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PIPTERA DANICA

GENERA AND SPECIES
OF FLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK

BY

WILLIAM LUNDBECK

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PART V
- LONCHOPTERIDAE, SYRPHIDAE

WITH 202 FIGURES
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PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FUND

G. E. C. GAD — COPENHAGEN
LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON
1916

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(ORTHORRHAPHA BRACHYCERA.)
ACROPTERA.

Lonchopteridae.

Head a little broader than thorax, of transverse shape. Eyes
broadly separated and equally separated in both sexes; vertex and
frons broad; three ocelli. There are two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles,
one approximated pair below, above the antenne, and one distant
pair above; two ocellar bristles; four vertical bristles just above, and
a little downwards on occiput a pair of smaller, a little converging
postvertical bristles; along the eye-margins a row of postocular bristles,
and along the oral margin on each side a row of six to seven oral
bristles, the anterior pair crossing. Eyes not large but prominent,
bare. Antenne short, six-jointed, third joint somewhat semiglobular
or almost globular with a subapical, three-jointed arista, the basal
joints of which are short; the two first antennal joints with small
bristles, the third and the arista short-pubescent. Epistoma broad,
rather low. Oral aperture circular. An oral cone developed, with the
horse-shoe-shaped clypeus on the front side. Proboscis short; the mouth
parts consisting of a triangular, semitubular labrum, a short, spindle-
shaped, truncate hypopharynx, and maxille with a small, short, pointed
lacinia and relatively long, one-jointed, club-shaped palpi. Thorax
rectangular; pro- and metathorax small, no chitinized metasternum
behind the hind coxe. There are humeral, posthumeral, notopleural,
supraalar and postalar bristles, and on the disc dorsocentral bristles,
of which those of the posterior pair are very small, so that there are
two small prescutellar hairs; for the rest thorax and pleura bare.
Seutellum with two apical bristles. Abdomen with the first segment
long; in the male there are five visible, not transformed segments, the
fourth longer than the preceding, the fifth still longer, sometimes rather
long; after the fifth follows the hypopygium; it is large, more or
less rectangular, bent in under the venter; the side-margins are curved
down and refolded on the ventral side, and on its basal part the
hypopygium is roofed over; thus a ventral cavity is formed; from the

1

9 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

anterior ventral roof arises a complicate median organ, the penis and
its sheath, which stretches somewhat backwards; to each side of it

two pairs of variously shaped inner lamella or gonapophyses arise,

the posterior (or median) and the anterior (or lateral) inner lamelle,
which stretch backwards; at the end of the hypopygium two more
or less scale-like lamelle are inserted, the outer or apical lamelle;
they are more or less connected in the middle; | think they are
placed on a small apical segment. — It will be seen that the hypo-
pygium answers well to that in the Dolichopodids, the posterior and
anterior inner lamelle or gonapophyses answering to the median and
lateral inner lamelle in the Dolichopodids, and the outer or apical
lamelle to the same in the Dolichopodids; the hypopygium otherwise
being much of the same construction with a ventral cavity roofed
over at the base, and the penis stretching backwards from it between
the inner lamelle; also the hypopygium is likewise bent in under the
venter, but it is here not unsymmetrical. As said there seem to be
five abdominal segments, but the long first abdominal segment is
evidently formed by the coalescence of two, the dividing line being
still visible; at the base of the hypopygium there seems to be a small
segment, and perhaps one more; if so the hypopygium would in the
normal way be formed of the ninth segment. — In the female ab-
domen has six visible segments, the first long and likewise formed of
two; there are thus in reality seven segments; a very small apical
(eighth) segment is also seen, and at the apex are two small lamelle.
Legs slender, simple, only the front tarsi with the four last joints
somewhat dilated in the male. The femora and tibize have more or
fewer bristles. Claws and pulvilli small. No empodium present.
Wings very characteristic and with an aberrant venation; they are of
elongated elliptical shape, pointed at the apex; alula and axillary lobe
very small or wanting. Mediastinal and subcostal veins very short;
radial vein terminating a little above the apex; the cubital vein issues
quite near the base, and terminates just at the apex; it is unforked
and there is thus one cubital cell; the radial and cubital veins are
converging outwards; the discal vein arises apparently from the postical
vein near the middle of it; it has a long fork and there are four
posterior cells; the postical vein is branched quite near the base, its
lower, short branch going downwards to the anal vein; this latter
long, reaching about to the middle of the wing; it shows a very
characteristic feature, as in the male it terminates in the posterior
margin, but in the female curves upwards and terminates in the posti-
cal vein (figs. 2—3); the so-called medial cross-vein is near the base and
very oblique, it goes from near the base of the cubital vein down-

ee

——_"

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Lonchopteridae. 3

wards and backwards to the second basal cell; the basal cells and
the anal cell are short; no discal cell. There is no wing stigma. The
venation is further remarkable by the fact, that most of the veins are
convex; the mediastinal is concave as normal, likewise the subcostal
vein convex, the radial vein concave and the cubital vein convex; the
largest basal part of the stem of the discal fork and the inner two
thirds of its upper branch are concave, the outer part of this branch,
and the lower branch convex; the postical vein convex, and the so-
called anal vein likewise convex, but this latter has a concave part
at the base; still there is the remarkable fact that all the convex
veins or parts of veins are spinulose.

The wing-venation of the Lonchopterids has been somewhat
debated; Brauer has not entered into it in his work over the wings
of Diptera; Adolph does not say much about it; Redtenbacher takes
the discal vein to be his vein V, but he mentions it and has figured
it as quite convex which is not correct. I think the best interpreta-
tion is the one given by de Meijere in his monograph cited below; this
author thinks that the vein bordering the discal cell above from the
medial cross-vein to the base of the fork is obliterated, and he refers
to Pipunculus omissinervis Beck., where the facts are similar; the lower
anterior part of the oblique medial cross-vein he takes as the base of
the discal vein, the upper part being the real cross-vein; if this is so
we get a venation somewhat similar to that in several Empids, and
also in Platypeza, and with a normal discal cell partly bounded below
by the postical vein. De Meijere lays no stress on the convexity or
concavity of the veins, but I think the convex end branches of the
discal vein may be considered as remnants of the vein V. The vein
which above and in the descriptions is termed the anal vein, is as
said convex; de Meijere thinks it nevertheless to be the anal vein,
but [ think, like Adolph, that it is the axillary vein; perhaps its con-
cave basal part belongs to the anal vein; it must be remembered,
that the so-called anal vein in the Dolichopodids is probably also the
axillary vein.

The squamule are very small, the thoracal squamula only present
as frenulum.

The larve are of a curious appearance; they are elongated ellipti-
eal, flat, only a little arched above, and here a little carinate along
the middle line; the segments are well chitinized above and brown,
and they look as if each was covered by a shield. The number of
segments can be counted as ten, the head taken as one segment; but
the metathorax is long and probably formed of this and the first ab-
dominal segment, and the last segment is perhaps also formed of two;

1*

4 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

if so we get twelve segments. The mouth parts consist of a labrum,
small mandibles and larger maxille with a small palpus; there are
two-jointed antenne. On pro- and mesothorax and on the last seg-
ment are some long thread-like filaments, in all four pairs, three
anterior and one posterior. The larva is amphipneustic with pro-
thoracal spiracles, and distant posterior spiracles on last segment. —
The pupa lies in the larval skin; it has small anterior spiracular
tubes. At the emerging of the imago the puparium splits with a
T-shaped split.

The place of the Lonchopteridae in the system has been much
debated; the earlier authors, Meigen, Macquart and Schiner placed
them near Platypeza, Pipunculus and Dolichopus; Fallén and Zetter-
stedt thereagainst placed them to the Phytomyzidae. As the develop-
mental stages became known they were, on account of the puparium
with its T-shaped split, placed near the Stratiomyids by Lubbock and
Brauer. The author who has the best fundament for judging here,
is de Meijere; in his monograph. over the larva he says, that it
forms an interesting intermediate form between the orthorrhaphous and
the cyclorrhaphous Diptera; he thinks that it is nearest the latter, and
places the family as the first of the Cyclorrhapha. I take them here,
as in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt., as the last family of the Orthorrhapha.
The question cannot at present be solved with certainty, and perhaps
they form in reality an intermediate group. It seems to me that they
are rather related to the Dolichopodids and partly to the Empids; the
mouth parts of the larva are somewhat similar to those in the Ortho-
genya, the pupa is no real cyclorrhaphous pupa, and the opening of
it takes place as in the Orthorrhapha;’as to the imagines it was
remarked above, that the wings have a venation probably similar to
some Empids, and also it is not unlike the venation of the Dolichopodids
with its small basal cells, short subcostal vein, medial cross-vein near
the base, short anal cell and convex anal, or in reality probably
axillary vein. The agreeing of the hypopygium with that of the
Dolichopodids was mentioned above. Also the four posterior cells I
find of some importance as pointing towards the Orthorrhapha. Finally
the Lonchopterids have (as far as known) no frontal bladder, and
judging from the way of opening the puparium sucha one is no doubt
not present, and likewise no bladder-seam nor lunula. On the other
hand the head is in Lonchoptera more similar to that in the Cyclor-
rhapha by the bristles, and also the mouth parts are somewhat similar,
but there is however a distinct maxillar lacinia. Among the Cyclorrhapha
the family then would probably come near to the Platypezidae and
perhaps especially to the Phoridae (if these belong to the Cyclorrhapha) ;

:
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:
.

Lonchopteridae. 5

with these latter they have the bristles on the head in common, and
also the puparium and its way of opening is to some degree similar,
and the anterior spiracular tubes protrude probably through the second
abdominal segment as in the Phoridae. Both in Phorids and in some
Platypezids are also the anterior convex veins somewhat spinulous. —
The whole question is thoroughly treated by de Meijere in his mono-
graph over the Lonchoptera-larva, to which I may refer.

Our present knowledge of the family of the Lonchopterids we
mainly owe to de Meijere, who has given two elaborate and valuable
monographs about them, one dealing with the larva (Zool. Jahrbiich.
Abtheil. fiir Syst. XIV, 1900, 87, Tab. V—VII), the other treating the
family (Tijdschr. v. Entom. XLIX, 1906, 44, Pl. IV—V). Before this
latter appeared the species were in great confusion on account of
their strong varying, but de Meijere has cleared up the species in
a remarkably good way. In the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. 18 species are
enumerated; after de Meijere’s revision they are brought down to
seven species, which thus is the number of palearctic species. In
Aldrich’s catalogue of North American Diptera three species are
enumerated: lutea, riparia and punctum; if correctly determined these
should be lutea or furcata or both; in the Appendix is mentioned
that Baker moreover has recorded L. lacustris from California, and
this again should be either /utea or furcata; these two common species
thus also occur in North America (if they are not distinct species).
De Meijere however states, that he has seen L. furcata from Canada,
so that this species is certain as occurring in North America.

The family only includes one genus, Lonchoptera (the Asiatic
genus Cadrema being doubtfull).

The Lonchopterids are much infested by parasitic Hymenoptera;
in the literature only little is mentioned about this; de Meijere notes
in the works cited above, that he has in single cases seen a Hymen-
opterous larve in the pupa of L. lutea, and bred a single Hymen-
optere, and according to him Lubbock has described a similar parasitic
larva as the pupa of Lonchoptera. Mr. Schlick and [ have, on the other
hand, bred numerous parasites of pupz of L. /utea and especially of
furcata; when in spring flood refuse in fens is sifted, the pupe of
the named two Lonchoptera species may be found in great numbers,
but, as mentioned below, they are always infested; only from one
single pupa found so a JL. lutea was bred, from all the others parasites
were obtained; among the pup sifted in the said way that of furcata
is by far the most numerous. The parasites are the following: Pezo-
_machus sp.; Alloea contracta Hal., this is by far the most common;
Pteromalus sp.; Merismus sp.; Polycystus scapularis Thoms. and

6 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Cyrtogaster vulgaris Walk. Of all six parasites there is only one in
each Lonchoptera pupa.

Lonchopterids earlier recorded from Denmark: No Lonchopterid
is mentioned earlier than Zetterstedt; this author records in 1848 (Dipt.
Scand. VII) five species, /utea Meig., thoracica Meig., trilineata Zett.
(Steg. in litteris), riparia Meig. and cinerella Zett.; these represent,
as seen below, only the two species lutea Meig. and furcata Fall.';
thus two species were then known from Denmark. In the present
paper three species are enumerated.

1. Lonehoptera Meig.

Species of small size and of yellow colour, more or less dark
striped to quite dark. Head transverse, a little broader than thorax;
it is somewhat arched behind. Vertex and frons broad, the latter
slightly narrowing downwards; ocellar tubercle a little prominent.
There are two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles; the lower pair, just
above the antenne, approximated, the upper pair placed above, near
the eye-margins; two ocellar bristles, and on the posterior side of the
triangle a pair of small hairs; four vertical bristles in a transverse
row, and lower down, on the middle of occiput a pair of somewhat
approximated, smaller postvertical bristles. Along the oral margin is
on each side a row of six to seven strong oral bristles; the anterior

Fig. 1. Antenna of ZL. tristis. >< 100.

pair (vibrissee) are shortest and crossing; besides there are some hairs
behind, above the mouth opening. Eyes not specially large, but pro-
minent, circular or a little oval; they are bare; the eyes are broadly
separated and equally separated in both sexes; the facets of equal
size. Antenne inserted in the middle of the head, not quite near to
each other; they are short, six-jointed; first joint widening outwards,

* De Meijere thinks, that under lutea is perhaps also fallax de Meij. intermingled,
as Zetterstedt describes the first antennal joint as yellow; I have, however,
specimens of certain dutea with the antenne yellow at the base.

~ OE

Lonchopteridae. 7

obconical, second somewhat cyathiforme, the third semiglobular or
nearly globular, bearing a long, subapical, three-jointed arista with the
basal joints short!; the arista is inserted somewhat outwards on the
third joint; (when the antenne are exsiccated the third joint is con-
tracted and more disciforme); the first and second antennal joints
have bristles at the apical margin, the third and the arista are short-
pubescent, almost microscopically. Epistoma broad, as broad as the
frons, but low. Jowls small, a little descending. The oral aperture
large, circular. Oral cone developed, but proboscis short, slightly pro-
truding. Clypeus incised in the anterior end, somewhat horse-shoe-
shaped. Labrum short, semitubular, triangular and pointed; hypo-
pharynx very small, much shorter than labrum, spindle-shaped and
broadly cut at the end; maxille with a short and thin, pointed
lacinia, about as long as hypopharynx; the palpi relatively large, more
than twice as long as the lacinia, club-shaped, hairy and beset with
short bristles. Labium with the basal part slightly chitinized, rather
slender and not so long as the relatively large and broad labella,
which are rounded at the base, but triangular outwards, and thus
triangularly oval in shape. Thorax rectangular, a little arched above;
pro- and metathorax very small; of bristles there are a humeral,
two posthumeral, two notopleural?, two supraalar and a_postalar
bristle; further three dorsocentral bristles, and behind each row of
them a very small bristle, so that there are two small prescutellar
bristles or hairs; there is also generally a small hair in front of
the first dorsocentral bristle, and a small bristle quite in front on
each side; otherwise thorax is bare; scutellum rounded triangular
with two apical bristles. Pleura without bristles or hairs. Abdomen
a little elongated, not broader than thorax, nearly parallel-sided or a
little narrowing behind; it is somewhat flattened; the first segment is
of a considerable length. In the male there are five visible, not trans-
formed segments, the second and third short, equal in length, the
fourth longer and the fifth still longer, sometimes rather much longer;
at the end of the fifth segment the hypopygium is seen; the same is larger
or smaller but always rather large, bent in under the venter; the two
pairs of inner lamellae or gonapophyses are more or less styliform or
blade-shaped, with various dilatations or spines; the outer lJamellee
are somewhat scale-like, shorter or longer, with bristles at the margin.

1 Wandolleck (Zool. Jahrbiich. Abth. fiir Syst. VIII, 1895, 785) says that the arista
is two-jointed and the antenne five-jointed, but this is erroneous.

® De Meijere says one notopleural and one presutural; perhaps he takes some of
my notopleural as posthumeral and the inner posthumeral as presutural; this
latter might perhaps be correct.

8 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

In the female abdomen is pointed; it has six visible segments, the
first likewise long; a very small seventh segment is also seen, and at
the end there are two very small, hairy lamella. The probable real
number of abdominal segments was mentioned under the family. Ab-
domen is sparingly clothed with short hairs, a little longer near the
hind margin of the segments and at the sides. Legs somewhat long
and slender, femora a little thickened; the four last joints on the front
tarsi somewhat dilated in the male, and in this sex sometimes the
hind tibie dilated towards the end. The legs are short-haired; the
anterior coxe have bristles, and the femora and tibie more or fewer,
varying in the various species, and sometimes different in the two
sexes; in the male there are some stronger bristles below the second and
third joints on front tarsi; the hind metatarsus has bristles below at
base and apex. Claws and pulvilli small. No empodium. Wings of
a characteristic shape, elongated elliptical with a pointed apex; alula
and axillary lobe small or nearly wanting; no discal cell; discal vein
forked, apparently issuing from the postical vein; medial cross-vein
quite near the base. Nearly all the veins spinulous. Squamula alaris
very small, squamula thoracalis not developed, but the frenulum
visible. With regard to the interpretation of ‘the wing-venation see
under the family. In rest the wings lie parallel over abdomen, one
covering. the other.

The developmental stages are well known. The larva (of lutea?)
was described by Lubbock (Trans. ent. Soc. London, 3, V, 1862—-64,
338); they were found below pieces of wood. Frauenfeld mentions
the larva of lutea (trilineata) in 1869 (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien,
XIX, 941); it was found in winter on the ground below the rosette
of leaves of a Cirsium, and it was bred about three weeks later.
Brauer mentions the exuvium of the same larva (Verh. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, XIX, 1869, 843). De Meijere in his above cited mono-
graph from 1900 describes and figures the larva, likewise of lutea;
the author found the larva in January between old leaves of Salix on
the ground in a wood, and again in April and then.together with some
pup; he also found some larve in autumn two of which were only.
half grown, while a third pupated soon after. In the monograph over
Lonchoptera trom 1906 the author further mentions a pupa found in
November, and small and larger larve found in the middle of
January in a garden on dry leaves on the ground; one of these
was bred in April; on pag. 94 he mentions a pupa found on
‘*/9, which he thinks belonged to ZL. furcata; this is also correct (see
below). | have myself examined larvee of DL. lutea found at the roots
of water plants on “/12, and larvee and pupe found below reeds on

Lonchopteridae. 9

the shore on *4/11, and in fens in flood refuse on °/2, */s and 13/4, one
of the latter developing in April; further a pupa of lutea sifted from
flood refuse at a pond on 4/1, developing on ?/2, and another found
sittmg on a dry leaf on the ground in a wood on 1/4, it developed
on *°/4, and finally [ have examined a pupa of LZ. furcata found on
the leaf of a turnip on 7/9, it developed on 2/9. But besides these I
have had numerous pupe of /utea and especially of furcata found in
fens in flood refuse of vegetables in spring, but only one single
specimen of /uwtea was ever bred, all others were infested by various
parasitic Hymenoptera. — The larva of lutea is yellowish brown,
darker above, paler below; it is elongated elliptical, flat below, some-
what arched above or here a little carinate along the middle; the
segments are well chitinized above, and the larva is of a curious
appearance, as each segment is, as it were, covered by a shield, the
larva therefore is not unlike a small Oniscus. The head and pro-
thorax are more or less retracted, but meso- and metathorax are
distinct, and then follow six abdominal segments; these eight segments
have each the mentioned shield-like appearance; thus counted there
would be ten segments, but de Meijere thinks, and no doubt correctly,
that metathorax, which is the longest segment, is formed of meta-
thorax and first abdominal segment; perhaps also the iast segment
includes two; if so, we get the normal number of twelve segments.
The mouth parts I have not examined closely; according to de Meijere
there is above a triangular labrum, at the sides small mandibles with
a few slight teeth and larger maxille with a molar part, and on the
outside a small palpus; below there is a lower lip. Above on each
side there is a distinct, two-jointed antenna, with the apical joint
short. On each side of prothorax is a thin, attenuating thread,
directed forwards; at their bases outwards lies on each side the small
prothoracal spiracular tubercle. On the front margin of mesothorax
is at each side a similar thread as on prothorax, but a little longer,
and behind them, on the side, a third pair, quite short. Each of the
eight chitinized segments has the side- and hind-margins of the shield
produced as a thin rim, and this rim is curiously incised with numer-
ous, dense incisions, perpendicular on the margin, so that the margin
looks as striated; the first chitinized segment, mesothorax, has the
front- but not the hind-margin so ornamented; thus the margin all
round and the incisures, except the first, are striated. On the side-
margin is a number of small spines or papilla, one on each side of
mesothorax just behind the short filament, then four on each side of
the long (double) metathorax, and two on each side of the following
segments, except the last which has also four; along the side, below

10 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

the produced margin of the shield, is on each segment a very small
spine or papilla with hairs; the last segment has six along the hind
margin below. In the hind margin of the last segment are two long
threads similar to the anterior threads; at the base outside to them
are the short posterior spiracular tubes, which thus are very distant;
the larva is consequently amphipneustic. On the ventral side there are
some short spines or hairs. The length is 3,5 mm. — The pupa lies
in the larval skin; the puparium therefore is quite similar to the larva,
but it has very small, brown anterior spiracular tubes, protruding
(through holes already discernible as thin-skinned spots in the larva)
on each side near the front-margin of first abdominal segment (or, if
this one is coalesced with metathorax, of the second abdominal segment).
At the emerging of the imago the puparium opens with a T-shaped
split, the transverse portion of which lies in the middle of metathorax,
while the longitudinal portion stretches to the end of second abdominal
segment, and here also a small transverse split is seen. — As men-
tioned above I have also seen a pupa of which L. furcata was bred,
and I can confirm de Meijere’s suggestion with regard to the puparium
described by him as probably belonging to this species, as I find all
the characters given by him agreeing with my puparium; it is of a
more whitish colour than that of lutea; the striation or serration of
the hind margins to the segments is nearly wanting; the prothoracal
filaments are short; the outer mesothoracal are more than half as
long as the inner; of marginal serrations there are about four between
the inner filaments, and three between these and the outer; in lutea
the outer mesothoracal filaments are about one third or fourth of the
inner in length and placed near to them without marginal serrations
between, and between the inner filaments are about fourteen marginal
serrations; on the last segment there are in furcata about five to six
marginal serrations between the filaments, and outwards to these latter
is on each side the last marginal papilla placed on a long peduncle;
in lutea there are about twelve marginal serrations between the fila-
ments, and the last marginal papilla is short and placed just inwards
to or below the filament; the length of the puparium of furcata is
3mm, of lutea 3,5 mm.

According to the above mentioned the larva lives between dry
or decaying leaves on the ground, especially on more or less humid
places, in refuse of vegetables in fens or at the borders of water;
the pupze are found on the same places, generally attached to leaves.
The larva seems to hibernate, but there are no doubt more than one
brood in the year, as pupe# have been found late in the season in
September and November; I think the development is quite irregular

Lonchopteridae. 11

with regard to time, and it is not improbable that also the imago
may hibernate. According to de Meijere the eggs are white, oval,
0,6 mm long and 0,25 mm in diameter; the shell is structure-less.

A very curious feature is found in one species, furcata; in this
species the males are very rare; while the female is common and
may be found in great numbers on the localities where it occurs,
there are in all known, I think, about six males. For this reason de
Meijere thinks (Tijdschr. v. Entom. XLIX, 1906, 49) that this species
propagates mainly by Parthenogenesis, and he supports this opinion
by the shape of the receptacula seminis; these are in JL. lutea long,
and spermatozoa are often found in them; in furcata on the contrary
the receptacula are short, and the author never found spermatozoa in
them. This fact would be rather unique among the Diptera.

The species of Lonchoptera are small flies, characteristic by the
shape of their wings; they occur on humid places, often at borders
of water and generally in great numbers.

Of the genus now 7 palzearctic species are known after de Meijere’s
revision; 3 have been found i Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Front femora with only one bristle above near apex; middle

femora in the male with 2—3 bristles below in the middle;

Wings somewhat strongly brown; rather large, always dark

MI ii Pas eS ve we ee wes we» oes 3. tristis.
— Front femora with three bristles above near apex; middle

femora in the male without bristles below; wings only yel-

lowish; smaller, often more or less pale species............ 2.
2. Vertical bristles all, or at all events the inner, nearly always

black; front tibie without posterior bristle and middle tibize

without ventral bristle; postocular bristles yellow; anal vein

generally terminating below the base of the discal fork ... 1. lutea.
— Vertical bristles all yellow; front tibiz with a posterior bristle

and middle tibiz with a ventral bristle; some of the upper

postocular bristles generally black ; anal vein terminating behind

RM Ee CISCAL LEK 3. 2 os. one «ccc oe + wack and cio nie cope oh 2. furcata.

Aa) meen Panz.

1809. Panz. Faun. Germ. CVIII, 20, 21. — 1824. Meig. p. p. Syst.
Beschr. IV, 107. — 1848. Zett. p. p. Dipt. Scand. VII, 2802, 1. — ?1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 243. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. p. p. Il, 353. — 1906.
De Meij. Tijdschr. v. Entom. XLIX, 64, 1, Pl. I, Fig. 2, 5—6, Pl. Il, Fig.
20—22. — Dipsa furcata Fall. p. p. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Phytom. 1. —
L. flavicauda Meig. 1824. |. c. 107. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 353.
— L. lacustris Meig. p. p. 1824. l. c. 107. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt.
p. p. 353. — L. riparia Meig. p. p. &, 1824. 1. c. 108. — 1903. Kat.
paladarkt. Dipt. p. p. 353. — L. rivalis Meig. p. p. 1824. 1. c. 108. —

12 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

—

L. nigrimana Meig. 1824. 1.'c. 108. — 1848. Zett. 1. c. 2809, 8. — 1903.
Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. II, 353. — L. thoracica Meig. 1824. 1. c. 108. — 1848.
Zett. 1. c. 2803, 2. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 354. — L. palustris
Meig. 1824. 1. c. 109. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 353. — L. punctum
Meig. 1824, l.c. 110. — 1903. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. 353. — L. trilineata
Zett. p. p. 1848. 1. c. 2804, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 244. — 1890.
Stein, Wien. ent. Zeitg. IX, 110. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 354.

Male. Vertex and frons yellow, shining; ocellar triangle blackish
and the space around it may be more or less darkened; vertical
bristles black or generally the outer yellow, very rarely one of the
inner, or both, yellow. Epistoma whitish. Occiput yellow, more or
less grey above, postocular bristles yellow. There are six oral bristles
on each side, the hindmost yellow, the others black. Antenne black,
sometimes yellowish at the base. Thorax somewhat shining, very
varying in colour; either quite yellow, or with a narrower or broader
greyish black middle stripe, or with three stripes and these may be
narrower or broader, and they may be confluent so that thorax is
quite blackish grey; scutellum yellow, or with the thoracal middle
stripe continued over it, or nearly quite dark; postscutellum yellow
or generally dark. Pleura generally yellow, only in the darkest speci-
mens more or less to quite dark. Abdomen likewise very varying in
colour; in the palest specimens it is yellow with only the base more
or less dark grey, and with the hypopygium yellow; then the dark
part may be larger, so that only the apical parts and the sides are
yellow, the hypopygium dark grey, and finally abdomen may be all
dark grey; the venter varies in a similar way. The fourth abdominal
segment is longer than the third. Abdomen is clothed with short,
scattered, black hairs; near the hind margin of the segments is a row
of a little longer hairs, longest towards the apex, and near the side
margin is on each segment a longer hair; the venter has short hairs,
longer on first and second segments; on the second ventral segment
are on each side two to three bristles, and on the third likewise one
or two smaller bristles and some strong hairs. Hopopygium with
somewhat large, yellow apical lamelle, with black bristles at the apical
margin, and between these, nearer the ventral side, some which are
hook-like bent at the end, and are characteristic for the species; the
posterior inner lamella (gonapophyses) have a tooth-like process at
the base on the outer side and are hook-like curved inwards at the
apex; the anterior are about straight, with bristles on the inside, of
which the apical one is strongly curved. Legs yellow, front tarsi
often a little darkened and the last three joints more or less dark;
posterior tarsi more or less darkened towards the end; the last four

Lonchopteridae. 13

joints on front tarsi a little dilated. The legs have short black hairs,
front cox with bristles at the outer margin and apex, middle cox
at the apex; front femora with about three bristles above on the
apical half, middle femora with one bristle on the anterior side in
the middle, and hind femora with about two on the antero-dorsal
side; besides the femora have some bristles around the apex; the

Fig. 2. Wing of L. lutea o.

front tibie have two dorsal bristles, middle tibize two antero-dorsal
and above one postero-dorsal, and the hind tibiz have some more or
less dorsal bristles and a couple of smaller ventral bristles on the
apical part; besides the tibiz have some bristles at or near the apex;
the hind metatarsus has a pair of bristles below at the base and one
small at the apex. Wings yellowish; the anal vein terminates below

Fig. 3. Wing of L. lutea 9.

the base of the discal fork, or a little before or behind it; the upper
branch of the discal fork spinulous on a little more than the apical
half. Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male and varying in the same way.
Venter without: bristles on second and third segments. Front legs
with the apical half of tibiz and with the tarsi blackened.

Length 2,4 to about 3 mm.

As seen the species varies much, and the varieties have been
described as species. The main varieties are:

v. lutea Meig. Thorax yellow or with a slight middle stripe; ab-
domen only dark at the base.

v. flavicauda Meig. Thorax with dark middle stripe; abdomen
mainly dark above.

14 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

y. trilineata Zett. Thorax with three stripes; abdomen as above.

v. palustris Meig. The dorsal stripes on thorax broad, with only
narrow yellow interstices.

v. cinerea de Meij. Thorax, pleura and abdomen all dark.

L. lutea is very common all over Denmark; it occurs in woods
and on meadows on humid places, often at the borders of ditches
and lakes, and is here found in low herbage in great numbers. It is
present in the greater part of the year, my dates are ?"/s—"®/10. The larva
has been found below reeds on Vesterfeelled on *4/11, in Dyrehaven at
the roots of water plants on '/12, in Ruderhegn in flood refuse at
Skovrgddam on °/2, and likewise in Lyngby Mose and Damhusmosen
on §/s and 48/4, one of the latter developed in April (Schlick, Kryger);
a pupa was sifted from flood refuse at Skovrgddam on 14/1, it deve-
loped on 2/2; another was found sitting on a dry leaf on the ground
in Ermelund on 1/4, it developed on 75/4 (Kryger); further the pupa
has been found in flood refuse in fens on many various localities, but
they were always infested with parasitic Hymenoptera. The pale forms
of the species are most common with us, while the var. trilineata,
palustris and cinerea are less common, though not rare.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, ‘towards the north to-
wards northern Sweden; probably it also occurs in North America.

9. L. furcata Fall.

1823. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Phytom. 1, p. p. (Dipsa). — 1906. De Meij.
Tijdschr. v. Entom. XLIX, 72, 2, Pl. IV, Fig. 3, 7—9, Pl. V, Fig. 28—25.
— L. lutea 1824. Meig. p. p. Syst. Beschr. IV, 107. — 1862. Schin. p. p.
F. A. I, 243. — 1890. Stein, Wien. ent. Zeitg. IX, 110. — 1903. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. p. p. II, 353. — L.‘lacustris Meig. p. p. 2, 1824. 1. e. 107.
— 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. p. p. Il, 353. — JL. riparia Meig. p. p. &,
1824. l.c. 108. — 1848. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VII, 2807, 5. — 1903. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. p. p. Il, 353. — LZ. rivalis Meig. p. p. 2, 1824. l. ec. 108.
— L. trilineata Zett. p. p. 1848, 1. e. 2804, 3. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. p. p. Il, 354. — L. impicta Zett. 1848. 1. c. 2806, 4. — 1903. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 353. — LL. cinerella Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 792, 2 et
1848. l. c. VII, 2808, 6. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 352.

Of this species I only know the female. It is very similar to
lutea and varies in the same way. Vertex and frons yellow, whitish
pruinose, dull; the ocellar space dark and sometimes somewhat darkened
around it; vertical bristles yellow. Occiput more excavated above
than in lutea, yellow, sometimes grey just above, or more grey; post-
ocular bristles yellow, often some of the upper black. Of the oral
bristles the four anterior are black, the two posterior yellow; some-
times also the fifth is black. Antenne black with the base yellow.

-

Lonchopteridae. 15

Thorax varying about as in lutea, from almost quite yellow, through
forms with one or three stripes to such with thorax quite dark grey;
but when there are three stripes these are always broad and con-
fluent on the front part, so that distinctly three-striped forms do not
occur; scutellum yellow with dark middle stripe, sometimes more
dark; postscutellum generally grey. Pleura yellow or more or less
dark. Abdomen yellow with a middle stripe, which is sometimes
rather narrow; the stripe may then widen more and more, until ab-
domen is quite dark grey; abdomen is thus never dark in front, yel-
low behind as in varieties of lutea. Legs yellow, tarsi darkened to-
wards the end; front tarsi most darkened, but the tibiz not dark on
the apical part as in /utea; the chetotaxy of the legs is somewhat
differing from that in lutea; the coxe have similar bristles; the front
femora have likewise three bristles above on the apical part, middle
femora one on the antcrior side in the middle, and hind femora two
on the antero-dorsal side, besides the bristles around the apex; the
front tibie have two dorsal bristles and one posterior above the
middle, middle tibize two antero-dorsal, one postero-dorsal above the
middle and one ventral near the apex; hind tibiz have as in lutea
about four more or less dorsal and a couple of small ventral bristles

Fig. 4. Wing of L. furcata Q.

on the apical part; besides the tibiz have apical or subapical bristles;
hind metatarsus has two ventral bristles at the base and one at the
apex; the bristles on tibie are smaller than in lutea. Wings slightly
yellowish; anal vein terminating behind the base of the discal fork;
the upper branch of the discal fork spinulous to near the base.
Halteres yellow.

According to de Meijere the male is similar; abdomen has the
last segment twice as long as the preceding; the hypopygium is small,
the apical lamelle considerably longer than broad, with bristles at
the margin, also at the inner margin; the posterior inner lamelle
(gonapophyses) are large, reaching to the end of the apical Jamelle,
somewhat lobe-shaped; the anterior are short lobes.

Length 2,3—2,5 mm.

16 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

As seen this species is similar to the preceding and varies in the
same way; it is however known without difficulty; the male will be
known by the hypopygium, and both sexes nearly always by the
colour of the vertical bristles, the generally dark upper postocular
bristles, and the bristles on the anterior tibize; besides the female has
not the front tibiz darkened on the apical part.

The varieties are:

v. furcata Fall. Occiput yellow; thorax yellow or with a narrow
stripe; abdomen with a generally narrow stripe.

vy. rivalis Meig. Occiput somewhat darkened above; thorax with
a broader middle stripe; abdomen nearly quite dark.

v. lacustris Meig. Thorax much darker, only narrow yellow side
stripes present.

vy. cinerella Zett. Body nearly all grey, also the pleura.

L. furcata is like the preceding common in Denmark, and occur-
ring everywhere and on similar localities, often together with it, but
the male has never been taken here. My dates are ?*/3—'%/10. A pupa
was found sitting on the leaf of a turnip at Lyngby on 7%», it deve-
loped on */9 (O. Rostrup); further the pupa has been sifted in very
great number from flood refuse in fens on various localities, but they
were always infested by parasitic Hymenoptera. The pale and darker
forms of the species seem to be about equally common in Denmark.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and also in North America.

3. L. tristis Meig.

1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 110, Tab. XXXVI, Fig. 11. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 244. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. I], 354. — 1906. De
Meij. Tijdschr. v. Entom. XLIX, 78, 3, Pl. IV, Fig. 1, 10—12. — L. grisea
Gimmerth. 1842. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. XV,671. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Il, 353. — LL. fuscipennis Bohem. 1851. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1851,
207. — 1855. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XII, 4818, 9. — 1899. Bezzi, Bull. Soc.
Ent. Ital. XXX, 161. — 1903. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 353.

Male. Vertex and frons blackish grey, shining; the inner vertical
bristles black, the outer dark yellow; epistoma grey. Occiput quite
grey, postocular bristles yellow. The oral bristles black, only the
seventh, quite behind the aperture, yellow. Antenne black. Thorax
dark greyish brown or grey, slightly shining, generally a little paler
just at the humeri and in front of scutellum; scutellum dark with
the margin yellow; postscutellum dark grey. Pleura dark greyish
brown, a little paler in front and at the sutures. Abdomen dark grey,

Lonchopteridae. 17

slightly shining, pale just at the apical margin or here with a larger
spot, and sometimes the hind margins of the segments narrowly pale;
the fourth segment a little longer than the third, the last long; ab-
domen has short, black hairs, a little longer at the hind margins,
longest on the last segments, and at the sides a long hair on each
segment. Venter yellowish or darker brown, with short hairs, longer
on first and second segments; on the second ventral segment a pair
of somewhat strong bristles on each side. Hypopygium large, grey,
with short, yellow apical lamelle with the imner corner somewhat
drawn out, and with small bristles at the margin; the posterior inner
lamellee (gonapophyses) have a roundish appendage on the outer side
near the base and are otherwise pointed; the anterior lamelle are
rather short, curved at the base, dilated oulwards towards the outer
side and terminating into a spine-shaped apex, directed inwards. Legs
yellow or dark yellow, tarsi more or less dark towards the end; front
tarsi with the last joints distinctly dilated; middle tibize curved above
the middle, the convexity of the curve behind, the concavity in front;
hind tibiz rather thickened towards the end and club-shaped; the
legs have short, black hairs, anterior coxe with bristles on the outer
side and at apex; front femora with an anterior bristle behind the
middle and a posterior near the apex, but with none above except
the apical; middle femora with an anterior bristle in the middle, and
with two or three below in the middle, of which only the anterior is
long; hind femora with two dorsal bristles on the apical part and
with one anterior near the apex; besides the femora have apical and
subapical bristles; front tibize with only one dorsal bristle, middle
tibiz with two dorsal or antero-dorsal bristles, one in the middle and
one near the apex, hind tibize as usual with three or four more or
less dorsal bristles and two smaller ventral below the middle; the
bristles are rather long; besides the tibiae have apical and subapical
bristles; hind metatarsus with the usual two bristles below at base
and one at apex. Wings strongly brownish grey or almost blackish;
anal vein generally terminating below the base of the discal fork.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male; venter without bristles on second
segment; front tarsi not dilated; middle tibiz not (or not distinctly)
curved, and hind tibiz less dilated than in the male; front tibiz with
two dorsal bristles and a very short postero-ventral bristle above the
middle; middle femora without bristles below, middle tibiz besides
the dorsal bristles also with a small posterior bristle above the middle. *

1 De Meijere gives the bristle as present in both sexes, but it is not found in

any of my numerous males. :
y

=

18 Cyclorrhapha.

Length 3,2—5,5 mm.

This species is very characteristic and does not vary; it cannot
be confounded with any of the two other Danish species.

L. tristis is much less common in Denmark than the other two,
but where it occurs it may be numerous; it was not known as Danish
until 1908; at Fure S# and Faxe Ladeplads; on Langeland at Lohals,
and in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov and at Hald near Viborg (the
author). My dates are *4/6-—*/s; at Lohals I once took it in very
great numbers on a shaded, humid road in a wood, where it sat on
the ground; at Fure So I have taken it swarming low over the water
surface together with species of Hilara, and both sexes swarmed.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden.

CYCLORRHAPHA.

ASCHIZA.
SYRPHOIDEA.

Syrphidae.

