHYGASTRIN^.

Head comparatively small ; eyes generally bare ; antennae of
A'ery varied form, branched (Ftilocera), elongate {Tinda, etc.)
filiform {Straiios2j7ieconi i/ia) , globular (Pachi/r/aster), or of irregular
shape.

Thorax subquadrate, oval ; scutellum unarmed or with two or
four marginal spines ; sometimes produced upwards or hindwards
into a strong blunt cone. Ahdomen 5- or 6-segniented, of very
varied shape ; often exceedingly broad, much broader tlian thorax,
globular ; sometimes oval or oblong, or much elongated and more
or less cylindrical. Lecfs comparatively short, slender, smooth.
Wings with 8rd vein simple or forked ; posterior cross-vein absent
through 5tii vein forming hinder side of discal cell ; 4th vein with
only two veinlets. Four posterior cells, united on wing-margin.

The essential character of this subfamily is the presence of
only three veins appa^-ently issuiug from the discal cell, the lower
one being the upper branch of the 5th vein. Mostly bare
species.

Tabu of Genera*

[p. 3.3.

1. Antennpe branched Ptilocera, Wied.,

Antennae of various forms, never branched. 2.

For table of Oriental genera, vide Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 89.

o2

20 STiiATIOMYIJD.T;.

2. I'^yes pubescent Acanthina, Wied.,

Eyes entirely bare 3, [p. 26.

3. Scutellum uuspined, or produced conically

upwards 4.

■ Scutellum 2- or 4-spined, never conically

upturned S,

4. .Vbdomen elongate, linear, much longer

than thorax ; antennse conspicuously [Crun., p. 30.

long, liliforni Sti!ATIosi'1iecomyia,

Abdomen very short, thick, rounded ;

antennal 3rd joint rounded or shortly

elongate, never conspicuously so 5. [p. 21.

o. Third vein unforked Zabiiachia, Coq.,

Third vein forked 6. ' fp, 20.

6. Scutellum not upturned Pachygaster, Mg.,

Scutellum distinctly conically upturned . . 7. [p. 24.

7. Antennpe filiform, longer than head AcBAsmDEA, Eraiier,

Antennal 3rd joint large, round Monacanthomyia,

[Brun., p. 23.

8. Scutellum with two very short spines .... Wallacea, DoL,
Scutellum 4-spined 9. [p. 24.

1). Third antennal joiut with elongate style . . Tinda, Walk., p. 29.
Third antennal joint with pubescent arista. 10.
]0. Abdomen barely broader than thorax .... Evaza, Walk., p. 31.
.Vbdomeu much broader than thorax .... Craspedometopox,

[Kert., p. 28.

Geuus PACHYGASTER, %.

Pachtjffaster, Meigeu, 111. Mag. ii, p. 266 (1803).

lappa, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 343 (1804).

Neopachyfj aster, Austen, Ent. Month. Mag. xxxvii, p. 24o (1901).

Genotype, Nemotelus atra, Panz. ; by origiiial desiguation.

Read semicircular ; eyes large, contiguous in J' (except in rare
instances), practically bare, posterior orbits broad. Proboscis and
palpi small and inconspicuous. Autennte short, 3rd joint rounded,
with four indistinct anindations and long subapical pubescent
arista. Thorax large, broadened hindwards, transverse suture
deep, V-sbaped, behind which the surface is .somewhat inflated on
each side ; scutellum subtriangular, unspined. Abdomen much
l)roader and barely longer than thorax, subglobular, o-segniented ;
genitalia small. Legs simple, nearly bare ; femoi-a and metatarsi
long. Wings witli 1st and 2nd veins short, the latter ending
barely beyond middle of costa ; 3rd vein normally forked, both
branches ending well before wing-lip ; discal cell large ; 4tli vein
with only two terminations ; posterior cross-vein absent, as 5th
vein forms hinder side of discal cell ; anal cell closed far from
wing-border.

liange. Europe, IN'orth America, Orient.

Life-history. That of several'Europeau species is known. The
hirva lives in rotting tree-trunks and probably feeds either on
the decaying wood or the frass produced by wood-boring Coleoptera.

I'ACILYCrA STKU. — Z A]JRAC HI A . 21

here is only one Indian species in the restricteu genus Pachy-
er, naiiiely, P. anmdipes, sp. iiov. Macquarfc's P. rujitarsis*

Thei
</astei ,

from Pondichery, cannot belong to this siibhiiiiily, as, according to
the pkite, it possesses three endings to the 4th longitudiniil vein,
apart from the upper braueli of the 5th vein.

1. Pachygaster annulipes, sp. nov.

2 • Head : Frons between one-third and one-fourtli of tlie head,
shining black ; face, which is conspicuousl}^ invaginated, with
greyish dust ; back of head sliiuing bkick. Antennae with 1st joint
black, the remair.der wholly bright yellow, with long arista.
Proboscis dark. Thorax and scutellum shining black, dorsum of
botii with very short yellowish pubescence, which does not quite
extend to the anterior margin of the former. Abdomen shining-
black, with sparse short pale yellowish pubescence ; venter black,
witli sparser but slightly longer pubescence. Lerjs yellowish to
tips of tarsi ; a rather broad subapical black or blackish browji
ring on all the femora. Wiwis pale yellowish gre}' ; stigma
darker yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Leiujtli, 2\ nnn.

Described from a single § from Margherita, Assam.

Tjipe in the Indian Museum.

Genus ZABRACHIA, Coq.
ZahracMa, Coquiilett, Bull. X. Y. State Mas. xlvii, p. 58-") (1901).
GrEXOTYPE, Zahracliia polita, Coq. (North America).

Differing from PacJu/f/aster in the unforked 3rd vein. Some
degree of latitude must be allowed in my revised view of this
genus, in which the species are chiefl)^ united by the above
primary character. Eyes in d contiguous (mimdissima, Zett., a
European species) or narrowly separated (anmdifemur, cdbipes).
Scutellum not upturned (minutissima), barely upttirned and
thickened {(dbi2}es), or produced upwards into a short blunt cone
{anmd'ifemur). Third antennal joint transversely elliptical {polita.,
the type-species from New York) or as in Pachygaster.

Range. India, North America.

Z. albipes has wholly pale yellow legs, while Z. anmdifemur has
a broad dark band on all tiie femora.

2. Zabrachia albipes, Bmn. (PI. I, iigs. 1, 2.)

Pach/yaster albipes, Bruuetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 102, $ (1907).
Pachi/yaster mf areata, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Eut. 1, p. 232, § (1907).

2 . Head and front shining black, with a brilliant white streak
on each side of lower part of head ; antennae and proboscis orange-

* Dipt. Exot. Supp. i, p. 57, pi. vi, fig. 3 (1846).

22 STK.VTIOMIII)-i:.

yellow. Thorax and abdomen shining black, with short, sparse,
silvery grey hair, which is a little thicker and mixed with gold
hairs on dorsum of thorax ; abdomen iinit'ormly black, Le<js pale
yellowish white, tips of tarsi faintly blackish. Wings quite clear ;
veins on anterior part and the stigma pale yellowish ; halteres
Avhite.

Lenr/th, 2-2^ mm.

Described from four 2 2 i'^ the Indian Museum from Calcutta.

My original description was insuHicient, and my not noting the
unforked 3rd vein probably prevented de Meijere from recognising
my species in his hif areata, described from Java. The white tomen-
tose stripe on the side of tlie thorax mentioned by de Meijere is
j^resent, tliough liable to be not readily distinguished from the
general whitish pubescence of the pleurie.

3. Zabrachia aiinulifemur, sp. nov.

J 2 . JHeacl shining black, bare ; frons at level of antennae about
one-fifth of the head in cJ , in $ one-fourth width of head, sides
parallel except near vertex and towards antennae ; visible only
from above, a pair of moderate-sized oval silvery-\^'hite spots
placed lengthwise, nearly contiguous, one above each antenna ;
face with broad white-dusted band contiguous to lower inner eye-
margins. Antennae brownisli orange, upper side of 3rd joint
blackish at tip. Thorax, scutellum, and metanotum shining black,
all with very short whitish pubescence ; scutellum produced
upwards into a short blunt cone. Abdomen shining black ; dorsum
and venter with similar pubescence to that of thorax, but less
obvious ; genitalia brownish orange, with a few stiff hairs. Legs
yellowish, front coxae more brownish at base ; all femora with a
broad blackish ring leaving base broadly, and tips narrowly, pale.
Wings colourless, veins and stigma pale yellow ; halteres yellowish,
clubs shining milk-white.

Length, barely 3 mm.

Described from three c? S in the Pusa collection (including
tgjje sent to Britisli Museum) from Annandale, Simla District,
"on leaves,'' x. 1911 ; and one $ in the Indian Museum from
8imla, 7000 ft., 9. v. 09 (Annandale).

This species must be near the femorata variety of de Meijere's
P. infurcata, but should be distinct. In P. albipes the 6 frons is
one-sixth the width of the head, with practically parallel sides,
including the face also, there being onlj'' the very slightest widen-
ing towards the vertex and towards the mouth-opening, in the
2 the frons and face form one-third of the head, being distinctly
but slightly broader towards vertex and mouth. In P. anmdi-
feniur, (^ , the Irons is one-fifth the width of the head with less
parallel sides, and in the 5 one-fourth. These differences should
effectually separate the species and prevent the latter from being
confused with the femorata variety of inf areata, Meij.

MONACAXTnOilYIA.

23

Genus MONACANTHOMYIA, Bnai.
Monacanthomijia, Bruiietti, Rec. Ind. Mas. vii, p. 448 (1912).
Genotype, 2Ionacanthomi/ia annanJcdei, Brun.

Allied to Fachygaster, Mft-., from Avhich it differs by the for-
mation of the scutellum, wliicli is produced
upwards so as to form a very large conical
base, from which it is continued upwards
in the form ot:" a long strong spine with
blunted tip. It differs from the alhed
Acraspidea, Brauer, by the iird autennal
joint being large and round instead of fili-
form and longer than the bend. The type- x,_Monacanthomyia
species IS the only one known. avnandaUu Brim.,

Range. India. scutellum in profile.

4. Monacanthomyia annandalei, Brun.

Monacanthomyia annandalei, Bnmetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 448
(1912).

c? . Head with A'ertex triangular, elevated, the three ocelli
distinct, reddish ; frons between one-fourth and one-fifth width of
head, nearly linear, shining black, with (seen from above) two
small, nearly contiguous, oval, silvery-grey-dusted spots a little
above the antennsB ; eyes with very small uniform facets ; face
shining black, lower eve-orbits silver-dusted ; back of head black-
ish, lower posterior eye-orbits with silvery reflections and a few
very short snow-white hairs. Proboscis short, narrowed at base,
pointed at tip, yellow, microscopically pubescent. Antennae
yellow ; third joint very large, round, with a rather long apical
thickened bristle. Thora.v shining black, with microscopic grey
hairs, which on the dorsum are intermixed with (or possibly wholly
replaced by) yellow liairs, all microscopic. Scutellum shining
black, with microscopic whitish and a few yellow liairs. Abdomen
shining black, with microscopic snow-white hairs; venter similar;
genitalia very minute. Legs with basal half of coxae and a broad
band occupying nearly all the femora, except base and tips, black
or blackish brown, remainder of coxae and femora yellowish ; tibiae
and tarsi white. Wings very pale grey, highly iridescent ; stigma
yellow ; basal half of costa and 1st longitudinal vein much blacker
than the remainder of the veins ; halteres with the stem yellowish,
the club milk-white, rather large.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a perfect J in the Indian Museum, captured
by Dr. Annandale at Kurseong, Darjeeling District, 4700 ft.,
15. iv. 1911, on a window.

24 stuatio.myid.t:.

Genus ACRASPIDEA, Brauer.
Acraspidea, Erauer, Denks. K. Ak. Wiss. 'NVieii, xliv, p. 75 (1882).
Genotype, Acrasjndea felderi, Brauer.

" Body oval, with short weak legs ; antenuas longer than head,
filiform, pubescent, placed at middle of head in profile ; l^t
anteimal joint longer than the short 2nd ; 3rd long, narrow, with
four indistinct annulations, and with a terminal, shortly plumose,
long, filiform bristle ; scutelliim unarmed, parabolic, obliquely
upturned. Abdomen 5-segmented, round ; all tibite without
spurs. Only three endings to 4tli vein (1st, 2nd, and 4th) ; four
posterior cells.

" Differs from Roscqyha by the unarmed scutellum and from Tinda
by the position of the antennae." *

llaii'je. Ceylon.

The genotype is the only known species.

5. Acraspidea felderi, Brauer.

Acraspidea felderi, Brauer, Denks. K. Ak. Wiss. AVieii, xliv, p. 76
(1882).

"c?. //racZ black, with short black pubescence; face broad and
long, shining ; eyes contiguous above ; ocelli on a tubercle ; 1st
and 2nd antenual joints yellow, base of 3rd and the flagellum
brown, or entirely black, with conculorous short pubescence.
Thorax robust, inflated, dorsum roughened and punctate , w
triangular spot of shoi't ])ale yellow pubescence extending irom the
suture down to the whole breadth of the hind border. Abdomen
black, broader than thorax ; genitalia small but prominent, brown.
Legs yellow, femora with a brown ring ; metatarsi very long,
middle pair very thin but shorter than the tibise. Wings clear ;
costa brownish, submarginal cell distinctly smoke-grey neai-ly up
to the clear wing-tip, so that the marginal cell forms a u'hite spot
on the costa between the darker parts ; anal cell broad, closed at
some distance from the boi'der ; veins brown ; halteres pale
yellow.

" Zmr//7i, 5-6 mm.

" Rambodde, (^eylon (Ji^ietner)."

Genus WALLACEA, DoJ.

Wallacea, Doleschall, Nat. Tiid. Ned. Ind. (4) xvii, p. 82 (1858);

de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 234 (1907).
Gahaza^ Walker, Proc. Linn. See. Lond. iii, p. 80 (1859).

Genotipe, WcMacea arrjentea, Doil. ; by original designation.

Bead about semicircular, as broad as thorax ; eyes bare, in d
contiguous for some distance ; frons broad in $ , sides parallel

* A translation of Brauer's description.

WALLACEA. 25

Anteniue placed just above middle of head, first two joints short,
normal ; 3rd elongate, twice as long as first two together, 5-anDn-
lated, with a style as long as the 3rd joint itself. Proboscis and
palpi small. Thorax subquadrate, very arched, slightly inflated on
each side behind the very distinct suture ; scutellum large, thick,
bluntly pointed at tip and projected somewhat upwards, with two
hardly distinct short blunt spines. Abdomen rounded, thick, as
long as bnt distinctly broader than the thorax. Legs short, simple,
slender. Wiiir/s normal ; discal cell very large.

licuKje. India and Ceylon.

The genotype is the only known s])ecies.

C. "Wallacea argentea, Dol. (PI. I, fig. 3.)

IJ'allacea aryejiteu, Dolescliall, Nat. Tijd. Xed. Ind. xvii, p. 82 (1858) ;

Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 101 (i'J07).
Gahazii arr/entea, Walker, Proc. Liuu. Soc. iii, p. 80 (1859).
Packi/fftister ni(/rofemorata, Brunetti, liec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 499
(1912).

J $ . Head with the eyes in c? practically contiguous for about
one-third of the distance from vertex to antennee, leaving a slightlv
elongate vertical shining black triangle and a much smaller frontal
triangle which is shimmering white, as are the sides of the face ;
rest of face and lower part of head black ; proboscis dark brownish
yellow ; antennae orange or yellowish ; 3rd joint rather broader
in 2 than d , with six annulaticns, the two basal ones the broadest ;
style whitish, 2-segmented, 1st very minute, tip of 2ud curved.
In 2 1 fi'ons shining black, sparse short wlntish hairs on upper
part ; two small round white hair-spots contiguous to eyes just
above level of antennae ; margins of face with a thin line of snow-
white hairs. Thorax shining black, in (S with broad band of
golden yellow, almost tomentose pubescence on hinder half of dor-
sum, generally but not always reaching side-margins and always
extending as far as the scutellum, which is wholly black ; tlie
whole dorsum similarly covered in $ , as is the scutellum also ;
sides with very sparse inconspicuous pale pubescence. Abdomen
moderately shining black, with yBvy short whitish pubescence,
which is sparser in the 5 ; venter shining black, bare. Legs
yellow ; femora black, tips narrowly yellowish ; tibiae a little
brownish about the middle; extreme tips of tarsi brownish;
femora with soft hairs, tibiae and tarsi minutely pubescent.
Wings clear ; stigma, anterior veins, and halteres yellowish.

Length, about 3 mm.

Described from a long series in the Pusa and Indian Museum
collections. Pusa, 22. v. 1908, in bark of Ergthrissa sp.,
17. xii. 1914, under bark of Ficus lavica, 15. ii. 1916, on rotten
papaya stem; Katihar, 12.x. 1907; Bomba3% vii-ix. 1912 ; Cal-
cutta, 8.i. 190G, 22. i. 1908, U.iii. 1907, 6.ii. 1908; Pollihetta,
Coorg, 15-26. v. 1914, 24. x. 1915, 16. xi. 1915 (Fletcher).

26 STKATIOMYID^.

Genus ACANTHINA, Wied.

Acanthiiio, "SViedemanu, Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 50 (1830) [preocc. Fiscli.

(180G)].
Accmthmia, INIacquart, Hist. Xat. Dipt. i. p. 240 (1834) [Inpsus].
Aiiemifa, Walker, List I)i])t. Brit. Mus. v, Supp. 1, p. 61 (1854).
Acanthinomi/ia, Hunter, Tr. \\n. Ent. Soc. Phil, xxvii, p. 129 (1901).
Cibotoyaster, Enderlein, Zool. Anz. xliii, p. 305 (1914j.

Gexotype, CUtellaria elonr/ata, Wied. ; by Brauer's designation

(1882).

Ifead more than semicircular, as broad as anterior part of
thorax ; eyes hairy, contiguous or subcontigiious for a sliort
distance in c? , facets of uniform size in both sexes; frons in $
rather narrow, sides nearly parallel, postocular orbit in $ bi-oad.
Antennae placed low down on head at tip of frontal prominence,
barely above level of lower part of eyes ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
ord elongate, cylindrical, witli short apical style. Proboscis and
palpi small. Thorax moderately arched, much broader behind,
anterior corners rounded ; scutellum broad, nearly semicircular,
4-spined. Abdomen rounded, thick, much broader than thorax ;
genitalia small. Legs slender, simple, moderately long. Wings
with normal venation.

Range. Orient, Mexico, Central and South America.

As the name Acanthina is preoccupied in Mollusca, Artemiia,
Walk., should be used, but I decline to accept changes in well-
known names of such long standing. Cihotogaster, Ender., erected
on slight differences in the last antennal joint, and the shape of
ttie thorax and abdomen, does not appear generically distinct.

The two Indian species are easily known by their size, azurea
being 8 to 9 mm. long and argentihirta only 3 mm,

7. Acanthina azurea, Gerst.

Acanthinu azurea, Gerstaecker, Linn. Entom. xi, p. 335 (1857) ;

Brunetti, IJec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 100 (1908).
Acajithina auricoUis, Bi<>ot; Brunetti, Eec. Lid. Mus. i, p. 100 (1907)

[nom. nud.) ; Brunetti, oj). cit. vii, p. 449 (1912), cJ $.
Cihotoijasier azurea, Enderlein, Zool. Anz. xliii, p. 305, fig. 11

(antenna, S) (1914).
? Clitellaiia olesa, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lend, v, p. 232 (1861);

Osten-Sacken, Ann. Mus. Uen. xvi, p. 411 (1880), xviii, p. 17 (1882).

(S $ . Head with eyes in S with dense yellow pubescence
above and brown pubescence in front, nowhere actually touching
but extremely near each other for a considerable distance, and
separating upwards very gradually, leaving a ver}^ narrow elongate
greyish triangle below the large black ocellar triangle which fills
the space from eye to eye ; above this the rather large vertical
space is orange-brown with a few black bristles ; frontal triangle
smooth, shining, bare, orange ; proboscis, palpi, and labella all
bright orange-brown ; antennae with first two joints orange, 3rd

ACA>'TniXA, 27

blackisli, inieroacopicall^' pubescent, sometimes orange at extreme
base with four distinct annulations and a short two-jointed style ;
occiput considerably concave, dark, with a little grey pubescence.
In $ frons i width of head, barely broader at vertex and lower
end ; frontal triangle large, very prominent, shining, bare, bright
orange-brown, as is also the very broad posterior border to the
eyes; a small brown spot on frons just above the suddenly
widened frontal triangle. Thorax dark shining blue, punctate,
with microscopic black bristles ; in c? a single median stripe of
yellow pubescence, not reaching anterior collar but leaving a shining
black spot bare of pubescence, the stripe extending hindwards to
middle of dorsum; in 5 two very narrow longitudinal median stripes,
rather approximating to one another, formed of minute whitish
pubescence, continued beyond suture a little, where they diverge
and broaden, reaching posterior corners of dorsum ; a moderately
broad transverse stripe of similar pubescence along suture,
narrowest in middle : a patch of short golden yellow pubescence
on each shoulder and along anterior margin; pleurae as dorsum,
similavlv punctate and with a little grey or whitish pubescence,
which is silvery white and thickest above front coxae, on meso-
pleura just below wing, and on lower part of sternopleura.
Scutellum concolorous, similarly punctate, and with greyish
pubescence ; spines brownish, ratlier short. Abdomen dark shining
blue,]iunctate as thorax ; a little grey pubescence about front corners
and sides and denser and longer about centre of hinder part of
4th segment and also about base and centre of 5th ; genitalia
small, brown, two short telescopic cylindrical joints in S > two
short filaments in $ ; venter deep blue, punctate, with a little
greyish pubescence. Legs : femora black, witli a slight blue or
violet tinge and a little wliitish-grey hair below ; knees narrowly
dark brown ; tibiae, black or dark brown, tips very narrowly a
little paler; tarsi blackish brown, middle pair distinctly paler.
Wings dark brow n, stigma and veins darker ; costal cell, discal cell
mainly or wholly, base of 4th posterior cell (sometimes base of 3rd
or even 2nd also), anal and axillary cells (sometimes hinder part
of 2nd basal cell also), clear or nearly so ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 8 5-9 mm.

Described' from six 6 6 and one 2 in perfect condition
from Tura. Garo Hills, Assam, 1500 ft., vii. 1917, and above
Tura, .3500 ft., viii. 1917 {Kemp); a S ^^i'om Sadiya, Assam; a
$ froni Karkur Ghat, Nilgiri Hills, 1500 ft., v. 1911 {H. L.
Andrewes) ; and a second S from Kohima, Assam, all in the Indian
Museum ; and a specimen from Coorg, S. India (2\ B. Fletcher).

This species was given in my first paper on Stratiomyid.t as
"aiin'colUs, Bigot," which afterwards proved to be merely a MS.
name.

The gold i)ubescence on the front of the thorax and that
forming an approximate cross on the thorax in the 5 rubs off
very easily.

28

STRATIOMYID.E.

8. Acanthina argentihirta, Bnm. (PI. I. fig. 4.)

Acantliina ari/entca, Brunetti, IJec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 132 (1907) ;
eniendtd in Corrigendum slip of Siime date to uv(jentihirta
{aryentea preocc. Ost.-Sack. 1880).

S . Bead with eyes extending whole height of liead, shortly but
not thickly pubescent, subeontiguous at nearest point of approach,
as the frons at this point is receding, but attains the surface of
the eyes towards the vertex, which is considerably raised, occupied
by the ocelli; facets rather large, of uniform size; frons both
above and below nearest approach of eyes, shining white; occiput,
underside of head, and iiuier orbit of eyes below antennae v»-hite.
Antennae with first two joints black, ^rd reddish brown with
blackish marks ; style thick. Proboscis short, yellowish, with a
few hairs. Thorax with dorsum, sides, and scutellum black,
uniformly covered with short silvery-grej^ pubescence ; scutellum
with four rather large whitish spines. Abdomen black, with short
silvery-grey pubescence ; venter hkck, with short grey hairs.
Legs yellowish white ; fenioi'a black, extreme base and tips pale ;
tibiae with a broad black band, leaving only the basal fourth and
the tip pale.- Winrfs quite colourless, veins distinct, pale; no
stigma apparent ; squamas very small, brownish white; halteres
brownish yellow, clubs wliite.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a perfect J in the Indian Museum, from
(,'alcutta, 22. v. 1907 ; Kangoon, 18-30. ix. 1914 (Fletcher).

Geuus CRASPEDOMETOPON, Kert.
Craspedometopon, Kertesz, Ann. Mus. Iluug. vii, p. 37-j (1909).

Gejstotype, Cra.Yiedometopon fronUde, Kert.

Head hemispherical ; eyes bare, contiguous in S for a consider-
able distance ; upper facets lai'ger than lower, no distinct dividing-
line ; in § , frons -i- of head, sides parallel, bare, shining ; a narrow
ridge on each side close to eye-margin, continued at vertex
around upper corners of eyes and gradually disappearing, con-
tinued down\^ards to some little distance above base of antennae,
meeting a similar transv^erse ridge ; a median ridge in centre of
frons, dying away at upper and lower extremities, and an oblong
depression with pointed lower end just above antennae ; face
retreating ; mouth-opening large ; occiput slightly concave, shortly
pubescent. Proboscis with large labella ; palpi l?-jointed, a little
shorter than labella; 1st joint rod-shaped, 2iul long elliptical.
Antenna} placed on lower part of head, smaller in c? than $ :
1st joint cup-shaped, contracted beyond base ; 2nd cup-shaped ;
3rd subconical, with seven distinct annulations and a very long
terminal pubescent arista. Thorax robust, narrower in front
than head, broader than head behind, finely punctate; dorsum
arched, suture distinct, broadly interrupted in middle : scutellum
flush with dorsum, large, arched, hind border truncate, with four
strong equidistant spines: sometimes an extra pair, or occasionally
five spines asymmetrically placed. Abdomen 5-segmented, robust.

CRASPEDOMETOPUX. TIXUA. 2D

broader than long, finely punctate ; 1st segment very short, 2nd
three times as long as 1st, 3rd rather longer than 2nd, 4th and
5th subequal to tjrd ; genitalia small, concealed. Lerin moderately
strong, simple, pubescent. Wings normal ,; costa ending at tip
of 3rd vein ; axillary vein present.

llanr/e. India, Formosa.

C. frontale is the only known species.

9. Craspedometopon frontale, Kert. (PI, I, figs. 5, 6.)

Craspedometoiion frontale, Kertesz, Aim. Mas. Iliuig. vii. p. 375
pi. viii, tigs. 3, 4, 10 (1909).

S $ . Head black, vertex and ocellar bump with yellow hair,
Avhich is shorter in $ ; frons in c5' dull black, with a yellowish-
Avliite hair-spot on each side above antennae contiguous to eye-
margin ; in 2 grey, with a median shining black ovjil depression
with its lower end pointed : white hair-spots as in c? ; epistoma
with yellowish pubescence; occiput with yellowish tomentum.
AnteuHiB with 1st and 2nd joints chestnut-brown, moderately
shining, 3rd darker, with yellow tomentum. Proboscis brownish
yellow ; 1st joint of palpi yellow, 2ud black. Thorax black above,
slightly shining ; in c? the greater part with very short whitish
pubescence, anterior margin and sides with shoi't black hair ; in 5
pubescence brassy yellow, thicker ; iu certain lights can be seen
three longitudinal stripes, connected in front, of which the
median one reaches the scutellura, outer ones diverging towards
side-margins ; pleurae black, more shining, but less punctate and
pubescent than dorsum; humeri reddish brown at tips. 8cutellum
concoiorous with thorax, equally pubescent; spines yellowish
brown at tips. Abdomen black, slightly shining, closely punctate,
with similar, but shorter, yellow ish-w hite pubescence. Legs brown,
pubescence yellow ; femora (except tips), upper side of front
tibiae, the middle and hind tibiae (except bases and tips) almost
black ; front tarsi with black pubescence on upper side. Winqs
and veins basally, up to middle of discal cell, blackish, remainder
yellowish ; lialteres brownish yellow.
Length, 4i-b mm. ; wings, 4^-8"2 mm.

The above is a free translation of Kertcsz's description from a
large number of specimens from Formosa, iii-v. 190b (Sender). A
cJ and 2 ua,med by him are iu the Indian Museum ; also two
d" 6 from Tenasserim (Doherty) and a J from the Dariiling
District, 1000-3000 ft., v. 1912*(Loi-c^ Carmichael).

Genus TINDA, W(dlc.

Tinda, AValker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lend, iv, p. 101 (1860).
Biastes, Walker, Ins. Saund. Dipt, i, p. 80 (1851) [/^ec Panz., 1806].
Phijllophora, Mncquart, Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille, 1834, p. 507 (1835).
Eiasnia, Jaennicke, Abb. Senck. Nat. Ges. vi, p. 322 (18G7).

Genotype, Biastes indica, 'Wulh. (as Tinda viodifera) ; by
original designation.

Head more than semicirctilar, as wide as thorax ; eyes bare.

30 STRATIOMYID.i;.

contiguous ill 6 f nr a long distance; frons moderately broad \n
2 , wider at vertex ; proboscis and palpi very short. Antennae
elongate, cylindrical, longer than bead (in type-species); 1st joint
twice as long as 2nd, 3rd three times length of first two togetber
(in indica), indistiuctly annulated. Thorax elliptical, wider bebind,
ratlier flattened ; scutelluin nearly semicircular, witb four spines.
^6'7oHieu elliptical, slightly broader but barely longer tban thorax;
genitalia inconspicuous. -^c.'/s sbort, slender. Wiiir/s ratber
narrow, a little longer tban abdomen, venation normal.
Range. Tbe Orient and West Africa.

10. Tinda javana, Macq. (PI. I, figs, 7, 8.)

Beris javana, Macqiiavt, Dipt. Exot. i, 2, p. 188 (1838).
2'inda javauu, de Meij. Tijd. y. Ent. 1, p. 232, liv, p. 273.
Biastes indicus, Walker, Ins. Sauiid. Dipt, i, p. 81, pi. iii, tig. 3 (1851).
Tinda modi/era, ^^^'^,lker, Proc. Liun. Soc. Lend, iv, p. 101 (I860;.
Phylloplwra hispinosa, Thomson, Eug. IJesa, Dipt. p. 4;j4 (18G9).
Tinda indica, Brunetti, llec. Iiid. Mus. i, p. 92 (1907).

(^ 2 • a^iid with eyes contiguous in c? for greater part of distance
from vertex to antennae, leaving a very small vertical triangle
wholly occupied by the black ©cellar triangle and a few short
brown hairs ; upper facets much larger than lower ones : frons
shining black, nearly wholly occupied by two spots composed of
sbort snow-white pubescence ; face whitish grey, the colour
spreading more or less along inner lower orbits of eyes ; rest of
lower part of head black; vertex black, no postocular margin
whatever ; proboscis yellowish ; palpi yellowish, with large spatu-
late tips. Antennal 1st and 2ud joints yellowish, 1st twice as
long as 2ud, cylindrical ; 2nd cup-shaped, both with sparse short
stiff black hairs ; 3rd fully two and a half times as long as 1st
and 2nd together, bai-e, yellowish at base ; remainder blackish ;
only a few basal annulations well defined. In 5 , Irons at vertex
I to 1- width of bead, narrowing rapidly to a little above antennae,
where it is less than half as wide, black and slightly shining ;
postocular margin very broad, bare, slightly shining. Thorax
black, I'atber closely punctate, hardly shining, with tomentose
yellowish pubescence on dorsum ; sides more or less similarly
clothed ; humeri tipped with brownish orange ; a very narrow
, concolorous ridge thence to wing-base. 8cutellum similar to
thoracic dorsum ; hind margin yellowish, with four rather sbort
yellowish spines. Abdomeii black, barely shining, closely punc-
tate ; venter similar ; genitalia small, yellowish, ending in a
small cylindrical tube in c? and two finger-like lamellae in $ .
Legs all yellow ; last tarsal joint brownish. Wi.or/s grey, anterior
niargiii ralber darker; stigma distinct, pale brown; halteres
brownish yellow.

Lemjth, o.i-G mm.

Describecl from a long series in the Indian Museum and the
Pusa Collections : Chapra, Bengal, often in rotting plantain stems,
lO.iii. 1917, 29. iii. 1908, 27. iv. 1913 {Howlett), 28. v. 1913, 11. v.
1908, v. 1907 ; Katihar, 8-9. iii. 1909 (Paiva); Calcutta, 2. iii. 1907,

EVAZA. 31

12. vi, 1907, 5. vii. 1907, 9. viii. 1907, 20. ix. 1907 ; Dibrugarh,
JST.E. Assam, 17-19. xi. 1911 {Kemp); Tura, 1200-1500 ft., Assam,
vi. 1917 {Kemji) ; Batavia, Java, viii. & x. 1907 (Jacohson) ; Sema-
rang, Java, i. 1906 (Jacohson) ; Andaman Is., 27. iii. 1911 (Paiva).

The pupa-case is about 8 nun. long, pale pinldsh brown, covered
with whitish grannlated dust, and 13-segmented ; bead end very
pointed ; from 4tb segment onward, sides nearly parallel, flattened,
last segment the longest, with rounded tip ; on upper and lower
sides a row of yellow bristles across middle of each segment.

For many years this species has been luiown as Tinda indica,
Walk,, but de Meijere supports its identity with the Beris javamt
of Macquart described from Java. B.jauana, Wulp, from Sumatra,
is a different species and a true Beris.'^

Genus EVAZA, Wall:

Evaza, Walker, Proc. Linn. Sor. Lond. i, p. 109 (18o7) ; Ivertesz.
Ann. Mus. Hung-, iv, p. 276; Biunetti, Ifec. Ind. Mus. i,p. 97 (1907).
Evasa, Auctores.

Nerua, Walker, op. cit. iii, p. 81 (1859).
Nerna, Walker, op. cit. iv, p. 97 (I860).

Genotype, Evaza hipars, AValk. ; by original designation.

Head as broad as thorax ; eyes large, contiguous in d ; upper
facets much larger tlian lower ones ; frons narrow in 5 , facets of
uniform size. Antenna? short, 1st joint longer than 2nd, 3rd oval,
with four annulations, longer than 2nd, with apical arista. Pro-
boscis short, projecting barely beyond mouth-opening; palpi
hardly as long as proboscis, Thora.v elliptical, microscopically
pubescent, slightly narrower anteriorly, longer than head, very
slightly arched ; scutellum semicircular, with four moderate-sized
spines. Abdomen elliptical, 5-segmented, a little broader and
longer than thox'ax, slightly arched, microscopically pubescent ;
rather broader in § . Legs simple. Wings with normal venation
of subfamily: 3rd vein forked; three veins issuing from discal
cell,t and cell closed at some distance from wing-margin.

Range. Only known from the East,

Erom Kertesz's description there are not enough data to include
E. indica satisfactorily in a table of species. The frons at its
narrowest part in tlie $ is one-thirteenth the width of the head.
In E. hipars it is one-tenth or thereabouts at tliat part, being
about 2| times wider at vertex. In E.fiavipes the frons of the 9
. is four times as wide at vertex as at its narrowest part.

Tahle of Sp>ecies.

Legs all yellow, at most tips of tarsi brownish.

Scutellum with only spines yellow Jlainpes, Bip-.

Scutellum with liind margin yellow as well as spines, bipars, Walk.

Legs yellow, but with femora and tibiae darker in part. . indica, Kert.

* See Bruiietti, Rcc. Ind. Mus. i, jx 89 (1907), and de Meijere, Tijd. v. Eut.
1, p. 232 (1907).

t The lower one being the upper branch of the 5tli vein.

32 STRATlO-MVID-i;.

11. Evaza flavipes, Bifj.

Evaza Jiaripes, Bii^ot, Ann. Soc. Eut. France, (5) ix, p. 2] 9 (1879) ;
Bruuetti, liec. liid. Mus. i, p. 98 (1907), vii, p. 451 (1012).

$ . Head with eyes only appi'oximate at nearest approacli ;
frous widening to foiu' times as wide at A'ertex, shining black,
bare ; ocelli brownisii yellow, rather close together on slightly
elevated black ocellar triangle; frontal triangle with j^ellowish-grey
pubescence ; underside of head and proboscis yellow, with a little
yellow pubescence ; postocular orbits moderately wide, black,
with traces of microscopic golden -yellow pubescence. Thorax
moderately shiiiing black, with I'ather dense, very short, yellowish
pubescence; sides of thorax and the scutellum similar; latter
with four yellowish-brown, rather long spines, which bear a few
long yellow hairs. Abdomen moderately shining black, micro-
scopically pubescent ; genitalia small, telescopic, brownish orange,
ending in two cylindrical lamella) bearing a few pale hairs. Lef/s
all orange, microscopically pubescent; tips of tarsi brownish.
Wiiu/s gre)^, brownish on anterior part, veins dark brown ;
halteres yellowish.
Lenr/tJi, 7 mm.

Described fiom a single $ in the Pusa collection from Darjiling,
viii. 1908 (Middh'ton).

12. Evaza bipars, Walk. (PI. I, fig. 9.)

Evaza bipars, "Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, p. 110, pi. vi, fig. 2
(1857) : Bruuetti, Itec. liid. Mus. i. p. 98 (19U7).

Evaza favipes, Wulp {nee Bigot, 1879), Term. Fiizet. sxi, p. 416
(1898).

S $ . Head with eyes contiguous in S for greater part of their
length, leaving a A-^ery narrow and elongate vertical triangle,
shining black ; upper and front facets much larger than others ;
ocellar tubercle A^ery elevated, black; ocelli very distinct, large,
reddish ; the small frons and lower part of head ash-grey, a\ itli a
little whitish pubescence ; occiput black. Antenntt; placed much
below middle of head in profile, orange-yellow, arista black ; pro-
boscis and the large labella and the palpi orange-yellow. In $,
frons double as wide (or rather more) at vertex as at point of
nearest approach of eyes, at which latter point it is ^\y width of
head. j^Vtoraa' shining black: suture very distinct; dorsum Avith
very short yellow pubescence, which extends to the scutellum ;
humeri orange- brown, a yellowish ridge from humeri to wing-base ;
posterior corners of dorsum rather sharply cut away, orange-
Drown ; pleurse shining black, sternopleuroe with yellow pubes-
cence. 3cutellurn black, spines brownish yellow ; metanottim
shilling black. Abdomen dull shining black, with short black
pubescence ; a little yellowish pubescence at sides ; genitalia very
small, mainly concealed ; venter black, shortly pubescent. Legs
pale yellow, with soft short concolorous pubescence. Wings pale

EVAZA. — PTILOCERA. 33

yellowish grey ; stigina large, yellow ; veins yellowish brown ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from three or four of each sex in the Indian Museum
and my own collection ; Darjiling, 7000 ft., 12. vi. \21A[Gravehi);
Lebong, Darjiling District, 13. vi. 1914 (^Gravely). It occurs also
in Papua, Borneo, and Sumatra.

13. Evaza indica, Kert.

Evaza indica, K^rtesz, Ann. Mus. Hung, iv, p. 289 (1906).

6 ? . Head with frontal triangle shining black, except upper
part, which is silvery-white toinentose ; frons in $ shining
black, broad above, much nari'ower below, only one-thirteenth of
breadth of head at narrowest part ; frons on lower half somewhat
impressed at the termination of the fine ridge that starts from
the ocellar tubercle ; occipital ridge strongly ])roduced ; epistome
black, with silvery-white tomentimi ; proboscis and ])alpi brownish
yellow, with concolorous hair ; occiput black, wnth grey hair on
lower part. Antennae brownioh yellow ; arista black, appearing
thick on account of the dense short pubescence — moreover, it is
shorter than in anj' other species, being only a little longer than
the antennoe. Thorax with nearly parallel sides, dorsum flat,
black, finely punctate, with sparse yellowish tomentum-like
pubescence, which is a little thicker on posterior half; humeri as
well as the narrow ridge up to wing-base brown ; pleurae shining
black, pubescence short, rather thick, greyish white. Scutellum
black, on a level with thorax, punctate and pubescent like dorsum
of thorax, only extreme margin and spines brownish yellow.
Abdomen only a little longer and broader than thorax, black,
finely but closely punctate ; dorsum with yellowish brown, de-
pressed, short pubescence ; venter with sparser greyish pubescence.
Legs pale yellow, femora darker towards tips ; fore tarsi and last
two joints of middle and hind legs blackish brown ; |Hibescence
on legs very slioi't, yellowish white. Wings slightly brownish;
anterior margin of subcostal cell brown up to the wing-tip, but
gi'eater part of marginal cell clear.

Length, Q-Qk mm.; wings, 4 mm.

Described from two S d and a $ from Bombay, 3. viii. 1902
{Biro).

Types in the Budapest Museum.

The foregoing is a translation of Kertesz's description.

Genus PTILOCERA, Wied.

Ptiloceru, Wiedemann, Nova Dipt. Gen. p. 7 (1820) ; Brunetti, Ree.
lud. Mus. i, p. 90 (1907).

Genotype, Stratiomgs quadridentaia, Y. (Malay Archipelago) ;
by original designation.

Head semicircular or slightly flattened in front, as broad as
thorax ; eyes bare, contiguous in c? for a considerable distance,

D

84 STRATIOMYID.Ti.

upper facets distinctly largei* than lower ones ; frons in $
moderately broad ; proboscis barely protruding- from mouth-
opening ; palpi small. Antennae very characteristic; in (S first
two joints short, minutely bristly, 2nd rather shorter than 1st;
3rd with seven annulations, 1st and 2ud aunulations short, bare,
cylindrical, about the size and length of the first two antennal
joints ; 3rd annulation in the shape of a two-pronged fork with-
out stem ; 4th and 5th annulations similarly shaped but with
stems; 6th annulation elongate, much broader at tip than base;
7th annulation somewhat like 6th but shorter and more linear ; a
long terminal style of about half as long as whole antenna, com-
posed of very dense microscopic feather-like pubescence. In $ ,
two basal joints and first two aunulations of 3rd joint as in d ,
except that from inner or under side of tip of 2nd annulation
emerges a long feather-like ray, the double row of plumes
drooping downwards ; 3rd annulation veiy short, cylindrical,
much nari'ower than 2nd, bearing two similar rays ; 4th and 5th
annulations very elongate, narrow, cylindrical, each bearing two
such rays ; 6th and 7th very elongate, about as long as 4th and
5th, rather wider towards tips, without rays but mici'oscopically
pubescent ; style as long as in S , but apparently of a sponge-like
texture, generally white, with microscopic pubescence. Thorax
elliptical, broader behind, moderately arched; scutelhim nearly as
long as broad, more than semicircular, with four distinct sub-
equal spines. Abdomen of five segments, not longer than thorax,
slightly broader, almost rounded, anterior corners rather angular,
rather thick ; d" genitalia very small, barely projecting; those of
the 2 apparently telescopic, cylindrical, of two pieces and with
two small finger-like terminal lamellae. Legs moderately long,
slender, without conspicuous pubescence. Wings of normal sub-
family venation ; 3rd vein forked ; three discal cell veinlets
equidistant, including the upper branch of the 5th vein ; anal cell
closed at some distance from border ; wings folded over abdomen
at rest, longer than abdomen.

Range. The Orient and South Africa.

Only one species is definitely known as Indian, P. fastuosa,
Gerst., though the Indian Museum possesses two specimens in
bad condition from the Andaman Islands which Bigot named
" continua, Walk." ; but they cannot be this species and are pro-
bably F. quadridentafa, P., a species easily recognised by the large
golden-haired spots with angular inner corners on the anterior
margin of the thorax.

14. Ptilocera fastuosa, Gerst. (PI. I, figs. 10, 11.)

Pfilocera fasftiosa, Gerstaeclcer, Linn. Ent. xi, p. 332 (1857).
? Ftilocera smaragdinn, Snellen v. VoLeuhoven, Tijd. v. Ent. i,
p. 92 (1857 j.

2 . Head : frons one-fourth of head or a little more (nearly
3 mm.), shining black, flush with eyes, very slightly sunken in

PTILOCERA, 35

middle ; sides parallel, except for a very slight contractiou about
the middle ; about the upper halt' closely punctulate, with minute
bristles ; these bristles also cover the ocellar triangle, which is
elevated above eye-level ; ocelli reddish brown ; a large dark
chestnut-brown shining bare callus above antennae, not easily
■distinguishable from the frons, and just above it a grey tomentose
spot (seen only in certain lights) on each side, contiguous to inner
eye-margin ; face with practically parallel sides, as wide as frons,
black, with a shining bare spot just below anteunte ; a little
■whitish pubescence, which is rather longer along lower eye-margins.
Antennal first two joints shining black, first two annulations of
■3rd yellowish-grey tomentose ; rays dark shining blackish brown ;
terminal style yellowish white, sponge-like. Proboscis, palpi, and
occiput black, the latter with a little greyish-while pubescence,
longer on posterior orbits, especially on lower part. Thoivixhlack,
very closely punctulate, with miiuite black spines and with very small
scales that exhibit emerald-green and mauve reflections according
to the light ; these scales, in addition to general distribution,
form in good specimens four distinct equidistant longitudinal
stripes from anterior to posterior margins, the two outer ones
along side-margins of dorsum ; the scales also occur below the
wing-base, on the mesopleura, and on the scutellum ; shoulders
rounded, humeri inconspicuous ; sternopleura with grejnsh-white
tomentose pubescence ; scutellar spines black. Abdomen shining
indigo-blue or violet, entire surface closely punctulate and covered
with minute bristles like the thorax ; anterior corners of 2nd seg-
ment with a little, very short, whitish pubescence, and a small
whitish hair-spot towards upper outer corners of 3rd and 4th
segments ; 5th segment depressed longitudinally in middle, most
of its middle surface with short wdiitish pubescence, or the hind
margin only, or the pubescence in the form of two circles separated
by the median depression. Genitalia small, brown, mainly con-
cealed. Venter like upper side, with very minute soft whitish
pubescence. Legs shining black, with microscopic grey pubescence;
a little shining brown about trochanters and base of femora and,
perhaps, extreme tips of femora ; underside of hind tibice with
golden-brown pubescence. Wings blackish brown ; base of 4th
posterior cell, greater part of anal and axillary cells, alulae, and
base of wing clear; a yellow streak from costa about stigma, con-
tinued hindwards to outer side of discal cell ; veins dark brown ;
halteres black.

Lenr/th, 9-10| mm.

Described from six $ $ in the Indian Museum : Darjiling
District, 1000-3000 ft., v. 1912 ; Siugla, Darjiling District, vi. 1913 ;
Sukua, base of Darjiling Hills, 500 ft., 1. vii. 1908; Pararabikulam,
Cochin State, 16-24, ix. 1914 {Gravehj); Ivandy, Cevlon, vii. 1910;
Peradeniya, Ceylon, 20. v. 1910; Pollibetta, Coorg, 15-26, v.
1915 (FletcJier); llopin, Upper Burma, viii. 1914 {^Fletcher)\ above
Tura, Assam, 3900 ft., vii. 1917 (Kemp).

d2

36 STRATIOMTID.i;.

1 have not seen the male with certainty, and the follo\\ mg notes
are from Gerstaecker's deseriptioa oi: that sex. Very distinct from
2 , much smaller. Head considerably broader than thorax, deep
black, with one white hair-spot ahove antennae ; the latter with 2nd
scapal joint and lirst two annulations of 3rd joint reddish jellow,
rest black. Thorax with ground-colour dark blackish brown, side-
margins and two very indistinct median stripes of emerald-green
scales. Scutellar spines, especially middle pair, mucli longer than
in 5 and mainly reddish ^yellow. Abdomen deep black, with paler
sides, white spots as in $ , but posterior ones absent. Wimjs as
in 5 , pale spot on inner border absent.

A S from Coorg, S. India, in the Pusa collection, may be this
species: also a S from Pashok, Darjiling, 200U ft. 11. vi. 1916
(Z. C. Ifa7'tless), though neither of them agrees quite with
Gei'staecker's description.

Genus STRATIOSPHECOMYIA, Briui.
Stnitiosphecomyia, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. i.v, p. l'61 (1913).

Genotype, Stratiosphecomyia variegata, Brnn.

Head flattened, semicircular, narrower than greatest width of
thorax, nearly bare ; occiput not at all projecting behind eyes ;
ocelli on small, very distinct prominence, equidistant; eyes in S
quite contiguous for a moderate distance, hinder and lower facets
distinctly smaller than anterior and upper ones. Proboscis thick,
apparently moderately long but mainly concealed \^ithin the
mouth-opening, probably producible; pal[)i elongate, a little
pubescent, apparently of one joint only. Antenna? elongate,
nearly filiform, two-thirds as long as head and thorax together ;,
1st joint about twice as long as broad, 2nd about half this length ;
flagellum with eight distinct annulations, subequal, except the
last which is rather longer and pointed. Thorax approximately
oval, widest at level of wings, only slightly arched ; microscopically
pubescent here and there. Scutellum of n)oderate size, semi-
circular or subtriangular, unspined. Abdomen with a little soft
pubescence towards sides at base, apparently 5-segmented, the
emargination between the 2nd and 3rd segments extremely in-
definite, possibly these forming but a single segment ; the 1st very
short, transvei'se, 2nd as wide as 1st at base, tlience suddenly
narrowing at half its length to cylindrical form, the 3rd at base
as wide as tip of 2nd, rapidly widening to tip; the abdomen
widening to tip of 4th segment, thence rapidly narrowing, the tip
rounded, the 2nd to the 5th segments subequal in length.
Genitalia exposed, fairly complex, consisting of a dorsal plate and
a pair of two-jointed hairy claspers, with apparently at least one
other pair of appendages. Legs quite slender, moderately long,,
minutely pubescent ; hind legs longer and slightly stouter, hind
femora barely thickened towards tips, hind metatarsi distinctly

STRATIOSPllECOMYIA. 37

iuerassated, broader and longer than the remainder of the tarsns ;
4th tarsal joint of all the tarsi distinct!)' shorter than any others.
W!))rjs well developed, fairly broad, a little longer than abdomen,
venation as in Pachi/aaster ; halteres large.

15. Stratiosphecomyia variegata, Bnui. (PI. I, figs. 12, 13.)

Straiiosphecomyia varier/atd, Bnuietti, llec. lud. Mas. ix, p. 201
pi. xiv, tigs. J4, 17 (lia;!).

cJ $ . Head : eyes in S contiguous for one-fourth tiie distance
from vertex to antenuce, vertex rather depressed, with conspicuous
ocellar prominence, wholly black; frontal triangle brownish yellow,
bare, shining, flnsh with eyes ; face lighter brownish yellow, with
almost microscopic whitish pubescence and two large circular
black spots below base of antennae ; the hinder part of the lower
part of the head black ; proboscis and palpi brownish yellow,
withdrawn, with a little pale pubescence; antennae cylindrical,
nearly filiform, scape brownish yellow, bare, 1st joint twice as
long as 2ud ; Hagellum black, with eight aunulations, subequal,
except that the last one is a little longer and pointed. In $ ,
frons and face greenish yellow, shining, with very short soft
whitish pubescence; former at level of antennae nearly 1 width of
head, with parallel sides; a blackish transverse streak from eye to
eye a little below vertex, embracing ocellar triangle, the latter
shining black, slightly elevated ; face rapidly broadening from
below antennae ; a thin black ring on face around base of each
antenna ; a conspicuous round black spot on each side immediately
below antennae ; a transverse narrow black band a little lower,
from eye to eye ; underside of head retreating, greenish yellow,
smooth, shining, with whitish pubescence, and two longitudinal
blackish-brown marks in each side of mouth-opening ; posterior
orbit of eyes distinct, but rather narrow, yellow, bare. Thorax
black, microscopically pubescent, with bright lemon-yellow mai'k-
ings as follows : — On anterior margin of prothorax ; the humeral
calli ; a large triangular mark at each end of the transverse suture,
in front of root of wing ; a broad band from shoulder to wing-
base ; the posterior margin of dorsum of thorax broadly yellow, in
the form of four contiguous triangles, the outer ones approximate
to wing-bases ; a large spot placed diagonally on the sternopleura ;
a curved one between it and the wing-base and lastly one behind
the wing, almost contiguous to the metanotum. Sides of thorax
with extremely short and rather sparse pubescence, which is black
or yellow in accordance with the colour of the surface. Abdomen
with basal segment reddish brown ; 2nd, except perhaps at extreme
tip, black ; remainder of abdomen reddish brown, with a narrow
indistinct transverse blackish streak at base of 4th, and a similarly
coloured subquadrate large spot on base of 5th, filling the major
part of the segment. Legs with coxae black, tips sometimes a little
paler ; anterior legs yellowish, tibiae indistinctly a little darker.

38 STUATIOMTID.E.

fore tarsi black, except metatarsus, middle metatarsi yellowisli
white, rest of tarsus brownish yellow. Hind legs browuisb
^yellow, with indistinct traces of brown here and there, base of
femora narrowly pale yellow ; tibiae rather flattened at base and
slightly pinched beyond the middle, with two indistinct, though
fairly obvious, moderately broad, blackish rings, one just beyond
base, the 2nd suhapical ; tarsi brownish yellow, last two or three
joints black ; the 4th joint in all the tarsi much shorter than any
of the others. Wings pale grey, gradually darker on apical half,
stigmatic region moderately dark brown, ill-defined ; halteres
large, yellow. Venation as in Fachyg aster.

Lenqtli, 11-12 mm.

Described from five ^ J, Darjiling, 1000-3000 ft., v. 1912;
one $ from above Turn, (jaro Hills, Assam, 3900 ft., vii. 1917
{Kemp)-, a pair from Shillong, 4900 ft., 31. v. 1918 {Rao).

Subfamily CLITELLARIINiE.*

Head comparatively larger than in Pachygastein.e ; eyes often
densely hairy : antennae variously shaped ; 3rd joint annulated, elon-
gate [Lasiopa), conical (CUtellaria), or somewhat clubbed or oval
{Oxycera, Nemotelus). Thorax stout, subquadrate or widened in the
middle, occasionally with a strong spine on each side {EpMppium ^
Negritomiila) ; scutellum spined or not. Abdomen, about as long
as thorax, 5- or 6-segmented, varied in form, generally subquadrate
or oblong. Legs moderately long and strong, with soft pubescence
or bare. Wings witli 2nd vein often apparently anastomosed
with 3rd ; 4th vein with three terminations ; 5th vein forming
hinder side of discal cell, therefore posterior cross-vein absent.
In some cases the 5th vein touches the discal cell for so short a
space that the connection almost appears as the posterior cross-
vein ;f 5 posterior cells, all united on wing-margin.

This subfamily is characterised by the absence of the posterior
cross-vein, therefore the discal cell apparently emits four veins.
The normal absence of an antennal arista and apparent union of
the 2nd vein with the 3rd are also good characters. The species
are moderately or rather densely pubescent, or quite bare.

Life-lusiory. Larva, in addition to the eleven body-segments,
with an apical tip at the ])osterior end, bearing a few bristles
instead of a Fringe of hairs. The metamorphoses of some European
species of Oxgcera are well known, the larvae living in mud or
water ; and that of Ephippium also, it being parasitic in nests of
Formica faliginosa.

* For table of Oriental genera, vide Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 1.13: for
Hermetiin.)-, id. I. c. p. 120 (1907).

t According to Verrall, in such cases the species are regarded as belonging
to the Ci,iTEr>i,AUiiN.E. The presence of tlie posterior cross-vein would place
them in the Stkatiomyin.e. this character being the only structural dividing-line
between tiiem. It would perhaps be better to unite both groups under

STnATIOMYIN.E.

HERMETIA. 39

The Hermetiin-5 have by some authors been separated from
the CLiTELLAniiNTE proper, but it seems better to retain them
under one subfamily.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Thorax with a strong side-spine 2.

Thorax "without such spiue 3.

2 Anteniial style hare Ephippium, Latr., p. 4o.

Anteunal style thickly pilose, conspi- [p. 47.

cuous . NeCtRitomyia, Big.,

3. Scutellum 2-spiued 4.

Scutellum unspined 6.

4. Antennal 3rd joint very lon^-, hliform . . Ampsalis, Walk., p. 44.
Antennal 3rd joint elongate or conical,

not hliform 5. [p. 49.

6. Third antennal joint with distinct style Clitellaria, Mg.,

Third antennal joint with arista Oxyckra, Mg., p. 53.

6. Abdomen globose, much broader than

thorax Ruba. Walk., p. 48.

Abdomen elliptical or linear 7.

7. Antennfe not longer than bead ; 3rd joint

conical Lasiopa, Brulle, p. 52.

Antennae longer than head; 3rd joint
very elongate or nearly hliform 8.

8. Abdomen linear, considerably longer

than thorax ; antennae cylindrical or

rather flattened IIermetia, Latr., p. 39.

Abdomen elliptical, barely longer than
thorax ; antennfe cylindrical, subfili-
form Eudmeta, Wied., p. 41.

Genus HERMETIA, Lair.

Hei'metia, Latreille, Hist. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 338 (1805) ; Brunetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 121 (1907).
nwrasena, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 1, p. 177 (1838).

Genotype, Miisca illucens, L. (Tropical America) ; by original
designation.

Head transverse, distinctly wider than thorax ; eyes micro-
scopically pub9scent ; frons broad in both sexes. Antennae with
1st and 2nd joints cylindrical, 2nd half as long as 1st ; 3rd very
elongate, cylindrical, .5-aniiulated, with au about equally long,
densely pubescent style, shaped like an elongated club. Proboscis
rather short, with large prominent labella ; ])alpi short, cylindrical.
Thorax subquadrate, moderately arched ; scutellum semicircular,
unspined. Abdomen linear, arched above, considerably larger than
thorax. 5-segiiiented in c? , 6 or 7 in $ . Genitalia in J charac-
teristic, attached to ventral side of 5th segment, consisting of a
piece broadened at base, pointed at tip, apparently membranous,
bearing on each side a two-jointed palp-like organ, also mem-
branous ; two horny oval valves, probably for enclosing the

40 STRATIOMYID.E.

membranous organs, and bearing a spine on the underside. In
the 2 the 6tb and 7th segments are narrow, telescopic and witb-
drawable into tlie Stli ; genitalia consisting of a triangular bifid
piece, with a small lilamentous two-jointed appendage on each
side. Le(/s moderately long, slender, simple. Wings with normal
venation of subfamily.

Range. India and the East ; North, South, and Ceutral America ;
Africa.

16. Hermetia laBta, Meij. (PL I, figs. 20, 21.)

Hennetia Iceia, de Meijere, Bijd. tot Dierk. xviii, p. 93, pi. viii,

%. 8 (1904); Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Miis. i, p. 122 (1907).
Hermetia cerioides, Brunetti, /. c.

S $ . Head yellow ; a blackish cross-band above middle ; on each
side contiguous to eyes a blackish triangular spot above level of
antennse ; vertex more or less blackish ; occiput black ; antennal
1st and 2nd joints brownish yellow, 3rd blackish. Thorax black,
slightly shining ; an indistinct whitish median line on anterior
part, only reaching to suture;* humeri, a contiguous triangular
spot on each side ot anterior iDargin ; a short contiguous or sub-
contiguous side-stripe from humeri, reaching suture and thereat
slightly upturned, posterior calli and scutelluin, all bright yellow ;
latter sometimes narrowly black at base. On sides of thorax a
horizontal oval yellow spot between 1st and 2nd pairs of coxae,
and a vertical oval one just in front of it, reaching wing-base.
Ahdomenwith first three segments mainly black, remainder reddish
brown; a pair of large, approximately oval, yellow spots near
each other, placed longitudinally on anterior margin of 2i)d
segment (the spots much smaller in $ ),with a small spot at each
side on extremity of hind margin ; 3rd and 4th segments with
distinct yellow hind margin ; 5th with an elongate triangular spot
at tip, which in $ is narrower and longer, nearly reaching anterior
margin ; sides of abdomen yellow down to about end of 3rd
segment. Venter with basal three segments mainly black, 2nd a
little pellucid at sides and tip, remainder reddish brown ; hind
margins of 3rd and 4th segments narrowly yellow. Legs yellow;
femora blackish brown, narrowly pale at tips, more broadly so on
front pair ; tips of tibiae a little darker, tarsi yellowish white. In
one specimen the basal half of all the femora is pale. Wings
yellowish grey, veins pale brownish yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 8-12 mm.

Described from two S <S and eight $ 5 in the Indian
Museum in bad condition, probably the same set from which
de Mejiere compiled the original description, as he records the
species as " bred from a betel-nut palm in Backergunge, Bengal ;
in Indian Museum, 2 d c? , 3 $ 5 ."

* I do not perceive this.

IIERMETIA.. — LUDMETA. 41

These iusects bear no histoiy and were named " cerioides, AV'alk."
(I do not know by whom) ; and from tlie set I selected one as
Iceta, Meij., and recortled it in my first paper on Stratiomyid^,
referring the remaining specimens to cerioides, Walk. A closer
examination reveals them all to be la^tn, as they agree with the
description exactly.*

Osten-Saoken notes that fresh specimens of cerioides, "Walk.,
have green (as recorded by Walker) instead of the yellow spots in
dried ones, but this change after death is frequent in this family.
H. cerioides, Walk., differs by the legs being (presumably) black,
with lurid kuees and white tarsi, by its blackish-brown wings, and
the absence of the single spot on the 5th abdominal segment.

Genus EUDMETA, Wied.
Eudmeta, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 43 (1830).
Toxocera, Macquarc, Dipt. Exot. Siipp. iv, p. 44 (1849).

Genotype, Hermefia marr/inata, F. ; by original designation.

Head about as broad as widest part of thorax, rather more
than semicircular ; eyes very large, bare, contiguous in S for a
considerable distance ; upper facets larger than lower in S , of
uniform size iu $ . Antennje inserted below middle line of head ;
1st and 2nd joints subequal, normal, short; 3rd longer than
head, cylindrical, of eight indistinct annulatious. Proboscis shoi-t ;
palpi small, cylindrical. Thorax rather elongate, oval iu front,
broader behind, moderately arched; scutellum subtriangular,
rounded at tip, unspined,' Abdomen elliptical, comparatively
broad at base, as long as or a little longer than thorax, flattened,
depressed towards tip ; genitalia in S distinct, small. Legs
moderately long, thin, simple; tarsi long. Winfjs with normal
venation ; discal cell triangular.

liange. The Orient.

AViedemann describes the anteniioe as 5-jointed and Macquart
follows suit, both illustrating these organs ; but it seems only a
question of the distinctness or otherwise of the annulatious of the
3rd joint, which is not iufrequently an individual matter, some
specimens showing them clearly and others very indistinctly.
The same occurs in many individuals and species in this family.

Table of Sjiecies.

Shorter, brownish-yellow species : abdomen distinctly
broader than thorax ; 3rd anteimal joint as long as

half width of head favida, Bran.

Elongate blackish-brown species, abdomen no broader
than thorax; 3rd anteimal juiut nearly as long as
width of head.
Abdominal side-margins green (in life, yellow in dried

specimens) ! mnrginatn, F.

Abdomen without differently coloured side-margins. . 6/-M««ea,Meij.

* Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher bred it from larvae lound in rotting stems of a
betel-nut tree at Karimganj, vii. 1918.

42 STUATIOMYID.Ti.

17. Eudmeta marginata, F. (PI. I, fig. 17.)

Ilermetia mnn/inata, Fabricius, Syst. Antl. p. 63 (1805).

JEudmeta iitari/iiiafn, Wiedemauu, Aiiss. Zweifl. ii, p. 43, pi. ix, fig. 4

(1830); Macquart, Dipt, Exot. Supp. iii, p. 16, pi. i,tig. 9 (1848) ;

Bi'uuetti, liec. Ind. Mas. i, p. 123 (1907); de Meijere, Tijd. v.

Ent. liv, p. 26'2 (1911) ; Kertesz, Ann. Mus. Hung, vii, p. 388

(1909).
Hermetia cinynlaris, Guerin, Voy. Coq., Zool. ii, 2, p. 290 (1830).
Hermetia singularis, GiKSrin, Icon. Regn. An. vii, p. o43, pi, 98,

fig. 1 (1835).
Toxocera hmbiventns, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iv, p. 45, pi. v,

tig. 3 (1849),

d 2 • IJ^cc^d : eyes in c5' contiguous for a considerable distance,
leaving a moderate-sized vertical triangle and small frontal
triangle ; upper facets very much larger than lower ; vertical
triangle wholly occupied by ocellar tubercle and brownisli ocelli ; a
few brownish or greyisli hairs ; frontal triangle very small, shining
dark brown ; face dull brownish grey, with white pubescence, two
small contiguous ])ale spots with a small orange longitudinal streak
below them, immediately below base of antennse ; the latter orange-
brown, 3rd joint with eight annulations, darker towards tips ;
underside of head blackish, with white pubescence ; proboscis
dark, witli very large, brownish orange labella : occiput black,
with whitish microscopic pubescence on upper part, a little longer
on lower part. In $ , frons moderately narrow, i- or g of head,
sides nearly parallel, brownisli orange, nearly bare. Thorax rather
dull black, with short brownish pubescence on dorsum, more
whitish and sparser at sides ; a small callus on shoulder, joined to
an elongate stripe on lower margin of dorsum ending at suture ;
hind corners of dorsum with a similar callus, contiguous to an
elongate one immediately below, placed vertically ; a moderate-
sized oval spot on sternopleura and a subtriangular one just in
front of wing-base ; all these spots orange or yellowish (possibly
apple-green in life), and shghtly variable in shape and extent ;
scutellum black, witli a moderate-sized rounded pale yellow spot
at tip. Abdomen dark bluish black, microscopically pubescent,
slightly shining; extreme side-margins orange-yellow (green in
life) ; vertex blackish. Lcfjs all dark- brown or blackish ; a little
soft pubescence behind, at least, front femora. WiiKjs gvey ; a
rather brown streak across the middle from the small brown
stigma to anal cell ; a large apical brown suffusion beginning
distinctly beyond discal cell; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 11-13 mm.

Described from five S 6 and one $ in the Indian Museum
from Darjiling, 1000 3000 ft.,vi. 1912; Pyinmana, Burma, vi. 1910
{H. L. Andreivcs). The 5 bears no locality. The specimens
appear to have been in spirit and are consequently unreliable for
descriptive purposes, especially in the matter of pubescence : but
they are undeniably B. man/inata. The species occurs in Singa-
pore, Java, Borneo, Amboina, and North-east Sumatra.

EUDMETA. 43

18. Eudmeta brunnea, Meij.

Eudmeta hrunnea, de Meijere, Bijd. tot Dierk. xviii, p. 94, pi. viii,
tig. 10 (1904).

S $ . Head with frous at level of antenuse, oue-foui'tli of head,
a little narrower at vertex and a httle wider at lowest part of face ;
yellowish brown ; antennae blackish brown. Thorax yellowish
brown, sides a little darker. Abdomen yellowish brown, 2nd
segment in middle with two blackish- brown longitudinal stripes
near side-margins; 4th and 5th segments with hind borders
blended together so that the whole surface is blackish brown,
except that in the 4th is a triangular middle spot of the ground-
colour ; anterior border of this segment nai'rowly yellow ; vei)ter
yellowish brown, tip darker. Abdomen in 5 lighter in middle.
Legs: anterior tarsi darker at tip; hind tibiaj and tarsi black;
rest of legs yellowish brown ; hind metatarsi in $ as long as
tibiae, whereas they are shorter in the 6 ■ Wings rather dark,
more yellowish on anterior border ; tip and a baud across the
middle blackish brown, more or less connected with a dark patch
in anal cell ; halteres brown.

Length, 14 mm.

Described mainly from a specimen in the Indian Museum from
Kohima, Assam, augmented by de Meijere's description of a 6
and 255 from Darjihng.

The only discrepancy is the fact that the thoracic dorsum is
(Jarker than the sides instead of vice versa ; also the dorsum of
the abdomen is mainly blackisli brown, except towards sides on
anterior half, where it is lighter brown.

19. Eudmeta flavida, Brun.

Eudmeta Havida, Bnmetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 454 (1912).

(5 . Head with eyes contiguous for two-thirds the distance from
the very small vertex to the frons ; upper facets rich red-brown,
much larger tlian the lower ones, which are nearly black ; ocellar
triangle small, black, slightly elevated, with a few hairs, lower mar-
gin of eyes white ; frons and face smooth, bare, livid yellow. Mouth
and proboscis brown ; palpi small, black, oval at tip. Antennae
yellow, almost bai'e, except a few hairs at tips of the first two joints,
which are very short ; 3rd joint elongate, with a little greyish
shimmer towards the rather narrowed tip, ending in a distnict,
moderately long, black, cylindrical style, which is S-jointed and
very closely black pubescent, the first two joints very short.
Occiput not projecting beyond hinder margin of eyes, much in-
vaginated in the middle ; yellowish, witli very short hairs.
Thorax rather dull brownish yellow ; sides, scutellum, and meta-
notum concolorous, except that the scutellum is rather reddish.
"Whole dorsum, sides, and scutellum covered with soft, dense, pale
yellow hair. Abdomen rather shorter and more globose than
E. brunnea, Meij. ; ferruginous brown, blackish on the edges and

44 STUATIOMYID.E.

towards tip ; whole surface with close, slioi-r, 3'ellow pubescence.
Venter similar, pubescence very short. Leys brownish yellow, a
dark brown ring on apical half of hind tibia? ; tarsi tips black.
The legs are minutely yellow pubescent, the colour brightest on
the tarsi. Wiiu/s pale yellow, veins brownish ; a stigma-like oval
black spot towards tip of upper basal cell ; the end of the wing
mainly occupied by a brown suffusion w liich dies away towards
posterior margin ; halteres yellow.

Length, S mm.

Described from a single S in good condition in the Indian
Museum collection from Margherita, Assam.

The abdomen is much shorter and more roiuided than in
E. viarginata, whiuh makes me doubtful whether it is v\ell placed
in Eudmeta.

Genus AMPSALIS, Wallc.

Ampsalis, AValker, Proc. Lino. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 98 (1860).

Genotype, AmjJsalts geaiata. Walk. (Celebes) ; by original
designation.

"Body elongate, nearly linear. Head a little broader than the
thorax ; eyes prominent ; palpi very short. Antennse filiform,
much longer than the breadth of the head ; flagelhun linear, about
twice the length of the scape; joints indistinct. Thorax elongate
elliptical; scutellum armed with two obliquely ascending spines.
Abdomen elliptical, a little broader but not longer than the thorax.
Legs rather long. AVings narrow, 1st cubital vein about one-
fourth the length of the 2nd,* four externo-medial veins complete ;t
subanal vein curved, joining the anal vein at some distance from
the border; discal areolet elongated and attenuated exteriorl}',
exterior side very short."

liange. The only other species than A. longisjumis comes from
Celebes.

20. Ampsalis longispinus, Bmn. (PI. I, figs. 18, 19.)

^ImpHilis longispinus, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ix, p. L*64, 2>1. xiv,
fig-s. 2, 4, 16 (1913).

cT $ . Head twice as broad as long; eyes in c? contiguous for
greater part of distance from vertex to antennse ; frons shining
black in J , one-fourth to one-fifth widtli of head in 5 , less
shining, bare ; ocelli on distinct prominence, yellowish ; occiput
black, minutely pubescent. Antenna? black, 1st and 2nd joints
subequal, cylindrical, barely broader at the narrowly brown tips,
minutely spinose; 3rd joint cylindrical, almost filiform, pointed,
with eight annulations. Thorax dull black, with microscopic
pubescence, which in perfect examples is probably blackish or dark

* 2nc] and Srd longitudinal veins respectiveh-.
t 4th longitudinal vein-endings.

AMPSALIS. — EPIUPPIUM. 45

grey ; traces of a little brownish colour beliind the wings ; hind
corners of dorsum distinctly so coloured. Scutelliim of normal
size, shining aeneous or blue-black, with soft (? pale) hairs and two
very long, powerful, conspicuous, reddish-brown apical spines half
as long as the abdomen, diverging and directed slightly upwards.
Abdomen brownisli yellow ; 1st and 2nd segments mainly black,
hind border of latter brownish yellow, 3rd and 4th each with a
rounded or subquadrate blackish spot of considerable size towards
each side but clear of the margins ; these four spots in the $
nearly filling the surface of these segments ; 5th and 6th segments
in both sexes mainly black, but sides and hind margins brownish
yellow. Venter with 1st, 2nd, 4tli, and 5th segments mainly black,
remainder brownish yellow ; the black colour a little more ex-
tended in J ; whole surface of venter in both sexes with very
short yellowish pubescence. Genitalia in J concealed ; in $ a
narrow cylindrical tube, with a pair of rather long brownish-
yellow hairy filamentous appendages. Legs yellow; hind tibiae
incrassated on apical two-thirds, black ; hind tarsi longer than
tibiie, the hind metatarsus black for two-thirds of its length and
as long as the remaining joints taken together. Wings distinctly
yellowish, very shining, apical third and hind margin grey ; stigma
black or blackish brown, veins blackish ; lialteres yellow.

Length, 10-13 mm.

Described from three (5 c? and four $ $ from Darjiling,
1000-3000 ft., v-vi. 1912, and Singla, iv. 1913, in fair condition;
Hhillong,4900ft.,31.v.l918(7?«o); 5000 it.,yi-\u. 1918 (Fletcher).

There is nothing material to prevent this species from coming
in Ampsalis. The head is barely as wide as the thorax at its
widest part, and "Walker says the scutellum is armed with two
oblique ascending spines, but does not mention their great length.
The only apparent discrepancy is that he says the flagellum is
about twice the length of the scape, whereas in the present species
it is fully three times as long, but this diff'ereuce would not be
generic.

Genus EPHIPPIUM, Latr.

J^pkippiitm, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 448 (1802-3), and xiv,

p. 341 (1804).
JEphippiomyid, Bezzi, Zeits. Hym. Dipt, ii, p. 191 (1902) : Brunetti,

Rec. lud. Mus. i, p. 115 (1907).

Genotype, Stratiomys ephippitim, L. (Europe) ; by oi-iginal
designation.*

Head comparatively small, as wide as front part of thorax ; face
arched, not projecting in profile, densely pubescent ; palpi long
and thickly pubescent ; eyes densely hairy in both sexes, in c?

* [Latreille did not actually designate a genotype ; iu vol. iii be mentions
two species as belonging to liis genus, viz., microlcoii, L., and ephifjyimn, L. ;
in vol. xiv Le gives the same two species in reverse ordei*. — Ed.]

46 stratiomtid.t;.

contiguous for a considerable distance, facets of equal size ; in
5 , irons broad. Antennas as long as broad, 1st and 2nd joints
subequal, 3rd elongate : indistinctly annnlated, witli long pointed
bare apical style. Thorax a little longer tlian broad, narrower in
front, with a conspicuous spine on eacb side, just before the base ;
humeri elevated ; seutellum biglier at base than hind part of
thorax ; with two long thick hairy spines. Abdomen ovate,
flattened, a little longer and broader than thorax and seutellum
together. Legs strong, moderately long ; front coxc*© large.
Wings strongly rippled, but not ribbed ; traces of posterior cross-
vein, as upper branch of 5th vein is in almost punctiform contact
with discal cell ; discal cell-veinlets distinct ; alulae unusually large ;
alar squamae absent, tlioracic pair small.

Iicinge. Europe, Japan, South Asia.

Life-history. That of the European E. thoracicum, Panz., is
known ; a conspicuous but hardly a common species. The larva?
are parasitic in nests of the ant, Formica fidiginosa. lloser
records finding one in a rotten nut-tree, and thinks they must take
about four years to reach maturity.

The alleged preoccupation of Ephlppitmi byBoUen in Mollusca,
on which Be/.zi suggested Ephippiomyia., is very doubtfid, accord-
ing to Verrall, and the original name is of too old standing to be
altered.

21. Ephippium bilineatum, F. (PI. I, figs. 15, 10.)

Stratiomys hilineata, Fabvicius, Syst. Antl. p. 79(1805).

Clitellariu hivittain, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, p. 3 (1810) ; Auss.

Zweifl. ii, p. 46 (1830).
Ephippium anynstum, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, p. 2-52 (1834).
Rhaphioccra spinitJiorax, JSIacquart, Dipt. Exot. .Supp. iii, p. 17,

pl. i, fig. 7 (1848).
Clitellaria tenebrica, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mas. iii, p. .522

(1849).
Ephippium spiniyerum, Dolescliall, Nat. Tijd. Nod. Ind. x, p. 407,

pl.ix, fig. 2(1856).
JVeyrito7nyin hilineata, Wulp, Notes Leyd. Mus. vii, p. 95 (1885).
Ephippiomyia bilineatum, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. i, p. 115 (1907).

S $. Head: eyes of c? with rather dense brown pubescence,
contiguous for about the same distance as from lowest point of
contact to base of antennae ; vertical triangle rather small, with
blackish-brown hairs ; frons and face black, with dense, white or
whitish, rather long pubescence ; occiput blaciv, margin with
minute snow-white pubescence, which nearly disappears at the
sides and becomes longer on lower part ; proboscis with very large
dark brown labella ; palpi blackish, pubescent. Antenna; with first
two joints black, bristly ; 3i'd to extreme tip of style about one and
a half times as long as 1st and 2nd together, dull brown, elongate,
conical, with three distinct broad annulations, bare, after which
it narrows abruptly and bears some distinct hairs and is produced
into a very narrow terminal style. In 5 , frons about one-twelfth

EPHIPPIUM. — NEGRITOMYIA. 4/

width of bead, sides parallel, sliiniiig black, with a small patch of
wbite pubescence in middle. Thorax shining black or blue-black,
closely punctulate : dorsum witli blackish-brown pubescence and
t\\'o moderately wide well-separated stripes from anterior margin
to bind margin, or even indistinctly carried over part of the
scutelluin, composed of very short whitish-grey pubescence ;
humeri rather prominent, shining bright brown, bare ; sides of
thorax shining black, mainly covered \^ith longer or shorter \^hitish-
grii^y pubescence. Scutellum concolorous M-itli dorsum, bind mar-
gin with a little grey pubescence; the spine at each hind corner
strong, long, black, and pubescent. Ahdomen shining black or
blue-black, closely punctulate, with dark brown pubescence on
dorsum and longer whitish-grey pubescence at sides and on the
concolorous venter ; a tendency to form a hair-spot towards sides
of each segment, especially on 3rd and 4th ; underside of last
seg^nent bare, shining. Ler/s black, shortly grey pubescent ; tips
of tarsi brown below. Wings with base narrowly, costal cell,
base of 1st basal cell and the axillary cell, clear ; rest of wing
dark brown, a little paler on hind margin; 5th vein rather more
deeply infuscated ; halteres pale yellow.

Lenrfth, 9-14 nun.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum :
Tenasserim (DoJiert;/); Semarang, Java, viii. 1*J09, and Depok,
Java, X. 1907 (Jacohson).

Genus NEGRITOMYIA, Big.

Ni(/ritomyia, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vii, p. Ixxiv (1877).
Negritomyia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. 190 (1879).

GETf OTYPE, Ephippium macidijienne, Macq . ; by original de-
signation.

Antennse nearly cylindrical, base a little pubescent, 1st and 2nd
segments subequal, 1st much shorter than 3rd, arista apical, about
as long as the whole antenna, densely, shortly, and uniformly
pubescent. Eyes contiguous in c? , distinctly apart in $ , densely
pubescent in both sexes. Thorax with a long spine on each side ;
scutellum with two long spines. Wings with four endings to the
4th longitudinal vein, all reaching the border.

Range. Africa, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Australia.

22. Negritomyia maculipennis, Macr[.

Epliippium mac.uU2)enne, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. iv, p. 54

(1849), c?.
Negritomyia maculipennis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Miis. i, p. 114 (1907),^
& vii, p. 451 (1912).

5 . Head black, with a little short whitish pubescence ; eyes
black, sliortly pubescent ; frons at vertex about one-fifth the width
of the head, widening at level of antenna? to nearly one-third ; an
indistinct whitish mark above each antenna ; palpi black, with

48 STRA.TIOMIID.'E.

short yellow pubescence ; back of lieacl black ; posterior orbit of
eyes witli narrow silvery-white pubescence. Antennae blackish,
inner side of 3rd joint pale ; style closely pubescent. Thorax
black, moderately shining, with very short black hairs ; covered
with microscopic grey hairs, except along a broad median line and
on two large spaces towards each side of the dorsum, i. e., one
behind the shoulder and above each wing ; sides of thorax sliining
black, with microscopic grey pubescence below shoulders and some
short snow-white hairs above the fore coxae ; there is also a rather
wide perpendicular side-stripe of similar piibescence above the
middle coxce, joining the dorsal pubescence in front of the wing;
side-spines short, strong, black. Scutellum black, \Aith short black
hairs and coneolorous grey pubescence, and two broadly separated,
strong, short, black spines on hind margin. Abdomen black, with
grey pubescence foruiing a broad dorsal line on hinder half and a
sub'triangular spot towards each side of each segment. Yenter
shining black, practically bare. Legs black, with very minute
whitish pubescence ; basal fifth of anterior femora and basal fourth
of hind pair, also mnjor portion (from the base) of Jill the tarsi,
pale yellowish white. Winr/s subhyaline ; stigma dark brown,
roughly oval, very distinct ; tip of wing from outer side of discal
cell, thence in a straight line to the costa and extending hind-
wards, until filling the 2nd posterior cell, distinctly brown, the
colour filtering more or less into the 3rd posterior cell ; halteres
with stem' yellow, clubs dark brown.

Length, 11 mm.

Kedescribed from a single perfect $ in my collection from
Kandy, Ceylon, viii. 1908 {Green); Pollibetta, Coorg, x-xi. 1915
{Fletcher). Loew's mandijiennis (185G) from Soutli Africa is a
different species.

Genus RUBA, Wall:
Ruha, Walker, Proc. Linn. 8oc. Lnnd. iv, p. 100 (1860).
Genotype, Ridxi injlcda, Walk. ; by original designation.

Body thick and broad; head much narrower than thorax;
proboscis and palpi very short. Antennae nearly as long as
breadth of head ; " 3rd joint broader and longer than the flagellum,
of which the joints are short, compact, and minutely setulose ".*
Thorax a little longer than broad, scutellum unarmed ; abdomen
globose, very mucli broader and a little longer than thorax. Legs
slioi't. Wings moderately broad ; " 1st cubital vein not one-third
of length of 2nd ; four complete externo-medial veins ; subanal
vein curved, joining the anal vein at some distance from the
border; discal areolet elongated exteriorly, irregularly triangular,
exterior side very short.'*

Range, India, Celebes, Papua.

*■ Walkei's "' flncjclluni " is the style.

EUBA. — CLITELLAlilA.

49

23. Eiiba inflata, Wall.

JRuha injlata, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 101 (1860).

2 , Head : frons and face one-third of head, uuiformly wide
except for a slight contraction slightly above base of antennae ;
oc^'ilar triangle very small, black; an oval brown longitudinal
mark on frons just above the orange anteiuise, of irregular shape,
continued as a tine line to the ocellar triangle ; whole head
brownish orange ; proboscis with very large labella ; tips of palpi
rounded, flattened, rather large, deep black;* whole head with
rather short, moderately dense, but not conspicuous, yellow pubes-
cence. Thorax and scutellum all brownish orange, u ith rather dense
yellow pubescence; traces of three longitudinal narrow blackish
lines oil dorsum. Abdomen brownish orange, with yellow pubes-
cence. Le(i>- \elIowish orange, with yellow pubescence; apical
hiilP of hind tibiae bl.-ick, with black pubescence ; the tiny bristles
at the tips of the tarsi give them a blackish appearance Wivgs
pale yellow, apical half (except extreme tip) rather bright brown,
darker anteriorly ; a quadrate dark brown spot of modera e size
at tip of Ist basal cell, extending to the costa ; anterior margin
of basal half of wing a little deeper yellow.

LetKjtli, 9 mm.

Described from a perfect female in the Indian Museum from
(xhuinti, Darjiling District, lOUO ft., vii. 1911 {Gravely) ; and one
in inferior condition from Kohima, As^am.

Walker described the species from Makassar, in Celebes, and
the only descrepancy is that he says nothing . about the black
apical half of the hind tibiae.

Genus CLITELLARIA, %.

Clitellaria, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 26o (1803).
Adoxomyia, Kertesz, Ann. Mus. Hung, v, p. 499 (1907) ; num. 7iov.
for Clitellaria, Scb., 7iec Mg.

Genotype, Clitellaria dahlii, Mg. (Europe) ; designated by
Bezzi, Wien. ent. Zeit. xvii, p. 75 (1908). f

Head : eyes densely pubescent, contiguous in m;de, wide apart
in female; prohoscis retracted, witli moderately broad labella;
palpi 2-jointed, 1st joint thick, kidney-shaped, '2nd narrow, conical;
epistoma slightly arched. Antennae elongate, 1st and 2nd joints
subequal ; 3rd elongate conical, with four annulations, with two-

* The palpi lie along the lower side of tlie face and the conspicuous black
tips look like two black spots on it, Walker evidently uiistciking tbem for such
as he mentions "a black s| ot on each side of tlae luoutli."

t [It seems necessary to point ouf that this designation is entirely at variance
with the generally accepted rules of zoological nomenclature. Meigen, when
describing Clitellaria. definitely designated ephippium, F., as tlie genotype,
and no subsequent action on the part of Meigen hinisself or anyone else can
alter thiit fact. The correct designation for the pi'esent genus is therefore
Adoxomyia, Kert., and the species dps<;ribed above (p. 46) as tphippium tnlinc-
atum should stand as Clitellaria hdincata, F.--Ed.]

B

50 stratiomyidjE.

jointed apical style, 1st very short, 2nd long. Thorax elli])tical,
moderately arched ; scutelluin with two spines, often small and
indistinct. Abdomen a little broader than tliorax, oval or elliptical,
rather well arched, 5-jointed ; genitalia small. Legs moderately
long and strong. ir?>it/s with normal venation ; 3rd vein distinctly
forked, 4tli vein with three endings; posterior cross-vein abseni,
as upper branch of 5th vein forms pnrt of lower side of discal cell.

Range. Europe, AVestern Asia, North Africa, Orient, North
America.

Life-liistorij . That of the common Indian C. heminojila.^Wedi.,
has been worked out at the Pusa Institute.

Some confusion has arisen over the name Clitellavia. Verrall
notes that it was established by Meigen in 1803 for ephi2^2)ium, F.,
and that that author subsequently (1822) enlnrged the scope of
the genus, including in it vUlosa., F., calva, Mg., aiid/>aci/tcrt, Hfg.,
as well as ephipphim^Y. Latreille in 1804 erected hypliippium iov
the species of that name,* and, as was customaiy in those days
in such cases, changed the specific name to thoracicum to avoid
redundancy. Therefore the name CUtellaria must stand for the
remainder of the species placed in it by Meigen or, at tlie very
least, for one of them. C. pacijiea is an Odontomyia and synony-
mous with Ihnhata, Wied., which leaves only villosa and calva, one
of which should be the type of CUtellaria, Mg. Kertcsz retains
Meigen's original sense of the genus {i.e., for ephlppium, F.) in
his Kat. Dipt. (1908), but adopts the inadmissible name Potamida
(Mg. 1800) for it. Meigen added dalilii in 1830 to CUtellaria ami
Kertesz has renamed this group of species Adoxomyia. Lasiop>a,
Brulle (1832), differs from CUtellaria, Mg., in having an nnspined
scutellum, and both villosa and calva have been placed in it.
Therefore CUtellaria, as understooil by Meigen, was by this time
reduced to the single species dahlii, and this species is designated
by Bezzi as the genotype. Kertesz's '■'■Potamida, Mg." must con-
tinue to be known as Epliippnum, Latr. ; Adoxomyia, Kert., is the
true CUtellaria, Mg., and must retain this latter name; and Lasiopa,
Brulle, is a good genus.

The two Indian species are separated thus : —

Thorax without definite hair-stripes, but with a
darker median stripe surrounded by four spots
arranged in a square Jieminojyla, Wied.

Tliorax with two distinct stripes of short golden-
brown hairs bistriata, Brun.

24. Clitellaria heminopla, Wied. (PI. I, fig. 14.)

CUtellaria heminopla, Wiedemann, Zool. IMag'. iii, p. 30 (1819); id.,
Aus«. Zweili. ii, p. 48 (1830) ; Brunetti, liec. Ind. Mas. i, p. 120
(1907).

c? 2 . Head : eyes in J practically contiguous for about half
the distance from vertex to frontal triangle; black, upper facets

* [This is not strictly accurate (see footnote on p. 45). — Ed.]

CLITELLARIA. 51

barely larger than louer ones, not clearly deinarcated, with
moderately short dense pubescence, which appears gre^^ or brown
according to the point of view; vertex black, with a few long
whitish hairs ; ocelli reddish ; frontal triangle blaclc, \\ith rather
long soft whitish hair ; face and lower part of head black, with
greyish-white pubescence ; proboscis dull yellowish ; palpi reddish
brown; antenual 1st and 2nd joints black, 3rd joint reddish
brown to yellowish, first four annulations much broader and more
distinct than the rest, which form a narrow blackish cylindrical
tip ; a reddish-brown ring round base of autennal prominence.
In 5,frons forming 5 to i width of head, a little narrower at
vertex, witli short whitish-grey or brownish-grey pubescence ;
lower part of frons shining, practically bare, except for a bunch
of drooping whitish hairs near each ej^e-margin above level of
antennae ; the four basal annulations of 3rd joint rather broader
than in d . Thorax black, dorsum wholly covered with whitish-
grey tomentose pubescence ; in perfect specimens, if viewed from
in front, a median stripe surrounded by four spots arranged in a
square can be seen, composed of gold-brown tomentose pubescence ;
some longer whitish-grey hairs below shoulders. 8cutellum large,
with grey and golden-brown admixture of tomentose pubescence ;
spine placed at each hind corner, yellowish brown ; a fringe of
white hairs depends from the hind margin. Abdomen black ; 2nd
segment wholly, 3rd narrowly on hind margin and more broadly
towards sides and along side-margin of segment, 4th broadly
on hind margin (especially towards and along tlie side-margins),
oth with a large median triangular spot (its base on hind margin
of segment), very shortly but distinctly whitish (occasionally rather
golden) pubescent ; ground-colour of extreme side-margins of
segments brownish orange ; venter blackish, with extremely short
whitish pubescence. Legs : coxse black, brownish orange at tips ;
hind pair brownish orange behind; femora and tibiae rather shining
black, the former brownish orange at base and narrowly at tips ;
tibiae broadly brownish yellow at base, narrowly brown at tips ;
fr.)nt tarsi blackish, posterior metatarsi yellowish, remaining
joints brown; all legs with short greyish pubescence, which is
more brownish yellow on tarsi, especially the front pair. Wings
grey, yellowish brown about the centre ; stigma slightly darker
brown ; halteres yellow.

Length, 6;i-9 mm.

Driscribed from a long series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, Pusa collection and my own, from many parts of India
and Ceylon, where it appears to be generally distributed and
common from March to October on rotten papaya-stems, plan-
tains, and melons.

Mr. Hewlett has taken it " at sex play around dead leaves,
Pusa, 15. iii. 1912."

Larva. This is 11 mm. in length, whitish, oblong, the 4th seg-
ment truncate, the three anterior segments much narrower and
apparently withdrawable into the 4th ; 1st segment rattier elon-
gate, verv narrow; 4th to 12th segments about equal in lengrh,

e2

62 STEATIOMYID.E.

aniil segment longer, rounded at tip ; each segment bearing a
transverse row of rather long curved yellow bristles on botli upper
and under sides, one or more beiug also present along the sides.
The surface is covered with minute white particles, apparently
purposely attached to its body. Found in rotten papaya-stems.

25. Clitellaria bistriata, Brun.

Clitellaria bistriata, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 452 (1912).

6 . Head with A^ertex wholly occupied by the ocellar tubercle,
black, shortly black pubescent ; occiput blackish, the orbit bare,
but a little whitish-grey hair on lower part ; eyes closely contigu-
ous, with dense dark brown hair ; frontal triangle black, a little
wliitish-grey hair on its uppermost part : underside of head with
whitish hair. Antennae black, normal. Thorax black, with
minute black pubescence ; the anterior margin and two mode-
rately wide dorsal stripes extending from the anterior margin to
the scutellum, bearing very short golden-brown hairs, these hairs
also appeai'iug on, behind, and below the shoulders ; at the extreme
lower anterior corner of the dorsum is a reddish-brown, bare, pro-
minent, but very small callus ; some greyish hair on posterior
corners of lower part of thorax. Scutellum rather broad, black,
with microscopic black pubescence, some longer black hairs above
and ragged dirty grey hair on underside; a slightly curved,
moderately long, obtusely pointed spine at each extreme posterior
corner. Abdomen black, microscopically pubescent, with some
very short greyish pubescence towards the sides, rather more
extensive on first two segments, on posterior margin of penul-
timate segment, and covering most of the last segment. Venter-
black, with very short greyish pubescence. Legs black, witii
microscopic pubescence, and some vei'y short greyish-white hair on
underside of anterior femora ; the pubescence on the lower side of
the tarsi dark brown. Wings with anterior part deep brown,,
becoming a little lighter on posterior two-thirds, but still dark
browu ; stigma small, blackish brown, veins deep black : halteres
black, stem yellowish.

Length, 8-9 mm.

Described from a S fi'om Bhowali, Kumaon District, 5700 ft.
{iJr. ^l. L). Imvis), no^v in the Indian Museum ; IShillong, 4900 ft.,
31. v. 1918 (Bao).

Genus LASIOPA, JJrullf'.

Lasiojxi. Hnille, E.\])ed. Moree, iii, pt. ], p. 307 (18o2).
Ciiclogasrer, jMaccpiart, Hist. Isat. Dipt, i, p. 25(3 (18->i).
? Inermyia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (o) iv, p. 82 (1856).
? Licnnio, Bigot, tyx cit. (o) vii, p. 210 (1859).

Genotype, Lasiopa peUteria, Brulle (Europe).

Head with epistorae arched, but not snout-like. Antennae rather
long ; 1st and 2ud joints subequal ; 3rd elongate, conical, with four
aunulatious, ending in a two-jointed style. Eyes very hairy, quite

LASIOPA. — OXTCERA. -'3

or practically contiguous in S , broadly separated in 2 ■ Proboscis
short or lengthened, porrect, with moderately large labella ; palpi
witb three distinct joints. Thora.v elliptical ; scutellum utiarmed.
Abdomen broader than thorax, elliptical, arched, five segmented.
Ler/s moderately long and stout. Wiw/s with 3rd vein distinctly
forked ; 4th longitudinal vein with four faint veinlets, of wbicli
the 4th originates near or directly from the 2nd basal cell.

Eanr/e. Europe, West Asia, North Afi'ica, 8outh Africa, Orient,
New Zealand. South America.

Life-liistori/ mdvnown. I'lie perfect insects occur on nmbelli-
ferous and other flowers, and often become rather sluggish in tlieir
habits.

2t). Lasiopa villosa, F., var. himalayensis, Brmi.

Xemotclus viUosa, Fabriciiis, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 270 (1794).
iM&iopa villoAd, var. Iiitualai/cnsis, }3finietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 117
^1907).

J § . Head black, with rather long, shaggy, yellowish-grey
hair ; eyes in J not quite contiguous ; frons in 5 one-tliird width
of head, sides parallel, with rather long golden-yellow pubescence;
face similar, with a rather small elungnte spot on each side in $
at level of antenna;, contiguous to inner margin of eye ; proboscis
dark brown, not prominent ; underside ol head with greyish
pubescence ; antennse bhickish brown. Thorax black, with yel-
lowish-grey pubescence, which is sborter in the $ . Ahdomen
black : an elongate yellowish spot towards each side on hind
border of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments, all the spots subeqnal ; 5th
segment with distinct yellow hind margin. Legs blackish brown.
Winc/s brownish grey ; halteres whitish yellow.

Lnu/th, 9-10 mm.

Described from three si)ecimens in my own collection from
Mussoorie, v. 1905 (Brunetti), and others from Kumaon, W.
Himalayas, 6300 ft., 11. v. 1911 (Kemp); Naini Tal, vi. 1893
[Lucknow Museum]; Dungagali, Hazara Dist., 8000 ft., 21-24.
v.\9l5 (FletcJier).

The only difference from typical European specimens is that
the abdominal yellow spots are not turned up and widened at
their inner ends.

Genus OXYCERA, J/r/.

Oxifcera, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 265 (1803).
Hypoleon, Dunieril, Expos. Meth. Natur. (1801).
lietcroxycera, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) iv, pp. <'-"' & 85
(1856).
Genotype, Musca Jiypoleon, L. (^Europe) ; by designation of
Curtis, 1833 (as trilineata, F.).

Head with epistoma smooth, a little arched ; eyes from bare in
both sexes to densnly pubescent in ^ (in which case $ has some
pubescence too), contiguous in J for a considerable distance, the

54 STKATIOJaTID^lC.

upper facets much largei* tlian the small lower ones and generally
sharply delimiteel from them ; in 5 wide apart, with uniform
facets ; occiput with lower half considerably puffed out. Pro-
boscis retracted, « ith broad labella ; palpi rather inconspicuous.
Antennje elongate, first two joints subequal, 3rd spindle-shaped
or peg-shaped, with four annulations and a two-jointed apical or
subapical bristle. Thorax oblong, rather arched, moderately
pubescent ; humeri and posterior calli prominent ; scutellum with
two spines. Abdomen short and round, very arched, o-segmented.
Legs simple, short, weak. Wings with normal venation; 3rd
longitudinal vein forked or simple ; 4th vein with three endings,,
the 3rd often weak or absent ; posterior cross-vein absent, upper
branch of 5tli vein forming part of lovver side of discal cell, the
latter often indistinct : alulse well developed.

Itange. Europe, Asia, North America, and one species from
Caft'raria.

Life-Mstorg. The larva lives in moist mud among Cov.fei'vce.
The flies frequent leaves and flowers in the sunshine near streams-
and damp situations, \\ here they are very active ; on sunless daya
they settle on the underside of leaves near the ground. The
metamorphoses of several European species are well known.

These insects are rather small, nearly bare, flies, generally of a
black colour with conspicuous yellow spots.

0. signata is mainly a black species and 0. albomivans a yellow
one.

27. Oxycera signata, sp. nov.

(5 . -f/ead : eyes \vith dense brown pubescence, contiguous for
a considerable distance, leaving vertical and frontal triangles
about equal in size, black ; former wkh black hairs and three
brownish ocelli on an elevated prominence ; latter bare, shining ;
face black, witli a long oval patch of short snow-white pubescence
adjacent to the eye-margin on each side; no postocular orbit;
occiput black; proboscis orange-yellow; underside of liead with
short white hairs. Antennae black, first two joints subequal, 3rd
as long as first two together, with four annulations aiitl subapical
arista. Thorax shining black, with nioderately dense brownish-
grey piil)escence: a pair of widely separated, pale yellowish,
narrow, longitudinal dorsal stripes, not- quite reaching either
anterior or hind margin of dorsum ; an elongate briglit lemon-
yellow spot on each side of dorsum from prothoi*ax up to the
suture, and a large orange-yellow one on each posterior angle of
dorsum ; pleural black, with whitish pubescence and a callus-like
long yellow stripe from prothorax (where its end is contiguous to
the stripe on the side of the dorsum immediately above it) to root
of wing. Scutellum bright lemon-yellow, with brown pubescence,
hind margin black ; metanotum shining black, microsco]>ically
pubescent. Abdomen black, moderately shining, with micro-
scopic brown pubescence and a little white hair at sides of 1st
segment, which latter is narrowlv yellow at base ; a larce subtri-

OXTCEEA. 55

aagular spot on 3rd segment on each side-margin reaching from
anterior neai'ly to posterior margin ; a smaller oblong one placed
endways at middle of side-margin of 4th segment ; and a small
semicircular apical one on last (5th) segment; venter black, with
a little sparse pale pubescence. Legs black, with the following
parts yellow : tips of femora broadly and posterior pairs indis-
tinctly at base, front tibiae broadly at base, middle pair wholly
and hind pair narrowly at base and tip, also posterior metatarsi
and 2iid joint of hind tarsi ; all legs microscopically pubescent.
Wings colourless ; anterior veins and stigma pale yellowish ;
lialteres bright yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a single J in the Pusa collection from India,
probably from Mussoorie.

Type presented to the British Museum.

28. Oxycera albomicans, sp. nov.

5 . Rend wholly bright sulphur-yellow. Frons and face fully
one-third of head, very slightly narrower at about middle of frons ;
frons rather broader on lower part; eyes bare; upper eye-m:irgins
of frons narrowly black; a thin line running from the corner of
each eye diagonally to vertex at each side of vertical spot ; an
elongate black spot on vertex, embracing the ocelli, pointed at
anterior end ; an oval or leaf-shaped one of moderate size in
middle of frons and a small elongate, vertically placed one imme-
diately above base of antennae ; the latter wholly brownish orange,
of normal size ; arista black ; lower sides of face (viewed from
above) with snow-white shimmer; mouth-region and proboscis
brownish orange ; postocular orbit \ ery broad, lower part with
whitish shimmering tomentum and microscopic pubescence; occi-
put black. TJiorax sulphur-yellow, microscopically punctate, with
very short yellow pubesc^^nce; dorsum with three longitudinal black
stripes, the median one slightly the widest and reaching front
margin, the side-stripes just failing to reach it — all three narrow
and united on hind margin ; a small black vitta jast above wing-
base. Lower part of thorax, front part of sternopleura and a
contignous triangular spot on mesopleura, black; pleurae and
lower part of thorax witli a little microscopic white pubescence.
Scutelliim yellow, with a little microscopic black pubescence ;
spines rather long, tips a little darker. Abdomen sulphur-yellow,
microscopically puiu'tate, emargi nations of segments very indis-
tinct; two broad black transverse bands, broader still in the
middle of each, lying apparently over the junctions of 2nd and
3rd segments and of 3rd and 4th segmenrs re-pectively, united
by a short black median stri])e ; the anterior transverse band
liroadly united to the convex side of a seniicircuLir band, which
lias its ends on the anterior corners of the 1st sey;ment, but just
failing to attain tlie actual margin ; hinder transverse band united
by a median black longitudinal stripe to an arched narrower black

56 STEATIOMYlD.l!;.

transverse band placed on base of 5th segment, the middle part
encroaching ovt-r hind mai-gin of 4th .segment. Venter yellowish,
with microscopic pale \ ellow pubescence. Leys vellow or brownish
yellow j front tarsi wholly, apical half of middle pair, hind tibiae
(except at tips), and last, four joints of hind tarsi dark brov\n.
Winc/s colourless; veins yellowish; 3rd vein forked towards tip;
lialteres bright yellow.

Lengthy 4| mm.

Described from two 5 5 from Abbottabad, N.W. Frontier
Province, vi. 1916 {Fletcher).

Type sent to the British Museum ; co-type in Pusa collection.

The abdomen might equally well be described as black with the
base narrowly and tip moi'e broadly yellow, and three pairs of
yellow side-spots, the first pair triangular, the 2nd and 3rd pairs
much larger and irregularly oblong.

Subfamily STRATIOMYINiE.

Head short, rather flattened in front ; antennas with 3rd joint
elongate, no arista. Thorax subquadrate, often only sliglitly
arched; scutellum generally with two spines. Abdomen 5 to (>-
segmented, generally subquadrate, not much longer than thorax,
often much flattened and frequently with obvious pale markings.
Legs of moderate lengtli and strength, or somewhat weak. Wings
with 3rd vein generally forked, ending far before wing-tip; 4ih
vein with three terminations or veinlets, seldom reaching v\ing-
margin, one or more often absent or extremely weak ; posterior

Fig. 2. — Stratiomjjia, antenna. Pig. 3. — Odontomyia, antenna.

ci'oss-vein present, so that the 5th vein never forms any part of
the discal cell; anal cell closed near wing-border; 5 posterior
cells, united on wing-margin. Wing in repose folded (•h)Sely
over middle of alidomen, leaving side-maigins exposed; alar
squamae small, thoracic pair large, pubescent.

The principal cha'-acters of this subfamily taken in conjunction
are the subquadrate abdomen of the typical genera {Stratiomyla,
Odontomyia), the elongate antennae devoid of arista, and the
presence of the posterior cross-vein. Larva peripneustic, last
segment more or less long and narrow.

Table of Genera.

]. Third antenna! ji)int with at mo.st six

annulations 2.

Third antennfd joint with seven or

eight annulations Cyphomyia, Wied., p. 57.

CYPIIOMYIA.

57

2. First aiiteunal joint three or iiioie

times longer than 2nd .Steatiomyia, Geoff., p. 08.

First antennal joint less than three
times as long as 2nd, generally
much less Odontomyia, Mg., p. 61.

The above distinctions are purely arbitrary, but each genus has a
facies peculiarly its own, which the student will soon recognise.

Genus CYPHOMYIA, Wied.
Ci/pho7}u/ia, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, p. 3.(1819).

Genotype, C. auriflamwa, AVied. (Tropical America): designated
by Brauer, 18S2.

Head as broad as thorax, semicircular ; eyes bare (occasionally
just pei'ceptibly hairy), in <5 c-losely contiguous for a considerable
distance ; frons in $ rather broad, sides approximately parallel ;
postocular orbits in $ broad. Antennae ^vith 1st joint moderately
long, broader at tip; ind cup-shaped, half as long as 1st; 3rd
cylindrical, tajiering, of eight subequal annulations, practically
bare. Thorax considerably elong.ite, much narrowed in front,
moderately arched, anterior corners rather angular; in many
species with three lighter longitudinal stripes. Scutelhnn rather
large, broader than long, trapezoidal, with iwo spines that are
longer and more divergent in S than 2 . Abdomen subglobular,
thick, about as long as tliorax, 5-segmented ; 1st segment very
short, mostly hidden by scutelhim. A generic peculiarity is the
presence of hair-spots towards the sides of the last segment,
placed on its anterior margin. Lef/s rather long, especiallv the
femora, simple, slender ; tarsi generally longer than tibiae. Wings
fully developed, considerably longer than abdomen and folded over
it wlien at rest.

Range. North, Central and South America, .South Africa, India,
Sumatra.

29. Cyphomyia indica, sp. nov.

Head wholly bright orange, bare, including the thick postocular
orbits, which are distinctly demarcated from the vertex by a
narrow groove; frons about one-third width of head, barely
broader at vertex ; underside of head with a little short white
pnbescence towards the eye-margins ; eyes and proboscis black.
Antennae with 1st and 2nd joints dark reddish brown, 3rd black,
vith eight distinct annulations, tliree times as long as 1st and 2nd
together. Thorax deep black, wiih rather dense short grey and
brownish-grey pubescence, which is a little longer and more
whitish posteriorly and on the concolorous, rather large, nearly
oiilong scutelhim ; spines of hitter tipped with brown ; pleurae
blackish with a little whitish pubescence. Abdomen much broader
than thorax, nearly circnhir, brilliantly shining violet-blue, with
very short u hitish pubescence; venter similar. Zc^/s black, with
whitish pubescence; knees barely perceptibly brownish orange;

58 stratiomyib.t;.

more than b:isal lialf of front metatarsus, and the hind metatarsus
wholly, and most of the succeeding joints brownish orange;
pubescence of legs black. IViiu/s uniformly rather dark brown, a
little lighter at base and darker about the stigina ; halteres pale
dull orange.

Lenf/t7i, 9 mm.

Described frpni a unique specimen (genital organs missing) in
the Indian Museum from Kalimpong, 600-4500 ft., Darjiling
District, iv-v. 1915 (Gravel;/).

Genus STRATIOMYIA, Geof.

Strati(»»ys, Geoffrey, Hist, d. Ins. ii, p. 475 (1704). *

Stratiomiis, I'abiicius, E!it. Syst. iv, p. 262 (1794) ; Meigeii, IHig.

Mag. ii, p. 2(35 (18U3).
Strntiomyia, Macqaavt, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 1, p. 179 (18.38) ; Bruuetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. i. p. 125 (1907).
Hoplomijia, Zeller, Isis, xi, p. 882 (recte 828) (1842).
Stratiotomj/ia, E. E. Arribalzaga, Bol. Acad. Nat. (Jieiic. Cordoba,

iv, p. 128 (1882).

Genotype, Musen chamcdeon, L. (Europe) ; by designation of
Latreille, Consid. Gen. (1810).

IJead semicircular, face arched, postocular orbits thickened,
especially in 5 ; proboscis comparatively small ; palpi small ;
eyes in c5' practically contiguous, the upper facets often much
larger than lower ones, wide apart in 5 ; in both sexes either bare
or hairy, sometimes a sexual character. Antennae approximate at
base, diverging after 1st joint, which is very much longer
than 2nd ; 3rd joint elongate, cylindrical, bare, with five or six
annulations (occasionally an annulation subdivided). 77iOj-«.i' sub-
quadrate, broader behind, pubescent ; scutellum two-spined.
Abdonien broader than thorax, slightly arched, subquadrate,
shoulders angular ; whole dorsum s])arsely, moderately, or some-
what densely pubescent ; wings folded one above the other at
rest, lying witliin the side-margins of the abdomen ; genitalia
small. I^tys moderately stout, shortly pubescent. Wiiif/s mainly
as in Odontomi/ia; 3rd vein forked, 4th vein terminations (three)
long, curved, nearly reaching wing-margin, the hindmost more or
less parallel with upper branch of 5th vein ; posterior cross-vein
present but sometimes small; anal cell closed near wing-margin;
alar squamae small, thoracic large and pubescent.

Jtanr/e. AVorld-wido except Au.>^tralia and the Ethiopian liegion.

Life-history. Metamorphoses of more than one European species
known. Larvae fusiform, broadest before the middle ; known as

* [In tliis work C4cofiV()y did not afcept tlie biiuiry syt^teia of nomenclature
upon wbicii ;ill our niudern ^oolo^icul classification is based ; it luis therefore
been ruled iljat all generic names therein pruposed by liim are just as invalid as
pre-Linn;V!an names. Tbe autliorship of Stradomys should tlius be attributed
to Fabricius. — Ed.]

STBATTOMYIA. 59

" rat-tailed maggots ;" some are aquatic, hanging head downwards
by their tails, probably living on minute organisms ; some live in
mud or moist sand. The pupa floats free. The imagines frequent
Umbelliferae in moist situations.

Table of Sjieeits.

1. Hind marjiiu of ord and 4th abdominal segments

witli uninterrupted yellow band fuhesceus, sp. n.

Hind margin of 'Jrd and 4th abdominal segments
witli a pair of elongate spots, well separated . . 2.

2. Thoracic pubescence moderately thick and long;

scutellum black, except the narrow yellow hind
margin nnd spines; $ with two conspicuous
yellow postvertical spots, sometimes united . . barca, Walk.
Thoracic pubescence extremely short and sparser ;
scutellum all brownish yellow ; $ with no
postvertical yellow spots viicrojnlosa, sp. n.

30. Stratiomyia barca, Wall'.

iStriiti<))!u/s barca, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 530 (1849).
Statiotntjia barca, Erunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 125 (1907).

(S 5. Head: eyes contiguous in c? for more than half their
height ; shortly and sparsely pubescent ; upper facets distinctly
but not greatly larger than lower ones ; vertical triangle black,
with a few yellow hairs ; ocelli large, brownish ; antennae black ;
frons, face (punctulate), and lower part of head black, with long,
rather shaggy, bright yellow hair ; occiput black, with very sparse
pale pubescence ; hind margin of eyes with a fringe of microscopic
yellow pubescence. In 5 , frons and face nearly half width of
head, sides parallel, black ; behind vertex two conspicuous briglit
yellow oval spots, sometimes united as a large semicircular spot ;
two very large elongate yellow calli on frons placed diagonally, the
inner ends nearly contiguous, the outer ends touching eyes and
descending below level of antenmie; colour of calli extended to
sides of face broadly ; a broad metlian black stripe on face, which
is covered with whitish pubescence ; posterior margin of eyes
with merely an extremely short fringe of whitish pubescence ; a
considerable thickening of the orbit on lower half, where it is
yellow. Thorax black, punctulate, slightly shining; closely clothed
with dense, rather long, brownish-yellow pubescence, which is
much paler on pleurae ; scutellum similar, hind border and spines
brownish yellow. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with an elon-
gate moderate-sized yellow spot on bind border at sides of 2ud
segment, and elongate spots similarly situated on 3rd and 4th
segments ; Sth segment with a elongate yellow spot, often paler
than the others, placed longitudinally, not attaining ani.erior
inargin but extended at lower end for a short distance each way
on hind margin of segment. Pubescence in c? brownish yellow,
dense and fairly long over all the surface ; in $ black, dense but

00 stratioiMYid.t:,

very easily overlooked ; ;i little pale yellowish-white pubescence
about the shoulders, sides, and tip. Venter in S with greater
part of centre of each segment and the hind border yellovvisli,
rest black ; in § the yellow part is much paler or even whitish,
and of much less extent ; in some specimens almost confined to
hind borders except on the 2nd segment. Legs mainly black ;
knees n)ore or less broadly brownish yellow; hind tibiae pale,
brown with a more or less distinct, moderately narrow ring at
middle and tip ; all tarsi brownish yellow, a little darker above at
lips; ])iibescence on legs yellow. IFu*r/6- pale grey : anterior and
basal i)arts bi'ownish or yellowish brown, limited by discal cell
and anal cell; halteres pale yellow, occasionally green.

Lenc/fh, 10-12 mm.

Described from several of each sex in the Indian Museum ;
.Ihelum Valley, 5200 ft., and 8rinagar, UOOO ft., Kashmir, vii-ix.
1!)1G (//. 2\ Pearse). Described originally from China.

T;i2)e in the British Museum.

31. Stratiomyia micropilosa, sp. nov.

5 . Very near harca, AValk., differing as follows : —

The large yellow postvertical spot is entirely absent, as are the
two elongate frontal ones, the latter being replaced by a rather
obscure subquadrate median chestnut spot just above antennae;
lower posterior orbit of eyes whitish, not yellow. The dull
yellowish pubescence on dorsum of thorax almost microscopic and
much sparser ; scutellum wholly yellowish, with eoncolorous
tomentuui. Abdominal spots brownish orange ; side-spots on
2nd segment more triangular, their upper angles only just touch-
ing front corners of segment; those on 3rd segment similar but
slightly smaller; those on 4th segment smaller stdl, but partaking
more of the nature of a triangular spot than a linear one as in
harca. Tibite more narrowly pale at base ; hind pair similar to
anterior tibiae.

Le'iK/tJi, 12 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Mayniyo,
Eurma, v. 1910 (//. L. Andrnves).

32. Stratiomyia fulvescens, sp. nov.

o" . Head with eyes shortly but not conspicuously pubescent,
the very narrow inner oi'bits contiguous for about half the distance
from vertex to frontal triangle ; vertical triangle black, eleva'ed,
with some brownish-yellow hairs ; ocelli dull yellowish ; frontal
triangle small, black \xith brownish hairs; face and head belo\y
anteinue wholly black, with rather thick and long whitish-i;rey
pubescence ; occiput black, with grey pubescence, no definite
posterior orbit to eyes ; proboscis brownish yellow. Antennae
black, tip of 2nd joint dark brown ; 1st joint about five times as
long as 2nd; 3rd a little longer than first two together. Thorax!

SXKATIOMIIA. ODOXXOMYIA . 01

\^ holly black, dorsum entirely covered with dense yellowish-grey
pubescence, and sides with the pubescence a little paler. 8cu-
tellinn black, with yellowish-grey pubescence ; hind margin
broadly brownish yellow ; spines concoloroiis, with rather lono-
whitish-grey pubescence about their bases. Abdomen moderately
shining black, with rather dense, brownish-yellow pubescence on
dorsum of lind, 3rd, and 4th segments, the pubescence paler on
anterior corners and whitish on 5th and Gth segments. A rather
lai'ge triangular orange spot on hind border towards each side of
2nd segment, the iunt-r end of each narrowed to a fine point, the
base of the spot placed on the side-margin but extending only
halfway to the anterior margin ; hind margin of 3rd segment
orange, the colour very narrow in centre of segment, much
broader towards sides but narrowed again just on side-margin; a
similar orange hind margin to 4th segment and a fair-sized orange
triangular spot on .".th, with its base on hind margin ; 6th seo-ment
all orange; the extreme side-margin of all segments orange,
except the anterior half of 2nd segment. Genitalia brownish
orange, small, apparently consisting of a median cylindrical piece
and a small lamella on each side. Venter with 2iid seo-ment
wholly, 3rd broadly, and 4:th narrowly on hind margins, brownish
orange. Lerjs black, with grey pubescence on femora and tibife,
yellowish on tarsi ; tips of all femora, basal half of hind pair, base
and tips of anterior tibiae, hind tibiae wholly, and all tarsi
orange. Wings pale brownish grey, veins a little darker ; halteres
orange.

Length 12 mm.

Described from a single 6 from Taro, Peshawur District, N.W.
India, 16-19. v. 1915 (FleicJier) ■ presented by him to the British
Museum.

Near JS. harca. Walk., but in that species the abdominal orange
(" tawny ") spots are not united to form a band ; the tibia) are
piceous and the legs have tawny pubescence.

Genus ODONTOMYIA, %.

0(7o?zi;o??»/w, Meic-en, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 205 (1803); Brimetti, Hec

Ind. Mus. i, p. 126 (1907).
Opseogt/vmus, A. Costa, II Giamb. Vice Napoli, ii, p. 443 (1857).
Psellidutus, Roudani, Art-h. p. 1. Zool. Modeua, iii, p. 78 (1863).
Eidalia, Kertesz, Kat. Dipt, iii, p. 62 (1908).

Genotype, Miisca hgdroleon, L. (Europe) ; by designation of
Westwcod (184U).

J?t'rt(? about as broad as thorax, transverse ; eyes rather flattened,
bare or hairy, contiguous in (S , upper facets larger than lower
ones, broadly separated in $ ; face prominent, pubescent ; pro-
boscis rather long; palpi small, cylindrical. Antennae with first
two joints short, 1st longer than 2iid ; 3rd much longer, cylin-
drical, tapering, with four to six aunulations, last two sometimes

62 stkaxiomyid.t;.

forming an apical style, with or without a minute terminal bristle
(fig. 2). Thorax subquadrate or oblong ; scutellum with two
spines. Abdomen 5-segmented in 6 , 0- or 7-segmented in 5 ,
normally barely broader, sometimes much broader than thorax,
generally nearly bare ; genitalia small. Le(/s simple. Witigs of
normal Stratiomyid type; anterior veins crowded together; Ist
and 2nd veins almost anastomosed, rather short, 3rd vein normally
forked, botli branches ending far before wing-tip ; 4th vein with
three endings, of which one or more may be incomplete or absent ;
posterior cross-vein present ; squamse distinct, thoracic pair
pubescent.

llange. World-wide.

Life-history. One or two European species have' been bred, and
O. cyanea at Pusa. Larva much as in Slratiomi/ia, but without
s|)ine-shaped protuberance. The imagines occur in moist situa-
tions, with a partiality for settling on tJmbellifei'se.

Table of Species.

1. iShiuing' metallic-blue species (with a general

resemblance to the Muscid, Chrysumyia

du.v) cyaiica, sp. n., p. (i-J.

Never metallic ; always yellow or brownish,
with markings 1'.

2. Abdomen as well as thorax conspicuously [p. 04.

pubescent nfoahdominalis, Urun.,

Abdomen practicall}^ bare, normal ; thorax
generally considerably pubescent 3.

3. Thorax with sharply defined spaces of shin-

ing black and reddish brown, and a short
golden tomentose stripe from anterior
margin ; a conspicuous and rather ab- [p. 6">.

normal species. . , ]>ukherriiiia, sp. n.,

Thorax dark, with yellowish or grey pubes-
cence ; species of normal appearance .... 4.

4. Some of the feniura with distinct broad black

bands *").

No distinct femornl bands, legs generally

wholly pale 6.

/>. All femora with broad black median band ;

hii d tibijB with broad apical band minufa, F., p. 65.

Hind femora not banded ' ruhrithorax, Macq.,

(5. (a) Abdomen wholly orange ; postocular [p. <»7.

orbits in $ moderately broad luUdins, Walk., p. 70.

{!>) Abdomen with distinct dark transverse
bands ; postocular orbits in $ mode-
rately broad transversa, sp. n., p. 71 .

(c) Abdomen with dorsal row of spots, more

or less forming a median stripe .... 7.
7. Frons in cJ black ; facial bump small,

blackish ; postocular orbits in 5 mode- [p. <)7.

rately broad lashmiremis, sp. n.,

ODONTOMYIA. 63

Frons in cj" orange, or if black, tlien facial

bump more or less orange ■. postocular

orbits in $ inappreciable 8. [p. G8.

8. Frons and face ail orange in both sexes .... dorsoangulata, sp. n.,
Frons and face black in both sexes ; 5 with

facial bump brownish orange solennis, Walk., p. 69.

It is impossible to include viridana, Wied. (p. 72), in the table,
but it falls into section G, and my transversa may be identicalwitli it.

33. Odontomyia cyaiiea, sp. nov.

cJ 2 • H^f^d in c? with eyes bare, contiguous for nearly half the
distance from vertex to frontal triangle ; upper facets rich brown
or violet-brown, lower ones black; A'ertex black, with a few black
hairs ; the suiall frons and the face and lower part of head bright
orange, bare, shining ; antenna? orange, 3rd joint from dull
orange-brown to blackish, tip generally darker, twice as long as
lirst two joints together, with four annulations and small yellowish
apical style; proboscis black; eye-margins developed on inner
lower edge of eyes, orange, with a little greyish pubescence ; no
postocular orbits, the facets running out to the extreme margin
above and at sides. In 5 , frons one-third of head, orange, bare,
just perceptibly broader at vertex and touards antennte ; latter
rather longer than in S\ no postocular orbits. Thorax deep
blue, brilliantly shining metallic, closely punctiilate, with micro-
scopic grey pubescence ; seutellum similar ; pleurae more blackish,
more or less tomentose pubescent, with a little longer gre}'
pubescence on mesopleura and sternopleura and below shoulders.
In $ four longitudinal, silvery-grey, subequal and equidistant
tomentose stripes, the two middle ones united on anterior margin ;
seutellum also covered with silvery tomentose pubescence. Abdo-
men in J deep blue, shining, minutely piinctnlate ; side-margins
and tip of abdomen apple-green, sometimes only narrowly (but
always continuously) so, but varying in width up to one-third of
the abdomen on each side. In $ as in J , but the green side-
margins always very narrow though continuous, but not including
the tip, which is always blue in this sex, whereas in J the green tip
of the abdomen is always continuous with the green side-margins.
Venter wholly apple-green in both sexes. Legs black, a little
silvery pubescence on outer sides of anterior tibiae ; front tarsi
(especially the metatarsi) distinctly broader, thicker and shorter
than middle tarsi. Winr/s quite clear; veins in anterior part of
wing brownish orange or yellowish ; stigma brownish ; the 3rd of
the faint veinlets issuing from the discal cell practically absent ;
halteres bright apple-green.

Length, 6^-8 mm.

Described from a long series of both sexes, mostly bred at Piisa,
26.iii. 1908, 2.ii.l909, 3-18. iii. 1909. Types sent to British
Museum ; co-types in Indian Museum and my collection.

64 SXRATIOMYID^.

34. Odontomyia rufoabdominalis, Bnui. (PI. I, fig. 24.)

Odontomijia rufoahdoniinalis, Bniuetti, llec. lud. Mus. ix, p. 205
(1913).

6 $ . Head black, a little shiniug : eja^s bare, absolutely con-
tiguous for a short space, leaving a very elongate narrow vertical
triatigle ; vertex considerably prominent, witii a few black hairs ;
ocelli pale yellowish ; face but little prominent, with short black
and grey liairs ; antennae black, 1st and 2nd joints normal, 1st
black, 2nd dull brownish (3rd missing) ; two small tufts of grey
hairs innnediately above antennae, and a trace of grey hairs along
the sides of face. In 5 , frons one-third of head, sides parallel,
and with face wholly slightly shining black, with sparse short
black pubescence ; the ground-colour similar to that of the thorax ;
ocelli very distinct, wide apart, brownish yellow, ocellar bump
large, moderately elevated; mouth-opening, proboscis, palpi, and
lower part of head black. I'liorcav black, with minute white
])atches, slightly shining, dorsum and sides with moderately thick,
not long, black and grey hairs, set in minute black sockets, which
o-ive the dorsum a granulated appearance, often two or three
hairs emerging from the same socket ; small patches or bunches of
grey hairs occur around the base of the wing and on the pleurae.
Scutellum clothed like the thorax, with a fringe of rather ragged
grey hair on posterior border and a short blunt spine at each hind
corner. Abdomen : ground-colour of 1st and 2nd segments and
major portion of 3rd, 4th, and 5th black, a little shining ; the sides
of the dorsum, nearly from the shoulders to the extreme tip, and
the hind margins of the 3rd, 4th, and oth, and the bulk of the Gth
segment all bright reddish orange with concolorous pubescence ;
the black parts with sparse black pubescence ; a small patch of
greyish hairs on hind corners of 2nd segment, and some yellow
hairs extend along the narrow red side-edges of the abdomen,
nearly or quite to the shoulders. Venter dull reddish orange,
becoming briglner towards tip ; central part of most of the seg-
ments more or less black ; pubescence wholly reddish orange,
short, depressed. Legs black, with a little short greyish hair ;
under and inner sides of tibite towards tips and about the apical
half of the anterior and the whole of the hind tarsi (the latter
lengthened), orange-yellow, \\ ith short golden pubescence. Wim/s
yellowish grey ; stigmatic region black ; major portion of middle
of \\ing from anterior to posterior border darker brown, the colour
fading away gradually; halteres buff; thoracic squamae milk-
white, with concolorous soft hairs.

Length, 17 mm.

Described from a cJ, Darjiling, 1000-3000 ft., vi. 1912, and
a 2, 8ingla, Darjiling Dist., 1500 ft.,, v. 1913, in the Indian
Museum,

A very handsome and conspicuous species.

ODONTOMYIA.

65

35. Odontomyia pulcherrima, sp. nov.

2 • Head distinctlj broader than thorax ; vertex and f rons fully
one-third the width of head, the latter slightly wider towards
anteunae, with short black hairs ; whole head below antennae
paler yellow, with soft golden hairs ; antennae black, 3rd joint
about 2i times as long as 1st and 2nd together ; proboscis black ;
occiput yellow, blackish in centre ; posterior orbits of eyes
naiTOwly yellow ; vertical triangle black, small ; ocelli pale orange.
Thorax with greater part of dorsum down to the suture, except
anterior and side-margins, occupied by a large shining black spot,
bare except for a broad short stripe of golden pubescence, begin-
ning just behind the anterior margin but reaching only hallway
to the suture ; on each side behind the suture (just clear of the
side-margins) a semicircular black spot (the straight side inwards)
and contiguous to the large black spot above the suture, thus
leaving an approximately square space occupying more than half
the surface behind the suture, and reaching the posterior border
of the dorsum with sharply defined sides; this space is reddish
brown, and the large anterior black spot just perceptibly encroaches
on the anterior margin of it. Scutellum large, reddish brown, as
are the spines and the metanotum ; sides of thorax wholly pale
yellow with bright golden-yellow pubescence. Ahdomen mode-
rately shining black, bare ; basal half of 1st segment, a large sub-
triangular spot on each side of 2nd extending from anterior to
hind margin, an elongate transverse spot towards each side on
hind margins of 3rd and 4th segments (those on latter rather
smaller), and a long spot narrowed to a point anteriorly on 5th
segment, all light yellow. Venter wholly yellowish. Leris with
coxae yellowish or yellowish brown, with yellow hair ; front legs
black, brown at base of femora ; on apical half of outer side of
tibiae a fan-like row of stiff black hairs ; middle legs black, basal
half of femora yellowish white, a similarly-coloured band on
middle tibiae; hind legs black, basal half of femora yellowish
white. Pubescence on all legs generally concolorous with ground-
colour, some fairly coarse black pubescence at base of middle
tibite ; tarsi with golden-brown pubescence below ; pulvilli
brownish orange ; claws orange, black-tipped. ^SHngs pale
yellowish brown; costal cell and extieme base of wing, also
beyond discal cell, pale grey ; stigmatic region blackish brown ;
veins dark brown ; 3i-d vein forked very near tip ; halteres pale
dull yellow.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from a unique 5 in the Indian Museum from the
Peshoke District, Darjiling, 2000 ft., 26. v.-14. vi. 1916 {Gravely).

36. Odontomyia minuta, F.

Odontomyia minuta, Fabncius, Eut. Syst. iv, p. 268 (1794\
Odonto'inyia ochracea, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 129 (1007).

6G STRA'ilOMYID.T'.