Head generally more or less semiglobular, short or somewhat
longer; it is as a rule a little broader than high, as broad as, or
generally a little broader than thorax; behind it is somewhat ex-_
cavated, or it may be flat. The eyes are generally touching in the
male for a shorter or longer distance; sometimes they only meet in
a point, or they are not touching, only more or less approximated,
but always nearer to each other than in the female, in which sex they
are well separated. Vertex somewhat prominent, bearing three ocelli;
in the males with touching eyes it is triangular or more or less
elongated, sometimes long and narrow; in the females and in the
males with separated eyes the vertex and frons are evenly widening
downwards, in some cases the borders are almost or quite parallel,
and often in the male the upper part has parallel borders, and below
the middle a more rapidly widening begins. The vertex is more or
less hairy, but there are no individualised bristles (though in the
bristle-bearing species of Chilosia there may be some bristly hairs).
Frons generally more or less prominent, sometimes slightly or not at

Syrphidae. 19

all; in a few cases it is prolonged to a shorter or longer to very long,
styliform part, bearing the antennz (quite strictly this part should be
considered as formed partly of the frons, partly of epistoma); in the
males with touching eyes the frons is triangular, in the females and
in the males with separated eyes it is broad, more or less square.
The frons is more or less hairy, sometimes bare. The eyes are large,
oval, or in the males of a more or less reniform shape; they are
generally unicolorous, but in some cases they have dark spots, or
longitudinal or transverse bands; they are bare or more or less hairy,
from almost imperceptibly to densely and long-hairy; sometimes they
show bands of denser hairs; in some cases they are hairy in the male,
bare or almost so in the female. In the male the facets are generally
more or less enlarged on the upper part, sometimes slightly or almost
not; in a few cases the enlarged facets form a distinctly bordered
area. The antenne are inserted more or less near to each other,
sometimes with a little distance, sometimes quite close; they are in-
serted on (or more strictly just below) the frontal prominence, in the
middle of the head or more or less above; more rarely they are
placed below the middle. The antenne are, I think always, six-
jointed, the three last joints forming a three-jointed arista. The shape
of the antennz are somewhat varying; the usual form belongs to the
disc and arista-type; the basal joints are then more or less short, the
second somewhat compressed and with the apical margin prolonged
a little forwards on both sides, especially on the inside (somewhat
after the fashion in the Dolichopodids); the third joint in disciform,
roundish or more or less elongated oval, sometimes somewhat square,
and more or less compressed; it bears on the dorsal side near the base
a shorter or longer, three-jointed arista, the basal joints of which are
quite small, generally only to be seen under the microscope and after
special preparation, as they are often more or less hidden in a hollow
in the third antennal joint, this is especially the case with the first
joint. From the mentioned shape the antenne may then vary to
being longer, with .the basal joints and especially the third joint
longer, and they may be rather long, with all three joints more or
less linear, and then the last joints slightly or not compressed, and
in a single case the two last joints form a spindle-shaped body; the
arista may be placed more outwards on the third joint, and in ex-
treme cases be terminal and take the shape of a style. The basal
antennal joints have small hairs and generally bristles at the apical
margin, especially above and below; the third joint is microscopically
hairy; in most cases the arista is likewise microscopically hairy, but

it may also be more or less distinctly short-plumose and in some
Q*

20 _ Syrphidae.

cases it is long-plumose with long rays above and below. The antenne
are not rarely larger in the female than in the male, very rarely on
the contrary largest in the male (Liogaster). Epistoma as a rule
rather broad, rarely narrower; it varies otherwise considerably in
shape; generally it is more or less hollowed below the antennal pro-
minence, then raised to a smaller or larger central knob, below which
it is again hollowed with a prominent upper mouth edge; often it is,
however, only retreating below the central knob, not being raised
again at the mouth edge; the whole lower part of the epistoma with
the central knob may be more or less protruding; in other cases the
epistoma goes straight or almost so from the antenne to the mouth
edge, only being a little arched or sometimes keel-shaped; in a few
cases the central knob and the upper mouth edge are fused together
and prominent, sometimes very much prominent forming a protruding
bec. The epistoma may be more or less descending, from not, or al-
most not, to rather strongly, and in the latter case it is generally
pointed below. The oral aperture is generally elongated, only when
the epistoma is straight, not at all protruding below, the aperture is
more or less roundish; on the other hand it is long and narrow when
epistoma is strongly protruding; it has otherwise generally a special
shape on account of the shape of the oral margin; this margin goes,
forming the side mouth edges, from behind straight forwards, or when
epistoma is descending, downwards; the side mouth edges end in
front on each side with a more or less angular and often more or
less drooping point, the lateral angles; between these the anterior
margin, the front mouth edge, forms a curve which goes forwards
and generally more or less upwards; this characteristic shape may
be more or less pronounced, depending especially on the more or
less drooping lateral angles, but is always present when the oral aper-
ture is not short and roundish. Epistoma is most often more or less
hairy, sometimes rather densely, and it may be hairy all over or
only at the sides; sometimes it is very slightly hairy, and not rarely
it is quite bare; the colour is either quite yellow or with a more or
less complete black middle stripe, and also often with the lower side-
parts black; or it is of black or eneous colour; the colour and
hairiness of the epistoma is to some degree of systematic value; the
black epistoma may often be more or less pale pruinose. The jowls
are broader or narrower, in a few cases very narrow; they are
generally only slightly descending, but sometimes rather strongly
especially when the epistoma is descending; they are more or less
separated from epistoma, either there is a pit in front of them, or
there is a more or less complete dividing furrow; this furrow stretches

Syrphidae. al

generally a little upwards at the inner eye-margin below, so that short
and narrow eye-margins —- rudiments of cheeks — are formed, and
in a few genera, especially in Chilosia, the furrow stretches up towards
the antennz, separating off the cheeks as narrower or broader eye-
margins on each side. The oral cone is always well developed, it
and the proboscis are of various length, from rather short to con-
siderably long, but generally of medium length; they are longest in
forms with a strongly protruding epistoma and elongated oral aper-
ture as Rhingia. The clypeus is shorter or longer; it is deeply in-
cised in the anterior part and thus elongated horse-shoe-shaped; the
basal part is shorter or longer, and at its upper end is a small piece
which is somewhat separated or indistinctly jointed, so that it is able
to be angularly bent against the other part and acts as a hinge when
the proboscis is laid up; this small upper part is situated just towards
the front mouth edge in the bottom of the mentioned incurving. The
mouth parts are shorter or longer according to the length of the pro-
boscis, and they are characteristic for the family. There are always
maxille present. Labrum somewhat strong and strongly semitubular;
its apex is of a characteristic shape; it is always divided into five
processes; the median process is cleft, generally to the base, each
part of it is pointed and generally bears spines or emergences on the
margin and especially at the apex; the upper lateral processes are
generally very delicate, pointed, sometimes broader at the base,
attenuated towards the apex, and they have sometimes some emer-
gences or are a little serrated at the margin; the lower lateral pro-
cesses are broad, much broader than the others, and they are broad
at the apex, nearly always with the lower or outer corner rounded,
the upper or inner more angular or drawn a little out; sometimes
the shape-is a little altered; the labrum has on each side below a
lateral row of small papillae or warts. Hypopharynx about of the
length of labrum, forming a more or less slender, blade-shaped organ
with parallel sides; it is attenuated at the apex, but the apex itself
is nearly always rounded; the hypopharynx is semitubular with the
margins curved upwards; the salivary duct is always distinct. The
maxillee have a characteristic, slightly curved, knife-shaped lacinia which
is shorter than hypopharynx, in a few cases rather short; it is always
densely beset with very small, microscopical spines which are arranged
somewhat in longitudinal rows and are most distinct at the apex;
the maxillary palpi are one-jointed; they are shorter or longer, from
very short to being of a considerable length; they are thread-like,
sometimes a little clubbed, and they are densely beset with micro-
scopical hairs and bear some bristles at the apex or in the whole

99 Syrphidae.

length. Labium highly semitubular; it has the basal part well chiti-
nized and of the length of, or shorter or longer than the labella; these
latter are generally oval, sometimes broadly oval or on the contrary
long and narrow; they are able to be spread out to a more or less
disciform part. The labium has a somewhat long basal connecting
membrane. Thorax rectangular or quadrate; pro- and metathorax
small; there is no chitinized metasternum behind the hind coxee, ex-
cept in single cases (Sphegina and Neoascia), and also here I think
the chitinization is in reality the meeting metaepimera; these latter
are characteristic; they send a process up on each side of the base
of abdomen behind the halteres (somewhat recalling the facts in the
Dolichopodids); this process stands sometimes out on each side of
the base of abdomen as a pointed protuberance f. inst. in Neoascra
and Xylota. The first abdominal spiracle is placed quite close to this
process and often more or less imbedded in it, so that it may look
as if the spiracle was lying in the epimeron. Scutellum is either yellow
or yellowish, often translucent, and sometimes partly black, or it is
black or seneous, concolorous with the thorax; this colour of the
scutellum is of some systematic value; scutellum is either bare below
the margin, or it has here a more or less distinct fringe of down-
wards directed hairs; in a sitigle genus (Microdon) it has two small
marginal spines or processes, in other cases the margin is serrated
(Eumerus). Metapleura (Osten Sacken) densely clothed with short
hairs, sometimes a little longer towards the hind margin. There are
generally no thoracal or scutellar bristles; such are only present in
few cases (Chilosia, Vollucellinae, Ferdinandea), and are then noto-
pleural, supraalar and postalar bristles and scutellar marginal bristles;
generally also mesopleural bristles are then present, and sometimes
a row in front of scutellum; in Ferdinandea there are also post-
humeral bristles. Abdomen rather varying in shape; in most cases
it is elongated oval or more parallel sided, but it may vary from
rather short ovate to very long and narrow, and in the latter case it
is generally more or less constricted about the base and club-shaped.
The first segment is small or somewhat small. The number of not
transformed segments is somewhat varying, and is to some degree
characteristic for the groups. In the males the number of dorsal
segments varies from four to five; the last is often small, but some-
times as large as the others; the number of not transformed ventral
segments is generally the same as for the dorsal, but in some cases
(Paragus, Chrysotoxum) there is one ventral segment less than there
are dorsal, and sometimes the last ventral segment is small and more
or less hidden under the genitalia even if not really transformed.

Syrphidae. 93

After the segments not transformed follow those which are trans-
formed and constitute the exterior genitalia; the number of these
segments is, according to the above, four or five, as the last is always
the ninth. The exterior genitalia are of a shape characteristic for the
family; they are unsymmetrical, turned from the left to the right, and
they are lying below the apex of abdomen; from above generally
only the eighth segment is seen as a smaller or larger knob at the
apex (and hence it is in descriptions often termed the fifth or sixth);
below generally all the segments may be seen, or only the first of
them is hidden under the last not transformed ventral segment (figs.
5 and 6). The transformed segments are small, forced over in the

Fig. 5. Syrphus ribesit. Fig. 6. Pipiza quadrimaculata.
Abdomen from the ventral side, shoving the hypopygium. 1—8 the eight
segments, 9 the hypopygium; in fig. 6 the fifth segment is hidden.

left side; the first of them is sometimes present in the whole breadth,
but short and more or less unsymmetrical, the others are narrow,
only occupying the left side; the tergites are quite hidden under the
last normal dorsal segment, and the segments are unsymnietrical in
shape; the genital segments curve over towards the right, so that the
eighth is lying just at the apex of abdomen, this segment is not
divided into tergite and sternite; after the eighth segment follows the
ninth, the real hypopygium, lying in the right side and sometimes
partly hidden under the last normal ventral segment; the hypopygium
may be of various shape and shorter or longer; it bears at the end
below (when in normal position) a pair of claws, very varying in
size and shape, symmetrical or unsymmetrical, and from its base
above arises a large, very complicated and very variously shaped

D4. Syrphidae.

organ, curving down between the claws or on the contrary curving
upwards (the penis or penis-sheath); below, between the claws, the
hypopygium is more or less incised, generally deeply, and from here
arise two smaller or larger, always hairy lamelle of various shape
(I think placed on a small tenth segment); in a single case (Sphaero-
phoria) the incision for these lamelle is very deep and closed again
outwards, so that the lamella are here sitting in the middle of the
lower surface of the hypopygium. I am inclined to think that the
down-turned side of the ninth segment is in reality the dorsal side.
In some genera (Sphaerophoria, Tropidia) the genitalia may look as
if they were symmetrical, especially when seen from above, and these
genera have been considered as exceptions from the rule; this is,
however, only apparently, the genitalia are always unsymmetrical and
of principally the same construction. In the female abdomen is more
pointed than in the male; its number of visible segments is likewise
varying, from four (Triglyphus) to six, but the border between trans-
formed and not transformed segments is here less sharp, sometimes
a seventh or eighth small segment may be seen; the small posterior
segments are otherwise generally hidden, the last terminates with two
small lamellae. The ventral segments are generally well chitinized,
but in some cases they are rather delicate and slightly chitinized.
Abdomen has no bristles of any kind. Legs more or iess long, in
most cases of rather simple shape, but they may sometimes be more
or less specially formed; thus the posterior or only the hind coxee

or trochanters may bear spines or processes in the male, the hind -

femora may be thickened and more or less curved, often at the same
time armed with a tooth or with rows of spines, either in both sexes
or only in the male; also the hind tibiae may be thickened, com-
pressed and more or less curved, and they have always a more or
less pronounced incurvation near the apex on the posterior side;
hind metatarsus is not rarely more or less thickened. The legs are
always haired in principally the same way, the anterior femora more
or less long-haired on the posterior side and below, the hind: femora
on the anterior side and below, sometimes also above; for the rest
the hairs are short; sometimes also the femora are rather short-

* | think the exterior genitalia are rather homologous to those in the Dolichopo-
dids; like those they are unsymmetrical and bent round, but here not from
the dorsal to the ventral side but from the left to the right, the ninth segment,
however, perhaps bent such, that its real dorsal side is turned downwards; as
in the Dolichopodids the eighth segment is not divided into tergite and sternite ;
the claws I think answer to the inner lamelle in the Dolichopodids, and the
hairy lamelle to the outer lamelle.

Syrphidae. 95

haired, and the hind femora may be quite short-haired; in some cases
the tibiz may be a little fringed, especially the hind tibie; the
hind femora are in some genera more or less setulose below; other-
wise the legs have no bristles, only two exceptions occur; Volucella
inanis has bristles on the anterior tibiz, and in the genus Ferdinandea
there are a few bristles on middle femora and on the tibie. The
front and hind tibiz and tarsi have a curious, short, adpressed, gener-
ally yellow or reddish pubescence, on the front legs present on the
apical half of tibiz on the anterior and ventral side, and below the
basal part of the tarsi, on the hind legs on posterior and ventral side
of tibiz and base of tarsi. In all (or nearly all) genera the trochanters
have a special, solitary long hair or bristle above, sometimes most
distinct on the anterior legs, and sometimes it does not seem to be
present; likewise there is, I think always, a curious, more or less
circular, scabrous patch on the anterior side of the femora at the
base; this patch is formed of short, more or less squamose hairs; in
some groups it is specially distinct (as in the Eristalinae) and then it
is formed of quite short, distinctly squamose hairs, while in other
cases it is only slightly pronounced, the hairs forming it being less
squamose, but differing from the other clothing by being quite short.?
While the legs are in most cases equal in both sexes or only a little
different, they show in a few genera (Platychirus, Pyrophaena) secon-
dary sexual characters generally to a great degree; in the male then
the front tibie and tarsi, or only the tarsi, are dilated in various
ways and generally specially coloured, and also the middle tibiz are
generally specially shaped; at the same time the front femora and
generally. also tibize, and also often middle femora and tibie are
specially haired. There are two well developed claws and pulvilli,
and a bristle- or spine-shaped, generally short empodium with small
hairs. Wings of usual shape, only rarely a little elongated or on the
contrary short. Costa continued to the end of the cubital vein; the

1 These two characters are rather curious and interesting; the solitary hair on
the trochanters is mentioned by Verrall as a character for Helophilus lineatus,
but the hair is, I think always, present; in the descriptions of the genera I
have not always mentioned it; it may be shorter or longer and sometimes
represented by a pair of hairs; in some cases it is not easily detected when
the hairs of the common clothing are long and dense, so that it may be more
or less hidden; sometimes it is rather short, and it is often most easily seen
on the anterior trochanters. The patch of squamose hairs has been mentioned
by Verrall especially for the Hristalinae, and it is distinctly seen in some of
his figures; in this subfamily it is also specially distinct, but it is likewise no
doubt always present, but very varying in development, the hairs being more
or less squamose but always different from the common clothing around it.

6 Syrphidae.

subcostal cell is open, or in some groups closed; cubital vein unforked
and thus only one cubital cell; the vein is either straight or nearly
so, or it is curved more or less evenly down in the first posterior
cell, or in some groups it is strongly looped; instead of this loop
there may in a few cases be a veinlet stretching down in the first
posterior cell, sometimes issuing from an angular bend of the vein;
the medial cross-vein is placed above the discal cell in the middle or
nearer the base or apex; the discal vein is always bent upwards at
the end (a branch) and ending in the cubital vein, the first posterior
cell thus always closed; a discal cell always present and always
bordered below by the upper branch of the postical vein, thus in-
cluding the fourth posterior cell; it is closed apically by a vein which
I take to be a branch from the discal vein; the two veins closing
apically the first posterior cell and the discal cell I term in the de-
scriptions the upper and lower marginal cross-veins (the latter in the
Dolichopodids termed the posterior cross-vein). Anal cell always long,
stretching near to the margin but always closed; axillary vein shorter
or longer, but generally weak. Between the cubital and discal veins
runs a vein, characteristic for the family, the vena spuria; it is not
in connection with the other veins neither at base nor at end; it
begins below the base of the radiai vein, runs obliquely downwards
through the medial cross-vein and terminates at the lower apical
corner of first posterior cell; sometimes it is abbreviated at or a little
behind the medial cross-vein; below the base of the cubital vein it
shows a more or less pronounced thickening or a curious interrup-
tion; the vena spuria varies much in strength and is sometimes very
weak, but in all Danish genera it is present; in a few foreign genera
(as Graptomyza) it may be quite wanting. The basal part of the
radial vein bears, at all events in most cases, fine bristles; they are
sometimes quite distinct, but are often so fine as to be detected only
with difficulty or under the microscope, and they are sometimes only
few in number.’ A real stigma never present, but the apical part of
the mediastinal cell may be more or less darkened to black or there
may here be a darkened part; sometimes the darkened part begins
below the apex of the mediastinal vein with a more or less distinct
transverse vein between the mediastinal and subcostal veins, termed
the stigmatical cross-vein. The axillary lobe generally well developed

* My studies tend to show that these bristles are almost always present, except
in the Pipiza-group, in the species of which I never have detected them; they
are, however, often imperceptible, few, or only present near the base; in the

descriptions of the genera I have mentioned them only when they are some-
what distinct.

Syrphidae. 97

and the alula large, more or less tongue-shaped, but in some genera
both lobe and alula are small or almost wanting. The wing-membrane
is nearly always microscopically hairy, only in Fristalis it is bare, as
already noted by Meigen. The squamule are of a shape characteristic
for the family; they are both developed, generally large, sometimes
smaller; they may be of equal size or unequal; at the angulus they
are somewhat bladdery; the thoracal squamule have a fringe of
generally long to very long hairs which are more or less richly
branched or furcately divided; the alar squamule are likewise fringed,
but the hairs are generally shorter, sometimes quite short, they are
sometimes simple but most often they are curiously flattened; the
squamulz are short-haired on the surfaces, but in some cases they
have long hairs on at all events a part of the surface. The upper
edge of the pteropleura below the wing-root is prolonged backwards
into a shorter or longer, thread-like filament, the plumula; it is more
or less long-haired with plumose or simple hairs; in a few cases it
is rudimentary or wanting; this organ is otherwise characteristic for
the family (though indications of a similar prolongation are found in
some Dolichopodids {Neurigona] and Empidids). The wings are in
rest borne parallel over the abdomen, one covering the other, or they
are held more or less open; for the various genera a various way of
bearing the wings at rest has been stated, but this is, I think, not
possible; as far as I have observed all (or nearly all) genera are able
to close the wings over abdomen, some do always so at rest, while
others often hold the wings half spread but also sometimes close them.

As seen the venation of the wings is rather uniform, and it is
rather like the common Muscid-type, but differs by the invariably
closed first posterior cell and the long anal cell, the vena spuria and
other characters. In spite of the uniformity of the venation it ex-
hibits many characters of value in its special formation, thus by the
place of the medial cross-vein, the straight or more or less curved or
looped course of the cubital vein, the open or closed subcostal cell,
the marginal cross-veins lying near the margin and parallel with it or
more retracted and perpendicular or recurrent with the lower corners
angular or rounded and the upper angles acute or rectangular, the
strength of the vena spuria and finally also the presence or want of
alula. Verrall thinks the bristles on the basal part of the radial vein
characteristic for certain groups, but as said above these bristles are
nearly always present. Girschner has in his beautiful work (Ill.
Zeitschr. fiir Entom. 1897, 534) given many characters, especially from
the squamule and the wings, but it seems to me, that many of them
are, to be sure, of great interest but however not of the importance

28 Syrphidae.

which the author has laid upon them; the differences in the hairiness
of the squamule, their fringes, the presence or absence of a stigma-
tical cross-vein, the corrugation of the wing-membrane etc. seem to
be characters which are not, at all events far from always, bound to
systematic groups, and the characters are also very graduated from
being distinctly present to quite wanting.

The venation of the wings offers, I think, no difficulty in under-
standing; the lower marginal cross-vein is, I think, to be interpreted
as a branch from the discal vein (compare f. inst. the wing of Bom-
bylius); the vena spuria is less easily understood; it is convex; Redten-
bacher considers it as a branch from the radial system (the vein III);
Brauer is of a similar opinion considering its basal part to the inter-

ruption as being the real stem of the cubital vein, and its continua-.

tion as a branch from this vein. (Perhaps it might be a rudiment of
vein V, the discal vein then only formed of vein VI). Brauer thinks
that the cross-vein, which is generally considered as the medial cross-
vein, is not this vein, but a branch from the cubital vein; as the place
for the real medial cross-vein he considers the thickening or interrup-
tion on the vena spuria, referring to Microdon; Girschner says, that
his observations have not confirmed this view; Brauer’s consideration
is interesting, but it is at present not possible to say anything cer-
tain about this question; if upon the whole the medial cross-vein in
the Muscids is always the same vein I think however our medial cross-
vein in the Syrphids may be in reality this vein.

The developmental stages of the Syrphids are rather well
known and of most genera they have been more or less studied. The
larvee are rather various in appearance, and their biology is at the
same time very different. The larve of most genera of the subfamily
Syrphinae are aphidiphagous and live free on the plants among Aphides
(or Coccids); this holds good for Paragus, Triglyphus, Pipizella,
Cnemodon, Pipiza, Melanostoma, Lasiophthicus, Syrphus, Sphaerophoria
and Baccha. The larve of these genera are more or less leech-like,
generally attenuated towards the héad-end and here most narrow, and
they have distinct mouth hooks and a short posterior spiracular pro-
cess; the pupa is more or less drop-like, and has no anterior spira-
cular tubes; the larva of Melanostoma has been observed also to take
other prey than Aphides, f. inst. Diptera and Lasiophthicus pyrastri
is recorded to have been bred from a pupa of a Plusia; if this latter
is not erroneous the larva must have gone into the Plusia-larva in so
late a stage that this latter has reached to pupate, and then the Syrphid
larva has eaten it out and pupated in it, and this may well be pro-
bable. The larva of Xanthandrus, which genus is so closely allied to

Syrphidae. 29

Melanostoma, feeds on larve of Microlepidoptera. The larva of Meso-
grapta, a genus allied to Sphaerophoria, is recorded to live on pollen
and tissues of corn (Riley and Howard: Ins. Life I, 5—8, II, 115).
The larve of Platychirus and Pyrophaena have been found among
old leaves and in flood refuse, no doubt however living on Aphides
or carnivorous in some other way; the larva and pupa of these
genera quite resemble those of the other allied genera, only the pupa
has anterior spiracular tubes, but these are exceedingly small. The
larvee of Xanthogramma and Doros have been found in the earth
under moss or turf, probably they are also carnivorous; these larvee
are somewhat leech-like, with a short posterior spiracular process; the
pupa has no anterior spiracular tubes. The larva of Neoascia has
been found in flood refuse of vegetables, probably likewise carnivorous,
perhaps on microorganisms; it is not leech-like, elongated, with a short
tail ending in a telescopically retractile spiracular process; the pupa
has anterior spiracular tubes. The larva of Brachyopa lives in exuding
sap on ulcerated trees; it has a somewhat long posterior spiracular
process; the pupa has anterior spiracular tubes. Rhingia was recorded
by Réaumur to have been bred from cow-dung, but the observation
has never since been confirmed. The larve of Chilosia are internal
feeders in root, stalk or leaves of various plants, and in fungi; they
have a not long posterior spiracular process; the pupa has anterior
spiracular tubes. Finally the larve of Chrysogaster (s. 1.) have been
found in mud and flood refuse; they have a short tail with a tele-
scopical posterior spiracular process; the pupa has long anterior spira-
cular tubes. — The larve of the Volucellinae (at all events of the
European species) live in nests of Bombus and Vespa, no doubt not
as parasites but as scavengers; they are flat, with a short posterior
spiracular process; the pupa has anterior spiracular tubes. — The
larve of the Hristalinae live nearly all in putrid water, perhaps of
microorganisms or of the organic matters dissolved in the water, those
of Myiatropa and Mallota live in water or humidity in hollow trees;
the larve belong to the rat-tailed type; they are more or less cylin-
drical with a very long, telescopical tail with apical spiracles sur-
rounded by stellately arranged threads; the pupa has rather long an-
terior spiracular tubes. Merodon is differing, its larva lives in bulbs
of Narcissus and allied plants; it is not rat-tailed but somewhat like
a Syrphus-larva, with a short posterior spiracular process; the pupa
has anterior spiracular tubes. — The larve of the Milesiznae seem
generally to live in exuding sap or decaying trees; this is known for
Myiolepta, Criorrhina, Pocota, Brachypalpus, Xylota, Ferdinandea,
Temnostoma and Calliprobola; that of Tropidia has been found in

30 _ Syrphidae.

flood refuse; Humerus lives as larva in onions, Syritta in dung or
decaying vegetables: These larvae have a short or a little longer
posterior spiracular process, generally (perhaps always) with stellately
arranged threads at the apex; the larva of Myiolepta tapers behind
and has a telescopical spiracular process, and the same is the case
with Calliprobola, and here the process is rather long; the pup have
all anterior spiracular tubes. The larva of Sertcomyia has been found
in water in peat, and it is curious that it belongs to the rat-tailed
type. — The larva of Chrysotoxum has been found in decaying wood
and decaying vegetables; it has a short posterior spiracular process;
the pupa has no anterior spiracular tubes. — The slug-like larva of
Microdon lives in ant’s nests, the pupa has small anterior spiracular
tubes. — Finally the larva of Cerioides lives in sap in ulcerated trees,
it has a rather long posterior spiracular process with threads at the
apex; the pupa has no anterior spiracular tubes.

In spite of the various appearance of the Syrphid larve, they
have, however, some features in common. The dermis is always
tough or more or less leathery, and it is chagrined from small spinules
or hairs, which are often divided; the single segments are not easily
observed as the body is more or less transversely corrugated, each
segment being subdivided into two to four corrugations. ‘There are
in all twelve segments, the head included. Above the mouth opening
are two antenne-like organs; they are, or may be described as, two-
jointed, the last joint bearing two papille alongside; these two papille
are not similar, one has at the end a small refractive body, while the
other, the one nearest the mouth, is truncate and generally a little crenu-
lated at the apical margin. These organs, which are present and
nearly uniform in all cyclorrhaphous larvee, are generally termed an-
tennse; Lowne takes them to be the maxille; they have been studied
by Wandolleck (Zool. Anz. 1898, 283); this author concludes that the
whole organ must be taken as antenna, and this in spite of his
observation, that the upper papilla with the refractive body gets its
nerve from the upper pharyngeal ganglion, while the other papilla,
which is nearer the mouth gets the nerve from the lower ganglion.
De Meijere suggests in his work over the Lonchoptera-larva (Zool. Jahrb.
Abtheil. fiir Syst. XIV, 1900, 100) after comparing the organ with the
antennee and maxillary palpi in the larva of Lonchoptera, that the
organ is really the antenna and maxillary palpus, which are here quite
close standing and fused; the papilla with the refractive body is the
antenna, the other the maxillary palpus; I think this interpretation is
quite correct. In the descriptions I term the whole organ the antenna-like
papilla. The mouth is either armed with hooks, sometimes bifid, or

Syrphidae. 31

it has only a pharyngeal skeleton. Above and at the sides of the
body are always some larger spinules or warts; they may be very
small and slightly pronounced (I think partly dependent on the con-
traction of the dermis) or they may be somewhat larger or be deve- -
loped into longer filaments, as in the first group of the species of
Syrphus; they often bear branched hairs or spines. They are always
arranged in a certain way; the prothoracal segment has generally
some, either more or less numerous spinules; on the meso- and meta-
thoracal segments and on the first abdominal segment there is on
each a transverse row of six spinules; on the other segments they
are placed thus that there are two in the middle on one corrugation
and two towards each side on the following corrugation; when the
segments are less distinctly divided into corrugations, the spinules or
warts may be all placed on one corrugation, but however the two
lateral on each side more posteriorly than the two median; at the
sides each segment has three spinules, generally one above and two
more downwards, besides there is generally one more ventrally. On
the last segment they are also present, but the arrangement is here
various. The spinules or warts are, as said, always present, and the
longer filaments often present at the sides of the last segments, belong
to them and always answer to them in number, but when these seg-
ments are much elongated the arrangement is effaced; also the threads
on the sides of the tail-shaped part in the larve of the EHristalinae,
and the filaments surrounding the posterior margin of the body in
the Volucella-larva belong to the same category. Only in a single
case (some Volucella-larvee) there are, besides the mentioned spinules
or warts, some more. Many larve have below pairs of prolegs armed
with spines, generally six or seven pairs. .The larve are amphipneu-
stic with generally small anterior spiracles at the hind margin of the
first thoracal segment, and with posterior spiracles on a shorter or
longer posterior process on the last segment, sometimes situated at
the end of a long, tail-shaped part. As the Syrphids are cyclorrhaphous
flies the pupa is a barrel-pupa; the larva pupates within the skin of
the last larval stage; the skin is contracted and altered in the well
known way, and in it lies the real pupa; the pupa with its enclosing
barrel or puparium is in the descriptions simply termed the pupa.
The pupa still shows the larval attributes, but the various spinules or
filaments, the prolegs etc. are generally shorter and less distinct; the
posterior spiracular process is present as in the larva (but out of
function). The prothoracal spiracles of the pupa behave, as mentioned
above, in different ways; in many species (most of the Syrphinae)
they do not protrude through the puparium and are thus not visible

32 Syrphidae.

externally, but in some of the Syrphinae and in nearly all the others
they protrude as shorter or longer anterior spiracular tubes, beset
with tubercles in various ways. The points through which they pro-
trude are often (perhaps always) preformed in the larval skin; these’
points lie in the first abdominal segment. The genus Platychirus
seems to stand somewhat intermediate as it has the spiracles pro-
truding, but so slightly that they are almost imperceptible. Just at —
the anterior margin of the pupa the larval prothoracal spiracles are
often seen; they are generally small, but f. inst. in the Hristalinae
somewhat long. The opening of the puparium takes place in a way
characteristic for the family; two pieces are detached, both belonging
to the dorsal side; the lower piece stretches from the mouth opening
over a part of prothorax, over mesothorax and a part of metathorax,
the upper piece then continues over the rest of metathorax, the first
and second abdominal segments and a part of the third abdominal
segment; this latter piece has near its anterior margin the anterior
spiracular tubes, when such are present. As said it is only the dorsal
part of the segments which are detached. This mode of opening is
quite another than in other Cyclorrhapha, where both dorsal and
ventral parts are detached, and it is in connection with the fact, that
in the Syrphid pupa the mouth opening by the contraction has become
situated quite downwards at the lower anterior margin and is not
terminal as in most other cyclorrhaphous pupz. Brauer has in his
work over the larve given a quite erroneous statement, as he says
that the lower side of the anterior segments by the contraction at
the pupation becomes situated terminally at the anterior end, while
it is in reality quite opposite. De Meijere has thoroughly described
and figured the facts for some Syrphid pupze (Zool. Jahrb. Abtheil.
fir Syst. XIV, 1900, 122, Taf. 7, Fig. 37—39). Only in Mierodon the
opening takes place in another way, as here three pieces are detached,
two upper separated in the middle line and with the spiracular tubes,
and one lower. —- As the Syrphids have no frontal bladder the opening
must be caused in another way. Becher says (Wien. ent. Zeitg. I,
1882, 51) that it is caused by a widening of the epistoma (Unter-
gesicht); this is also so; when a pupa is taken out of the puparium
the epistoma is somewhat folded in, and it gets first its final, more
or less protruding shape by the opening of the puparium. — The
pup are generally found on the same places as the larvae. — The
deposition of the eggs takes places on the places where the larve
live; the eggs of Syrphus are laid singly between Aphides on leaves;
those of Volucella have been found in the nests of Hymenoptera;
Eristalis deposites near the surface of water, Merodon in the earth

Syrphidae. 33

near the bulbs which the larve attack, and Microdon among

ants. — The hibernation seems in most cases to take place in
the larval stage, but several species have more than one brood in
the year.

The family of the Syrphidae is very characteristic, and the species
cannot well be confounded with species of other families. They are
distinguished by the mouth parts, especially the shape of the labrum,
and also of the maxilla, by the construction of the unsymmetrical
male genitalia, the squamule and their fringes, the plumula and the
venation of the wings, especially the vena spuria and the long anal
cell in connection with the closed first posterior cell; also the larve
are characteristic, as well as the way in which the puparium is opened.
From the other cyclorrhaphous flies they are further distinguished by
the want (or very rare presence) of bristles on body and legs. As
well known they form, together with the Pipunculidae, Platypezidae
and Phoridae, the group Aschiza of the Cyclorrhapha. They have no
frontal bladder (though such a one has been stated by Brauer, Gerstacker
and Kitnckel d’Herculais) and also no distinct bladder-seam; the
lunula is generally visible above the antenne, but sometimes not (f.
inst. Microdon and Cerioides); a rudimentary bladder-seam seems to
be present above the lunula, and Verrall thinks that the pit or furrow
in front of the jowls is to be interpreted as the ends of the bladder-
seam; this is, I think, correct, and then the bladder-seam is most
developed in Chilosia and Ferdinandea and here present to near the
antennee, separating off the cheeks (eye-margins) from the epistoma;
it is also to be noted that just these two (allied) genera are bristle-
bearing. — It is not easy to say anything about the affinities of the
family (except that it is related to the Pipuncuwlidae); only in this
family we meet the curious branched hairs on the thoracal squamule;
Girschner in his work over the postalar membrane calls attention to
the fact, that the Bombylitdae (Anthrax) have similar flattened hairs
on squamula alaris as found in the Syrphids, and that the wings
(especially in Bombylius) show several agreeing features; in this I can
quite consent, and I may add, that just in Bombylius we find a wing-
fold much recalling the vena spuria. On the other hand I think there
are also some affinities to the Dolichopodidae in spite of many diffe-
rences; the male genitalia, the way in which the metaepimera are
placed, and the antennez f. inst. show agreeing points. Girschner con-
cludes thus: “Jedenfalls haben wir die Syrphiden als cyclorhaphe
Endformen eines Entwickelungszweiges zu betrachten, dessen Ursprungs-
stelle mit der des Muscidenzweiges nicht zusammenfallt.” This may,
I think, be quite correct. The similarity between Cerioides and Conops

3

34 _ Syrphidae.

has no systematic value but is mere similarity, the family is in no
way related to the Conopidae.

The species are generally very characteristic; they are sometimes
somewhat small, but generally medium sized to large flies; they may
be quite dark or black, but sometimes thorax has yellow stripes or
markings, and abdomen has in most cases such markings as pairs of
lunulate or transverse spots or as transverse bands, very varied in
shape and extent, and in some cases the pale colour is predominant.
The species are rarely somewhat bare, often densely but short-haired,
and in not few cases more or less long-haired or densely pilose,
resembling Bombi.

The species occur on fields, meadows and in woods and thickets,
often especially on humid places or at the borders of water, and they
form an essential and conspicuous part of the Insect-life; some are
especially seen at ulcerated and flowing stems of trees; certain species
as the Xylota-species are generally seen running on large leaves.
Many common species occur almost everywhere in great numbers.
The family is distributed all over the world and goes high towards
the north, several species being found in Greenland. Most of the
species are able to hover in the air; this holds good for both sexes,
but it is only the males which hover continuously more or less high
in the air, often rather high, and they may then be seen standing
almost motionless on the wings. The species are considered to feed
on juices from the flowers, and nearly all species are also generally
seen on various flowers, perhaps especially on Umbelliferee and Com-
posites, but also on many others; Martelli states (Boll. del. Labor. di
Zool. Gen. e Agrar. in Portici, V, 1911, 45) of Lasiophthicus pyrastri
that it feeds on the excrements of Aphides and on the juices of
flowers especially of Umbelliferee; it is, however, not easy to imagine
that their relatively so strong and well armed mouth should be only
used in sucking juices. The behaviour of the sexes at copulation is
somewhat like that known for many Dolichopodids, the male hovers
in the air above the female resting on a leaf or a flower; I have
observed this courtship especially in Neoascia, Eristalis and Helophilus.
Some species are recorded to produce a curious noise or “singing”,
also when at rest; it has especially been recorded for Helophilus,
Sericomyia and Microdon; Westwood (Introd. II, 557) thinks that in
Helophilus this sound is produced by the plumula (which he knew
only in this genus), and Verrall thinks the same with regard to
Microdon; about Sericomyia interesting notes are found in Entom.
Month. Mag. XVIII, 1881, 159, 189, 190.

About 660 species of the family are recorded from the palzarctic

Syrphidae. 35

region, and from North America about 730; of these about 38 are
recorded as common to both regions.

The Syrphidae are not specially attacked by parasitic Hymen-
optera, but not few cases are however known; I have found the fol-
lowing (where nothing else is mentioned the record is found in Dalla
Torre’s catalogue): From Chilosia intonsa | have bred a Cryptus sp.,
one in each pupa; from Platychirus clypeatus (and other species of
this genus) Mr. Schlick and I have bred Bassus spp., one in each
pupa, and Trichosteresis glabra Boh., four to five in each pupa;
Xanthandrus comtus: Microterys aeruginosus Dalm. (Silvestri, Boll.
Lab. Portici, II, 1908); Lasiophthicus pyrastri: Bassus albosignatus
Grav. (Martelli, Boll. Lab. Portici, V, 1911), Bothriothorax californicus
How. and Apanteles lineola Curt., the larva of this latter goes as usual out
of the Syrphid larva and forms its silky cocoons (Curtis, Farm Insects,
1857); Syrphus ribesii: Eucoela crassinervis Westw., Chrysolampus
syrphi Ratzeb., Megaspilus syrphi Bouché; Syrphus vitripennis: of this
I have bred Bassus sp., one in each pupa; Syrphus philadelphicus:
Pachyneuron syrphi Ashm.; Syrphus nitens: from this Mr. Schlick has
bred Pachyneuron formosum Walk., up to fourteen parasites in each
pupa, I have bred from it Trichosteresis glabra Boh., five in each
pupa; Syrphus tarsatus (dryadis): Bassus arcticus Holmgr.; Syrphus
tarsatus or arcuatus: Pachyneuron groenlandicum Holmer. (Lundbeck,
Vidensk. Meddel. fra Nat. For. Kobenhavn 1896), three in each pupa;
Syrphus balteatus: Bassus laetatorius F., this species is commonly
bred and well known, also Mr. Schlick and I have bred it; one in
each pupa, Bassus albosignatus Grav. (Martelli, Boll. Lab. Portici, V,
1911), Homotropus tarsatorius Panz., Pachyneuron formosum Walk..
Pachyneuron sp. (Martelli, Boll. Lab. Portici, V, 1911), eight to eighteen
in each pupa, Megaspilus syrphi Bouché; Syrphus quadrimaculatus:
Pteromalus quadrimaculatus Ashm.; Syrphus sp.: Limnerium clypeare
Brisch., Promethes festivus F., Phygadeuon sodalis Taschbg., Ceraphron
ancyloneurus Ratzeb.; Olbiosyrphus laetus: Bassus albosignatus Grav. ;
Xanthogramma ornatum: Pteromalus punctatus Ratzeb. (Beling, Arch.
f. Naturgesch. 48, 1882), many in each pupa; Mesograpta obliqua:
Hemiteles syrphicola Ashm.; Volucella sp.: Phygadeuon volucellae Boie;
Eristalis tenax: Tropidopria conica F.; Myiatropa florea: Rhembobius
nigritus Grav.; Myiolepta luteola: of this I once took a number of
pupee some of which were empty; of these latter a couple showed
by the shape of the hole, that a parasite, probably some Ichneumonid,
had escaped from the pup. Finally Mr. Schlick has bred from an
undetermined Syrphid pupa (Chilosia or perhaps Syritta) Diapria sp.,
many in the pupa.

3*

36 Syrphidae.

The species of Bassus are rather common as parasites on Syrphids,
this genus seems mainly to be dependent on Syrphids; the pupe con-
taining Bassus are generally darker and a little smaller than normal
pupe.

Syrphidae earlier recorded from Denmark: — Kramer (Specim.
Insectol. Dan. 1760) has 5 Syrphids; Briinniche (Prodr. Insectol. Sizel-
land. 1761) has 10, and in Pontoppidan: Danske Atlas I, 1763, he
enumerates 14, all under Musca; these species are all common, but
otherwise nothing can be said about them; M. oestracea, which both
authors have, is no doubt E. intricarius. O. F. Miller (Faun. Fridrichsd.,
1764) mentions 20 species of Musca which must be Syrphids, and in
1767 (Flor. Fridrichsd.) he mentions three more, in all 23; these are
likewise all common species and nothing certain can be said about
them, so that their presence in the synonymi is mostly due to con-
venience. His M. conopsoides, which is among them, is most likely a
Conops; M. oestracea is, | think, EH. intracarius; of his two new species
M. fasciata and cyanea, the first is no doubt a Sphaerophoria (female),
and the other certainly Fl. albimanus F.; this species should thus
alter its name, but I think this not advisable. Fabricius in his first
work (Syst. Entom. 1775) has four species from Denmark, all new,
viz. Syrphus elongatus (Baccha), podagricus (Neoascia), ruficornis
(Ferdinandea) and lugubris (Pipiza); these species are thus originally
described on Danish specimens; about Ferdinandea ruficornis see
under this species. In Spec. Ins. 1781 Fabricius has the same four
species, but in Mantis. Ins. 1787 he enumerates still three, Syrphus
rosarum and nectareus and Rhingia lineata, likewise all new; of these
S. rosarum (Pyrophaena) and R. lineata (Helophilus) are thus also
originally described from Denmark, while nectareus is a synonym to
balteatus De G. In Entom. Syst. IV, 1794 he moreover enumerates
S. subsultans and umbellatarum, both new, and of these wmbellatarum
is thus likewise originally founded on Danish specimens, while sub-
sultans is a Gymnopa. In his last work, Syst. Antl. 1805 Fabricius
has the earlier species, partly under new generic names, as podagricus
is now under Merodon, elongata under Baccha, ruficornis, lugubris
and swbsultans under Hristalis and the other species under Scaeva;
besides he describes here two new, Eristalis ater, which is a synonym
to Chilosia variabilis Panz. and Scaeva interrupta, a synonym to
Sphaerophoria menthastri L. (a female). Fabricius enumerates thus
in all 10 species of Syrphids from Denmark, and of these 7 are new
species. Zetterstedt has in Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 102 species; in VIII,
1849 he has still 24 species, thus in all 126 species; but of these we
must strike out several; thus he has Volucella bombylans both as

Syrphidae. 37

plumata and bombylans; Syrphus auricollis both as auricollis and
maculicornis and Platychirus manicatus both as manicatus and rostratus ;
his P. podagratus recorded from Denmark is no doubt erroneous; his
9 species of Sphaerophoria are in reality only 3; he has Chilosia
chloris both as chloris and flavicornis, and vernalis both as vernalis
and pallidicornis; of Pipiza two species are synonyms as P. campestris
and varipes are both Pipizella virens, and P. geniculata is identical
with P. bimaculata; Xylota pigra is recorded erroneously, and his 5
species of Neoascia are only 4 as quadripunctata is a synonym to
floralis; thus we must strike out in all 16 species and the total
number is then 110. Steger published (Naturhist. Tidsskr. IV, 1842—43,
320) a paper over the Danish species of Platychirus, but the species
included in it are all mentioned by Zetterstedt. — In Naturhist.
Tidsskr. Il, 1838—359 Schigdte published a list over Insects taken on
a collecting journey in Sealand, Lolland and Bornholm; it is only a
preliminary enumeration; it includes a number of Diptera (determined
by Steger), but the species are all enumerated by Zetterstedt; on
p. 318 a new species Criorrhina dimidiata is mentioned, but it is a
nomen nudum and the species must later have been recognised as
described. — To the 110 species enumerated by Zetterstedt come two
of Fabricius’s species which Zetterstedt does not mention from Den-
mark, viz. S. wmbellatarum and Ferdinandea ruficornis ; the total number
of known Danish Syrphids in 1849 was thus 112. — In the present
work 210 species are enumerated.

Table of Subfamilies.

1. Antenne of moderate length, the two basal joints

together not longer than the third ................ 2.
— Antenne elongate and porrected, the basal joints

longer or about as long as the third ............... oe
2. Middle cross-vein placed before the middle of the

discal cell ...... Bele Sa ae ted: me SACU re, MeAg 28 -. a
— Middle cross-vein near or after the middle of the

discal cell, often rather oblique................... 4,

3. Subcostal cell open, upper marginal cross-vein very
rarely recurrent (Orthoneura); arista bare or only

PRIN ETI ss fo. feelin chin} ssi djs «ers ees Il. Syrphinae.
— Subcostal cell closed, upper marginal cross-vein

recurrent above; arista long-plumose............- Il. Volucellinae.
4. Cubital vein with a deep loop down in the first

SSS En Oe genet eae Il. Eristalinae.

— Cubital vein not or only moderately dipped down
Meeeepiirct posterior cell ..........-.....0--:- IV. Milesiinae.

38 Syrphidae.

5. Cubital vein without any loop or veinlet down in

the first posterior cell: 26 2fieui. ees Se V. Chrysotoxinae.
— Cubital vein with a veinlet down in the first posterior

cell, sometimes issuing from a more or less angul-

BROOD rel Pct tench o's onsets ia yin «x ea cette 6.
6. Antenne with a dorsal arista; scutellum with two
small spines or processes..........------+++%. VI. Microdontinae.

— Antenne with a terminal style; scutellum unarmed VII. Ceriinae.

I. Syrphinae.

Antenne short or of moderate length, not porrected or not
distinctly so; arista bare or short-pubescent. Epistoma with or with-
out central knob, sometimes with a central knob in the male, none
in the female; otherwise it ranges from straight and flat to consider-
ably hollowed below the antenne with the knob much produced and
below the knob either only retreating, or again produced at the upper
mouth edge; sometimes the epistoma is conically protruding; it is
densely or more or less moderately haired, or bare, and it is black
or yellow with or without middle stripe. Eyes usually touching in
the male. Subcostal cell open; medial cross-vein before the middle of
the discal cell; cubital vein straight or slightly curved, in a few cases
somewhat looped; stigmatical cross-vein never present.

The larve of most genera are aphidiphagous and somewhat leech-
like; that of Chrysogaster has been found in mud and flood refuse,
and has a short tail; Chilosia lives as larva internally in plants or in
fungi; Xanthogramma and Doros have been found on the earth under
moss and stones, Neoascia in flood refuse, it has a short tail, and
Brachyopa in sap of ulcerated trees.

This subfamily contains by far the largest number of genera and
species, and it is not quite homogenous; it is especially the first
genera, Paragus and Pipiza and allied genera which stand somewhat
separate, and again such genera as Baccha, Neoascia and Rhingia,
while the genera of the other large group seem to be naturally allied.

‘able of Genera.

1. Epistoma not hollowed below the antenne, somewhat
flat, straight or retreating, about parallel with the eye-
margins and without central knob or produced mouth edge;
it is black or geneous; epistoma and eyes hairy; dark
species with no pale markings on head and thorax........ 2.
-— Epistoma with a central knob, or with the lower part
produced, or both with central knob and produced mouth
edge

i)

Syrphidae.

Abdomen with four normal segments in both sexes,
second and third equal and long, fourth very small
arth VO) raxtoteehe sh si}. sede she
Abdomen with four normal segments in the male,
five in the female, second to fourth about equal

tes 20) 3.0 2 es Blige Beta «dishe duis

Outer top angle of first posterior cell about rect-
angular (except in Heringi); third antennal joint
more or less elongate; frons not conically projecting
Outer top angle of first posterior cell acute; third

antennal joint short, rarely a little longer.........

Frons somewhat conically protruding, frontal triangle
in the male small, not arched (figs. 23 and 24),
frons of female with side dust spots; abdomen mostly
EI eels 55,5) -os ia’ velar bk abe Mine
Frons not conically protruding, frontal triangle in
the male rather large and arched (figs. 19 and 20);
frons of female with or without side dust spots;

SEPIPMEMTITIMONLOG) 5) oy5 eis 5) ss Shi a epee eels

Middle coxe and hind trochanters in the male with
a spine; frons of female with a transverse depres-
sion and abdomen somewhat pointed ...........
Coxe and trochanters unarmed; frons of female
without transverse depression and abdomen less
I Pets iS cd eGo res Ga ee Sas ele ww'ea
Epistoma not hollowed below the antenne, arched
or a little keeled, with a small central knob, partly
BTR VCLIOW:. o.. 55os)c ael. seca wads
Epistoma hollowed below the antenne, with a central
knob or with the lower part produced, or both with

central knob and produced mouth edge..........

Entirely dark, black or metallic species with no pale
markings on head or body (only in a single case

abdomen with glaucous spots, Chilosia maculata)...

Not entirely dark species, but more or less with
pale parts or markings on head, thorax, scutellum

PREMISES TI CTIMME ES) eee eS ori dime cewiist, hekals, os

More or less metallic species; eyes in the male
touching or separated; frons of the female with
cross-furrows; epistoma in the male with or with-
out central knob, in the female without central knob
but more or less projecting at the mouth edge;
eyes bare; no eye-margins; scutellum without fringe
IP SIE UU or ss. Se ss ee ws
Black or neous or bluish species, not, or not
distinctly metallic; eyes always touching in the male;
epistoma with central knob (except in maculata) ;
eyes often hairy, distinct eye-margins present; scu-
tellum with a marginal fringe below ...........

39

2. Triglyphus.

5. Cnemodon.

4. Penium.
1. Paragus.
ene ¢

Li ig Be
ode:

7. Chrysogaster.

8. Chilosia.

Syrphidae.

Epistoma with a central knob and generally not

specially produced at the front mouth edge......... 10.
Epistoma without central knob but its lower part

rather produced, sometimes bec-like ....-.-..-..--- 25.

Hind femora simple, not spinose beneath........... 4:4

Hind femora thickened, spinose beneath......... 35. Myiolepta.

(belongs to Milesiinae).
Abdomen not specially constricted about the base.... 12.
Abdomen much or somewhat narrow and long,

distinctly constricted about the base............... 24.
Epistoma and scutellum entirely black or eneous,
only epistoma more or less pruinose .............. 13.

Epistoma yellow or partly so, in rare cases only
slightly; scutellum yellow or brownish, often trans-

lucent and at all events a little pale on the disc or

at apex ......05 2 UO8 PTC ee 17.
Wings a little shorter than the flattened, a little
club-shaped abdomen; this latter has extended reddish
markings on the middle or only one pair of spots 10. Pyrophaena.
Wings not shorter than abdomen and this not club-

shaped or specially flattened; it has generally three

or four pairs of yellow (or hoary) spots ........... 14.
In the male front tibie or tarsi or both dilated, in

the female front tarsi relatively broad; abdominal

spots in the female distinct, not with the outer
margin sloping inwards towards the end (disting-

uishing from Melanostoma) ...............+++-: 9. Platychirus.
Front tibiz and tarsi simple in both sexes ......... 15.

Abdomen narrow, with parallel sides .............. 16.

Abdomen broad, flat and ovate, with large spots,

especially in.the male... «<..\7. u/s. ee 12. Xanthandrus.
Eyes a little hairy; abdomen in the female without

markings 7227. 4°05 SOCUs ae . 13. Melangyna.

Eyes bare; abdomen with pairs of spots which in
the female have the outer margin sloping inwards
towards the end, or (ambiguum) with inconspicuous

metallic Spots . 7 6 sch a Sz ok a ee 11. Melanostoma.
Thorax with bright yellow side-lines and pleura with

yellow ‘spots ../00. 0G Sedb pF 18.

Thorax without or. with inconspicuous pale side-

lines; pleura without yellow spots................. 19.

Abdomen narrow, elongate or clubbed, fifth segment

in the male long, its hind margin not quite sym-

ete) oe). sides d, & 4b Gwin ona lous oe a 20. Sphaerophoria.
Abdomen somewhat broad and flat, fifth segment in

the -male smiall:;o:ot7-hj)) dis Bah Ley eee 21. Xanthogramma.
Abdomen with sharply defined yellow bands or yel-

low or whitish pairs :of ‘spots 4:4. 5). all ee 20.

Abdomen without sharply defined yellow bands or

spots, with only one basal band, or ;if more pairs

20.

22.

23.

27.

the male.

Syrphidae.

the ‘spots are more or less glaucous and the basal

Da 55 er ing Ae oe Baste ovo anddiahes bese

Frons inflated, especially in the male; abdominal
spots strongly lunulate; eyes hairy .............
Frons not inflated ; abdominal spots sometimes lunulate

but oftenest of other shape; eyes bare or hairy....
. Cubital vein looped; abdomen somewhat flat and

marginate; scutellum without marginal fringe below
Cubital vein not looped (except somewhat in S.
annulipes and lapponicus); scutellum with a fringe
ME SINUS on a a pees duae Bae ee
Body densely and long pilose, abdomen short ovate,
broader than thorax, black with only the apex reddish
Body not densely and long pilose, abdomen not

short ovate, whitish or glaucous at the base......

Abdomen with only one basal band; wings with a
dark spot on the middje; epistoma somewhat de-
scending, with a dark middle stripe ............
Abdomen with three pairs of spots; wings without
spot; epistoma not descending, without black middle
oc w woes 1a) hy tegen gn cre 8.512 mY

eee ee PS
Alula of ordinary size; abdomen less long and nar-
row, only constricted about the base ...........
Alula almost wanting; abdomen clavate, constricted
about the base, black, generally with yellow mark-

41

18. Lasiophthicus.

23.

22.

ings; hind femora thickened and spinose beneath....

Alula of ordinary size; abdomen not clavate, red-

dish or brown; hind femora not thickened or spinose. . .

. Wings with the lower outer angle of first posterior

cell rounded and the lower marginal cross-vein
oblique; arista slightly pubescent; abdomen with
Semperoerss ab ihe base... is faysnjewrmnge ote eee
Wings with the lower outer angle of first posterior
cell almost rectangular, and both marginal cross-
veins perpendicular; arista bare; on each side of
the base of abdomen a pointed process.........
Epistoma not bec-like produced................
Epistoma bec-like produced ...................

IL Volucellinae.

mt

26

21.

. Didea.

. Syrphus.
. Eriozona.

23.

. Leucozona.

. Ischyrosyrphus.

Baccha.

Doros.

26.

27.

. Sphegina.

95. Neoascia.

. Brachyopa.

27. Rhingia.

Antenne somewhat elongated, drooping, arista long-plumose.
Epistoma hollowed below the antennz, with a central knob in the
middle and below it somewhat retreating; it is rather produced and
descending, hairy and of whitish or yellow colour.

Eyes touching in

Subcostal cell closed; medial cross-vein before the middle

42 _ Syrphidae.

of the discal cell; cubital vein nearly straight; upper marginal cross-
vein recurrent above and retracted from the margin; no stigmatical
cross-vein.

The larve are scavengers in the nests of Vespa and Bombus;
they are flattened.

Only one Danish (and Kuropean) genus......... 28. Volucella.

Ill. Eristalinae.

Antenne short or of moderate length, drooping, arista ‘bare,
pubescent or distinctly plumose. Epistoma with a small central knob
or with none, in a single case conically prolonged; its ground colour
is black or yellow with or without middle stripe, but it is generally
densely pruinose, and it is hairy. Eyes in the male touching or
separated, but less than in the female. Subcostal cell open or closed;
medial cross-vein at or after the middle of the discal cell; cubital vein
with a deep loop down into the first posterior cell; a stigmatical
cross-vein present or indistinct or wanting. Hind femora often thickened
and hind tibiz more or less compressed and curved.

The larve belong to the rat-tailed type; they live in putrid water
or in humid hollow trees; Merodon makes an exception, it is some-
what similar to a Syrphus-larva and feeds in bulbs of Narcissus.

Table of Genera.

1. Subcostal ‘cell closed ss... -2S Pies e ee eee 29. Eristalis.
=—''‘Subcostal cell open’. 0.0! oy oa eee 2.
2. Hind femora with a tooth-like process beneath near apex 33. Merodon.
— Hind femora without any tooth-like process beneath

at Mp esos. Sa 3.
3. Eyes hairy, touching for a distance in the male...... 31. Myiatropa.
— Eyes bare, separated in the male, or only touching in

BOUL se Si a
4. Kyes separated in both sexes; thorax with longitudinal

pale stripes; body not much hairy; hind femora with-

out a dense clump of hairs beneath near apex ...... 30. Helophilus.
— Kyes touching in a point in the male; thorax unicolorous,

densely pilose; hind femora with a clump of hairs on

a small swelling beneath near apex................ 32. Mallota.

IV. Milesiinae.

Antenne short or slightly elongate, not distinctly porrected, though
often only moderately drooping, arista bare or long-plumose (Are-

Syrphidae. 43

tophila, Sericomyia). Frons generally prominent and generally bare,
sometimes a little pubescent, rarely more haired. Epistoma very
varying, straight and more or less flat or keel-shaped, or more or less
hollowed with or without central knob; in a single case (Myiolepta)
with a knob in the male, none in the female; it is not, or somewhat
to much descending, and not or more or less protruding below; the
colour is yellow, yellow and black or quite black, but generally pale
pruinose, and it is bare or only slightly haired at or towards the
sides, rarely more haired. Eyes touching or approximated in the male.
Subcostal cell open (in all Danish genera); medial cross-vein at or
after the middle of the discal cell, generally rather oblique, only in
Myiolepta before the middle of the discal cell; cubital vein straight,
or sometimes somewhat curved downwards or looped; no stigmatical
cross-vein or this indistinct. Hind femora in most cases thickened,
sometimes most in the male, sometimes strongly, and often with a
tooth below or with rows of spines.

The larve live nearly all in decaying tree or in sap on ulcerated
trees, sometimes in other decaying vegetables or in dung; Eumerus
in bulbs of Allium; tbey are more or less elongated oval, with a
short or a little longer posterior spiracular process; Pocota, Myiolepta
and Calliprobola (the latter not Danish) have a short tail, and they
have all anterior spiracular tubes in the pupa. Sericomyia has a larva
of the rat-tailed type, living in water in peat-bogs.

This subfamily is scarcely quite homogenous; <Arctophila and
Sericomyia with their long-plumose arista and hairy frons (and long-
tailed larva) stand apart, and the same is perhaps the case with
Eumerus.

Table of Genera.

se ee i 2.
ns EE ere a a 14.
2. More or less densely and long pilose species........ 3.
— Rather inconspicuously haired species...........--- 6.
3. Hind femora without spines beneath; abdomen more
MN 2 a Sow oo a olan, «3124 sh 0 m, nyn thee ee 4.
— Hind femora with spines beneath; abdomen some-
he EE SE Se a 39. Brachypalpus.
4. Epistoma considerably descending, somewhat pointed
at apex, with a central knob..............---+--- ae
— Epistoma slightly descending, not pointed and with-
RESPOMOO oe ee a ee we ee ee ee ne 37. Pocota.
5. Eyes narrowly separated in the male; densely pilose
Dlg eal lei ge a 36. Criorrhina.

— Eyes touching in the male; moderately hairy species

“44 Syrphidae.

with abdomen black on basal half, red on apical

Hal eiateitt sad carl ad Akaike alee «tees 38. Cynorrhina.
6. Thorax without yellow markings, at all events on

TE UGE occas ge Sik eee a! x tee haben 2 pe So oe ie ibs
— Thorax with yellow markings on the disc.......... 13.
7. Hind femora more or less spinose beneath, or with

a tooth-like process near apex........-..-0++-00-- 8.
— Hind femora not spinose beneath, nor with any

SME Sn lek cs Rivas io bg 9 Sink gic oe tala oie ao ol en 12.
8. Epistoma more or less hollowed below antenne;

upper marginal cross-vein not recurrent ............ 9.
— Epistoma not hollowed below antenne ; upper marginal

cross-vein recurrent above ...........2.+++..+- 42. Eumerus.
9. Hind femora evenly spinose beneath, without any

ROOTED (9 obey: Synk nna egies Ginecol cee oe 10.
— Hind femora with a large tooth or process beneath

at tay. 22 ee ee ee eee 34, Tropidia.
10. Epistoma somewhat carinate; hind femora very

strongly thickened; 2/3. das occ arene ae 41. Syritta.
— Epistoma not carinate; hind femora less thickened.... 11.
11. Medial cross-vein before the middle of the discal

CETL Scie ais pony eo de eis ivy p= Str area ee ie eg eee 35. Myjiolepta.
— Medial cross-vein after or near the middle of the

dismal cell. P2006 VE SUI ete, FOR eS 40, Xylota.
12. Thorax and scutellum with bristles............. 43. Ferdinandea.
— Thorax and scutellum without bristles .......... 38. Cynorrhina.

13. Hind femora with a triangular tooth below near

apex; anal vein considerably prolonged beyond the

apes ol the anal well is. Oe ote teers oe ok 44, Spilomyia.
— Hind femora without tooth; anal vein not prolonged

beyond the apex of the anal cell .............. 45. Temnostoma.
14. Densely pilose species; abdomen without yellow

TE: CFR Nor enn 9 gee ROR ae ge nae TG) i alle 46. Arctophila.
— Thinly haired species; abdomen with yellow bands 47. Sericomyia.

V. Chrysotoxinae.

Antenne elongate, porrected; arista dorsal (in the Danish genus),
bare. Frons hairy. Epistoma slightly hollowed, with a small central
knob below, not much descending; it is black and yellow, hairy.
Eyes touching in the male. Subcostal cell open; medial cross-vein
before the middle of the discal cell; cubital vein curved evenly more
or less downwards; no stigmatical cross-vein.

The larve live in decaying vegetables; the pupz# have no anterior
spiracular tubes.

Qaly one. Danish ipemes aia. vistrinbakth «a oeedna 48. Chrysotoxum.

Paragus. 45

VI. Microdontinae.

Antenne elongate, porrected, basal joints long; arista dorsal, bare.
Epistoma rather broad, evenly arched, without central knob, not
descending; it is eneous, densely hairy. Eyes separated in both sexes.
Subcostal cell open; medial cross-vein well before the middle of the
discal cell; cubital vein nearly straight, but with a curious veinlet
stretching down in the middle of the first posterior cell; upper marginal
cross-vein recurrent; a stigmatical cross-vein present.

The larve are curious, slug-like; they live in nests of ants.

0 Ley Sigh ial ee RE nal, Shalt 49. Microdon.

Vil. Ceriinae.

Antennee elongate, porrected, sometimes placed on a long, styli-
form process, third joint with a terminal style. Epistoma almost not
hollowed, with a slight central knob below, considerably descending ;
_it is yellow with black middle stripe, bare. Eyes touching in the male.
Subcostal cell open; medial cross-vein after the middle of the discal
cell; cubital vein curved more or less downwards in the first posterior
cell, and the loop angular with a veinlet issuing downwards from it;
an indistinct stigmatical cross-vein.

The larve live in ulcerated trees; the pupa has no anterior
spiracular tubes.

RENO EIMR Seeks f oo ne po Merete: wee Se Pe 50. Cerioides.

I. Syrphinae.

1. Parvagus Latr.

Medium sized or small species, of black colour or with abdomen
more or less marked with red. Head about semiglobular, as broad
as thorax, or a little broader, hollowed behind. Eyes touching in the
male for a short distance, more or less broadly separated in the
female; they are short-hairy, sometimes the hairs forming more or
less distinct bands; in the male the facets are a little enlarged at the
upper corner towards the suture. Antenne inserted near each other,
above the middle; they are more or less elongate, with the third joint
somewhat linear, twice to several times longer than broad; arista

46 Syrphidae.

short, inserted at a little distance from the base of the third joint; it
is bare (with a few microscopic spinules), and it seems to be only
two-jointed, with a small, ring-like basal joint. Epistoma not hollowed
beneath the antenne; it is arched or more or less keeled, especially
downwards, and there is a more or less pronounced, not large central
knob in the middle or lower down; epistoma always more or less
yellow, and it is hairy. Jowls very small, not going below the eyes,
with a small depression in front. The oral aperture long and narrow;
the oral cone rather long. Clypeus somewhat linear, incised in front.
Proboscis likewise long and somewhat slender; labrum as long as the
basal part of labium, with a narrow median process, cleft in the apex;
the lower lateral processes broad, with the apex curved upwards, the
upper lateral processes thin and delicate. Hypopharynx pointed, semi-
tubular, the cavity upwards. Maxille knife-shaped, with a rather long,
linear palpus. Labium with the basal part longer than the labella.
Thorax about quadratic. Scutellum black or with the apex more or
less yellow, at all events in the female; the margin with a row of
hairs below. No thoracal or scutellar bristles. Meso- and sternopleura
with long, coarse hairs; metapleura with short hairs. Abdomen with
about parallel sides; the segments have a more or less pronounced
transverse impression near the front margin. The first dorsal seg-
ment is larger or smaller, but not quite small; its hind margin curves
forwards at the sides so that it is generally narrower than the fol-
lowing segment, the front corners of which stretch forwards. On the
ventral side there is a small chitinisation at the base, for the rest the
first and second segments slightly chitinised. In the male there are
five not transformed dorsal segments, but only four ventral; the fourth
ventral segmeni does not stretch so far backwards as the dorsal; on
the ventral side, to the left lie the fifth to eighth small segments, they
are curved quite round to the right in an almost snail-shaped way;
the ninth segment with its appendages rather thick, partly concealed
under the fourth, and all the transformed segments form a large ven-
tral knob. In the female the abdomen has five normal segments, the
sixth is generally also visible, but small, the rest more or less hidden.
Legs not long, hind metatarsus a little thickened. The legs mainly
short-haired, anterior femora. with longer hairs on the postero-ventral
side, the hind femora on the antero-ventral side; tibiz slightly fringed
above, especially the hind tibie. Two claws and pulvilli, and a small,
bristle-shaped, pointed and slightly hairy empodium. Wings with the
medial cross-vein before the middle of the discal cell; vena spuria
thin, but sharply marked, with a likewise sharply defined, dot-like
thickening below the origin of the cubital vein. Alula well developed;

Paragus. 47

plumula thin, but not short, with fine hairs. Alar squamule with
simple hairs, thoracic squamule with long, branched hairs. .

The developmental stages are described by Rondani (Nuov. Ann.
Sc. Nat. Bologna, VIII, 1847); the author found the larva of P. tibialis
(coadunatus) among Aphides on the roots of Centaurea solstitialis,
that of bicolor under the same circumstances, the imagines came at
the end of August, and that of quadrifasciatus between Aphides on
Sonchus asper. I have not seen this paper. Schiner says, that the
larva is brown or dark marmorate, and the pupa drop-like, thin in
- front, thick behind; this shape would be very curious. — Verrall states,
in spite of Rondani’s statement, that “the species have a very suspicious
habit of hanging about the burrows of the small Halicti”. — There
is moreover a paper by Metcalf (Ohio Natural. XI, 1911) dealing with
the larvee, but also this paper I have not been able to study.

The species of Paragus occur on dry, sunny and sandy places,
often on grass-fields, sitting on the straw; they are capable of bending
the abdomen quite up under thorax. Schiner communicates that of
all Syrphids he most often took specimens of Paragus in copula; in
Denmark the species are not common, and I have never seen them
in copula. Most of the species are very varying and the specific
- limits not quite settled, though I believe the three Danish species are
quite certain.

Of the genus about 14 species are known from the palearctic
region, 3 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.
1. Epistoma rather produced, with a black middle stripe in

eermeceses, scutellum quite black «..... ~~~ ..2i 26% de-2+- 1. tibialis.
- Epistoma slightly produced, yellow in the male; scutellum
with apex or apical margin more or less yellow........... 2.
Seeeememen tore or les‘reed .....:5 2.00.02 er. le ol 2. bicolor.
Es I Se Se ae aa ae 3. albifrons.

1. P. tibialis Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 60, 5 (Pipiza). 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 183, 13.:— 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 852, 6. — 1862. Schin.
Pee. 1, 25%. — 1901. Verr. Brit. F). VII, 150, 1, figs. 175—77. — 1907.
Kat. paladarkt. Dipt. Il], 4. — Paragus haemorrhous Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 182, 10. — Paragus aeneus Meig. 1822. ibid. Ill, 183, 11. — 1848.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 854, 8, et 1849. VIII, 3188, 8. — Paragus obscurus
Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 183, 12. — Paragus femoratus Meig. 1822.
ibid. Ill, 184, 14. — Paragus trianguliferus Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 618, 3,
et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 853, 7. —- Paragus dimidiatus Loew, 1863. Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. VII, 308, 63.

48 Syrphidae.

Male. Vertex large and long, the eye-suture short; the vertex is
black, yellowish or brownish-haired; the very small frons yellow.
Epistoma protruding, somewhat keel-shaped, with a slightly produced
central knob in the middle; it is yellow with a black middle line and
the lower margin black, and it is yellow-haired. Occiput black, pruinose
downwards, with yellow hairs above, white hairs below. Antenne
black, the third joint brownish, paler beneath at base, twice as long
as broad; arista short, scarcely as long as the third joint. Eyes with

Fig. 7. Antenna of P. tibialis 3, from the outside. >< 90.

short, whitish pubescence. Thorax black or eneous black, shining,
densely punctate, with yellowish hairs, slightly longer on scutellum.
Pleura with long, white hairs. Abdomen with the first segment not
quite short; it is black, shining, somewhat densely punctate; the hind
margins of the segments, especially of the first, are polished; the ab-
domen is clothed with short, yellow hairs, rather long at the base of
the side margin. Venter translucent in the basal part, black towards
the end, with fine, longish hairs; the fourth ventral segment with a
slightly excised or about straight hind margin. Not rarely abdomen
has some red colour on the third segment, more or less defined as a
triangular spot, and the hind margin of the fifth segment pale. Legs
yellow, anterior femora black in about the basal half, hind femora to
near the apex; hind tibiz with a black ring in the middle; sometimes

Fig. 8. Wing of P. tibialis.

the black colour on the femora a little less extended, and the hind
tibiae with a very weak ring or quite yellow, and this is always the
case in the specimens with red colour on abdomen. The hind femora

Paragus. 49

are a little clavate about the middle, and the hind metatarsi a little
thickened. The legs somewhat slightly yellow-haired, anterior femora
with longer hairs on the postero-ventral side, hind femora on the
antero-ventral side; the tibize with slightly longish hairs above, hind
tibiz with a longer fringe. Wings hyaline; stigma brown. Squamule
and halteres pale yellow.

Female. Frons black or eneous black, punctate, with yellow
hairs. The black stripe on epistoma generally broader than in the
male, sometimes only the extreme sides yellow, and even these may
be rather darkened.

Length 4,2 to about 6 mm.

As seen from the description this species varies somewhat with
regard to the colour of abdomen and hind tibie; the specimens with
red colour on the third segment and apex of abdomen answer to
sigillatus Curt. (Brit. Entom. 1835, 593) and trianguliferus Zett., while
the black specimens with quite yellow hind tibiz answer to obscurus
Meig. ‘The species does not seem to vary more in our country; forms
as haemorrhous Meig. and aeneus Meig. I have not seen from Denmark.

P. tibialis is not properly common in Denmark; Gandlgse Ore
at Farum Sg, Hillerad, Rorvig; on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland
at Holstebro, Hald, Sgndervig and Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm
at Hasle. My dates are ?°/« to the first part of August. It occurs in
sandy, somewhat sunny districts, flying low, near the ground.

Geographical distribution: The species is widely distributed, it
occurs over all Europe, towards the north to northern Sweden, and
in Finland; further it occurs in Asia Minor, North Africa and even
down to Kilimandjaro, on the Canarian Islands and Madeira; and it
also occurs in North America.

) 2. P. bicolor F.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 297, 71 (Syrphus) et 1798. Suppl. 559, 8
(Mulio) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 186, 10 (Mulio). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Il, 178, 2. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 849, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 259. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, 152, 2. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 2. — Paragus zonatus Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 177, 1. — P. arcuatus
Meig. 1822. ibid. III, 179, 3, Tab. XXVII, Fig. 20, 21. — P. taeniatus Meig.
1822. ibid. Ill, 179, 4. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 850,3. — P. testaceus
Meig. 1822. ibid. 180, 6. — P. punctulatus Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 617, 1,
et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 850, 2, et 1859. XIII, 6033,2. — P. lacerus Loew,
1840. Programm Posen, 27,2, et 1840, Isis 544, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 258. — P. ruficauda Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 852, 5.

Male. Vertex black, generally yellow just at the tip; it is narrow,
but long, the eye-suture being quite short; it has short, yellow hairs;
4

50 Syrphidae.

the small frons yellow. Epistoma only keel-shaped below, not much
protruding, and with the central knob smaller and lower down than
in tibialis; the epistoma is yellow, thinly yellow-haired, the mouth
edge and the central knob black. Occiput black, grey pruinose, the
hairs yellow above, white below and on the black jowls. Antenne
black, third joint more brownish, palest beneath at base; it is four
times or more as long as broad; arista brown, shorter than the third
joint, inserted about a quarter of the length from the base. Eyes with
short, whitish and brown hairs, arranged so that two, or about three
white bands run down the eyes. Thorax black or eneous, densely
and rather coarsely punctate and densely clothed with short, deep
yellow hairs, not longer on scutellum; it has two short, approximated,
brownish stripes in front which are more or less distinct, sometimes
somewhat indistinct. Scutellum has the apical margin yellow or whitish
yellow. Pleura with somewhat long, yellowish white hairs. Abdomen
relatively broad and not long, with the first segment shorter than in
tibialis; it is densely and rather coarsely punctate, most coarsely on
the first segment, it is slightly shining except at the extreme hind
margins of the segments. Abdomen is black and red, the red colour
occupies the posterior part of the second segment, the third and the
anterior half of the fourth segment; on the second segment the black
colour is at the sides continued to the hind margin. Sometimes there
are a pair of black side spots on the third segment. Abdomen is
clothed with short hairs, only a little longer at the basal corners; the
hairs are mainly yellow, but black on the disc towards the hind
margins; the pale hairs form more or less distinct arcuated fascize on
the front part of the third and fourth segments. Venter translucent
at the base, reddish in the middle, but the apical part of the fourth
segment and all the transformed segments black; the venter is sparingly
clothed with pale hairs, most dense just at the base and towards the
apex; the fourth ventral segment somewhat punctate, slightly excised
in the hind margin at each side so that a slightly produced part is
formed in the middle. The transformed genital segments form a large
knob on the ventral side. Legs yellow, the basal part of the anterior
femora, and the hind femora to more or less near the apex black;
hind metatarsus darkened above, and the hind tibie often with a
dark patch or ring on the middle; hind metatarsus a little thickened.
The legs haired about as in tibialis with pale hairs. Wings hyaline
or very slightly tinged; stigma brownish. Squamule and halteres yel-
lowish white.

Female. Frons black, punctate, rather narrow upwards and
together with the vertex much narrower than in tibialis; on each side

~

Paragus. 51

at the eye-margin an elongated, grey dust spot; it has yellow hairs
while the vertex is black-haired. Epistoma with a broad, black middle
stripe.

Length 5,5—6,7 mm.

This species varies considerably with regard to the colour on ab-
domen, but hitherto only the form described above has occurred in
Denmark. Otherwise it varies from the palest form with only base of
abdomen black (testaceuws), through forms. as the described (bicolor) or
with the red middle part of abdomen smaller (arcuatus, teniatus) or
only present on third segment (zonatus), further with only red spots
on second and third segments (/acerus), to forms with only apex red
(ruficauda). In the darkest forms the scutellum may be unicolorous.
Also the hairiness of abdomen and its colour vary, sometimes forming
distinct pale or white fasciz. Finally the size may vary, from small,
rather narrow to larger and broader specimens; the size is, however,
not so much varying in the few known Danish specimens.

P. bicolor seems to be rare in Denmark, only six specimens are
known, two without particular locality (Schigdte) and four from Jerup
near Frederikshavn (Th. Mortensen), the latter taken on “/7. It occurs
on sunny and sandy places as sandy grass-fields, sitting on the grass.

Geographical distribution: — Videly distributed species, occurring
over all Europe, towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Fin-
land; further in North-Africa, and also in North America.

3. P. albifrons Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 60, 6 (Pipiza). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 181,8. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 851, 4. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. 1, 258. — 1900. Verr. Cat. europ. Syrph. 21. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 1. — Paragus ater Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 182, 9. —
Syrphus thymastri-Fabr. 1781. Spec. Ins. Il, 433, 60.

This species is very like bicolor, but the abdomen is quite black;
the hairs on abdomen form rather obvious white or pale yellow
fascize on second, third and fourth segments. The hind margin of the
fourth ventral segment in the male is straight or almost so. Scutellum
has only the tip pate, and even this may be rather obscured. The hind
tibie have always a dark ring, and also the anterior tibie may be
obscured about the middle. The tendency of the eye-pubescence to
form bands is less obvious. The species is in general smaller than
bicolor.

Length 4,s—6 mm.

This species is, so far Danish specimens are concerned, at once
distinguished from bicolor by its black abdomen. Verrall has raised

4*

52 Syrphidae.

doubt about its specific distinctness against bicolor. I think, however,
the species may be distinct, as I find the described difference in the
shape of the hind margin of the fourth ventral segment in the male;
yet the difference is slight, and it will have to be confirmed on a
richer material; otherwise I find no plastic characters; moreover I
have a female specimen which has a small, tringular, red spot at
the base of the second segment.

P. albifrons is a little more common here than bicolor; Amager,
Dyrehaven, Nordskoven at Jegerspris; on Langeland at Lohals; on
Funen at Odense; in Jutland in Hgjenbek Dal at Vejle and at
Frijsenborg. One of the specimens has been bred, but no particulars
are given. My dates are ?!/6—+/s. It occurs in the same way as the
preceding.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. Triglyphus Loew.

Species of somewhat small size and of black colour. Head about
semiglobular, a little broader than high and a little broader than
thorax, hollowed behind. Eyes touching in the male, well separated
in the female, densely hairy; the facets in the male slightly enlarged
above. Frons not protruding, arched in the male. Antenne inserted
a little below the middle; they are short, third joint roundish; arista
about of the length of the antenne, inserted basally on the third joint,
and with quite small basal joints; it is bare. Epistoma not hollowed
or produced, straight, slightly arched; it is black and hairy. Jowls
small, very slightly descending at the mouth edge, with a small pit
in front. Thorax rectangular or almost square; scutellum black, with
marginal hairs below. No thoracal or scutellar bristles; metapleura
with short hairs. Abdomen with nearly parallel sides in the male,
more ovate in the female; the two basal ventral segments weakly
chitinised. In the male there are four visible, not transformed seg-
ments above, the first small, the second and third long and of equal
length, the fourth or apical quite small; on the ventral side likewise
four segments, the fourth not quite small, its hind margin not reaching
to the end of the fourth dorsal segment. The genitalia constructed
as usual, not large. In the female abdomen likewise with four visible
segments, the fourth dorsal quite small so that the fourth ventral lies
under the posterior part of the third dorsal; the rest hidden, but
generally a pair of them may just be seen below; the last terminates
with two relatively large lamelle. Legs with the tibiz slightly deformed,

Triglyphus. 53

the hind metatarsus somewhat thickened; anterior femora with long
hairs postero-ventrally, hind femora antero-ventrally, hind tibize with
a fringe above, and hind metatarsus with long hairs on the anterior
side. Two claws, two pulvilli and a small, linear, hairy empodium.
Wings with the medial cross-vein long before the middle of the discal
cell, the marginal cross-veins sloping outwards, the upper angle at the

Abdomen of T. primus.

Fig. 9. Male, the apical Fig. 10.
segment is the fourth. Female.

cubital vein acute; vena spuria weak. Alula well developed. Plumula
with fine hairs. Alar squamule with short hairs, thoracal squamule
with long, furcately divided hairs.

The developmental stages (of the European species) are not known.
— Loew described two American species (Berl. ent. Zeitschr. 1863,
Cent. IV, 61, 62.) pubescens and modesta; Webster (Canad. Entom.
XXX, 19) has reared the latter from larve feeding on Schizoneura
lanigera; with regard to these two species see below.

This genus is quite distinct; the characters lie in the abdominal
segments; the following genera have in the male four not transformed
segments, the second to fourth of about equal length (fig. 25); T’rigly-
phus has also four segments, but the fourth is quite small, only the
second and third of equal length and rather long (fig. 9). In the female
the following genera have five normal segments, with second to fourth
equal (fig. 26), Triglyphus thereagainst only four, and also here the
fourth is quite small, the second and third long (fig. 10), and the fourth
ventral segment lies under the posterior end of the third dorsal. The
statement by Loew and Schiner that the abdomen has one (visible)

54 Syrphidae.

segment less than other Syrphids is thus based on the female, the
only sex known to them.

Of the genus only one palearctic species is known, also occurring
in Denmark, and this is perhaps the only existing species. As said
above Loew has described two American species; Williston (Syn. of
the North Am. Syrphidae, Bull. of U.S. Nat. Mus. 31, 1886) declares
however, that by examination of the types he found, that these species
show five abdominal segments, the fifth as well developed as in Pipiza,
and the second and third (Williston says third and fourth) not specially
large; if this is so these species may not belong to Triglyphus, though
it is not easy to understand, that Loew should have committed such
an error. Also it is to note that Williston says “the fifth as well
developed as in Pipiza” for in the Pipiza male there are only four
segments anterior to the genital knob; if this latter is taken as the
fifth, it is small both in Triglyphus and Pipiza; in the female Pipiza
shows five segments, the fifth rather small, Triglyphus four, with the
fourth small, and generally still a pair of very small segments visible.
The real distinction lies in the character that Pipiza (and the other
genera of the group) has in both sexes second to fourth segments
about equally long, T’riglyphus only second and third. — I should be
most inclined to think that Williston has not correctly apprehended
the characters.

1. T. primus Loew.

1840. Loew, Programm Posen, 30, Fig. 383—40 et 1840 Isis, 563, 1,
Tab. I, Fig. 38—39. — 1857. Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. I], 177. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 266. — 1907. Kat. paladarkt. Dipt. III, 5.

Male. Vertex black, frons bluish black, shining, both with black
hairs. Epistoma bluish black, with greyish white and some dark hairs,
a little pruinose just at the eye-margin. Occiput bluish black, grey
pruinose, with black hairs above, white below. Antenne short, third
. joint about roundish; they are black, third joint brownish red below
at base. Arista about as long as the antenne. Eyes densely brownish
hairy. Thorax eneous, punctate, with rather long hairs which are
yellowish, but on the middle of the disc and partly on scutellum
brownish to blackish, or they are all blackish; they are long at the
scutellar margin. Pleura with long, whitish, or above with darker
hairs. Scutellum with a somewhat distinct margin. Abdomen neous,
shining, the second segment deep velvet black, dull, leaving just all
four margins shining, the third segment with a velvet, transverse
band on the front part, not reaching the side margin, and sometimes
interrupted in the middle. Abdomen clothed with quite short hairs

Triglyphus. 55

which are black on the dull parts, but paler on the shining apical
part; at the margin there are longish, pale hairs, increasing in length
towards the base. Venter black, somewhat translucent on the basal
part, with pale hairs, dark on the fourth segment. Genitalia forming
a small knob. Legs black, knees yellowish red, the hind knees some-
what obscurely, the basal part of the middle metatarsus likewise pale.
All tibize with a slight excision or incurvation on the posterior side
near the apex, most distinct on the hind tibiz. Hind metatarsus
somewhat thickened. Anterior femora with long hairs on the postero-
ventral side, hind femora on the antero-ventral side; they are white,
on the anterior femora dark towards the apex; anterior tibie with
short, mainly dark hairs, hind tibie with a long fringe above, which
may be dark or pale, and with somewhat strong hairs on the postero-
ventral side in the upper two thirds; front and especially hind tarsi
with an adpressed, yellow pubescence below, the latter also with long
hairs on the anterior side. Wings slightly tinged; stigma brownish

Fig. 11. Wing of T. primus.

yellow; the upper marginal cross-vein sloping outwards, with a more
or less distinct curve, the upper angle acute. Squamule brownish
with darker margin and a pale brownish fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons bluish black, a little punctate, with a small depres-
sion somewhat above the antenne, black-haired above, white-haired
below, but above the antenne again with black hairs; in the middle
of the frons, at the eye-margin, a pair of small dust spots. Postocular
hairs all white. Antenne with the third joint a little longer than in
the male, and more pale. Thorax with short, white pubescence. Ab-
domen bluish black, densely somewhat finely punctate, with short,
pale pubescence, only dark at the hind part of the second segment
on the disc. Legs with the knees more pale than in the male, the
first joint on the front tarsi and the two first joints on the middle
tarsi more or less distinctly yellow; the hairs all white. Squamule
white.

Length 5—6 mm.

56 Syrphidae.

This interesting species has hitherto only been known in the
female sex, though both Loew and Schiner were inclined to think
that the sole specimen each of these authors had was a male in spite
of the separated eyes; I think this error is caused by the ovipositor
of the female being somewhat protruding on the ventral side, and
thus mistaken for male genitalia. Schiner, therefore, ascribes the
genus separated eyes in both sexes. Rondani says (lI. c.) the same,
and states that he has seen type-specimens of both sexes which may
be an error, as Loew had, at all events originally, only one specimen;
he also says that he has himself taken both sexes, which is certainly
likewise erroneous.