Odontomyla svbmtUica, Bnuietti, loc. cit. p. 130 (1907).
Oxi/cera mdica, Brunetti, loc. cit. p. 119 (1907).
? 0. 2)usiUa, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, p. 271 (1794).

S $. Head with eyes in S microscopically pubescent, barely
contio-uous at nearest approach, and for a very short distance only,,
gradnally separating to vertex; irons shining black, with yellowish
hairs ; ocelli yellowish ; frontal triangle with yellowish-grey
pubescence ; face and underside of head yellowish, with a little
whitish pubescence; proboscis large, black; antennae with 1st
joint distinctly longer than 2nd, orange-yellow, 3rd brownish,
4-annulated, tip black; occiput black. In §, whole head, in-
cluding the rather broad postocular orbits, yellow or orange-
yellow ; a broad shining black band across vertex from eye to eye,
sometimes Avith the appearance of being formed of three large
coutiguous spots ; a pair of large oval shining black spots on frons,
placecl transversely and slightly diagonally ; a pair of similar
smaller rounded spots below level of antennae and just below the
larger ones. Thorax black, with very short golden or greyish
pubescence ; sides black, a large pale yellow oblong spot below
shoulders, another in front of wing-base, the two spots generally
connected above; a third yellow spot below wing-base. Scutelluni
yellow, base blaek, spines generally extremely small, occasionally
normal in size. Abdomen of 6 normally yellowish, with a large
rounded or somewhat diamond-shaped spot spread over middle of
first two segments ; a si)ot on middle of 3rd segment from anterior
to hind miirgin, narrowed behind; on anterior margin towards
sides of 2nd segment, a small spot ; a similar larger one on each
side of 3rd segment : on 4th and 5th segments a broad band on
anterior margin tilling about half the surface, the two bands con-
nected by a short median stripe ; all the above markings black.
In some "males the marks are reduced to a dorsal row of small
detached rounded or angular spots ; in one d" the abdomen is
wholly yellowish except for a single small black spot on 2nd seg-
ment." In 2 a large spot similar to that of the r? spread over
middle of 1st and 2nd segments, with a small spot towards each
side in a line with it; sometimes the three spots more or less
united by a short connecting stripe ; in one 5 the spots were re-
placed by a definite uninterrupted broad band ; abroad black band
on anterior margin of 3rd, 4tli, and 5th segments nearly filling the
sufraces and sometimes united in the median line by a dorsal
stripe. Venter in both sexes mainly yellowish. Lec/s brownish
yellow ; femora with a broad median dark browii band ; hind tibiae
with a similar band on apical half, generally leaving the lip pale ;
tips of tarsi barely dai-ker. Wbu/s absolutely colourless, anterior
veins and stigma very pale yellow ; discal cell unusually smalU
occasionallv larger in individuals ; discal cell veinlets almost
invisible ; halteres yellowish.
Lenf/th, 4-5 mm.
Described from several specimens of each sex, including types of

OUONTOMXIA. 67

ochracea, suhnwtica, and iudiai : yiliguri ; llninpore, Cliaka, United
Proviiife.s, 23-31. ii. l'J07 ; lianclii ; Bareilly ; Calcutta, 21. iii,
J907, 14. vi. 1907, 22. vi. 1907 (Faiva), 23. \dii. 1907, 28. ix. 1907.
My indica was described from Chapra, Bengal {Mackenzie).

The tour prominent black spots on the front of the bead, the
bands on the legs (though these are sometimes much paler than
usual), the very reduced discal cell, and veiy small scutellar spines
all combine to characterize very distinctly this variable species.
The form with wholly yellow abdomen, except for a single siiiall
black spot at base of 2nd segment, is represented by a c? in the
Indian Museum, and 0. pusilla, F., is probably identical.

37. Odoiitomyia rubrithorax, Macq.

Odontomyia rubrithorax, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 1, p. 185
(1838) ; Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 128 (1907) ; de Meijere,
Tijd. V. Ent. 1, p. 224 (1907).

Odontomyia imviactdata, Bruuetti, loc. cit. p. 130.

6 2 • Head in J black, with short pale hair below ; a shining
black tubercle immediately below antennae, w hich are dark reddish
brown, tips black, 1st and 2nd joints tawny; eyes large, bare,
upper facets much larger than lower ones, contiguous tor a short
distance; vertical triangle small, black; froidal triangle small,
reddish brown. In 5 , frons forming one-third of the head, very
slightly broader at level of antennae than at vertex, shining black,
with very short silvery-\\ hile pubescence. Thorax dull black,
with short, meagre, golden or bras.sy pubescence ; sides black, with
a little white pubescence; scutellum black, gold-du'^ted, spines
very short. Abdomen pale greenish or yellowish, more or less
brownish on apical half ; sometimes wholly pale. Legs orange-
yellow ; front femora with a narrow brown ring in middle or a
streak on underside ; middle femora with a brown streak on under-
side which is sometimes continued as ;i ring up the sides ; all tips
of tarsi slightly darker. Wings almost colourless, anterior veins
pale yellowish, the rest almost invisible; halteres yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from various Indian specimens : Bareilly {Brunetti);
Asansol, 13-14. ii. 1910; Calcutta, 12. iv. 1908, 5.iv^l907; Port
Canning, 24. xi. 1907; Java.

88. Odontomyia kashmirensis, sp. nov.

J 5 • Head of 6 with eyes bare, contiguous for only a short
space; frons widening gradually to vertex, shining black, practi-
cally bare, except for a patch of yellowish-grey pubescence at
extreme vertex ; ocelli brown, on a black elevated triangle ;
occiput black ; face black, with considerable yellowish-grey pubes-
cence, the median space slightly prominent, more or less shining
black, sometimes dark brown, w-ith less pubescence -». mouth -region
and palpi vellowish ; proboscis black ; antennte orange, 3rd jonifc

f2

68 STEATIOMYID7E,

with four anuulations, a little inoi'e browuisli with blackish tip.
Eroiis ill 2 ^^ 'u ^- dorsoangulata, microscopically punctate,
except for a rather wide postocular orange margin which bears
very short, almost tomentose, yellow pubescence. Thorax black,
with rather dense, moderately long, yello wis li -grey pubescence,
which extends below sboulders and over upper pai't of sides ;
lower part of sides with white pubescence. Scutellum bright
orange-yellow or greenish yellow, with yellowish pubescence, base
narrowly black ; spines yellow. Abdomen yellowish or brownish
yellow ; an uninterrupted moderately broad median dorsal black
stripe composed of an elongate spot on middle of 1st segment and
a large squarish spot (nari'o wed towards liiud margin) on both 2nd
and 3rd segments, a similar rather broader spot on 4th segment
rounded behind and encroaching on 5th segment. In the 2 the
dorsal stripe slightly broader. Venter brownish yellow, more or
less darker towards tip. Legs orange, with very short whitish
pubescence ; coxae a little brownish, front pair blackish, with white
pubescence ; tarsi a little darker. Winf^s quite colourless ;
anterior veins and stigma pale yellowish ; halteres yellowish, some-
times apple-green.

Length, 8-10 mm.

Described from a few specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum (including types) from Kashmir, 1915 (//. T. Pease) ;
one 5 from the Jlielum Valley, Kashmir, 5200 ft., vii-ix. 1915
{Pease).

This is very like 0. solemiis, Wlk., especially in the J, but the
difference in the § $ proves them to be quite distinct species, as
0. Icashmirensis has broad postocular orbits and in 0. solennis
these are practically absent. The <S 0. kashmirensis lias the
facial prominence normally black ; in 0. solennis it is brownish
orange and more conspicuous.

39. Oiontomyia dorsoangulata, sp. nov.

S $ . Head of S with eyes bare, contiguous for half the
distance from vertex to frontal triangle ; vertical triangle narrow,
blacli, with a few short yellow hairs ; ocelli distinct yellow or
brown ; frontal triangle and face orange, with a little whitish
pubescence; lower part of head pale yellow, with short white
pubescence ; proboscis blackish ; palpi pale yellow ; antenjise
orange, 3rd joint a little more brownish, with four annulations
and a rather long narrow pointed style ; occiput blackish, con-
siderably concave. Frons in 5 at middle one-third width of head,
A'ery slightly narrower at vertex, orange ; face and lower part of
head orange-yellow ; frons a little more bright yellowish brown ;
postocular orbits inappreciable. Thorax black, dorsum with very
short close golden yellow or brassy pubescence, which, except
towards the sides and shoulders, becomes almost tomentose ; sides
of thorax mainly black about the centre, with short whitish

ODo:*rTOMYiA. 69

pubescence ; pale yellowish pubescence on prothorax, and sbort
golden-yellow pubescence broadly just below doi'suni and around
base ot" wings ; metathorax with a tuft of dirty grey pubescence.
Scutelluu) bright apple-green or yellowish, narrowly black at base;
bare, except for a small white fringe on hind margin ; spines pale
yellow\ Abdomen in J p^de yellowish, varying from greenish
yellow to brownish; Jst segment with an elongate transverse
black spot on middle of hind margin ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th each witli
a large black spot in the centre reaching from anterior to hind
margin, broader in front ; otli with a more or less similar spot not
I'eaching hind margin ; all the spots contiguous, forming an
angular black median stripe. In one of the two 2 2 before me
the spots are as in the c? , in the other they iire much enlarged,
leaving only a moderately broad pale side-margin. Venter
yellowish or brownish yellow', sometimes a little marked with
brown or with a very narrow median line. Ler/s orange, tips
of tarsi barely brownish. Wings clear, the stronger veins pale
yellow ; halteres brownish yellow or apple-green.

Length, S- 1 1 mm.

Described from four S 6 ^i^ud two $ 5 in the Pusa collection,
and a, number of both sexes in the Indian Museum : Pusa, 10.
viii. 1915 ; Chapra, Bengal ; Calcutta, iii., iv., ix., x., xii., common
on chrysanthemums ; Port Canning, 24. xii. 1907, on Euphorbia ;
Coimbatore, Madras, " bred from aquatic larva,*' 7. & 10.x. 1913;
Bangalore (Cameron).

Types in Indian Museum, from Calcutta, 18. iii. 1907 ( J ) and
23. iv. 1907 ( $ ).

Larva of at least 12 segments, with ])erhaps an additional one,
too retracted to be visible, following the narrow 1st (head) seg-
ment; dark nut-broAvn, with darker marks; venter rather
flattened, yellowish, with a few short hooks on hind margin of
the last five segments, apart from the ultimate segment which
bears a tuft of whitish curling breathing-tubes. Length, 21 mm.,
exclusive of breathing-tubes.

Three pi'eviously-described species must be very near the above,
and though none of the descriptions quite apply, it may possibly
prove identical with one of them.

40. Odontomyia solennis. Walk.

Odontomyia solennis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt, i, p. 79 (1850).

(5' 2 • Head with eyes of c? bare, practically contiguous for
only a short distance ;'trons widening very gradually to vertex,
which is black, with very short yellow hairs and reddish-brown
well-separated ocelli ; frontal triangle very small, black, with
silvery-white pubescence ; face and underside of head (except
broadly around mouth) black, with pubescence that appears dark,
viewed from above, and silvery white viewed from below ; lower
orbits of eyes with white pubescence; mouthopeuing broadly

70 STKATIOMYin.i:.

pale yellow; proboscis black; facial tubercle reddish brown,
moderately prominent, more or less bare, shining : antennae
orange, 3rd joint more brownish, tip blackish ; occiput black, la
2 , trons one-third of head, approximately of uniform width
tliroughout, shining black, with short golden pubescence about
antennae; face simdar, with white pubescence; a pair of large
bare shining orange-brown or dark brown contiguous spots im-
mediatelv above and contiguous to autennal prominence ; rest as
ill d" . Thorax black, with .short golden-yellow, greyish, or whitish
pubescence, vvhich is almost (omentose in centre of dorsum and
longer towards sides; sides of thorax black, with rather longer
though s'ill comparatively short pubescence ; occasionally just
below dorsum the pubescence is concolorous with pubescence of
that region ; scutellum narrowly margined with orange, spines
brownish orange, uihdonun yellowish to brownish ; 1st segment
with a small elongate spot on middle of hind mtirgin, of variable
vxidth; !ind and 3rd segment with a large median spot on each
from anterior to hind margin, narrowed in middle; 4tli with a
large spot, generally broader than the others, placed on anterior
margin, rounded behind, not reaehing hind margin ; all the spots
contiguous to one another, forming a more or less angulated
dorsal stripe. Considerable variation occurs in the width of the
spots on the 2nd and 3rd segments, which are often very narrow
or obsolete ; in some specimens (one $ from Chapra, Bengal) the
abdomen is brownish, bearing only an indistinct narrow blackish
stripe on 3rd and 4th segments ; in some specimens the abdomen
is brou uish, with indistinct and irregular blackish marks over the
whole centre. Venter brownish or yellowish, with more or less
darker marks. Legs yellow, tips of tarsi from barely darker to
distinctly brown ; occasionally a shiniuLi; brown streak, varying in
si/.e, on middle of outer side of iiind tibia3 (in one specimen from
Chapra, Bengal, extending to more than the middle half of the
tihiae ; in this example tips of tarsi dark brown ; hind tarsi dark
brown, last three joints black). Wings quite colourless; anterior
Teins pale yellow ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 7-10 mm.

Described from a number of both sexes in the Pusa collection,
taken at Pusa, 29. ii.-28. v. in vn,rious years on Justicia, indigo, and
sugar-cane. Also occurs at Chapra, Bengal; a cJ in the Indian
Museum from Bahi^aon, Pari District, Orissa, 21.-30. vii. 1913
(Annanddle), and a 5 taken by me at Bareilly.

41. Odontoniyia lutatius, Wtdl:

Straiiomy» hdafim, Wiilker, List Dipt. Biat. Mus. iii, p. o-i-J (1849).
Odontoinyia lutatius, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 129 (1907).

2 . Head distinctly broader than thorax ; eyes bare ; frons
rather more than one-third of head, sides parallel, upper half
hlack, moderately shining, with short golden pubescence ; ocelli

OJJOXTOiEYIA. 71

brownisli yellow, ocellar ti-iaiigle barely elevated ; lower lialf of
froiis with a median impressed line, shining, brownish yellow ;
face and lower part of Jiead more yellowish, with short f^olden-
jellow pubescence ; occiput black, postocular orbits moderately
hroad with close <;olden tomentose pubescence. Antenna) orange,
2ud joint slightly longer than 1st ; 3rd reddish brown, 4-aiinu-
lated, last one slightly darker ; the two-jointed style orange-
brown. Thorax black, with very short dense golden alraosr.
tomentose piibescenre ; sides black, pale yellowish for an inde-
finite space below wings, wholly covered with very short golden
pubescence. Abdomen above and below wholly orange-yellow,
microscopically pubescent ; a faint median impressed line. Legs
Jill orange, with minute pale pubescence ; tips of tarsi brown.
Wains colourless, 3rd veinlet from discal cell abseiit ; veins and
stigma very pale yellow ; halteres orange.

Length, 10 mm.

Redescribed from a $ from Chapra, Bengal, and one from
Siliguri, foot of Darjiling Hills.

42. Odontomyia transversa, sp. nov.

2 . llead with frons fully one-third of head, sides parallel,
orange, nearly bare ; vertex small, black ; ocelli yellowish ; a pair
of rather large diagonally placed l)rownish spots on each side of
upper part of frons with indistinct outlines (possibly sometimes
forming a median brown spot of irregular shape and size) ; face
and lower part of head and postocular orbit bright yellow, bare,
except for a few scattered short yellow hairs ; antennjp orange,
1st and 2nd joints sube(]ual. Tliorax with dorsum black, with
almost tomentose golden pubescence; margins of dorsum, except
the anterior one, broadl}^ yellow ; sid«is mainly yellowish ; lower
part of sternopleura black ; a large brown spot on mesoplenra ;
a similar smaller brown spot in front of wing-base. Scutellum
wholly chrome-yellow, very narrowly black at base; spines very
small, yellow. Abdomen yellow, anterior margins of 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th segments each uith a broad chestiuit-brown baud ex-
tending nearly to the hind margin ; a darker, uearly black spot at
sides of 2iid, 3rd, and 4th segments contiguous to anterior margin,
diffused hindwards into the brown colour ; 5th segment mainly
dark brown ; a small dark brown spot towards each side of Isr seg-
ment ; venter yellowish. Lega orange to tips. Wings pale yellowish
grev ; anterior veins and stigma yellowish ; halteres orange-yellow.

Length, 9 ram.

Described from a single 5 from the Pusa collection taken at
Palur, Madras, viii.1915 ; sent to the British Museum.

It is just possible that this may be viridana, Wied., though
his description of the abdomen does not correctlj^ ^PPb' 5 y^^
species in Odontomyia are often so variable that the two may
be identical.

72 stratiomyid.t:.

43. Odontomyia viridana, Wied.

Odontomyia viridanct, Wiederuami, Analec. Entom. p. 29 (1824).

" Antennae and legs reddish yellow, epistome and lower part of
frons green, rest of frons ochraceoiis ; thorax black, apex, sides
and two stripes clothed with rather golden hairs ; posterior corners
and sides of thorax green, latter with two reddisli-yellow spots ;
scutelluin black in n)iddle at base ; abdomen black, with somewhat
reddish-yellow segmental margins ; at each side of each segment a
green transverse spot, which sometimes extends across the whole
segment ; venter green ; wings quite clear, veins pale reddish
yellow; halteres yellowish, clubs green; all the green colour
emerald-green. Bengal. Westermann's collection."

Subfamily SARGINiE.

Head semicircular, attached by a thin, ratlier long, very fragile
neck ; eyes large, bare or hairy, generally contiguous in S ;
autennai with 3rd joint not elongate, rounded or rather flattened,
always with a distinct arista. Tliorax roughly oblong ; scu-
tellum generally unspined. Abdomen 5- or 6-segniented, generally
distinctly longer than thorax, in most genera with approximately
parallel sides ; generally of brilliant metallic-green, blue, violet, or
brassy shades ; sometimes short and rounded (il/iVroc/frysa). Legs
weak and simple. Wiwis with costa nearly reacliing wing-tip :
3rd vein generally forked, both branches ending before wing-tip,
anterior cross-vein joining praefurca instead of 2nd vein with
discal cell — an exceptional character; jiosterior cross-vein present,
so that the 5th vein forms no part of the discal cell ; 4th vein
with three terminations, which do not reach the wing-margin ;
5 posterior cells, all open ; anal cell closed near border of wing ;
squamae small.

The only character distinguishing this subfamily from the
others is that of the anterior cross-vein joining the praefurca and
discal cell, instead of the 3rd vein and discal cell as is usual. The
more or less rounded 3rd antennal joint with distinct arista,
the parallel-sided elongate abdomen, and the brilliant metallic
colour of most of the species are other characters mainly applying
to this subfamily. The species are thinly pubescent or nearly
bare.

Life-Jilston/. That of several European species is partly known,
but the exact identity of some of them is doubtful, the accounts
of them having been written before the species were clearly
distinguished. Larva with sides nearly parallel, not tapering
behind ; each segment with about six rather long bristles trans-
versely placed on both upper and lower surfaces. Lundbeck
thinks the metathoracic spiracles may be absent. The larvae
occur in dung and garden mould. The perfect insects are
generally distributed and fly with rapidity in hot sunshine.

PTECTTCFS. iO

TaUe of Genera.

1. Third vein iinforked Prosopochrysa, Meij.,

'2. Third vein forked 2. [p. 86.

Second aiiteuual joint with a thumb-like

expansion over tlie 8r(l on inner side . . 1'tecticus, Lw., p. 73.
Second antennal joint Avithout any such

expansion 3. [p. 84.

3. Eyes densely pubescent in both sexes .... Chloromyia, Dune,
Eyes bare or practically so 4. [p. 85.

4. Third autennnl joint with six annulations. BrachyCaka, Thorns.,
Third antennal joint with four annulations. o.

5. Abdomen elongate ; eyes in (^ iiot quite

contiguous; discal cell veinlets distinct . Sargus, F., p. 81.
Abdomen short, rounded ; eyes in S con- [p. 87.

tiguous ; discal cell veinlets very faint. . Microchrysa, Lw.,

Genus PTECTICUS, Tav.

Ptecticus, Loew, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 142 (1855);

Brunetti, Rec. Tnd. Mus. i, p. 108 (1907).
Plecticm, Loew, loc. cit. v, p. 147 (1855).

Genotype, Sargus testaceiis, Y. ; by original designation.

Mainly of the normal Sargid type, but technically non-metallic
large yellowish flies, witli darker markings and often yellow wings.
The jJud anteinial joint distinctly overlapping 3rd on inner side

Fig. -i.—l'/ccficus, anteima, inner side.

by a thumb-like extension ; * 3rd joint short and broad, arista
very thin ; head rounded ; eyes in J approximate only and tor
only a short distance; fro.ital triangle inflated. Thorax and
abdomen as in Sargus, but perhaps less pubescent; genitalia
in 6 rather large and free. Wings long; anterior cross-vein
exactly at tip of prjefurea ; t posterior cross-vein occasionally
absent or abortive (austral!!^).

Range. Central and South Asia, Japan, Orient, South Atrica,
Madagascar, North, Central, and South America.

* With rare exceptions, according to Willi.ton. It is very pronounced in

all the Indian species. , . ^ ...

t In all Indian species except c>/anciis. This diaracter is not necessaulj

ireneric.

74 STRATIONryiD.t,

Tahle of Species.

1. Body feneous or metallic L*.

liody never metallic; yellowisli, with darker

markings ; anterior cross-veins at tip of
pra^fiirca 3.

2. Anterior cross-vein at tip of praiturca ; body

ieueous blue, green, or black ; femora orange ; [p. 75.

wings exceptionally long i()7i(/ij)e))iii<. V\ ied.,

Anterior cross-vein much before tip of pne-

furca; body shining violet (y); femora

black ; wings of normal length cj/dKcns, IJrnn., p. 75.

.J. Wings wholly dark brown (turohrvnrteus, sp. n.,

AVings never wholly dark biown, either [p. 7(5.

yellowish on basal and blackish on apical

half or practically uniform yellowish grey . . 4.
4. Wings yellowish on about basal half, blnckish

on remainder o.

Wings uniformly yellowi-<h or vellowish grev

(or practically so) 7.

f). Genitalia black; tarsi always more or less

darlv ; wings yellow only up to jiist beyond

discal cell 6.

Genitalia fulvous ; tarsi orange to tips ; wings

yellow nearl}^ up to halfway between discal

cell and wing-tip inilpii. IhMin., p. 77.

0. First four abdominal segments orange, witli or

without darker tran^verse spots or bands,

these segments generally similarly marked ; [p. 78.

rest of abdomen black (iiirifcr. Walk.,

First four abdominal segments orange, 4th with

a large round black spot, couspicuously dif-
ferent I'rom the other segments apicalis, Lw.. p. 77.

7. Front metatarsus nearly as long as tibia; whole

front tarsus proportionately much longer ihnn

in ref/lonicus, and brown fiom tip of 1st. joint

to tip of tarsus; hind tarsus all white, except

extreme base of metatarsus; 1st iibdominal

segment with blackish hand ; posterior crosis- [p. 70.

vein practically absent; long. 10-12 mm. . . (ixstrah's. Sob.,
Front metatarsus much shorter than tibia ;

whole front tarsus proportionately much

shorter than in audrali,s, and only last

three joints brown; hind metatarsus all

black; 2nd joint and part of 8r'l yellowish

white or white, rest dark brown or black ;

1st abdominal segment without cross-band,

but sometimes a little darker in middle;

po.-terior cross-vein distinctly present ; long.

14-18 mm citiyulatus, Lw.,

[var. ceijlonicns, nov., p. 80.

PTECTICUS. lO

4-1. Ptecticus longipennis, Wied.

>Sarffiis hmtjipennis, Wiedemann, Analec. Entoiii. ]>. ;ll (1824);

id., Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. ?A (1830); Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Siipp. 5,

p. 07, pi. i, fig. 11 (1855).
Ftedicus longipennis, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Eiit. liv, p. 205 (1911).

(S . Head with eyes not absolutely contiguous at any point, but
nearly so iuiniediately above the bright lemon-yellow, very inflated
frontal triangle, which beai's a tew yellow hairs ; the shining black
frons widening gradually to vertex, which bears a few browii hairs ;
face bright yellow; mouth-opening, protiosris, and neck orange;
antenna? yellowish ; lower part of head witli pale hairs. Tliorccc
shining metallic dark blue, or brassy, pubescence pale yellow;
a rather broad orange-yellow callus-like stripe from the yellow
shoulder to wing-base ; hind corners of dorsum orange ; prothorax
orange, sternopleura shining yellow, rest of sides of thorax aeneous
browji or blackish, with short ])ale hairs ; scutellum metallic blue,
hind margin narrowly orange ; metanotum metallic blue. Abdomen
metallic black, 1st segment reddish yellow at extreme base, 2nd to
4th segments with reddish-yellow bands on hind borders, some-
times extending over the bases of the next segments. Legs orange-
yellow ; hind tibiie wliolly black, hind tarsi all yellowish. Wings
exceptionally long, very pale yelloxA ish ; anterior cross-vein exactly
at tip of pnefurca. ; posterior cross-vein absent, 5th vein in puncti-
form contact with discal cell ; 2nd and 3rd veinlets from discal
cell parallel, 3rd a little foreshortened ; a brown cloud on apical
part of wing extending inwards halfway to discal cell ; haiteres
yellow, clubs brown.

Lentjth. 12 imn.

The above description is from a S (without abdomen) in the
Indian Museum from Sadiya, Assam, Bigot's description being
also incorporated. Kecorded by de Meijere from N.E. Sumatra.

The 2nd antennal joint has the peculiar shape characteristic of
Ptecticus, so the species must be removed here from Sargus, as
noted by de Meijere (?. c).

45. Ptecticus cyaneus, Bnni.

Ftedicus ct/cmeus, Bruiietti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 453 (1912).

5 . Flead with frons almost linear, brilliantly shining violet and
blue, with short soft black hairs; ocelli placed much below the
vertex, small, pale yellowish brown, ocellar triangle very slightly
elevated; the slight protuberance above the antennse pale whitish
yellow ; face blackish, wath black hairs, lower part of head reddish
brown, prominent ; back of head black, with a fringe of white hairs.
Antenna} with 1st and 2nd joints black, shining, 3rd joint and
the overlapping inner side of the 2nd joint coffee-brown; arista
black, apical. TJwrcuv dorsally and scutellum brilliantly shining
violet, with rather copious brownish-grey hairs; thorax below

76 STRATIOMYIDiE.

dorsum brilliantly shining peacock-green, with short whitish
hairs; a small brownish-yellow spot on the shoulders is connected
with the wings by a very narrow brownish-yellow ridge delimiting
the dorsal and ventral surfates. Abdomen brilliant shining violet,
w ith pale grey hairs ; venter similar. Lec/s : femora black, with
sliort white iiairs, a little brownish yellow at base; tjie knees of
similar colour and the coxae with a mark or two of the same shade ;
tibite black, more or less yellowish on apical part, the whole surface
with short pale yellow hairs ; tarsi dark, with pale hairs ; under-
side of hind tarsi Avith short, very dark golden-brown pubescence.
Wings grey ; stigma ill-detined ; this region of the wing brownish ;
veius dark brown ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 14 mm.

Described from one $ in the Indian Museum from Ukhrul,
Manipur, Assam, 6400 ft. {Rev. W. Pcttigreiv).

46. Ptecticus aurobrunneus, sp. nov.

S • Head with vertex and frons down to its narrowest jiart deep
orange ; former with golden and brown hairs intermixed, latter
with golden hairs only; frontal triangle bright lemon-yellow,
nearly bare ; ooellar triangle black, ocelli with a reddish tinge ;
face, Mjouth, and proboscis orange-yellow; antennae oi-ange, arista
black, orange at base ; eyes black ; occiput yellowish, reduced,
owing to the margins of the eyes themselves curving backwards
considerably. Thorax dorsally and scutellum dark chestnut-
brown, with just a suggestion of three darker stripes, wholly
covered with short, dense, though inconspicuous, golden pu-
bescence ; propleura, pteropleura, metapleura, and metanotum
lighter chestnut-brown ; mesopleura and sterno'pleura shining
blackish ; whole sides of thorax, even to the mesopleura, with
short dense golden pubescence, though at first sight they appear
to be bare. Abdomen with 2nd to 5th segments dark chestnut-
brown, witli short dense golden pubescence, which is invisible
when viewed from in front, but from that view a large irregularly
shaped black spot is seen in the centre of each segment, almost
forming a dorsal stripe; 1st segtnent and tip of abdomen black,
with some yellow or golden hairs ; genitalia and vertex dark
brown, the latter with microscopic golden pubescence, only visible
when viewed from in front. Legs with front coxae brownish
orange ; posterior coxae dark brow n, all with a little golden hair ;
rest of legs bright orange; posterior femora black on basal half;
tips of tarsi a little darker. Wings rather dark brown; a small
space in both basal and discal cells slightly paler, and traces of
similar lighter spaces in the centres of some of the other cells ;
halteres pale yellowish.

Length, 21 mm.

Described from a unique (S in the Iiulian Museum from
Parambikulam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 ft., 16-24. ix. 1914
{Gravel}/).

PTECTICUS. 77

47. Ptecticus wulpii, Bmn.

Ptecticus wulpii, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Miis. i, p. Ill (1907); id.,

op. cit.i^, p. 263 (1913).
Ptecticus apicalts, Wiilp inec Loew), Notes Levd. Mus. vii, p. 02

(1885).

S $ . Differing from P. cmrifer. Walk., as follows : —

Abdomen normally all orange to tip, 1st segment a little darker,
and often, if viewed from beliind, a large blackisli spot is seen in
tlie middle of eacb segment, sometimes diamoiid-sbaped, sometimes
irregular in shape, covering nearly all t\v\ surface of each segment ;
genitalia brownish orange, this latter being the best specific dif-
ference of all. Another difference, which seems equally constant,
is in the legs, which are all orange to the extreme tips except for
tlie moderately daz'k brown posterior coxae and basal half of the
posterior femora. The black apical part of the wing is of much
less extent, not beginning till some distance beyond the discal
cell ; some specimens have the wing darkened from the tip only
up to midway between the discal cell and the wing-tip.

Same size as aurifer.

Described from two S S in the Indian Museum, one S one $
in the Pusa collection : Darjiling District, 10(10-3000 ft., v. 1912 ;
Singla, iv. 1913; Nilgiri Hills, 3500 ft {Andreives), 7000 ft.,
V. 1904 (Rowson); Parambikulam, Cochin State, 1700-3200 ft.,
16-24. ix.l9U(Gmveh/).

Unless P. miri.fer,W?t,\k., should prove to have fulvous genitalia,
P. ivulpii is easily separated from all the other species in this
group by that character alone. It presents an extraordinarj-
resemblance to the Tipulid, PseUiophora compedita, Wied., and
both have been seen by me from the same locality.

48. Ptecticus apicalis, Liv,

Ptecticus apicalis, Loew, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 142, pi.,

figs. 3, 4 (1855) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 110 (1907).
Sai-ffm htridus, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, p. 8 (1856).

Brownish red-yellow, shining ; 4th abdominal segment with a
very large black spot, the next wholly dull black, tlie rest deep
black, rather shining ; venter much as upper side of abdomen.
Frons very narrow, reddish yellow; lower part whitish yellow;
ocelli placed on a blackish cross-band; Frontal triangle whitish
yellow, puffed up. Antennae light reddish yellow, 3rd joint barely
visibly annulated, tip truncate. Legs conclorous with body;
hind tibiae always darker towards tip ; front and middle tarsi with
last two joints darker, also hind metatarsus. Wings large', reddish
yellow up to beyond discal cell, hecoming grey towards hind
margin; a large blackish-brown spot filling more than apical
third of wing.

78 bTllATIOMYlD.t..

Len</th, 15 mm.

Described from Pulo Penang ; in Westennann's collection,
A^ienna Museum.

49. Ptecticas aurifer, Wall:

Sarf/us aurifer, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Miis. v, p. 96 (1854).
Ftecticus aurifer, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. i, p. 110 (1907).

J 5 . Head with eyes in S \vith their point of nearest approach
distinctly below halfway between vertex and base of antennae,
the space between them perhaps -^ to ^ of a milhmetre ; thence
upwards Irons widening gradually till at vertex it is almost 1 milli-
metre broad ; bright orange with orange pubescence ; frontal
triangle elevated, shining, smooth, lemon-yellow, bare, except for
a small tut't of orange hairs just above base of antennae ; face very
small, vellowish, as are the very narrow iinier lower eye-margins
near the very large mouth-opening ; occiput black, upper margin
with yellow pubescence ; ocelli yellow on a black ocellar triangle ;
proboscis and the very large labelki orange-yellow, with a few-
hairs. Antennse orange, tip of upper side with a black mark,
arista hlack, orange at base. Frons in 5 at narrowest part dis-
tinctly broader than in S , so that it is only about two and a half
times broader at vertex than at frontal triangle. Thorax : sides,
scutellum, and metanotum bright orange, all with a little very
short yellow or orange pubescence, which is a little longer on the
sternopleura, metapleura, and metanotum ; dorsum sometimes with
a little more brown in it and sometimes, especially in the $ ,
traces of three longitudinal brownish stripes can be seen. Ah-
domeii normally with first four segments bright orange, remainder
(including genitalia) black, but the orange segments often have more
or less brown in them, sometimes in the form of large transverse
spots occupying ueaily all the segments; sometimes the whole
dorsum is uniformly more brownish ; the first four segments with
very short inconspicuous golden-yellow pubescence, the rest with
almost microscopic greyish pubescence. Yenter mainly orange on
first four segments, ren)ainder hlack, but 4th, and sometimes 3rd
also, often bear large blackish patches. Legs all orange, with short
yellow pubescence ; last two joints of anterior tarsi brown ; about
apical half of liind tibiae brown ; hind tarsi blackisli brown,
especially first two joints, underside with rich golden-brov\ n
pubescence. Wings with basal half up to just beyond discal cell
bright orange-yellow, remainder moderately dark brown ; veins a
little deeper orange, veinlets from discal cell dark brown, 3rd only
moderately sinuous ; halteres orange.

Length, 12-20 mm.

Described from a series in the Indian Mnseum, Sarawak
Museum, and Pusa collections: Mussoorie, 6500 ft. (Bond);
Darjiling, 1000-3000 ft., v-vi. 1912; Peshoke Spur, Darjiling

riECTicus, 79

Distr., 4000 ft., v-vi. 191G; Lebong, Darjiliiig Distr., 4500 ft.,
2-9. V. 1909 {Iloivlett) ; Singla, Darjiling Distr., 1500 ft., iv. 1913 ;
Siliguri, base ot-' Darjiling Hills, 18-20. vii. 1907 ; Sikkim ; Mar-
gherita, Assam; Nongpoli, Kliasi Hills, Assam, 1000-3000 ft.,
vi. 1905 ; also from Mataiig, Triisan, Ivlinliaug, and Kuching
(all Borneo).

This is the commonest Indian species, apparently.

50. Ptecticus anstralis, Sch.

Ptecticiis austmlis, Scliiner, Novava Reis., Dipt, p 6') (1868) •
Bnmetti, Eec. lud. Mus. i, p. 113 (1907). '

S 2 . Head: eyes in 6 with upper facets very little larger than
lower ones, no clear dividing-line, barely contiguous at point of
nearest approach, and for a very short distance only ; frons
widening gradually to vertex, shining black, with a few brown
hairs ; ocelli rather close together, ocellar triangle small, only
slightly elevated ; frontal triangle elongate, whitish yellow, bare
(in one specimen a pair of dark oval spots in the middle placed
longitudinally side by side) ; face, proboscis, and palpi orange-
yellow, labella very large ; antennae orange, arista black ; occiput
dark, very concave. In $ , frons com])aratively narrow, dull
brownish orange or blackish, shining. Thorax, scutellum, and
metanotum wholly orange, with very short concoloi-ous pubescence.
Abdomen orange, normally with a transverse deep blue or violet
band just behind anterior margin of first four segments, the bands
sometimes not reaching tlie side-margins ; 5th segment mainly
blue-black, except anterior margin; the bands vary considerably
in width, but generally have parallel edges ; in one $ the bands
are replaced by a pair of elongate transverse spots on each
segment ; occasionally the last two or three segments are almost
wholly violet or blackish ; genitalia in d prominent, rather lar^e,
concolorous ; in $ very small ; venter brownish yellow. Legs
orange-yellow; hind tibisB all black; hind taz'si wholly white;
anterior tarsi with brownish tips. Wini/s pale yellowish grey ;
1st veinlet from discal cell considerably bent downwards at
or just before middle; 2nd nearly straight; 3rd foreshortened,
near and parallel with 2nd ; posterior cross-vein absent, so that
upper part of 5th vein is in punctiform contact with lower
corner of discal cell ; halteres orange, knobs blackish.

Length, 10-12 mm.

Described from several of each sex in the Indian Museum,
Pusa and other collections : Kurseong, Darjiling Distr., 5000 ft.,
4. \u. 1908 {Annandale) ; Soom, Darjiling Distr., 4000-5000 ft.,
16. vi. 1914 (Gravel >/) ; Kalimpong, Darjiling Distr., 600-4500 ft.'
24.iv.-10.v.l915 {Gravely) ; Sukna, N. Bengal, 500 ft., 1. vii. 1908
{Annandale) ; Rungpo, Sikkim, 1400 ft., 6. ix. 1909 ; various
localities in Bengal, vii., ix. ; Pinjore, Patiala fState, 17. vii. 1911 ;
Calcutta, 23. vii. 1907 {Annandalt.); Polhbetta, Coorg, IS. India,

80 STRATIOMYID^,

15-25. V. 1914 (Fletcher) ; Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills, S. India, vi. 1912
{Ccq^t. Sewell) ; Peradeniya, Ceylon, 26.vii.1910; Margherita,
Sadiya, Assam; Tiira, Garo Hills, Assam, 1917 (Kemp).

51. Ptecticiis cingulatus, L^v., \ar. ceylonicus, nov.

Ptecticus ciiit/ulatus, Loew, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 143
(1855).

Allied to P. aia-ifer, A\^alk., except in the wings and genitalia.
cJ 2 . ifead : frons shining black, with black pubescence, from
vertex to point of nearest approach of eyes where they are almost
actually contiguous ; frontal triangle lemon-yellow or orange-
yellow ; rest of head as in aurifer. Thorax as in aurifer ; traces
of three faint longitudinal dorsal stripes in some specimens.
Ahdomen orange, with a transverse oval black spot on each segment
from the 2iid to tlie 5th, placed just behind fore border and quite
clear of side and hind margins ; the spots larger in the $ , prac-
tically placed on anterior margins, also reaching side-margins on
2ud segment. Grenitalia quite differently constructed from those
of aurifer and undjyii ; much narrower, composed of a pair of two-
jointed claspers and a large curved dorsal plate ending in a narrow
style and two lamellae ; the organs placed sideways ; genitalia in $
small, concealed. Legs orange, a brownish streak on outer side
of bind femora which curves round to the upper side towards tip,
where it dies away ; it is not at all conspicuous and is easily over-
looked, yet it seems one of the principal characters of the species ;
hind tibiae and hind metatarsi black ; 2nd and 3rd joints of latter
whitish, remaining joints blackish ; anterior legs all orange, except
the tips of the tarsi, which are a little browner. Winrjs uniformly
pale yellowish grey ; 3rd veinlet from discal cell more strongly
bisinuate than in aurifer.
Lengthy 14-18 mm.

Described from Q S 6 audi 5 in the Indian Museum frouiKandy,
v-vii. 1910 ; Santi Koppa, N. Coorg, S. India, 4-9. v. 1914.

From the peculiar white 2nd and 3rd hind tarsal joints and the
curved streak on the hind femora I am compelled to regard this
form as cingulatus, Loew, as these characters do not appear in
any other species. From his description, however, I originally
assumed the wing to be half yellow and half black, as in the
aurifer group ; but it may perhaps be uudei'stood to mean
yellowish brown at the base and in front, and the remainder
more of a smutty brownish colour, although this does not
properly agree with the wings in the above-described form.
I have seen four specimens in the Sarawak Museum collection
from Borneo that agree still more (apart from the same doubt
as I'egards the wings) with Loew's description, as the black
abdominal bands are of uniform width and actually reach the
side-margins in all oases.

SARGUS. 81

Genus SARGUS, F.

>Sari/as, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Supp. pp. 549, 566 (1798) ; Bruiielti,
liec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 104 (1907).

Gbxottpb, Musca ciqn-aria, L. ; by desiguatiou of Latreille
Consid. Gon. (1810).

Head hemispherical, attached to thorax by a slender neck, as
wide as broadest part of thorax ; face sHghtly projecting, pu-
Iiesceut ; ocelli placed well forward on vertex in a short isosceles
triangle, equidistant in some species ; eyes bare, separated in
c? by a narrow frons, wider apart in 5 , upper facets in c?
scarcely larger than lower ones. Antennae short, in protile placed
below middle of head ; first two joints bristly, short, subequal ;
3rd joint shortl}^ conical or roughly i-ounded, with four aunula-
tions ; arista subapical, long, bare, except at base. Thorax M'ith
anterior part oblong, widened towards base of wings, posterior
part of dorsum rounded ; scutellum unarmed, usually concolorous
with the metallic-green dorsum and bearing the same short
pubescence. Abdomen much longer than thorax, with ]5arallel
sides or broader posteriorly, brilliantly shining metallic, the
d usually green or golden brassy, the $ more often blue or
violet, niodei'ately pubescent ; genitalia small. Legs simple,
rather long and thin ; metatarsi long. Wings genei-ally longer
than abdomen, over which they fold when at rest ; of the usual
Stratiomyid type ; costal vein nearly reaching wing-tip ; anterior
cross-vein connecting the prasfurca (instead of the 3rd vein) with
the discal cell, thus creating the appearance of the 8rd vein being
tw'ice forked ; 4th vein with three terminations, barelj' or not
reaching wing-margin ; posterior cross-vein distinct. Alar
squamae of moderate size, thoracic pair elongate, very prominent.

Range. World-wide.

Life-historij. That of several European species is known, the
larvse living in garden-mould, cow-dung, and in the elm.

8ome attempt has been made to supplant the name t:iargus on
the ground of its being preoccupied, but the name is too old to be
changed now. Verrall also disputes the validity of the alleged
preoccupation.

Table of Species.

1. Wings dark brown ; length 14-18 mm i/emmifer, Walk.

Wings yellowish 2.

2. Legs all yellow metallinus, F.

Hind tibia3 with broad blackish basal baud macfans, Walk.

52. Sargus gemmifer, Wall-.

Simjus gemmifer, Walker, List Dipt. ISrit. Mus. iii, p. 516 (1840).
Sarqus magnificus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. But. France, (5) ix, p. '222
(1879); Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 106 (1907).

<S ? . Head with frons, though very narrow, parallel-sided for

G

82 STRATIOMYID^.

a considerable distance, widening gradually to vertical and frontal
triangles, with black hairs thronghout its length ; npper part blue
or violet, merging into green at its narrowest part, and thence to
yellow on frontal triangle; antenna? brownish oi'ange ; face
brownish, with moderately dense yellow pubescence ; proboscis
brownish orange; occijiut dark with marginal fringe of pale hairs.
In 2 » fro)is no wider than in J • Thorax in J brilliantly shining
metallic green, witli rather dense short yellow pubescence ;
scutelium similar; front and hind corners of dorsum, and a stripe
from shoulder to wing-base, brownish yellow ; sides of thorax
almost wholly metallic green, with yellow pubescence and violet
reflections. In $, thorax deep blue, with soft white pubescence.
Abdomen in cJ' brilliantly sjiining metallic cupreous green, with
dense deep orange pubescence, which is rather thicker towards
sides; venter darker or witli violet tinge, shining, with pale
yellow microscopic pubescence. In 5 , brilliant violet with a
bronze tinge and white pubescence. Genitalia in J consisting
of a pair ot orange-brown claspers and two upper short dark
hairy cylindrical lamellte. Leys in c? brownish oi-ange ; posterior
coxie shining blackish ; hind femora broadly at tips and hind tibia;
broadly at base, blackish ; tarsi blackish on upper side, especially
hind pair; all legs with minute pale pubescence. In 2i legs all
black, except brownish knees and underside of front tibite ; tarsi
with brown pubescence below. Winris distinctly brown, a little
darker anteriorly ; venation normal ; halteres yellowish.
Length, 17-18 mm.

Described from four c5' cJ in the Indian Museum : Mergui,
Tenasserim (Doherty) ; Pyinmana, Burma, vi, 1910 (7/. L.
Andrewes) ; Sylhet ; and one $ from Tura, Garo Hills, Assam,
1500 ft., vii. 1917 (Keht/>).

Easily known from all other Indian species by its great size and
splendour. Tiie Indian Museum specimens from Tenasserim
were named by Bigot as his ma;/nijifus, but I now feel sure they
are synonymous with Walker's fjemmifer, and possibly pidjcscens,
AVulp, may be another synonym.

53. Sargus metalliiius, F. (PI. I, hgs. 22, 23.)

San/us metallinus, Fabricius, Syst. Autl. p. 258 (1805) ; Bruuetti,
Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 10(5(1907); Wiedemann, Auss. Zweid. ii,
p. .36 (18.30) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liv, p. 265 (1911).

Sargus formiccef or mis, Dolescball, Nat. Tijri. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 40.3,
pl. iii, tig. 5 (1857).

Saryns pallipes, liigot, Ann. Sue. Ent, France, (5) ix, p. 222 (1879).

J 5. Head: frons in S extremely nai'row, with sparse
greyish pubescence ; slightly wider towards vertex and distinctly
broadening towards antennte ; the upper luirrower part varying
from bronze to bright metallic green, the lower part brownish
yellow or brownish : vertex with some brownish yellow hairs.
h\ the $ , frons at its middle one-seventh width of head, distinctly

SARGITS. 83

though not. greatly wider towards A'ertex and antennae ; varying
from brilliant metallic violet-blue to bright green, bearing mode-
rately dense grey pubescence on upper part, and more brownish
about the middle ; above the antennae the frons takes the form of
a large, bare, shining, pale vellow (sometimes brownish) callus.
Pace and lower part of head, including proboscis, varying from
brownish orange to pale yellowish, with light yellowish pu-
bescence; occiput black ; postocular fringe whitish, continuous.
Thorax with dorsum and scutellum brilliantly shining metallic
green, bronze-green, or cupreous in J , aud bluish green or green
in 2 , with dense fine yellow {S) or whitish ( J ) pubescence ;
pleurjc concolorous, with shorter pubescence. Abdomen metallic
shining yellowish bronze or cupreous in S , violet or blue in $ , with
dense though not conspicuous yellow pubescence towards sides in
6 , the dorsal region often nearly bare ; whole surface in 2 with
short white pubescence, a little longer to\A"ards sides ; venter
generally dark brown or aeneous, shining, with microscopic
])ubescence. Leys pale yellow, with very short pale yellow (J)
cr Mhite ( $ ) pubescence. Wings pale yellowish grey or ])ale
brownish, stigma a little darker ; halteres pale yellowish or
white.

Length, 9-10 mm.

Described from a considerable number of both sexes iu the
Indian Museum, Pusa, and Dehra Dun collections and my own.
Common and widely distributed in India in May and July to
October up to 5000 ft. ; also generally distributed in the East,
Kangoon, Singapore (both Brunetti); Borneo, Java, Araboina,
Aru Islands, Shanghai.

Bigot in 1887 described a second species, coming from North
America, under the name pallipes.

54. Sargus mactans, Walh.

Sargus mactans, Walker, Pioc. Liim. See. Lond. iv, p. 97 (1860) ;
Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. i, p. 107 (1907) : de Meijere, Tijd. v. Eiit.
liv, p. 263 (1911).

(S . Head with frons extremely narrow, the sides never parallel,
widening gradually above and below from point of nearest
approach, seneous yellow or brassy, with yellow pubescence on
\ ertical aud frontal triangles ; ocelli at some distance below
vertex, upper ones contiguous to eye-margins ; face, mouth-
opening, and proboscis yellowish orange, with a litde yellowish
hair ; antennse orange ; occiput black, a fringe of whitish hairs on
lower margin. Thorax with dorsum, pleura*, scutelluu), and
iiietanotum brilliant!)^ shining cupreous green, with ratlier dense
soft yellow pubescence, which becomes whitish on anterior margin
of doi'sum ; a shoulder-spot, a narrow stripe thence to wing-base,
extending over upper part of sternopleura, brownish or yellowish.
Abdomen brilliantly shining cupreous, sometimes with a greeii
tinge, with rather dense yellow pubescence towards and at sides,

g2

84 STRATIOMTID.I.

the pubescence in the middle of the segments almost microscopic;
venter blackish, shining, with short soft yellow pubescence ;
genitalia with a violet tinge, rather small, with two terminal,
cylindrical, palp-like lamellcc. Legs yellow, coxae more or less
black at base, especially hind pair ; hind tibia3 slightly constricted
just beyond middle, with nearly basal half black; hind tarsi with
tips dark ; all legs with minute bright yellow pubescence, which
is longest on hind tibias. Wings uniformly yellowish grey ;
stigma a little darker, brownish yellow : halteres yellowish.

Length, 9-11 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum :
Bhim Tal, Kumaon, 4500 ft., ll)-22.ix. 1906 {Annandah);
Almora. Kumaon, 5500 ft., 10-21. ix. 1911 {Paiva)-^ Shillong,
4900 ft., l.vi. 1918 (i^(«o) ; Katmandu, Nepal. It occurs also in
Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago.

A variety \^"ith a black streak on the posterior femora (two
specimens) was taken at fShillong, 5000 ft. {Fletcher) and 4900 ft.,
30.v.l918(i2flo).

Geiuis CHLOEOMYIA, Dtntc.

CMorontyia, Uuncau, Mag'. Zool. Bot. i, p. 1G4 (1837).
Chrysomyia, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt, i, p. 26:i (1834).
Mifochrysa, lioiidjuii, Dipt. Ital. Prod, iv, p. 11 (1861).
Myiochrym, Verrall, apud Scudder, Nomeii. Zool. p. 204 (1882).

Genotype, Mvsca formom, Sco]). ; bv VerralTs designation
(1909).

Diftering from iSargas mainly in the densely pubescent eyes,
which are contiguous for a considerable distance in the d , the
upper facets larger than the lower ; and wide apart with equal-
sized facets in the 5 ; '^I'cl antennal joint longer than in Sargvs ;
abdomen rather broader also, especially in the $ ; venation rather
moi'e indistinct.

Range. Europe, South Africa, Asia, Xorth America.

Life-hisiory. Tlie common C. formosa, Scop., of Europe, has
been bred from garden-mould and from Brassica rufa.

Some confusion has arisen over the generic names Cldoromyia
and Clwysomyia (under wiiich formosa \\as knoA\n in Euro]:>e for
many years), which is concisely cleared up by A'errall (Brit. Elies,
v, p. 187). Coquillett claimed designation of the same species as
generic type in 1910, ]n"esumably unaware of Verrall's priority.

oh. Cliloromyia sappliirina, Wallc.

'"Saryus supphirinm, "Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 519 (1849).

" Body bright blue, tinged with purple ; head as broad as
chest ; clypeus white ; eyes dark bronze ; luouth and feelers black ;
chest and abdomen liiiely punctured, thinly clothed with short,

l!R\niYCAI?.\. 85

lioary hairs; abdomen nearly elliptical, a little broader and longer
than the chest ; legs blue, dotlu'd with short hoary hairs ; shanks
and feet piceous ; shanks pale yellow beneath ; wings colourless :
wing-ribs and veins dark tawny ; poisers pale tawny. Length of
the body 4 lines, of the wings 7 lines.

" East Indies. From Archdeacon Clerk's collection. In the
British Museum."

Though described from the East Indies, it is probably from
East India.

Genus BRACHYCA.RA, Tluvus.
Brachycarn, Thomson, Eug. Eesa, p. 460 (1868) (1869).

Genotype, Bruchycara ventralis, Thoms.

Very near CJiloromyia. Head slightly narrower than thorax,
nearly hemispherical ; face not prominent, convex ; mouth-
opening large ; proboscis short, labella broad ; eyes bare.
xlntennae short, 3rd joint almost transverse, obconical, a little
shorter than 2nd, six-ringed, last two annulatious abruptly
narrower. Thorax with humeri distinct ; scutellum semicircular,
unspined. Abdomen oval, broader than thorax, 8-segmented ;
last three segments narrower, retracted. Lei/s moderately sti'oug,
slightl)^ pubescent ; anterior coxae small, subovate, very little
distant from middle pair ; hind pair subtriaugular ; femora
clavate fusiform ; tibias hardly shoi'ter than femora, nnspurred ;
tarsi hardly longer than tibiae, 1st joint longer than the remaining
joints together. Wings longer than abdomen.
Range. B. venindis is the only species.

56. Brachycara ventralis, TJioms.

Brachycarn ventralis, Thomson, Eug. Resa, p. 461 (1869) ; Bruuetti,
Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 104 (1907).

(S $ . Head shining, with silvery-white pubescence, thicker
below ; frontal triangle shining black, a small subtriaugular white
spot contiguous to each eye ; frons with a median furrow ; eyes
in S broadly contiguous; bare ; proboscis yellowish white ;
antennae brown, yellow in middle. Thorax and scutellum black,
with depressed pubescence, which is golden brown and almost
scale-like on the humeri ; a narrow line on mesopleurae whitish
yellow. Abdomen yellowish red, a basal and apical blackish-brown
spot ; venter wholly shining yellowish red, with very short
pubescence. Winrjs subhyaline, veins yellow ; halteres pale
vellow, clubs large. Legs yellowish red, all the tarsi and tips
of hind tibiae blackish bi'own.

Length, 5 mm.

Cocos-Keeling Islands.

The foregoing is a translation of Thomson's description,

86

RTRATIOMYID.B.

Genus PROSOPOCHRYSA, Meij.

ProsopocJirysa, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 220 (1907).

GrENOTTPE, CTirysoclilora vitripennis, Dol. ; by original de-
signation.

Near Microchrysa. Eyes bare, naiTowly separated in (J , facets
of equal size ; occipital orbit extremely nai'row ; frons prominent ;
antennae rather short, 1st and 2nd joints subequal, IJi-d as long as
first two together, with four annulations, the 4th the smallest,
pubescent ; arista practically apical. Thorax and abdomen sub-
equally long, latter 5-segmented ; scutellum unarmed. Third
vein simple, 2ud nearly erect ; discal cell 5-sided, only two veinlets
issuing from it;' the 3rd absent, and 3rd and 4th posterior cells
therefore united.

Range. India, Java.

The absence of the 3rd veinlet from the discal cell might make
the species appear to belong to the Pachygastein.e, but in that
subfamily the fifth posterior cell is in full contact with the discal,
through the posterior cross-vein being absent.

57. Prosopochrysa vitripennis, Dol.

Chri/sochlora vitripennis, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. \, p. 408,

pi. xi, fig. 2 (18.56).
Microchrysa nlhitarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. viii, p. 156 (191.3).

S $ • Head of (S with upper part of frons shining black or
dark green, very elongate, and narrowed to point of nearest
approach of eyes ; below this point broad and prominent,
brilliantly shining blue or violet ; head below antennae metallic
bronze-green, with black or dark brown pubescence; cheeks

Fig. .5. — rriisopochri/m vifripennis, Dol., lateral view of head.

white-haired ; proboscis black ; occipital orbit very narrow, black,
with whitish grey shimmer. Antennae wholly bi'own, sometimes
1st joint blackish, 2nd and 3rd yellowish ; latter with four
annulations ; arista long, practically apical, a little thickened
basally where there are a few hairs on underside. In ^ , frons

I'llOSOPOC'M HYSA . S\ I CifOCTT li YSA . 8 /

oue-lifth width oP liead, slightly tinged with blue, brilliant violet
immediately above anteuiise. Thom.v punctate, wholly brilliantly
shining metallic blue or blue-green, with very short whitish
pubescence. Abdomen metallic black or dark bronze-green, with
very short sparse whitish pubescence, which i.s a little longer
round margin and tip ; venter darker, nearly black. Legs black,
with microscopic pubescence : all the tarsi yellowish white except

Fig. G.—Prosopoch'i/sa vitripenuis, Dol., wiug.

at tips. Wings clear, veins and stigmatic region yellowish ; 3rd
vein simple, straight, ending at some distance before wing-tip ;
halteres apple-green.

Length, 5 mm.

Redescribed from two 6 d and three $ $ in the Indian
Museum, and some in the Pusa collection.

Genus MICROCHRYSA, Liv.

Micfoc/tri/sa, Loew, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, v, p. 146 (1855) ;

Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 103 (1907).
tioriso7nn, Rondaui, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 168 (1856).
Chloromi, Rondaui, ojy. cit. iv, p. 11 (1861).

GrENOTYPE, Musca polita, L. (Europe) ; by original designation.

Jfead broader than thorax, face small, slightly pubescent ;
occiput concave in S , posterior eye-orbits distinct, in 5 ; ocelli
equidistant ; eyes bare, in d contiguous, upper facets larger than
lower ones, in 5 widely separated, facets equal in size. Antennae
of typical Sargid form, 3rd joint with four annulations, arista
practically apical. Thorax longer than broad, slightly wider
behind, shining metallic, with short dense inconspicuous pu-
bescence. Abdomen very short, rounded, shining : pubescence
extremely short, though sometimes dense. Legs simple, tibiae
sometimes slightly dilated apically. Wings of normal Sargid type,
terminations of 4tli vein less parallel; thoracic squamre more
normally shaped than in Sargns, pubescent.

In all minor characters mainly as in Sargus.

Bange. Europe, Asia, South Africa, North and South America.

Life-histori/. The common M. polita, L., of Europe, seems to
bi'eed freely in cow-dung and decaying vegetable matter.

M. ccdopa differs from ^f.Jlaviveniris, in which the abdomen is
unicolorous, by a narrow pale boi'der along the sides and tip,

»» STUATIOMYID.r,.

58. Microclirysa flaviventris, Wled.

Sargus JJaviventris, Wiedemann, Anal. Ent. p. 31 (1824).
MicrocJirijsa flaviventris, Briinetli, Kec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 103 (1907).
Sargus affinis, Wiedemaun, loc. cit. ; Bruiietti, loo. cit.
Chrysomyia annnlipes, Thomson, Eugen. Resa, p. 461 (1869).
Microchrysa gemma, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p. 231
(1879) ; Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 103 (1907).

c? $ . Htad in S , vertex black, shining, with a few black hairs ;
ocelli distinct, red; e3'^es contiguous for rather more than half the
distance from vertex to frontal triangle ; upper facets briglit
brown, much larger than the blackish lower ones ; frons blackish,
with a few short pale hairs ; face brilliantly shining metallic
green, bare ; proboscis and palpi rather bright yellow^ ; antennae
pale yellow, with 1st and 2nd joints subequal, iird I'ather longer
than 2nd, with pale yellow arista ; occiput black, very concave ;
no definite postocular orbit. In $ , frons forming one-third of
the head, rather broader at vertex, brilliantly shining metallic
blue-green, carried over the vertex to the blackish occiput and
bearing a little short grey pubescence ; remainder as in c? •
Thorax brilliantly shining metallic green, with very sparse pale
yellow pubescence on dorsum and parts of the pleurae ; scutellum
similai'ly coloured. Abdomen in c? brownish yellow, varying to a
little lighter or more reddish individually, with microscopic pale
yellow pubescence, 5th segment blackish ; venter yello\^■ish, often
more or less marked with black. In $ , brilliantly shining green,
with microscopic pale yellow pubescence ; venter generally
brownish, sometimes yellowish or even metallic green. Legs
pale yellow ; hind femora with broad median brown band and
hind tibia3 with broad apical band, both bands sometimes much
paler. Wings colourless ; veins and the rather large stigma pale
yellow ; halteres yellow.

Length, 2^-4 mm.

Described from a considerable number of both sexes in the
Pusa and Indian Museum collections and from other sources from
many parts of India, dated March and from June to October.
Also from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 15. vii. 1910 ; Java (Jacohson) ;
8ibu, Sai-awak, 2. vii. 1910 (Beebe). I have taken it myself in
Mussoorie and Darjihug. Common and widely distributed in
India and the East. Van der Wulp records it from Papua.

M. affinis, Wied., from East India, and M. gemma, Big., from
Ceylon, are probably synonyms.

59. Microchrysa calopa, Brim.

Microchrysa calopa, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 453 (1912),

$. Head with frons broad, bright metallic green on vertex,
changing insensibly to brilliant violet-blue just above autenna),
with veiy short pale yellow pubescence ; face metallic green ; oral
opening brown ; eyes dark brown, the upper corners rounded off,

IJElliyjE. 89

thus widening tlie vertex considerably ; occiput dark ; antenna?
pale yellow, tip of 3rd joint, which has a slight reddish tinge,
shoi'tly pubescent ; 1st and 2nd joints with one or two iiiiero-
scopic hairs. Thorax with dorsum brilliant metallic green, with
very short pale yellow pubescence ; venter similarly coloured and
pubescent, sharply delimited from the dorsum by a narrow yellow
side-ridge at the level of tlie wings ; posterior calli yellowish.
Scutellum and raetanotuin brilliant green, the former with pale
yellow hairs and yellow underside. Ahdomen dorsally violet, not
intense, shining, and with a bluish tinge in certain lights, with
pale yellow pubescence; the colour covers all the surface except
a narro\\% irregular, yellow border round the edges ; venter yellow,
sliortly pubescent. Lecis wholly yellow, except a broad brown
ring on distal half of hind femora, and the blackish hind meta-
tarsus. Wings clear, stigmatic area pale yellow ; halteres deep
yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two 5 $ in good condition \n the Indian
Museum, from Margherita, Assam, and Paresnath, Cliota Nagpur,
4400 ft., V. 1909 {I)r. Jenkins).

Subfamily BERIN/E.

Head semicircular ; e^^es lai'ge and prominent, bare or hairy ;
antennae with 3rd joint moderately elongate and more or less
cylindrical, but not conspicuously so, with eight annulations and
no apical style or arista. Thorax roughly oblong; scutellum
generally with four or six marginal spines, occasionally eight, and
in iiulividuals an odd number may occur ; pubescence of thorax
continued over spines. Abdomen with at least seven obvious seg-
ments, longer than thorax, dorsum flattened, sides approximately
parallel. Z(?r/s simple, moderately strong ; 1st joint of hind tarsi
generally dilated iu J ; spurs on middle tibiae in rare cases."''''
T'Fmr/.s' not of the normal Stratiomyid type, all the veins, except an
occasionally obviously abortive one, running out to wing-margin :
2ud vein short, beginning opposite base of discal cell, ending near
tip of 1st ; 3rd vein forked, both branches ending before wing-
tip ; 4th vein with only two terminations (as in Pachygastrin.t:),
as the 5th vein forms the hinder side of the discal cell ; posterior
cross-vein therefore absent ; anal cell closed at some distance
from wing-border ; squamae small.

This subfamily is easily distinguished from all others except
XylomyintE by the 7-segmented abdomen and by the anterior
veins not being crowded together ; whilst from the Xylomyin^t; it
is separated by the 2nd vein (praefurca) originating opposite the
base of the discal cell instead of at some considerable distance
before it, also by the open 4th posterior cell. Their usually

* Acanthomytu . for insfaiipo, ;\ Eiii'ojDPrin gemis.

90 STHATIOMYIB.E.

SBueoiis or metallic colour also renders lliem conspicuous, and
though iu this they resemble the 8aiigin.e, the latter are always
easily knowu by the anterior cross-vein connecting the discal cell
with the prset'urca instead of viith the 8rd vein. The frequently
dilated hind metatarsns in the (S is ii further character of the

The life-histories of a few Eu.ropean species are known, but
not that of Beris. That of CJiorisoj^s tibialis has been described
by Handlirsch. The larvae live in the earth and decaying matter.

Table of Genera.

Scutellum unspined Allognosta, Ost.-Sack., p. 93.

Scutellum spined.

Palpi minute or obsolete ; eyes con-
tiguous in c? Eebis, Latr., p. 90.

Palpi rather long ; eyes not con-
tiguous in rj Chohisops, Rond., p. 92,

Genus BERIS, Latr.

Beris, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 447 (1802).
Oplacantha, IJondani, Arch. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 87 (186.'}).
Hexaeantha, Lioy, Atti Ist. Yen. (?>) ix, p. 586 (1864).
Octacantlia, Lioy, loc. cit.

Genotype, Musca clmlybeata, Forst., as Stratiomys 6-dentata,
E. (Europe) ; by original designation.

Head almost semicircular, transverse, as broad as thorax ; face
short, pubescent ; eyes large, contiguous in c? (with rare excep-
tions), wide apart in 5 , densely hairy in J , upper facets larger
than lower, less hairy in 5 with all equal facets. Proboscis well
developed, palpi rudimentary. Antennae porrect, nearly as long-
as head; two basal joints short, subequal, bristly; 3rd elongate
with eight anuulations, the first and last being the longest.
Thorax rather arched, closely pubescent in J , less so in ^ ;
scutellum with four to eight spines bearing pubescence (occasion-
ally an odd number in individuals). Abdomen hardly broader than
thorax, flattened, sides nearly parallel, at least 7-segmented ;
genitalia more developed than in the other subfamilies. Legs
simple, of moderate size ; hind metatarsus dilated in S !ind
elongate in both sexes. Wings longer than abdomen, not of the
typical Stratiomyid nature ; anterior veins not crowded together,
all veins distinct and generally reaching wing-margin ; 2nd vein
ratlier short, enclosing the conspicuous large dark stign)a ; I5rd
vein rather \\idely forked, both braiiches ending before wing-tip ;
4th vein with only two terminations and occasionally an abortive
third; posterior cross-vein absent as upper branch of 5th vein
forms hinder side of discal cell ; anal cell closed at some distance
from border of wing. Alar squama; of moderate size; thoracic
ones undeveloped,

liEIilS. 91

Uancje. Europe, Orient, Australia, North and South America.

Life-lnstory. The European B. cludijheata has been bred from
moss, but the metamorphoses of the genus are not well known.
The perfect insects prefer marshy situations, but are generally
distributed. Col. Yerbury records the males of some British
species as performing a rather wild aerial dance.

The two Indian species of Beris are easily distinguished : —

Legs mainly dark brown yenieulatu, Curt.

Legs yellow ; femora and hind tibife with brown bands, aiimdipes, Brun.

60, Beris geniculata, Curt.

Beris geyiiculata, Curtis, Brit. VA\t. viii, p. 337 (1830).

S $ . Hf(td : frons in S rather large, shining b]ack,'with a de-
pressed median channel on upper part ; face and low er part of head
shining blac]\ ; frons and face with rather dense blackish -brown
pubescence ; vertex wholly occupied by the considerably elevated
ocellar triangle, bearing blackish-brown hairs ; proboscis black,
labella orange, palpi black ; eyes contiguous for a considerable dis-
tance, with dense blackish-brown pubescence on front part, less
dense on rest of surface, facets of upper half much larger than
the others ; antennae black ; 3rd joint not quite twice as long as
the 1st and 2ud put together,* greyish on inner side about
the middle, tapering to tip after about 3i*d or 4th annulation,
extreme tip with two or three minute bristles. In 5 , frons nearly
one-third of head, shining black, as is the face, both with short
j)ale pubescence ; eyes with very short pubescence. Thorax and
scutellum metallic shining gi'een or blue-green, the former dis-
tinctly punctate except towards bind margin; scutellum impnnc-
tate ; both with rather dense blackish pubescence, wdiich is less
dense on scutellum ; the latter with eight shining green spines
(normally in European specimens only six). In the $ , pubescence
on dorsum of thorax pale and short, rather depressed. Abdomen
very dark brown, nearly black, with rather long pubescence
towards sides, which is brownish in S , pale yellowish and much
shorter in 5; venter shining brown ; genitalia rather small. Legs
very dark brown, tips of femora narrowly orange ; base of tibife
orange to about one-third on anterior legs and to a quarter on hind
pair ; anterior metatarsi pale, rest of tarsi black, hind metatarsi
pale, considerably and equally dilated throughout their length
except at base and tips, longer than four remaining joints
together, the latter black. Wings brown, costal cell a little paler ;
stigma large, dark brown, oval ; in $ wings clearer ; halteres
brownish orange.
Length, 4-5 mm.

* A shght error as to the length of the 3rd autennal joint seems to have
crept into Verrall's usually scrupulously correct writings, as he contrHcliets
himself in the table of species and the description, The discrepancy may not
be important.

92 STKATi():s[Yn).iL.

Described from a 6 and two $ $ in the Indian Museum taken
by me at Darjiling, 0900 ft., 2, x. 1908.

Whetliev this species is the true B. genu-ulata of Curtis is not
quite certain, as though it agrees in practically all other points,
the difference in the width of the frons in the $ is important :
less than one-fourth the width of the head in true yenicidata and
nearly one-thirtl in the present form. My specimens are also
distinctly a size smaller, 4-5 mm. against about 6. B. geniculata,
Curt., is recorded from Central and Southern Europe.

ni. Beris anniilipes, Brun.

Berts annulipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. vii, p. 455 (1912).

$ . Head witli frons nearly one-fourth the width of the head :
brilliantly shining, dark blue, uniformly wide ; occiput shining
black, with a little grey hair on posterior ocular orbits : eyes very
shortly but distinctly pubescent ; proboscis reddish yellow. An-
tennsB with first two joints black, with bristly hairs ; 3rd joint
yellowish on basal, black on apical half ; a little grey hair about
the base of the antennae. Thorax brilliantly shining violet-blue,
with yellow pnbescence on dorsum ; scutellnm brilliantly shining
peacock (greenish) blue, with six strong equidistant shining darker
green spines on hind margin. Abdomen violet, moderately shining,
sides with brownish yellow pubescence ; venter darker, with short
yelloM- hairs. Legs yellow ; tips of anterior femora with an indis-
tinct brown band ; hind femora and tibiaj with a distinct broad
brown apical band on each ; tarsi marked extensively with brown.
Wings grey, upper part (except costal cell), as far hindwards as
to include the anterior basal and first posterior cells, brown;
lialteres yellow.

Length, 6| mm.

Described from one example taken by me at Darjiling, 7000 ft.,
27. V. 1910 ; in the Indian Museum.

Genus CHORISOPS, Uond.

Clwri.'iopti, liondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 173 (1850).
Chloriso2)s, Brauer, Denks. Ak. Wien, xliv, p. 72 (1882).

CrEXOTYPE, Berts tibialis, Mg. ; by original designation.

Differing from Beris by the palpi being elongate, as long as
proboscis, and the eyes in the S distinctly though rather narrowly
separated. Eyes bare in both sexes. Scutellnm with four yellowish
spines. Genitalia in c? very protruding. Hind tibite incrassated
after the base, especially in S • Wings with 3rd vein more shortly
forked ; 4th vein with an abortive 3rd termination ; lower brancli
of 5th vein much curved, closing anal cell far before the wing-
boi'der ; stigma very distinct.

Jiamje. Europe, India, Chile.

CHOEISOPS. — ALLOGNOSTA. 93

Life-Mstoy}/. The metamorphoses oi' 0. tibialis have been well
dest-ribed by Handlirsch.*

02. Cliorisops tibialis, M;/.

lieris tibials. Meigen, Syst. Besclir. ii, p. o, pi. xii, fig-. 8 (1820).
Cliorisops tibialis, Bi'unetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 456 (1912).
Actina hyaliventyis, A. Costa, II Giamb. Vico Napoli, ii, p. 4-J.5 (1857).

6 $ . Head : Irons shining in J , blue-black or dark green, one-
eighth widtli of head at vertex, narrowing to halt' that width on
lower Iialf; in $ about one-fifth of head at vertex, slightly narrow-
ing downwards, greenish black; vertex with black hairs, frons
with pale pubescence ; face shining white ; proboscis dull orange,
palpi yellowish, porrect, distinct ; eyes bare, facets all equal.
Antennas rather longer than head (longer still in $ ), brownish
black, pale below towards base, variable ; 3rd joint 8-annulated.
Thorax and scutellam brilliant shining green, finely punctate,
with fine yellow pubescence ; pleurae with pale pubescence, middle
])art of mesopleura bare ; scutellar spines yellow, with a long apical
hair (besides other hairs); humeri yellowish in 5- Abdomen
black, moderately shining, more or less yellowish on the disc
(especially in the $ ), including generally the greater part of the
3rd and 4th segments ; pubescence short and dark ; pale yellow at
sides down to 4th segment ; venter more yellowish than dorsum ;
genitalia very distinct, and protruding, connected with last abdo-
minal segment by a short neck. Leys yellow to dull orange : tarsi
blackish from tip of 1st joint ; hind femora brownish yellow,
variable ; hind tibiae mainly blackish brown, considerably incras-
sated after the base ; hind tarsi rather short, 1st joint incrassate,
as long as remaining joints together; pubescence of legs pale
yellow ; 5 with legs paler than in the J . Wiju/s with a faint
brown suffusion ; stigma large, dark brown, sometimes paler in
2 ; halteres yellow, with large knobs.

Lcnijtli, 6 mm.

The above description is abridged from Verrall.t

Binsar, Kumaon Distr., W. Himalayas, 28, v. 1912 {Dr. A. D.
Iiiinis).

Genus ALLOGNOSTA, O. S.

Allognosta, Osten-Sackeii, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvii, p. 297 (1883).
Metoponia, Loew (nee Macq.), Dipt.-Faun. Siidafr. i, p. 1 (1860).

(tENOI'YPE, Beris fascitarsis, Say ; by designation of Coquillett,
1910.

c? 2 . Head transverse, rather flattened, as broad as thorax ;
eyes contiguous in cJ ; frons in $ rather prominent, convex (in
assainensis), between one-third and one-fourth width of head.
Antennae set at middle of head in profile ; scapal joints subequal,

* Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiii, p. 243 (1883).
!• British Flies, Stratioinyidie, &c., v, p. 214 (1909j.

94 STEATlOMTID.i;.

cylindrical, 8rd with eight aunulations, 1st the largest, about as
large as 2ud scapal joint, remainder annular, slightly narrowing
in width towards tip. Proboscis and palpi short, latter not extend-
ing beyond epistonia. Thorax subquadrate, corners rather angular,
rather broader behind. Scutelluni fully semicircular, convex,
unarmed. Abdomen longer and slightly wider than thorax, ovate,
with tip rather pointed, S-segmented ; genitalia small. Legs simple,
moderately long and strong. Wmys with normal Berid venation;
2nd vein rather sharply upturned towards ti|) ; anterior branch of
3rd vein nearly erect ; only three endings to 4th vein ; discal cell
large, hexagonal ; anterior cross-vein just beyond base, posterior
cross-vein at about the middle ; anal cell large, closed a long way
before border.

Range. Europe, India, America.

No previous description of the genus appears to have been
given. Loew placed certain new species in what he took to be
Metoponia, Macq., but Osten-Sacken in pointing out his mistake
merely renamed Metoponia, Lw., as Allognosta, without character-
ising it, as he had no specimens available of the genus at the
time. *

In A. vagans the legs are all black except at the knees; in
A. assamcnsis the anterior femora and middle tibiae are yellow.

63. Allognosta vagans, Liv. (PI. I, figs. 25, 2(5.)

Metoponia vayans, Loew, Beseh. Europ. Dipt, iii, p. 71 (1873).
Alloffnosta inermis, Brunetti, liec. liid. Mus. vii, p. 455 (1912).

J. Uead with vertex very small, occupied by the three ocelli ;
eyes witli unifoi'm, very small facets, bare, contiguous; frons an
e(]uilateral triangle, moderately large, blackish seen from above,
but with grey reflections viewed from other directions ; occiput
blackish. Antennae black, normal, as in Beris ; the 3rd joint
with seven annular impressions, appearing as if composed of eight
closely compressed joints. Palpi and proboscis black; the under-
side of tlie large labella yellowish. Thorax i\,\\A scutelluni blackish,
with a slight aeneous tinge, microscopically roughened, and with
microscopic yellow luiirs ; the anterior margin and shoulders with
a very little short yellowish hair, which extends also over the
pleurae to some extent. Scutelluni unspined, with microscopic
yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black, barely shining, the sides with
very short yellow hairs; venter similar, with vei-y minute yellow
hairs. Genitalia consisting of a pair of blackish, fairly thick
claspers, each with a small narrow appendage ; there being also
an upper pair of yellow, hairy, tinger-like appendages. Legs
black, the knees distinctly but not broadly yellowish brown;
pulvilli pale yellowish. Wivtgx blackish brown ; stigma large,
well defined, brow n ; hal teres black.

* As to the sui)i)(isiecl identity of Alrtopoiiic, Macq.. and Mrinpunio, L\r., see
Brunetti, Rec. Jnd. Mus. rii, p. 45r>.

ALtOGKOSTA. 95

Length, Ak in in.

Described froui a unique rT in the Indian Museiun taken by
me at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. v. 1910. I t'ouud the species uot
uncommon at Hankow, China, 22-26. iv. 1906.

64. AUogiiosta assamensis, sp. nov.

5 . Head as broad as thorax ; frons very retreating, slightly
swollen on upper corners, where it projects above eyes in profile,
forming half width of head, black, shining, parallel -sided, closely
punctulate, and with ahnost microscopic brownish pubescence;
lower part smootli, vertical triangle small and low; ocelli incon-
spicuous ; face as broad as frons, sides parallel, shining black, bare ;
two large, dull grey tomentose spots placed diagonally just below
base of antennas, their upper corners nearly touching; proboscis
brownish black, palpi black, rather long ; occiput black; eyes bare,
small, only a little over half height of head ; posterior orbits on
upper lialf only, rapidly diminishing and disappearing at about
middle of eye. Antennae placed below middle of head in profile ;
first two joints subequal, cylindrical, pale yellow; 3rd with eight
annulations, Jst aunulatiou broadest and longest; basal jmrt of
fiagellum brownish yellow, gradually becoming blackish at tip.
Thorax subquadrate, barely wider behind, front corners rather
angular, hind corners cut away by the very distinct brown posterior
calli ; dorsum thickly punctulate, with very short soft vellowish-
brown pubescence; the moderate-sized semicircular scutellum and
the pleurse similarly clothed, black ; a broad yellowish-white stripe
on upper part of latter from anterior margin to wing-base; meta-
notum small, dull brown. Abdomen 8-segmented, practically
bare; 1st and 2nd segments almost coalescent, 6th distinctly
narrower than 5th, and the 7th and 8th narrower than 6th ; all
blackish brown, or even slightly violet-tinged; middle half of 1st,
2nd, and 3rd yellowish (the pale part probably variable in extent);
venter mainly yellowish, but blackish at sides and tip. Le(js mainly
yellow; apical three-fourths of fi-ont tibiae and all front tarsi, last
three joints of middle tarsi, apical half of hind femora, hind tibiae
(except narrowly at base), and last two joints of hind tarsi black.
Wings pale smoke-grey, a very little darker at tip ; stigma large,
black, conspicuous, clearly demarcated and filling all marginal cell
except extreme tij), which is slightly yellowish, as is also the
posta for a very short distance at this point ; 1st submarginal cell
practically clear, except at the very narrow base and extreme tip,
thus in striking contrast to the dark contiguous stigma ; extreme
base of wing clear; 5th and 6th veins yellow, remainder dark
brown ; halteres with stem yellowish white, clubs large, oval,
black.

Length barely 5 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from above
Tura, Garo Hills, Assam, 3500-3900 ft., viii. 1917 {Knn^^).

96 STRATIOMYID.-E.

Subfamily XYLOMYIN^.

Head with eyes separated in both sexex ; face depressed in
middle ; palpi elongate and upturned ; antenna! 3rd joint elongate,
with eight aimulations and generally a minute apical bristle.
Thorax practically bare, subquadrate ; scutelluui unspined. Abdo-
men of 7 to 9 segments, elongate, longer than thorax, with nearly
parallel sides ; genitalia of J conspicuous. Le(js moderately long
and stout, bai-e or nearly so, liind femora often incrassate or
spinose below ; posterior tibia? with two spurs. Wings not of
the normal Stratioinyid type, all the veins reaching wing-margin,
the anterior veins not crowded together ; 2nd vein (prtel'urca)
oriiriuatine; some distance before base of discal cell, the latter
much more elongate than ni any otlier subtamily ; costal veni
complete, ambient vein present for at least some further distance ;
3rd vein with an elongate fork, lower brancli ending at about
wing-tip ; 4th vein with three terminations ; 4th posterior cell
closed near \\ing-border, a special character of this subfamily ;
live posterior cells ; posterior cross-vein normally present, but in
some species the contact of upper branch of 5th vein with discal
cell is practically punctiform, in which case cross-vein absent ;
alar squamae very small, thoracic squamse absent.

The Xylomyinte resemble the Beri>"^jE more than any other sub-
family, and the principal distinguishing characters are given under
Berin-t:. Further characters of the Xylomyix.e are the depressed
face, the much more elongate discal cell, the unspined scutellum,
the non-metallic or aeneous nature of the species, and the uudilated
metatarsus in the 6 . They are mostly yellow, somewhat Ichneu-
mon-\ike iiies, and sparsely pubescent.

Genus XYLOMYIA, Eoud.

Xjilomyn, lioudani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, iv, p. 11 (1861).
iSubula, Megerle iu Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii, j). 15 (1820).
Solva, Walker, Proc. Limi. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 98 (1860).
Mucrocerumi/s, Bi^ot, Bull. Soc. Ent. Frauce, (o) vii, p. Ixxiii (187").
Siibulaomijia, Wiilistou, Mau. N. Amer. Dipt. p. 4-3 (1896).
Xi/lo)ai/ia, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. i, p. 217 (1907).

Genotype, Xijlomijia is a uom. uov. for Subula, JMg., of whicli
Eondani gave v'aria, Meg. iu Mg., as type.

Head transverse, as wide as thorax ; froiis flusli with eyes or
sliw-htlv depressed ; face distinctly depressed about the middle ;

Fig. l.-~Xyloiaijiii, anleima.

eyes bare, well separated in 6 , still more so in $ ; proboscis
prominent: palpi 2-jointed, cylindrical, rather long, directed
upwards. Anteniise elongate, as long as or longer than head ; lirst

XYLOMYIA. 97

two joints short, subeciual, 3rd with eiglit auuulations and usually
a very small apical bristle. Thorax oval and subquadrate, slightly
arched ; scutellum unspiued. Abdomen longer than thorax anil
about as wide. 7-segniented ; genitalia distinct. Legs rather long,
simple, except for the slight incrassatiou of tlie femora, especially
tiie hind pair, which are considerably thickened iu some species
and often with a row of small spines on underside ; posterior tibia?
with two spurs. Wings longer than abdomen, not of the normal
Stratiomyid type ; veins not crowded together anteriorly, all
distinct and attaining wing-margin ; costal vein reaching wing-
tip ; ambient vein present for some distaiice ; 2nd vein beginning
distinctly before base of discal cell, 3rd vein originating shortly
after, the fork elongate, the lower branch ending at wing-tip ;
discal cell much more elongate than in any other subfamily ; 4th
vein with three terminations, the lowest one closing the 4th pos-
terior cell at wing-border ; posterior cross-vein very short or
absent ; anal cell closed distinctly but not considerably before
wing-border ; alar squamae small, thoracic pair absent.

Fig. 8. — Xyloinyia, wing.

liange. Europe, the Orient, North, Central, and South America,
Canary Isles, and Natal.

Life-history. Larva amphipneustic (though Lundbeck doubts if
it is truly so), broad, brown, leathery, with parallel sides, upper
and lower surfaces with bristles placed transversely on segments,
12-segmented, including head, which is broadly conical; mouth-
parts normally Stratiomyid ; last body -segment semicircular ;
oriKce of respiratory chamber forming posterior extremity of body.
It lives in old trees or decaying wood.

Xylomijia is a genus of yellow and black, rather Ichneumon-Wke
rties, with considerable out\^■ard resemblance to Xglophagas
(Lepxii),e), but the closed 4th posterior cell will easily distinguish
them. The species seem to be much rarer in the adult than in
the larval stage. Solva, Walker, antedates Xylonigia by one year,
but as the subfamily name is constructed from the latter it should
be retained.

Table of Species.

l^egs practically wholly yellow ; length, 4 mm. . . fiavipes, Del.
Legs with distinct dark bands or markings ; leugtli,
9 11 mm.
fliud tibiiu yellow, tips broadly black; length,

!* nmi calopodata., IlJig.

Hiiul tihi;e black, upperside pale at base ; leugth,

11 mm , nif/ricortiis, sp. iiov

li

98 STRATIO.MilU,*.

65. Xylomyia flavipes, Dol.

Snbula Jlavipes, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. lud. xvii, p. 85 (1858).
Xylomyia Jlavipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. xMus. i, ]>. 87 (1907).

Head with h'ons one-sixth width of head, barely w ider on lower
])art than at vertex, black, with a little bright yellow pubescence
and some whitish pubescence just above antennae ; face blacli,
with a little whitish pubescence, more conspicuous near eye-
margius ; occiput blacK', practically bare ; anteunce and palpi
wholly orange-yellow. Thorax black, dorsum and pleura) with
A'ery short yellow pubescence, minutely punctulate ; humeri aud a
ridge thence to wing-base, also the sciitellum bright yellow.
Abdomen yello\\', punctulate like thorax ; a large darlc blackish-
brown spot on each segment, leaving only the sides and hind
margin of each narrowly pale ; genitalia very small ; venter much
as dorsum, but the yellow of greater extent. Legs yellow, extreme
tip of underside of hind femora very dark brown. Winus nearly
clear; venation normal, veins brown ; halteres yellow.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Pusa collection from
Chapra, Bengal (Macle/tzie).

06. Xylomyia calopodata, 3ig.

Subula calopudatu, Bigot, Ann. tSoc. I'lnt. France, (o) ix, p. 195

(1879).
Xylomyia cnlopodcda, Brunetti, l!ec. Ind. Mus. i, ]j. 87 (1907).

Heady with frons above autenute one-fourth A\idth of head, a
little narrower at vertex, black, with grey or yellowish grey
pubescence ; ocellar triangle shghtly elevated, rather large, black ;
ocelU yellowish ; face apparently dark, with a little whitish
pubescence ; labella very large, dark reddish brown ; palpi very
large and prominent, sharply upturned, hiding all the face, bright
yellow ; occiput dark, grey-dusted, with a fringe of m hitish
pubescence, which dies away on upper margi)i and is longest on
lower part ; antenna) dark brown, underside, especially on basal
half, yellowish. Thorax black, slightly shining, closely punctulate,
with minute black bristles and \'ery short yellowish-grey pubes-
ceuce, which also covers the greater part of the pleurae ; humeri
prominent, bright yellow, with a ridge thence to \\ing-base ;
scutellum yellowish ; metanotum black. Abdomen black, slightly
shining : closely punctulate, with minute black bristles and soft
short yellow pubescence ; hind margin of each segment except Lst
narrowlv but distinctly yellow, bare and shining ; venter similar ;
genitalia rather small. Legs bright yellow, with microscopic pale
pubescence, ti])8 of femora (and for a rather greater distance on
underside) aho very narrowly at base, lips of hind tibise broadly,
anterior tarsi on apical half, aud hind tarsi entirely black. Wings

XTLOMTIA. 9S

clear, highly iridescent ; venation normal, veins dark brown ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a single spcfimen in the Indian Museum, from
Xaini Tal, W. Himalayas, GOOO ft., 5. vi. 1909 ; a second speci-
men from Shillong, 5000 ft. {Fletcher).

67. Xylomyia nigricornis, sp. uov.

2 . Head with frons gradually widening from vertex to above
antennae, where it is barely one-fifth the width of the head, wholly
covered with yellowish pubescence, except immediately above
antennae, where the pubescence is yellowish white ; vertex dark
grey tomentose, with golden-yellow pubescence ; ocelli not very
conspicuous ; face with nearly parallel sides, fractionally wider
than lower part of frons, black, with greyish or yellowish grey
l^ubescence ; inner margin of eye slightly cut away a little above
antennaD, at a spot where there is a peculiar and conspicuous
shilling, black, smooth, elongate, triangular space devoid of facets ;
antennae blackish brown, a little pale about inner and under side
oF 2ud scapal and Jst flagellar joints ; proboscis orange-brown;
palpi bright lemon-yellow, very large and erect, nearly hiding the
face ; occiput grey-tomentose, with some golden-yellow hairs on
margin, and longer ones just behind vertex. Thorax black, thickly
punctulate, with black bristles ; seen from the front only there
are three longitudinal stripes of almost microscopic golden-yellow
])ubescence ; humeri conspicuous, bright yellow, a thin dull yellow
line thence to wing-base ; hind corners of dorsum margined with
brown ; pleurae black, closely punctulate, with black bristles and
very short whitish pubescence ; scutellum bright lemon-yellow,
with lemon-yellow bristles, the base narrowly black ; metanotum
black, Ahdometi distinctly 7-segmented, 1st and •2nd scarcely
separable except by the fringe of hairs on hind border of ]st;
1st segment orange-yellow, hind border broadly black : 2nd orange-
yellow, with a large round black spot in middle just clear of the
margins, hind margin yellowish white ; rest of segments black,
hind margin of 3rd to 6th inclusive yellowish white, clearly demar-
cated ; sides of very small 7th segment yellowish : all the black
parts of abdomen closely punctulate, with minute black bristles,
the yellow parts with short pale yellow hairs ; genitalia very small,
a pair of small brownish-yellow lamellae ; a little pale, rather long
pubescence at sides of 1st segment, and shorter similar pubescence
on sides of whole abdomen ; venter black, 2nd segment and hind
margins of remainder yellowish. Legs mainly yellow ; hind coxae
(except a pntch on hinder side), hind trochanters, uiulerside of
hind femora narrowly, inner and outer sides of same towards base
(the colour almost united on upper side), also extreme tips, black ;
anterior tarsi brownish black ; hind tibiae and tarsi black, except
u])])er side of former at basy. Winqs uniformly yellowish grev ;

h2

100 LEPTID.5.

stigma small, brownish ; 4th po8tex'ioi- cell closed distinctly but
shortly before wiiig-border ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 11 mm.

Described from a unique perfect 5 in the Indian Museum, from
above Tura, Garo Hills, Assam, 3900 ft., viii. 1917 {Kemp).

Family LEPTID.a^.

Head semicircular, short, rather flattened in front, as broad as
or narrower than thorax ; frons at vertex nearly level Mith the
eyes ; face short, " usually with a socketed middle part (epistonia)
on which there is usually a rounded raised tubercle" {VerraU);
cheeks more conspicuous in some genera than others. Eyes bare
(except in one non-Indian genus Ccenomyia and in Coenomyiodes,
gen. nov.) ; contiguous or subcontiguous in d , distinctly, some-
times widely separated in the $ ; in a few cases the frons of
about equal width in both sexes ; upper facets in d often much
larger than lower ones ; the eyes in life in some species brilliant
green ; three ocelli. Proboscis generally robust, sometimes very
large, though short ; labella prominent ; palpi moderately long,
slender. Antenuc© very variable ; in the typical Leptid.t; with
t3rd joint simple, short-conical, round, or reniform, with a bristle
or style which is usually terminal, but in some genera is dorsal ; *
third joint fiagelliform and aunulated in Xtlophagin.^:. Thorax
a little longer than the head, roughly oval or oblong, with rounded
corners, generally widest at the middle ; scutellum moderately
large, rounded or semicircular ; metanotum larger and more con-
spicuous in Xylophagin,!: than in most Leptin.?;. Abdomen
7-segmented, elongate or conical, longest and nearly cylindrical in
some 6 Xylophagin.e. Leys rather long and slender, often
minutely bristly on the tibia? or below the femora; front coxse
rather elongate ; fore tibiae with or without a single spur, middle
tibiae always with two spurs, hind tibiae always with oiie or two
spurs, exceptions being rare; pulvilli three, empodium pad-like.
Wimjs glabrous, but minutely pubescent under high microscopic
power, somewhat broad, with more or less rounded tips. Auxiliary
and 1st longitudinal vein somewhat approximate, always ending
beyond middle of wing ; :2nd longitudinal beginning at from one-
third to one-half the length of the wing, ending not far beyond
tip of 1st, often dipped towards tip to embrace the generally
obvious stigma; 3rd vein begins a little beyond the 2nd, (almost
always) practically in a line with the base of the discal cell ;
ahvays forked, the fork vai'ying in length t and in width of

* Willistoii figures tlie antenna' oi' A/ Jwr/x with tlie arista absohilely iffs«^ ;
Vcrrall evidently claims the most distant point horizontal!}- as the true tip
and considers the 3rd joint produced downwai-ds. Most authors, I believe,
regard as the tip the extremity of its greatest length, as I do here ; it can be
accepted either way, but misunderstandings may arise.

t It is long and narrow in Sijriiphorofiu/ia,n.n([ short and wide open in
Hilarimoi-pha, neither of these genei-a being Oriental.

LEPTID.l'. 101

opening, but al\\ ays embracing the wing-tip.* Discal cell al\v;iy.s
present, except in Hilarimorpha (non-Oriental) ; antei'ior cross-
vein near basal end of discal cell, always before its middle ;
4th longitudinal witb anterior branch forked, lower branch
simple ; posterior cross-vein nearly opposite anterior cross-vein ;
5th longitudinal forked at about its middle, the upper branch more
or less curved or angled at the point where it meets the posterior
cross-vein ; 6th vein complete. Two submarginal cells, 5 posterior
cells; anal cell open or closed; alulae of moderate size, generally
well developed, absent in Xylopuagin^ ; alar squamae rather
small, thoracic squamae absent, " but the frenum distinct and
developing a rather broadened membrane near the angle ; "
halteres distinct, stem rather long.

The whole body in Lbptid.e is usually clothed with soft
pubescence, microscopically so ou the often apparently bare legs.
There are no bristles of a chaetotactic nature, though a few short
ones or bristly hairs often occur about the thorax, wing-roots, and
metapleurae.

Life-liistory. The metamorphoses of many European species
are more or less known. f Larva amphipneustic, with parchment-
like skin, generally living under bark, in moss, or earthy matter,
predaceous on Coleopterous larvae and other soft-wood insects,
though some are aquatic. Twelve-segmented, including head,
which is exserted though small, long, pointed, the mouth-parts
very small ; the three thoracic segments with strongly chitiuized
dorsal areas, the prothoracic segment also hardened beneath ; last
segment with a strongly chitinized area on hinder part, with two
strong hooks, this ai'ea also bearing two spiracles. Abdominal
segments often with transverse swellings on lower surface, loco-
motion being effected by means of these, which take the form of
roughened intercalated spaces between the segments, though
Brauer affirms that true pseudopods exist in Atherix.

The perfect insects are found usually in open woods and the
meadow-lands in their vicinity, or in marshy and soft places,
being fond of resting ou tree-trunks.

With the exception of one or two North-American biting
species of Sijmphoromyia, which bite like Tabanid^, the Leptid.t:
are harmless to mankind. J

The Leptid^ are rather closely allied to both the Steatiomyid.^
and the Tabanid.^, but the former are easily known by the
crowding of the venation on the front part of the wing (except
in Beeix^'e) and by the shape of the discal cell, which is always
small, and seldom much longer than wide (except in XyJomyia), at

* In one or two Eiii'opean species of Xylophagus, the lower branch of the
3rd vein may in individual specimens occasionally end barelj' above the wing-tip.

t Atherix ibis, Xylophagus ater, Leptis tringaria, L. scolopacea , etc.

X [Five species of blood-sucking Leptids have been described by White and
Ferguson from Australia and Tasmania, all belonging to the genus Spaniopsis,
White ; Trichopcdpus obscurus, Phil., baa been noted as a greedy blood-sucker in
Chile, and Leptis scolopacea, L., and L. sfrii/v^a, Mg., have been recorded as
biting man in France.— Ed.]

102 T.Kl'TlJ).^.

most about one and a lialf tinvps. In Leptid.i the cliscal cell is
distinctly oblong and always more than twice as long as wide.
The only two genera about which doubt might arise would be
Xi/lophagiis and Xylomi/ia* The TABA>'iD.i:, though possessing
the same venation as the Leptid.t:, may at once be recognized
by the characteristic antennse and their more robust structure
throughout.

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Third antennal joint flagelliform, more or less

elongate, annulated, without arista 2.

Third antennal joint not flagelliform, short, or
but little elongated, rounded, conical, or
reniform, never distinctly annidated ; arista
always present 4.

2. All tibife with spurs 3.

Front tibiae without spurs Arthroceratin^.

3. The otli posterior cell in broad contact with

discal cell ; face with rounded socketed
epistoma, margined by broad side-cheelis ;
eyes in S contiguous ; scutellum with two

short blunt spines Ccfnomyix^.

The 5th posterior cell not touching discal cell ;
face flat, epistoma not socketed or margined
by broad side-cheeks ; eyes in (^ well sepa-
rated; scutellum unarmed Xylophagin^.

4. Eyes in c? wdde apart ; .3rd vein widely forked

at much beyond half its length ; face not at

all socketed Vermileonin^:.

Eyes in c? contiguous ; 3rd vein less widely
forked before, or at latest at, half its length;
face with rounded socketed epistoma LEPxiNiE.

In few families of Diptera is there such diversity of opinion
with regard to the subfamilies as in the present one. Prof. Kertesz,
in his ' Catalogue of Diptera,' admits none at all, but ranks
XxLOPHAGiDiE (including Xylomyia and C(ei^omyid.7e) as separate
families. Verrall recognises the four last subfamilies presented
here with Chrysopilin^ as a fifth; Williston divides the LeptidtE
into three (dealing with North-American species only), Xylo-
PHAGisr.T. (including Ccmomyia), APTHROCERATiNyi; (including
Xylomyia), and Leptiis^^. Beling has shown the affinity bet\\-een
Crenomyia and Xyloj^har/its in tlieir larval stages.

Verrall divides the Xylophagin.t; and Vermileonin.e, taken
together, from the Ccenomyin^ and LeptiN;^ (with Cheysopilin.e
as an additional subfamily), taken together, by the characters o\'
the face, afterwards distinguishing those of each group from one
another by antennal characters ; but the system herein presented
is adopted on account of less indecision being likely to arise as to
the nature of the antennae than the degree of prominence of the
face

The ArthkooeratIjSTjE as a subfamily are rather difficult for me
to judge personally, since no example is available for actual

* See Xylophagin^ (p. 104) and Xylomyia (p. 96) respectively.

iJ'PTinv. 103

exaininatiou, except two genera oh' iny own that I have attrihuted
to it. Williston admits the .subfamily, but iiu-kides Xylomyia,
which is essentially a Stratiomyid ; whilst GJntops, the only other
North-American genus, exce\jt Arthroceras itself, has given rise to
some discussion as to its exact position.

The Ccenomtin.t; are large, heavy, rather bare, and Tabanid-
like flies with com|jaratively short legs.

The VEBMiLEOXi^TiE are not Oriental, so only a passing note
need be given them here. They differ from the Lt'^PXiN^ by the
eyes being wide apart in both sexes, by a different structure of
the face, and, to a less extent, the body. The 3rd longitudinal
vein forks later and more widely, and the wings are cuneiform at
their bases, without alulaj ; the venation, though technically
normal, shows minor variations.

Tahlc of Indian Suhfamilies and frenera.

1. Antennae palpably elongate ; ord antenna!

joint distinctly annulated ; no arista .... '2.
Antennae not palpably elongate ; .'ird antennal
joint never annulated, but rounded, conical,
or reniform; arista present. (Leptin-s:.) . . o.

2. All tibiae spurred ; ord antennal joint without

style . :J.

Fore tibise without spurs ; 3rd antennal joint

with a style-like prolongation (absent in

Fararthropeas). (Arthroceeatin.?-:.) . . 4.
8. Fifth posterior cell in broad contact with

diseal cell ; face with rounded socketed

epistonia ujargined by broad side-cheeks :

eyes in <S contiguous; scutelluni with two [nov., p. 110.

short blunt spines. (Ccenomyin^.) .... Cosnomyiodks, gen.
Fifth posterior cell not touching diseal cell ;

face flat, epistonia not socketed or mar-
gined by broad side-cheeks ; eyes in S

well separated; scutellum without spines. [p. 104.

(Xylophagin^.) EHACHiCERrs.Walk.,

4. First antennal joint much the longest ; 4th [p. 107.

posterior cell open Desmoimyia, Brun.,

Thu'd antennal joint more than double as

long as 1st and 2nd together; 4th posterior [nov., p. 108.

cell closed PARARXHROPEAS.gen.

o. Third antennal joint kidney -shaped ; arista

dorsal, subdorsal, or apical <>.

Third antennal joint round, oval, or pointed ;

arista always apical 9.

(!. Arista apical; palpi wholly bare, much en- [p. 122.

larged, spatulate ". MArELLOPAi,PUS,Big.,

Arista dorsal or subdorsal ; palpi slender,

ahvays pubescent, generally bisinuate, more

conical and pointed than in Leptis and

Chrysopilus 7.

7. Eyes in cJ separated by about the width of

the ocellar tubercle, or actually contiguous

for a short distance ; in J the frons three

times as wide as the ocellar tubercle .... 8,

104 lrptid;e.

I'^yes in (J contiguous for a considerable

distance; frons in 5 only as broad as [p. Itil.

ocellar tubercle S(iragina, Walk.,

8. Frons and side-margins of face ( d" 5? ) dis-

tinctly hairy. Atherix, Mg., p. 120.

Frons in J and side-margins of face (c? 2) [p. 112.

bare Ateichops, Verv.,

9. Anal cell ojien ; bind tibiae with two spurs . . Lkptis, F., p. 124.
Anal cell closed ; hind tibiae with one spur [p. 128.

only Chrysopilus, Macq.,

Subfamily XYLOPHAGIN^.

Eace flat, no socketed epistome margined by broad side-cbeeks.
Palpi long, curved upwards ; the 3rd antenual joint flagelliform,
generally divided by annulations into seven parts, but in JihacM-
cerus into many more. Eyes in cS distinctly separated, in $
rather wider apart. Body and legs almost bare. Scutellum
smaller and metanotam more conspicuous than in normal Lep-
TiD^. Abdomen considerably elongated or cylindrical ; the male
genitalia rather complex, those of the 5 long and telescopic. All
tibi® spurred. Wings with auxiliary and 1st veins long, 2nd
shorter than in Leptin^, 3rd with fork rather short, widely open,
lower branch ending above or at wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein
very short, situated towards base of discal cell ; posterior cross-
vein exceedingly short or absent, anal cell normally closed at wing-
border ; axillary vein indistinct or absent; alulae absent.

Life-ldstory. " Larva ampliipueustic, allied to those of CcEisO-
MYIN7E and LeptiNvE ; carnivorous ; living under the bark of dead
trees and preying upon other (probably dead) larvse occurring
there, especially those of wood-boring Coleoptera, or upon the
debris and detritus left by those larvoe " (Verrall). Birch, alder,
and pine are the trees mostly favoured. The imagos are usually
found about their breeding-{)laces in woods.

Only one genus of this subfamily (Rhachicerus) occurs in India.

Xylophagus, Xylomi/ia, and one or two other genera were for
many years regarded as a separate family, but the resemblance
between them is more apparent than real ; and^ Osten-Sacken,
who A'ery closely criticised Brauer's paper on the cliaracters of the
NoTACAi^THA (Berl. ent. Zeit. xxvi, p. 363), showed satisfactorily
tliat they {Xylophagus and Xylomyia) cannot both come in tlie
same ultimate subdivision.

Genus RHACHICERUS, Wall:

RhacMcerus, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. v, Supp. i, p. 10-3 (1854).
Y lihyphomorjiha, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. v, p. 275 (18(51).
Antidoxion, Snellen v. Vollenboven, Versl. Meded. Kongl. Akad.
van Wetensch. Afd. Natuurk. xv, p. 1 (1863).

Genotype, Rhachicems fulvicolUs, Walk.; the original species.
" Body slender, nearly linear, cylindrical. Head transverse,
nearly as broad ivi tliorax, vertex narrow. Eyes large, with small

RIIACHICERUS. 105

facets, deeply notched and including- a smooth space on each side
by the base of the antennae. Ocelli approximate. Proboscis not
prominent ; palpi short. Antennae with 34 or 35 joints, tapering
slightly, much more than half the length of the body, deeply
serrated on each side; joints transverse, very short, cyathiform,
petiolated. Thorax elongate -quadrate ; abdomen pubescent,
8-segmented, hardly tapering from base to tip, about twice as
long as thorax. Legs rather slender, moderately long ; hind
tibia? with very minute spurs ; ungues and onychia very small.
Wings narrow."

Range. North and Central America, Ciil)n. Tiulia, INIalay Archi-
pelago, and one species in Europe.

Life-history unknown.

Table of Species.

Thorax orange nit/riconiis, sp. ii., p. 10.5.

Thorax black.

Dorsum of first three abdominal segments

mainly yellow bicolor, Rrun., p. 105.

Dorsum of abdomen all black, except a

transverse yellow band on 2ud segment, wiicincta, sp. n., p. 100.

68. Ehachicerus bicolor, Bmn.

Rhachicerns hicolor, Brunetti, Ree. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 461 (1912).

$ . Head with frons nearly one-third width of head, shining
black, bare ; three small yellow ocelh at vertex ; eyes blackish,
bare; proboscis bright yellow, palpi of similar colour, verv small ;'
a whitish triangular spot on each side between the eves and the
base of the antennae. Antennal 1st and 2iid joints black, 2nd
with a circlet of black and yellow bristles around its tip ; flagellar
1st joint mucli wider than the rest, which are blackish brown, the
comb-like prolongations on the underside bright yellow. (The
antennae being incomplete, the exact number of joints cannot be
given.) Thorax and scutellum wholly shining black, practicallv
bare ; humeri conspicuous, bright yellow. Abdomen black, dorsum
of first three segments mainly yellow, the borders being black, the
4th segment being more or less yellow in the centre ; venter
principally yellow on the first three segments, remainder blackish.
Legs bright yellow, hind coxae black. Wings with venation as in
XyJomyia, grey, with a hardly perceptible darkening from the
costa partly across the wing, and again towards the tip; halteres
bright yellow.

Lengthy 8^ mm.

Described from one $ in good condition in my collection from
Kandy, v. 1909 {E. E. Green).

69. Rhachicerus nigricornis, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 1.)

6 . Head black ; frons at vertex less than one-fourth width of
head, widening to one-third at level of antennae, \\ith some
whitish dust around b:ise of antennae ; scape of latter yellow, with
short black bristles, Hagellum black for 23 joints, with the comb-

106 i.KrTin.F.

like prolongation of each yellowisli wliite, last seven joints
(niakiug with scape 32 in all) with their comb wholly yellowisli
white ; proboscis orange-yellow. Thorax and ahJomen orange ; a
large black spot on pleurae in front of wing-base and another just
hehind wing-base ; sternopleura shining black ; abdomen with
2nd segment much the longest ; hind border of each narrowly
black, less distinctly so on 5th and 6th segments. Legs orange-
yellow ; hind coxse shining black ; hind femora and tibiae with
basal two-tliirds of each black; hind tarsi all black. Winr/s grey,
subcostal and marginal cells blackish ; halteres yellow.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a unique i^ in the Indian Museum fi-om
Peshoke Spur. Darjiling, 2000 ft., vi. 1916 (L. C\ Hartless).

70. Rhachicerus unicinctus, sp. nov. (PI. II, fig. 2.)

5 . Head with frons brilliantly shining black, longitudinall}"^
furrowed, at vertex one-third of head, slightly wider just above
level of antennae ; face dull black seen from below, but at least
upper part brilliantly white seen from above, narrowing towards
mouth ; proboscis short, thicl<, bulbous, orange, as are the up-
turned cylindrical palpi, slightly thickening towards tips ; eyes
brown; occiput moderately shining black, with a little short
brown pubescence towards margins. First two joints of antennfe
blackish above, orange below : 3rd with upper side and tips of
rays black, the intermediate part of rays orange-j^ellow ; 20 or
21 joints present in flagellum, according to whether the small
terminal prolongation is part of the last rayed joint or not: the
flattened irregularly-shaped elevation on which the antennae are
placed lemon-vellow. Thorax shining black, dorsum iiuely punc-
tate, with extremely short yellowish pubescence ; humeri and
mesopleurre dull shining yellowish ; scutellum like thoracic
dorsum. Abdomen slightly shining black ; 1st segment \eYy
short; 2nd longest, with a yellowish transverse band of moderate
width, of which the liiiid border lies just in front of middle of
segment and is punctuated by a row of small indentations, almost
giving the appearance of two segments; 3rd and 4th segments
barely narrower thnn 2nd ; 5th rapidly narrowing from base to
tip ; Gth, Tth, and 8th extremely nari'ow and very elongate, having
a telescopic appearance, the last one possibly forming two segments
(making nine in all) in addition to the two pale yellow elongate
lamellae ; whole abdomen with sparse short yello\^ish-white
pubescence; venter black, 2nd segment mainly dull yellowish.
Ijegs mainly orajige-yellow ; trochanters, about basal half of
femora, and hind tibia? wholly black. Wings yellowish grey,
A'itreous, stigmatic region a little yellowish brown, a slight infus-
cation at wing-tip ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 8 mm.

Described from one 2 in the Indian Museum from Peshoke,
Darjiling, 1000 ft., 26. v.-14.vi. 1916 (Graveh/).

DEi=;MOMYlA.

107

Subfamily ARTHROCERATIN^E.

Antennae obviously elongate, 3rcl joint Ha^ellifoi'm, with distiiu-t
annulations, arista absent. Front tibite without apical spurs.

Only two genera occur in India, and they may be distinguished
as follo\\s : —

First autennal joint as long' as 2ud and 3rd

together ; 4'th posterior cell open Dksmojiyia, Bniu.

Third antennal joint much more than double

as long- as 2nd aud 3rd together; 4th pes- [g*^"- ""^'•

terior cell closed r.vuARTHROPEAS.

Genus DESMOMYIA, Brun.

Besmomyia, Brunetti, Piec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 462 (1912).

Geivotype, Desmomyia thereviformis, Bi'un. ; the original species.

Apparently near, but quite distinct in several characters from
Arihroceras* Five posterior cells, 4th without any trace oi'
contraction towards wing-border; anal cell closed just before wing-
border ; remainder of venation in accordance with Williston's
hgnre of the wing of Arthroceras.f Antennae elongate, 1st joint
as long as 2nd and 3rd together, cylindrical, 2nd broadly annular,
;5rd elongate with an apical style-like prolongation. Eyes con-
tiguous for a considerable distance, bare ; three ocelli. Proboscis
rather short, stout, cylindrical; palpi elongate, narrow. Face
with two dividing furrows below antennae and rather bulbous
cheeks, as iti Arthroceras. (general appearance of whole insect
that of a Thereva, with soft |)nbescence on thorax and abdomen,
the latter with seven distinct segments. Legs slender, like those
of Thereva ; fore tibiae unarmed, posterior tibiae with two distinct
pale spurs each.

71. Desmomyia thereviformis, Bmn.

Desmomyia thprevifonnis, Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 462 (1912).

S . Head with vertex small, dark ; occiput of a lighter grey
than the dark blackish-grey face ; proboscis and palpi blackish
grey ; the whole head with stiiF black hairs ; eyes bare. Antennae
dark grey; 1st joint elongate, cylindrical; 2nd broadly annular,
half the length of the 1st; the 3rd joint is best described as
diamond-shaped, with rounded angles, the greatest breadth being
beyond the middle ; the tip produced into an elongate narrow
style \\ith blunted tip, the style as long as the whole antenna.
Thora.i- dark grey above, with three separated, moderately broad,
blackish stripes, the outer ones with a tendency to an interruption
in front of the middle; sides and scutellum moderately dark grey,

* The description of this genus is not accessible in India.
t 'North-American Diptera' (3rd fid.), p. 161, fig. 18.

T08 LKPTID.F.

witli soft pale yello«ish-\vbite pubescence. Ah(7omen 7-segmei\te(\,
2nd the broadest, dark blncldsb grey with soft pale yellowisb-
wbite pubescence ; genitalia small, inconspicuous. Legs black ;
knees and femora more or less brownisb yellow at base, the
colour on the fore pair extending beyond the middle ; hind tibia^
widened towards tips, hind metatarsus distinctly incrassate ; tlie
wbole of the legs sbortly pubescent; anterior tibife unarmed,
posterior tibiae with two distinct yellowish spines. Wings as in
Leptis, except that the anal cell is closed just before the border,
pale grey ; stigma blackish, very elongate ; two indistinct pale
blackish suffusions, the first, from the origin of the 2nd vein,
embracing the anterior cross-vein, the base of the discal cell, and
the postei'ior cross-vein ; the second runs from the fork of the
3rd vein to the hinder side of the discal cell, along its outer side;
costal cell rather broad, the costa curving outwards slightly ;
halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 5-6 ram.

Described from two S S in the Indian Museum fromBadrinath,
Garhwal District, 10,200 ft., 27. v. 1910 {Dr. A. D. Imms).

Genus PARARTHROPEAS, nov.
Gen^otype, Pararthr opens thereviformis, sp. nov.

Head transverse, as broad as thorax ; eyes bare, with verv small
facets of uniform size ( 5 ) ; proboscis rather short, thick ; palpi
as long as proboscis, cylindrical, straight, bare, ]iorrect ; Irons
narrow, with parallel sides ; face broader, with nearly parallel
sides, not projecting beyond eye-margins ; occiput flattened, or
slightly concave ; antennae longer than breadth of head, cylindrical,
barely appreciably narrower towards tip ; Ist and 2nd joints short,
bristly ; 2nd shorter than 1st, as broad as long ; 3rd divided
by eight impressed lines into nice annulations of equal length,
except the 1st, which is considerably the longest; last joint
bluntly pointed, without style. Thorax oblong, humeri promi-
nent, nearly bare, with no obvious bristles, minutely pubescent ;
scutellum transverse, unarmed. Abdomen subcylindrical, about
twice as long as thorax, slightly flattened, with nearly parallel
sides for some distance, gradually narrowing to tip, 7-segmented,
the last segment very short. Legs of moderate size and strength :
hind femora considerably incrassate, witli a row of small blunt
spines on underside ; posterior tibias \\\t\\ two spurs, front tibise
apparently unarmed ; tarsi as long as tibise, front pair distinctly
longer ; claws distinct, three pulvilli. Wings with auxiliary vein
ending at about middle of costa, 1st longitudinal ending a little
beyond ; 2nd vein beginning at about middle of wing, ending a
Httle beyond 1st vein ; 3rd vein beginning shortly after 2nd,
forked at half its length, the branches gradually diverging, the
lower branch ending at wing-tip ; antei'ior cross-vein near I ase of
di.-cal cell, which is twice as long as broad; 5 posterior cells,
1st gradually widening from base to tip, 2nd and 3rd truncate at

l-ABARTHROPEAS. 109

base, 4tli closed distinctly before wiug-iuargiii ; posterior cross-
veiu preseut ; anal cell closed.

c? unknown.

Range. Assam.

This genus ditfers from Arthropeas, L\v., by (1) the 1st flagellar
joint not being differentiated from the others, except that it is
longer, and the whole anteuuse boing practically cylindrical
throughout instead of gradually narrowing to tip ; (2) the abdo-
men being much narrower and longer relatively to the thorax ;
(3) the -Ith posterior cell being distinctly closed before the border ;
and (4) the hind femora being distinctly incrassated and bearing
a row of small blunt spines on the underside.

AVilliston, ill his table of genera of North-American Leptid^,
emphasizes the absence of contact of the 5th posterior cell with
the discal cell, but in Loew's ligure of the genotype sucli contact
is only puiictiform. These cells may be more separated in the
other two North-American species ; they are distinctly apart in
ParartJiropeas.

72. Pararthropeas thereviformis, sp. nov. (PI. II, figs. 5, 6.)

§ . Read as broad as thorax ; eyes bare, black, facets small, of
uniform size ; frons about one-seventh of the head, almost flush
with eyes, blackish, with short pale pubescence, which is a little
thicker just above antennae ; face not projecting beyond eyes,
flattened, with nearly parallel sides, dark grey, practically bare ;
occiput blackish, bare, except for some short whitish pubescence
behind lower margin of eyes. Proboscis short, thick, not pro-
jecting beyond base of antennae, brown, bearing a few hairs : palpi
as long as proboscis, bare, brownish yellow. Antennae longer
than breadth of head, cylindrical: 1st and 2iid joints black,
bristly, 2nd shorter than 1st, as broad as long ; 3rd bare, divided
by seven impressed lines into eight aimulatioiis, of which the 1st
is the longest, tip bluntly pointed; 3rd joint black, except the
brownish-yellow 1st ainiulation and base of 2nd. Thorax oblong;
dorsum black, rather flattened, with microscopic, depressed, grey-
ish pubescence, which is a little more obvious in front of the
scutellum ; the latter black, with centre and hind margin yellowish,
sparsely and shortly pubescent ; humeri prominent, yellowish
brown; plenrte black, with very short grey pubescence. Abdomen
subcylindrical, nearly PAycws-like, 7-segmented, the first six
subequal, the last very short; black, with minute grey pubescence,
hind margins of segments yellow ; genitalia ending in two small
cvlindrical yellowish pieces, which are all that is externals
visible. Legs Therevid-like, comparatively stout and strong : coxae
black, with minute grey pubescence; fore femora brownish yellowy
with upper side and distal half of lower sides black ; middle pair
black, except narrowly at base and tips ; hind pair black, with a
broad yellow band just before middle ; tibije black, except that
anterior pairs are very narrowly brownish yellow at base and tips ;
front tarsi distinctly longer than tibiae, posterior pairs subequal to

110 LEPTIDyt.

tibiae ; all tarsi black, with redclish-brown pubescence on underside
of hind pair: all legs with minute grey pubescence; two obvious
spines on middle and hind tibiae, and it is just possible that a small
one may be present on fore pair just before the slightly narrowed
tips, though apparently it is absent. Win(/s pale grey, veins
dark brown ; halteres brownish yellow.

Lengtli, 10 mm.

Described from a perfect unique $ in the Pusa collection from
Kbasi Hills, 1000-3000 ft., iii. 1907.

Type sent to British Museum.

Subfamily CCKNOMYINtE.

Head: antennal 3rd joint fiagelliforin and annulated, with styli-
form tip and no arista. Palpi long, thin, pointed, porrect, 2-jointed.
Eyes hairy or bare, contiguous in cJ . Thorax and abdomeu
robust, shortly pubescent or bare ; meso- and metapleurie witli
tufts of pubescence; scutellum with two short blunt spines or
unarmed ; genitalia small. Legs comparatively sliort and strong ;
fore tibiae with one spur, posterior tibiae with two spurs. Basal
wiug-cells long; discal cell present; two submarginal cells, the
2nd long, v\ith bell-mouthed tip ; five posterior cells, 5tli in broad
contact with discal cell.

The CoixOMYiXyi; and XYLorUAGiiSyK are easily recognised l)y
the annulated 3rd antennal joint, and the latter are distinguishable
from the former by the four characters previously given in the
table of genera of Leptid.e.

Only a few genera and species of Ccenomyin.e are known
thi'oughout the world.

Life-hiatorii . That of Cainomyui. ferruyinea, !Sco])., a widely
distributed European and North -American species, is known.
The lar\a is amphipneustic, cylindrical, 12-segmented ; the head
conical, brown, chitinized ; the rest of the body with chitinizeil
spots and bands. Pupa free. The species breeds in decaying
poplars and at the roots of trees, especially beeches ; the larvae are
carnivorous and voracious ; their total development may last over
a year.

The adult insects are ratlier sluggish, frequenting woods.

(lenus C(ENOMYIODES, gen. nov.

Genotype, C\eiiomyiodes edwardsi, sp. nov. : the onlv species
known.

//eac^ coujparatively small, narrower than thorax; placed some-
what low down ; occiput flattened ; ej)istoina se|)arated from
cheeks by an impressed line ; eyes haii'y, separated by moderatelv
broad frons in 5 ( c5' unknown); autennao 3-join!cd, the 3rd
flagellate, with eight annulation.s. ( nding in stylate form, arista
absent ; palpi long, thin, labella broad ; proboscis i-aiher short.

rCEXOMYIOBEfe. Ill

Thorax broad, robust: abdomen similar, rather louger, pointed;
both shortly pubescent or nearly bare ; scutelluin with two blunt
apical spines ; genitalia small. Le</s as noted previously. Wiwjs
as noted above, in rest covering abdomen, posterior cross-vein
absent; alulae well developed, alar squama small, thoracic squama
very narrow.
d unknown.

Range. Assam.

This genus difiers from C'(eno}iiyia, Latr., by the broad frons in
the 2 , by the anal cell being closed distinctly before the wing-
margin, and by the -Itii posterior cell also being closed at some
distance From the margin, rounded apically, and sending no veinlet
to the margin.

73. Ccenomyiodes edwardsi, sp. nov. (PI. II, ligs. 3, 4.)

2 ■ Head chrome-yellow, a little darker on frons, which bears
a transverse streak just above antenna?, not quite reaching eye-
margins ; ocellar triangle black, also a stripe from it passing over
vertex and part of occiput; mouth-opening pale vellowish ; head
bare, except for some hardly visible pale hairs on occiput, about
the eye-margins. Anteiniae with 1st and 2iid joints yelloA\-, with
some very short black bristles, giving the joints a partly blackish
appearance ; 3rd joint divided by impressed lines into eight
annulations, brownish yellow, with a black streak on upper side.
Thorax mainly chrome-yellow, although the yellow and black
parts are about equal in extent ; a broad black median stripe
from anterior margin, where it is slightly dilated, to hind margin,
narrowing shortly after passing the suture ; a black stripe on
each side of the median one, leaving a narrow intermediate space,
extending forx^ards barely to the humeri, and narrowing gradually
behind the sutia-e but reaching hind margin, on which all three
stripes are joined ; sides of thorax yellow, underside black, with
a broad black stripe running from jnst behind the fore coxaj,
curving forwards, narrowing to a point a little below the humerus ;
a similar stripe joins the underside of the thorax with the wing-
base, spreading out hindwai'ds to the hind coxae and upwards
jiarrowly to the sciitelluni, which latter is yellow, the metanotum
being black ; dorsum covered with microscopic yellow ]Hibescence,
with a little on parts of the pleurae. Abdomen with iirst four
segments bright chrome-yellow, with a fairly wide black dorsal
stripe with irregulnr edges, dilated on liind borders of 1st and
2nd segments, occupying two-thirds of the width of 3rd and 4th
segments : rest of segments reddish brown, the black dorsal stripe
carried over all but the last one, dilated on hind borders ; 8th
segment canaiw -yellow on apical half ; a small curved yellow
mark towards each side of <5tli segment ; a small indistinct yellow
spot on 7th segment on each side of the middle; venter
reddish brown, a small yellow mark extending over 0th and
7th segments ; genitalia yellowish brown, with two rather short

112 LT.'PIIDM.

projectiug lamellie. Legs practically bare, bright chrome-yellow,
middle coxae obscured : a short blackish-brown streak at tip of
hind side of middle femora; hind legs with tip of coxa), extreme
base of femora, and a broad apical baud on femora and tibiae black.
Wings yellow, veins brownish black ; halteres bright yellow.

Length, 20 mm.

Described from a single § in the British Museum from the
Khasi Hills, Assam.

Subfamily LEPTINiE.

Face with a rounded socketed epistoma ; eyes bare, generally
contiguous in the d , facets of uniform size ; proboscis often
swollen, conspicuous, though never very long; palpi distinct,
moderately long, porrect, or pendant. Antennae with 3rd joint
simple, rounded, oval, or reniform, always with a long apical,
subapical, or subdorsal arista. Abdomen elongate-conical; genitalia
of moderate size. Legs slender ; tibia? with rows of minute
bristles, middle pair with two spurs at tip, hind tibiae with one or
two spurs.* Alula) well developed; alar squamae of moderate
size, thoracic pair absent.

The genera have already been tabulated on p. 103.

Genus ATRICHOPS, Verr.

Atrichops, Verrall, Brit. Flies, v, p. 291 (1909).

(JE^"OTYPE, AtJierix erassijjes, Mg. (Europe) ; by original de-
signation.

Head semicircular, a little narrower than thorax, more rounded
and less tilted forwards than in AtherLv; face witli a quite bare,
rounded, socketed epistoma ; cheeks large, bare in both sexes ;
frons in 6 nearly or quite bare, sliglitly narrowing from vertex to
antennae; in § with a little sparse pubescence; occiput promi-
nent, especially on lower part in d ; eyes bare in both sexes,
contiguous or practically so in J , facets uniform in size ; the
eyes in 2 separated distinctly. Proboscis prominent, thick, with
long oval hibella; ])alpi two-jointed, prominent, slightly drooping.
Antennae rather short, the space above their base bare; 1st joint
cup-shaped, 2i)d more or lejss rounded, rather short, both bristlv ;
3rd kidney-shaped, with a dorsal ai-ista.f TJtorax slightly arched,
with close short pubescence ; pleurtc partly pubescent ; scutellum

* Tile apparent disagreement liere with Veri-all, who states that two spurs
are fouiitl on all the posterior tibiae, is clue to liis ranking Chrysupila as a,
separate subfamily, in which genus the liind tibia; possess only a single spur.

t Verratl speaks of it as •'terniina], which from the shape of the ord joint
(deepened downwards) appears to be dorsal." This author regards the tip of
the 3rd joint as its furthest point in a straight line, in whicii ease the arista is
terminal, but I am regarding its tip as the extreniily of its greatest length, in
which case the arista is dorsal.

ATRICHOPS. 113

uox'mally also pubescent ; metaiiotum mainly concealed, with bare
sides. Abdomen oblong, narrower than thorax and barely double
as long ; male genitalia prominent, in $ the tip ol: tlie abdomen
pointed. Ler/s with front pair, and especially front tarsi, longer
and thinner tlian in Leptis ; front tibicB shorter than, middle pair
equal to, and hind tibiae rather longer than, the corresponding
tarsi ; front coxae ratlier long ; front tibiae unspurred ; middle
tibiae with two spurs, of which the front one is considerably the
longer ; hind tibiae with two neai'ly equal spurs ; the " touch
hairs " beneath the front tarsi obvious. Wings with the auxiliary,
1st and 2ud longitudinal veins ending at or a little beyond middle;
2nd starting well before the discal cell ; 3rd beginning opposite
base of discal cell, forked at a more or less acute angle rather
soon after quitting anterior cross-vein, the branches gradually
diverging and embracing the wing-tip ; discal cell elongate ; upper
branch of 4th lougitudiual vein forked at tip of discal cell ; lower
branch simple ; posterior cross-vein proximad of anterior cross-
vein ; 5th vein forked just before posterior cross-vein, the branches
separating widely, lower branch always curved downwards, meeting
6th vein at or just before wing-border, closing anal cell.

Range. Europe, India.

Life-history unknown.

The genus Atrichops was unfortunately wholly overlooked by
rae in describing the species herein i-eferred to it, which were
placed in Atherix at the time of description. Atricliojis is quite
well founded, the species having the cheeks distinctly bare. Set
up by Verrall for Atherix crassi2^es, Mg., a European species, I
know of no others belonging to it except those I have myself
recorded from the East.

Table of Species.

1. Abdomen with distinct reddish or yellow

markings 2.

Abdomen practically all black, at most
a bluish-grey band at base or 1st seg-
ment pale yellow 5,

2. Hind femora without distinct band near

tip 3.

Hind femora brownish yellow, with a
broad brown baud before tlie tip 4.

3. Basal half of abdomen tawny ; wings with

distinct wide median band calopa, Bruu., p. 114.

Abdomen mainly black, but reddish tawny
towards sides at base ; wings pale brown,
with indistinct darker baud in middle. . . . lanopyga^ Bruu., p. 115.

4. Sides of thorax yellowish grey posteriorly,

without white stripe ; middle femora
black only at base and tip, hind fe-
mora black at base and tip in addition
to broad median baud limbata, O.-S., p. 115.

T

114 lepxiu.t:.

Sides of thorax all black, -with oblique

wliitisli stripe ; middle femora with

Ijasal half black and apical half yellow, [p. IIG.

with a broad mediau white band intevmedia, Brun.,

T). Hind metatarsus not thickened ; apical

half of wing- infuscated 6.

Hind metatarsus distinctly thickened;

wing- pale, with approximately three [p. 117.

darker bands metatarsalis, Bruu.,

6. Apical half of wing' without narrow pale

band in the infuscated portion ; 4th pos-
terior cell nearly closed ; length, 10 mm.. . cinda, Brun., p. 118.
Apical half of wing with such a pale band ;

4th posterior cell widely open; length, [p. 119.

G mm carulcscens, Brun.,

74. Atrichops calopa, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 7.)

Athen'.v calopa, Brunetti, Bee. lud. Mus. ii, p. 420, pi. xii, fig. 2
(1909).