T. primus is rare in Denmark, only five specimens have been
caught in 1906 and 1909; Copenhagen in a garden, Amager, Ordrup
Mose (the author); the dates are ™/s—"/s.

Geographical distribution: — The species is but little known; it
has, besides in Denmark, been taken in Austria and Italy.

3. Pipizella Rond.

Species of rather small size and of black, generally a little eneous
colour, in one single case with abdominal spots in the female. Head
about semiglobular, a little broader than high, and a little broader
than thorax, hollowed behind. Eyes touching in the male for a shorter
or longer distance, broadly separated in the female. Frons in the
male arched and in none of the sexes conically protruding. In the
female the frons with a slight transverse depression, or this wanting,
and with very slight, almost no side dust spots, only in Heringi these
larger; on the sides at the eye-margin, about in the middle, just at
the dust spots or where these should be there is a short row of hairs,
a little longer than the other side hairs, and directed a little inwards
towards the middle. Eyes densely hairy, generally longest in the male;
the facets of equal size. Antenne inserted near to each other, in or
slightly above the middle; they are shorter or longer, generally a
little longer in the female; the third joint more or less elongated, of
linear or a little oval shape; arista inserted at the base of the third
joint, thickened in the basal part, with very short basal joints, only
seen under the microscope. The two first antennal joints a little
haired, the third and the arista microscopically hairy. Epistoma a
little arched, straight, without any central knob, at the mouth edge
slightly or almost not reflexed; it is black, and is longish-haired.
Jowls almost not descending below the eyes, in front of them a deep
pit. The oral cone rather short. Clypeus horse-shoe-shaped; pro-

<

Pipizella. 57

boscis somewhat short. Labrum somewhat strong, semitubular, the
median process narrow, cleft and the apices diverging, and each
branch with spine-like emergences; the lower lateral process the longest,
rather broad, somewhat pointed and with the apex directed inwards;
the upper lateral process is shorter and very thin and delicate; along
the lateral margin on the inside labrum has a row of small warts.
Hypopharynx of the length of labrum, somewhat blade-shaped, rounded
at the end. Maxille with a short, lancet-shaped lacinia, and a cylin-
drical, somewhat club-shaped palpus of the same length; it has some
bristles and is beset with microscopical hairs; the lacinia very densely
beset with still smaller hairs. Labium with the well chitinised basal
part about as long as the broad labella, it is triangularly incised in
front. Thorax nearly quadratic, somewhat densely hairy. Scutellum
black, with a row of marginal hairs below. No bristles present.
Metapleura with short hairs. Abdomen elongate, flattened, with nearly
parallel sides; on the sides of the segments more or less slight, arched
elevations; on the venter there is a small chitinisation at the base,
the first ventral segment otherwise more or less slightly chitinised. In
the male abdomen has four not transformed segments, the first quite
short, the second longest, the third and fourth shorter, of equal length.
Genitalia forming a small knob; they are turned to the right, bent in
under the venter and with the end hidden under the fourth ventral
segment; the ninth segment together with its appendages not long;
in Heringi the genitalia are larger. In the female there are five
visible segments, the fifth small, and three hidden, forming an ovi-
positor ending with two small styles. Legs not long; hind metatarsus
a little thickened. The anterior femora have long hairs on the posterior
side and the hind femora on the anterior side; hind tibie with a
fringe above; below the apical part of the front and hind tibie and
the tarsi the usual short, adpressed pubescence. There are two claws
and pulvilli, and a short, linear or bristle-shaped empodium with small
bristles. Wings not long, about as long as abdomen; medial cross-
vein before the middle of the discal cell;. the upper marginal cross-
vein starting rectangularly below, bent before the middle and with
the upper part more or less curved, the upper angle about rect-
angular; in Heringi the upper part of the vein sloping outwards, the
upper angle acute. Vena spuria weak. Alula well developed. Plumula
not short, with hairs which are slightly branched from the base. Alar
squamule with longish, simple hairs, thoracal squamule with long,
furcately divided hairs.

The developmental stages of P. virens (varipes) are described by
Heeger (Sitzungsber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissenschaft. Wien, Math. Nat.

58 Syrphidae.

Cl. 31, 1858, 299, Taf. II, Fig. 18). The larva is aphidiphagous on Aphides
on the roots of Pastinaca, Petroselinum etc. There are two generations
in the year. The eggs are deposited on the roots. The first genera-
tion appears in April and May, the second in July and August; the
larvee of the second generation hibernate and pupate in March and
April. The larva is green when young, but becomes later on brown;
it is rough; the length is ca.7 mm, and it has parallel sides. The
posterior spiracles lie on a small, cylindrical process. The pupa is of
a short drop-like shape. Goureau describes the Jarva and pupa, like-
wise of P. virens (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 4, VII, 1867, Bull. 86); the
larva was found feeding on Aphides on Elm and Poplar; they were
found from 2°/6 to °/s, and the imagines came from %/s to *°/s. The
description of the larva agrees with that by Heeger, so that the species
is no doubt P. virens as said at the end of the note, though at the
beginning the author names the species Lumerus aeneus; this latter
lives, however, in quite another way (in onions). Wachtl mentions
(Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 1882, 279) that P. Heringi came in May from
galls of Schizoneura lanuginosa from the foregoing year, and concludes
that the larva feeds on this Aphid.

The species of Pipizella occur in low herbage and on flowers on
commons, in fens and woods, both on dry and in more humid places;
they bear the abdomen hanging somewhat downwards.

Of the genus about 6 species are known from the palearctic
region; 3 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Upper marginal cross-vein not sloping much outwards, the

upper angle. almost. rectangular... «2%. ..+:as<i4h+ See 2.
— Upper marginal cross-vein starting rectangularly below, then

bending angularly outwards, the upper angle acute...... 3. Heringi.
2. Pubescence on hind tibie pale; abdomen in the female

ame patted s-{ 050 ton Er PLP, Die 1. virens.
— Pubescence on the hind tibie black; abdomen in the female

with) #.jpair).of yellow. spots... ..< 0a). lelphs dp ote eee 2. flavitarsis.

1. P. virens Fabr.

1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 186, 12 (Mulio). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 253, 26 (Pipiza). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 260. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VIII, 155, 1, figs. 179—80. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 7. —
Pipiza campestris Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 59, 4. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 840, 19 et 1849. VIII, 3186, 19. — Vipiza tristis Meig. 1822.
Syst. Beschr. Ill, 253, et 1838. VII, 119, 33. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 265.
— FPipiza varipes Meig. 1822. 1. ¢. III, 2
II, 841, 21 et 1849. VIII, 3186, 21 et 1859. XIII, 6031, 21. — Pipiza

Pipizella. 59

annulata Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1827, 181, 15. — 1838. Meig. 1. ¢.
Vil, 120, 38. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 842, 22 et 1849. VIII, 3186,
22. — Pipizella annulata 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 260. — Pipiza obscuri-

pennis Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 119, 36. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 265.

Male. Vertex and frons eneous or bluish black, yellow-haired,
just above the antenne some black hairs. Epistoma somewhat bluish
black, slightly pruinose, white-haired. Occiput zneous or bluish black,
yellowish-haired, at the top the hairs long. Antenne black or blackish,
not so long as epistoma, third joint about twice as long as broad,
but somewhat varying in length; arista shorter than the antenne,
thickened in the basal two thirds. Eyes brownish-hairy, the hairs not
specially long; the suture between the eyes rather short, distinctly

Fig. 12. Antenna of P. virens 3, from the outside. >< 80.

shorter than the vertical triangle. Thorax neous, densely punctate
and densely clothed with longish, yellow hairs; scutellum more coarsely
punctate, with the hairs at the margin longer. Pleura likewise yellow-
hairéd. Abdomen neous, densely and coarsely punctate, slightly
shining, most towards the apex; it is clothed with short, yellow or
reddish-yellow hairs, longer at the margin and longest at the basal
corners of second segment; at the second and third incisures the hairs
are black, and the blackish-haired spaces sometimes somewhat ex-
tended. Venter black, shining, with long, pale hairs, the fourth seg-
ment with short hairs. Legs black or eneous black, the knees more
or less broadly reddish or yellowish; the tarsi sometimes almost quite
black, but generally the middle metatarsus more or less yellow, often
quite yellow; front tarsi generally black but the metatarsus may be
more or less to quite yellowish; also the second joint of the hind
tarsi may sometimes be a little yellowish. Hind metatarsi a little
thickened. The legs have yellowish hairs, only at the end of the
anterior femora some black hairs; the hairs are long on the posterior
side of the anterior femora and on the front side of the hind femora;
the tibize have somewhat short hairs, longer above the hind tibie;

60 Syrphidae.

below front and hind tibie and tarsi an adpressed, yellow pubescence.
Wings a little yellowish or light brownish tinged, sometimes with an
indication of a brownish cloud on the middle; stigma brown. The
upper marginal cross-vein starting rectangularly below, bending more
or less angularly outwards before the middle and the upper part

Fig. 13. Wing of P. virens.

curved so that the upper angle is generally rectangular; the media-
stinal vein ending just before the middle cross-vein. Squamulz whitish.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons eneous black, slightly punctate, with a groove
above the antenne, and with a very slight or indistinct transverse
depression, bounded above by an angular line with the top forwards;
it is whitish-haired but with a black-haired cross-band just in front
of the ocelli. Antenne slightly longer than in the male. Eyes with
short, pale hairs. Pubescence on thorax a little shorter.

Length 5,4 to about 7 mm. —

This species varies, as described, somewhat with regard to the
paleness of the base of the anterior tarsi; the palest forms have been

described as annulata Macq. and varipes Meig. — Verrall says |. ¢

about the third antennal joint “usually two and a half times longer
than deep”, this may be a lapsus for one and a half times, as his
figure shows.

P. virens is a common species in Denmark; Utterslev Mose, Vester
Felled, Amager, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose,
Mrholm, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Rorvig, Stevns, Nyraad near Vordingborg;
on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Maribo, Kzldskov and Strandby;
on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; in Jutland at Horsens, Aarhus,
Silkeborg and Laven, Sgndervig, Bovbjerg, Rebbild near Skerping,
Thisted, Allerup, Seby, Frederikshavn, Skagen, and on Lesg@; finally
on Bornholm in Almindingen, at Hasle and Allinge; the dates are
7/;—1°/s. It occurs in low herbage on commons, in fens and woods,
especially on dry, but also on more humid localities.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
middle Sweden, and in Finland.

———E—EE——

Pipizella. 61

2. P. flavitarsis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 248, 14 (Pipiza). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Seand. Il. 832, 8 et 1849. VIII, 3183, 8 et 1859. XIII, 6027, 8 (Pipiza).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 263 (Pipiza). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 157, 3.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 6. — Pipiza campestris var. f. Fall. 1817.
Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 60. — Pipiza vitrea Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III,
249, 15. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 832, 9 et 1849. VIII, 3183, 9 et
1859. XIII, 6027, 9. — Pipiza melancholica Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 251, 20,
Tab. XXIX, Fig. 12. — Pipiza Ratzeburgii Zett. 1843. |. c. Il, 843, 23 et
1849. VIII, 3186, 23 et 1859. XIII, 6032, 23.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma bluish, black-haired; vertex
with some yellow hairs. Eye-suture rather long, as long as or nearly
as long as the vertical triangle, though varying. Occiput bluish black,
somewhat greyish pruinose, especially downwards; the postocular hairs
black above, white in the lower half, but the jowls black-haired. Eyes
densely blackish brown-hairy. Antenne black, not so long as epistoma,
third joint. twice or scarcely twice as long as broad; arista about as
long as the antenne, thickened in the basal half, brown at the base.
Thorax bluish black, finely punctate; it is clothed with longish hairs,
long on scutellum, especially at the margin; the hairs are pale on the
disc, but dark at the side margins and at the margin of scutellum.
Pleura with long, black hairs. Abdomen eeneous black, second seg-
ment coarsely punctate, the others less coarsely punctate, and shining.
. Abdomen clothed with short hairs, a little longer at the margin, and
especially at the basal corners. The hairs are black except on the
side parts of third and fourth segments. Venter black, shining, with
somewhat long hairs, longest and pale on the second segment, for
the rest black. -Legs black, shining, anterior knees and the two first
joints of the anterior tarsi yellow; hind knees very narrowly reddish,
second joint of hind tarsi yellow; hind metatarsus somewhat thickened.
Legs haired in the usual way with black hairs, but the long hairs on
the front side of hind femora white, except at the apex; the fringe
above the hind tibiz conspicuous; the adpressed pubescence on tibiz
and partly on hind metatarsi dark. Wings a little brownish tinged;
stigma yellowish brown; the upper marginal cross-vein with a rect-
angular bend in the middle, the upper part not or slightly curved;
the mediastinal vein ending just after the middle cross-vein. Squamulee
dirtily whitish or smoky, with darker margin. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons very slightly punctate, bluish, brightly shining,
with a small groove above the antennz, but without transverse depres-
sion; it is white-haired, but with a cross-band of black hairs above.
Vertex, epistoma and occiput white-haired, the postocular hairs longer
and more conspicuous than in the male; eyes shorter-haired, but the

62 Syrphidae.

hairs dark. Antenne longer, third joint more than twice as long as
broad. Thorax and pleura white-haired and with shorter hairs than
in the male. Abdomen more bluish, with two almost circular, yellow
or reddish spots on the middle of second segment. Abdomen haired
as in the male, but the white hairs more extended. Femora shorter-
haired, and all white-haired. The wings may be a little more tinged,
and the upper marginal cross-vein is more perpendicular. Squamule
white.

Length 5,5—6,5 mm.

P. flavitarsis is not common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyre-
haven, Lyngby Mose, Birkerod, Nyraad near Vordingborg and on
Funen at Veflinge. My dates are ‘/s—*/s. Zetterstedt records (VIII)
that Steger has taken it in copula.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to
southern Sweden, and in Finland.

3. P. Heringi Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 844, 24 et 1852. XI, 4307, 24 et 1859.
XII, 6032, 24 (Pipiza). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 260. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
F]. Vill, 159, 4, figs. 181—85. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 6. —
Pipiza geniculata Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 839,18. — Pipiza leucogona
Zett. 1849. ibid. VIII, 3185, 18. — Heringia Zetterstedtii Rond. 1856. Dipt.
ital. Prodr. 1, 53 et 1857. Il, 185, 1. — 1885. Kow. Wien. ent. Zeitg.
IV, 241.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma seneous black; vertex with yel-
low, frons with black hairs;:epistoma white-haired. The eye-suture

Fig. 14. Antenna of P. Heringi 3, from the inside. < 80.
(From a German specimen).

about as long as the vertical triangle. Occiput eeneous black, a little
pruinose, with yellow hairs, above there are some black hairs inter-
mingled. Eyes densely hairy with pale, somewhat short hairs. Antenne
not long, third joint one and a half times a long as broad or fully
so; they are black or blackish, third joint inconspicuously reddish

Pipizella. 63

below at base; arista scarcely as long as the antenne, thickened in about
the basal half. Thorax eneous black, densely punctate, clothed with
long, yellowish hairs, longest on scutellum. Pleura likewise with yellowish
hairs. Abdomen black, a little eneous, almost not punctate; it is dull,
only shining at the side margin, the side elevations on the third seg-
ment and at the posterior half of fourth segment; the disc is clothed
with short hairs, black at the sutures, for the rest pale, but the black
hairs predominant; the margin has long, pale hairs, longest at the
base. Venter blackish, a little translucent at the base, with long, pale
hairs on second segment, short hairs on the others. Genitalia large,
shining, reaching long in under the venter and the apex here ferrugin-
ous. Legs black, knees yellow, hind knees only narrowly; the middle
metatarsus somewhat indistinctly yellowish on the basal part; hind

Fig. 15. Wing of P. Heringi SG. (From a German -specimen).

metatarsus a little thickened. The legs haired as usual, yellowish on
the posterior femora, dark on front femora; anterior tibie mainly
pale-haired, the conspicuous fringe above the hind tibiz black; the
adpressed pubescence pale below the tarsi, dark above. Wings very
slightly tinged; stigma brownish yellow; mediastinal vein ending a
little after the medial cross-vein; the upper marginal cross-vein starting
rectangularly, after the first third part bending angularly outwards
parallel with the margin, the upper angle acute. Squamule smoky or
pale brownish, with a darker margin and a pale brownish fringe.
Halteres with the knob brownish.

Female. Frons seneous or often bluish black, finely punctate,
with a groove above the antenne, and with a slight transverse depres-
sion, berdered above by a line with a triangular outskot in the middle;
it is whitish-haired, above the antenne and just in front of the ocelli
some dark hairs; distinct side dust spots present. Occiput puffed out
and shining above, the white postocular hairs more conspicuous than
in the male; at the sides upwards some black hairs. Antenne longer
than in the male, the third joint twice as long as broad. Thorax
with shorter and whiter hairs. Abdomen sometimes quite white-haired,

64 Syrphidae.

but generally black-haired at the incisures. Legs a little shorter-haired
than in the male, and femora and tibie all white-haired. Wings a
little more tinged, sometimes especially about the middle. Squamule
paler, whitish.

Length 5,5—6,5 mm.

Verrall’s description, at all events of the male, is not quite agreeing
with my specimen; it seems to differ by the almost quite black-haired

Fig. 16. Antenna of P. Heringi 9, from the inside. >< 80.
(From a German specimen).

epistoma, the more long-haired abdomen and somewhat fringed anterior
tibiz; also the figure of the antenne shows a rather short third joint,
though in the text it is said to be about one and a half times
longer than deep. One might almost be inclined to suggest, that it is
my Penium dubium (se below) which Verrall has had before him.

P. Heringi seems to be rare in Denmark, I only know three
specimens; Copenhagen in a garden (the author), and two specimens
from earlier time; the only date is 18/6. The specimens are all females,
but according to Zetterstedt Steger had sent him a male (geniculata);
it may however be noted that Zetterstedt may well have mixed the
species with Pentium dubium described below.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to
southern Sweden; further it is recorded from the Canarian Islands.

4. Penium Phil.

This genus is in most respects quite agreeing with Pipizella. The
species are medium-sized or small, black or eneous. Frons in the male
arched, and in none of the sexes protruding; in the female it has no
transverse depression such as in Cnemodon. Antenne somewhat short,
third joint short or somewhat elongated. Male genitalia rather large,
the ninth segment with its appendages stretching long in under the
venter. Legs as in Pipizella. Wings with the upper marginal cross-

Penium. 65

vein either bent about as in P. Heringi or of a course about as in
Pipiza, the upper angle thus more or less acute; the mediastinal vein
ending after the medial cross-vein.

I have here accepted the genus Penium, following the Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt., but I must say, that I do not understand that Kowarz (Wien.
ent. Zeitg. IV, 1885, 241) has thought to be able to interpret Philippi’s
genus (Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XV, 1865, 741, Tab. XXVII,
Fig. 38 and 41); the description and figures are not at all sufficient,
and the figures of the heads (38a, 41a) do not show the arched frons
found in F. carbonarium. Provisionally then the P. carbonarium Meig,
apud Kowarz may be taken as type. Through the kindness of Mr.
Collin in Newmarket I have been able to study Kowarz’s types. When
I have after all accepted the genus it is because there seems to be
some species which do not agree with the other genera in the Pipiza-
group. Of these genera Pipiza has a conically protruding frons which
is small and flat in the male (figs. 23 and 24); the other genera have
the frons not conically protruding and in the male rather large and
arched (figs. 19 and 20). Of these latter Pipizella has elongated
antennze and the upper angle at the upper marginal cross-vein about
rectangular (except Heringi); Cnemodon has spurs on coxe and
irochanters in the male, a transverse depression on the frons in the
female, the upper angle at the marginal cross-vein acute and short
antenne; also the abdomen in the female is somewhat pointed. Now
there exist some species with unarmed legs, more or less short antenne,
no depression on the frons in the female and the upper angle at the
marginal cross-vein not rectangular; to these belongs carbonarium,
and for these species I accept the genus Penium. Besides carbonarium
the genus includes a new species, dubium, and morionellum Zett. This
latter species has hitherto been placed in Cnemodon, but this is in-
correct as the male has no spurs and in the whole simple legs. We
find in Zetterstedt (VIII, 3184) the following note: ‘“‘Observante ocula-
tissimo Steger coxee posteriores marium in speciebus 14, 15, 16 et 18
apice spina brevi sunt armate.” The four species are anthracina,
morionella, fulvimana and leucogona; but for morionella and leucogona
Zetterstedt states that he could find no spurs. This is also correct;
leucogona no doubt is the male to Pipizella Heringi, and morionella
may be placed in Peniwm. Steger (according to the note the first
detector of the spurs in Cnemodon) has certainly committed some
error and not separated the species in question correctly.

The genus Peniwm is thus distinguished from Pipiza by the not
conically protruding frons, which is rather large and arched in the
male; from Pipizella by the shorter antenne and not rectangular upper

o

66 Syrphidae.

angle at the upper marginal cross-vein, and from Cnemodon by the
simple legs in the male and the frons without transverse depression
in the female; the male genitalia are rather large. It includes at
present three species, carbonarium Meig., morionellum Zett. and dubtum
n. sp. Whether it will prove to be quite homogenous I dare not say;
carbonarium and morionellum have short antenne, dubium has them
longer, and the upper marginal cross-vein is a little different in all
three species; in carbonarium it is not much sloping outwards and
the upper angle less acute; in dubium and morionellum it is about as
in Heringi. Moreover I only know the male of morionellum and there-
fore I cannot say whether the character of the wanting transverse
depression on the frons in the female will hold good; perhaps some
better characters may be found, and IJ think it probable that P. Heringi
Zett. and curvinervis Strobl should be placed in this genus.

The developmental stages are not known.

Of the genus as here accepted three species are known from the
palearctic region, the new species described below included; two
occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. About 6mm; chiefly black-haired; antenne short; wings

brownish tinged... . 2) oi¢ 5 ee ee. oe 1. mortonellum.
— About 7,5mm; more or less pale-haired, and at all events

abdomen pale-haired at the sides and on second segment;

antenne longer; wings almost hyaline............... 2. dubium.

1. P. mcrionellum Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 837, 15 et 1849. VIII, 3184, 15 (Pipiza).
— 1885. Kow. Wien. ent. Zeitg. IV, 243 (Cnemodon). — 1907. Kat. paléarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 14 (Cnemodon).

Male. Vertex black, black-haired; frons and epistoma bluish black,
likewise black-haired, with a little pruinose line at the eye-margin
about in the middle. Occiput bluish black, greyish pruinose, black-
haired. Antenne nof quite short, third joint longer than broad,
blackish brown, a little paler at the base beneath; arista shorter than
the antenne, brown. Eyes densely dark brown-hairy. Thorax sneous
black, densely clothed with dark hairs, longest on scutellum. Pleura
black-haired. Abdomen black or eneous black with the margin and
the side elevations shining; it is clothed with short, dark hairs, longer
at the sides. Venter black, shining, with dark hairs, most dense to-
wards the end. Genitalia large and reaching rather long in under
the venter. Legs black, anterior knees indistinctly reddish, and middle
metatarsus a little reddish on the basal part. The legs are haired as

Penium. 67

in Cnemodon, hind tibiz somewhat fringed above; the tarsi have longer
hairs above than in Cnemodon. All the hairs are dark. Wings distinctly
brownish tinged, stigma only slightly darker; the upper marginal cross-
vein bent as in Cnemodon, but not much angularly. Halteres brownish
black. Squamule smoky or brownish.

Female. The female does not seem to be described, unless the
ruficornis by Strobl (Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. XXIX, 1892, 196) should
belong here as suggested with a querry by Verrall.

Length nearly 6 mm.

The above description is made from a male in Steger’s collection.
Zetterstedt remarks (1. c. II) that he had got the male he describes
from Steger under the name P. carbonaria M.; Steger has then no
doubt later corrected the name in his collection.

P. morionellum seems to be rare in Denmark; in Stege1’s collection
there is only one specimen, a male, from Dyrehaven (two more speci-
mens under the same name do not belong here), but a second male
was sent to Zetterstedt (I. c. 837).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Bohemia and perhaps Styria; it was not known to Zetterstedt
from Sweden, but Wahlgren (Entom. Tidskr. XIII, 1909, 17) records
it from the southern Sweden. — When I give this distribution, as
well as the above synonymi, it is because I am of opinion that the
authors have probably had this species and have not observed that
no Cnemodon-spurs are present; otherwise the species was only known
to Zetterstedt, and only occurring in Denmark, while morionellus by
Kowarz and later authors would be a new Cnemodon-species.

2. P. dubium n. sp.

Male. Vertex black, with yellow and black or almost quite black
hairs. Frons bluish black with black hairs. Epistoma likewise bluish
black, a little greyish pruinose; it has whitish hairs, but at the sides
and downwards there are black hairs, or it is all black-haired with
only some pale hairs in the middle. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs
black on the upper half, white below. Antenne black, not short;
third joint not one and a half times as long as broad; arista shorter
than the antennz. Eyes densely haired with brownish or black hairs,
below the hairs paler to white. Thorax black, punctate, slightly
shining; it is densely clothed with somewhat long, yellowish to dark
brownish hairs, longest on scutellum and at its margin and here more
or less black; also just at the side margin the hairs more or less
black, and the pleura black-haired, but quite downwards there are
again more or fewer pale hairs. Abdomen black, dull, but the sides,

D*

68 Syrphidae.

the hind margin of the fourth segment and the side elevations shining;
in the middle it is clothed with short, black hairs, but all the sides
and the side elevations have long pale to whitish hairs, almost pre-

Fig. 17. Antenna of P. dubium 3, from the inside. >< 80.

dominant on the second segment, and longest at the basal corners.
Venter blackish, shining, a little translucent; it has long more or less
pale hairs, most dense and dark on the fourth segment. The genitalia
forming a somewhat large knob, and reaching rather long in under
the venter. Legs black, anterior knees yellow, sometimes somewhat
broadly, hind knees narrowly yellow, and the middle metatarsus yel-
low except the apex; hind metatarsus slightly thickened. The legs
haired as usual, the hairs on femora rather long, yellowish or darker

Fig. 18. Wing of P. dubium 3.

to blackish and darkest on the front femora and above the hind
femora; tibiz black-haired, the hairs long above the hind tibie and
here sometimes with a few pale intermingled; also above the anterior
tibie the hairs somewhat long; below the apical part of front and
hind tibiz and the first tarsal joints there is the usual, adpressed,
yellow pubescence; tarsi with longer hairs above than in Cnemodon.
Wings hyaline or a little tinged about the middle; stigma dirty yel-
lowish; the upper marginal cross-vein about as in P. Heringi, but the
bend less angular or more roundly curved, the upper angle acute.
Squamule smoky or blackish with a darker margin and a yellowish

a

Penium. 69

or brownish fringe. Halteres with the knob more or less darkened
to blackish.

Female. Frons broad, black or bluish black, white-haired, but
with a black-haired cross-band below the ocelli; it has somewhat
large side dust spots. Epistoma and eyes white-haired. Antenne
longer than in the male with the third joint longer, but scarcely twice
as long as broad, a little pale beneath at base. Thorax with longish,
all white hairs. Abdomen densely punctate, with short, white hairs,
black at the incisures. Legs with the knees paler than in the male,
the hairs all white and almost as long as in the male. The bend of
the upper marginal cross-vein generally more angular than in the male.
Squamule and halteres whitish.

Length about 7,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from morionellum by its larger
size, longer antenne, paler pubescence and clearer wings; it is of a
size as carbonarium, but this species has much shorter antenne, dark-
haired thorax and abdomen and the latter is all short-haired. —
I have not been able to recognize the species as any earlier described;
it seems to come near to P. (Heringia) curvinervis Strob] (Mittheil.
Ver. Steierm. XXXIV, 1898, 228), but this species has the head and
legs white-haired, and seems to have another course of the upper
marginal cross-vein, as well as a shorter and broader abdomen. The
species also very much resembles Heringi, but is in the male known
with certainty by the shorter antenne, the long hairs on the dise of
the second abdominal segment and by the not strongly angular upper
marginal cross-vein; the female on the other hand is so like the female
of Heringi that I cannot distinguish them by any other character than
the angular cross-vein in Heringi against the more roundly curved in
dubium, but I do not quite trust this character. Under these circum-
stances the species might have been placed under Pipizella, but I could
not resolve myself to do so, as it would somewhat have effaced the
characters of this genus. On the other hand I think it will be correct
to place Heringi and curvinervis under Fenium, as at all events
Heringi shows several characters in common with this genus, such
as the long genitalia, the mediastinal vein ending after the medial
cross-vein and the distinct frontal side dust spots in the female, but
I have omitted to do so here, as I think it well to await the study
of more material. The size and shape of the genitalia and the course
of the upper marginal cross-vein seem to show, that /eniwm is more
allied to Cnemodon than to Pipizella.

P. dubium does not seem to be rare, but it has only been taken
in the vicinity of Copenhagen; Amager Felled, Ermelund (the author)

70 Syrphidae.

and Charlottenlund (Steger). The dates are ‘/s—*%/s; in Ermelund I
took it in some number on 22/5 and ?°/s, it occured on a humid, some-
what shaded place, especially on the leaves of Aegopodium.

5. Cnemodon Egger.

This genus is like the preceding chiefly agreeing with Pipizella.
The species are rather small, of black colour. Frons not protruding
and in the male it is arched; in the female it has a transverse depres-
sion; there are no, or at all events only very small side dust spots.
Antenne short, the third joint not or only a little longer than broad.

Heads of C. fulvimanus in profile.
Fig. 19. Male. Fig. 20. Female.

Abdomen elongate and somewhat narrow, not broader than thorax.
Male genitalia forming a rather large knob at the end of abdomen,
the ninth segment with its appendages somewhat long. In the female
the abdomen narrowed towards the end and thus somewhat pointed.
Legs slender, hind metatarsi slightly thickened. In the male the
middle coxe have a straight spine, hind cox a short spine at the
apex, and hind trochanters a long, somewhat dilated spine; anterior
tibiae somewhat dilated, especially the middle tibize have a knob on
the anterior side; anterior metatarsi a little compressed. Wings with
the upper marginal cross-vein starting with an obtuse angle, a little
upwards bent more or less angularly outwards, the upper angle acute;
mediastinal vein ending after the medial cross-vein.

The developmental stages of C. vitripennis are described by Heeger
(Sitzungsber. d. kais. akad. d. Wissenschaft. Wien. Mat. Nat. Cl. 31,
1858, 295, Taf. 1, Fig. \—6). The larva lived on Coccids on Populus

Cnemodon. 71

italica. The larva is rough, light dirtily brownish with darker
longitudinal stripes; it has almost parallel sides; the posterior spiracles
lie on a small process behind. There are two broods in the year;
the imago of the first occurs in April; its larva is stated to devour
the egg-sheli before it attacks the Coccids; it pupates and the second
brood appears in July or August, and lays eggs in September; its larva
or pupa hibernates. The pupa is drop-like and coloured as the larva.

The species of Cnemodon are not well known and especially the
females are not well distinguished; the species occur in low herbage
in fens and woods, I have taken fulvimanus in this way in some
number in spring.

Of the genus about three species are acu from the palearctic
region (after exclusion of morionellus); two have been found in Danmark.

Table of Species.

1. Third antennal joint not longer than broad; upper marginal
cross-vein distinctly angularly bent; in the male thorax
chiefly and scutellum quite black-haired .............. 1. fulvimanus.
— Third antennal joint slightly or more distinctly longer than
broad; upper marginal cross-vein less angularly bent; in
the male thorax chiefly pale-haired and scutellum always
EERE? oes aces Pelee so cee ete 2. vitripennis.

1. C. fulvimanus Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 838, 16 et 1849. VIII, 3184, 16 et 1859.
XIII, 6030, 16 (Pipiza). — 1860. Malm, K. V. och V. Samh. Goteborg
Handl. V1I, 67 (Pipiza). — 1885. Kow. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. IV, 243. — 1900.
Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, Catal. 27. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. HI, 13. —
Pipiza anthracina Zett. (nec Meig.) 1838. Ins. Lapp. 617, 8 et 1843. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 836, 14 et 1849. VIII, 3184, 14. — Pipiza carbonaria var. «a
Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 836, 13 et 1849. VIII, 3184, 13. — ? Pipiza
ruficornis Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 252,24. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp.
617, 9 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 838, 17 et 1849. VIIl, 3185, 17 et 1859.
XH, 6030, 17

Male. Frons and epistoma black, black-haired; vertex and occiput
likewise. Antenne short, third joint roundish, not longer than broad;
the antenne are black, third joint more or less yellowish at the base
beneath, sometimes very inconspicuously; arista as long as_ the
antenne. Eyes brownish-hairy. Thorax black or zneous black, finely
punctate; it is densely clothed with long hairs which may be quite black,
but often are yellowish on the disc to a smaller or greater extent,
but they are always black on the scutellum. Pleura black-haired.
Abdomen black, dull, but with the side margin, the elevations on the
side of the segments and the hind-margin of fourth segment shining;

72 Syrphidae.

it is clothed with quite short, black hairs, a little longer and yellowish
on the side-elevations, and also longer but dark at the side-margin.
Venter black, shining, a little translucent at the base; it has short,
chiefly black hairs. Legs black or dark piceous, anterior knees pale,
front tibize slightly pale at the apex and front tarsi yellow except the
last or two last joints; middle metatarsi generally pale on the basal
part. The middle coxe have a straight downwards directed spine
anteriorly; the hind coxe have a short spine at the apex outwards,

Fig. 21. Antenna of C. fulvimanus 3, from the inside. >< 80.

and the trochanters a long spine at the apex on the front side; this
latter has a dilatation somewhat before the apex on the posterior
side, the apical part is flattened and slightly excised between the
dilatation and the apex; the spines are black or more or less pale,
especially on the apical parts. The front tibize have a small dilata-
tion on the posterior side; the middle tibie are somewhat dilated,
with a keel along the anterior side which stops about one third from
apex and here forms like a small knob; it is inconspicuously serrated;
the front metatarsus is a little compressed, middle metatarsus likewise
and a little arched; hind metatarsus somewhat thickened. The legs
are chiefly dark-haired, the hairs are long on posterior side of the
anterior femora and anteriorly on the hind femora; the hind tibize
have a fringe above, and anteriorly to this there is a row of some-
what distant, fine spines, which are observed only with difficulty; for the
rest the legs are short-haired. Wings a little tinged. Stigma brown
or light brownish; upper marginal cross-vein with a distinct angular
bend. Squamulze smoky or of a dirtily whitish or greyish colour,
with a yellowish or brownish fringe. Halteres whitish or yellow.
Female. Vertex and frons black, black-haired, the depression
across the middle yellow-haired, and likewise the ocellar triangle.
Epistoma yellow-haired and likewise occiput, the latter greyish pruinose
downwards. Antenne short as in the male, the third joint larger,

Cnemodon. 73

roundish. Eyes quite short-haired. Thorax and scutellum with short,
yellow hairs; pleura with longer, yellow hairs. Abdomen black, shining,
rather coarsely punctate, clothed with short, yellow hairs, a little longer
about the basal corners. Legs simple, front tarsi darker than in the
male, often only the basal joint yellow; femora shorter-haired than
in the male; hind tibiz with a not long fringe above; the hairs all
yellowish.

Length 5,s—6,8 mm.

In Steeger’s collection we have two males labelled anthracina and
two labelled fulvimana, the latter are a little smaller than the former,

but for the rest I find no difference. According to Zetterstedi (VIII,
3185) Steger has sent him fulvimanus named as carbonaria, I think
Steger has then after the correspondence altered the name.

C. fulvimanus is not rare in Denmark, but has, however, almost
only been taken in the vicinity of Copenhagen; Copenhagen in a
garden, Ordrup Krat, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Bagsverd, Geel Skov,
Donse, and a single specimen on Lolland at Strandby, and one in
Jutland at Horsens. My dates are 1°/s—®/7. It occurs in low herbage
at the outskirts of woods, and on more open places; J have taken it
in some numbers in Ermelund and Dyrehaven, especially on Urtica
and Mercurialis, and once I took it in Geel Skov flying low over a
sandy road, likewise in no small number.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finiand.

2. C. vitripennis Meig.
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 254, 29 (Pipiza). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
264 (Pipiza). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 177, 1, figs. 191—94. — 1907.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 14. — C. brevidens Egg. 1865. Verhandl. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, XV, 574. — 1885. Kow. Wien. ent. Zeitg. IV, 243.

Male. Frons and epistoma bluish black, black- or dark brownish-
haired. Vertex black, yellowish- or light brownish-haired, at the apex
some dark hairs. Occiput bluish black, dark-haired above, whitish

74 Syrphidae.

below, but the jowls chiefly dark-haired. Antenne short, third joint
slightly longer than broad; they are black, third joint more or less
yellowish at the base beneath; arista as long as the antenne. Eyes
brown- or pale-hairy. Thorax eneous black, finely punctate; it is
densely clothed with long, white or whitish hairs, only dark at the
margin of scutellum, and sometimes just at the front of thorax. Pleura
dark-haired. Abdomen dull black, shining just at the side-margin, at
the hind margin of fourth segment and on the side-elevations of third
and fourth segments. It is clothed with quite short, black hairs, on
the side-elevations the hairs are pale and a little longer, and at the side-
margin they are pale and long, longest at the basal corners. Venter
black, shining, a little paler at the base, with fine, chiefly brown hairs.
Legs shaped and armed quite as in fulvimanus, but they are rela-
tively stronger; they are black or dark piceous, the anterior knees
somewhat broadly yellow, the apical part of the front tibie and the
tarsi except the last or two last joints yellow, the middle metatarsus
likewise more or less yellow. The legs are haired as in fulvimanus,
but the hairs are more or less whitish on the hind femora and on the
front side and at the base on the posterior side of the middle femora;
the fringe on hind tibie longer than in fuleimanus. Wings yellowish
tinged. Stigma yellow; upper marginal cross-vein less angularly bent
than in fulvimanus, though the difference may be slight. Squamulez
smoky, with a pale fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons black or bluish black, with blackish
or dark brownish hairs, the depression across the middle and the
ocellar triangle yellow-haired; epistoma and occiput whitish-haired,
the latter greyish pruinose below. Antenne larger than in the male,
third joint distinctly longer than broad. Eyes quite short-haired.
Thorax and scutellum black or often bluish black, with short, white
hairs; pleura with longer, likewise white hairs. Abdomen black, but
often somewhat translucently brownish or rufescent; it is more coarsely
punctate than in fulvimanus and not much shining, clothed with quite
short, whitish hairs, longer at the basal corners. Legs simple, front
tarsi darker, generally only the metatarsus pale; the legs are quite
white-haired, the fringe on hind tibize conspicuous, longer than in
fulvimanus.

Length 5,8 —7 mm.

This species is much like the preceding, especially as the shape
and armature of the legs of the male is quite the same; in the male
it is distinguished by the paler pubescence on thorax, scutellum and
the abdominal side-margin, and also partly on the legs, and in the
female by the distinctly longer third antennal joint and the whiter

a

Pipiza. 75 |

pubescence; in both sexes the anterior legs are paler, and the fringe
on hind tibiz longer, though this latter difference is not large; finally
the upper marginal cross-vein is less angularly bent.

C. vitripennis seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark, it has only
been taken in Ordrup Mose and Dyrehaven, and a single specimen
on Lolland at Lohals (Steger, the author); the dates are 1*/7—!"/s.

Geographical distribution: — The species is recorded down into
Italy; it was not known to Zetterstedt, but according to Wahlgren
(Entom. Tidskr. XIII, 1909, 17) it occurs to the southern Sweden.

6. Pipiza Fall.

Species of medium size, black or slightly sneous, generally with
pale abdominal spots. Head about semiglobular, broader than thorax
and a little broader than high, hollowed behind. Eyes touching in

Heads of P. bimaculata in profile.
Fig. 23. Male. Fig. 24. Female.

the male, broadly separated in the female. Frons in the male small,
not arched, and in both sexes conically protruding. In the female
the frons has distinct, larger or smaller side dust spots (only wanting
or almost so in guadrimaculata), and on these spots there are at the
eye-margin longish, inwards directed hairs; the frons has a more or
less pronounced, broad and shallow, sometimes indistinct transverse
depression, bordered above by an angular line with the top forwards.
Eyes densely hairy, the facets of equal size. Antenne inserted on the
prominent frons, in or a little below the middle of the head; they
are short, the third joint somewhat quadratic or rectangular, not
elongate or very slightly so, generally largest in the female; arista
inserted somewhat near the base of the third joint, it is thickened in

76 - Syrphidae.

the basal part) and has very short basal joints. The two basal
antennal joints a little hairy, the third and the arista microscopically
hairy. Epistoma a little retreating, without any prominence, slightly
arched, not or almost not reflexed at the mouth edge; it is black,
longish hairy; jowls slightly descending, with a pit in front. Clypeus
horse-shoe-shaped; the mouth parts chiefly as in Pipizella; labrum
strong and somewhat high, semitubular and with the apex as in
Pipizella; maxillz and palpi short, the latter club-shaped; hypopharynx
strong, also semitubular, the cavity upwards, it is more pointed than

TTT

Abdomen of P. noctiluca.
Fig. 25. Male, the apical knob Fig, 26.
is the eighth segment. Female.

in Pipizella, but the extreme point rounded. Labium with the chitinised
basal part and the broad labella about equal in length. Thorax nearly
quadratic, somewhat densely hairy; scutellum black, with marginal
hairs below. No bristles present; metapleura with short hairs. Abdomen
elongate, flat, more or less ovate, on the broadest part broader than
thorax, but somewhat varying in breadth in the various species, and
often most ovate in the female; the segments have a more or less
pronounced, somewhat arched elevation at each side, most distinct on
third and fourth segments. On the ventral side there is a small
chilinisation at the base, otherwise the basal ventral segments are
weakly chitinised. In the male the abdomen shows four not trans-
formed segments; the genitalia shaped mainly as in Pipizella, the
ninth segment with its appendages not large. In the female abdomen

Pipiza. rT

has five visible segments, three hidden and a small ninth segment
with two small lamelle. Legs as in Pipizella, hind femora generally
more or less thickened or clavate; hind metatarsi likewise more or
less thickened. Wings relatively a little longer than in FPipizella;
medial cross-vein before the middle of the discal cell; the upper
marginal cross-vein starting about rectangularly below, then bent out-
wards parallel with the margin with a round or more angularly curve,
the shape of the curve varying even in the same species, and some-
times the curve is rather weak; the upper angle acute; vena spuria
not strong. Alula well developed, tongue-like. Plumula with slightly
branched hairs. Alar squamule with longish, simple hairs, thoracic
squamule with long, furcate hairs.

The larve of Pipiza are recorded to be aphidiphagous; Schiner
notes that Giraud has found hibernating pup on Quercus aceris, and
from North America the larva of P. femoralis is recorded feeding on
Schizoneura lanigera and Phylloxera vastatriz.

The species of Pipiza are easily known by the yellow spots on
abdomen, and in want of these on the whole shape and the some-
what hanging abdomen. They occur on fields, in fens and woods in .
low herbage, on grass and flowers; most species are specially numer-
ous in spring, but may also be seen later in the year. — The species
are very difficult to distinguish and the present stage of our know-
ledge of the limits of the species is not good.

About 12 species are known from the palearctic region; below
I have endeavoured to recognize 8 from Denmark.

Table of Species.
1. Anterior tarsi all yellow; pubescence of the body all

ERC NAS Mish. i aey te 34)4 (djs ile dhe eli patg ielaleve a x=? 1. luteitarsis.
— Anterior tarsi not quite yellow; pubescence not quite
Ec Lebo 2S ofan oh ota ‘nu sy 8 2 Fins oy ERAS ESE 6 2.

2. Abdomen normally with four yellow spots; epistoma
rather low, antenne inserted a little below the middle

emer 208 or ei weer) A a ee. 2. quadrimaculata.
— Abdomen with two spots or unspotted; epistoma higher,
antenne not below the middle of the head.......... 3.

3. Abdomen normally with spots; epistoma in the male
black-haired (except in signata); wings clear or clouded,
but not with a specially strong blotch............... 4.

— Abdomen normally unspotted; epistoma in the male
white-haired; hind femora rather thickened; wings
strongly blotched; somewhat dullish species .......... rip

4, Kpistoma in the male black-haired; wings clear or
with a brownish cloud, in the latter case the abdominal
spots in the female generally large...........---.-- 5:

78 - Syrphidae.

— Epistoma in the male white-haired; wings a little
clouded; abdominal spots in the female not large.. 6. signata.
Generally larger species with rather large abdominal
spots; wings clouded; tarsi yellow at the base; ab-

or

domen less shining 7..0....0. 00.020 2 Yee 3. noctiluca.
— Smaller species with smaller abdominal spots; wings

unclouded; tarsi rather dark; abdomen more shining... 6.
6. Medium sized species; third antennal joint short, not

ipnper tie TDA 6 os oe sic s i ons = see 4. bimaculata.
— Small species; third antennal joint longer ........ 5. notata.

7. Third antennal joint longer than broad, more or less

brownish; hind femora thickened, but not strongly

clavate; tarsi rather pale; wing-blotch in the female

well defined outwards... ....2.- S=« ges een 7. lugubris.
— Third antennal joint short, not longer than broad,

black; hind femora strongly clavate; wing blotch in

the female not defined outwards ................ 8. austriaca.

By the present state of our knowledge of the species of Pipiza
the above table may of course only be taken as an attempt. I have
felt compelled to make use of the abdominal spots and the wing-
clouds as characters, and I also think that these characters are of
some value when used with caution. — Leaving aside the two first
species which are well characterised, we have still six species. Of
these I consider noctiluca, bimaculata, lugubris and austriaca as well
founded species, while notata is perhaps a form of dimaculata and
signata a form of /uguéris. — The males are most easily distinguished ;
they fall into two groups, distinguished by the colour of the epistomal
pubescence (though aberrant specimens may occur), which is black in
noctiluca, bimaculata and notata; noctiluca has more or less clouded
wings, and somewhat pale tarsi; bimaculata and notata have darker
tarsi and clear wings; bimaculata is smaller than noctiluca, with smaller
abdominal spots, notata is still smaller and likewise with still smaller
spots, and a little longer third antennal joint. The epistomal pubes-
cence is white is signata, lugubris and austriaca; signata is disting-
uished from the two others by the presence of abdominal spots, and
when this is not sufficient, by the less thickened hind femora and
less clouded wings; austriaca is well characterised and distinguished
from lugubris by its short antenne, strongly clavate hind femora and
characteristic wing-blotch. The females are less ‘easily distinguished;
we may here make use of the abdominal spots and the clear or less
clouded wings in the first four species noctiluca, bimaculata, notata
and signata, and in specimens where the spots cannot be used, the
antennz and hind femora may be distinguishing; noctiluca, bimaculata
and notata are divided from each other by the same characters as

[=

Pipiza. 79

in the males; signata has smaller spots than noctiluca and less clouded
wings, also it is generally smaller; it has paler tarsi than the clear-
winged bimaculata and notata; lugubris has generally no abdominal
spots, it has longer antennz and more clouded wings than the four
first, and moreover paler tarsi than bimaculata and notata; finally
austriaca is distinguished by the same characters as in the male.

It will be seen, that the two species which are most difficult to
distinguish are notata and signata, just the two species about which
I am not sure with regard to the specific distinctness.

1. P. luteitarsus Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 828, 2 et 1859. XIII, 6026, 2. — 1860.
Malm, K. V. och V. Samh. Géteborg Handl. VII, 63. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
265. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI. VIII, 165, 1, fig. 186. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 10.

Male. Vertex black, slightly pruinose; frons and epistoma black,
but distinctly greyish or yellowish pruinose; epistoma high, the antenne
placed above the middle of the head, and the epistoma is also broad,
more than one third of the breadth of the head. Vertex and frons
with yellow hairs, but some few anteriorly on vertex and those on
the whole front part of the frons black; epistoma with yellow or
brownish hairs below, black above below the antenne, or all black
or brownish black and in the latter case also the frons almost quite
black-haired. Occiput grey pruinose, with yellowish white hairs, longer
and more yellow at the upper eye-margin and here with some black
hairs; jowls yellow-haired. Antenne short, black, third joint not
longer than broad, roundish, more or less ferruginous beneath, especi-
ally at base; arista scarcely as long as the antenne, thickened in
more than the basal half. Eyes pale brownish-hairy. ‘Thorax and
scutellum black or eneous black, slightly pruinose, shining and very
finely punctate; they are clothed with long, yellow hairs, longest on
scutellum especially at the margin. Pleura with long, greyish white
hairs. Abdomen not broader than thorax, with subparallel sides; it
is dull black, but shining and somewhat eeneous just at the sides and
on the posterior half of the fourth segment including an elevation on
each side, and a similar shining elevation is found on each side of
the third segment; on the second segment there are a pair of yellow
or reddish yellow spots; they are isolated, of transverse shape, broadest
outwards. Abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs, short in the middle
but long at the sides; at the basal corners they are whitish. Venter
appearing chiefly blackish grey, with somewhat long, pale hairs. Legs

80 Syrphidae.

with femora black with yellow apex; anterior tibie yellow with a
broad black ring nearest the apex, largest and most defined on middle
tibiee; hind tibize black with the base somewhat broadly and just the
apex yellow; tarsi yellow, middle metatarsi generally a little brownish
above, and hind tarsi more or less brownish above on all joints or
especially on the basal ones. Claws yellow with the tip black. Hind
femora not thickened; hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. The legs
are clothed with whitish or yellow hairs, long behind the anterior
femora and on the anterior side of the hind femora, and somewhat
long above the hind tibize; tarsi with short, adpressed, yellow pubes-
cence. Wings hyaline or slightly yellowish, sometimes darkened about
the middle; veins brownish black; stigma yellow. Squamule whitish.
Halteres yellowish white, the knob generally darker to brown.

Female. Antenne a little longer than in the male. Frons eneous
black, shining, with the side dust spots large but somewhat ill defined;
the hairs on frons and epistoma yellow, only black above the antenne.
Eyes shorter-haired than in the male. Occiput puffed out and shining
above. Thorax with shorter pubescence than in the male. Abdomen
shining and more punctate, the pubescence shorter; the yellow spots
generally fully as large and paler.

Length 7—9,5 mm, the female smallest, generally not above
7,5 mm, but sometimes reaching the male in length.

This species is easily known from the other Danish species by
the yellow anterior tarsi and the quite pale pubescence; also the shape
of the face in the male is characteristic, as it is broader and higher
than in other species. All my specimens have distinct yellow spots
on abdomen, but according to Malm and Verrall (1. c.) the spots may
be very small and often quite wanting in the male. Malm mentions
a fernale specimen with four spots, as there were also a pair on third
segment. With regard to the question whether the species is identical
with . festiva Meig. as suggested by Schiner an Verrall I can say
nothing.

P. luteitarsis is rather rare in Denmark; besides three old speci-
mens in Steeger’s Collection I possess nine specimens seven of which
[ have taken in a garden in Copenhagen, one in Ermelund, and one
in a garden in Hillergd. The dates are 1°/;—4/6.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Hungaria, towards the north to southern Sweden; should it
prove to be identical with festiva, the range goes much farther towards
the’ south. P. festiva is also, but somewhat doubtfully, recorded from
North America.

Pipiza. 81

2, P, quadrimaculata Panz.

1804. Panz. Fn. germ. LXXXV, 19 (Syrphus). — 41822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 249, 16. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 833, 10. — 1860.
Malm, K. V. och V. Samh. Géteborg Handl. VIJ, 65. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 262. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 163 et 167, fig. 87. — 1907. Kat.
paladarkt. Dipt. Ill, 12. — Pipiza maculata 1859. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XIII,
6028, 10. — Pipiza quadriguttata Macq. 1827. Soc. Sci. Lille, 178, 8. —
1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 119,34. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 833.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black, slightly pruinose, shining
and black-haired. Epistoma a little hollowed and rather low, the
antenne placed a little below the middle of the head. Occiput black,
with black hairs, downwards and on the jowls yellow or brownish.
Antenne quite short, second and third joint brown or brownish black,
the third joint short, not so long as broad, the outer margin sloping

Fig. 27. Antenna of P. quadrimaculata 3, from the inside. >< 80.

downwards so that a lower outer angle is formed, but it is rounded;
arista short, not so long as the antenne, generally a little pale at the
extreme base. Eyes dark-hairy. Thorax black or bluish black, shining,
somewhat densely punctate; it is densely clothed with somewhat long,
erect, black hairs, longest at the margin of scutellum. Pleura biack-
haired. Abdomen somewhat short and ovate, about the middle broader
than thorax; it is black, somewhat shining and rather densely punc-
tate; the second and third segments have each a pair of yellow or
yellowish red, transverse, isolated spots. Abdomen is clothed with
short, black hairs, longer only at the sides of the first two segments;
the genitalia with yellow hairs. Venter chiefly translucent, darkened
towards the end, with pale hairs, only dark just at the apex and
below the genitalia. Legs black, the tip of anterior femora and the
basal part of the tibie yellow, hind knees narrowly yellowish; tarsi
black or blackish brown, sometimes the middle or also the basal joints
6

82 Syrphidae.

more or less pale, especially on the anterior tarsi; hind femora and
metatarsi almost not thickened. Femora and tibize with chiefly blackish
hairs, long on the posterior side of the anterior femora and anteriorly
on the hind femora; tibize short-haired, only a somewhat conspicuous
fringe above the hind tibize; sometimes the hairs on the legs are
paler; tarsi with adpressed, yellowish or brownish pubescence. Wings
more or less yellowish or light brownish tinged, sometimes rather
brown. Stigma brownish. Squamule dirtily whitish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Antenne a little larger than in the male, third joint as
long as broad. Frons eneous black, densely punctate in the middle,
almost or quite without dust spots. Occiput shining above, with yel-
low hairs; vertex black-haired; frons yellow-haired but the hairs above
the antenne black. Epistoma yellow-haired. Eyes shorter and paler
haired than in the male. Thorax zneous black, with short, greyish
yellow pubescence. Abdomen more ovate than in the male, coarsely
punctate, with short pubescence, which is pale, but black at the in-
cisures; the spots generally larger than in the male. Legs short-haired,
hind femora a little clavate, and hind metatarsi slightly thickened.

Length. This species may vary somewhat in length, from 5 to
8 mm, the smallest specimens are, however, less common.

This species is easily known by the short antennz and the rather
short and ovate abdomen; also the low epistoma causing the antennz
to be placed below the middle of the head is very characteristic, as
is also the not straight but somewhat hollowed epistoma; generally
the species is known at once by the four abdominal spots, but these
may sometimes be obscure and indistinct and the second pair may
disappear, or finally the spots may in single cases be quite wanting.
It is especially in the females that the spots show tendency to dis-
appear, and in my rather large material it is only in very few cases
that no trace of spots can be detected.

P. quadrimaculata is by far the most common species of Pipiza
in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose,
Hareskov, Bagsver, Fure So, @rholm, Ruderhegn, Frerslev Hegn, Tyve-
krog, Nyrup Hegn, Roskilde, Nordskoven at Jegerspris, Tisvilde; on
Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Nysted and in Keldskov; on
Funen at Middelfart, and in Jutland at Horsens. My dates are
"7/7, It occurs among low plants in fields and meadows sitting
on various flowers, often on Ranunculus and Composites; the females
are most commonly met with and also present later in the season
than the males.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into the Italy, towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

12/,
ws)

Pipiza. 83

3. P. noctiluca L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 593 (Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Ant.
947, 69 (ristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 244, 6. — 1843.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 826, 1 et 1849. VIII, 3180,1. — 1860. Malm, K. V.
och V. Samh. Géteborg Hand]. VII, 62. — 1862. Schin. F. A. J, 262. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 168, 3, figs. 188—89. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Il], 11. — P. obsoleta Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 616, 2 et 1843. Dipt. Scand.
Il, 828, 3. — P. binotata Zett. 1838. 1. c. 616, 3 et 1843. l.c. II, 829, 4.
— P. hyalipennis Zett. 1838. 1. c. 616, 4 et 1843. 1. c. Il, 831, 7. —
P. biguttula Zett. 1838. 1. c. 616, 5. — P.vana Zett. 1843. 1. c. Il, 835,
12. — P.carbonaria var. b. Zett. 1843. |. c. Il, 836, 13. — P. stigmatica
Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6029, 13—14.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black, the latter slightly pruinose ;
vertex yellow-haired, just in front with some black hairs; frons and
epistoma black-haired. Occiput black, slightly pruinose, the hairs
black above, downwards whitish, jowls chiefly black-haired; the long
hairs at the top yellow. Antenne rather short, black, third joint very
slightly longer than broad, somewhat square but with the end rounded;
arista about as long as the antenne, thickened in the basal half.
Eyes densely dark brownish-hairy, the hairs somewhat long. Thorax
black, shining, somewhat densely punctate; it is densely clothed with
somewhat long hairs which (seen from the side) are yellowish or
greyish white; on the sides and on pleura they are blackish, but
downwards again more greyish; they are longest on scutellum, especi-
ally at the margin. Abdomen black or eneous black, not much
shining as it is coarsely punctate; on the second segment there are
a pair of fairly large, transverse, isolated, yellow or reddish spots,
these may be smaller and more obscure, and sometimes quite wanting.
The abdomen is densely clothed with short, black hairs, longer at the
side margin and here with some pale hairs intermingled; also at the
base there are long, partly pale hairs. Venter chiefly translucent,
shining, with somewhat long hairs, pale on the basal, black on the
apical part. Legs black, the tips of the anterior femora, and the
anterior tibize at the base yellow or reddish; hind knees very slightly
reddish; tarsi dark or blackish brown, the two basal joints more or
less yellowish or brownish red, but on the hind tarsi often obscured,
especially above the first joint; sometimes also the third tarsal joint
is more or less pale. Hind femora somewhat thickened in about the
apical half, and hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. The femora have
long hairs arranged as usual, chiefly blackish on front femora but
pale on posterior femora, only black at the tip; tibiae with short,
blackish hairs, longer and fringe-like above, longest on hind tibie;
the front tibiz have yellow, adpressed pubescence below, and the

6*

84 ~ Syrphidae.

tarsi a similar pubescence on the pale parts, but darker on the dark
parts. Wings hyaline or a little yellowish on the basal half, brownish
on the apical half, this colour disappearing outwards so that a brown
median cloud is formed, defined inwards but not outwards; the cloud
may be more or less pronounced, sometimes very weakly. Stigma
blackish brown. Squamule whitish or brownish white with a darker
margin, the fringe whitish, sometimes brownish. MHalteres likewise
dirty whitish to pale brownish.

Female. Antenne longer than in the male, third joint larger as it is
both longer and broader, but it is likewise slightly longer than broad.
Frons black, a little punctate, with distinct side dust spots; it is pale-
haired but in front of the ocelli and above and at the sides of the
antenne the hairs are black; epistoma and occiput white-haired, the
latter shining above. Eyes with shorter and paler hairs than in the
male. Thorax with short, white pubescence. Pubescence on abdomen
whitish, but black at the incisures, the spots often larger and brighter
than in the male, but also here sometimes obscure and in rare cases
wanting. Legs pale-haired and the hairs only slightly shorter than in
the male. Wings generally with the cloud darker and more defined.

Length. Somewhat varying, 6,5—10 mm.

This species varies a good deal with regard to the abdominal
spots, and also else somewhat, but I think it may be known by the
spots, the cloud on the wings and the black epistomal pubescence in
the male. As seen it varies considerably in size; my largest specimens
are females, I think these answer to the form described as fenestrata
by Verrall (Brit. Fl. VIII, 171) considered by the author himself to be
a variety of noctiluca; two of these large females show a pair of small
linear spots on the third segment; I may also note, that I have not
rarely early in the season taken immature specimens in which almost
no wing-cloud is visible; these specimens often showed translucent
spots. on third segment in both sexes; these spots seem later on to
disappear by pigmenting. — Among the synonyms from Zetterstedt
which I, following the Kat. palaéarkt. Dipt., have placed under this
species, some, f. inst. hyalipennis and stigmatica might perhaps with
more probability belong to bimaculata on account of the clear wings
and dark tarsi. Wahlgren (Entom. Tidskr. 1909, XIII, 15) places
hyalipennis as synonym to notata, which may perhaps be correct.

P. noctiluca is not rare in Denmark; Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby
Mose, Fure Se, Geel Skov, Hillerad, Tyvekrog, Nyrup Hegn, Egebeeks
Vang, Nyraad near Vordingborg; on Lolland at Maribo an Nagelsti;
on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Veflinge and in Jutland in
Norholm Skov at Varde, at Horsens and at Restrup near Aalborg;

Pipiza. 85

finally on Bornholm in Almindingen. My dates are *°/s—"/s. It
occurs in woods and in fields in low herbage; the males seem to be
somewhat rare.

Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern
Scandinavia, and in Finland; if the synonyms usually placed under
this species are correct it goes down into Italy.

4. P. bimaculata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 246,9. — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII,
3182, 6—7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 263. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
163, 172, 5, fig. 190. — 1907. Kat. paliaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 8. — P. geniculata
Meig. 1822. 1]. c. Ill, 245,7. — 1849. Zett. 1. c. VIII, 3180, 1—2 et 1859.
XIII, 6026, 1—2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 262. — P. guttata Meig. 1822.
]. c. Ill, 247, 12. — 1843. Zett. ]. c. Il, 830, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
263. — P. chalybeata Meig. 1822. ]. c. Ill, 252,22. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 264.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black or bluish black, some-
what greyish pruinose, all black-haired or the vertex more or less,
sometimes almost quite dark yellow-haired. Occiput bluish black,
above with black, downwards and on the jowls with yellowish white
hairs; the long hairs behind the vertex yellow. Antenne short, black,
third joint short, roundly square, not longer than broad; arista shorter
than the antenne, thickened in the basal half. Eyes densely and
somewhat long-haired with blackish or brown hairs. Thorax black or
bluish black, somewhat punctate, shining; it is densely clothed with
somewhat long, yellowish or greyish hairs (when seen from the side);
the hairs are longest on scutellum, especially at the margin; at the
sides and on pleura the hairs are blackish, downwards again greyish.
Abdomen black or bluish black, coarsely punctate, shining, especially
towards the end; on second segment there are a pair of somewhat
small, narrow, transverse, yellow spots, broadly separated in the middle;
they may sometimes be wanting (chalybeata Meig.). Abdomen is
clothed with short, black hairs, longer at the margin and on the disc
of second segment; the pubescence may be all black, but sometimes
the long hairs on second segment are more or less pale, and also the
short hairs on the side elevations of third and fourth segments may
be whitish. Venter translucent, darker towards the end, shining, with
long, pale hairs. Legs black, anterior knees rather narrowly yellowish
or reddish, the colour going a little down the base of the tibize; the
hind knees very indistinctly paler; tarsi rather dark, quite blackish or
sometimes the two first joints of the anterior tarsi paler, brown or
dark yellowish. Hind femora somewhat but not much thickened, and

86 Syrphidae.

hind metatarsi a little incrassated. Legs haired in the usual way, on
front femora the hairs generally black, on posterior femora whitish,
but black at the tip; sometimes also paler on front femora; tibiz
mainly dark-haired, with short hairs, only a more conspicuous fringe
above the hind tibie; the tarsi and ventral apical parts of tibie as
usual with short, adpressed, yellow pubescence, on the tarsi it may
be partly darker. Wings clear; stigma yellow to brownish black.
Squamulz white to somewhat smoky. MHalteres whitish to dirty yel-
lowish.

Female. Antenne larger and longer than in the male, the third
joint larger, and perhaps slightly longer than broad. Frons slightly
punctate, side dust spots small and not well defined; frons black-
haired above the antenne and in front of the ocelli, but yellow-haired
in the middle. Epistoma with white or greyish white hairs. Occiput
broad above and shining, all pale-haired. Eyes much shorter-haired
than in the male, the hairs brownish. Thorax with somewhat short,
quite pale pubescence. Abdomen with the spots generally larger than
in the male, rounded inwards but pointed outwards and thus trans-
versely pear-shaped; they seem always to bé present; the abdomen
is clothed with short sometimes quite white hairs, but generally the
hairs at the incisures black. Both thorax and especially abdomen
more coarsely punctate than in the maie. Femora shorter-haired than
in the male, and all pale-haired and likewise tibize; hind femora more
thickened than in the male.

Length 6—8,5 mm, the latter size rarely reached.

This species is I think most nearly related to P. noctiluca, but it
may generally be distinguished by the smaller size and clear wings
which latter character I believe to be of some value; the colour is
often distinctly bluish, and the abdominal spots smaller; abdomen,
though coarsely punctate, is in both sexes more shining; the legs are
absolutely blacker, and finally the antenne in both sexes shorter. —
[ have followed the synonymi given in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt., but I
have my doubts. Thus it seems that geniculata with its white-haired
face and clouded wings is more like signata than bimaculata. Zetter-
stedt had received geniculata from Steger; in Steger’s collection there
are a male and two females; the male I consider as signata, the
females on the other hand as noctiluca. Malm (I. c.) considered Zetter-
stedt’s geniculata as lugubris, but he laid no stress at all on the ab-
dominal spots, a character which I think may be used to some
degree. Whether Verrall’s bimaculata is the present species I dare not
say as he describes the wings as distinctly clouded; otherwise the
description is agreeing; on page 104 he declares that Meigen’s type

Pipiza. 87

has clear wings. — I have examined specimens of the species in
Steeger’s collection which Zetterstedt had seen.

P. bimaculala is not rare in Denmark: vicinity of Copenhagen,
Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Fure Sg, Geel
Skov, Nordskoven at Jeegerspris, Nyraad near Vordingborg and Vemme-
tofte; on Lolland in Keldskov; in Jutland at Horsens. My dates are
15/5_29/;, Tt occurs in low herbage in similar places as the preceding
species.

Geographical distribution: — Europe probably down into Italy;
towards the north to southern Sweden, and according to Bonsdorff, in
Finland (geniculata, guttata).

5. P. notata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beshr. Ill, 246, 10. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Seand. II,
830, 6 et 1849. VIII, 3182, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 263. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 175, 7. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il], 12. — P. calceata
Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 251, 19. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 265.

Female. Frons black or bluish black, a little punctate; the side
dust spots not small, but somewhat ill defined; frons chiefly yellow-
haired, but above the antenne and just in front of the ocelli are
black hairs. Epistoma pale-haired and likewise occiput. Antenne
not long, third joint brown, a little longer than broad; arista shorter
than the antenne, brown. Thorax and abdomen black or bluish
black, coarsely punctate but shining; they are clothed with short,
white hairs, on abdomen the second and third incisures black-haired.
The second abdominal segment has two rather small, somewhat
distinct, reddish yellow spots; they are roundish but with a somewhat
pointed lower outer corner. Venter chiefly translucent, but black to-
wards the end, with a yellow hind margin to the third segment; it
has somewhat long, mainly pale hairs. Legs black with the anterior
knees ferruginous; tarsi blackish, or somewhat brownish on the basal
joints. Hind femora and metatarsi only slightly incrassated. The
legs whitish-haired. Wings yellowish or slightly light brownish tinged.
Stigma yellow. Squamule whitish. Halteres yellow.

' Length 5—5,s mm.

I do not know the male of this species, which was also unknown
to Meigen; Zetterstedt describes it (I. c. VIII) with the epistoma and
body with dark pubescence; he had received specimens from Steger,
first (I. c. Il) under the name bimaculata, later (1. c. VIII) as notata;
he had got both sexes from Steger, but at present no male is found
in Steeger’s collection, but only two females (a third female is present
but perhaps not belonging to this species). The species seems to me

88 Syrphidae.

most nearly allied to bimaculata, and { am not sure whether it is not
a variety of this species. It seems to differ by smaller size, brown
antenne with the third joint a little longer, smaller, more roundish
abdominal spots and a little more yellowish wings. Verrall thinks it
possibly is a variety of noctiluca, but I think it more allied to bimaculata.
— I find my specimens quite agreeing with the description given by
Meigen.

P.notata seems to be rare in Denmark, we have only a couple
of specimens from earlier time probably taken in the vicinity of
Copenhagen, but as remarked some specimens were sent to Zetterstedt.

Geographical distribution: — Zetterstedt records it from the southern
Sweden, and Bonsdorff from Finland; towards the south it is recorded
to France but, of course, the latter records are doubtful.

6. P. signata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 246,8. — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII,
3181, 1—2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 262. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII,
164, 174, 6. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 13.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black’ or bluish black, with
distinct, greyish pruinosity; the frons has blackish or brownish hairs,
vertex and epistoma yellowish white hairs. Occiput black, greyish
pruinose, all whitish-haired and the jowls likewise; among the long
hairs at the upper eye-margin some blackish are intermingled. Antenne
not specially short, black, third joint more or less blackish brown or
brown, roundish square, slightly longer than broad; arista blackish
brown, not so long as the antenne, thickened in more than the basal
half. Eyes densely clothed with somewhat long, brownish hairs. Thorax
black, shining, densely punctate; it and pleura densely clothed with
somewhat long, yellowish pubescence, longest on scutellum, only just
at the margin and above on pleura some dark hairs. Abdomen black,
shining, somewhat coarsely punctate; on second segment a pair of
narrow, somewhat linear, reddish yellow spots; they are placed a
little obliquely with the outer end nearest the hind margin. Abdomen
clothed with short, yellowish hairs, broadly black at the incisures; at
the base the hairs are longer. Venter translucent, with long, pale
hairs. Genitalia with brown hairs. Legs black, anterior knees distinctly
yellow, hind knees only slightly; tarsi blackish or brownish black,
with the two basal joints paler. Hind femora somewhat, hind meta-
tarsi very slightly, almost not, thickened. Legs haired as usual, the
hairs mainly yellowish, but dark behind front femora and at the tip
of posterior femora; hind tibize with a conspicuous dark fringe above.
Wings hyaline or slightly yellowish tinged; stigma yellow or brown,

- Pipiza. : 89

below it a weak brownish cloud. Squamule yellowish. Halteres
whitish.

Female. Frons bluish black, side dust spots not small but not
well defined; pubescence whitish on the middle, black above the
antenne and in front of the ocelli. Antenne longer than in the male,
third joint larger, longer than broad. Thorax and abdomen more
coarsely punctate than in the male, the pubescence on the latter
short, yellowish, black on the incisures. Abdominal spots less linear
than in the male, much resembling those in bimaculata. Legs quite
pale-haired.

Length 5,s—7,5 mm.

This species is in the male known from the preceding by the
white-haired epistoma; moreover my four males have the abdomen
much more white-haired (and this agrees with the notes about Meigens
type given by Verrall |. c.); the occiput and eyes are paler-haired
than in bimaculata, and the tarsi paler. The female is very like
noctiluca, but is generally smaller, with smaller abdominal spots and
less clouded wings; from the female of bimaculata it should be known
by the paler tarsi and clouded wings; finally in both sexes the antennee
are longer I think than in both bimaculata and noctiluca. The female
of notata is smaller with smaller abdominal spots and unclouded
wings. Zetterstedt, who described the species from Danish specimens
had only received the female from Steger, but in Steger’s collection
there were also males. My description is made after Steeger’s specimens.

P. signata, if a distinct species, (see under /ugubris) seems to be
rare in Denmark, we have only seven specimens probably taken in
the vicinity of Copenhagen, and one specimen from Horsens; the only
date noted is 4/7.

Geographical distribution: — The species seems unknown north
of Denmark, but is recorded down into Styria.

Lard

¢. P. lugubris F.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 770,36 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 246,
64 (Eristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 250, 18. — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. Il, 834, 11 et 1849. VIII, 3183, 11. — 1885. Kow. Wien.
ent. Zeitg. IV, 243. — ?1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 164, 176, 8. — 1907.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. 10. — P. funebris Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 250,
17. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 264. — ? P. austriaca 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 264.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black or bluish black, distinctly
grey pruinose; frons with black or brownish black, vertex with yel-
low hairs, generally a few just at the apex of the triangle dark;
epistoma with white or yellowish hairs. Occiput bluish black, greyish

90 Syrphidae.

pruinose, the hairs yellow above, downwards and on the jowls white;
at the upper eye-margin of few dark hairs. Antenne not specially
short, third joint distinctly longer than broad; arista shorter than the
antennee, thickened in about the basal two thirds; the antenne are
black but second and third joints generally brown or blackish brown;
arista brown, palest at the base. Eyes densely brown- or pale brown-
hairy. Thorax black, rather densely punctate, shining; it is densely
clothed with long, greyish yellow hairs, longest on scutellum; pleura

Fig. 28. Antenna of P. lugubris 3, from thé inside. >< 80.

with black hairs above, pale below. Abdomen black, coarsely punc-
tate but however somewhat shining, less at the base; it is clothed
with short, yellow or greyish yellow hairs, but at the incisures the
hairs are black, and the black pubescence may be extended so that
the pale hairs only form a band on each side of third and fourth
segments; at the base the hairs are somewhat long. Venter trans-
lucent, blackish at the end, with long hairs which are pale on the
basal part but black on the last segment. Genitalia with dark hairs.
Legs black, knees distinctly yellow or reddish yellow this colour in-
cluding the basal part of tibiz; tarsi yellowish with the two last
joints brown or blackish, also hind metatarsi more or less darkened.
Hind femora rather distinctly thickened, hind metatarsi not much
thickened. Legs haired in the usual way with pale hairs, behind
the front femora and at the tip of the posterior femora the hairs are
dark; also the hind tibize mainly dark-haired and with a conspicuous
fringe above; sometimes the legs almost quite pale-haired. Wings
hyaline or slightly yellowish. Stigma brown, below it a well defined
brown blotch. Squamule more or less dirty whitish, the margin
generally darkened. Halteres yellow.

Female. Antenne larger and longer than in the male, third joint
rather large, and likewise longer than broad. Frons finely punctate,
the side dust spots rather large; it is white-haired with darker hairs

ek) le me

Pipiza. ot.

in front of the ocelli but almost none above the antenne. Thorax
and abdomen more coarsely punctate than in the male, abdomen al-
most not shining. Thorax with short, whitish hairs, also pale on the
pleura. Abdomen haired as in the male, but the black-haired parts
smaller. Wings with the blotch still stronger and quite defined out-
wards.

Length 7,5—8,5 mm.

The determination of this species is certain as I have compared
it with the type of Fabricius which we have in the collection of

Fig. 29. Wing of P. lugubris ¢.

Ténder-Lund and Sehestedt. — The species has almost always an
unspotted abdomen, but I have seen a male and a female with a
pair of not small, but very dark and undefined and thus slightly
visible spots. The species is in most cases easily distinguished from
the preceding ones by the want of abdominal spots, and with excep-
tion of signata by the white-haired epistoma in the male; I have,
however, seen a couple of specimens with almost or quite dark-haired
epistoma. It may otherwise be known by the relatively long third joint
of the antenne and the strong, distinctly defined blotch on the wings,
which is stronger and more defined than in any of the preceding species.
It will be most difficult to distinguish from signata, but also here the
wings, the antenne and the thicker hind femora may be used, and
perhaps also the more white-haired frons of the female. Malm (K. V.

och V. Samh. Goteborg Handl. VII, 1860, 65) considered geniculata

as a variety of /ugubris not regarding the abdominal spots being of
any value, and Wahlgren (Entom. Tidskr. XIII, 1909, 16) places geni-
culata as a synonym to lugubris. Under bimaculata I have remarked
that geniculata seems to me a probable synonym to signata rather
than to bimaculata; I am at present not quite certain with regard to the
specific distinctness of signata against /ugubris; should they in future
prove to be identical the synonym geniculata would then come to
lugubris as is the opinion of Malm and Wahlgreen.

992 Syrphidae.

P. lugubris is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Hillerod; on Funen, and in Jutland at Horsens and Laven
near Silkeborg. My dates are */;—11/s. [It occurs on low plants on
meadows and in woods. In contradistinction to what is the case with
noctiluca the males seem here to be the most common.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, towards the
north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

8. P. austriaca Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 252, 23. — 1840. Loew, Programm
Posen, 29, 7. — 1885. Kow. Wien. ent. Zeitg. 1V, 242. — ? P. lugubris
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 263.

Maile. Vertex, frons and epistoma bluish black, the two latter
somewhat greyish pruinose; vertex pale-haired with some few darker
hairs at the apex; frons black-haired with a few pale hairs intermingled,
epistoma white-haired. Occiput black, greyish pruinose, white-haired,
at the upper eye-margin a row of distinct, black hairs. Antenne
short, black, the third joint not at all longer than broad; arista about
as long as the antenne, thickened in more than the basal half. Eyes

7

MMA

Fig. 30. Hind femur of P. austriaca 3. >< 20.

densely dark brown-hairy. Thorax black, densely but not coarsely

punctate, shining; it is densely clothed with medium long, white hairs, —

long on scutellum, especially at the margin. Pleura mainly white-
haired, only just in front of the wing-root some darker hairs. Ab-
domen black, coarsely and densely punctate, almost not shining; it is
clothed with short, black hairs, in the middle of the third and fourth
segments there is a transverse band of white hairs, interrupted in the
middle; the white hairs are a little longer than the black; also on
the second segment there is a less defined band of longer, white
hairs; at the sides the hairs are likewise somewhat long and almost

Pipiza. o>

all whitish. Genitalia black-haired. Venter translucent at the base,
black towards the end, with long hairs, pale at base, black at the
end. Legs black, knees only indistinctly reddish, tarsi black, the two
basal joints paler to brownish or in the highest dark yellowish. Hind
femora strongly clavate, the greatest thickness lying quite near the
end and from here sloping abruptly below to the apex; hind tibice
rather stout and on account of the shape of the femora more curved
at the base than usual; hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. Legs
haired as usual, the hairs all white, only dark just at the apex of
front and hind femora. Wings clear on the basal part, stigma brown,
below it a strong, brown blotch dying evenly away outwards so that
the apical part of the wing is slightly brownish. Squamule whitish,
the margin a little darker. Halteres yellowish.

Female. Antennz with the third joint larger than in the male
but likewise not at all longer than broad. Frons somewhat punctate,
side dust spots large, especially long, almost connected along the eye-
margin with the pruinosity on epistoma. Frons black-haired in front
of the ocelli and above the antenne, pale haired in the middle. Eyes
shorter and much paler haired than in the male. Thorax and abdomen
haired as in the male, the hairs on thorax short.

Length 8 to fully 9 mm.

This is a somewhat strong and stout species, and certainly a good
species. It is distinguished from /ugubris by the shorter antenne with
the third joint not longer than broad, and by the more strongly
clavate hind femora; the abdomen is more conspicuously white-haired,
and the white hairs form more conspicuous bands. The wing blotch
seems still stronger and larger, and it is not in the female sharply
defined outwards as in lugubris. — I have named the species austriaca
Meig. for the following reasons: As declared the foregoing species is
lugubris F. determined after the type. If we now suppose that
Meigen had seen Fahricius’s type (which is probable according to the
introduction to his work) and determined his species correctly, and if
funedbris is only a synonym to lugubris, then I find no other descrip-
tion which answers to the present species, than that of austriaca, In
reality the description of funebris and lugubris with ‘Hinterschenkel
stark verdickt” would seem to answer better to the present species
than that of austriaca with ‘“Hinterschenkel etwas verdickt.” but
according to the above this interpretation is not well possible.
There are thus here two distinct species, and I think that Kowarz’s
suggestion (I. c.) that Schiner’s austriaca is identical with lugubris F.
and vice versa is somewhat probable, and for the same reason I do
not think that awstriaca is synonym to festiva as given with a querry

94 | Syrphidae.

in Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. (after Verrall). To which of the two species
Verrall’s lugubris may belong I cannot say.

P. austriaca seems to be rare in Denmark, we have four speci-
mens, two males and two females; they are taken in Ordrup (Steger)
and in Jutland at Horsens (O. G. Jensen); the only date is °/s.

Geographical distribution:— The species (or one under this name)
is recorded down into Italy; as Zetterstedt did not seem to know it,
it does not seem to occur north of Denmark.

7. Chrysogaster Meig.

Species of medium size and of black or more or less metallic
colour. Head somewhat semiglobular, as broad as or a little broader
than thorax, and somewhat hollowed behind. Eyes in the male
touching for a shorter or longer distance, or in some species (Sub-
genus Liogaster) separated; in the female broadly separated. Frons
in the male more or less arched, sometimes (Subgenus Chrysogaster)
considerably arched and puffed out; in the female the frons is charac-
teristic, it has in the middle a more or less j{marked, longitudinal,
depressed line or space, or this space is bounded at each side by an
impressed line; on each side of the middle space there is a various
number of more or less pronounced cross-furrows. Eyes bare; the
facets are of equal size (Liogaster) or the upper facets are somewhat
enlarged in the male; sometimes (Chrysogaster) they are enlarged
in the upper half and the division between the large and small facets
is then rather distinct. Antenne inserted about in the middle or a
little above or below this; they are short or somewhat elongated, as
the third joint is either short, roundish or more quadrate, sometimes
rather large, or it is more or less elongated, sometimes linear; the
two -basal joints short, especially the first. Arista inserted dorsally
at the base of the third joint, with very small basal joints, only seen
under the microscope. The basal antennal joints have bristly hairs, often
long below second joint; the third joint and the arista microscopically
haired. Epistoma is somewhat various: in the male it is either straight,
without central knob, only a little arched, or it is hollowed beneath
the antenne with a smaller or larger, more or less projecting central
knob, in Liogaster hollowed without knob as in the female; the mouth-
edge is more or less projecting, sometimes slightly or almost not; in
the female there is no central knob, but the epistoma is more hol-
lowed, and with the mouth-edge more projecting; the epistoma is
black or metallic, very slightly haired, or nearly bare. The jowls

OO ae

Chrysogaster. 95

descend only slightly below the eyes; they are separated from epistoma
by an impressed line which generally ends with a small groove or
pit; sometimes the line goes a little higher up, separating a narrow
eye-margin from epistoma, but this eye-margin, which in Chilosia is
so characteristic, is here rather inconspicuous and short. The oral
cone well developed with the clypeus lying on the front side; this
latter somewhat horse-shoe-shaped, consisting of an upper piece sending
a thin prolongation downwards on each side. Proboscis shorter or
longer; labrum (solstitialis) strong and strongly semitubular, the apical
processes somewhat long, of about equal length, the median and upper
lateral fine, thin and with some spines, the lower lateral broad; along
the lateral margin of labrum are the usual rows of small warts;
maxille somewhat short, knife-shaped, with a very long, thin palpus,
double as long as the lacinia, it is thickened at the end and thus
club-shaped, and its apical part is more or less recurved; it bears
some bristles and is beset with microscopical hairs, and the lacinia
with very dense microscopical hairs in longitudinal rows. Hypopharynx
lancet-like, pointed, about as long as labrum. Labiuin with the basal
part well chitinised, the labella broad. Thorax rectangular or almost
square; scutellum black or swneous, generally more or less marginate;
thorax and scutellum without bristles, and scutellum without a fringe of
marginal hairs below. Metapleura densely haired with shortish hairs.
Abdomen elongate, flat, in the female generally rather ovate, broader
than in the male and sometimes rather broad; the ventral segments
well chitinised. In the male there are four not transformed segments,
the first short. Genitalia as usual turned to the right, ninth segment
not large, partly hidden under the fourth ventral segment. In the
female there are five visible segments, the fifth somewhat small, the
rest are hidden, the last terminates with two lamelle. Legs of medium
length; tibiae more or less furrowed towards the dorsal side; hind
metatarsus a little thickened. The legs not very hairy, the hairs
longest on posterior side of the anterior femora; hind femora gener-
ally setulose beneath (except in Liogaster); a dense depressed pubes-
cence present as usual on the antero-ventral side of the front tibiee
and base of tarsi and on the postero-ventral side of hind tibize and
tarsal base; middle metatarsi a little setulose beneath. Claws and
pulvilli well developed. Empodium very small, bristle-shaped. Wings
with the medial cross-vein more or less before the middle of the
discall cell; upper marginal cross-vein more or less parallel with the
wing-margin or (in Orthoneura) more or less recurrent. Vena spuria
very weak, sometimes only just to be traced. Alula well developed.
Alar squamula with short, simple or a little flattened hairs, thoracal

96 Syrphidae.

squamula with long, fine, branched hairs. Plumula well developed,
densely hairy with simple or very slightly branched hairs.