6 ? . Head with vertex black ; frons blackisli, with bltiish grey
sbimmer; proboscis and palpi blackish, the latter hairy below;
{iiitennte brownish yellow, with a trace of bluish grey dust on
u])per side of t^vo basal joints ; occiput blackish grey, with a thick
fringe of long whitish-grey hair, Mhich is absent on the upper
])art ; lower facets of eye barely smaller than upper ones. Thorax
dark brownish black, moderately shining ; humeri shining brown ;
sides of thorax brown, dusted with light bluish gre}' ; scutellum
dark brown, with erect brown hairs. Abdomen with first four
segments mainly 3'ellow, but dark brown on the upper side of 1st
at the base, and a narrow dark brown dorsal line, with a narrow
line at each side of the abdomen, these three lines extending over
the four segments; posterior border of 4th segment dark brown,
the colour extending forward in the centre, till it joins the dorsal
stripe ; remainder of abdomen dark shining brown, the posterior
border of each segment bearing a little bluish grey dust ; center
yellowish ; the whole abdomen with moderatel}^ long hairs of
similar colours to that of the respective parts on which thej are
placed ; genitalia moderately large, dark brown, shining, with
black hairs. Legs with very short black hairs ; coxre dark brownish,
with bluish grey shimmer ; femora yellow, basal third in fore
pair, basal half in middle pair, and basal two-thirds in hind pair
black ; tibiae yellow, knees broun ; basal half of tarsi yellow,
apical half black. Wings very pale grey, apical half a little
darker ; discal cell three times as long as broad ; no distinct
stigma ; a brownish irregular streak from the centre of the fore
border, reaching to about halfway across the wing ; halteres
yellow, knobs black ; teguljB blackish with j-ellow edges.

Length, 8-10 mm.

Described from three S S in. fairly good condition, in the
Indian Museum collection. The type is from ISadiya, Assam, and
the others from Tenasserim.

ATRirnopp. 115

75. Atricliops laiiopyga, Bnin. (PJ. 11, fig. S.)

u-itJierix lanopyga, Brunetti, Rec. lucl. Mus. ii, p. 420, pi. xii, fig. 3
(1909).

2 . Head Avith rather more than the upper half of frous velvet-
black, remainder of frons, the vertex, and face belo\\' antennae
blackish, witb bluish grey reflections; antennoe with two basal
joints brown (third missing) ; eye-facets of uniform size ; proboscis
nnd palpi blackish, the latter pubescent above and below ; occiput
blackish grey, with a continuous fringe of short grey hair.
Thora.v black, with whitish grey reflections at the sides and on
the humeri ; scutellum black, with black hairs, posterior border
brown. Ahdomen mainly black; 1st segment dark brown, the
colour extending as a wide dorsal stripe across the 2nd ; sides of
flrst t\\o segments occupied by a large, light yellow, translucid
spot ; 3rd segment velvet-black, with a bicoloured spot at t!ie
sides of the posterior border, the anterior half of this spot being
orange and the posterior half grey, the orange-colour extending
along the sides of the abdomen in a streak, until it reaches the
large translucent side-spots in front of it; remaining segments
black, whitish grey posteriorly, the sides of 6bh and 7th being
light orange-brown ; anal process black ; dorsum of abdomen with
yellowish hair, which at the tip becomes brown ; venter yellow,
with soft yellow hair, the middle segments with some irregular
black marks. Legs : coxae brown, with bluish white shimmer, and
silky white hair ; femora yello\v, base oF fore pair and basal half
of middle and hind pairs light brown ; tibiae brownish yellow,
hind pair darker ; tarsi brownish black ; the femora have a little-
pale yellow hair, which is brown on the tibiae, bright golden brown
on hind pair, and blaL-k on the tarsi. Winr/s pale grey, Avith a
faint bro\\n streak from the elongated brown stigma reaching
nearly to the ])osterior border ; a smalt elongated clear spot in the
middle of the discal and of the fifth posterior cells ; discal cell
3i times as long as broad; halteres yellow, knobs black; tegulae
pale yellow, transparent.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one c? in good condition in the Indian Museum
■collection from Sadiya, Assau).

76. Atricliops ?limljata, O.-S. (PI. II, fig. 10.)

Atherix limhafa, Osten-Sacken,Berl. ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 100 (1882) ;
Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 418, pi. xii, lig. 4 (1909).

2 . Head : vertex cinereous grey, ^Ith a few blackish hairs,
upper halt' of frons dull coal-black, lower part bluish grey with
(seen from above) a central small black spot, lower part of lace
blackish grey, proboscis brown ; antennas blackish grey with a
few hairs at base, 3rd joint tawny, arista long ; eyes blackish ;
•occiput bluish grey, with a fringe of light hairs, which are longest

i2

116 LEPXIB-E.

beliincl the sides of the eyes ; palpi bhick, haiiy below. Thorax
aeneous black above, the colour not attaining anterior margin
except as a wide stripe in the centre, but extending to both
wings and to the scutellum ; humeral calli tawny, with a whitish-
grey tomeutose spot, contiguous to each, on the anterior border ;
a bluish grey spot in front of each wing, placed almost on the
dorsum ; sides of thorax yellowish grey posteriorly ; mesoplenrce
bluish gvey ; scutellum yellow, base blackish ; metanotum blackish
grey. Abdomen brownish yellow, with a black dorsal stripe on
lirst three segments, which spreads out over the greater part of
the 4th and 5th segments ; tip of abdomen yellow, sides with a
blackish line and a fringe of jjlack hairs mixed with some paler
ones ; venter yellowish ; some sliort pale hairs over the dorsal
surface of the abdomen. Legs : fox'e coxie yellowish with bluish-
grey reflections, posterior coxcTJ blackish, all of them black at the
junction with the femora, which are yellow, Avith the tips narrowly
black, the middle pair having a very small black streak on the
underside near the base, and the hind pair a wide black ring in
the middle ; remainder of legs black, but middle tibise dark
brownish yellow. Wings pale grey, rather strongly iridescent,
with a rather dark brown middle stripe from the centre of the
costa, narrowing posteriorly and reacliiug hind margin of wing at
tip of anal cell ; distal part of wing dark grey down to the tiftli
posterior cell, the centre of which is pale grey (reaching to the
border), but a rather wide pale grey space remains between tlie
dark brown stripe and the distal dark grey part, this clearer part
ceasing at the fifth posterior cell ; fifth longitudinal A^ein dark
brown suffused ; upper transverse vein placed just before one-
third of the discal cell ; halteres yellowish, knob black.

Length, 8 mm.

I describe under the above specific name a $ specimen (now in
the Indian Museum collection) captured from the base of tlie
Dawna Hills, Amherst District, Lower Burma, 1. iii. 1903 (Annan-
dale), Avhich I at first thought was a new species. It dift'ers from
limbata, O.-S., by the presence of the clearer space in the dark
distal part of the wing and by the hind femoral band being in the
middle, not near the tip, other minor differences liardls'' being
specific. My augmented description may enable others to identify
it definitely either as itmhata or as new.

77. Atricliops intermedia, Brun. (PI. II, figs. 11, 12.)

Atherix intermedia, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 211 (1909).

(5 . This species closely resembles both limhata, O.-S., and
calopa, Brun., and takes an intermediate position between the
two.

From Umhata it is distinguished by an all-black thorax, with a
little whitish shimmer on the humeral parts, round the edges of
the dorsum, and in front of the insertion of the wings ; also by
an oblique whitish stripe on the sides of the thorax, wliiclj
otherwise are wholly black, as is also the scutellum. The legs are-

ATR[CHOPS, 117

Waek ; tlie Fore femora (except base and tip), the apical half of
the uiiddle femora, the middle tibiaj wholly, and the hind femora
are yellow, but the latter bear a broad deep black band, occupying
about the middle half of their length. The wing has a large, very
distinct, blackish-brown stigma, whilst the cross-band on the wing
is much darker. The abdomen is differently coloured, closely
resembling that of calopa, except that the posterior half of the
4-th and 5th segments is occupied by a whitish band, which is
invisible from certain points of view ; the basal half of the 6th,
and the whole of the Gth, segment is black.

jProm calopa the broad band on the hind femora easily separates
it, this character being consistent in the ten specimens examined.
The wing-marks also distinguish it, owing to the prominent
stigma and the much more distinct apical part.

Length, 8| mm.

Described from ten S c? in excellent condition taken by Dr.
Annandale, 10. iv. 1909, on Paresnath Hill, A¥est Bengal, 20(30 ft.,
on rocks at the edge of a small jungle-stream, where it was
present in large numbers ; Bojiaghat, 12. vi. 1915.

This is evidently a good species, the ten specimens agreeing
exactly in all particulars, whilst the three examples of my calopa
are also consistent ; limbata of Osteu-Sacken, however, according
to him, appears to be variable. The present species is best
described as possessing the abdomen of calopa with the wing of
limbata, with the addition of an all-black thoi'ax and a large black
•stigma.

78. Atrichops metatarsalis, Bnin. (PI. II, fig. 14.)

Atherix metatarsalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 422, pi. xii,
figs. 5, 6 (1909).
S . Head: vertex small, prominent, with a few bristly hairs;
•eyes contiguous for a moderate distance, the facets of the lower
third much smaller; antennae pale yellow, with a few bristles and
nearly straight arista ; face bluish grey, palpi black ; lower side
of face with some long black hairs ; occiput grey, encircled with a
row of irregular bristly hairs of different lengths. Thorax rich
shining brown, with a semi-livid tinge towards the sides in front;
sides with bluish grey reflections ; scutellum concolorous, with a
row of minute black bristles on posterior border ; dorsum of
thorax with scattered minute black bristles. Abdomen with 1st
segment pale yellowish, with a few black hairs and bristles ;
remainder shining black ; dorsum of 2nd with a slight pale
yellowish tinge ; whole abdomen with black bristly hairs ; venter
black, pale yellow at base ; genitalia black, hairy, apparently in
tlix-ee pieces, moderately prominent. Legs pale brownish yellow,
posterior coxa3 shining brown, middle femora brownish except at
base and tip, hind femora with distal half dark brown, hind tibia?
dark bro\vn ; hind metatarsi much thickened ; all the legs shortly
pubescent, the hairs being softer and longer below the femora
and shorter and more bristly on the tibiae (especially the hind pair)

118 LEPTID.E.

and tarsi. Wings cleai*, with three distinct broad browu band*
from the costa towards the hind margin : the iirst beginning at
the basal cross-veins, filling one-half of the basal cells and one-
thh'd of the anal cell, thence disappearing ; the second is rather
narrower and exactly in the middle of the wing, reaching froni
the costa almost to tlie hind border, enclosing the inner cross-
vein and nearl}'^ filling the basal half of the discal cell ; the third
is joined on the costa to the second by the stigma, extends nearly
to the tip of the wing, leaving a narrow clear margin, and reaches
the posterior border, filling the whole of the second, third, and
fourth posterior cells. Stigma ver}^ dark brown, tilling all the
cell as far inwards to just above the origin of the third longi- •
tudinal vein ; halteres i-ather long and prominent, pale yellow ;
clubs black, elongated.

Lenr/ih, 5 nun.

Described from a perfect unique specimen in the Indian Museum
from the Dawna Hills, 2000-;iU00 ft., 2-3. iii. 1908 (Atmandale).

A very distinct species, with the appearance of a C'/iri/sojyilns.

79. Atrichops cincta. Bran. (PL II, fig. 9.)

Atherix cincta, Biunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 421, pi. .\ii, fio. 1
(1909).

$ . Head with frons dull black, bare, the part immediately
above autennte with ash-grey retlections and a few hairs : vertex
blackish, only slightly indented; ocelli dull red-brown, eyes brown,,
with a bronze reflection, facets of uniform size ; occiput grey,
with a fringe of short black hairs on upper half, which are
replaced by longer scattered white hairs on lower half ; antenn;©
dark brown, normal, first joint hairy above only, second joint
hairy above and belo\^' ; face below antennae ash-grey ; palpi and
proboscis cinereous grey, w-ith scattered hairs, the former with
some strong black hairs at tip. Thorax blackisii, with traces of
close cinereous grey pubescence, which in perfect examples pro-
bably covers all the dorsum and sides ; with also some scattered
longer hairs over the whole thorax. Scutellum blackish, with
scattered yellowish grey hairs and reddish-brown posterior border
carrying a fringe of black and grey hairs. Abdomen shining dark
blackish brown, slioulders prominent, forming tawny-brown calli
with grey hair : underside of 1st segment continued in front as a
j^ellow scaly process extending downwards till it reaches the hind
coxfe; 1st and 2nd segments occupied by a pale bluish-grey
transverse band, narrowly interrupted in the middle, extending
over the sides to a considerable extent, and clothed with pale
concolorous hair which is continued along the lower sides of the
whole abdomen to the tip ; dorsum clothed with short black
pubescence which, beginning with the 3rd segment, extends round
the sides until it meets the line of grey side-hairs ; a very narrow
bluish-grey border to 4th and 5th segments, the extreme edge of
5th and 6th segments being orange-brown. Legs blackish brown.

ATRICnOPS. 119

minutely pubescent ; apical half of all femora and the whole of
the middle tibiae reddish tawny : some whitish-grey hairs below
femora; hind tibiae shortly pubescent, with reddish-bronze reflec-
tions. Wings pale grey, apical half pale brownish; no distinct
stigina, but a rattier broad ill-defined brown baud runs from the
stigmatic portion of the costa towai'ds the posterior border, but
fades away before reaching it ; discal cell three times as long as
broad ; anal cell closed just before the border ; by a strong con-
A'ergence of the veins the fourth posterior cell (terinin, O.-S.) is
almost closed, thus (if a stable specific character) separating this
species from all other Oriental species in this genus; halteres
yellowish, knobs black, rather large ; tegula? cinereous grey.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one $ from Margherita and two $ $ from
the base of the Dawna Hills, Amherst District, Lower Burma,
1. iii. 1908, all in the Indian Museum {Ajinandale) ; Bojiaghat,
12. vi. 1915 ; Kathgodam, 10. vi. 1915.

80. Atricliops caBrulescens, Bmn. (PL II, fig. 13.)

Atherix carulescens, Bruuetti, Rec. Iiid. Mus. vii, p. 463, pi. xxxvii,
iig. 3 (1912).

2 . Head blackish, mainly dusted with bluish grey ; frons, from
the ocelli downwards for three-fourths of the distance to tlie
antennje, shining black, bare, in which colour is inset a deep dull
velvet-black triangle, its base on the lower margin of the shining
part; antennae black, dusted with bluish grey, 3rd joint dull
reddish yellow ; mouth-parts dusted with bluish grey. Thoraoc
blackish, witli a shining bluish-grey reflection ; two not very obvious
whitish dorsal stripes, and there are greyish reflections on the
shoulders, posterior corners, and elsewtiere, viewed in certain lights;
a few soft black hairs on dorsum ; sides, pleurae, and scutellum
concolorous, a little yellowish beliind the thoracic stigma. Abdomen
blackish, barely shining, with short sparse greyish pubescence;
1st segment dusted with bluish grey, 5th and 6th with light
bluish-grey hind margins ; venter mainly blackish. Legs black,,
minutely pubescent, coxae dusted with bluish grey. Wings very
pale frrey ; across the centre a reversed triangular brown spot
reaching from the costa to the hind margin, where its apex meets
the tip of the closed anal cell, the colour filling most of the discal
cell and crossing the tip of the upper basal cell ; following the
discal margin of this brown triangle (at a distance leaving a
moderately wide intermediate clear band) is the proximal margin
of a second large brown band, which fills thence the whole of tiie
discal part of the wing ; a brown streak in the middle of each
basal cell ; stigma dark brown, filling distal half of cell ; halteres
yellow, clubs black.

Length, 0 mm.

Described from a perfect 2 in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 5000 ft., 6. ix. 1909 {Annandale).

120 LEPTIDiE.

Genus ATHERIX, %.

Athen'.r, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 271 (1803).
Ibisia, Koiidani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 154 (1856).
Pelechoiducera, Bigot (p.p.^ Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) ii, p. 91
(1856).

Gekottpe, Atlierix ibis, E. ; by general acceptance.*

This genus differs from Atric?iops, Verr., chiefly in the pubes-
cent frons and face. In ui. ibis, a well-known European species,
both these parts bear dense long pubescence, whereas in Atricliops
they are bare.

Verrall, in describing Airicliops, adds a number of minor charac-
ters w'hich, though illustrative of the type-species {crassipes, Mg.),
may possibly not occur in all the species that it may be advisable
to refer to the genus.

The characters therefore allotted in this work to Atrichops may
be considered to apply to Atherix also.

Only one species is Indian, labiata, Big.t

Range. AVorld-wide.

Life-history. It has been said that the larva has tracheal gills,
whilst Brauer states that it possesses true pseudopods instead of
the roughened intercalated areas generally present in this family.
The § 5 of yl. ibis, a European species, cluster on a bough and
lay their eggs all together in a mass, dying on the cluster, the
larvae when hatched falling into the water.

81. Atherix labiata, Big.

Atherix labiata, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, p. 117 (1887) ;
Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 212 (1909).

5 . " Proboscis at least as long as height of head ; labella
distinctly enlarged ; palpi bare, a little dilated, dark brown ; frons
black, with a few black hairs, face whitish-tomentose. Thorax
and scutellum moderately shining black, the former with grey
reflections, tomentose on anterior part, sides grey-tomentose.
Coxae black; halteres chestnut, with tips blackish. Abdomen
shortly pubescent, grey at the sides ; 1st segment black at base
and middle, with a half band of grey dust on each side ; 2nd
segment dull tawny, with a triangular basal black spot, and at the
middle of each side a brownish transverse half-band ; 3rd segment
with a transverse reddish line in middle. Legs all black, except
base of hind femora which is tinged with pale yellow. Wings
nearly clear at base, posterior half brownish grey, with three

* Coquillett adopts Bhagio diadema, F., as genotype, but Verrall successfully
establishes ibis as such (British Flies, v, p. 285).

i' Mj' thanks are due to Mr. Collin for the inibrmatiou that labiata, Big., is
truly an Atherix after an examination of the type, otherwise, as all the species
that have come before me belong to Airichops, I should have been tempted to
include labiata also in that genus.

SURAGIXA, 121

broad contiguous hyaline spots ; sligma oblong, brown ; veins with
brownish infuscation ; anal cell closed before the border." {Bigot.).

Ceylon.

Tjjpe in Bigot's collection.*

Geuus SURAGINA, Walk.
Suragina, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. ]10 (1860).
Genotype, Suragina illucens, Walk. ; the original species.

$ . "Body linear, moderately broad. Head almost as broad as
the thorax; vertex and front of eqnal breadth. Proboscis porrect,
compressed, a little shorter than the breadth of the head. Palpi
lanceolate, contiguous to the proboscis. Antennae very short ;
i3rd joiut round ; arista slender, bare, longer than the antenn*.
'Thorax a little narrower in front. Abdomen somewhat flat, less
than twice the length of tlie thorax, obtuse at the tip. Legs bare,
unarmed, rather long and slender. Wings moderately loug and
broad ; radial vein slightly curved ; forks of the cubital vein a
little longer than the preceding part; 3rd externo-medial vein
inclined beyond the discal areoiet towards the 4th, which is
straight ; subaual and anal veins united close to the border ;
discal areoiet nearly six times longer than broad, its fore side
hardly angular." ( Walker.)

Mange. Ceylon, Celebes, Gilolo.

It is necessary to reproduce Walker's own description of this
genus unaltered, since no example has been available for re-
descriptiou.

Osten-Sacken drew attention t to the fact that, in setting up
Suragina, Walker omitted to note its close affinity to Atherix,
and observes that that author had labelled as a Suragina a species
which Osten-iSacken himself subsequently described as Atherix
limbata (loc. cit.). Tet Walker certainly knew oi Atherix, a, not
uncommon European, even British, genus.

Karsch admits the great affinity between the two genera, but
seems to have successfully differentiated them. J

Only three species are known.

82. Suragina elegans, Karsch.

Suragina elegans, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. xxviii, p. 174 (188-t).

S $ . Blackish blue, black-haired. Thorax with two short
white longitudinal stripes, and with white toraentum at the sides.
Abdomen in ^ broadly red towards the sides on the 2nd to the

* A specimen in my own collection from Maskelij'a, Ceylon, taken in March
is probably tbis species, but unfortunately the type is not available for com-
parison in India.

t Berl. ent. Zeits. xxvi, p. 101 (1882).

X See table of genera, p. 104. It must be remembered that Atherix and
Atrichops differ only in the hairy and bare cheeks respectively.

122 J.EPTI [),!•.

oth segments, in 2 only on tlie 2iid and 3rd ; 4tli and 5th seg-
ments with broad white posterior border in both sexes ; venter
yenow'ish red. Ler/s very long; in J -wholly brownish black, in
2 with base of hind femora yellowish. Wings in d pale grey,
in middle clear, with a broad irregular dark bro\\n longitudinal
stripe ; wings in 5 clear, only the tip greyish, and tlie brown
stripe darker. Frons in 5 velvet-bro«n, with white pubescence
above antenna? ; occiput wliite-haired; tip of abdomen in c? pointed
and forked, in 5 flat, obtuse.

Le)i(/th, 8-8*8 mm.

Ceylon (^A^ietjier).

The foregoing is a translation of Karsclrs description.

Genus MACELLOPALPUS, Bkj.
MncellojKtljms, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (6) vi, p. xlviii (18SG).
Genotype, MaceUojxd^nts Jfareolns, Big. ; by original designation.

This genus differs from uitricJiops in liavnng a smaller 1st an-
tennal joint, tlie 3rd (damaged) " appai'ently hardly dilated on
underside." Palpi quite bare, large, and conspicuously oval
on upper side, nearly straight below. Eyes bare. Pul villi very
small. Anal cell closed before the border.

liange. India, New Guinea.

JM . fascipennis is distinguished from M. falvidus by the brown
streak across the wings.

83. Macellopalpus fulvidus, Bnm. (PI. II, fig. 15.)

3IaccUopal]}us fulvidus, JJnuietti, liec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 424, pi. xii,
tig. 8 (1909).

2 . Head with frons parallel-sided, slightly less than one-fifth
of the head in width, with a deep vertical central groove, ter-
minating before reaching the vertex, on which the three brownish-
yellow^ ocelli are very prominent ; frons just above antennae grey-
dusted, the remainder of it shining black, quite smooth ; face
below antennas, and cheeks, grey-dusted : antennae brownish
yellow, 3rd joint darker, with long arista ; proboscis light brown
(tip broken oft') ; palpi blackish brown, lighter at base ; eyes black,
facets of uniform size; occiput bluisli grey, with fringe of yellow
hair, which behind the vertex is replaced by two or three irregular
rows of stout black bristles. Thorax light brown, with sparse
short hair; sides with a slight yellowish tinge; metanotum
lighter; scutellum light brown. (Though in the unique type the
scutellum is bare, there ai-e traces of it having borne bristles along
the posterior border, and others, to a less extent, on the dorsum.)
Abdomen light brown, nearly bare ; posterior borders of segments
narrowly blackish ; venter light brown, with a central blackish

^lACELl.OrALrL'S.

123

stripe. Lcfjs missing, except the coxaj, and the femur nnd tibia of
one hind leg; all these are uniformly light brown, the femur
having a very narrow black ring at the base. Winrjs pale yello\\',
costal border darker yellowish broAvn ; stigma brown, distinct ;
halteres light brown, with a black spot on upper side of knob.

Lengili, JO mm.

Described from one specimen in the Indian Museum from
Sibsagar.

Bigot's description of his faveolus is very short, and would
apply to the present species, but as he marked /hZ?;/c7»5 himself as
a new species 1 presume it to be distinct.

Some considerations on the possible synonymy of this genus
with LepUjxil2ms, liond., and HelionDjia, Dol., have been set forth
by me.* Of the three genera, Leptipalims (1850) would take
precedence. Apart from the two species described by me, only
one other is Vnoww, j(aveolns. Big., from New Guinea.

84. Macellopalpus fascipeniiis, sp. nov.

5 . Head with frons and face between one-third and one-
fourth the width of the head, of nearly uniform width, dusted
with greyish brown ; ocellar triangle slightly raised, concoloror.s,
with a few bristles, ocelli very distinct, whitish, with black nuclei ;
occiput greyish brown, with short bristles on at least upper half;
antenna brownish yellow, 3rd joint black, grey-dusted, rounded,
with blunt tip and "a dark brown, very long arista. The bulbous
epistome, rather short ]n-oboscis with large hairy labella, and large
spatulate palpi all brownish yellow, latter black at tips. Thorax
and scutellum wholly brownish yellow (bristles broken off).
Ahdomen with 1st segment brownish yellow ; 2nd moderately dark
brown, graduating into yellowish on posterior half ; 3rd and 4th
dark brown, with distinct yellowish hind margins; 5th much
narrower, short ; following segments still narrower, all dark brown
with indistinct yellowish hind margins. Dorsum with uniform,
but neither conspicuous nor dense, short black pubescence, which
becomes bristly towards sides at base of abdomen. Venter
yellowish on basal half, blackish on posterior half, hind margins
of segments pale. Lens brownish yellow, tibite very slightly
darker, tips of tarsi blackish. Wiiujs yellowish grey, stigma
dark brown, large, clear-cut ; a narrow brownish streak from it
nearly to hind margin, embracing fork of 3rd vein and outer side
of discal cell ; extreme wing-tip just perceptibly clouded ; an
indistinct suffusion over lower branch of .5th vein ; halteres large,
stem thick, brownish yellow, knobs brown.

Lengthy 5 mm. (excl. ovipositor).

Described from a unique female in the British Museum from
the Khasi Hills, Assam.

* Rcc. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 425 (1009).

124 mvTiDJE.

ryi ;|:-

Genus LEPTIS, F.

Leptis, Fabiicius, Syst. Antl. p. 69 (1805).

Rhagio, Fabricius, IS_yst. Entoin. p. 761 (1775).

Si/lvicola {Sylvicolce) , Harris, Expos. Engl. Ins. p. 100 (1782).

Genotype, L. scoJopacea, ¥. (as Bhagio scolopaceus) ; by definite
selection by Fabricius at the erection of Leptis.

Read transverse, about as broad as thorax ; face very short,
quadrangular, bare, socketed between the large eye-margins (or
side-cheeks), the latter separated from the face itself by a deep
channel, and bearing long, rather conspicuous pubescence. Pro-
boscis prominent, thick, cylindrical, short, with distinct ribbed
labella ; palpi 2-jointed, distinct, with bristly pubescence, rather
drooping. Eyes bare, contiguous or subcontiguous in S ■, facets of
uniform size, or nearly so ; in 5 well separated, the frons with a
shallow transverse suture a little above the antennae. Antennse
sliort, porrect ; 3rd joint short, conical or almost reniform ; arista
apical, rather long, tine, and upturned. Thorax practically
quadrangular, with rounded corners, slightly arched ; pubescence
ou the disc short, well distributed, rather bristly, with depressed
pile intermixed ; pleurae mainly bare ; prothorax and metapleurae
■with rather long distinct pubescence. Abdovien nearly twice as
long as thorax, elongate-conical, with at least seven obvious seg-
ments ; pubescence fairly abundant, often rather bristly, but never
like adpressed pile, short except at the basal corners. Genitalia
in c? rather prominent, knobbed, and blunt; ovipositor of $ jointed,
appearing like an 8th segment, with two pairs of ovate lamellae.
Legs rather long, especially the hind pair ; hind femora slightly
thickened; coxae rather long ; front tibiae without spurs; front
tarsi W'ith "touch hairs" below. f Wings as in Atrichops, but the

* The name Lepfis is of too old standing to be changed, and Yerrall
thoroughly explains all questions of synonymy concerning it (Brit. Flies,
V, p. 2W2).

t In a paper by Mik (Wien. ent. Zeit. xviii, p. 230, 1899) it has been sug-
gested that there exists an organ of touch below the front tarsi in sonie genera
of Lei'tid.e, Tabanib.e, DoLicnoPoniD.E, Empid.e, and some groups of Acalyp-
TRATA and Nejiatoceua, in the shape of several long fine hairs, curved
towards the tips, which project beyond the normal short stijBP pubescence and
the ratlier longer, regularly arranged, stiff bristles. He has noticed that some
species of Leptis, when resting on leaves, sometimes support the body on the
four posterior legs and make a sweeping curved movement witli the front
tarsi, as though brushing up minute particles from the surface, after which
they appear to hold the collected matter between the tarsi, and bending down
the head seem to imbibe it through the proboscis. These "touch hairs"
occur mainly below the front tarsi, though existing to a less extent on the
middle p;iir also, where they ai"e not lor.ger than the ordinary pubescence and
bristles, whilst they are absent on the hind tarsi. In Aihcrix VHtn/hici/a, F., a
not uncommon European species, these hairs are abundant, though almost
absent in A. ihis, F., whilst ni other Leptid genera, including Chrj/sopi/iis,
closely allied to Lcptis, they are not present. They exist, however, in Tabinius,
and ill this character Mik sees an additional kinship between LeptiD/E and
Tabanid.e. Verrall gives a translation of this interesting paper (Brit. Flies,
T, p. 236).

LEPTIS. 125

basal cells shorter, the anterior cross-vein nearer base of discal
cell and anal cell open.*

Range. Apparently almost world-wide, except Africa and
Anstralia, but one species comes from Algeria.

Life-history. The larva of Leptis has the raoutli-parts well
developed, and possesses two-jointed antennae. It is "very active,
and is distinguished by having the stigmatic orifice surrounded by
four quite equal, quadraugularly placed prominences, and at the
other extremity of the body a blacldsh naked triangular plate ; on
the inner side of each of seven of the abdominal segments there
is a band of spines" (Cambridge Nat. Hist.). The larvae live in
the earth, feeding on cockchafers and other beetles, some, the
common European L. tritujaria for instance, living on earthworms.
Bouche has described the metamorphoses of some European
species. The pupa is mummy-like : the perfect insects occur on
trees and shrubs in more or less shady spots, and are generally
distributed.

Tahle of Species.

AVing-s with obvious sufiusions ; species not

nearly unifolorous.
Leiigth'^6 mm. ; wings pale grey, broadly

darkened apicipemiis, Bvim., p. ll>5.

Length 3 mm. ; wings pale brown, Avith

clearer parts discoidalis, Brun., p. 12(3.

"Wings clear.

Nearly wholly unicolorous species ;

length 5 mm miicolor, Bran., p. 126.

Abdomen Avitli distinct triangular spots

on 3rd, 4th, and oth segments; length

7-8 mm tn'aiir/ulata, sp. n., p. 127.

85. Leptis apicipennis, JSrim. (PI. II, fig. 16.)

leptis apicipennis, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 423, pi. xii, fig. 7
(1909).

5 . Head : frons aiul face grey-dusted, with a large, shining
black, inverted heart-shaped tubercle in the middle, and extending
on each side to the eyes; ocelli reddish tawny, semi-transparent,
situated on the extreme vertex ; first antenual joint bright tawuy
(rest absent) ; proboscis shining chestnut-brown, bare, grey-dusted
at sides ; palpi large, tawny brown, hairy ; occiput semicircular,
M'ith a weak irregular fringe of short grey hairs. Thorax brown
above, moderately shining, sides dark greyish : scutellum yellowish
tawny, with a very few short irregular black hairs. Abdomen
tawny, with scattered pale hairs ; Avith a wide, irregular, blackish-
brown dorsal band, which occupies the whole of the last two or
three segments ; and Avith a blackish irregular line on the sides

* Eare exceptions are lino\vn (as Z, finebris, M<;-., of Europe), but not
amongst Oriental species.

12G LioPTiD.i:.

of tlie abdoineu. Legs tawuy yellow, fore tibliu yellowi.sh white;
liiiid tibuc ratlier brownish, paler towards tip ; tarsi tawny brown
(middle pair wanting). Wings pale grey ; a moderately dark
brown apical spot begins oa the costa in a straight Hue with tlie
fork of the third longitudinal vein, extends thenoe to the tip of
the wing, and posteriorly until it tills half the first posterior cell,
also the whole of the second posterior cell, and tlien, by bending
slightly outwards, the greater part of the third posterior cell ; a
brown streak also begins at the iiuier cross-vein, passes over the
basal part of the discal cell, ])asses longitudinally through the
fourth posterior cell, nearly filling it, and spreading over part of
the fifth posterior cell also, and on attaining the border extends
each way, meeting on one side the hind part of the apical spot,
and extending on the inner side to\\'ards the anal lobe of the
wing; no distinct stigma ; halteres tawny yellow.

Length, G ram.

Described from one $ in the Indian Museum from Margherita,
Assam.

SG. Leptis discoidalis, Brun.

Leptis di»coidulis, Brunetti, Rec. iiid. Mas. vii, p. 403 (1912).

$ . Head blackish, vertex black, frons dusted with blue-grey ;
antennse and proboscis moderately dark brown, palpi black ; occi-
]nit bluish grey. Thorax and scutellum clear shining brown ;
humeri, sides, and metanotum a little lighter. Ahdowen darker
brown, with short pale pubescence ; posterior margin of segments
with a not very distinct blackish band : genitaha small short-
cylindrical, with two small terminal lamellns. Legs pale brownish
yellow, microscopically pubescent. Wings pale brown : discal
cell, 2ud b:isalcell, 5th posterior cell, and all the wing posterior
to these cells nearly clear ; no distinct stigma, but the region
along both sides of the 1st longitudinal veins blackish ; halteres
dark brown.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two $ 5 in the Indian Mnseum, Kurseong,
5000 ft., 7. vii. 1008 {tgpe), and Darjiling, TOOO ft., T.viii. 1909
(C. Paiva).

87. Leptis unicolor, Bnm.

Leptis iinicolo)-, Bmuetti, Rec. lud. Mas. vii, p. -104 (IDIl^.

(S . Head with eves contiguous for half the distance from vertex
to antennae; frons dark blackish grey, ocellar triangle small, ocelli
distinct, the vertex grooved on each side of the middle, near the
eye; occiput grey, posterior ocular orbit with a fringe of delicate
pale yellow hairs. Antenn.ie yellow, tip of 3rd joint, with its
arista, black ; 1st and 2nd joints short. 3rd subconical. Proboscis
relatively small, and much more slender than in most species,

LEPTIS. 127

yellow, as are the rather distinct elongate palpi, bearing black
bristly hair. Thorax uniformly light brownish yellow; in certain
lights small quadrate grey reflections on the shoidders, and a,
distinct broad whitish-grey horizontal stripe across the pleurae.
Abdomen coucolorous ; both thorax and abdomen with very sparse
short pale hairs; venter similar. Ler/s with coxoe and femora
concolorous ; knees narrowly brown ; tibisB a little darker brownish
yellow, becoming nearly or quite brown at the tips ; tarsi dark
brown; legs minutely pubescent. IFijj^s uniformly pale yellowish
grey. The 2iid posterior cell narrow, the sides almost parallel ;
anterior cross-vein before one-fourth of the diseal cell ; branches
of 4th lougitudinal vein issuing from discal cell well separated,
and cell widely open ; halteres light brownish yellow.

LeiKjtJi, 5 mm.

Described from a single perfect J in the Indian Museum from
Darjiling.

88. Leptis triaugulata, sp. nov.

J . Head with vertical ti'iangle small, black, shining, bare,
extreme vertex with a few short, black, bristly hairs ; ocelli dull
reddish brown ; eyes black ; frons, epistoma, and cheeks whitish
grey, slightly shimmering, the last with pale yellow hairs ; antennae
orange, 1st and 2nd joints slightly bristly, 3rd approximately
conical, with long black arista ; proboscis brownish yellow ; palpi
blackish with numerous bristles ; back of head greyish, with short
pubescence above and longer yellow hairs below. 2Viora.r brownish
yellow ; dorsum with three shining black stripes, the median
one broad, beginning on anterior margin, the outer ones nar-
rower, beginning later, their posterior ends gradually diminish-
ing, all three stripes dying awa)^ before reaching the scutellum ;
sternopleuraand pteropleura with a slight silvery-white shimmer in
certain lights ; wliole thorax bare, except for a few black bristl)^
hairs on shoulders, along the margins, and on the wholly brownish-
3'ellow scutellum. AJ>domen brownish yellow; a small rounded or
pear-shaped black spot in middle of 2nd segment; 3rd, 4th, and
5th segments with a large triangular black spot at base, the angles
not quite attaining side and hind margins ; hind margin of 5th
and all the 6th and 7th segments black or blackish, more or less
shining ; venter brownish yellow, hind margins of segments
narrowly blackish brown ; upper and lower surfaces of abdomen
with short black pubescence, which is longer towards the sides ;
genitalia small, yellowish, mainly concealed. Ler/s brownish yellow ;
tips of coxae, femora, and tibiae more or less towards tips, and all
tarsi, bi'ownish or dark brown ; legs minutely black pubescent,
coxae with mainly yellow hairs on basal half and longer black
bristl}'^ hairs towards tip. W'uuis yellowish, slightly darker
anteriorly ; stigma indistinctly a little deeper yellow ; halteres
brownish yellow.

Length, 7-8 mm.

128 lepiid.t:.

Described from a small series of males in perfect condition
collected b}^ me in i;ndergro\vth on hillside at Darjiliug, 13-18. ix.
1913.

Type in my collection, co-types in the British and Indian
Museums.

Genus CHRYSOPILUS, Macq.

Chrysopilus, Macquart, Recueil Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille, p. J03 (1826).

Chrysojnla, Macquart, Suites a Buff. i. p. 429 (1834).

? Sfyre.c, Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 3G7 (17G3).

? Heliomyia, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Neder. Iiid. xiv, p. 402 (1857).*

Leptis (pt.), auctores.

Gekottpe, Musca diadema, L. ; by designation of Westwood
(1840).

Head with face socketed like a dimple. Palpi porrect or slightly
upturned, not drooping. Eyes with upper facets much larger
than low^er ones,t generally sharply demarcated, and of a different
colour ; in life eyes often brilliant golden green. xlntenna3 much
as in Leptis, but 3rd joint onion-shaped, rarely longer than 2nd ;
arista apical, long and thin. Thorax "with coarse golden or pale
yellow depressed pile or scales, amongst which there may be some
longer, thinner, erect hairs"; mesopleuroe, raetapleurse and sides
of metanotum with pubescence. Ahdomen shorter than in Leptis;
dorsum with a considerable amount of golden pubescence as on the
thorax. Leys long and tliin ; coxa? moderately large; femora with
closely applied small golden or pale yellow scales, most con-
spicuous behind the anterior pairs, except at the tip, and in front
of the hind pair ; fore tibise unspurred, middle tibiae with two
apical equal-sized spurs, hind tibiae with a single spur; front tarsi
without " touch hairs." Wivys rather broader than in Leptis ;
venation as in that genus, except that the anal cell is always
closed at or a little before the border ; subcostal vein with very
small bristles ; alar squamse moderate, a single row of hairs on
posterior margin.

Ranyc. World-wide.

Life-history. The larvas live in rotten w^ood or vegetable mould.
Beling has described the metamorphoses of several European
species, which are similar to those of Leptis. The perfect insects
occur in woods, meadows, and shady places. The colours fade
somewhat after death and the golden pubescence is especially
easily rubbed off.

* C.fcrri(ffim>><us, Wd., a rather widely distributed Oriental species and tlie
only one referred to Hcliomyia, is somewhat aberrant in tlie palpi, and nuiy
require removal to a new genus or possibly to JMaccUopalpiis. See my notes
under this genus and the further notes herein referred to.

t In /crrw^/rto^Ms the lower facets are barely perceptibly smaller than the-
upper ones, and by no means clearly demarcated. There is, however, some
pi obability of this species having to be removed to a different genus.

CHRYSOPILUS.

Table of Species.

129

1. AVinus distinctly or darkly mottled (some-

what Trypeta-VikQ), or uniformly dark

browu 2.

Wings never mottled or uniformly dark
brown ; somewhat yellowish or (Jmmeralis
only) pale brown 6.

2. Wings more or less mottled 3.

Wings uniformly dark brown 6. ■

3. The pale spot beyond but contiguous to the

stigma quite clear and sharply defined ; 1st
and 2nd submarginal cells and all pos-
terior cells with a well-defined clearer
spot at tip of each, but the outlines not [P- ^^l.

sharply demarcated mannoratus, Brun.,

The pale spot adjacent to the stigma very
indefinite, not sharply defined; no wing-
border spots distingui.shable from the rather
clearer middle parts ot most uf the cells . . 4.

4. Prongs of upper branch of 4th longitudinal

vein issuing from discal cell well sepa-
rated ; ground-colour of hind border of
win"- of same shade as remainder of wing;
stigma brown, rather ill-defined; length, [p. 131.

3 lum alhojjictus, Brun.,

Prongs of upper branch of 4th longitudinal
vein issuing from discal cell united or
nearly so ; hind part of wing nearly clear,
except for the mfuscations along the veins;

stigma nearly black, more sharply defined ; [p. 132.

length, 4 mm or)iati2)envis, Brun.,

5. The long dark brown stigma uninter- [p. 133.

rupted luctuosus, Brun.,

Stigma interrupted by an elongate yellow [p. 133.

spot flnvopunctdtus, Brun.,

6. Wing with six bluish opalescent spots ; 2ud

posterior cell much longer than 3rd o/w/es(?e«5,sp.n.,p.l34.

Wing without traces of opalescent spots;
2nd posterior cell subequal to 3rd, at least
in all my species 7.

7. Mainly black species, at least the thorax . . 8.
Mainly yellowish or browni-sh species, at

least the thorax almost always so ...... 18.

8. Wings with a distinct sufTusion in addition

to stigma ; (wings pale brown in humeralis

only) *^'

Wings unmarked except for the stigma .... 13. [p. 135.

9. Wings uniformly pale brown humeralis, Brun.,

Wings never uniformly pale brown ; prac-
tically clear, with more or less distinct

suffusions 10*

10. Wing-tip clear, a distinct brownish suffu-
sion from stigma to beyond middle of [p- 13?.

.^JQo- ." segrnentatui, Brun.,

Wing-tip always distinctly infuscated .... 1 1.

K

]30 LKfTIU.E.

11. Wing-tip blacliisli from near stigma up to

and including ord po.steiior cell 12.

AVing-tip suffusion consisting of infuscation fp. 136.

of both branches of 3rd vein cochinensis, sp. n.,

12. Second and third antennal joints and palpi

black ; abdomen all blacli ; wing-tip suf-
fusion stronger gravelyi, sp. ii., p. 137.

Second and third antennal joints and palpi
yellow ; abdomen yellowisli at base ; wing-
tip suffusion less distinct similis, sp. n., p. 138.

13. Antennas black 14.

Antennte yellow 16. [p. 138.

14. Stigma large, dark brown, well-detiued. . . . maynipeniiis, Brun.,
Stigma brownish yellow, diffused or ili-

detiued 15.

15. Femora all j'ellow, except the narrowly

black base ; stigma pale brownish j'ellow, [p. 138.

ill-defined , flavopilosus, sp. n.,

Femora all jellow, except the black basal
half of anterior pairs; stigma yellowish [p. 137.

brown, suffused . , hirmanensis, sp. a.,

16. Legs yellow yerbwyi, sp. n., p. 139.

At least basal half of anterior femoia [p. 140.

black albobasaUs, Brun.,

17. Stigma pale yellow; two shining white

spots above aiitennjB insularis, Sch., p. 140.

Stigma conspiiuous, dark, but not always

with well-defined limits ... 19.

18. Wings distinctly yellow 20.

Wings grey 21 .

19. Lower eye-facets bareh' smaller than upper

ones ; tibife more or less darkened soon [p. 141.

after the base ; length, 8-11 mm ferriiyvnosus, Wied.,

Lower eye-facets very much smaller than
upper ones; tibiae practicallj^ all yellowish ;
length, 5i mm miicolor, Brun., p. 141.

20. Third antennal joint black 22.

Third antennal joint yellow 23.

21. Basal half of abdmnen yellowish, except for

a dorsal dark stripe and dark hind margins ;
rest of abdomen black ; wings practically
clear, except for a small dark brown
stigma and faint transverse suffusion to-
wards tip; narro'v, graceful, nearly linear
species; anal cell closed at some distance

before border stiyma, Brun., p. 142.

Abdomen dai-k shining brown, hind margins
of 2nd, 3rd, and 4tli segments broadly
yellow ; wing distinctly grey, almost yel-
low-tinged ; large brown stigma ; broader,
comparatively shorter species ; abdominal
segments after 4th suddenly contracted ;
anal cell closed just before border latus, sp. n., p. 143.

22. First antennal ioint black; legs darker brown, sorrfirfws, sp. ii.,p. 143.
Antennae wholly yellow; legs^'ellow, tibite

and tarsi a little darker aZ?erwai?<s, sp.ii.,p.l44.

CIIRYSOPILUS.

131

89, Chrysopilus marmoratus, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 17.)

Clmjsopilm marmoratus, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 429, pi. xii,
fig-. 10 (1909).

<S . Head with vertex much elevated, light brown, the ocelli well
separated and very distinct, semi-transparent, \\ith black centres ;
eyes light chestnut-brown, upper facets rather large, lower ones
very small and much darker brown ; eyes contiguous almost down
to the antenna), tlie frons receding so much as to be invisible;
the inner sides of the eyes (seen from in front), also the face
below the antennas, blackish grey ; antennae, proboscis, and palpi
brownish yellow. Thorax moderately dark brown, with sparse
golden-yellow hairs on dorsum ; slightly i)aler at sides, and with
coiicolorous scutelkun and metanotuin, the former bearing some
moderately long brownish hairs. Abdomen dark brown; 2nd seg-
ment and posterior border of 1st segment lighter ; venter brown;
whole jibdomeu lightly covered with brownish hairs. Legs with
coxa; light brown ; the single leg of the (unique) type (fore leg)
is concolorous. Wimjs rather dark brown, with pale grey spots,
of u'hich the clearest is an oval one just beyond the stigma,
reaching from the costa to the fork of the 3rd longitudinal vein ;
below this follows a spot in each of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd pos-
terior cells; there is a small one in the centre of the discal cell,
which, with a small one in the 4th posterior cell and a large one
in the 5th posterior cell, form a row ; a small spot is at the tip
of the marginal cell, and a larger one at the tip of the submar-
ginal ; whilst the whole posterior border of the wing is pale grey,
spreading out somewhat in the cells and in the axillary cell.
The veinlets forming the upper fork of the 4th longitudinal vein
emerge practically together from the upper corner of the discal
cell, the outer side of which is practically quite straight. Halteres
light brown, with large blackish-brown knobs.

Lemjth, 4 mm.

Described from one specimen from Sadiya, Assam, in the
Indian Museum.

00. Chrysopilus albopictus, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 18.)

Chrysopilns albopictus, Bvunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 428, pi. xii,
fig. 9 (1909).
$ . Head wholly black, frons about one-fourth width of head ; a
vertical indentation just above antennne, with slight greyish
tomentum ; antennte, proboscis, and palpi tawny yellow. Tliorax
(denuded) light tawny brown, sides sublivid ; scutellum con-
colorous, with some longish hairs on posterior part. Abdomen
dark brown, conical, posterior borders of segments lighter; venter
dark brown. Legs tawny yellow, femora and coxae brighter, tarsi
darker. Wings moderatelv dark brown, \^ith pale grey paN-heri
that take the form of three irregular light bands, commencing at,
or just below, the costa, of which the first begins junt beyond the

k2

132 LEPTiD,!::.

stigma and terminates posteriorly on reaching tbe fork of the 3rd
longitudinal vein ; the second crosses the middle of the discal cell
and attains the hind border ; the third crosses the second basal
and tbe anal cell, and is merged in the light colour of the base of
the wing ; tbe centres and hind borders of the posterior cells are
also pale grey. The upper fork of the 4th longitudinal vein
emerges from the upper corner of the discal cell as t\vo separate
veins, the outer side of that cell forming a distinct angle. Stigma
dark brown, proportionately large, and there are traces of yellow
just before it and also in tbe basal cells ; balterts brownish
yellow.

Lewjth, 3 mm.

Described from a specimen in the Indian Museum from Mar-
gherita, Assam.

Walker's guttij)ennis must be near this species, but appears
distinct, and is larger.

91. Chrysopilus ornatipennis, Bnm. (PI. II, fig. 11>.)

Chrysopilus ornatipennis, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mas. iii, p. 212 (1909).

5 . Head with frons blackish grey, grooved down tbe centre,
one-fourth of width of head, only slightly wider towards vertex ;
ocelli on a concolorous, slightly elevated triangle, black, with
a narrow pale border and a few microscopic bristles ; antennae
with 1st and 2nd joints livid brown, 3rd with greyisb pube-
scence, bristle very long ; proboscis shining, livid brown at
base, bright yellow on narrow part, with two very minute, dark
brown, hairy lamellae ; occiput yellowish grey above, bluish grey
below, with numerous n)inute black bristles, especially towards
the vertex. Thorax yellowish brown, the dorsum covered with
microscopic scales, which, seen from behind, are brilliantly emei'ald-
green on the centre and bright blue towards the sides, the pos-
terior part, and over the whole of the scutellum; in addition to
the sciiles the entire surface of the thorax and the scutellum
is covered with long curved bristly hairs ,- sides of thorax uni-
formly shining tawny yellow. Abdomen brownish, becoming
yellow on posterior border, covered on entire upper surface rather
closely with soft black hairs, which extend round the sides and
are very short on the yellow venter; they are rather thicker and
longer on the fore corners of the abdomen. The 5th segment is
much reduced in size, blackish grey; 6th and 7th stylate, blackish
grey, with a broad distinct pale yellow posterior border, supple-
mented by a long thick cylindrical blackish-grey ovipositor. Legs
with coxa3 and femora bright tawny yellow, tibiae pale brown,
tarsi black ; coxae with some bristly hairs on and around them,
hind pair with a black streak on apical border; middle and hind
tibiae with two short yellow spines at extreme tip. Wings pale
blackish grey, posterior part nearly clear, and light grey or nearly
clear in the following places : distal ends of basal cells ; middle of
anal cell ; a rather narrow pale yellowish band from the middle

CITEYSOPILUS. 133

of the fore border (adjacent to the black stigma) to the distal end
of the discal cell, thence becoming pale grey ; a yellowish-grey
diffused spot just beyond (and contiguous to) the stigma; all the
cells below the 3rd longitudinal vein are pale grey or clear in
their centres. The upper branch of the 3rd vein bears a small
appendix at the bend, which is rectangular ; the inner cross-vein
is placed at one-third of the discal cell, and the two forks of the
upper branch of the 4tli vein spring almost simultaneously from
the upper corner of the discal cell, Halteres yellow.

Lenr/th, 4 mm.

Described from a single perfect 5 fi'om Tenmalai in the
"Western Ghats, Travancore, South India, 22. xi. 1908 {Annandule),
in the Indian Museum.

92. Chrysopilus luctuosus, Brun.

Chiysopilus luctuosus, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 430 (1909).

c? . Head with vertex, frous, and face blackish ; antennae dark
brownish yellow; proboscis and palpi blackish; occiput blackish,
wilh rather long greyish hair at the sides and below ; eyes bright
brown, lower facets much smaller than upper ones. Thorax
mouse-colour, nearly bare ; scutellum concolorous, with a row
of long hairs on posterior border. Abdomen dark brown, with
some yellowish-grey pubescence; venter dark brown. Legs-.
coxae dark brown, with brownish-grey hair; femora and tibiae
light brownish yellow, with sparse hair on underside of femora,
and a row of minute bristly hairs on outer side of hind tibiae ; tarsi
brownish yellow, tips black. Wings with anterior half rather dark
browUj the colour gradually fading away posteriorly to the
p;ile brown hiud border ; mediastinal cell, nearly to its tip,
darker brown, no separate stigma. Upper fork of 4th longi-
tudinal vein issuing as two separate veins from the discal cell, the
outer side of which thus contains a distinct angle. Halteres pale
yellow, linobs black.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one S in the Indian Museum from Margherita,
Assam.

93. Chrysopilus flavopunctatus, Brun.

Chrysopilus Jlavopunctatus, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 213
(1909).
(5 . Head with vertex very small, elevated, the ocelli as in ornati-
2>ennis; facets in upper half of eyes rather larger than those in
lower half ; frons deep black ; face dark grey ; antennae brown,
3rd joint black, bristle long, microscopically hairy; proboscis
dusky yellowish brown ; palpi rather robust, pale brown, hairy.
Thorax and scutellum dark brown, witli microscopic hairs, which
appear bright green when seen from behind ; scutellum with some
rather long black hairs ; sides shining dark brown, nearly bare.
Abdomen dark brown, nearly black towards tip, with short blackish

134 LEPTID.'E.

hairs ; venter concoloroiis. Legs dark brown ; fore coxse and fore
femora wholly, posterior femora towards the tips, pale ; knees
black ; all coxa? with black hairs ; hind libicB with two pale yellow
spines at tip. Wincis blackish brown ; stigma in marginal cell,
elongated, deep black, extended to costa on the outer side of a
short, bright yellow stripe which intersects it in the middle, this
stripe also reaching to the costa ; there is a pale parti-coloured
irregular spot (yellowish and pale grey) at the distal end of the
1st basal cell, and extending below into the 2nd; posterior border
of wing fading into light grey, the veins in this part being nai'-
rowly suflused with black ; halteres pale yello\A-.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a perfect (S in the Indian Museum fi*om Madtla-
Ihorai, Travancore State, South India, 18. xi. 190S {Annandcde) .

94. Chrysopilus opalescens, sp. nov.

$ . Head with fx'ons shining black {ti/pe) or dark brown
and less shining ; ocelli dirty pale yellow with a central black
spot, tubercle dull blackish ; a few short black bristles across
vertex ; face less shining than f rons, dark ; proboscis similar, with
hoary dust; labella large, yellow ; palpi black, with a few bristles ;
anteuuje all black, with black arista, 3rd joint shortly conical, with
rather longer pubescence than usual ; occiput grey-dusted, with
short yellow bristly haii's and some whitish pubescence behind
lower eye-margin. Thorax and scutellum brownish yellow ; pleura?
a little paler; thoracic dorsum witii traces of three brown stripes
{type) or without them. Abdomen brownish yellow, 1st segment
all yellow, or darkened in middle; 2nd, 3rd, and 4tli with a broad
median dark brown band, enlarged broadly across the hind margin
of each ; remaining segments very narrow, more or less brownish
above; venter and genitalia mainly yellow. Legs yellow, tibiaj
dark dirty yellow, tarsi darker. Wings pale yellowish, with
distinct bluish opnlescent spots placed as follow s : two transverse
rows across the wings, the inner row formed by a spot in the
1st submarginal cell before forking of 3rd vein, a secolnd in discal
cell, a third in oth posterior cell ; the outer row by a spot tOAvards
end of 1st submarginal cell, one towards end of 1st posterior cell
and one towards tip of 4th posterior cell ; the wing-tip is occupied
bv another opalescent spot extending across the two submarginal
cells and the 1st posterior cell; there is also a similar spot in the
centre of the anal cell and another near base of costal cell, thus
making nine spots in all; halteres yello\Aish.

Length, 4|-5 mm.

Described from a type and two other 2 $ in the British
Museum from Pundaluoya, Ceylon (E. E. Green).

Taken in the same locality by Mr. Green is a d* in the British
Museum possessing the same two transverse rows of opalescent
spots, the other spots not being obvious (the wings being slightly
damaged). The thorax, scutellum, and abdomen are blackish.

cniixsopiLus. 135

except for a paleness at the sides of some of the segments of the
latter. The face, antennte, and palpi are all black, and the legs are
as in the female specimens. The body may possibly have been
accidentally discoloured and the specimen may be the d" of
opalescens, as no other species known to me possesses the pecu-
liarity of the opalescent wing-spots.

95. Chrysopilus humeralis, Brun.

Chrysopihis Innneralis, Bruiietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 466 (1912).

S • Head with eyes practically contiguous for the greater part
of their length above the antennae, leaving a narrowly elongate
frons of the shape of an isosceles triangle, which is bluish grey;
ocellar protuberance blackish, occiput dark grey ; face narrowly
triangular, bluish grey ; antennse brownish yellow ; proboscis and
palpi similar, the latter rather darker, both with yellow hairs.
Thorax shining blackish, with pale yellow hairs ; shoulders livid
yellow; pleursB dark bluish grey varying to blackish; scutellum
and metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish, \\\\\\ pale pubes-
cence ; the major part of the basal half yellowish, leaving
generally a narrow anterior and posterior blackish margin of
varying width to each segment ; about the apical half of the
abdomen all black; venter similar to upper side. Legs with coxoo
and femora yellowish, apical half (more or less) of fore and hind
femora blackish or quite black ; remainder of legs dark brown.
Winfis grey, no stigma ; a very slight brownish darkening about
the fork of the 3rd longitudinal vein, continued in dinjinished
intensity along a further or lesser part of the marginal cell ;
halteres yellowish, with blackish-brown knobs.

Length, 6 mm.

Described from throe 6 6'^^ the Indian Museum from
Chumbi, Darjiling District, 4000 ft., vii. 1911 {Gravely).

96. Chrysopilus segmentatus. Bran.

Chrysopilus se(/me7itatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 430, pi. xii,
tigs. 11, 12 (1909).

(S . Head with vertex jet-blnck, prominent; ocelli small, equi-
distant, whitish ; eyes very large, occupying practically the whole
of the head, lower facets much smaller than upper ones ; whole of
face grey-dusted ; antennae tawny ; proboscis large, shining brown,
lower part grey-dusted ; palpi dark brown, with some hair ;
occiput grey-dusted, studded with bhick hairs. Thorax dark
blackish brown, with two narrow longitudinal yellowish-grey
stripes on dorsum, dividing the surface into three equal parts
and a silvery-grey reflection on the sides behind the wings (seen
from behind); humeral calli light yellowish brown. Abdomen
shining black, the segments well separated, with a telescopic
appearance ; posterior border of first segment shining steel-blue-
grey ; second wholly black ; rest of segments, seen in certain

136 LEPTIJ)^.

lights, steely asneous, highly sliining, m itli a dull jet-black,
nioderatelv wide ])osterior border; the whole abdomen moderately
thickly clothed with soft black hairs. Legs bhickish browu ; base
of hind femora, tips of four anterior femoi'a, and the anterior tibiae
wiiolly, pale tawny brown. Wings pale grey; stigma brown, but
ill-defined, elongated and spread over both mediastinal and sub-
costal cells, and from this stigmatic spot a brownish-grey band
proceeds posteriorly, rapidly narrowing, and disappears on reach-
ing the outer cross-vein, thus forming what at a short distance
appears to be a brown triangular cloud, darkest in front. The
lower branch of the upper fork of the 4th longitudinal vein issues
from below the middle of the outer side of the discal cell, which
latter has the appearance of having the upper outer corner cut oif
by the upper branch.

Length, 10 mm.

Described from one 6 iu the Indian Museum from Gowchar,
Nepal.

97. Chrysopilus cochinensis, sp. nov.

5 . Head with eyes separated by a very broad frons occupying
fully half the widtli of the head, the upper red-brown and lower
black facets well demarcated, but of uniform size ; frons mainly
of uniform width, except lor the widening towards vertex, dark
brownish yellow, ■svith darker patches ; vertex scarcely elevated,
ocelli yellowish, prominent;* frons slightly but suddenly
depressed just above antennjB, the latter blackish, 2ud joint
reddish brown, 3rd joint with a little grey pubescence, arista
black ; face and clieeks dusted with whitish grey ; epistoma brown,
covered with whitish dust ; proboscis brownish yellow; palpi dark
brown, bristly ; occiput dark brownish yellow, with sparse short
stiff black pubescence ; underside of head with a little black
softer hair. Thorax black, dorsum wirh short adpressed bright
yellow scale-like pubescence ; sides bi'ownish grej^, with a little
yellow pubescence here and there ; scutellum brownish grey, with
yellow pubescence as on the thoracic dorsum. Abdomen dull
blackish, barely shining ; 1st segment wholly, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
segments on about basal third, with soft white pubescence; black
pubescence on the remainder ; the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments are
suddenly narrowed, their hind borders slightly wider than else-
Avhere, but the broadest part of the 5th segment is barely half as
wide as the 4tli segment at base; ovipositor elongate, black;
venter black, with a few si-attered hairs. Legs blackish grey, with
a little black pubescence ; femora brownish yellow, tips of hind
pair slightly blackish; tibia? and tarsi dirty yellow, apical half of
latter blackish. Wings very pale yellowish grey, almost clear;

* In the unique type only two ocelli are obvious, tlie lower one being
hidden, except for its extreme upper rim, by an ajiparently slight distortion
of the frons.

ciuiYsoriLrs. 137

stigma dark brown, elongate ; both branches of 3r<.l vein rather
broadly but Jightl}" infuscated ; an appendix at the fork ; halteres
yellow, basal half of clubs blackish.

Length, bk mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Parambikulam, Cochin, 16-2-i. ix. 1914 {Gravely).

98. Chrysopilus birmanensis, sp. nov.

Very near G. cochinensis, differing as follows : — Head bluish
ash-grey, except the centre of the frons, which is of the same
shade of brown as in G. cochinensis ; 3rd antennal joint brown,
the whitish pubescence rather more conspicuous; occiput with
distinct whitisli pubescence towards side-margins. Scutellum
wholly dead-black, like the thoracic dorsum. Pubescence of
abdomen at base of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments more golden
yellow than whitish. Basal half of antei-ior femora black. Wing-
tip without suffusion ; stigma yellowish brown, more diffused, the
suffusion not extending below 2nd longitudinal vein.

Described from a unique $ in the British Museum from
Gokteik Gorge, Northern Shan States, Upper Burma, 26. vii.
1900 {Gol. C. T. Blwjham).

This is remarkably like G. cochinensis, and may possibl}'^ be a
varietv of it.

99. Chrysopilus gravelyi, sp. nov.

d . Head with vertex prominent, black, ocelli brownish ; front
of head and epistoma brownish grey ; proboscis brownish yellow ;
palpi dark brown, with concolorous long bristly hairs ; antennae
and arista blackish ; occiput dark ; underside of head witli long
pale yellow hairs. Tliot-ax bhick and, with scutellum, covered
with very short bright yellow adpressed scale-like ])ubescence ;
hind margin of scutellum with a row of long black hairs. Abdomen
black, covered witli pubescence like the thorax, which is replaced
on the base and hind part of each segment by black hairs, which
latter also cover the wliole dorsum of the last segment. Legs with
coxae dark gre}", sliglitly yellowish in places, with some soft
bright yellow hairs towards tips ; femora uniformly pale yellow ;
tibiae dirty yellow; tarsi brownish towards tips. Wings pale
grey, iridescent ; a darker infuscation at tip from stigma hind-
wards, reaching inwards sufficiently to fill the 2nd submargina.l
and 2nd and 3rd posterior cells, the inner outline ill-defined, and
a paler space just beyond the elongate dark brown stigma;
halteres yellow, knobs black.

Length, 6 mm.

Described from a single d iu the Indian Museum from the
Darjiling Himalayan Railway, 5500 ft., 23. v. 15 (Gravely).

138

100. Chrysopilus similis, sp. nov.

Very near C. (jravelyi, differiug in the 2ud and 3rd antennal
joints and the palpi being yellow, not black; labella bright
brownish yellow ; i.st abdominal segment and base of 2iid
yellowish ; emarginations of segments yellowish brown ; sides of
abdomen and venter mainly so also; suffusion at wing-tip lighter
and less well defined proximally.

Length, Tj mm.

Described From a single S in the British Museum from Madul-
sima, Ceylon, 15. v. 1908 {T. B. Fletcher).

101. Chrysopilus niagiiipennis, Bmn.

Chrysopilus magnipennis, Brunetti, llec. lud. Mus. iii, p. 213 (1909).

$. Head mainly brownish yellowish grey, a little darker here
and there, especially just abo\e the base of the antennae ; ocellar
triangle distiiu-t ; antennae black, the joints subequal in length,
2nd narrowly white at tip, 3rd with grey hair, style long ; palpi
blackish brown, with brownish-grey dust ; proboscis blackish
brown, with a few hairs ; underside of head with a little black
hair. Thorax (denuded) black, also at sides ; traces of grey hairs
and some golden-yellow hairs around base of wings and on
scutellum. Abdomen black, with moderately close grey hairs, with
which are intermixed some golden-yellow ones : venter with grey
hairs. Legs wholly yellowish, except coxae, a very narrow ring at
base of femora, and the tarsi tips, which are black. Wings
practically clear ; venation as in my C. segmentatus, except that
the upper branch of the 3rd longitudinal vein takes towards its
tip a slight downward curve, thence curving rather sharply up-
wards to the costa, and enclosing a well-marked, large, dark
brown stigma; halteres black, club yellowish.

Leyigth, 4k mm. ; wing, 6g mm.

Described from a $ in my collection from Maskeliva, Ceylon
{E. E. Green).

102. Chrysopilus flavopilosus, sp. nov.

c? . Head with eyes contiguous for a considerable space, upper
facets dark chocolate-brown, lower ones black; ocellar triangle
dark grey, bare except for a few microscopic bristles behind :
frons, face, and cheeks, which are very receding, ash-grey, as is
al^o the basal half of the proboscis ; palpi brown, with yellow
hairs ; lower (cylindrical) part of proboscis yellowish or brovi'iiish,
with a little pale pubescence ; antennae blackish, a little ash-grey
about the ti|)s of the joints, arista grey ; occiput ash-grey, with
some pale pubescence, lower part of head with pale yellow hairs.
Thorax, with scutellum, blackish grey, wholly covered with very

cniii'soi'iLUs.

139

short, bright golden-yellow, coarse scaly pubescence ; pleurso a
little lighter grey, nearly bare ; scutellum with long hairs on hind
margin. Abdomen dark blackish grey (base of 1st segment some-
times lighter) ; dorsum wholly covered with similar yellow
pubescence to that of the thorax, which appears to be sparser
along the emarginations of the segments, and with some longer
liner black hairs intermixed ; venter lighter or darker grey,
with sparse pale pubescence ; genitalia dark grey, a rather large
dorsal plate, a pair of 2-jointed dark grey claspers, brounisU
yellow towards tips. Legs pale or brownish yellow ; coxse dark
grey in places, with some ])ale yellow pubescence ; tips of hind
femora slightly brownish ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish, tips of tibiae
minutely black, hind tarsi blackish, darker towards tips. A high
microscopic power reveals the usual adpressed yellowish scales
on all the femora, so pale and closely applied to the surface as
to be easily overlooked. Wings clear ; stigma pale brownish
yellow, elongate, distinct, but not sharply defined ; halteres rather
large and long, brownish yellow with blackish knobs.

Described from a d" (tj/pe) from Almora, Kumaon District,
5500 ft., 29. vi. 1911 (Pawa), and another d fi'om Kurseong,
5000 ft,, 8. vii. 1908 ; both in the Indian Museum.

The differences between this species and the European splen-
didus, Mg.,* are as follows :— The coxae are yellow, the hind pair
more or less blackish and bare ; in splendidus the coxae are ash-
grey, the hind pair bearing long yellow hairs on the apical half.
In my species the femora are bright yellow, with minute yellow
scales; in splendidus they are blackish, with blackish scales. In
flavopilosus the palpi are thinner and shorter than in splendidus,
also with fewer and shorter hairs. In flavopllos^is tlie first two
antennal joints are dark yellowish brown; in splendidus they are
black.

103. Clivysopilus yerburyi, sp. nov.

J . Head with face and proboscis moderately dusted with dark
grey, labellce brownish yellow ; palpi brownish yellow, black-tipped ;
antennal 1st joint blackish, 2nd and 3rd brownish yellow ; ocellar
triangle distinct; occiput grey, with a little pale hair on lower
part. 2V<ora;v and scutellum black, covered with golden-yellow scaly
pubescence; pleurae grey ; humeral region somewhat yellowish.
Abdomen brownish yellow, hind margin of 2nd and 3rd segments
narrowly or broadly, of 4th broadly blacjk, remaining segments
all black ; the major part of each segment (except perhaps
the 1st) from the base apparently covered with golden-yellow
scaly pubescence and thin yellow hairs; venter yellow; genitalia
black. Legs yellow, tarsi darker, tips of hind femora above

* In my note on " ? C. heholus, Mg." (Eec. Lid. Miis. vii, p. 4G4) I used in
error the specific name helvolus instead of s-plendidus.

140

LEPTID.^.

with uumerous tiny black bristles; coxfe witb soft golden-yellow
hairs. Wings pale yellowish, barely upj)reciably darker at tips ;
stigma large, dark brown, well defined; halteres yellow.

Length, 7 mm.

Described from three d cf in indifferent condition in the
British Museum from Ceylon : Hakgala, 24. v. 1891 (ttfpe) and
4. V. 1S91 ; Trincomali Hot Wells, 17. viii. 1890 {Col. Yerbary).

l\vo 5 5 in the same collection from Pankullam, 12. iii. 1891,
and Hakgala, 13. v. 1891, may represent the other sex of this
species.

104. Chrysopilus albobasalis, sp. nov.

Head witli vertex very prominent, dark grey, with a few
bristles behind ; tlie brownish ocelli coiis]ncuous ; upper eye-
facets bright brown, lower ones very much smaller, dark red;
antenupe yellowish, 8rd joint grey-pubescent, arista dirty yellow;
frons, cheeks, andepistoma grey-dusted; })roboscis brownish yellow,
palpi dark brown, both with strong bristles ; occiput grey-dusted,
nearly bare, lower part of head with some longer pale hairs.
Thorax and scutellum very deep brown, velvet-like, nearly bare ;
pleura) d;irk grey, sides of scutellum a little yellowish. Ahdomen
with 1st segment black, bind border yellowish, with a fringe of
conspicuous soft white hairs; 2nd segment and base of 3rd pale
yellowi.sh, former with some conspicuous \\hite hairs: rest of
abdomen black or dark brown, dull, with very sparse black hairs ;
venter coloured as dorsum, but without the white hairs. Legs
with coxa) black, rest pale yellow ; basal half of anterior femora
and a ring before the tip of the hind pair, black ; tips of tarsi
blackish. Wings quite clear; a small dark brown well-defined
stigma ; halteres brownish yellow, clubs blackish.

Length, barely 5 mm.

Described from one specimen from Parambikulam, Cochin
State, 1700-3200 ft., 16-24. ix. 1914 {Oravdy), in the Indian
Museum.

The peculiar white base of the abdomen and the entirely clear
wings distinguish this species from all the others.

105. Chrysopilus insularis, Scli.

Chrysopilus insularis, Scbiner, Ileise Novara, Dipt. p. 199 (18G8).

$ . Reddish yellow, the whole upper side deeper, with a pale
shimmer towards sides of thorax and the emarginations of the
abdominal segments; pleurae fawn-colour, shining. Ovipositor
prominent, the joints indistinct. Head black; frons rather broad,
very shining, with two shining white spots above the antennae ;
occiput dusted with whitish grey; epistoma in middle vesiculose,
liorn-yellow ; antennae reddish yellow, 3rd joint black, very sliort,
quite round, arista long. Palpi approximated, porrect, reddish
yellow, nearly bare, as long as the reddish-yellow proboscis. Legs
ochraceous yellow, tibire and tarsi brown. Wings tinged with

ciiiiysopiLus. 141

brownish yellow, stigma honey-yellow ; the two upper veins from
the discal cell very approximate at their bases, the upper one a
little turned downwards ; anal cell closed well before the border.

Length, 8 mm.

Described originally from a single 5 from Tillangchong, Nicobar
Islands.

This species, which has not been seen by me, is said by Schiner
to differ from C. ferntginosus, Wiecl., by the absence of the
brownish wing-tip and the honey-yellow stigma. The two shining
white spots abo\e the antennae seem characteristic, otherwise the
differences from VV^iedemanu's species appear slight.

lOG. Chrysopilus ferruginosiis, Wied.

Leptis fernn/hio.sus, Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. i, pt. 3, ii. 4 (1819)-

id., Auss. Zweiti. i, p. 224 (1828).
Heliomyia fernu/inea, Uolejchall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. lud. xiv, p. 402,

pi. vii, tig. 5 (1857).
ChnjsopiJus frater, Brimetti, Kec. Ind. Miis. ii, p. 431 (1909).
Chrysopilus fernu/iiiosus, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. liv, p. 287,

pi. xviii, fig. 8 (1911).

(S . Head with vertex and frons blackish or dark grey, lighter
above antennae, with black hairs on vertex : proboscis and palpi
tawny, face below antenme grey ; antennae brownish yellow, 3rd
joint sometimes a little brownish ; lower facets of eyes only
slightly smaller than upper ones, not always clearly demarcated ;
occiput blackish, with whitish hair behind eyes. Thorax and
scutellum ligltt tawny brown, with minute golden-yellow impressed
pubescence; sternopleiiras sometimes nearly livid ; scutellum with
pale yellow hairs on hind border. Abdomen light tawiiy bro\\ n
to deep orange, darker towards the tips, with yellowish-grey
pubescence and some black hairs intermi.xed; posterior borders of
segments (especially the hinder ones) narrowly black ; venter
similarly marked. Legs tawny; coxse with golden-yellow hairs;
tibiae and tarsi gradually becoming darker and browner up to the
tips of latter. Wings yellowish grey, sometimes slightly darker
towards tips; 2ud posterior cell pointed at base; outer side of
discal cell quite straight; stigma dark brown, oval, distinct;
costal cell yellowish ; halteres yellow, knobs brown.

Length, 10-11 mm.

Described from the two specimens forming the tvpes of my
frater from Tenasserim and two ferruginosKS from Batavia,
x-xi. 1907 {Jacobson), named by Dr. de Meijere ; all four speci-
mens in the Indian Museum.

107. Chrysopilus unicolor, Bmn. (PI. II, fig. 20.)

Chri/sopilus unicolor, Brunetti, IJec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 432, pi. xii,
%. 13 (1909).

(5 . Head with vertex very small, raised, dark brown ; ocelli
shining, brownish white, semi-transparent; face grey-dusted;

142 LKPTID.T.

antennae, proboscis, and palpi bright taw ny brown ; upper two-
thirds of eyes rich brown, with large facets ; loAver third black,
Avith very iiuich smaller facets. Tlwrax and scutelluin bright
tawuy brown, witli scattered golden-yellow hairs, and with black
hairs on the sciitelluui. Abdomen concolorous ; bases of segments
(except first and second) narrowly brown ; the Avhole abdomen
covered irregularly with black hairs, including a row on the
posterior border of every segment ; venter concolorous, with black
hairs. Legs (fore pair, except coxse, missing) uniformly bright
tawny brown, ])ractically bare; tarsi darker brown. Wings pale
gre\ , almost clear; stigma distinct, but with ill-defined edges; a
very light brownish band extending from it posteriorly, [)artly
across the wing ; veins tawny brown ; halteres tawny.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one 6 in the Indian Museum from Mai'gherita,
Assam.

108. Chrysopilus stigma, Brun. (PI. II, fig. 21.)

Chrysopilus stir/ma, IBrunetti, llec. lud. Mu.«. ii, p. 43i\ pl. xii,
fig. 14 (1909).

S • Head with vertex reduced to a very small elevated black
triangle, on the angles of wliich are the three prominent ocelli ;
eyes dark reddish brown, contiguous for a considerable distance,
the facets much larger for a considerable space in front above
the antennae, with a greenish-black tiuge and (in certain
lights) a narrow, bright green, horizontal stripe across tlie
middle; face nuich withdrawn between the eyes, light grey above
and below antennae; anteunse yellow, 3rd joint blackish, with
some liairs and a ratlier long arista, which is microscopically
pubescent ; proboscis cinereous grey, lower part tawny yellow ;
tlie pal|)i tawny yellow, with tips broadly black and hairy; a
fringe of light hairs around tlie eyes ; back of head light grey.
Thorax greenish, with a dorsal narrow brown stripe in irout and
two small indistinct brown spots in middle of dorsum ; sparse
yellow hairs over the whole dorsum ; sides of thorax cinereous
grey, yellowish at base of wing ; scutellum grey ; centre with a
slight greenish tinge. Abdomen yellowish, Ist segment blackish
grey, segments 2, 3, and 4 with a blackish, rather wide posterior
border and dorsal stripe, remainder of segments blackish ; venter
yellow, tip blackish ; a few yellow hairs scattered over dorsum of
abdomen, black hairs at tip; genitalia bi-lobed, tawny yellow,
with stiff black hairs. Legs with coxae and femora pale yellow,
with a few yellow hairs near tlie tip on underside of latter, and
with generally difstributed microscopic black hairs ; tibia? blackish
yellow, with mici'oscopic black hairs and some stronger bristles;
tarsi similar, tips black ; middle tarsi with two long spines at tip.
Wings quite clear; stigma distinct, dark brown, but without
well-defined limits ; traces of a pale yellowish stripe towards tip
of wing. Inner cross-vein placed before one-fifth of the discal

CHRYSOPILUS. 143

cell ; anal cell closed well before wing-border ; balteres yellow,
knobs black.

Lencjtli, 5-6 mm.

Described from a single S in the Indian Museum from the base
of the Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, 2. iii. 1908 [Annandale).

109. Chrysopilus latus, sp. nov.

5 . Head with frous yellowish grey, one-fifth of the head in
width just above antenna), slightly broader on upper part; the
brownish ocelli on an elongate, barely elevated tubercle : frons
whitish immediately above b;ise of anteinife ; antennae blackish,
2nd joint yellowish, arista black ; proboscis yellowish, with soft
short pale hairs; palpi brownish yellow, pubescent; occiput grey,
with short sparse bristly black iiairs. Tliora.v yellowish brown ;
two narrow whitish well-separated median lines and the whitish
edges of the dorsum give the appearance of thrse almost con-
tiguous yellowish-brown stripes ; tra:-es of short golden-yellow
pubescence towards sides and hind margins; pleurae grey-dusted;
scutellum yellowish brown, vvitli traces of yellow pubescence.
Abdomen dark chestnut-brown ; 1st segment wholly, 2nd, 3rd and
4th segments with liind margins broadly and rather irregularly
yellow; remaining segments iinich contracted, yellow ; ovipositor
brownish yellow, with two small terminal yellow lamellae ; venter
similar to dorsum, both surfaces with limited short dark brown
pubescence ; some pale finer hairs towards sides of 1st segment.
Lega with coxae brownish yellow; femora yellow, hind pair a
little darker above towards tips; tibije dirty yellow; tarsi brown,
black at tips. Wings pale yellowish grey ; stigma large, dark
brown, not clearly outlined ; balteres brownish yellow, knobs
more or less darkened.

Length, 5.4 mm.

Described from a single § in the Indian Museum from Guind}'^,
Madras.

110. Chrysopilus sordidus, sp. nov.

5 . Head\v'\\]\ frons practically parallel-sided as far as antennae,
one-fourth width of head, dusted with light grey dust ; ocelli and
ocellar triangle darker; face and proboscis grey-dusted, former
with soft whitish hairs near eye-margins; labella brownish yellow,
palpi rather darker ; antennal 1st joint blackish, 2ud and 3rd
brownish yellow, arista black ; occiput grev-dusted, with some
whitish hairs. Thorax vaXAndV dark brown, with two well-separated
narrow indistinct grey dorsal stripes and short whitish sparse
pubescence; scutellum concolorous. with similar pubescence;
metanotuin dark brown ; pleurae moderately dark grey. Abdomen
dark brown, hind margins of 1st and 2nd segments broadly, and
of the remaining segments narrowly, yellowish; some whitish
pubescence, more conspicuous at sides ; venter dark brown, base

144 NEMESXIUNID^.

yellowish, hind margins of segments narrowly yellowish ; genitalia
yellow, with t^^"o rather exposed terminal lamella;. Legs yellowish ;
coxae, femora (except base and tips), lips of hind tibiae broadly
and all tarsi (except base of middle pair) dark brown. Wings
grey ; two slightly darker streaks over the " cross-veins "' ; stigma
iar^'e, dark brown ; lialteres large, dirty yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a single 2 i'^ ♦^he British Museum in fair
condition from Naini Tal, 7000 ft., vi. 1900 {Lt.-Col Giles).

A rather thick-set species.

A 5 taken by Mr. T. E. Fletcher may be this or a very closely
allied species, differing in possessing distinctly longer, wholly
blackish-grey antennae, no signs of yellowish margins to abdominal
segments, and being wholly more grev than yellowish ; Hazara
District, Dungagali, 8000 ft., 21-24. v. 1915.

111. Chrysopilus alternatus, sp. nov.

c? . Head \\\i\\ the lo\^"er and hinder facets of eyes slightly
smaller than front ones, but not sharply demarcated and of the
same dark brown colour ; vertical triangle small, blackish, ocelli
inconspicuous ; frons and front of head greyish ; antennee bright
yellow, 1st joint greyish, arista black ; epistoma blackish ; pro-
boscis and palpi bright yellow, with some soft hairs ; some pale
yellow hairs on inner side of head; occiput grej', with short hairs
towards mai-gin. Thorax and scutellum yellowish brown, with
short, rather coarse, bright yellow pubescence; pleurae greyish.
Abdomen with 1st segment and base of 2nd yellowish; of the
remainder, rather more than basal half of each blackish brown,
the remaining part yellowish; the whole dorsum with short pale
yellow hairs ; venter similar. Legs yellow, tibiae and tarsi very
slightly but uniformly duskier. Wings pale yellowish grey ;
stigma large, dark brown, its outline not clearly defined; halteres
yellow, knobs brownish.

Length, 8 mm.

Described from a single S in the Indian Museum from Guindy,
Madras; and t\\'o subsequent specimens from Coonoor, 5. ix. 1911
(Fletcher); and Lebong, 4500 ft., 2-9. vi. 1909 (Bowlett).

Family NEMESTRINID/E.*

Head transverse, as wide as or a little narrower than thorax,
set close upon it ; eyes generally widely separated in both sexes,
but in some cases narrowly separated or contiguous for some dis-
tance in S and then only narrowly separated in § , generally bare,
occasionally with dense or long pubescence ; facets geneially of
uniform size; three ocelli. Proboscis vaiying fnmi very long
(porrect or bent down) to very short and thick ; labella variable

* This family has occasionally been called the Hirmoncurkla', but the
claims of the title here retained have been lully established.

NEMESTRIKID^. 145

in size ; palpi 1- to 3-jointed, often indistinct. Auteniiffi remote
ab their bases, small ; the two basal joints with stiff hairs, 3i-d
barely longer, onion-shaped or pointed, with a long bristle-like,
generally ii-poiuted style, which is longer than the antenna, and
sometimes pointed at tip.

Thorax approximately quadrate, humeri inconspicuous, scutel-
lum oval, variable in size, unarmed.

Abdomen comparatively short, a little longer or shorter than
and about as wide as the thorax.

Leys comparatively slender, moderately long; tibiaj unspurred ;
three pulvilli, slightly variable in form, claws long.

_ Wings of moderate size, often narrowed and elongate, always
with very characteristic venation, all the veins in the distal half
of the wing being practically parallel with its longitudinal axis,
except the so-called " diagonal vein," and all the veins ending
above the wing-tip, except the tips of two or three. This pecu-
liar venation gives a general resemblance to that of the Mydaid^,
but there is no close affinity between the two types. Auxiliary
and 1st longitudinal veins long and straight, ending towards
wing-tip ; pra?furca very short, beginning a little before middle of
wing, 2nd and 3rd veins diverging almost immediately ; 2nd nearly
straight, undulating, simple, but sometimes joined by an addi-
tional veinlet to upper branch of 3rd vein (FaUeiiia, Nemestrlna);
3rd vein projected diagonally and turning up suddenly before or
at about half its length, shortlv afterwards forked, the branches
either parallel (Nemestrina, Hirmoneura, Rhyncliocephalus) or
widely open, reuniting to form a small subtriangular cell {Fal-
lenia). Anterior cross-vein absent, as the 3i-d and 4th veins
alv\ays anastomose at that spot* (?. e. at about two-thirds the
length of the discal cell) ; 4th vein with upper branch forked, the
two prongs parallel and ending above wing-tip ; lower branch
ending in (or united with) upper branch of 4th vein (just before
it forks) at distal angle of discal cell ; posterior cross-vein nor-
mally present (absent in FaUenia) ; 5th vein forked, both branches
forming rather pronounced curves; upper one joining upper
branch of 4th vein between its upper and lower prong, thence
diverging and running for the very short remaining space to the
wing-margin ; lower branch of 5th vein turning down to wing-
margin after quitting posterior cross-vein, sometimes meeting
anal vein, closing anal cell ; anal vein undulating ; axillary vein
short or rudimentary. Eirst basal cell long, narrow, pointed at
the tip; 2nd broader, shorter, roughly speaking three-sided;
anal cell long, narrow, open or closed just before wing-raaro-in ;
two sul)n)arginal and four or five posterior cells, 4th always closed.
There is an apparent vein running diagonally across the wing,
beginning with the prsefurca and ending in the hind margin of

* I am not quite sure about this point. Even if a short cross-vein occurs
here I do not think it is the anterior cross-vein, but au entirely supernumerary
■\ein. (See notes under Lasia in Cvktio.e.)

L

146 NEMESTRlXIDyE.

the wing some distance before wing-tip. This is no real indi-
vidual vein, but is composed of the pmefurca, the basal portion of
the 3rd vein up to its junction with the 4th, the outer side of the
discal cell (upper branch of 4th vein), the continuation of the same
branch and, finally, the united ends of tlie lower brancii of the 4tli
vein and upper branch of 5th vein. Tlie last two sections of
this " diagonal " vein (as it is conveniently called) are occasionally
joined by a very short veinlet, which may be regarded as the upper
px'ong of the lower branch of the 4th vein. It has no parallel in
auy other family of Diptera. Additional veinlets occur in some
genera and species connected with the 3rd vein, the exact identi-
tication of which is perhaps unimportant, especially as no such
cases are known amongst Oriental s])ecies. In Nemestrina, a non-
Oriental genus, but one which may possibly occur in India, the
most characteristic venation in the family is reached, presenting a
curious, somewhat dragonflj^-like network of veins, owing to all
the spaces between the 2nd vein and the lower prong of the upper
branch of the 4th vein containing a number of transverse veinlets,
dividing that part of the wing into a considerable number of small
squares. A few similar additional veinlets occur between the
lower branch of the 4th vein and the wing-margin.

Life-history. Larva amphipneustic ; head very small, retractile;
twelve body-segments ; posterior spiracles terminal, well separated,
placed in a transverse fissure. Of the only species of which the
life-history is known, a llirmoneura, the larva is parasitic on
the early stages of the common European beetle, Rhizotrogus
solstitialis.

This family is sometimes divided into two subfamilies, (1) the
Nemestrinin.e, with a very long proboscis and short palpi, and
(2) the HiRMONEURiN.^E, with a very short proboscis, to which
character Verrall adds " palpi very long aiid upturned," but this
latter does not hold good. The ei'ection of subfamilies therefore
merely on the length of the proboscis does not seem advisable.
In any case all the Oriental genera would fall in the HiR-

M0NEURIX.4;.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Ocelli present 2,

Ocelli absent (auxihary vein very sliort,

not extending much beyond origin of [p. 154.

4th vein) Atriadops, Wand.,

2. Palpi moderately long, and with mouth-

opening always obvious (auxiliary vein [p. 147.

nearly as Ion"- as 1st vein) IIirmonkura, Mg.,

Palpi, proboscis, and mouth-parts wholly

indistinct 3.

. Auxiliary vein united to 1st longitudinal [p. 15.3.

luitil beyond middle of wing Trichopsidea, Westw.,

Auxihavy vein distinctly separate, nearly [p. 155.

as long as 1st longitudinal Ceylonia, Licht.,

HIEMONEURA. 147

Genus HIRMONEURA, Mg.

Hirmoneura, Meigen, Syst. Bescli. ii, p. 132 (1820) ; Blaucliard, Hist.

Nat. Ins. iii, p. 587 (1840).
Hyrmoneiira, Rondani, Archiv. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 50 (1863).
Hyrmophlwba, Rondani, op. cit. p. 51 (1863).
Hcrmohenra, Philippi, Verli. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xv, p. 655 (1865).
Parasymmictus, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) ix, p.lxvii (1879).

Genotype, Hirmoneura ohscura, Mg. (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Whole body of about uniform width. Head transverse ; eyes
bare or pubescent, in d contiguous, in J' wide apart, or distinctly
though narrowly separated in J , in which case they ai'e less
widel}^ separated in $ ; three ocelli. Proboscis very short, hardly
•extended beyond mouth-opening ; palpi moderately long, curved

Fig. 9. — Hirmoneura opaca, Licbt., and enlarged figure of antenna.

upwards. Antennse short, porrect, remote at base, 3-jointed, 1st
and 2nd subglobular or cylindrical, subequal in length, 3rd onion-
shaped, longer, produced in a long arista-like style longer than
the antennae. Thorax subquadrate. Abdomen rather longer
than thorax, tlie tip pointed in both sexes, more so in $ ; whole
body and legs devoid of any strong bristles, but bearing longer or
shorter soft pubescence of varying extent. Legs moderately long,
slender, minutely pubescent. Wings moderately or rather long ;
auxiliary, 1st, and 2nd longitudinal veins long, ending towards
wing-tip ; 2nd beginning about or before middle of wing, nearly
straight ; 3rd beginning near base of 2nd, projected diagonally
across the wing, anastomosing (even if only in a punctiforin
manner) with 4th, thence bent suddenly upwards, shortly after-
wards forking, the branches long and approximately parallel,

l2

148 NEMESTEINID.T!:.

gently curved ; 4tli vein forked ; upper branch again forked, the
brandies straight, parallel with those of 3rd vein and with hind
margin of wing ; lower branch forming basal and lower sides of
discal cell, meeting upper branch and thence turning down to the
hind margin, receiving the upper branch of the 5th vein just
before ; 5th vein forked ; posterior cross-vein technically present
but very short. Two submarginal and five posterior cells, 4th
always closed; a discal cell, wider at base than tip, elongate;
1st basal cell reaching nearly to tip of discal ; 2nd basal long;
anal cell long and narrow, open. Squamte small.

Range. Central and South Europe, North, Central, and South
America, South Africa, Central Asia, the Orient, and Australasia.

Life-liistory . This is known to some extent of H. ohscnra, Mg.,
a European species, as described by Handlirsch.* The eggs have
been found in holes in the bark of silver firs, and the fully
developed larva has been found in the pupa of a heetle, Rluzotrogus
solstitialis. The larvae resemble those of the Leptid.e.

As regards the spelling of the generic name, Hermoneura has
been suggested, but " Dr. A. W. Verrall is of opinion that Neme-
strina and Ilirmoneura ai'e so impossible as Greek compounds
as to be beyond correction" (Gr. H. Verrall).

IVihle of Species.

1 . Eyes bare 2.

Eyes pubescent % 3.

2. Legs all j'ellowish ; eyes narrowly sepa-

rate in (^ (mnandalei, Licht.,p. 149.

Hind tibipe and tarsi dark brown ; eyes

contiouous in cj* basaliif, Liclit., p. 149.

3. Legs black (tibijB with thick brownish

pubescence) opaca, Licht., p. 150.

Legs principally yellowisli 4.

4. Smaller species; 11-12 mm 5.

Larger species ; 16-20 mm (j.

5. Small g-rey species with abdominal bands

of pubescence cinr/nlata, Licht., p. 151.

Larger coffee-brown, rather bare species . brunneaj Licht., p. 151.

0. Eyes with yellow hair ochracea, Licht., p. 151.

Eyes (presumably) with black or dark

brown hair 7.

7. Body deep dark brown, with longer woolly

pubescence cmsteni, Licht., p. 152.

Body coffee-brown, rather bare coffeata, Licht., p. 152.

* Wien. Ent. Zeit. i, p. 224, and ii, p. 11 (1882, 1883).

t It ha.s been difficult to draw up a satisfactory table owing to the close
.iffinitj- of all the species, and from my knowledge of most of them being
limited to German description?. In the case of the eight species included
herein, annandcdei, cinf/ulata, and A;ffSrt//,s are redescribed from Indinn Museum
specimens (all seen by Liclitwardt), that author's descriptions being also
incorporated. The descriptions of the remaining species are the best tran.s-
lations of Liclitwardt I can offer.

\ Presumably; no definite statement is given in the descriptions of coffeata
and briiiiiica.

HIRMONEURA. 149

112. Hirmoneura annandalei, LicM.

Hinnoneura annandalei, Lichtwardt, Eec. Ind. Mas, ix, p. 333
(1913).

6 2' Very like H. cimjulata in size and colour, but separated from
all other species except //. hasalis by the bare eyes. Head with
frons hardly narrower in 6 than $ , more than t\vice as \vide at
level of antenna? (where it forms a little more than one-fourth the
width of the head) than at vertex; frons with long soft black
hairs, face with yellow Iiairs ; antennse and proboscis both bright
yellow ; sides of face narrowly yellow. Thorax blackish, with
blackish pubescence in middle of "^disc, yellowish and thicker on
anterior margin and towards sides, on shoulders, and in front of
and just below wing-base; soft yellow pubescence on sides
of thorax and scutellum ; metauotum pale grey. Abdomen with
black anterior half and slate-grey hinder half of 1st segment;
remainder of segments blackish ; "ist segment with black hairs on
tlie black part and thin pale yellowish hairs on the slate-grey part;
remainder oF segment with thick, long, bright yellow pubescence
on anterior half and shorter black pubescence on hinder half ;
venter blackisli, with short uniform pale yellow pubescence, bind
margins of segments yellowish. Legs entirely bright yellow.
Wings grey, anterior border brownish ; halteres blackish brown.

Length, 11-13 mm.

Described from several of each sex in the Indian Museum from
Simla, 7000 ft.. 9. v. 1910 and 16. v. 1910 {Annandale), 3. v. 1914
and 29. V. 1914 {Capt. Evans); Ivufti, Simla Hills, 11. v. 1909
(Annandale); Kufti to Phagu, 21. v. 1916; Mahabaleshwar,
Satara Distr., 4200 ft., 13-16. iv. 1912 (Gravelg).

This species is extremely like //. cingtdata, but in addition to
the bare eyes it may be recognised by the black hairs on the
abdomen being much shorter than the yellow ones, whereas in
H. cingulata they are nearly or quite as long as the yellow ones.

In the present description of this species I have incorporated
Lichtwardt's main characters.

113. Hirmoneura hasalis, LicJit.

Hinnoneura basalts, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 595, fig. 3
(1910); id., Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 333 (1913).

J . Head with eyes bare, closely contiguous for a considerable
■distance, leaving a grey frons of the shape of an isosceles triangle,
covered with long black pubescence ; vertex reduced to the very
small ocellar tubercle, with a few black hairs ; face blackish, with
yellow margins and pale yellowish hairs; blackish hairs round
base of antennae ; latter yellowish brown, basal joint with long
stiff black hairs, 3rd joint onion-shaped. Thorax greyish brown,
shortly pubescent at sides ; on breast the hairs more greyish
white ; scutellum with dense yellowish-brown pubescence. Ab-
domen characteristically coloured ; anterior half of 1st segment

150 HEMESTRlNID.i:.

black, hind half of 1st and anterior half of 2iul ivory-white, with
pale yellowish-white pubescence; remaining segments cinnamon-
brown, M'ith short blackish-brown pubescence; a little yellowish
or whitish pubescence at sides of abdomen from 4tli segment to
tip; venter reddish bi'own, with some short yellowish pubescence.
Legs : anterior pairs wholly brownish yellow ; hind femora
brownish, hind tibiae and tarsi dark blackish brown. Wings
pale brownish grey, darker anteriorly ; venation typical, as in
JI. obscura, Mg.

Lengthy ] 0 mm.

Described originally by Licl)twardt from a type J in his col-
lection, which, purchased from a dealer, bore the label " Ecuador,
iii. 1899.'' This author gubsequently received from the Indian
Museum for examination the S specimen from which the above
description is drawn up — from the Dawna Hills, Burma, 2000-
3000 ft., 3. iii. 1908 {Annandah).

Tgpe in Herr Lichtwardt's collection.

114. Hirmoneura opaca, Lidit. (PL II, fig. 22.)

Hinnoncura opaca, Liclitwardt, Dent. Ent. Zeits. p. 643, 5 (1909) ;
id., Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 334, cJ (1913).

S 2 . An obscure, blackish, grey-dusted species, with thin soft
grey pubescence. Head with eyes dark bro\A'n, pubescent ; frontal
stripe in § not at all broad, barely wider above antennae than
at vertex, with thick black pubescence, which is longest above
antennae; proboscis, palpi, and antennae black, 1st and 2nd joints
of latter grey-dusted and with yellowish-grey hairs ; similar
hairs on epistoma, underside of head, and sternum. Thorax
with the pubescence more yellowish and longer at the sides ;
entire dorsal surface with soft greyish blue hoary dust. Abdo-
men with a hardly discernible pattern on the middle of each
segment, consisting of a central spot and two oblique lateral
spots of a dull blackish-grey colour; ovipositor rather long,
with pale hairs. Legs black ; tibia?, especially hind pair, with
such dense bright brown pubescence, that they appear brown.
Wings with a blackish tinge and a brownish shading on anterior
border.

Length, 15mm.

Described originally from a single $ from the Ivangra
Valley, N.W. Himalayas, 4500 ft., xi. 1899 {Dudgeon). Fur-
ther notes and the S described by Lichtwardt in the Eec. Ind.
Mus. {I. c). Several specimens are in the Indian Museum from
Mussoorie, the Ivangra Yalley, 4500 ft., xi. 1899 (Dudgeon),
and Simla, but are in very bad condition, nearly all appear to
have been immersed in spirit; it also occurs at Dehra Dun, x. 1911
(Ilowlett).

Type in the British Museum.

The above description is almost entirely Lichtwardt's.

HIllMOJ^EUKA. 151

115. Hirmoneura cingulata, Licht.

Hirmoneura cimjulata, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 644, $
(1909) ; id., Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 333, d" (1913).

cJ 5 . A small grey species with abdominal bauds. Head
with eyes thickly pubescent, especially in -i , narrowly separated
in S ; frons scarcely wider in 5 , bearing sparse black hair,
around the antennal base with thicker yellowish-grey hair ;
antennae, palpi, and legs all yellowish red,* tarsi hardly darker.
Thorax blackish, with grey pubescence, which at the sides is longer
and more yellowish. Abdomen with basal part of 1st segment
dark brownish, apical part pale slate-grey; rest of segments grey,
with thin yellow pubescence and brown margins ; in the S the
rows of abdominal pubescence are more erect and prominent,
forming in both sexes on the side-margins almost bunches of
yellow and black hairs intermixed. Wings grey, light brown
anteriorly ; halteres blackish brown.

Length, 11-12 mm.

Described originally from the $ sex only from India; the S
subsequently described from two specimens from Phagu, Simla
Hills, 9000 ft., 12. V. 1909.

Type ( $ ) in the British Museum, from the vSaunders collection ;
of the c5' (^ referred to, one is in the Indian Museum.

The above description is mainly Lichtwardfs, to which I have
added a note or two from the Indian Museum specimen.

116. Hirmoneura brunnea, Liclit.

Hirmoneura brmmea, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 645, 2
(1909).

5 . Near H. coffeaia, possibly a seasonal form of it.

In this species the wings are proportionately much shorter, being
only 11 mm. long to a body of 11 mm., plus ovipositor of 2 mm. to
3 mm. Apai't from the difference in the proportions, the charac-
ters are mainly as in JI. coffeaia ; the pubescence on the sides of
the thorax and at the base of the abdomen is yellow, not pale
brown; legs all yellowish red; wings rather duller in colour, and
the fore border darker.

Described by Lichtwardt from a single § in the British Museum
from Trincomali, Ceylon, 3. iv. 1892 {Col. Yerhury).

117. Hirmoneura ochracea, Liclu.

Hirmoneura ochracea, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 643, c?

(1909).

cJ . Very near H. austeni. Body pale brown, with short velvety

yellow pubescence, which is longer behind the sculellum and at

the base of the abdomen. Eyes with distinctly yellow hairs,

* According to Ijichtwardt ; I call the legs bright yellow, as in H. annancJahi.

152 NEMESTKINID.!:.

closely contiguous, so that onl}' a very small frons remains, which
latter is clothed with yellow ochre and dark brown hairs inter-
mixed. AntennsB brownish ; eye-margins bent, reaching to base
of antennae. Legs wholly yellow ochre. Wings yellowish grey,
fore border yellow oclire.

Length, IS mm.

Described by Lichtwardt from a single S from the Tau Plateau,
Burma, 4000 ft., ii. 1890 {Col. C. T. Bingham).

Type in the British Museum.

lis. Hirmoueura austeni, Liclu.

Ilinnoiieura austeni, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 043, c? (1909).

J . A large robust species. Body deep dark brown, evenly
clothed with long, erect, woolly, pale brown pubescence, which is
tliicker on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, where in certain
lights it has a kind of bronze tinge. Head semicircular; eyes
closely hairy ; frons broad, forming one-sixth the width of the
head with dense deep black pubescence ; epistome a little broader,
black, with concolorons pubescence; a few light brown hairs only
about the mouth-opening and around the short proboscis ; antenusB
and palpi black ; the latter curving upwards, lying close along the
eye-margins and reaching to base of antennae. Lower surface of
head and sternum with yellowish hair; venter with yellowish
pubescence ; the extreme base of abdomen with a narrow band of
deep black hairs. Legs stout, reddish j^ellow: auterior femora
brownish, with dense pale ])ubescence, which makes them appear
even thicker. Wings brown, anteriorly darker.

Length, lS-20mm.

Described by Lichtwardt from five cT 6 in the British Museum
from the Khasi Hills, Assam.

119. Hirmoneura coffeata, LicJd.

Hirmoneura coffeata, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zelts. p. 644, $ (1909).

$ . A large species with coffee-brown body, rather bare, with
some pule brown pubescence only on sides of thorax between the
shoulder and wing-base ; underside of thorax wdth patches of
pi^le hairs above the front coxae and under the wing-base ; every-
where else, including the venter, only very thinly pubescent. The
pubescence on frons rather longer, and towards vertex it is
blackish brown, at base of abdomen a narrow band of all black
hairs. Wing surface uniformly coffee-brown, with bronze and
cinnamon-brown reflections ; alulae very reduced so that the wing
is almost clavate ; legs paler brown than the body.

Length, 16 mm. -|- ovipositor 4 mm.; vving, 24 mm., breadth of
wing, 5| mm.

Described by Lichtwardt from a single § from Eambodde,
Ceylon (JMetner).

Type in the Berlin Museum.

I'liicnopsiDDA. 153

Genus TRICHOPSIDEA, Westiv.

Irzchopsidea, Westwood, Trans. Eiit. Soc. Lond. ii, p. 151, pi. xiv
(1836) ; Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 397, pi. iii, fig. 1
(1840);* WaudoUeck, Eat. Nach. xxiii, p. 250 (ISdJ).

Genotype, Trichopsidea asstracea, AVestw. ; by original desig-
nation.

Of the normal Nemestrinid type ; the species smaller than
those of Atriaclops, with exceptionally long wings, allied to
TricJiophthalina and Metjistorhynclius. Three ocelli ou a small
conical tubercle ; epistome (Estrid-like, mouth-parts very reduced
and indistinct, n)outh itself very rudimentary ; abdominal seg-
ments puffed up ; genitalia in male clubbed ; $ unknown. First
and last tarsal joints each as long as the other three together.
Auxiliary and Jst longitudinal veins apparentl}' united until
beyond middle of wing, the former then turning up to costa rather
suddenly; upper branch of .'Jrd vein turned up suddenly, meeting
2nd vein about its middle : both branches of 4th vein appai-ently
united at tip of discal cell, upper branch either single or, if forked,
the lower prong may consist also of the tips of both the lower
branch of the 4th vein and upper branch of the 5th. If this
reading of the veins be correct there is a somewhat long posterior
cross-vein. Anal cell open, axillary vein and squamoe absent.

llange. Except dohrni from the Andamans and Sumatra, the only
other known species (cestracea, Westwood) is from Australasia.

120. Trichopsidea dohrni, Wand.

'Trichopsidea dohrni, Wandolleck, Ent. Nach. xxiii, p. 25], figs. 7,8
(1897); Lichtwardt, Deut. Eut. Zeits. p. 648 (1909).

S . Ground-colour I'eddish brown, with not very reddish-
yellow hairs. Head rather broader than thorax, shining golden
browi» ; eyes contiguous below vertex, upper facets much larger
than lower ones; three yellowish-brown ocelli on prominent
vertical tubercle, with black and reddish-brown hairs : epistome
ffistrid-like, with thick i-eddish-brown pubescence ; antenna?
S-jointed, 3rd joint rod-shaped, with undulating outline; at tip
with some ver_v short fine pellucid hairs ; mouth-opening indistinct.
Thorax brown, witli fine velvet-like tomentum, showing several
darker and lighter indistinct longitudinal stripes ; in front and at
sides with long thick reddish-yellow pubescence ; scutellum pale
brown, anterior margin darker ; squamae absent ; halteres greenish
yellow. Winffs pale yellowish brown, with six clear-cut hyaline
spots, which in certain liglits show a pearly lustre; 1st longi-
tudinal vein present ; anal vein absent. Abdomen yellow, with
velvet tomentum; 1st segment pale yellowish, 2nd with a pale

* Macquart's figure shows the broad elongate-conical labnim ; the longer,
■concave, round -tipjied labium ; and tlie long filamentous organs, all as
described by Westwood, wbo assumed tbe latter to be "analogous to palpi "
and stated tbat tlie nioutii was rudimentary and concealed. Wandolleck also
describes tbe mouth as rudimentary.

154

NEMESTRINID-B.

band interrupted in middle and with two pale side-spots ; these
spots occur on each succeeding segment also, and are visible, with
the interrupted band, through absence of tomentum ; venter pale
yellowish red, with a darker mark at sides of each segment. Legs
with coxcT, trochanters, and femora of both anterior pairs yellowish
red, with moderately long concolorous pubescence; tibiae fawn-
yellow with reddish-brown tips ; hind femora long, tliin basally,
thence distinctly clubbed; the thin part fawn-coloured, the
clubbed part reddish yellow ; last tarsal joint and pulvilli reddish
yellow, the other joints fawn-colour with darker tips ; claws
dark bro« n.

Length, 10 mm ; wing, 11-4 mm.

Described by Wandolleck originally from a type S from
Sumatra, and Lichtwardt subsequently recorded another c? from
Eoss I., Andaman Is., v. 1904 {Col. 0. T. Bingham).

Type in Herr Dohrn's collection at Stettin; the second speci-
men in the British Museum.

Genus ATRIADOPS, Wand.

Atriadops, Waudolleck, Ent. Nach. xxiii, p. 245 (1897).

Colax, Wiedemann {nee Hiibner, 181G), Aiialec. Ent. p. 18, pi. i,

fig. 8 (1824); id., Auss. Zweifl. ii, p. 260, pi. ix, fig-. 11 (1830) ;

Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii. pt. 1, p. 34, pi. iii, fig, 2 (18J0) ;

Westwood, Cab. Orient. Entoiu. p. 38, pi. xviii. Mo-. 5 (1847) ;

Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pi. v, fig. 4 (1850).

Genotype, Colax javana, Wd., or C. macula, Wd.*

Moderate-sized species w'ith peculiar tomentose-iike pubescence
and dark-coloured and spotted wings. Epistome ffistrid-like ; eyes
in (S subcontiguous for a short space ; ocelli absent ; proboscis
not obvious, if projecting from mouth-opening, hidden in the long
hair of the face ; antennas 3-jointed, much as in Uirmoneura.
Thorax subquadrate, rather broader than long ; abdominal seg-
ments somewhat puckered-up just before the hind margins, forming
a blunt ridge ; genitalia in S short, tip with a broader base, in $
longer with sabre-shaped lamellse. Hind femora slightly thicker ;
first and last tai-sal joints each as long as remaining three together.
Wings with auxiliary vein short, ending free at about opposite
origin of 4th vein ; 1st longitudinal and greater portion of vein
" diagonal " considerably thickened ; 3rd vein forked ; 4th vein
forked, anastomosed as usual for some distance with 3rd ; lower
prong of upper branch not always reaching wing-margin ; f anal
cell open, axillary vein present ; thoracic squamae well developed ;
two submai-ginal and four posterior cells, 1st sometimes divided

* Both originally described together on the same page. I cannot pex--
sonally decide and have seen no species set up as genotype.

f It does not do so in tlie one example of A. javana that I have seen, but
Waudolleck fignres it running to the wing-margin, with also a short cross-vein
Velween it and the rein in front (Ent. Nach. xxiii, p. 246, fig. 1, 1897).

ATUIABOPS. CEYLONIA. 155

by a cross-vein, 3rd closed ; discal cell sometimes narrowly
open ; * anal cell open.

Manr/e. The very few species known come from China, Brazil,
Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, and South and West Africa.

121. Atriadops javana, Wied.

Colax javana, Wiedemann, Analec. Ent. p. 18 (1824) ; id., Auss.

Zweifl. ii, p. 261 (1830).
Atriadops javana,, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dint. pi. v, fig. 4 (1850);

Wandolleck, Eut. Nach. xxiii, p. 246, fig. 1 (1897).

S . Head with eyes contiguous for a short space ; frons pale
brownish grey, with greyish-white hairs; antennas pale brownish
yellow. Thorax (?) blackish (discoloured, probably brownisli in life),
sides with longer whitish-grey hairs. Abdomen brighter brown,
each segment towards hind border drawn up slightly, forming a
slight i-idge ; anterior half of eacli segment with tine golden-grey
pubescence, which towards sides becomes longer, tliicker, and
M'hiter, and laterally on the hind margin of each segment is some
long black pubescence. Whu/s dark brown, the darker parts
blackish, hind margin rather broadly greyish, except at extreme
wing-tip, at tips of lower prong of upper branch of 4th vein, tips
of both branches of 5th vein, two or three intermediate spots
situated rather close together, and at tips of anal and axillary
veins, at each of which is a small blackish-brown spot ; similar
dark spots occur on the distal side of the diagonal veins, at the
juncture of the veins, and larger ones at the forking of both
4th and 5th veins ; at the distal end of the 2iid basal cell is an
ill-defined clearer space, and a similar subtriangalar one extending
from the 3rd vein just before it meets the 4th, which, inclining
distally and diagonally, nearly reaches the costa. Thoracic
squamae considerably developed, with long greyish fringe.

Length, 8 mm.

Ee-described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from
Trincomali, Ceylon, 10, ix. 1909 {Col. Yerhury), presented by
Herr Lichtwardt, the species having been originally described
from Java.

Genus CEYLONIA, Licht.
Ceylonia, Lichtwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 646 (1909).
GrENOTYPE, Ceylonia niagnifica, Licht. ; by original designation.
Body robust, linear. Proboscis hidden by the long hair of the
face; palpi small, thin; f epistome pointed, as in Trichopsidea,

* In Wandolleck's figure of A. macula, Wd. (/. c. p. 247, fig. 2), a Brazilian
species, the discal cell is prolonged narrowlj' to tlie wing-margin, remaining
open througli the failure of the lower branch of the 4th vein to meet the lower
prong of the upper branch. The species seems abnormal, as the 2nd longi-
tudinal 7ein is either absent or the 3rd vein must be unforked. Also in the
basal angle of the last posterior cell is a very small quadrate additional cell.

t I follow Lichtwardt in stating that the face has long hair, but I have not
noted this fact in describing my nivca. In any case in my type of that species
the palpi are perfectly obvious.

156 NEMESTBINID^.

Dicrotrnpana^ and Stjmmictus. i Eyes in S contiguous for some
distance, upper facets larger than lower ones ; vertex very small,
tliree ocelli on small prominent tubercle. Antennae short, of normal
Nemestrinid type ; 1st joint cylindrical, 2ud half as long as Ist,
3rd globular, with apical bristle longer than the whole antenna.
AVings with auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins very long, straight,
close together, ending at a littla distance before wing-tip ;
2nd vein beginning at lialf the wing's length, straight ; 3rd begin-
ning immediately at'terwai'ds, projected diagonally downwards,
anastomosing as usual with 4th vein, forking shortly beyond;
4th vein with upper branch forked, the In-anches of 3rd and
4tli veins all parallel with 2tKl vein and with hind margin of
wing; all ending above wing-tip, except the lowest, which ends
exactly there ; lower branch joining upper oue just before forking
of latter; 5th A^ein rather peculiarly forked, so that the shape of
the last posterior cell at base is that of a slightly curved cone ;
posterior cross-vein absent; anal cell open, axillary vein long.
Two submarginal and five posterior cells, 4th closed.

122. Ceylonia magnifica, LWd. (PI. II, fig. 23.)

Ccylonia magnijica, I^iclitwardt, Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 646, c? (1909).
Atriadopsnivea, Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 477, (^ (1912).

S . Head blackish grey ; palpi thin, small, of same colour ; eyes
brown, very large, contiguous for half the distance from the very
small vertex (bearing three small ocelli) to base of antennje, the
first two joints of which are brown (3rd joint missing); underside
of head with some grey hairs. Thorax thickly clothed with pale
yellowish-grey hairs, which become white on the sides. Abdomen
thickly clothed with pale yellowish-white hairs, which, seen in
front, appear silvery white ; venter dark grey, with grey hairs.
Legs dark reddish brown. Wings clear, narrowly dark brown at
base ; also a narrow, irregular but clearly-cut stripe across the
middle from the costa nearly to the hind border; a second wider
similar band towards tip, which reaches the hind margin, spreading
over both sides of the "diagonal" vein, and connected along the
costa with a small apical spot, and proximally less distinctly with
the median band, leaving a well-marked clear oblong spot between
the 1st and 2iid longitudinal veins; a small brown spot on wing-
margin at tip of 5th longitudinal vein and a larger one at tip
of 6th.

Length, 12 mm.

The species was described originally by Lichtwardt from a single
S from Pundaluoya, Ceylon (Green), in the British Museum.
At the time of describing my nii'ea I had overlooked this author's
paper on Oriental Nemestrinid.t;, and the description given
here is that of the type of my species from a single c? in my
collection from Haldumulla, Ceylon (Green) .

CYKTICli. 157

Family CYRTIDJE.

Head very small, subglobular, almost wholly consisting of the
enormous eyes, which tire contiguous in both sexes ; vei'tex very
small ; frons generally very small. Proboscis varying from very
thin and elongate (as in some Bombyliidye) to very short or
obsolete; palpi generally obsolete. Antennae approximate at
base, placed in some genera well above, in others well below the
middle line of the head, 3-jointed, variable in shape, 1st joint
sometimes minute.

Thorax greatly humped ; prothorax sometimes (Philopotinte,
non-Oriental) enormously developed; pubescence moderately
thick, sometimes furry ; scutellum large, without bristles ; meta-
uotum generally concealed by it.

Abdomen very broad and gibbous, often quite globular and
pellucid, normally 5-segmented ; pubescence variable ; genitalia
inconspicuous.

Legs simple, comparatively short, rarely « ith a short blunt spur
on middle tibiie, or with one developed and one less developed spur
on posterior tibiae, or a circlet of very short spines on front tibia ;
3 pulvilli; empodium as pad-like as outer pulvilli; claws Ion"-.
The entire body is wholly devoid of spines or strong bristles.

Wings diverging and deflexed when at rest, longer in 2 than in
d" ; venation very characteristic, but a general interpretation of
its varied forms \A0uld be out of place here, as only four genera
are Oriental. Ambient vein at times quite absent, even above
the wing-tip; auxiliary and 1st veins long, 2nd vein often absent-
praefurca beginning about opposite the base of the discal cell •
anterior cross-vein near base of discal cell, sometimes very short
or absent; 3rd longitudinal A'ein generally forked ; posterior cross-
vein present or absent, 4th vein with manifold ramifications ; 5th
vein generally forked; anal vein present, sometimes weak and, with
the axillary vein, possibly absent. Technically two submarginal
cells and from three (sometimes apparently only two, owino- to
the dividing vein being obsolete) to five posterior cells. The
venation in this family is, perhaps, not thorougldy understood
yet.* Thoracic squamae enormously developed and very promi-
nent, wrinkled, and generally pubescent, their size beino- one of
the chief characters of the famil)^

Ltfe-Mstori/. The metamorphoses of several species are knownf
the larvae being parasitic in the egg-cocoons or the abdomens of
spiders. The larva is amphineustic (though Kcinig describes that
of Oncodes as metapneustic), short, thick, 12-segmented, with very

* See Vei-rall, Brit. Flies, v, p. 447 et seq.

t Ai^tomolla lindeiiii, Eriobs., Brauer, Verb, zool.-bot. Gres. Wien, xix p. 737
pi. xiii, figs. 1-6 (1869), and in Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. xlvii, pi. v, Qa's. 89-92
(1883). Oncodes pallipcs, Latr., Menge, Scbrift. Danzig. Natiir. Ges.''i, p. 37
(1866); Oncodes fmnatus, Eriehs., Brauer, Verb, zool.-bof. Gres. Wien xix
p. 737 (1869). Henopi hmnneus, Huttou, Maskell, Traus. Proe N Zeal'
Inst, sx, p. 1U6, pi. x(1888).

158 CYllTID^.

small head and small mouth-parts ; the posterior spiracles accom-
panied by peculiar large plates. Pupa free, with a median longi-
tudinal row of spines on dorsum of thorax. Lundbeck writes
of one species : — ^" The larva was lying in the abdomen of a Cteniza
ariana with the terminal spiracles in one of the lungs of the
Cteniza. Before pupation the larva left tlie now dead Arachnid
and transformed in the nest." Stein and Kiinig state that the
eggs of some species are deposited on branches of trees, also that
the young larvie possess considerable leaping powers.

The globular shape of the CiRTioyE with the very large
squamse and characteristic venation stamp the members of this
family with a facies peculiarl)^ their own, except for a few short,
hump-backed Bombyliid/E, but from these the three (not two)
pulvilli and the venation at once separate them.

This family is by some authors called the Achocekid.e, but the
name is " absolutely contradictory to most of the genera"
(Verrall). The term Cyrtid.e was used as far back as 1841, the
genus Gyrtus antedates Acrocera, and the family name is sup-
ported by Verrall, Osten-8acken, and others.*

The range of the family is world-wide, but only about two
huudred species are known.

Table of Subfamilies.

Prothoracic plates enormously developed, uuited
dorsally, forming a large shield between meso-

notimi and neck PHiLOPOTiNiE,p.l58.

Prothoracic plates not conspicuously developed.
Third auteunal joint long and strap-shaped ;

no trace of style or apical bristle Panopinje, p. 160.

Third antennal joint generally short ; apical

bristle or stiff hairs always present .... Cyrttn.^, p. 163.

There are different views as to the location of some of the
genera, as to their synonymy and their limits. I follow Verrall
in keeping Pterodontia in Cyktiwje.

Subfamily PHILOPOTIN^.

The principal character is the enormous development of the
prothoracic plates. Only one species is Oriental.

Genus PHILOPOTA, Wied.
Philopota, Wiedemann, Ausser. Zweifl. ii, p. 17 (1830).
Genotype, Philopota conica, Wied. (Brazil).
Head much puffed out behind eyes; three ocelli f; eyes con-

* The family has been called by various other names by different authors ;
Inplat^e, for instance, and Oncodid.e, Kertesz even retaining this latter name
to the present day.

t According to Wiedemann ; the lower ocellus in my species is not discernible,
but it is impossible to state definitely that it is not present.

THILOPOTA. 159

tiguous, pubescent; froiis slightly prominent on lower part;
antennae elongate, porrect, approximate and bulbiforra at base',
situated immediately above base of proboscis, 3rd joint with apical
bristle. Proboscis very long and thin, projected below the bodv
to a considerable distance. Thorax with pVothoracic lobes enor-
mously developed, prominent, their inner angles touching one
another. Abdomen conical (conica, Wied., type) or rounded
(viridcenea). Legs of moderate length and size, of the normjil
Cyrtid type. Wings with auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins
long, nearly parallel, prsefurca beginning just before middle of
wing ; 2nd longitudinal vein long, ending much above wing-tip;
3rd vein simple, dying away a longdistance from border of wing;
anterior cross-vein present; 4th vein simple, nearly straight,'
almost attaining border; 5th vein simple, twice bent towards tip,'
anal vein long, reaching wing-border.*

Range. South Europe, Asia Minor, India, Japan, Mexico, and
South America.

The above is an attempt at an augmented description of the
genus, as AV^iedemann's was so short.t When additional species
are known a further description may be given.

123. Philopota viridsenea, sp. nov.

Sead much, extended behind the eyes, the surface shining aeneous
green, closely punctured, covered \\\t\\ rather dense, moderately
short, yellow pubescence; eyes touching from just below the
small vertex bearing the ocelli, + and with moderately short, not
dense, dark brown pubescence, facets of unirorm size; fz-ons of
moderate size, flush with eyes at apex, but rather prominent on
lower part, dark shining blackish brown, more or less yellow on
lower margin; antenna? elongate oval, dark shining brown, with
long, yellow, translucent style; cheeks blackish grey; the large,
smooth, oval, shining black base of the proboscis beginning just
below the antennae; the rest of the proboscis bright yellowrbare,
in length reaching under the body to tip of abdomen, t'he tip
widely bifid. Thorax with the entire surface of dorsum and sides
and of scutellum, shining reneous green, closely punctured, covered'
with very short yellow pubescence. Prothoracic lobes very large
and prominent, subtriangular, their inner angles contiguous, the
upper angles tipped with yellow. Abdomen aeneous green, closely
punctured, with very short 3^ellow pubescence, which on the last
two segments and towards sides of previous segment is changed
to greyish ; extreme side-margins of most of the segments

* Verrall suggests a different reading of the veins, calling them in order
auxdiary, 1st and 3rd longitudinals, and 4th vein (forked, the anterior cross-
vein being therefore absent).

t " Antennre porrect, approximate, small, inserted above base of proboscis
bnlbiforni, bristles apical. Proboscis elongate, deflexed before thorax Eves
contiguous, hairy. Tbree ocelli. Abdomen conical."

X Only the two upper ones are obvious ; there should be three.

160 CIRTID^.

narrowly brownish yellow ; venter dull seneous, with short whitish
pubescence ; genitalia concealed, somewhat yellowish. Legs black-
ish with short grey pubescence ; femora black, extreme base and
nearly the apical half yellow ; rest of legs wholly yellow ; ail legs
with very short inconspicuous pale pubescence ; the three yellow
pulvilli and the black claws distinct. Wings yellowish grey,
considerably iridescent and rippled; veins in anterior part ot"
wing black and distinct, the remainder yellowish and less distinct.
Thoracic squamse enormous, grey, with short greyish pubescence
on disc and edge, sutticiently transparent for the larownish-yellow
halteres concealed below tliem to be seen.

Described from a perfect unique from Dungagali, 8000 ft.,
Hazara District, 21-22. v. 1915 {T. B. Fletcher).

Type sent to British Museum.

Subfamily PANOPIN^.

Little can be added to the characters given in the table. The
basal and discal cells are generally well defined.

Genus PIALEA, Ericlis.
Fialea, Erichson, Entomographica, i, p. 160 (1840).
Genotype, PlaJea lomata, Erichs. ; by original designation.

Body of the normal Cyrtid type. Head very small, mostly
occupied by the densely pubescent, contiguous eyes ; occiput
flattened, three ocelli ; proboscis very short, no obvious palpi.
Antennpe deflected, placed on the underside of a distinct tubercle
in the middle of face between the eyes ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
bristly, 3rd very large, elongate, leaf-shaped with obtuse tip, much
longer than two basal joints together. Thoracic squamae enor-
mously developed. Abdomen thick, oblong, conical, longer than
thorax, densely pubescent, 6-segmented. Legs of normal Cyrtid
type, tibiae ending in a small blunt tooth-like projection on inner
side. Wings of moderate size, slightly elongate ; costa ending at
tip of lower branch of 3rd vein, immediately before wing-tip ;
auxiliary vein ends at from two-thirds of wing (aitrlpila) to nearly
end* of wing (hitescens) : 1st longitudinal vein very long; 2ad
begins at one-fourth of the wing, straight or gently curved towards
tip, ending just beyond 1st; 3rd begnis very near origin of 2nd,
widely forked towards tip, nearly straight, with lower branch
ending below wing-tip (lutesceiis), or bent upuards, both branches
ending before wing-tip {auyipila); anterior cross-vein very near
origin of 3rd vein, at basal end of the elongate discal cell; 4th
vein with apparently both branches forked, upper prong of upper
branch closing the 1st posterior cell and giving the appearance of
another discal cell in front of and parallel with the true one. In
lutescens upper prong of lower branch throwing off a veiulet

PIALEA. 161

closing disoal cell (oi* it may be regarded as a discal cross-vein) ;
in awipila, if such veinlet is a discal cross-vein, the 4th vein's
lower branch is not forked, joining upper branch of 5th a little
before margin of wing. Posterior cross-vein short; 5th vein
forked, lower branch closing anal cell ; axillary vein present (at
least in awij^ila). Three submai-ginal cells ; three or four posterior
cells (first and last closed).*

Range. The ouly other known species {P. lomata) is from
Brazil.

Life-history unknown.

124. Pialea auripila, Bnm. (PI. II, figs. 24, 25.)

Pialea auripila, Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 472 (1912).

S . Head about half the full height of the thorax ; eyes closely
touching from the extremely small vertex to the base of the
antenna), rather densely covered with long brownish-yellow hair ;
vertical triangle with tliree ocelli, slightly elevated; occiput much
flattened, with brownish-yellow hairs ; proboscis very short, sub-
conical, blackish, with some yellow hairs at tip; palpi not obvious ;
frontal triangle black, very small, projecting over basal joints of
antennae, which are short, a little broader at tip, blacldsh, with
black bristles; the third joint of the shape of an elongated leaf,
flattened, with obtuse tips, three times as long as the two basal
joints together, yellowish, with dark brown lower margins.
Thorax high, robust, nearly quadrate ; ground-colour dark shining-
brown, closely covered with rather long thick bright golden-yellow
hair. Scutellum and metanotum concolorous in ground-colour and
hair with the dorsum ; sides of thorax dull yellowish, with long
thick golden-yellow hair; a little brownish hair is intermixed here
and there with the yellow hair of the thorax. Abdomen robust,
thickened, longer than thorax, oblongo-conical, tip pointed.
Brownish yellow; 1st segment very short; the dorsum of each
segment mainly occupied by a large serai-circvilar dark brown
spot at base, and extending in the middle of the segment to the
hind margin, leaving the sides of the segments mainly yellow;
5th and 6th segments all black, the latter very small. Venter
blackish brown, practically bare, emargination of segments
narrowly yellow. The whole upper side of the abdomen with
bright golden-yellow hail', which is brownish towards the tip.
Legs with coxa) half as long as femora, yellowish, with pale yellow
hairs. Tibiae (which are a little longer than the femora) and tarsi
black, with blackish-brown hairs; underside of tibiae brownish
yellow, and emarginatious of the tarsal joints below narrowly
yellovi'ish ; tibiae a little broadened at tips, where they end in a
small blunt tooth-like projection on the outer side. Tarsi a little
longer than tibiae, base of metatarsus (which is equal in length to

* Mj reading of the venation in my description of P. auripila was sh'ghtly
faulty, the present interpretation being more probably correct.

M

162 CyRTIDiE.

the rest of the tarsus) pale yellow. Whu/s barely as long as
abdomen, rather broad, tip rounded, pale grey ; costal vein very
distinct, ending at tip of lower branch of 3rd vein, immediately
before the extreme tip of the wing; auxiliary (subcostal) and 1st
longitudinal veins thick, the former ending at about two-thirds
of the wing, the latter a little beyond it, both neai'ly straight,
distinctly separate (though approximate) fi'om just beyond the
humeral cross-vein; the 2nd and 3rd longitudinals with the
anterior ci'oss-vein have the apj^earance of springing from a
common stem (or else the 3rd longitudinal and the anterior cross-
vein spring simultaneously from the 2nd vein at a little beyond its
base) ; 2nd vein nearly straight, but curved upward at its tip, to
thecosta; 3rd vein nearly straight, and in a straight line with
the praeFurca, forking widely towards its tip, and becoming
suddenly much thinner, both branches ending in the costa
distinctly before the wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein short, near
base of discal cell; 4th longitudinal vein forking just before
anterior cross-vein ; upper branch nearly straight for more than
half its length, thence with a slight curve, forked, the upper

Fio-. 10.- -Pialea auripila, Uniii., Fig. 11.- Vhilni auripila, Bnin..

antemni. wing.

prong erect, closing 1st posterior cell, lower prong running to
wiuo--margin ; lower branch of 4th vein also comparatively
straight, forked so widely towards its tip that the prongs are
nearly in the same straight line with one another, upper one
closing discal cell, lower one joining upper branch of 5th vein
towards its tip, closing 3rd posterior cell. Posterior cross-vein
very short, placed at about middle of discal cell ; 5th vein
thickened, forked near its junction with posterior cross-vein ;
lower branch closing anal cell. First basal cell rather large and
broad, bounded distally by the anterior cross-vein ; 2nd basal
cell much longer and narrower, bounded distally by the posterior
cross-vein; discal cell elongate, about 3^ times as long as its
greatest breadth. The 1st submarginal cell nearly as long as the
marginal and narrowed at wing-margin ; 2nd submarjiinal cell
smaU, subtriangular. The 1st posterior cell embraces the wing-
tip, but the upper prong of the upper branch of the 4th vein
divides the cell at two-thirds of its length ; 2nd posterior cell
large, of irregular shape ; 3rd closed, much m ider distally ; 4th
subtriangular, formed by the brandies of the 5th vein ; anal vein
slightly curved ; axillary vein short, axillary cell large. Alulae

LASIA. 163

very small ; squamae pale y'^Ho^isl), tlie upper ones small, the
lower ones very large and pubescent. Halteres yellowish.