With regard to the developmental stages Réaumur describes and
figures a larva (Mém. IV, 1738, 477, Pl. XXXI, figs. 13—16) found in
water in a hole in a tree; it was somewhat like an Eristalis-larva
and had a short tail; the pupa had four short horns; according to
the imago figured it seems to have been some Chrysogaster s. 1.
Brauer mentions (Denkschr. d. Kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. XLVII, 1885,
69) that Marno found a larva similar to an EHristalis-larva (O. nobilis)
at the border of a fen among decaying leaves. Beling mentions
(Verh. zoo]. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1888, 3) that he has bred
L. metallina (metallica) and C. viduata from larve found in the mud
in a ditch, and he describes the larva of viduata; it is 6 mm long,
2mm in diameter, flat below, arched above, of a dirty yellowish
colour. The single segments divided in corrugations by fine furrows;
the number of segments is given as twelve. The dorsal side with
fine hairs in transverse rows; towards the tapering posterior end
longer haired; the posterior end has at each side some strong, pointed,
long-haired warts, and it terminates into a short; attenuating, brownish
yellow tail-shaped part with the spiracles. Above the mouth opening
two approximated two-jointed organs. The larve were found on *°/4
and the imagines of the two species developed on ??/s—?*/s. I possess
a male and a female of C. Macquarti together with their puparia,
bred by Mr. Esben Petersen. The pup were found in flood refuse
on 1/5 and developed soon after. The puparium answers well to
the description of the larva of C. vidwata given by Beling. It is dirty
yellowish, about 6 mm long (the tail excluded); above it has fine,
somewhat thread-like spines in transverse rows, increasing in length
behind; they are specially long at each side of the somewhat atten-
uating posterior end; the end itself terminates into an about 1mm
long, thin, tail-shaped spiracular process, and this again ends with a
thin brown, pointed styliform part which in the larva evidently has
been telescopically retractile. The anterior spiracular tubes are charac-
teristic; they are long, about 2mm, thin, cylindric and somewhat
ring-like corrugated in the outer half; they are approximated at the
base, each protruding through a brown disc, and the two dises
touching each other in the middle; the tubes point upwards and for-
wards and are diverging. There are no larval spiracles visible.

The species of Chrysogaster s.1. occur in humid places, in fens,
on humid meadows and at borders of water; they generally sit on
flowers, often on Ranunculus and Umbelliferee; they are not very
lively and may easily be caught.

ee ee eee ee ee

i oe ee

rer Gs

Nee ee

Chrysogaster. 97
\
Of the genus about 33 species are found in the palearctic region,
of these one is described here as new; 12 species occur in Denmark.

Table of Subgenera.

1. Antenne short, third joint rather large; eyes widely

separated in both sexes; abdomen all shining....... Il. Liogaster.
—— Antenne short or elongated but third joint not speci-

ally large; eyes touching in the male; abdomen generally

muleon the disc (not in C. viduaia 9)..-...........-. 2.
2. Antenne with the third joint elongated (only short in

brevicornis); upper marginal cross-vein more or less

a fs Phage hee ae ei oe 1. Orthoneura.
— Antenne short, third joint small; upper marginal cross-
0 TS ear nt ue Ill. Chrysogaster.

I. Orthoneura Macq.

Eyes touching in the male for a short or longer distance, the
facets quite above a little enlarged, but there is no dividing line.
Frons in the male almost flat or slightly arched. Epistoma without
central knob (or in foreign species with a small one, twmescens Loew).
Antenne generally with the third joint elongated, but sometimes
shorter or quite short (f. inst. brevicornis). Abdomen dull on the disc.
Hind femora setulose beneath except in the females of geniculata and
brevicornis. Wings with the upper marginal cross-vein more or less
recurrent.

There are about 13 paleearctic species, one of which is described
here as new; 5 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

Sueemcnmore Or less’ yellow ... 2.2... 2.2526. 0c202- ce sere 2.
INI siete Say A See wie ves oe Bee ase SSS ey ae 4.
2. Eyes with a dark cross-band; third antennal joint linear,

about four times longer than broad ................. 1. elegans.
— Eyes without cross-band; third antennal joint less linear,

about three times longer than broad.................--. a»

3. Base of stigma dark, middle cross-vein thick and a little

infuscated; epistoma much broader than the diameter of

the eye; eye-suture in the male short, shorter than the

EE OSE CEES AOSD ae oe ee 2. geniculata.
— Base of stigma not dark, middle cross-vein not infuscated;

epistoma about as broad as the diameter of the eye; eye-

suture longer, about as long as the frons ............ 3. intermedia.
4, Third antennal joint short, roundish quadrate; upper mar-
ginal cross-vein slightly recurrent .................-- 4, brevicornis.

— Third antennal joint elongated, about twice as long as
broad; upper marginal cross-vein more recurrent ...... 5. nobilis.

98 Syrphidae.

1. O. elegans Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 272, 14, Tab. XXX, Fig. 9. — 1843. Loew,
Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 275, Tab. Ill, Fig. 22—24. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
II, 824, 8 et 1859. XIII, 6024,8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 272. — 1907.

Kat. paleearkt. Dipt. Ul, 15.

Male. Head somewhat short, about as high as broad; vertex at
the base nearly as broad as long, eye-suture about as long as vertex
or nearly so. Vertex, frons and epistoma metallic green, shining; frons

Heads of O. elegans.
Fig. 31. Male. Fig. 32. Female.

with a more or less small dot-like impression, or this almost wanting.
Kpistoma broad, a little widening downwards, broader than the dia-
meter of the eye; it is somewhat arched, on the middle almost keel-
shaped, above the somewhat protruding mouth-edge is a transverse

Fig. 33. Antenna of O. elegans 3, from the inside. >< 80.

impression which is polished, while the part above is finely striated ;
just below the antennz there is on each side at the eye-margin a ‘
roundish or triangular, somewhat silvery dust spot. Vertex with pale —
brownish hairs, frons and epistoma with few and inconspicuous pale

hairs. Occiput greenish or bluish black, a little pruinose, with very 2
short dark hairs. Antenne elongated, third joint linear, a little attenuated ;
outwards, about four times as long as broad; arista longer than the
i
¢

Chrysogaster. 99

third joint; the antenne are brown, paler beneath, second joint with
only inconspicuous dark bristles beneath. Eyes with a distinct dark
transverse band across the middle. Thorax brass-coloured or more
greenish, coarsely and somewhat rugosely punctate and hence dull;
it has four brown or purplish, quite dull stripes, two in the middle,
abbreviated behind, and one on each side, interrupted at the furrow;
the middle stripes darkest. The disc is clothed with very short, yel-
lowish hairs. Scutellum marginate and with one or a couple of more
or less distinct transverse furrows. Pleura less punctate, shining, with
a little longer, sparse, pale hairs. Abdomen brownish black, dull, the
sides and the apical part brassy or greenish and shining, also the first
segment less dull; abdomen is clothed with exceedingly short, dark
hairs, paler at the sides and a little longer and pale at the apex; they
are also longer and likewise pale at the basal corners. Venter greenish
metallic, shining, with short pale hairs. Legs metallic greenish, knees
yellowish, this colour stretching down the basal part of tibiz; tarsi
with the two first joints more or less yellowish, the rest black; hind
metatarsi slightly thickened. The legs with short and inconspicuous

Fig. 34. Wing of O. elegans 3.

mainly pale or brownish hairs, hind femora black setulose beneath.
Wings very slightly tinged; stigma yellow; upper marginal cross-vein
somewhat recurrent, slightly sinuous. Squamule dirtily whitish with
a brownish margin and a yellowish fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons and epistoma not very broad, but in the height
of the antenne considerably broader than the diameter of the eye;
frons with a slightly marked middle channel or stripe, and in front
of it a small dot-like impression; to each side there are some oblique
cross-furrows; the frons is bluish above. Eyes with a dark band as
in the male, but it is placed a little higher, above the middle. Fourth
abdominal segment with a very small, almost imperceptible wart in
the middle of the hind margin. Anterior tarsi with the basal joints
darker than in the male or brownish.

Length 5 to about 6 mm.

100 Syrphidae.

O. elegans is rare in Denmark, I know only six specimens, four
males and two females; the males are taken in Jutland: at Horsens
(O. G. Jensen), Laven near Silkeborg, Frijsenborg (H. J. Hansen) and
at Fussings# near Randers (Tryde); of the females one is taken in
Norholm Skov at Varde (Kryger) the other is found in Westermann’s
collection, labelled Sealand. The dates are from June to August.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. It is upon the whole
a not common species.

2. O. geniculata Meig.
1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 352, 16. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I],

824, 9 et 1859, XIII, 6025, 9 p. p. — 1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV,
273, 280, Tab. Ill, Fig. 25—27. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 273. — 1907.
Kat. palearkt. Dipt. Il, 16. — Chrysogaster fuscipennis Zett. 1838. Ins.

Lapp. 615, 3. — Orthoneura elegans 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 187, figs.
197—198.

Male. This species is very much like elegans. Head broader
than high; vertex equilateral. Frons rather’ flat, distinctly punctate.
Epistoma much broader than the diameter of the eye, widening down-
wards; it is a little more protruding above the transverse depression

Heads of O. geniculata.
Fig. 35. Male. Fig. 36. Female.

below than in elegans, and also the mouth edge is more protruding.
The silvery side dust spots larger, triangular. Frons with more con-
spicuous, white hairs. Antenne brown or dark brown, shorter than
in elegans, third joint about three times as long as broad; arista not
much longer than the third joint; second joint with small, pale bristles
beneath. Eyes without band. Thorax a little more conspicuously
pale-haired, the stripes much less distinct. Legs with also tip of the
tibiz a little yellowish. Wings somewhat tinged, with the upper
marginal cross-vein almost straight and perpendicular; middle cross-

Chrysogaster. 101

vein rather thick and a little seamed. Stigma yellow but with just
the base darkened or blackish.
Female. Frons and epistoma very broad, in the height of the

Fig. 37. Antenna of O. geniculata 3, from the inside. >< 80.

antenne about twice as broad as the diameter of the eye; frons
otherwise chiefly as in elegans, but more punctate, the middle channel
less distinct. Antenne a little larger than in the male. Thorax more

Fig. 38. Wing of O. geniculata oC.

conspicuously haired than in elegans. Fourth abdominal segment with
a distinct wart in the middle of the hind margin, the fifth with an
impression on each side at the hind margin. Hind femora not black

Fig. 39. Wing of O. geniculata 9.

setulose. Wings less tinged than in the male or almost not tinged;
upper marginal cross-vein distinctly recurrent and the lower a little
angular with the angle inwards.

102 _ Syrphidae.

Length about 5,5 mm.

O. geniculata is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both
females, have been taken in Lyngby Mose on */s 1909 and */« 1915
(the author); the latter specimen is remarkable as it has the upper
marginal cross-vein perpendicular and the lower not angular, the vena-
tion thus being quite as in the male.

Geographical distribution: The species is recorded from all
Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and
in Finland; it must, however, be remembered, that it has perhaps been
confounded with the following species.

3. O. intermedia n. sp.

Orthoneura geniculata Loew, 1857. Wien. ent. Monatschr. I, 8. —
Chrysogaster geniculatus Zett. 1859. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6025, 9, p. p. (speci-
mina stigmate pallescente, absque puncto basali fusco et nervo transverso
ordinario parum infuscato).

Male. This species again highly resembles the two preceding:
Head a little longer, about as high as broad; the eye-suture longer,
longer than vertex which is longer than broad. Frons somewhat
arched, with a transverse depression above the antenne and a small,

Heads of O. intermedia.
Fig. 40. Male. Fig. 41. Female.

dot-like impression above it; it is more finely punctate than in geni-
culata. Epistoma much narrower than in the two preceding species, —
about as broad as the diameter of the eye, with almost parallel
borders; the side dust spots small, roundish. Vertex with somewhat
short, yellowish hairs, frons with pale, above rather long hairs; epistoma
with short but distinct, pale hairs. Occiput greenish, with dark hairs
above, pale below. Antenne about as in geniculata, but a little ©
larger, third joint about three times longer than broad; arista almost
as long as the antenne; the antenne are dark or blackish brown,

Chrysogaster. 103

paler beneath; second joint with pale bristles of some length beneath.
Eyes without band. Thorax about as in elegans, the dull stripes
somewhat distinct; it is very short-haired, but however a little more
conspicuously haired. Scutellum deeply marginate, with a couple of

Fig. 42. Antenna of O. intermedia 3, from the inside. >< 80.

generally very indistinct transverse furrows. Abdomen dull black on
the disc, brightly shining, greenish or brassy at the sides and apex,
haired as in elegans, Legs as in geniculata with also the extreme tip
of the tibize yellow. Wings hyaline; stigma light yellow; upper mar-
ginal cross-vein somewhat recurrent. Squamule dirtily whitish with
a darker margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Fig. 43. Wing of O. intermedia 3.

Female. Frons and epistoma somewhat narrow, narrower than
in the two preceding species, in the height of the antennz about as
broad as the diameter of the eye; otherwise the frons about as in
the two preceding species, the middle space more or less impressed
or even elevated, the cross-furrows not deep. Antenne as in the
male. Abdomen with a small but distinct wart in the middle of the
hind margin of the fourth segment. Legs as in the male, hind femora
likewise setulose beneath. Wings as in the male, upper marginal
cross-vein recurrent in the same way.

Length 5,5—6 mm.

104 Syrphidae.

Q. intermedia is like the two preceding species rare in Denmark,
we have in all eleven specimens; Lyngby Mose (Schlick, the author),
Hillerod (Godskesen), and a specimen in Westermann’s collection la-
belled Sealand; on Funen at Faaborg (Schlick), and one specimen
from earlier time, probably from Horsens in Jutland. The dates are
from June and to the first part of August.

Geographical distribution: — Besides from Denmark the species
is hitherto known also from Posen and Sweden, and according to
specimens sent to me from Mr. Th. Becker also from Silecia and Ural.

Remarks: The three species elegans, geniculata and intermedia are
very similar, but however very distinct; elegans is distinguished from
the other two by the banded eyes and the long antenne, and geni-
culata is distinguished from intermedia by the shorter eye-suture in
the male, by the stigma dark at the base, the thick and infuscated
middle cross-vein and the shape of the upper marginal cross-vein.
Besides there are characters in the frons, the breadth of epistoma,
the side dust spots, the relative length of the arista and still more.
A very curious character is that the female of geniculata has not, as
the male, the hind femora black setulose beneath, while this is distinctly
the case with the females of the two other species. — It is curious
that the banded eyes of elegans have not been mentioned since Meigen
and Zetterstedt, (though it is mentioned by Girschner in his work
“Einiges iiber die Farbung der Dipterenaugen,” Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
XXXI, 1887, 161) even not by Loew, but yet I think, that it is elegans
he describes in Stett. Ent. Zeitg. 1. c. (otherwise it would be a new
species which might be indicated by the strongly sinuous upper mar-
ginal cross-vein in the figure). For the rest the descriptions allow
well to decide the species the authors have had before them; thus it
is evident, that Verrall describes geniculata as elegans both from his
description of antenne, wings and the colour of the legs, as well as
from the figures of the wings; likewise it is evidently my new species
intermedia which Loew and Zetterstedt mention in the places cited
above, but those authors seem to have seen only the male.

4. O.brevicornis Loew.

1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 269, Tab. III, Fig. 19—21 et 1857.
Wien. ent. Monatschr. I, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 272. — 1901. Verr.
Brit. F). VU, 188, 2, figs. 199—200. — 1907. Kat palaarkt. Dipt. III, 15.

' Male. Head a little broader than high. Vertex, frons and epistoma
black or bluish black; frons with a dot-like, somewhat longitudinal
impression; epistoma broad, widening downwards, with a greyish

Chrysogaster. 105

pruinose transverse band below the antenne; for the rest dullish, but
polished in the middle above the rather protruding mouth edge, which
projects more than the antennal projection. Vertex with long, yellowish
hairs, dark in front; frons with short, pale hairs and epistoma incon-
spicuously haired. Occiput black, grey pruinose along the margin,
with short, pale hairs, longer on the jowls. Antenne short, third joint
roundish quadrate; second joint with long, whitish bristles below; the
antenne are black or brownish black. Thorax eneous green, some-
what dull as it is very densely punctate, it has very faint or almost
no stripes and is clothed with short, somewhat depressed, yellowish
hairs; scutellum is more bluish black, with dark hairs; it is marginate
and with a slight transverse depression on the middle. Pleura less
punctate, shining, with slightly longer hairs. Abdomen dull black on
the disc, zneous and shining at the sides and apex; it is clothed with
short hairs, chiefly dark on the disc, pale at the sides and longer at
the basal corners. Venter greenish, shining, with pale hairs, Genitalia
somewhat large. Legs black, femora a little eneous; hind metatarsus
a little thickened; the legs are inconspicuously pale-haired, hind femora

Fig. 44. Antenna of O. brevicornis 9, from the inside. >< 80.

black setulose beneath. Wings slightly tinged; stigma brownish and
below it a somewhat indistinct brownish cloud; upper marginal cross-
vein about perpendicular but. curved out in the middle. Squamule
yellowish white with a yellow fringe. Plumula darker than in the
other species. Halteres whitish yellow.

Female. Frons very broad, with a depressed middle stripe and
in front of it a dot-like impression; on each side a number of cross-

106 | Syrphidae.

furrows. Frons and epistoma a little more conspicuously haired than
in the male. Antenne with the third joint somewhat larger, generally
pale at the base below. Thorax a little more conspicuously hairy
than in the male, the stripes more conspicuous. Abdomen eneous
or coppery at the sides and less dull on the disc, rather densely punc-

Fig. 45. Wing of O. brevicornis 9.

tate and densely hairy; fourth segment without wart. Hind femora
not setulose beneath. Wings more evenly and less tinged or almost
hyaline.

Length 5,6 to about 7 mm.

O. brevicornis is rare in Denmark, only four specimens, all females
have been taken; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Lyngby Mose and at Fure
So (the author); the dates are ?*/s—*4/6; the first specimen was taken
in 1906. It occurs on flowers in fens and on humid places.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; it is not
known north of Denmark, but occurs i England.

5. O. nobilis Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 57,17 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 272, 13, Tab. XXX, Fig. 18. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Ul,
823,7. — 1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. 1V, 262, Tab. Ill, Fig. 16—18. —
1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 272. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 190, 3, figs. 201—
202. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 16. — Chrysogaster nigricollis Meig.
1822. Syst. Beschr. II, 271, 12.

Male. Head broader than high. Vertex, frons and epistoma metallic
green, or the latter more bluish; frons with a small dot-like impres-
sion above the antenne; eye-suture quite short. Frons and epistoma
somewhat narrow above, rather rapidly widening downwards; the
epistoma is a little arched and the mouth edge somewhat produced;
below the antenne there is a grey dust spot on each side, stretching
as a line down on the jowls along the eye-margin. Vertex and upper
part of frons with brown hairs, the lower part of the frons and epistoma

~ a oe

Chrysogaster. 107

with white hairs. Occiput greenish, grey pruinose with white hairs.
Antenne not specially long, third joint elongated, somewhat pointed,
scarcely twice as long as broad; arista about as long as the antenne;
the antenne black or brownish black, third joint pale beneath especi-
ally towards the base; the second joint has long, white bristles beneath.

Fig. 46. Antenna of O. nobilis G, from the inside. >< 80.

Thorax metallic green or brassy, very densely punctate, slightly shining;
it has four slight more brass-coloured or brownish stripes, the two
median abbreviated behind; it is clothed with very short, pale brown
hairs. Pleura metallic green, densely punctate, with longer, pale hairs.
Abdomen bluish black and dull on the disc, metallic green, shining at
the sides and apex; it is clothed with short hairs which are pale at
the sides, dark and still shorter on the dull part; the hairs are longer

Fig. 47. Wing of O. nobilis 3.

at the sides of the first segment and still longer at the basal corners
of second. Genitalia rather large. Venter metallic green with pale
hairs. Legs unicolorous, metallic green, tarsi black; the hairs short and
pale, hind femora a little setulose beneath; hind tibiae somewhat curved
and a little compressed towards both ends and hind metatarsus slightly

108 Syrphidae.

thickened. Wings a little tinged; stigma brown, below it an undefined
browning; upper marginal cross-vein somewhat recurrent (but varying
in this respect), very slightly undulated; lower marginal cross-vein
curved a little angularly inwards. Squamule white. Halteres pale
yellow.

Female. Frons broad, rugosely punctate, with a slightly depressed
channel down the middle and a dot-like impression in front of it; on
each side there are four to six irregular cross-furrows; the pubescence
all pale, only a little dark about the ocelli. Third antennal joint a
little broader than in the male. Fourth abdominal segment with a
rather large, somewhat pointed wart in the middle of the hind-margin,
and the fifth with a small, narrow excision in the hind margin.

Length 5—6 mm.

QO. nobilis is somewhat rare in Denmark; Roskilde and Boserup
at Roskilde; on Funen at Odense (H. J. Hansen), and at Faaborg
(Schlick); in Jutland at Horsens (O. G. Jensen) and at Laven near
Silkeborg (H. J. Hansen). The dates are in July and August. It occurs
in low herbage and on flowers on humid places and at borders of
water.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

II. Liogaster Rond.

Eyes in the male widely separated, the facets of equal size. Epistoma
without central knob. Antenne short with the third joint rather large,
and larger in the male than in the female. Abdomen all shining. Hind
femora not setulose beneath. Wings with the upper marginal cross-
vein not recurrent.

There are three palearctic species, two occur in Denmark.

- Table of Species.

1. (Antennas and ‘legs ‘Dlack’..: 20)... . 2 o.0c sss pee 1. metallina.
-— Third antennal joint more or less yellowish beneath; tarsi
more or less yellows i565 s/02 5s. os a See ee 2. splendida.

1. L. metallina Fabr.

1777. Fabr. Gen. Ins. 307 et 1781. Spec. Ins. II, 431, 52 et 1787.
Mant. Ins. II, 340 et 1794. Entom. Syst. IV, 303, 95 (Syrphus). — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 268. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 192, 1, figs. 203—204.
— 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 17. —- Eristalis metallica Fabr. 1805.
Syst. Antl. 246, 67, — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suee. Syrph. 57, 16. — Chryso-

~~ ~«»

Chrysogaster. 109

gaster metallica 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 267, 3. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 820, 5 et 1849. VIII, 3178, 5. — 1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg.
IV, 211. — Chr. violacea Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 267,2. — 1843. Loew, I. c.
IV, 210. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 269. — Chr. grandicornis Meig. 1822.
]. c. Ill, 270, 7. — 1843. Loew, 1. c. IV, 253 et 1857. Wien. ent. Monatschr.,
I, 6. — Chr. discicornis Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 270, 8.

Male. Frons broad, about one third of the breadth of the head.
Vertex, frons and epistoma metallic green; frons with a transverse
depression below the ocellar triangle and a small dot-like impression

Fig. 48. Antenna of ZL. metallina 3, from the inside. > 70,

above the antenne; on the upper part it is coarsely punctate. Epistoma
retreating downwards but strongly produced at the mouth edge, more
protruding than the antennal prominence. Vertex and frons with pale
yellow, epistoma with white hairs, longest on the eye-margins. Occiput
greenish, a little pruinose, pale haired. Antenne black, third joint
large, disciform, a little broader than long; arista about as long as

Fig. 49. Wing of L. metallina 3.

the antennz; in single cases the third joint may be yellowish beneath.
Thorax metallic green or somewhat brassy, in front it has traces of
two approximated, more brass-coloured stripes; it is densely punctate

110 Syrphidae.

but shining. Scutellum usually distinctly marginate and with a trans-
verse depression. The thoracal disc is densely clothed with short,
yellow hairs, Jonger at the margin of scutellum. Pleura with a little
longer hairs. Abdomen eeneous green, densely punctate but shining;
it is densely clothed with short, whitish pubescence, longer at the basal
corners. Venter similarly coloured and haired. Genitalia forming a
rather large knob. Legs sneous green, tarsi black, hind metatarsi
. slightly thickened; the legs short-haired with pale hairs. Wings a little
yellowish tinged on the basal half. Stigma yellowish or brownish.
Squamulz whitish with a little darker margin. Halteres orange.
Female. Frons broader than in the male, punctate, with a slight
middle channel and shallow cross-furrows on the sides; antenne with

Fig. 50. Antenna of L. metallina 9, from the inside. >< 70.

the third joint smaller but still large, longer than broad. Abdomen

less shining, often more brassy or copper-coloured, more rarely bluish

on the disc. Sometimes both head, thorax and partly abdomen coppery

or violet.
Length 6 to about 7 mm.

_L. metallina is common in Denmark; Lersg, Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Bollemosen, Lyngby Mose, @rholm, Hillergd, Frederikssund,
Boserup at Roskilde; on Lolland at Strandby, in Hoveenge Skov and
Dodemose west of Nysted and at Sandager; in Jutland at Henne south
of Ringksbing Fjord, Greisdal at Vejle, Nebsager near Horsens, Sminge
near Silkeborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Hald at Viborg, Bovbjerg,
Frederikshavn and Leesg, and on Bornholm at Allinge and Hammeren.
My dates are */;—1/s. It occurs in low herbage and on flowers on
humid meadows and at borders of ditches.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

Chrysogaster. 111

2. L. splendida Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 271,11. —- 1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg.
IV, 258. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 267. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 193, 2.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 17. — Chrysogaster tarsata Meig. 1822.
Lc. Wl, 271, 10. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 822, 6 et 1849. VIII,
3178, 6. — 1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 255. — Chr. bicolor Macq.
1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 193, 5. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 121, 18. — 1843.

Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 259. — Chr. amethystina Macq. 1834. Suit. a
Buff. 1, 563, 13. — 1857. Loew, Wien. ent. Monatschr. I, 6. — Chr. amethystea
Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 122, 21. — Chr. rufitarsis Loew, 1840. Programm.

Posen, 31, 6, Fig. 41 et 1840 Isis, 564, 6.

Male. Frons broad, a little narrower than in metallina; vertex,
frons and epistoma metallic green; frons punctate, with a small or
wanting dot-like impression above the antenne and a transverse depres-

Fig. 51. Antenna of L. splendida 3, from the inside. >< 70.

sion above, nearer the ocelli than in metallina; epistoma retreating
downwards, strongly produced at the mouth edge, a little dusted above.
All the hairs pale. Occiput greenish with white hairs. Antenne with
the third joint rather large, but smaller than in metallina, it is roundish
or a little longer than broad. The antenne are black or brownish
black, the third joint pale or yellow beneath at the base to a greater
or smaller degree; arista thinner than in metallina. Thorax eeneous
green or more brass-coloured, especially behind, less punctate and
more shining than in metallina, clothed with short, pale hairs, longer
at the margin of scutellum. Pleura with slightly longer hairs. Abdomen
geneous green, often coppery or sometimes violet; it is likewise less
punctate and more shining than in metallina, and haired in the same
way. Legs as in metallina, but the three first joints of the tarsi more
or less yellow, when darker the dark color beginns at the base, and
hind metatarsus often eneous. Wings almost hyaline. Stigma yellow.
Squamule whitish. Halteres orange.

112 Syrphidae.

Female. Frons a little broader than in the male, punctate, with-
out or with slight cross-furrows; also a slight middle channel may be
present or wanting, or this space may even be a little elevated.
Antenne with the third joint longer. Abdomen generally bluish or
violet on the disc. Legs generally with the tarsi, especially the hind
ones, darker.

Length 5—6,5 mm; a single male only reaches 4,8 mm.

Fig. 52. Antenna of L. splendida 9, from the inside. >< 70.

This species is much like metallina but is recognized by the shape
and colour of the antenne and the colour of the tarsi, besides by
other characters.

L. splendida is rather rare in Denmark and much rarer than
metallina; Lersé, Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose, @rholm and on Lolland
in Keeldskov; the dates are 1/s—®%/6. It occurs on the same localities
as metallina.

Geographical distribution: Europe down into Italy, and in Asia
Minor; towards the north to middle Sweden.

Ill. Chrysogaster Meig. s. str.

Eyes touching in the male, the facets in the upper half enlarged,
and there is a more or less distinct dividing line between the large
and small facets. Frons arched and considerably puffed out; epistoma
in the male as a rule with a more or less distinct central knob, but
sometimes not (f. inst. splendens and insignis both non-Danish). Antenne
short, third joint rather small. Abdomen dull on the disc in the male,
and also, but to a less degree, in the female, and quite shining in the
female of viduata. Hind femora setulose beneath. Wings with the
upper marginal cross-vein not recurrent.

There are about 17 palearctic species; 5 occur in Denmark.

Chrysogaster. 113

Table of Species.

MRIS ENICH: 2) La 4s oo. ei Ne Bie oven Sik ea sD vebosset ache 2.
— Antenne reddish or reddish brown ................--4-. 3.
2. Mouth edge in the male about equally protruding with the
central knob; thorax densely haired and venter longish-
REEPE CE ADCOIES Sgn. eo ghia des oieta o's me vc em ss p.5,9 1. Macquarti.
— Mouth edge in the male more projecting than the central :
- knob; thorax thinly haired in the male, almost bare in
the female; venter short-haired; smaller species ........ 2. viduata.
3. Frons and epistoma somewhat narrow; wings blackish .. 3. solstitialis.
— Frons and epistoma broad; wings not blackish............ 4,
4. Wings yellow at base; pleura grey pruinose above front

coxe and on hypopleura; central knob in the male large

SENS 1 UE AIS a ar 4. chalybeata.
— Wings not yellow at base; pleura without grey pruinose

spots; central knob in the male small but more projecting 5. virescens.

1. C. Macquarti Loew.

1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 250. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 269.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 199. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 19. —
Chr. viduata Macq. (nec Linn.) 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 194, 8 et 1834. Suit.
a Buff. 1, 562,9. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 818, 2 et 1855. XII, 4670, 2
et 1859. XIII, 6023, 2.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black, shining; frons puffed out,
with a more or less distinct longitudinal or dot-like impression. Epistoma
hollowed below the antennez, with a not large central knob and an
about equally protruding mouth edge; it is a little greyish pruinose
across below the antenne. Vertex and frons with long, black hairs,
epistoma with shorter, paler hairs on the side parts, darker hairs below.
Kye margins narrow but distinct. Occiput eneous black, a little pruinose,
with black hairs, downwards and on the jowls pale hairs. Antenne
small, black, third joint roundish; second joint with a couple of longish,
pale or darker bristles below; arista much longer than the antenne,
thickened just at the base. Thorax ezneous black, finely densely
punctate and densely clothed with somewhat long hairs, which are
yellowish brown, more or less mixed with black until being almost
quite blackish; they are longest at the margin of scutellum. On the
front of thorax are very slight traces of three stripes, often scarcely
to be seen. Pleura with a little longer, generally darker hairs. Abdomen
dull velvet black on the disc, eeneous and shining at sides and apex;
it is clothed with quite short, yellowish hairs, longer at the sides and
here increasing in length towards the base. Venter zneous green,
shining, with longish, pale hairs. Genitalia forming a large knob.
Legs black, with short, yellowish hairs, only somewhat long on the

8

114 | Syrphidae.

postero-ventral side of the anterior femora and to a less degree on
the hind femora; on the front femora they are partly or quite dark;
front and hind tibize and tarsi with short, adpressed reddish pubescence
below; hind femora setulose below; hind metatarsus very slightly
thickened. Wings a little tinged; stigma brownish, below it generally
a large indefinite browning, sometimes almost wanting. Plumula
blackish. Squamule brownish or blackish brown with a yellowish
fringe. Halteres blackish brown, the peduncle paler.

Female. Frons broad with a slight or very slight depressed middle
channel, and more or less distinct, irregular and sometimes almost
wanting cross-furrows; epistoma without central knob; frons and
occiput pale-haired. Antenne a little larger than in the male. Thorax
with short, dense, yellow hairs. Abdomen eneous black, indefinitely
dullish on the disc, with short, yellow hairs. Femora shorter-haired
than in the male. Squamule a little paler.

Length 6,5—7,2 mm.

C. Macquarti is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Bollemosen, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Bagsveer, @rholm, Ruderhegn,
Birkerod, Hillerad; on Lolland at Nysted, Strandby, Keldskov and
Dodemose west of Nysted; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland in Nar-
holm Skov at Varde, at Horsens, Nebsager near Horsens, Silkeborg,
Holstebro, Hald near Viborg, Rebbild near Skgrping and Frederiks-
havn, and on Bornholm in Almindingen. My dates are 1/5 to the
first part of August. It occurs on flowers in fens and on humid
marshes. The pupa was found in flood refuse at Silkeborg on 1°/s,
it developed soon after (Esben Petersen).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

2. C. viduata L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 598 et 1767. XII, 2, 994, 94 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1852 (Musca). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 56, 15 (Hristalis).
— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 269, 6. — 1843. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg.
IV, 248. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 268. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II, 20. —
Chr. nuda Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 195, 9 et 1834. Suit. a Buff. I, 562,
10. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 122, 20. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 820,
4 et 1855. XII, 4670, 4.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black; frons much arched and
puffed out, with a longitudinal or more dot-like impression; epistoma
with a rather small central knob, the mouth edge a little more pro-
truding than the knob; below the antenne the epistoma is somewhat
greyish dusted, the dust forming a transverse spot, pointed towards

Chrysogaster. 115

the sides, but from the middle of the spot a curved, finely striated
space curves down to each side, these spaces together with the middle
of the dusted spot looking as a grey, bow-shaped part. Vertex and
frons with long, black hairs; epistoma with pale hairs at the sides
above. Occiput black, a little pruinose, with black hairs; quite below
and on the jowls the hairs white. Eyes with the large and small facets
distinctly contrasted and the division across the eyes rather distinct.
Eye-margins very narrow. Antenne small, black, third joint roundish,
second joint with only small hairs below; *arista much longer than
the antenne. Thorax black, slightly zneous, dullish in front, shining
behind, finely not densely punctate; anteriorly it has three somewhat
distinct dull black stripes, the median most distinct, the lateral ab-
breviated and quite short. Thorax is clothed with longish, fine and
not dense, brownish or black hairs. Pleura with black hairs. Abdomen
dull velvet black on the disc, shining and a little neous at sides and
apex; it is sparingly clothed with fine hairs which are partly dark,
but quite short and inconspicuous on the disc, a little longer and pale
at the sides and here somewhat long at the basal corners. Venter
black or a little swneous, shining, sparingly clothed with short, pale
hairs. Genitalia somewhat large. Legs black, haired as usual; the
hairs mainly black on the anterior femora and on tibize, but here
quite inconspicuous; hind femora black setulose below. Hind tibiz
rather distinctly curved, hind metatarsus a little thickened. Wings a
little tinged; stigma brownish yellow, below it generally an undefined
brownish cloud, sometimes the wings almost hyaline; middle cross-
vein generally a little thickened. Plumula blackish. Squamule dirtily
whitish, with a dark margin and a pale fringe. NHalteres blackish or
blackish brown.

Female. Frons very broad, relatively broader than in Macquarti;
it has a distinct longitudinal channel and vague, irregular cross-furrows;
the bow-shaped impression above the antenne distinct and below it
a dot-like groove. Epistoma without central knob. Mouth edge a
little more produced than in Macquarti; frons very short-haired,
epistoma almost bare. Antenne a little larger than in the male.
Thorax eneous black, shining, sparingly punctate and with very short,
mainly dark hairs so that it may look almost bare. Abdomen like-
wise eneous black and shining, on the disc more black or bluish black
but not dull; it is sparingly punctate and haired, the hairs quite short,
yellowish, but dark on the middle. Wings generally with the cloud
stronger than in the male, and also often with the base darkened.

Length 5,5 to fully 6 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from Macquarti, in the male

S*¥

116 Syrphidae.

by the more produced mouth edge, the distinct division between the
eye-facets, the more thinly haired thorax and abdomen and shorter
haired venter, and in the female by the broader frons, the thinly and
very short-haired and more dark-haired thorax and abdomen; in both
sexes the wings are generally more strongly clouded and finally the
size is smaller.

O. viduata is common in Denmark; Vester Felled, Ordrup Mose,
Lyngby Mose, @rholm, Geel Skov, Hillergd, Frederikssund, Boserup at
Roskilde; on Lolland at Strandby, in Egholm Skov and in Dedemose
west of Nysted; on Funen at Odense and in Jutland at Silkeborg.
My dates are 1°/s—*?/«. It occurs in fens and on meadows often at
borders of ditches, on various flowers thus often on Ranunculus.

Geographical distribution: Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

3. C. solstitialis Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 56, 14 (Hristalis). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Seand. II, 817, 1 et 1849. VIII, 3177, 1 et 1853. XII, 4669, 1 et 1859.
XIII, 6022, 1. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. Vill, 203, 6. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Il, 19. — Musca coemeteriorum 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 779, 28 et
1781. Spec. Ins. Il, 448, 39 et 1787. Mant. Ins. II, 339 (Syrphus) et 1794.
Ent. Syst. IV, 303, 94 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 246, 65 (Hristalis).
— 1801. Panz. Fn. Germ. LXXXII, 17 (Syrphus). — Chr. coemeteriorum
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 268, 5, Tab. XXX, Fig. 17. —- 1843. Loew,
Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 246. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 270.

Male. Vertex dull, frons and epistoma sneous black, shining;
frons considerably puffed out, with an obvious longitudinal furrow;
epistoma with a greyish band below the antenne and with the central
knob and likewise the mouth edge only slightly produced; frons and
epistoma not broad, the latter with parallel borders. Vertex and frons
with longish, black hairs, epistoma almost bare only with some few,
pale hairs. Occiput black, greyish dusted at the eye-margin, with short
hairs which are blackish above, pale below. Antenne small, brownish
red or reddish, third joint generally palest beneath at the base; second
joint with somewhat long, dark bristles beneath; arista much longer
than the antenne. Thorax dull velvet black on the disc, the sides
and scutellum eneous and somewhat shining, punctate; it is clothed
with longish, more or less depressed, and with short, black hairs,
the hind part of the disc and scutellum with short, bristly hairs, longer
at the margin of scutellum; this latter is depressed in the middle.
Pleura sneous, shining, with black hairs. Abdomen dull velvet black
or brownish black, the apex and the extreme sides neous and shining;

a ee ae

Chrysogaster. 117

it is clothed with very short, dark hairs, only the second segment has
long, yellowish hairs both at the sides and on the disc, but here some-
what sparse. Venter zeneous, shining,
with very short, pale hairs. Legs
black, haired in the usual way with \
short, partly dark, partly yellowish Sey
hairs, longest and dark on the post- iat
erior side of anterior femora; the \
adpressed ferruginous pubescence \
below the apical part of front and 3
hind tibiz and basal part of tarsi
obvious. Hind femora black setulose
beneath; hind metatarsi very slightly
thickened. Wings blackish tinged,
most towards the anterior margin;
stigma only slightly darker; the upper
marginal cross-vein bends rather
evenly upwards so that the lower
angle is almost rounded away (but
somewhat varying). Plumula_ yel-
lowish. Squamule brownish with Fig. 53. Antenna of C. solstitialis 3,
darker margin and yellow fringe. from the inside. >< 70.
Halteres brownish.

Female. Frons broad but not very broad, black, shining, with
a depressed middle space and a number (about 9) of oblique cross-
furrows on each side; epistoma without central knob, the mouth pro-
duced about equally with the antennal prominence. Vertex with short

Fig 54. Wing of C. solstitialis 3.

hairs, frons with very few short, pale hairs. Antenne with the third
joint a little larger than in the male. Thorax neous, often coppery
or violet on the disc, more or less shining, dull at the anterior end;
it is coarsely punctate and both on disc and pleura clothed with very
short, black, bristly hairs. Abdomen with the shining sides broader

118 Syrphidae.

than in the male. Wings a little Jess blackish; upper cross-vein more
steep than in the male, the lower angle more pronounced. Squamule
whitish with a whitish fringe.

Length 6,s—8,4 mm.

Not rarely specimens occur, especially females, which are more
or less brown on abdomen, often with a dark middle stripe, and also
with the venter brown; they are I think not fully mature, and they
have generally also less darkened wings.

Remarks: Loew thinks (Stett. ent. Zeitg. IV, 1843, 279) that Zetter-
stedt has partly mixed solstitialis with specimens of chalybeata, especially
because he speaks of a yellowish wing-base; this may be possible but is of
slight consequence, and I think it not advisable to cite solstitialis Zett.
under chalybeata, at all events not before certainty is obtained. In
1854 Loew mentions (Neue Beitr. II, 18) under C. inornata, that he
had got a female of this species together with a male of chalybeata
from Zetterstedt, both determined as solstitialis. Zetterstedt (I. c. XIID)
will not admit this and says he had found no other species under his
chalybeata and solstitialis. Loew’s description of inornata is very
short, only the female is known, and the species has not been men-
tioned since; I think that if znornata is at all a good species, it does
not occur in Sweden nor in Denmark. — In keeping the name solsti-
tialis I follow Zetterstedt and Verrall as I think, Linné’s coemeteriorum
is another species. In the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. besides coemeteriorum L.
also coemeteriorum Fabr. is given with a querry, but according to
specimens in the collection of Tonder Lund and Sehestedt, Fabricius’s
species is solstitialis Fall. and can thus be given in the synonymi with
certainty. -

C. solstitialis is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, @rholm, Hillergd, Grib Skov; on Lolland in
Keeldskov, Dodemose, and at Nysted; on Langeland at Lohals; on
Funen at Odense and Middelfart; in Jutland in Hojenbeek Dal at
‘Vejle, at Horsens, Laven near Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg, Rebbild
at Skerping, Seby and Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm at Hammeren,
Almindingen and Renne. It is seen during the whole summer, my
dates are “/s—*/s. It occurs in low herbage and on flowers, often
Ranunculus, in fens, humid meadows and at borders of ditches.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

4. C. chalybeata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 267, 4. — 1843. Loew, Stett. ent.
Zeitg. IV, 241. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 819, 3 et 1849. VIII, 3177,3 °

Chrysogaster. 119

et 1855. XII, 4670, 3 et 1859. XIII, 6023, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
270. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 201, 5, fig. 209. -— 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 18. — Chr. cupraria Macq. 1827. Soc. Se. Lille, 194 et 1834.
Suit. 4 Buff. I, 562, 8. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 122, 19. —
Chr. coenotaphii Meig. 1830. 1. c. VI, 351, 15. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 267.