Length, 12 mm.

Described from a single perfect S in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 6000 ft., 26. viii. 1909 (D'Abreu).

This species is undoubtedly a PUdea, though it offers a slight
variation from the venation of the type species,* and the shape
of tlie abdomen is difierent. In my remark after my original
description of auripiki about Westwood's figure of the antennae,
I overlooked his statement in his description of the tubeicie on
the face and the fact that tlie antennae are placed on the under-
side of it. This fact further convinces me that my species is
correctly placed in Pialea.

Subfamily CYRTIN^.

Prothorax not forming a dorsal shield in front of mesonotum.
Third anteunal joint normally short, with apical arista or hair-
like rays.

Three genera are Oriental, and are easily distiuguished as
follows : —

An additional cell in wino- above the discol and

about as long T>ahja, Wd., p. 163.

No such cell.

Costa with an angular projection at tip of 1st

longitudinal vein; antenna! tip with three [p. 165.

stiff hairs, or a style bearing three such hairs. Ptkrouontia, Gray,
Costa without such projection ; antennte ending [p. 168.

in a long arista Oncodks, Latr.,

Genus LASIA, Wied.\

Lasia, Wiedemann, Analec. Entom.p. 11 (1824); id., Ausser. Zweid.

i, p. 329 (1828).
MesopJiysa, Macqnart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 2, p. 166 (1838).

Verte.vistem7)ia, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) iv, p. 65 (1856).

Verticistemuia, Bigot, op. cit. vii, p. 200 (1859).

Genotype, Lasia splendens, "Wied. (Brazil).

Body of the usual Cyrtid type. Head with eyes bare, con-
tiguous in both sexes, facets very small, of uniform size ; no
ocelli; proboscis from a little sliorter to a little longer than the
body, narrow, cylindrical ; palpi apparently absent or obsolete.
Antennae 3-jointed, porrect, approximate at base, diverging; 1st
joint cylindrical, short ; 2nd broader than 1st, wider towards the

=^ P. lomata, Ericbs. (as P. lutescens, Westw., sp. nov.) Trans. Ent, Soc.
Lond. (1876) pi. vi. This is ilie only other known species, and is from Br izil.

t Kertesz in his catalogue ranks Lasia as synonymous with I'anops, Lam.
CAnn. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. iii, p. 203, 1804). Nearly all the species have been
described under Lasia, and, as Verrall accepts it without comment, I follow
him. It is a moot point if Lasia should belong to the Panopin.e or Cyrtinjj.

m2

1G4 ctktid.t:.

bluntly truncate lip ; 3i d elongate lance-sliaped, bare, shining,
produced into a long style, which is longer tlian the entire
antenna. Thorax and abdomen densely pubescent. Legs of
moderate length, simple, Winr/s with auxiliary vein ending
about middle of costa ; 1st longitudinal ending towards wing-tip,
ne!ii-]y straight; 2nd starting soon after humeral cross-vein,
nearly parallel with 1st, both slightly upturned at tips; 3rd
beginning immediately beyond base of 2nd, descending in a
straight .ine diagonally across the wing, forking abruptly beyond
its middle, the two branches curving upwards, practically parallel,
ending above wing-tip; 2nd subniarginal cell truncate at base;
anterior cross-vein just beyond origin of 3rd vein, very near base
of discal cell, short ; upper branch of 4th longitudinal vein
forked at tip of discal cell, at which point a short transvei'se vein
connects with the forking of the 3rd vein ; lower branch of 4th
vein simple, suddenly recurrent towards tip, ending jointly with
u|)per branch of 5th vein at about middle of hind border of wing ;
di^cal cross-vein long, closing discal cell ; 5th vein forked at half
its length ; upper branch meeting 4th vein at middle of discal
cell ; lower branch closing anal cell well before margin ; posterior
cross-vein absent, axillary vein foreshortened. Two submarginal
cells ; five posterior cells, 1st divided by a transverse vein,* 4th
closed. Squamse veiy large.

Rnnge. Europe, India, Australia, North and South America.

Life-Jiistorii apparently unknown.

The present description is built up mainly on L. aurata^ as the
genus does not appear to have been diagnosed since Wiedemann
founded it. Some of the characters herein given may require
modification, as no other species is available for comparison.

125. Lasia aurata, sp. nov.

Head with vertical triangle black, roughened, elevated, with
long chrome-yellow, rather drooping, bristly hairs; eyes black,
facets very small, of uniform size, with no trace of any transverse
channels across the discs; frontal triangle elevated, black, shining,
bare. Antennal 1st and 2nd joints bright yellow, short; 2nd

* In liis 7iotea on the genus Lai^ia (Brit. Flies, v, p. 450) Verrall distinctly
states that tlie extra cell " is a second porlion of the upper basal cell and iwt -a
basal [lart of tlie 1st posterior cell," and he compares the venation with that
of the NioiESTarNiDyK, but I venture to think that the anterior cross-vein (also
recognised by Verrall as such) cannot be placed in the basal ceil, but must,
when present, invariably divide the 1st basal from the 1st posterior cell. It
seems to me that tlio short, cross-vein connecting the ord and 4th veins in
Lasia and one or two other genera in this fauiily {Kid.07irJins, Ptempextis,
etc.), represents the ]ioint at which in the NEMESTRiNin-E the 3rd and 4tli veins
anastomose, wliicli in tliat family occurs in contact with the discal cell and
not distinctly beyond it as in CvRTiDiE. Even if in Nemestrinid^ this
usually punctiform contact is replaced by a shoit cross-vein, it should be
regarded as identical with the same extra cross-vein in Cvrtid.e and
not as the anterior cross-vein, which would, therefore, be wholly absent in

NeMESTR!NII)/K.

LYSIA. — PTKUODONTIA. 1G5

subcylindrical, narrower at base, tip almost rounded; 3fd shining
chestnut- brown, base yellowish, lance-sliaped, the tip drawn out
into a long concolorous style, which is about as long as the whole
antenna; 2nd joint with yellow hairs. l""ace, except immediately
below antennae, deeply sunken between the eyes, shining black,
bare, narrower on upper part; occiput grey, covered aloug rhe
margin apparently with loug bristly bright yellow scale-like
pubescence.* Thorax moderately shining black on disc, with
apparently a slight jeneous tinge, the dark colour extending
forward in a broad baud to anterior margin ; rest of dorsum
bright yellow, including shoulders, humeri, and mesopleurse ;
ground-colour of scutelluui brownish yellow, tliat of reuuiiuder
of the pleurae grey or yellowish grey ; whole thoracic dorsum,
scutellum, and pleurae covered with tiense long bright yellow
bristly scale-like pubescence, Avliich becomes a little paler over
shoulders aud lower ])art of sides of thorax, and more orange over
scutellum and on hinder part of thoracic dorsum. Abdomen
yellowish brown, lighter on 1st segment and deeper on ;^id and
4th; all segments with a well-defined lemon-yellow hind border
of moderate width, broadest and least well-defined on 1st and 5th
segments, on which latter it occupies more than half tlie surface.
Whole dorsal surface covered with moderately short light brown
pubescence, and towards tip some microscopic ])ale yellow depressed
hairs. Venter mainly yellowish, with a blackish median band on
hinder part and some transverse black marks on 3rd and 4th and
following segments ; genitalia inconspicuous, hidden. Lec/s w holly
lemon-yellow with short soft concolorous pubescence. Winr/s
practically clear to base, distinctly ribbed ; veins brown ; thoracic
squamae pale yellow, with long briglit yellow fringe.

Described from a single specimen in the British Museum,
labelled simply " Iiid."

Genus PTERODONTIA, Gra>/.

Pterodontia, Gray in Griffith's Anira. Kingd. xv, p. 779 (1832).
Fteredontia, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, ii, p. 514 (1835).

Genotype, Pterodontia flavipes, Gray ; by original designation.

Body of the normal Cyrtid type, pubescent. Head extremely
small, nearly wholly occupied by the eyes, which are v<-ry large,
contiguous in both sexes, densely pubescent; three ocelli; mouth-
opening more or less concealed ; proboscis short. Antt^nnoe
situated at bottom of head, 3-jointed; 1st cylindrical, 2nd short,
3rd conical, with (according to Macquart) a long bare style, but
in P. dorsalis with three very long tine stiff hairs.t Thoracic
lobes developed ; thoracic squama? enormously so. Abdomen

* The head is so closely affixed to the tliorax that it is difficult to state
■whether the adjacent pubescence belongs to the thorax or the occiput.

t These might easily cling together, giving the appearance of a long bare
etyle.

166 CYRTID.'D.

short, rounded, very thick, 6-segmeiited. Legs of normal Cyrtid
type; tibise endnifi in a well-developed blunt spine on front side,
with a smaller less developed one on inuer side. Three pulvilli
greatly developed ; claws long and strong. Wings with a very
conspicuous iingular projection in the costa at tip of 1st longi-
tudinal vein, at about three-fourtlis the length of the wing, the
costa being considerably thickened at the spot ; auxiliary vein
ending in costa at about middle of wing; 2nd vein beginning just
before middle of wing, curving upwards towards its tip and
eiuling only just beyond tip of 1st vein ; 3rd vein beginning soon
after origin of 2nd, simple, forming a decided upward curve and
ending much before the wing-tij), at which spot the costa ends;
anterior cross-vein absent ; forking of 4th vein enclosing a discal
cell, closed distally by the discul cross-vein ; posterior cross-vein
absent; 5th vein forked, tlie upper branch forming lower side of
disc.il cell ; anal cell closed ; axillary vein absent. One sub-
marginal and two posterior cells, the 1st exceedingly large,
embracing wing-tip.

Range. Europe, N. and Cent. America, Brazil, Somaliland,
Anstrala^ia.

Life-history unknown.

Macqnart gives a figure of a wing and head of Pterodontia* in
his Hist. Nat. Dipt. (])1. xxi, figs. 5 6 and.5ff, respectively), but
while the wing is of this genus, though very incorrectly drawn,
the head is that of an acalyptrate Muscid. and he acknowleges
this error later (Dipt. Exot. ii, p. 1), where he gives (pi. i, fig. 2)
a correct wing, and states that the acalyptrate previously figured
is Trigonosoma perilamjiiformis.

126. Pterodontia kashmirensis, Licld.

Pterodontia hashmireimx, Lichtwardt. Deut. Ent. Zeits. p. 124
(1909).

The two species described here are evidently very closely
allied, if not identical. Their only distinctions appear to be as
follows : —

Sides of thorax clay-yellow, with a round black

spi)t ; coxc'e all ])ale kashmirensis, Licht.

Sides uf thorax black, except me.?opleura, which

is lirownish yellow with a square black

spot : coxje blackish dorsolineata, Brun.

d". "Distinct by the globular body, the low-placed head, and
the reniarkably shaped wing; a conspicuous clay-yellow species
with black markings. Erora the head hindward runs a narrow
black stripe up to about one-third of the thorax, where it widens
into an .ival spot which reaches to the scutellum ; sides of thorax
clav-yeilow, with a distinct round black spot directly in front of
the wing-base ; scutellum bearing an elongate transverse middle

* P. ma<-qnarti , Westw. (Jlavipes, Macq., vec Gray).

PTERODONTIA, 167

spot, leaving a pale margin all round of uniform width; underside
of tliorax shining black. Abdomen with 1st segment wholly black ;
2nd broadlj black in the middle, s© that about one-fourth of the
segment on each side i-emains pale ; 3rd and 4th segments eacli
with a blackish triangular mark, with rounded angles and with the
apex directed backwards, both segments bearing also a black
rounded spot towards the anterior angles ; 5th segment wholly
black, except for a narrow yellow hind border with a tooth-like
extension in the middle ; 6th segment similar, with rather stout
genital organs. The yellow antennae, which are placed so low
that they touch the front coxae, consist, so far as can be seen, of
a cylindrical joint and a globular one, half as large as the 1st ; on
the latter is a yellow bristle, which at a magnification of 27 (Zeiss)
is seen to be composed of two hairs separated at the base. The
distinct ocelli are placed on the occipital margin almost directl}^
over the antennae; eyes very hairy. Whole body with short
pale pubescence, with which some darker hairs are intermixed
only on the blackish n)arkings and on the middle coxae. Legs
wholly pale ivory-yellow, with large yellow empodia, the claws
wide apart, black on the apical half. Wings hyaline, with yellow
veins, the costal projection rather pointed.

"The species is distinct from Pt. ivaxelii. King, with the type
of which in the Berlin Museum I have compared it, and from
Jiavipes, Macq.,by the entirely pale coxae and femora." {Lichtwardt.)

Length, 8 nun. : wings, 8 mm.

Xulu, Kashmir, 5000 ft.

Type (presumably) in Lichtwardt's collection.

127. Pterodontia dorsolineata, Bnm. (PI, II, figs. 26, 27.)

Pterodontia dorsolmeafa, Bninetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 475,
pi. xxxvii, figs. 8, 9, 10 (1912).

2 . Head with eyes very large, black, closely contiguous, rather
thickly pubescent ; occiput moderately puffed out, dark grey ;
vertex small, three dull red ocelli. Antennae yellowish, the three
joints nearly equal in length, but the 3rd rather the longest, with
three very long straight bristly hairs at tip. Proboscis distinct,
but short, cylindrical, pale yellow. Thorax brownish yellow, the
dorsum mainly occupied by a large black shining spot, which is
continued forward as a stripe as far as the anterior margin ; sides
of thorax black, except the mesopleura, which is brownish yellow,
with a square black spot in the middle. The whole thorax
covered with brown or yellowish hair, concolorous with the colour
of the surface, Scutellum brownish yellow, pubescent, with a
large basal, nearly circular, black spot. Abdomen brownish yellow ;
1st segment all black ; 2nd all black, except towards the sides ;
3rd, 4th, and 5th with a black spot on each segment, widest in
front, extending from fore to hind margin, except on the 5th
segment, where the spot fails to reach the latter; these spots

1G8 CYRTID.T).

form, with the black colour of the 2nd segment, a conspicuous,
clear-cut, dorsal band of irregular width ; 6th segment wholly
black; on each of the 2iid, 3vd, 4th, and 5th segments is :i
subquadrate black spot placed contiguous to the anterior and
lateral margins. Venter yellowish, the segments faintly emar-
ginate with brown, unmarked. The whole abdomen bears brow^n
or yellow pubescence, concolorous with the colour of the surface.
Legs wholly yellowish, except the blackish coxae. The middle
femora and tibiae are distinctly longer than tlie fore pair, and the
hind pair are proportionately longer than the middle pair. Tarsi
long; the anterior ones about equal in length, but the hind pair
are distinctly longer, proportionately. The tibiae end in a well-
developed (almost Bibio-\\ke) blunt spine on the front side, with
a smaller one (easily seen on the hiud legs only) on the inner side.
The pulvilli, three in number, elongate, very greatly developed;

Fig. 12. — Ptcrodontla dorsuUncata, Erun., wing.

the claws very long and strong, curved. Wings colourless, veins
yellow, venation normal ; upper squamae quite small, nearly
circular, lower pair very large, with a short yellow fringe, botli
practically colourless ; halteres black.

Length, 7 nnn.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Maymyo, 3800 ft., near Mandalay, Upper Burma, v. 1910 {H. L.
Andrewes).

This species must be very near and possibly identical with
Jcashmirensis, Licht.

Genus ONCODES, Latr.

Oncodes, Latreille, Precis Caiact. Gen. In.s. p. lo-l (1790).
Henops, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 226 (1803).

GEJTOTrPE, Musca gihhosa, L.; by original designation.

Ueacl nearly all eyes, which are larger in 6 than $, bai-e ;
vertex very small ; two ocelli ; frons slightly produced ; proboscis
and palpi apparently absent, the aperture closed by a membrane.
Antennae placed at extreme lower part of head, 2-jointed ; Lst
joint short, thick, cylindrical ; 2nd oval, ending in a long thin
arista-like style, dilated at base, and with a hair-like bristle at
tip. Thorax spherical ; humeral, prealar, and postalar calli large,
but not very conspicuous ; pubescence moderately dense ; scutel-
lum large, with very deep rounded margin, leaving only a small
disc ; metanotum rather small. Thoracic squamae enormous, with

ONCODES. 169

dense pubescence ; alar squama; witli soft down ; balteres short.
Abdomen dorsally arched, lower side more or less flat, 5-segniented ;
short ovate in 6, short and round in §; pubescence moderate;
genitaba concealed. Ler/s rather short and stout, simple, no
spurs, tarsi with 1st and 5th joints longer than the others ;
pulvilli and claws distinct. Wings in (S short, in $ larger and
longer, venation imperfect, the veins failing to reach the margin;
2nd longitudinal vein absent, 3rd nearly straiglit, unforked,
projected in a direction much below wing-tip: anterior cross-
vein apparently present, though weak ; 4th vein forked, lower
branch again forked ; 5th vein forked widely, the upper bi'ancb
sharply angled, at which poiut it seems anastomosed «ith the
lowest branch of the 4th vein, so it is difficult to say if the
posterior cross-vein is present or not ; * anal and axillary veins
present, weiik. Two basal cells, fairly distinct ; no discal cell ;
posterior cells merged in the open hind part of wing ; anal cell
open owing to the foreshortened anal vein.

Range. Europe, N. America, N. Africa, Asia, Australasia.

Life-liistonj of two or moi'e European species more or less
known. t

Table of Sj^ecies.

1. Abdomen without bands fusais, Bruu., p. 171.

Abdomen with pale transverse bands 2. [p. 17(3.

2. Conspicuous pale spots on abdomen octoinaculatas, JSrun.,

Without abdominal spots ;j.

3. Posterior corners of thorax and hind margin [p. 171.

of scutellum distinctly pale rnfomarginat'iis, sp. n.,

These parts not pale 4.

4. Thorax mnnarked ; wings brownish yellow; [sp. n., p. 171.

basal half of tibiae tawny ; length 5 mm. . . anijustimaryinatus,
Thorax with two tawny stripes ; wings clear ;
legs black, except coxje below and knees ;
length 3 mm costalis, Walk., p. 169.

128. Oncodes costalis. Walk.

Henops costalis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 203 (1852).

"Head black; feelers tawny ; cliest and breast pitchy, clotlied
with pale tawny hairs ; chest adorned with a tawny border and
two tawny sti'ipes ; abdomen pitchy ; hind borders of the segments
whitish ; legs pitchy ; hips beneath, knees, and fore feet tawny ;
wings colourless, wing-ribs and veins dark tawny ; veins partly
pitchy along the fore border ; scales pale grey, witli tawny borders.
Length of the bod}-^ 1^ lines, of the wings, 3 lines. East Indies."
{Walker.)

A specimen is in the British Museum, labelled simply " Ind.,'
and I am informed that it probably came from India proper.

* Verrall snys it is absent,
t See p. 1.57.

170 CYiiTiD.i:.

129. Oncodes octomaculatus, Bnm. (PI. II, figs. 28, 29.)

Oncodes octotnaculafus, Brimetti, Rec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 476 (1912).

cJ . Head with eyes very dark reddish brown, bare; vertex and
back of head blackish ; two ocelh present. Antennae noi'mal
(apparently, as they are not properly visible), terminated by along
arista, which is slightly thickened at the base, and is thinnest in
the middle, the tip provided with two minute stiff hairs. Thorax
brownish yellow, with three dorsal clear-cut black stripes of
moderate and equal width, the median one attaining the anterior
margin, the outer ones considerably foreshortened ; hinder part of
dorsum all blackish, the colour extending to the scutellum ; the
metauotum brownish yellow ; a short black streak (which in one
specimen forms nearly a complete circle) on each side in front,
below each shoulder, sometimes joined to the tips of the outer
dorsal stripe ; a small blackish mark afc base of wing, and the
underside of the thorax mainly blackish. Thorax with a little
light yellow pubescence generally distributed both on dorsum and
sides. Abdomen mainly blackish, with light yellowish pubescence ;

Fig. I'd. — Oncodes octo/aacidatus, Bnin., wing.

hind margins of segments narrowly pale yellowish white, the
colour widest on 5th segment ; 2nd segment with two large oval
greyish-white spots nearly filling the dorsum, but quite clear of
tlie borders in all directions ; 3rd and 4th segments each with a
pair of moderate-sized brownish-yellow spots, one on each side of
the middle ; 5th segment with an elongated similarly coloured
spot, clear of the borders in all directions, and nearly filling the
segment ; Gth segment much smaller, practically a replica of
the 5th ; lateral margins of each segment occupied b}^ a shining
black elongate spot, which does not overlap the pale hind niargin.
Venter pale yellowish ; sometimes (in one example) a black spot
towards the lateral margins as on dorsal surface. Legs brownish
yellow ; hind ])air with coxa? more or less at base, femora at base
and a broad subapical band, and tibise and tarsi almost wholly,
brown or blackish. Winris yellowish grey ; venation normal ;
squama) dirty grey, shortly and closely pubescent, and of the
normal enormous size.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from two S S in the Indian Museum, from Igat-
puri, Western Ghats, Bombay Presidency, 20. xi. 1909 {Annan-
dale); Nasik, Bombay Pres., iii. 1911.

ONCODES. 171

130. Oncodes fuscus, Brun.

Oncodes fuscus, Bruuetti, IJec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 477 (1912).

? 2 . Head wholly blackish ; eyes closely contiguous ; vertex a
little ijrouiineut; two ocelli; some black hairs on the rather
puffed-out occiput. Arista pale yellowisli, nearly transparent,
shaped as in 0. octohiaculatus, Brun. Thorax wholly dark shining
brown, with greyish-brown pubescence. Abdomen, dark nut-
brown, with greyish-brown pubescence ; the sides and venter a
little darker; bind margins of segments with a trace of a narrow
black border. Legs uniformly brownish yellow ; coxte darker
brown. Wim/s colourless, the stronger veins brownish yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indinn Museum from
yahelwa, Eahraich District, United Provinces, India, 2. iii, 1909.

I'rom the relatively smaller size of the head and the more
puffed-out occiput 1 infer that the preseut specimen is a $ .

In the Pusa collectioji is an Oncodes representing a new species
allied to fuscus from Bengal, but the abdomen is missing.

131. Oncodes angustiniarginatus, sp. nov.

Bead with frons and antennae brownish yellow; eyes and vertex
black ; occiput blackish, with a row of bristly black'bairs tov\ards
the margin. Thorax moderately shining black, covered with
moderately short, rather dense, brownish-yellow pubescence;
scutellum similar. Abdomen moderately shining black, with
minute black pubescence ; hind margins of all segments clearly
defined, narrowly cream-yellovvish ; venter mainly yellow, basal
part black. Ler/s shining black, minutely pubescent ; basal half of
all tibiae brownish yellow, the colour rather more extended on inner
side ; tarsi dark brownish black, more than the basal half of meta-
tarsi brownish yellow, claws black. Winr/s distinctly brownish
yellow, veins very dark brown ; thoracic squamae shining black,
with minute yellow pubescence; bnlteres yellow, knobs black.

Lemjth, 5 mm.

Describetl from a single specimen in the British Museum from
Pirivipancheram, Ceylon, 21. i. 1892 (Col. Yerbury). A note
adds: — "Only example seen; at top of hill, found near form of
a sambur." A second specimen from Pusa, G.xii. 1911, with the
thorax all black.

132. Oncodes rtifomarginatus, sp. nov.

Head with eyes black ; the triangular frons blackish, with
microscopic grey pubescence; extreme margin white-dusted.
Antennte with 1st and 2nd joints black, with microscopic grey
pubescence; 3rd of normal shape, basal swollen part shining
brownish black, remainder brownish yellow. Thorax moderately
shining black; dorsum wholly covered with fairly dense, pale

172 CYRTID.K.

yellowish-grey pubescence, which extends over the upper pleurse
uud the scutelluni ; the large posterior calli reddisli brown, as is
the posterior margin of the scutelluni wholly (type) or iu part
(cotype); a similarly coloured spot on pleurae about halfway
between base of wing and middle coxae ; lower part of pleurae
blackish grey, bare of pubescence, but with microscopic grey dust.
Abdomen with ground-colour black, surface slightly roughened ;
the very short 1st segment with an extremely narrow bone-white
hind margin ; remainder of segments with similarly coloured hind
margins, narrowest on 2nd segment, especially in the middle,
broadest on 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments ; the white margin does
not reach the actual sides of the dorsal plates (except on 5th and
perhaps Gth segments), though a fine pale yellowish-white line
does actually continue right through to the extreme edge. The
side-margin of the dorsal plate is occupied by a moderately broad
black baud, which practically dies away just beyond middle of
5tli segment. Venter mainly bone-white ; base of most segments
blackish brown, narrowly in middle and broadly towards sides,
leaving a whitish stripe below the black side-margins of the dorsal
plates ; towards each side of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments
is a rather large reddish-brown spot, fairly well demarcated from
the black and bone-white parts. Legs with coxse and about basal
two-thirds of anterior femora and three-fourths of hind pair
shining black, remainder reddish brown; tibiffi i-eddish brown,
about middle half of hind pair blackish ; all tarsi black. Wings
absolutely clear and transparent practically to the extreme base ;
veins yellow, costa dark brown ; thoracic sqiiamse ])ale dirty
white, with whitish microscopic pubescence and a very narrow
pale yellowMsh border; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, type G mm., cotype 4 J mm.

Described from two specimens in the British Museum from
Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon, IS. v. 1891 (tupe), and 14. viii. 1891
( Yerhurij).

In the cotype the reddish-brown spots towards the sides of the
abdomen are less well delimited; the general ground-colour of
the abdomen is more nearly very dark brown than black ; the
pale hind border on the 2nd segment is broader than in the type;
and the red on the scutellar hind border is confined to the central
part. This specimen bears a label: " rare, seated on grass stalks."'

On comparing the present form with the very lengthy description
of O. gihbosus given by A^errall, the agreement is certainly striking ;
but, though that author says he examined a large number of speci-
mens, he makes no mention of the very conspicuous reddish-
brown posterior calli and hind margin to the scutellum. It seems
justifiable, therefore, to regard the present form as a distinct
species.

BOMBYLIir).^. 173

Family BOMBYLIID.^.

Head rounded or transverse, generally narrower than, some-
times as wide as, rarely wider tlian thorax, and set closely on it;
frons and face not sunk between the eyes, occiput generally en-
larged posteriorly, except in Systropin.i: ; ocelli present. Eyes
bare, usually contiguous or subcontiguous in the J , but in
Anthracix.t; always considerably separated in both sexes, but
sometimes more so in the 5 ; in Systkopinje contiguous in both
sexes. Probosris generally very long, slender, and porrect, in
some genera and in Axtheacin.t: short and thicker ; labella small
or very small, rarely of moderate size ; palpi with one or two
joints, often inconspicuous. Antennae porrect, anproximate or
remote at base ; 3rd joint not annulated, but in some species with
a sutui'e near the base of the joint ; style generally present, even
if minute, sometimes with a constriction in the middle; some-
times it is replaced by a pencil of stiff hairs (Arc/yramceha).

Thorax in Bombylius and some other groups of genera with
dense furry pubescence, often thicker and scale-like about the
wing-roots ; cha^totactic bristles frequently present. In An-
TiTRACiN.i; clusters of distinct scales often present, generally
about the wing-roots, and when abundant the furry pubescence
usually less dense. Metapleiu'fe generally densely pubescent, but
hypopleurse usually bare. Scutellum generally clothed like the
thorax, sometimes with bristly hairs or with scales ; metanotum
small, hidden.

Abdomen in BombyliijVT.i; " almost globular and clothed with
dense furry pubescence, intermingled with which may be some
longer straggling hairs ; or (ANTiiRACiN.^i) more elongate, with
almost parallel sides and less furry pubescence on at least the
disc ; or {CyUenia, Midio) with strong hind-marginal bristles ; or
{Systropus) very elongate, slender, and bare ; the 6th to the 8th
segments often difficult to trace under the furry pubescence "
(Verrcdl). Genitalia inconspicuous ; in the J sometimes turned to
one side ; in AisfTHRACiN.E the ovipositor in many species with a
circlet of spines.*"

Legs generally rather long, slender, and v^•eak, used for alighting
only. Thickened bristles "■ like little sticks " occur sometimes on
the femora, especially on the hind pair; rows of inconspicuous
spicules on the tibiae, in Toxopliora replaced by stick-like bristles ;
tibiae generally with an apical circlet of bi'istles ; tarsi with
numerous short bristles ; pulvilli two, often vestigial, empodia
minute, claws of moderate size or small, or the front pair only
smaller than the others.

* It. has not always been possible to examine the genitalia satisfactorily.
In such cases I have assumed the sex from the comparative width and shape
of the frons.

174 UOMBYLIlUJi.

Wings of moderate size or elongate. Venation conspicuous by
the absence of the posterior cross-vein, the upper branch of the
5th vein forming for a longer or shorter distance (rarely puncti-
forni) the lower side of the discal cell. Subcostal cell usually
narrow, the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins sometimes almost
touching. Submarginal cells normally two or three, rarely one
only (Ci/rtosia), sometimes four (Ilijperalonia) ; * 3rd vein simple
or forked, wlien the latter, the fork encloses the wing-tip. Discal
cell normally present, rarely absent.f Three or four posterior
cells ; anal cell open or closed. AVings bare, but the costa bears
small spines at the base, where there is often a patch of them of
considerable size, often intermixed with scales. Alulae small ;
alar squamae rather large, with a thickly-set, rather long, broad,
flattened scale-like fringe {Anthrax), or with a woolly, long mar-
ginal fringe, or moderately developed, with a short delicate fringe.
Erenum sometimes distinctly widened before the angle, and
bearing long hairs similar to those surrounding it, but otherwise
the thoracic squamae absent. Halteres small, often not easily
seen.

Life-history. That of many species is more or less known.
They are mostly parasitic on Lepidoptera, especially on the genus
Aqrotis and other Noctuids ; also on the larvae of bees, wasps,
ichneumons and Tachinida tliat are themselves parasitic on Lepi-
dopterous larvae. Callistoma is parasitic in the egg-capsules of
a locust. The Bombyliid larva is amphipneustic, cylindrical,
rather flattened, ly-segmented ; an obvious, though small, re-
tractile head with well developed mouth-parts, papillate antennae,
and no eyes. The young larva is elongate, each thoracic seg-
ment with a pair of long setae, the penultimate segment with two
spiracles: the adult larva is obese and without setaj. Pupa free,
nuunmy-like, with strong spines on head and anterior part ;
abdominal segments with chitinous booklets. The pupa has pro-
thoracic and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, some species
bearing transverse rows of spines on most of the segments. The
BoMByLiiD.E contain many of the most brilliantly coloured Diptera
and attain considerable si7,e, the wings being frequently very
prettily marked, whilst the body is often adorned with bright
tufts of gorgeous pubescence or patches of coloured scales. The
family is a very large one and is of world-wide range, occurring
mostly in dry sunny or sandy localities, many of the species being
exquisite hoverers. The members of the family may be recognised
by absence of the posterior cross-vein (although this is not always
obvious to the inexperienced), tlie few posterior cells, and the
furry pubescence of most of the species. They are most nearly
related to the Cyktid.^ and the THEKEvii),Ti:.

* Additional cross-veins occasionally cause five submarginal cells in indi-
viduals, or, more rarely, in species.

t Cyriosia and Apolysis, for example, amongst Paltmrclic genera.

BOMBYLIID.T'. 175

Table of Suhfamilies.

1. Proefurca comparatively loug, 2nd. loufjitu-

dinal vein originating in knee-shaped form
from it, approximately opposite anterior
cross-vein (at most Iialf-way between
origin of prasfurca and the cross-vein, and
this only in some species o1 Argyr amoeba);*
antenna) widely separated at base ; frous

in J nearly as wide as in $ Anthracin^. p. 176.

Prtefurca comparatively short, 2nd vein ori-
ginating acutely (not in knee-shaped form),
always much nearer origin of prjefurca
than of anterior cross-vein ; antenna;
nearly always approximate at base ; eyes
in (5 normally contiguous or nearly so,
sometimes distinctly separated, but irons
always much narrower than in $ f

2. Abdomen, hind legs, and antennoe conspi-

cuously long; eyes normally contiguous
in both sexes; only three posterior cells;
thorax not unusually humped ; occiput

concave ; bare species Systropin^, p. 289.

Abdomen, legs, and antennae (taken together)
not conspicuously long; eyes normally
contiguous in J , wide apart in $ ; pos-
terior cells usually four; thorax often
considerably humped ; occiput generally
inflated ; bare, moderately or densely
pubescent species ;].

3. Abdomen rounded or oblong ; often f uvry ;

antennte never conspicuously long 4.

Abdomen more or less cylindrical, bare or
with bristly hairs ; antennae very long,
especially 1st joint ; proboscis nearly
always long. (Thorax more or less
bumped, generally with conspicuous
bristles; abdomen drooping; prothorax
sometimes forming a shield ; body often
with scaly pubescence) Toxophortn^^, p. 286.

4. Abdomen short and rounded; thorax and

abdomen generally with dense furry pu-
bescence ; proboscis long and with small
labella; t thorax generally arched ; 2nd
longitudinal vein never with a strong loop
near tip ; head generally narrower than

thorax Eojibyliin^, p. 259.

Abdomen oblong, rather flattened, seldom
really furry ; proboscis generally short
and with larger labella; thorax oenerallv

* At least two (European) exceptions are known, CalliMoma and Mulio.
t Some species of Usia have the ejes in tlie (^ widely sejjarated, but they
are easily recognised by their abort, ruunded bare abdomen.
\ Except in a few non-Oriental genera.

170 BOMBYLIID.fi.

Hatteued, thinly hainid, but Avitli some
strong bristles towards sides ; 2nd vein
generally with a strong loop near tip ;
head ofenerally as wide as thorax. (Four
posterior cells ; anterior cross-vein often
sloping) LoMATiiN^s:, p. 255.

The exact limits of the subfamilies is still to some extent a
matter of opinion, as is also the location of certain genera.
Williston ignores snbfamilies altogether, and Verrall discusses
their affinities in some detail.*

Subfamily ANTHRACINJE.

Head broadly rounded or transverse, closely applied to the
thorax, even though the occiput be enlarged ; nearly as wide as
thorax. Tliree ocelli. Eyes widely separated in both sexes ; irons
often barely narrower in S than $ , and often with an indentation
in the middle of the bind margin. Proboscis porrect, short, rather
thick; palpi inconspicuous, labella of moderate size. Antenna?
widely separated at base, short, never elongate, 3rd joint conical
or onion-shaped.

Thorax barely arched, oblong or nearly quadrate, with rounded
corners, moderately or often densely pubescent. No bristles on
dorsum, but presutural, supra-alar, and post-alar bristles frequently
present, mingled with tlie pubescence. Sciitellum semicircular,
usually similarly clothed to the thoracic dorsum, sometimes with
conspicuous bristles [Hi/percdonia, Exoprosopa); metanotum usually
hidden.

Abdomen a little longer than the thorax, slightly arched, gener-
ally appi'oximateiy oblong, not infrequently obconical, but never
tubular or depressed, usually with sparse or dense pubesceuce like
the thorax, often with bands of scales on some of the segments
and at tlie extremity or underside, and frequently with bunches
of such scales or thick scale-like hairs at the basal corners.

Leqs moderately long, comparatively slender ; femora often with
small spines on lower side ; tibiae nearly always with rows of small
spicules and an apical circlet of small spines ; tarsi with the joints
more distinctly defined in some genera than others ; pulvilli small
or absent; ungues with or without a small tooth at the base.

Wings with prajfurca long, extending nearly or quite to anterior
cross-vein, the 2nd longitudinal vein originating in a knee-shaped
angle, the 3rd vein being in a straight line with the pra)furca.
Auxiliary vein long ; 1st longitudinal vein long, 2nd vein often
forming a loop towards its tip, as does often the upper branch of
the always forked 3rd vein. Two, three, or sometimes four
(Ilyperalonia) submarginal cells ; t three or four posterior cells,

* ' British Flies,' v, p. 478.

tAn additional veinlet adventitiously or specifically sometimes causes fiye
submarginal cells.

BOMEYLIID^. 177

the first usually open, tliis cliaracter not being of generic value.
IJpper branch of 5th A^ein foriiiiug a considerable portion of lower
side of discal cell; the contact occasionally only punctiform. Anal
cell always open to wing-border.

This subfamily is easily recognised from all others by the com-
paratively long prsefurca and the sharp angle at the base of the
2nd longitudinal vein. The body is flattened and broad, the eyes
well separated in both sexes, and the antennae comparatively wide
apart at the base.

Table of Qenera.

1. Four submarginal cells IIypekalonia, Rond.,

Three submarginal cells 2. [p. 178.

Two submargiDal cells 3.

2. Third antennal joint elongate conical,

with terminal stvle bearing microscopic [p. 189.

bristle Exoprosopa, Macq.,

Third .antennal joint short onion-shaped,
with styliform prolongation bearing a [p. 213.

distinct pencil of hairs at tip Spogostylum, Macq.,

3. Third antennal joint short onion-shaped

(sometimes more conical), with stjdiform

prolongation alwaj's bisected near tip, [p. 214.

and bearing an apical pencil of hairs . . Argyrawceba, Sch.,
Third antennal joint forming a style-like
cone with microscopic apical bristle ; no
pencil of hairs 4.

4. Contact of discal cell with 3rd posterior

not greatly longer than with 4th pos- [p. 232.

terior. Lepidanthrax, O.S.,

Contact of discal cell with 3rd posterior at
least twice as long as with 4th, the latter
contact sometimes merely punctiform . . Anthrax, Scop., p. 234.

Several authors have endeavoured to split up some of the above
genera, but such groups must be adopted with much caution.

When Osteu-Sacken wrote on Hyperalonia in the ' Biologia
Centrali-Americana,' his knowledge was admittedly confined
practically to North and Central American species, and though
Verrall, possessing the late Mr. Bigot's collection, in which
numerous exotic species of both this genus and BxojirosojHi are
represented, includes the character " claws not toothed near the
base" as generic in Hyperalonia, and " claws toothed near the
base " in Exoprosopa, I am compelled to omit it as being incorrect.
In three species of the former genus (chri/solamjyis, sphinx, and
suffusipennis) a pair of perfectly distinct teeth are present on the
posterior tarsi, and they are present, though small, in tantalus. In
some other species they are absent, though I have not examined
specimens of all the species available. It may be observed that
Loew, in his treatise on the South African species, noted that
some species of Exoprosopa had this tooth at the base of the ungues,
but declined to regard it as a generic character. In those species of
Exoprosopa that I have specially examined for this character the

178 BOMBTLIID^.

teeth are present. The development or otherwise of the pulvilli
in Argyramceba and Anthrax is likely to be inconstant, as it is
hard to believe that species of an intermediate nature do not
exist. After a more critical study of the species in this subfamily
at my disposal and an examination of additional specimens, it has
been possible to offer improved descriptions of some of my own
species.

Genus HYPERALONIA, liond.

Hyperalonia, Roiidani, Archiv. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 57 (1863) ;

Osten-Sacken, Biol. Ceiit.-Amer., Dipt, i, p. 89 (1886) ; Brunetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 438 (1909).
Velocia, Coquillett, Can. Ent. xviii, p. 158 (1886).

Genotype, according to Coquillett (J910), '■'' Stomoa.'ys morio, F.
{Anthrax ej-ythrocejphalus, F.), the 5th species, by present designa-
tion."

This genus differs from the other genera by having four sub-
marginal cells ; in some non-Oriental species even five are present.
There are also four posterior cells. Further general characters
are : the face moderately projecting ; the third antennal joint
forming an elongate cone with a distinct suture demarcating it
from the style, which latter is nearly as long as the cone, with a
minute appendage at its tip. The posterior legs are as strong as
in Exoprosopa ; the fore tarsi indistinctly jointed, without stronger
bristles, but with delicate erect hairs on both sides ; ungues
minute.

Range, South Europe, Asia, Nortli and South Africa, Australia,
and North and South America.

As regards the Indian species of Hyperalonia, the general plan
of chsetotactic bristles is : several on the humeral calli (of different
lengths), a few prealar ones and about four very powerful spines
on the posterior calli, directed backwards, whilst there is always a
row of strong bristles on the hind margin of the scutellum.

The vestiture of the legs consists generally of closely applied
scales on the femora (often less easily discerned on the middle
pair) and at least on the posterior tibise, being most conspicuous
on the hind pair. The front legs generally bear soft pubescence
only, the posterior femoi'a and tibiae with a row or rows of bristles.

One species, H. Jiaviventris, Dol., is described at additional
length for the purpose of emphasising the generic characters.

Table of Species.

1. Wings dark blackish brown, without any con-
siderable clear or nearly clear part ; the clear
part confined to a well-defiued limited space

in tristis and dives only 2.

Wings with apical part and a considerable
portion of the posterior half, wholly or prac-
tically clear, but without any clear line of
demarcation 7.

HYPEEALONIA. 179

2. Wings very dark brown, but always with a

single limited clear space 3.

Wings very dark brown, violet-tinged, no clear

spaces whatever ; in one species wings mo-
derately dark smoke-brown 4.

Wings pale or dark grey 6.

•3. Hind margin of wing narrowly clear ; remain-
der of wing wholly dark dives, Walk., p. 180.

Wing-tip rather broadly clear ; remainder of

wing wholly dark ; 2nd posterior cell much

broader at base than tip trisds, Wulp, p. 180.

4. Wings uniformly very dark blackish brown,

posterior part hardly lighter ; 2nd posterior

cell much broader at base than tip (except in

semifascata) 5.

Wings very dark blackish brown, fading to dark

grey towards hind border ; 2ud posterior cell [p. 180.

not greatly wider at base than tip , aurantiaca, Guer.,

Wings moderately dark smoke-brown (vari-
able); 2nd posterior cell much broader at

base than tip sphinx, F., p. 187.

•5, Median stripe of pubescence on venter white ;

antennte tall black tantalus, F., p. 181.

Median stripe of pubescence on venter yellow ; [p. 182.

1st antennal joint reddish brown chrysolampls, Jaen.,

'6. The 2nd posterior cell slightly narrower

at base than tip; wing colour fading gradu- [p. 188.

ally from costa to hind margin semifuscnta, Brun.,

The 2ud posterior cell nearly twice as wide

at base as at tip ; wing colour pale grey, with [p. 188.

small darker suffusions snffuslpennis, Brun.,

7. Median stripe of pubescence on venter bright [p. 183.

reddish yellow ; antennae red-brown Jiaviventris, DoL,

Median ventral stripe of pubescence snow-white: [p. 185.

antennae all black anotnaus, Rond.,

Though the characters adopted ia the foregoing table may be
somewliat difficult to follow, especially by the inexperienced
student of this family, they are actually more reliable than an}^
•drawn from the coloration of the body or pubescence, and more-
over are much more lasting. The following further notes may
prove of assistance in separating these closely allied but perfectly
valid species, of nearly all of which I have seen more than one
example. Of the ten species in the table, only the last two, j^rti-j-
ventrls and (enomaus, have any considerable extent of clear or
practically clear surface of the wing, this being confined to the
apical and posterior portions, and without any clear-cut line of
demarcation, the dark part of the wing being the baso-costal band
so common in Atsttecuacix.^. Secondly, of the remainder, tristis
and dives have wholly dark wings, except for a very definite and
clearly-cut pale space, in the former at the wing-tip, in the latter
on the hind border.* Of the remaining species, tantalus, chri/so-

* As regards dives, Walker is my authority, because if the clear part is not
so sharply defined as he says, the species will fall into the group containiiigr
Jiaviventris and cenomaus, and a doubt as to its exact identity may then an'se^

X 2

180 BOMBTLIIDiE.

lampis, and aurantiaca stand out bj the deep blackish brown,
violet-tinged wings, and of these the latter has a strikingly marked
abdomen, whilst the other two are quite definitely separated from
one another by the colour o£ the stripe of pubescence on the belly.
//. sphinx, r., has wings of a smoky-bro^^■n shade that is not easily
confounded with the violet-brown of the species of the tantalus
group ; whilst the t^^•o remaining species, semifuscata and sufusi-
pennis, huxe dark grey wings, and are somewhat easily recognised.
As regards n.purpuraria, Walk. (AntJtrax), recorded in Van der
Wulp's catalogue from East India, it is probably not Indian.
Walker described it from .Java, but it has not been recorded since,
and the specimen is not in the British Museum.

133. Hyperalonia dives, Walk.

Anthrax dives, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mas. ii, p. 40 (1849).

c? . " Head black, witli an orange-tawny tuft above between the
eyes, which are dark red ; tliere are also a few taAMiy hairs about
the mouth, which, like the feelers, is black: chest brown, clothed
Avith short brown aud a few long black hairs, and adorned with a
fringe of oraijge-ta^-ny along the fore border and along each side ;
breast brown, having also a fringe of orange-tawny hairs along the
fore border, and some hairs of this colour extend into the disc and
mingle with the long black hairs that clothe it; scntcheon
ferruginous, beset with stout black hairs and on the hind border
with long black bristles ; abdomen black above, clothed, especially
towards the tip, with brown hairs and adorned along each side
with orange-tawny hairs ; these latter are most thick at the base,
aud there they slightly extend across the back ; a band of white
hairs occupies nearly the whole breadth of the 3rd segment ; the
tip of the abdomen and the whole of the underside are also
clothed with orange-tawny hairs ; legs ferruginous, clothed with
short black hairs ; hips, knees, and feet black ; wings dark brown
at the base and along the fore border till near the tip, the outline
of this colour is regular and very oblique, and runs nearly to the
base in a line almost parallel to the hind border ; rest of wing
colourless ; veins black ; poisers piceous.

" Length of body 8 lines, of the wings, 18 lines. Sylhet."

Tifpe in the British Museum.

134. Hyperalonia tristis, Wulp.

Exoprosopa tristis, Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xi, p. 107, pi. iii, fig. 11
(1868).

S . Head with frons not much narrower at vertex than above
antenuse, where it is distinctly less than one-fourth the width of
the head ; blackish, with black hairs only on upper part, but with
very small narrow yellow scales as well as black hairs on lower part ;
face reddish orange, the colour encroaching for a little distance on

HYPERALONIA, 181

the frons along the eye-margius, clothed with stiff black hairs aud
small yellow scales and some short bright yellow hairs around
the yellowish mouth-opening ; proboscis black ; antennjB black ;
occiput black, with small yellow scales, at least near eye-margins,
probably extending much further hindwards also, with a fringe of
yellow hairs on the hinder margin. Thorax dark olive-brown,
nearly black ; anterior margin with thickly placed, long orange-
yellow scales; a bunch of reddish-orange scales below the
shouldei's, and also apparently in the same places as they occur
in H.flaviventris : short yellow hairs above the wings aud on hind
margin of dorsum ; posterior calli reddish brown ; scutellum red-
brown, base more or less black, hind margin with short yellow
hairs; macrochjeta? of thorax and scutellum as in H.flaviventris.
Abdomen black, with a slight violet tinge ; a bunch of elongate
oraiige scales at sides of 1st segment aud traces of a few silvery-
white scales on 6th towards the sides ; venter black, with some
scale-like yelloAv hairs and much longer fine yellow hairs, forming
together a median stripe; genitalia very dark brown, shining,
knob-like, with a row of spines at tip. Legs dark yellowish
brown ; femora and tibiae with small bristles, strongest on hind
tibiae; femora with closely applied small concolorous scales.
Wings rather dark brown ; outer fourth of marginal cell and the
three outer submarginal cells wholly or nearly wholly pale grey;
alula? and alar squamae with a fringe of dark brown scales;
halteres blackish brown, tips of knobs paler.

Length, ll-12i mm.

Redescribed from one d in the Indian Museum from Tenmalai,
Travancore, 22. xi. 1908 {Annandale).

135. Hyperalonia tantalus, F.

Anthrax tantalus, Fabricius, Eut. Svst. iv, p. 260 (1794) ; Wiede-
mauD, Auss. Zweili. i, p. 255 (1828); Macquart, tlist. Nat. Dipt,
i, p. 40] (1834). ^ ' ^ > i>

Eroprosopu tantalm, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 37 a840) ;

Kert«5sz, Kat. Pala^arc. Dipt, ii, p. 169; de Meiiere, Tiid. V. Ent.

1, p. 239 (1907). r r , j , j

Hyperalonia tantaluK, Rondani, Ann. Mus. Geuova, vii, p. 453

(J 875); Bnuietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 438 (1909).
Anthrax cceruleopeiinis, Doleschall, Nat. Tiid. Ned. Ind. xiv, n. 400.

pi. ix, fig. 2 (1867). '1 '

6 5 . Head with frons barely one-third the width of the head
above antenna;, narrowing to two-thirds of this Avidth at vertex;
black, with black hairs on upper part, aud with black hairs mixed
with yellow scale-like hairs on lower part ; face reddish brown,
witli a blackish median longitudinal stripe, irregular in extent;
mouth-border varying from reddish brown to yellowish white;
proboscis and palpi black, concealed; antennae wholly black;
occiput black, with small yellow depressed hairs. Thorax black,
Mith black pubescence, bearing bright orange or yellowish-orange
scaly hairs on anterior margin and in bunches and patches as in

182 BOMBYLIID^.

H. JJnvivenir is and chrysolamjns, and yellow hairs above wing-base-
and on hind margin of dorsum ; macrochtette as in those species ;
posterior calli reddish brown. Scutellum reddish brown, base
more or less black, with black pubescence and with a row of spines-
and short yellow hairs on hind margin. Abdomen almost entirely
as in B. chrysolampis, but the silvery-white scale-spots on 6th and
7th segments more elongate, nearl}^ attniuiug the side-margins ;
.1 median yentral stripe of small whitish scaly hairs, no yellow
hair whatever being present ; genitalia concealed, yeUowish brown,
with black bristles in (5 , and yellowish with an apical circlet of
short black spines in $ . Ler/s black, sometimes a veiT dark
brown tinge to the tibiae; vestitui'e as mH. chrysolampis. Wings-
very dark brown, with a violet tiuge? ahiLT, alar squamae, and
halteres as in //. chi-ysolampis.

Length, 13-16 mm.

Kedescribed from several specimens in the Indian Museum.

Eanjitsing, Darjiliug Distr. ; Kliatgodam, Naini Tal Distr.,
23. ix. 1915; Katmandu and Soondrijal, Nepal; Sadiya and
Sibsagar, Assam ; Tranquebar ; Tenasserim ; Sumatra ; Java ;,
Berlinhafen, Papua ; Borneo ; Celebes ; Cluiia ; Japan.

Type in the Wiedemann collection.

136. Hyperalonia chrysolampis, Jaen.

Exopyosopa chri/soJmnpis, Jaeunicke, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges, vi,

p. 344, pi. xliii, fig. 8 (1867).
Hi/peraJonia chn/solmnpis, Enmetti. liec. Iiid. Mus. ii, p. 439 (1909) ;.

de Meijere, Tijd. y. Ent. liv, p. 295 (1911).

S 2 . Head with frous barely one-third width of head above
antennae, narrowing to two-thirds of this width at vertex ; dark
olive-brown, with short black pubescence, with which is mixed on
the lower half small bright yellow scnle-like hairs ; ocellar triangle
small, reddish brown : face darker, blackish, more or less reddish
brown along inner margin of eyes, clothed with more bristly black
hairs than the frons, and yellow scale-like hairs ; mouth-opening
with short yellow hairs; proboscis atid palpi black; 1st antennal
joint reddish brown, 2nd and 3rd black, two basal joints
bristly; occiput with short yellow hairs, its hind border with a
fringe of similarly coloured hairs. T'/jorrt.r black, with short black
pubescence ; thick bright orange-yellow scale-like hairs on an-
terior margin, and bunches or patches of concolorous hairs
situated as in H. jlavivcntris, a few short yellow hairs above the
wing-base and on hind mai'gin of dorsum ; sides and lower part
black ; scLitellum black, with posterior part more or less dull
reddish brown, black pubescent, hind margin with short yellow
hairs and a row of spines. Macrochcetae as in H. faviventris.
Abdomen black, with short black depressed pubescence ; 3rd
segment with a distinct basal band of small silvery-white narrow
scales, which is narrowest in middle, and more than half the
length of the segment towards tlie sides ; a basal spot of similar

HYPBRALONIA. 183

scales on each side of the middle on 6th and 7th segments ; at
sides of 1st segment a bunch of bfiglit orange elongate scales,
sides of the remaining segments with long black bristly pubes-
cence. Venter blackish, with very short black pubescence ;
towards middle of hind mai'gin of most of the segments are some
small bright yellow scales and a median baud, not attaining tip
of abdomen, of long, fine hairs of similar colour ; genitalia
concealed, apparently much as in H. Jlavivenfris. Legs black ;
fore femora and tibia3 with soft pubescence, posterior pairs with
black bristles ; all femora with closely applied minute black
scales ; tarsi with short black pubescence ; general vestiture of
legs much as in //. fiaviventris. Wiw/s wholly dark brown, with
a distinct violet tinge ; alulae and alar squamte as in H.flavlventris ;
halteres dull brown.

Length, 13-20 nnn.

Eedescribed from several specimens in the Indian Museum :
Sikkim; Bhim Tal, 22-27. ix. 1906 {Annandale) ; Java; Kina
Balu, Borneo ; Moluccas.

Type in the I'rankfort Museum.

Jaennecke's original description of this species is wonderfully
accurate. It may be recognised by the trio of characters, the red
1st antennal joint, the yellow stripe of hairs on the venter, and
the wholly black legs.

137. Hyperalonia flaviventris, Dol.

Antltrax flaviventvis, Dolescliall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 400

(1857).
Hyperalonia Jtaviventns, Osten-Sacker, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xxvi,

p. 112 ; Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mas. ii, p. 441 (1909).

c5' 2 . Head with frons above antenna) one-third of the width
of the head, narrowing to half this width at the vertex, dull
mouse-brown, clothed with rather numerous short erect black
hairs, with some small narrow 3^ellow scale-like hairs intermixed,
the latter preponderating on lower part ; ocellar triangle dull
reddish brown ; face orange, liberally besprinkled with short blacl'
hairs and some soft golden-yellow hairs around moutli-opening;
lower part of head immediately below eyes (where it joins the
occiput) yellowish white, bare. Antennae reddish brown ; 2nd
joint barely half as long as 1st, both with black bristles : 3rd joint
elongate conical, bare, nearly as long as 1st and 2nd together, and
Avith a style three-fourths as long as the joint, bearing a micro-
scopic apical appendage. Proboscis blackish brown, with large
reddish-brown labella, slightly pubescent. Occiput much puffed
out, mouse-brown, covered with small narrow bright yellow
scales or scale-like hairs, closely affixed; posterior edge o
occiput with a fringe of light yellow hairs. Thorax blackish, with
sparse short blackish hairs ; anterior margin with dense, long,
narrow, bright fiery reddish-orange scales, and dense bunches of
similar orange scales or scale-like bristly bail's occur below the

184 bombyliiDjE.

anterior margin, on the mesopleurfie and nietapleurae, and below
the posterior calli ; while short bristly concolorous hairs occur
above the wing; humeral oalli gre_yish, with some long black
hairs ; some powerful black spines in front of and above the wing-
base ; posterior calli brownish, with short black hairs and about
six powerful black spines directed posteriorly; scutellum reddish
brown, with soft short black pubescence and a row of slightly
curved black spines on hind margin. Abdomen black, with short
black bristly depressed pubescence; 3rd segment nearly covered
from the base with small yellowish-white scales, 6th and 7th
segments with similar though iiarrower bands. A bunch of long
narrow reddish-orange scales at the sides of the 1st and the base
of the 2nd segments, and coarse bristly concolorous hairs ex-
tending along the sides of all the segments to the tip, where they
are continued across the posterior margin of the last segment ;
ground-colour of 2nd segment a little dull reddish brown at the
side : venter brownish grey, hind margins of segment with short
yellow scale-like hairs ; there is also a more or less distinct
median stripe of much longer similarly coloured bail's, and a few
of such longer liairs are scattered irregularly over the surface.
Genitalia bright orange, placed sideways, with yellower parts ; an
oblong dorsal plate with rounded, rather projecting, carmine-tinted
hind corners, a pair of claspers and an upper tubular piece are
apparent, all with yellow pubescence, but the whole organ is
withdrawn considerably. Legs with coxae blackisli grey, with
some stiff black bristles, especially on hinder pair, and a few
reddish-orange hairs ; femora and tibise ferruginous, tarsi blackish ;
femora covered with small closely applied yellow scales, and with
tiny black bristles, the fore pair with a moderate amount of longer
soft black hairs, the posterior pairs with a row of obvious black
spines of moderate size below ; fore tibiae with a few closely
applied yellow scales, black pubescence, and a few bristles ; middle
and hind tibife with more obvious scales and distinct rows of short
black bristles, both scales and bristles stronger, and the former
more outstanding on the hind pair; tarsi with very short bristly
black ])ubescence. Wings clear, hyaline, ribbed ; a powerful
curved black spine at base of costa, which latter as far as the humeral
cross-vein is closely set with short black spines, as well as the
upper basal corner of the w"ing-surface itself ; venation normal,
veins reddish brown ; an oblique dark brown band extends from
the tip of the auxiliary vein (though the colour fills out the sub-
costal cell to its tip) to the anal border of the wing, embracing
the anterior cross-vein, basal half ofdiscal cell, 2iid basal cell
wholly, basal half of anal cell and less than basal half of axillary
cell, the limitation of the colour appi'oximately parallel with hind
border of wing ; anal angle distinct, with fringe of dirty brownish
elongate scales ; alar squamae large and compact, with a similar
fringe of longer brownish-yellow elongate scales : halteres
brownish yellows
Length, 13-20 mm.

HYPEEALOKIA. 185

Eedescribed from 3 S 6 and 2 5 $ i" the ludiau Museum in
iudiffereut conditioB, the characters drawn mainly from a d
from Mergui, Teuasserim ; Trivandrum, S. India ; Amboina.

138. Hyperalonia cenomaus, Itond,

Hyijeralonia coiomaus, Ilondani, Ann. Mus. Gen. vii, p. 4-")3 (1875) ;
Bnmetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 442 (1909).

c? 2 . Head with frons (slightly narrower in o than 2 ) and
face dark mouse-brown or blackish, \\ith black hairs on upper
part of former, and the same, mixed with thin scale-like yellow
hairs, on rest of frons and on face ; frons in $ only a little
narrower at vertex than above antennae, where it is distinctly less
than one-third the width of the head ; face sometimes a little
reddish at margins ; mouth-opeuing from reddish brown to pale
brownish yellow ; proboscis dark brown ; antennae black or nearly
80, sometimes tinged with daric reddish brown ; remainder of head
as in H.flaviventris. Thorax black, with black pubescence,
adorned with orange scaly pubescence and bristles as in H. flavi-
ventris ; scutellum black, posterior half more or less reddish
brown, vestiture as in H.JJaviventris. Abdomen black, with black
pubescence ; a bunch of long orange-yellow scales at sides of
2iid segment, and from thence to the tip the sides with coarse
black bristly hairs ; 3rd segment with a transverse band as in
ILflaviveiitris, but the colour of the scales graduates from yellow
(in the median line) to white (towards the margins of the
segment) ; the 6th and 7th segments each bear a pair of white or
yellowish-white scale spots, which are jnore remote from each
other than in H. clivysolampis and nearer the edges of the abdomen.
In the S the whole dorsum of the 5th, 6th, and 7th segments is
covered with silvery-white scales. Venter black, 2nd and 3rd
segments covered nearly to the side-margins with small \^hitish
scales, and these scales continued iu the median line only on the
next two segments ; over the four segments is a median stripe of
fine long white hairs ; genitalia apparently as in other species,
placed completely side\Aays in S • Legs very dark brown, almost
black, vestiture as in allied species. Wings in $ nearly clear,
with the dark oblique band with a less well-defined margin than
in H. jiaviventris, running irregularly from tip of 1st longitudinal
vein, passing well beyond anterior cross-vein to anal angle of
wing, thus filling the inner submarginal cell and the 2nd basal
cell, and half filling the discal, anal, and axillary cells : 2nd
posterior cell about as wide at base as at tip. In one specimen
the brown band fades away more gradually and extends further
posteriorly. In the c5' the hinder limit of the dark colour is
practically straight, the discal half (diagonally) of the marginal
cell is clear, as is also the 1st submarginal cell, except at its base ;
the clear part of the wing is more hyaline in the <5 •

Length, 13-15 mm.

186 BOMBYLIIDiE,

Eedescribed from a c? from Peshoke Spur, Darjiling Distr.
(Lister); 3 2 2 from Eungpo, Sikkim, 1400 ft., 6! ix. 1909 ; 2
§ 2 from "Sikkim"; 1 $ from Mergui; and two d6 from
Sadiya — all in tlie Indian Museum; Sarawak; Philippines.

Tupe in Genoa Museum.

139. Hyperalonia aiirantiaca, Gner.

Anthrax auraniiaca, Giierin, Icon. Regne Anim. iii (Ins.), p. 539,

pi. xcv, fio-. 6 (? 1843).
Iliiperalonia aiirautiaca, Brunetti, Kec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 440 (1909).

Head with f rons a little narrower on vertex than above antennse,
where it is barelj' one-third the width of the head ; dark olive-
brown with black juibescence, intermixed with small narroAV
bright yellow scale-like hairs, which are most numerous on the
lower part; face yellowish, becoming pale creamy white about
mouth-opening and on lower part of head; ralher closely covered
with similar yellow pubescence to that of the frons, but more
hair-like, especially round the mouth-opening; proboscis as long
as height of head, blackish brown, with a few whitish hairs ;
antennie black, 1st and 2nd joints bristly ; occiput black, with
short yellow scale-like hairs around eye-margins. Thorax black,
with bright yellow pubescence as in H. sphinx ; paler hairs on
sternopleurfe ; posterior calli dark reddisli brown ; scutellum dark
reddish brown, blackish at base, covered with short yellow hair,
and the usual marginal row of spines. Abdomen black, with black
pubescence, clothed almost entirely with yellow scale-like hairs,.
which are apparently absent from a broad median space from base
to tip ; a bunch of concolorous elongate scales at each side of
base of abdomen, and a patch of silvery-white scale-like hairs at
each side, contiguous to the margins, of the tjth and 7th segments ;
sides of abdomen with coarse black hairs. Yenter black, with
silvery-white scales; almost wholly covering 2nd and 3rd seg-
ments and continued broadly in the median line over 4th and 5th
segments, a median line also of sparse long fint! wliite hairs ;
genitalia concealed, apparently normal. Legs very dark brown,
nearly black; coxa? ash-grey, with long pale yellowish hairs and
some strong long black spines ; femora and tibia? with small
closely applied grey scales, diihcult to perceive on middle femora
and fore tibice ; fore femora and tibite without obvious bristles,
but these are present on posterior femora and tibise ; tarsi black,
pubescent. Wimjs moderately dark brown on anterior lialf, the
colour fading to grey posteriorly, with a violet iridescence in
certain lights ; sometimes the discs of the cells on tlie hinder
half of wing a little pnler; 2nd poslerior cell distinctly wider at
base than tip; halteres brownish yellow: alar squamae with a
fringe of long yellow scales.

Length, 11-13 mm.

Eedescribed from a perfect $ from Siripur, Saran, Korth
Bengal, 25. ix. 1010 : it occurs also at Chapra, Jiei) gal (Jlacl-enzie).

HYPERALONIA. 18T

140. Hyperalonia sphinx, F.

Bihio sphinx, Fahricius, Maut. Ins. ii, p. 329 (1787).
Anthrax sphuir, Fabriciu.s, Svst. Autl. p. 126 ; Wiedemann, Aiiss,
Zweifl. i, p. 258 (1828) ; Macqiiart, Dipt. Exot. ii, l,p. 37(1840).
Hyperalonia sphinx, Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 440 (1909).

2 . Head with frons not greatly wider above antenna), where
it forms one-third of the width of the head, than at vertex ; dark
reddish brown ; face of siinihir colour, botli closely covered with
short elongate bright yellow scale-like hairs, some broader con-
coloroLis definite scales near eye-margins below antennae, and some
concolorous soft hairs around mouth-opening, which latter is pale
yellowish white ; frons with black bristles from vertex nearly to
autennoe ; proboscis dark brown ; palpi elongate, filiform, pale
yellow, Vith a few concolorous hairs ; autennal 1st and 2ud
joints yellow, 1st with rather long yellow hairs, 2nd with a row
of small black spines above at tip; 3rd joint black; occiput
blackish, with small depressed yellow Iiairs. T7iorrt.r and scutelhim
dark reddish brown ; dorsum of both, with the humeral calli,
wholly covered with close bright yellow scale-like hairs : anterior
margin, mesopleurae, sternopleura?, and nietapleura> covered with
dense yellow elongate scales ; a bunch of similar scales just below-
posterior calli ; some isolated long black Iiairs on anterior part of
dorsum and about hind margin ; three or four powerful black
spines in front of wing-base, and four exceptionally strong ones
on each posterior callus, directed backwards. Abdomen dull dark
reddish brown, covered w ith short black bristly hairs and short
yellow scale-like hairs, and with rather thick longer concolorous
hair at sides : a bunch of concolorous elongate scales at sides of
1st segment; venter lighter reddish brown, with a moderate
amount of rather long yellow hairs placed mostly towards hind
margin of segments. Lerjs rather bright ferruginous ; femora and
tibia3 with closely applied small elongate pale yellow scale?, some-
times not readily discernible on middle femora, and apparently
absent from apical part of fore femora ; middle femora rather
broadened and flattened vertically, with several distinct short
black spines near tip on front side ; front femora with soft yellow
hairs, both front and middle femora with a few small black
bristles ; hind pair with rows of black bristles of moderate size
below ; tarsi black, with normal pubescence. Wings uniformly
smoke-grey, sometimes with a slight yellowish-brown tinge and
a similar fringe at base ; 2!id posterior cell twice as wide at base
as at tip ; aluhe with a fringe of elongate smoke-grey scales ; alar
squama) with a similar fringe of yellowish scales; halteres small,
bright tawny yellow.

Length, 9-12 mm.

Eedescribed chiefly from a perfect $ in the Indian Museum
from Puri, Orissa, 16-20. viii. 1911, and an example from Bulsar,
Bombay, 20. vi. 1904 ; near Bombay City, 21. iii. 1905, on sea-
weed ; Chapra, Bengal ; Chandipore, Orissa Coast, 3-7. vi. 1915

1 S8 BOMBYLIID^.

(Gravel ij); Trivandruni, 13. xi. 1908 (Amiandah) ; Coimbatore,
S. India, 29. vii. 1912 ; Colombo, 1. vii. 1904 {Bninetti), vi. 1894
(E. E. Green) ; Trinconiali, 17. vii. 1890 {CoJ. Yerhunj).
Types in Fabricius's and Wiedemann's collections.

141. Hyperalonia siiJBTusipennis, Brun. (PI. Ill, fig. J.)

Ilyperalonia sitffusipennis, Bruiietti, Rec. Iiid. Mus. ii, p. 462
(1909).

Head witli vertex dark grej'^ to blackish ; frons orange, paling
gradually to the yellow face, or face also all orange, both with
elongate chrome-yellow scales, with black hairs intermixed ou
upper part of frons ; lower part of frons and the face with yellow
pubescence ; mouth-opening with pale yellow hairs ; proboscis
blackish brown ; palpi long, thin, yellow ; antennae orauge-red,
1st and 2nd joints with bristly yellow hairs on each side and some
short black bristles above ; 3rd joint black. Thorax blacdi, with
rather thick short yellowish depressed hairs on dorsum, and thick
long bristly whitish hairs below the wings ; elongate yellowish
scales thickly ou anterior margin, below shoulders, and on posterior
calli ; scutellum tawny brown, with sliort thick yellow hairs and
a row of stiff long black spines on posterior border. Abdomen
blackish, dark reddish towards the sides of the 2nd and 3rd
segments ; dorsum covered with moderately thick yellowish scale-
like hairs, intermixed with black pubescence ; a large fan-like
bunch of elongate dirty yellowisli scales at sides of 1st and 2nd
segments ; venter with whitish hairs. Legs brownish tawny,
00X36 with whitish hairs, tarsi nearly black. Wings pale grey,
dai'ker and more yellowisli on anterior margin and at base ; a
slight but distinct suffusion at nearly all the junctures of the
veins and cross-veins; halteres pale yellowish white; alulae and
alar squamte with a thick fringe of yellow scales.

Length, 15 mm.

Described from two $ $ in good condition, in the Indian
Museum, from the Purneah District, India, and one from
Jaulasal, jS^aini Tal Distr., 11. iv. 1910; a fourth specimen from
Dehra Dun, v. 1914 (Chatierjee) • and a darker variety from
Coorg, S. India, 1. xi. 1915 {Hannyngton).

A very distinct species.

142. Hyperalonia semifuscata. Bran. (PL III, fig. 2.)

Hyperalonia s^cmifnscata, Erunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 266
(1912).

$ . Head much developed behijal eyes ; frons one-third of
width of head at level of antennae, nan-owing at vertex to half
this width, blackish, with yellowish scales and long black hairs;
face with brighter and thicker yellow hairs ; mouth-border broadly
orange-yellow, with yellow hairs ; proboscis dark brown ; antennae
reddish brown,* 3rd joint very elongate-conical, with a distinct

* The 2ncl and 3rcl joints df the antennae have since tui'ned blackish.

HTPEEALONIA. — EXOPROSOPA. 189^

style ; occiput blackish, with some pale yellow scales on orbital
margin and yellow hairs over the hind border. Thorax black ;
front part of dorsum and around and below shoulders with thick
long bright yellow scales ; centre of dorsum with only sparse
short yellow and black hairs ; below the wing the hairs are nearly
white and bristly, behind the wing some long bright yellow
scales; some strong and very long black bristles on posterior
corners of dorsum, and two or three (or thereabouts) before the
wing ; some long stiff black hairs on humeral calli ; scutellum
dull reddish brown, with sparse depressed short yellow hairs,
erect short black hairs, and a i-ow of black bristles along hind
border. Abdomen black, with imiformly distributed short black
hairs ; 3rd, 6th and 7th segments each with a band of small dirty
white scales (those of the 3rd more yellowish) occupying the
greater pai-t of their dorsal surfaces, the bauds on the 6th and
7th segments less conspicuous ; sides of 1st and 2nd segments
with long scale-like yellow hairs : venter blackish, with yellowish
pubescence, the basal part a little paler, with whitish hairs. Ler/s
with coxae black ; femora brownish yellow, hind pair blackish
towards tips ; tibiae a little darker brown, hind tibiae and all tarsi
black ; fore femora with some black hairs on hinder side ;
posterior femora and tibiae with rows of short black bristles. All
femora and posterior tibiae with closely applied yellow scales ; the-
whole of the tibiae and tarsi with minute black microscopic
pubescence. Wings dark grey, the anterior half (about), except
at tips, moderately dark blackish brown, the colour insensibh'
dying away along the veins behind the middle of the wing ;
halteres yellowish.

Lenr/tJi, 10 mm.

Described from two $ $ from Mahabaleshwar, Satara District,
Bombay Presidency, 4200 ft., 13-16. iv. 1912 (Gravehj); in the
Indian Museum.

Genus EXOPROSOPA, Macg.

U.rojvosopa, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. i, p. 35 (1840) ; Bnmetti,

Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, pp. 443, 447 (1909).
LitovhyncJtus, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 78 (1840).
Trinarin, Mulsant, Mdm. Acad. Sci. Lyon, (2) ii, p. 20 (1852).
Arf/yrospjila, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 162 (1856).
Heteralonia, Rondaui, Arch. Zool. Modena, iii, {sep.) p. 57 (1863).
BefiUiypia, Lioy, Atti Istit. Veneto, (3) ix, p. 733 (1864).
Argyrospila, Verrall apud Sciidder, Nomer.. Zool. p. 32 (1882).
JExoptata, Coquillett, Can. Eut. xix, p. 1.3 (1887).

Genotype, Bibio capiicina, P. (as pandora, P.) ; by Eondani's
designation.

Head approximately semicircular, as broad as or a little broader
than the thorax ; occiput inflated, often considerably so ; eyes
moderately approximate on vertex or wide apart ; frone barely
narrower in S : ocelli present ; face generally conically projecting.

190 BOMBYLIID.E.

■sometimes convex only ; proboscis variable in lengtli, often with-
drawn; palpi small, thin. Antenna^ porrect, short, wide apart
at base ; 1st joint short, cj'lindrical ; 2nd short, wider at tip than
base ; 3rd forming an irregular elongate cone, with a longer or
■shorter style,* sepai\ited from the 3rd joint by a distinct suture,
with a microscopic bristle at the tip. TJiora.v quadrate or short
oblong, with rounded corners, often w^ith fan-like bunches of
distinct scales or scale-like bristly hairs in front, below the
humeri, around the wing-roots, on the pleur;©, and occasionally
on other parts ; scutellum broad, rather large, generally with
bristles on posterior margin ; metanotum concealed ; thorax and
scutellum generally with rather thick pubescence. Abdomen
slightly curved, longer than thorax, but often not greatly so,
oblong, in a few species almost obconical, usually with depressed
short pubescence and with transverse bands of scales or scale-like
hairs on dorsum and frequently on underside also, the pubescence
generally longer and thicker on each side at the base. Legs
rather long and always slender; all tibiae without spinules ; tarsi
rather indistinctly jointed ; fore legs shorter, posterior legs
stronger and longer, in some species with scaly pubescence;
ungues small, generally with a small tooth at their base ; pulvilli
absent or vestigial. Wings with three submarginal cells ; often
a short space along the base of the costa with brilliant white or
coloured scales ; venation otherwise as in HyperaJonia.

Range. AVorld-wide.

It is probable that some of the characters admitted as generic
are more or less plastic, such as the distinctness of the tooth at
the base of the ungues, which Osten-Sacken claims to be always
present, even if very small. He also asserted tliat the front tarsi
are more tapering to\\"ards the tip in the S than in the 5 , and
that " the length of the antennal style is variable, usually in
inverse ratio to the length of the 3rd joint." His characters
Avere drawn up on North and Central American species, a few
European and tw^o Australian forms. I have not ventured to
■include all these points as definite generic characters.

Table of Species.

1. First posterior cell closed 2.

First posterior cell open t '5.

2. Wings wholW bright j'ellow to beyond

middle, a narrow brown band in apical [ p. 192.

part Jlavipennis, Brun.,

Wings yellow at base, with two broad
bvown bands, one before, one beyond, the [p. 193.

middle Jiammea, Brun.,

* Exceptions occur. E. stupida, B.ossi, a European species, has no distinct
iinteniial style, the 3rcl joint being a long tapering cone ending in a microscopic
■bristle. Probably tliere are also other exceptions.

1" Often closed adventitiously in E. insulata.

EXOPKOSOPA. 192

3(a). Wings wholly black or blackish browu,

or with a very small clear spot only .... 4.
(b). Wings clear, with a broad basal and
median transverse band, the latter some-
times reaching hind border, both bands
joined on the costa ; a somewhat isolated

••^Pf'iies la,; R, p. 19i.

(c). Wings dark or light grey, yellowish, or
nearly clear; always witli a pattern of
darker marks, with small infuscatious, or

with baso-costal band 5.

(d). Wmgs clear, or at most with a very

narrow daik anterior margin 12.

4. Hind tibife with dense black hairs jiennipes, Wied., p 197

Hmd tibuB without such hairs latipetmis, Brun.,p 198

o. .-second posterior cell twice as wide at base

Q ^^ ^'P • • 1 • •. ,• : • lateralis, Brun., p. 198.

becond posterior cell as wide at tip as at

base or wider q

Q>. Baso-anterior half of wing considerably

dark, with or without small infuscations

on the veins in the clear part 7,

Baso-anterior half of wing barely darker

than the pale grey remainder; slight

suffusions only on some of the veins • . . . . 11,

7. Abdominal ground-colour chestnut-brown ;

antennae yellowish ; legs brown ; no abdo- [p 109

minal white scale-spots annandalei,hvixii'..

Abdomen and antennae black 8.

8. Dorsum of abdomen with white scale-spots 9.
Dorsum of abdomen without white scale-
spots 10.

9. Larger species, 14 mm. ; antennal style [p. 200.

normal . maculiventris, sp. n.,

Smaller species, 8 mm. ; antennal style as

in P^"° as 3i;d joint . . stylata, sp. n., p. 201.

i.O. blear part ot wing with several isolated dark

^fP*^** instdata, Walk., p, 203

Clear part of wing without any isolated
, , ,, dark spots . puenda, sp. u., p. 205.

11. hcutelluni and antennae black; all the

abdominal segments with a band of yel- [p. 206.

lowish white pubescence bem/alensis, Macq.' '

bcutellum and antennae reddish yellow or
brown ; the 2nd abdt)minal segment with

basal band of whiti~ih pubescence* brahina, Sch., p. 206

12. Length 20 mm niveiventris, Brun , '

Length 7-10 mm 13. r '207

18. Antennae reddish brown ; pubescence on
anterior margin of thorax whitish ; scu-
tellum all black ; wing wholly clear ;
venter with small snow-white scales at [p. 209

bases of segments vitrlpemiis, Brun." "

Antennae black ; tJiorax with bright yellow
thick scale-like pubescence ; "^scutellum

* After Schiller; E. bengalensis and brahma may possibly be synouy

IllOllS.

192 BOMBYLIIDiE.

reddish brown ; wing clear, costal and
subcostal cells pale yellowish grey;
venter with soft snow-white hairs in

middle vitrca, Big., p. 210.

Antenn;e black, i'erriiginous at base ;
"thorax with tawny hairs"; scutellum
and thorax ferruginous ; dorsum of abdo-
men with fringe of pale yellow hairs on
fore border of each segment, and " more
completely clothed on the underside " ;

wings a little greyish, slightly tawny at [p. 211,

base and on fore border , hasifascia, Walk.,

143. Exoprosopa flavipennis, Bnin.

Exopvosopa Jlavipennis, Briuietti, Rec. Ind. Mus, ii, p. 4G5 (1909J.

5 . Head with frons and ocelli as in jiammea ; frons orange,
with close short golden-orange hairs; mouth-border yellow:
proboscis brown, shorter than the head; eyes reddish brown,
bare, with small, uniform facets ; back of head reddish orange,
bare, considerably prominent, with a narrow fringe of very short
bright vellow hairs on the margin of the cavity behind. Antenna?
orange; first two joints sub-cylindrical, wider at tip, with yellow
hairs ; 2nd shorter than 1st ; 3rd joint twice as long as first two
together, bai-e, the upper side quite straight, the underside rapidly
narrowing from base to tip, a very distinct cylindrical style at
tip. Thorax ferruginous orange, with black dorsum and bluckisli-
grey underside ; a fringe of long yellow hair-like scales on
anterior margin ; a bunch of fiery orange-red bristly scale-like
hairs on shoulders, and shorter similar oues on the humeral calli ;
the dorsum clothed with moderately close, short orange hairs ;
several long fiery orange-red bristles, directed backwards on the
posterior calli ; underside nearly bare, a few blackish liairs here
and there. Scutellum orange-red, covered with short, similarly
coloured pubescence ; posterior margin with a horizontal row of
concolorous strong bristles. Abdomen sub-conical ; ground-colour
black, apparently with short, close, black pubescence. A bunch
of elongate orange-red scales at the shoulders of the 1st segment ;
sides of 2nd segment dull reddish ; venter black, unmarked ;
genital apparatus in one specimen, orange, subspherical, slightly
protruding, and apparently twisted to the left. Ler/s with coxie
and feujora dark brown : anterior tibiae bro\\nish yellow, hind
pair black : all the knees pale : tarsi black ; fore legs practically
hare, posterior ones minutely pubescent and with distinct black
bristles, which are stronger on the hind pair; posterior tarsi
closely pubescent, with black bristles on underside. Wings with
first pos<"erior cell closed some distance before the border ; rather
more than the proximal half bright orange-yellow, apical part and
a narrow border along the posterior margin almost to the base,
quite clear; an intermediate dark brown, ill-defiued cross-band,
commencing at the upper edge of the marginal cell opposite tip

EXOPEOSOPA. 193

of auxiliary vein, the width of the baud being about one-third of
the length of the 1st subniarginal cell, across the middle of which
it passes ; continuing across the middle of the closed portion of
the 1st posterior cell, the distal half of the discal cell, and the
bases of the 2iid and 3rd posterior cells, after which it is narrowed
to a streak and turning, extends towards the base of the wing,
separating the yellow part from the clear margin. Alulae with
fringe of dirty grey elongate scales ; alar squamte reddish orange,
with a short dense fringe of concolorous elongate scales.

Length, 14-18 mm.

Described from two specimens from Pusa, Bengal. One (type)
in the Pusa collection, taken 19. iv. 1007; the other in the Indian
Museum collection, taken 25. v. 1906, now partly greasy.

E. flammea, Brun., and fiavipennis, Brun., are distinguished
from all the other Eastern Exojvosopa known to me by the 1st
posterior cell being closed at some distance before the border, the
4th longitudinal vein meeting the 3rd before tlie origin of the
anterior branch of the latter (in Jlammea), or just below it (in
tiavipen]iis). They therefore belong to the group for M'hich
liondani established the genus Argi/ros/nfla (emended by Verrall
to Argyrospila), but wliich the late Baron Osten-Sacken says
(Biol. Cent.-AuK, Dipt, i, p. 78) cannot be sustained, this character
iu various species showing all stages between a closed and open
cell, sometimes even in the same species.

144. Exoprosopa flammea, Brun.

Exoprosopa Jlammea, Brunetti, llec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 466 (1909).

$ . Head with entire frons and face orange-yellow, covered
W'ith short golden-yellow hairs ; lemon-yellow round the mouth,
with shctrt bright yellow hairs; frons at level of antennae one-
third the width of the head, narrowing towards vertex; ocelli
small, close together in front of the vertex ; antennae missing,
except 1st joint which is reddish ; proboscis brown, shorter than
length of head ; eyes dark reddish brown, facets very small,
uniform ; occiput brick-red, rather prominent, with sparse short
golden-yellow hairs. Thorax cinereous; humeral and posterior
calli orange-tawny, the latter bearing five or six concolorous
spines pointing backwards ; the anterior border and shoulders
are covered with thick long tier_y reddish-yellow bristle-like scales,
which are also abundant below the shoulders and behind the
wings; tiie dorsum (slightly denuded) is evidently lightly clotlied
with short orange-yellow hairs ; underside of thorax cinereous,
with a moderate amount of orange-yellow hair. Scutellum i-ed-
■dish brown, the posterior n)argin bearing a row of concolorous
strong bristles directed backwards ; dorsuui with sparse yellowish
hairs. Abdomen sub-conical ; ground-colour chiefly reddish brown ;
2nd segment with a narrow anterior and rather wider posterior
band connected by a thin dorsal stripe ; a rather wide irregular,

o

194 BOMBYLIIDvE.

not well-defined black trausverse band on 3rd segment, which is
repeated less distinctly on the following two or three segments.
The extreme posterior border of all the segments is reddish
brown, and the whole dorsum is covered lightly with short,
bright orange hairs, which become brightest, longest, and fiery red
at the abdominal tip ; a bunch of fiery-orange elongate scales at
sides of 1st segment. Venter cinereous, covered with short orange
hairs ; posterior borders of all the segments orange-yellow.
Legs with coxae, femoi-a, and most of the tibite reddish orange ;
the tibijB towards the tips (especially the hind pair) and all the
tarsi black; the middle femora have a few black short spines
below, the hind pair a row of stronger ones ; the posterior tibia&
are beset with short black bristles (longer on the hind pair) and
have a circlet of sti-ong black spines at the tip, and the whole
legs, especially the tibiae and tarsi, are minntely bnt densely
spinose. Wings clear ; first posterior cell closed at some distance
before the border, the 4th longitudinal vein joining the 3rd half-
way between fork of latter and the wing-border. Tuo broad
dark brown bands ; base of wing bright orange-yellow, the colonr
extending across the wing from the costa to (and including) the
alula, and reaching distally to just within the two basal cells ; the
costal cell orange-yellowMsh, also a spot on and over the discal
cross-vein, and another small spot in the centre of the upper
basal cell. The first brown band begins in the upper basal cell,
which it fills, extending posteriorly, tilling the :^nd basal cell
and basal fourth of discal cell, thence narrowing to the hind
border of the wing, leaving about the distal fourth of both the
anal and axillary cells clear ; the second band begins approximately
on the costa, blending with the orange colonr of the costal cell,
fills three-fourths of the 1st submarginal and 1st posterior cells,,
thence narrowing somewhat, it fills nearly the distal half of the
discal cell and terminates distinctly cleai of the posterior margin
of wing, entering the 2nd and 3rd posterior cells ; a small round
quite clear spot is in the extreme upper angle of the lower basal
cell. A few very short stiff black bristles at the base of the
costa, and some short close yellowish-orange hairs on the margin
of the alulae and the orange tegnlae ; halteres yellow.

Length, 18 mm.

Described from a single 5 (now headless) in the Indian Museum
collection, taken at Pusa, Bengal, 17. iv. 1907; other specimens
are from Pusa, 1. v. 1911, at light (Rowlett) ; Pusa, 3.iv. :»914;
Trincomali, Ceylon, 25. vi. 1891 {Col. Yerhurij).

This species closely resembles ^. lco\ P., in the shape of the
wing-markings.

145. Exoprosopa lar, F. (PI. Ill, fig. 3.)

Bibio lar, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii, p. 414 (1781).
Anthrax lar, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 268 (1828).
Anthrax collaris, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 271 (1828).
Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mas. ii, p. 247, 2 (1849).

EXOPROSOPA. 195.

Litorhynclms colhiris, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 80 (1840).
Anthrax ruqicollis, Saunders, Tr. Eut. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 59 pi v
tig. 5 (1841). ■ '

Exoprosopa binotata, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Supp. 5, p. 89 (1855).
JE.vo2)rosopa collaris, Brunetti, Rec. Iiid. Miis. ii, p. 444 (1909).

(J . Nead with frons distinctly oarrower at vertex than above
autennse, whei'e it equals one-third the width ot the head; dark
nut-brown, with a slight pink or orange tint, covered with short
black pubescence, and a few minute elongate pale brownish-yellow
scales or scale-like hairs on lower part ; face of similar colour to
frons, with black pubescence and similar scales ; proboscis dark
withdrawn ; antennal 1st and 2nd joints ferruginous, 3rd black •
occiput yellowish brown, with minute black bristles, which con-
tinue over the vertex nearly to the ocelli ; and with whitish
scales funning a band of irregular \^'idth contiguous to the eye-
margins. Thorax black, with sparse black pubescence, covered
with very short depressed yellowish (almost pinkish) brown
scale-like hairs ; anterior margin with a thick fringe of very lonw
narrow^ brownish-yellow (varying to bright ferruginous) hair-like
scales; a bunch of similar scales below the humeri, on prothorax,
and below posterior corners of dorsum ; coarse hairs of similar
colour cover the mesopleurae, with some black hairs intermixed
below wing base; sides of thorax dull oi-ange-brown ; humeral
calli reddish brown, with nmnerovis black bristles ; posterior calli
reddish brown, covered with pubescence like that of the thorax
with several long strong spines projected hindwards. Scutellum
uniformly dark reddish brown, with similar pubescence to the
thoracic dorsum ; hind margin with a row of spines. Abdomen
black, the sides often more or less reddish ; posterior margin of
1st segment narrowly, 2nd and 3rd segments from base to tip
(covering one-third of the surface on each side) dull but distinct
reddish brown ; the whole dorsum with short depressed black
pubescence; a fan-like bunch of rather dirty white very elongate
scales at sides of 1st segment; a patch of long yellowish- white
scales towards each side of 3rd segment, contiguous to the
margin, and 6th segment (and possibly 7th also) covered with
similar scales; the sides of the abdomen from 2nd segment to tip
with coarse black bristly hair. Yenter moderatel}' dark bro\^n
barely thiged with yellowish, but with paler hind margins to the
segments and a few soft yellowish hairs ; genitalia rather large,
ferruginous. Ler/s reddish brown, metatarsi more or less darker,
rest of tarsi black; fore legs, apai^t from the usual minute
pubescence, with rows of very short bristles on tibi« ; middle
femora with at least two rather strong bristles of unequal length
on inner side towards tip ; hind femora with a row of strono-er
bristles below, posterior tibi« with the usual rows of small
bristles ; tarsi with short stiff black pubescence below. Wings
best described as pale grey with the basal third dark brown,
filling the anal and axillary cells except their tips, the colour
continued along the costa nearly to the tip of the 1st longitudinal

o2

196 BOMBYLIID.E.

vein and extending bindwards to the upper side of the discal cell,
thence spreading out and embracing the apical third of that cell,
the base of the 2nd posterior, and just entering the 3rd posterior,
the colour sliarply delimited distally by a line drawn from its
costal limit to where it ends posteriorly in the 3rd posterior cell;
a small clear spot at upper corner of 2nd basal cell, with a small
yellowish spot immediately above it, and a slight pale yellowish
tinge about the middle of the 1st posterior cell ; the brown
colour is only very slightly variable in its extent. Alulsa and
alar squamae with a fringe of dirty brown scales ; halteres black.

Length, l-t-lS mm.

Redescribed mainly from a c? in good condition in the Indian
Museum from Bara Banki, United Provinces, 14. x. 1910, and
others in less good condition from Kaiigra Vallev or Sikkim
{Dudgeon) ; Allahabid, i. 1910 (Chafterjee) ; Bandhara, Cent. Prov.,
India, l.xii.l912 (Imms); Sahibganj, Bengal; Bellary, South India,
10. viii.-ll. ix. 1913 ; Surat, Bombay, 11. xi. 1911 (Fletcher);
Bangalore; Trivandrum ; Mahagany, Ceylon, 15. ii. 1891 ; Nila-
velli, Ceylon, 30. v. 1891 {Col. Yerbary).

Tijpesin. Fabricius's, Westermann's and Wiedemann's collections.

It must be remembered that the foregoing description is cliiefly
from an individual speciu)en. Wiedemann noted the close affinity
between collaris and lar, claiming for the former the more fox-red
collar, the absence of white touieutum at the tip of the abdomen,
the absence of white pubescence towards the sides at the base of
the abdomen, the wholly black ground-colour of the body, the
black-haired abdomen, and the shortening of the second trans-
verse black band (so to speak) on the wing, so that it does not
reach the hind border.

Most of these characters are more or less variable, especially
the distance to which the more distal of the two extensions of the
costal dark border reaches, and the reddish-brown colour of the
sides of the abdomen. Saunders's figure of his rugicollis shows
the limits of variation in three characters, the ferruginous collar,
the shortened wing-band, and the all-black abdomen. Wiede-
mann's characters of the absence of white vestiture at the base
and tip of the abdomen are negative ones, and it may reasonably
be supposed that his specimen was somewhat worn.*

Two specimens in the British Museum from Mahagany, Ceylon
{Col. Yerburg), appear to represent an undescribed species allied
to E. lav, but are not in sufficiently good condition to describe
properly.

One of the specimens bears a label : " ? E. binotata, Macq."'
This latter I concluded t to be synonymous with collaris, AVied.,+
being further convinced by a specimen of the latter in the Indian

* As the first few examples of this species seen by me answered fully to
Wiedemann's collaris, a certain number of specimens were identified by me as
such and returned to correspondents. These should bear the name of lar.

t Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 444.

I E. collaris, Wied., is now regarded by me as synonymous with lar, F.

EXOPEOSOPA. 197

Museum, labelled " E. Mmacidata, Macq."' in Bigot's handwriting.
Bigot evidently wrote himacidata in mistake tor hinotata, but the
two specimens described above are cei'tainly distinct from lar. In
the event of hinotata, Macq., being a good species, they may be
representatives of it.

146. Exoprosopa pennipes, Wied.

Anthraa- pennipes. Wiedemami, Dipt. Exot. i, p. 129 (1821) ; id.,

Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 272 (1828).
Exoprosopa pennipes, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1. p. 49 (1840) ;

Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii. p. 443 (1909).
Hyiyeralonia jJennipes, Koudaiii, Ami. Mus. Gen. vii, p. 452 (1875).

Head with Irons more than twice as wide above anteunse (whei-e
it equals one-third the width of the tiead) as at vertex, blackish, with
black hairs on upper part, and below with black hairs mixed with a
number of short silvery scales of rather greater width ; face black,
with black bristly hairs and small silver scales ; proboscis yellowish
brown ; antenna? black, possibly sometimes reddish brown at base ;
occiput black, with small silvery scales at least near the eye-
margins, probably a considerable part of the surface thus covered
in perfect specimens. Thorax black ; dorsum with a dark indigo-
blue tinge, caused by the whole surface being covered in perfect
specimens with brilliant small subquadrate blue scales, longi-
tudinally striated, black pubescent; anterior margin with long
narrow black scales ; buuches of similar scales or bristly hairs
below shoulders, on mesopleurse and metapleura?, and below hind
corners of dorsum ; apparently some black bristl}' or coarse hairs
around tlie wing-base. Scutellum black, covered with scales like
those of the thorax, pubescent, dull dark brown towards hind
margin, which bears a row of spines. Abdomen black, covered
with blue-green or green scales, with black pubescence; some
long, thin, very dark brown scales in a bunch at sides of 1st seg-
ment ; venter dark blackish indigo, with a little black pubescence
and no trace of scales. Legs black; fore tibiae and metatarsi
yellowish brown ; middle tibise very dark brown ; hind femora
towards tips and hind tibiae from base to tip with rows of dense
long dark brown narrow scales. (Xo distinct bristles are visible
on the legs, but this may be due to the bad preservation of the
specimens.) Wings deep brown, violet-tinged, fore border about
the middle a little yellowish, also just a little paler about the
cross-veins ; tip of wing quite clear, limited by tip of 2nd longi-
tudinal vein, and hindwards on the wing-border by the proximal
side of the Und posterior cell.* Alula? and alar squamae fringed
with long narrow dark brown scales ; halteres blackish brown.

Lengtli, 11-18 mm.

* In the second specimen (from Karachi) the wing is pale along the bind
margin of the 3rd posterior cell.

198 B0MBYLIID.5:.

Eedesci'ibed niaiuly from a specimen (? S ) from Koliima, Assam,
in the Indiau Museum ; a second specimen fi'om Karachi and
other specimens from Pusa; and lower ranges, N. Khasi Hills,
187S (CJiennell).

The Karachi specimen shows the following differences : — The
1st antennal joint (the only one remaining) is distinctly reddish
brown, there is a bunch of dirty white scales at the sides of the
1st abdominal segment ; the abdomen is longer, narrower, and
more pointed, the last segment distinctly reddish brown, with the
ovipositor protruding considerably, and the venter has indis-
putable traces of a median row of white scales. The only remain-
ing leg is a hind one, on which the scales are identical w ith those
of the Kohima specimen.

147. Exoprosopa latipennis, Enm.

Exoprosopa latipennis, Brunetti. Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 404 (1909).

S . Head with fi'ons barely one-third width of head at level of
antennae, two-thirds of this width at vertex ; dark olive-brown,
rather velvety, wiih a few scattered hairs ; lower part and face
with small elongate pinkish-yellow scales ; ocelli o)i a minute
protuberance on vertex ; antetinse blackish brown ; underside of
lieiid blackish brown ; mouth-border narrowly yellowish. Thorax
black, with thick briglit orange hairs on lateral margins ; black
bristly hairs on lower part in front; anterior margin and below
both shoulders and posterior calli with tliick bunches of elongate
orange scales ; scutellum black, with a row of black hairs or fine
bristles on hind margin. Abdomen black, elongated, sides parallel,
tip rounded, with sparse black pubescence ; sides of 2nd, 3rd, and
4th segments narrowly brick-red ; a bunch of pale yellowish elon-
gate scales at sides of 1st segment; sides of abdomen with rather
thick yellow hairs, which become thinner and paler tov\ards tip ;
venter black, with black Iiairs, central segments paler in middle.
Legs dark brown ; hind femora with a row of long bristles below.
Wiuf/s uniformly rich dark brown, unusually wide across the
middle.

Length, 18 mm.

The present description is from the type, from Shillong, in the
Indian Museum (which is a J , not a j ), and two <S d in the
Bi'itish Museum (Khasi Hills and Cherrapiiuji, Assam).

148. Exoprosopa lateralis, Brun. (PI. Ill, fig. 7.)

Exoprosopa lateralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, ]i. 467, pl. xii,
fig. 17(1909).

5 . Head withfrons and face dark olive-brown, becoming more
or less orange towards the lower part of the latter, both covered
with black pubescence and (except the upper part of the frons)
with small pinkish-yellow scales ; proboscis dark brown, palpi

EXOPROSOPA. 199

yellow; antenna3 brown, 1st and 2ud joiuts bristly; occiput dark
grey, with yellowish scales around eye-margins. Tliorax black, with
long bright ferruginous scales or bristly hairs on anterior margin,
below shoulders, and on posterior calli ; dorsum (denuded) evi-
dently more or less covered with veiy short yellow scale-like hairs
closely applied, which towards the sides and hind margin are
thinner and longer ; lower part of thorax bare, with ferruginous
marks.* Abdomen elliptical ; black, the sides more or less broadly
brick-red; this coloration is very variable in quantity, as in one
specimen it only moderately narrowly borders the abdomen, and in
another one it extends so far inwards as to reduce the black part
almost to a dorsal row of spots. Bunches of ferruginous elongate
scales at each side of 1st and 2nd segments, and a small tuft of
stiff black hairs at the sides of each segment ; dorsum thinly covered
with short tawny yellow scales and black hairs ; last segment red-
dish, black at the middle of the base ; venter brownish brick-red,
with sparse yellow hair-like scales. Leys (mainly missing) tawny
brown : fore coxae with rather long yellow hauvs ; hind femora and
tibiae with short black spines. Wings dark brown, tip and
posterior border nearly to the base irregularly and indistinctly
clear, the clear part extending into the discal cell ; traces of a
small round clear spot in upper corner of 2nd basal cell ; alulae
and alar squamae with dirty brown elongate scales.

Length, 14-18 mm.

Described from three $ $ in the Indian Museum from Calcutta;
and Talewaddi, X. Kanara Distr., 3-10. x. 1916 (Kemp).

149. Exoprosopa annandalei, Brim. (PL III, fig. 8.)

Exoprosopa annandalei, Bruiietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 469, pi. xii,
fig-. 20 (1909).

§ . Head with vertex, frons, and face blackish, with short sparse
yellowish liairs, and some stiff bristly black haii's on frons, which
is considerably narrowed on the vertex, where the ocellar triangle
is very small ; mouth-opening yellowish, proboscis dark brown ;
palpi black, short, filamentous, with a single row of hairs ; antennae
yellowish, lirst joint hairy, third rather elongated, with moderately
long style ; back of head dark grey ; eyes dark brown, with some
yellowish hairs, which are whitish behind the e3'es. Tliorax
blackish ; tawny-yellow hairs rather thickly placed on fore border,
and on the sides, where there is a pale tawny spot on the pleurae ;
dorsum nearly bare (? denuded). Scutellum light brown, posterior
border with a row of black spiny bristles and short sparse
yellowish hairs ; metanotum hidden. Abdomen ovate, chestnut-
brown (ground-colour), with a row of irregularh^ oval dorsal
black spots at the base of each segment, and with traces of a
narrow black liue almost on the posterior borders of some of the
segments ; a sparse band (interrupted in the iuiddle) of short

* Possibly due to discoloration.

200 BOMBlLIIDiE.

whitish hairs on the anterior part, and a similar band of blackislv
hairs on the posterior part, of each segment ; the second segment
possessing- a basal row of short sparse tawny hairs and a bunch of
longer white liairs on each side at the base ; the short whitish hairs
on the dorsum may possibly extend over the greater part of the-
surface, and appear more like scales than hairs. Venter chestnut-
brown, v. ith irregular black marks and with short white scaly hairs
generally distributed over it. Legs tawny brown, fore coxae similar,
posterior coxae blackish brown ; hind femora with a few hairs
beloAA", posterior tibiae moderately covered with short bristles ;
tarsi blackish brown, minutely pubescent below. TTinr^rs pale grey,
with a dark brown oblique baso-costal band, which has an indenta-
tion on the lower side ; the brown colour extends along the costa
to the tip of the first longitudinal vein, its outer edge extending
posteriorly to jnst behind the second posterior cell, the colour thus
tilling slightly more than half the iirst longitudinal and discal cells,,
and extending in an irregularly straight line from the latter cell
to the base of the wing, filling halt' the anal cell; round brown
spots, all of equal size, are placed at the tip of the second longi-
tudinal vein, at the base of the fork of the third longitudinal and
at the tip of the veinlets dividing the second, third, and fourth
posterior cells; on the upper corner (adjoining the base of the
discal cell) of the lower basal cell a small bluish opalescent spot ;
at extreme base of wings and along the stronger veins a distinct
tawny colour ; halteres yellowish white.

Length, 9-12 mm.

Described from the two original females in the Indian Museum,
from Moulmein, Lower Burma, 6. iii. 1908 [Annandale).

150. Exoprosopa maciiliventris, sp. nov.

S . Head wholly blackish grey ; frons about half as A\ide again
at level of antennae as at vertex, with fine black hairs, intermixed'
with short yellow ones on lower part ; face with sparse short
yellow hairs and on lower part with rather short black hairs ;
antennae and mouth-parts black ; the considerably puffed-out
occiput with a few short yellow hairs, and on hind border a
narrow fringe of them. Thorax and scvidhim black, with mode-
rately short black pubescence, which is longest on the scutellum •
anterior border narrowly with short yellow hairs, and a con-
spicuous bunch of long bright yellow pubescence below each
shoulder : some yellow hairs along the sides below the wings and
a large bunch below the posterior angles of the dorsum ; the
posterior calli themselves Iraving a few much shorter and paler
yellow hairs on the hinder side. Abdomen black, surface of seg-
ments (except 1st) mainly covered with small closely-set black
scales, and bearing long fine black hairs, except at base and hind
margins ; 1st segment dark blackish grey, unsealed, with short
yellow hairs on dorsum and a bunch of long bright yellow hairs

EXOPROSOPA. 201

towards and over each side ; on the 2nd segment towards each
anterior corner is a circular spot of j^ellowisli- white scales ; tliis
pair of spots is duplicated on the 3rd and 4th segments, the scales
forming them being less yellow on the 3rd segment and nearly
white on the 4tli ; 5Lh segment bearing no white spots, but 6th and
7th each with a similar pair of white scale-spots ; sides of 2nd
segment with long yellow hairs anteriorly (as in 1st segment) and
black hairs posteriorly ; sides of remaining segments with thick
black pubescence. Venter black, with small closely impressed
black scales and thin black pubescence; sexual organs too con-
cealed for observation. Legi wholly blade, with ordinary pubes-
cence ; tibiae with obvious closely impressed small black scales and
two distinct rows of bristles on hind pair, with numerous others
more or less arranged in longitudinal rows ; hind femora with a
little soft black hair and a row of distinct, faii'ly hmg bristles on
underside. ^Y'mgs with about anterior half deep blackish brown,
the colour filling the marginal cell except the tip, thence running
parallel to the hind margin of the wing, filling half tl.e 1st
posterior cell ; thence retreating, tilling barely half the discal cell ;
thence extending to the hind angle of the w iiig, filling half the
anal and axillary cells. An oval spot at tip of 2nd vein, joining
the costa and also the extremity of the costal darkening ; a spot
at fork of 3rd vein, another over the cross-vein joining the 2nd
vein, and anotlier over the posterior cross-vein ; all the spots
concolorous and contiguous to the main expanse of colour. Alar
squama3 black, with short fringe of bright yellow hair; halteres
black.

Lewijili, 14 mm. ; expanse, 34 mm.

Described from a single perfect specimen in the Indian Museum
from Kousanie, Garhwal State, (1075 ft., 22. vii. 1914 (6'o/. Tythr).

The wing-markings are very nearly similar to those of £'.«)iHrt»-
dalei, figured in Kec Ind. Mus. ii, pi. xii, fig. 2u, except that in
this latter species tlie colour is of a much lighter brown.

151. Exoprosopa stylata, sp. nov.

J . Head with f roiis at vertex about two-thirds as wide as at level
of antennae, where it is less than one-third the width of the bead ;
covered with dull brownish tomentun or dust with a tinge of yellow,
sparsely beset with stiff black hairs ; lower part of frons with
depressed black scales, which in certain lights exhibit a silvery
lustre ; face distinctly produced into a blunt cone, covered thickly
with similar black scales (shining silvery) and long bristly hairs
as on frons ; upper edge of mouth-opening furnished with very
long, thin, dark brown scales ; mouth-opening and proboscis brown,
latter extending forward as far as tip of antennae. Antenna3
black, 3rd joint elongate conical, as long as 1st and 2nd together,
with a style as long as the joint itself, bearing a pale elongate thick
bristle at tip. T/io/vrr black, faintly shining ; £»t least hinder part
with small impressed black scales (which possibly cover the entire

202 BOMBYLIIDJE.

surface) ; dorsum also with stiff black pubesceuce of moderate
length ; anterior margin with a thick fringe of very elongate
bright yellow scales projecting forwards, forming a sort of dense
collar ; shoulders entirely covered with a dense bunch of very
■elongate black scales, wliich extend (diminishing in strength) over
the mesopleura, and continue as short stiff hairs over part of the
sternopleura ; pteropleura bare, shining, but the metapleura with
a thick bunch of black scales on its posterior part ; sternopleura
with a slight greyish tinge on lower part. Scutellum black, with
minute adpressed black scales covering its entire surface, and a
row of curved black bristles on hind margin. Abdomen black,
faintly shining, entirely covered with minute adpressed black
scales, which, if viewed at a low angle from in front, show a silvery
sheen ; and with a row of black bristles on hind margins of at least
the last two or three segments, the hind margins of which bear a
row of rather short but obvious dark brown scales ; the outer two-
thirds of 1st segment with a dense covering of very elongate,
bright chrome-yellow scales, the actual sides with elongate black
scales ; sides of other segments also with elongate ver}^ narrow
dark brown scales, and a few other quite broad dark brown ones,
intermixed posteriorly with black bristly hairs ; six spots com-
posed of scales, which, viewed from in front, appear silvery, and
from behind dull milk-white, are placed as follows : one towards
each side of the dorsum on 3rd segment, one at base in centre of
4th, one towards each side of 6th, and an elongate one at base of
7th extending over the greater part of the segment. Venter
covered uniformly with niinute brownish-black scales that appear
silvery when viewed at a low angle either from in front or behind ;
a row of bristles on hind margin of each segmeut. Genitalia
rather large, apparently consisting of a small sub-globular reddish-
piece and a greyish cone-shaped piece of larger size, pubescent.
Legs black, coxfe with bristly hairs ; femora closely covered M'ith
black scales that appear silvery in certain lights ; tibiae apparently
I'eddish brown, but m certain lights the scales shine silvery; tarsi
brown. TFiii^s pale grey, iridescent ; a brown baso-costal baud,
limited distally by tip of 1st longitudinal vein, the hinder margin
of the band nearly a straight line thence, through the anterior
cross-vein and extreme base of -1th posterior cell, and thence to
base of wing, encroaching narrowly on anal cell ; discal cell
nearly clear, a darker brown spot jointly over tip of pra?furca and
anterior cross-vein ; another over base of discal cell and forking
of 5th vein, a small one at base of 3rd posterior cell,

Lenf)th, 8 mm.

Described from a unique specimen from Hadagalla, Ceylon
(j^'. Bainbrlgge FletcJier).

Type in the British Museum, presented by Mr. Fletcher.

The conspicuous silvery-white spots on the abdomen placed
like the " 5 " of a playing card, in addition to the exceptionally
long antennal style, I'euder this species easily recognisable.

EXOPROSOPA. 203

152. Exoprosopa insulata, Wall-. (PL III, fig. 4.)

Anthrax (s. g. Liforhi/ticJms) insulata, Walker, Ins. Sauud., Dipt.

pt. iii, p. 172 (18o2)".
Exoprosopa insulata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 44(5 (1909).
Head with frons about half as wide again above antenua3, wliere
it forms one-third the width of tlie head, as at vertex ; dull olive-
brown (in well-preserved s[)eciiueiis, otherwise blackish), with black
pubescence and minute elongate pinkish-yellow scales or scale-like
hairs ; face concolorous, but yellowish about the mouth-opening,
with similar hairs aiul small scales ; proboscis black, projecting
some distance beyond tip of antennae ; antennse black ; occiput
dark grey, with very small yellow scales in the neighbourhood of
the eye-margins, hinder edge with a fringe of short yellow hairs.
Thorax dark olive-grey or olive-brown (in perfect specimens),
with short black pubescence and very minute elongate yellow
scales, which perhaps are sparser about the ceutre of the dorsum;
anterior margin witli long brownish-yellow scales, which are also
fairly abundant; from below the shoulders to below the wing-base,
and, again, below the posterior corners of the dorsum. Lower
part of prothorax, the mesopleiu'oe, pteropleurae, and steruopleurse
with long black bristly hairs; scutelhiin concolorous with thoracic
dorsum, with small yellow scnles and a few black hairs, and a row
of rather sinuous thin black hairs on posterior margin. Ahdomen
rather dull black, slightly shining : 1st segment witli a bunch
towards each side of comparatively short, very erect, elongate,
brownish-yellow scales, and a narrow band of such erect scales
extends across the segment on the anterior half ; 2nd segment
with broad band on anterior half of small elongate closely-applied
yellow scales, the posterior half being covered with black scales of
similar nature ; 4th and following segments with similar black
scales on anterior part and yellow scales on hinder part ; 4th seg-
ment with a patch of silvei'y-white scales towards each side, and
7th segment mainly covered with such scales ; sides of abdomen
with long brown scales and long black hairs ; venter black, with a
little black pubescence and covered with minute yellow scales.
Legs black ; tibige more or less dark brown ; femora with small
closely-applied pale scales, ])osterior femora and tibiae with the
usual bristles. Whuis pale grey, with a broad oblique dark brown
or blackish-brown band extending on the costa to tip of 1st longi-
tudinal vein, and distinctly beyond bifurcation oF 2ad and 3rd
veins, and anterior cross-vein, embracing basal third of discal cell
and crossing anal and axillary cells about their middles ; several
blackish spots are present, variable in number and size, four on
the clear part of the wing being always present, placed respec-
tively (1) near tip of 2nd vein, (2) at fork of 3rd vein, (3) on
2nd vein at the junction of the veinlet joining this vein to the
3rd, and (4) over outer side of discal cell, generally elongate and
sometimes reduced to two separate spots ; on the brown part of
the wing, the spots being much darker in colour, there are
generally one over the anterior cross-vein, one at the fork of the

204 bombtliidjE.

-Ith vein, aud at the base of both the 3rd and 4th posterior cells;,
adventitious spots freely occur about the tips of the 2nd aud 3rd
longitudinal \ eins, and occasionally in other parts, and the 3rd
posterior cell is often more or less bisected longitudinally by an
additional incomplete veinlet. The 1st posterior cell is not infre-
quently closed just before the border. Halteres black.

Lenc/th, 7-10 mm.

Redescribed from several specimens, mostly in inferior condition^
in the Indian Museum from Soondrijal, Chitlong, Nagorkote,
Pharping, and Khumdhik, iii. 1909 — all in Nepal ; Delira Dun, xi.
1907 [Lt.-Col. WyvilU Thomson'] ; Naini Tal District, 4. iv. 1910;,
Mussoorie, ix. 1906; Simla, x. 1911 ; Allahabad, v. 1911 and xii.
1910 (Chattn'jee); Bandhara, Central Provinces, 1. xii. 1912 {Imms);.
Mahagany, Ceylon, 17. i. 1912 {Col. Yerhury); Castle Eock, N.
Kanara District, 11-26. x. 191(5 {Kemp); Madhupur, Bengal,
16. X. 1909 (Faiva) ; Pipera, Gondo District, United Provinces,
9. iii. 1909; Ootacamund, S. India, 24-31. xii. 1913 (FletcJier) •
lower ranges, N. Khasi Hills, 1878 {Chennell).

Tliere seems no reasonable doubt of tiiis being Walker's
insuluta, described oi'iginally from the " East Indies." It i&
common through Nepal and extends to the Indian plains.
Walker says the sides of the abdomen are fringed alternately
with black and yellow hairs, but this does not appear to be the
case, though possibly in perfect specimens the white scales on
the 4th antl 7th segments may overhang the margin sufficiently
to produce this effect. His description also of the wing-spots
does not quite agree with mine, but these markings are admittedly
variable.

A specimen in the Indian Museum fi-om Dehra Dun labelled
" i?. S-notata, Big., sp. uov." is certainly identical, and is
apparently merely a MS. name ; a second specimen with precisely
similar markings is from Calcutta.

A further specimen from " Thingaunyinaung to Mvawadi,"'
Lower Burma, 900 ft., 24-26. xi. 1911 {Gravely), has the'spots in
the clear part of the wing all so enlarged and blurred that hardly
any grey surface remains.

Some notes of mine on the variation of the \\ing-markings
appeared recently (Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 446).

In compai'ing the descriptions of insulata, Walk., hengalensis,.
Macq., and hniJumi, Sch., it will be seen that they are somewhat
similar. The latter I have not seen, but a number of specimens of
both insulata and henyalensis in the Indian Museum (both iden-
tified by me, but, I thinlc, without possiliility of doubt) prove that
at least these two are quite good and distinct species. E. ins^data
is known by the black or deep blackish-brown colour of the baso-
coslal band, which, though not actually clearly defined, stands
out if a number of specimens be glanced at collectively ; whereas
in bengahnsls the colour is brown, without any trace of black, and
there is ijo apparent line of demarcation between the anterior
half and the posterior half, the latter being only a little lighter..

liXOPROSOPA. 205

The spots in insulata stand out distinctl}^, especially those nearest
the wing-border ; they are black or blackish brown, and some of
them are placed elsewliere than on the cross-veins. The " spots "
m hengalemis are small, moderated lioht brown infuscatious, and
occur only on the cross-veins, although the veins themselves are
oPten hghtly infuscated for considerable distances. E. hrahma
has distinct spots, apart from infuscations of cross-veins, and
should therefore in this character approximate to insulata, but
Schnier distinctly describes the anterior part of the wing as only
smoke-brown. Again, in hrahma the scutellum and antenna; are
reddish yellow or brownish, whereas in both insulata and betujahnsis
these parts are black. The presumption is that all three are good
species.

153. Exoprosopa puenila, sp. nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 9.)

Head with frons distinctly broader at level of antenna?, where it
IS one-third the width of the head, than at vertex; both frons and
face blackish, former more or less cinereous grey towards \ertex,
latter orange yellowish around the mouth ; the lower half, or rather
more, of the frons and the major part of the face covered with
closely-applied yellowish scales and a little tine black pubescence ;
some yellow hairs about the lower part of the face ; proboscis
blackish; antennae blackish grey; occiput blackish, witli a con-
siderable amount of dirty white scales, eloselv applied. Thorax
blackish, thickly covered with very thin vellowish iiair-like scales ;
anterior border with a fringe of long" brownish-vellow scales ;'
some long bristly black hairs on lower part of prothorax ; pleura
with bristly scale-like brownish-yellow hairs; scutellum black,
about the apical half reddish brown, the wliole dorsum (apparently)
covered with short yellowish scales like those of the thorax.
Bristles of thorax normal. Abdomen blackish, dull ; hind border
of segments rather narrowly brownish yellow, the colour sprt^ading
out considerably towards sides of 2nd and 3rd segments ; the
whole dorsum covered with black hairs and closely-apphed small
brownish-yellow scales, which towards sides oF 3rd segment are
whitish ; a bunch of elongate pale brownish-vellow scales at sides
of 2ud segment and a similar bunch of shorter small black scalt^s
at sides of 3rd segment. Venter yellowish, marked here and there
with black, and mainly covered with small yellow scales. Le(/s
black ; femora and tibia? with yellowish scales and the usual bristly
hairs ; tarsi black. Winr/s clear, the dark oblique band running
diagonally from tip of auxiliary vein, crossing the centres of the
anal and axillary cells ; a loop extending from the middle of the
1st posterior cell, along the outer side of'the discal cell ; the colour
also encroaches well into the base of the 4th posterior cell ; a pale
yellowish spot around the anterior cross-vein and base 'of 4th
])Osterior cell, a semi-hyalme small spot about the base of the
discal cell; halteres brown ; clubs dull yellow.
Leur/th. 4|-6 mm.

Described from two specimens in the Indian Museum from
Madras (Copt. Cragg).

206 BOMBYLIID^.

154, Exoprosopa bengalensis, Macq. (PI. Ill, fig. 5.)

Exoprosopa bengalensis, Macqiiart, Dipt. Exot. ii, p. 49, pi. xviii,
tig-. 4 (1840) ;* Brunetti, Rec. Incl. Mus. ii, p. 445 (1909j.

(5 5 . Head with Irons at vertex half as wide as at level of
anfcennje, where it is barely one-third the width of the head ; dull
olive-brown or cinereous, the amount of yellowish tinge variable ;
whole frons and face with black pubescence in moderate amount,
also (except towards vertex of former) covered with short narrow
yellowislj scales, closely applied to the surface ; mouth-border
brownish yellow, with black hairs ; proboscis blackish brown,
labella narrow ; palpi black, thin, with fine black hairs ; antennal
1st and 2nd joints brownish yellow, with black bristles, 3rd joint
black ; occiput blackish, with yellowish scales around eye-margins.
Thorax brownish grey, dorsum covered with short coarse yellow isli
scale-like hairs ; anterior margin with elongate orange-yellow'
scales, thickly placed, and bunches of similar or slightly paler
scales below the shoulders, on the mesopleurse, and around and
behind the wings ; black spines on humeral and posterior calli ;
scutellum blackish, hind margin more or less reddish brown,
covered with short yellowish hairs and with a row of black
bristles on posterior margin. Abdomen blacidsh (?) or reddish
brown, wholly covered with very small elongate yellowish scales
and black bristly hairs ; a bunch of elongate yellowish scales at
sides of 1st segment ; venter blackish or reddish brown, with a
few long yellow hairs ; hind margins of segments more or less
pale, with some yellowish scales. Legs blackish ; femora and
tibiae with rather thickly -placed, closely-applied, yellow scales,
which extend over the upper side of the metatarsi, and apparently
occasionally to the remaining joint also; the whole of the legs
with black bristles, the tarsi with black pubescence. Wings
yellowish grey; a slight infuscation over practically all those
parts of tlie veins thiit lie transversely ; the veins themselves
more or less darkened basally ; halteres yellowish, knobs a little
darker ; alulae and alar squamae with a dirty brown and yellowish
fringe of scales respectively.

Length, 10-12 mm.

Described from several examples in bad condition in the Indian
Museum, labelled " ? India"; Hadagalla, Ceylon, ix, x. 1911;
Trincomali, 14. i. 1891, and Mahagany, Ceylon, 15. ii. 1891 (Col.
Yerbury).

The genitalia are quite hidden ; the sex of the specimens is
therefore uncertain, and no difference in the width of the frons
in any of them is apparent.

Tjipc in the Paris Museum.

155. Exoprosopa brahma, Scli. (PI. Ill, fig. 6.)

Exoprosopa brahma, Schiuer, Reise ' No vara,' Dipt. p. 199 (18G8).

"Brown; venter and scutellum reddish yellovv, latter at base
blackish. \Yhole ground-colour of body can be seen to be pale

EXOPROSOPA. 207

brown tlirougli the dense pale pubescence. Thorax in front and
at sides with longer golden-yellow hairs ; in front of and around
wiiig-base with black bristles. Abdomen at the base Mith thick
and long golden-j-ellow hair; 2nd seguient on fore border with a
whitish-yellow cross-band. Head reddish brown, epistome paler,,
frons darker; pubescence short, bright golden yellow; frons
black on hinder part. Antennae brown, 3rd joint very elongate,,
gradually tapering and produced into the style. Legs reddish
yellow, knees rather darker ; tarsi brown ; femora with shining
scales ; all bristles black ; pulvilli rudimentary. Wings sooty
brown, darker on front margin and more reddish, with eiglit
black spots : two at base of outer marginal (cubital) cell,
two at base of 2nd posterior cell, one eacli at bases of 3rd and
4th posterior cells, one on outer side of diseal cell, and the last
one suffusing the anterior cross-vein. Cross-vein joining upper
branch of cubital vein to subcostal vein, with a recurrent
appendix ; only three submargiiial cells. Length 1 lines. Two
speciiuens ; Ceylon."

The above is Schiner's description ; he compares it vvitli
E. alexon, Walk., and inmctulata, Macq.

Tijpe presumably in the Vienna Museum.

156. Exoprosopa iiiveiventris, Brun.

Kvoprosopa niveivetit.ris, Brun. Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 214 (1909).

$ . Head : frons at widest (level of antennas) one-third the
width of the head, narrowing at vertex to half this width ; dark
brown, covered with close, hght brownish-orange scales, which
become lighter coloured below the antennae ; the whole frons
covered with short black hairs ; ocelli small, black, close together,
placed on a small tubercle; mouth-border yellow, proboscis dark
brown. Antennae black; 1st and 2nd joints thickly beset
above and at the sides with strong black bristles ; 3rd joint
rather long, absolutely bare, with a very distinct style, which
itself bears a microscopic but distinct apical joint. Prom the base
of the antennae obliquely to the edge of the eye there is on each
side of the frons a narrow groove, quite destitute of scales or
pubescence. Back of head broad behind the eye, with minute
black pubescence, and covered towards the sides with solt
yellowish-white scales, which may perhaps extend over nearly all
the back of the head in some specimens; a fringe of short, br'io-ht
orange-yellow hairs encircles the back part of the head, meeting
the dense pubescence of the thorax. Thora.r dull black, with
some short black hairs towards anterior border, and in front of
the scutellum ; front part of thorax (not extending to the d(n"sum
proper) covered densely with narrow, elongate, bright yellow
scales, which also extend to the sides of the thorax, and form fan-
shaped bunches below each shoulder and behind each wing ;^^
these scales become almost thick pubescence at the sides of the
dorsum, being especially thick above each wing. The true dorsum-

208 BOMBTLIID^,

is very sparsely covered with very sliort yellowish scales, which
probably even iu perfect specimens never wliolly cover the surface;
scales at sides of thorax more yellow than orange. Posterior calli
])roininent, ferruginous, covered with irregular siuall black bristles,
with some hmg yellowish-white scaly pubescence on the outer
side, !ind there are four powerful long black sjiines placed close
together and directed horizontally backwards. IScutelluni ferru-
ginous brown, with an irregular double row of black spines on
posterior margin, and short yellow scales round the dorsum, which
is quite bare in the middle, botli of scales and hairs. Abdomen
black, covered with inici'osco|)ic black scales ; thick, scaly, whitish
pubescence at the sides of the Jst segment; at the base of the
2nd segment (which is the widest) a wide band of scaly yellouish-
white pubescence ; the remaining segments also bear similar bands
at their bases of more whitish scaly pubescence, this being
shortest on the 5th segment ; on the posterior borders of the 1st,
Gth, and 7th segments a row of rather strong black bristles,
directed backwards. Genital organ distinct, black, encircled
towards the posterior part and at the sides by a rather thick
fringe of orange hairs ; the tip itself more greyish, and bearing-
two vertical rows (containing seven in each) of rather long,
roseate scales, like the teeth of a comb. Venter black, nearly
covered, except towards the tip, with close, nearly snow-white,
scaly pubescence, the tip with black bristles. J^egs. black; coxne
with yellowish-white scales and distinct black bristles: femora
with similar scales aiid short black hairs, the middle pair with
two row s of short, distinct spines on underside ; the hind pair
with a similar row ; fore tibioe bare, middle tibiae beset somewhat
irregularly with tour rows (one on each side) of conspicuous but
moderately short bristles ; hind tibiae closely beset with elongate
dirty white scales, lying close to the surface, and intermixed with
strong, moderately short, black bristles,andwith an irregular circlet
of black spines at tip, most of them on the underside ; tarsi mi^iutely
but closely pubescent, with a row of minute spines below, being
longest on hind pair. Wings pale grey, costal cell and the basal
parts of all the veins ferruginous brown ; costal vein apparently
bare, but viewed microscopically, it presents a vei-y closely-placed
row of minute black spines, which are conspicuous on the extreme
base of the costa, where they are larger and are intermixed with
close-lying, dark greyish scales; at the extreme base of the costa
is a very powerful, thick, black, curved spine. Teguhe bright
orange, with a fringe of elongated scales, which are black on
outer part of the edge and dirty white towards the base; alula
of wii]g grey, with a fringe on posterior border of grey scales,
which contiuue for a short distance along the posterior margin of
the wing; halteres with stem brownish, club very pale creamy
•oi-ange.

Length, lS-20 mm.

Described from two 5 2 in the Indian Museum, taken by
Dr. Annandale at the base of Paresnath Hill, West Bengal,

EXOPEOSOPA. 209

16. iv. 1909 (1000 ft.); South Coorg, S. India, 15-26. v. 1914
(FletcJier) ; Trincomali, 15. ix. 1890 ; and Mahaganj, Ceylon,
8.ii.l891 (Col. Yerhury).

A conspicuoias species, resembling a llypendonia oE ray fourth
group (Kec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 413).

A single <S was taken by Dr. Annandale in company with
iiiveiventris $ , of which species I conclude it to be the S . The
Irons is barely appreciably narrower, therefore the narrowness of
the back of the head above, the difference in shape of the genital
organs, and the nearly clear wings are the onlj- points in which it
materially differs from the previously described species.

Head ahnost exactly as in niveiventris, except that the tirst joint
of the antennte is pale, and the back part of the head is less puffed
out behind the eyes, where it is covered closely with very small
creamy-orange scales; mouth-border whitish, bare. Thorax dusky
olive-brown, with two faint but distinct, narrow, widely separated,
blackish lines ; anterior part and sides with pubescence as in
niveiventris, except that it is whitish below the posterior calli ;
scutellum as in niveiventris. Abdomen as in niveiventris. The
genital organ is concealed within the body, but is covered with
whitish shimmer and fine black bristles, its tip apparently con-
sisting of a pair of rather complex orange-coloured claspers, the
upper side of the tip being covered with thick, black, bristly
spines. Lecfs with the underside of the fore femora pale and the
spines below the hind tarsi less conspicuous. Winijs wholly very
pale gi'ey, including costal cell; the veins in the middle at the
base of the wings are pale orange, as are also the subcostal, third
and fifth longitudinals ; halteres cream-coloured.

Length, 16 mm.

157. Exoprosopa vitripennis, Bnui.

Kvoprosopa vitripennis, Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. vii, p. 469 (1912).

6 . Head : frons above antennae nearly one-third the width of the
head, lessening to one-third of that width at tl;e vertex, shining
black, with short black ])ubescence atid pale whitish-yellow scales
above the antennas and over the shining black face also ; these
scales show prismatic colours in certain lights ; antennas dark
brownish yellow, 3rd joint ending in a fine point; oral opening
whitish yellow, bare, or with a few very short pale yellow hairs ;
proboscis rather long, blackish ; palpi black, curved, very slender,
with short hairs ; occiput and underside of head black, a few
scales closely pressed to the surface, behind the eyes. Thorax
shining black, with milk-white bristly hairs on the sides, anterior
border of dorsum, and around the wings. vScutellum dull coffee-
brown, some small white scales below its hind margin, closely
applied. ^icZo>??<?H black, moderately shining, almost bare ; small
milk-white scales at the bases of the segments towards the sides ;
venter black, with the basal part of most of the segments covered
with small snow-white scales. Legs wholly black, except for a

2L0 BOMBYLIIDiE.

slight dull brown reflection on the tibiae in certain lights. Winc/s
absolutely clear, vitreous, liighh'' iridescent ; costal, auxiliary, and
Ist longitudinal veins and tliose at base of wings yelloM'ish, the
remainder black ; halteres yellow.

Lenr/th, 10 mm.

Described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from Maha-
baleshwar, Satara Disti'ict, Bombay Presidency, 4200 ft., 13-16.
iv. 1912 (Gravely) ; in the British Museum, from Trincoraali,
4. iv. 1892, and Mahagany, Ceylon, 12. ii. 1891 (Col Yerhury).