Male. Vertex frons and epistoma zeneous black, shining, especi-
ally the frons; this latter considerably puffed out, with a longitudinal
impression; epistoma narrowly pruinose all across below the antenne,
and also else a little dusted, somewhat striated at the sides; the cen-
tral knob large but slightly produced, and the mouth edge not pro-
duced at all; frons and epistoma very broad, more than twice as
broad as the diameter of the eye. Vertex and frons with long, blackish
or brownish hairs, on the frons only present towards the margin;
epistoma with few, short, pale hairs. Occiput eneous or bluish black,
with short hairs which are black above, whitish below and on the
jowls. Antenne a litte larger than in solstitialis, brown or brownish
red, the basal joints dark; second joint with some long, pale bristles
below; arista much longer than the antenne. Thorax seneous biack,
punctate, slightly shining; in the middle of the front part a more or
less distinct dull black stripe; scutellum coarsely punctate, not marginate.
Thorax and scutellum clothed with longish, blackish hairs; pleura
somewhat greenish, likewise with blackish hairs; above the front coxze
and on the hypopleura they are grey pruinose, dull. Abdomen
dull velvet black on the disc, #neous or «neous black and shining
at the extreme side margin and the apex; it is clothed with short,
dark hairs, paler at the sides backwards and whitish on the genitalia;
second segment with long, yellowish hairs both on the disc and at the

Fig. 55. Wing of C. chalybeata .

sides. Venter eneous, brightly shining, with short, pale hairs. Legs
black, haired as in solstitialis, hind femora likewise black setulose
beneath. Wings a little yellowish, with a more or less distinct dark
yellowish or brownish cloud on the middle, the base distinctly yellow;
stigma yellow or light brownish; upper marginal cross-vein a little

120 Syrphidae.

more steep than in solstitialis, and with a more distinct lower angle.
Plumula dark yellowish. Squamule smoky with a brown margin and
a dark yellow fringe. Halteres with yellow peduncle and brown
knob.

Female. Frons and epistoma broad, much broader than in solsti-
tialis; frons eeneous black, shining, with a more or less depressed
middle space and at each side a number of often somewhat vague,
oblique cross-furrows; epistoma without central knob and with the
mouth edge less produced than in solstitialis; it is grey pruinose on
the whole upper half. Vertex with few, short hairs and frons still
less hairy. Antenne a little longer than in the male. Thorax zneous,
shining, rather coarsely punctate, with exceedingly short, dark hairs
and with a few longer, pale hairs which seem to be easily rubbed,
but in in the presutural depression there are always long, yellow
hairs, which is not the case in solstitialis. Abdomen with the eneous
side parts broader than in the male but less shining. Wings gener-
ally a little less darkened, with the upper marginal cross-vein a little
steeper. Squamule whitish. Halteres with the knob paler brown.

Length fully 6 to about 8 mm. ;

Also of this species specimens occur with the abdomen more or
less brownish.

This species resembles solstitialis, but is distinguished by many
characters, thus besides by the broad frons and epistoma, the colour
of the wings and the yellow wing-base also by the quite different
hairiness of the thorax and the grey pruinose spots on the pleura, as
well as by the colour of thorax and the course of the upper marginal
cross-vein in the male. |

Remarks: Loew thinks (Wien. ent. Monatschr. I, 1857, 6) that
Zetterstedt has described the male of basalis Loew as chalybeata, I
think chiefly because Zetterstedt says: “alis disco macula fusca’, but
this expression may well be used about chalybeata, and I think it
' beyond doubt that Zetterstedt has not had basalis and that this species
does not occur neither in Sweden nor in Denmark.

C. chalybeata is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Donse, Hillerad, Grib Skov, Rorvig, Jegerspris; on Lolland
at Strandby, Keerstrup and in Dodemose west of Nysted; on Funen at
Middelfart; in Jutland in Ngrholm Skov at Varde, at Horsens, Nebs-
ager near Horsens, Laven near Silkeborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord
and Rebbild near Skgrping. My dates are */;—*/s. It occurs on the
same localities as solstitialis.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden and in Finland.

Chrysogaster. 191

5. C. virescens Loew.

1854. Loew, Neue Beitr. II, 17, 36. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 270. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 200, 4, fig. 208. - 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt.
B21.

Male. This species is very similar to chalybeata. Frons and
epistoma about as broad as in chalybeata, of more greenish colour,
haired in the same way; frons a little less inflated, with a large
longitudinal impression; central knob small, but well defined and
more projecting and likewise the mouth edge, which projects equally
with the central knob. Antenne as in chalybeata. Thorax neous,
slightly shining, but a little less punctate and slightly more shining
than in chalybeata, clothed with longish, dark hairs. Scutellum slightly
marginate. Pieura zneous, shining, without pruinose spots, black
haired. Abdomen coloured as in chalybeata, the sides generally more
geneous green; it is clothed with short, dark hairs on the middle, pale
at the sides and here longer towards the base; abdomen is thus in
the whole more pale-haired than in chalybeata; on the second seg-
ment are pale hairs, but they are quite short, or only a few are
slightly longer. Legs black, haired as usual. Wings with the apical
two thirds brownish on the anterior half; stigma light brownish; upper
marginal cross-vein a little more steep than in chalybeata, and the
two veinlets from the lower angles seem to be longer than usual.
Plumula brownish or yellowish brown. Squamule brownish with pale
fringe. Halteres with the knob brown.

Female. Much like chalybeata. Frons of about the same breadth,
somewhat bluish, the middle space and the cross-furrows fainter, and
the latter not reaching the ocelli; epistoma less dusted, and the mouth
edge more projecting. Vertex and frons quite imperceptibly haired.
Thorax more bluish and a little brighter than in chalybeata, likewise
very inconspicuously haired; the preesutural depression without long
hairs. Pleura with short but somewhat distinct yellowish hairs. Ab-
domen dull bluish black on the middle, but the dull space smaller
than in chalybeata, the margin much broader, more brightly shining
and less punctate; abdomen also more sparingly haired. Wings less
or almost not darkened. Squamule paler to whitish.

Length 6,;—8 mm.

This species is very similar to chalybeata but may be distinguished
with certainty by the smaller but more projecting central knob in the
male;'in both sexes by the not yellow wing-base, the marginate scu-
tellum, the second abdominal segment without long hairs or these
only few, and the pleura without pruinose spots; finally it is more
shining, especially in the female.

122 Syrphidae.

C. virescens is somewhat rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Lyngby
Mose (the author) and in Jutland at Seby (H. J. Hansen); the dates
are from !/¢ to July; it was for the first time taken in 1881 and only
two specimens were known until this year (1915), when I took it in
some number in Lyngby Mose on 1°/6—?°/6.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria and Bohemia; its northern limit seems to be in Denmark,
and it occurs in England.

8. Chilosia Meig.
(Cheilosia).

Species of somewhat large or medium size and of dark, black or
dark eneous colour, very rarely with greyish spots on abdomen; they
are more or less hairy, sometimes with rather long, dense hairs, and
nearly always the male is much longer haired than the female. Head
about semiglobular, flat or slightly hollowed behind, a little broader
than high and about of the breadth of thorax or slightly broader.
Eyes touching in the male, broadly separated in the female. Frons
a little protruding in the male, with a longitudinal groove, in the
female trisulcate or only with lateral channels, generally also with a
slight transverse depression a little above the antenne. Eyes bare or
with more or less long and dense hairs; in a few cases hairy in the
male, bare in the female; the facets are in the male a little enlarged
in about the upper half. Antenne inserted about in or a little above
the middle of the head; they are short, third joint-usually circular or
roundish square, sometimes a little longer than broad; it may be
somewhat large and is as a rule larger in the female than in the male;
the basal joints small; arista inserted dorsally near the base of the
_ third joint; it is thread-like, a little thickened in the basal part, with
two very small basal joints; the basal antennal’ joints have small
bristles at the end margin, largest above and below the second joint;
the third joint densely microscopically hairy; the arista with shorter
or longer, but always rather short hairs, sometimes apparently bare
i. €. microscopically hairy. Epistoma more or less hollowed below the
antenne, sometimes only slightly; it has, about in the middle or lower
down a central knob, which may vary very much in size and breadth
and be more or less prominent; below the knob the epistoma is again
more or less hollowed between the knob and the front mouth edge;
when this latter is not prominent there is no hollow, the epistoma
then only retreats below the knob; the whole lower part of epistoma,

a

Chilosia. 123

including the central knob is more or less protruding, sometimes rather
strongly, and likewise more or less descending, generally only slightly;
in a single case (maculata) the central knob and the front mouth
edge are fused together. On account of the protruding epistoma the
oral aperture is rather large and elongated; the oral margin has a
‘special shape as the side margins end in front with a somewhat
drooping point or lateral angle, and the front edge between the points
or angles is more or less incurved, the curvature stretching forwards
and more or less upwards; (something similar is found in species of
Chrysogaster f. inst. Macquarti, and for the rest also in other Syrphids,
but to a slighter degree). In the female the epistoma is as a rule
more hollowed with the central knob and the lower part more pro-
minent than in the male. The epistoma is black, only in a few species
it has a yellowish or reddish spot below the eye; it is bare and shining
or sometimes more or less pruinose, but in one group of species it has
erect hairs on the sides. At each side of epistoma the cheeks are
separated off as more or less narrow so-called eye-margins by a deep
furrow, stretching upwards to somewhat below the antenne, and
downwards to below the eye, here ending with a more or less distinct
pit; the epistoma and the cheeks are thus well separated. The cheeks
— eye-margins — bear shorter or longer hairs. The jowls are broad
but slightly or not descending. The oral cone well developed with
the elongated horse-shoe-shaped clypeus lying on the front side. Pro-
boscis shorter or longer; labrum (chloris) long, strongly semitubular;
the apical processes of equal length, the median and upper lateral
delicate, pointed, the foriner cleft in the whole length; the lower
lateral process broad and blunt at the end; along the lateral margins
of labrum is on the inside a row of small papille or warts; hypo-
pharynx a little shorter than labrum, somewhat attenuated but the
apex rounded; it is also semitubular; maxille with a slightly curved,
knife-shaped lacinia, and a somewhat long, thread-shaped palpus, a
little longer than the lacinia and a little dilated at the end and here
with some fine bristles. The palpus is densely clothed with short
hairs and the lacinia very densely beset with small spines, placed in
longitudinal rows, but they require a high magnifying power (2—300)
to be distinctly seen. Labium with a somewhat long basal connecting
membrane, and with the well chitinised basal part a little longer than
the elongated oval labella. Thorax about quadratic or a little rect-
angular; it is densely haired above with longer or shorter, erect hairs
in the male, but as a rule with short, more or less depressed hairs in
the female, rarely in this sex haired about as in the male. Scutellum
black, in a small group of species orange at the tip in the female; it

124 Syrphidae.

has below the margin a fringe of somewhat long, downwards directed
hairs. Thorax has generally more or less distinct notopleural, supra-
alar and postalar bristles and a number of scutellar marginal bristles,
and there may also be bristles or bristly hairs above on mesopleura;
the bristles are sometimes rather inconspicuous, especially the noto-
pleural and supraalar, and these may be wanting. In one group of
species there are no bristles on thorax or scutellum, or in rare cases
(e. g. canicularis) only supraalar and postalar bristles. Metapleura
have short dense hairs. Abdomen more or less ovate or more parallel-
sided, in the female generally more ovate than in the male; like
thorax it has as a rule longer and more erect hairs in the male, shorter
and depressed in the the female; the ventral segments are well chiti-
nised. In the male there are four not transformed segments, the first
short; the fifth dorsal segment is small, unsymmetrical and hidden, the
fifth ventral is excised in the hind margin in the whole breadth, and
it is quite small and hidden. The genitalia are of the usual construc-
tion, the ninth segment with its appendages not large. In the female
there are five not transformed segments, the fifth somewhat small,
and three hidden, the last terminating with two small lamelle. Legs
simple, hind metatarsi often a little thickened, sometimes more, rarely
also front metatarsi (in non-Danish species). Femora with long hairs
on the posterior side of the anterior femora and on the anterior side
of hind femora, the latter generally more or less setulose below from
short bristles; tibiz short-haired. Claws and pulvilli well developed.
Empodium small, spine- or bristle-shaped, finely hairy. Wings of com-
mon shape, somewhat various in length in certain species; middle
cross-vein well before the middle of the discal cell; the upper angle
at the upper marginal cross-vein more or less acute or rectangular.
Vena spuria very weak especially in its basal part. Alula well deloped.
Alar squamule with short, simple hairs, thoracal squamule with long,
furcately divided hairs. Plumula well developed, densely clothed with
somewhat short, simple or slightly branched hairs.

Chilosia is a well characterised genus, distinguished by the black
epistoma, the separated cheeks (eye-margins), the weak vena spuria
and other characters; the specially distinguishing character is the eye-
margins as such are at most present below in some other genera
(Chrysogaster, Platychirus), or when more developed (Ferdinandea)
the genus is easily distinguished by other characters. From Chryso-
gaster is Chilosia besides distinguished by the marginal fringe below
the scutellum.

Not much is known about the developmental stages, especially
the larve. Réaumur (Mém. Ins. V, 1740, 65, Pl. VIII, fig. 4—5) men-

Chilosia. 195

tions and figures a pupa found in truffles which seems to be a Chilosia-
pupa. Léon Dufour mentions and describes the larva of C. scutellata
from Boletus edulis and pinetorum (Ann. Sc. nat. XIII, 1840, 149, Pl.
Ill, fig. 1—4. — Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Fr. 3, I, 1853, 384); the
same author describes the larva of C. vernalis? (aerea) (Ann. Sc. nat.
3, IX, 1848, 205, Pl. XVI, fig. 6—10); it was found at the end of
October under decaying leaves of Verbascum pulverulentum, the imago
came in April the next spring. Van Roser found the larva of C. scutel-
lata in rotten fungi (Wirttemb. Corr. Bl. 11, 1834). Zetterstedt mentions
the pupa of C. variabilis and albitarsis (flavimana), the latter developed
on *4/7 (Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 790, 795). Scheffer (Rossi: Syst. Verz.
1848, 41, 28) mentions the larva of C. mutabilis; it was found gregarious
in the upper end of the roots of Carduus acanthoides; it pupated in
the earth. Boie (Stett. ent. Zeitg. XI, 1850, 212) bred C. albipila
(flavicornis) from the stalks of Carduus crispus and Cirsium oleraceum
where the larva is found in autumn near the roots; it pupates in the
earth; the imago came in May, some bred in a warm room already
in March. Goureau bred a species from truffles of which he describes
the male to be similar to mutabilis and the female to scwtellata (Ann.
Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, X, 1852, Bull. LXXV and Laboulbéne, ibid. 4, 1V,
1864, 88) (according to Verrall, 221, it seems that the male was
scutellata, the female soror). Kaltenbach mentions C. vernalis? (nitidula) ;
the larva lives in May and June in the stalk of Matricaria chamomilla,
through which it goes down to the root; it pupates in the earth; the
first imago came on 7°/6 (Verh. nat. Ver. pr. Rheinl. 1864, 233). Frauen-
feld bred C. cynocephala from the stalk of Carduus nutans (Verh. zool.
bot. Gesell. Wien, XVI, 1866, 976); Kaltenbach made the same observa-
tion; the larva begins in the bud and goes downwards; the imagines
came in June and first in July (Die Pflanzenfeinde, 1874, 378); further
Frauenfeld found the larva of C. scutelluta in Polyporus (ibid. XVIII,
1868, 161). Weyenbergh describes and illustrates the metamorphoses
of C. albipila (chrysocoma); the larve live in the stalk of Carduus
crispus and they go down to the root, which they eat so that the
plant dies; they pupated in the beginning of October, the imagines
came in spring (Nederland. Tijdschr. v. Entom. XII, 1869, 164, Tab. V).
C. vernalis Fall.? (chalybeata) was bred by Hardy from stalks of Sonchus
oleraceus (Scott. Naturalist, I, 177). Kaltenbach mentions that C. chloris
has been bred in June from larve living in the roots of Petasites
niveus; further he records the larva of C. variabilis, which lives in
spring and summer in the stalks of Carduus nutans and acanthoides
and Cirsium lanceolatum. It begins in the buds and goes down
through the stalks; the attack causes the plant to be low and richly

196 Syrphidae.

branched as the middle stalk is destroyed (Die Pflanzenfeinde, 1874,
325 and 378). Brischke found the larva of a species which he thought
to be gigantea Zett. in the roots of Scrophularia nodosa, where they
made cavities; they were found in August, the pupa hibernated and
developed the next March (Entom. Nachricht. V1, 1880, 56); Mik thinks
(Wien. ent. Zeitg. VI, 1887, 264) that the species may be velutina
Loew. Beling describes the metamorphoses of C. fasciata; the larva
lives in the leaves of Allium ursinum in June feeding on the paren-
chym and thereby causing elongated, yellow coloured cavities; they
pupated in the earth; the imagines came next spring in April (Verh.
zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XX XVIII, 1888, 3). Carpenter records the meta-
morphoses of C. antiqua (sparsa); the larvee were found in Primroses,
e.g. Primula pulverulenta, in the upper part of the roots and in the
lower, thickened part of the stem; they were found in spring in May,
but it is recorded that they may be present as early as February
and as late as September; the author thinks it probable that the pupal
stage is normal for wintering, but I should be inclined to think that
it is the larva which hibernates. A specimen was bred in May (The
Economic Proceed. Roy. Dubl. Soc. Il, 1915, 96, Pl. X, figs. D 1—3).
Fryer mentions larve of C. variabilis, they were found in roots of
Scrophularia nodosa in September, the imago came next spring on ‘/s
(Ent. Month. Mag. LI, 1915, 193). Finally I record below the pupa
of C. scutellata, intonsa, albitarsis and vernalis, of which intonsa was
found in Februar and April, albitarsis in Februar, April and May and
vernalis in May, all in flood refuse. Further I possess a larva which
is no doubt a Chilosia-larva; it is reddish brown, 10—12 mm long;
it was taken by the consulting agriculturist Mrs: S. Rostrup in the
roots of Turnips on 1/10 in Charlottenlund; about twelve per cent of
the plants were destroyed by the attack, but the larva was not bred.

According to the descriptions the larve of Chilosia are whitish
or yellowish to brownish, slightly flattened below, somewhat attenuated
towards both ends; they are transversely corrugated and somewhat
but short spinulose or granulated; they have strong mouth hooks;
there are two small anterior spiracles or spiracular processes; at the
posterior end are some (4—6) pointed warts and a short, more or
less longitudinally divided posterior spiracular process; it is a little
constricted in the middle, granulated and with a flat end bearing the
spiracles. The pupa is generally darker to brownish; it is arched above,
more flattened below; there are two about 0,5 mm long, cylindrical
anterior spiracular tubes; these tubes are generally reddish, trans-
versely corrugated, pointing upwards and somewhat forwards, and
distant at the base; the anterior larval spiracles lie at the anterior

ie fe

Chilosia. 1927

end but are very small, often not seen. The posterior end is roundly
pointed, sometimes (albitarsis and vernalis) cut and flat; it bears the
same short, longitudinally somewhat divided, reddish spiracular pro-
cess as in the larva.

As seen from the above recorded the larve are phytophagous,
living internally in plants, in stalks, roots or leaves, or in fungi; they
are thus as to feeding habits quite different from the aphidiphagous
larvee of the allied genera, a fact also proving the validity of the
genus. With regard to hibernation there seems to be some variation;
some species are recorded to hibernate as pupa (perhaps especially
the early spring species), while others were bred in the same year in
which the larve were found feeding.

The species of Chilosia occur on various plants and flowers in
woods, fens, on fields and meadows; some are exclusively spring
species, occurring on spring flowers and seeking early flowering trees
as Salix, while others occur later in the year or during the whole
season.

Of the genus about 140 species are known from the palearctic
region; 30 have been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

Males.

eee is, ee es Pe. eer 2.
EEE Se Perse ay oe eee eae, SEO Se a ats ee ahs 10.
aueaenen Wil grey spots ..............0 2020.0. - cee 1. maculata.
TO |e 3.
IT ert IS Sec we oan oe ok 4.
emtnmevor less pale... 0. ee ee ey eee ee ee
4, Thorax coarsely punctate, with a double pubescence ..... ues A
— Thorax finely punctate, pubescence simple, not double...... 6.
5. Pubescence on thorax somewhat long and the long hairs

somewhat dense; wings strongly brownish............. 3. nigripes.
— Pubescence on thorax short and the longer hairs less dense;

Seeeaery-colmariess (2088S elt ert. 4, vicina.

6. Epistoma almost not pruinose; pubescence on thorax black ;

abdomen with black hairs at the basal corners of second

segment; halteres with the knob generally a little darkened 2. antiqua.
-—— Epistoma pruinose; pubescence on thorax short, yellow;

abdomen without black hairs; halteres orange .......... 5. pubera.
See eeraetistitictly pubescent: ............... 2.222.022 eee 8.
ESS ORI oie) ARS oe a 9. pagana.
8. Central knob on epistoma not specially broad; thorax black-

haired; tibie blackish except base and apex........... 8. longula.

— Central knob on epistoma very broad; thorax yellow-
haired or mainly yellow-haired; tibiae orange with black
treet ee Pe ee eee) 9.

128

13.

14.

bo
bo

Syrphidae.

Third antennal joint paler or darker brownish; eye-
margins very narrow; thorax finely punctate......
Third antennal joint orange; eye-margins a little
broader; thorax a little more coarsely punctate....

Epistoma with hairs on the sides .......-..-...-.
Epistomia wittiout ‘hairs 22... 00/2. 02 2 2 ee
. No thoracal or scutellar marginal bristles .........
Thoracal and scutellar marginal bristles present ....

Pubescence very long, tricolorous on abdomen; wings
with a more or less distinct band or blotch on the
SONGONE sc) ak kn oc aie be end bo en ee
Pubescence rather short, unicolorous on abdomen;

wings without band or blotch ...:)... 2. ¢.2. Sosa
Legs blacks. » «<,04 o:..0.ac.% =. ae See
Legs more or less yellowish .... .. 2.2... «+ .s ae\-5-

Frons not large and swollen; epistoma not specially
broad; antennz dark; scutellar marginal bristles short
and inconspicuous; tibie not palé at apex........
Frons large and swollen; epistoma broad, twice as
broad as the diameter of the eye; antenne more or
less reddish; scutellar marginal bristles long, though
inconspicuous; anterior tibie a little pale at apex. .
Scutellum without marginal bristles, and likewise post-

alar~-callus: (except: canteularis) : «00a si rae

Scutellum with marginal bristles, when indistinct at

all events postalar callus with bristles............
. Eyes hairy only on the upper part; arista distinctly

pubescent; thorax with some short bristles at the
sides; antenne brown or brownish red..........
Eyes hairy all over; arista almost bare; no bristles

On Mhorak oc oes ook a ee a eee

ANIENIIE: OLAD EC jx 0 9heiee sa yo, seeks Sods, ae Aa

Tibize quite yellow, at most the anterior tibie with
indications of rings; frons yellow-haired.........
All tibiz with distinct, blackish rings; frons black-
ROG ot oo ia lis ef yi g-ahe ies g Sreheeren LE ity ea
Legs quite black or with only middle joints of anterior

ERS AEP hae yck 8 nce, camp snc 'sen'ss 1 jg a

Legs more pale (in carbonaria only anterior knees

rather. cobspurely)-), 3216/5.) t1b.005,< 0% «cee, Sat

aiegs tite, Diath es. Bek ai. o.00 4 atten 2a
Middle joints of anterior tarsi pale..............
Legs only slightly pale, hind tibie quite or almost

quite black and tarsi all blagk’...:.35..:-../ccmer

Legs generally paler, hind tibie generally not quite
black, tarsi more or less pale, at least middle tarsi
somewhat pale (in mutabilis hind tibie black and

middle tarsi sometimes rather obscurely pale) ......

Kye-hairs pale; epistoma not much protruding or

6. scutellata.

. tllustrata.

. intonsa.

. variabilis.
14,

. honesta.

13. frontalis.

17.
18.

16.
9;

. canicularis.
1%.

. grossa.

18.

albipila.
chloris.

20.

21.

. impressa.

. albitarsis.

— se

23.

28.

wl rol =

ae

. Largish species; basal joints of anterior tarsi pale .

. Eye-hairs pale, not short; venter greyish pruinose . .

Chilosia.

descending; third antennal joint black or blackish
brown; venter a little pruinose.................
Kye-hairs blackish; epistoma more protruding and
descending; third antennal joint brownish red or red;
Penmennniinie SiN 412 Ki Niet) ¥ac% Been salse et gs
Wings rather long; hairs on thorax and abdomen
long and the long hairs on posterior part of thorax
and scutellum three or four times longer than the
short; antenne small; legs nearly quite black.....
Wings rather short; hairs on thorax and abdomen
shorter and the long hairs on posterior part of thorax
and scutellum only twice as long as the short; antenne
a little larger; legs with the knees more pale.....

. Anterior or all tarsi more or less pale..............

Only middle tarsi more or less pale................

Small species; basal joint of anterior or front tarsi
darkened

iis oe Mere Che ees Vere a6 ws sw ae wee ole SOS @ blo, 6's

. Epistoma considerably hollowed below the antenne;

eyes bare on the lowermost part..................
Epistoma flat, almost not hollowed; eyes haired all
Ee ras A St eas), ws es LES ats

. Hind tibie with a more or less faint or almost no

blackish ring, front and hind tarsi more or less
darkened above; antenne brownish red; hairs on
Eeeewrmevody net: longi!) 2.cos6 i. le ae
Hind tibie generally with a distinct blackish ring,
tarsi rather yellow but hind metatarsus dark above;
antenne orange; hairs on eyes and body long....
Antennal arista not short, distinctly pubescent; hind
tibiz almost quite black and hind tarsi black; scu-
tellar bristles numerous
Antennal arista short, practically bare; all tibie yel-
low with a black ring, all tarsi yellow on the middle;
scutellar bristles weak, not numerous

Sie (eves ia ve! fe epe 9 re «mi je ian eames © lia

sivléray = uc ot 6 tee ©

Kye-hairs blackish, more or less short; venter shining

28.

19.

30.
oy
. vernalis.

129

. gigantea,

23.

. carbonaria.

. cynocephala.

25.
29.

. 26.

28.
7
velutina.

fraterna.

. Bergenstammi.

. mutabilis.

ruralis.
proxima.

Females.

Pea. SINCE IIe Oy ei) SURO ie PTS oterwis 2.
RE PN os ober soa .c view tert xis cvs SE Aw 13.
Abdomen with grey spots .:...............--5. 1. maculata.
DEA MMEBOUED 9G AUS Soe ee 3.

Legs black or with only the middle joints of front
uentdenile=s pale..c.... Soe Mau ees i. liek 4.
nme Or apssipaless. Wee. oe lie. Ds ees 8.
EIEN gn... artes Autism SL 5.

Legs with middle joints of front tarsi more or less

ne 2 UMMe SOs An orate al. flo. le es 24, albitarsis.

9

130

=

~J

o,6)

=

10.

le

15.

16.

Syrphidae.

Thorax coarsely punctate, slightly shining, with de-
pressed greyish and black pubescence
Thorax finely punctate, shining, with more or less
erect, all yellow pubescence
Wings strongly brownish; thorax very coarsely punctate
Wings almost colourless; thorax less coarsely punctate
Epistoma almost not pruinose; thorax and abdomen
not densely punctate and not densely haired; the
hairs-on thorax.-short: ./. 5. $2.23 A NOek Pee eee
Epistoma pruinose; thorax and abdomen densely punc-
tate and very densely haired; the hairs on thorax
longer, especially anteriorly
Epistoma without hairs; sculellum with distinct marg-

So @ 6) 0 es 6 aus, oh s ‘aes Teen, on

inal bristles... 4.0004. 132 > OSE Se See ee eee

Epistoma with slight hairs; scutellum without marginal
bristles 05)... oldie un eae
Arista slightly pubescent or almost bare; tip of scu-
tellum not yellowish

Central facial knob not specially broad;
darkenédy* antenns “dark’..::.. C20. oo ee ee
Third antennal joint smallish, brown or reddish brown;

legs more

. nigripes.
. vicina.

Central facial knob very broad; legs extensively pale. ...

thorax finely punctate; posterior tarsi with third and .

fourth’ joints ‘bread<tiv’.. .o:i oS eee eee
Third antennal joint large, orange;
coarsely punctate; posterior tarsi not with third and
fourth joints broad’! ..22°. 0 \ 2S eee ae ce ee
Third antennal joint smallish, blackish...........
Third antennal joint very large, orange
Epistoma with hairs on the sides
Epistoma without hairs
No thoracal or scutellar marginal bristles, pubescence
long, tricolorous on abdomen; wings with a black
band*or blotch on the’ middlesimatiot fae
Thoracal and scutellar marginal bristles present;
pubescence short, not tricolourous on abdomen; wings
without band or blotch
less bisek i i35 3oiovie sts sce so SRS ee eee
Legs more or less yellowish
Antenne dark; scutellar marginal haeties very short;
fibtad Tat (pale wat® Apes. sono a.m 1 is we oe Ro
Antenne more or less reddish; scutellar marginal
bristles longer; anterior tibie pale at apex .......
Scutellum without marginal bristles, and likewise post-
alar callus (except in canicularis)
Scutellum with marginal bristles, when indistinct at
all events postalar callus with bristles
Eyes hairy only on the upper part; arista distinctly
pubescent; thorax with some bristles at the sides;
antenne brown or brownish red

© 6 els aay, © te te

thorax more -

SS Neh Ke 8 fey a Mohn We, eee whee ee ae

es © eo eee es © 0s © fe ew ae © 10) cel tene “ee

= oe & 0. bs we ee ee

. antiqua.

. pubera.

9.

. intonsa.
Arista distinctly pubescent; tip of scutellum yellowish... .

10.

12.
11.

. longula.

. scutellata.

. soror.
. mutabilis.
. pagana.

14.
17.

. illustrata.

15.

. variabilis.

16.

. honesta.

: frontalis.

18.
21.

. eanicularis.

Chilosia.

Eyes hairy all over; arista almost bare; thorax with-

. Wings rather long; antenne small; legs almost all

DeeUN ae OFS. ARMs bo
Wings short; antenne larger; front femora and all

25.

131

Spee Mea nia CeO es ee, os ee 19.

. Antenne brown or blackish brown.......-...... 16. grossa.
NRT Sos cr cers ele cs at Sa di si plo. 20.
lh ha WR alae tte ets ecm See 17. albipila.
MSC eack CXCEDU APCK feos na) cccanl 2 way wish oe 18. chloris.

ME So. rs Ee. SUE. ees Bees tye 23. impressa.
Legs more or less pale..... aah, sab» 5S
Tarsi black, only middle tarsi. a 1 little pale at base. beat are
Tarsi less black, middle tarsi more pale and gener-
ally also front or all tarsi more or less pale, at all
NRT ets SS RE Pe Se are 25.

. Antenne black or blackish brown; wings evenly tinged;
yenter somewhat pruinose ................00005. 21. gigantea.
Antenne red or brownish red; wings with the apical
part strongly tinged, basal part much less tinged;
Se ale eae gel Ba Eanes lead Bosra dodger ar ee ag ae 24,

carbonaria.

Seenmmure Dlack-haired . . ..... .:</0 028 «ean ea de ee ee 26. cynocephala.
25. Tibiz quite yellow or with small or faint rings ....... 26.
=. Jibize with distinct and broad rings................. 28.
26. Largish species; third antennal joint orange, not longer
enroMaarista Hot Shorts): 2 se. Se ee ee. Bis
— Small species; third antennal joint brownish, longer
BE ES 0) 9 an ee ee ee re 30. ruralis.
27. Third antennal joint not large; hairs on thorax
strongly depressed; hind femora not setulose below 19. fraterna.

28.

29.

have given figures of the heads of all species;

Third antennal joint large; hairs on thorax a little
obliquely erect; hind femora distinctly setulose below
Epistoma pruinose, slightly hollowed below antenne
KEpistoma not or slightly pruinose, much hollowed

OS ee a eee geile ace eee a

Kye-hairs whitish; venter grey pruinose.......... 22.
Kye-hairs dark above; venter shining ............ 97.

O. Bergenstammi.
. velutina.

29.
proxima.
vernalis.

As an exact description of the outline of epistoma is difficult I

the figures are all of

males, and they are drawn in absolute profile, thus the shape of the
antennee and the breadth of the eye-margins cannot be sufficiently

judged from them.

It must also be noted that the outline of epistoma,

though characteristic for each species, may vary a little or sometimes
even more.

ie

132 Syrphidae.

1. C. maculata Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 52, 6 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 295, 34 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 780, 4
(Eristalis). — Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 616, 27. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 278. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 366,
99, Fig. 158. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 212, 1, figs. 212, 214216. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 32.

Male. Eyes bare, the suture quite short. Frons distinctly yel-
lowish grey pruinose, but with an elevated, shining triangle and this
with a longitudinal furrow. Vertex and frons black-haired, the middle
| frontal triangle bare. Epistoma strongly hol-
lowed below the antennee, very produced but
slightly descending; the central knob and upper
mouth edge united; the epistoma greyish yellow
pruinose, most below the antenne, the pro-
truding knob shining. EKye-margins rather broad,
densely yellowish pruinose, with dark hairs.
Occiput black, grey pruinose along the eye-
margin, with yellow hairs which are long above
and below, short in the middle and here partly
dark; besides there are some long, black hairs
above. Antenne orange red, the basal joints
darker, third joint about circular, but higher
than long; arista brown, paler at the base, apparently bare. Thorax
black, somewhat shining, clothed with short, somewhat decumbent
yellow hairs; black scutellar marginal bristles short; the downwards

Fig. 56. Head of
C. maculata 3.

Fig. 57. Antenna of C. maculata ¢, from the outside. >< 75.

turned fringe below the margin of scutellum short and inconspicuous.
Pleura greyish pruinose, with longish hairs. Abdomen dull black, with
a pair of grey, subquadrate spots on second, third and fourth segments
towards the anterior margin; it is clothed with shortish pubescence,
yellow on the grey spots, black on the black parts; it is longer on
the sides towards the base. Venter black, somewhat shining, with

Chilosia. 133

pale hairs. Legs black, knees very narrowly reddish; the longer hairs
on the anterior femora pale, and the short hairs on the hind femora
yellow on the basal part; for the rest the pubescence chiefly black;
hind femora not spinulose beneath, only the black hairs towards the
apex distinct; hind metatarsus not thickened. Wings a little tinged,
most towards the base; the upper angle at the upper marginal cross-
vein somewhat acute. Squamule pale yellow, with a white fringe.
Halteres yellowish brown.

Female. Vertex somewhat narrow, but the frons rapidly widening
downwards; above the antenne a similar triangle as in the male;
frons and vertex all yeilow-haired. Thorax with shorter, more depressed
hairs, and the postalar calli rather orange. Abdomen with the grey
spots less defined and the black parts not dull.

Length 7,5—8,5 mm.

C. maculata is rare in Denmark, or at all events very local; it has
only been taken on Falster at Resle (H. J. Hansen, Schlick), on Lol-
land at Maribo, Bremersvold and near Nysted (L. Jorgensen) and,
according to a communication, in Jutland in Hansted Skov at Horsens
(A. Petersen); it was for the first time taken in 1881. The dates are
M/s—13/g. ‘The reason of its being so local is, that it is exclusively
associated with Allium ursinum, which is well known; generally only
males are taken, the females being very rare. Mr. L. Jorgensen gave
me some interesting communications about it; he says, that the species
is more slow than the other species of the genus, they fly low among
the plants of Allium, as also Verrall records (I. c. 679), and they fly
only short, from leaf to leaf; when the females are taken so rarely,
it is, says Jorgensen, because they occur still lower among the plants
than the males; when he worked with the net quite down to the
ground, he also got females. — The developmental stages of the
species are not known, I think the biology of the larva will prove to
be similar to that of C. fasciata, the larva of which lives in the leaves
of Allium ursinum (see under the description of the genus).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Switzerland; towards the north to northern Sweden.

2. C, antiqua Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 291, 24 (Syrphus). — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr.
Hymn. Dipt. Il, 353, 24. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 23. — C. sparsa
Loew, 1857. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 604, 20. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 278. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad: LXII, 339, 8,
Fig. 139. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 214, 2.

134 Syrphidae.

Male. Eyes bare. Frons somewhat shining, with a longitudinal
groove. Frons and vertex black-haired. Epistoma much hollowed
below the antenne, the central knob large and prominent, slightly
compressed; epistoma only slightly de-
scending; it is greyish pruinose below
the antenne, for the rest only very
slightly pruinose. Eye-margins some-
what broad, grey pruinose, with short,
pale hairs. Occiput and jowls greyish
pruinose, with yellow hairs. below, black
above. Antenne not large, black, third
joint squarely roundish, not longer than
broad; arista somewhat long, thickened
in the basal part, short-pubescent.
Thorax black, shining, finely and not
densely punctate; it is clothed with
not long, erect, blackish hairs, longest
anteriorly; scutellar marginal bristles distinct, but fine and rather long,
notopleural and postalar bristles also distinct, but the supraalars in-
conspicuous. Pleura with longish, black hairs. Abdomen black, finely
and sparsely punctate, nearly all shining, only somewhat dull on the
disc of first and second segments and just on the middle line of the
third; it is clothed with short, yellow hairs which become longer at
the sides; in the middle line the hairs are more or less dark, and
also sometimes at the hind margins of the last segments; at the basal
corners of the second segment is a tuft of long, black hairs. Venter
black, shining, with pale hairs. Legs all black; the hairs on posterior
femora more or less pale, otherwise the pubescence mainly dark, ex-
cept the usual reddish pubescence on the front and hind tibie and
tarsi. Hind femora finely black spinulose beneath; hind metatarsus
slightly thickened. Wings brownish tinged at the base and towards
the anterior margin; upper marginal cross-vein almost straight, and
the upper angle acute. Squamule whitish yellow, with a yellow
fringe. Halteres yellow, the knob often more or less brownish.

Female. Frons of medium breadth, widened downwards, trisulcate
with the middle furrow distinct; it is short yellow-haired, at the vertex
some black hairs. Antenne very slightly larger than in the male.
Thorax shining, with short, somewhat erect, yellow hairs. Abdomen
shining, with quite short, depressed, yellow hairs. Hind femora only
setulose towards apex. Wings generally a little more brownish yellow
tinged. Halteres orange.

Length 7—8 mm.

Fig. 58. Head of C. antiqua o.

not descending. Eye-margins not broad, almost

not longer than broad; arista distinctly but

. Chilosia. 135

C. antiqua is somewhat rare in Denmark or at all events rather
local; at Nyraad near Vordingborg (J.C. Nielsen), at Boserup and
Svenstrup near Roskilde (H. J. Hansen); on Lolland at Bremersvold,
in Keeldskov, Dodemose and in Holmeskov at Saxkgbing (L. Jorgensen),
and in Jutland at Horsens (O. Jensen); the dates are */s—‘/s.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Switzerland and perhaps into France; it seems to have its northern
limit in Denmark, and it occurs in England.

3. C, nigripes Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. lll, 282, 8, 2 (Syrphus). — 1857. Loew,
Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 609, 22. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn.
Dipt. I], 350, 8. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 34. — C. antiqua Loew,
(nec Meig.) 1857. 1. c. 606, 21. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 278. — 1894.
Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 336, 7, Fig. 138. — 1901. Verr.
Brit. Fl, VIII, 215, 3. — Kristalis coemeteriorum var. 8. 1817. Fall. Dipt.
Suec. Syrph. 55. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 613, 13. — Eristalis lugubris
Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 614, 19 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 815, 39. — Eristalis

Schmidt Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 813, 38, p. p. var. a et 1849. VIII,

3174, 38. — Syrphus tropicus. Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 291, 25, 3&.

— C. tropica 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn, Dipt. II, 353, 25

Male. Eyes bare. Frons black, shining, with a longitudinal or
almost triangular groove; vertex and frons with black hairs. Epistoma
much hollowed below the antennz and here greyish pruinose; the

«central knob somewhat large and prominent,

not compressed; epistoma slightly hollowed
between the knob and the mouth edge, almost

not pruinose, but punctate and with short, pale
hairs. Occiput greyish pruinose along the eyes,
the pruinosity stopping below on the jowls;
there are whitish hairs below, black above.
Antenne not large, black, third joint roundish,

short-pubescent. Thorax black or bluish black,
densely and coarsely punctate and hence not Fig. 59. Head of
much shining; it is densely clothed with a double C. nigripes 3.
pubescence, long, less dense, black hairs and

shorter, more dense hairs which are likewise black or more or less
brownish or even paler; there are distinct notopleural, postalar and
scutellar marginal bristles, but the supraalars are inconspicuous. Pleura
with longish hairs which are partly black, partly pale, especially down-

136 Syrphidae.

wards. Abdomen black or bluish black, densely punctate; it is dullish
on the disc of the second and third segments, and it is clothed with
short, whitish hairs, longer at the sides and at the side margin; on
the disc the hairs are dark. Venter black, shining, with pale hairs

Fig. 60. Antenna of C. nigripes 3, from the outside. >< 7.

which are longish on second segment. Legs black; pubescence on
the posterior femora mainly pale for the rest chiefly black; hind
femora black setulose beneath; hind metatarsi very slightly thickened.
Wings strongly brown or blackish brown fumigated, especiaily at the
base and on the anterior part; upper angle at the upper marginal
cross-vein somewhat acute. Squamule white with a white fringe.
Halteres brown with a blackish brown knob.

Female. Frons of medium breadth, widened downwards, slightly
trisulcate; it is yellow-haired, but above with partly black hairs and
the vertex black-haired. Antenne slightly larger than in the male.
Thorax and abdomen coarsely punctate as in the male; thorax with
quite short, depressed hairs which are greyish and black, the latter
prevailing, especially in the middle. Abdomen likewise with quite
short hairs, only longer at the base of the side margin, they are
greyish yellow, but dark on the disc. Hind femora setulose about as
in the male. Wings sometimes less tinged than in the male. Halteres
yellow.

Length 7—9 mm.

This species is distinguished from antiqua by the coarsely punc-
tate thorax and abdomen, the more bluish colour and more white-
haired abdomen without black hairs at the basal corners of second
segment; also the wings are more strongly tinged. The Danish speci-
mens have almost always thorax quite black-haired.