Very near E. vitrea, Big., differiug by the wholly reddish-brown
antennae, the whitish hair on anterior margin of thorax, the
wholly black scutellum, the wholly clear wings, and the absence
of any reddish colour towards the sides of the dorsum.

158. Exoprosopa vitrea, Big.

U.coprosopa vitrea, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixi, p. 344 (1892) ;
Jirunetd, liec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 468, pi. xxxvii, tig. 5 (1912).

S 5 . Head : frons at level of antennae barely one-third the
width of the head, narrowing to nearly one-third of that width at
vertex in c? and to half that width in $ , black, with black hairs,
the lower half with short bright yellow scales; face with similar
scales and a few short bright yellow hairs ; facial bump fairly large ;
mouth-border pale whitish yellow; proboscis black; antennae black,
no trace of lighter colours ; back of head moderately pi'otruding,
black, with an irregular narrow fringe immediately behind the
eyes of very small greyish- white scales lying close to the surface ;
hind margin of head with a fringe of short yellow or yellowish-
white hairs. Thorax dark blackish brown ; anterior margin and
shoulders with thick bright yellow scale-like hairs, which are
continued around the whole of the prothorax, but in the S they
are quite black for a considerable s]"»ace on the lower part (imme-
diately below the mouth), whereas in the $ they are sometimes
uniformly yellow and sometimes similar to those of the <S ; surface
of dorsum covered with short depressed brownish-yellow hairs ;
pleuriB with yellowish-grey or grey hairs, and some around the
base of the wing. Abdomen blaok, with very short depressed
bright yellow hairs and black pubescence in the d ; the sides of
the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments are broadly and completely
covered with small snow-white depressed scales, which also form
an entire band across the b.isal half of the two latter segments ;
these scales are practically absent in the 5 , but a few are usually
present. Venter blackisti, the middle |)art a little paler, generally
with a considerable space covered with soft short Avhite hairs ;
tip inclined to be reddish. A considerable amount of white hairs
in both s ^xes at anterior corners of abdomen. Legs wl\olly black,
with the usual fine pubescence and very short black bristles.
Wings clear, costal and subcostal cells very pale yellowish grey ;
halteres pale yellow.

Length, 7-13 mm.

Kedescribed from a S and § in cop. from Helwak, Koyna

EXOPROSOl'A. 211

Valley, Satara District, Bombay Presidency, 2000 ft., 28-30. iv.
1912, and several others of both sexes from other localities in the
same neigliboiirhood, up to 3500 ft., and from the 23rd to the
50th ; Khemsa, Western Ghats, 2650 ft., 5. v. 1013.

The amount of yellow bair on the abdomen and tbe extent of
the Avbite scales are both variable.

159. Exoprosopa basifascia, WaU-.

Anthrax basifascia, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii,p. 248 (1849).

" Head tawny and clothed with tawny hairs ; moutli black ;
•eyes piceous ; feelers black, ferruginous at the base; chest piceous,
clothed with tawny hairs, which form a fringe along the fore
border and on each side ; scutcheon and breast ferruginous, the
latter clothed with tawny hairs ; abdomen dark piceous, with a
fringe of pale yellow hairs on the fore border of each segment
and more completely clothed on the underside ; legs black, thighs
piceous ; wings slightly grey, tawny at the base and on the fore
borders and along the margins of the veins; wing-ribs and veins
ferruginous, the latter piceous towards the tips ; poisers tawny.

" Length of body 8 lines, of the wings 18 lines. Xorth Bengal."

2^y2^e in the British Museum ; iniique.

The following four species are probably from India, although
recorded by Walker merely from the "East Indies" : —

160. Exoprosopa alexon, Wall:

Anthrax alexon, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p 246 (1849).

" Body ferruginous ; head and chest piceous ; head thickly
■covered with ferruginous down ; eyes very dark red ; feelers
tawny; chest clothed with tawny han-s ; breast with longer pale
yellow hairs ; scutcheon ferruginous ; back of the abdomen clothed
with tawny and white hairs, and along the hind borders of the
segment with piceous hairs and thereby banded; underside rather
paler and clothed with white hairs ; legs ferruginous; thighs and
shanks clothed with very short pale yellow hau's and beset with
black bristles; feet piceous, clothed beneath with short black
bristles ; wings brown, which colour passes into brownish grey
towards the hind border near the base, and the disks of some of
the areolets in the middle of the wing are also grey ; the brown
has likewise a very oblique branch, which becomes grey and
irregular as it approaches the hind border, which, like the tips of
the wings, is grey, with the following exceptions : a brown spot
on the 1st and sometimes another on the second of the longitu-
dinal veins where their upward curve appronches the fore border;
two brown spots on the cross-veins near the tip, one of them
mostly on the brown part, from which it is distinguished by its
darker colour; wing-ribs and veins ferntginous ; poisers tawny.

" Length 5 lines, expanse of the wings 13 lines. East Indies.

"From Archdeacon Clerk's collection."

Tyj)<^ i" the British Museum.

p2

212 BOMBYLIIDJE.

161. Exoprosopa semilucida, Wall:

AyitJu-a.v semilucida, Walker, Ins. Saimd., Dipt. pt. iii, n. 170
(1862).

5 . " Black ; head grey above, hoary beneath, clothed in front
and beneath with tawny hairs ; feelers black, dark ferruginous at
the base ; 1st joint short, liardly twice the length of the 2nd, 3rd
slightly tapering from the base to the tip, about thrice the length
of the 1st ; 4th slender, linear, not more than one-fourth of the
length of the 3rd ; chest and breast clothed with tawny hairs ;
scutcheon dark fen-uginous ; abdomen slightly obconical, a little
broader but not longer than the chest ; each segment adorned
with a band of pale yellow hairs ; the hairs beneath are hoary
and occupy a large part of each segment ; wings pale grey, tawny
at the base and along the fore border for full three-fourths of the
length ; wing-ribs tawny ; veins black, tawny towards the base
and along part of the fore border ; poisers tawny, with paler
knobs. Length of the body S lines, of the wings 18 lines. East
Indies."

162. Exoprosopa auriplena. Wall:.

Anthrax uurijilena, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pi. iii, p. 171 (1852).

$ . " Black, clothed with tawny hairs ; head adorned with a
tawny covering, clothed with short black and tawny hairs ; peri-
stoma yellow ; mouth and epistoina prominent ; breast hoary.
clothed with pale hairs ; scutcheon ferruginous ; abdomen nearly
elliptical, a little longer than the chest; fore borders of the
segments adorned with bands of yellow hairs; hind bordtrs
slightly ferruginous above, distinctly so beneath, which is clothed
with hoary hairs; legs clothed with short black hairs, armed with
black spines ; shanks dark lawny toA\ards the base ; Avings grey,
bright tawny at the base beneath the fore border and along the
borders of most of the veins, adorned with eight grey spots,
which are mostly on the cross-veins ; there are also two paler
and indistinct grey spots towards the base ; poisers tawny, with
yellow knobs. Length of the body 4| lines, of the wings 10 lines.
East Indies."

163. Exoprosopa albida. Wall-.

Antlira^v albida. Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. iii, p. 171 (1852).

$ . " Black, thickly clothed with pale j'ellow hairs ; head
clothed above with yellow hairs ; peristoma whitish yellow ; epi-
stoma prominent ; 1st joint of the feelers pale tawny ; breast and
underside of abdomen clothed with white hairs ; scutcheon ferru-
ginous ; abdomen mostly ferruginous, slightly obconical, not longer
than the chest, clothed with wliitish-yellow hairs; legs tawny,
armed with black spines, clothed with pale yellow hairs ; feet

skk;ostylum. 213

and hind sliauks black ; wings wliitish, A^ellow at the base and
along the fore border; disks of the areolets very pale grey', an
iri'egular very oblique grey band extending from three-fourths of
the fore border to one-sixth of the hind border, on approaching
which it becomes very indistinct ; wing-ribs tawny; veins black,
tawny towards the base and along the fore border ; poisers pale
yellow. Length of the body 9 lines, of the wings 16 lines. East
Indies."

Genus SPOGOSTYLUM, 3Iacrj.

Spo(/osfi/h(iii, Macquart. Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 60 (1S40),
Sponijostyhoii, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt, v, p. -"i'S (1909).

Genotype, Sjwgosfi/lum mi/staceum , Macq.

2 . Generic characters of Anthrax. Face not prominent, \Aith
rather short hairs: frons tomentose : ord antennal joint shoi't,
tip rounded, style of two distinct segments, cylindrical ; 1st joint
as long as c5rd, 2nd rather shorter, with a few hairs at tip.
Wings three times as long as abdomen ; three submargiual cells,
1st and 2nd cells with an appendix.

Range. North Africa, Asia Minor, India, Chile.

Maccpiart specially notes the " moustache " covering the face,
the antt^nnnl style, the shortness of the abdomen, and the length
of the wings. The genus is allied to Exoprosopa by the three
submargiual ceils and to Argi/rammha hj the antennal style, the
shortened abdomen, and the long wing.

164. Spogostylum austeni, sp. uov.

? $ . Head : in profile, frons and face only slightly projecting ;
former at level of anteunfc rather less than one-third the width of
the head, diminishing to two-thirds of that width at vertex ; black
(or blarkish grey?}, covered with depressed small brownish-yellow
scales and rather dense stiff black hair; face blackish, with dense,
very elongate yellowish-grey scales and long bristly pubescence
intermixed; mouth-opening large, proboscis short, labella large;
antenna; black, 3rd joint short, onion-shaped, style black ; occiput
yellowish, upper and side eye-margins with a broad fringe of
minute yellowish-grey scales. Thorax blackish, dorsuai (appar-
ently) covered with minute depressed brownish-yellow hair-like
scales ; anterior margin with a rather thin collar of very narrow
and elongate milk-white scales ; humeri with black bristles, and
behind these a number of strong black well-curved bristles and
spines nearly reaching to the wing-roots ; further strong bristles
occur along margin of thorax from wing-roots to hind corners ;*
a number of bristles curving hindwards along posterior margin of
dorsum ; pleura3 with grey pubescence intermixed with black
bristles. Scutellum with brownish-yellow minute depressed

* There are probably in perfect specimens some very strong spines on the
posterior calli, and the scars of these are visible in the present example.

'214 ijoMBvr.iiD^.

scales aud black liairs, traces of a marginal fringe of not very
strong bristles ; a bunch of yellowisli-grey elongate scales below
each posterior callus. Abdomen black, 1st segment short, covered
at each side with a bunch of elongate, dirty niilk-whire scales ;
2nd and following segments covered (except, perhaps, more or less
narrowly at base) with whitish hair-like scaly pubescence, and
with a transverse row of black bristles along, or just behind, the
middle of each segment ; some parts of the surface seem to be
covered with minute black scales ; a bunch of elongate dark brown
scales on hinder half of sides of 2nd segment, a similar bunch of
blackish-brown scales on sides of 4th segment, and others around
the tip of the abdomen ; sides of abdomen (except when occupied
by brown scales) covered with elongate whitish scales. Venter
blackish, hind margin of segments narrowly pale brown; basal
half of surface with ragged whitisli scaly pubescence and black
bristles, hinder half apparently with less pubescence, but tip with
long black bristles. Genitalia concealed, but covered with dense
long bright orange scales. Legs black ; femora ^ith more or less
greyish minute depressed scales on hinder sides and a row of
black bristles below ; tibise with usual bristles and covered closely
with dark brown scales. Wings pale grey ; costal and subcostal
cells brownish yellow, the colour spreading more faintly hindwards
and basally ; veins dark brown, those in centre of wing distinctly
and narrowly infuscated, the remainder just perceptibly suffused
also, except tips of 2nd aud 3rd veins ; halteres black, with milk-
white clubs.

Length, 15 mm. ; expanse, 42 mm.

Described from a single specimen (probably a $ ) in the
British Museum, from Lahore, 1910 (G. 11. Gaiger).

Genus ARCJYRAMffiBA, Sch.

Argyroinaha, Schiner, Wieii. Ent. Monats. iv, p. 51 (1860) ; E. it L.

('oucke, Ami. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii, p. 286 (1894).
Aggrcmiceha, Kertesz, Cat. Dipt, v, p. 59 (1909) : Bruuetti, Rec.

Iiid. Mus. ii, p. 448 (1909).
Sjm/ostglum, Williston (yiec Macq.), Man. X. Anier. Dipt., 2nd Ed

p. 65(1896). ^ '

Coquillettia, Williston, Man. N. Amer. Dipt., 2nd Ed. p. 65 (1896). !

Genotype, Anthrax trmunctata, Wied. ; by Coquillett's desif^na-
tion (1910). "

This genus differs from Anthrax in the following characters :
(1) the presence of a style to the 3rd antennal joint, distinctly
bisected by a suture and M'ith a pencil of hairs at its tip, this
being the most constant generic character ; (2) the face is shorter,
not at all protruding, but rather withdrawn; (3) the male'
genitalia are practically symmetrical, not asymmetrical as in
Anthrax aud Exojrrosopa ; (4) the ovipositor, tlie tip of the abdo-
men being covered with rather long silky hairs as in Bomhylius

AKGTEAM(EBA. 215

etc. ; (5) the fore tibiae are beset with spinules ; the tarsi have
distinct joints, the ungues are I'ather large ; in the 6 the front
tarsi are generally longer and more slender than in the § ; (6) the
knee-shaped basal angle of the 2nd longitudinal vein and the fork
of the 3rd vein generally each bear a short appendix directed
backwards.

The basal antennal joints are very slioi-t, the 3rd short, cone-
shaped, or flattened onion-shaped, bearing a more or less slender
but distinct style, which is bisected about its middle, the relative
lengths of the proximal and apical portions being often a good
specific character.

"Sometimes the stout basal portion of the 3rd joint is more
elongate, more gradually attenuate, with a short pencil- bearing
style at the end, thus showing that the portion of the style before
the suture in the ordinary Argyrumcebce is nothing but a portion
of the 3rd joint, and that the style beyond the suture alone is
homologous to the style of Exoprosopa" (Osten-SacJcen).

Range. World-wide, except Australasia.

Life-history. The larva of one European species, A. trifasciata,
Mg., feeds on the larva of a mason-bee {Chalicodoma), to which it
has to find its way through any small crack or gap in the masonry,
after which it undergoes a complete change of form. The pupa
is provided with special apparatus for penetrating the masonry
to escape.*

Table of Species.

1. Anal cell closed gentilis, Brim., p. 230.

Anal cell open 2.

2. Wings very dark blackish brown at base,

the colour diminishing distally and poste-
riorly, but the lightest part of the wing

at least pale brown bipunctata, F., p. 217.

Wings always with some clear surface,
with or without various markings 3.

3. Wings with distinct baso-costal oblique

band, with or without isolated spots .... 4.
Wings without distinct baso-costal oblique

band 10.

4. Wings with isolated spots on the clear part 5.
Wings without such isolated spots 6.

5. Distal margin of dark wing-band limited

to enclosing anterior cross-vein and bases
of discal and 4th posterior cells ; spot on
fork of 2nd vein and that at base of
3rd pcsterior cell quite isolated from the
band itself and of some size ; spot at
base of 2nd posterior cell small, indi.«tinct
or absent distiyma, Wd., p. 218.

* An excellent tr.inslation of Fabi-e's description is given by Dr. Sharp
(Cainb. Nat. Hist., Insect?, pt. ii, p. 486) and by Verrall ( 'British Flies,' v,p.475).

216 llOMBYLIlD.^i:.

Distal margin of dark wiug-band incliidiug
tiie spot on fork of L'nd vein and filling
basal half of 1st posterior cell (with two
lighter patclies), also filling half of discal
cell and inchidii g spot on base of 3rd

posterior cell ; spot on base of 2nd jjoste- [p. 220.

rior cell large and distinct obscnrifrons, Brim.,

6. Legs principally' yellow ; * tip of abdomen

without white scales 7.

Legs all black ; t tip of abdomen with cou-
spicuons white scales 8,

7. Legs ])ractically wholly yellow ; bifur-

cation of 2nd and .jrd veins only just

before anterior cross-vein Umitans, Briin., p. 220.

Basal half of anterior, and all hind femora,
black; bifurcation of 2nd and 3rd veius
half-way between bnse of discal cell and
anterior cross-vein intermedia, sp. n.,p. 221.

8. Wing-band extending to middle of marginal

cell, enclosing fork of 2nd vein, all the

discal and anal cells, and nearly all 4th [p. 227.

posterior cell arjjentiapicalis, Brim.,

Wing-band extending (apart from costal
and subcostal cell) only to anterior cross-
vein, base of discal cell, and nearly all the
anal cell 9.

9. Outer margin of wing-band distinctlj"^

oblique, lighter or darker hroicn, with a
few lighter parts ; anal and axillar}"^ cells
always with tips quite clear for a short

distance yestroi, Brun., p. 222.

Outer margin of wiug-band practically
transverse, nearly black, with no lighter

parts ; anal and axillary cells with barely [p. 224.

their extreme tips clear niveicauda, Brun.,

10. Wings clear, costa slightly darker ; several [p. 225.

isolated spots present J duvaucelii, Macq.,

Wings practical!}' or absolutely clear .... II. [p. 228.

11. Femora and tibias wholly yellow claripennis, Brun.,

^~ Femora mainl}' or wholly black 12.

12. Larger species, 7-8 mm. ; abdomen appa- [p. 229.

rently covered with snow-white scales . . niveisqiiamis, Brun.,
Smaller species, 5 mm. ; abdomen with
short yellow pubescence, no snow-white [p. 230.

scales nigrofcmorata, Brun.,

A. varia, F., was introduced to the Indian fauna by uie
(Rec. Iiid. Mus. ii, p. 450) on a single specimen from Bhim Tal
in the Indian Museum. The example is now headless, and it is
therefore impossible to describe the species, no other specimens

* A. appendkulata, Big., comes here ; it is impossible to plac« it any closer
from the description.

t Occasional specimens of ff est roi have the legs pale brown.

I A. iiisiifAita, Walk. (ji. 227), comes with diivaucdii, and is possibly iden-
tical, bnt imist be regarded for the present as requiring confirmation as Indian.

ARUYKAMfEBA. 217

being availiible. Ifc seems wiser to await further luaterial rather
than give an unsatisfactory description, though I still believe the
Bhim Tal specimen to he correctly identified. Should varia really
occur in India, it will be distinguished from duvaucelii, Macq., by
the yellowish tibiae.

A. degenera, Walk. (Anfhra.r) also comes here, but requires
confirmation as Indian. It was introduced by me on three speci-
mens in my collection from Kandy, whicli were identified as
probably this species, but they have been seuc to England and are
not available for comparison.

1G5. Argyr amoeba bipunctata. F.

Ant/ira.r bqmi/cfafdjFahvichxs, Syst. Antl. p. 118 (1805) ; Wiede-
maiiu, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. t?80 ("l828) ; Bmnotti, Kec. Ind. Mus.
ii, p. 448 (1009).

Ayithrax- carhonaria, Walker, In.«. SauncL, Dipt. pt. iii, p. 173 (1852).

6 2 . Head : frons bluekisli grey w itb black hairs, in d at
vertex less than half as uide as it is just above antennae, where
it is rather more than one-third the w idth of the head ; in 5 less
narrow at vertex and almost exactly one-third of the head just
above the antenna? ; face of similar colour, with black hairs and a
considerable number of black bristles in the region of the mouth,
the border of which is brownish yellow ; ])roboscis dark, with dark
brown labella ; antenna; blackish, 3rd joint reddish brown ; ocellar
triangle reddish brown ; vertex blackish erey, rather shining, with
some brown hairs on hind margiji. Thora.v black, moderately
shining, with very sparse pubescence ; long black bristly hair on
anterior margin, carried downwards, forming a complete collar;
also on and below shoulders and on mesopleurae ; humeral and
posterior calli dark brown, latter with strong black spines ; some
spines towards sides of thorax ; pleura? blackish grey, sparsely
pubescent. Abdomen black, with short sparse black pubescence and
a patch of small elongate snow-white scales towards each side of
dorsum of 1st segment ; a bunch of scale-like black bristles on the
actual sides oF that segment ; sides of all segments with stiff black
liairs ; venter black, with uioderately long stiff black hairs.
Genitalia in S large and complex, turned slightly but distinctly
to the left, shining bright brown, with sparse hairs, a little blackish
here and there ; consisting of an oblong slightly curved dorsal
plate, a pnir of claspers, the 1st joint large and conical, the 2nd
very small, finger-like, horny, pointed, slightly curved ; a large
bulbous lower piece ; an intermediate pair of pale yellow
filamentous organs, and a very large semicircular ventral plate;
genitalia in $ concealed. Legs black, tibitB often more or less
dark mahogany-brown ; coxae with numerous black bristly hairs,
femora and tibia? ^^•ith small grey scales closely applied, and with
black bristles : both scales and bristles more conspicuous on hind
legs ; tarsi with black pubescence and short bristles, which are
stronger on hind pair. Wings dark blackish brown on anterior

218 BOMliYMID.E.

part for three-fourths of their length, the colour gradually
diminishing in intensity hindwards to the wing-margin, which is
dark grey ; halteres dark brown.

Length, 15-16 mm.

Described from four d" S and t^^•o $ $ in the Indian Museum,
mostly in inferior condition, from Karachi, Calcutta, and Purneah
(Bengal); also seen from Kumaon, v. 1910 (OJiatterjee) ; Pusa,
Bengal, 16. vi. 1909, 3. vii. 1906 ; Chapra, Bengal ; 8urat, Bombay,
14. iii. 1904 ; Assam, v. 1913 ; Konau Kuppam, 16-20. vi. 1913.
This is a very marked species, and cannot be confused with any
other in tlie family.

Tyjics in the Copenhagen and Vienna Museums.

166. Argyramoeba distigma, Wled. (PI. Ill, fig. 10.)

Anthrax distiyma, 'V^'iedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 309 (18:^8).
Spogostylum (Kstiffnia, Coquillett, Proc. U.iS. Nat. Mus. xxi,

p. 318(1898).
Arqyrama-ba distigma, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Eat. 1, p. 241 (1907)

Bruuetti, Eec. Ind. Miis. ii, p. 449 (1909).
Anthrax argyropyiia, Doleschall, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xiv, p. 401

(18o7) and xvi'i" p. 93 (1858).
Anthrax tri}nmctata, Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xi, p. 109, pl. iv, fig. 1

(1807) ; Usteu-Sacken, Ann. Mus. Gen. xvi, p. 433 (188:2).

6 $ . Head : frons a little more than one-third the width of the
head above antennae, about three-fifths of this width at vertex,
blackish grey, with black pubescence, and over more than thelov^er
half the usual small grey scales ; face dark grey, with fine black
hairs at sides and bristly hairs around mouth-border, which latter
is yellowish white ; proboscis dark brown, with large dark bi'own
labella ; occiput blackish grey, with greyish-white scales near eye-
margins and a fringe of dark brown hair on hind border. Antennae
black; 1st and 2nd joints very short, with black bristles ; 3rd short,
stumpy onion-shaped, the produced part very narrow at base,
cylindrical ; the stjde distinct, rnther long, with a conspicuous
pencil of hairs at tip. Thorax black ; doi'sum wholly covered with
minute ad pressed hairs like grey scales ; a rather thick collar on
anterior margin of elongate very narrow grey scales, behind which
are numerous rather long bristly black hairs ; a lai'ge patch of
similar elongate grey scales over the Iiumeral region and in front
of the wing-base ; hind margin of dorsum with a little longer grey
pubescence mixed with bristly black hairs, and a row of curved
black bristles near the edge ; black bristles of various sizes occur
along both side-margins of tlie dorsum, whilst the hind corners of
the thorax bear fine powerful black spines directed backwards ;
pleurae covered with sliort grey pubescence, with black bristly
hairs intermixed. Scutellum black, with minute adpressed grey
hair-like scales and a row of ten or more strong black bristles on
hind margin, besides numerous irregularly-placed black hairs.
Abdomen black ; 1st segment rather dark bluish grey, with fine
black pubescence, and at each anterior coi'ner a large conspicuous

ARGyBAMtt;BA. 219

bunch oE very elongate narrow milk-white scales ; rest of dorsum
covered with minute black adpressed scales, Avith numerous black
hairs intermixed, and a row of longer curved ones towards hind
border of each segment ; towards and over the sides of each seg-
ment after the 1st, a bunch of long dark brown scales with longer
black hairs ; a small white scale-spot occurs towards each side on
hind borders of 2nd and 3rd segments ; along the base of 3rd and
hind margins of 3rd,4tli and 5th segments are small silvery-white
scales irregularly placed, or sometimes forming a narrow complete
band ; tip of abdomen more or less covered with long broad white
scales, extreme tip with copious long black hairs ; genitalia mainly
concealed, the surrounding pubescence long, liglit brownish yellow.
Lerjs black; upper side of femora more or less with minute
adpressed whitish scales ; posterior pairs with some black bristly
hairs below, which are much stronger on hind pair; tibise and
tarsi dark brownish yellow, latter blackish towards tips ; anterior
tibisB with minute whitish scales, middle pair with dark brown
overlapping scales. Wings nearly clear, with dark brown baso-
costal band, extending from towards end of costa, leaving extreme
tip of subcostal cell clear, slightly irregularly to anterior cross-
vein, thence encroaching narrowly over the edges of basal lialf of
discal cell, thence to anal margin, cutting anal and axillary celLs
about their middles, generally leaving anal margin itself nearly
clear. The outline of the brown colour is thus in general direction
straight, yet actually always more or less zigzag. A small
roundish brown spot over fork of 3rd vein and reaching to 2nd
vein ; a similar smaller spot over base of 3rd posterior cell ; and
distal margin of discal cell narrowly infuscated ; halteres dark
brown, with yellowish-white knobs.

Length, 6-11 mm.

Described from a good series of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, Pnsa, Dehra Dun, and my own collections. It is
generally distributed in India from February to May, and in
September and October, so that it may be two-brooded yearly.
Eecorded from Pusa practically all the year round. Dai-jiling,
1000-3000 ft. ; Singla, Darjiling Distr. ; Runjit Valley, Sikkim ;
Naiui Tal ; Calcutta ; Lucknow ; Parasnath ; Siripur ;" Kushtea ;
Medha ; Purneah ; Pophli ; Chiplun ; Hamirpur ; Guindy, Madras ;
Ootacauiund, S. India, 7500 ft. {Fletcher); Mettupalaiyam, fS. India ;
Bangalore ; Khasi Hills ; Moulmein ; Kawkareik, Amherst Distr.,
Tenasserim ; Ivandy, Ceylon.

Tijpe in the Ley den Museum.

This species shows considerable variation, mainly in the extent
of the small white scales on the abdomen and in the wing-
markings, the three isolated spots being often much reduced in
size, or one or more may be absent ; in one specimen, taken on
board sliip 10 miles off the Madras coast, all three are absent.
The variety ti-ipunctata, Wulp, has these three spots reduced
exceedingly, ami the dark band fills the whole of the anal and
axillary cells.

220 JJOMBYLllDJC.

167. Argyraniceba obscurifrons, Brun. (PI. Ill, tig. 11.)

Argyraniaba obscurifrons, Brunetti, Uec. iiid. Mus. ili, p. 216
(1909).

5 , Head : frons moderately wide at vertex, increasing to
double the width at level of antennae, where it forms one-third
the width of the head, grey, with blackish patclies, covered rather
thickly with black hairs and with some whitish scales intermixed
just above the antennae ; ocellar triangle distinct, small, with
some hairs ; antennae with 1st and 2nd joints black, bristly ; 3rd
grey-dusted, bare, apical style rather short ; underside of head
blackish grey, with a moderately thick band of bristly hairs across
lower part of face ; proboscis withdrawn, apparently dark brown ;
occiput dark grey, minutely pubescent, with some minute pale
scales just behind the eyes, which latter are black. Thorax
blackish grey, w ith a rather thick fringe of bristly hairs in front,
reaching over the shoulders and continued below ; bristly hairs
between the shoulders and the roots of the wings ; sides lighter
grey, with occasional whitish reflections, nearly bare ; scutellum
blackish grey, with soft l)lack hairs. Abdomen black, covered
mainly with soft black hairs : a thick bunch of white hairs on each
shoulder, behind which, on the posterior border of the 1st segment,
near each side, are a few snow-white scales ; there is also a row
of white scales (more or less interrupted in the middle) on the
posterior border of the 2nd segment, and another on the last
segment. Venter black, softly pubescent, with some a\ hitish hairs
in centre, and a longitudinal stripe of short yellowish hairs near
the tip. Legs black, minutely pubescent ; femora with a few sott
black hairs below ; posterior tibiae with short bristles on outer
and hinder sides. Winc/s very pale grey, with the oblique baso-
costal dark brown bantt occupying nearly half the wing, passing
across the middle of tlie discal cell (where it is somewhat extended)
to the hind margin of the wing, which it reaches just before the
tip of the anal cell ; the colour is extended also from the costa to
about the middle of the first posterior cell, enclosing a clear spot
near the base of the first submarginal cell, and another near the
base of the first posterior cell ; on the outer cross-vein there is a
circular spot, and a trace of a small one on the costa, near the tip
of the marginal cell ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 7 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Indian Museum from
Phagu, 9000 ft., Simla District, 14-15. v. 1009 {Annamlale).

168. Argyramoeba limitaris. Bran.

Arfjiiramaha liiiiitaris, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 217
[limitarsis, lapsus) (1909).

5 . head : frons one-fourth of head and vertex, widening to
one-third at level of antennae, with rather thick brownish-black

AUGYUAMffiBA. 221

Imirs ; ocellav triangle inconspicuous ; face blackish, with hairs
Avhich from above appear whitish grey ; aiitennDe with 1st. joint
black (remainder missing); proboscis withdrawn, witli mouth-
border reddish brown ; back of head only slightly puffed out,
blackish grey, with some whitish hairs. Thorax shining black,
with some yellowish-white hairs and stiffer bristles towards the
posterior corners ; sides of thorax black, with some whitish hairs ;
scutellum dark cinereous grey, with vestiges of some short yellow
bail's, and a few pale yellow bristles on posterior margin.
Abdomen blackish grey, with a slight brownisli fringe, covered
more or less sparsely with short pale yellow hairs, inost con-
spicuous on borders of segments ; a bunch of whitish hairs on
each shoulder of the 1st segment ; venter with whitish hairs.
Legs: co.xse yellowish grey, with whitish pubescence ; femora and
tibicc pale yellow, the latter with minute bristles ; tarsi blackish
towards tips. Winxjs nearly clear; a rather bright yellowish-
brown baso-costal band extends along the costa just beyond the
middle, thence extending posteriorly along a line comprising the
inner cross-vein, the base of the discal cell, and the outer side of
the second basal cell ; below this cell the colour immediately fades
away to a pale grey, which covers tlie anal and axillary cells.
Appendix of tlie upper fork of the 2nd vein short but distinct.
Halteres creamy yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a perfect specimen (except for the missing-
antennae) in the Indian Museum from Ilathikiind, (xarluval
District, base of Western Himalayas, 3. v. 1909.

109. Argyramceba intermedia, sp. nov.

(S 2 - Closely resembling Aphichantus ceyJonicus, Brun. An-
tenual 3rd joint short onion-shaped, prolonged into a long style,
with the tip bisected, bearing the normal pencil of hairs and
a central mieioscopic bristle ; 1st ;intennal joint flattened and
spread out, whitish, with white, not blaclv, bristles.

It differs from ceylonicus as follows : — (1) In the subfamily
character of the comparatively long prsefurca, which in Aphcelantus
is relatively short ; in intermedia the 2nd and 3rd veins diverge
opposite half-way between base of discal cell and the anterior
cross-vein. (2) Frons in J of appreciable width at vertex (in
ceylonicus the eyes are almost contiguous there); frontal pubes-
cence more whitish than 3rellow. (3) General pubescence of
thorax, pleurse, and abdomen yellowish grey or whitish, never
bright yellow. (-1) xlbdomen wholly blackish grey. (5) The
baso-costal half of wing rather bright brown ; the line of demar-
cation running from tip of 1st vein to tip of anal cell, cutting the
discal cell at about its middle ; the outline mainly straight, but
not sharply defiued. (6) Basal half of anterior femora, and all
the hind femora (except narrowly at base and, perhaps, tip)

222 BOMBYLIID.B.

blackisli grey, though covered with white scales and pale
pubescence.

Length, 6 mm.

Described froni two specimens in good condition in the Indian
Museum from Puri, Orissa Coast, 24-28. i. 1918 (type) {Annan-
dale Vind Gravely); Allahabad, iii. 1916 (Uowlett). Two other
specimens in bad condition in the British Museum are from
Trincomali, 24. ix. 189] {Yerhury).

The four examples in the Indian Museum from Allahabad differ
from the typical form by the sides of at least the 2nd and ord
abdominal segments being more or less yellowish ; and by all the
legs being yellow, except the bhiciv band at the base of the fore
femora and a broad apical or subapical one on the hind femora.
The specimens are also slightly larger.

Two 5 5 JQ tlie Indian Museum differ from tj-pical intermedia
only in all the legs being orange, with at most the extreme tip of
the hind femora on the upper side with a vei'y small black streak
and a few tiny black bristles. The wings are wholly clear, the
costal cell pale yellowish. In one specimen a faint basal suffusion,
extending only a sliort distance, is apparent. The 1st anteunal
joint is as in true intermedia.

170. Argyr amoeba bigoti, nom. no v.

Argyramoeba appendiculata, Bigot, Ann. See. Ent. Fr. Ixi, p. 347
(1892).

" Antennae, face, and frons black ; thorax black, with a little
grey pile and some black hairs, bright in front as well as on the
sides ; scutellum dark brown, with a little grey pile ; haltei'es
tawny, knobs yellowish white. Abdomen (denuded) black, some
black hairs at tip, also at sides ; legs reddish, except the femora,
which are black nearly to the tip. Wings hyaline, at base broadly-
dark brown, this colour extending to two-thirds of the anal cell,
covering by a light extension the external transverse vein ; the
angles formed by the 3rd vein and the forking of the 4th
{Rondani)* with rather long appendices.

" Pondicherry, 2 specimens."'

T(/j)e in the 13igot collection.

The name appendiculata has been used twice before in this
genus, on both occasions by Macquart, firstly in 1849 for an
Algerian species described as a Lomatia, and secondly in 1855 for
a species from North China under the genus Anthrax.

171. Argyramoeba gestroi, Brun. (PI. Ill, fig. 12.)

Arrjyramoiha qestroi, Bruuetti, Itec. Ind. Miis. vii, p. 470,
pi. xxxvii, fig. 7 (1912).

(S . Head : frons immediately above antennae cue-third the
width of the head, diminishing to half that width at vertex,
* Meaning Rondaui's tei'uiiiiology.

ARGTEAM(EBA. 223

covered not very closely with elongate bright yellow hair-like
scales, these being abseut towards the vertex; also with stiff
black hairs from vertex down to and below antennje. Antennae
blackish grey, 3rd joint shortly conical, with rather long style, and
the usual pencil of sliort hairs at tip. Underside of head black,
some stiff black hairs and a small quantity of deeper yellow hair-
like scales on each side below, but not contiguous to, base of
antennae ; mouth-opening small, black ; occiput rather widely
produced behind eyes, black, with a patch of small yellow scales
behind the middle of each eye, and a fringe of very thick short
dark brown hairs at hinder margin of occiput. T/«or.'Y.L' (somewhat
denuded) black, with moderately thick bright yellow and whitish-
grey bristly scale-like hairs intermixed around the shoulders, the
sides and anterior margin of dorsum, the \Ahitish-grey scaly hairs
in this latter part being more prominent ; dorsum with ver}' short
recumbent bright ^^ellow liairs ; the usual strong bristles towards
the sides ; a certain quantity of stiff" black hairs on anterior and
posterior parts of thorax, whilst the dorsum is lightly covered
with softer sparser black [pubescence. Scutellum blackish, some-
times dull reddish brown, with very short recumbent bright
yellow hairs and soft black pubescence, and a row of about twelve
long curved brownish-yellow bristles on posterior margin. Abdo-
men blackish, with short bright yellow recumbent hairs and longer
yellow bristly hairs, more or less in a row towards the hind border
of each segment; at each side at the base of the abdomen a
large bunch of long milk-white scale- like bristly hairs, the edges
of the segments bearing rather thick yellow bri^tly hairs, with
some similar long black hairs about the middle of the actuul edges
of each segment ; the last three or four segments bear some large
elongate milk-white scales, and isolated similar scales are attached
here and there towards the sides of the posterior marg^ins of some
of the other segments. Venter blackish, with rather thick yellow
and white hairs on the posterior borders of all the segments ;
genitalia rather large, concealed, brownish yellow, apparently
consisting of a pair of plates. Lcgs^ with coxoe and femora dark
broMn ; fore coxae, at least, w ith some yellow hairs and. black
bristles ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, both, with tlie femora
also, with very short bristles. Wings hyaline; basal half blackish
brown, the limits of the colour forming an irregular diagonal line
from the fork of the 2nd longitudinal vein (which is immediately
above the anterior cross-vein) towards the anal margin ot the wing
(though the colour dies away at the border), and just enclosing
the base of the discal cell and the posterior cross-vein ; costal and
subcostal cells blackish brown to their tips; a semi-hyaline elongate
spot in marginal cell immediately proximad of fork of 2nd longi-
tudinal vein, another similar spot just below it, in first basal cell,
in which same cell there is a third similar spot towards its base ;
an irregularlj^-shaped semi-hyaline spot of some little size at. upper
outer angle of 2nd basal cell; halteres yellowish, with whitish clubs.
Length, 6-8 mm.

224 IJOMBYLIID,«.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum from
Medha, Yenlia Valley, Satara District, 2200 ft., Bombay Pi-esi-
dency, 17-23. iv. 1912 {Gravel;/ — type); Pallode, Travancore,
13. xi. 1908 (Anmoidale): Bangiilore, iii. 1910 ; Cliapra, Bengal
(3Iadenzit).

This species is very near A. (Anthrax) carho, Eond., hut
Prof. Gestro has very kindly compared a specimen with lioiidani's
type in the Genoa Museum and pronounced it quite distinct, in
spite of the similarity of characters contained in the description
of that species. It is with pleasure, therefore, that I name the
present species after Prof. Gestro.

The legs are sometimes much paler, occasionally wholly pale
brown.

172. Argyramceha niveicauda, sp. nov.

cJ 9 . Read: frons in c? two and a half times, in $ less than
twice us wide at level of antenna) as at vertex, dark grey, covered
rather thickly with stiff black hairs, and on lower part with small
elongate snow-white scales intermixed ; face dark grey, with
black bristly hairs and some pale softer hairs around mouth-
opening ; antennie black, 3rd joint microscopically grey-dusted;
occiput considerably puffed out, with a fringe of short brown
hairs around hind nuirgin, and some minute snow-white adpressed
scales around eye-margins. Thorax black, dorsum with short
black pubescence ; anterior margin with collar of whitish-grey
scaly pubescence, with a fiiiige of long black scales immediately
behind it ; some whitish scaly pubescence from shoulder nearly
to wing-base, surmounted by a fringe of black bristly pubescence ;
pleurae blackish grey, with black softer pubescence. Scutellum
black, with black pubescence and apparently a few minute
whitish scales; hind border with black bristles. Abdomen black,
witli recumbent black bristly pubescence and (apparently) the
surface covered, except where scales are ])resent, with minute
dead-black adpressed scales ; 2nd and 3rd segments, at least
towards sides, with small snow-white scales on hind margins,*
5th segment with a small patch on hind margin near each side ;
6th and 7tli wholly covered with larger brilliant snow-white scales;
hind borders of all segments, including the last two, with a row of
tine bristly hairs ; genitaha light brown ; venter black, with some
tine pubescence; actual sides of abdomen, except 6tli and 7th
segments, with very long dark browm scaly or bristly pubescence.
Legs dark brown ; femora and tibias with closely-impressed dull
greyish scales that shine in certain lights ; pul\illi white. Winr/s
<'lear, distal half higlily iridescent ; basal half brown or blackish
brown, the colour filling costal cell, and otherwise limited by a
slightly irregular line from tip of 1st vein to tip of anal cell,
embracing anterior cross-vein, but not encroaching on 3rd postenor
cell. Anal cell just closed on border in type J and second $ ,

* In niijie pei-fect speciuicus these scales may form a complete transverse
band.

AKGYKAMCEUA. 225

narrowly open in type $ : halteres dark browu, with dull creamy-
yellow knobs.

Length, Gg-Tmui.

Described from three specimens in rather good comlition :
Pallode, Trivandrum, Travancore, 15, xi. 1908 (Annandale),
type c? ; Calcutta, 1. vi. 1909, type?; Sylhet (Maj. Hall);
Chapra, Bengal.

Types in the Indian Museum.

This species evidently bears somes resemblance to de Meijere's
fallux, from Java, and was recorded erroneously by me as that
species (Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 449, and iii, p. 221).

173. Argyramceba duvaucelii, Mmq. (PI. Ill, fig. 13.)

Arqi/rmtiwba duircncelii, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, 1, p. 63, pi. xx.

tig. 7 (1840).
Anthrax duvaucelii, Briiuetti, Rec. Iiul. Mas. ii, p. 452 (1909), and

iii, p. 219 (1VJ09).

(S 2 ' II«ud : frons at level of antennae one-tliird the width of
the head, narrowing at vertex to one-third of this width ( cT ) or
about half this width ( $ ), bhickish grey, with short soft black
hairs; face with moderately long and thiclv white hairs; mouth-
border very narrowly yellow ; proboscis dark brown, shining,
hairy. Antennae black, with a slight greyish-white shimmer ;
first two joints with black bristles ; third bare, prolonged into the
usual style, which is pale at the tip, the pencil of hairs quite
distinct. Vertex of head with a distinct but short and deep
indentation, from which a central dark grey hairy protuberance
arises, bearing the red ocelli, placed closely together. Thora.v
dark cinereous, tlie dorsum with sparse yellowish short hairs round
the edges ; anterior part with a dense fringe of very narrow long
greyish-white scales, intermixed behind with long soft black hairs,
these latter continuing more or less over the whole dorsum, but
rather shorter ; sides of thorax with long thick greyish-white scalv
pubescence, thickest and most scaly below the humeral region,
thinner, shorter, and whiter posteriorly, and extending somewhat
sparsely above the insertion of the wings. Scutellum blackish
cinereous, covered with ralher sparse but long soft black hairs and
with traces of short yellow hairs around the whole scutellum ; a
row of stiff hairs on posterior margin. Several strong black spines
below the edge of the dorsum anterior to insertion of wing; the
posterior calli also moderately conspicuous and bearing a few stiff
long bristles. Abdomen blackish grey : 2iul segment distinctly
but not greatly longer than the five remaining ones ; the whole
dorsum apparently covered with small yellowish-white or quite
white scales, which may be thickest at the bases and posterior
margins of the segments ; the whole surface is also covered
lightly with moderately long soft black hairs, and there is a
bunch of long whitish scaly pubescence at each side of the first
segment, which is continued along the sides of the abdomen.
Venter blackish, with short Avhite hairs ; longer white pubes-
cence towards the base, aud the last segment (in the d* only)

226 BOMBTLIID^.

with rather closely-placed, somewhat large, and elongated snow-
white scales, Avhicli sometimes spread over the last two, or
even three, segments and extend round over the sides. Tn the
$ these white scales below the abdomen are absent, and are
replaced by long black hairs on the ultimate segment. The
genital organs in the c? consist of a pair of stout upper claspers (?),
the apical half tapering to a blunt point, each with a small lamella
at the tip ; this large organ is rufous brown, a little blackish abo\e
at the base, and with some reddish-yellow hairs on the inner sides;
below these large claspers are some further, apparently complex
organs, which are not easily visible, the whole being protected by
a large black curved ventral plate, bearing on its margin reddisli
hair near the base and black hair posteriorly. In the $ the
genital organs consist of a rather large subconical process with
dense reddish or yellowish hair; in one example this organ is
almost wholly withdrawn within the Jibdomen. Legs black; coxaj
with rather long silky white hairs; femora and tibiae with small
whitish scales, which extend, more sparsely, to the tarsi ; all the
femora with soft hairs below and some irregular weak bristles :
the tibiae generally with small, apparently irregularly-placed
spines, the most regular being a row on the outer side of the hind
tibiae; all the legs minutely pubescent. Wings almost clear, first
posterior cell rather widely open ; fifth generally naiTO\\ly open,
but in two specimens closed exactl}^ on the margin; the lower
side of the discal cell occasionally with the beginning of a very
small appendix. Costal cell and extreme base of wing brownish
yellow; subcostal cell dark brown, very narrow. Fork of the
third longitudinal vein sharply angled, and with only a tendency
to appendiculation (which actually occurs only in two or three
specimens, in two of which, moreover, there is an additional
veinlet in one wing only, this veinlet producing the cell usually
characteristic of IJi/jierahnia). A dark brown suffusion, distinct
but small, occurs at the base of the second vein, joined to that of
the inner cross-Aein ; suffusion also at the angle of the fork of the
third vein ; over the outer cross-vein the colour carried upwards
along the inner side of the discal cell ; also over the lower
extremity of the veinlet, connecting the two branches of the
fourth longitudinal. Costa minutely spinose, with the usual spiny
portion at the base. Halteres light brown, tip of club creamy ;
tegulae milk-white, with snow-white hair; alulae concolorous with
wing, bearing a fringe of minute black hairs.

Length, 8-10 mm.

Described from several of each sex taken at Bhogaon, Purneah
District, N". Bengal, 19-26. iii. 1909 (Paiva) ; the Indian Museum
also has a specimen from Sahelwa, Bahraich District, United
Provinces, 11. iii. 1909 {Hod g art) ; and the British Museum one
from the Kangra Yalley, 4500 ft., vii. 1899 (Dudgeon). Other
specimens seen by me are from Pusa, iii, iv, ix, x (common), bred
from cells of the wasp, Sceliphron coromandelianum ; also taken
at light: Lahore, 29. iii. and 16. iv. 1909; Dum Dum, vi. 1913
{Chatterjee), 4. viii. 1913, 9. vii. 1913; Murree Hills, 4500ft.,

ARGYRAMCEBA. 227

2. vi. 1913 (Beeson) ; Cliapra, Bengal (Macl-eiizie) ; Allahabad,
24. iii, 7. iv. 1906 (ffowlett).
Type in the Paris Museum.

174. Argyramoeha argentiapicalis, Bnm. (PL III, fig. 14.)

Argyrama-ba arc/entiapicalis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. vii, p. 470
pi. xxxvii, fio-;6(]91;3).

5 . Head', frous at level of autennae rather less than one-third
width of head, black with black hairs, with which are intermixed
on the lower part some dirty greyish scales ; antennae black,
normal ; face black, witli thick black bristly pubescence and some
greyish scales ; proboscis dark ; mouth-opening very narrowly
pale ; occiput wholly black. Thorax blackish or blackish grey,
with very short black pubescence and with mainly black bristly
hairs on anterior margin, around the wings, and about the shoulders
and pleurae ; a few grey liairs intermixed adjacent to the head.
Abdomen black, shortly black pubescent ; a spot formed of silvery-
white scales towards the sides on the hind boi'ders of 1st and 2nd
segments ; a few intermediate scales suggest the possibility that in
some specimens the whole hind border of at least the 2nd segment
may be similarly scaled ; the tip of the abdomen (two segments)
covered with very conspicuous, elongate, shining silvery-white
scales, which are sparser or nearly absent on tlie median line;
venter black, black pubescent ; genitalia comparatively prominent,
dull brown, consisting of a pair of large lamellae and other parts ;
anterior corners of abdomen with copious greyish-white hairs;
sides with black hairs. Legs: femora biack, bearing a little sheen
through the presence of very small, greyish, closely-impressed
scales ; tibiae and tarsi reddish brown ; the usual pubescence.
Winrjs clear, more than the basal half dark brown ; the line of
demarcation, which is emarginate at each of the veins it crosses,
running from the tip of the 1st longitudinal vein to the middle
(on wing-margin) of the posterior cell, thus passing distad of the
base of the 13rd vein and the discal cell. Anal cell closed just
before or actually on the M"ing-margin ; the endings of the
4th longitudinal vein are liable to variation, as in the type there
is an extra cell formed below the discal cell (in one wing only),
caused by the upper prong of the lower branch of the 4th vein
curving towards and joining the lower prong, thus closing the
4th posterior cell. In the dark part of the wing are small lighter
yellowish spaces irregularly disposed ; halteres black.

Length., 5-7 mm.

Described from three 5 2 in the Indian Museum from Maha-
baleshwar, 8atara District, 4200 ft., Bombay Presidency, 13-16. iv.
\dl2 {Gravely).

175. Argyramoeba instituta, WaJlc.

Anthrax instituta, Walker, lus. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 183 (18o2).

$. "Black, narrow, head clothed above with brown hairs, in
front with tawny hairs; chest beset with black bristles; breast;

Q 2

228 uomjjyliiujE.

hoary, clothed with whitish hairs : abdomen grey, obcouical, a
Utile shorter than the chest, beset with a few black bristles,
clothed on each side and at the base with dull pale yellow hairs ;
legs black, clothed ^ith short black hairs and bristles; shanks
pitchy, thighs tinged with grey ; wings grey, rather long and
narrow, adorned A^ith four brown spots which cloud the cross-
veins ; wing-ribs pitchy, veins black, pitchy at the base and along
the fore boi'der ; poisers pitchy, with tawny knobs.

" Length of body 3| to 4^ lines, of the wings 10-12 lines.
East India." ( Walker.)

Type in the British Museum.

176. Argyramceba claripennis, Brim.

Argyramahct claripennis, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. iii, p. 218 (1909).
Argyrmnaha hottentottu, L., var. cluripennis, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind.
Mus. ii, p. 452(1909).

S ' Head: frons one-fourth width of liead at vertex, broadening
at level of antennae to one-thi.rd, dark grey, with yellowish hairs,
which on the face become greyish or nearly white ; ocellar triangle
inconspicuous. Antennae black, with the uppersides of tlie joints
greyish ; basal joints with rather thick hairs ; bisection of style
obvious, pencil of hairs small. Proboscis dark, withdrawn ;
occiput dark grey, with thick yellowish -grey hairs in the middle.
Thorax blackish grey, with short yellow hairs, of which a bunch
of a paler colour is placed on each shoulder ; a long and a shorter
yellow spine in front of each wing, and five or six long yelloxA-
bristles towards each posterior corner, also some yellow bristles
towards posterior margin of dorsum. Scutellum dark grey, Avith
short yellow hair, and some yellow bristles on posterior margin.
Sides of thorax ash-grey, white-dusted, with a bunch of greyish-
white hairs below each shoulder and whitish hairs below this
again. Abdomen blackish, hardly shining; posterior margins of
segments with rather wide, light brown bands ; w'hole dorsal
surface apparently covered with short, soft, bright yellow hairs,
which become longest towards the sides on the posterior margin
of the anal segments, where the brown segmental margins are
also widened. Venter blackish grey, with minute elongated
whitish scales, and becoming reddish yellow towards tip ; there are
two long pendent bristles towards the posterior margin about the
middle of each ventral segment. Genitalia not conspicuous,
but withdrawn. Legs uniformly pale yellow, except tlie blackish
tips of the tarsi ; the coxae and femora rather thickly, the
tibiae slightly, covered Avith minute whitish woolly scales, the
tibiae bearing moderately short black bristles in addition, as do
also the hind femora near the tip ; there is a row of microscopic
bristles on the hinder side of the hind tibiae. Winr/s quite clear ;
submarginal cell brownish yellow ; appendiculation not obvious ;
2nd vein originating half-way between base of discal cell and
anterior cross-vein, its upper branch forming a very distinct
downward loop towards its end ; halteres yellow.

Lenyth, 7 mm.

ARGYRA^ICEBA. 229

Described from a single perfect example in the Indian Museum
from Lahore, 8. v. 1908.

177. Argyramceba niveisquamis, Brun.

Aryyramwba niveisqruimis, Erunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 472
(1909).

2 • Hiead : frons widening gradually from one-fifth the width
of the head on the moderately wide vertex (where the ocelli are
very close together on a very reduced tubercle) to fully one-third
the width at the level of the antennae; frons and face densely
covered witli long drooping snow-white scales, with a few longer
thin black hairs intermixed, also (more numerously) white bristles,
which are longer than the scales ; oral orifice oblong, white ; pro-
boscis (in one specimen, the other is headless) Avholly withdrawn ;
antennje black, second joint very short, third blackisli grey, onion-
shaped, tip drawn out into a blunt dehnite st3-le; (there is no
trace of the usual pencil of hairs, but the antennae, of which only
one remains, may be incomplete) ; back of head and underside
dark grey, thickly covered with snow-white scales. Thorax
black, almost wholly covered with snow-white bristly hairs, which
are longest in front (below), in front of the wings and below
them ; ttie hairs become scaly in places, and on the posterior
border of the scutellum is a moderately thick band of white scales.
Abdomen black, the segments covered thickly with short creamy-
white and snow-white scales; a fan-shaped bunch of snow-white,
comparatively softer, long hairs on the anterior corners; a iew
long scattered black bristles on the dorsum, and, rather more
numerously, along the sides of the abdomen. Venter with scaly
<and bristly hairs mixed ; tip of abdomen \\\X\\ a few rather long
brownish-yellow bristly hairs, with some longer fine black hairs
below. Zer/*: femora dark brown, with closely-set small snow-white
scales ; posterior femora with isolated strong black bristles ; tibi*
pale brown, with silvery suow-white scales and more numerous
short black spiny bristles ; tarsi brown, with scattered small white
scales, tips of each joint blackish, claws black. Wings clear, at
the base of the costa a bunch of snow-white scales with some
black bristles intermixed ; a very small brown suffusion at the
base of the third vein and on the discal cross-vein; mediastinal
and marginal \eins bro\Mi, also the narrow intervening space.
A strong appendix at the base of the second vein and at the base
of the fork of the third vein ; discal cell rather long ; second
posterior cell two-and-a-half times as wide on wing-border as at
base. Halteres pale brown, club much lighter; tegula? whitish,
nearly transparent, with a fringe of very short white hairs.

Length, 7-S mm.

Described from two sj^ecimens in the Indian Museum from
Baluchistan (one headless).

_ I thought this might be nivea of Ross or perhaps Griffini's var.
Uogi, but no mentiou is made by them of the scales with which it

230 liOUiiYLllDM.

is covered ; moreover, the other differences are sufficient to warrant
regarding my species as distinct.

178. Argyramcelja nigrofemorata, Brun.

Aryyramaha niyrofemorata, Briuietti, Ilec. Ind. Mas. iii, p. 219
(1909).

S . Head : frcns very narrow, about one-twelfth of the width
at vertex, enlarging to nearly one-third at level of antenna, dark
grey in colour, becoming gradually ash-gi'ey on the face below the
antenna?, with moderately thick black hair ; face with thick soft
white hair ; antenuce black, normal, bisection of style distinct,
pencil of hairs very short ; proboscis brown ; back of head ash-
grey, with minute pubescence and some rather short thick
yellowish hairs towards lower part. Thorax blackish grey, with
shoi't yellow hairs intermixed with stiff short black bristly hairs ;
anterior margin ^\\t\\ rather long bristly yellow hairs ; a longer
and a shorter yellow spiny bristle in front of each wing-base ;
sides of thorax light grey, with pale yellowish or whitish hairs ;
scutellum concolorous with thoracic dorsum, and with some longer
bristles towards posterior margin. Abdomen subconical, blackish
grey, with soft short yellow hairs; venter mainly yellow, with longer
yellow hairs ; genitalia apparently large and complicated, but with-
drawn, Legs: coxa; blackish, witii reddish-yellow tips and whitish
hairs; femora black, with bases and tips reddish yellow, whitish-
grey scales, and a little soft whitish hair below ; tibia) reddish
yellow, with small black bristles, and with thicker shorter black
bristles on hinder side, all the bristles on the hinder pair being
stronger than on the other pairs ; tarsi brown, closely pubescent,
black towards tips, pulvilli yellow. Wing/} quite clear; subcostal
cell yellowish brovAU ; 2iid vein originating in a knee just beyond
half-way between base of discal cell and anterior cross- vein: appendi-
culation distinct ; upper branch of 2nd vein forming a very distinct
downward loop towards its end ; halteres rather deep yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Describedfrom a perfect J in the Indian Museum taken at Hathi-
kund, Garhwal District, base of Western Himalayas, 3. v. 1909.

A second specimen in the Indian Museum is probably this
species, but the black on the anterior femora only extends to a
little beyond the middle, and the sides of the abdomen are
distinctly orange ; from Helvak, Ivoyua Vallev, Satara Distr.,.
Bombay, 4. v. 1913.

179. Argyramceba gentilis, Brim. (PI. Ill, fig. 15.)

Arffijramaba gentilis, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 470 (1909).

<S $ . Head : frons and face dull black, \^ith black hairs ;
antennae black, third joint much flattened, forming an irregularly
oval disk; style distinct, black, no apparent bisection, with small
pencil of short hairs at tip ; proboscis short, thick; back of head
blackish grey, bare. Thorax black, with a collar of stiff black

AKGYRAMCKBA.

23i

hairs on anterior margin, and soft black hairs on dorsum and
sides, intermixed with some black bristles on the shoulders and
posterior calli ; posterior margin with some long black bristles
deflected backwards ; scutellum black, with short black pubescence,
and some longer, curved bristles on posterior border. Abdomen
dull black, with short, rather sparse, black pubescence, and a
bunch of long black hairs on each shoulder ; some black hairs at
the sides and some longer thicker black hairs at tip ; venter black.
Legs black, minutely pubescent; tibise a little lighter, with short
black bristles (including fore pair). Wings clear, elongated, anal
cell closed ; a blackish-brown band from tlie base, extending along
the costa to just above the fork of the third longitudinal vein ; the
rather irregular external border of this hand extends to the
posterior wmg-border, just in front of the anal cell, which the dark
band wholly tills ; the band does not quite reach the fork of the
third vein nor the outer cross-vein ; near the wing-tip an oblong
(almost subtriangular) blackish-bro\^ n spot on the costa, barely
united to the broad band, and extending downwards and outwards
to just below the proximal end of the fork of the third vein, thus
leaving the absolute wing-tip narrowly clear. The second longi-
tudinal vein forms a distinct angle at the commencement of
the down^^ard loop, somewhat as in Lepidanthrax.

Length, Ah mm.

Described" from a S (type) in the Pusa collection, taken,
24.iii. 1906, at Larksom, Bengal, and from a $ in the Indian
Museum collection from Margherita, Assam.

I retain this species under Arggmmoeha, mainly because the
pencil of hairs at the tips of the antennal style is regarded by
Osten-Sacken as the most important generic cliaracter, and, though
small, these hairs are present in this species. The bisection of
the style is, however, not apparent, nor does the fork of the third
vein show the usual appendix. The A-ery flattened, irregularly
oval, third antennal joint, the long, rather narrow abdomen, and
the long wings approxiu)ate it to Arggmmceba rather than to
Anthrax. In one or two respects it I'esembles Astrophanes, O.-S.,
a genus containing but one species (from Mexico) ; these are the
"almost rudimentary development of the base of the costa and
the closed anal cell." These two characters, in conjunction with
the contiguity of the eyes on the vertex in the S , are regarded as
the main generic distinction of the genus. As, however, I believe
both sexes to be before me, ray species cannot be an Astrophanes.
The angled loop of the second vein approximates it to Lepidanthrax,
O.-S., so that 'for the present it should be regarded as a some-
what aberrant species. It seems to bear some resemblance to
Bigot's Argyramoeba appendicxdata, and it is just possible it may
be identical with it, but tlie $ in the Indian Museum collection
is labelled as a distinct species by Bigot (erroneously as a J ),
and I therefore treat it as such. When the two sexes are placed
side by side the difference of width in the Irons is sufficiently
noticeable.

232

B0MBTL1ID.T5.

Genus LEPIDANTHRAX, 0,-S.

Lepidanthm.v, Osteii-Sacken, Biol. Cent.-Anier., Dipt, i, p. 107
(1886).

Genotype, Anthrax disjuncia, Wied. ; by designation of
Coquillett (1910).

" Antennae widely separated at base, inserted quite near the
orbits ; 3rd joint short, onion-shaped, with a long filiform style,
undivided by a suture, and with a microscopic bristle at the tip.
Front comparatively broad in both sexes ; proboscis considerably
prolonged beyond oral margin, slender. Front tibiae with a
series of distinct spinules on upperside, front tarsi varying in
structiire, stout or slender, always with distinct joints; the
minute hairs and bristles of the underside distinctly differentiated
from those of the upper; no pulvilli, ungues without teeth. The
contact of the 4th posterior cell with the discal cell unusually long,
about as long as the 3rd vein issuing from the discal cell ; the
distal end of the discal cell is not expanded, its sides being more
or less parallel ; anal cell open. The sides of the abdomen are
fringed, not with hairs only but with real scales.

" Lepidanthrax will be easily recognised from the genus Anthrax,
not only by the general appearance and colouring, but by its
long proboscis, the more distinct spinules on the front tibiae, and
the venation." {Ostm-Sacken.)

The exact generic characters as set up by Osten-Sacken are
quoted, but those of the antennal 3rd joint and the base of the
4th posterior cell appear variable. The first species referred here
to Lejiidanthrnx possesses a considerably elongate 3rd antennal
joint, with a moderate-sized style ending in a nearly transparent
microscopic stumpy thick bristle. In all other characters com-
jHicta fulfils the generic requirements. In the second species the
3rd joint and its style are nearly normal. I have not examined
the pubescence of the front tarsi, as being of little value, but tlie
comparatively elongate proboscis and the slight though distinct
difference of venation will distinguish the species. The proboscis
reaches forwards (in the 6 specimen) as far as the tip of the
face, or downwards (in the $ specimen) to a distance equal to
the height of the head. The face is considerably produced, and
the contact of the 4th posterior cell with the discal is very
nearly equal to that of the 3rd, whereas in all Indian species of
Anthrax it is never more than half that length, often i or 1 only.
In Z. transversa this generic difference is less pronounced. The
species of Lepidanthrax known previously come from Central
America.

The two Indian species may be differentiated thus : —

Third abdominal segment with band of whitish
scales ; base of Aving more or less iufuscated,
sometimes up to anterior cross-vein compacta, sp. n.

AVliole abdomen without whitish scales ; wing

clear, except the yellowish subcostal cell . . transversa, sp. n.

LlCPIBANTHRAX. 233

180. Lepidanthrax compacta, sp. iiov.

S 2 • J^ead of J with frons lialf as wide at vertex as at level
of anteiinfE, where it forms rather more than one-fourth of the
head, (apparently) dark brownish grey, covered with yellowish-
grey scales, with which some tine black hairs are iiitermixed ;
face similarly clothed ; mouth-opening very large, with some
golden-grey hairs round anterior margin ; proboscis dark brown,
with long yellow bristles at tip; antenna) bhiek, first two joints
very bristly ; occiput blackish, with small yellowisli-grey scales.
In 2 ? fi'ons rather broader at vertex, and forming nearly one-third
of head at level of antennae. Thorax blackish, with very short,
yellowish-grey, flat-]yi]]g scales on dorsum, and with brownish-
yellow or yellowish elongate scaly pubescence on anterior margin
and towards sides ; the usual fan-shaped bunches of similar
structure below shoulders and below liiud corners of dorsum ;
some light yellowish pubescence on pleurae ; scutellum with
yellowish-grey scales and some black bristles on hind margin.
Abdomen blackish, covered with short yellowish-grey depressed
scales; those at base of 3rd and towards sides at bases of 5th
and 6th segments are whitish ; on 7th segment they are longer
and almost silvery ; some sparse soft brown hairs on abdominal
dorsum and stiffer ones on hind margins of segments ; venter
blackish, covered with short yellow scales and hairs. Ler/s black,
tibifB brown ; hind legs with rather broad, very thin, short,
yellowish-white ( J ) or yellow ($) overlapping scales covering
entire surface, except underside of tarsi, giving in the $ a
distinct yellow colour to the legs. Wings clear, costal and
subcostal cells and exti-eme base of wing yellowish brown ;
halteres pale yellow.

Length, 5-7 mm.

Described from a few specimens in the Indian Museum and
Pusa collections from Allahabad, 26. iii. 1906 (type d ), 10. iv. 1906
(type $ ), 14. X. 1905 {Hoivlett).

Type d and 2 sent to British Museum.

ISl. Lepidanthrax transversa, sp. nov.

? 2 • General characters as in L, compacta. Head : frons
gradually widening from vertex to level of antennae, where it is
rather narrower than in compacta ; covered with small yellowish
depressed scales and erect black pubescence ; face covered with
dense elongate pale yellowish scales, no black bristles; 3rd
antennal joint short onion-shaped, black, with long black style ;
proboscis lying along mouth-opening, but apparently long enough
to ])roject as far as in compacta if pointed forwards ; occiput
black, with small white scales around eye-margins and yellowish
scales in the middle. Thorax as in compacta. Abdomen with a
broad basal band of small depressed yellowish scales on each
segment except the 1st ; rest of dorsal surface with depressed
dull black scales ; posterior margins of 5th and 6th segments

234 150-MBiniu.i:.

Avith black bristles ; latter also with a fringe of yellowish scales,
wliich become white at their tips ; 7th segment covered with
yellowish scales and black bristles, hind border with a dense
fringe of long snow-white scales ; venter black, wholly covered
with small pale yellowish scales. Legs black ; femora and tibiae
covered with yellowish scales, middle tibise brownish yellow ;
tarsi black, joints distinct. Winr/s qnite clear, vitreons, subcostal
cell brownish yellow ; base of 3rd posterior cell more sinuous
than in eompacta ; lialteres clialk-white.

LengtJi, 9 mm.

One specimen (? $ ) in the British Museum from Dehra Dun,^
"Western Himalayas, 1907 {Lt.-CoL Wyville Thomson).

Genus ANTHRAX, Scoi^.

Anthrax, Scopoli, Eiit. Carn. p. .058 (17G3) ; Brunetti, llec. Ind.

Mus. ii, pp. 451, 455 (1909).
Villa, Lioy, Atti Istit. Yeiieto, (3) ix, p. 732 (1864).
Hemipenthes. Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeits. xiii, p. 28, note (1869).
Dipalta, Osten-Sacken, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iii, p. 236 (1877).
Chrysanthrax, Osten-Sacken, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt, i, p. 121

(1886).
Isiipenthes, 0.^ten-Sacken, op. cit. pp. 80, 96.
Pcccikmthra.v, Osteu-Sacken, op. cit. p, 119.
Stonyx, Osten-SackeUj op. cit. pp. 80, 94.
Jliyridanthrax , Osten-Sacken, 02). cit. p. 123.
Hyalanthrax, Osten-Sacken, op. cit. p. 134 (1877).
Aspiloj}fcra, Kiinckel, Bull. Sci. France at Belg. xxxix, p. 145, note

(19U5).
? Paranthrax, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5) vi, p. Ixvi (1876).

Genotype, AntJirax morio, E. ; by Eondani's designation.

Head semicircular, inflated behind, but slightly inarched at the
middle, as broad as or a little broader than thorax ; face very
short, sometimes conically projecting or gently convex ; pi'oboscis
short, withdrawn into the large mouth-opening, labelJa rather
broad ; palpi small, thin, cylindrical, apparently one-jointed ; thre«
ocelli; eyes in both sexes wide apart ; frons rather narrower in
S , an indentation at middle of hind margin in both sexes.
Antennae porrect, short, wide apart at base ; 1st joint short,
cylindrical; 2nd cup-shaped; 3rd varying from elongate conical
to flattened onion-shaped, with an apical microscopic bristle,
never with an apical pencil of hairs. Tliorax quadrate, with
rounded angles, broadest behind, wdth indistinct prsesutural but
distinct postalar bristles. Scutellum broad, short, bare of bristles ;
metanotum concealed. Abdomen flat, oblong, longer than thorax,
7-segmeuted. Genitalia small, mainly concealed, placed asym-
metrically ; ovipositor with a circlet of short blunt spines. Leys
moderatel}^ long, hind pair lengthened and often bearing con-
spicuous scaly pubescence ; all femora and tibiae with short
scaly pubescence in some species ; fore tibiae sometimes quite
bare, sometimes with small spicules ; posterior tibiae with

AM'HRAX. 235

an apical circlet of spines ; fore tarsi variable in shape and
pubescence ; front claws varying in size ; pulvilli very small or
absent, occasionally well developed. Wings when at rest half
open. Venation as in the other Anthracine genera ; only two
subniarginal cells ; 3rd vein sometimes with a sliort appendix at
its fork ; 2nd vein not infrequently with a recurrent veinlet at
its rectangular bend ; both 2nd vein and upper branch of 3rd
often sinuous and parallel towards their tips. A prealar hook
near base of "ing, generally hidden by the pubescence.

liange. World-wide ; a very extensive genus.

Life-historij. Larva an)phipneustic, 13-segmented, nearly cylin-
drical, a little tlattened below, tapering at each end. Several
European and North American species have been bred from
Lepidopterous larvte, and one from the egg-cases of a locust,
others being known to live in the cocoons of Hymenoptera. "In
cases where the Anthrax larva lives in other larvae these latter
pupate before they are destroyed, and the Anthrax larva lies in
the pupa of its host " (Lundbecl-). The imagos occur in sandy
or dry districts, bare open spots and pathways ; their flight is
short but swift.

Several subgenera of Anthrax were suggested by Osten-Sacken,
founded primarily on the wing-markings : Th^fridanthra.v for
species with brown wings with more or less hyaline spots; Anthrax
(s. str.) for those with clear wings, except for a broad baso-costal
dark baud ; Jli/alanihrax for tliose with practically wholly clear
wings or at most an infuscated costal margin ; and one or two others.
It was urged that these characters were supported by others, and
also by the fact that the species of each group were parasitic on
a totally different group, or even order, of insects. As, however,
intermediate forms are sure to occur, and the subgenera have not
been adopted by subsequent authors, they are herein ignored. So
far as the Indian species go, JietcJieri and guitatipennis belong
to a group with wholly dark wings ; afra, semifuscata, and
himalayanus would fall in Anthrax (s. s.) ; whilst all the other*
belong to Ilyalanthrax.

Table of Species.

1. Anal cell closed clmisa, Brun., p. 253.

Anal cell open 2.

2. Wings nearly wholly dark brown. ... 3.
Wings always with an appreciable

clear part 4.

3. No clearer spots in any of the wing-

cells Jletc/ien', sp. n., p. 23G.

Clearer spots on basal half of wing . . (/uttatipennis, sp. n., p. 237.

4. A distinct oblique baso-costal Aving-

band 5.

No such distinct band ; costa generally
narrowly, dark, liglit brown, or yel-
lowisli, the colour not extending
behind anterior cross-vein (nor-
mallv) ; or wings practically clear . . 7.

236 bombyliid.t:.

o. Hind margin of Tving-baud nearly

straight 6.

Hind jnargin of wing-band with deep

indentations himalayanus, Brim., p. 238.

C. Wing-band filling less than 3 of the

wing; liiud margin clear cut «/'■«, F., p. 240,

Wing-band filling full_y half the wing ;
hind margin indistinct somifuscata, sp. n., p. 241,

7. Legs mainly yellow <S.

Legs all black 9,

8. Femora with a considerable part black ;

Aviiigs practically clear albofidvu, Walk., p. 251.

Femora all yellowish ; basal half of
wings browMiish aureoJu'rta, Brun., p. 252.

9. Abdomen uniformly densely pubescent,

Avithout obvious transverse bands of

scales 10.

Abdomen with transvei'se bands of
yellowish, grey, or white scales ;
pubescence sparser II.

10. Wing with deep brownish-black costa;

larger species, 14-16 mm manifesta, Walk., p. 242,

Wing less extensivelj^ brown ; smaller
species, 10^-11 mm clara, Walk., p, 243.

11. Pubescence on sides of abdomen

wholly snow-white, except for few
bunches of scales on each side near

tip aperta, AValk., p. 245,

Pubescence on sides of abdomen never
as whollj' white as in aperta,
generally yellowish grey or black
imd white, and not arranged as in
aperta 12,

12. Ground-colour of abdomen or tomen-

tum (apparently) reddish brown. . . . dia, AVied., p. 250.
Ground-colour of abdomen black .... l.'>.

13. Costal cell yellowish haluchianus, sp. n., p. 250.

fhottentotta var. claripennis,
I [Brun., p. 247.

Costal cell lighter or darker brown*. .{ paniscus, Rossi, p. 248.

I fuscolimbafa, Brun., p. 246,
1^ appro.iviiata, Brun., p. 244.

Four species that appear to require confirmatiou as ludian
are not inchided in this table, but descriptions are appended
(pp. 254, 255),

182. Anthrax fletcheri, sp, uov,

d . Jlead black ; frons at level of antennte between one-third
and one-fourth width of bead, less than half tliis width at vertex ;
frons and face (apparently) covered with bright chroiue-yellow

* These species are too closely allied to be satisfactorily differentiated in
tabular form.

AXTHRAX. 237

small impressed scales, with the addition of black hairs on the
former : antenuse all black ; apical end of proboscis brown ;
occiput (apparently) with minute yellow impressed scales and
very short concolorous pubescence ; a friuge of such pubescence
on hind margin of occiput. Thorax black, with small bright
chrome-yellow impressed scales on dorsum and with bright
concolorous long scaly pubescence on anterior and side margins
and on pleurse, where it is a little paler below shoulders and
wings. Scutellum black (denuded), apparently with small yellow
scales as on thorax and a row of black bristles on hind margin.
Abdomen black, surface apparently covered with minute black
impressed scales, which are longest on the 2nd segment; an upper
clothing of bright yellow small impressed scales ; sides of first
four segments with bunches of concolorous elongate scales ; sides
of oth and most of the sides of the (3th with elongate black scales,
hind part of sides of 6th with bright yellow elongate scales; 7th
segment with elongate black scnles on hind margin. Venter
black, with minute black scales ; some fine yellow hairs at base
and small yellow scales on hind margins of most of the segments.
Legs black ; coxa3 with some fine yellow hairs ; femora and tibife
with traces of small yellow scales (mostly denuded) and the usual
black bristles ; middle femora witli some pale fine hairs on inner
side. Wiiiris wholly dark brown, the anterior part still darker;
anterior cross-vein distinctly before middle of discal cell ; anal
cell narrowly open ; halteres creamy yellow.

Length, 12 mm.

Described from a unique S from Mysore, 4400 ft., 25. iii.-
29. v., sent for examination by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, and
presented by him to the British Museum.

183. Anthrax guttatipeiinis, sp. nov.

Head : f rons at level of antennae one-third width of the head,
diminishing to one-third as wide at vertex, black, covereil
(apparently), as is the face also^ witli bright chrome-yellow
elongate scaly pubescence, intermixed (at least on frons) with
long black hairs; antennae black, 1st joint bristly, 3rd short
onion-shaped, with long style ; occiput black, with miiuite greyish-
white scales on eye-margins. Thorax black (denuded), with
bright chrome-yellow scaly pubescence forming a collar and
towards sides of dorsum, covering shonlders aud extending over
pleura ; scutellum black, with miiuite bright yellow scales on
posterior margin and some concolorous bristles, with which are
mixed some long black ones. Abdomen black ; 1st segment with
a little ragged bright yellow bristly pubescence ; all segments
except 4th* with broad basal bands of depressed small bright
yellow scales, the bauds narrowest at the centre of each segment ;
rest of dorsal surface apparently covered with depressed small

* Possibly an indivichial aberration.

238 BOMBYLIID.E.

dull black scales ; a few long black bristles on bind margins
of at least last two segments ; sides of first four segments witb
long shaggy bright yellow scaly pubescence ; venter black, basal
half covered with small depressed bright yellow scales and some-
what longer concolorous pubescence, and apparently two or more
narrow transverse rows of similar scales on apical half. Legs
black; coxae with long yellowish hairs and black bristles at tip,
directed backwards ; femora, at least on hinder side, with minute
pale yellowish adpressed scales and a few black bristles below ;
tibicB with some yellow scales on hinder side, rest of surface with
closely-impressed, very dark brown scales and the usual bristles ;
tarsi black. Winrjs dark brown, darker anteriorly ; centre of
both basal cells, discal cell, and 3rd and 4th posterior cells
narrowly pale ; a small elongate pale streak in marginal cell just
before bifurcation of prtefurca, and another towards tip of that
cell; two similar sti*eaks in 1st submarginal cell; halteres
yellowish.

Length, 13 mm.

Described from a unique specimen (sex uncertain) in the British
Museum from Trincomali Hot Wells, Ceylon, 15. x. 1891
{Yerhury).

184. Anthrax himalayanus, Bmn.

Anthrax himalayanus, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Miis. ii, p. 222, figs. 1, 2

(1909).
Anthrax maura, Brunetti, op. cit. ii, p. 451 (1909).

S 5 . U^ad black : frons in S and $ fully or over one-third
width of the head at level of antennae, between one-third and one-
fourth this width at vertex in S and about two-fifths in $ ; frons
and face with prominent long black pubescence and minute
elongate yellow scales, which latter are rather longer on face, where
there are also a few yellow hairs -, antennae black, 3rd joint short
onion-shaped, with a long style ; proboscis black, withdrawn ;
occiput black, with minute 3^ellowish-white scales. Thorax black,
with rather long, fine, very dark brown hairs; the surface apparently
iSparsely covered with minute depressed elongate yellow scales ;
anterior margin w'ith a row or fringe of long brownish-yellow
scales ; side margins with long, pale yellow, almost scale-like
pubescence. Sides of thorax light grey, with elongate brownish-
yellow scales and concolorous pubescence on lower part ; an elon-
gate bunch of long black scales below shoidders and a fringe of
similar scales in the centre of the lower anterior margin, imme-
diately below head, witb elongate brownish-yellow scales on each
side. Scutellum black, with minute orange-yellow depressed
scales on dorsum and with fine black hairs ; a row of black
bristles on hind margin. Abdomen black ; 1st segment with
some long yellowish-grey scaly pubescence towards sides, which
stretches across the anterior margin also, posterior margin \^'ith a

AKTIIUAX. 239'

narrow row of uiinute orange-yellow (varying to yellowish-grey)
scales ; surface of '2nd and 3rd segments, posterior half of 4t]i, hind
margins, and more or less of the dorsum of 5tli, 6th, and 7th with
minute reddish-yellow depressed scales; anterior half of 4th seg-
ment occupied by a transverse band of whitish scales ; hind margins
towards the sides of Gth and 7th segments with similarly coloured
scales. AVhole surface of abdomen with fine long black pubescence,
there being apparently no row of bristles on hind margins of any
of the segments ; sides of 1st, anterior half of 2nd, and all the
4th with white scaly pubescence ; hind half of 2nd and all the
t3rd, 5th, and 6th with black scaly pubescence. Venter rather light
grey, with minute yellow scale-like depressed hairs and long tine
black pubescence, with longer more bristly black hairs towards
tip ; genitalia blackish, tip brown. J^-<^gs dark brown ; fore coxae
with a few fine yellow hairs, hind ]iair w ith black haii'S : femora
with minute depressed yellowish-Avhite scales ; tibiae with similar
but apparently less numerous scales; some tine black hairs on
underside of femora ; femora and tibiae with tlie usual rows of
bristles ; tarsi blackish. Wings very pale grey, with a broad
deep brown baso-costal band occupying about half the surface ;
the colour extending along all the costa to tip of upper branch
of 3rd vein ; posteriorly the colour filling axillary and anal cells
except their tips, nearly half the 4th posterior cell, less than a
third of the 3rd posterior cell, and basal half of discal cell; a
downward extension (blob) stretching across the 1st posterior cell
and tilling half of the 2nd posterior cell, the colour limited l)y
the outer side of the discal cell ; the colour also fills the basal
half of the 1st submarginal cell and the whole of the marginal
cell, except a small space in a line with the proximal limit of the
clear half of the marginal cell; a small oval sub-hyaline spot in
upper corner of 1st basal cell, with a narrow longitudinal (not
transverse, as I erroneously noted in my first description of the
species) streak above it.*

Lenyth, 7 -11 mm.

Described From three S 6 and three 5 $ in the Indian Museum,
Kufri to Phagu, 18. v. 1916 ; Phagu, Simla Distr., 9000 fi.,
12. V. 1909, type S ; Simla, 7000 ft,, 16. v. 1009, type 2 (both
Annandale) ; two c? cJ , Naini Tal, v-vi. 1893 (Lucknow Museum );
two 5 2 , Simla, 16. v. 1909 and 9. v. 1910, on the flowers of the
Avhite stonecrop (Annandale) ; Khasi Hills, Assam (Brit. Mus.).

This species is very close to A. maura, L., of Europe, and was
referred to under that name in my first paper on this family (I. c).
I have already detailed the differences between the two species
(Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 222).

* A more, rougli-and-ready description of the wing would be: antero-
pvoximal half dark brown, the colour cuttiiit; the 4tli posterior and discal
cells about their middles ; a large blob from the dark jjart at two-thirds the
wing-length reaching nearly to the hind margin, a similar smaller blob filling
the curve in the 2nil longitudinal vein, and a minute 3rd blob between the
2nd one and tip of upper branch of 3rd longitudinal vein.

240 BOMBYLIIDvE.

185. Anthrax afra, F.

Anthrax ofra, Fabricius, Eiit. Syst. iv, p. 258 (1794) ; Scbiner,
Fauna Austr. i, p. 50 (1862) ; Brunetti, Kec. Iiul. Mus. ii, p. 451
(1909;.

Anthrax /imbriaf us, Meigen,Klass. i, p. 205 (1804) ; id.. Syst. Besch.
ii, p. 154, pi. xvii, fig. 13 (1820).

<S 2 • H^<^d : f roiis one-third as wide at vertex as at level of
aiitennse, where it forms oue-third tlie width of the head, dark
olive-brown or blackish, Avith black bairs and small elongate
yellow scales ; ocelli pale, ocellar tubercle quite clear of eye-
margins ; face clothed as frons ; eyes dark brown ; antennae black,
lind joint often dull red, 1st joint with long, 2nd with short black
bristles ; proboscis n)arked with blackish brown ; occiput black,
with very small vellow scales and minute white scaly pubescence
in centre and around upper half of margin. Thorax fx-oni dark
olive-brown to blackish, more or less covered on upper surface
with vei'y small yellow flat-lying scales ; towards the sides with
from pale yellow to brownish-yellow bristly pubescence, which
on anterior margin changes to very narrow elongate yellow
bristle-like scales, a large fan-shaped bunch of which (of deeper
yellow) occurs below the shoulders, extending nearly to the wing-
base ; on the shoulders and extending posteriorly for a short
distance the scales are often yellowish white and nearly silky
in nature; on the posterior calli a large fan-shaped bunch of
bright yellow elongate bristle-like scales, with some whitish
ones in front of them. Sides of thorax with some black hairs
and apparently a few vellow hairs around w'ing-base ; scutellum
with sliort flat-lying yellow scales and a row of long black bristles
towards hind margin. Thorax w ith usual macrochcetae. Abdomen
black, 1st segment with small yellow and white scales inter-
mixed ; anterior half of 3rd and 6th segments ^\■ith small white
scales ; most of the 2nd segment and a band on hinder part of
3rd to 6th segments, yellow-scaled ; rest of dorsal surface with
black scales ; the 7th segment bears white and black scales, and
there is a large fan-shaped bunch of very elongate milk-white
scales on anterior corners of abdomen. Genitalia with a circlet of
reddish-yellow spines ; venter mainly with black scales and a few
long pale hairs, a narrow row of small yellow scales on hind
borders of segments. Legs black or dark brown ; femora with
small, dark-brown, closely-applied scales and others that reflect
a greyish lustre in certain lights ; fore femora with a few stiff,
moderately long hairs below, hind pair with a row of moderate-
sized bristles below ; anterior tibiie with short pubescence, hind
pair with dark brown and greyish-lustred scales and rows of
small black bristles ; tarsi blackish. Whigs clear ; a dark brown
oblique band on anterior margin extending nearly to tip of costal
cell and deflned posteriorly by a line drawn, with slight angu-
lations at the veins, from that spot diagonally to the base, cutting
the anal cell at one-third of its length ; halteres yellow.
Length, 44-7 nun.

ANTHRAX. 241

Described from a good number o£ specimens in the Indian
Museum, Pusa, my own, and other collections. A widely distri-
buted species in India : Dehra Dun, iv. and ix. 1904 (Chatter jee) ;
Anamalai Hills, 4000 ft., 24. i. 1912 {Fletcher) ; Allahabad, 24-29.
iii. 1906, 6 and 19. x. 1905 (ffowlett) ; Satara Distr., 3200 ft.,
Bombay, 23. iv. 1912 {Gravely) ; Puri, 24-28. i. 1911 {Annandale,
Gravely), 29. ii. 19o8 and 2. iii. 1908 {Paiva) ; Gonda Distr., United
Prov., 26. ii. 1907, 9. iii. 1909 ; Madhupur, Bengal, 14. x. 1909 ;
Pusa, common, ii, iii, iv, vi, xi : Pipera, Gronda Distr., United
Prov., 9.iii. 1909 {Hodyart) ; Muttra, 22. iv. 1905 ; Meerut, 25. iv.
1905; Ferozepore, 28, i v. 1905 (all Brunetti) ; Guindy, Madras
{Caj^t. Crayg) ; Dawna Hills, Burma, 2000-3000 ft., 2-3. iii. 1908
{Annandale); Trincomali, Ceylon, 21. viii. 1890 {Gol. Yerhury) \
Port Blair, Andaman Is., 15. ii. to 15. iii. 1915 {Kemp).

186. Anthrax semifuscata, sp. nov.

J $ . Head : frous at level of antennae less than one-third width
of the head, at vertex less than half this width, blackish grey,
with minute bright yellow scaly pubescence, which latter also
covers the face ; antennae black, 3rd joint short, with long style ;
occiput blackish grey, a fi'inge of small snow-white scales on
lateral eye-margins. Thorax black (denuded), hind corners of
dorsum dull reddish brown ; in good specimens the dorsum,
anterior margin, and sides of thorax are probably covered with
bright chrome-yellow scaly pubescence, which extends to the
scutellum also. Abdomen black ; 1st segment with a band* of
depressed bright yellow scales ; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th segments
each with a basal band of similar scales, broadening towards and
at the sides, where it is augmented hy concolorous long scaly
pubescence covering all the sides of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
segments ; 5th segment apparently devoid of such a band ; dorsal
surface of abdomen not covered by yellow scales, furnished with
small depressed black scales; venter black, basal half with
depressed bright yellow scales, concolorous scales about the tip.
Legs black ; femora with whitish scales on hinder side (those on
fore pair appear more yellowish); tibiae with some yellowish-
white scales ; tarsi black. Wings pale grey, basal and anterior
parts moderately dark brown, the colour fading away distally,
its approximate hmit running from tip of 1st vein, just escaping^
fork of 3rd vein, filling discal cell and bases of 3rd and 4th
posterior cells and filling anal and auxiliary cells ; halteres
pale j'ello\A'.

Length, 7-8 mm.

Described from three specimens in indifferent condition in the
British Museum from Trincomah, Ceylon, 2. x. 1890 (type a S ),
9 and 15. x. 1890 {Col. Yerhury).

Although not one of the three specimens is in good condition,
the species is a quite a well-marked one by the extent of inf uscation
of the wing. A noticeable point is the variability in the exact
position of the bifurcation of the praefurca.

R

242 BOMBYLIID^.

187. Anthrax manifesta, Walk.

Anthrax mnnifesta, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 178 (1862).

S $. Head: frontal sexual differences as in A. aperta; frons
at level of anteunte forming one-tliird the width of tlie head,
black, with dense short stiff black hairs, which become denser
round base of antenna) and are continued along the middle of the
face ; frons also with very small recumbent hair-like bright
yellow scales ; face, except just below antennae, covered with
bright chrome-yellow or orange-yellow elongated scales, inter-
mixed with yellow hairs. Antennae black, 1st joint broader at
tip, with long black bristles on outer and inner sides and yellow
hairs below ; 2nd and 3rd joints normal ; proboscis blackish ;
occiput black, upper margin with very small whitish scales,
centre with short yellowish pubescence. Thorax black, dorsum
with soft dark brown hairs, and some small yellow scales about
middle of hind margin, opposite which are some dead-black thin
scales on the scutellum. Anterior border, shoulders, and sides of
thorax with long dense chrome-yellow or orange bristly, almost
scale-like pubescence, which becomes paler or sometimes even
whitish on underside ; fan-shaped brushes of this pubescence
occur as in A. aperta. Abdomen black ; base of first four seg-
ments with small short flat-lying bright yellow scales, thickest on
2nd and 4tli segments ; otb and remaining seguients with longer
similar scales; the rest of the dorsal surface with small dead-
black flat-lying scales and sparse long black or brown hairs. Sides
of abdomen with dense scale-like bristly pubescence or very thin
real scales, this vestiture varying from deep orange to yellowish
in different specimens, and being, generally speaking, deeper
coloured on anterior half and paler, sometimes whitish, on hinder
half of abdomen ; sides of 5th and 6th segments with elongate
dark brown scales and longer dark brown or blackish thick bristly
pubescence. Venter black, covered with small bright yellow
scales and sparse fine yellow hairs, both scales and hairs longer
and denser towards tip ; hind margin of last segment with elongate
dark brown scales. Legs scaled as in A. aperta ; femora with soft
yellow hairs below ; hind tibiae with numerous dark brown or
black elongate scales, intermixed with black spines and some
smaller yellow scales, which latter appear to occur more or less
on the middle tibiae also and to cover most of the femora. Winr/s
pale grey; costal and subcostal cells dark brown, the colour ex-
tending in diminishing intensity into the marginal and filling the
1st basal cell ; halteres dull yellowish, variable ; squamae brownish,
with a fringe of elongate orange or yellowish scales.

Lenr/t7i, 14-16 mm.

Redescribed from two d' cS and three $ $ from Mussoorie.
ix. 1906; Jhajjur, Kashmir, 22.xi. 1911 ; Simla, 26. v. 1914 (Ca2)t.
Evans) ; Lower Eanges, Khasi Hills, 1878 (Chennell).

Type in the British Museum.

ANTHRAX. 243

188. Anthrax clara. Walk.

Anthrax clara, Walker, Ins. Saiind., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 179 (1852) ;
Briinetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ii, p. 452 (1909).

S $ . Head : t'rons in J six times, in $ three times as wide at
level of antennae (where it forms nearly one-third the width of the
head) as at vertex, black, and, as is also the face, covered thickly with
dense erect stiff black pubescence, amidst wliich numerous small
bright yellow^ depressetl scales are visible, more numerous on the
face, where they are intermixed with yellow hairs; antennae black,
3rd joint moderately elongate, with rather long style ; month-
parts reddish brown or blackish ; hiud margin of eyes with a narrow
fringe of small white impressed scales, which perhaps may exteud
over most of the occiput. Thorax black, dorsum covered with
minute bright yellow impressed scales, either placed on top of
(forming an upper layer) or intermixed with similar dull black
scales;* fine long black hairs are scattered irregularly over the
dorsum ; margins of dorsum with thick bright yellow scaly
pubescence, a few black bristles at sides in front of wings and
three or four brownish-yellow spines on posterior corners, directed
backwards. Scutellum like thoracic dorsum ; hind margin with a
row of long yellow hairs and (apparently) some yellow bristles
and some elongate black scales. Abdomen : integument between
thorax and abdomen whitish grey ; dorsum of abdomen black,
mainly (or entirely?) covered with very small impressed black
scales, and apparently the greater part covered in good specimens
with small yellow scales ; margins of dorsum and sides of abdomen
with dense long fine scaly pubescence, the dorsum covered moi'e
thinly, though, when viewed at a low angle from behind that part,
it appears almost as thickly covered as the sides ; this pubescence is
rather darker yellow in the § ; on hinder part of dorsum in $
the pubescence is black. Hind margin of 6th segment narrowly,
and basal three-fourths of 7th, with yellow scales ; remainder of
7th with black scales ; sides of 5th and 6th segments with thick
bristly black pubescence ; ground-colour of side margins of first
three segments in c^ yellowish ; venter black, with minute black
and yellow impressed scales and some fine yellow pubescence.
Legs black ; femora with closely-placed small black scales, which
in certain lights have a greyish tinge ; small yellow scales also
present; tibiae and tarsi with small black scales and bristles.
Wings practically clear; costal and subcostal cells dark brown,
the colour extending irregularly over praefurca and also at extreme
base proximadto basal cells; anterior cross-vein just before middle
( J ) or at first 3rd ( 2 ) of the discal cell ; halteres pale yellow.

Lenffth, 10|-11 mm.

Redescribed from a c? fi'om Majkhali, Western Himalayas,

* The dorsum of the (^ specimen is mainly denuded, that of the 2 partly
so, but probably a double covering of scales is present in perfect specimens.

E 2

244 BOMBYLIID.^.

6000 ft., 4.x. 1907, and a $ from Xaini Tal, 6300 ft., 11. v. 1911
{Kemp), both in rather inferior condition but with all the charac-
ters fairly obvious, and both in the Indian Museum, as are also
two others — one named by Bigot from Dehra Dun, the other
from the Garhwal Distr., 21. x. 1907. These two specimens have
been compared by Mr. P. W. Edwards with the types in the
British Museum, where the species also figures from Dehra Dun,
xi. Id^^i [Lt.-Col. Wi/viUe Thomson), and the Khasi Hills, Assam.
Type in the British Museum.

189. Anthrax approximata, Urun.

Anthrax approximccta, Bruiietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 74 (1917).

5 . This species is very close to A. clara, "Walk., yet certainly
distinct. The scales on the frons and face vary from yellow to
snow-white, in one specimen only being yellow on both parts,
in others yellow on frons and white on face, those of the latter
colour encroaching to some extent on lower part of frons ; in one
example snow-white on practically tlie whole of both frons and
face ; sometimes some yellow stales around the mouth-parts amidst
the white ones. Abdomen not uniformly pubescent, as is pro-
bably the case in clara, but with distinct transverse bands of
yellow or whitish scales at base of segments, those on the 2nd and
4th being widest, extending on the former segment nearly to the
middle, and on the latter much further, especially towards the
sides ; hind borders of 6th segment with conspicuous snow-white
scales and a large bunch of longer ones on about tlie hinder half
of each side; sides of 5th segment and anterior half or more of
6th with long very dark blackish-brown scales ; dorsum of abdo-
men, except for the transverse hands, with black scales, wholly
covered with soft fine pubescence, and with a row of black bristles
on hind borders of 5th, 6th, and 7tli segments, becoming stronger
on each successive segment ; a row of fine yellow hairs before the
hind border on first four segments and a few fine yellow hairs on
dorsum of basal segments. Costal cell clear or faintly obscured ;
subcostal cell dark brown, the colour not extending further hind-
wards ; anterior ci*oss-vein a little before middle of discal cell,
the exact position apparently rather variable. In all else as in
A. clara.

Described from five S 6 in the Indian Museum : Simla, 7000-
8000 ft., 28. V. 1914, ty^e (Capt. Evans), and 16. v. 1909 ; Sihguri,
base of Darjiling Hills, 28. iii. 1910 ; Dawna Hills. Tenasserim,
2000-3000 ft., 2-3. iii. 1908; Kawkareik, Amherst Distr., Tenas-
serim, 5. iii. 1908,* and 23. iii. 1910 (Annandale). In the British
Museum from Khasi Hills, 1878 (GheimcU); Trincomali, Ceylon,
12. X. 1890, 12. xi. 1890 (CV. Yerbnry); Nilaveli, Ceylon,
19. vii. 1891 {Col. Yerhury).

* Erroneously quoted as 5. ii. 1908 in Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 474.

ANTHRAX.

245

The two specimens alluded to by me in my first paper on
BoMBYLiiD,E as allied to A. chtra, Walk., are amongst those now
referred to approximata.

190. Anthrax aperta, Walk.

Anthrax aperta, AValker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 180 (1852).

cJ 5 • Il^dd : f rons in S sufficiently narrow at vertex for the
small ocellar tubercle to touch the eye on each side, in 5 broad
enough for this tubercle to be quite clear of the eyes ; in both
sexes frons broadening to base of antennae, where it forms one-
third of the head, black, covered wholly with black bristles and on
the lower part with elongate black or dark brown scales and some
shorter yellow or yellowish-white scales intermixed ; face in S
wholly and thickly covered with elongate bright yellow scales,
with which are intermixed long black hairs, and in the median line
from base of autennse to mouth-opening a stripe of dark brown
scales ; in 5 tlie face-scales mostly whitish, those in the median
line yellowish ; eye-facets small, uniform; antennae black, 1st and
2nd joints bristly, 3rd onion-shaped, produced into a long bare
style. Thorax black, covered with moderately short blackish-brown
hairs ; anterior margin with a thick fringe of reddish-tawny
bristly hairs, which extend to a considerable portion of the under-
side. Sides of thorax Avith long whitish-grey scale-like pubescence,
forming fan-shaped bunches about the humeral and posterior calli,
near the wing-base and on the pleurae ; this pubescence varies
from nearly white to dirty grey and yellowish. Along the hind
border of the mesonotum there is always, in the narrow depression
occurring just before the extreme margin, a row of very small flat-
lying bright yellow scales.* Scutellum black, with some soft
black hairs and (probably) with Avhitisb pubescence.f Abdomen
black ; at base of 2nd segment a moderately wide band of very
small flat-lying white scales ; a similar but narrower band of
yellow scales at base of 3rd segment and a row of yellowish or
wliitish (or apparently both intermixed) at base of remaining
segments ; rest of surface covered with small flat-lying black
scales ; entire dorsum covered with rather long fine dark brown
hairs, which along the basal bands of pale scales appear to be
replaced by whitish ones. Sides of abdomen thickly clothed
on first two segments with long bushy scale-like whitish hairs ;
on 3rd segment with long very dark brown scales cind hairs, which
extend a little over the sides of the 2nd segment ; on 4th segment
with elongate white scales, connected with the basal cross-band

* A few of these generally remain even in badly-denuded specimens, but
there seems no reason to infer that they extend beyond the narrow space
described.

t This is conjecture, not one of the specimens before me bearing any
pubescence.

246 BOMBYLIID^.

of whitish scales (wliich, after those on the 2ud segment, are the
most conspicuous of tliese transverse scale-bands) ; on 5th and
6th segments with elongate dark brown scales and hairs ; and on
the 7th segment witli white scales. This vestiture of the sides
of the abdomen is quite distinct from the dorsal, and of much finer
pubescence. Genitalia dark brown or blackish, with some fine
black hairs. Yenter black, with flat-lying dull black scales and
sparse black hairs ; hind margins of segments with a more or less
broad border of whitish or yellowish scales. Legs black ; coxae
with long yellowish-grey hairs ; femora with closely-placed very
dark brown scales and a further clothing on underside of yellowish-
white scales, also with some long fine hairs ; tibioe with very short
bristles, hind pair with short but distinct very dark brown scales.
Wings quite clear ; base of costa with thick dark brown scales,
over which lies a covering of elongate silvery snow-white scales;
costal cell dark brown up to humeral cross-vein ; subcostal cell
wholly brown, the brown colour also extending v«ry narrowly
across the wing at the extreme base ; halteres dull pale yellow.

Lengthy 8-14 mm.

Kedescribed from several specimens from both Mussoorie,
ix. 1906, and Simla, 16. v. 1909 (Annandale) ; Simla, x. 1911;
Dehra Dun, xi. 1907 {Li.-Col WyvUle Thomson); Sukli, Dawna
Hills, 2100 ft., 22-29. xi. 1911 (Gravely); Khasi Hills. Pound
on Seclum and the common marguerite.

Ti/2)e in the British Museum.

This species is fully redesci'ibed here from four c? c? and five
5 5 , mostly in tolerably good condition, and this must super-
sede my former description, drawn up from a single specimen.

191. Anthrax fuscolimbata, JBrun.

Anthrax fuscolimhcda, Brimetti, Ifec. lud. Mus. xiii, p. 75 (1917).

$ . Head: frons one-third width of head at level of antennae,
less than half this width at vertex, covered with yellowish
impressed scales and black pubescence, the scales near the antennae
sometimes becoming gradually whitish : on face all snow-white in
type, and yellowish white and yellowish respectively in the other
two specimens ; antennas black, 1st joint with long black bristles,
2nd with a ring of shorter bristles, 3rd elongate conical, tapering
to a rather long style; proboscis dull yellowish or obscure;
occiput with a border of snow-white minute scaly pubescence
behind eyes, and some yellow scales on upper part. Thorax black,
more or less covered with small impressed yellow scales ; anterior
and side margins, shoulders, and pleurae covered with dense elon-
gate brownish-yellow scales, which are paler on the mesopleiira
and sternopleura or sometimes altogether paler ; a rather short
fine sparse black pubescence on dorsum, sometimes remaining after
nearly all the yellow scales have been worn off. Scutellum black,
with small yellow impressed scales ; a few fine yellow hairs and a

ANTHRAX. 247

row o£ black bristles on biud inargiu. Abdomen black, with trans-
verse bauds of small yellowish, yellowish-grey, or whitish scales,
broadest on 2nd and 4th segments, where, especially towards sides,
they reach up to aud beyond middle of segment ; a narrow basal
band on 3rd segment and a narrow band on hind margins of 5th
and 6th ; a large bunch of elongate brownish-yellow scales towards
and on sides of 1st, 2ud, and 3rd segments ; dorsum of 1st with
sparse concolorous tine hairs. Sides of 3rd and 4th segments
with elongate bi'ownish-yellow scaly pubescence, which is paler
on the latter ; sides of 5th and 6th segments with numerous
elongate dark brown scales and long black bristles ; posterior part
of side of 6th segment with a conspicuous bunch of elongate
snow-white scales ; 7th segment with black scales only ; all the
dorsal surface of abdomen, not occupied by pale scales, covered
with minute impressed black scales ; sparse fine pale hairs on
about basal half of dorsal surface, replaced on posterior half by
black ones ; hind margins of segments with a row of black bristles.
Venter with a broad transverse band of yellowish scales beyond
middle ; remaining segments with white scales ; whole surface of
venter plentifully covered with long yellowish or yellowish-grey
hairs, with fine black liairs towards tip. Genitalia brownish
yellow, with a circlet of blunt reddish-brown spines and black
pubescence. Ler/s black, coxae with rather long grey or whitish
pubescence; femora and tibiae with small white or yellowish-grey
scales and rows of black bristles. Winr/s nearly clear, the brown
suffusion on anterior part in type-specimen limited to subcostal
cell ; in 2nd and 3rd specimens extending from costa up to but
not encroaching on discal cell, dying away towards tip ; anterior
cross-vein just before middle of discal cell ; halteres cream-
yellow.

Described from three paratype 5 $ in the Indian Museum,
neither one being in v«!utliciently good condition to regard as the
ultimate type; Simla, 7000-8000 ft., 26. v. 1914 (Ccqjt Evans);
Mussoorie, 6500 ft. (Bond) ; Guindy, Madras {Capt. Patton).

192. Anthrax hottentotta, L., var. claripennis, Brun.

Anthrax hottentotta var. claripennis, Bnmetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii,
p. 452 (1909).

5 . Head : f rons half as wide at vertex as at level of anteunae,
where it is one-third of the head, black, covered (at least on lower
part) with minute yellow impressed scales, and wholly covered
with stiff black pubescence ; face black, wholly covered with dense
elongate yellowish-white scales ; antennae black, 3rd joint con-
siderably elongate ; proboscis obscure, withdrawn ; occiput black,
ai)parently covered with minute scales, whicii are yellow behind
the vertex and white near the lower eye-margins. Thorax black,
dorsum (apparently) covei'ed with minute elongate yellow scale-
like depressed pubescence ; anterior margin, sides of dorsum, and
the shoulders with dense elongate upright brownish-yellow scales;

248 BOMBTLIID^.

sides with similar scales of a yellowish-white colour or concolorous
long hairs. Scutellum black, hind border (probably Avhole surface,
more or less) with minute impressed yellow scales (no bristles
present on hind margin, but these have probably been broken off).
Abdomen black, base of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments with broad
transverse bands of minute pale j^ellow impressed scales, the band
on 2nd segment the broadest ; 5th, 6th, and 7th segments nearly
wholly covered with yellowish-white scales, which are longest on
the hind margins ; 7th segment with a thick fringe on hind
margin of very elongate yellowish-white scales ; surface of abdo-
men which is not occupied by yellowish scales, covered with
similar minute black scales. Sides of 1st segment with elongate
yellowish-grey scaly pubescence, which extends as long tine con-
coloi'ous hairs across the dorsum ; sides of 2nd segment with scaly
pubescence as on Ist, this pubescence being contiuued along
sides of rest of abdomen, but in gradually diminishing quantity.
Venter obscure, with minute snow-white impressed scales and long
yellowish hairs on basal part, and with white hairs towards tips ;
genitalia brownish yellow. Legs black ; coxae with rather long
yellowish or grey pubescence ; femora and tibiae with minute
yellow and whitish impressed scales, often intermixed; the white
ones predominating at base of middle femora and below hind
femora. Wings entirely clear, hyaline ; subcostal cell yellowish
brown ; bifurcation of 2nd and 3rd veins exactly in a Hue with
anterior cross-vein, which latter is just before middle of discal
cell; halteres pale creamy yellow.

Length, 12^ mm.

Described from the unique type in the Indian Museum from
Bhnra, in the plains of the Naini Tal District, Western Hima-
layas, 14-17. iv. 1907.

The dift'erences distinguishing this variety from typical A. liot-
tentotta of Europe are the clear wings, the wholly black-haired
frons, the whitish scales on the face, and minor characters.

193. Anthrax paniscus, Rossi.

Bibio jjcmiscus, Rossi, Fauna Etnis. ii, p. 256 (1790).
Anthrax himaculatus, Macquart, Suites h, Buif. i, p. 403 (1834).
Anthrax cinc/ulatus, Meigeu, Syst. Besch. ii, p. 145 (1820).
Anthrax hotteniottus, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p. 259 (1849).

S . Head ; frons narrow, at vertex less than one-twelfth the
width of the head, widening to nearly one-third of the head at
the antennae, dull black, with abundant black hairs and dark
orange scales ; face not projecting over mouth, dull black, with
loug yellow or orange scales and some long yellow hairs ; mouth-
border with some black scales ; erect inconspicuous black hairs
on upper eye-margins and on face ; mouth-opening long, black.
Occiput considerably puffed out, slaty black, lower part with
whitish scales, which become silvery and less numerous behind
upper eye-margin ; extreme back of occiput with dense short

ANTHRAX. 249

yellow pubescence. Proboscis long, iiarrow, labella brown ; palpi
long, narrow, black, concealed. Eyes with facets equal. Antennae
black, basal joints with dense black bristly hairs ; 8rd joint
slightly brownish, in the shape of a blunt triangle, tip produced
to a long point with a minute apical bristle. TJioraa- dull black,
with dense tawny scaly pubescence, which is thinnest on the disc,
the latter bearing numerous adherent black scales and blackish-
tawny hairs ; furry pubescence extending from shoulders to wing-
base and along dorsal side margins and hind margin ; posterior
calli with three to six long yellow spines or bristles, and about
five smaller ones above the wings ; a snow-white patcli of scales
in front of the absolute wing-base, not easily visible; pleurje with
dense tawny pubescence, thinner and more greyish on the low er
parts. Scutellum with closely-adhering black scales and pale
tawny pubescence, a row of black bristles on hind margin,
and some small yellow scales towards side margins, Ahdomen
black, sides of first two segments rufescent ; first four segments
densely covered with tawny pubescence, paler and thinner on
disc, the whole of which is covered with closely adhering black
scales ; side pubescence on 5th and 6th segments deep black ;
on 7th snow-white, tlie middle of the hind margin bearing black
scales. Venter black, with closely adhering black scales, and
with pale yellow pubescence and some elongate black scales
and long black liairs towards side margins ; hind margins of 2nd
to 5th segments with some pale scales ; genitalia very small,
orange. Legs dull black ; coxae ^\ ith pale yellow ])ubescence in
front, more brownish behind, and bristly black hairs at tip ;
anterior femora with inconspicuous yellowish or blackish pubes-
cence behind and beneath, hind femora with such at base only;
pale scales on fore femora in front and behind, on posterior
femora nearly over all the surface, and on basal half of posterior
tibije and to a less extent on parts of the fore tibite ; pulvilli
absent. Wings quite clear or very pale gi'ey, iridescent ; base
and fore mai'gin yello\\'ish brown down to 1st longitudinal vein or
sometimes a little further, basal parts of veins black or brown ;
dense black scales on broadened base of costa, sometimes with
some pale ones intermixed; occasionally a black spine at extreme
base of fore margin ; squamae brownish yellow, margin darker,
root black, fringe yellow or orange ; halteres small, orange.

$ . Pubescence sparser than in c? ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal
segments with a baud of pale scales. Prons at vertex one-eighth
the width of the head, fully one-third at level of antennae, Avith
more numerous golden scales than in (S . Silvery patch at wing-
base absent. Abdominal pubescence longer; pale tufts at tip
more yellowish than silvery, pubescence on disc thinner; a con-
spicuous band of golden scales on 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments, the
first one the widest, that on the 3rd segment the narrowest, all
the bands narrower in middle ; 6th segment with a narrow hind
marginal band of scales, which is sometimes present on the 5th
also ; 7th segment with black scales on the disc, and j'ellow scales

250 BOMBYLIID^.

and long yellow hairs on basal corners, besides conspicuous black
pubescence. Venter black, white scales on 4th, oth, and 6th
segments, less abundant on 7th ; hind margins of segments more
or less with a narrow band of yellow scales and hairs ; ovipositor
orange.

Length, normally 12 mm., varying from 10 to 14 mm.

Naiui Tal, 6000-7000 ft. {R. E. Lloijd). One specimen in the
Indian Museum from Simla, x. 1906 (Lefroj/).

The above description is an abbreviated one from Verrall, as the
only Indian specimen and the tln-ee European specimens before
me are in very indifferent condition, though there seems no doubt
as to the identity of the species.

194. Anthi-ax dia, Wied.

Anthrax dia, Wiedemanu, Aual. Ent. p. 23 (1824) ; id., Auss.
Zweifl. i, p. 293 (1828).

"J. Antennae black (3rd joint missing). Epistoma and frons
sparsely, tlie vertex a little more densely clothed with grey hairs.
Occiput blackish, grey-liaired, margins of eyes white. Collar
grey ; thorax with reddish-browji pile and grey hairs, mixed at
sides with whitish hairs. Scutellum blackish, with traces of
reddish-brown pile ; sides of thorax with whitish hairs. The
1st abdominal segment with reddish-brown pile on the hind
margin, with whitish hairs at sides ; 2nd reddish brown with
whitish band at base; 3rd with a narrow band across the middle ;
4th with a very broad whitish band, so that only the reddish
brown hind border remains ; 5th and 6th whitish, only at the
base narrowly reddish brown ; 7th and 8th, on the contrary, only
whitish at sides; venter blackish, with whitish hairs. Wings
quite clear ; brownish at extreme base and in the costal cell, the
colour extending a little below this cell ; halteres yellow. Legs
black, with yellowish pile. Length 5^ lines. Tranquebar."
(Weidemann.)

Type in AVestermann's collection.

195. Anthrax baluchianus, sp. nov.

(5 $ . Head : frons in c? from a quarter to one-fifth, in 5 one-
third, as wide at vertex as at just above antennae, black, covered
with yellowish-grey depressed scales and erect long fine black
hairs; ocelli dull reddish brown; fa(;e clotlied similarly to frons,
but the scales longer and with yellow hairs instead of black;
proboscis reddish brown; antennae black, 1st joint with long
black bristles, 2nd with shorter ones, 3rd elongate onion-shaped,
with moderately long style, whicli becomes reddish brown towards
tip ; occiput covered exclusively with short depressed yellowish-
grey scales. Thorax blackish, dorsum covered with minute
yellowish-grey depressed scales ; a thick collar of long yellowish
scaly pubescence on anterior margin ; side margins and the whole
of the pleurae similarly clothed ; sides of dorsal margins with long

ANTHRAX. 251

yellow bristles and a buncli of them ou each posterior corner ;
scutellum with depressed small yellowisli-grey scales and a row
of strong deflexed yellow spines on hind margin. Abdomen black,
each segment closely covered (in good specimens) with very small
greyish depressed scales, which occupy about the basal half or
rather more of tlie first two or three segments, covering more and
more of each successive segment till the last ones are nearly
wholly covered, the remainder of the dorsal surface bearing small
black closely-impressed scales ; before the hind margin on each
segment is a row of strong black bristles ; the moderately long
pubescence sometimes yellowish (in the type 2 it is wholly bright
yellow on head, thorax, and abdomen) ; venter black, covered with
depressed greyish scales and rather long concolorous fine hairs.
Legs black ; coxae with pale yellowish -grey depressed scales and
long concolorous hairs ; femora and tibife with a close covering of
small overlapping yellowish-grey scales ; both femora and tibiae
with rows of black bristles ; tarsi with a little short rich brown
pubescence on underside. Wimjs practically clear ; costal cell
yellowish, the colour basally extending a little further hindward ;
another cross-vein just before middle of discal cell ; a small bunch
of short silvery-white scales at extreme base of costa and posterior
to the strong black scales on the adjacent costal margin ; halteres
pale brownish cream-colour, hidden in the pubescence.

Length, 13 mm.

Described from several specimens, mostly in inferior condition,
except the type d and $, in the Indian Museum, from Balu-
chistan (Cleghorn), and several others in good condition from
Kashmir, 1915 (if. T. Pease) : Bahisht Khal, 6 and 8. ix. 1908
{Nadir Khan) ; Bhittani, on camel.

196. Anthrax albofulva, Walk.

Anthrax albofulvn, Walker, Ins. Saund.,Uipt. pt. 3, p. 182 (1862) ;
Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 454 (1909).

S 5 . Head : frons in both sexes at level of antennae barely one-
third width of head, less than one-fourth of that width at vertex in
(S , and half that width in $ , dark grey, with long, rather dense
pale yellow scaly, almost bristly pubescence, and a space in the
middle with long black similar pubescence ; face with similar
pubescence, which is sometimes yellowish on upper part and
white on lower part, or wholly snow-white throughout ; antennae
black, first two joints with bristly yellow pubescence, <3rd joint
elongate onion-shaped, with a minute pale style-like thick bristle
at tip ; mouth-opening very large, proboscis obscure, withdrawn ;
occiput dark grey, with more or less minute scaly pubescence
round hind border of eyes. Thorax blackish, with minute yellow
depressed scales on dorsum ; anterior and side margins with pale
yellowish-grey elongate scaly pubescence, which (apparently) is
not dense ; two or three long yellow spines on posterior corners ;
sides of thorax bluish grey, with nearly whitish pubescence.

252 BOMBTLIID.E.

Scutellum concolorous with dorsum, with minute 3fellow depressed
scales aud some longer pubescence and a row of yellow bristles on
hind border. Abdomen dark grey or blackish, wliolly covered with
minute yellow depressed elongate scale-like pubescence ; a large
fan-shaped bunch of nearly wliite long scaly pubescence towards
sides of 1st segment, extending inwards across the disc ; sides of
rest of segments with soft whitish outstanding hairs ; ground-
colour of sides of first five segments more or less orange or
brownish yellow, the colour sometimes entirely absent. Venter
varying from pale yellowish to dark grey, with darker marks,
some depressed minute Avhite scales and some longer whitish
hairs ; genitalia large, brownish yellow, with long pale hairs.
Legs yellowish ; coxae more or less bluish grey, with a little
whitish pubescence ; in the S the basal half of the anterior
femora and nearly all the hind femora black, with n)inute whitish
scales ; in the $ basal half of fore pair narrowly at base in
middle pair, and apical half or less of hind femora black, with
minute whitish scales ; apical third or half of tarsi in both sexes
blackish. Wwgs clear, subcostal cell yellowish ; 2nd longitudinal
vein normally with a distinct upward curve, followed by a distinct
downward one just before tip ; anterior ci'oss-vein at one-tiiird
(or a little beyond) of discal cell, placed some distance beyond tip
of prsefurca ; anal cell rather narrowly open.

Venation rather variable: in one specimen from Allahabad the
anal cell is very broad, and equally so for the whole of its length
to the wing-border ; in others the degree of curvature on apical
half of 2nd vein varies considerably, as does also the exact
position of the anterior cross-vein in its relation to the discal
cell.

Length, 4i-62 mm.

Described from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum and Pusa collections.

Ti/2)e in the British Museum (the head missing).

197. Anthrax aureohirta, Bnm.

Anthrax aiireo/ih-ta, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 223 (1909).

S • Head: frons at vertex one-eighth width of head, widening
to barely double this width at tlie level of the antennae, black,
slightly shining ; ocelli on small raised tubercle ; face black ; some
white dust on each margin of the lower part of frons and of the
face, and yellow and black short hairs intermixed above and below
the antennae, which are wholly black, the iirst two joints bearing
some stiff black hairs, tlie third with soft white microscopic
pubescence ; proboscis somewhat lai'ge, blackish at base, brownish
towards tip, Avith some hairs ; eye-margins rather deeplj^ cut
away at the middle of the side ; occiput considerably puffed out,
black, with golden-yellow hairs at the sides and a fringe of stiff
bright yellow hairs at the back, and with microscopic black hairs
on the remaining portions. Thorax black, with short, not thick.

AKTHEAX. 253

bright golden-yellow bairs, also a bunch of bristly yellow hairs on
each side, just behind the shoulder, with some yellow bristles \
some yellow bairs on anterior margin. A large reclinate yellow
spine above each wing-base and three or four black bristles on
posterior portion of dorsum. Sides of thorax ash-grey, with some
patches of whitish hairs ; scutellum black, with golden-yellow
hairs and some black bristles towards posterior margin. Abdomen
moderately shining black, rather closely covered with short, bright
golden-yellow hairs, wliicli form a large fan-shaped bunch on each
side of the 1st segment, where they become almost scaly ; there
are short black hairs intermixed with the yellow towards the
sides of the doi'sum ; venter with close, soft, bright yellow hair.
Legs : coxae black, with whitish hairs ; femora and tibiae yellow,
with short black bristles, which are longest on the latter and
form a circlet at the tips of the tibise ; tarsi black, with very short
pubescence and bristles. Wings ver}' pale brown up to just
l)e3^ond the middle, wiiere the colour fades away; halteres creamy
yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a unique specimen in perfect condition in the
Indian Museum collection, from Calcutta, 1. vi. 1909,

This species does not fall quite naturally into any of my
temporary divisions of this genus, as the darkening of the wing
does not partake of the usual oblique form, the coloration ex-
tending over the whole basal half of the wing.

198, Anthrax clausa, Bnm.

Anthrax clausa, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 477 (1909),

c? . Head slightly broader than thorax and abdomen ; frons and
face black, clothed with dense short black liairs ; eyes distinctly
separated at vertex, the ocelli being placed well forward, the frons
widening very rapidly, until at the insertion of the antennss it
occupies half the width of the head. Antennae black; first joint
cylindrical, second sub-spherical, much shorter than first ; third
onion-shaped, with long style, small, narrower, and shorter than
second. Underside of face uniformly black, proboscis almos-t
invisible; back of head dark grey, with a few whitish hairs.
Thorax dull black ; anterior border with a rather thick fringe
of grey hairs, which apparently cover both dorsum and sides.
Abdomen linear, with conical tip, of same width as tliorax ; dull
black (denuded), probably when in good condition the whole abdo-
men is covered with whitish-grey hairs. The present specimen
has bunches of such hairs at the sides of the abdomen towards the
base, also at the tip ; the dorsum shows little traces of hair, and
on it the hair is probably always sparser ; at the sides of the
abdomen towards the base are patches of all-black hairs ; venter
black, nearly bare. Legx blackish, the inner sides of the anterior
tibiae with a brown tint ; femora below with some soft moderately
long blackish hairs ; fore tibiae with a single row of small black

254 BOMBYLIID,!:.

bristles, middle pair with a similar row on both outer and inner
sides, and hind pair rather thickly clothed with them. Win(/s
clear; anal cell closed immediately before the border; discal
cross-vein placed just beyoud one-third of the discal cell ; first
posterior cell widely open ; fork of the third vein showing a ten-
dency to form an appendix; halteres cream-white; tegulae small,
dirty white, transparent, with a fringe of short grey hairs.

Length, Sk n)m.

Described from a unique S in the Indian Museum from Moul-
lueiii, Lower Burma, iii. 1908 [Annandale).

The only species described from the East with the anal cell
closed.

The following species have been recorded from " East India,"
but may be I'egarded as requiring further confirmation. They are
therefore not included in the table of species : —

199. Anthrax troglodyta, F.

Bibio trof/lodi/ta, Fabi'icius, Syst. Ent. p. 759 (1775).

A)7tkrax trof/ludi/ta, Wiedemann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 306 (1828) ;

Wulp, Notes Levd. Mas. vii, p. 83 (1885); de Meijere, Tijd. v.

Ent. 1, p. 240(1907).
Anthrax hyalina, Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. i, p. 141 (1821) ; id.,

Auss. ZweiH. i, p. 297 (1828) ; Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xxiii, p. 165

(1889).
Anthrax lucens, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 180 (1852).

" Black, head tawny beneath : chest and breast clothed with
tawny hairs ; a tuft of wliite bail's on each side above the base of
the wing ; abdomen obconical, a little shorter than the chest,
clothed on each side with alternate patches of black and white
liairs : legs clothed with very short black hairs. Wings colourless,
dark brown at the base, adorned (Ui each shoulder with a patch of
silvery-white hairs ; wing-ribs and veins black. Length 4^ lines,
wings 12 lines. East India." {Walker.)

Type in Fabricius's collection.

The above is W^alker's description of lucens, which is said to be
identical with troglodyta.

200. Anthrax lucida. Walk.

Anthrax Incida, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 179 (1852).

" 5 . Black ; thickly clothed with bright tawny hairs ; head
clothed above with black hairs ; abdomen nearl}'' linear, truncated
at the tip, hardly shorter than the chest ; tip clothed with black
hairs and adorned on each side with a tuft of yellowish-white
hairs ; wings colourless, brown along the fore boi'der for two-
thirds of the length; wing-ribs and veins black, the latter pitchy
beneath the fore border ; poisers yellow. The brown on the wing
of this species is much narrower than that of A. manifesta.
Length 6 lines, wings 14 lines. East India." {Walker.)

Tgpe in the British Museum.

ANTHEAX. 255

201. Anthrax limpida, Walk.

Anthrax limpida, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 179 (1852).

" Black; head clothed above with short tawuy, and louger black
hairs, beneath with longer tawuy hairs ; chest clothed with bright
tawny hairs ; abdomen slightly obconical, somewhat truncated at
the tip, shorter than the chest, clothed with pale tawny hairs ;
legs clothed with short black hairs ; wings colourless, with a very
narrow brown stripe along the fore border for more than two-
thirds of the length ; wing-ribs pitchy, veins black, pitchy at the
base and along the fore border ; poisers pale yellow. Length
5 lines, wings 12 lines. East India." {Wall-er.)

Type in the British Museum.

202. Anthrax referens, Walk.

Anthrax referens, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 189 (1852).

'•' Black ; head clothed with short ferruginous hairs, and on the
crown with some black hairs ; mouth pitchy, each side of the
chest adorned with a stripe of white hairs ; breast grey, clothed
with ferruginous hairs. Abdomen obconical, much shorter than
chest, adorned towards the tip with two interrupted bands of
white hairs ; base clothed with pale tawny hairs ; hind borders
of segments clothed with short ferruginous hairs : sides adorned
with alternate tufts of black and white hairs ; underside ferru-
ginous; legs pitchy, clothed with very short black hairs and bristles ;
thighs and shanks adorned with a tawny tinge. Wings dark
brown from the base along the fore border to the tip and along
the hind border to the end of the interior part ; this brown part
includes a nearly colourless dot, and its outline has two deep and
irregular inward curves ; wing-ribs and veins black ; poisers
pitchy, with pale vellow tips. Length of bodv 4-4^ lines, wings
11-12 lines. East' India." {Wall-er.)

Type in the British Museum.

Subfamily LOMATIIN^.

Praefurca ending, that is to say, 2nd and 3rd veins separating,
nearly opposite base of discal cell. Antennas more or less approxi-
mate at base ; proboscis usually short, sometimes porrect ; abdomen
rather oblong, but not cylindrical. Head hardly transverse, closely
applied to thorax ; face generally produced ; eyes in <S approximate
or contiguous, wide apart in 5 ; occiput generally puffed out.
Thorax not humped, with few or no bristles ; scutelliim large,
without strong bristles. Abdomen longer than broad, geuerallv
oblong, without bristles. Legs with few or no bristles, except
spicules on tibiae. Wings with 2nd vein and upper brancla of 3rd
strongly looped, more or less parallel to each other towards tips;
anterior cross- vein placed considerably beyond middle of discal

256 BOMBYLIID^.

cell, often sloping ; two ur three subinarginal cells, four posterior
cells, 1st either open or closed; anal cell generally open.

This subfamily is by no means properly understood, nor its
limits satisfactorily defined.

The present acceptance of it is in Verrall's sense, and only one
genus witli a single species is Indian.

Genus APH(E3ANTUS, Liv.

Aphoebantiis, Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xvi, p. 253 (1872).

Triodifes, Osten-Sacken, Bull. U.S. Geolog. Survey, iii, p. 245

(1877).

GrBNOTYPE, Aplioehantus cervmiti^, Loew ; by original designation.

Body and wliole appearance Anthrax-like ; wings long. Bifur-
cation of 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins at some little distance
(but not greatly) before anterior cross-vein. Frons in (J com-
paratively wide. Antennse remote at base ; 1st joint short, 2nd
very short ; 3rd short, more or less onion-shaped, with styliform
prolongation, not separated by a sutui-e, with or without a bristle
at tip. Labella large, fleshy. Angulation of 3rd vein with or
without appendix. Small but distinct pulvilli ; generally a long
bristle at end of hind metatarsus.

Range. All the previously known species come from Nortli
America, except one occurring in Central America.

At the time of describing Argijramoeba ceylonica the possibility
of it being an Aplioehantus did not occur to me, as the genus was
unknown from any part except North America and a single
species from Central America. An unnamed specimen of my
species in the British Museum, labelled " ? ApJicebantus," first called
my attention to the genus, but no authenticated specimen definitely
referred to the genus has been available for comparison, so I adopt
it with some hesitation.

The species agrees with Osten-Sacken's characters of the
bifurcation of the 2nd and 3rd veins, occurring at " some distance
before" the anterior cross-vein ; as a matter of fact, it occurs in
a line with or just beyond the base of the discal cell. The
antenna! 3rd joint shows no sign of any pencil of hairs, but a
suture (about as far from the tip as iii Ai-gj/ramosba) is more or
less obvious under a microscope in all the twenty or more
specimens, mostly in good condition, examined, and the minute
bristle at the extreme tip is apparent. This, however, is hardly
my interpretation of Osten-Sacken's words " a minute, sometimes
scarcely apparent joint," which seems to refer rather to size than
distinctness of outline.

A. ceijlonicus is admitted to Aplioehantus herein on the strength
of the proximal bifurcation of the 2nd and 3rd veins, in conjunction
Avith the absence of the antennal pencil of hairs.

The existence of my Argyramoiha intermedia and a probable
second closely-allied species with nearly clear wings somewhat

APHCEBAKTUS. 257

complicates mattei'S, as these two forms possess a distinct pencil
of hairs, whilst the bifurcation of the 2nd and 3rd veins takes
place half-way between the base of the discal cell and the anterior
cross-vein, its exact position not being constant.

203. Aphoebantus ceylonicus, Brun.

Arqyramceha ceylonica, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 471, pi. xii,
lig-. 24 (1909).

S $ . Head : frons in J f^t vertex very narrow, one-fifth or
one-sixth of its widtii at level of antennae, where it is less than a
third the width of the head and widens from the vertex very
rapidly ; frons in $ one-third as wide at vertex as it is at level
of anteiuise, where it forms less than one-third of the head ; frons
and face dark grey, face sometimes lighter, covered rather densely
with bright yellow elongate scaly pubescence, which is generally
paler on face, even Avhitish or quite white ; antennae black, 3rd
joint onion-shaped, with a moderately long style, basal joints with
black bristles ; proboscis brownish, withdrawn ; occiput ash-grey,
much puffed out behind, especially in the 5 , covered with minute
impressed bright yellow scales ; side indentation of eye-margins
very considerable. Thorax black, dorsum covered thickly with
very minute bright yellow depressed scales and scale-like hairs,
ami with long pale yellow hairs rather thinly interspersed ; a
collar of very long elongate pale yellow scales on anterior margin,
a bunch of slightly shorter and paler ones on shoulders ; several
large yellow spines in front of wing-base and on posterior corners
of dorsum, and a row of yellow bristles towards hind margin ;
sides of thorax ash-grey, with a bunch of pale yellowish pubes-
cence below shoulders, also in front immediately below head ;
steriiopleurse with silky white pubescence ; scutellum with yellow
pubescence as on thorax, and a row of yellow bristles on hind
margin. Abdomen normally with middle jDart longitudinally to a
greater or less width black, remainder of dorsum brownish yellow ;
often the black colour covering nearly the whole surface, whilst
sometimes reduced (at least on anterior half of abdomen) to the
middle third ; hind margin of abdomen more or less yellowish ;
1st segment mainly black, yellowish towards sides, with a thick
bunch of yellowish scales covering each outer third, leaving the
middle third bare ; hind margin with minute bright yellow scales ;
whole surface of abdomen covered with minute bright yellow
semi-depressed thick hairs, with longer black thin hairs inter-
spersed; sides of abdomen with moderately long thin pale yellow
hairs, no trace of scales. Venter yellowish, more or less blackish
in middle or towards base, sometimes nearly all blackish, covered
with minute yellow pubescence ; genitaha brownish yellow, mainly
concealed. Legs : coxge ash-grey, with long whitish pubescence ;
femora and tibiae yellow ; about apical half of anterior tarsi and
all the hind tarsi black, at most the latter a little pale at base in

s

258 BOMBYLIID^.

individuals ; bind femora vith a row of black bristles bebind; all
tibiae witb tlie usual rows of small black bristles ; hind femora with
a number of small black bristles on upperside at tip, giving the
ap])earance of the tip being blackish. Winr/s nearly clear, costal
and subcostal cell yellowisli or duskj^ the colour sometimes ex-
tending a little posteriorly, or in some specimens faintly or more
distinctly across the wing, even to the hind margin ; tip of wing
generally clear ; 2nd longitudinal vein I'atber deeply looped
towards tip ; upper branch of 3rd vein with or without appendix ;
halteres mainly yellow.

Length, 5-8 mm.

Eedescribed from several of each sex in the British and Indian
Museums and the Pusa collection : Kalimpong, Darjiling District,
800-4500 ft., 24.iv.-10.v.l915 (Gravehj); Allahubad, 21-29. iii.
1906 [Jlowlett) ; Pusa, Bengal, not uncommon, i, iii, vii, xi, parasitic
in cells of Psendar/enia ch/peata {G. R. JDutt) ; Cliapra, Bengal;
Calcutta, 4. iv. 1913 {Gravehj), l.vi.l909; Kandy, v. 1892 {Yer-
buri/) ; Heneratgoda, Ceylon, 26.vi.lS92 (Terbury) ; Pundaluoya,
Ceylon {Green).

Types in the Indian Museum.

This redescription varies somewhat from the original, but must
be taken as an improved one, built on the study of considerably
more specimens, mostly in good condition.

Description of the pupa-case. Pale yellowish, 10-segmented, the
1st with a brown prolongation, bearing six very strong blunt black
spines arranged two in an upper and four in a lower row ; two
similar but much smaller black spines in middle of underside of
segment ; 1st segment smooth and bare ; 2nd similar, but with
three or four very long filamentous pale yellow strong curved
hairs on each side ; 3rd segment bare, except for a row placed
just behind front margin, of very long, closely-placed, similar
curved hairs, which are almost spine-like at base, but taper
gradually so that the major portion is flexible; there are also
three very long yellowish similar bristly curved hairs (their bases
not spine-like) on each side of the segment. Dorsum of each
remaining segment with a tivvnsverse row, placed at about middle
of segment, of twelve or more strong bright brown hooks, about
three-fourths of the length of each being fixed to the surface, and
the tips curved upward and forward, evidently designed to hold
the pupa-case tightly, enabling the imago to draw itself free and
escape. These hooks are largest in the middle of the row, and
gradually diminish in size towards the sides, where are several
very long bristly hairs as on 3rd segment ; also between each tw^o
liooks, its roots near the upturned portion (of the hooks), is a
similar rather shorter (though still actually very long) bristly
curved hair. On 4th, 5th, and 6th segments the hooks are very
large and strong, on tlie 7th considerably smaller, and on the next
tliree segments smaller still ; but the long bristly pale yellow
hairs are equally long on all the segments, except the 10th, on
which they are distinctly shorter. Tip of 10th segment formed

BOMBYLIIN.E. 259

iato a blaat coue with two short strong brown blunt spines at
•extreme tip and a similar smaller spine above them, placed a little
anteriorly. Venter with a transverse row of moderately long
pale hairs placed behind the middle of each segment.

Leiir/th, 10-12 mm., measured along dorsal line from tip to tip;
probably variable.

Subfamily BOMBYLIIN^E.

Head smaller than in ANTHRACiisriE, rarely transverse or wider
than thorax ; back of head much puffed out ; eyes contiguous or
subcontiguous in o , distinctly separated in 2 ; if wide apart in
c? , then abdomen short and broad. Antennae approximate at
base, variable in structure, with au apical style of variable form,
sometimes imperceptible. Proboscis variable in length, generally
elongate and porrect. Thovax generally well, often considerably,
arched, usually with dense furry pubescence; in some genera
nearly bare. Abdomen usually short, broad and rounded, rarely
conical; frequently with dense furry pubescence. Ijegs generally
long and thin, sometimes bare or apparently so, often with stick-
like spines below the femora, or with spicules, or with a circlet of
apical spines to the tibiae. Two pulvilli. Wings with the prae-
furca short ; one to three submarginal cells ; three or four
posterior cells ; 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins usually emerging
at an acute angle, the latter approximately opposite base of discal
cell ; 3rd vein nearly always forked ; discal cell rarely absent ;
anal cell open or closed.

This subfamily differs from the AiSTiiRACiNyE by the divergence
of the 2nd and 3rd veins at au acute angle at some distance
before the anterior cross-vein, from the Toxophouiis^^ and
SvsTROPiN^ by the short rounded abdomen, and from the
LoMATiiN.i; (less distinctly) by the rounder abdomen, the longer
proboscis, and less upturned 2ud vein.

Table of Genera.

1. One submarginal cell only Empidideicus, Beck.,

Two or more such cells 2. [p. 260.

2. P'our posterior cells 3.

Three posterior cells 7.

3. First and second antennal joints sub-

equal Phthibia, Mg-., p. 284.

- First antennal joint mucli longer than

2ud ' A.

4. First basal cell distinctly longer than

2iid ; anterior cross-vein towards or

at middle of discal cell 5.

The two basal cells subequal, through
anterior cross-vein being near base of
cell 6.

5. First posterior cell closed JSombylius, L., p, 261.

First posterior cell open Dischistus, Lw., p. 273.

s2

260 EO:\ITiYLIII).T.

(). Underside of bead moderately pubescent. Systcechits,Lw., p. 275,

Underside of head densely i)nbescent. . . . Anastcechus, O.-S.,
7. Abdomen rather long, conical, or narrow ; [p. 278.

eyes in c? contiguous ; scutellum more

or less triangular Geron, Mg., p. 279.

Abdomen short and broad ; eyes in c?
generally narrowly separated ; scutel-
lum shorter and broader Usia, Latr., ]>. 281.

Genus EMPIDIDEICUS, Bed:

£mpi(Ji(h'ici(s, Becker, Zeits. f. Hymen, u. Dipt, vii, p. 97, fig.
(1907).

Genotype, Emindideieus cartJiar/iniensis, 73eck. ; by original
designatiou.

Very small bare species. Read placed low on the thorax ;
antennse with 1st joint microscopic, 2Md extremely short, 3rd
comparatively large, elliptical, with small apical thickly pubescent
style ; occiput more or less puffed out. Thorax considerably
arched. Abdomen of six distinct segments. Legs simple,
moderately long, bare. Wings M'ith distinctive venation : aux-
iliaiy vein short, ending free ; 1st vein ending at about middle of
costa ; 2nd vein absent (genotype) or present (indicns); when
present, veiy short, turning shai-ply upwards and ending in 1st
vein near its tip ; 3rd vein simple, ending at some little distance
before wing-tip; 4t]i vein forked, sometimes indistinct on the
portion dividing the basal cells ; 5th vein forked, base of upper
branch forming lower side of 2nd basal cell ; 6th vein attaining
wing-border ; anterior cross-vein present ; discal cell absent ;
one submarginal, three posterior cells ; anal cell open ; squamae
absent.

Allied to Glahelhda, Cyrtosia, and Apolysis, only one other
species (from the Tunisian coast) except indicns being known.

204. Empidideicus indicus, Bmn.

Empidideicus indicus, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 77 (1917).

5 . Head : frons apparently about one-fourth m idth of head,,
yellowish; antennae black; proboscis more than 14 times height
of head. Thorax black, practically bare ; humeri bright yellow.
Abdomen black, hiiul margins of segments pale yellow, and a
transverse yellow line across middle of 1st and 2nd segments.
Legs black, knees and tips of tibiae yellowish. Wings pale grey ;
auxiliary vein short, ending free ; 1st vein ending at middle of
costa ; prcefurca beginning at middle of 1st vein ; 2ud vein very
short, directed abruptly upwards, ending in 1st vein near tip;.
3rd vein in line with praefurca, simple, ending a little before
wing-tip ; 4th vein forked at half its length after quitting basal
cells, the section dividing those cells hardly less distinct ; 5th
vein forked, base of upper branch forming lower side of 2nd basal

EMPIDIDEICUS. — BOMBYLIUS. 261

cell ; 6tli vein reacliiug wino-border ; 1st basal cell a little louger
than -ntl ; bifurcation ot praefurca opposite tip of 2nd basal cell.

Lengthy 1 mm.

Described from four ])aratype specimens in tlie Indian Museum
in very indifferent condition, taken by Dr. Annandale at Simla,
7000 ft., 16. V. liJ09, on flowers of white stonecrop, and 7. v. 1910,
also at Simla.

The species conforms to all the generic characters except in the
presence of the 2ik1 vein, which, according to Becker, is anas-
tomosed with the 3rd. In his species, also, the basiU cells are
equal in length, and he does not mention the auxiliarj^ vein,
which, however, is easily overlooked in indicus. Temporarily,
at least, the species may be located in this genus. Verrall
figures the wing of this genus (Erit. Flies, v, p. 484, fig. 272).

Genus BOMBYLIUS, /..

B(nnhi/liu!i, Liniiseus, Syst. Nat. Ed. x, p. 606 (1758) ; Brunetti,

Rec. Lid. Mils, ii, p. 456 (1909).
Parisus, Walker, Ins. Saiuid., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 197 (1852).
Choristus, Walker, Ins. Samid., Dipt. pt. ], p. 196 (1852).

Genotype, Bomb)/Uus major, L. ; by designation of Latreille,

II''ad small, semicircular, set rather low and closely applied to
thorax ; face short, densely pubescent : irons in 9 with long
pubescence or scales; three ocelli; eyes elliptical, bare, con-
tiguous in cJ , wide apart in $ , without an indentation at middle
of hind margin. Proboscis very long, thin, pointed ; labella small.
Anteiiuje porrect, approximated at base ; 1st joint much longer
than 2nd, with long stiff hairs; 2nd short, cup-shaped; 3rd
elongate, variable in shape, conical, peg-shaped, long strap-shaped,
or rarely leaf-like, occasionally with dorsal scales ; style jointed,
terminal. Thorax oval, short, considerably ai'cbed, with dense
furry pubescence ; sometimes distinct presutural bristles present.
tScutellum broad, semicircular, clothed as the thorax, occasionally
with scales only. Abdomen rounded, short, well arched, 7 seg-
mented, the terminal ones withdrawn, all with dense furry
pubescence, often with longer and more bristly hairs intermixed.
Legs long and thin, bearing spicules ; hind legs elongate, hind
femora often with stiff bristly spicules below ; all tibioe with rows
of minute spicules and small terminal spurs ; pulvilli distinct,
empodium minute. Wiugn at rest, outspread, rather narrow;
subcostal cell very narrow ; 3rd vein forked ; anterior cross-vein
at or before middle of discal cell, erect ; two submarginal and
three posterior cells, all open ; 1 st basal cell always longer than
2nd, but sometimes only a little longer; anal cell narrow, open.
The wings often prettily marked either with spots or the diagonal
baso-costal band so common in this family.

Range. World-wide ; a very large genus.

Life-liistorg of a few European sj^ecies partially known, the

'262 ];oM]5YMiD.r.

liirva^ preying upon the lavvee, and perhaps pupae also, of small
bees (Aiulrena, IlaUctus, etc.).* The larva and pupa of Bomhylius
major, L., has been obtained from the nests of Androui. The
pupa of Bomhylius has cephalic spines which act as digging
organs.

Table of Species.

1. Wings witli narrow black band at base

and a brown suffVision across middle :
abdomen with bright red pubescence,
and white pubescence at tip; length

10-13 mm oricnfalis, Macq., p. 263.

Wings without suffusion across middle ;
abdomen never as above 2.

2. Wings whoU}' dark brown except hind

border, where tlie colour fades away ;

abdomen in cj" with silvery-white, in

2 with iiery-red pubescence ; length

4-0 mm wiilpii, Bruu., p. 264.

Wings clear, with dark brown band on

fore border, irregular in width, reaching

nearly to tip on costa and posteriorly

nearly to middle of wing; length

8-12 mm major, L., p. 265.

Wings clear, or at most brownish or

brownish yelloAV at base, the colour

never extending more than half across

wing (in pr(>pinqu7ts only) .'!.

•'). A conspicuous row of erect black spines on

hind border of abdominal segments ;

length 8-12 mm erecfus, Brun., p, 267.

Abdomen without such spines ; length at

most 6 mm 4.

4. Legs black ; head with silvery-white

hair-spots f 5.

Legs pale yellow 6.

~). Third antenna! joint tAvice as long as 1st

and 2nd together ; extreme base of

wing dark brown ; subcostal cell pale

yellowish macuhdas, F., p. 207.

Third antennal joint subequal to 1st and

2nd together ; wing practically clear,

only extreme base and the subcostal

cell very pale yolloAvish coinasfcs, Brun., p. 268,

6. First antennal joint pale yellow ; 3rd joint

nearl;,' double 1st and 2nd together;

anterior cross-vein at one-third of

discal cell ; 1st basal cell very little

longer than 2nd ; only 1st basal cell and

subcostal cell very slightly brownish. . ricint/s, Brun., p. 270.
Antennae all black 7.

* See Verrall ('Britisli Flies,' y. p. 502) for interesting notes on tlie habits
of i?. canesceii!<,i\ Europe;ni species.

t Ji. a/ho>'parsiis, IJig., eoines here, but I cannot define it more narrowly.

BO^MBl'LIUS.

263

7. Snow-wLite pile aud hairs at tip of abdo-

meu ; 3rd antennal joiot neai-ly double

as long- as 1st and 2nd together terminalis, Brun., p. 270.

No white hairs on abdomen 8.

8. Wings clear, brown at base, nearly up to

anterior cross-vein fulvipes, Big., p. 271.

Basal half of wing diagonally brown, the

colour dying away gradually i^ropinqims, Brun., p. 272,

In comparisons between the length of the proboscis orabdonien
relatively to tliat of the thorax the scutellum is not included.

205. Bombylius orientalis, Macq.

Bombylius orientalis, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 90, pi. vi,

tig-. 2 (1840) ; Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 456 (1909).
Bombylius tricolor, Guerin, Icon. Regne Anim. iii, p. 538, pi. xcv
(1829-1838).

cJ $ . Head : in J , vertex very small, black, with black hairs ;
frons and face black, former with long whitish or yellowish-
white hairs, similar hairs adorning each side of the face ; lower
part of head devoid of pubescence ; occiput with brownish-yellow
hairs. Antennae black ; 3rd joint twice as long as 1st aud 2ud
together, tapering ; 1st joint with long grey hair above and below.

Fig. 14. — Bov^hylius oricii'alis, Macq.

Proboscis black, as long as from the frons to hind border of thorax ;
palpi brownish black. lu $ , frons about one-third the width of
the head, slightly narrower above, with greyish pubescence ; in all
else as in tlie ^ . Thorax and scutellum closely covered with
ratlier short brownish-yellow pubescence. Abdomen black, with
thick yellowish-grey hairs towards sides and at base, and with the
tip covered with whitish hairs ; the remainder of the dorsum
covered with fiery-red or orange-red hairs ; the pubescence in the

264 BOMBi'LIID.E.

median line of the binder part of the abdomen much thinner ;
the pubescence extends thiciily over the sides, the central space of
the ventral surface bearing short grey ])ubescence. Legs all
black ; hind femora with some rows of short black bristles below ;
anterior femora \^ ith some short soft hairs below ; very small
bristles on all tibiae. Wincfs pale grey ; a narrow basal black
band not reaching as far distally as the humeral cross-vein and
the alula) ; a broad, rather pale brownish, distinct but ill-delined
band across middle of wing from costa nearly or quite to hind
border, beginning before the anterior cross-vein and ending about
level with the tip of the 2nd longitudinal vein ; costal and sub-
costal cells a little brownish ; lialteres black.

Length, 13-15 mm.

Eedescribed mainly from three S iS i'l good condition in the
Indian Museum from Anwarganj, Cawnpore Distr., 1-13. x. 1911
{Caunter) ; Coorg, S. India (Hannyngton); and Karikkuppaur,
S. India, 2500 ft., 21. x. 1910. Other examples are from Dehra
Dun, ix. 1913 and X. 1914 {Chatterjee), 9. vii. 1913; Palamow,
Bengal; Chapra, Bengal, common {Mackenzie); Bangalore;
Eanchi ; HadagalH, Ceylon.

Type in the Paris Museum,

206. Bombylius wulpii, Brun.

Bomhiflius wulpii, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 457 (1909) ; id.,

op.^cit.m, p. 26 (1909).
Bombi/liiis pulchellus, Wulp (7iec Loew, 1S63), Tijd. v. Eut.

xxiii, p. 164, pi. x, lio-. 8 (1880).
Comastes pulchelltis, Wulp, Cat. Dipt. S. Asia, p. 74 (1896).
Eiicharimyia dives, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (6) viii, p. cxl

(1888).
BomhyUus sciyitillans, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 224 (1909).

S $ • Head in S nearly as broad as thorax, black ; eyes
■contiguous for about half the distance between vei'tex and
antennae; upper facets much larger than and divided clearly from
lower ones ; eyes reddish or dark brown ; vertex distinct, ocelli
red ; antennte black, 3rd joint nearly double as long as 1st and
2nd together, long bushy black hairs on 1st joint ; clvpeus
shining dark brown or blackish, the centre part devoid of
pubescence ; a small conspicuous spot of silvery-white scales on
each side of the antennae and another larger one on each side of
the face ; proboscis black ; occiput blackish, with bushy bright
yellow hairs on upper part and long black hairs on lower part.
In $ , frons nearly one-third of the head, a little narrower above,
black, covered with bright deep yellow scaly hairs or scales; four
white scale-spots on head as in S ; occiput with bright yellow
pubescence ; face nearly bare. Thorax in c? deep black, with
black pubescence, the anterior part of dorsum with bright
yellowish hairs ; scutellum black, with long black hairs ; a white
scale-spot just behind each humerus. In $ , doi'sum and

BOMBYLIUS. 265

scutellum with fiery reddish-yellow scaly hairs and a few black
bristly hairs along sides of thorax and on scutelhmi. Abdomen
iu c? dull shining black, with some long black hairs on 1st
segment and on the wholly black venter ; remainder of dorsal
surface covered closely with shining silvery-white scales. In $ ,
abdomen covered with fiery reddish-yellow scaly hairs ; a small
white scale-spot at the sides of both 2nd and 4th segments ;
remainder as in S • Legs black ; anterior femora with short
soft black hairs below, hind pair with some rows of small black
bristles below ; tibiae with numerous small bristles. Wings
deep smoky brown, nearly black at base and on basal pari of
costa ; hind border paler, the colour dying away gradually ; a
blackish spot at upper angle of 2ud basal cell; hakeres black.
Anterior cross-vein distinctly before middle of discal cell; 1st
basal cell distinctly longer than 2nd.

Length, 4-5 mm.

Eedescribed from several specimens from Dehra Dnn, vi. 1913,
vi. 1914 (Chatterjee) ; Bellary, 30. viii. 1912; Cheria Island,
Cbilka Lake, Orissa, 21. viii. 1914; Talewaddi, X. Ivanara Distr.,
3-10. ix. 1916 (Kemj)); Kulattupu/.ha, Travancore, 19. xi. 1908,
and Tenmalai, Travancore, at light, 22. xi. 08 (Annandale); Param-
bikulam, 1700-3200 ft., Cochin State, 16-24. ix. 1914 (Gravely) ;
Madulsima, Ceylon, 19. i. 1909, and 9. viii. 1908 (T. B. FletcJier);
Kaudv, viii. IS92 (Green): Hambantota, Cevlon, 12. i. 1908; Maru-
thamalai Lashio, Upper Burma, 3000ft.,23,"24.viii.l914(i^/ea7^er).

207. Boinbylius major, L.

Bombylius major, Limiseus, Syst. Nat. Ed. x, p. 606 (1758);
Fabricius, Svst. Antl. p. 128 (1805); Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii,
p. 190 (1820) ; Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, p. 377. pi. ix,
ligs. 9, 10 (1834) ; Schiner, Fauu. Austr., Dipt, i, p. 60 (1862) ;
et auct. plur.*

Bomh/Iius sinuatus, Mik, Monog. Bomb. Boliem. p. 35, pi. xi, tig. 4
(1796).

Bombylius variegatus, De Geer, Ins. ed. Goeze, vi, p. 107, pi. xi\,
tig. 10 (1782).

S . Head with vertex greyish black, triangular, elevated, Avitli
long black hairs ; frons brownish grey, with a middle furrow, and
long dense hair, which is black on upper part but becomes light
brown near the antennae, also with short pale bro«n depressed
pubescence between the frons and the cheeks ; face mainly with
dense brownish-yellow hairs and a few black ones intermixed ; the
pubescence near the eyes black ; lower part of head with dense
long whitish pubescence ; eyes contiguous for some distance ;
occiput much puffed out, with dense dark tawny pubescence and
a fringe of long black hairs posteriorly. Antennae black ; 1st joint
three times as long as 2nd, with long black hairs; 2nd cup-shaped,
dusted with light grey, tip ferruginous : 3rd twice as long as 1st,

* Vide Kertesz, Kat. Dipt., for copious references.

266 BOMBTLIID.E.

rather flattened, style very short, 2-joiuted. Proboscis blackish,
as long as from tip of epistome to tip ot* scutellum, 27ior ax black,
with dense erect pale tawny pubescence, varying in appearance
according to the line of vision from greyish yellow to yellowish
brown, the pubescence paler above and behind the wing-base ; no
black hairs on upper siu'face of dorsum. Upper part of pleurje
witli dark rufous-tawny, nearly black, pubescence, narrowing in
width towai'ds wing-base ; lower part of pleurae with a narrow
band of whitish pubescence, below which the pubescence is black.
JScutellar pubescence concolorous with that of dorsum. Ahdomen
black, with long dense brownish-orange pubescence ; sides of 3rd
segment with black pubescence, which is broader anteriorly,
extending across the venter ; isolated long black hairs on hind
margins of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments ; 4th and remaining seg-
ments with numerous black hairs, scattered irregularly. Venter
with whitish pubescence, crossed by the transverse band of black
hairs on 3rd segment, and Avith a similar median longitudinal
band. Legs dull orange ; coxae and trochanters black ; fore
femora (except narrowly at tip), basal half of middle pair, and
basal third (less on upper side) of hind femoi*a black ; tarsi
blackish, but pale on first two joints for a greater or less distance ;
fore coxa) with long dense brownish-white pubescence, middle
pair with less dense and darker pubescence, hind pair with blackish
pubescence ; femora with long but not dense blackish pubescence
on about basal half, also with shorter greyish pubescence merging
into adpressed almost scaly pubescence; hind femora with a row
of about eight long black bristles on basal half below, and smaller
ones on apical half ; fore tibice with three posterior pairs with
four rows of 12 to 20 small black bristles in each I'ow ; fore tibi;c
with three, middle pair with five, hind pair with a circlet of small
black spurs ; tarsi minutelj' bristly ; pulvilli dirty whitish, em-
podium reduced to a minute spine ; claws rather long, black.
Wings clear, with an oblique baso-costal band covering the whole
of the base, and extending distally in gradually but irregularly
diminishing width, ending at about tip of 2nd vein, Roughly-
speaking, the hind border of the darkened part emits four short
but not conspicuous extensions with sloping sides respectively
over the alula, over upper branch of 5th vein, up to about middle
of 1st posterior cell, and just before tip of 2ud vein ; alar squamae
brown, margin darker, with long fringe ; halteres small, orange,
knob black.

5 . Mainly as the c5' . Frons at widest part about half width
of head, narroA^'er above, with long thin yellow hairs and short
adpressed scaly pubescence, which latter is absent on the centre
])art and for a transverse space above antennae ; upper part of
irons with short brownish pubescence and long black hairs. The
stripe of dark hair across the lower part of pleurae paler than in S ,
seldom blackish. The black bristles on hind borders of abdominal
segments more conspicuous ; anus with an outer ring of black
and an inner fringe of short tawny ones.

Lenc/th, 8 to 12 mm.

BOMBYLIUS. 2G7

The above description is compiled from Verrall's in his 'British
EJies.' Typical specimens occnr in the Himalayas in April and
May, with others exhibiting minor variations, and tlie species is
not at all uncommon in the Simla Hills.

208. Bombylius erectus, Brun.

liombylius evectus, Bniaetti, Rec. lud. Mus. iii, p. 480, pi. xii,
%. -27 (1909).

S $ . Head : frons covered with short bright yellow hairs,
witb two arched rows ol: stiff black bristles, one just above, the
other just below, the antennae, and reaching from eye to eye; sides
of face with rather long, silky, cream-coloured hair; lower part of
face light grey, with long snow-white hair ; month-border reddish ;
antennfe black ; back of head wit!» yellow hairs ; eyes bare, dis-
tinctly excavated behind in the middle. Thorax cinereous black,
with (in semi-denuded condition) traces of a thick yellow pile, an
elongated bunch of strong black bristles at the side, in front of
the wings ; sides of thorax with long greyish-whit-e hairs, and
yellowish hairs immediately below the wings. ScutelUim ferrugi-
nous, black at base, with a row of strong black bristles round the
posterior edge, with yellow hairs below it ; dorsum with yellow
liaii's. Abdomen apparently blackish brown, tliickly clothed with
yellowish and whitish hairs, which are generally yellowish on the
basal segments and apical one, and generally whitish on the others,
but variable ; sides of -^rd and 4th segments with thick tut'ts of
white hairs, and the sides of the 5th segment with a tuft of black
hairs, posterior borders of 2nd and subsequent segments each
with a row of closely-placed, black, strong, erect spines, forming
two arcs wiien viewed from behind ; venter blackish, dorsum ot
segment with white pile, some black spines towards the tip.
Legs blackish brown, with small spines and a silvery sheen seen
in certain lights. Wings absolutely clear, extreme base sHghtly
tawny, a small row of black bristles at base of costa ; tegulse j^ale
yellow, with a narrow fringe of yellow hairs; halteres light
brown.

Lengthy 8-12 nnn.

Described from thirteen S 6 and twelve $ 5 fi'om Bangalore.

Types in the Indian Museum collection; co-types in the British
Museum and mj collection.

209. Bombylius maculatus, F.

Boinbylius viaculatus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 803(1775) ; Wiede-
mann, Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 342 (1828).

S 5 . Head in c? black ; eyes contiguous for nearly one-third
the distance from vertex to antennte, leaving a rather large
vertical triangle bearing a few black hairs ; the ocelli large, red,
well separated ; frons with elongate white or yellowish-white
scales ; face clothed with long snow-\\hite bristly hairs ; antennne

268 IJOMBTLIIU.E.

black, 1st joint about 2^ times leugtli of 2nd, with some fine
yellowish-white hairs, 2ud with very tew short black bristles, 3rd
more than double length oi: 1st and 2ud together ; underside of
head with soft snow-white hairs ; occiput with lone: snow-white
scales. In $ , frous forming one-third of head at level of antennae,
barely narrower at vertex. ; covered, as face is also, with long
snow-white scales, intermixed with long wliite or yellowish-white
bristly hairs. Thorax black ; a pair of faint bluish well-separated
narrow stripes visible on the denuded surface ; dorsum covered
towards all sides with narrow fiat-lying iiair-like scales, and a
further clothing of long scale-like bristly snow-white pubescence ;
probably in perfect specimens the whole dorsum thus covered,
possibly less densely in middle ; a large fan-shaped bunch of
bristly white hairs behind and belo^- wing-base. Scutelhim large,
subtriangular, apparently clothed like thorax. Abdomen black,
with microscopic flat-lying black scales ancl a row of dark brown
bristly hairs on hind margins of 2ik1 and 3rd segments, intermixed
on 3rd segment with long yellow bristles ; 4th and 5rh segments
with yellow bristles on hind margins ; from the 2nd segment
onwards a large patch of small snow-white scales at the base
towards each side, and from at least the 3rd segment onward a
similar patch in the middle of each segment's hind margin ; at
sides of 2nd segment (Jtehind the white scale-spot) and extending
over the whole side of the 3rd segment (beyond the white scale-
spot) a bunch of long dark brown bristly, almost scale-like,
pubescence ; black hairs surround the tip of the abdomen. Legs
black ; coxa3 with long whitish bristly hairs in front ; femora
more or less clothed with white scales, tibije with traces of them
Wings clear ; costal cell yellowish, whole base of wing as far as
humeral cross-vein dark brown ; some white scales at base of
costa in addition to the usual patch of dark brown ones ; thoracic
squamae dark brown, with a long fringe of snow-white bristly
pubescence ; alar squama and adjoining hind margin of wing for
a short distance with small pale brownish or yellow scales ;
lialteres black.

Length, 6-7 mm.

Kedescribed from one J and two $ $ in the Indian Museum
from Cliatrapur, and Balighai, near Puri, 16-20. viii. 1911.
Specimens seen from Bellarv, 31. viii. 1912, and Coimbatore,
8. India, l.vii. & 7. viii. 1912 (Fletcher).

Type in Fabricius's collection.

210. Bombylius comastes, Bnin.

Bombylius comastes, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 225 (1909).

S . Head with eyes contiguous for a short distance (about
10 facets); vertex blackish grey, with erect long stiff black hairs,
ocelli shining brownish yellow ; frous densely covered with long
black bristles, a small patch of elongate snow-white scales on each
side contiguous to upper eye-margin ; face with long black bristles

BOM13YHUS. 269

and an elongate patch of very long snow-white scales running
somewhat diagonally across each side from eye-inargin nearly to
centre of face ; antennae black, 1st joint with long bristly pubes-
cence ; mouth-opening hxrge, grey, with some short pale hairs on
margin; proboscis blaclv, as long as abdomen; occiput black, some
small snow-white scales on eye-margins ; vertex witli a bunch of
long black hairs. Thorax velvet-black, with a thick collar on
anterior margin of elongate yellowish scales ; rest of dorsum with
very dense dark brown pubescence of moderate length, some
whitish pubescence along hinder margin. Scutellnm covered with
very small scales, which appear bright emerald-green or pale violet
according to the dii-ection of the light. A tuft of long snow-
white scales behind wing-base. Abdomen black, with (apparently)
long dark brown bristly pubescence on dorsum towards and on
sides, where it becomes much longer, thicker, and almost scaly ;
a small tuft of snow-white scales towai'ds sides at base of 2nd
segment; 4th segment with a bunch of very long snow-white
scales towards each side at base, and a smaller bunch in centre on
hind margins of 4th, 5th, and 6tli segments. V^enter black, with
rather long soft whitish hairs in the centre and (apparently) some-
small snow-white scales ; rather bare towards sides, but the very
long pubescence of the dorsum and actual sides of the abdomen
curve nnder the venter to some extent. Legs dark brown or
black; coxae with yellowish-grey hairs; femora and tibiae witli
numerous small glistening snow-white scales; soft hairs below
anterior femora ; hind femora and posterior tibiae with spiny
bristles. Wings quite clear, costal and subcostal cells yellowish ;
halteres black ; squamae yellowish, with short white fringe; veinlet
closing 1st; posterior cell in a straight line with discal cross-vein.
2 . Head as broad as thorax ; frons dark olive-brown, distinctly
but not greatly narrower at vertex than at level of antennae, where
it forms one-third the width of the head, apparentl)^ covered in
good specimens with small snow-white scales ; face with long
brilliantly snow-white scales ; 1st antennal joint with rather long
black pubescence, softer than in c? ; two oval callus-like elevations
on frons, contiguous to eyes and vertical triangle ; occiput more
thickly covered with longer snow-white scales than in (^ ; ocelli
bright red. Dorsum of thorax covered with very small, brilliantly
shining, emerald-green depressed scales with violet reflections ; a
patch of small snow-white scales behind the humerus and below
the wing-root ; two or three such patches of scales on pleurae ;
with rather long yellowish pubescence intermixed ; dark brown
pubescence of dorsum sparse ; scutellum covered with small
emerald-green scales with violet reflections and some rather long
black pubescence. Abdomen black, whole surface closelj^ covered
with very small brilliantly shining violet scales, showing a bronze
tint in certain lights, also a row of stiff black hairs towards hind
bolder of each segment. In all else as in J •
Length, S 7-8 ; $ 5 mm.

270 BOMBTLIIDYTi.

Hedescnbecl from two (S 6 and one 2 in ^^^ British Museum
from the Bombay Presidency (E. B. Fry), and the original type
in the Indian Museum,

211. Bombylius albosparsiis, Big.

JJo7)ili/lins albosparsus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Eiit. France, (7) Ixi, p. oQ'2

(1892).

S . Antennae black, facial pubescence thick, silvery white ; frous
black, with silvery pile, and two small tufts of the same colour,
Tiie whole body velvety black, anterior part of thorax with dense
short grey pubescence. Abdomen with numerous white hairs
intermixed, tip with long thick white hairs. Halteres and legs
black ; wings nearly clear,

$ (denuded) like S . Prons wide, with four spots formed by
silver pile ; proboscis longer than head and thorax together.

Pondicherry. Length, 5| mm.

Type in the Bigot collection.

212. Bombylius vicinus, Brun.

Bombijlius vicinus, Bruuetti, Bee. Ind, Mus. ii, p. 480 (1909).

5 . This species is so closely allied to ierminalis that I had
almost decided to regard it as the $ of that species. The
differences, however, appear sufficient to be specific. The hair on
the front is more whitish, that on the back of the head uniformly
greyish yellow, very dense, the posterior orbit of the eyes is
snow-white with minute white hairs; first antennal joint ])a]e
yellow, second somewhat lighter than in ierminalis ; base of
proboscis yellow. The hairs on the thorax appear whiter, those
on the sides and underside being quite white, Tlie scutellum,
posterior portion of the thorax, and the abdomen are covered with
rather short broA\nish-yellow hairs. Some white hairs at the
base of the abdomen at the sides and a few white hairs at the tip,
but no snow-white pile at the tip of the abdomen. Legs as in
terminaUs.

LenytJi, 4 mm.

Described from a unique § in the Piisa collection from
Allahabad, li.iv, 1906 (Jfoidett).

213. Bombylius terminalis, Brun.

L'ombylins terminalis, Brimetti, llec. liid. Mus. ii, p. 479 (1909).

S . Head witli vertex of moderate size, dark grey ; eyes con-
tiguous for two-thirds of the distance from the vertex to the
antennie, reddish brown. Antenna? wholly black ; 1st joint
longer than 2nd ; 3rd nearly double the 1st and 2nd together,
bearing a short, minute bristle; 1st and 2nd joints with pale
hairs. Prons and face with yellowish hairs, and snow-white pile
around the antenuse, lower part of head white, with white hairs;

BOMBTLIUS. 271

proboscis black, 3 min. long; back of bead wilb short yellowish
hairs above and white hairs below. Thorcuv tbickly clothed with
yellowish-grey hairs ; scutellum similar, the dark body-colour
being visible through the hairs ou both thorax and scutellum ;
sides of thorax with similar hairs, wbich become whitish on the
underside. Ahdomen with thick yellowish-grey hairs, which are
thinnest ou the dorsum and thickest at tbe sides, becoming-
whitish towards the tip of the abdomen, the last two segments of
which are covered with brilliant snow-white silvery ])ile and some
whitish hairs ; venter with yellowish-grey hairs, white towards
tip. Le(is pale yellow', the femora and tibiae showing a slight
whitish reflection in certain lights ; tips of all the tarsi black, the
hind tarsi nuiinly brownish ; a few soft hairs below the femora
and a row of about six well-separated spines on underside of hind
pair; tibiae with minute spines, which are longest on hind pair.
Wiiu/s clear, veins towards base yellowish ; discal transverse vein
placed at one-third of the discal cell ; first posterior cell closed
half-way between border and origin of fork of fourth longitudinal
vein ; halteres yellowish white.

Lenr/th, 5 mm.

Described from a S in the Pusa collection, captured by
Mr. F. W. Howlett at Allahabad, 3. iv. 1906 ; a second 6 from
Lahore, iii. 1908.

8o far as his brief description goes, my species agrees fairly
well with Bigot's alhosjuasus, but he distinctly says " legs and
haltei-es black," which makes it appear to be a different species.

214. Bombylius fulvipes, Bir/.

Bombylins fidvipes, Bigot, Ann. Sue. Ent. France, Ixi,p. 362 (1892) ;
Erunetti, Rec. Tnd. Mus. ii, pp. 457, 478 (1909).

5 . Head : frons at the level of tlie antennae occupying one-third
the width of the head, narrowing at vertex to one-fourth, clothed
with short golden-yellow pubescence and sonie longer brownish-
yellow hairs ; underside of face with rather close golden-yellow
hairs of moderate length ; month-border bright lemon-yellow,
with moderately long yellow^ hairs. Antennte black ; 1st joint
rather long, sub-cylindrical, widening gradually to the tip, Avith
some long yellow hairs on outer side ; 2nd joint sub-cylindrical,
barely half as long as the 1st, with short black hairs ; 3rd joint
twice as long as 1st, bare, partly flattened vertically, and "pinched"'
just before the middle, terminating in a very short whitish blunt
style. Ocelli on a small prominence on the absolute vertex, equi-
distant ; eyes black, bare, facets small, uniform ; back of head
covered with rather long bright yellow hairs. Thorax coxered
with rather long yellowish-grey hairs, extending entirely over the
sides and scutellum ; ground-colour of both dorsum and scutellum
black. Ahdomen densel}'' covered with pale yellowish-gi-ey hairs,
which become whitish on the tip ; ground-colour blackish ; venter
with close, pale yellowish-grey hairs. Legs : coxaj closely clothed

272 bombyliid.t:.

with yellowish-gre}' hairs ; femora, tibiae, and base of tarsi pale
tawuy ; extreme base of femora and apical half of tarsi black ;
anterior femora with only a very little soft hair below, hind pair
with a row of six or seven moderately strong black spines below ;
all the tibia) irregularly beset with short black bristles, which
become spinose on the hind pair ; and all the tibiae have a circlet
of very short black spines at the tip. Wim/s hyaline ; upper
basal cell only a little, but distinctly longer than the lower one ;
costal cell aiid base of wing as far as the origin of the basal cells
tawny yellowish ; the colour then, gaining an admixture of
blackish, extends to three-fourths of the upper and the whole of
the lower basal cell, leaving the whole discal cell quite clear ; thence
extending to the posterior margin of the wing, filling the basal
halves of the anal and axillary cells and the whole of the alulce ;
the discal cross-vein is almost imperceptibl)'^ suffused. The first
posterior cell is closed just before the border.

Lenr/tJi, 5-6 mm.

Described from a perfect single specimen in the Pusa collection,
captured by Mr. F. M. Howlett at Allahabad, 19. x. 1905. Other
specimens from Belgaum, Bombay, 11. ii. 1912 (Fletcher) ; Lahore,
Talewaddi, 3-10. x. 1916, and Castle Eock, 11-26. x. 1916, both
N. Kanara Distr. (Kemj)).

Though I cannot be absolutely sui-e of the identity, I think the
present specimens are almost certainly Bigot's species.

215. Bombylius propinquiis, Brim.

Bomhylius jiropinquus, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 226 (1909).

S $ . This species closely resembles terminalis, mihi, but,
intermixed with the yellowish-brown soft hairs on the front part
of the head, are numerous long black bristly hairs ; there is no
snow-white pile around the antennae ; the lower part of the head
is brownish yellow (not white), and without white hairs, the base
of the proboscis is yellow-, and there is no snow-white pile at the
tip of the abdomen. The wings have a blackish-brown baso-costal
band, occupying nearly half the surface of the wing ; fst posterior
cell closed at some distance from the border. The proboscis is
4 mm. long ; the whole insect only 5 mm.

Ttfj^e in my collection ; taken at Ilaragama, Ceylon, i. 1908.

Three in the British Museinn from Trincomali, 24. ii. 1891, and
Mahagany, 8. ii. 1891 and 20. xii. 1891, Ceylon (Col. Yerhury).

This species is also allied to fuJvlpcs, Big., but the different
marking of the wing at once separates them. Described originally
from a c? in my collection from Ceylon. I stated that the all-
black antennae separated it readily from vicinus ; but though this
is the case in the type, four males from Guindy, Madras, un-
doubtedly belonging to the same species, show that the antennae
are normally more or less pale on at least the underside of the
1st and 2nd joints, and vary from wholly pale to blackish on the

B0MJ3YLIUS. — DISCHISTUS. 273

upper side. Two c? c? and 1 5 in the British Museiiin bear
this out.

In the 2 the frons forms one-third the width of the head at the
level of the antennae, sHghtly but definitely narrower at vertex,
yellowish grey, covered (as is also the face) with long silky yellowish
scaly pubescence, with which on at least the frons are intermixed
some black bristles; 1st and 2nd antennal joints on both upper
and lower sides brownish yellow.

This species is easily distinguished from both terminalis and
vicinus by the dark brown baso-costal band covering approximately
half the wing.

Genus DISCHISTUS, Liv.

Dischistus, Loew, Neue Beitr. iii, p. 45 (1855).

Hombylisoma, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 164 (1856) ; 7iec

liond.. Arch. Zool. Modena, iii, p. 67 (1868).
Bombi/losoma, Marshall, Nomencl. Zool. p. 323 (1873).
Bomhyliosoma, Verrall, apud Scudd, Nomencl. Zool. p. 47 (1882).

GEXOTrPE, Bombylius miimmis, Schrk, ; by present designation.

This genus differs from Bomhylius solely hj the 1st posterior
cell being open instead of closed. D. ardens, Walk., has apparently
not been recorded since its discovery, and must be regarded as a
species requiring corroboration as really Indian. The brilliant
scales of D. resplendent will easil}'^ distinguish it from Walker's
species.

Bamje. Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and Australia.

216. Dischistus resplendens, Brun.

Dischistus respletidens, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 481 (1909) •
id., op. cit. iii, p. 226 (1909).

S $ . Head : face below antennae rather prominent, black ;
antennae black, very elongated, ]st joint very long, 2nd very
short, both with long black hair, 3rd longest of ail, flat, with
parallel sides and a minute white style at tip ; proboscis strong,
black, as long as head and thorax together. In the S the eyes
are contiguous from just below the vertex nearly to the antennae,
facets very small, those above and towards the front being rather
larger ; the whole face is clothed with soft long greyish hairs,
surrounded by a fringe of stronger long bristly black hairs plaeed
round the inner orbit of the eyes ; vertex wholly occupied by the
ocellar tubercle and a tuft of long black hairs, the three ocelli
being placed in contact with the eyes ; underside of head with
soft black and grey hairs ; back of head with a thick fringe of
long soft yellowish-grey hairs and a single row of long black hairs
on the extreme ocular orbit. In the $ the frons is one-third
the width of the head, black, with sparse long black hairs and
with a number of small brilliant emerald-green and rose-pink
scales, intermixed and lying close to the surface ; these are also

T

274 BOMBYLIID.E.

very numerous on the back of the head, w here the dense grey
hairs are replaced by a moderately thick fringe of pale yeUow
hairs; face shining black, bare ; mouth-border paje 3'ellow, bare:
underside of head with soft greyish-white hairs. Thorax and
scutellum denuded, but ground-colour black, and dorsum sur-
rounded in front, at the sides, and behind with a dense border of
thick grey hairs iu the (5' , or a much sparser border in the $ ;
the dorsum shows signs of having been covered lightly with
yellowish-frrey hairs ; attached to the surface of the dorsum of
both thorax and scutellum are a number of small brilliant bright
green scales, with a lesser number of rose-pink similar scales ;
both coloui-ed scales extend numerously over the sides of the tborax.
In the 6 a quantity of soft black hairs on the sides just below
and in front of the wing-insertions. Abdomen similar to the
thorax, with similarly coloured scales. In the S the shouldei's
have a bunch of nearly white soft hairs, with a fringe of yellow

Fig. 15. — Dischisfus re^plcndcns, Brun., wing.

liairs between them ; the sides with thick nearly white hairs. In
the § the shoulders have yellow instead of white hairs, and the
coloured scales appear moi'e numerous. In both sexes some long
black hairs occur over the dorsum, and the venter is black, with
grey hairs and a few coloured scales. Lecjs black ; tibife and
metatarsi pale brownish yellow, with short spines, hind pair
darker ; tarsi with rather long black bristles. Wings rather dark
grey, brownish on anterior part; venation normal; halteres
blackish ; tegula) brownish, with yellowish-grey fringe.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Described from one 6 (type) from Dharampur, Simla Hills,
51)00 ft., 6-8. V. 1907, and live $$ from Sukhwani, Nepal.
15. ii. 1908, Naini Tal, 14-17. iv. 1907, and Mergue, Assam; all
the specimens being in the Indian Museum. It is common at
Dehra Dun in March and April ; Theog, Simla Hills, 14. v. 1909 :
and in the British Museum from Mahagany, Ceylon, 15. ij, 1891
i^Col. Yerhury).

217. Dischistus ardens, Wall-.

Bombyliiis ardens, "Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. ii, p. :i84 (1849).

" Body black, clothed with long bright tawny hairs ; head
clothed with brown hairs in front and about the base of the
feelers, which, like the mouth, are black ; the latter is more than
half the length of the body ; eyes piceous ; legs ferruginous,
clothed with black hairs and bristles ; thighs darker than the

Disciiisi'us. — srsTCECiius. 275

shanks ; feet piceous ; wings colourless, dark brown at the base
and slightly so along the fore borders ; the border of this brown
is very obhque, and it slants towards tlie hinder base of the
wing; its outskirts are confined to the sides of the cross-veins;
Ming-ribs and veins piceous ; poisers tawny.

" Length of the body 3 lines, of the wing^ 7 lines. East Indies."

T>ipe in the British 3[nseum.

Genus SYSTCECHUS, Lw.

Srjstachus, Loew, Neue Beitr. iii, p. M (18oo).

Genotype, Bomhyllus sulphureus, Mikan (Europe) ; by Coquil-
lett's designation (1910).

This genus differs from Bomhylias chiefly by the tw^o basal cells
being practically equal in length, owing to the position of the
anterior cross-vein near the base of the discal cell. Eyes in d"
sometimes separated by a narrow frons. Tip of 3rd antenna I
joint without the small obvious style present in Bomht/lms.
Pubescence of abdomen said to be longer and more ragged' than
in Bomh)/lius*

Kange. World-wide.

Fig. 16. — Sjjstoechu^, Lw., wing.

Life-Jtistori/. The early stages of S. autmnnalls and S. oreas, a
European and North American species respectively, have been
observed by Portchinsky and by liiley. The larvas live in the
egg-cases of locusts ; they are whitish, cylindrical, amphipneustic,
and 13-segmented, much as in Bomhyllus. The pupae also
resemble those of that genus.

Tahle of Species.

1. Legs with at least femora black ; abdomi-
nal spines black '2.

Legs wholly or principally yellow .'3.

'2. Pubescence pale to bright yellow socius, Walk., p. 27(1

Pubescence nearly white nivalis, Brim., p. 277.

.J. First and 2nd antennal joints brownish
yellow; femora and tibi;e wliolly bright
brownish yellon ; abdominal spines [p. 277.

yellow Jlavospiiiosas, sp. n.,

Anteniue all black ; femora brownisii . . . . eitpoffonalus, Big., p. 27H.

* This is so in many species ; I cannot vouch personally lor the constancy
of the character.

t2

276 TlOMBTLIIB.l-.

The distinctiQi)8 between tlie.'<e alleged .species are not at nil
clear. I have not seen cupoijonatus, which may be the same as
socius, the words "legs reddish, femora brownish' being applicable
to a specimen with the femora more brown tlian black ; whilst
the rest of the description would apply quite well to AValker's
species. My nivalis differs from socins only in the nearly white
pubescence, and may represent only an individual variation. There
may, therefore, he onl}' two species, sociits ai\d Jfavos2nnosus, with
the addition of an undescribed one in bad condition in the British
Museum.

218. Systcechus socius, Wall:

Bovibylius socius, Walker, Ins. Saund,, Dipt. pt. 3, p. 201 (18-52).
Si/ sta-chus socius, Bruiietti, liec. Jnd. Mus. ii, p. 458 (1909)-

c? 2 . J^fcicl blackish grey ; eyes in 6 distinctly but narrowly
separated at nearest point of approximation ; vertex with
numerous short stiff hairs ; ocelli reddish ; frons with long
black bristly pubescence ; face in c? wif '' si lew long whitish
scales, more or less depressed, amidst numerous long dark brown
bristles ; in $ , with a considerable quantity of long bristle-hke
whitish scales extending from eye to eye; mouth-opening with
dense long blackish-brown scale-like bristles, some whitish pubes-
cence around lower part of mouth-opening, which is itself whitish ;
lower part of head whitish grey, with dense elongate very thin
white scaly pubescence ; antennae black, 1st joint with long dark
brown bristles ; probo.-cis black, as long as the head and thorax
(not scutellum) together; back of head with very dense long
bristle-like scales, varying from pale to bright yellow ; lower eye-
margins with whitish scales. Thorax black; dorsum, pleurce, and
scutellum wholly covered with dense elongate scales forming a
close thick pubescence, varying from nearly whitish to deep
yellow, almost orange, that below the shoulders being generality
deeper in shade than that on the thoracic dorsum ; scutellum with
hind part alwa3^s more or less reddish brown, sometimes {)ractically
entirely so ; a row of yellow s])ines on hind margin. Abdomen
black; densely covered with similar bristle-like pubescence ta
that of the thorax ; a row of black spines near hind border of
each segment from the 3rd onwards ; venter black, with long
pale yellow hair-like scales ; base of some of the middle segments
often reddish brown. Legs: femora black, with minute whitisli
scales; tibiae paler or darker brown, sometimes blackish at tips,
especially the hind pair; tarsi black, underside pale brown.
Wings pale grey; base, costal cell, and the veins on basal half
brownish ; haltei'es cream-yellow .

Length, 7-11 mm.

lledescribed from several of each sex in the British and Indian
Museums, the Pusa and my own collections.

This species extends from the ilimalavas to Ceylon : Knshmir,
1U16 (//. T. Pease)', Dehra Dun, xi.' 1907 {ij.-Col. W'l/vllle

.sisTUicnus. 277

Thomson), iv. 1914, common {Chatterjee) ; Theog, Simla Hills,
14. V. 1909; Ivumaon, 18 & 27. v. 1912; Bhowali, 5700 ft.,
iii. 1910 (CJuUterjee) ; Eunjit Valley, Sikldm, v. 1894 (L^.-CoZ.
0. T. Bhujham); Kaiigra Valley, 4500 i:t., x. 1899 {Dudgeon);
Ooimbatore, 30. v. 1912 ; Hadagalli, Ceylon, x. & xi. 1911.

Type m the British Museum.

The c'oloui" ot" tlie pubescence is so variable that I am inclined
to think my nivalis may be an extreme form. The proboscis in
nivalis is distinctly longer than from the tip of the frons to the
tip of the scutellum.

Mr. T. B. Eletclier finds that the larva;' prey on the eggs of
the Deccan grasshopper.

219. Systcechus nivalis, Bt-un.

Si/stac/ius Jiivalis, Bruuetli, Rec. Ind. Mas. vii, p. 472 (1912).

c? . Head with frons and face blackish grey, darker above, both
thickly covered with long black bristly hairs. Antennae rather
long, black ; 1st and 3rd joints subequal, each about three times
us long as the 2nd ; first two joints cylindrical, 3rd much more
slender on apical half. Proboscis very long, labium reaching to
middle of abdomen (actually bent backwards to this distance
below the body in the type), labrum shorter; palpi extremely
short and slender; underside of head dark grey, with whitish
hairs. Thorax and abdomen closely covered with pale yellowish
grey, almost white, bristly pubescence, which is more yellowish
on anterior part of former and whitish on pleurae and apical part
of abdomen ; underside of thorax and abdomen with whitish hair.
Legs black ; tibiae from the base, for the uuijor part, brownish
yellow. Wing>^ ])ale grey, costal cell a little darker grey ; base of
wing a little yellowish.

Length, 9 mm.

Described from a unique 6 in the Indian Museum from
Airadeo, Kumaon Distr., Western Himalayas, 31. v. 1912 (Imms).

Possibly a variety of socias, Walk.

220. Systcechus flavospinosus, sp. nov.

$ . This species differs from /b'. socius only as follows : — Face
wholly covered with long dense silky yellowish scales, no black
bristles; 1st and 2nd antennal joints brownish yellow, 1st with
some long pale hairs ; 3rd rather shorter and broader basally than
in socius; scutellum almost entirely brick-red; spines on hind
margins of abdominal segments yellow, not black ; femora and
tibiae wholly bright brownish yellow, tarsi gradually darkening to
brown at tips.

Length, 7 mm.

One 2 in the British Museum fi'om the South Shan States,
Upper Burma, 4000 ft., xi. 1899 (Lt.-Ool. C. T. Bingham).

278 BOMIiYLUDj:.

221. Systcechus eupogonatus, Bifj.

Systoechns eupogondtus, Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixi, p. SG^
(1892).

" S • Antenuse black, Isb joint covered above with iong blackish
liair, aud below gre^y ; face dnll vellow, with gi'ey hairs above, hairs
oil lower part long, black, and thick. Erons black, with long black
hairs. All the body covered with thick pale yellow pubescence.
Scutellum black, reddish at tip ; halteres tawny, knobs whitish.
Legs reddish, femora brownish, with grey tonientum. "Wings
nearly clear.

" § . Frons grey, with grey pubescence ; proboscis a little
longer than head and thorax together. India." (Bigot.)

Length, 10 mm.

Types in the Bigot collection.

Genus ANASTGECHUS, O.-S.

Ajmstwchxs, Osten-Sacken, 'Western Diptera,' p. 2ol (1877).

Gknotype, Bomhylitts niiidtilvs, E. (as hccrhatifs, O.-S.) (Europe);
by original designation.

This genus differs From Bomhijlius by both basal cells being of
equal length. The dense furry pubescence of the underside of the
head distinguishes it from 8ysfaich\<s (which also has the basal
cells subequal in length), but not from Bomhylius.

Ranije. Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America, and India,

Only one Oriental species has been recorded.

222. Anastoechus longirostris, Wulp.

Anastccchus longirostris, Wulp, Notes Leyd. Mus. vii.p. 85 (1885).

5 . " Small, black ; pubescence of head and body white, of frons
brown ; abdomen with several black bristles ; proboscis longer
than head and thorax ; legs pale yellow ; wings grey, base and
costa Yellowish ; 5| mm.

" Near the American A. barba/.us, O.-S. The thorax and
abdomen more slender ; head broader than thorax, with dense
long\\hite hairs on face and dark brown or blackish on frons.
Antennse black ; terminal stvle of latter as long as the ])yriform
3rd joint ; end of style a little thickened. Eroboscis black, as
long as two-thirds of body. Thorax and abdomen thickly clothed
with long yellowish hairs, with a white retiection, amidst which
are some long black bristles on the sides of the abdomen. Legs
and halteres pale rufous. Wings greyish, yellowish at base
and costa ; at the beginning of the costa is a comb of black-
tipped Yellowish hairs. Venation as in A. harhatus. One $
from the Himalayas (Felder)." (van der Wulp.)

This species is unknown to me.

GERON. 279

Genus GERON, JLj.

Gero7i, Meigen, Syst. Besch. ii, p. 223 (1820).

Genotype, Bomhyl'ms Ivjhridus, Mg. (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Head semicircular, narrower than thorax and set low down on
it ; epistome short ; mouth-opening large ; proboscis prominent,
horny, curved, with narrow labella ; eyes in S contiguous, widely
separated in $ . Antenuce porrect, approximate at base, longer
than head; 1st joint long, cylindrical ; 2nd very short; 3rd as
long as 1st, spindle-shaped. Thorax oval, considerably arched,
projecting forward ; thinly pilose or with microscopic tomentum ;
scutellum triangular. Abdomen extremely short, conical, tip
pointed, thinly pilose. Ze^s slender, minutely pubescent. Winys
with 3rd longitudinal vein forked ; anterior cross-vein beyond
middle of discalcell, erect : two submarginal cells ; three posterior
cells; anal cell nearly reaching border of wing; anal vein attaining
the border.

Rangf. World-wide.

Lif'e-ldstor>i unknown.

The two Indian species are thus distinguished : —

Legs pale brown ; tibiae paler ; length 21-4 mm. argentifrons, Brun.
Legs pale tawny ; coxre, tips of femora, and

hind tarsi black ; length 5 mm albescens, Brun.

223. Geroii argentifrons, Bmn.

Geron argentifrons, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ii, p. 482 (1009).

(S . Head with eyes contiguous from the very reduced raised
vertex to antennae, facets of moderate and uniform size ; vertex
with several long black hairs of variable lengths ; ocelli well
separated, pale brown ; frons covered with dull yellowish oblong
scales, lying flat on surface, and witii a second clothing of silverj'-
white scales ; face bluish white, with silvery reflections seen from
above, as are also the lower eye-orbits ; some long black hairs on
face ; upper side of mouth-opening yellowish ; occiptit black,
with long brownish-grey hairs. Antennse black, tip of 1st and
2nd joints sometimes very narrowly whitish, 1st joint about double
as long as 2nd ; 3rd distinctly longer than first two together ;
basal joints occasionally pale. Thorax black, with long brownish-
grey or yellowish-grey pubescence, through which can be seen
a lower clothing of very short yellow scale-like hairs ; pleurae
bluish grey, with whitish-grey pubescence. Abdomen dorsally like
thorax, sides with numerous silvery-white scale-like hairs ;
apparently the whole dorsum normally covered with long hairs,
which maybe thicker and longer at the sides ; venter like dorsum,
except that the long hairs are a little shorter. Legs normally dark
brown or blackish ; tibiae always paler, varying in shade from
yellowish to moderately dark reddish brown ; femora apparently

280 iiOMByLiiD.r.

(and probably coxse also) covered with small silvery-white scales :
tibiae with small yellowish scales, short black spines aud a circlet
of them at tips, wbich are a little darker ; tarsi black, with usual
pubescence, metatarsi partly or almost wholly pale. Winr/s quite
clear, iridescent ; veins pale yellow ; squamas pale yellow, with
short hairs ; halteres large and prominent, clubs egg-shaped, from
nearly white to bright yellow.

$ . Frons at vertex forming one-fourth the width of the head,
covered with bluish-grey dust and with very small yellow or
yellowish-white scales ; a cluster of silvery-white scales around
base of antenupe; face as in c? , except that the long hairs are
white, not black. Underside of first two antennal joints pale.
Posterior femora and apical part of fore pair, also all the tibiae,
pale yellowish.

Length, 2^-4 mm.

Eedescribed from type d from Lahore, 0. v. 1908 [Annandale),
and three other J S , also three $ $ ? all (except type S ) from
Pusa, Bengal (Howlett, etc.), where it is common, March to May.
Also from Almura, Kumaoii Distr., 5500 ft., v-vi. 1911 (Paiva) ;
Parel, Bombay Presid., 26. xi. 1909. In the British Museum
from four places in Ceylon, Trincomali, x. 1890, and Nilavelli,
Sl.viii. 1890 {Col. Yerbnri/) ; Pundaluoya, ii. 1898 (Green);
Madulsima, 19. v. 1908 {T. B. Fletcher).

This species is parasitic on caterpillars found under the bark of
the sissoo-tree [Dalhergia sissoo) ; it also occurs on the pipal.

Tyi^es in the Indian Museum,

224. Geron albescens, Brun.

Geron albescens, Brunetti, Rec. Iiid. Mus. iii, p. 229 (1909).
S . Head black ; eyes contiguous almost to antennae, frontal
triangle extremely small, upper facets slightly larger than lower
ones ; vertex elevated, small, with a few short black hairs ; ocelli

Fig. 17. — Geron albescens, Brun.; lateral view of head.

red; mouth black, grey bordered; face small, squarish, black,
with some snowy-white scales on each side of base of antennae.;

GERON.— USIA. 281

proboscis black ; autennje black, relative length of joints as in
arf/entifrons, tips of first two joints narrowly pale, with greyish
hairs ; occiput black, with long yellow liairs above and greyish
ones below ; hind margin of eyes with small white scales. Thorax
velvet-black, dorsum covered with bright yellowish hairs, wliich
are greyish on the grey shouldei's ; underside ash-grey, with long-
grey hairs and some grey scales ; scutelluni black, yellow-haii'ed.
Abdomen black, with minute bright yellow fine scales and hairs ;
hind margins of segments with long defiexed grey hairs ; whole
dorsum with long thin greyish pubescence, which is denser at the
sides ; venter wholly covered with small silvery-white scales and
long grey hairs. Ler/s with coxse and fore femora black, former
with grey hairs ; posterior femora and all tibije pale tawny ; tarsi
black, middle metatai'si more or less pale at base ; legs almost

Fig. 18. — Gcron albescens, Bnin., wing.

bare except for a few short hairs below femora and the usual
minute tibial bristles. Wiii(js quite clear, Aeins pale yellowish on
basal half; halteres yellowish, knobs bright pale yellow.

Leii(/th, 5-S nun.

liedescribed from the original type from Balugaou, Puri Distr.,
Orissa, 14. xii. 1908 {Caunter), and a second J fi'om Tambi,
Satara Distr., JBonibay, 2100 it., 22-2(J. \v. W12 {Gravehj), both
in the Indian Museum.

^.i-vThe only definite character by which this species differs from
arffentlfrons seems to be the pale posterior femora in the 6 and
the larger size.

Geuus USIA, Latr.

Usia, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, p. 300 (1804).
Volucella, Fabricius {nee Geoft'.), ]<>nt. Syst. iv, p. 412 (1794); id.,
Syst. Antl. p. 114 (1805) ; Meigen, Kla.*s. i, p. 194 (1804).

Genoxype, Volucella jlovea, Y. (Europe) ; by Eondani's desig-
nation.

Rather small bare or nearly bare flies, sometimes of metallic
ground-colonr, sometimes with yellow and black markings. Head
hemisphei'ical, small, set rather low on the thorax ; epistome
short, proboscis prominent, at the base membranous, apical part
horny with extremely narrow labella ; palpi short, united to the
basal part of the membranous portion, which is entirely with-
drawable within the mouth-border. Antennae short, porrect,
hardly longer than head, approximate at base ; the first two joints
subequal ; 3rd elongate, spiudle-sha])ed above, blunt, witli spines

282 BOMBYLllB.^.

and a short apical style. Eyes in both sexes normally distant,
but sometimes contiguous in J . Thora.v oval or nearly rounded,
arched ; scutellum short and broad. Abdomen of seven segments,
short oval, broadei* than thorax. Legs rather stout, bare, without
spicules. Wings in rest, halt open ; venation as in Geron.

Range. Europe, Asia, North Africa.

Life-historg unknown.

The two Indian species are distinguished as follows : —

Thorax with two or three elongate light grey

spots on anterior margin sedophila, Brun.

Thorax with anterior margin broadly light
grey, produced posteriorly as four short
stripes manjitiatd, Brun.

225. Usia sedophila, Br%in.

Usia sedophila, Brunetti. Rec. lud. Mas. iii, p. 227 (1909).

cJ . Head: vertex prominent, black, shining, with a few erect
long hairs ; ocelli distinct, whitish ; eyes black, bare, contiguous
for more than half the distance from vertex to antennae ; facets in
front and above distinctly larger than those behind and below,
but no distinct dividing line. Antenuse black, bare, except for an
occasional hair ; first two joints short ; 8rd somewhat flattened,
but thick and slightly curved, elongate, and with a peculiar notch
towards the tip on upper side, in which is a single hair. Proboscis
about twice the length of the head, black, cylindrical, stiff, straight,
bent upwards at tip, bare, except for a few minute hairs at tip ;
face dark greyish, with some stiff black hairs on each cheek, and

Fig. 19. — Usia sedophila, Brun., wing.

a long elevated shining black callus between the median line and
the eye-margins ; back of head black, not produced behind margins
of eyes, with long sparse black hairs, contiuued on underside of
head. Thorax dull black, velvety on dorsum, with some black and
l^ale hairs towards the sides, and three whitish-grey elongate spots
on anterior border, of which the middle one is often absent, and
the outer ones are occasionally indistinct or absent also; lower
part of thorax more or less dark grey ; scutellum black, with
some erect light tawny hairs. Abdomen dull black, conical ; 1st
segment narrow, wholly black ; the remaining six broader, but of
diminishing length and breadth to the tip, and with a rather
bright yellow narrow posterior border to each segment ; dorsum

isiA. 283

comparatively bare, but the sides of the abdomen with pale yellow
hairs. Genitalia small, inconspicuous, conical, blackish. A'enter
blackish, posterior margins of seo;ments whitish grey. Lega
uuiforinly black, A'ery shortly pubescent; femora with some soft
hairs; hind tibiae with short bristles. Winr/s nearly clear; sub-
costal cell pale yellow ; venation normal ; halteres dark brown or
blackish, knobs hirge.

2- Head: eyes se|)arated by a wide fmns equalling one-third
width of head ; upper half of frons, as also whole back of head,
greyish yellow, the latter with black hairs as in 6 ; upper half of
frons with a row of hairs near margin of eyes; vertical tnangle
distinct, dark , two narrow fuscous vertical lines from the vertical
triangle to an irregular transverse dark streak dividing the uppex'
from the lower half of the frons, the latter part being more ash-
grey and unmarked ; lower part'of the head greyish ; proboscis and
mouth larger than in c?,thus narrowing the cheeks considerably.
Thorax yellowish grey, with a median pair of narrow fuscous
lines, with a broader outer stripe, more or less divided into thi-ee
spots, the anterior one small and conical, the other two more
elongate; also an indistinct central line between the median pair
of narrow ones, and a small spot above the insertion of the wings;
sides of thorax cinereous grey ; scutellum yellowish grey, with
some yellow hairs as in d" . Abdomen black, bare ; ])Osterior
margin of segments rather broadly yellow ; sides with a little less
hair than in d" ; venter blackish ; ovipositor pale yellow, in-
conspicuous. Leifs and ivim/s as in c? .

Length, 2^-34 mm.

Described from several of both sexes taken by Dr. Annandale
at yimla, 16. v. 1909, where it was common on >Sedum rosidatum.
Cwhite stonecrop); the species was not seen anywhere except on
this plant. Phagu, 18-21. v. 1916 {Annandale).

Types in the Indian Museum.

226. Usia margiiiata, Bnm.

Usia onair/inata, Brmietti, IJec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 228 (1909).
S. Head with eyes contiguous for a shorter space than in
sedophila, black, bare ; upper facets larger than lower, and more
sharply defined from one another than in sedophUa ; frons ash-
grev, small, with a few black hairs ; vertex prominent, with some
black hairs, ocelli distinct : front margins of eyes and cheeks
with long black hair, which is considerably thicker on the under-
side, and which extends over the whole of the back of the head.
Anteiniae as in sedophila, but the third joint with a pale ring at
the base, giving the appearance of a minute basal joint, and the
tip bears on its upper side a jninute style-like process, just beyond
the siibapical depression ; 1st joint with some bristly black hairs,
2jkI with one or two minute hairs, 3rd bare. Thorax dull
black, almost velvetj^^ covered lightly on dorsum, and more thickly

284 BOMJJtLIID.r.

iu fi'out and at sides witli long black hairs ; anterior margin of
thorax broadly whitish grey, which in the centre is produced
posteriorly into four narrow stripes, of which the ouler pair just
reach the suture, the inner pair beiug very slightly sliorter ; sides
■of thorax black, with long black hairs, and the wliitish-grey colour
of the anterior margin of dorstan extends downwards somewhat
below the shoulders. Abdomen dull black, posterior margins of
segments narrowly yellowish, vvith the colour continued over the
sides and across the venter; a row of grey hairs on posterior
border of segments, and the sides of the abdomen with rather
tliick whitish-grey hairs ; venter concolorous. Leus black, minutely
pubescent ; femora with rather long soft black hairs on upper and
lower sides ; hind tibia) very shortly bristly. Wings nearly clear ;
subcostal cell ver}^ pale yellow ; l^alteres pale brown, clubs chalk-
white.

Length, 4 mm.

Described from one S taken by Dr. Annandale at 8imla,
IG. V. 1909, in company with the previous species. A second
specimen with the same data; boch in the Indian Museum.

Genus PHTHIRIA, J/g.

J'hf/iiricf, Meigeii, Illig. Mag. ii, p. tibS (1803).
Mec/apaljjiis, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt, i, p. ,391 (1834).
J)(isyp((lpus, Macqiiart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. 1, p. 112 (1840).
Ciiclorhynchits, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii, pt. ], p. 114 ( 1 840) preocc.
l'htyri((, Kondani, Arcli. Zool. Modeiia, ill, ]>. 05 (1863).
Fwciloynathus, Jaeunicke, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. vi, p. 3o0 (1863).

(texotype, BomhijUus indicaria?, Mikan (Europe) ; by original
designation.

Head in 6 nearly semicircular, in 5 nearly circular, not
broader than high viewed from in front, about as wide as thorax ;
face broad but short down tlie middle, because the large and
rather wide mouth-opening extends up bet\A een the wide side
cheeks; frons in $ broad, depressed in the middle ; three ocelli;
eyes in tS contiguous or subcoutiguous, in 5 wide apart. Pro-
boscis long, thin, almost bristle-like, directed forwards in a slight
arch, labella very small ; palpi rather short and thin. Antennae
porrect, shorter than head, approximate at base ; 1st and 2nA.
joints short, subequal in length ; 3rd elongate, peg-shaped, with a
terminal style (sometimes mdistinct). Thorax oval, longer than
broad, slightly arched, in d with fairly long erect dense pubes-
cence, without bristles; in 5 with only short depressed pubescence;
pleume with oidy slight pubescence, except for a rather dense tuft
on the mesopleupic ; metapleuriB bare; scutelhun large, senii-
circulai-. Abdomen 7-segmented, conical in c? , ovate and rather
flattened iu § ; ])nbesceuce as on the thorax in 5 . Legs long
and tliin, entirely without bristles except for some tiny spicules on
the hinil tibia?. Wings longer than abdomen ; 1st basal cell

PIITHIRIA. 285

considerabl}^ longer tlian 2Md, ovd vein forked, the 2nd sub-
marginal cell elengate; anterior cross-vein at about middle of
discal cell ; anal cell closed just before wiug-border.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history unknown.

Tlie adults occur on bare patches of ground among low-growing
Mowers, and on Compositse.

227. Phthiria gracilis, Wall-.

Phthii-ia (/racilis, Walker, Ins. Sauud., Dipt. pt. '6, p. 194 (1852).

S 5 • Head in <S black ; vertex very small, dark grej, with
three or four short black hairs; ocelli dark ruby-i'ed, shining;
eyes closely contiguous for nearly all the distance to the small
protruding triangular dark grey frons, which bears a few black
hairs; mouth-opening extremely large, extending from immediately
below base of anrennte to lower ])art of head, black ; face and
under part of head black, both with long black hairs : antennse
black ; 1st and 2nd joints as long as wide, subglobular, with two
or three short black hairs each, 3rd joint narrower, flattened,
about two and a half times as long as Hrst two together, with
microscopic depressed pubescence and a short st3de-like prolonga-
tion at tip on upper side; proboscis as long as vAdiole body, black,
slender, gently curved ; palpi half as long as head, porrect, black.
Head in $ bright orange-yellow ; frons at vertex about half as

Fig. 20. — Fhthiria gracilis, Walk., wing.

wide as at level of antenna?, where it foruis nearly one-third the
width of the head ; a broad black stripe from vertex to above
antennae, sometimes wholly interrupted in middle ; ocelli distinct ;
sides of face between antennae and eyes blackish ; occiput black,
broadly orange behind eye-margins, the colour not extending
behind the vertex. Thora.v in cJ dark blackish brown, with a
little short dark brown pubescence, which is longer towards the
sides of the dorsum ; scutellum concolorous. In $ greenish grey,
lower margin of dorsum rather broadly though somewdiat irregu-
larly pale yellowish ; scutellum yellow, with a small blackish spot
at base. Abdomen in cS black, with long black hairs, hind margins
of basal segments more or less narrowly yellow. In 5 yellowish,
Avith short, brown, not very obvious pubescence ; base of segments

286 BOilBYLIIDiE.

more or less broadly blackish, the colour confined to the middle of
the disc on the basal ones, but extending to nearly or quite the
full width in the others. Venter and genitalia in both sexes
black, with some soft hairs. Lccjsm <S all black ; in 5 yellowish;
hind pair and anterior tarsi blackish ; all legs devoid of pubescence,
except for a few short hairs below tip of posterior femora. Winr/s
brownish in cj' , very pale grey in $ , almost clear : subcostal cell
yellowish for some distance from tip ; halteres yellowish, knobs
blackish ; tlioracic squamse very large, yello\vish, with a fringe of
pale hairs.

Length, 4-5 mm.

Eedescribed from one 6 and three $ 5 from Simla, x. 1908
{F. M. Howlett).

Ttjjie in the British Museum.

Subfamily TOXOPHOKINJ^..

Head moderately transverse, rounded behind eyes, as wide as
or a little wider than thorax, generally considerably depressed.
Eyes in S contiguous or subcontiguous, the front facets some-
times enlarged, no indentation in middle of hind margin ; in $
widely separated. Face usually produced over the long narrow
moutli-opening; proboscis generally long, slender, or short and
thick ill some (non-Oriental) genera (Ci/llenia); palpi long and thin
in Toxophora, short in some genera. Anteniite closely approximate
at base, porrect, as long as or longer than iiead. Vertex with a pair
of strong bristles in To.vophora. ThorcLc very hum]ied,with scaly
pubescence in some genera and strong side bristles in Toxophora ;
scutellum rather large and with strong marginal bristles in
Toxophora, Abdomen tubular and elongate, much curved down-
wards, so that the whole bodj' seen in pi'otile forms nearly half a
circle. Lcqs with strong bristles behind hind femora in most
genera, but on apical half only in Toxophora ; there are some
exceptions. Tibias generally with conspicuous bristles or spicules
on hind pair. Wings with the 2nd longittidinal vein looped or
not near its end; two or tliree submarginal and three or four
posterior cells ; anal cell closed at some distance from the border
in Toxophora, open in some genera. Alulas and hind angle of
wing well developed in Toxojjhora, weak or absent in some genera;
squam.'c generally with only a slight fringe, but 'Toxophora has a
long rigid one.

The principal characters of this subfamily are the structure of
the antennffi, the usually humped thorax, the long narrow abdomen,
and three posterior cells. The limits of the group are not well
defined, and the species all appear to be uncommon.

'J'OX(JlMl()KA. 287

Genus TOXOPHORA, J/f/.
Toxophora, Meigeii, Illig-. Mag-, ii. p. '270 (1803).

Genotype, Asilus macidatus, 1-Jossi (Europe); by Meigeii's
designation (Klass. 1804, p. 273).

Head semiglobular, as broad as thorax, placed low on it ;
epistoma sliort ; proboscis porrect, horny, with narrow labella ;
palpi long, filiform, thicker at base. Antennse very long, promi-
nent, liorizoiital, approximate at the base ; 1st joint cylindrical,
as long as 2nd and 3rd together; 2n(l cylindrical, about half as
long as 1st ; 3rd shorter than 2nd, awl-sliaped. Eyes in 6
contiguous, in 5 wide apart ; three ocelli. T7iO'-o.r oval, extremely
arched, liump-backed ; scuteliura broad and short. Abdomen a
little narrower than thorax, 7-segmented, elongate, conical, arched
downwards, pointed at tip ; generally with yellow or whitish
transverse bands. Ler/s rather stout, moderately long ; tibia)
strongly bristly ; tarsi with two pulvilli. Wuigs with 3rd vein
forked abruptly ; three siibmargiual cells, three posterior cells ;
1st basal cell much longer than 2nd ; anterior cross-vein at or
JList beyond middle of discal cell ; anal cell closed just before
border; alula rather siiiall.

Hauf/e. South Europe, Asia, Africa, Xorth and South America.

Life-history unknown.

These are modeiately large, slightly pubescent, rather bristly
flies of a peculiar hunip-backed appearance, closely covered with
scales on many parts of the body.

228. Toxophora javana, Wied. (PI. Ill, fig. 16.)

Toxophora javana, AViedeiuann, Dipt. Exot. p. 179 (1821); id.,
Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 3U3 (1828) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. hii,
p. (36 (1910) ; Iji'unetti, Rec. lud. Mas. li, p. 4-"j8, pi. xii, tig. 28
(1909).

6 $ • Head in S with eyes contiguous nearly to ar^tenna?,
leaving a small ]u-otruding Irons concealed by the bunch of long
thiu bright yellow scales surrounding base of antennae; veriex
very small, black, with a pair of strong ocellar bristles; face
blackish, with a white shiuimer seen from above; mouth-orbit
whitish ; proboscis about 1| times length of head ; antennae over
twice length of head, 1st joint about as long as 2nd and 3rd
together, black, covered witfi very small brown scales lying close
on the surface, and, at, least on 1st joint, with more elongate and
less depressed silvery scales, on 2nd joint a number of elongate
dark brown scales, on 3rd a considerable amount of dark brown
hairs ; occiput black, whole middle part with dense elongate
conspicuous bright chrome-yellow scales, Avhich exten.d latei*allv
to the eye-margins, and sometimes are continued upwards behind
the eye ; below these scales is a clothing of very small oblong pale
brown scales resting flat on the surface, apparently entii-ely
covering it; on lower part of occiput a large bunch of very
elongate bristle-like yellow or whitish-grey scales. In $ , frous

288 BoMijyLiiu.T;.

lit vertex about one-fifth of the greatest width of the head,
broadening distinctly to base of antennae. Thorax bhick, with a
coating of very small oblong brownish scales lying fiat on the
surface, and a further clothing of dense short bright cfirome-yellow
hair-hke scales covering (presumably) the entire thoracic and
scutellar dorsum, this vestiture being a little shorter and longer
towards the sides : pleurae covered (apparently entirely) with
similar scales of greyish-white colour. Abdomen black, with a
layer of small brownish scales as on the thorax, and a clothing of
closely-placed, moderately elongate, yellow overlapping scales,
evidently covering the entire dorsum and sides in perfect speci-
mens ; sides of 2nd segment with four or five long, slightly curved,
yellow bristles. Venter bearing at least a broad median stripe of
similar scales, which are greyish white ; hind margins and sides
of all tiie segments with small bright yellow scales ; whole venter
sometimes covered with small whitish scales, more densely so on
hind margins of segnients. Lcffs black ; coxte with white scales
on front sides, hind pair witli three long yellow bristles on outer
sides ; femora and tibiae closely covered with small brown scales
as on. the body ; anterior femora on hinder and undersides, hind
femora on outer and undersides, with small overlapping silvery-
white scales ; hind pair witli a few small black bristles below ;
tibiae with several rows of strong bristles, outer sides with small
depressed wiiitish scales, their extent apparentl)^ variable; all
tibiae on inner side with a row of rather longer, dark brown,
somewhat outstanding scales, and with a circlet of apical spines ;
tarsi black, with short black bristles below. Under moderate
microscopic powder the whole surface of the tarsi is seen to be
covered with extremely minute black scales. Winc/s grey, more
or less brownish on anterior part, sometimes distinctly so as far
hind wards as the 4th longitudinal vein ; sometimes the colouring
much restricted or almost entirely absent, leaving only the trans-
verse veins slightl}' suffused ; halteres pale brownish yellow ;
thoracic squamae whitish, with a long fringe of white hairs.

Length, 5-6 mm. (excl. anteniue).

Eedescribed from one S in the Pusa collection (Allahabad,
Howlett) and one J and three $ 5 in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, 7. v. 1907 {Caunter), 7.Tii. 1907 ; Allahabad, 21. ii. 1906
{Howlett); Guindy, Madras {Cajjt. Crcu/g). De Meijere records
it from Krakatua, Java.

2'(/pe in Westerni ami's collection.

The colour of the body- scales in this species is sometimes
uniformly bright yellow and sometimes wholly snow-white ; in
some specimens scales of both colours are present in variable
proportions, tliose on the thorax and forming a broad median
stripe on the abdomen being yellow, whilst those on the pleurae
and sides of tiie abdomeu are white. Probably in perfect
specimens the whole thorax and abdomen are covered with scales ;
but when a specimen is partly denuded, the form usually taken is
of a median and lateral stripes of scales and more or less complete
tr.msverse bands of them on the hind margins of the segments.

SYSTHOPUS. 289

Subfamily SYSTROPIN^E.

Head distinctly transverse, occiput excavated, bare ; three
ocelli on small but distinct tubercle ; neck short ; eyes in both
sexes contiguous, bare (with rare exceptions), no indentation at
jniddle of hind margin, front facets in ^ rather larger than in $ .
i'rontal triangle small, bare; face narrow, one-sixth width of the
liead at its upper and lower part, and narrowing to one-eighth of
the head in its middle, bare. Mouth-opening long and narrow,
extending nearly to the antennas ; proboscis long, slender, porrect,
from as long as, to twice the length of the head ; palpi small.
Antennne very elongate, thin, porrect, as long as head and thorax
together, closely approximate at base and barely diverging till the
end of the A'ery long 1st joint, which forms i>alt' the full length
of the antennae ; 2nd joint one-third of 1st ; 3rd wider, cigar-
shaped, with no stjde or arista. Thorax much arched, especially
in front, nearly bare, no bristles, a large prealar depression on each
side ; sides of thorax bare or with slight to'mentuni ; scutellum
rather small, sloping ; metanotum concealed, except a peculiar
pale-coloured membranous tubercle on each side. Abdomen very
long and thin, cylindrical, 9-segmented in d' , 8 in $ , bare.
Genitalia in cf rather knob-like, in 5 sharply compressed. Legs
comparatively short and thin; hind pair much longer and rather
thicker ; leg8 generally bare, except for three rows of spicules and
a few short spurs on hind tibia', and some " plantar"* spines on
the tarsi. In some species there is a spine below the middle
of the liind femora. Wings with anterior cross-vein beyond
middle of disoal cell ; two, rarely three, submarginal cells ; three
posterior cells, alwaj-s open ; 8rd longitudinal vein widely forked ;
anal cell closed; alulae absent, base of wing cuneiform; tegulse
absent or minute ; lialteres long and conspicuous.

The affinities of this subfamily are not definite, there being no
close relationship to any of the others. Only two genera and
about forty species are known. The extremely long attenuated
abdomen and long thin hind legs, three posterior cells, elongate
antennae, and bare body characterise them.

Genus SYSTROPUS, Wied.

Si/stropus, Wiedemann, Nova Dipt. Gen. p. 18 (1820) ; Loew,
' Fauna Siidafr. p. 200 (1860).

Cephenes and Systroplms, Latreille, Fani. Natur. p. 496 (IBSo).
Cephenus and Si/struphopus, Karsch, Zeits. f. d. ges. Naturw. liii,

p. 056 (1880)'.
Xjjdropus, Verrall, aprid Scudd. Nomencl. Zool, p. 355 (1882).

Gej^oitpe, Systropus macilentus, Wied. (S. Africa) ; by original
designation.

Body extremely attenuated, with long narrow wings and com-
paratively short anterior legs, hind legs very long ; practically

* I quote VeiTall here.

290 bomutliim:.

bare species. Head as broad as or broader than thorax ; eyes
reaching from top to bottom of the head, closely contiguous in
botli sexes ; facets very small, of uniform size ; vertex reduced
almost to a point ; three ocelli ; frons and face forming an isosceles
triangle, sliglitly prominent at base of antennae, entirely bare ;
antennae very long, 1st joint very long, cylindrical, 2nd less than
half as long, cylindrical, 3rd joint flattened, style absent; pro-
boscis very long and tliin, porreet, the biiid tip curled backwards ;
palpi thin, short, concealed within or but slightly projecting
from mouth-opening. Thorax a little longer than broad, with
rounded corners, dorsum slightly arched, lower part of metathorax
enormously developed, the hind coxae set at its lowest point ;
scutellum broad, very sliort. Abdomen, except the triangular
"basal part of 1st segment, very attenuated, about one-fourtii as
wide as and three or four times as long as thorax ; 8-segmeuted,
tip more or less clubbed; genitalia small. Anterior legs com-
])aratively sliort and thin, hind legs long and thin, stretching
considerably beyond tip of abdomen ; the femora, tibiae, and tarsi
of about equal length ; metatarsus as long as rest of tarsus ;
pulvilli small ; legs bare, except for some moderate-sized bristles
on hind tibiae. Wings long and narrow, cuneiform at base;
alul« entirely absent; auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins very
long, closely approximated ; praefurca veiy sliort ; 3rd vein
widely forked near tip of wing ; two, rarely three, subuiarginal
cells, and only tliree posterior cells ; discal cell present, anterior
cross-vein just beyond its middle ; anal cell closed at some
distance from mai'gin of wing ; anal vein long, straight, reaching
wing- margin.

Range. Africa, Asia, North and South America.

Life-historg. Westwood (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1876, p. 571) de-
scribes the cocoons of a moth and the pupa of an African species
of ,S)/stropus (/S'. crudeJis, AV^estw.), found on a accacia-tree in
!Niital. The cocoon is oval, slightly flattened on the side attached
to the tree, seven lines long, the outer surface smooth, and at
•one end is a circular piece which is easily removed, allowing the
perfect insect to escape. The cocoons were probably of an
"Egger" moth,* and inside each was a well-formed Si/stwjms
pupa possessing a strong frontal projection (apparently for the
purpose of forcing off the lid of the cocoon). The head bears a
long appendage below (probably the antennae and proboscis).
The abdomen is robust, convex, bearing a transverse row of
spines on each segment, which doubtless also assists its escape
from the cocoon. In one of the specimens the imago was seen
in the act of escaping from its pupa skin, and Westwood notes
that the mouth-parts during emergence consisted of four delicate
lancet-like pieces. These doubtless united subsequently to form
the proboscis. Westwood (Plate x) gives several figures of the
pupa and perfect insect.

* [More probably a Limacodid of the genus Parasa. — Ed.]

SYSTROPUS.

291

[p. 291 ,
opJtioneus, Westw.,

Table oj Species.

Hypopleura black, with distinct grey pubes-
cence.
Frons distinctly wider below than above ;

a yellowish spot on posterior calli ....
Frons with nearly parallel sides ; no pale

spot on posterior calli , edwardsi, sp.n., p. 294

Hypopleura practically bare, yellow on an-
terior half, black posterior]3%
Thorax mainly yellow, with a heart-shaped

median black spot with short anterior

stripe, two spots toward humeri, and

a cuneate one at base of wing; occiput

yellow ; hind tibiae yellow, a brown

stripe on outer side and subapical

blackisli ring ; halteres yellow

Thorax mainly black, with yellow marks ;

occiput black, a little grey-dusted ; hind

tibia3 black, base narrowly brownish

yellow, tips broadly yellow ; halteres

with club black, narrowly vellow-

[p. 294.
eumeiioides, Walk.,

bordered Jlavipleura, sp.

fp. 295.

229. Systropus ophioneus, Westiv.

St/sfropfis ophio7ieiis, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. v, p. 233, pi, xxiii,

fig. 6 (1849) ; id., op. cit. p. 574 (187G).
SustrojjHs mi(/ricaudus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 483 (1909).

c? $ . Head with vertex reduced almost to a point; eyes black
bare, contiguous for rather more than half the distance from the

Fig. 21. — Sijstropns ophioneus, Westw.

vertex to the antennae, gradually diverging until at the mouth-
border they occupy nearly one-third the width of the head •

tJ2

292 ]5o M PA' LnD.i:,

facets small, of uiiiForiu size ; the frons and face combined appear
as an isosceles triangle, tlie inner portion being very deeply
retracted, leaving a broad white margin on the three sides ; above
this the antennte are placed on a slight yellowish-white (almost
quite white) prominence, and from the cavity below protrudes the
long black proboscis, tU mm. long, which is brown at tlie base
below. AntennsD with first joint white at the extreme base,
becoming immediately pale yellow, graduating into orange,
Avhich forms the centre part, and deepening into black for about
the apical third ; the whole joint with scattered short black
spines ; second joint half the length of the first, wholly black,
closely covered with black spines ; third joint all black, quite
bare, slightly shorter than the first. Back of head silvery white,
with some short white hairs. Thorax black, finely punctate, with
very sparsely scattered, very short, golden-yellow hairs ; two
rather narrow central grey stripes run close together from the
anterior margin to the middle, where they coalesce and continue
united to the posterior margin : these stripes are only visible
when viewed from behind. On the shoulders are placed three calli,
the upper and largest one being almost bisected, the intermediate
one vei'y small and triangular, the lo« er one as large as the upper
and also triangular ; the upper one is contiguous to a moi'e or
less oblong spot on tiie dorsum, directed inwards and backwards ;
the remaining calli are placed vertically beneath the upper one,
all being contiguous to one another, the lower ones touching the
concolorous fore co.\a> ; all these spots are pale yellowish white.
A scale-like callus is placed in front of the wing, and is yellowish
white on the anterior half, and black on the remainder, which
reaches back to the posterior callus which is yellowish white.
Below this callus is a small round yellowish-white scale ; by the
side of the scutellum and below the wing is an orange-yellow
scale-like process, connected by a thin membrane to the just-
mentioned scale. The sides of the thorax are black, with a
few blackish-brown hairs and some whitish-grey hairs in front of
the insertion of the w ings and a larger quantity of longer similar
hpirs on the large sternopleura. Scutellum black, finely punctate,
posterior half with some grey hairs. Abdomen, at base wider than
the scutelhnn, rapidly contracting posteriorly, forming a triangle ;
black, finely punctate on dorsum, with some very short grey
hairs; at the sides ai-e much longer hairs, both black and grey;
second to fifth segments (inclusive) very narrow, dorsum black,
sides and venter orange-yellow, tilth slightly widening at tip;
sixth, seventh, and eighth segments widened into an elongated
club, but the segments themselves are all shorter than the others,
the eighth being sliortest of all ; sixth segment orange, seventh
and eighth reddish brown. The whole abdomen at sides with
very short, scattered, golden-yellow hairs; on dorsum with
microscopic black liairs, and the last three segments with very
short black hairs, which are also present on the posterior bordera
of these latter. The anal appendage ( J ) withdrawn within tlie

svsTuopus. 293

uinth segment (which latter is peculiar to the c? only, in accord-
ance witli Osten-Sacken's \[e\\s in the Biol. Cent.-Anier., Dipt.
i, p. 157), fonsists of an orange ])rocess hearing an upper pair of
jet-hlack conical claspers, there heiug also an orange-coloured
plate projected from the eighth segment, bearing a very small pair
of black conical c]as])ers at the tip. Lerjs. Coxa; : fore pair wholly
pale yellowish white, bare; middle pair yellowish white, with a
large black mark on the outer side, on the basal half, and bearing
a few dark hairs ; hind pair black, with a little pale colour on inner
side below. Femora: fore pair pale yellowish white, with a dark
brown gtreak behind, about the middle ; middle pair black, ex-
treme base and tip pale yellowish white ; hind pair with basal
half pale yellow, deepening to orange on the apical halt', extreme
base black above. Tibiae : fore pair pale yellowish white, bare ;
middle pair similar, but with a few very black spines at the tip ;
hind pair yellowish orange, streaked here and there with black
above, with irregularly-placed black spines, and with a circlet of
some short black spines at the tip. Tarsi : anterior ones pale
yellow, upper side blackish on apical half ; hind pair black,
minutely ])ubescent, slightly yellowish at. extreme base, and with
a row of minute black spines below. ]Viji(js light brownish grey,
unmarked ; halteres lemon-yellow.

Length, 17-23 mm.

I described this species as nigyicaudus from a <S and $ in the
Indian Museum from Soondrijal, Nepal, and Mussoorie respec-
tively, and a second $ in the Pusa collection also from Mussoorie.
Further specimens from Kalimpong, Darjiling Distr., 000-4500 ft.,
24. iv.-lU. V. 19] 5 (Gravel?/) : Peshoke Spur, Darjiling Distr.
{Lister); Mussoorie, ix. lyOG ; Shillong, 4900 ft., 27. vi. 1918.

After the careful examination of several specimens there seems
no doubt that my nigricaudus is identical with ophioneus, which
appears to show considerable variation in the extent of yellow in
the antennfe, the size and extent of the thoracic spots and their
frequent union by short connecting-bands, and in the presence
or absence' of the streak on the middle tibia?, besides minor
differences.

In the t3^]>e of nigricaudus (l^e\\Vi\) i\\Q 1st antennal joiiit and
basal half of 2nd is yellow ; the thoracic spots, tlu'ee on each side
of the dorsum, quite separate, the humeral oue reaching down to
the front cox* ; the seutelhun is wholly black ; the 1st abdouiiiial
segment also all black ; the four anterior femora have more than
the basal half black ; the fascia on the middle tibia? is not obvious,
l)ut the inner side from base to tip bears minute black bristles.
In another specimen (Darjiling) the first two antennal joints are
yellow ; the spots on the humeral, prealar, and posterior calli are
joined by a distinct yellow band, the anterior spot extending
broadly to the fore coxa* ; the seutelhun is all black, except for a
distinct yellow hind margin ; the first abdominal segment all
black ; the fascia on the middle tibia? absent. In a third specimen
(Kalimpong, Darjiling District) the antenna? are black, except the

294 BOMBTLIID.E.

major portion from the base of the 1st joint ; the two anterior
pairs of tlioracie spots are broadly joined, the humeral pair
extending downwards to the front cox* ; the ouneate hinder
spots are isolated ; the scutellum black, but the underside of the
hind margin is yellow ; nearly the whole of the club of the
haheres is black, leaving a narrow yellow margin ; the inner side
of the middle tibiae is distinctly brownish, with tiny black bristles.

23". Systropus edwardsi, sp. nov.

cJ . Near, but quite distinct from, ophioneits. Antennaa black,
except 1st joint whieli is brownish basally ; face with nearhj
jjarallel sides. Dorsal spots on thorax as follows : — A humeral
nearly square one, with a piece cut out of the front side ; this
spot connected by two small ones with the yellow propleura as in
oj)hioneus, also extended along dorsal margin, narrowing to a
point, turning upwards and nearly reaching wing-base ; all these
spots bright yellow ; no spot on posterior corners of dorsum, but
the margin in that neighbourhood showing yellowish traces; a
little yellowish about wing-base and contiguous to 1st abdominal
segment, but tlie pleura practically all black. (Sides of abdomen
orange or brownisli yellow to the tip, including last segment and
genitalia. Anterior legs pale yellow, showing darker traces on
upper side of femora.

In all else as in ophioneus.

Length, 22 mm.

Dr-scribed from a unique S in the British Museum from
Taung-ngu, Burma, xi. 1889 {Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham).

231. Systropus eumenoides, Westiu.

Systrojms eumenoides, Westwood, in Guerin's Mag. Zool. p. 4, pi. 90
(1842) ; id., Trans. Eut. Soc, pi. x, tigs. 13, 14, 15 (1876).

"Antennae yellow, 1st joint at tip, and 2nd and 3rd joints
black; face and back of head yellow. Thorax yellow, a median
short stripe in front, a large heart-shaped spot in centre of disc,
two small spots near humeri, and two wedge-shaped others at
base of wing, black.

" Yellow, black-marked. Abdomen with 1st segment black
above, the tour next yellow, w ith a narrow median interrupted
brown stripe ; two last segments black, with yellow hind margins ;
halteres yellow. Wings pale yellow, costa hardly darkened ;
veins just behind the costa yellow, the others brown. Four
anterior legs yellow, tarsi black above at tip ; hind femora brownish
yellow, hind tibife yellow, a brown short stripe on outer side, and
a blackish subapical ring ; tarsi with a short brown stripe above."'
{West wood.)

Length, 18 mm.

North part of India.

2'i/jje in the British Museum.

TIIEKEVID^. 295

232. Systropiis flavipleura, sp. nov,

d 2 • Difffi'iiig fi'om opMoneus in having the antenuse all black,
except the 1st joint which is indistinctly pale at base. Thoracic
markings as follows : — Dorsum black ; a diagonally-placed humeral
spot, its inner end bluntly pointed ; two small contiguous spots
immediately below its anterior end and touching the all-yellow
propleura ; an isosceles triangular spot on posterior corner of
dorsum connected by a narrow yellow line with a good-sized spot
just before wing-base. Front side of sternopleura bright yellow,
the colour continuing up to the 1st abdominal segment ; hinder
side of lower part of thorax yellow, with a median black stripe.
Sides of first four abdominal segments bright golden yellow,
remainder of abdomen dark brown.
Length, 22-28 mm.

Described from two specimens in the British Museum,
The type J from the Lower Ranges, N. Khasi Hills, Assam,
1878 {A. Chennell). The second specimen is a $ and bears no
data. The Indian Museum possesses one specimen from Sikkim.

Family THEREVIDtE.

Head about as wide as thorax, nearly semicircular, neck short,
occiput slightly puffed out. Eyes bare, contiguous or subcontiguous
in S , wide apart in $ ; frons generally more or less produced
about base of antennae, and, with the face, bare or pubescent ; three
ocelli. Proboscis rather prominent, of moderate size, rather thick,
upturned; labella broad ; palpi unjointed. Antennae often showing
excessive or even monstrous development, approximate at base,
3-jointed,* with usually an apical style ; sometimes slender and of
considerable length (Ph)/cus) ; sometimes the 1st joint enormously
developed, longer than the head.f The only head-bristles are
postocular, and some at the extreme back of the head.

Thorax subquadrate or slightly longer than broad, slightly
arched, generally with dense ]uibescence, which is normally
longer and thicker in the S ■ The macrochaeta? are : 2 to 6 pre-
sutural, 1 or 2 supra-alar, 1 strong postalar, 1 or 2 pairs prescutellar,
other dorso-ceutral bristles generally absent. Scutellum distinct,
semicircular, with four (rarely two) strong bristles on hind
margin.

Abdomen of seven segments (rarely more) ; generally elongate-
conical and in most species with dense pubescence, whicli is more
erect in the 6 than in the $ ; no maerochsetae. Genitalia in c?

* Some authors (as Mik) have claimed four joints in Thereva, Limdbeck
even admitting five, but thi.-i is incorrect. The iJrd joint soiuetimes has a
basal annulalion, which has tlie appearance of a joint, and the style has
sometimes the appearance of being divided.

t Xestomyza and others ; no genus of this kind is Oriental.

296 THEllEAaD.!).

moderately large ; in $ long, sliining, with a circlet of spines at
tip as in many ANTUEACiNiE aud Asilid.'e.

Legs rather long and thin, vvitli bristles of moderate size ;
anterior tibia3 with two or three longitudinal rows of bristles,
hind tibiae with four rows ; all tibiae with a circlet of apical spines ;
pulvilli two or none, empodiiun reduced to a thin bristle or
absent.

Wings \v\t\\ a ratlier uniform venation ; 1st and auxiliary veins
not extending much beyond middle of \^ing; pra3furoa beginning
at some distance before base of discal cell ; 2nd vein simple ; 3rd
forked, the fork generally including the wing-tip : upper branch of
4th vein forked ; 5th vein forked ; anal vein present and generally
axillary vein also ; anterior cross-vein placed at about middle of
discal cell, which latter is always present ; posterior cross-vein
present. Two submarginal, five posterior cells, 4th sometimes
closed. " Squamae with only the alar pair developed, but they
are rather large aud peculiarly folded, so that the strongly-defined
margin is angled about the middle, and gives the impression of
there being two ])airs of squamaj." ( Verrall.)

Life-histoi-g not definitely known, altbougli on several occasions
specimens have been alleged to have been bred from Lepidopterous
larvse (SpJiina-, Trlphama, Alencis). Larvae very elongate, cylin-
drical, very active, vermiform, with exserted head ; body apparently
of 19 or 20 segments, probably caused by subdivision of true seg-
ments, amphipneustic, with prothoi'acic spiracles on 2nd body-
segment, and a posterior pair at sides of 4th segment from tip :
last segment, small; no pseudopods, but a few fine bi'istles on first
three body-segments. Pupa free, bearing anteunal sheaths on
front side of head. The larvae are found in the earth or in sand,
sometimes in decaying wood, occasionally in fungi, turnips, or
dung; tliey are said to be carnivorous. The perfect insects occur
chiefly in shady places, on bushes and low-gi-owing plants.
Walker and Williston stating that they prey on other insects,
although no sufficiently attested c^se of the kind is known; and
they are also stated to be cannibalistic in captivity. Beling and
Eouclic have supplied most of our knowledge on this subject.

The Theuktid.e occur in all ])arts of the world, but are most
numerous in Europe and North America. They are easily
recognised by their usually furry appearance, subconical shape,
and unmarked wings, and can be distinguished from their nearest
allies, the BoMBYLiiDiE, by the five posterior cells and the ])resence
of the posterior cross-vein. Many species are objects of great
beauty; amongst Indian representatives of the family may be
noted PsilocepJiala sequa, Walk., which is covered with nearly
snow-white pubescence and performs aerial dances in many places.
Although the Indian species (except one or two Psilocephala)
appear quite distinct, the family is noted for the exceedingly close
aifinity of some species, characters which at first sight would
appear trivial being constant and of quite good specific value.

THEREVA. 297

Tahh of Genera.

First autenual joiut nearly as long as head . . PiiYCUS, Walk., p. 306.
First antennal joint muc-li shorter than head.
Face and irons with long dense pubes-
cence Thebeva, Latr., p. 297.

Face bare ; frona bare, or with com- [p. 302.

paratively short pubescence in J • • • • Psilocephala, Zett.,

Genus THEREVA, Latr.

Thereva, Latreille, Precis Car. Gen. Ins. p. 167 (1796); id., Hist.
Nat. Crust. Ins. iii, p. 441 (1802).

Genotype, Mmca i^lebeja, L. (Europe).

Head semicircular, placed closely on thorax ; frons slightly
produced towards antennae, densely pubescent in J , shortly so
ia $ , a transverse shining black callus present in $ ; face sloping,
covered thickly (as is all the lower part of the head) in S with
dense pubescence, in $ pubescence much shorter: three ocelli.
Proboscis of moderate length, rather upturned, labella large ;
palpi cylindrical, thin, pubescent. Eyes bare, contiguous in <S
for some distance, wide apart in 5 . Antennae porrect, approxi-
mate at base, rather long ; 1st two joints cylindrical, bristly and
pubescent; the 2nd short; 3rd narrowed at base, elongate-
conical, sometimes indistinctly annulated near base, bare, bearing
a short style ending in a minute filament. Thorax oval, densely
pubescent in rj , less so in 5 . Three to six presutural, two supra-
alar, one postalar. and one or two pairs of prescutellar bristles,
all strong and black, but the latter ones liable to variation.
Scutfdliiin semicircular, with four marginal bristles; metanotum
small, bare. Abdomen conical, longer than thorax, with seven or
eight segments in S , the Sth always distinct in 5 , forming basal
portion of ovipositor ; pubescence dense and furry in (^ , shorter
in $ , and usually adpressed on basal segments. Genitalia not
prominent, but ofteu visible ; ovipositor with a circlet of strong
black spines. Zgf/.s moderately long, slender ; some black bristles
on coxae and anterior femora ; tibiae with row's of small bristles and
a circlet of spines at tip. Wlnrjs with normal Therevid venation ;
4th posterior cell generally closed or narrowly open.

liange. AVorld-\\ide, but apparently better represented iu
.Europe and North America.

Life-lustory. Partly known ; larvae very active, occurring in
damp eaz'th, under stones, and in similar places ; possibly they
feed, at least occasionally, on Lepidopterous larvae.

Only four species are known for certain from India ; these may
be separated as follows ; —

AnteuMic mainly bright brownish yellow. . keinpi, sp. n., p. 298.
Autenna> whoUv black.

Legy all blackish jiu/fUa, Wied., p. 299.

298 THERE vid.t:.

Tibiae brownish j'ellow.

Posteinor margins of abdominal sefj;-
meuts naiTowl\' and uniformly
yellow Jlnvolmeata, Brun., p. 299.

Posterior margins of abdominal seg-
ments ash-grey, much broader
towards sides hilineata, Brun., p. 300.

roiir other species are probably from India, but require con-
firmation.

233. Tliereva kempi, sp. nov,

J . Head with eyes contiguous for about one-third of the distance
from vertex to auteniise, with a dull greenish tinge ; vertex
yellow-dusted, with a few black hairs ; ocelli shining black ; frons
yellow-dusted, rather closely punctured, with long black bristly
hairs on upper part, continuing down the sides as far as level of
antennae ; rest of frons and whole of face and cheeks covered witJi
dense bright chrorae-yeilow bi'istly hairs. Antennae orange ;
upper part of 3rd joint, except at base, blackish, as is also the
style ; 1st joint with conspicuous long black bristles ; 2nd with
an incomplete circular band of smaller black spines; 3rd with a
little whitish pubescence and a few small bristles at base above.
Proboscis orange; occiput yellowish, on upper half with short
yellow pubescence and a row of strong black bristles along upper
mai'gin ; lower part behind eyes whitish, with long black hairs.
Thorax black, covered with rather dull yellow tomentum and, at
least towards sides of dorsum, with short bright yellow somewhat
coarse pubescence ; the whole dorsum covered with long. fine black
hairs, which are densest in the centre. Scntellum yellow-dusted,
darker in centre and at base, with yellow pubescence with a con-
siderable number of long black hairs intermixed ; hind margin
with four long bristles. Pleura; light grey, closely covered with
bright yellow pubescence, which is mainly replaced on the sterno-
pleura by white hairs. Abdomen with 1st segment dark grey, with
sparse soft black hairs; rest of segments deep black, more or less
sinning at base, with a well-marked bright golden-yellow hind
margin to each, the colour extending forwards towards the sides
as far as the middle of each segment or beyond ; whole dorsum
covered with dense black or yellow pubescence according to the
ground-colour. Venter light grey, appearing- darker in certain
lights, with distinct pale yellowish-white hind margins to
segments ; the whole surface with sparse soft bright yellow hairs.
Legs: coxae light grey, with rather long yellow pubescence;
femoi-a black, anterior pairs with similar pubescence ; hind pair
nearly bare, but with a row of seven or eight black bristles below;
tibiae brownish yellow, blackish at tips, with the usual bristles
and microscopic pubescence ; tarsi dirty brownish yellow, tip of
1st joint, apical third of 2nd, base of 3rd and 4th narrowly, and
all 5th black. Winrja pale grey, highly iridescent ; 4th posterior
cell closed slightly before the border ; stigma dark brown ; halteres
blackish.

Length, 12 mm.

TlILltEVA. 299

Described from a perfect unique c? in the Indian Museum from
ShilloDg, Assam, 5500 to G400 it., 29. viii-5. ix. 1015 {Kemp).

A very beautiful species, unlike any other Indian form; it must
bear cousiilerable resemblance to T. fulva, Mg., of Europe.

234. Thereva nigella, Wied.

Thereva nicjella^ Wiedemaun, Aiiss. Zweifl. i, p. 232 (1828).

$. " Antenuse blackish, in certain lights whitish. Epistome,
beard, and moustache white ; frons and back of iiead with a white
shimmer. The rather I'ubbed thorax shows faint traces of stripes ;
the side margins broadly whitisli. Abdomen with some white
hairs on the side margins, tlie segments hardly whitish. "Wings
quite clear ; halteres brown, witli white knobs. Legs blackish,
with short white hairs. Type in Westermann's collection.
Tranquebar. Length 4^ lines." {Wiedemann ?)

235. Thereva flavolineata, Brun.

Thereva Jlavolineata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 480 (1912).

Head: frons small, black, with black hairs; ocelli red; eye-
facets larger in front ; face grey, with long stiff black hairs above
the antennse and with long greyish hairs below them ; antennae
black, microscopically grey-dusted; oral orifice reddish yellow; back
of head dead grey, witli greyish hairs ; vertex and upper border of
eyes with black hairs. TJiorax dark brown, w^ith two well-separated,
iiioderately wide, chrome-yellow stripes ; dorsum covered with
mixed brown and yellow hairs, the former mainly on the darker
parts ; sides of thorax blackish grey in front of wings, ashy grey
on lower part, with shaggy dirty white hairs in front of and below
shoulders, and in front of wing-base; some yellow hairs above
insertion of wings. A row of three bristles between the humerus
and transverse suture, two supra-alar bristles (others possibly
broken off). Scutellum yellowioh, with a brownish basal triangle,
dorsum with brown and grey hairs ; two preapical well-separated
bristles. Abdomen blackish grey, posterior margins of segments
very narrowly yellow, but more « idely so on 3rd and 4th ; 1st
segment wholly, 2nd, 3rd, and 4tli wholly (except posteriorly at
tiie sides), 5tli at base, black ; dorsum of abdomen with black
hairs, which are tliickest and longest on the black parts ; sides
with moderately long whitish-yellow hairs : ])Osterior margins
of segments with very short, similarly coloured hairs. Venter
bluish grey, posterior margins of segments more broadly yellow,
especially on 3rd and 4th segments ; the whole surface with soft
white hairs. Genitalia distinct, shining brown, with brownisli
hairs on upper, and whitish hairs on lower parts. Leijs (hind })air
wanting) : coxae and femora blackish grey, the former with long
greyish-white hairs in front; the latter with grey hairs below on
proximal half, blacker hairs on discal half ; tibiae reddish yellow.

»iOO tiii;i(kviu.t:.

blackish at tip, inicroscopically pubescent, witli muiierous rather
.short spines ; tarsi darker. Wiiujs nearly clear, veins brownish
yellow; tegiiloe dirty wliite ; lialteres brown and j^ellow.

Described from a d in the Indian Museum from Shillong.

A second specimen, also from tShillong, 4900 ft., 10-12. x. 1914
{Kemp), is identical, except that the abdominal segments have no
pale sides, as in the type, but the hind borders of the 2nd segment
and onwards are very narrowly yellowish towards each side, and
bear thereon some rather long yellowish hairs.

23G. Thereva bilineata, Bmn.

Tliereva hih'iit'afu, JJiuiietti, Hec. lud. Mus. xiii, p. 78 (1'J17).

2 • Head with frons at vertex distinctly more than one-third
widtli of head, at level of antennoe over halt: the head ; its upi)er
two-ihirds yellowish brown, the rest (with face) ash-grey ; whole
frons -with scattered black hairs of moderate length ; face wholly
covered with long pendent whitish-grey hairs, extending over
cheeks and lower part of occiput ; some black hairs below or around
mouth ; proboscis reddish broMMi ; antennae black, first two joints
withstrong black bristles, 3rd as long as 1st ; vertical triangle barely
I'aised ; a row of rather strong bristles along upper occipital margin,
a second row a short distance behind the first. Thorax dark
brown, nearly black, \\\{\\ two distinct, yellowish-white, well-
separated dorsal stripes from anterior to hind margin and minute
sparse yellowish pubescence. A row of live powerful spines
behind humerus, (extending towards wing-base; two supra-alar
(postsutural), one post-alar, a large and lesser one on each side
margin of seutellum and a pair of apical scutellar decussate nearlv
perpendicular ones. Pleuras ash-grey, with long whitish-grey
pubescence. Seutellum ash-grey, with a large brown s])ot at base ;
hind margin with soft yellow hairs as well as the bristles. Abdomen
black; IsL segment grey, with yellow pubescence on hind margin
and whitish hairs at sides ; rest of segments with distinct ash-grey
hind borders, which ai-e narrowest in middle, bearing some yellow
or yellowish-white ])ubescence; sides of 2nd and 3rd segments
with whitish hairs; rest of dorsum and at sides with short black
pubescence; 7th segment shining chestnut-brown; genitalia the
same, marked with yellow, fairlv prominent; venter black, all
segments except 1st with well-deliued bare hind margins. Leijs:
femora black, with depressed white pubescence and a short row of
bristles in middle of underside ; tibia? brownish yellow, darker at
tips; fore tibia? with three (inner pair wanting), posterior pairs
with four rows of strong spines; tarsi brownish, yellow or dark
brown, joints paler at base, shortly pubescent. Woujs pale gre)^
normal ; halteres black.

Lengtli, 114 mm.

Described from a unique 5 in the Indian Museum from Theog,
Simla Distr., 8000 ft., l.v. 1907 {Annandale).

This species bears some resemblance to my jlavoJlneata.

TIIKIMOVA. 301

237. Thereva cylindrica, Wall-.

Thereva cylindrica, A\'alker, List Dipt. Brit.Mus. i, p. 224 (1848).

d" . " Body long and narrow; liead white, hoary beliind, with
a few black bristles along the hind borders of the eyes, clothed
heneatli witli white hairs ; eyes green and red ; feelers black : 1st
joint clothed witli black hairs ; 2nd joint and base of the 3rd
tawny ; nioutli piceous ; chest hoary, clothed "with hoary down, and
with a few black bristles on each side, where there is a white
stripe, and it has also a broad yellowish-browu stripe in the
middle; breast white and clothed with white hairs; abdomen
brown, covered with silvery glance, yellowish brown towards the
tip, where it is clothed with dark ta\\ny hah-s ; hind borders of
th3 segments pale tawny and adorned with fringes of white hairs ;
legs grey ; hips white ; wings slightly grey, tawny along the fore
border ; brands browni and narrow; veins piceous, slightly bordered
with dai'k tawny ; poisers piceons, with dark tawny knobs.

" Length of the bodv 5 lines, of the wings S lines. East Indies."
{Walker.)

Though described from the " East Indies,'' the typt* in tlie
British Museum bears the simple label " Ind.", which is considered
to signify India proper.

238. Thereva iiidica. Wall:

Thereva indica, ^^'alker, lus. Saund., Dipt. pt. •>, p. 1.39 (18.52).

5. "Body black; head shining above, tinged with grey and
clothed with hoary hairs beneath ; sucker and feelers black ; "breast
tinged with grey; abdomen spindle-shaped, very much longer
than the chest; hind borders of the segments and underside
tinged with grey ; legs tawny, beset with a few black bristles ;
claws black ; wings grey ; brands bro\vn ; wing-ribs pitchy ; veins
black, pitchy at the base ; poisers pitch}'.

" Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 0 lines. East
India." {Walker.)

239. Thereva persequa, Walk.

Thereva jyersequa, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. ?>, p. I08 (18-52).

$ . " Body black, head very shining above, silvery white in
front and beneath, where it is clothed with Avhite hairs ; sucker
black; palpi tingeil with grey, thickly clothed with white liairs ;
chest grey, dull, adorned on each side with a ])air of hoary stripes,
ti pitchy tinge between each pair; sides and scutcheon armed with
black bristles ; breast hoary, clotiied with white hairs ; abdomen
black, shining, clothed with veiw short black liairs, slightly
decreasing in breadth from the base to the tip, near twice the
length of the cliest; hind borders of the 1st and 2nd segments
fringed with short white hairs ; tip armed with a circlet of black
spines ; legs ferruginous ; hips black, tinged with hoary, clothed
with white hairs ; shanks beset with black bristles ; feet black,
pitcliy at the base; foot-cushions pitchy; wings grey, slightly

302 TIlEREVID.i:.

tinged with brown along the borders of the veins; poisers tawny,
their knobs black, with a boary tinpe.

" Length oF the body 3^ lines, of the wings 5 lines. East India."
(Walker.)

240. Thereva invaria, Walk.

Thereva invaria, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 159 (1852).
2 . " Body black, clothed with l)lack hairs ; head clothed
beneath with white hairs ; sucker pitchy, clothed with tawny
hairs ; breast and underside of abdomen grey, the former partly
clothed with whitish iiairs ; abdomen spindle-shaped, very much
longer than the chest ; hind borders of the segments lurid ; a large
tuft of white hairs on each side of the base; legs black, clothed
with short black hairs, beset with a few black bristles ; foot-
cushions pitchy; wings slightly grey; wing-ribs pitchy; veins
black, strongly marked, pitchy towards tlie base; brands brown;
})oisers pitchy.

" Length of the body 5 Ihies, of the wings 9 lines. East India."
{Walker.)

Genus PSILOCEPHALA, Zett.

rsilocephala, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. p. 525, note (1838) ; id., Dipt.
Scand. i, p. 19 (1838) (Psilocehala, lapsus).

GrENOTYPE, Bihio imherhis, Eln. (Sweden) ; by Coquillett's
designation (1910).*

This genus differs from Thereva in the bare face ; and from a
nearly allied European genus, Dialineura, which may probably
occur in India, it is known by the 1st anteunal joint being no
broader than the 2nd and not more bristly than usual. The
alleged character that the 1st joint is shorter than the 2nd and
3rd combined, as compared witii its being longer than the 2nd and
3rd together in Dialineura, seems an uncertain one.

The species are by no means ahnost bare, as stated by Verrall.

Eumje. Europe, Asia, North, Central, and South America,
Xorth and South Africa, Madagascar, Sokotra.

Life-history. Probably similar to that of Thereva.

Five species are delinitely known from India or Ceylon, with
one additional species, sequent, Walk., requiring confirmation.
These five are difficult to tabulate, from the general similarity of
the descriptions, although when placed side by side the species
may appear quite distinct. The colour of the legs, though
apparently an unreliable character, is perhaps as constant a one
as any, but the present table is, at best, only a preliminary one.f

* It would have been better to have selected the well-known European
ardca, F., as genotype.

t It is advisable in this family to compile a separate table for each sex, but
the females are known of only three out of the five species.

PSILOCEPHALA. 303

Table of Species.

1. Femora dark brown ; all tibia3 and tarsi

pale yellowisl) brown ; (thorax pre-
sumably unstriped) alhina, Wied., p. 303.

Femora black or blackish, with or with-
out white or silvery shimmer 2.

2. Front tibiae blackish brown, or at least

distinctly darker than posterior pairs. 3.
All tibiae (presumably) uniformly pale, , -.tt n ^^-

at most tips darlcer" ' ...A 'T"-' ^}^^^h ?' ^^■'■

3. Thorax dull black, with two orey ' "^"''' ^^I'^b.,* p. 30b.

stripes ; emarpinations of abdominal

segments reddish or yellowish indic.a, Big., p. 30-1,

Thorax dark grey, one median darker
stripe ; abdomijial emarginations not
coloured ; eyes absolutely contiguous, ceijlonica, Krob., p. 304.

241. Psilocephala albina, Wied.

Tliereva albina, Wiedemann, Zool. 3Ias'. i, pt. 3, p. 3 (1819) • id

Auss. Zweifl. i, p. 233 (1828). " v / » •>

Psilocephala albina, Krbber, Ent. Mitteil. Berl. i, p. 252 (1912).

S. ^' Bead with silvery-white tomeutiun, extreme margins of
frontal triangle appearing dark brown; in certain lights can be
seen two dark parallel stripes, fading away downwards towards
the antennae; antenna} blackish brown, sparsely beset with black
bristles; palpi and proboscis long, with snow-white hairs; back
of head with whitish-grey tomeiitum and white hairs ; orbital
bristles black. Thorax dull grey, with yellow and grey pubescence •
scutelhim like thorax, witii black bristles ; sides of thorax blackish
grey-dusted and with grey hairs. Abdomen black, dull, with
somewhat strong silvery glistening and long whitish hairs, which
in certain lights, especially on the last segment, appear yellow •
2nd to 4th segments with yellowish bind margins. Venter
blackish, with grey pubescence, with yellowish hind mar"-ins to
segments ; genital lamelJae reddish yellow, with black and whitish-
yellow hairs. Legsi : coxae blackish, white-haired; femora dark
brown, covered with white pubescence ; tibiae and tarsi pale
yellowish brown, tips darkened. IVinfjs hvaline, veins weak
yellowish, 4th posterior cell closed ; halteres blackish brown, tips
of clubs whitish. Length, 9 mm. Type c? from Java, in the
Vienna Museum.

$. "Frons narrow, dull blackish brown; epistome shinino^
silvery white ; two dull black spots near each other above the
antennae, outlined with white ; antennae and back of head as in J .
Thorax and scutellum black, with very sparse yellowish and o-rey
hairs ; sides of thorax blackish, with silvery-white toinentum and
white hairs. Abdomen dull bhickish brown ; each segment bears
an ill-defined triangular silver-white spot on each side on the hind

* These two species are almost certain to be identical. No characters of
differential value can be selected from Krober's descriotion of his unique type.

304 THKREYID.E.

border, uot meeting on the disc ; according to the light tlie
tibdouien above appears deep black or dark brown ; 2nd segment
with a distinct silky-white niai'gin. Ground-colour of venter
black, with a silvery sheen; the 1st segment white-haired on each
side; the hist one short, with black raised hairs. Femora blackish
brown, witli silvery-white hairs ; tibiae and tarsi pale yellowish
brown, front tarsi darkened. Wings as in S ; 4th posterior cell
closed. Length, 10 mm. Type 5 from East India, in Vienna
Museum." {Kroher.)

This species is introduced to the British Indian fauna on the
strength of the $ recorded by Kriiber from East India.

242. Psilocephala indica, Big.

Psiloccphala indica. Bigot, Ann. Soc. Eiit. Frniice, (6) ix, p. 326
(188U).

6 . " Antennte blackish, tlie two first segments furnished with
some black hairs ; ])roboscis and palpi blackish, these latter with
white hair; face black, covered with whitish tomentum ; beard
white ; thorax dull black, as well as scutellum, two grey stripes on
dorsum, sides of dorsum and sides of thorax with white tomentum ;
halteres brown, pale at tips ; abdomen dull black, with venter and
sides with white tomentum, the enjarginations of the segments
reddish ; femora black, tibiae pale tawny M'ith black tips ; tarsi
bi'own, inetatai'si pale tawny at base ; wings hyaline.

$. "Eesembling the male; froiis black, whitish below, ab-
dominal segmentations paler.

'•'India. Three S J , two $ §. Length, 10 mm." {Iligot.)

243. Psilocephala ceylonica, Krnb.

FsiloccjjJidla cri/hmica, Kriiber, Eut. Mitteil. Berl. i, p. i'51 (1912).

cJ . " With sparse snow-white hairs throughout. Eyes abso-
lutely contiguous, rather large, shining green ; epistome and frons
snow-Avhite, witii silvery shimmer ; extreme margins of frontal
triangle velvet-black ; 1st antennal joint black, 2nd and 3rd dark
reddish brown, style black, bristles black. Thorax dull dark grey,
with a blackisli-brown median stripe, wliich is narrowly bordered
Avith whitish grey ; the short erect hairs are blackish, bristles
black; scutellum dark grey, blackish brown in centre; sides of
thorax silver-grey. Abdominal ground-colour deep velvet-black,
appearing wholly black or glistening silvery white according to
the direction of the light ; posterior margins of segments indis-
tinctly whitisli ; genitalia small, reddish; venter like dorsnm,
borders of segments distinct. Femora black, with silvery-white
])ubescence ; tibia) and tarsi brownish yellow, front tibiae and tarsi
blackish brown, tips of posterior pairs darker. Wings with a
brown tinge, rather deeply yellowish brown on anterior margin ;
veins very strong, slightly infuscated ; 4th posterior cell closed in
one wing and open in the other ; halteres blackish brown, clubs paler.
Length, 12 mm. Colombo. Type in Hungarian Museum." (Krober.)

rSILOCEPIIALA . 305

244. Psilocephala sequa, WalJc (PL III, figs. 17-20.)

Thcreva sequa, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 157 (1852).

S $ . Head iu S with eyes contiguous for about half the distance
from froiis to vertex, leaving an elongate light j^ellowish-grey
vertex bearing a few brown hairs, with the front ocellus at some
distance from the otiier two ; ocelli red ; frons at level of antennae
nearly one-third of the head, and with face wholly covered with
snow-white tomentnra, with here and there a little short con-
colorous soft pubescence ; upper corner of frons with a few black
stiff hairs. Proboscis short, tliick, dark brown, extending as far
as tip of 1st anteunal joint, with moderately long soft white hairs.
Anteunal 1st joint blackish, white-dusted, witli numerous strong
black bristles; 2nd and 3rd joints dull red-brown, with a little
greyish dust ; 2nd nearly cylindrical, w'itli a few short bristles ;
3rd elongate, bare. Occiput projecting only sliglitly behind eyes,
covered with hoary tomentnm, a little white pubescence, and some
strong black bristles. In $ , frons at vertex broader than in cJ ,
widening rapidly to level of antennae, where it is one-third the
width of the head ; eye-margins slightly emarginate towards
antennae; the yellowish-grey colour of the vertex extending half-
way to antennae and on its lower margin overlapping the snow-
white frons, a large rounded or snbtriangular black spot on each side
touching tlie eyes; vertical margin with a row of about ten black
bristles. Thorax wholly covered with pale bluish-grey tomentum ;
dorsum darker, w'itli two narrow well-separated whitish stripes
(the intermediate space often brown), ruiniing practically from
anterior to posterior margins ; dorsum covered with line brownish
pubescence of some length, and sparsely with short snow-white
hairs ; thicker and longer whitish-grey pubescence on the pleurae
and underside between the first two pairs of coxae. JNormal
macrochaetae along sides of thorax, dorso-centrals represented by
a single pair near hind margin ; scutellura, which is clothed with
hoary tomentum and soft whitish pubescence, bearing four bristles,
a marginal and an apical pair. Abdomen in S covered with silvery-
white dust, which is most conspicuous seen from above, as, when
viewed from beliind at a low angle, it almost disappears, the
abdomen seeming dusky; there being also some short snow-white
hairs, and at the sides much longer fine white or nearly wdiite
pubescence, which has a tendency to form a fan-shaped bunch on
each segment, especially on the first three; A^enter blackish, nearly
bare; hind margins of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments distinctly
brownish yellow ; tip of abdomen with a few bristles ; genitalia
reddish brown. In 5 ? deep black, v;ith microscopic depressed
yellow hairs ; 1st segment wholly grey-dusted ; towards sides of
each remaining segment a snow-white tomentose triangular spot
with short snow-white pubescence ; these spots being largest on
2nd and 3rd segments and smallest on 4th, on 5th and 6th
segments they are merged in a general whitish-gi'ey dusting ;
surface of abdomen with sparse long stiff" black hairs from 4th

X

o06 TlIEEE^nD.T^.

segment (on whicli they are most numerous) onwards, but tliey
are very inconspicuous and easily overlooked ; venter covered witli
snow-white tomentuui and some short white pubescence, the bases
of some of the apical segments being blackish. Legs : coxae and
femora clothed with snow-white pubescence ; tibia) (except tips)
and about basal half of metatarsi brownish yellow ; rest of legs
black. Wimjs pale grey, vitreous, veins towards base yellowish;
halteres pale j^ellowish.

Lenf/th, cj" 5 , 9-11 mm.

Described from a long series, mostly males, in perfect condition
from Pusa, Bengal, where it is apparently to be found from
January to July inclusive, it having occurred in abundance on
13 and 1 4 . iii . 1909, performing aerial dances between 8 and 9 a.m.
In the British Museum from Mahagany and Tiriyai, Ceylon, taken
in January, May, June, September, and November (Cot. Yerhury) ;
Castle Eock, 11-26 . x . 191G (Kemp).

245. Psilocephala affinis, Krbh.

Psiloeephala afinis, Kriiber, Ent. Mitteil. Berl. i, p. 254 (1912).

"d". Near P. ardea. P.,* and P. cei/lonica, n. sp. The whole
body covered with snow-white pubescence, except for some brown
hairs intermixed on the thorax. The 1st and 2nd antennal joints
black-haired ; frons and epistome silvery white, extreme margin
of frontal triangle deep velvet-black ; antennae deep black, thin ;
back of head grey, below nearly white, orbital bristles black.
Thorax dark grey, with two whitish longitudinal stripes, between
and beside which the colour appears almost brownish ; scutelhun
like tliorax ; sides of thorax silvery grey. Abdomen very silveiy,
]netallic ; 2nd to 5th segments with snow-white edges ; genital
lamellpe reddish yellow ; venter similar to upper side, ground-
colour black, with hind margins of segments «hite and with
silvexy reflection. Pemora and tarsi black ; tibia) and extreme
base of metatarsi of middle and hind legs yellowish brown ;
extreme tips of tibiae more or less blackish brown. Wings
absolutely hyaline; 4th posterior cell closed; halteres with stalk
yellowish, knobs aa liite with black base. Length 9-91 mm.
Type 6 from Agra, in A^ieana Museum."' (Kr'uber.)

Although the expression metallic as applied to the abdomen
seems suggestive of specific distinctness, this insect is almost
certainly identical with sequa, A\^alk.

Genus PHYCUS, Wall:

Fki/cus, Walker, Ins. Sauud., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 2 (1850).

Genotype, Xylopluujus cctnescens, AValk. ; by original designation.

Head transverse, broader than thorax ; proboscis short, thick,
not extending beyond anterior mai'gin of eyes ; palpi shorter than

* A European species.

1 HYOUS. 307

proboscis, thin; eyes separated in both sexes, bare; froiis
narrower in d, or eyes sometimes contiguous in c? , Anteniue
})orrect, with 1st joint very long, cyhudrical ; 2nd quite shorl ;
3rd long, longer or shorter than 1st, elongate leaf-shaped, narrow
at base, pointed at tip, with distinct short style. Thoraa' oblong.
Abdomen longer than thorax, cylindrical in c? , rather compressed
towards tip in 9= genitalia obvious. X^r/s slender. Wiiir/s \y\\\\
venation as in Thereva.

The species are rather small, elongate, and nearly bare.

liange. S. Europe (one species), Asia, Australia, South America,
with possibly a species from Africa.

Life-historii unknown.

Only three species are ludiau, no other Oriental ones being
know J].

Table of Sjjecies.

Third antennal joint distinctly shorter than

1st; all femora yellow (hi var. bru7i7iij)es

fore femora only pule).

Eyes in both sexes distinctly separated ;

abdomen without silvery shimmer, but

with 'yellowish-white bands to several

segments brun)ieiis,'\\ied., p. 307.

Eyes in cJ contiguous for some distance ;
abdomen (dorsum) Avholly covei'ed with
brilliant silvery shimmer, transverse [p. 3C5).

bands barely visible aif/eidiveiitris, sp. n.,

Third antennal joint distinctly longer than 1st ;

all legs wholly black afn'pes, Bran., p. 309.

246. Phycus bruiineus. Wicd. (PI. HI, figs. 21-23.)

FJn/cKs brunvem, Wiedemann. Analec. Ent. p. 19 (1824) ; Brunetti,

i.'ec. Ind. jNIus. vii, p. 479 (19J2).
Xi/lophcf(jus briinneus, id., Anss. Zweifl. i, p. 8-5 (1828).
XyloplKuius cduescciis, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus. i, p. 129.
l/ii/cus vduescois, id., Ins. Sauud., Dipt. pt. 1, p. 2. pi. i, ti"'. -t

(1850).

c^ 2 . Head : frons in J less than half as wide at vertex as at
level of antennae, where it is between one-third and one-fouith
the width of the head, slightly broader throughoitt in 5 ; covered
on upper half with almost microscopic silver-grey pubescence,
lower part shining black, bare ; the shining reddish distinct ocelli
■on a small obvious prominence ; face broad, with parallel sides
iind silvery-vvhitQ tomentum on upper part and also on each side
of the antennal prominence; n)outh-opening large,, black; |)ro-
boscis rather thick, extending forward about as far as base of
antennae ; palpi as long as proboscis, thin, slightly clubbed at tij),
black, pubescent. Antenna) normally black ; 1st joint sometimes
brownish red or dark brown or even brownish yellow, a littlt-
louger than head, with microscopic grey pubescence and some
short bristly hairs along the underside, beset above with very short
stiff hairs ; 2nd joint very short, with black bristles ; 3rd about

x2

308 TIIEIiEAaCT;.

lialf as long as the 1st, flattened, dull blackisli red, practically
bare, elongate leaf-shaped, nob quite straight nor yet with quite
])arallel sides, bearing a minute black apical style-like tip.
Thorax shining black, with a broad whitish-grey median stripe
from anterior to hind margin, often witii a narrow whiter line
along its middle : transverse suture well marked at each end ;
whole dorsum covered, though not thickly, with minute whitish-
grey pubescence ; humeri bare, shining ; pleurie and underside of
thorax with greyish microscopic pubescence, with a few sparse
longer hairs here and there. Scutellum reddish brown, base
more or less black, sometimes wholly black, with two long black
bristles on hind margin. Abdomen shining black, hind margins
of 2nd, th'd, and 4tli segments narrowly brownish, yellowish, or
even white, the colour always distinctly bi'oader on 2iul segment ;
sometimes liind mai'gin of 1st segment also faintly or distinctly
pale ; dorsum covered with minute, rather sparse, whitish pubes-
cence, which is distinctly longer on the sides and venter, which
latter is generally a replica of the upper side and occasionally
has the hind margins of the 5th and 6tla segments also pale ; some
longer white hairs towards each side of 1st segment. Genitalia
in c? rather large, black or dark brown ; in 5 only the slightly
protruding small terminal laniellte are visible. Lerfs : cox»
brownish yellow or orange, posterior pairs slightly blackish grey at
base, all with minute w-hitish pubescence and a few longer whitish
hairs in front and near tip ; femora nniformhr brownish yellow or
orange ; tibia> and tarsi normally black, but middle pair often
and hind pair sometimes more or less dirt}' brownish yellow :
tai'si blackish, metatarsus more or less dull yellowish at base ; all
the legs with microscopic grey pubescence. Wings pale grey,
highly iridescent ; veins black or tlark brown, occasionally those
near distal end of wing slightly suffused, or the whole wing-tip
may be slightly infuscated ; halteres wholly yellowish or with a
black mark on upper side of knobs.

Lenc/th, 6-7 mm.

Described from a number of specimens in good and fair con-
dition in the Indian Museum and Pusa collections: Almora,
Kumaon Distr., 5500 ft., 14. v.-lO. vi. 1911 (Paiva) ; Dum Dum,
AV. Himalayas, xii.1906; Baroda, 10. iv. 1909, larva in rubbish
in fowl-house; Bombay Presid. fnom. illeg.), 19. iii. 1905; Chaprn,
Bengal, common; JNIalda, E. Bengal, 22. iii. 1911 (Fletcher);
AVhatgoilam. 23. ix. 1915.

Types in Berlin Museum and Wiedemann's collectio]].

P. brunneus var. brunnipes Brun.

P. hnaineus vav. brunnipes, Brunetti, Hec. Ind. Mas. vii, p. 480
(1912).

This variet}^ is distinguished by a broad brown ring on thi^
posterior femora leaving only the base and tip pale ; front femora,
brownish j^ellow. Scutellum Avholly black, with a little greyisli

PHYOUS. 309

tomeutuni ; abdominal bands milk-white. Wings either clear
partly suffused along the veins di^taily, or the tip faintly suffused.
Three $ ^ from Mandalay, 12. iii. 1908, and Moulniein, 28. ii.
1908 {Annandale), all in the Indian JMuseum.

217. Phycus argeiitiventris, sp. nov.

(S . Head : eyes contiguous for a considerable distance ; vertical
triangle bluish grey ; frons and face bluish grey, rather shining;
antennal prominence black ; antennte dull brownish yellow, 1st
and 2nd joints pubescent; vertical margin and behind upper part
of eyes with a row of well-separated black bristles ; occiput
ash-grey, rather shining in certain lights ; lower part with soft
white hairs. TJiora.v as in hr^inneus, the median stripe with a
bluish tinge. Abdomen comparatively flattened above, covered
with bluish-grey tomentum, which (seen from in front; glistens
silvery ^^ hite ; some sparse wliite pubescence at sides, longer
towards base ; liind border of 3rd segment witli a narrow yellowish
band, rather inconspicuous ; traces of a similar baud on 4th seg-
ment; genitalia large, conspicuous, bright orange with a little
black pubescence ; venter black, hind margin of at least 2nd, 3rd,
tiud 4th segments with a distinct yellowish band. Ler/s : femora
and posterior tibice blackish ; fore tibiae and tarsi dull yellowish
brown ; posterior tarsi pale yellowish, blackish at tip and at tips
of joints. Wings as in hrunneus, unmarked; haltei'es blackish
brown .

Length, 7 mm.

Described from a single specimen from Unt-hogaon, IS^aini Tal
Distr., 1 3.iv. 191 0, in the Indian Museum. Specimens subsequently
seen in the British Museum from Periyakulam, Cevlon, 22, 23. ii.
1891 {Yerhurii).

A very distinct species, characterised by the contiguous eyes and
silvery abdomen.

248. Phycus atripes, Brun., uom. nov.

Pltycns nic/ripes, Bruuetti {)icc Kruber, 1912), Eec. Ind. Mus. vii,
p. 480 (1912).

Allied to hranneus, but quite distinct owing to the 3rd antennal
joint being evidently longer than the 1st and the wholly black
legs. Lower half of frons wlioUy shimmering silvery wliite,
without the large shining jet-black spot immediately above the
antennae which is so conspicuous in both those forms ; 3rd
antennal joint cylindrical, much narrower than in the other
species. Median dorsal stripe faint ; abdominal bands very nar-
row, milk-white, only the one on the 2nd segment really distinct.
Legs whollj' black, including coxae, which have a little bluish-
white shimmer. Wings clear, with a distinct blackish suffusion
towards tip, extending from the costa over about the distal half
of the 2nd longitudinal vein, reaching irregularly to the hind

310 SCEWOriNIU.E.

margin, just encroaching on the discal cell, and with a small
irregular clear space in each of the t^o submarginal cells ;
halteres with knobs wholly black. Trom the narrow frons and
the appearance of the abdomen I conclude the single specimen
is a d .

Lengthy 10 mm.

Kurseong, 27. iii. 1910 (Annandale).

Tyjie in the Indian Museum,

Family SCENOPINID.E.

Head nearly semicircular ; frons and face nearly flush with the
eyes ; three ocelli ; epistome short, retreating ; proboscis very
short, labella broad ; palpi short, cylindrical, or slightly clavate.
Eyes bare, generally contiguous in S •, wide apart in §; upper
facets larger than lower ones in S 6 with contiguous eyes ; in
life the eyes with coloured bands. Autennse three-jointed, placed
close together at base, inserted below middle of frons ; 1st and
2nd joints short, 3rd elongate, strap-shaped, no style or arista.

Thoni.v oblong, dorsally rather flattened, with extremely short
scaly pubescence on disc and minute pubescence on pleura? ;
scutellum broad, short, flat ; metanotum rather large.

Abdomen flattened, 7- or 8-segmented, each segment with an
impressed transverse line across its middle ; J genitalia rather
large and knob-like ; ovipositor concealed.

Legs generally short, moderately stout ; tibiae unspurred, with
a very small bristle or two at tip ; two pulvilli, empodium reduced
to a bristle.

Wings at rest lying flat on abdomen. Costa ending before wing-
tip, ambient vein fading away at about middle of hind margin ;
auxiliary vein short, ending at middle of wing ; 1st and 2nd longi-
tudinal veins ending shortly beyond middle ; 3rd vein beginning
near base of 2nd, forking rather widely at half its length ; anterior
cross-vein present, at about middle of discal cell ; 4th vein forked,
upper branch ending above wing-tip, lower branch forming basal
and hinder sides of discal cell, but barely reaching wing-margin ;
discal cross-vein closing discal cell ;* 5th vein forked, upper
branch short, ending in lower inner angle of discal cell, lower
branch tui'ned down rather suddenly, meeting anal vein some
way before wing-margin, closing anal cell ; axillary vein indistinct.
Upper basal cell long, 2nd short, anal cell long ; two submarginal,
three posterior cells ; alar squamae small, thoracic squama) almost
absent ; halteres normal.

The whole body is devoid of strong bristles.

* Lundbeck considers the discal cell technically absent, treating that space
as a 4th posterior cell, because he regards the 4th vein as unforked. Presum-
ably, therefore, he sees the posterior cross-rein in the basal jiortion of the lower
branch of the 4th vein, but he does not actually state that the posterior cross-
vein is present.

sc'E^'OPl^■^s. 311

Life-Jiistorj/. The metamorplioses have been well described by
Bouclie, Dut'our, and others. The larva is amphipueustic, hard,
cylindrical, very elongale, apparently of twenty segments, with
small head and two small styles at tip of body, moving in a
serpentine manner ; abdominal segments with transverse rows of
bristles. Pupa resembling that of Thereva. The larva was at
first thought to live on carpets, rugs, and similar articles, but it
is now believed that they live on the other larvae (of TiNEiDiE and
PuLiciD.i:, for instance) that occur in these habitats. They are
certainly carnivorous, and probably feed on the larvae of many
different groups of insects, judging from the various situations in
which Scenopinus fenestrcdis has been found.

The ScENOi'iNiD^ are a very limited but distinct family, con-
spicuous by the absolutely bare body and characteristic venation,
coupled with the two pul villi and bristle-like empodium. Their
actual relationships have given rise to various opinions, their
characters indicating diverse affinities, such as to Xylomyia, the
Therevid.e, and Mydaid.e. Verrall places them with the latter
in a super-family, Dermatina, between the AsiLiD.^i and the
TnEREviD.E ; Lundbeck and Kerte'sz put them between the
THEREViDiE and the Empid^ ; Schiner with Mydaid^ between
AsiLiD.E and Tiierevid.e : Aldrich between Therevid^e and

BOMBYLIIDiE.

Most of the known species belong to the genus Scenopinus.

Genus SCENOPINUS, Latr.

Scenopinus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Ins. Crust, iii, p. 463 (1802), xiv,

p. 392 (1804).
Atrichia, iSclirank, Fauna Boica, iii, p. 54 (1803).
Cona, Schellenberg, Gattung. d. Fliegeii, p. 06 (1803).
Hypselura, Meigen, Illig-. JNJag. ii, p. 273 (1803).'
Astomn, Lioy {nee Oken, 1815), Atti Istit. Yeneto, (3) ix, p. 702

(1864).

Genotype, M usca fe lestralis, L. ; by Latreille's designation.

: Head transverse, short, semicircular, flattened behind ; not
closely applied to thorax, but no obvious neck ; frons generally
flush with eyes ; three ocelli ; proboscis witiidrawn ; palpi incon-
spicuous, cylindrical, tip bristly. Eyes bare, generally contiguous
in cJ , in such cases upper facets larger than lower ones ; in $
wide apart. Antennae sub-contiguous at base; 1st and 2nd joints
short ; 3rd elongate, drooping, strap-shaped, normally without
style or arista, but if present, it is concealed in a depressed pit.
Thorax longer than broad ; dorsum ratlier flattened, with a little
scaly pubescence; pleurae minutely pubescent, niesoplenra with
an obvious depression on front part for reception of the short
thick front femora ; scutellum short, broad, flat. Abdomen rather
flat, oblong, tip flattened cone-shaped, 7- or 8-segmented ; middle
segments bearing a transverse impressed line across the centre ;

312 SC'EN0PIXII>7E.

front margins of some of the middle segments white in the d ;
genitaha in c? large. Ler/s short, stout, hare ; fore femora shorter
and thicker, a tew hristly hairs at tips of tihicB ; two small
pulvilli, empodium reduced to a bristle. Wings with a reduced
venation ; costa ending before tip of wing, ambient vein djn'ngaway
beyond the tip; auxiliary vein short; 1st and 2nd veins normal;
3rd beginning at middle of wing, widely forked at half its lengtli ;
anterior cross-vein at middle of discal cell; 4th vein with upper
branch ending before wing-tip, lower branch forming basal and
hinder sides of discal cell ; discal cross-vein closing discal cell ;
5tli vein forked, upper branch very short, ending in lower inner
angle of discal cell; lower branch turned down rather suddenly,
meeting anal vein at some distance before border, closing anal
cell ; 1st basal cell much longer than 2nd; two submarginal, three
posterior cells, 1st narrowed at tip; alulae well developed; alar
squamte small, thoracic pair hardly developed ; luilteres small,
knobs large.

Baiuie. Europe, Egypt, India, Surinam, Hawaii, N. America.

Life-history. See IS. feneslrulis.

249. Scenopiniis fenestralis, L. *

Musca fetiesiralis, Liime, Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 597 (175S).
Scenopinus fenestralis, auctt.

Head, in ^5^ , dull black, densely and coarsely punctate ; frons
elongate triangular, almost bare ; eyes bare, contiguous for some
distance, upper facets larger than and sharply divided from
lower ones ; vertex practically bare ; face reduced to a narrow
margin owing to the very small mouth-opening ; antennae
hrownish yellow or nearly blackish, inserted in a small depression,
1st joint very short, 2nd short, transverse, almost bare, 3rd
subulate, four times as long as 1st and 2iid together, slightly
narrowed at its blunt tip, where there is a small depression or
pit. In 5 , frons one-fifth of the head, roughened by coarse
punctation and striae radiating from the lower ocellus ; generally
an impressed vertical median line and minute pale pubescence;
eye-margins very distinct, rather puffed out behind on upper part,
shining black, sometimes grey-dusted; eyes with a transverse
purple band across the middle in life; occiput very concave.
Thorax dull black, with minute scale-like greyish pubescence;
humeri and posterior calli more or less chestnut-brown ; pleurae
comparatively shining, due to finer punctation, and bearing
longer pubescence ; both these characters more conspicuous on
the sternopleuree ; pteropleurae shining black, bare. Scutellum
like dorsum of thorax, generally a little dark chestnut-brown on
underside. Abdomen longer than thorax, shining black ; 2nd seg-
ment twice as long as any other ; extreme basal margins in tiie

* For a very long list of references to this sjiecies and for twelve synonyms,
see Kertesz, Ivat. Dipt, v, p 172

SCENOPINUS. 'MS

<5 of 4tli and otl), and to a less degree of the 6th (or the
membrane between them) conspicuously pure white, this colour
not reaching tlie sides;* pubescence practically^ imperceptible;
venter shining^black, with chestnut-brown reflections and minute
black bristly pubescence; genitalia in enlarge. In the 5 the
white transverse bands absent ; and the 3rd to the 6th segments
with a transverse impressed line across the middle of each ;
ovipositor small, broad. Legs shining chestnut-brown ; coxae and
trochanters with blacldsh reflections ; femora occasionally, and
tibite, especially the hind pair, often, with blackish markings ;
tarsi black, 1st joint more or less chestnut-brown, also tirst three
joints (except the tips) of hind pair; femora rather short and
thick, especially fore pair; hind tibite slightly curved; pulvilli
small, bi'ownish orange. Pubescence of legs weak and pale,
forming small fringes behind anterior femora, and a row of rather
long pale hairs behind basal half of hind tibiae; spurs absent, but
geuerall}'^ a few bristly hairs that appear like spurs. Wings pale

Fig. 22. — Scenopimis fciiet<tralis, L., wing and antenna.

brownish grey, veins darker brown ; venation in accordance with
the generic diagnosis ; lower branch of 4th vein and anal vein not
quite attaining margin ; alar squamae small, blackish grey, grey-
fringed ; thoracic pair absent ; halteres varying from brown to
whitish, sometimes with darker marks.

Length, 5-6 ram., the $ generally slightly the larger.

Commonly distributed in Europe and N. America, and the
Western Himalayas (hills and plains) : Barogh, Simla Hills,
5000 ft., 10. V. 1910, on edge of small stream (Amiandale);
Kasauli, 6300 ft., 15. y. 190S (AnnandaU); Kaini Tal, 3 & 7. vi.
1909; Naini Tal Distr. (plains), 24 & 28. v. 1909. Also
recorded from Papua and Hawaii.

The present description of fenestralis is an abbreviation of
Verrall's, except for the antennas, as in the Indian specimens
these are normally lighter or darker brownish yellow, not blackish.
The legs are also more brownish, especially the femora and tibiae,
than in European specimens, these being the only differences.

* In one Indian specimen the white extends over the sides, but this is,
no doubt, exceptional.

314 SCEXOPlMD.li. — MYDAID.I.

Life-histori/. Soniethinp: of tliis lias been known since tlie time
of Dufour, Lie, Bouchc, rrauenfeld, and otliers having described it,
and tiie species has been bred on numerous occasions. The larva
was at first tliought to live on carpets, stable-rugs, horse-hair
mattresses, and such-like articles, but it was subsequently found in
Polypori, and on willows and other trees. A Scenophuis pupa has
been found in a cocoon of Saturnia j^yri, in which were the remains
of the Saturnia pupa, and the species is said to have been bred from
decaying wood. The larva is certainly carnivorous, probably
living on the larvae and impse of moths and other insects, possibly
of fleas also, found in houses, but evidently breeds in the open
air also in a similar manner. The larva is elongate cylindrical,
rather tough, of about twenty segments, with small brown head,
moving in a seipent-like manner ; the pupa being slender, with
rows of spines and bristles.

Mr. Verrall notes a curious point about this species, that a
large number of females are found with the wing-tip broken off,
and suggests that it may be done in pairing. In four European
fenestralis in the Indian Museum this is the case in two specimens.,
a third having one wing damaged near, though not actually at,
the tip, the fourth being perfect ; also in wme: lndi?i\\ fenestralis
in the same collection only one wing is thus broken, whilst in
five European 'jlabn/rons all the wings are perfect.

Family MYDAID.E.

The Mydaid.t; are flies of from moderate to gigantic size, easily
recognised by their peculiar venation, their projecting club-shaped
antennse, and their bare surface, being wholly devoid of bristles
except for a few on the legs. The prevailing colour is black, with,
in many species, bands on the abdomen of red or yellow.

Head about as broad as thorax, transverse ; neck short and
narrow ; frons and vertex sunk, making the eyes appear especially
prominent ; ocelli indistinct, or, when on a promnience, at some
distance from the vertex. Proboscis varying from very long and
thin, with small labella, to rather thick and short, with labella of
considerable size ; palpi, when present, one-jointed, long or thin,
but generally absent. Eyes bare, wide apart in both sexes, and
never with enlarged facets. Antennae porrect, approximate or
touching at base ; the two basal joints normal, 2ncl shorter than
1st, with a few bristles or stilf hairs ; 3rd joint generally elongate,
clubbed or knobbed at tip, with traces of annulations.

Thorax subquadrate, with sparse (rarely tliicker) pubescence on
dorsum, coarse pubescence at sides of dorsum ; humeri prominent,
pleura; often with a moderate amount of pubescence ; scutellum
small though broad, unspined ; metanotum very large.

Abdomen elongate, 7-segmented, with light pubescence only ;
genitaha in d of moderate size, with small foliaceous lamellae

MYDAIU.i:,. " 315

which are often hidden; ovipositor produced but never elongate,
with or witliout a terminal circlet of spines.

Legs strong and stout, of moderate length ; anterior pairs some-
times smaller ; hind femora normally slightly thickened, nearly
always serrate or spinose below ; tibise often witli a row of small
spines on either the nu'ddle or hind pair only, or on all three
piiirs ; apical tibial spines absent or sometimes present on all
three pairs ; hind tibicB generally Avith a strong apical spur or
two or three bristly spines ; tarsi devoid of all but the very small
close-set bristles on underside ; pulvilli two, moderately large,
empodium absent, claws long.

Wings with a very characteristic venation. Auxiliary vein
long; 1st longitudinal vein very long, ending at some little dis-
tance from wing-tip; prsiefurca very short, generally extremely
so, starting at about} one-third of the wing, distinctly before the
discal cell ; 2nd longitudinal vein always ending in the 1st towards,
but not close to, its tip ; 3rd longitudinal vein starting very near
base of 2nd, always forked at beyond half its length, the branches
long, generally curved, and more or less parallel ; upper branch
ending in the 1st longitudinal just beyond tip of 2nd vein ; lower
branch ending either at the tip of the 1st vein or in costa just
beyond ; anterior cross-vein present, short or very short,* placed
much beyond middle of wing, towards tip of discal cell ; 4th longi-
tudinal vein with both branches either simple or forked, prongs
of either branch or of both branches sometimes recurrent ; t
normally the anterior prong of the upper branch curves upward
and ends in the costa well before the wing-tip, sometimes ending
at the tip of the 1st A'ein. In one (non-Oriental) genus {Mitro-
detus), both branches of the 4th vein curve upwards and end in
the 1st vein, but this is exceptional. Posterior prong of upper
branch genei-ally recurrent or nearly so ; normally the loAver
branch of the 4th vein ends in the upper branch, often (as in
Mydas) recurrent and united to the apical portion of the upper
branch of the 5th vein. Discal cell always present, elongate,
often irregularly or even fantastically shaped (Mitrodetus); pos-
terior cross-vein normally situated. The 5th vein forks widely,
the upper branch never forming any part of the discal cell,
generally curving upwards, joining the lower branch of the 4th
vein, or it may be considered to anastomose with the apical part
of that vein, thence running jointly with it to the margin ; ;J;
lower branch of 5th \ein ending in 6th (anal) vein near its tip ;

* Practically, or pei-haps actually, absent in only one genus, Megascelu^,
■which is not Oriental.

t My reading of the branches of the 4th vein differs from that of Verrall, in
which the discal cell is said to emit two or three veinlets.

\ However, Verrall distinctly says " never running clear to the wing-margin,
but always causing a long, closed, norniallj -Jth posterior cell to lie under and
parallel with the discal cell. ' The presence of the closed 4th posterior cell
referred to does not alter the position, and the vein that runs from the junction
of the 4tii and fjth veins to the wing-margin may be regarded as the continua-
tion of either one of them or of the two united.

31 () .M VDAID.i;.

axillary vein indistinct, perhaps sonietiiDes absent. Alar squainse
small, nearly bare of fringe, but larger and with coarse fringe in
Mydas ; thoracic squamae absent.

Life-histonj nminly unknown, except that the larvre are said to
live in dectiying wood nnd to resemble those of the AsiLiDiE.
Willistou states that the larva of a North American species
{Mydas fulvij)es,^-A\ii\\) \)Yeyii upon Coleopterous larvce, and notes
the pupa of M. clavatus, Drury. The perfect insects have been
accused of being predatory, but there seems to be little decisive
evidence on the matter. An Egyptian species is said to be
predatory on otlier insects, catching them in the air ; and another
species is recorded as parasitic on the larvae of Longicorn beetles
{ Prionid.t;).

The MyuAiDii3 occur chiefly in the New World and Australia,
only about 15 s])ecies being Palnearctic and six Oriental, of
which four are Indian.

Their peculiar venation differentiates them easily from all other
groups, except the JN'emestiunid.'e and Apiocerid.t^. These
latter are a small non-Oriental group that has been at various
times associated with the Bombyliid.'e, Tiieeevid.'e, and Asilid.i:.
Tiiere is some resemblance in the venation of the Mtdaiu-E to
that of the NEMKSxiiiNin.T;, but the bodily structure and general
facies of the latter are different.

The presence also \n the Nemestiiixid.e of what has been
conveniently though incorrecth^ termed the "diagonal vein" will
also immediately separate that family from the present one.

Verral! has carefully analysed the systematic position of the
present family (Brit. Flies, v, p. 005), and in the same volume
(p. 606) has discussed the question of spelling, several authors
having adopted Midas instead of Mydas. The exact origin of the
generic name is not clear, and he supports Mydas, with the family
name Mydaid.'e, and these terms are also adopted in the Kertesz
Catalogue and in Williston's Manual.

Table of Genera.

Proboscis short; labella terminal, triangular, compressed;
hind tibia3 generally with a spur; anal segment in
2 without a wreath of tpines , Mydas, F.

Proboscis long ; hind tibiaj without spur ; anal segment [Gerst.

in 2 with a wreath of spines ' Leptomydas,

Genus MYDAS, F.

Mydas, Fabricins, Ent. Svst. iv, p. 2"j2 (1794) ; Macquart, Hist. Nat.
Dipt, i, p. 273 (1834) ; "id., Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 2, p. 10 (1838).

Genotype, Musca clavata, Drury; by Latreille's designation
(1810).

Head broad, short transverse, as broad as thorax, neck short ;

MTDAS. 317

frous and vertex sunken, ocelli indistincfc or reraoved far from
vertex ; proboscis only slightly prominent,* labella terminal, tri-
angular, compressed; palpi one-joiuted; antennre porrect, at
base approximate, clubbed or knobbed at tip, three-jointed, the
first two moderately short, the 3rd elongate, with annular im-
pressions. Thorax subquadrate, with sparse, sometimes thicker
])ubescence on dorsum and coarse pubescence towards the sides ;
])leura9 with more pubescence in some species tlian others ;
humeri prominent: scutellum oblong, small, unspined, meta-
notum very large. Abdomen elongate, 7-segmented, with light
])ubescence only, the last segment in the $ without a circlet of
spines ; genitalia of moderate size in S • Legs strong and stout ;
hind femora slightly thickened, generally serrate or spinose on
underside ; hind tibiae generally with a spur. Wings : auxiiiaiy,
1st, 2nd, and 3rd longitudinal veins as in the family diagnosis,
both branches of the latter vein ending in the 1st ; the 4th vein's
upper branch ends in the costa distinctly before the wing-tip, its
lower branch bends dowjiward and joins the upper branch of
the 5tli vein. As for the small vein foi'miug the outer side of
the discal cell, it may be regarded as a lower prong of the upper
branch of the 4th vein or as a discal cross-vein. Remaining
veins in accordance with the family diagnosis.

Range. vS. Europe, "N". Africa, India, Malay Archipelago, North
and South America, and Cuba.

Life-hisiorg practically unknown.

Talle of S2'>ec(es.

Third auteimal joint bright red rufcornis. Wied.

Third antennal joint black.

Abdomen wlioUv black cannic/iaeli, Brun.

Abdomen with pale hind niargius to segments . a7inulata, Bnin.

250. Mydas ruficoriiis, WUd.

Mydas ritficornis, Wiedemann, Analec. Entom. p. 20 (1824) ; id.,
Aiiss. Zweifl. i, p. 242 (1828; ; id., Monog. Gen. 3Iidas, p. 40,
pi. hi, tig. 11.

" Head black ; 1st and 2nd antennal joints black, 3rd fiery red-
3'ellow ; epistome on both sides [presumably above and below]
with yellowish hairs ; a white hair spot on the side of the
antennae ; occiput whitish. Thorax brownish honey-yellow, be-
coming blackisli behind. Abdoaien almost metallic black, rather
sparsely punctured. Wings brown, with violet-blue reflections ;
baltei-es brown. Legs black ; hind tibite and base of tarsi dark
red-brown ; hind femora below with three or four rather long
spines." ( Wicdema)! n .)

Length, 18 mm.

Tranquebar.

Tgpe in the Vienna Museum.

* Scbinei- adds " with four bristles."

313

MYUAID^i:.

251. Mydas carmichaeli, Bran.

Mydas cannickaeli, Bnmetti, Rec. Iiid. Miis. ix, p. 266 (1913).

(S $ . Head black, frons slightly wider than one-third of the
head, somewhat wrinkled, witli a moderate amount ot" blat-kish-
bi'owu pubescence ; a small tut't of greyish hairs on each side of
Ihe moutli-opening. Proboscis rather less than the height of the
liead, dark brown ; palpi slender, black, reaching as far forward
as the vertical line drawn through the antennal prominence, which
latter is small and black. Antennae normal, black, bare, about as
long as from the vertex to the tip of the proboscis. Occiput
black, shortly pubescent ; a little grey tomentum behind the eye-
liorder. Thorax wholly dull velvet-black, with very short
sparse black pubescence, Avhich is a little longer below the wings.

Fig. 2.3. — 'Ml/das cariuicliaeU, Brun., S ■

Abdomen shining black, with a slight indigo-blue tinge and very
short pubescence ; in 6 subcylindrical, as long as head and thorax
together and barely as wide; in $ a little broader and loiger and
much more bulky. The S genitalia consist of a hollow triangular
piece, hairy above, with a deep keel, a pair of dark re(hlish-brown,
nearly bare, moderately long, narrow, finger-like claspers (only
one joint being visible, the organs being somewhat witlidrawn),
and a curved ventral plate, with black pubescence on its lower
side. The $ genitalia appear to consist of two telescopic cylin-
drical shells, tiie inner one ending in two small (probably) retractile
lamellae. Xfr/s wholly black; coxa3 with a little short black
pubescence ; hind femora with two rows of spines on underside,
an inner one of about a dozen and an outer one of a few only.
Hind tibiae with a row of reddish spines on underside (not at all
conspicuous), and 5 or 6 such spines at the tip on the underside
only ; fore tibiae with some inconspicuous spines at tip, which
appear to be only the terminal ones of a row on the underside
nearly hidden by the thick though short black pubescence which
clothes all the tibiae ; a row of spines, including the apical ones, is
.•ipparently present on the middle tibiae also, though certainly

MYDAS. 319

much less conspicuous. Claws distinct, pulvilli pale brownish-
yellow. Winr/s dark blackish brown, a little paler towards tip
and hind margin, and with a strong violet tinge. Halteres and
S(]uama3 black, the latter with a narrow fringe o£ dark brown
hairs.

LengtJt, (S 25 mm., $ 27 mm.

Described from a snigle paii', the J from Darjiling, v. 1912, the
§ from Singla, iv. 1913.

2-52. Mydas annulata, Bntn.

Cephalocera annulata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 513 (1912).

S . Head : frons rather more than one-third width of the head,
with a small swelling on each side of vertex, contiguous to the
corners of the eyes ; proboscis short. The whole head moderately
shining black, with rather thick and long whitish-grey pubescence
over frons and face except lower part of the latter ; occiput black,
with whitish-grey hairs, which are longer oti lower part of head.
Antennae all black, long ; 2nd joint very short, 3rd joint with an
impressed constriction at some distance before its tip; beyond the
constriction the joint is slightly thickened ; style long, nearly as
long as rest of anteniiai, black, with an impressed constriction at
nearly one-thii'd of its length, the style thickening apically except
at extreme tip, where it is slightly but obviously narrower.
Thorax black, a grey tomentose stripe at each siile of the dorsum,
a short one from each shoulder, narrowing rapidly and not reach-
ing centre of dorsum ; the middle of the posterior margin also
grey tomentose ; the whole dorsum covered with tine grey pubes-
cence, which is a little longer below the shoulders and on the side
stripes. Scutellum broad, extremely short, shining black, bare ;
sides of thorax moderately shining black, with a little grey
pubescence on the pleurie. Abdomen shiniug black ; posterior
margins of all segments (indistinctly on the 1st segment) with a
narrow, but clearly-defined, pale whitish-yellow border; whole
surface of abdomen with depressed pubescence, which is dark
brown or blackish on basal half (or thereabouts) of each segment
and pale grey on apical half. Venter similar, the yellowish-white
bands passing over the sides of the segments and continued
narrowly across the ventral surface. Genitalia comparatively-
small, black ; a dorsal ])late, a pair of moderately long linger-like
claspers, and some yellowish-brown internal organs. Legs black;
shortly and normally grey pubescent ; base of hind tibiae and tarsi
slightly brownish yellow. Wings pale grey ; venation in exact
agreement with Macquart's figure of Cephalocera nigra (Dipt.
Exot. i, pfc. 2, pi. i, fig. 3); halteres black.

Length, 15 mm.

Described from two d 6 in the Indian Museum from Bhoira-
kund, Darrang District, Assam-Bhutan Frontier, 18-22. x. 1912
(Kemp).

320 .Aiyi)A[i).i;.

I described tliis species under CepTialocera, as Bigot's MS. name
for it was adopted, but, as the proboscis is short and hvbella are
present, it must he referred to My das.

Genus LEPTOMYDAS, Gcrst.

LeiAomydas, Gerstaecker, Stett, Ent. Zeit. xxix, p. 81 (18G8).

Genotype vuicertain ; * Mi/das lusitaiiicus, Wied., according to
Coquillett (1910).

This genus differs from Mijdas in tlie long proboscis, in the
absence of a spur to the hind tibia3, and the presence of a wreath
of spines at tlie tip of the abdomen in the 5 • l^rom Geplialocera
it differs by the presence of the labella.

Range. South Europe, Egypt, Arabia, Sudan, India, East and
South Africa, North and Central America.

253. Leptoniydas indianus, Bruu. (PI. IV, fig. 1.)

Lej^tomidas indianus, Brunetti, IJec. Iiid. Mus. vii, p. 478, fig. 12
(1912).

$ . Head uuich wider than thorax ; frons black, shining, with
two narrow diagonal grooves on upper part ; vertex consisting of
two dark bfown shining oval calli placed end to end, with a small
recessed space between them ; face rather dark grey, smooth ;
antennae missing, except the short, cylindrical, dark brown,
slightly pubescent first joint, placed on a slight transverse ridge
running from eye to eye ; eyes prominent, black, bare, shining ;
proboscis and oral opening dark brown, sliining, fcn'mer very
short ; back of head gi-ey ; the whole frons, face, back, and under-
side of head with moderately thick (but not dense) grey hairs.
Tliora.v dull black, with a little dirty grey tomentum towards the
sides and posterior part, and on the humeral calli, which bear a
small bunch of concolorous hairs ; similar hairs on posterior part
of dorsum, in front of and below the wings ; sides of thorax more
or less shining black, mostly hare ; prothorax and neck with
silvery-grey tomentum ; scutellum and metanotum blackish,
with silvery-grey tomentum. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly nar-
rowed in middle, very dark blackish brown, shining; posterior
borders of segments pale yellow, most distinct on 2nd to 5th seg-
ments ; the bands on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments passing
unbroken over the sides and across the venter ; 4th segment light
reddish brown ; whole abdomen minutely pubescent; 1st and 2ud

* There is a little uncertainty liere, as in the Kertesz Ivatalog lusUanicus is
referred ti) Mydus again, althougli Lcptowydas is acknowledged as a valid
genus. The next species given by Gerstaecker is cincius, Macq., which Kertesz
puts in Syllcyoinydas. Gcrstaecker's third species is rujipcs, Wied., whicli
Kertesz retains in Leptomydas. Therefore, \i Insiianicus is really a jSIydas, the
type oi LejAolomydas may be rujipcs, Wied.

LEPTOMTDAS. 321

segments with grey lialrs at sides. Genitalia small, partly with-
drawn, dark shining brown; ultimate portion with a row of light
brown scale-like spines on each side. Ler/s simple, no traces of
bristles or longer hairs, except two apical bristles at the tips of the
anterior tibiae (the hind tibife and tarsi are missing) ; dark brown,
with minute grey pubescence, which is longer on the coxae and
short and thick on the tibiae ; tarsal joints with black tips.
Win(/s uniformly pale yellow, veins darker yellow, costa black ;
bonier of wing without a single hair ; 3rd longitudinal vein with
a minute appendix at base of upper fork; alulae concolorous, bare;
tegulae very small, bright yellow with arery narrow fringe; halteres
blackish, stem brown.

Letu/tJi, 16 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Sadiya,
Assam.

The type is a $ , as noted on Bigot's MS. label, though in
describing it 1 stated it was probably a J . I placed indianus
in Leptomydas because Bigot's MS. label bore that name, but an
examination of the various genera shows that in this genus the
proboscis should be long. In indianus it only projects from
the mouth-opening for a short distance, the tips of the distinct
labella reaching as far forward as the 2nd antennal joint. The
only other genus to which it could be referred seems to be
Ecti/phns, Gerst., in which the proboscis is described as rudi-
mentary, barely projecting from the oral orifice. But the epistome
in Ectijphus is long and vertical, whereas in indianus the lower
part of the head does not descend below the level of the eyes.
The proboscis in the type projects upwards at an angle ; if directed
forwards, it would, of course, appear comparatively longer : Ger-
staecker's figure shows a proboscis reaching to half the length of
the antennae. However, the tip of the ahclomen bears the circlet
of spines, which is one character that differentiates Leptomydas
from Mydas, so in the circumstances the species is left here
temporarily.

Family EMPID^.*

Comparatively small-sized flies, generally bare or nearly so
except for a few bristles, of sombre colours ; t found chiefly in
Avoods and shady situations, many species frequenting the iieigh-
bourhood of water. In the tropics they occur mostly in localities
of some elevation. Systematically much more variety of struc-
ture is present than in the adjacent families of AsiliuyE and

DOLICHOPODID.i:.

* Some authors adopt the name Emi'Idid.e. The late G. H. Verrall say»
(Brit. Flies, t, p. 28): " JJr. A. W. Verrall is of opinioa that tlie word Empididce
IS pedantic, and instances Euelpidce."

t The only exceptions are a lew metallic species from the tropical regions
of the IS^ew World.

T

^'$22 EMPID^.

Head comparatively small, sometimes very small, more or less
globular, generally bulging out posteriori}^ ; as wide as, or narrower
than the thorax ; joined to the thorax by a narrow neck. Eyes
large, often forming nearly the whole of the head, generally bare,
contiguous in both sexes or in the S only, or separated in both
sexes ; in contiguous eyes the upper facets nearly always larger
than the lower ones ; in the middle of the inner eye-margin is an
incision of greater or less size, said to be always present and
perceptible ; three ocelli. Proboscis of various structure ; short
and thickened, of more moderate size both in thickness and length ;
or, as is frequently the case, horny, adapted for piercing, directed
forwards ; or elongate, in some species as long as the whole body,
and directed obliquely forwards, downwards, or backwards. Occa-
sionally the proboscis is curved. ]Mouth-openiag generally small.
Palpi generally 1 or 2, rarely 3, jointed ; of various structure,
size, and length ; bare or bristly. Antennae porrect, approximate
at base, sometimes 2-jointed, generally of three unquestionable
joints, of which the 3rd may taper into, or bear, an arista, which
is always bare except when styliform. In some genera a pro-
minent 1- or 2-joiuted style is present, and some authors have
described such antennae as being 4- or o-jointed. Even in certain
genera in which they are regarded as 3-joinred, the 3rd joint
(in these cases ]iearly always elongate conical or pear-shaped) is
apparently of a different texture from the basal two, partaking
more of the nature of a style. In the present work the latter
genera are regarded as having a 8-jointed antenna, attention being
called to the structure of the 3rd joint. In the genera with so-
called 4- or 5-jointed antennas the 4th and oth joints are regarded
ii3 representing a style. Head with a few weak bristles on vertex,
frous, or occiput.

Thorax of moderate size, often greatly humped, generally sub-
quadrate, the prothorax sometimes produced forwards. Scutellum
small, semicircular, or gently curved, with two or more bristles ;
a few bristles generally occur on the margin of the thoracic
dorsum.

Abdomen of 7 or S segments,* bare or pubescent ; generally in
the S elongate, conical, or cylindrical, in some genera short,
rounded, or ovate ; in the $ sometimes broader at the base, but
always more pointed at tip. Genitalia in d" of various structure,
sometimes complex and prominent ; in $ usually in the form of
ii slender conical ovipositor with two terminal styliform lamellae.
Abdomen never with conspicuous bristles.

Legs exhibiting various forms of structure. In some groups
they are comparatively normal, that is to say, of moderate length
and thickness ; but in others the coxae may be greatly lengthened,
the femora (either pair singly or the whole of them) being often
conspicuously incrassated, and in some genera furnished with
spines below. The tibite and metatarsi are sometimes enlarged,
Avhilst marked differences in sexual ornamentation not infrequently

* Melander sajs 5 to 7.

EMPiD.ii:. 323

occur in the legs in certain genera — Erupis and Rliamplwmijia, for
itistaiice, — in which in some species those of the 6 are provided
with knobs or characteristic spines or tnt'ts of hair, whilst those of
the 5 '11^ other species may be adorned with long scales forming
a conspicuous fringe. Tibial spurs sometimes present, never
large ; two fairly well-developed pulvilli and generally an empodium
of varying shape. Bristles of various sizes and specific value occur
on the legs of many species. Some species have raptorial legs.

Winris usually of moderate size and normal shape, about as
long as the abdomen ; in one group n;irrow and markedly cunei-
form, the anal angle not distinguishable ; in certain genera
widened and considerably shortened ; practically bare, except for
a fringe of tiny bristles along some part of the costa ; in the large
majority of species unmarked, except for slight infnscations and
the stigma, when present. Venation exhibiting considerable
variety. Costa usually ending near apex of wings; auxiliary and
1st longitudinal veins of varying length, the former sometimes
shortened ; 2ud longitudinal vein long, simple or forked ; 3rd
ending before or after wing-tip, simple or forked ; 4th simple
-or forked, the upper branch often again foi'ked ; 5th simple
or forked, the lower branch often recurrent, meeting anal vein
at various angles ; anal vein present or absent, sometimes much
abbreviated. Anterior cross-vein present ; posterior cross-vein
always absent ; a discal cross-vein present or absent. One or
two submarginai cells, three or four posterior cells, discal cell
present or absent ; two basal cells ; anal cell present, incomplete,
or absent. Anal angle of wing prominent, moderately distinct, or
entirely reduced. Squamse generally absent, when present, small.
Wings covering the abdomen when at rest.

The Empid.'E are a rapacious family, preying chiefly on small
soft Diptera and, to a less extent, on Lepidoptera, for which they
lie in ambush amongst leaves. Generally distributed, especially in
woods in moist situations. In some species aerial dances are
performed either by one or other sex or both jointly, copulation
ni these cases taking place in tlie air. Other species frequent
flowers. Some are fond of hovering in swarms just above small
ponds and streams, and mate on the surface of the water. I once
saw near London (at Esher, 1 think) a dense and regular streaui
of Il'dava iuaiini flying slowly backwards and forwards over a
brooklet, so that a single stroke of the net captured several
hundreds.

Life-ldstory . Larva amphipneustic ; prothoracic spiracles small,
ftbdominal spiracles also small, placed on last segment, which is
more or less rounded, bearing a tooth-like wart on underside ;
]2-segmented, cylindrical, tapering at each end; head small,
retractile, mouth-parts rather well developed, antennte small, no
eyes ; ventral side of most segments with transverse swellings.
The larva is carnivorous, living in the earth below leaves in
woods, or in decaying wood ; one European species of Hemero-
dromia apparently lives in the mud of 8treai))lets. Pupa free,
with pi'othoracic and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles.

1-2

324

EMPIByE.

The E.N[PiD.Ti ma}^ be distiiigiiished from the Asilid^e by tlie
difference in A'cnation, non-excavation of the vertex, smaller
head, and absence of long hair on the lower part of the head.
Prom the ~DohicuoFoniD7E. to which certain genera bear some
resemblance, they may be known by the venation. A few genera
with reduced venation may have a superficial resemblance to some-
AcALYPTiiATA, but the family characlers described above will
separate them. The subfamilies are not so easily distinguished
as in some other families, and, as a rule, more than one character
has to be taken into consideration in separating them.

Tahle of Siihfamilles.

Anal cell absent, or, if ])resent, anal

vein incomplete and middle femor,),

usually incrassate ; anterior cross-
vein nearly always beyond nnddle of

discal cell , TACUYDitoMiiN.E, p. 373.

Anal cell present, rarely absent, in Avhich

case fore coxa3 much elongated, about

as long as the incrassate fore femora ;

anterior cross-vein always much

before middle of discal cell (except

ill Henierodronna spp.) 2.

.Axillary lobe of wing oreatly reduced or

absent; wing cuneiform at base ; fore

coxas much elongated, about as long

as fore femora, alwaj's longer than

posterior coxae Hemkrodromiin.e, p. 3G5..

Axillary lobe of wing generally nor-
mally developed or conspicuous ;

Aving not cuneiform ; fore coxt"©

always shorter than fore femora .... 3.
Anal cell always distinctly longer than

2nd basal cell ; lower branch of oth

Aein bent down to meet anal vein

always at an obvious obtuse angle,

and approximately perpendicular to

bind margin of wing ; posterior

margin of anal cell always the longer,

its apical end never truncate ; pro-
boscis shorter tlian height of head ; if

longer, directed straight or obliquely

forwards aud also antenna) and style

very short ; 3rd vein always simple ;

thorax generally conspicuously hum-
ped HvBOTiN.^, p. 825.

Anal cell shorter than, or at most

approximately subequal to 2nd basal

cell ; lower bi'anch of 5th vein bent

down to meet aual vein at an acute

angle, a right angle or at most only

slightly obtuse angle ; approximately

either perpendicular to, parallel with.

325

or <it an aufjle of about 45'^ to hind

margin of Aviiig ; anal cell with either

anterior or posterior margin the

longer, its apical end truncate or

pointed ; proboscis generally shorter

than or as long as height of head,

sometimes longer; ord veiu simple

or forked ; thorax humped or not . . 4.
Proboscis as long as or longer than

head,* projecting downwards ; lower

branch of otli vein parallel to hind

margin of wing, so that anterior

margin of anal cell is always the

longer; antennse comparatively elon-
gate, generally with 2-jointed style ;

3rd vein simple or forked Empin^, p. 344.

Proboscis generally quite short ; it as

long as head or longer, directed

straight or obliquely forwards, also

/5th vein meeting anal vein at an

angle of about 45°, also antennje and

style very short. Antenme vari-
able ; lower branch of 5th vein

meeting anal vein parallel with,

perpendicular to, or at an angle of

45° to hind margin of wing ; 3rd vein

simple OcYDROMiix^, p. 362.

Subfamily HYBOTINtE.

Eyes contiguous in both sexes ; proboscis varying from shorter
than, to a bttle longer tban the bead; palpi of one joint; an-
tennae 3-jointed, with a terminal arista.* Thorax very humped.
Wings with axillary lobe well developed ; 3rd longitudinal vein
simple, 4tli simple or forked ; three or four posterior cells ; discal
cell generally present ; t 2nd basal cell equal to or longer than 1st ;
anal cell longer or shorter than 2nd basal ; anal vein reaching
margin of wing ; lower branch of 5th vein bent down rather
suddenly, at an obvious obtuse angle, meeting anal vein approxi-
mately perpendicularly to hind margin of wing, making posterior
side of anal cell always the longer, and its apical end pointed.

The characters by which this subfamily may be most easily
recognised are the elongated anal cell, pointed at tip, in conjunction
with the obtusely bent lower branch of the 5th vein ; also by the
very humped thorax. They are strongly built Empids and of
comparatively lai'ge size.

* Triclinpcza is almost an Pxception, the proboscis beir.g barely as loncj as
ilie h<>ad.

t Micromania, Zett., a European germs, lias a two-jointed ttyle to the ord
aJitennal joint and the discal cell absent.

'S2G EMPIDA'.

Table of Genera.

1. Second longitudinal vein beginning nearei-

Imnieral cross-vein than anterior cross-
vein 2.

Second longitudinal vein beginnino- nearer
anterior cross-vein than humeral cross-
vein 4.

2. Anal cell ending' mncli before margin of wing 3. [p. 334.
Anal cell extending to margin of wing .... Harpamerus, Big.,

3. Hind femora iucrassate, spined below .... vSynechf.s, Walk.,

[p. 327.
Hind femora not incrassate nor spined below Acarterus, Lw.,

4. Basal portion of 4th vein (dividing basal Tp. 334.

cells) indistinct Syndyas, Lw., p. 333.

Basal portion of 4th vein (dividing basal
cells) distinct 5.

5. Hind femora incrassate ; thorax very humped ;

arista apical Hycos, Mg., p. 336.

Hind femora not incrassate ; thorax less [p. 343.

humped ; arista subapical Parahybos, Kert.,

These characters are mainly comparative, especiaDy as regards
the origin of the 2nd longitudinal vein. The degree of incrassa-
tion of the hind femora and the size of the spines on its underside
are both variable characters. The sole characteristic of Syndyas
seems a very weak one, whilst that distinguishing Harjxtmerus
appears very strong, yet the latter is sunk in Syneclies in Kertesz's
Catalogue. Both these latter genera are unknown to me. It is-
difficult to draw definite generic limits in Htbotin.e without aa
exhaustive examination of all the known species.

Tahle of Species of Syneclies (sensu lato),
Syndyas, and Harpamerus.

1. Anal cell extending to wing-margin .... sic/nntus, Big., p. 334.
Anal cell ending much before wing-
margin 2. Tp. 328.

2. Thorax bright brownish yellow immaculatus, Brun.,

Thorax black, blackish brown, or dark

brown 3.

3. Wing with several dark brown marks,

apart from stigma bif/oti, Bezzi, p. 329.

"Wing unmarked, apart from stigma ;

ground-colour from clear to brownisli 4. [p. 333..

4. Discal cell unusually small ;;ori'/cf//(i/«^<, Bez'zi,

Discal cell at least more than twice as

long as broad 5.

5. Legs, at least femora (except extreme

base or tip), all yellow G.

Legs mainly black or dark brown, at least
all femora practically so (except hind

femora in yusticua) 7.

G. Thorax less arched ; legs with soft pubes-
cence in addition to tibial bristles ;
anal cell considerably longer than 2nd
basal, with siibconical tip intrqualis, Brun., p. 330..

SYNECHES, 327

Thorax highly arched ; legs nearly bare
except for tibial bristles ; anal cell
barely longer than 2nd basal, with
nearly truncate tip viimitus, Brim., p. 330.

7. Hind femora brownish yellow rusticus, Brun., p. 331.

Hind femora black or blackish brown . . 8.

8. Smaller species, 2^ mm. ; wings nearly

clear 9.

Larger species, 3^ or o mm. ; wings dis-
tinctly brown 10.

9. Stigma very distinct and large, round,

deep black ; anterior cross-vein at
about ^ of discal cell ; anterior knees
and tips of anterior tibiae and all tarsi
Avholly yellow ; hind femora consider-
ably thickened on apical half insignis, Brun., p. 3.32.

Stigma barely appreciable ; anterior cross-
vein at about j of discal cell ; only
tarsi and extreme tips of tibire yellow ;

hind femora not thickened fratellus, Brun., p. 332.

10. Length 3^ mm. ; 1st posterior cell (beyond

discal cell) distinctly narrowed to- [p. 331.

wards tip jmJliditarsis, Brun.,

Length 6 mm. ; 1st posterior cell (beyond

discal cell) uniformly wide fuscipeiims, sp. ii., p. 333.

Acarteyus, L\v., with two Indian species is not included in the
above table, as its unthickened unspined hind femora should distin-
guish it clearly ; but Harpamerus is included, although the length
o£ the anal cell should deline it with absolute precision. The fact
that Prof. Ivertosz sinks it in Si/neches, however, makes me
dubious of its generic validity, Bigot's definitions being often
unreliable.

Of the species tabulated above, sir/natiis belongs to Harpamerus,
and 2J(tri<icelh(lata to S'l/ndyas, the remainder falling in Sifneches.

Genus SYNECHES, Walk.

Si/)ieche$, Walker, Ins. Saund., Dipt. pt. 3, p. 165 (1852).
Acroini/ut, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv, p. 305 (1809).
Pterospilus, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 152 (1856).

Genotype, Syneches simplex, Walk. (South America).

This gei'.us differs technically from Hyhos by tlie origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein being nearer to the humeral cross-A'ein than
to the anterior cross-vein. It is also urged that the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein curves forward more in Sipieches than in J-Jijhos ; also
that the anal cell is almost truncate at the tip in the former and
pointed in the latter ; again, that the wings are normally spotted
in Syneches and unmarked in Hyhos.

lianr/e. Europe, India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, South Africa,
North and South America.

As regards the generic validity of Syneches, there is considerable
doubt, the principal character of the position of the origin of the
2nd longitudinal vein being much weakened by the existence of

328 EMPID.^,

several intermediate species. Melauder adds that the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein is curved towards tlie cost a, and the wings (except in
one species, dealing with the Xorth American ones only) are
spotted in Syneclies.

In describing three new Indian species,* it was noted by me
that so far as tlie origin of the 2nd vein w^ent they might almost
as well be placed in JJi/hos as in Si/neches. Melander's fignre ot"
H. sjjinicosta shows this species also as practically intermediate ;
whilst in that of mellij^es, though the humeral cross-vein is not
iigiu-ed, the origin of the 2nd vein appears also in an intermediate
position. Respecting the curvature of the 2nd vein, Melander's
iigures show it as much curved forward in H. mellipes as in
(S. qtuidrangularis.

The anal cell is said to be nearly truncate at the tip in JSi/neches
and pointed in Hyhos, but there is practically no difference in this
respect in the A\ings of S. sim-pJex and H. meUi2)es. The character
of the wing being generally spotted in Syneclies is a weak one.

It may be as well, however, to retain Syneclies provisionally,
though it is probably only worthy of subgeneric rank'.

From Epiceia, Walk., and Harpamerus, Big., taken together,
Syneclies (s. sir.) is supposed to differ by the 3rd and 4th longi-
tudinal veins being parallel or diverging at the tip, instead of con-
verging at the tip.

My own species must be considered as belonging to Syneclies,
sensii Into.

254:. Syneches immaculatus, Bruu,

Syneclies immaculatus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 18 (1913).

S . Head dai'k grey ; upper facets of eyes reddish brown, very
much larger than the lower ones, which are coffee-brown ; pro-
boscis about as long as height of head, yellow ; palpi very small,
yellow, with a long bristle at the tips ; antennae bright pale

Pig. 24. — Syneches inrmaculatus, Brim., wing.

yellow, with a very long bisinuate drooping black arista. Thorax
bright brownish yellow, with a few sparse hairs and four bristles
towards posterior margin ; scutellum coucolorous, with two long
apical bristles ; metanotum concolorous ; sides of thorax also, an
irregular elongate dark brown spot or streak from the shoulder
to the base of the wings. Abdomen wholly black, with a little
black pubescence on upper- and undersides ; genitalia small. Legs
yellow ; fore femora a little brown above, with short golden-

* Rec. Incl. Mus. ix, p. 17", list of Oriental species and notes, p. 16.

SYNECHES. 329

yellow pubescence; all the tibife with a row of well-separated
long stiff dark hairs, Win</s pale grey, uii marked except for the
distinct brownish-yellow stigma; halteres brown.

Len</th, 4 mm.

Described from one 6 in the Indian Museum from Peradeniya,
Ceylon, iv.l911 (U. E. Green).

255. Syneches bigoti, Bezzi. (PI. IV, fig. 3.)

Syneches h'goti, Bezzi, Ann. Mas. Hung, ii, p. 360 (1904) ; Biuiietti;

Rec. lud. Mus. ix, p. 16 (1913).
Pterospilus bicoloi; Bigot, Aim. Soc. Ent. France, (6) ix, p. 1 26 (1889),

cJ 2 . Head with eyes closely contiguous in both sexes from
vertex nearly to base of antennse, leaving extremely small vertical
and frontal triangles ; frontal bright brown facets from vertex
to lower margin of eye considerably larger than the hindmost
black ones, the size gradually diminishing; face moderately broad,
blackish, with a little whitish pubescence immediately below base
of antennae; the thi-ee conspicuous ocelli bright brown; vertex
with a row of short black bristly hairs ; antennae wholly brownish
yellow, 1st and 2nd joints sometimes darker, the 2nd with a fringe
of black bristles towards tip ; arista pale yellow, more than twice
as long as antenna) ; epistome, proboscis, and palpi bright brownish
yellow, the last with two or more long bristles and a row of short
stiff hairs ; occiput black, with a little pubescence. Thorax wholly
bright yellowish brown, with three well-separated, moderately
wide, more or less distinct darker stripes from anterior to pos-
terior margins; the whole dorsum with very short black pubescence.
Scutellum varying from pale yellow to yellowish brown, with a
row of short black bristles on hind margin. Ahdovien brownish
yellow ; hind margins and sides of segments more or less blaclush,
with yellow pubescence at sides. In the $ the abdomen more
yellowish grey, rather broader basally, conical at tip, and shorter
in S • Venter from pale yellow to yellowish brown ; genitalia in
S of moderate size. Legs : anterioi- pairs pale brownish yellow,
sometimes the anterior femora or anterior legs wholly much
darker; hind legs always darker than anterior pairs, normally with
a very broad darker brown subapical i)and on femora, sometimes
a similar basal brown band, but less distinct ; sometimes the hind
femora entirely darker brown ; hind tibise darker brown, basal
and apical thirds usually darker still ; hind tarsi pale yellowish,
tips of all tarsal joints brownish. Hind femora with soft, black,
moderately long pubescence and a row of 8-9 long bristles on
outer side and a row of about twelve short socketed spines below ;
anterior legs with soft short ])ubescence on femora and tibite and
hind tibiae also; a row of long stiff hairs below femora and some
isolated ones placed apparently irregularly on the tibiae. Winc/s
pale grey ; veins brown, but pale yellow on some of the non-
infuscated parts and contiguous to the stigma ; these infuscations
are somewhat irregular in outline and of more or less distinctness,

330

EMPID.^.

and occur as follows : ia the middle of the wing (narrowly) from
costa to discal cell, along basal pai't of 5tli longitudinal vein,
and to a slight degree along many of the other veins, at tip of
2nd vein (where there is often a short appendix), and a slight
but usually obvious limited suffusion at the wing-tip ; stigma
very large, deep black, round or slightly oval ; halteres brownish
yellow.

Ltwjtli^ 4-5.4 mm.

Redescribed from two males and several females in the Indian
Museum: Margherita, Assam: Peradeniya, i. 1911; Kandv,
V. 1910 ; Pallode, S. India, 15. xi. 190S '{AnnandaU) ; Pavam-
bikulaiii. Cochin State, 1700-3200 ft., 16-24. ix. 1914 {Gravely).

256. Syneches insequalis, Bmn.

Syneches inceqimlis, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 18 (1913).

S ■ Head with occiput dark grey ; proboscis about as ioiig as
head; antenme blackish grey, arista considerably pubescent.
Tliorax shining black. Abdomen dull blackish grey (if viewed from
in front it appears a lighter grey), grej'ish towards tip ; pale hairs
laterally. GenitaHa comparatively large, apparently normally
formed. Leys wiioUy j'^ellowish, except tips of femora, which are
exceedingly narrowly black ; legs softly and distinctly pubescent,
the tibiae with three or four long stiff bristly liairs on each. Wings
pale brownish yellow ; stigma oval, indistinct, of moderate size.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single c5' in the Indian Museum from Kiir-
seoDg, 3. viii. 190S (Annandale).

257. Syneches minutiis, Bmn.

Syjipches minutiis, Brunetti, Itec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 20 (1913).

(S . Head with upper facets of eyes large, reddish ; lower ones
nearly black, much smaller ; vortex and occiput black ; three dis-
tinct small yellowish ocelli: antennae brown, pale if viewed from
above, as is also the arista ; proboscis light brownish yellow, a
little longer than the head. Thorax very highly arched ; dark
blackish brown, a little shining; seen from certain directions the
hinder half has a brown-dusted tinge; some long stiff hairs laterally.
Sciitellum w ith a distinct brown or brownish-grey tinge, and with
long stiff hairs. Abdomen blackish brown, with some dark hairs ;
genitalia black, apparently normally shaped and of moderate size.
Legs pale brownish yellow ; coxte and sometimes extreme base of
anterior femora and extreme tips of tarsi dark ; legs almost bare
except for one or two long stiff" hairs on tibia?. Wings pale brown,
stigma imperceptible, halteres black.

Length, 2 ram.

Described from four d 6 in the Indian Museum from the
westerti base of the Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, 1-2. iii. 190S
{Annandah).

SYXECUBS. 331

258. Syneches rusticus, Jirtnt.

Syneches rustims, Bvuiietti, Rec. lud. Mus. ix, p. 20 (1013).
S . Head : eyes witli upper facets red, the lower smaller ones
coffee-brown ; three large ocelli, pale yellow and very distinct ;
antennae blackish grey, ord joint and the ratlier thick arista paler;
proboscis longer than head. Thorax black, only a little shining ;
souie stiff hairs laterally and on posterior margin oE scutellum;*
viewed from a low angle at the sides, the anterior part of the
mesonotnm appears brown-dusted, yihdomen uniformly dark
blackish brown, with yellowish-brown hairs laterally ; genitalia
concolorous, inconspicuous. Legs yellowish, pubescent; coxaj,
major ])art of anterior femora, tips of all femora (very narrowly),
and apical half of all tarsi, black ; hind femora with a row of staffer
long hairs below. Wings distinctly brown, but not deeply so,
highly iridescent ; stigma ill-defined but distinct ; halteres blackish
brown.

Length, 3^ mm.

Described from one S in the Indian Museum taken *bv me at
Darjiling, 26. v. 1910.

259. Syneches palliditarsis, Bnm. (PI. IV, fig. 4.)
Si/necltes paUiditarsis, Brunetti, Rec. Lid. Mus. ix, p. IS (1913).

2 . Head black ; the narrow face a little grey-dusted ; e_yes-
above antennse absolutely contiguous, the upper facets reddish
brow n, the lower facets, which are much smaller, darker brown ;
proboscis shining brown, projecting considerably beyond head (in
one specimen twice as long as head) ; palpi very short, nearly
black; antennae moderately liglit brown. Thorax shining black;
when viewed from certain directions it appears distinctly dusted
with brownish grey; the anterior part bai'e ; souie long soft hairs
on posterior half and on scutellum, on the margin of which is a
row of long stiff hairs. Abdomen black, a little shining, with
brownish-yellow hairs, which are a little more plentiful than in
the other Indian species of this genus. A peculiar feature in this
species is the presence on the underside of the 5th segment of
two parallel rows, placed longitudinally a short distance apart,
of long soft golden yellow hairs. Genitalia elongate. Legs dark
brown or blackish; tibiae and tarsi mainly brownish yellow, but
base of former and tips of latter darker ; femora with rather
copious long soft hairs ; tibia; with similar hairs, less regular and
not so long, and with a row of longer stiffer hairs ; first two joints
of tarsi with two longer stiff hairs at their tips. Wings brownish
grey, darker anteriorly; stigma brown, oval, moderately large;
halteres dark brown.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from three $ $ in the Indian Museum taken at
Sukna, 500 ft., base of Darjiling Hills (^Annandale), 2. viii. 1908-
{type) and 1. vii. 1908.

* Most of tiie bristly hairs are broken f)ff, and therefore cannot be described
with exactitude.

332 BMPiMi:.

The palpi in St/neches are tlieoretically of a length approachiiig
that of the proboscis, but in this species they are quite short,
certainly not a iifth part as long as the proboscis. It should,
perhaps, constitute the type of a new genus.

260. Syneches fratellus, Bnm.

SijnecJiesfrateUus, Jjnuietti, Eec. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 18 ^191o).

5 . Very like S. jxiUiditarsix, Brun., but quite distinct. Eyes
and antennre wholly black. Abdomen without the two fringes of
yellow hairs on venter, and the dorsal pubescence of the abdomen
is more whitisli than yellow. The legs have only the tarsi and
extreme tips of the tibise yellow, the reniaider being black. The
wings are nearly clear. It is a much smaller species.

LciKjth, 2^ mm.

One 5 i" fliG Indian Museum from Bhowali, Kumaoa Distr.,
5700 ft., 29. vi. 1910 {A. 1). Imms).

261. Syneches insignis, Bnin.

Syneches msiijnis, Bnmetti, IJec. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 19 (1913).

rj . Head witli occiput blackish grey ; proboscis yellowish on
apical half ; eyes with upper facets much larger than lower ones ;
iiutennal 1st joint black (remainder missing). Tliorax blackish
grey, with microscopic brownish-grey pubescence and soft black
hairs Aariously disposed ; humeral calU black, shining, rather

Fig. 25. — Syneches iimynis, Brim., wing.

prominent, yet small; remainder of thorax, with scutelluni and
metanotum, blackish ; the scutelluni with at least two long bristly
hairs. Abdomen blackish, with a slight deep blue tinge and sparse
pale pubescence. Legs black, with a slight deep blue tinge :
anterior knees, tips of anterior tibiae, and all the tarsi whojlv
yellowish ; the middle tibife brown. All the legs with soft black
pubescence; hiud femora considerably thickened, a row of small
teeth and a row of isolated long stiff bristly hairs on underside.
Winc/s grey; stigma very large, quite circular, dark brown, placed
in the rather distinct curve downwards taken by the 2nd longi-
tudinal vein.

Lene/th, 2| mm.

Described from one 6 in the Indian Museum from Bhowali,
Kumaon Distr., 5700 ft., 2. vii. 1910 (A. J). Imms).

syxEcnjcs. — svxbyas. 333

262. Syneches fuscipennis, sp. iio\ .

J . Head with upper eye-facets bright reddish brown, lower
cues dark coffee-brown; vertex blackish; frons very small, dark,
shining; face very narrow, dark grey; proboscis brownish yellow,
barely reacliing as far as tip of anteimaj ; palpi moderately long,
browiiisli yellow ; antenntu brownish yellow, 3rd joint brown,
with a long bristle on upperside and very long dark arista which
is yellowish at base ; occipnt blackish, very concave, with some
long hairs on lower half. Thorax subglobular, dorsum hemi-
spherical, dark brown, moderately shining, almost bare; scutelluiu
concolorous, with a row of stiff hairs on hind margin. Abdomen
dull black, with moderately long and soft black pubescence;
genitalia concolorous. Legs : coxte, anterior femora (except at
tips), hind femora, and tarsi black ; remainder of legs yellow.
Pubescence rather long and moderately dense ; a row of longer
hairs on upper and outer sides of anterior tibiae, and three long
bristles on outer side of middle tibije; pubescence on underside
of hind femora a little longer, and on hinder side of hind tibiae
towards tips conspicuously longer and denser ; a row of 6-7 short
blunt, teeth below hind femora on apical halt. Wings greyish
brown ; venation nornuil ; halteres yellowish, with black clubs.

Lenf/th, about 'S^ mm.

Described from a single (^ in the Indian Museum from Tale-
wadi, near Castle Kock, X. Kanara Distr., 3-10. x. 1916 (Kemp).

Genus SYNDYAS, Ltv.
Si/ndyas, Loew, Ufv. K. Vet.-Akad. Furb. xiv, p. 369 (1857).

Gexotype, Sijndyas Ojxtca, Lw. (S. Africa) ; by Coquillett's
designation (1910).

The character in which this genus differs from Hyboa is the
indistinctness of that portion of tlie 4th longitudinal vein dividing
the two basal cells. From SijnecJtes it differs in the same way,
and by the origin ol the 2nd vein being more remote from the
humeral cross-vein.

No specimen of the genus has come before me, only one Asiatic
species having been recorded.

263. Syndyas parvicellulata, Bezzi.

Si/ndi/(is inirvicelMata, Bezzi, Ann. Mas. Hung-, ii, p. 321, fig. 1
■(1904).

$ . Head round ; eyes above antennae contiguous, barely
separated below bv an extremely narrow shining black space;
upper facets hardly larger than lower ones ; proboscis short,
horizontal ; palpi black, slender, bare ; ocellar bristles yellowish,
very slender ; antennae wholly black, 3rd joint oval, acuminate,
with rather long, ^ery thin arista. Thorax moderately convex,
very bright, with whitish hairs ; dorso-central bristles very weak.

334 EMriD.i.

]i.ile, only the posterior ones a little stronger. Scutellum with
two bristles ; halteres and squamae blaclc, fringed. Ahdomen
slender, acuminate, black, moderately shining, with a sliglit
purplish tinge and pale hairs, wliich ai-e soniewliat longer on the
venter ; lamella? of ovipositor prominent, blackish brown, with
black hairs. Legs': middle pair shining black, with pale pubes-
cence and short bristles ; middle tibiae on outer side witti a row
•of five bristles of equal length ; posterior tibite clavate at tip,
with short bristles on outer side ; tarsi with sparse, rather long
bristles ; posterior femora a little longer than tibia?, hardly in-
crassate, Avith rather weak short bristles below. Wings clear,
strongly iridescent, Avith weak pale veins; stigma absent ; discal
cell extremely small, placed in middle of wing.

Length, 2i-3 mm. ; wing, 2-2'5 mm.

Two females from Colombo, 28. ii. 1902, and one exactly similar
from Sattelberg, Huon Gulf, Papua, v. 1899.

Very closely allied to S. nitida, Lw., from South Africa. Bezzi

notes the difference in size of the discal cell as separating his

from Loew's species. The form and relative positions of the

bases of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins are also different in

he two species, according to the figures.

Genus HARPAMERUS, Big.

Harpamerus, Bigot, Rev. xMag. Zool. (2) xi, p. 301 (1859).

" Near Hghos. Head conical, short ; proboscis erect, mode-
rately long ; palpi pori'ect, cylindrical, tip with long bristle.
Antenna? short ; two basal joints narrow and inconspicuous ; 3rd
rounded, as long as 1st, compressed ; style long, bare, apical.
Hind femora incrassate, iniderside with long spines iucrassated at
their bases. Wings with anal cell large, closed on hind margin
of wing."

264. Harpamerus signatus. Big.

Harpamerus signatus, Bigot, llev. Mag. Zool. (2) xi, p. 806 (1859).

" c? $ . Testaceous : abdomen brown at tip. Thorax brown,
with three dark stripes. Proboscis pale; palpi brownish. Legs
testaceous ; hind legs brown ; all tarsi pale testaceous or whitish,
Avith black tips. Wings subhyaline, veins infuscated Avitli
broAvnish ; stigma hemispherical, brown. Ceylon."

Length, 6 mm.

Genus ACARTERUS, Lw.

Acarterus, Loew, Ofv. Iv. Yet.-Akad. Furli. xv, p. 340 (1858) ; id.,
Dipt. Fauna Slid-Afr. p. 262 (I860;.

Genotype, Acarterus imicolor. Lav. (S. Africa).

Third antennal joint broad, shortly conical, with a straight bare

ACAETERUS. 335

apical bristle. Proboscis porrect, horizontal : palpi linear. Legs
simple ; bind femora not incrassated or spined below. Wings
with 2nd longitudinal vein originating irom near base of 1st vein ;
basal cells subequal.

Ranr/e. Only three species were till recently known, from India
{pallipi's), Java, and South xVfrica, respectively.

Tlie two Indian species may thus be separated : —

Larger species, 4'7 to ."> mm. ; wings clenr . . pallipes, Bezzi.
(Smaller species, 3 mm. ; wings brownish . . fascipennis, Brim.

12(35. Axarterus pallipes, Bezzi.

AcaHerus pr/Uijjes, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 335 (1904).

c? 2 ' J^ead : " Eyes large, flattened above, upper facets dis-
tinctly larger than lower ones ; ocellar tubercle large, with two
bristles ; occipital margin with short fine hairs. Proboscis hori-
zontal, moderately long, acuminate, shining yellow, darker at base;
palpi rather small. Antennae short, wlioll^'^ clear yellow ; 3rd
joint rounded, somewhat acuminate in front, with a very fine
long bristle above near base ; arista nearly subapical, long, fine.
Thorax moderately arched, hnmp-backed, black ; humeral calli
and from wing-base to scutellum dirty yellow, not shining ; in
certain lights a light reddish toinentum is visible ; the somewhat
long acrostichal bristles arranged in four rows ; some long hairs
posteriorly ; scutellum with 10 to 12 dusky yellow bristles on
liind margin; haltei'es large, witli brown clubs ; squamae yellow,
with a white fringe. Abdomen acuminate, velvet-black, quite
opaque, wit h rather long pale hairs ; male genitalia small, but of
characteristic shape; the two lateral lamella forming a kind
of forceps, with the branches bent inwards towards the tip. Legs
all clear yellow, with the tarsi not darkened, not even at the tip,
but only the claws black, and rather long and slender ; hind
femora not at all incrassate, without bristles or long hairs, bearing-
only short, fine pubescence. Wings clear, a little yellowish at
base ; stigma elongate, moderately pale, especially iu 5 ; veins
pale yellow."

Length, 4*7-5 mm. ; wings, o"9-4 mm.

Two males and a female from Bombay, 18. vii. 1902.

Types in the Hungarian Museum.

266. Acarterus fuscipennis, Bmn. (PI. IV, fig. 5.)

Acarterusfusclpennis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 21 (1913).

d . Head with eyes wholly contiguous, the upper facets much
larger than the lower ones, bright reddish brown ; proboscis
reddish yellow, as long as the height of the head ; palpi brownish
yellow, very small: antennae brownish, with long ai'ista; back of
head blackish. Thoni.v dull black, highly arched, with a few
hairs ; a few lateral long stiff hairs, also some towards posterior

336 EMPID.Ew

inari^iii ; sides similarly coloured or dark grey: scutellum with
a t'riuge oF long dark liairs. Abdomen black, scarcely pubescent ;
venter a little pale. Legs bright light brownish yellow, a little
inibesceiit ; coxje and basal half of femora black ; tarsi-tips
blackish. Underside of hind femora and outer side of posterior
tibiae with a few long stiff liairs. Wings brownish, stigma darker
brown ; halteres large, black.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two S d" taken by Mr. E. E. Green at Pera-
deniya, Ceylon, vi. 1910 {tgpe in Indian Museum), and v. 1911 (in
Mr. Grreen's collection).

Genus HYBOS, %.

IL/bos. Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 269 (1803).

Genotype, Musca grossipes, L. (Europe).

Head small, subspherical ; eyes occupjing practically all the
front side of tlie head, contiguous in both sexes from vertex to
antennae, upper facets (c? $ ) larger than lower ones, demarcated
by an impressed line ; three ocelli on the extremely small, promi-
nent vertex. ; epistome small, cheeks absent, the eyes extending
downwards to oral opening. Proboscis not longer than height of

Fig. I&.—Hijhos apich, Brim.

head, directed horizontally forwards ; palpi comparatively long,
1-jointed. Antennae adjacent at base, inserted (seen in profile)
at middle of head, 3-jointed: 1st and 2nd joints short, 1st
more or less cylindrical, 2nd subglobular, \Aith bristles ; 3rd oval,
longer than 2nd, with long arista, which may be pubescent on
ba^al portion. Thorax rectangular, strongly arched or humped ;
dorsum with more or less distinct short stiff hairs arranged
approximately in dorso-central and acrostichal rows ; two noto-
pleural (plus sometimes a third weaker oue) and some postalar
bristles ; metapleura bare. Scutellum with two stronger and

HYBOS. 837

some smaller marginal bristles. Abdomen subcylindrical, slightly
curved, slightly pubescent, of eight segments, the eighth often
more or less hidden, the 2nd longest dorsally ; genitalir^ asym-
metrical ; ovipositor terminating in two small styliform lamellEe.
Legs ot" moderate length, hind pair rather longer ; hind femora
slightly thickened and with rows of spines below ; anterior tibite
generally with apical spurs. Legs considerably pubescent, the
juale in some species with long characteristic hairs on anterior
tibiae and tarsi. Einpodium small, iiarrow, ending in a long
bristle. Winr/s well developed, comparatively broad ; axillary
lobe distinct ; 3rd vein simple ; upper branch of 4th vein simple ;
discal cell present ; anal cell longer than 2nd basal cell, its
posterior angle acute ; anal vein weak, attaining margin of wing ;
stigma normally present.

liantjc. Europe, Asia, the Orient, Egypt, Natal, North and
South America, Australia.

L[fe-li islor)/ unknown.

The perfect insects inhabit low bushes and ground-plants in
lunnid and shady situations.

Table of Sjiecies.

1. Leg's partly or wholly distinctly yellow

or browiiisli yellow 2.

Legs wholly black or dark brown ; no

definite yellow parts 5.

2. Legs wholly pale yellow 3.

Legs not wholly yellow 4.

3. Venter yellowish; scutellum black; a

greyish depression laterally in front

of scutellum hisetosus, liezzi, p. 338.

Venter black ; scutellum )n-ownisli yel-
low ; no gTeyish depression temiijyes, Brun.,* p. 338.

4. Stigma absent ; anterior tibise, hind

knees broadly and all tarsi, yellow . . riacjatiims, Big., p. 339.

Stigma present o.

'). Middle tibiaj, tips of middle femora, and
most of midille tarsi yellow ; length
3-0- mm ajna's, Brun., p. 340.

Fore tibitf, tips of hind femora, and base

of hind tibiae yellow ; length 2^ mm. . genmdatus, Wulp, p. 340.
(). Larger species, at least 5 mm. long .... 7.

Smaller species, 2 to 3^ nmi. long .... 8.
7. Thorax sinning blackish, with two in-
distinct dorsal stripes ; wings nearly
clear ; hind tarsi without golden-
yellow pubescence below nujer, Brun., p. 340.

Thorax blackish grey, imstriped : wings
pale brownish grey; Jiind tarsi with
conspicuous golden-yellow pubescence
below auripes, Brun., p. 34L

* May be synonymous with hisetosus, Bezzi, the distinguishing characters
being conceivably within the variation of a single species.

Z

338 EMPiD.i;.

8. Wings pale grey or clear ; stigma in-

distinct or absent 9.

Wings distinctly brown, at least an-
teriorly and basally ; stigma large and
distinct nitens, Brun., p. 341.

9. Palpi black 10.

Palpi yellow Jlavipalpis, Brun.. p. 342.

10. Legs black ; length 3| mm iiigronitidus, Brun., p. 342,

Legs moderately dark brown ; length

2-2" mm brunnipes, Brun., p. 343.

267. Hybos bisetosus, Bezzi.

Hyhos bisetosus, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 324 (1904).

" d $ . A very distiuct species, cljaracterised especially by the
slender, entirely pale legs.

'■'■Head with eyes wholly contiguous in both sexes, upper facets
larger than lower ones ; proboscis horizontal, as long as palpi,
dull yellow, more or less int'uscated ; occipital margin with a
oii'clet of bristles ; antennse black or brown, 3rd joint elongate
oval, thin, with moderately long arista. Thorax moderately
convex, rather brilliant black ; anterior margin, pleurae, and the
broad depression in front of the scutellum covered with grey
tomentum ; scutellum rounded, with grey tomentum. A long
presutural bristle, two pairs of long dorso-central ones ; two well-
separated rows of short feeble acrostichal bristles, which are not
easily visible ; scutellum with two bristles, Squamae and halteres
3'ellow. Abdomen shining black, with yellowish venter and pale,
moderately long pubescence, obtuse at tip in both sexes, but
rather larger in the male, in which the genitalia are large and
rounded. Lecjs rather slender, especially hind femora, which are
elongate but hardly incrassate. All legs pale yellow, except tips
of tarsi and the hind femora towards tips, which are somewhat
darkened, especially on upper side. Pubescence whitish ; fore
tibiae on anterior side near middle with a rather long bristle ;
middle pair with two very long and strong bristles at the middle,
one on the outer and one on the inner side ; middle tibiae also
with other shorter bristles at the middle and tip ; hind pair quite
incrassate at tip, and ciliated on outer side with short hairs ; hind
femora armed below with a row of seven or eight long strong
black bristles. Wings narrow, hyaline, rather iridescent ; stigma
hardly distinguishable from a pale cloud.

" Nine males, eight females, Matheran, 800 metres, 8. vii. 02
{Biro):' (Bezzi.)

Tijpes in the Hungarian Museum.

1208. Hybos teniiipes, Bnm. (PI. lY, figs. 7, 8.)

Hyhos fenuipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 13 (1913).

<S . Bead black ; upper eye-facets red, and much larger than
the lower ones, which are black ; antennae black, arista four times

iiYBos. 339

<is long as 3rd joint, and distinctly pubescent for the basal two-
tliii'ds, the remaiuder quite bare. Thorax' black, shining, sides
aud metanotum similar; scutellum broad, brownish yellow, the
colour extending to the posterior angles of tbe thoracic dorsum.
Abdomen dark brown, with pale pubescence ; venter similar.
Le(/s pale yellow. Foro tibite with a single long bristle in the
nuddle ; middle tibise with two such, one at one-third of its
length on the outer side, the other just before the middle on the
underside ; hind femora witli a row of five rather long bristles on
apical fourth of underside, a long thin bristle in the middle, with
two long stiff hairs placed equidistantly between this central
bristle aud the base ; remainder of legs with short pubescence.
IVings pale grey, inclining to yellowish on the costa ; stigma
indistinct : halteres yellow.

LengtJi, 3 mm.

Described from a 6 in the Indian Museum from Kurseong,
27. vi. 1910 (Aamiiul(cJe).

This is probably Bezzi's bisctosiis, but I do not like to sink it
definitely until further specimens of both species have been
compared.

.2(')0. Hybos gagatinus, Bi<j, (PI. IV, tig. 6.)

Hijhos (jcujutlna, Bigot, Ami. Soc. Ent. France, (G) ix, p. 127 (1889).
H>jhos ycKjafinm, JJruiietti, Rec. lud. 3Iiis. ix, p. 15 (1913).

S . Head with eyes reddish brown ; proboscis blackish (broken
-off); antenuse blackish grey, with a very long arista;* occiput
black. Thorax shining black ; a pre-alar bristle, one or two on
the pleurae, and two nearly erect, widely separated, scutellar
-bristles ; lower part of thorax dirty brownish grey (not bluish
grey, as noted by me previously). Abdomen aud venter blackish.
Legs moderately dark shining brown ; anterior tibiae, the hind
knees broadly, and all tarsi, light brownish yellow. Legs shortly
but distinctly pubescent ; middle tibiae with two long bristles on
upper half of outer side, two similar apical ones and also two
i-ather long, but more slender ones on distal half of hinder side ;
4ill femora with a row of stiff long hairs below: hind femora with
n row of well-separated long bristles below, also a row of stout,
very sliort-socketed spines; front metatarsus with three long
isolated stiff hairs, in addition to the rather dense, short, ordinary
■pubescence. Wm<is clear, very iridescent ; 6th longitudinal vein
•rather faint ; halteres yellowish.

Length, -4 ram.

Redescribed from the unique type in the Indiau Museum from
Margherita, Assam.

* In my note on this species {vide I, c.) it was erroneaiisly stated that the
antenniB were missing, as on closer inspection it is fonnd tliat one of them is
still wholly intact, though pressed closo against the somewhat damaged head.

340

EMPID^E.

270. Hybos apicis, Bnm.

Hybos apicis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 12 (191 3).

S . Head black; proboscis and ])alpi light brown., shining;
ocular orbits narrowly brown, underside of antenna^ pale. Thorax
wholly shining black ; bristly hairs as in nigronitidns. Ahdomen
black, moderately shining; a few pale hairs at sides; genitalia
shining black. Legs moderately dark brown, hind femora blackish
brown ; tips of midtlle femora, wliole of middle tibise, and major
part of middle tarsi pale yellowish brown; lips of hind femora

Fig. 27. — Hyhos apicis, Brun., wing.

rather broadly, base of hind tibiae less broadly, and hind tarsi
wholly (except tips) pale yellowish brown. Bristly hairs as in
nigronitidns. Wings nearly ckar ; stigma oval, brown ; halteres
brownish yellow.

LengtJt, 3| mm.

Described from one S in the Indian M?iseum from the western
base of the Dawna Hills, Lower Burma, ].iii. 1908 {Amiandale).

271. Hybos geniculatus, THf^p.

Hybos yenicidata, Wulp, Termes. Fiizet. xxii, p. 1.37 (1897).

"J. Shining black ; antennae l)lack, 3rd joint nearly elliptical,,
not longer than 2nd, arista longer than antennae. lUiora.r
especially shining. Ahdomen with a slight purple tint. Le(/s:
black, with yellowisii tarsi, darker at tips ; fore tibiae yellowish ;
tips of hind femora and base of hind tibiae reddish vcllow.
lialteres whitish. Wings grey, with brownish stigma. One
male, Kandy, March. Length 2| mm." (van der WvJj^.)

Tgpe in the Hungarian National Museiun.

272. Hybcs niger, Brim.

Hybos 7iiyer, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 12 (1913).

5 . Head black ; eyes with upper facets distinctly though not
greatly larger than lower ones, both blackish brown, but with
tinges of red in the former; occiput dark brownish grey, ocuhu*^
orbit with a fringe of black, well-separated luiiis, vertex with
two long bristly hairs ; anteniue, proboscis, and palpi all black,
the latter as long as the proboscis. Thorax blackish, shininir,
tending to greyish towards the sides, anterior margin, and
shoulders ; two narrow well-separated inconspicuous grey dorsal
.stripes. Dorsum with soft short hairs, and, viewed from
certain directions, with brownish tomentose reflections ; some-

IIYBOS. 341

'longer bristly hairs in tlie usual situations. Scutellum cou-
<;olorous, with two long bristles and some sliort stiff hairs ;
pleurae and metanotuni moderately dark grey. Abdomen blackish,
with a moderate amount of pale pubescence, venter simikar. Legs
r\holly black ; anterior tibiae with long stiff bristly hairs ; hind
femora with a row of small teeth below, each bearing a strong
bristle. Wings nearly clear ; stigma distinct but not sharply
delined, brown, filling nearly the apical half of the marginal cell
-and extending to the costa ; halteres bright yellow.

Length, 5^ ram.

Described from a single 5 in the Indian Museum from
Knrseong, 2G. vi. 1910 (Annandale).

.273. Hybos auripes. Bran.

Hijbos auripes, Bruiietti, Kec. lud. Mas. ix, p. 14 (1913).

(S 2 . Head black ; proboscis ]iot much longer than head,
tipped with brownish yellow ; palpi rather long, pubescent.
Thorax blackish grey, when seen from certain directions, with
SI brownish-grey dust ; sides dark grey. (Bristles on thorax
broken off, but from those remaining apparently consistent with
the arrangement in the other s])ecies lierein described.) Abdomen
blackish grey, with a brownish cinereous dust ; a tew pale hairs
.at the sides ; genital organs in c? large, robust, conspicuous,
consisting of an upper and lower thick cup-shaped piece, the
former ending in two narrow blunted hairy points, the latter
ending in two short obtuse bare points, the two pieces together
enclosing a large ventral chamber in wbicli are some smaller
intermediate processes of a yellow colour, the whole of the
genitalia, otherwise, being black, with stiff black hairs on the
outside. In the § the organs are small, pale, and inconspicuous.
Z/^f/s black, pubescent ; hind femora with a row of about twenty
small teeth on underside, each beai-ing a short spine, in addition,
.a row of long stiff bristles ; anterior tibiae with at least two long
bristles on inner and two on outer side of each ; tarsi black, with
pale hairs on underside, those on underside of hind pair golden
yellow, and a little golden-3'ellow hair at the tips of the hind
tibiae on the underside. Wings pale brownish grey 5 stigma oval,
brown, not vei'y conspicuous ; halteres yellow.

Length, o mm.

Described from a type J from the Botanical Gardens, Dar-
jiling, 12. viii. 1909 (Paiva), and a type 5 from Kurseong,
7. ix, 1909 (Annandale), both specimens in the Indian Museum.

^74. Hybos nitens, Brun.

Hybos nitens, Biunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 13 (1913).

$ . This species has considerable general resemblance to both
brunnipes, Brun., and fuscipennis, Brun. The head is dull black,
including the very short proboscis, the palpi, and the antennae.
Body shining black, with soft, rather numerous pale hairs. Legs
••very dark brown, nearly black, with distinct though rather short

342 empim;.

pale pubescence. Wings distinctly brown, paler on apical aiid
posterior parts ; stigma very distinct and large, dark brown ;
venation normal; halteres brown.

Lengthy 2 mm.

Described from one $ in the Pasa collection taken at Pusa,.
April 1908.

Ti/jye in the British Museum.

B. nitens is distinguished from hnmiiq^es by the vex'y brown
wings and conspicuous large stigma, by the nearly black legs, and
especially by the very shining black thorax and abdomen.

From fuscipennis it is separated by the shining black thorax
and abdomen, the black proboscis, the very dark legs, and its-
smaller size, 2 mm. as compared with 3 mm.

275. Hybos flavipalpis, Brtin.

Hyhusflavlpaljns, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 14 (1913).

(S . Head: eyes with upper facets much smaller than usual, but
larger than lo\Aer ones ; antennae black ; proboscis black, shining;
palpi yellowish ; occiput blackish, with a row of \^ell- separated ,.
curved, stiff black hairs, placed some distance behind the eye-
margins ; two bristles on vertex. Thorax shining black, stiff
bristly liairs laterally towards posterior margins and two on the
shilling black scutellum. Abdomen black, moderately shining,,
with rather long and ragged, yellowish-grey hairs at the sides.
Tip of abdomen enlarged ; genitalia very large, black, shining,.
with some Mhitish soft hairs. Legs mainly black, but anterior
tibiae and tarsi more nearly dark brown ; hind tibia? distinctly
brown towards tips, and slightly enlarged there ; hind tart^i also
distinctly brown. All the legs normally minutely pubescent,
tibiae with several long stiff bristly hairs on outer side ; hind
femora with two rows of small teeth below, bearing bristles. Wwgs
pale grey ; stigma pi'esent but weak, brownish ; halteres yelloAV.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from one 6 in the Indian Museum from Ivurseong,.
25. vi. 1910 {Annandale).

276. Hybos nigronitidiis, Bimn.

Hyhos 7ii(/ronitidus, Brunetti, IJec. lud. Wus. ix, p. 11 (1913).

S $ . Head black ; occiput tinged \\i\\x dark grej' ; proboscis
almost as long as length of head, palpi nearly as long. Thorax
shining black, beset with microscopic retidish liairs ; sides of
thorax a little greyish, but not at all conspicuously so. Two
or three stiff bristly hairs about the base of the wing and one
stiff hair on each humerus ; a few of unequal length placed in a
row on endi side of the median line, and at least two of these (the
two hindmost) of considerable size ; two also at tip of the con-
I'olorous scutellum ; both thorax and scutellum bear irregularly
placed softer liairs. Ahdomen shining black, in certain lights with
a little greyish reflection; a little black pubescence in J; in 5'

HYBOS. PAEAllYBOS. 343

the liairs brown and more numerous; genitalia sliiniiig black.
Legs black, shortly pubescent ; femora \\\t\\ a row of stiff hairs
below, most conspicuous on hind pair ; tibiae with some stiff hairs,
including two at tip ; knees narrowly brown ; underside of tarsi
with pale hairs. Wings pale grey, highly iridescent ; venation
noi'mal ; stigma small, pale brown, sometimes hardly perceptible;
halteres yellow.

Length, 'd\ nnn.

Described from one S and three $ 2 in the Indian Museum :
type cJ from Sukiia, 500 ft., 1. A'ii. lOOi [Annandcde) ; type 5 from
Darjiling, 29. v, 1910 (Bmnetti) ; two additional 5 2 from Kur-
seoiig, 7-8. vii. 1908 ; Darjiling, 7000 ft., 8.viii. 1909 {Jenkins).

277. Hybos brunnipes, Bmn.

Hi/bos brunnipes, Briuietti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ix, p, 12 (1913).

S • Head blackish ; anteunte wholly dark brown. Thorax black,
moderately shining ; viewed in certain lights it appears dusted
with light grey ; two bristly hairs on hind margin of scutellum
(those on the thorax are mostly broken off). Abdomen brownish
black, with pale hairs : genitalia small. Legs moderately dark
brown ; hind femora with soft grey pubescence ; bristly hairs as
in the two preceding species. Wings clear, iridescent ; no stigma ;
halteres yellow.

Length, 2^ mm.

Described from one S iu the Indian Museum from Kurseong,
S.viii. 1908.

Genus PARAHYBOS, Kert.
Parahyhos, Kertesz, Termes. Fiizet. xxii, p. 176 (1899).
Genotype, Parahyhos iridipennis, Kert. (Papua).

This genus differs from Hghos only by the subapical arista, the
less humped thorax, and the uuthickened hind femora. It is also
closely allied to Acarterus, Lw., althougli this latter technically
falls into a different section of the subfamily.

Only one species is Indian, but Bezzi has described several
from Formosa.

Bange. India, Java, Formosa, Papua.

278. Parahyhos flavipes, 5ri«)i.

Paraliybos Jlavipes, Brimetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 21 (1913).

S . Head with eyes above reddish, closely contiguous, the lower
facets coffee-brown and much smaller; antennae yellowish, arista
very long, 2nd joint bristly, 3rd with a single bristle above ; face
deeply sunk, greyish. Thorax wholly dull black, with some soft
hairs towards posterior margin and on scutellum, which latter
(with the nietanotum) is concolorous. Abdomen wholly dull, very
dark blackish brown, with pale pubescence. Legs rather bright
browi]isli yellow, except coxae and basal half of femora ; traces of

344 EMPIDyE.

black at tips of femora and tarsi; soft yellow pubescence on legs,
no conspicuous bristly hairs. Wings pale grey ; stigma in-
distinct, brown ; halteres black.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single d in the Indian Museum from Sukna,
base of Darjiling Hills, 1. vii. 1908 (Annandale).

An immature specimen, probably a 2 , from near Bhowali,
Ivuniaon, Western Himalayas, taken by Dr. A. D. Imms,
13. vi. 1910, is apparently this species.

Subfamily EMPIN^.

Eyes normally contiguous or subcontiguous in male, well separated
in female ; in some species narrowly but distinctly separated in
both sexes ; the frons in the male in such cases sometimes, but not
always narrower than in the female. Proboscis varying from a
little shorter than lieight of head to longer than whole body; palpi
1-jointed. Antennse 3-jointed, with two-jointed style.

Thorax of moderate height; metapleura with bristles, except in
Jlilara*

Axillary lobe of wing well developed, except occasionally ; 3rd
longitudinal vein simple or forked, 4th vein forked; lower branch
of 5th longitudinal vein recurrent, approximately parallel with
hind margin of wing, meeting anal vein at an obtuse augle, making
anterior margin of anal cell the longer ; anal vein of vai-ying
length. ]^our posterior cells ; a discal cell; basal cells subequal ;
anal cell shorter than 2nd basal ; squamae small or absent.

Members of this subfamily may be recognised by the elongated,
dowinvardly directed proboscis in conjunction with the lower
branch of the 5th longitudinal vein being parallel to the hind
margin of the wing. It includes the largest species of the family
{Em pis and Ithamphowyia, but both genera include also very small
species).

Table of Geneva.

Third longitudinal vein not forked Ehaaiphomyia, Mg'.,

Third lono-itudinal vein forked. [p. 345.
Auxiliary vein not reaching wing-border;
upper branch of 3rd vein forming a Avider
angle with lower branch, often nearl}'^ at
right angles to it ; fore tarsi in male not
dilated (or at most only very slightly
swollen); metaplem-a with bristles .... Empis, L., p. 347.
Auxiliary vein reaching wing-margin ; upper
branch of 3rd vein forming a smaller angle
with lower branch, sometimes almost
parallel with it; fore tarsi in male dis-
tinctly dilated ;t metaplem-a have Hilara, Mg., p. 357.

Howlettia, Brun., is not included in the table of genera, being
anomalous, but is retained temporarily in this subfamily.

* This exception only refers to the Oriental genera,
t Rare exceptions occur.

RIIAMPIIOMTIA. 345

Geuus RHAMPHOMYIA, My.

Ilacrostomus, Wiedeniaini, Zool. 3Iag'. i, p. oVj (181 7).
Rhamphoinyia, Meigeii, Syst. Bescli. iii, p. Z'2 (18j!2).
Enicojyteri/.r, Stephens, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. ii, p. 264: (1829),
UliampJwmyza , Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. p. 562 (1838).
Holoclera, Schiuer, Wien. Ent.'Monats. iv, p. 53 (1860).

Genotype, Empis sulcata, Mg, (Europe) ; by Curtis's designa-
tion.

Tliis geuus differs from Empis mainly in tlie 3rd longitudinal
vein being simple. Tbe eyes are proportionately rather larger, and,
in the case of contiguous eyes, the larger and smaller facets are
more sharply demarcated. The legs, equally as in Empis, show
specific diversity in adornment. Wings sometimes considerably
dilated ; 3rd vein simple ; discal cell sometimes very large and
extended nearly to wing-margin.

Range. World-wide.

Life-history. Beling has desci'ibed the early stages of some
European species. The larva is carnivorous, and hibernates,
changing to the pupa in the following spring or autumn, liham-
pliomyia is generally distributed in the same localities frequented
by Empis, some species hovering in the air or just above water.

It is mainly a temperate zone genus, the Palaearctic and North
American species being very numerous.

Attempts have been made to arrange the species into definite
groups, but without much success.

Table of Species.

Thorax bright brownish yellow ; an oval

black spot on anterior part vnifiisciata, Brun., p. 345.

Thorax grey.

Hind femora with short thick hairs

above and dark brown scales below, liimalayana, Brun., p. 346.
Hind femora apparently with onl}'

microscopic pubescence yriseoniyru, Brun., p. 346.

279. Rhamphomyia unifasciata, Brun.

Rhnmphomyia unifasciata, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 29
(1913).

S . Head placed on a neck of moderate length, blackish. The
1st and 2ud antennal joints rounded, a little broader at the tips,
3rd as long as 1st and 2nd together, elongate-oval ; arista
l)laced at the extreme tip of the dorsal side. Thora.v bright
brownish yellow ; an oval black spot on anterior part of dorsum,
drawn out to a point on anterior mai'gin ; sometimes not narrowed
in front but diminished in intensity, and in some cases extended
posteriorly towards the hind margin ; traces of two narrow lines
from the hinder corners of the spot towards posterior margin,

34G EMPIDJi.

and a trace of a small blackish spot between these lines ; scutellum
concolorous, ratlier wide, a little blackish at the base. Abdomen
shining, dark blackish brown ; venter more or less yellowish ;
genitalia withdrawn. Zcys brownish yellow : tibise and tarsi
barely darker. Whigs very pale grey, nearly clear; stigma pre-
sent, but indistinct ; halteres brownish yellow.

Lengtli, 3 mm.

Described from two c? 6 in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun, 9000 ft., 12. v. 1910 (type) {C. W.
Beehe), and Simla, 12. v. 1908 {Annandale).

2S0. Rhampliomyia himalayana, Brmi.

Hhamphomijia himalayana, Bnmetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 28
(1913).

5 . Head black ; occiput moderately dark grey, with black
hairs ; frons wide, dark gre}" ; three distinct ocelli on vertex, with
a pair of divaricate bristles between the two upper ones ; autennse
black ; proboscis blackish, about as long as the head. Thorax
moderately dark asli-grey, with two median very narrow ^^•bitisll
lines from the anterior margin ; dorsum with short blackish pubes-
cence ; sides, scutellum, and metanotum concolorous. Abdomen
dark grey, with short blackish pubescence; venter siuiilar. Geni-
talia very elongate, terminating in two unusually finger-like
lamellaj. Legs dark browj], ^\ith blackish pubescence; femora and
tibae with a row of stiff liairs ; hind femora \\\{\\ thick short black
hairs above and dark brown scales on lower side ; hind tibi?e with
thickly and more bristly black hairs. Wings pale brownish grey;
stigma absent; halteres yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Matiana,
Simla Distr., SOOO ft., 28-30. iv. 1907 {AnnandaJe).

281. Ehampliomyia griseonigra, Brun.

Ukamphomyia ariseonif/ra, Enmetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 29
(1913).

c? . Head with eyes dark reddi&li brown, upper facets much the
larger; occiput grey, with stiff black hairs; antennsB blackish,
3rd joint elongate, with distinct elongate style; face dark grey;
proboscis blackish, shining, brownish towards tip. Thorax dark
cinereous grey, lighter grey on shoulders and plouras ; the centre
of the dorsum lias a slight brown tinge, with two indistinct longi-
tudinal narrow black stripes. The whole dorsum with short black
stiff hairs irregularly situated and some longer bristly hairs in the
neighbourhood of the wings ; scutellum concolorous, with black
hairs on posterior margin, but apparently no very strong ones :
metanotum dark grey. Abdomen all blackish grey, with very
short black hairs. Tjegs black, shortly black pubescent; tibise with

KlIAMPHOMYIA. EMPIS. 34"

a few stiff black hairs ; hind feinora apparentl^y with only micro-
scopic pubescence ; hind tibia? with soft black bail's on outer side,
becoming longer towards the tips, whei-e these tibiae themselves
are gradually tliickened ; hind metatai'si lengthened and enlarged.

Fig. 28. — Rliamphomyla grhconigra, Bruii., wing.

Whujs pale brown, stigma an indistinct darker brown streak;
halteres dirty brownish yellow.

Lencjth, 4 mm.

Described from a single J from Muudali, 9000 ft., DehraDiin,
12. V. 1010, in the Indian Museum.

Genus EMPIS, L.

Empis, Limiajus, Syst. Nat. lOtli ed. p. 603 (1758).
Platyptera, JMeigen, Illig-. Mag-, ii, p. 269 (1803).
Pachymei-ia , Stephens, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. ii, p. 262 (1829).
Plafypteri/f/ia, Stephens, loc. cif. p. 263.
Pacini inerina,'!slaiCq\\Avt, Hist. Nat. Dipt, i, p. 3.33 (1834).
Urio'f/aster, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, pt. 2, p. 102 (1839).
Hjioplempis, Bigot, Ball. Soc. Ent. France, (5) x, p. 47 (1880).

Genotype, Empis i^^'^nipes, L. (Europe) ; by Latreille's designa-
tion.

Head globular, sometimes elongated or pear-shaped, the occiput
in the latter case subconical ; some bristles and pubescence occur ;
eyes normally contiguous in m:ile, sometimes narrowly separated;
always more or less distinctly separated in female ; in contiguous
eyes, upper facets larger than lower ones, not distinctly demar-
cated ; ocellar tubercle prominent. Proboscis from as long as
height of head to as long as whole length of body, prominent,,
straight, directed downwards; ])alpi 1-jointed, slightly curved.
Antenna? B-jointed, with a distiuct 2- jointed style ; 1st joint longer
or shorter; 2nd short, both more or less bristly; 3rd always the
longest, conically tapering, bare ; first joiut of stvle always very
short, style always bare. Ihorax approximately rectangular,
moderately arched, prothorax distinct. Some weak dorso-central
and sometimes acrostichal bristles present, with distinct but not
strongly-developed bristles on margin of thorax, generally humeral,
post-humeral, uotopleural, supra-alar, and postalar. Scutellum with
two or more marginal bristles. Abdomen cylindrical in male,
broader at base and more tapering posteriorly in female ; 8-seg-
mented, the last sometimes hidclen. Genitalia in male well;
developed, consisting of at least two pairs of appendages ; in

1348 EMPID.E,

iemale, in which sex the last three ahdominal segments are some-
times suddenly contracted, terminating in the usual pair of
styliform lamellae. Legs comparatively slender, rather long, the
femora occasionally thickened, and more rarely the front or hind
metatarsi, or both pairs, more or less dilated ; tibice sometimes
A\ith apical spurs. The ornamentation of tlie legs variable, some
species having fan-like rows of scales or scale-like hairs on the
femora or tibiise, and sometimes on the metatarsi also ; bristles
iind long hairs of specific value often present ; all the legs
ordinarily with short pubescence. Wings : auxiliary vein not
i-eaching mai'gin ; 1st and 2nd longitudinal veins long, 3rd forked
towards tip; upper branch of 4th vein forked at corner of discal
■cell; lower branch of oth vein strongly recurrent, a])proximately
parallel with hind margin of wing, meeting anal vein at a widely
obtuse angle and making anterior margin of anal cell much longer
than posterior one; anal cell much shorter than 2nd basal; anal
vein attaining wing-margin ; discal cell present. Axillary lobe
of wing well developed; squamoe small. The shade of the wing
is often darker in one sex — in some males almost milky,

liange. AV'orld-wide.

Life-Jiistori/. Little definitely known. The larva) live in moist
•earth in Avoods, or less frequently in rotting tree-trunks. They
are amphipneustic, of twelve segments, and of the usual maggot
form. They are said to hibernate.

The species of Empis are generally distributed, but prefer shaded
and somewhat moist situations. Many species occur at times in
vast numbers ; some hover in the air. Presumably all are car-
)iivorous, preying on soft Diptera and small moths. The mating
of some species takes place in the air, and affords a most interesting
study;* others on the surface of water; whilst in other species
the curious fact seems established that the male catches some prey
and presents it to the female, which devours it during copulation,
in one American species a small balloon of minute bubbles is
formed, in which a small dead Hy, presumably pre}^ is enclosed,
the balloon being discarded after copulation.

Table of S2ieeii's.

1. Front tarsi in J' extraordinarily developed, as

long as remainder of front legs ; $ uii- [p. 349.

known ampUtarsis, sp. ii.,

First tarsi in J not extraordinarily developed,

nor as lonp: as remainder of front legs .... 'J. [p. 350.

2. Halteres chalk-white alhohalteralk, sp. n.,

Ilalteies not cbalk-white 3.

3. Upper branch of 4th vein abbreviated 4.

Upper branch of 4th vein reaching wing-margin 0.

* See Hewlett, Ent. Moiitli. Mag. xliii, p. 229; Lundbeck, Dipt. Danica
pt. 3, p. 83; Aldrich, Aiiier. N.itm-. xxxiii, p" 809 ; Hamm, Ent. Month. Mag
<2) xix, p. 18], and (2) xx, pp. 132, 157.

ICMPIS. S^'J

4. Femora and tibia; pennate squama/a, Brnn., *

Femora and tibitB uot pennate 5. Pp. or)2.

5. Auxiliary vein and 1st longitudinal veins [p. 352.

united ceylonica, Bezzi,

Auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins separate, carhonaria, Brun.,

6. Anterior cross-vein between I and middle of [p. Sol-

discal cell 7.

Anterior cross-vein distinctly before .} of discal
cell .' 11.

7. Posterior femora and tibife pennate 8.

Posterior femora and tibiae not pennate .... 10.

8. Hind tibias shortly pennate on basal half

only, in front and behind ; proboscis \\
times height of head, not reaciiing- base of
abdomen ; anterior cross-vein at middle of [p. 353.

discal cell centralis, f Brun.,

Hind tibite with a long fringe for jiraclically
their Avhole length, in front and behind . . 9.
0. Ilind metatarsus pennate ; proboscis more than
twice height of head, reaching beyond base
of abdomen ; anterior cross-vein between [p. 355.

;} and middle of discal cell rostrata, Brun.,

llind metatarsus not pennate; proboscis 1^
times height of head, not reaching base of

abdomen; anterior cross-vein just before Pp. 354.

middle of discal cell . . subcilipes, Brun.,

10. Dorsum of thorax with three black stripes ;

legs dark brown; anterior cross-vein at y [p. 353.

of discal cell ; abdomen uniformly grey . . {/riseonirjya, Bnm.,
IJoi-sum of thorax with four black stripes ;
legs bright orange ; anterior cross-vein just
before middle of discal cell ; hind margins

of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal segments [p. 35G.

black marf/inata, Brun.,

11. Legs pale yellow r-kf/ans, j'run, p. 356.

Legs dark brown incoitspicua, Brun.,

[p. 357.

282. Empis amplitarsis, sp. iiov.

J . Head with vertex moderately large, blackish ; two long^
oceilai' bristles and some smaller ones ; upper eye-facets bright
brown, smaller lower ones coffee-brown ; antennae black, 3rd
joint as long as 1st and 2nd together, subconical, witli elongated
tip and long style ; proboscis brownish yellow, about twice as
long as vertical height of head ; palpi rather small, upturned,
yellowish ; occiput dark grey, with the usual bristles. Thova.v
moderately shining blackish, with grev-dusted reflections in certain
lights. Abdomen moderately shining dark brown, with short sparse-
pubescence, which is longer at the sides. Legs uniformly mode-
rately dark brown, except the extraordinarily developed front
tarsi, whicli are a little darker; these latter are fully as long a&
tlie rest of the front leg from base of coxa to tip of tibia ; 1st joint

* May be the 2 oi carhonaria, Unw.
t May be the $ o^ grisconiyra, Brun.

;3oO EiiPJD,!:.

nearly as long as tibia, flattened, broad at tip; 2nd joint rather
more than half as long as first, narrower, cylindrical, thickened ;
3rd joint nearly as long as 1st, much incrassated, broader and
much longer than 2nd and broader at tip than at base; 4tli joint
about as long as 3rd, narrower, thin, considerably arched, so that
the underside forms a large cavity; 5th joint shorter than 4th,
moderately incrassated, bluntly conical ; claws and pulvilli normal.
Pubescence on coxa? and femora moderately long and dense, a little
tliicker on hind femora, with a few longer hairs on outer side;
front tibiiB with a row of short hairs on inner side, a row of longer
ones on outer side, and a row of very long ones on upper side;,
middle tibiae moderately pubescent, with two long bristles on outer
side (one at n)iddle, one preapical) ; hind tibiae covered with rather
•dense, moderately long pubescence and longer hairs, and with a row
of quite long hairs on hinder side ; anterior tarsi with 1st joint
iiearly bare except for a few hairs towards tip, remaining joints

Fig. 29. — Empi^ amplitar^is, sp. uot., front leg of male.

Avith long dense hairs on upper and outer sides, a few short hairs
on inner and lower sides, the 4th also bearing a denser bunch on
upper side near tip. Wings pale grey ; venation ajjproximately
normal, anterior ci'oss-vein at | discal cell; halteres moderately
dark brown.

Described from a single 6 from the Pusa collection from
Belgaum, Bombay Presidency, 2500 ft., ll.viii. 1910 {Fletcher),
presented to the British Museum.

A label attached by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher says: "Fore-
legs are stretched out in front and function as antennae ; they
are not used for locomotion." The extraordinary development
of the front tarsi easily distinguishes this species from all other
Indian Empid.i;, yet this charactei- is the only one in which it
differs from typical species of Empis.

283. Empis alhohalteralis, s]i. nov.

J • Head with vertex blackish, frons and face moderately
dark grey ; first two antennal joints yellowish, 3rd black, base
narrowly pale, style rather long ; proboscis black, reaching (bent
under body) to middle of abdomen ; palpi pale yellowish, curved
upwards, rather long, with a few black bristles ; eyes with large
upper facets bright brown, lower small ones coffee-brown; occiput
ash-grey, a marginal row of small black bristles and a more central

EMPIS. 351

row of stronger ones. Thorax shining black, closely and entirely
covered with cinereous dust, in which three narrow slightly
yellowish stripes of the usual nature can be faintly traced ; scu-
tellum and metauotuni with dark grey dust ; sides of thorax
concolorous with dorsum ; nietapleural hairs yellow. Alidomen
blackish, ratliei- shining, with sparse pubescence ; hind margin of
segments indistinctly pale ; venter yellowish ; genitalia shining
yellowish brown. Legs: coxae dull orange, more or less grey-
dusted on basal part, a little pale pubescence in front ; remainder
of legs orange, liind tibite more brownish towards tips ; anterior
tarsi blackish brown towards tips, hind metatarsi much enlarged
and lengtliened, remaining hind tarsal joints black. Whufs pale
grey, venation normal; antex'ior cross-vein just before middle of
discal cell: halteres conspicuously chalk-white.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one cJ in the Indian Museum from Zairat,
Baluchistan, 8000-9000 ft., viii. 1914 (Majo)- Wilson).

Easily recognised from all other species by the conspicuous
white halteres.

284. Empis carbonaria, Brun.

Umpis carbonaria, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 27 (191o).

c? . Wholly and uniformly coal-black, moderately shining.
Eyes separated by a nari-ow frous. Antennal 3rd joint distinctly
longer than the first two together, and its distal half rather
suddenly narrow ; style thick, half as long as the joint. Proboscis
nearly twice the height of the head, labium bilid at the tip.

Fig. 30. — Empis carbonaria, Brun.

Head, thoi'ax, and abdomen covered with long, soft, but not
copioiTS pubescence. Legs dark brown, with rather long soft black
hairs ; fore femora almost bare ; fore metatarsus distinctly incras-
sated, cylindrical, lengthened, as long as remaining tarsal joints
together ; hind metatarsus as long as next three joints together,

352 E:MriD.T-.

slightljr Miic-kened ; posterior tibiae and tarsi with a row ot' \Aell-
separated long bristly hairs. Genitalia small, rounded, not
conspicuous. Wings clear; antennal cross-vein at one-fourth
of the discal cell ; 4th vein shortened ; stigma slightly brownisli,
small ; halteres black.

LetKjth, 4 mm.

Described from two S 6 in the Indian Museum and one in
Mr. E. E. Grreen's collection from Horton Plains, Ceylon, v. 1911
( Green).

Type in the Indian Museinn.

2S.3. Empis squamata, Bnni. (PI. lY, fig. 11.)

JEtnpis squamata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 27 (1913).

2 . Wholly coal-black. Proboscis thi-ee times as long as the
bead. Antennae normal. Thorax with soft black hairs. Abdomen
nearly bare, roughened, shining; venter similar; ovipositor small,
elongate, normal. Legs with a dense row of long, closely placed,
dark brown scales on underside of fore femora, on upper- and
undersides of posterior femora, front and hind sides of fore and
hind tibiae, outer and inner sides of middle tibise, and on
upper sides of all metatarsi; a single long bristly hair on outer
and inner sides, projecting somewhat backwards towards tips of
all tibiaj and of first four tarsal joints, these hairs very ranch
longer on hind legs ; the unsealed parts of the legs bear a little
black pubescence. AVings pale brown ; 4th vein abbreviated ;
stigma black ; halteres black.

Length, 2^-3 mm.

Described from several $ $ collected by Mr. E. E. Green on
the llorton Plains, Ceylon, May 1911.

Type and other specimens in the Indian Museum.

Probably the $ ot" carhonarw, having been taken so often by
Mr. Green in company with that species. However, it must be
distinct from ceyJonica, Bezzi, with which at first I thought it
might be synonymous, as that species lias no conspicuous browji
scales on the legs, and has the auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins
anastomosed. E. squamata has a considerable resemblance to
jacobsom, Meij., described from Java, but in the latter species the
upper side of the front femora bears long brown scales like the
posterior pairs.

286. Empis ceylonica, Bezzi.

Emjns cej/lonica, Bezzi, Ann. Mas. Hung, ii, p. .343 (1904).

5 . A shining black species, distinguished by the broadened
brownish wings, with basal third hyaline ; pubescence black, but
below the setaj the body is bare ; proboscis black, as long as head
and thorax together ; frons shiin'ng black, bare, head-bristles
rather long. Antennaj short, black, shortly pubescent at base;
3rd joint with upper edge straight and excised below, ending in a

EMPis. 353

rather long style. Thorax shining black and bare, with the
pleurae greyish : 2-3 long black inetapleural bristles and two
moderately long presutural ones ; squaiiioe yellowish, with black
fringe. Abdomen brilliantly shining black, with a few black hairs;
venter with longer hairs on margins of segments ; ovipositor long,
slender, with elongate laniellte. Wiwjs broadened, axillary angle
developed ; 1st longitudinal vein rather long, united to auxiliary
vein ; 3rd vein bent downwards somewhat towards tip so that it
ends at tip of wing, its upper branch nearly perpendicular ; discal
cell large, apical end truncate ; 4th vein rather long, ending at
some distance from the margin ; 6tli vein shortened. Lec/shrown,
rather long, especially hind pair, pubescent and with bristles ;
middle tibia) with two long bristles above ; hind tibire with 6 or 7
long ones in two rows ; hind metatarsus very elongate, as long as
remaining joints together, with three or four long bristles above ;
remaining joints with a single bristle at tip of each.

Length, 3 mm.; wing, 4 mm.

A unique female from Pattipola, Ceylon, 2000 metres,
22. ii. 3 902.

Ti/pe in the Hungarian Museum.

287. Empis griseonigra, Bmn.

JSinpis i/riiieo/ii(/ra, Brmietti, Rec, Iiul. Mus, ix, p. 29 (1913).

c? . Head with occiput blackish ; eyes absolutely contiguous
above antennoe ; face dark grey ; antenna black ; palpi black ;
l)roboscis one-fourth longer than the height of the head, dark
brownish yellow, black on underside. Thorax brownish grey,
with three moderately wide brown dorsal stripes, the median one
attaining the anterior margin, the outer ones only extending as
far as the shoulders. Some short bristly hairs on shoulders, soft
black pubescence over the dorsum generally, and stiffer hairs and
bristles distributed asHii the other species. Sides of thorax a
little darker grey, pleurae light grey. Ahdomen blackish, with
short sparse black pubescence ; whitish pubescence at sides of the
hrst two segments; genitalia blackish. Zf^.s dark brown, with
black pubescence; knees reddish brown, with a trace of this
colour over some of the other joints. Wings pale grey ; stigma
imperceptible; anterior cross-vein at about two-fifths discal cell;
halteres bright yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one 6 in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun, 9000 ft., 12. v. 1910 {A. D. Imms).

288. Empis centralis, Brun.

Empis centralis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 26 (1913).

2 . Head : occiput black, with black hairs above, and some
white hairs below; frons and face proportioued as in E. rostrata

2 a

354 empid.t:.

but blackish, as are also the antennae, but the face, viewed from
below, shows dark grey reflections; palpi bright brownish yellow ;
proboscis one and a half times the- height of the head, the upper
side brownish yellow. Thorax light brownish grey, with soft
black pubescence, and bristly hairs laterally and towards the hind
margin ; two narrow median well-separated brown stripes from
anterior margin extending three-fourths of the distance to the
scutelluui ; a lateral broader stripe on each side, practically formed
of three irregularly-shaped elongate spots (one on the shoulder,
one in front of and one behind the pre-sutural depression), which
are contiguous, the hind one attaining the posterior margin of
the dorsum. Souie bristles laterally and towards hind margin
of mesonotum, also four on the scutellum. Sides of thorax
and metanotum light grey, dorsum of scutellum brownish grey.
Abdomen darker grey, with short sparse black hairs ; posterior
margins of segments more or less black ; genitalia elongate, con-
coloroLis, much as in E, rostrata-^ venter dark grey. Legs: coxae
dark grey, remainder of legs brownish yellow, extreme tips of
femora blackish, and tips of tarsal joints more broadly blackish.
All the legs with black pubescence ; posterior femora with blackish
bristly hair above ; hind femora with scales ; posterior tibiae with
blackish-brown scales on front and hind sides, as in E. rosfrata,
but much less strong and apparently confined to the basal half of
the hind pair; on the hind side of the hind tibiae a row of moder-
ately long, well-separated bristles. Wings very pale grey, near]}^
clear; anterior cross-vein directly over the middle of the discal
cell; halteres briglit brownish yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from one $ in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun, 12. v. 1910.

It seems likely that this will prove to be the female of E.
griseonigra.

289. Empis subcilipes, Brua.

Empis subcilipes, Brunetti, Ilec. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 24 (1913).

5 . Head ash-grey ; frons about one-fourth the widtli of the
head ; some short stifi black hairs behind the eyes, and some soft
white hairs on lower part of occiput ; antennae reddish brown,
rather long, black-streaked on upper side and with a whitish
shimmer on the inner side in certain lights ; antennal style of
moderate length ; proboscis nearly three times the height of the
bead, reddish brown, with the underside black. Tliorax moderately
dark ash-grey ; a broad brownish-grey median stripe from the
anterior margin and a less distinct much shorter stripe on
each side, not extending to the shoulders. Surface of dorsum
with short setae more or less irregularly placed, but a distinct
double row in the centre and a number towards eacli shoulder;
some stiff bristles above and in front of each wing and four on

E.Mi'is. 355

posterioi' margin of scutelluni, which latter with the metauotum
are both light mouse-grey ; sides dark grey. Abdomen rather
dark grey ; 1st segment with a little black and grey pubescence ;
remainder of segments with scattered, very short pale hairs ;
ve)iter tawny ; genitalia very dark brown. Legs brownish yellow,
coxte a little bluish grey on basal half ; femora more or less
blackish in middle and on upper side generally ; tarsi mainly
black. Upper and lower sides of four posterior femora with thick
but short black ciliated hairs ; rest of legs finely black pubescent.
WiiKjs pale grey, veins brownish yellow on basal part, blackish
distally. Anterior cross-vein just before middle of discal cell ;
stigma imperceptible ; lialteres brownish yellow.

Length, b\ mm.

Described from a single 5 in the Indian Museum from Mundali,
Jaunsar division, Dehra Dun Distr., 9000 ft,, 12. v. 1910.

290. Empis rostrata, Bnm. (PI. IV, figs. 9, 10.)

Empis rostrata, Brunetti, Kec. lud. Mas. ix, p. -Jo (1913).

5 . Bead with occiput grey, with a few bristly black hairs above ;
frons and face concoloroiis grey, the former comparatively wide,
with parallel edges, the latter much wider ; antennte black, 2ud
joint very distinctly bright brownish yellow ; palpi bright brownish
yellow, short ; proboscis two and three quarter times height of
head ; reaching beyond base of abdomen, brownish yellow, a little
blackish in middle on underside ; a few whitish hairs on underside
of liead. Thorax : dorsum (somewhat discoloured in the centre)
light bro\\nish grej", with a narrow median darker brown stripe
and a wider one on each side not quite extended to anterior
margin of thorax ; and laterally two brownish spots, one in front

Fig. ol. — Em})is rostrata. Brim., wing.

of and one behind the presutural depression; sides, scutelluni,
and nietanotum concolorous, or a little more nearly ash-gi-ey.
(Thorax denuded of bristles.) Abdomen light grey, brownish at
base of each segment, the colour broader in the centre ; genitalia
slender, cylindrical, terminated by two thin finger-like lamellae,
concolorous; venter light grey, unmarked. Legs bet\\een light
brown and tawny ; coxa) a little grey-dusted and with a little soft
whitish hairs ; tarsi more or less blackish on upper side ; extreme
tips of femora very narrowly black ; posterior femora with blackish-
brown scales above and below ; posterior tibia; with blackish-brown
scales, much thicker and larger on hind pair, on which they occur

2 A 2

356 EMPiD.i:;.

below the metatarsi also, and are even continued in a less pro-
nounced scale-like form on tlie underside of the remaining tarsal
joints; the legs generally with minute stiff black hairs. Wiuf/s
brownish yellow ; anterior cross-vein at two-fifths of discal cell ;
stigma practically imperceptible ; halteres brownish yellow.

Lenr/th, 7 mm.

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum from Theog,
Simla Distr., 8000 ft., 1. v. 1907 (Annandah).

291. Empis marginata, Bnm.

Fachymeria marginata, Bnuietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 79 (1917).

$ , Head : frons ash-grey, with parallel sides ; ocellar triangle
large, black ; palpi bright orange ; anteiinte all black, 3rd joint
considerably broadened at base, style joints distinct ; occiput
bluish grey, with bristles and stiff hairs. Thorax moderately dark
grey, with a slight yellowish tinge ; two dark median well-separated
narrow stripes from anterior margin to well beyond middle ; an
outer stripe on each side, abbreviated, enlarged iuto an irregularly
shaped and rather indefinite elongated large spot behind the
suture ; dorsum covered Avith short black hairs, except on the
stripes ; pleurae concolorous, with black hairs ; a bunch of bristly
hairs on each humerus ; two macroclifetse just in front of wing-
base, and a fringe of long stiff black hairs on each side of the
metanotum ; scutellum concolorous, with four marginal bristles.
Abdomen moderately dark ash-grey; hind margins of segments
shining black, the colour extending forwards in centre nearly or
quite to anterior margins ; 5th segment wholly grey ; 6th and 7th
grev, shining black basally ; venter grey ; ovipositor black. Legs:
coxae grey, tips brownish yellow : femora in no way incrassated,
brownish orange, a browii streak on upper side of fore pair, and
traces oE such on middle pair; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow,
tips of joints of latter black. Femora with soft black pubescence,
longest on underside of posterior pairs ; hind pair with a row of
eifiit or more bristles ; tibiae with soft black pubescence and
longitudinal rows of bristles : tarsi pubescent. Winga very
pale yellowish grey, unmarked ; stigma absent ; anterior cross-vein
nist before middle of discal cell ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 5 mm. (to tip of ovipositor).

Described from a single $ in the Indian Museum, taken between
Kugri and Phagu, Simla Distr., 21. v. 1906 {AnnandaJe and Kemp).

Very like the European fcmorata, F., which might (juite likely
occur in the A\^estern Himalayas, but differing radically in the
hind femora showing no trace of incrassation.

292. Empis elegans, Brnn.

Empis elei/aiis, Bnuietti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 26 (191;!).

2 . Head black ; antennae black ; palpi large, yellow ; proboscis
twice the height of the head, black or blackish brown. Thora.r

EMPLS. — HILARA. 357

shining black, including sides, scutellum, and metanotura ; wholh-
unmarked; a little soft wliitisli liair ; distinct; bristles apparently
absent; a few stiff pale hairs towards hind margin and on scu-
telliim. Abdomen darker brown, nearly bare ; genitalia slender,
normal, elongate, concolorous. Lec/s brownish yellow; hind coxoe,
tips of tibiaj, and all the tarsi blackish. Femora quite bare ; tibiae
with only a few short stiff hairs towards tips ; tarsi pubescent.
Wiiif/s clear, higldy iridescent ; anterior cross-vein just before
middle of discal cell ; stigma barely perceptible ; halteres brownish
yellow.

Length, 3 mm.

Described from two 2 2 ii^ the Indian jMuseura from Mundali,
12. V. 1910, taken in company with E. griseomr/ra

293. Empis inconspicua, Brun.

Einpis inconspicua, Brunetti, Ree. lud. Mas. ix, p. 28 (19] o).

S. Head blackish; aiiteiuife black; palpi a little yellowish;
proboscis twice the height of the head, yellow above, black below.
Thorax of an intermediate shade between light and dark grey,
with comparatively long and rnther stiff hairs ; four long stiff
hairs on scutellum, which, with sides of thorax and metanotum,
are concolorous, but lighter grey just below shoulders. Abdomen
concolorous, rather broad and flat, with parallel sides and soft
black pubescence. Genitalia blackish, with reddish-brown bisinuate
terminal hooks; venter blackish. Legs uniformly dark brown,
pubescent; middle tibiae with four long stiff hairs on outer side;
hind libiae with long hairs on hinder side. Wings pale grey;
anterior cross-vein a little before | of discal cell ; stign)a brownish,
ill-defined, much elongated, and reaching the costal margin ;
halteres yellow.

Length. 2| nun.

Described from two S S in tlie Indian Museum from Lucknow,
17. i. 1908 {type) and 9. ii. 1908.

Genus HILARA, Mg.
Hilara, Meigfiii, Syst. Bescli. iii, p. 1 (1822).
Geis'Otype, Empis maura (Europe) ; by Curtis's designation.

Allied to both Empis and Ithamphomyia.

Head in some species nearly as broad as the thorax, shorter than
high. Eyes nearly always sepai-ated by a narrow frons in both
sexes, but in some species contiguous in tlie male, in which case
the upj)er facets are larger than the lower ones. Antennae
3-jointed, with distinct 2-]ointed style ; 1st and 2nd joints short,
about as long as broad, bristly ; 3rd elongate-conical, bare, slightly
compressed ; 1st joint of style very short, 2nd elongate, cylin-
drical. Proboscis about as long as height of head or a little

358 empib.t:.

shorter; palpi one-joiuted, slightly curving upwards. Thorax
rectangular, moderately arclied. There are nornially two strong
straight bristles on upper side o£ prothorax ; disc of thorax with
weak dorso-central and acrostichal bristles ; margin of dorsum
generally with a humeral, post-humeral, one to three notopleural,
one supra-alar, and a postalar bristle ; scutellum generally with
four bristles ; metapleura bare. Abdomen slender, of 8 segments,
cyUndrical in male, with complex and rather uniform genitalia ;
broader and more pointed apieally in female. Leys of normal
length and form ; fore metatarsus in the male nearly always more
or less thickened ; in the female the hind tibiae not infrequently
slightly compressed and curved ; occasionally the hind femora in
both sexes, or in male only, obviously thickened and suddenly
narrowed at apex. Legs moderately pubescent, characteristic
bristles often present ; tibiae generally with apical spurs. Wings
as in Empis, except that the auxiliary vein distinctly reaches wing-
margin ; fork of 3rd A'ein perhaps less widely open ; anal vein
weaker, generally failing to attain wing-margin ; axillary lobe
well developed.

Range. AVorld-wide.

Life-histor>/. Beling has described the early stages of several
European species. They appear to resemble the ordinary
Dipterous larvie and pupae, the former being amphipneustic, of
twelve segments, including the head ; living in damp earth or
amongst decaying leaves. The larva hibernates as in Empis and
Rhampliomi/ia. The perfect insects are generally distributed,
more commonly occurring in woods and fields and near water.
They prey on small Diptera or other soft insects, and have often
been captured in copula still carrying their prey, which is enveloped
in a little web, said to be spun from the mouth of the male.

Only four Indian species are described. Walker's hares is
unknown to me and may possibly be identical with my compada.

Table of Species.

Thorax blackish or c^reyish.

Body hrowu bares, Walk., p. 359.

Body blackish ; fore metatarsi relatively

smaller conipncta, Brun., p. 358.

Body blackisli grey ; fore metatarsi re-
latively larger jjeshaicarensis, sp. ii., p. CGO.

Thorax bright light yellowish brown .... nijithorax, Brun., p. 359.

294. Hilara compacta, Br%in.

Hilara compacta, Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 30 ("1913).

S . Head blackisli ; frons rather narrow ; antennae with greyish
reflections viewed from certain angles. Proboscis about ns long
as height of head, shining black above; labium, which is shining
yellowish, much longer than the hypopharynx and sharply
pointed ; palpi large, nearly as long as proboscis, brownish,

HILAR A. 359

yellow, pubescent. Thorax wholly dark grey, including sides,
scntelluni, and metauotum ; a little black pubescence, and some
stronger hairs on dorsum laterally. Abdomen blackish, pubescent,
sometimes pale below at base ; genitalia a little broader than the
abdomen. Legs pale yellowish brown, pubescent; tibiae with a
row of longer stiff hairs on outer side ; front metatarsi much

Fig. 32. — Hilara conipacfa, Brnii., wing.

thickened, as wide as the tibiae, and longer than the remaining
fore tarsal joints ; posterior metatarsi normal, not so long as the
remaining tarsal joints. Wiugs \rd\Q grey; stigma elongate, pale
brownish, ill-delined ; halteres dirty brownish yellow.

Length, barely 2| mm.

Described from thi'ee d J in the Indian Museum from Simla,
16. V. 1909 {type) and 9. v. 1909 {Annandale).

295. Hilara bares, Wcdl:

Hilara bares, Walker, List Dipt. Brit. 3Ius. iii, p. 491 (1849).

" Body brown, clothed with short black hairs ; eyes dark red ;
feelers and mouth black; breast hoary ; legs tawny, clothed with
short black hairs; feet brown; wings light brown, darker for
one-third of the length along the fore-border ; wing-ribs and veins
piceous ; poisers brown. Length of the body, 1^ line; of the
wings, 3 lines.

" East India. Presented by Capt. Parry."

Tij2)e in the British Museum.

29G. Hilara rufithorax, Brun.

JEmpimorpha rajithorax, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 30 (1913).

(^ . Head : occiput, f rons, which is moderately wide with
parallel linear edges, and face all black, with a few black bristles,
the latter with a pair of long bristly hairs; vertex with three
. distinct large reddish ocelli, with a pair of sfrong divaricate
bristles between the upper ones. Antennae yellow ; 3rd joint
elongate onion-shaped, with a long closely pubescent black arista,
ending in a small bare black pointed bristle ; the first two antennal
joints witli some short bristles near their tips. Proboscis about
as long as the height of the head, the basal half yellowish, the
apical half blackish ; palpi very long, longer than proboscis, some-
what broadened and flattened at the tips, with a few yellowish
hairs. Thorax bright light yellowish brown, with three black
dorsal stripes, of which the median one is of modei'ate width, the

360 EMPXD^.

outer ones are broad enougli to extend over the lateral margins,
and all three attain the anterior margin of tlie dorsum ; a few
bristly hairs about the roots of the wings and mucli smaller ones
on the dorsal sti'ipes ; sides a little more yellowish than the
dorsum, with which latter the scutelluiii and metanotum are con-
colorous, the scutellum bearing a few stiff black hairs on the hind
margin ; the metanotum a little dusky in the centre. Abdomen
dark blackish brown, with black pubescence ; genital organs dark
grey, with a little pubescence; venter similar to dorsal side of
abdomen. Le</s : coxae and femora yellowish ; tibia? dark brownish
yellow, tarsi dark brown ; front metatarsi considerably widened ;
all the le^is shortly pubescent; tibiae with two rows of five or six
long stiff hairs. Wings pale brown; stigma vague, very elongate,
a little darker brown ; halteres yellowish brown.

Le'iKjth, nearly 4 mm.

Described from a single J in the Indian Museum taken by me
at Darjiling, 29. v. 1910, on the hillside.

297. Hilara peshawarensis, sp. nov.

cJ §. Whole insect blackish grey. Head: proboscis shining
black, as long as height of head, with stiff' hairs : antennce robust,
microscopically grey pubescent; palpi rather long, with moderately
long bristly hairs. Thorax with almost microscopic yellowish-grey
tomentum, which is more conspicuous on hinder part and on
scutellum, the latter with four long marginal bristles. Abdomen
with the segments more or less microscopically grey-dusted (in
good specimens); some grey pubescence with longer bristly hairs
on hind margins of segments ; genitalia knob-like, rather large,
concolorous, pubescent. Legs chestnut-brown, varying a little in
colour, pubescent ; fore metatarsus in S very large, oval, much
larger proportionately than in H. compacta ; pubescence on front
tibiae becoming longer towards tip; knees yellowish; hind tibiaB
in 5 considerably, though not conspicuously, thickened except at
base. Winr/s pale grey, iridescent, stiginatic region brownish;
stigma darker brown, elongate, Mith ill-defined edges.

Length, 3 nun.

Described from a series of both sexes from Peshawar, N.W.
India, 16. iii. 1913 (Hoivhtt).

Type S ft'id $ sent to British Museum, cotype 6 2 in Indian
Museum and my collection.

Genus HOWLETTIA, Bmn.

Howlettia, Rrunetti, Rec. Ind. Miis. ix, p. 23 (1913).
Gejs'OTYPE, Hoivlettia Jlavipes, Brun.

A genus of anomalous position, allied to the EMPiJf.i;, Octdro-
Miix.E, and TACHYUKOMiiNyE {Platiipal}ms).

$ . Head with eyes separated above by a moderately broad
frons and only very narrowlv separated below antennae. x\ntennae

UOAVLETTIA. 361

of three disHuct joints; first two short, subequal ; 3rd shortly
conical, with a long terminal arista. Proboscis about equal to
height of head, perpendicular ; palpi half as long as proboscis or
rather longer, quite broad. Tliorax normally arched. Abdomen
rather longer than thorax, somew^hat compressed. Legs i-ather
long and slender ; fore coxae slightly longer than posterior pairs ;
middle femora somewhat incrassated ; all tarsi longer than tibia?.
Wiwjs with auxiliary vein faint and incomplete; 1st longitudinal
vein rather further from costa than usual, ending beyond middle
of wing ; 2nd vein beginning at one-fourth of wing, ending
towards tip of coota ; 3rd vein beginning at middle of wing ;
anterior cross-vein just beyond origin of 3rd vein, which latter
ends at about wing-tip ; itli vein nearly straight, ending just
below wing-tip; oth nearly straight; 6th (anal) very long, com-
plete to wing- border. Posterior CTOss-vein meeting 4th vein at
spot where anterior cross-vein meets it, but not in the same
straight line ; anal cross-vein nearly perpendicular to anal vein ;
2nd basal cell slightly longer than 1st, apex pointed ; anal cell
barely half as long as 2nd basal ; discal cell absent,
c? unknown.

Range. Only the type-species known.

The genus is named after Mr. F. M. Ilowlett, of the Agricul-
tural Research Institute at Pusa.

298. Howlettia flavipes, Brun.

Hmdettiajiavipes, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 23 (1913).

o . Head blackish ; proboscis dark brown ; palpi brownisli
yellow; ocellar triangle rather prominent. Ihora.v shining
black, with very short whitish pubescence towards margins of
dorsum ; sides of thorax and dorsum of scutellum slightly grey-
dusted ; a few weak prealar bristly hairs. Abdomen black, a little
shining; venter brownish yellow, with a little very short whitish
j)abescence. Legs brownish yellow, minutely pubescent, middle
femora a little incrassated, with a row of very short bristles on
underside; tarsi blackish. Wings clear, iridescent ; venation in
accordance with generic description ; halteres dull brownish
yellow.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from a single $ in the Pusa collection, now sent to
the British Museum, from Mussoorie, ix. 190G (IJawlett).

This genus is left in the subfamily Empin.e for the present, but
it is distinctly anomalous, and does nor, exactly fit into any sub-
family. The distinctly though only moderately incrassated middle
femora suggest the TACiiYDKOMiiN.i:, from wiiicli the very distinct
anal cell and complete anal vein combined separate it. The
absence of the discal cell makes it abnormal in Empix.i:. It has
alHnities with the OcYDROMiiy.E in tiie less distinct anal angle of
the wing, though it is by no means cuneiform, also in the anal
cross-vein being perpendicular to the nnal vein.

362 EMPiD.i:.

Subfamily OCYDROMIIN^.

Head: eyes in male contiguous, in female contiguous or not,
rarely narrowly separated in both sexes. Proboscis generally
shorter than head, if long, projecting direct!}' or obliquely for-
■\vards ; palpi one-jointed. Antennte 3-jointecl, with tern)inal
arista or ^-jointed style, which latter may be aristiform.
Thoraxinore or less humped; metapleui'a bai'e or with short
hairs. Wings with axillary lobe Avell developed (except in
Leptopeza) ; 3rd longitudinal vein simple ; 4th simple or forked.
Discal cell present; three or four posterior cells ; basal cells sub-
equal, anal cell not longer than 2nd basal. Lower branch of oth
longitudinal vein meeting anal vein parallel with, perpendicular
to, or at an angle of 45° to hind margin of wing, making anal cell
truncate at tip or the anterior margin of it the longer-; anal vein
of varying length; squania3 very small or absent.

This subfamily comprises smaller and more delicate species,
often of pale colour, of wliich the short proboscis is a principal
feature.

Genus LEPTOPEZA, Macq.
Lemtopeza, Macquart, Soe. Sci. Lille, p. 143 (1827) (cmciKL).
Ge>'OTYPe, Ocydromia jJaviiies ^ Mg. (Europe).

Head almost as broad as thorax ; eyes occupying whole front
of head, contiguous in both sexes, rarely otherwise ; * facets of
uniform size. Antennae 3-jointed ; first two short, bristly ; 3rd,
though narroMed slightly at base, conical, bearing a long rather
thickened bare arista joined to tip of 3rd by a minute joint,
Epistome very narrow, the eyes reaching the mouth-opening ;
proboscis very short. Thorax rectangular, strongly arched, with
minute discal bristles ; on the margin generally a notopleural,
postalar, and sometimes a supra-alar bristle, with other small
bristles or bristly hairs; scutellum with two or more marginal
bristles or stiff hairs ; metapleura with short tine hairs. Abdomen
slender, Sth segment small or hidden. Genitalia in male with
asymmetrical parts ; in female forming a long, compressed, sword-
shaped ovipositor. Legs rather long and slender, hind pair
longest ; hind tibia? sometimes slightly thickened towai'ds apex ;
soft pubescence and various bristles on the legs. Wings with
auxiliary vein abbreviated, not reaching margin ; 3rd vein simple ;
anterior fork of upjier branch of 4th vein indistinct or absent;
lower branch of ?th vein stroiigly recurrent, parallel with hind
margin of wing ; anal vein shortened.

liange. Europe, India, North Africa, Cape Horn, Xorth
America, Australia.

Lifc-liistorij unknown.

* A narrow froiis above in at least one European species (fphowptori), yet
the eyes contiguous below antenna?.

LEPTOPEZA. 363

299. Leptopeza vitripennis, Bmn. (PL IV, figs. 12, 13.)

Leptopeza vitripennis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 31 (1913).

S $ . Head blackish ; proboscis horizontal, as long as length o£
head ; shining black ; palpi short, porrect, black ; antenuaj with
elongate conical 3rd joint, arista long, black. Thorax very liighly
arched, shining black in middle of dorsum, with short whitish
hairs laterally. Abdomen shining black, with short whitish
pubescence ; venter similar. Lerjs rather pale pitch-brown, a
little pubescent. Wings\ei'j clear and iridescent ; balteres black.

Length, 2 nnu.

Described from a type 6 from Oncha Gaon, Naina Tal Distr.,
1-6. V. 1907, and a type $ and a second $ from Rangoon, 24. ii.
1908 (Annandale).

Tijpes in the Indian Museum.

Subfamily IIEMERODROMIINiE.

Head with eyes separated in both sexes, frous sometimes nar-
rower in S ; eyes sometimes contiguous beluw^; -when this is so,
frontal facets larger than the others ; eyes sometimes pubescent.
Proboscis short, not longer than lieight of head ; palpi 1- or
(indistinctly) 2-jointed. Antenna? 3-iointed, with, in some genera,
a 2-joiuted style which may be aristiform ; one or two excep-
tions occur. Thorax longer than broad, but slightly arched ;
metapleura bare, with short hairs or a few bristles. Legs with
fore coxie always lengthened, sometimes about as long as femora,
always longer than posterior coxae. Pore femora often incrassate
and fore legs often raptorial. Wings cuneiform at base, the
axillary lobe being greatly reduced or absent ; 3rd longitudinal
vein simple or forked ; 4th vein forked ; lower branch of 5th vein
may be distinctly recuri-ent, or placed perpendicularly to hind
margin of wing, or absent. Pour posterior cells ; discal cell
present or absent ; basal cells more or less subequal ; anal cell
longer or shorter than 2nd basal cell, or absent; anal vein of
varying length or absent ; squamse absent.

The cuneiform wings and much elongated fore coxa? will easily
distinguish members of this subfamily. Many of the yellowish
forms of Empid.e belong to it.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Third longitudinal vein forked '2. fp. 367.

Third longitudinal vein simple Phyli.odromia, Zett.,

2. A cross-vein between 2nd and 3rd veins. . l)OLiCHOCEPHALA,Macq.,
No such cross- vein 3. I p. 370.

3. Discal cell absent Microdromia, Big.,

Discal cell present 4. [p. 366.

4. Proboscis thick, shorter than height of

head Clinocera, Mg., p. 364,

Proboscis thin, about as long as height [p. 371.

of head Trichopkza, Rond.,

36-1

Gemis CLINOCEEA, M<j.

Clinocera, Meig'en, lllig. Mag-, ii, p. 271 (1803).
lii/drodromirr, Macquait, Hist. Nat. Dipt, ii, p. 658 (1835).
Faramesia, Macquart {nee Steph. 1829), loc. cit. p. 650 (1835).

Genotipe, Clinocera nigra, Mg.

Head usually broader than long, nearly or quite as long as
thorax ; epistome more or less elongated downwards ; eyes well
separated in both sexes, shortly and densely pubescent, facets ot
uniform size. Proboscis very sliort and thick ; pal[)i 1-jointed
or indistinctly 2-jointed, short, slightly clavate at tip. Aiitennaj
inserted above middle ot:' head, 3-joiiited ; 1st joint cup-shaped,
2nd subglobular, bristly, both short ; 8rd onion-shaped, about as
long as first two together, with a thick styliform pubescent arista
articulated to tip of 3rd joint by a microscopic joint. Thorax a
little longer than broad, rectangular, moderately arched. A
bunjeral (occasionally more than one), a post-humeral, one or two
notopleiiral, a supra-alar, and postalar bristles present ; scutellum
with two long apical bristles, rarely more ; metapleura -with some
hairs. Abdomen elongate, slender, the complex male genitalia
concealing the reduced 7tb and 8th segments ; in female abdomen
more pointed. Legs long and slender, fore coxae not greatly
elongated ; front femora often thickened at base and witii bristles
below; legs shortly pubescent. ^yilUJS somewhat lengthened;
auxiliary A'ein rather siiort but reachiii<r uuirgin ; 1st longitudinal
vein ending at about middle of wing ; 2nd vein sometimes wavy —
in some species with a sudden loop downwards enclosing the
stigma; 3rd vein forked; discal cell present, varyii]g in length,
discal end pointed or truncate ; lower branch of 5th vein st'-ongly
recurrent, parallel with hind margin of wing ; anal cell with distal
end bluntly pointed or rounded ; anal vein abbreviated. Alula
absent ; alar squamula ver}'- small.

Range. Europe, Siberia, India, North America.

Lift-liisiory unknown ; probably aquatic in larval state.

This genus has a facias distingiashing it easily from other
Empib.t::, and with some resemblance to some water-haunting
DoLicnopO])iD.E. The elongate body and pro])ortionately longer
legs, the pubescent eyes aiid rather long wings, the usually
greyish colour with lighter parts, and tiie not infrequently spotted
wings, give them a characteristic appearance. All are found in
the neighbourhood of water, running streams, or stagnant pools,
on the surface of which most species appear capable of running
with ease.

The European species of Clinocera may be fairly satisfactorily
grouped into several subgenera, mostly set up by Mik ; but as
only two specifS are yet known from the Orient, of which at least
one {fluviatilis) couies in Clinocera, s. sir., these subdivisions may
be ijrnored here.

CLINOCERA. 365

Tiae two Indian species differ as follows : —

Brownish-grey species, with dark brownish-grey legs ;

length, 3 mm fluriatilis, Brun.

Blackish-grey thorax, dark brown abdomen, brownish-
yellow legs ; length, 2 mm obscura, Brun.

300. Clinocera fluviatilis, Bnm.

Clinocera flnviatilis, Bruuetti, Bee. Ind. Mus, ix, p. 34 (1913).

6 . Head brownish grey, with isolated black bristles on tlie
occiput and a few on tlie frons; frontal tubercle bearing two
divergent bristles. Antennae black ; 1st and 2ud joints subequal ;
3rd onion-shaped, with moderately long, nearly bare arista. Pro-
boscis and palpi blackish, both short. Thorax very dark brownish
grey, nearly black, a whitish-grey stripe on the sides from just
below the shoulder to as far as below the ends of the transverse

Fig. 33. — Gliiiocera fluviatilh, Brun., and antenna.

suture ; ventral part of thorax also whitish grey. Dorsum bearing
several isolated bristles (many of these are broken off), of which
one is present on the shoulder, and one towards, but not at the
liiuder corner; scutellum with two long bristles. Abdomen diavk
grey, normally pubescent. Genitalia large, consisting of a ventral
dark grey plate, a large concave lower piece, and a pair of claspers
above, these latter constituted of a large oval basal concolorous
joint and an elongate brownisb-yeilovv horny bifid second joint ;
the whole of the genitalia a little pubescent. Legs long and
slender, uniformly dark brownish grey, practically bare. Wings
very pale grey. The 3rd longitudinal vein forked beyond three-
fourths of its length, the branches approximate to one another
and parallel ; anterior cross-vein before middle of discal cell, and
at about one-third the length of the wing ; branches of upper
branch of 4tli longitudinal vein issuing close together from discal
cell, thence gradually diverging ; the discal cell much longer on
its anterior border than its posterior one ; lower branch of 4th
vein nearly straight, rather more sti'ongly developed ; 2nd basal
cell short, lying against the middle third of the upper basal cell ;

366 EMPlUvE.

aual cell barely longer than 2nd basal ; 6tli vein very short,
lialteres : stem yellow, clubs dark grey.

Length, 3 mm. ; wing, 4 mm.

Described from a single specimen from Bhowali, Kiimaon Distr.,
12. vi. 1910 [Imnis), on stones on banks of stream.

A specimen which probably belongs to this species, but showing
a discrepancy in the shape of the discal cell, is amongst the
Diptera collected by Mr. Kemp on the Abor Expedition,

301. Clinocera obscura, Bnin.

Clinocera obscura, Brmietti, llec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. ?A (1013).

S . Head blackish grey, some stiff hairs on occiput and frons,
which latter is very broad. Proboscis short, halt' the height of
the head, shining black, with a much swollen apical part (this
latter in one specimen partly brownisii yellow) ; palpi very small,
brownish yellow. Antennal 3rd joint elongate oval, with long
black arista. Thorax brownish grey, including scutellum ; sides
and metanotum bluish ash-grey ; some dorso-central and lateral
bristly hairs. Abdomen dark bro\\n, softly pubescent. Genitalia
extremely long and conspicuous, blackish, witli a few pale hairs,
egg-shaped, convex, bent under the venter, the narrower end
])ointing towards the base of the abdomen ; posteriorly (t. e. from
the broader end) project some yellowish filamentous appendages.
Legs brownish yellow ; coxae ash-grey, especially the posterior
pairs ; tarsi a little darker. Tore femora w ith a few soft pale
longer hairs; remainder of legs microscopically pubescent. Wings
very pale grey, wholly tin marked, highly iridescent ; halteres
brownish yellow.

L^ength, 2 mm.

Described from two cf c? iu the Indian Museum from Simla,
10. V. 1009 {Annandale).

Genus MICRODROMIA, Big.

Microdromya, Bigot, Ann. .Soc. Eut. France, (3) v, p. 503 (1857)
{emend.).

Gexoxtpe, Tachydromia oratorio., Eln. (Europe).

This genus differs from Clinocera by the fore coxa^ being nearly
as long as the femora, the latter being considerably thiclvened.
Head elongate, ovate ; eyes more elongate than in Clinocera and
sometin)es contiguous below the antennae ; arista tnijointed ;
proboscis about as long as height of head. Thora.v with the major
bristles apparently variable ; meta])leura bare. Legs w ith fore
coxae from rather shorter than to nearly as long as femora ;
fore femora much thickened, with two rows of short spines
below, and a row of long bristles on each side ; fore tibia? curved
at base, with a row of short spines on iinier side and a long apical
spine ; posterior tibiae without apical spur. Wings with subcostal
vein short; no discal or anal cell ; 3rd vein forked ; lower brancli

MICBODBOMTA. — PHYLLODROMIA. 367

of 5tli longitudiual Aein absent or abortive ; anal vein generally
absent ; no stigma.

Mange. Europe, Siberia, India, Java, jN'orth America, Cliile.

Life-liistorij. The metamorphoses are known of j))YPC'<tor;"rt,
Fin,, a European species of Hemerodfomia, of which Microdromia
is generally regarded as a subgenus, and Brocher has described
and figured them.* The larva lives in mud in streamlets, tbe
pupa being also aquatic.

The perfect insects frequent the borders of woods and lakes, or
humid places, generally on low herbiige and in grass.

302. Microdromia dorsalis, Bnm.

CheUpoda dorsalis, Jjrinietti, Rec. Iiid. ^las. ix, p. :]3 (191.3).

c? $ . Bead blackish ; proboscis pale yellowish, very stout at
the base, the upper piece prolonged into a long hard shining
rostrum ; antennte wholly pale yellowish white. Thoi-a.v brownish
yellow ; dorsum black or dark brown, the colour extending more
or less over the sides ; scutellum and metanotum concolorons with
dorsum. Abdomen brownish yellow ; the dorsum of each segment
black, thus forming a continuous black stripe from base to tip,
but the hind borders of some of the segments escape the black
colour ; venter brownish yellow. Genitalia in S large, wholly
black, rather complex, comprising at least a i)airof claspers, which
are stout at the base and with flexible finger-like appendages ;
also a long narrow \entral style. Legs \ery pale yellow ; fore
femora with a row of very short microscopic spines, fore tibiae
possessing two such rows ; the fore femora also have a row of
long stiff bristly hairs on the underside and two still longer ones
below near the base, Wiurjs clear, veins brown ; halteres pale
brownish yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from three specimens in the Indian Museum, taken
at the edge of a small stream at Earogli, .Simla Hills, 5000 ft.,
10. V. 1910 (Annandale).

Genus PHYLLODROMIA, Zett.

P/ii/l/odro}n!a, Zetterstedt, Isis, 1837, p. 31.
Chiro7?iantis, Ilondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 148 (I806),
Thcnnnodromia, Mik, Wien. Ent. Zeitg;. v, p. 278 (188G).
Litanomyia , Melaiider, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxviii, p. 231 (1902).

Genotype uncertain. f

Head rather elongate and flattened, broader than thorax : eyes
large, elongate, separated in both sexes, subcontiguous below

* Ann. de Biologie Lacustre, iv, p. 44, figs. 1, 2 (1909).

t There seems some obscurity as to the genotypes of Chdipocla and
PhyUodromia, which it is impossible to clear up here owing to the " Mem. Soc.
Sei. Lille" not being available in India. Rondani in I85G selected Empix
melanor-ephala , F., as type of Fhyllodroniia, the same species which Coquillett
chose as type of CheUpoda in 191U.

368 EMPID.K.

anteunse, Mith facets of uniform size ; proboscis short, thick,
vertical ; palpi one-jointed. Antennoe inserted a little below the
middle, 3-jointed ; basal joints short; 3rd elongate, pointed, with
long terninial arista, attached by means of a minute joint. Thora.v
rectangular, modei'ately arched ; prothorax forming a short neck.
A few uuiserial dorso-central bristles ; a notopleural and supra-
alar bristle present ; scutellum with two bristles ; metapleura
with a few bristles. Abdomen with last two segments in male
reduced, hidden by the genitalia, which latter are rather large ;
abdomen in female more pointed, genitalia normal. Legs as in
CJielijiOihi ; fore coxje nearly as long as fore femora. Wings in
venation and shape as in Chelipoda; discal cell present; anal
angle not developed.

llangc. Europe, India, N. America, Argentina.

Life-histori/ unknown. The imagos frequent grass and damp
meadows.

Phyllodromia , Zett., diifers from Chelipoda, Macq., practically
only m the presence of the discal cell, and is ranked as a sub-
genus of the latter in the Kertes/ Catalogue ; but if the character
is constant one way or the other in all the species, there seems no
reason why both should not be admitted to generic rank. My
Jlavida was placed in Chelipoda on the broader view of the genus,
but must now be transferred to PhylJodromia, with my indica,
the latter having been desci'ibed under Litanomyia, which is now
considered synonymous with Zetterstedt's genus.

P. Jliivida differs from indica by the thorax being mainly
brownish yellow as opposed to blackish grey.

303. Phyllodromia flavida, Bmn. (PL IV, figs. 14, 15.)

CJu'lipoda Jiavida, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 32 (1913).

c? 2 . Bead yellowish; three ocelli on the black vertical triangle,
Avhich also carries two divaricate long bristles : frons moderately
broad ; occiput with four long curved bristles placed equidis-
tantly ; seen from behind, the occiput has a greyisli tinge, as has
sometimes the frons also; eyes black, rounded, :ilmost contiguous
immediately below the antennae for a short space, the face
broadening below ; the latter, seen from above, appears silvery
wliite ; proboscis very short, half the height of the head, conical,
sharply pointed, yellowish, the upper part (hypopharyux) narrow,
hard, shining. Eirst two antennal joints yellowish, with some
short bristles at the tips of each ; 3rd joint dark brown, elongate
onion-shaped, with long brown microscopically pubescent arista.
Thorax very variable, generally brownish yellow, ^\•ith more or less
blackish colour, either in the form of a dorsal stripe, a lateral ir-
regular and somewhat indistinct border, or the posterior part of the
dorsum more or less blackish; sides generally lighter, in some speci-
mens attaining a pinkisii-fawn colour. Ahdomen variable, brownish
3'ellovv, more or less blackish iu part or wholly ; venter brownish

PHYLLODROMIA. 369

yellow ; genitalia small, concolorous. Tip of abdomen in c?
stump-like ; in 5 tapering, the two terminal lamelLnB pale
3'ellowish. Lecjs j^ellowish or pale yellow ; front coxse narrow,
cylindrical, nearly as long as the femora, the latter slightly
brownish at tips and considerably iucrassated, with two yellow

Fig. 34. — Fhyllodromia flavida, Brun.

bristles near the base on the underside and a row there also of
microscopic spines ; posterior coxte and femora of normal size,
the former a little brownish, as are also the tips of the tarsi.
Wings very pale grey, veins black ; halteres brownish yellow.

Lengthy 2 mm.

Described from several specimens in the Indian Museum from
Paresnath, 4000-t;iOO ft., Chota Nagpur, 9-13. iv. 1909 (Ammn-
dnle), including ti/j^e 6 (9. iv. 1909) ; Dawna Hills, 2000-3000 ft.,
2.m.imS,ty2)e $ (Annandale) ; Darjiling, 28. v. 1909 (5rif»«^^/).

The Paresnath specimens were taken on stones, where they
were in considerable numbers hidden in undergrowth at the edge
of a spring.

304. Phyllodromia indica, Brun. (PI. lY, figs. 16-18.)

Litanomyia indica, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 36 (1913).

6 . Head black; antennae large, the 1st and 2nd joints yellowish;
3rd bhick, oblongo-conical, cup-shaped at bottom, and furnished
with a long arista ; face whitish grey; occiput and underside of
head dark grey, the lower part of head projecting forward some-
what ; proboscis short", pointed, and slightly curved. Thorax
nearly as long as abdom-cn, oblongo-ovate, blackish grey, mode-
rately shining. Three conspicuous bristles towards each side,

2 b

370 EMPJD^.

one on the shoulder, one towards the hind corner of the dorsum,
and one about equidistantly between tliese two, this middle pair
being rather closer to each other (tliat is, to tlie middle line of the
thorax) than the others are, yet still a considerable distance apart;
there is also one on the side of the thorax, in front of the wing;
scutellum with two bristles. Abdomen dark brown, almost devoid
of pubescence. Lecjs wholly pale j'^ellow; fore femora much
enlarged, fore coxis and fore tibiae eacli very slightly longer than
the fore femora, the latter being spiny and bristly below ; hind
tibiae very slightly enlarged, at the tip on\j. Wings very pale
grey, a little yellowish towards base and costa, unmarked.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from one 5 in the Indian Museum taken by me at
Darjiling, 7000 ft., 2d.\. 1910, on the hillside, in mixed herbage.

Genus DOLICHOCEPHALA, Macq.

Dolichocephala, Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 147 (1823).
Ardoptera, Macquart, op. cit. p. 105 (1827).
Leptosceles, Ilaliday, Eiit. Mouth. Mag. i, p. IGO (1833).

Genotype, Tacliydromia irrorata, Y\n. (as maculata, Macq.)
(Europe).

Head with epistome produced downwards, pointed ; eyes rather
large, somewhat elongate, widely separated in both sexes, with
dense short pubescence ; proboscis short, thick ; palpi 1-jointed.
Antennae 3-jointed, placed just above middle of head, all the joints
short and minutely pubescent ; 2nd with bristles ; 3rd rounded,
somewhat disciform, with long, curved, rather thickened arista,
which possesses a minute ring-like basal joint. Thorax rather
elongate, with rounded anterior angles, moderately arched. Uni-
serial dorso-central bristles, a humeral, post-humeral, notopleural,
and postalar bristle present, and two scutellar bristles ; metapleura
bai'e. Abdomen 8-segmented ; the two anal segments reduced and
partly concealed by the male genitalia; abdomen in female pointed.
Legs slender; fore coxae slightly elongated, about half as long as
femora. Legs minutely pubescent; tibicC without spurs; two
pulvilli and a small linear bristle-bearing empodium. Wings
with auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins short, the former
reaching the margin ; 2nd vein long ; 3rd vein forked, the up])er
branch united to 2nd vein towards its tip ; lower branch of 5th
vein strongly recurrent, almost immediately meeting anal vein
(which is very abbreviated, not nearly reaching wing-margin),
making anal cell very short and truncate. Dorsal cell very elon-
gate, 2nd basal cell very short, much shorter than 1st basal and
subequal to anal cell ; three submarginal, four posterior cells ; hind
angle of wing quite reduced, making it almost cuneiform. Ground-
colour of wing brown, with hyaline spots.
Range. Europe, India, North America.

A limited genus of small delicate Empids, easily recognised by
the brown wings with pale spots.

DOLICnOCEPHALA. — XRICnOPEZA. 371

305. Dolichocepliala septemnotata, Bnm. (P]. IV, figs, 19-21.)

DoUchocephala septemnotata, Briinetti, Ilec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 35
(1913).

S . Ilead blackish ; frons broad, some stiff hairs on both frous
and occiput ; epistome (the whole of the head below the eyes)
conical, short, lialf the height of the rest of the head. Antennae
black ; 3rd joint conical, with long black thick arista, microscopi-
cally pubescent : no palpi apparent. Thorax and ahdomen wholly
black, moderately shining, practically bare, except for a few stiff
hairs laterally on the former ; genitalia small, rounded, simple.
Leys pale yellowish, upper side of fore femora and tips of tarsi a
little brownish. WhKjs very pale brown, with seven very distinct
moderate-sized circular pale spots ; six of these are placed in two
parallel rows of three in each; the upper row just above the 3rd
longitudinal vein, the lower row a little above tlie hind margin of
the wing, so that the spots appear like three pairs situated longi-
tudinally ; the 1st pair {i. e. the basal spots of both rows) is
situated a little before the middle of the wing ; the 2nd pair a
little beyond the middle; the 3rd pair half-way between the 2nd
pair and the wing-tip, the upper spot being in the middle of the
submarginal cell ; of the spots in the longer row, the first is
placed a little before, the second a little beyond the lower branch
of the 5th longitudinal vein ; the third is in the middle of the
2nd posterior cell ; the seventh spot is near the wing-tip, at
the end of the 1st posterior cell ; the 3rd, 4th, and 5th longi-
tudinal veins are all wavy, the 3rd is forked at two-thirds the
length of the wing, the subniarginal cell narrowed in the middle,
with the marginal cross-vein just beyond the cell's base, uniting it
to the 2nd longitudinal vein just before its tip ; the 4th longi-
tudinal vein, although wavy, is mainly in a straight line, and
divides the wing into nearly equal parts, ending just below the
wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein very near base oi wing ; posterior
cross-vein at middle of wing, joining the upper branch of the
widely-forked 5th vein soon after the furcation ; anal cell oblong,
very short ; halteres brownisli yellow.

Leur/ih, 1 i mm.

Described from one d in the Indian Museum from Simla,
10. v. 1909 {Annandale).

Genus TRICHOPEZA, Bond.
Tricopeza, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 150 (1856) {emend.).

GE^o'rY:PE, Brachystoma lomjicornis, Mg. (Europe); by original
designation.

Head, a little broader than long, slightly broader than thorax ;
eyes occupying whole front of head, shortly pubescent, separated
above antennae iu both sexes, contiguous below for some distance,
frontal facets in both sexes enlarged. Proboscis thin, nearly

2ij2

372 EMPIDiE.

as long as head, directed downwards ; palpi 1-jointed, long,
clavate, with long hairs. Antennae placed above middle line of
head, 3-joiuted ; 1st elongate, cylindrical, compressed at base;
2nd subglobular ; 3rd three times as long as first two together,
suddenly narrowing before one-fourth of its length and thence
gradually tapering to a point ; no style or arista.* Thorax
rectangular, considerably arched. Some weak dorso-central
bristles ; a humeral, post-humeral, larger and smaller notopleural,
supra-alar and postalar bristles present ; scutellum with two
bristles ; metapleura bare. Abdomen rather long and slender,
8-segmented ; the 7th and 8th segments in the male reduced,
covered by the genitaha, which latter are complex, somewhat
resembling those of Hilara. Abdomen in female rather thick at
apex, with only six obvious segments, the 7th being peculiarly
enlarged and the 8th concealed ; ovipositor small. Legs long
and slender ; fore coxae only slightly elongated ; fore femora
slightly thickened, with bristles below ; posterior tibiae with long
bristles and siuall apical spurs. Wings with auxiliary vein not
reaching margin ; 3rd vein forked ; discal cell present ; lower
branch of 5th vein recurrent, parallel with ])ind margin of
wing.

liange. Besides my fusca the only other known species is
longicornis, Mg,, of Europe.

Life-history unknown.

306. Trichopeza fusca, Brtin.

TricJiopeza fusca, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 31 (1913).

5 . Head blackish, eyes subcontiguous. Antennae with very
long cylindrical 1st joint, short large subglobular 2nd joint, and
very elongate conical 3rd joint, which has a very long thick
curved minutely pubescent style. Thorax dark brown, lighter at
the sides; scutellum and metanotum concolorous with dorsum.
Abdomen dark brown, but a little lighter than the thorax ; very
sparsely pubescent ; genitalia inconspicuous ; venter brownish
yellow. Legs long and slender, uniformly ])ale yellowish, except
the blacldsh tarsi. Pore coxae twice as long as the others, but
one-third the length of the fore femora ; all the femora approxi-
mately equal in length ; tibiae very little shorter than femora,
hind pair a little incrassated at the tips ; tarsi about as long as
tibiie, blackish. All the femora possess a few isolated long stifl'
hairs on the underside, and the middle femoi-a have one on the
front side near the tip ; all the tibiae with one such stiff hair on
outer side a little before the first third of the length, and a few
shorter ones on hinder side of middle tibiae, also a single one

* Lundbeck describes the 3rd joint as taperiug into an arista, stating that a.
microscope fails to show any articulation. In such a case a simple joint only
must be recognised.

TMcnoPEZA. 373

on hinder side of hind tibiae at about one-tliird of the length.
Wings very pale grey, very iridescent ; 3rd longitudinal vein
widely forked beyond half its length ; prongs of upper branch of
4th vein issuing wide apart from the discal cell, the latter being

Fig. 35. — Tricliopezafusca, Erun.

large, long, pointed basally, about equal in length to 2nd posterior
cell; 1st basal cell a little longer than 2nd, which latter is about
as long as anal cell ; halteres yellow.

Length, 3 mm. ; wing, 4| mm.

Described from a unique $ in the Indian Museum from
Kurseong, 25. iii. 1910 {Gravely).

The pecuUar nature of the autennse ought easily to distinguish
this species from all otiier Indian Empid-D.

Subfamily TACHYDROMIIN^.

Head with eyes more variable than in the other subfamilies,
generally separated above the antennse in both sexes ; below they
may be contiguous or separated ; when contiguous below, the
frontal facets ma}^ or may not be larger than the others ; in some
genera the eyes microscopically pubescent. Proboscis short,
sometimes curved ; palpi 1-jointed. Antennse S-jointed, with a
styliform ai'ista of one or two joints. llwra.v often nearly as
broad as long ; metapleura bare, or with very short hairs. Legs
of varying lengths ; sometimes the fore femora or four anterior
femora thickened, in which case the four anterior legs are
raptorial: middle tibiae sometimes with a spine. Wings with
axillary lobe more or less developed ; 3rd and 4th longitudinal
veins simple ; tliree posterior cells ; no discal cell ; lower branch
of 5th vein present or absent ; basal cells rather large, subequal

374 EMPIDJE,

or the 2iid the longer; anal cell normally absent, when present
shorter than basal cells and anal vein weak, usually accompanied
by the character of incrassated middle femora ; anal vein weak or
aiisent ; squamae absent.

This subfamily is distinguished by the (normal) absence of the
anal vein, or, when it is present, by the thickened middle femora.
Some genera with shortened abdomens and thick-set bodies are
included here. Many species are of yellow or bro^^•n shades of
colour.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Anal cell absent 2.

Anal cell normally present, sometimes feeble [p. 374.

or incomplete Tachydromia, Mg.,

2. A portion of the lower branch of the 5th

louiritudinal vein present; anal (6th) vein [p. 378.

absent Tachypeza, Mg.,

Lower branch of 5tli vein, also anal vein,
entirely absent 3.

3. Legs short and robust ; abdomen short and

broad ; 3rd autennal joint short, ovate. . . . Dkai'ETIs, Mg., p. 380.
Legs slender; abdomen more elongate, rela-
tively less broad; 3rd antennal joint [p. 384.

elongate, conical Elaphropeza, Macq.,

Genus TACHYDROMIA, Mg.

Tachydromia, Meigen, Illig. Mag. ii, p. 269 (1803).

Sicus, Latreille («ec Scop. 1763J, Precis Caract. Gen. Ins. xiv, p. 158

(1796).
Phoroxypha, Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prod, i, p. 146 (1856).
Platypalpus, Macqnart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 92 (1827).
Brevios, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 22 (1913).

Gexotypb, Tachi/dromia connexa, Mg. (as cimicoides, F.)
(Europe) ; by designation of Coquillett (1903),

Mead rounded, as broad as thorax or nearly so, a little higher
than broad ; eyes rather elongate, separated in both sexes by
a rather narrow frons, subcontiguous below antennae, facets
of uniform size. Proboscis short, vertical ; palpi 1-jointed, of
variable size. Antennae inserted about middle of head, 3-jointed ;
1st very short, subcylindrical ; 2nd somewhat rounded, bristly
towards tip ; 3rd considerably elongate, sometimes more than
twice as long as first two together, approximately conical, slightly
compressed at about the middle, with very long, microscopically
pubescent arisla, which possesses a minute basal joint. Thorax
rectangular, moderately arched. No definite discal bristles, but
the hairs on the disc may be more or less arranged into doi-so-
central and aci'ostichal rows ; one to three notopleural bristles
and one postalar ; generally a humeral, sometimes a post-humeral
bristle ; two or four scutellar bristles ; metapleura bare. Abdomen
in male cylindrical, tip bluntly pointed in female ; male genitalia
large, knob-like, hiding 8th segment. Ler/s : anterior pairs

TACIIYDROMIA. 375

raptorial ; fore coxte slight!}'- longer than posterior ones ; fore
femora more or less thickened, with two rows of fine bristles
below ; middle femora considerably incrassate, with two rows of
short thick spines below ; middle tibiae often with an apical spine
on inner side and a row of black spines below. Other variations
occur in the legs in the shape of additional spines or bristles, and
in the degree of incrassatiou of tlie femora. Two piilvilli ; empo-
dium small, linear. Winijs with auxiliary vein united to 1st
longitudinal till near tip, reaching margin ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
(which is simple) normal; 4tli simple ; lower branch of 5th almost
or quite recurrent, meeting the indistinct and incomplete anal
vein at about a right angle. Discal cell absent ; both basal cells
long, subequal ; anal cell incomplete through the wanting basal
portion of the anal vein ; 1st posterior cell often broadened in
middle and distinctly narrowed at tip ; axillary lobe of wing not
conspicuous.

Rauije. Europe, India, Tibet, China, Papua, North Africa,
North America, Chile, i^rgentina.

Life-ldstori). Beling has recorded the metamorphoses of a
European species T. {Plairipalims) major, Zett,,* which was
breeding on the ground under moss in a wood.

Tachj/dromia is a genus with a rather easily recognised facies,
due to the thickened femora, long antennae, absence of discal cell
in conjunction with the shape ot the 1st posterior cell, and incom-
plete or absoit anal cell. The species occur in woods and fields,
running swiftly over low herbage in search of prej^ ; they are
very carnivorous and rapacious, remains of soft Diptera being
often retained by their middle legs after death. Many species
are conspicuous amongst Empid.e by their yellow colour.

Table of Species.

1. Wings unmarked 2. [p. 375.

Wings with two broad blackish bauds .... latifascipennis, Brun.,

2. Thorax bright ferruginous 3.

Thorax black or blackish 4.

3. Antenual basal joints yellow ; thorax with

disthict median stripe ; proboscis as long [p. 376.

as height of head ferruffiiiea, Brun.,

Antenn;e all black ; thorax witljout a median
stripe, but with two abbreviated lateral

ones ; proboscis shorter than height of [p. 377.

head nepalensis, uom. nov.,

4. Proboscis as long as height of liead gentilis, Brun., p. 377.

Proboscis half as long as height of head . . orientalis, Brun., p. 378.

307. Tachydromia latifascipennis, Brun.

Tachydromia latifasci'pennis, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. xiii, p. 81
(1917).

c? ? . Head shining black, bare ; eyes separated above by a
moderately broad frons of uniform width, contiguous on under-

* Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxyiii, p. 2 (1888).

376 empidjE.

side ; antennal 1st pint moderately long, of usual shape, 2nd
shortly conical, Avith long apical bristle, both joints brownish
yellow; proboscis dark brown; pal[)i rather elongate, with long
whitish-gre^'' pubescence and a long apical black bristle ; occiput
grey ; a pair of bristles behind vertex, a few shorter ones on
back of head. Thorax elongate, as broad as abdomen, humeri not
constricted from mesonotum ; wholly shining black, bare ; scu-
tellum and pleui'te black ; a distinct pre-alar bristle. Abdomen
black, moderately shining, nearly bare; male genitalia large;
abdomen of $ tapering, ovipositor normal. Legs black ; fore
coxae distinctly but not greatly enlarged, sometimes with a pale
spot on outer side ; fore femora greatly incrassated, in some
specimens with basal part bro\^'nisli yellow, in others with two
pale spots on outer side, near base; in some the whole femur
blackish brown ; about basal half of all metatarsi yellowish.
Wings grey, with two broad blackish bands, occupying greater
part of wing, extending from costa to hind margin, leaving middle
part of wing rather narrowly clear, and a moderately wide clear
wing-tip and base ; the blackish bands darker anteriorl}'.

Length, 2|-2| mm.

Described from a few of each sex in the Indian Museum :
Darjiliug, 8-11. viii. 1909, including type S {J. T. Jenkins), and
type $ , 8. viii. 1909 (Paiva) ; Dbarampur, Simla, 5000 ft., iv.-v.
1908 ; Simla, 7000 ft., 11. v. 1908 (both Amiandale).

If Plaiypcdpus can be regarded as distinct from TacJiydromia,
which seems doubtful, the three species of mine — orientalis.gentilis,
a,nA ferrvgineus — will belong to it, as described ; but my P. paUidi-
tihicK and P. incisa belong to Tachi/peza, the anal cross-vein being
distinctly present in the former and a part of it ia the latter.

308. Tachydromia ferruginea, Bnm.

Platiipalpusferrugineus, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ix, p. 40 (1013).

5 . Head rather dark brownish yellow ; proportions, pubes-
cence and bristles as ia orientaJis and gentilis ; face blackish ;
antenucB with first two joints yellow, the 3rd blackish ; proboscis
as long as height of head, blackish ; palpi short, rather thick, pale
yellowish. Thorax rather bright ferruginous brown, shining,
with a moderately broad black median dorsal stripe, beginning on
the anterior margin, and a much shorter one on each side of it,
these two not attaining either the anterior or posterior margin.
Short sparse pale yellowish hairs over the dorsum and sides, most
conspicuous just below the shoulders ; two strong pre-alar bristles
on each side, and one towards the posterior corner of the dorsum.
Scutellum shining black, Avith very minute pale yellowish hairs
and two long apical converging spines. Metanotum black, shining,
with minute pale yellow hairs ; sides of thorax black. Abdomen
black, a little shining, almost bare ; venter similar ; genitalia
pale yellowish, elongate. Legs bright yellow; fore femora a little

TACHYDUOMIA. 377

tliickened ; middle femora considerably thickened and witli two
rows ot" very small black spines and also a row of long stiff hairs,
all placed on the underside ; the middle tibiae have a short but
distinct spur-like tooth at the tip and a single row of minute
black spines on the underside. Winr/s pale yellowish grey, veins
a deeper yellow; surface of wing with sliort hairs and also micro-
scopically setulose ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a single 5 in the Indian Museum from Kurseong,
4. vii. 190S (Annandale).

309. Tachydromia nepalensis, nom. nov. (PI. lY, fig. 22.)

Brevios lonr/icornis, Bi'unetti, Piec, Ind. Mas. ix, p. 22 (1913).

S. Head: occiput blackish gi'ey, with pale yellowish-grey
pubescence; eyes closely contiguous ; antennae blackish, 3rd joint
and its style with rather dense whitish pubescence ; proboscis
sliorter than height of head, yellowish. Thorax bright ferru-
ginous, also scutellum and metanotuin ; a short black streak above
each wing apparently joined together near posterior margin by
an irregular blackish mark (thorax slightly damaged in this spot

Fig. 36. — Tachydromia nepalensis, Brim., ning.

by the pin); sides grey. Abdomen black, roughened, nearly bare;
genitalia rather large, black. Legs all wholly pale brownish
yellow, with soft pubescence; middle femora slightly thickened.
Wings pale grey, highly iridescent ; a slight obliteration of the
veins at tips of basal cells; venation in accordance with the
generic diagnosis ; halteres brownish yellow.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a single c5' in the Indian Museum from Sarath,
Nepal, 24. ii. 1908.

The present species, being now referred to this genus, has to be
renamed, on account of the European species T. longicornis, Mg.

310. Tachydromia geiitilis, Bmn.

Platypalpus fienlUis, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Mus. ix, ji. 40 (1913).

2 , Head wholly blackish ; antennae and proboscis dull brownish
yellow, the latter when fully protruded about as long as the
height of the head, yellow at the base, black-tipped; palpi about
half as long as the proboscis, stoutly cylindrical, pale yellow, with
a few hairs. Thorax shining black, with sparse yellow hairs and
a few lateral bristles ; sides a little grey-dusted, as is more or

378 EMPID.-E.

less Ihe metanotum ; scutellum sliining black, with four yellow
bristles. Abdomen black, moderately shilling, shortly conical,
almost bare; genitalia elongate; veoter much as upper side.
Legs pale brownish yellow ; femora and tips of tarsi barely
darker ; the middle femora incrassated, and armed below as in
orientalis. JVimjs clear ; halteres yellowish.

Length, 2^ mm.

Described from four $ $ in the Indian Museum taken by me
at Darjiling, 26-29. v. 1910 {tyije, 28, v. ]0) ; and one from Simla,
10. V. 1909 {Annandale).

311. Tachydromia orientalis, Brim.

Platypnlpus orientalis, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Mas. ix, p. 89 (1913).

2 . Head: occiput and frons covered with close pale yellowish-
grey tomentum ; frons with almost parallel sides ; ocelli placed
just below tlie vertex, with two proclinate bristles between them
and with two similar bristles just behind the vertex, each of the
latter placed in a minute black spot on the surface ; two rows of
distinct yellow hairs behind the eyes, below the vertical margin,
and some on the lower part of the back of the head ; antennal
basal joints bright reddish yellow. 3rd joint darker brown, elon-
gate onion-shaped, with normally formed arista ; face grey, with
pale grey hairs, which give it a whitish reflection when viewed from
certain directions ; proboscis about half the height of the head,
shining black, elongate conical, bare ; palpi nearly half as long as
proboscis, yellow, of moderate size, cylindrical, with a few hairs.
Thorax with close very short yellowish-grey or cinereous tomen-
tum, and some lateral bristles ; scutellum concolorous, with two
strong apical converging bristles, and a smaller pair outside of
these; metanotum concolorous, or in some examples more blackish
grey. Abdomen dark mahogany brow'ii or blackish brown, with
a little short pale pubescence ; a little broader on the middle
segments, the apical half conical ; the genitalia elongate, dark
grey ; venter similar to upper side. Legs bright brownish yellow ;
femora, especially posterior pairs, darker, or with a tinge of
brown ; tips of joints of tarsi also narrowly brown. Wings pale
but distinctly yellow, veins a little deeper yellow; halteres
yellowish.

Length, 3-4 mm.

Described from several 5 $ in the Indian Museum taken by
me at Darjiling, 7000 ft., 29. v. 1910.

Genus TACHYPEZA, Mg.

Tachypeza, Meigen, Syst. Bescli. vii, p. 94 (1838).

Genotype, Taclii/dromia nublla, Mg. (Europe) ; by Eondani's
designation.

This genus is closely allied to Tacliydromia, Mg. The eyes are
contiguous below the antennae, the facets in that region being a

TACHVPEZA. 379

little enlarged iu both sexes ; ocellar bristles absent ; antennal
arista unjointed ; proboscis shorter than height of head. 8cu-
tellum with two bristles. Legs long and slender, the fore pair
the shortest, the hind pair the longest ; fore coxae slightly-
elongated ; fore femora thickened in both sexes, the middle
femora slightly thickened; fore tibiae sometimes somewliat
thickened, more so in the male; tarsi long. Wings with vena-
tion as in Tadiydromia, except that the anal cell is absent ; lower
branch of 5th vein present.

llanr/e. Europe, India, Siberia, North America, Jamaica.

Life-liistorij unknown .

The Hies are found on tree-trunks, and running swiftly over
low plants and bushes. They are raptorial and are said to be loth
to fly.

Only two Indian species are known, distinguished as follows : —

Antenn* all black ; kng'th U mm pallklitihici' , Brun.

Autenua3 with basal joints pale ; length i^^ mm. . . incisa, Brim.

312, Tachypeza palliditibiaB, Brun.

Flntiipalpm palUditibice, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 41 (1913).

S . Head blackish ; frons and occiput with microscopic whitish
hairs, some also on underside of head ; antennae black ; proboscis
mainly black, not so long as height of head ; palpi nearly white,
half as long as the proboscis. Thora.v wholly blackish, with
microscopic pale yellowish hairs ; scutellum, metanotum, and sides
all similar ; bristles distributed as in the three previous species.
Abdomen black, with sparse ])ale hairs, tip stump-like ; genitalia
of moderate size, rounded exteriorly, mainly withdrawn ; venter
like upper side. Ler/s yellowish ; femora mainly blackish, as are
the tarsi-tips. TFt;«r/s clear ; halteres: stem black, clubs whitish.

Length, 14 mm.

Described from one d" in the Indian Museum from Simla,
11. V. 1908 (Annandale).

313. Tachypeza incisa, Brun.

Flatypalpus incisus, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 41 (1913).

S . Head blackish, occiput with short whitish-grey hairs ; frons
moderately narrow, widened a little in the middle, at which place
are situated the three lim.pid ocelli in the form of a triangle.
Proboscis brownish yellow, half the height of the head ; palpi pale
yellow, with a few black bristles. Antennae large ; 2nd joint
yellowish, with a row of short subapical bristles ; 3rd dark brown,
with minute pale ptibescence, squarish or nearly V-shaped at tip,
with a long thick arista from the upper angle at the tip. Thorax
wholly shining black, bare, except for microscopic yellow hairs
and two or three notopleural bristles ; scutellum with two apical

380

EMPID^.

bristles. Abdomen black, motlerately shining, practically bare ;
venter similar. Genitalia rather large, black; a pair of claspers
with large basal joint with long crooked terminal black hook-like
appendages. Ler/s brownish yellow, fore coxte half as long as the
femora; anterior femora incrassateil, hind femora not thickened,
long; tarsi more or less brown; all the legs minntely pubescent.
Wings microscopically setulose, pale brown, no stigma ; venation
normal, anal cell absent; the anal cross-vein present but incom-
plete.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from a single <S in the Indian Museum from Simla,
20. vii. 1911 {Annandale).

Genus DRAPETIS, Mg.

Drapetis, Meigen, Syst. Besch. iii, p. 91 (182i>l.

C'rossojxilpus, Bigot, Auu. Soc. Ent. Frnnce, (3) v, p. 563 (1857).

Genotype, Drapetis exilis, Mg. (Europe).

Head not so broad as thorax, but broader than high, rather
short ; eyes microscopically pubescent, separated in both sexes,
sometimes narrowly just above antennae, below which they are
contiguous or nearly so, facets of uniform size. Proboscis short,
vertical ; palpi one-jointed. Antennae inserted just above the
middle, very short,* especially 1st joint ; 2nd joint slightly
broader at tip, bristly ; 3i'd conical, varying in length but always
comparatively short, pointed, with a rather long apical arista,
which is said to possess a microscopic basal joint. Thorax
approximately square, \\\t\\ rounded corners, generally moderately
arclied, in some species more so ; dorsum with fine pubescence.
Chaetotaxy apparently slightly variable, generally some dorso-
central, acrostichal, and notopleural bristles, with often a postalar
and post-humeral bristle; scntellum with two bristles ; metapleura
practically or quite bare. Ahdoruen short and robust, 8-segmented,
ending in male in a knob-like genital organ, in female in a point.
Legs comparatively short and strong, fore and hind femora rather
thickened ; hind tibiae sometimes ending in a projecting tooth.
Legs shortly pubescent, with a few bristles ; tibiae spurred or not,t
hind pair with a small bump at tip : empodium very small, seti-
form. Wings short, rounded, anal angle well developed ; auxiliary
vein inconspicuous, short, ending free ; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd longi-
tudinal veins slightly curved forward ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th veins
simple ; a trace of an anal vein, but indistinct or unappreciable
at base. Discal cell absent ; 2nd basal cell much longer than 1st,
truncate ; anal cell absent.

* Melaiider describes the anteiiiife of this and siiiie liindred genera as
two-jointed. The Ist joint is often so small as to be overlooked, or it may
conceivably be reduced to a mere facial protuberance.

t Schiner says that the front tibii« are spurred.

DllAPETIS. 381

Range. Europe, India, Buniia, Java, North Africa, North
America, St. Vincent, Chile, Australia.

Life-liistory unknown.

Drapetis is conspicuous amongst Erapids on account of its short
thick-set body, short robust legs, and the curved 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
veins, in conjunction with the absence of the discal and anal cells.
The flies frequent fields and meadows in preference to woods,
running swiftly over the leaves. Lundbeck thinks some species
hibernate in the imago stage.

One or two subgenera have been set up on, I think, rather
weak or inconstant characters, and all the species are here
retained under the one generic heading.

Table of Sjjecies.

1. Abdomen partly yellowish 2.

Abdomen wholly black 3.

2. First and last thirds of abdoDien yellow-

ish, middle third black vnriec/ata, Brun., p. 381.

Abdomen dirty yellow, darker posteriorly discoidalis, Bezzi, p. 382.
3(a). Tliird antennal joint trapezoidal; all

femora broadly black from base hrevior, Brun., p. 382.

{h). Third anteunal joint onion-shaped ; all [p. 383.

femora with black streak above fascifemorata, Brun.,

(c). Third antennal joint nearly round ; only

hind femora with black streak on middle [p. 383.

of upper side rotundicornis, Brun.,

{d). Third antennal joint obcouical ; legs

all yellow except for brown tarsi-tips . . riifipex, Brun., p. 383.

311. Drapetis variegata, Brun.

Drapetis variegata, Brunetti, Eec. lud. Mus. ix, p. 39 (1913).

5 . Head : occiput and f rons shining black ; eyes as in brevior.
Eirst two joints of tlie antennae dark brown ; 3rd black, very
elongate conical, with long apical arista. Proboscis short, brown-
ish yellow, with yellow hairs. Thorax dark shining brown on
anterior part, with tliree black, ]iot very obvious stripes (with,
however, linear edges), all of which begin on the anterior margin ;
posterior half of thorax more or less blackish. Scutellum
yellowish, with blackish dorsum and two long curved apical
bristles ; metanotum shining brown. Abdomen with very sparse
pale yellow hairs ; basal third (except the extremely narrow black
actual base) yellowish ; middle third blackish ; apical third
yellowish or brownish yellow ; venter yellowish (in one example
somewhat blackish across the middle). Legs wholly bright yellow ;
coxae brown, tarsi hardly, if at all, darker. Wings pale yellowish
grey, iridescent ; veins and halteres yellowish.

Length, 2| mm.

Described from two $ $ (not c? J , as originally stated) from
Eangoon, 25. ii. 1908 [Annandale).

382 EMPID.E.

315. Drapetis discoidalis, Bezzi.

Ctenodrapetis discoidalis, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 355 (1904).

§ , Near D. r/raciUs, Bezzi. Mead elongate, rounded, black ;
eyes contiguous ; antennte short, yellowish white ; arista rather
long ; proboscis elongate, yellow ; palpi white. Ocelli and
vertical bristles long. Tliorax moderately arched, yellow, mode-
rately shining ; middle of dorsum black ; humeral calli broadly
yellow, leaving a median black line attaining anterior margin ;
short pubescence absent ; acrostichal and dorso-central bristles
long, jjrojecting anteriorly ; presutural and alar ones long.
Scutellum shining black, two bristles ; halteres j'^ellow, clubs
brown. Abdomen a little longer than thorax, dirty yellow,
darkened above posteriorly ; ovipositor rather long, conical, black,
with pale short pubescence. Legs bright yellow, long, slender ;
posterior tibite witii two bristles ])laced respectively on first and
second thirds ; at tip M"ith a short obscure callus. Wings long,
hyaline, nari-owly cuneiform at base, 4th vein quite straight, a
little curved towards 3rd ; anterior and posterior wing-margins
with dense short hairs.

Length, 2 mm. ; wing, 2-2 mm.

One female from Matheran, Bombay, 800 metres, 8. vii. 1002.

Ti/pe in the Hungarian JNluseum.

316. Drapetis brevior, Brim. (PI. lY, figs. 23, 24.)

Drapetis brevior, Brunetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 37 (1913).

$ . Head very dark grey : eyes contiguous for a considerable
distance, rounded ; vertical triangle dark grey, with three ocelli
and two strong long proclinate bristles ; two equally long ones
behind the eyes, curved towards each other, \\'ith also some
smaller ones ; antennae with first two joints dark brownish yellow,
the 3rd black, as long as the 1st and 2nd taken togethei', with
a very long black apical arista, microscoincally setulose ; face very
narx'ow, dark grey ; proboscis moderately long, bluntly but not
shortly conical, with a patch of pale hairs on upper part of dorsal
surface. Thorax well arched, shining black, with light short
yellowish-gre}" pubescence and some bristles laterally ; scutellum
and metanotum shining black. Abdomen shining black, short,
conical, very stout, covered rather freely with pale yellowish-grey
hairs ; venter similar ; genitalia imperceptible. Legs bright
brownish yellow, wholly clothed with ratiier copious yellow hairs ;
the femora broadly black from base to a variable extent, leaving
sometimes only the tips pale ; tips of tarsi black or blackish.
IVhigs clear, microscopically setulose, highly ii'idesoent ; veins
yellowish or brownish ; halteres small, yellow.

Length, 2-2^ mm.

Described from several examples in the Indian Museum from
Mandalay, 12. iii. 1908, tgj^^ {Annandale) ; Kangoon, 26. ii. 1908

DBAPEXIS. 383

(Annandale) ; Ciileutta, 23. x. 1907 ; Pari, Orissa coast, 24. ii. 1908
(Paiva) ; Monger, Bengal, 23. ix. 1909 (Jenlins).

These specimens originally recorded as males were really
females.

317. Drapetis fascifemorata, Brun.

Drapetis fascifenidntta, Bruuetti, Rec. Ind. Miis. ix, p. 38 (1913).

5 . Very near D. brevior, but the 3rd antennal joint is onion-
shaped and much shorter than in that species. The legs are
wholly reddish yellow, with a black streak ou the upper side of
the femora.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a single 5 in the Indian Museum from
Ivurseong, 4. vi. 1908 (Aanandale).

This might have been considered provisionally the $ of
D. brevior as the likeness between the two species is so great, and
the difference in colour of tlie legs might easily be a sexual one
only ; but the different structure of the anteuna3 points to its
being specifically distinct.

318. Drapetis rotundicornis, Brun. (PI. lY, fig. 25.)
Drapetis rotundicornis, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 3S (1913).

S . Very near D. brevior, from which it differs in the 3rd
antennal joint being nearly round, drawn out to a slight point at
the tip, from which the long arista projects. The anterior legs
are all reddish yellow, the hind feuiora have the middle part
blackish on the upper side.

Length, 2^ mm.

Described from a single c? in the Indian Museum from Pari,
Orissa coast, 18-19. i. 1908 [Annandale).

In this species again I should have regarded it as a mere
variation of brevior but for the different structure of the antennae.

319. Drapetis rufipes, Bnm.

Drapetis rufipes, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 38 (1913).

$ . Very near D. brevior. The 3rd antennal joint is obconical,
black in colour, with an apical arista. Legs entirely reddish
yellow ; tips of tarsi brown.

Length, 2 mm.

Described from a $ in the Indian Museum taken by Dr. Annan-
dale "at light" ou board a steamer at Damukdia Grhat, Eastern
Bengal, 30. vi, 1908 ; Madhupur, Bengal, 22. x. 1909 (Paiva).

My type specimen is a $ , not a c? , as originally stated.

384 EMPID.E.

Genus ELAPHROPEZA, Macq.

Maphropeza, Macquart, Soc. Sci. Lille, p. 86 (1827).

Genotype, Tacliydromia epJiij^j^iata, Eln. (Eui'ope) ; by original
designation.

Head subsplierica], narrower than thorax ; eyes large, micro-
scopically pubescent, sepai-ated above antennse in both sexes (frons
narrow), or contiguous in both sexes, facets of uniform size ;
proboscis sliort, vertical ; palpi 1-jointed, broad ; antennse
3-jointed ; basal joints short, 2nd rounded, bristly ; 3rd elongate
conical, with long, shghtly pubescent, apical arista possessing a
microscopic basal joint ; epistome short. Thorax subquadrangular,
with rounded corners. No distinct dorsal bristles ; a notopleural,
supra-alar, postalar, and two scutellar bristles ; metapleura bare.
Abdomen with last two segments in male hidden by the large
genitalia, subcylindrical ; in female pointed. Legs slender, fore
coxae only slightly elongated ; fore tibia) with short spurs ;
empodium small, claw-shaped. Wings as in Drapetis.

Range. Europe, India, Ceylon, Java, Papua, Philippines,
Pormosa, South Africa, North America, Australia,

Life-history unknown.

This genus is rather easily recognised by the usually yellow and
black colour of the species, and the long arista, which is generally
bent inwards in the Indian species.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax sliinino' black 2.

Thorax hrownish yellow o.

2. Basal half of abdonieu reddish yellow,

apical half black hasalis, Bezzi, p. 384.

Abdomen wholly black bicoloripes, Brun., p. 385.

3. Abdomen practically unicolorous 4.

Abdomeu with basal and apical portions

pale, middle part black 5.

4. Abdomen browu ; tips of hind tibiae,

anterior tarsi, and last joint of hind tarsi

black fulvithora.r, Wulp, p. 385.

Abdomen blackish ; legs wholly yellow to

tips of tarsi ferrvrjinea, Brun., p. 386,

5. Tarsi and tips of tibiae brownish metafarsata, Bezzi, p. 386.

All legs wholly yelloAv variegata, Brun., p. 387.

320. Elaphropeza hasalis, Bezzi.

Elaphropeza boaalis, Bezzi, Ann. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 349 (1904).

" $ . Head rounded, rather brilliantly shining black ; occiput
with grey tomentum ; eyes narrowly separated above antennse,
contiguous beloAv them ; 3rd antennal joint moderately long,
black ; arista shorter than antennae ; palpi white. Thorax and
scutelluni all black, with pale pubescence and bristles. Abdomen
as long as thorax, basal half reddish yellow, Avith rather short pale

ELAPHROPEZA. 385

pubescence, apical half black. Legs robust, nearly bare, wholly
yellow, except the black last tarsal segment ; hind tibiae with one
bristle only and a rather short tooth at tip on inner side ; hind
metatarsi with short thick pubescence below. Wings shore, clear,
anterior margin slightly ciliated ; veins pale ; 3rd and 4th veins
gently diverging ; 2nd ending midway between 1st and 3rd ; 5th
ending at some distance before margin.

" One female, Colombo, 28. ii. 1902 {Biro)." (Bezzi.)

I'ype in the Hungarian Museum.

321. Elaphropeza bicoloripes, Bnm.

EUqjhropeza bicolui-ipes, Brimetti, Eec. Ind. Mus. ix, p. 43 (1913).

5 . Head with eyes absolutely contiguous above and below
antennae for the full distance ; occiput blackish, with stiff hairs
above and softer hairs below ; vertex with three whitish ocelli
and two long stiff bristles ; antennte rather large, basal joints
yellowish, wider at tips than bases, 2nd spinose on margin, 3rd
brownish, elongate conical, pubescent, with very long arista ;
proboscis blackish ; palpi short. Thorax- shining black, lateral
margins in front of wing narrowly brownish ; dorsum with soft
short pale hairs ; stiff pre -apical hairs as usual. Scutellum black,,
shining, with two convergent long apical bristles ; sides of thorax
black. Abdomen shining black, apparently a tendency to a little
paleness at base and to dark brown towards tip ; very sparsely
pubescent ; venter similar. Legs brouuish yellow ; hind femora
(except broadly at base), fore and hind tibiae wholly, dark brown.
]Vings pale yellowish grey, iridescent ; venation normal ; halteres
dirty brown.

Length, 1| mm.

Described from a single $ in the Pusa collection from Lower
Leboiig, 4500 ft., JDarjiling Distr., 2-9. vi. 1909 {F. M. Howlett).

322. Elaphropeza fulvithorax, WuJp.

Elaphropeza fulvitliorax, Wulp, Termes. Fiizet. xx, p. 138 (1857).

" S ' Head globular ; eyes contiguous above and below antennae.
Antennae nearly as long as head ; basal joints and base of 3rd
yellow ; the latter conical at tip, in front black, arista as long as
antenna. Thorax and scutellum yello« ish red, very shining ;
thoracic dorsum arched. Abdomen shorter than thorax, upper
surface brown : sides and venter yellow. Legs yellow, tips of
hind tibiaj, the anterior tarsi, and last joint of hind tarsi blackish.
Wings distinctly longer than abdomen, brown tinged, especially
about middle of anterior border ; veins dark ; posterior cross-vein
also ; ultimate portion of 4th longitudinal vein very indistinct ;
halteres whitish yellow.

" One male, Kandy, iVlarch." {van de/r IF^(Zp,)

Length, Ik mm.

2c

386 empidjE.

323. Elaphropeza ferruginea, Brun.
JElaphropc'zaferruffinea, Brunetti, Rec. lud. Miis. ix, p. 43 (1913).

d . Head with eyes closely contiguous above and below the
antennJB for the whole distance ; vertex with three rather large
ocelli ; occiput light brownish yellow, with numerous stiff bristly
hairs above and pale softer hairs on lower part. Autennte with
tirst two joints brownish yellow ; 1st much shorter than 2nd,
which latter is considerably setose at tip ; 3rd joint very elongate
conical, blackish, closely pubescent, with long microscopically
pubescent arista. Proboscis very short, brownish yellow ; palpi
shorter still, pale yellow, each with a very long bristle. Thorax
wholly brownish yellow, with lunnerous very short pale yellow
hairs and the usual stiff pre-alar bristles ; scutelluni blackish,
with two long bristles ; sides of thorax concolorous with dorsum,
metanotum blackish. Abdomen blackish, with a very little pale
pubescence ; ovipositor pale yellow, short. Ler/s wholly pale
brownish yellow from coxae to tips of tarsi. Wings pale yellow ;
halteres pale yellow.

Length, J| mm.

Described from a type cj" from Lower Lebong, Darjiling Hills,
4.500 ft., 2-9. vi. 1909 (Jlowleit), and three other <^ J from Port
Canning, 24. xii. 1907 {Hoiulett) ; all in the Pusa collection.

324. Elaphropeza metatarsata, Bezzi.

Elaphropeza metatarsata, Bezzi, Anu. Mus. Hung, ii, p. 348 (1904).

" $ . Head roundish, shining black ; eyes contiguous below
antennae, separated above by a very narrow space, facets uniform
in size; proboscis hardly prominent; palpi yellowish white.
Antennae long ; two basal joints yellow ; 3rd elongate, acuminate,
dark brown, with long, microscopically pubescent, apical arista.
Ocellar bristles rather long, proclinate ; occiput with some small
bristles. Tliorax shining, with pale pubescence (the bristles in
bad condition) ; a large shining black round spot towards each side
near the middle ; pubescence all reddish, that below tlie spot
darker ; halteres j'ellow, with dark clubs. Abdomen as long as
thorax, with delicate white pubescence ; base and tip of abdomen
dirty yellow, towards middle shining black. Legs all 3'ellow, only
the tarsi and the tibiae towards ti])s brownish ; hind tibite with
two bristles only on upper side ; hind metatarsi long, narrower
than tibiae, with a sort of I'ounded yellow tooth at the base with
an isolated rather long bristle behind it. Wings pale grey, with a
distinct ciliation on anterior margin : 2nd longitudinal \ein with
tip ending nearer tip of 1st vein than that of 3rd; 3rd and 4th
veins parallel : 5th ending at some distance before margin.

" One female, Colombo, 28. ii. 1902 (Biro):' (Bezzi.)

Type in the Hungarian Museum.

Bezzi notes that the species is allied to those of his subgenus
Ctenodrapeiis, from which it is distinguished by the elongate 3rd
antennal joint.

ELAPHROPEZA. 387

325. Elaphropeza variegata, Brim.

Elaphropvza varicyata, Brunetti, 17ec. Iiid. Mus. ix, p. 4:? (1913).

d' $ . Head black ; occiput with microscopic pale hairs ; eyes
contiguous, except for a small vertical triangle which carries the
three ocelli. Antennae with first two joints brownisli yellow, a
few bristles at the tip of the 2ud; tlie 3rd elongate conical,
blackish, witli long pnbescent arista. Proboscis short, base much
thickened, brownish yellow ; palpi much sliorter, pale yellow.
Thorax bright ferruginous, a little blackisli about the base of the
wings and a thin black median stripe ])resent or absent. 8cutellum
and metanotum concolorous with thoi-acic dorsum. A few lateral
bristles on tlie latter, a few towards the ])osterior border and two
on tlie scutelluni. Abdomen with the tip stump-like in S , tapering
in 2 ; dull yellowish on basal and apical thii-ds, the middle third
black; in some examples the basal third is more brownish than
yellowish. Venter similar to upper side ; genitalia small, con-
colorous. Legs all yellowish, exce])t for the slightly brown coxae ;
femora not at all thickened ; hind tibiae with two long stiff hairs
on outer side, placed so as to divide the limb into three equal
parts; middle tibiae with a long single stiff hair near the tip.
H-^iu^s pale yellowish grey; 2nd basal cell twice as long as 1st;
lialteres very pale yellow.

Length, barely 2 mm.

Described from several d 6 and 5 2 i'^ the Indian Museum :
Calcutta, 5. xii. 1907, ti/pe d (Annandale), 14. ix. 1909, ij/pe $
(Paiva): other specimens from Calcutta, 1'3.xu\.1910 {Kern}')),
31. i. 1908, 17. ii. 1908, 10. viii. 1907, 2-15. xii. 1907 ; Puri,
18-19.1.1908; Khurda Rd., Puri Distr., 13. xi. 1910, in train
{Henij}); Darjiling, 29. v. 1910 {Brunetti); Paresnath, AV. Bengal,
4000 ft., 9.1V. 1909 (Annandale); Parel, Bombay Presid.,
26. xi. 1909; Satara Distr., Bombay. 4200 ft., 13-16. iv. 1912
{Graveli/); Dum-Dum, near Calcutta, 28. vii.1909 (Lord); Dibru-
garh, Assam, 17-19. xi. 1911 (Kemj)).

A very striking and easily recognised species.

Family LONCHOPTEllID.E.

Head transverse, as broad as thorax, nearly oval when seen in
profile ; cpistome short, sides bristly ; eyes wide a{)art in both
sexes, grepii in life; frons and mouth-border with strong bristles;
three ocelli ; proboscis distinct, thick. Antennas 3-jointed ; first
two short, bristly; 3rd rounded, with long 3-iointed subdorsal or
apical arista.

Thorax oval or subquadrate, rather flattened, bare, except for
some bristles; scutellum subtriangular, bare, with two long
bristles.

Abdomen oval, often narrower than thorax, 6-segmeuted, 1st

2c 2

388

LONCHOI'TERID.IO

segment tlie longest ; bristles present but no pubescence ; genitalia
in d prominent, closely applied to the venter, with two lamellae.

Legs rather long, with iine bristles ; pulvilli very small, en)podia
absent.

Whu/s comparatively long, tip pointed ; venation abnormal ;
auxiliary and 1st longitudinal veins very short ; 2nd and 3rd
veins ending near together towards wing-tip; 4th and 5tli united
for a considerable distance ; 4th vein forked ; Gth vein sexually
abnormal ; anterior cross-vein very near base ot" wing, oblique ;
discal cell tlierefore very long and open (or may be regarded as
absent) ; the two basal cells and the anal cell all very short, sub-
equal ; alulae absent ; squamae very small.

Fig. 37. — Lonchop'er:i hitea, Panz.

Life-liistory , The larvae possess a head and ten body-segments,,
the last one possibly fornied of two segments anastomosed ; tliey
live in decomposing vegetable matter ; metamorphoses unknown.
The perfect insects occur on leaves and low bushes, in grass, and
near streams.

The aftiuities of this family have been questioned, but they seent
best placed near the Dolichopodid.t;, Only one genus, Loncho-
jyiera, is known. Cadremct, Walk., with one species from Celebes
is doubtfully referred to this family.

Genus LONCHOPTERA, 2Jg.

Lo7ic7iopter(i, Meigen, Illi"-. Mag. ii, p. 272 (1808).

Dipsd, Fall(5n, Specim. eiitomol. p. 20 (1810) ; Dipt. Suec. Phvtoni..

p. 1 (1823J.
Lonchopteryx, Stephens, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. p. 2.")9 (1829),

Genotype, Lonchoj)tera latea, Panz. (Europe) ; by Curtis's
designatioai (183y).

The family characters apply wholly to this genus. The venation
possesses the striking character, which is unique throughout the

LONCnOPTERA. 389

whole order of the Di])tera, of beiug different in the two sexes ;
tlie 6th vein in the S running straight to the wing-margin,
whereas in the 5 it turns np towards its tip, meeting the 5th vein
iit some distance from the margin, thus forming a long closed cell.

The species are mainly brown or yellowish in colour and small
in size, frequenting hedges, low-growing plants, shady nooks,
grassy iields, and similar situations.

liange. Europe; the common L. Iniea, with some of its varieties,
extends to North America and to the East, One species is known
from Rhodesia.

Life-histonj unknown ; the larvae live in decomposing vegetable
matter and have been found under leaves.

326. Lonchoptera ?iutea, Panz*

Lunchoptera lutea, Panzer, Faun. Germ, cviii, pis. 20, 21 (1809) ;
Schiuer, Faim. Austr. i, p. 243 (1862) ; de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent.
xlix, p. 64 (1906).

S • Head yellowish brown, a little paler on underside ; eyes and
antenna? black ; ocellar triangle blackish ; a row of fine rather
weak vertical bristles; 2 post-vertical, all little more than hairs ;
1 ocellar, 1 upper fronto-orbital, 1 lower fronto-orbital (near
antennae), all three strong; numerous bristles of different sizes
around mouth and lower ])art of head. Thorax uniformly bright
shining brown ; a definite though not clearly-outlined median
dark stripe from anterior to posterior mnrgin, carried broadly over
scutellum to its tip; a pair of very weak bristles or stiff hairs on
anterior margin, 4 definite dorso-centrals, 1 on hind corner of
dorsum in a line with the hindmost pair of dorso-centrals ;
3 supra-alars ; 3 or 4 on pleurae, 1 below humeral region, 1 post-
sutural, 1 scutellar (apical). Abdomen dark brown, sometimes
light yellowish brown at sides towards tip ; extreme tip (viewed
from behind) with a small white dot; venter yellowish brown.
Legs brownish yellow ; extreme tips of tarsi and pulvilli blackish.
Wings yellowish, iridescent; venation normal; halteres yellowish.

Length.^ 2k mm.

Described from a S from Coonoor in the Pusa collectiou,
4. ix. 1911, " sweeping roadside " (Iloivhtt).

In two specimens from Darjiling, 0900 ft., 29. v. 1910 {Bruneiti),
the back of the head is all yellow, though this character probably
has no importance. In one of the specimens the abdomen is
yellowish, in the other nearly as dark as in the Coonoor example.

Thi? appears to be the L. lutea, Panz., of Europe and other
regions, though there are no specimens in good condition tor
comparison. Dr. de Meijere very kindly at my request sent

* In a comprelieusive revision of the European species of this genus
Dr. de Meijere gives a full list of the varieties and references to this conmion
species. The accepted varieties are c'merca, Me]i.,Jlav/caiida, Mg., nitidifronx,
Strobl., pnlustris, Mg., and iriUnmta, Zelt., and 'the synonyms are numerous,
but are not repeated here in case the identification of the species should be
incorrect.

390 rLATYPEZTD.T:.

rue out a few from Holland, but they were rendered useless in
transit, apparently through the box being ocieued by the Censor
and insecurely re-packed. The only discrepancy between the
Coonoor specimen and Verrall's figure (' British Flies,' v, fig. 51^
p. 29) is the presence in the former of the bristle near tlie hind

Fig. 38. — Lonchoptcra lutea, Panz., $ .

corners of the dorsum of the thorax, in a line with the hindermost
pair of dorso-centrals. This bristle is not showji in Yerrall's
figure.

Three other forms of Lonclioptera have come before me, of which
one is very striking, but it has unfortunately been accidentallj^
damaged. The wings bear a conspicuous black band. The body
is wholly black, the antennae and legs yellow, the fore tibiae and
tarsi quite black. A single $ from Kumaon in the Pusa collection.

Family PLATYPEZID^.

Head large; face small, broad, depressed down the middle in
both sexes. Eyes bare, large, contiguous for a considerable dis-
tance in S with enlarged upper facets; wide apart in J. Antennae
3-jointed, short; arista long, bare, apical.

Thorax subquadrate, somewhat arched, not pubescent, but Avith
a few chaetotactic bristles, which are more distinct in the 5 ;
pleurae bare; scatellum with marginal bristles.

Abdomen narrower and generally longer than the thorax ; 6- or
7-segmented ; genitalia in S moi-e or less incurved.

Legs (except in one non-Oi'iental genus, Opetia) with hind
tibiae dilated townrds tip, and hind tarsi considerably dilated on
first three or four joints.

JFinr/s with a characteristic venation, peculiar to this family;,
auxiliary, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd veins Ions and nearly straight; 4th vein
simple or forked, turned upwards towards tip in Platypeza and
ending in wing-margin shortly but distinctly below tip of 3rd vein,
so that the Ist posterior cell is always open ; 5th and Gth veins-
straight, simple. Discal cell present or absent; basal cells short;,
anal cell always longer than 2nd basal, even if only slightly so.
Squamae of moderate size ; halteres large.

The females of many species are of quite different coloration
from the males, showing conspicuous, brightly-coloured markings-
on the thorax and abdomen.

PLATYPEZA. 391

The PlatypeziDjE form a tolerably coiDpact and limited group
of small dark flies, possessing affinities with both the Doli-
cnopODiD.i; and Syrphidje, being distinguished from the former
by the holoptic males and generally incrassated front tarsi, dull
colour, and short, thick-set build; and from the latter by the
0])en 1st posterior cell, absence of the spurious vein and presence
of cha^totactic bristles. The peculiar bend in the 4th vein in
Platiipeza is suggestive of the "kink" in the same vein in the
DoLiCHOPODiD.T^. There seems to be no justification for allying
the PiioiUDiE with the present group of families.

Life-hisiory. The larvai of very peculiar form, amphipueustic,
flat, broadly oval, with jointed thread-like processes ; the sides of
the body sometimes deeply indented and serrate (Callimyia, non-
Oriental); the head and next following segment often not visible
from above, thus appearing as though only 9 or 10 were present,
whereas there are 10 or 11 segments in addition to the head.
They live in fungi, especiallv in species of Boletus, Agarirus, and
Lepiota. The pupae are very similar in appearance. The flies fre-
quent low hedges and woods, where they run round quickly in
small circles, varied from time to time (at least in the males) by
hovering in the air. Verrall thinks some of the species may
be two-brooded, the second one being the more numerous. Only
the genus Platiipeza has been yet recorded from India, but others
with less characteristic venation may have beeu overlooked.

Genus PLATYPEZA, %.

Flati/pcza, Meigen,* Klass. Besch. Zweifl. lus. p. 310 (1804) ;
Brunetti, Bee. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 482 (1912).

Genotype, Platypeza faschita, Mg. (Europe) ; by llondani's
designation (1856).

Sead large, as broad as thorax ; eyes green in life, contiguous
in c? foi' '-^ considerable space, upper facets much enlarged ; frons
in 5 about one-fourth of the head ; .proboscis short, labella broad ;
palpi wedge-shaped ; face small, with distinct raised side margins.
Antennae small, porrect ; 3rd joint a little longer than deep ; arista
apical, long, bare. Thorax rather oval or subquadrate, moderately
arched, bare of pubescence, but with tiny bristles as well as larger
chaBtotactic ones ; traces of dorso-central rows, though very small,
except the hinder two or three, which are very distinct ; a strong
presutural bristle, two or more between the shoulder and the
wing-base, a large intra-humeral, and one on the posterior callus ;
sides bare ; scutellum generally with two pairs of marginal bristles.
Abdomen longer than thorax, rather flattened, elliptical, more
pointed at tip in $ ; 6-segmented in 6 , hypopygium incurved;

* Though first described bv Meigen in Illig. Mag, ii, p. 272 (1803), no species
was then assigned to the genus.

392

PLATYPEZ1D.E.

7-segineuted in 5 ,* with two-joiuted ovipositor; pubescence
sparse, especially in $ . Legs normal ; hiud tarsi with basal joints
much dilated; hind tibiae a little dilated towards tip; middle
tibiae spurred ; pubescence shght. Wings proportionately very
broad ; auxiliary vein ending before middle of wing ; 1st, 2nd, and
3rd longitudinal veins slightly sinuous, the last ending near wing-
tip ; 4th vein when near wing-margin bending suddenly upwards at
a sharp or reflexed angle (with an appendix at the flexure), t the
remaining section cuiwed (the concavity hind wards), ending in
Mn'ng-margin near tip of 3rd vein, but not meeting it ; Stii and
6th veins straight. Three posterior cells ; discal cell long, nar-
row; anal cell shortened, of varying length, always distinctly
longer than 2nd basal cell, tip pointed. Anterior cross-vein near
base of discal cell ; posterior cross-vein near wing-margin. Alulae
rather long; squamae moderately large ; halteres large.

Range. Europe, North and South America, South Africa, and
the Orient.

Life-history. Some species live in fungi, especially in Boletus.

327. Platypeza argyrogyna, Meij.

Pkdypeza argyrogyna, de Meijere, Tijd. v. Ent. 1, p. 2o7 (1907).
Platypeza orientalis, Brunetti, Kec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 481(1912).
Platypeza obscura, Brunetti, loc. cit. p. 482 (1912).
? Platypeza ylaucesceiis, Walker, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv, p. 117
(1860).

Head in S w-ith eyes varying from red to bright or dull brown
in the npper facets, lower ones coffee-brown ; vertical triangle
small, greyish ; ocelli very distinct; face greyish or whitish grey ;
proboscis brownish yellow, with very large labella marked with
black ; palpi yellow ; antennae brownish yellow, 3rd joint with
microscopic whitish pubescence ; arista black, yellowish at base ;

Fig. 39. — Platypeza argyrogyna, Meij., antenna.

occiput ash-grey or bluish grey, with minute black bristles. In 5 ,
Irons about one-quarter of head, with parallel sides, dark browmish
grey, with very short yellow hairs; antennal 3rd joint yellowish,
often more or less darkened at tip ; ocelli bright yellow. Tliorax

* Exceptionally with only six segments in some European species.
1" Some authors speak of the 4th vein as forked, the lower branch seldom
reaching the «ing-margin.

PI.ATYPSZA.

393

dull dark greyish brown, sometimes with traces of a darker median
stripe;* frequently the anterior half in c? or whole dorsum in $
with a bluish-white shimmer, especially if viewed from behind ;
shoulders sometimes more or less shining; scutellum sometimes
more yellowish. The humeri bear three subequal strong bristles
or spines ; a few smaller ones above them ; two rows of minute
dorso-central bristles are traceable, of which only the anterior two
or three and the last two in each row are at all conspicuous, the
last of all being by far the strongest; a strong bristle on each
posterior corner, generally one or more smaller ones in the neigh-
bourhood of the wing-base, and a number of stiff hairs on the
dorsum behind the shoulders : scutellum with two pairs of apical
bristles. Abdomen normally dull velvet-black, slightly shining in
fresh specimens, bare, except for a little pubescence towards the
side-margins: a very narrow — often indistiiict or absent — gre3^ish
band on anterior margins of 3rd, 4tli, and 5th segments. Lec/s
brownish yellow, femora and tibiae more or less dark, especiiilly
hind pair, which are sometimes dark brown ; hind femora rather
shining on inner side ; first three tarsal joints much widened ;

Fig. 40. — riafi/peca argyrogyiia, Meij., wing and hind leg.

hind tarsi in c? golden yellow, with a close row of minute
black bristles at sides and along hind margins of each segment,
giving the impression of being black-edged ; in the 2 fhe tarsi are
brown, except tlie yellow first two joints. f Wings clear, irides-
cent; 1st vein slightly bisinuate, 3rd nearly straight, ending at
wing-tip ; anterior cross-vein before one-fifth of the discal cell ;
halteres brownish yellow, clubs more or less dark.

Length, 2|-3 mm.

Kedescribed from several specimens of both sexes in the Indian
Museum, including the types of orientciUs and obscura and a named
J $ sent from Java by de Meijere. Kurseong, 5000 ft., 4. vii.
1908, type c? find $ oi obscura (Annandah) ; Sukna, E. Himalayas,
500 ft., 1. vii. 1908 (Annandale): Almom, Kumaon, 5500 ft.,
120-21. ix. 1911 (Paiva); Pusa, 11. vii. 1913, 23. viii. 1913, 14. ix.
1914; Calcutta, 18. vii. 1908 {Annandale); Bangalore, S. India,

* According to de Meijere ; I have not found it so myself,
t In mj obscura the tarsi are wholly brownish in botli sexes.

394 platypezid.t;.

3000 ft., 16. X. 1910 (Annandah); Peradeniya, Ceylon, vii. 1919 ;
Sadiya, Assam (type of orientalis).

There can be no reasonable doubt of the synonymy of my
orientalis, and arr/i/rof/i/na is also probably a synonym of glaucescensy
AValker, but of this latter tliere is probably no specimen in
existence, so de Meijere's name will presumably stand good. The
sole difference between his species and Walker's is the black dot
on the front of the head referred to by tlie older author, which
seems a small matter in a "piceous black" species. P. glaucescens
was described from Macassar, Celebes. As regards my ohscura, it
may be ranked for the present as a variety without any trace
of shimmer on the thorax, and with the tarsi nearly uniformly
brownish in both sexes.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

All names printed in italics are synonyms.

Acantbina, 26.
Ac ant hi Ilia, 26.
Acan/hinomi/ia, 26.
Acartenis, '6'-'A.
Acraspidea, 24.
Acromyia, o27. '

Adoxomyia, 49.
afEnis (Psilocepbala),

306.
affinis {Sarqui>), 88.
afra (Anthrax), 240.
albescens (Geron), 280.
albida (.Anthrax), 212.
albida (Exprosopa). 212.
albina (Psilocepbala),

303.
albina. ( Thereva), 303.
alhipcs {PacJn/(jaster), 21.
albipes (Zabracbia), 21.
albif arsis ( Microchnjsa),

86.
albobasalis(Cbrysopilus),

140.
albof'ulva (Anthrax). 251.
albohalteralis (Euipis),

850.
albomicaiis (Oxycera). 55.
albopictus (Chrysopilus),

131.
albosparsus (Boiiib\liiis),

270.
alexon {Anthrax), 211.
alexon (Exoprosopa),

211.
AUognosta, 93.
alternatns (Cbrysopiltis),

144.
amplitarsis (Empis), 349.
Ampsalis, 44.
Anastcecbus, 278.

angustimarginatus (On-

codes), 171.
anqustum {Ephippiuni),

*4G.
annandalei (Exopro-
sopa), 199.
annandalei (Ilirnio-

neura), 149.
annandalei (Monacan-

thoniyia), 23.
annulata ( Cephalocera),

319.
annulata (Mydns), 319.
annul ifeinnr (Zabracbia),

22.
annuiipes (Beris), 92.
anuvlipes ( Chrysomyia),

88.
annuiipes (Pachygaster),

21.
Antiiracin.e, 176.
Anthrax, 234.
Antidoxion, 104.
aperta (Anthrax), 245.
Aphoebantus, 256.
apicalis (Ptecticus), 77.
apicipennis (Leptis), 125.
apicis (Hybos), 340.
appcndictdata {Argy-

ramoeba), 222.
apjjroximala (Antbrax),

244.
ardens (Bombylius), 274.
ardens (Discbistus), 274.
Ardnptera, 370.
argent ca (Acanthina). 28.
nrgeiitea (Gabasa), 25.
argentea (Wallacea), 25.
argentiapicalis (.Irgy-

rauioeba), 227.

argentifrons (Geron),

279.
argeutibirta (Acanthina),

28.
argentiventris (Pbvcus),

309.
Argyramoeba, 214.
argy rogyna (Platvpeza),

392.
Argyrunmba, 214.
a rgyropyga (Anth ra x ) ,

218.
Argyrospila, 189.
Argyrospyla, 189.
Art emit a, 26.

AuTintOCEHATIN.K, 107-

Aspiloptera , 234.
assamensis (AUognosta),

95.
Astoma, 31 1.
Atherix, 120.
atra (Nemotelus), 20.
Atriadops, 154.
Atrichia, 311.
Atricliops. 112.
atripes (Phycus), 309.
aurantiaca {Anthrax),

186.
aurantiaca(Hypei'alonia),

186.
aurata (Lasia), 164.
aureobirta (Anthrax),

252.
aiiricoUis {Acanthina),

26.
aurifer (Ptecticus). 78.
aurifcr {Sargm), 78.
auriflamma (Cypbomyia),.

57.
auripes (Hybos), 341.

396

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

auripiLi (Pialea), 161.
auri plena {Anfhrax), 2V2.
aiiri plena (Exoprosopa),

212.
aiirobnii'meus(Pteeticiis),

7().
austeiii (Ilirmoneurii),

lf.2.
aiisteiii (Spogostyliiiu\

213.
aiistralis (Ptectictis), 79.
azurea (Acanthiiia), 2(5.
acurea (Cibotor/asier), 26.

biiluchiamis (Anthrax),

250.
barca (Strationiyia), 59.
harca {Straiiomi/s), 59.
bares (HiLira), 359.
basali.s (Elaphropeza),

384.
basalis (Hirnioneura),

149.
hasifascia (Anthrax), 211.
basifascia (Exoprosopa),

211.
bengalensis (Exopro-
sopa), 206.
Bias^es, 29.

hicolor (Pferospiliis), 329.
bicolor (RhachiceriKs),

105.
bicoloripes (Elapbro-

peza), 385.
bigot i (Argyranioeba),

222.
Ijigoti (Svneehes), 329.
hi//7i eata {Negritomyia),

4().
hilineata {Sirui iomys),

46.
bilineata (Thereva), 300.
bilineatum. {Ephippio-

mj/ia), 46.
bill neat iini (Ephippiimi),

46.
hiinaculatiis {Anthrax),

248.
hill otaia. {Exoprosopa),

195.
bipars (Evaza), 32.
hipu.iictaia {Antkrax),

217.
bi])unctata (Argyra-
nioeba), 217.
birmanensis (Cliryso-

pilus), 137.
bisetosiis (Hybos), 338.
•hi.fpinosa ( VhyUophora),

30.

bistriata (Clitellaria), 52.
bivittata ( Clitellaria),

46.
Bkrin.e, 89.
Beris, 90.

EOMISYLIID.K, 173.
Bo.MBYLIIN.E, 259.

Bonibyliosoina, 273.
liontbylisoma. 273.
Bonibylius, 261.
Bomhylosoina, 273.
Brachycara. 85.
braliMia (Exoprosopa),

206.
brevior (Drapetis). 382.
Brevios, 374.
brminea (Eiidmeta), 43.
brunnea (Hirnioneura),

151.
brunneus (Pliycus), 307.
brt/n 71 BUS {Xylophag us) ,

307.
brunneus var. brunnipes

(Phycus), 308.
brunnipes (Hybos), 343.

cceruleopennis (Anthrax),

181.
ccenilcsceiis (Alherix), 1 ] 9.
ca;rulescens (Atricbops),

119.
calopa (Atriohops), 114.
calopa (Microchrysa),

88.
cahpodata (Siibiila), 98.
calopodata (Xyloniyia),

98.
canesceiis (Phycus), 307.
eanescens (Xyiopliagus),

306.
capucina (Bibio), 189.
carbon aria (Anthrax),

217.
carbonaria (Emjiis), 351.
carmichiieli (Myda.'s),

318.
cartliaginiensis (Enipi-

dideicus), 260.
centralis (Enipis), 353.
Cephenes, 289.
Cepheiius, 289.
cerioides (Her met ia), 40.
cervinus (Apba:>baiitus),

25(i.
Ceylonia, 155.
cei/lonica. (Argyi-anioeba),

'257.
ceyliinica (Enipis), 352.
ceylonica (Psilocephala\

"304.

ceylonicus (Aphoebantus),

257.
chalybeata (Musca), 90.
chauifeleon (Musca), 58.
Ckiro/na litis, 367.
Chlorisojjs, 92.
Cliloroinyia, 84.
Chlorosia, 87.
Chorisops, 92.
Choristus, 261.
Chrysanthrax, 234.
chrysolainpis (Exopro-
sopa), 182.
chrysolanipis (Hypera-

lonia), 182.
Chrysomyia. 84.
Chrysopiila, 128.
Cbi-ysupilus, 128.
Cihotogaster, 26.
cincta (Atherix), 118.
cincta (Atricbops), 118.
cingularis{Hermctia), 42.
cingulata (Hirnioneura),

1.51.
cingulatus (An thrax),

248.
cingulatus wr. eeylonicus

(Ptecticus), 80.
clara (Anthrax), 243.
claripennis (Argyra-

mceba). 228.
claiisa (Anthrax). 253.
clavata (Musca), 316.
Clinocera, 364.
Clitellaria, 49.
Clitellakiin.e, 38.
Clorisoma, 87.
cocliinensis(Chry!opilus),

136.

CcENO.MYrN.E, 110.

Coenoniyiodes, 110.
collVata (Hirinoneura),

152.
Colax, 154.

collaris (Anthrax), 194.
collar is (Exoprosopa),

195.
collaris (Litorhynchus),

195.
comastes (Bonibylius),

268.
eompacta (Hilara), 358.
conipacta (Lepidan-

thrax), 233.
Cona,-M\.

conica (Pliilopota), 158.
connexa (Tachydromia),

374.
Coqitillettia, 214.
costalis (Henops), 169.
costalis (Oncodes), 169.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

39:

Craspedouietopon, 28.
crassipes (Atliei'ix), 112.
Crossopalpns, 380.
cupraria (Musca), 81.
cyanea (Odoutomyia),

63.
cyaiieus (Ptecticus). 75.
Vfjclogastcr, 52.
Cydurhynclius. 284.
cyliiidrica (Thereva),

301.
Cypliomyia, 57.

CvKTID.K, 157.
CVRTIN^, 163.

dahlii (Clitellaria), 40.
JJat^ijpalpus, 284.
Dcjilippia, 189.
Desuioinyia, 107.
dia (Aiitiirax), 250.
Dipalta, 231.
Di-psa, 388.
Discliistus, 273.
discoidalis ( Ctenodra-

p>etis), 382.
dificoidalis (Drapetis).

382.
disi'oidalis (Leptis), 126.
disjuiicta (Anthrax),

232.
dh/igma {Anthrax), 218.
distignia (Arsjyraniceba),

218.
distiqiiia (Spoffosfi/luin),

218.
dives {Anthrax), 180.
dives {Eucharimijiu), 2G4.
dives (Hyperaluiiia), 180.
dohfiii (Trichopsidea),

153.
Dolicboeepliala, 370.
dorsalis {Chelipoda), 367.
dorsalis (Microdroiiiia),

367.
dorsoangulata (Odonto-

myia), 68.
dorsolineata (Ptero-

doiitia), 167.
Drapetis, 380.
dd vaucelii {Ah thrax),

•2-2o.
duTaiicelii(Argvramceba),

225.

edwardsi (Coenoiiiyiodes),

111.
edwcirdsi (Systropus),

294.
Elapliropeza, 384.

Elasma, 29.

elegans (Euipis), 356.

elegans (Suragina), 121.

elongata (Clitellaria), 26.

Emi'id.e, 321.

Eni]3idideicri.s, 260.

E.Mi-iN.E, 344.

Euipis. 347.

Enicopteryx, 345.

Enoplcmpis, 347.

epliippiata (Tachy-
dromia), 384.

Ephlppiomyia, 45.

Ephippimn, 45.

epliippiuiu (Si ratioiiiys),
45.

erect us (lioinbylius), 267.

Eriogastcr, 347.

erytliroce])halus (An-
thrax), 178.

Endnieta, 41.

Eidalia, 61.

eunienoides (Svslropus),
294.

eupoguuatus (Systcechus),
278.

Evasa, 31.

Evaza, 31.

exilis (Drapetis), 380.

ExoprosO))a, 189.

Exoptata, 189.

fasciata (Plat ypeza), 391.
fascifeniorata (Drapetis),

383.
faseipennis (Maceilopal-

pus), 123.
fastuoaa (Ptilocera), 34.
felderi (Acrnspidea), 24.
fenestralis {Musca), 311.
fenestralis (Scenopinus),

312.
ferruginea (Elaph ropeza),
_ 386.
ferruqinca {Heliumyia),

141.
ferruginea (Tachydro-

mi a), 376.
ferri/g incus {Piafy palpus),

376.
ferruginosiis (Cliryso-

pih.s), 141.
ferruginosus {Leptis), 141.
Jimhriatus {Anthrax), 240.
ilaminea (E.xoprosopa),

J 93.
flaveolus (Macelloijalpus),

122.
flavida {Chelipoda), 3158.
flavida (Eudmeta), 43.

flavida (Phyllodroniin),

368.
flavipalpis (Hybos), 342.
flavipennis (E.xoprosopa),.

192.
flavipes (Evaza), 32.
flavipes (Howlettia), 361,
flavipes (Ocydrouiia),

362.
flavipes (Parahybos), 343.
flavi])es (Pterodontia),

165.
flavipes {Suhula), 98.
flavipes (Xyloniyia), 98.
flavipleura (Systi'opus),

295.
flaviccntris {Anthrax),

183.
flaviventris (Hypera-

lonia), 183.
flfiviventris (Micro-

ciirysa), 88.
flaviventris [Sargus), 88.
flavolineata (Thereva),

299.
flavopilosns (Chryso-

pilus), 138.
flavopLinctatus (Chryso-

])ilusj, 133.
flavospinosus (Systce-
chus), 277.
fletcheri (Anthrax), 236.
florea (Volucella), 281.
fluviatilis (Clinocei-a),

365.
forniicceform is { Sargus),

82.
formosa (Musca). 84.
fratellus (Syneches), 332.
frater {Chrysopilus), 141,
froiitale (Craspedouie-
topon), 29.
fulve.scens (Strationiyia),

60.
fulvicollis (Ehacliicerus),

104.
fulvidus (Macellopalpus),

122.
f'ulvipes (Bombvlius),

271.
fulvithorax (Elaphro-

peza), 385.
fusca (Trichopeza), 372.
fuscipennis (Acartenis),

335.
fuscipennis (Syneches),

323.
fuscitarsis (Beris), 93.
f'uscoliinbata (Anthrax),

246.
fuscus (Oneodes), 171.

3iJ8

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Gahaza, 24.
(jcKjathia (Hybos), 339.
gagatinus (Hybos), 339.
()Ciiima (Microchrt/sa), 88.
gemtnifer (Sargiis), 81.
geniata (Ainpsalis), 44.
genimilata (Beri.s), 91.
(/cincitlata {Bi/hos}, 340.
geniciilattis (Hybos), 340.
gentilis (Argyramoeba),

230.
gentilis (Pla/i/palpui<),

377.
gentilis (Tacliydroniia),

377.
Geron, 279.
gesti'oi (Argyramoeba),

222
gibbosa (Musca), 168.
tjlaucescens {Platypeza),

392.
gracilis (Plithiria), 285.
gravelyi (Chrysopihis),

137.
griseonigra (Eiiipis), 353.
(/risennigra (Rhampliu-

mgia), 346.
grossipes (Miisca), 336.
giittatipeunis (Anthrax),

• }V7

Iliirpanierus. 334.
Hcliomgia, 128.
He.merodkomiin.e, 363.
heniiiiopla (Clitellaria),

50.
Heiiiipenthes, 234.
Henops, 168.
Hernietia, 39.
Hennoheura, 147.
Hctcralonia, 189.
Heteroxycera, 53.
He.racantlui, 90.
Hilnra, 357.
hinialayana (Rharapho-

niyia), 346.
liinialayanus (Anthrax),

238.
Ilii-nioueura, 147.
Hoioclcra, 345.
Hoploiiiyia, 58.
lioiientotta {Argyra-

vufba), 228.
liottentotta var clari-

pennis (Anthrax), 247.
hoftentoitus {Anthrax),

248.
Howlettia, 360.
luuneralis (Chrysopihis),

135.

Hyalanthrax, 234.
hyaliiia {Antlirax), 264.
hyalivcntris (Actina), 93.
Hybos, 336.
Hybotix.e, 325.
livbridus (Bcjinbylius),

'279.
Hydroilromia, 3(>4.
hydroleon (Mnsca), 61.
Ilyperalonia, 178.
Hypaleon, 53.
liypoleon (Miisea), 53.
Hypsclura, 311.
Hyrmonciira, 147.
HyrinopJdociia, 147.

ibis (Atherix), 120.
Ildsia, 120.
illucens (Mnsca), 39.
illueens (Snragina), 121.
iniberbis (Bibio), 302.
im nuiculata ( Odon to-

iiiyia), 67.
iinmaeulatus (Syneehes),

328.
in£equali.s (Svneches),

330.
incisa (Tacbypeza), 379.
incisus (Pli/fypalpiis). 379.
inconspicna (Euipis),

367.
indianiis (Leptoniydas),

320.
indica (Biastes), 29.
indiea (Cypbouiyia), 57.
indica (Evaza), 33.
indica {Lita.nomyia), 369.
inJica {Oxycera), 66.
indica (PJiyllodrouiia),

369.
indica (Psilocepliala),

304.
indica (Thereva), 301.
indica (Tinda), 30.
■indicus {Biasfef). 30.
iudiciis (Empidideicus),

260.
Inermia, 62.
inermis {Allognosta), 94.
Inerinyia, 52.
inilata (Ruba), 49.
in f areata {Pachygaster),

''11.
insignis (Syneclies), 322.
inxtitufa (Anthrax), 227.
instituta (Argyramoeba),

227.
insularis (Chrysopilus),

140.
insulata {Anthrax), 203.

insulatoi" (Exoprosopa),
203.

i lit crincdia {Atherix), 116.

intermedia (Atrichops),
116.

intermedia (Argyra-
moeba), 221.

invaria (Thereva), 302.

iridipennis (Parahybos),
343.

irrorata (Tachvdromia),
370.

hopenthcs, 234.

javana (Atriadops), 155.
javana {Beris), 30.
javana {C'olax), 155.
javana (Tinda), 30.
javana (Toxophora), 287.

kashmirensis (Odon-

toinyia), 67.
kashmirensis (Ptero-

dontia), 166.
kempi (Thereva), 298.

labinta (Atherix), 120.
Ireta (Hermetia), 40.
lanopyga {Atherix), 115.
lanopyga (Atrichop?),

115.
lar {Anthrax), 194.
lar {Bihio), 194.
lar (Exoprosopa), 194.
Lasia, 163.
Lasiopa, 62.
lateralis (Exoprosopa),

198.
latifascipennis (Tachy-

dromia), 376.
latipennis (Exoprosopa),

198.
latus (Chrysopilus), 143.
Lepidanthrax, 232.
Lei'tid-e, 100.
Leptin.e, 112.
Leptis, 124, 128.
Leptoniydas, 320.
Leptopeza, 362.
Leptosceles, 370.
limhata {Atherix), 115.
limbata (Atrichops), 115.
limtiii'cntris ( Toxocera),

42.
liraitaris (Argyramoeba),

220.
limpida (Anthrax), 255.
Litanomyia, 367.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

399

LitorhyncJms, 189.
loinata (Pialea), 160.

Lo.MATIIN,E, 25.0.

Loucboptera, 388.

Lo.N'CIIOPTEKID.E, 387.

Lonchopteryx. 388.
longicornis (Bracliy-

stoiua), 371.
longicornis (Brevios), 377.
longipeniiis (Ptecticus),

75.
longipennis (Sargtis), 75.
longirostris (Aiiastoe-

ehus), 278.
longispiuus (Ampsalis),

44.
Iiicens {Anthrax), 254.
lucida (Anthrax), 2.o4.
luctuosus (Chi-ysopilus),

133.
luridus (Sarffus), 77.
liisitanicus (Mydas), 320.
lutntius (Odontomyia),

70.
liitatitis {Stndiomys), 70.
littea (Loncboptera), 389.

l^Jacellopalpus, 122.
niacilentus (Systropus),

289.
Macroceromys, 96.
Macrostomus, 345.
luactans (Sargiis), S3.
macuUpenne {Ephip-

piuvi), 47.
niaculipennis (Negi-ito-

inyia ), 47.
maculiventris (Exopro-

sopa), 200.
maculatus (Asilus), 287.
niaculatus (Bombylius),

267.
Ill agnifica (Cej'lonia),

156.
magnificus {Sargus), 81.
magnipennis (Chrv.so-

piliis), 138.
major (Bombylius), 261,

265.
nianit'esta (Antbrax),

242.
margiiiata (Enipis), 356.
niargiuata (Eudmeta), 42.
marginata {Hermctia), 42.
marginata ( Pachymeria),

3o6.
raargiuata (Usia), 283.
mariiioratus (Cbryso-

piliis), 131.
maura {Anthrax), 238.

iiiaura (Empis), 357.
Mega pal pits, 284.
Mcsophysa, 163.
iiietallimis (Sargus), 82.
metatarsal is {Atherix),

117.
inetatarsalis (Atrichops),

117.
nietatarsata (Elaphro-

peza), 38(5.
Metaponia, 93.
Microcbvysa, 87,
Microdroiuia, 366.
Microdromya, 366.
micropilosa (Stratio-

iiiyia), 60.
minimus (Bombylius),

273.
miiiuta (Odontomyia),

65.
minutus (Synecbes), 330.
hiodifera {finda), 30.
JMonacanthouiyia, 23.
luorio (Antbrax), 234.
inorio (Stomoxys), 178.

MVDAID.E, 314.

Mydas, 316.
^lyiochrysa, 84.
Myochrysa, 8 1.
uivstaceuni (Spogosty-
'luui), 213.

Negritoniyia, 47.
Nemestuinid.e, 144.
NcopacJu/gaster, 20.
nepalensis (Taclij'-

droiiiia), 377.
Xcrua, 31.

nigella (Thereva), 299.
iiiger (Hybos), 340.
nigra (Clinocera), 364.
ni(/ricaadus { S/jstropus) ,

"291.
nigricornis(Kbacbiceriis),

105.
iiigricornis (Xyloinyia),

99.
nigripcs {Phyeus), 309.
iS'igritomya, 47.
nigrofemorata (Argj'ra-

uiccba), 230.
n igrofeniorata {Pachy-

gaster), 25.
nigronitidus (Hybos),

342.
nitens (Hybos), ,341.
nitidulus (Bombylius),

_ 278.
nivalis (Systoeclius), 277,
nivea^ {Atriadopts), 156.

niveicauda (Argyra-

moeba), 224.
niveisquamis (Argyra-

moeba), 229.
niveiventris (Exopro-

sopa), 207.
nubila (Tacliydromia),

378.

obc'sa {CUtcUaria), 26.
obscura (Clinocera), 366.
obscura (Hirnioneura),

147.
ofixura {Platypesa), 392.
obscin-ifrons (Argyra-

maba), 220.
ochracea (Hirmoneura),

151.
ochracea { Odontoinyia),6o.
Octacantha, 90.
octoiuaculatus (Oncodes),

170.

OCYDUOJIIIN.E, 362.

Odontomyia, 61.
cenomaus (Hyperalonia),

185.
oestracea (Trichojjsidea),

153.
Oncodes, l(i8.
opaca (Hirmoneura), 150.
opaca (Syndyas) 333.
opalescens (Chrysopilus),

134.
ojjliioneus (Systropus),

Oplacaniha, 90.

Opseogyiitnus, 61.

oratorio (Taebydroniia),
366.

orientalis (Bombylius),
263.

oricn talis ( Plat y palpus) ,
378.

orien talis {Platypeza),
392.

orientalis (Tacbydromia),
378.

oruatipennis (Chryso-
pilus), 132.

Osyeera, 53.

Pachygaster, 20.
Pachvgastri.n.e, 19.
Pachymeria, 347.
Pachymcrina, 347.
palliflitarsis (Synecbes),

331.
IMllid it ibi(B{Plat i/mdpus),

379.
palliditibiiB (Tachypeza),

379.

400

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

pallipes (Aca)-terus), 335.
2)all'n}es (Sargus), 82.
paiiiscus (Anthrax), 248.
jMiiiiscus (Bibio), 248.
Panopin,e, 160.
Paraliybos, 343.
Taramesia, 3(>4.
Taranthrax , 234.
Pararthropeas, 108.
Parasymmictits, 147.
I'arisHS, 261.
parvicellulata (Syndva.s),

333.
Pelechoidocera, 120.
peleteria (Lasiopa), 52.
pouiipcs {Antlirax), 197.
peniiipes (Einpis), 347.
pennipes (Exoprosopa),

197.
2)ennipcs {Hyferalonia),

197.
persequa (Thereva), 301.
peshawarensis (Hilara),

360.
Philopota, 158.
PiiiLOPoriN.E, 158.
Phoroxyplia, 374.
Plithiria, 284.
P/iti/ria, 284.
Phycus, 306.
Phvlloflrouiia, 367.
Phi/Uophom, 29.
Pii'ilea, 160.
Platypalpus, 374.
Platypeza, 391.

Pr.ATYPEZID.E, 390.

Plat ijpf era, 347.
Phdtjptcrjigia, 347.
]ilebeja (Musca), 297.
PI vet tens, 73.
PcecUanthrax, 234.
PorcUognaihus, 284.
polita (Musca). 87.
polita (Zabracliia), 21.
propiiiquiis (Bonibvlius),

272.
Prosopocbrvsa, 86.
P^ellidotus.'^l.
Psilocepbala, 302.
Ptecticus, 73.
Ptercclontia, 165.
Pterodontia, 165.
Pterospilus, 327.
Ptilocera, 33.
puerula (Exoprosopa),

205.
2)iilcheUus (Boiulii/lius),

264.
2n(lchellu!i ( Comastes),2M.
piilclierrima (Odon-

tomvifi)' *^^-

piilicarius (Boiubylius),

284.
■pusilla {Odooitomyia), 66.

quadrident.ata (Stratio-
mys), 33.

referens (Anthrax), 255.
resplendens (Dischistws),

273.
Bhacbicerus, 104.
Rhagio, 124.
Rbampbomyia, 345.
Shamphoiiu/ca. 345.
Ehyphomorpha, 104.
rostrata (Eiupis), 355.
rotundicornis (Drapetis),

383.
Euba, 48.
riibritborax (Odonto-

niyia), 67.
riificornis (Mydas), 317.
rufipes (Drapetis), 383.
rufifhorax ( Einpimorpha),

359.
rufitborax (Hilara), 359.
rufoabdoniinalis (Odonto-

myia), 64.
rufoniarginatus (On-

codes), 171.
ruqicoUls {Anthrax), 195.
rusticus (Syiiecbes), 331.

sappbirina (Chloromvia),

84.
sappJiirinus {Sa?-gi<f!), 84.
Saugin.e, 72.
Sargiis, 81.

ScENOl'INID.E, 310.

Scenopiniis. 311.
sciiitil/aiis yBomhylius),

264.
scob)pacea (Leptis), 124.
sedopbila (Usia), 282.
segmentatus (Cbryso-

pihis), 135.
seniit'uscata (Anthrax),

241.
seniifuscata (Hypera-

lonift). 188.
^emilticida. {Anthrax),

212.
semibicida (Exoprosopa),

212.
septeniuotata (Doliebo-

cephahi), 371.
sequa (Fsilocepiiala), 305.
sequa [Thereva), 305.

Sicus, 374.

signata (Oxycera), 54.

signatLis (Harpanierus),

334.
simplex (Synecbes), 327.
singidaris {Hermetia ) 42.
sinuatus {Bomhyliu)<), 265.
smaragdina {Ptilucera),

34.
socius {Bomhylius), 276.
sociiis (Systceciuis), 276.
solennis (Odontomyia),

69.
Solva, 96.
sordidus (Cbrysopilus),

143.
Siphinx {Anthrax), 187.
sphinx {Bihio), 187.
sphinx (Hyperalonia),

187.
spin igerum {Eph ippiu m),

46.
spinit h 0 ra x {Bhapli io-

cera), 46.
splendens (Lasia), 163.
Spogostybini, 213, 214.
Spongostylum, 213.
sqiianiata (Enipis), 352.
stignia(Cliry8opihis), 142.
StiDiyx, 234.
Strationiyia, 58.

STitATIOMYID.E, 17.

Stratiomyin.e, 56.

Stratiomys, 58.

Stratiospbeoouiyia, 36.

Stratiotomyia, 58.

8tylata(Exoprosoi3a),201.

Sty rex, 128.

subcilipes (Einpis), 354.

suhmutica {Odontomyia),
66.

Subula, 96.

Suhulaomyia, 96.

suifiisipennis (Hypera-
lonia) 188.

sulcata (Empis), 345.

snlpliureus (Boiubyliiis),
275.

Suragitia, 121.

Sylvicola, 124.

Syudyas, 333.

Synecbes, 327.

Systoechus, 275.

Si/strophopus, 289.

Systrophiis, 289.

Systropin.e, 289.

Systropus, 289.

Taebydroniia, 374.
Taciiydromiin.e, 373.

ALPHABBTICAL INDEX.

401

Tachypeza, 378.
tantalus (Anthrax), 181.
tantalus {Exoproso-pa),

181.
tantalus (Hyperalonia),

181.
tenebrica ( Clitellaria ) ,

46.
tenuipes (Hybos), 338.
teiuiinalis (Bombylius),

270.
testaceus (Sargus), 73.
Thamnodromia, 367.
Thereva, 297.
Therevid.e, 295.
therevifonuis (Desino-

luyia), 107.
tliereviforniis(Parartliro-

peas), 109.
Tliorasena, 39.
Thi/ridanthrax , 234.
tibialis {Bens), 93.
tibialis (Chorisops), 93.
Tinda, 29.
Toxocera, 41.
Toxophora, 287.

TOXOPIIORIN.E, 286.

transversa (Lepid-

anthrax), 233.
transversa (Odontoiuvia),

71.
triangulata (Leptis), 127.
Tricliopeza, 371.
Tricbopsiclea, 153.
tricolor {Bombyiius), 263.
Trinaria, 189.
IriocUtes, 256.

tripiinctata (Anthrax),

214, 218.
tristis (Exoprosopa), 180.
tristis (Hyperalonia), 180.
troglodvta (Anthrax),

254."
troglodyta (Bibio), 254.

unicinctus (Rbachicerus),

106:
unicolor (Acarterus),

834.
unicolor (Chry.sopilus),

141.
unicolor (Leptis), 126.
unifasciata (Rhampho-

uiyia), 345.
Usia, 281.

vagans (Allognosta), 94.
vagans (Metoponia), 94.
Vappo, 20.

variegata (Drapetis), 381.
variegiita (Elaphropeza),

387.
variegata (Stratiospheco-

niyia), 37.
varieqatus (Bombt/lius),

2Qo.
Velocia, 178.
ventralis (Bracliycara),

85.
Vertexistemma, 163.
Verticistennna, 1(53.
vicinus (Bombylius), 270.

Villa, 234.

lillosa [Nemotekis), 53.

villosa var. hiinalayensis

(Lasiopa), 53.
viridiciiea (Philopota),

1.59.
viridana (Odontouiyia),

72.
vitrea (Exoprosopa), 210.
vitripennis {Chryso-

chlora), Si'^.
vitripennis (Exoprosopa),

209.
vitripennis (Leptopeza),

363.
vitripennis (Prosopo-

chrysa), 86.
Voluc'ella, 281.

Wallacea, 21.

u'ulpii (Bombylius), 264.

wulpii (Pteoticus), 77.

Xyloniya, 96.
Xylomyia, 96.
Xylomyin.e, 96.
Xylopiiagi.n.e, 104.
Xijstropus, 289.

yerburyi (Chrysopilus),
139.

Zabrachia, 21.

PKINTEU BY TAYLOR AND FKANCIS, BED LION COTJBT, FLEET STREET.

2d

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. ZahracJiia albipes, Brun., $ ; p. 2L

2. ,, „ antenna.

3. Wallacea argentea, Dol., antenna ; p. 25.

4. Acanihina argentihirta, Jivixu., antenna,; p. 28.

5. Craspedometopon froniaJe, Kert. ; p. 29.

6. ,, ,, antenna.

7. Tinda javana, Macq., $ ; p. 30.

8. ,, ,, antenna.

9. Evasa hipars. Walk., antenna; p. 32.

10. Ptilocera fastuosa, Grerst., $ ; p. 34.

11. ,, „ antenna.

12. Stratiosphecomyia variegata, Brun., c? ; p. 37.

13. ,, „ antenna.

14. Clitellaria lieminopda, Wied., 5 ; p. 50.

15. Epliippium biUneatum, F., cf ; p* 46.

16. „ „ antenna.

17. Eudmetn marginata , F., side of thorax ; p. 42.

18. Amp>scdis longisphms, Brun., scutellum ; p. 44.

19. ,, „ antenna.

20. Hermetia Iceta, Meij., $ ; p. 40.

21. ,, ,, antenna.

22. Sargus metallinus, F., 6 ', p. 82.

23. ,, „ antenna.

24. Odontomyia rufoabdominaUs, Brun., S ; p. 64.

25. Allognosta vagans, Lw., (^ ; p. 94.

26. „ ., antenna.

Plate I.

INDIAN STRATIOMYID^.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Eig. 1. Ehachicenis nigricomis, ^i'i\n., antenna; p. 105.

2. ,, unicinctas, Bruu., whig ; p. 106.

3. Cvenomyioides edwardsij'Bmn., antenna; p. 111.

4. „ „ wing.

5. Parartliro}^eas ihei'eviformis, Brun., anteuna; p. 109.

6. „ „ wing.

7. Atrichojjs ccdopa, Bruu., S , abdomen ; p. 114.

8. ,, lanopyga, Brun., c? ; p. 115.

9. ,, ci«c<a, Brun., wiug ; p. 118.

10. ,, llimbata, 0.-^.,\\\ng; p. 115.

11. ,, intermedia, Brun., lateral view of head;

12. „ „ wing. [p. 116.

13. ,, cceridescens, Bruu., wing; p. 119.

14. ,, raetatarsalis, Brun., wing; p. 117.

15. Macellopalpus fulvidus, Brun., lateral view of head;

[p. 122.

16. Leptis apiciiiennis, Brun., wiug ; p. 125.

17. OJirysopilus marmoratus, Brun., wing; p. 131.

18. ,, cdhopictus, Brun., wiug ; p. 131.

19. ,, ojviaijpenm's', Brun., wing ; p. 132.

20. ,, unicolor, Brun., wing ; p. 141.

21. ,, stigma, Brun., wing; p. 142.

22. Hirmonenra opaca, Licht., wing ; p. 150.

23. Ceylonia magni/ica, Licht., wing; p. 156.

24. Pialea auripUa, Brun., c? ; p- 161.

25. ,, „ lateral view of head.

26. Fterodontia dorsolineata, Brun., 5 > P- 167.

27. ,, ,, anteuna.

28. Oncodes octomacidatus, Brun., d' ; p. 170.

29. „ ,, arista.

Plate II.

INDIAN LEPTIDiE, NEMESTRINID^E AND CYRTID^.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL

Eig. 1. Hyperalonia suffusijiennis, Bruii., wing ; p. 18S.

2. ,, semifuscata, Brun., wing ; p. 188.

3. Exoprosopa lar, F., wing ; p. 194.

4. ,, iiisulata, AValk., wing; p. 203.

o. „ hengcdensis, Macq., wing ; p. 206.

6. „ brahma, Sch., wing ; p. 206.

7. ,, lateraVis, Bran., w ing ; p. 198.

8. ,, annandalei , Brun., wing ; p. 199.

9. ,, jj?<er«(Zrt, Brun., wing ; p. 205.

10. Argxjramoeba distigma, Wied., wing; p. 218.

11. „ o^>sciir//Vons, Brun., wing ; p. 220.

12. „ r/estroi, 'Bi'un., wing ; p. 222.

13. ,, davaucelii, Macq., wing; p. 225.

14. „ argentiajyiccdis, Bnm., wing ; p. 22'

15. „ getitilis, Brun., wing ; p. 230.

16. Toxophora javana, Wied. ; p. 287.

17. Psiloce2)7iala sequa,Via\k., cJ ,; p. 305.

18. ,, „ head in profile.

19. „ ,, antenna.

20. „ „ abdomen, 5 .

21. Phycns hrunneus, AVied.; p. 307.

22. „ ,, liead in profile.

23. ,, ,, antenna.

Plate 111.

INDIAN BOMBYLIID.^: AND THEREVID/E.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Pig. 1. Leptomydas inclianus, Big., wing ; p. 320.

2. Mydas annidata, Brun., wing; p. 319.

3. Syneches biyofi, Bezzi, wing ; p. 329.

4. ,, 2^^'^^^''<^^^^^''^'^^i Bi'un., head in profile ; p. 331.

5. Acarterus fuscipennis, Brun., head in profile; p. 335.

6. Hyhos yayatinns, Big., hind leg ; p. 339.

7. ,, tenuijies, ^run., antenna; p. 338.

8. ,, ,, hind leg.

9. Empis rostrata, Brun., middle leg; p. 355.

10. „ „ hind leg.

11. „ squamata,'Bn\n., $, hind leg ; p. 352.

12. Leptopeza vitripennis, Brun., wing: p. 363.

13. ,, ,, antenna.

14. Pliyllodromia flavida, Brun., wing; p. 368.

15. ,, ,, antenna.

16. ,, indica, Brun., head in profile ; p. 369.

17. „ „ wing.

18. ,, ,, antenna.

19. Dolicliocephala 7-notata, Brun., head in profile; p. 371.

20. „ „ wing.

21. ,, „ antenna.

22. Tacliydromia nepalensis, Brun., antenna ; p. 377.

23. Drapetis brevior, Brun., c5' ; p- 382.

24. „ „ antenna.

25. ,, ?'o/H?i(?tconm, Brun., antenna ; p. 383.

Plate IV.

INDIAN MYDAID^E AND EMPID^E.

9j