C. nigripes is not rare in Denmark, but has hitherto only been
taken on Sealand, Langeland and Lolland; Charlottenlund, Ordrup
Mose, Ermelund, Lyngby Mose, at Fure Sg, Hillerad, Nyraad near
Vordingborg; on Langeland at Lohals and on Lolland at Maribo,

Chilosia. 137

Bremersvold, Keldskov and Strandby; the dates are */;—/7. I have
taken it on flowers on humid meadows.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe and,
as it seems, down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden,
and in Finland.

4, C. vicina Zett.

1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VII, 3175, 33—39 et 1859. XIII, 6021, 38—39
(Eristalis). — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 342, 12, Fig. 132.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 41. — Eristalis Schmidtii Zett. 1843.
Dipt. Scand. II, 814, p. p. var. b.

Male. Eyes bare. Frons greyish pruinose, dull, with a longitudinal
groove; vertex and frons with black hairs. Epistoma much hollowed
below the antennz, the central knob somewhat strongly protruding,
about as in antigua, and epistoma hollowed
between it and the mouth edge; it is pruinose
below the antenne, for the rest very slightly
pruinose and almost not descending. Eye-
margins somewhat narrow, distinctly punc-
tate and with short, white hairs. Occiput
grey pruinose along the eyes and below them,
the pruinosity stopping here; the hairs are
pale, but above there are long, black hairs.
Antenna small, black, third joint roundish,
not longer than broad; arista not long,
distinctly but short-pubescent. Thorax black
or generally greenish or bluish black, densely
and coarsely punctate, but less coarsely than
in nigripes, somewhat shining; it has a double pubescence as in nigripes,
but the hairs are shorter and more decumbent, and the long hairs
much more scattered; the long hairs are black or blackish, the short
yellowish, but mixed with dark hairs, these latter are especially present
on the middle, generally in such a way, that when viewed from in
front a dark middle band is seen and sometimes also traces of a dark
cross-band; there are distinct and not weak notopleural, postalar and
scutellar marginal bristles; also supraalar bristles are present, but
shorter. Pleura with longish, pale hairs, only the bristly hairs at the
top of mesopleura black. Abdomen black, densely punctate; it is
shining, but dullish on first and second segments and slightly and
indefinitely on third segment; it is clothed with short, yellowish hairs,
longer on the sides at base; on the posterior part of the second and
on the whole disc of third and fourth segments the hairs are black.

Fig. 61. Head of
C. vicina oC.

138 Syrphidae.

Venter black, shining, with pale hairs, longish on the two first seg-
ments. Legs black, pubescence mainly as in mgripes; hind femora
black setulose beneath, hind metatarsi slightly thickened. Wings very
slightly tinged or almost hyaline; upper marginal cross-vein almost
straight, the upper angle somewhat acute. Squamule whitish with a
whitish fringe. Halteres with the peduncle yellowish brown, the knob
brown or blackish brown.

Female. Frons of medium breadth, widening downwards, slightly
trisuleate; it has short, yellow hairs with some black intermingled,
and the vertex is black-haired. Antenne a little larger than in the
male. Thorax and abdomen coarsely punctate, but, however, less
coarsely than in nigripes; thorax has short, depressed, greyish yellow
hairs, but on the middle there is a longitudinal patch of black hairs;
abdomen has likewise short, depressed, pale hairs, but black hairs on
the middle. Hind femora only setulose in the apical half. Halteres
orange.

Length 6 to about 8 mm.

This species is much like nigripes, but is in general smaller; it
has thorax and abdomen a little less coarsely punctate, and the wings
are incoloured or almost so; thorax is in the male shorter-haired and
in both sexes generally paler-haired, and the black band or longitudinal
patch on thorax, formed of the hairs, is somewhat characteristic. —
According to Zetterstedt (1. c. VII[) it was Steeger who first separated
it as a species from nigripes, and the name is due to him; I have
examined Steger’s specimens.

C. vicina is not rare in Denmark; Sondermarken, Ermelund, Biviiss
haven, Orholm, Geel Skov, Hillerad, Tyvekrogen, Tisvilde, Roskilde;
on Lolland at Bremersvold and Strandby; on Langeland at Lohals;
on Funen at Odense and in Jutland at Frijsenborg and Laven near
Silkeborg. The dates are '*/s to the first part of August.

Geographical ditribudion: — Scandinavia, Denmark and Finland,
towards the north to northern Sweden. Perhaps it goes down into
France if the record in Pandellé (Rev. entom. XXIV, 1905, 40) is
correct.

5. C. pubera Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 613, 16 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 810, 34 et
XII, 4669, 34 (Hristalis). — 1857. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien VII,
324, 24. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 278. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol.
Akad. LXII, 346, 15, Fig. 140. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 36.

Male. Eyes bare. Frons a little pruinose, slightly shining, with a
longitudinal groove. Vertex and frons black-haired. Epistoma much

Chilosia. 139

hollowed below the antenne, the central knob protruding but epistoma
very slightly hollowed below it; it is pruinose all over (when not
rubbed), and it is somewhat but not much descending. Eye-margins
somewhat broad, a little pruinose, with pale
hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, with distinct,
yellow hairs all round, and above besides
with long, black hairs. Antenne black or
brown, third joint small, roundish, not longer
than broad; arista distinctly thickened in
about the basal third, distinctly but short-.
pubescent. Thorax black, somewhat olive,
finely punctate,. shining; it is clothed with
somewhat short, erect, deeply yellow hairs;
on the posterior part there are some few
stronger and a little longer, almost bristly,
black hairs. There are distinct but not long Fig. 62. Head of
notopleural, postalar and scutellar marginal C. pubera o.
bristles; the supraalar bristles short. Pleura

with long, yellow hairs, black above and generally also posteriorly.
Abdomen black, somewhat olive, finely punctate, shining but dullish on
the greater part of the disc of the three first segments, least on the third;
it is clothed with not quite short, all yellow pubescence, longest at the
sides, especially towards the base. Venter somewhat greyish pruinose,
with pale hairs, longest on the two first segments. Genitalia some-
what large. Legs black; the longer hairs on femora yellow, and also
the short hairs on both femora and tibie to a high degree yellow;
front femora with some black, almost bristly hairs on the posterior
side, and middle femora with some similar hairs beneath; hind femora
black setulose beneath; hind metatarsi slightly thickened. Wings some-
what strongly yellow tinged, especially towards base and anterior
margin, the extreme base browner; upper angle at the upper marginal
cross-vein acute. Squamule whitish, with a yellowish margin and
fringe. Halteres orange.

Female. Frons not narrow, widening downwards, trisulcate with
the middle furrow somewhat distinct; it is somewhat densely and
quite yellow-haired, only on the vertex there are some dark hairs.
Antenne very slightly larger than in the male. Thorax and abdomen
densely but finely punctate; thorax with short, quite erect, almost
golden pubescence, longest anteriorly; scutellar marginal bristles
numerous; abdomen with very dense, yellow pubescence, long at the
basal corners. Legs all or almost all yellow-haired; hind femora not
black setulose beneath.

140 Syrphidae.

Length 7—7,8 mm.

This species if of a more olive colour than the preceding, only
the female of antigua is somewhat similar in this respect. The species
is most similar to antiqua, but it is distinguished by the pruinose
epistoma, and in the male by the short, yellow pubescence on thorax,
the want of black hairs at the basal corners of second abdominal
segment, and the pale halteres; in the female it is distinguished by
the more densely punctate and haired thorax and abdomen, the hairs
on thorax also being more erect, longer anteriorly and more golden.

C. pubera is not common in Denmark; Lersgen, Ordrup Mose, at
Fure So and at Roskilde; on Lolland in Keldskov, Vester Ulslev Mose,
and Dedemose west of Nysted; on Funen at Odense. The dates are
%;—10/¢. Tt occurs on flowers in fens and on humid meadows.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
to the Alps; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

6. C. scutellata Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 55,13 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 284, 12, Tab. XXX, Fig. 29—30 (Syrphus) et 1838. VII, 123.
— 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. [I, 808, 32 et 1849. VIIl, 3173, 32 et 1859. XIII,
6020, 32 (Fristalis). — 1857. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, VII, 600, 15.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 280. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Carol. Leop. Akad.
LXII, 368, 31, Fig. 159. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, 219, 5, figs. 218 —220.
— 1907. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Ill, 38. — Syrphus urbanus Meig. p. p. 1822.
l. c. Ul, 287, 16. —- C. urbane p. p. 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. I,
352, 16. — Syrphus curialis Meig. 1822.
lc. Ill, 287, 17. — C. eurialis 1902. Beck.
]. c. Il, 352, 17. —— Syrphus anthraciformis
Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 291, 21. — C. anthraci-
formis 1902. Beck. 1. c. Il, 352, 21.

Male. Eyes bare. Frons black, shining,
with a longitudinal groove; vertex and
frons black-haired. Epistoma somewhat
hollowed below the antenne, the central
knob large and very broad, reaching the
eye-margins on each side, and lying some-
what high; the epistoma distinctly hol-
lowed between the central knob and the
Fig. 63. Head of C. scutellata ¢. mouth edge, but this latter and the whole

lower part of epistoma somewhat re-
tracted, and the drooping lateral angles lying more backwards than
usual and thus the lateral margin of the oral aperture short, while
the front margin forms a much deeper curve than usual; the epistoma

TS

Chilosia. 141

is very slightly or not descending, it is grey pruinose below the antenne,
especially on a triangular spot at each side, for the rest it is slightly
pruinose, the central knob shining, especially above. Eye-margins very
narrow, grey pruinose, with short, whitish hairs. Occiput greyish
pruinose, with longish, white hairs below becoming shorter to quite
short above and here yellow; besides some long, black hairs above.
Antenne not large, third joint longer than broad; the basal joints

Fig. 64, Antenna of C. scutellata 3, from the inside. >< 75.

blackish, the third paler or darker brownish; arista distinctly pubescent,
longest above. Thorax zeneous black, shining, finely punctate; it is
clothed with longish, erect, yellow hairs, among which often more or
fewer black, especially at both ends and also towards the sides; there
are somewhat short notopleural and long postalar and scutellar marginal
bristles, the latter numerous and often pale at the apex; supraalar
bristles inconspicuous; the fringe below scutellum long. Pleura with
longish, greyish hairs, generally black above. Abdomen black, the
second segment and the third except the basal parts towards the sides
dull; it is clothed with somewhat long, yellow hairs, longest at the
sides and towards the base; in the middle line sometimes black hairs
and at the apex some black hairs and also often at the apical corners
of the third segment. Venter black, shining, with long, pale hairs.
Genitalia not large, grey pruinose. Legs with the femora black with
yellow apical part, tibie yellow with a black ring in the middle,
broadest on hind tibie; tarsi yellow with the two or three last joints
black, hind tarsi also with the basal joints black above. Femora
somewhat long-haired, the hairs pale, but the bristly hairs on the
posterior side of the front femora black; hind femora black setulose
beneath only in the apical half, the bristles not short; tibize with short,
pale hairs, hind tibiee with a dorsal fringe which is long and dark on
the black part; hind metatarsus thickened. Wings a little yellowish

142

Syrphidae.

tinged, most towards the stigma; upper angle at the upper marginal
cross-vein acute. Squamule whitish, with yellow margin and fringe.

Halteres orange.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, slightly widening downwards,
shining, without channels, only a little marginate at each side towards

Fig. 65. Wing of C. scutellata 3.

the margin of the eye; it is yellow-haired, only in front of the ocelli
a few darker hairs; on each side above the antenne is a small dust

C. scutellata Q.
Fig. 66. Fig. 67.

Middle tarsus. Hind tarsus.

< 25.

spot. Epistoma has below the eyes
a yellow or brownish yellow spot,
stretching from the eye to the lower
margin. Third antennal joint slightly
larger than in the male. Thorax with
short, decumbent, yellow hairs ; humeral
callus generally more or less brown.
Scutellum with the apical part yellow,
scutellar marginal bristles strong and
numerous. Pleura -with white hairs.
Abdomen somewhat indefinitely dullish
on second and third segments, clothed
with short, depressed hairs which are
chiefly black, but whitish and erect just
at the front margin and the sides of
second and the basal corners of third
and fourth segments; they are long at
the basal side margin; the extreme apex
of abdomen brownish. Legs generally
paler than in the male, the dark rings
on the anterior tibiz often weak; the
third and fourth joints of the middle

and especially of the hind tarsi considerably broadened; hind femora
beneath only setulose towards the apex.

Length 7,5—9,5 mm.

Chilosia. 143

Two of the specimens in our collection have been bred from pup,
but no particulars are given; the pupa is dirty brown with two yel-
lowish, about 0,5 mm long thoracal spiracular tubes; the posterior end
is rounded, slightly conically pointed and terminating in a short,
cylindrical, yellow spiracular process. The length of the pupa is about
7mm. The species is earlier recorded as bred from fungi.

This species seerns to vary somewhat in the colour of the thoracal
pubescence; Zetterstedt says: “‘nigro-pilosa, pilositate certo situ fusca’,
and Verrall says: “blackish or obscurely brownish”, while Meigen has:
“rostgelbhaarig” ; the Danish specimens have all the thoracal pubes-
cence yellow with more or fewer black hairs at the ends and sides.

C. scutellata is common in Denmark; Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Dyre-
haven, Donse, Hillergd, Frerslev Hegn, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Espergzerde,
Nordskoven at Jegerspris, Faxe Ladeplads; on Lolland in Dodemose
west of Nysted; on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland in Greisdal and
Hgjenbeek Dal at Vejle and at Seby, and on Bornholm in Almindingen.
It is no spring species, my dates are ?!/s—18/s. It occurs on flowers
on meadows.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, in Finland and also in Sibiria; further in Asia minor
and Syria.

fo. soror Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 809, 33 (Eristalis). — 1857. Loew, Verh.
zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 559, 14. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 279. —
1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII,
369, 32, Fig. 160. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
221, 6, fig. 221. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 38. — Syrphus means Meig. (nec F.) 1822.
Syst. Beschr. III, 285, 13. — C. means 1894.
Beck. |. c. LXII, 240 et 1902. Zeitschr. Hymn.
Dipt. Il, 351, 13. — ? Syrphus fulvicornis Meig.
1822. 1. c. Ill, 288, 18. — C. fulvicornis 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 288. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr.
Hymn. Dipt. If, 352, 18.

Male. This species is much like seutel-
lata; the frons and upper part of epistoma
a little broader; epistoma and oral aperture
of the same shape, likewise somewhat re-
tracted below; central knob not fully so Fig. 68. Head of C. soror 3.
broad, more conically pointed, and epistoma
more pruinose; eye-margins, though narrow, however, broader, and
longer-haired. Antennz with the third joint a little larger and orange;

144. Syrphidae.

arista more densely and a little longer-haired. Thorax more coarsely
punctate, though the punctuation is not coarse; the postalar and
scutellar marginal bristles less strong. Abdomen and its pubescence
about as in scutellata, but there are no black hairs at the hind corners
of third segment. Legs as in scutellata, but the black rings on all
tibiz smaller and generally only the two last joints on the anterior
tarsi black and the hind tarsi orange in the middle; the legs are nearly
quite pale-haired as the long hairs on the posterior side of front
femora are mainly pale; the fringe on the hind tibie is less extended,
pale with only some few dark hairs.

Female. Likewise very similar to scutellata; frons a little broader,
with more distinct lateral channels towards the eyes. The central
facial knob less wide than in the male, and the sides of epistoma
below the eyes not or very slightly pale; third antennal joint much
larger and considerably larger than in the male, bright orange. Thor-
acal and scutellar marginal bristles distinctly weaker. Third and fourth
joint of posterior tarsi not broad.

Length 7,5—9 mm.

This species is very nearly allied to scutellata but distinguished
in both sexes by the orange antenne with the third joint larger,
especially in the female, the longer and more densely-haired arista, the
smaller central facial knob and the slightly broader eye-margins besides
by other characters; in the female the sides of epistoma below are
not or scarcely pale, and a good character is the not broad third and
fourth joints of the posterior tarsi.

C. soror is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male,
has been caught in Jutland in Greisdal at Vejle on ?/s 1908 (the
author).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe and
recorded down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to middle
Sweden, in Finland, and in Siberia.

8. C. longula Zett. ;
1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 613, 15 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 812, 36

(Eristalis). — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXIl, 370, 33,
Fig. 162. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 217, 4, fig. 217. — 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. HI, 31. — C. plumulifera Loew, 1857. Verh. zool. bot.
Gesel]. Wien, VII, 600, 17. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 280. — 1894. Beck.

l,c. 252. — ? Eristalis geniculata Zett. 1855. Dipt. Scand. XII, 4669, 37.
— 1894. Beck. 1. c. 249. — ?C. nigricornis Macg. 1827. Soc. Sci. Lille,
203, 10. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 126, 24. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr.
Hymn. Dipt. ll, 355, 24. — ? C. albiseta Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 127, 36. —
1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 288. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. II, 355, 36.

J

g

pointed and with a sloping upper outline,

Chilosia. 145

Male. Eyes bare. Frons black, shining, with a longitudinal groove;-
vertex and frons black-haired. Epistoma a little less retracted below
than in the two preceding species, but not prominent; the front margin
of the oral aperture less deeply curved; epistoma slightly hollowed
below the antenne, the central knob broad
but less broad than in the two preceding,

so that the apex lies somewhat downwards,
below it the epistoma is distinctly hollowed
and the mouth edge somewhat prominent;
the epistoma is narrowly pruinose below the
antennee, for the rest almost not pruinose,
shining; it is slightly descending. Eye-
margins very narrow, greyish pruinose, with
pale hairs. Occiput greyish pruinose, with
pale hairs below, black above. Antenne
black or blackish brown, third joint slightly pig 69, Head of C.longula 3.
or almost not longer than broad; arista
distinctly pubescent. Thorax black or eneous black, finely punctate,
shining; it is clothed with longish, erect, black hairs, on scutellum
intermingled with yellow hairs; notopleural, postalar and scutellar
marginal bristles distinct and somewhat long, supraalar bristles less
distinct. Pleura with longish, black hairs. Abdomen black or zneous
biack, second segment quite dull, the third with a shining space on
each side towards the front margin; pubescence somewhat long, erect,
pale yellow, it is shorter in the middle and here with some dark
hairs, especially behind and at the apex, and on the slightly pruinose
genitalia are black hairs; at the sides in the basal half the pubescence
is rather long. Venter black, shining, with longish, pale hairs. Legs
black, the knees more or less narrowly yellow, but the base of tibiz
generally more broadly; the extreme apex of tibiz likewise yellow;
tarsi black or blackish, the anterior, especially the middle tarsi may
be indistinctly pale at the base. Legs with the short hairs mainly
black, the long hairs on femora chiefly pale but black behind the
front femora and also partly on the middle femora; the black spinula-
tion below the hind femora rather fine; hind metatarsi slightly thickened.
Wings yellowish tinged, towards the anterior margin more light brownish;
upper angle at the upper marginal cross-vein somewhat acute. Squamule
dirty yellowish or light brownish, with a yellow or pale brownish
fringe. Halteres yellowish orange.

Female. Frons not narrow, without channels, bluish black, shining,
above the antenne a small, somewhat indistinct dust spot at each

10

146 Syrphidae.

‘side; it is yellow-haired, only just in front of the ocelli some darker
hairs. Below the eyes the epistoma is indefinitely and obscurely
brownish. Antenne with the third joint a little larger than in the
male, likewise longer than broad and generally paler; arista a little
more pubescent. Thorax with short, decumbent, greyish pubescence,
humeral callus yellowish; scutellum with the margin yellow, the bristles
somewhat strong. Abdomen with the middle of the second and hind
part of the third segment indefinitely dullish; its pubescence is short,
depressed and black on the dullish parts and the larger hind part of
fourth segment, on the other parts pale and more erect, longest at
the sides, especially at the base. Legs sometimes a little paler than
in the male, and squamule more yellow; hind femora not setulose
beneath.

Length 7—8 mm.

This species is known from the two preceding by the smaller
central facial knob and the darker legs, besides by other characters;
it is also smaller. I possess a curious female specimen which has the
hind metatarsi strongly swollen, of ovate shape; it is no doubt only
a monstrous specimen; it is taken in company with typical males.

C. longula is rare in Denmark and has hitherto only been taken
on Langeland at Lohals (the author) and in Jutland at Holstebro
(H. J. Hansen), Rebbild near Skorping (Kryger), Jerup near Frederiks-
havn (Th. Mortensen) and at Skagen (Brinkmann). My dates are 1/7
to towards the end of August. It was for the first time taken in 1882.

Geographical distribution: — Europe, recorded down into Italy;
towards the north to northern Sweden, in Finland, and in Siberia.

9. C. pagana Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 292, 28 (Syrphus). — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr.
Hymn. Dipt. Il, 354, 28. -- 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 35. — Hristalis
means Zett. (nec Fabr.) 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 787,12 et 1849. VIII, 3167,
12 et 1859. XIII, 6014, 12. — C. pulehripes Loew, 1857. Verh. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, VII, 597, 13. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 281. — 1894. Beck.
Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LX, 372, 35, Fig. 161. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VI, 222, 7, figs. 222—9293.

Male. Eyes bare. Frons black, grey dusted at the sides, with a
distinct but small, longitudinal groove; vertex yellow-haired, only a
few darker hairs just at the front end, but sometimes much more
black-haired; frons black-haired. Epistoma not much hollowed below
the antenne, the central knob not large, pointed and sloping evenly
above and at the sides, epistoma slightly hollowed between it and
the mouth edge; it has the lower part somewhat protruding and is

4

Chilosia. 147

a little descending; it is very slightly pruinose and only slightly more
below the antennez, but here there is a whitish spot on each side.
Eye-margins somewhat narrow, narrowed below and somewhat short;
they are not pruinose, slightly white-haired.
Occiput grey pruinose, this colour stopping
below under the eye; the hairs are whitish
below, yellow above and here there are besides
longer, black hairs, but at the top they are
yellow as the vertical hairs. Antenne some-
what large, third joint considerably longer than
broad; they are orange, third joint often
darkened at the dorsal margin and apex or
only at the latter; arista not long, thickened
in the basal part, very short-pubescent, ap-
parently bare. Thorax black or zneous, finely
punctate, with a somewhat long, erect, pale
yellow or yellow pubescence, often more or
less mixed with black hairs until becoming quite black; notopleural, post-
alar and scutellar marginal bristles distinct but neither long nor strong;
supraalar bristles shorter. Pleura with long, whitish or greyish hairs,

Fig. 70. Head of
C. pagana Co.

Fig. 71. Antenna of C. pagana Gy, from the inside. > 75,

often more or less mixed with black, especially upwards. Abdomen
geneous black, shining, but on second and third segments dullish at
the front and hind margins and in the middle, so that the dull part
may be almost hour-glass-shaped; the dull parts sometimes rather
indistinct; abdomen is clothed with rather long and erect, yellow or
pale yellow pubescence, longest at the sides and towards the base;
in the middle it is shorter and here a little dark on second and third
segments; in dark specimens the dark hairs may be more extended
on the dull parts and almost all the fourth segment black-haired.
Genitalia shining. Venter black, shining, with longish, pale hairs. Legs
with the femora black with yellow apex, tibie yellow, with a rather
10*

148 Syrphidae.

small, black ring below the middle, tarsi yellow with the last joint
black, front metatarsus a little darkened above and hind metatarsus
blackish. Legs almost all yellow-haired; only the hairs behind the
front femora and towards the end of middle femora more or less
black, and sometimes the short hairs on the anterior side of hind
tibie black; hind femora distinctly black setulose below and hind
metatarsus slightly thickened. Wings yellowish tinged most towards
the base and anterior part; upper angle at the upper marginal cross-
vein acute. Squamule white with a white fringe. Halteres pale yel-
lowish, sometimes with the knob slightly darkened.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, slightly widening downwards,
with narrow lateral but no middle channel; it is yellow-haired but
with dark hairs at the ocelli, sometimes black-haired.. Antenne with

Fig. 72. Antenna of C. pagana 9, from the inside. >< 75.

the third joint very large. Thorax with short, decumbent pubescence,
varying as in the male from yellow to black. Abdomen shining with
yellow, longish, erect hairs at the sides, especially towards base; in
the middle the hairs are short and depressed, and often more or less
dark on the hind parts of second and third segments and in dark
specimens they may be black on fourth and fifth segments. Legs
chiefly as in the male or slightly paler, sometimes the anterior tibize
quite yellow; hind femora only slightly setulose below the apex. The
wings may be more distinctly tinged.

Length 6—8,5 mm.

As Loew correctly remarks the eyes in the male of this species
show some scattered hairs; they are more distinct in some specimens
than in others.

C. pagana is common in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Hareskov, Geel Skov, Hillergd, Bose-

Chilosia. 149

rup at Roskilde; on Lolland at Saxkebing, in Keldskov, Dodemose
and at Strandby west of Nysted; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen;
in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov and Hojenbek Dal at Vejle and at
Horsens, and on Bornholm at Allinge. My dates are 2°/4—3/s, It
occurs on flowers in fens and meadows, and also on open places in
woods, and it is often seen in great numbers in spring, especially in
May, on Tussilago and Anemone, but it may be found during the whole
summer.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland and Siberia; it is also recorded from
North America from Alaska.

10. C. illustrata Harr.

1776. Harr. Expos. engl. Ins. 104, Tab. XXXII, fig. 32 (Musca). —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 234, 13, fig. 234. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 29. — Syrphus oestraceus 1775. Fabr. (nec L.) Syst. Entom. 766, 18
et 1781. Spec. Ins. Il, 426, 23 et 1794. Entom. Syst. IV, 290, 44 et (Eristalis)
1805. Syst. Antl. 240, 34. — 1803. Schell. Genr. Mouch. Dipt. 54, Tab. XI,
Fig. 2a—d. — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 21, 9. — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 279, 2 et (Cheilosia) 1838. VII, 123. — FEristalis oestracea 1843.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 778, 2. — C. oestracea 1857. Loew, Verh. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, VII, 584, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 274. — 1894. Beck.
Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 380, 39.

Male. Eyes hairy with long, yellowish or brownish hairs. Frons
densely yellowish pruinose, with a shallow longitudinal groove; vertex
and frons with long, yellow hairs. Epistoma
densely. greyish yellow pruinose al] over and A
with rather long, pale hairs; it is somewhat \\
hollowed below the antenne, the central Ou,
knob of medium size and moderately pro-
minent, epistoma slightly hollowed between
it and the very little protruding mouth edge,
and somewhat descending. Eye-margins very
broad, densely pruinose, with Jong, pale hairs,
below with some more or less numerous
black hairs intermingled, and from here down
to the mouth edge there are generally some
black hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, with
dense hairs which below and on the jowls
are long and whitish, in the middle short
but becoming long upwards and yellow on the upper half; just at the
lower eye-margin there is a brownish pruinose spot. Antenne of
moderate size, reddish or blackish brown; arista black, densely short-

Fig. 73. ‘Head of
C. illustrata 3.

150 | Syrphidae.

pubescent. Thorax zneous on the front half, more black on the
posterior half, finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with long, erect
hairs which are yellow or whitish on the front part, black across the
middle and whitish at the hind inargin and on scutellum, the latter
with black hairs in the middle; there are no bristles. Pleura grey
pruinose with long, whitish hairs on meso- sterno- and partly on
pteropleura. Abdomen black, shining, but the first and second seg-
ments grey pruinose; it is clothed with long, erect hairs which are pale
at the base, but reddish yellow towards the hind margin of second
segment, the third segment has mostly black hairs but in the middle
and on the hind part are reddish yellow hairs, and the whole apical
part of abdomen has reddish yellow hairs; sometimes abdomen is
much more reddish yellow-haired, black hairs only present at the sides
of third segment. Genitalia grey pruinose. Venter greyish pruinose
with long, pale hairs. Legs black, femora greyish pruinose with the
extreme apex yellow, tibis with the basal part yellow, the apex of
the middle tibiz and the first or first two joints of the middle tarsi
more or less obscurely yellowish. The legs have rather long hairs,
not only the anterior femora behind but also the hind femora on the
anterior side, and likewise the other hairs on the femora and those
on the tibize are relatively longish and hence the tibize somewhat
fringed above; the hairs all pale, only towards the apex of middle
femora some black hairs; the hind femora are not properly setulose
beneath, but have some short, black bristles in the apical two thirds,
somewhat crowded at the apex; hind metatarsus not thickened. Wings
slightly tinged, with a more or less distinct, blackish band or blotch
on the middle; the upper angle at the upper marginal cross-vein
nearly rectangular. Squamule smoky whitish or brownish, with a
darker margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow with the knob
more or less blackish.

Female. Frons moderately broad, somewhat rapidly widening
downwards, with a lateral channel at each side; it is yellow-haired
and at a distance above the antenne is a greyish pruinose band.
Third antennal joint considerably larger than in the male. Thorax
and abdomen haired as in the male, the hairs only slightly shorter;
scutellum without black hairs.

Length 9,5—11 mm.

Remarks: As well known this species was for a long time
considered as identical with Musca oestracea L., but as shown by
Haliday in 1851 (Stett. ent. Zeitg. XII, 139) by examining the type,
and also shown by the description, this is not so, the Musca oestracea
L. being identical with LEristalis apiformis Fall. Verrall has then in

Chilosia. 151

1900 (Catal. of the Syrph.) worked out a synonymi, also followed in
the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt., and from it he excludes Syrphus oestraceus of
Fabricius placing this to Musca oestracea L., and in Brit. Fl. VIII he
says that M. oestracea L. was correctly interpreted by the following
authors (except Schellenberg) until Fallén made the mistake. This seems,
however, not to be so, for in the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehe-
stedt, the determination of which was mainly due to Fabricius, the pre-
sent species stands as Hristalis oestraceus, and consequently I have in-
cluded Fabricius in my synonymical list. It is also to be noted that
Fabricius in his first work, Syst. Ent. 1775 excludes the specially disting-
uishing words of Linné ‘“scutello albido” from his description; in the
later works he takes them up, I think only following Linné’s description.

C. illustrata is a rather common species in Denmark, though some-
what local; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Jegerspris; on Lolland at Maribo,
in Keldskov and Dodemose; on Funen at Middelfart; in Jutland in
Vejle Norreskov and Hojenbek Dal at Vejle, at Horsens, in Ha Skov
at Aarhus and at Rebbild near Skorping; on Bornholm in Almindingen.
My dates are */se—*/s. It occurs in fens and in woods and thickets
on open places and generally on flowers of Umbellifere.

Geographical distribution: — Widely distributed species, occurring
all over Europe, towards the north to middle Scandinavia, in Finland,
and further in north and middle Asia.

11. C, variabilis Panz.

1798. Panz. Fn. Germ. LX, 10 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 281, 6 (Syrphus) et 1838. VII, 123. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
790, 14 et 1849. VIII, 3168, 14 et 1855. XII,
4664, 14 (Eristalis). — 1857. Loew, Verh. zool.

bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 589, 7. 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 276. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop.
Carol. Akad. LXII, 381, 40, Fig. 117. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 224, 8, fig. 210. — 1907.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il], 40. — Eristalis nigrita
Fabr. 1805. Syst. Antl. 244, 55. — Eristalis
ater Fabr. 1805. 1. c. 246, 66. — Syrphus ni-

grinus Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 282, 7. —
C. nigrina 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. II,
330, 7.

Male. Eyes with longish, brownish hairs.
Frons black, greyish pruinose at the sides,
with a longitudinal groove; vertex and frons
black-haired. Epistoma pruinose below the antenne, for the rest
slightly pruinose, with long, black hairs, pale below; it is somewhat
hollowed below the antennne, the central knob moderately prominent;

Fig. 74. Head of
C. variabilis 3.

152 Syrphidae.

between the knob and the mouth edge the epistoma is distinctly hol-
lowed, and it is somewhat descending; the lower part is somewhat
protruding and the anterior margin of the oral aperture with a deep
curve. Eye-margins moderately broad, slightly pruinose, with longish,
pale hairs. Occiput greyish pruinose, the colour stopping under the
eye; the hairs are white below, more yellowish above, and here there
are besides long, black hairs. Antenne of medium size, third joint

Fig. 75. Antenna of C. variabilis 3, from the inside. >< 75.

squarely roundish, not longer than broad; they are black, third joint
rarely more or less dark brownish; arista rather long, short-pubescent.
Thorax eneous black, finely punctate, clothed with a double pubes-
cence of longer, black and shorter hairs which are partly pale, especi-
ally in front, and sometimes almost all pale; there are distinct noto-
pleural, postalar and scutellar marginal bristles, the latter are numerous
but not strong; supraalar bristles short. Pleura “with long, whitish
hairs, more or less black above and behind. Abdomen somewhat
long and rather parallel-sided; it is black or somewhat bluish black,
second and third segments almost quite dull, only the latter a little
shining on each side in the middle; fourth segment shining; the hairs
are longish and erect at the sides, and here pale yellow except at
the hind corners of third and fourth segments, where they are black;
they are also pale at the base on most of or on the whole second
segment, but they are black, shorter and somewhat depressed in the
middle, beginning at the hind margin of second segment, and on third
and fourth segments a large triangular space with the point forwards
and stretching over about the whole breadth behind is occupied of
the short, black hairs. Venter bluish black, shining, with pale hairs,
long on the two first segments, short on the two last. Genitalia pale-
haired. Legs black, sometimes the anterior tibize dark piceous on the
basal half; femora pale-haired, but the long hairs behind front femora

Chilosia. 153

and the short hairs at the apex of posterior femora black; tibize
blackish-haired except the usual golden pubescence on front and hind
tibie; hind femora somewhat strongly black-setulose below except at
the base; hind metatarsus not or almost not thickened. Wings more
or less brownish tinged, most towards the anterior margin; the upper
marginal cross-vein strongly curved above, the upper angle rectangular.
Squamule whitish with a whitish fringe. Halteres yellowish with the
knob brown or blackish.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, widening downwards, trisulcate
(generally); it has yellow hairs intermingled with longish, darker hairs,
especially above and on the vertex. Antenne with the third joint a
little larger than in the male. Thorax with double pubescence as in
the male, but the hairs much shorter and decumbent; the bristles
more conspicuous than in the male. Abdomen shining, a little in-
definitely dullish on the middle of second and third segments, haired
chiefly as in the male, but the hairs at the sides shorter, except at
the base, and all pale. Hind femora less setulose below and only on
the apical two thirds. Halteres quite orange.

Length 10—11 mm; sometimes smaller specimens occur down to
scarcely 9 mm.

Remarks: I have examined the type-specimens of Fristalis ater
Fabr. in Sehestedt’s collection; there are two, the specimen on the
label is a female of albitarsis, the other a female of the present species.

C. variabilis is common in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose,
Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Hareskov, @rholm, Geel Skov,
Sallergd, Hillerod, Nyrup Hegn, Nordskoven at Jegerspris; on Lolland
at Maribo, Strandby, Keldskov, Bremersvold and Christianssede; on
Funen at Middelfart, Odense, and on Feeno; in Jutland in Norholm
Skov at Varde, Hajenbeek Dal at Vejle, Horsens and Frederikshavn,
and on Bornholm at Hasle. My dates are */s—!*/s; I have taken it
in copula on *4/5. It occurs in woods and fens on various flowers.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland.

12. C. honesta Rond.

1868. Rond. Atti Soc. ital. Sc. Nat. XI, 30. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act.
Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 255. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 226, 9. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 29. — C. lasiopa Kow. 1885. Wien. ent. Zeitg.
IV, 206. — 1894. Beck. 1. c. 386, 43, Fig. 108.

Male. Eyes hairy with pale hairs. Frons black, dusted at the
sides, with a longitudinal groove; frons and vertex black-haired.
Epistoma distinctly pruinose, with a triangular, whitish spot at each

154 Syrphidae.

side below the antennze and with longish, pale hairs on the sides; it
is hollowed below the antenne, the central knob rather prominent
but not large, somewhat pointed, and between it and the mouth edge
the epistoma somewhat hollowed; it is
slightly descending and the lower part
not much protruding. Eye-margins broad,
grey pruinose, with short, yellow hairs.
Occiput grey pruinose with whitish, above
more yellow hairs, and here besides with
long, black hairs. Antenne black, third
joint more or less brownish, not small,
squarely roundish with the upper margin
straight or almost concave; arista not
long, thickened in the basal half and
very short-pubescent. Thorax blackish
Fig. 76. Head of C. honesta og. ®Ne0us, finely punctate, shining; it is

clothed with not long, yellow or greyish
yellow hairs more or less intermingled with black, the latter some-
times predominant on the middle; there are notopleural, postalar and
scutellar marginal bristles, but they are rather weak and not much
conspicuous. Pleura with longish, black or downwards more or less
pale hairs. Abdomen eneous black, shining, second and third seg-
ments dull black on the disc but broadly shining at the sides; abdomen
has longish, erect, yellow hairs, longest at the sides and towards the
base; on the middle of second and third segments are short, black,
depressed hairs, and the yellow hairs on the middle of fourth segment
are also depressed. Genitalia rather large, yellow-haired. Venter a
little greyish pruinose with longish, pale hairs. Legs black, extreme
apex of femora and the basal part of tibize yellowish or reddish yel-
low, most obscurely on hind tibize. The long hairs on femora for the
most part black behind front femora, for the rest chiefly pale; the
hairs on tibiz mainly pale on front tibiz, black on posterior tibiz
except the usual golden pubescence; hind femora densely black setulose
beneath except at the base; hind metatarsi not thickened. Wings
brownish tinged, most towards the anterior margin and on the middle;
upper marginal cross-vein curved above, the upper angle about rect-
angular. Squamule whitish with a yellow margin and fringe. Halteres
yellow, the knob blackish.

Female. Eyes short-hairy. Frons moderately broad, widening
downwards, trisulcate; it is yellow-haired, vertex with some dark hairs.
Antenne with the third joint larger than in the male, likewise squarely
roundish. Thorax with short, decumbent hairs which are as in the

Chilosia. 155

male yellow with black intermingled; the bristles, especially the scutellar
marginal bristles, very short. Abdomen shining, clothed with short,
pale hairs, only longer at the basal corners; the hairs are depressed,
except at the basal corners of the segments where they are erect, the
space with erect hairs largest on second segment becoming smaller
on each following segment; on the middle of second and third seg-
ments are black hairs on the hind part, and thus the depressed, pale
hairs form to some degree bands. The base of middle tarsi may be
more or less reddish. Hind femora only with a few black, setulose
hairs below at apex. Halteres orange.

Length 8 to about 10 mm.

C. honesta is rare in Denmark, and it was for the first time taken
in 1897; Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose, Wrholm, Geel Skov, Donse, Tyve-
krogen (the author), Hillergd (Godskesen), in all 8 specimens. My
dates are 1%/s—*/«, it is thus evidently a spring species.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Italy; it is not known from Scandinavia but is recorded recently
from Finland.

13. C. frontalis Loew.

1875. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 587, 4. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. 1, 275. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 392, 48,
Fig. 118. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 27.

Male. Eyes brownish-hairy. Frons large and unusually swollen,
bluish black, shining, with a narrow longitudinal groove; vertex and
frons black-haired. Epistoma broad, greyish
pruinose, with longish, partly pale, partly
dark hairs on the sides; it is slightly hol-
lowed below the antenne; the central knob
not very prominent, somewhat pointed,
between it and the mouth edge the epistoma
is somewhat hollowed; it is somewhat
descending but the lower part slightly pro-
minent. Eye-margins not broad, somewhat
pruinose except quite below, with longish,
pale hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, this
colour stopping below the eyes; the hairs
are whitish, above there are besides SOMe Fi, 77. Head of C. frontalis d-
long, black hairs, but the long hairs ~
behind vertex are yellow. Antenne small, third joint roundish, not
longer than broad; the third joint is reddish or yellowish red, but

156 Syrphidae.

brown or blackish above and at apex; arista apparently bare. Thorax
black, pruinose and almost dull, with indistinct traces of duller stripes;
it is clothed with long, erect, greyish yellow hairs, only at the margins
with some few dark hairs and some on scutellum; there are postalar
and scutellar marginal bristles, but they are weak and slightly con-
spicuous, and I could se no notopleural bristles. Pleura with white
hairs, above and in front black hairs. Abdomen black, almost quite
dull, with long, erect, whitish hairs, only at the hind margin of third
segment and at the apex some black hairs. Venter somewhat greyish
pruinose, with pale hairs. Legs black, anterior femora yellowish at
the extreme apex; tibiz yellow on the basal part, anterior tibie also
slightly yellow at apex. The legs almost quite white-haired, only the
hairs behind the front femora and at the apex of middle femora black,
and the hind tibiz with a short, dark fringe on the antero-dorsal side,
longest on the middle; the hairs on femora long and rather dense;
hind femora a little black-setulose beneath except at the base; hind
metatarsi not thickened. Wings a little tinged; the upper angle at
the upper marginal cross-vein acute. Squamule whitish with a whitish
fringe. Halteres brown with the knob blackish.

Female. Frons rather broad, distinctly trisuleate, yellow-haired ;
on vertex some black hairs. Epistoma much more hollowed below
the antennz and with the central knob and lower part more pro-
minent than in the male; it is only pruinose below the antenne, for
the rest shining. Antenne with the third joint a little jarger than in
the male, similarly coloured. Thorax shining, finely punctate, with
short, somewhat erect, yellowish white hairs. Abdomen likewise shining,
with short, depressed, white hairs, a little longer and more erect at
the sides and at the basal corners of the segments. Legs with the
apex of anterior tibiz distinctly pale; hind femora not setulose beneath.
Halteres orange.

Length 6,5 to fully 7 mm.

Remarks: This species seems to vary with regard to the colour
of the thoracal hairs; Loew describes thorax as mainly black-haired;
the above description of the male is made from a specimen from
Zermatt, kindly sent to me from Mr. Th. Becker; it has thorax almost
quite pale-haired. — The species bears some resemblance to C. barbata,
but this is a larger species with the arista distinctly pubescent, the
frons in the male not large and swollen, epistoma narrower and thorax
shining; in the female it has likewise a much narrower frons and the
thoracal hairs more depressed. The nearest ally to frontalis is melanopa
Zett. but it is a larger and blacker species, as the antenne and legs
are black.

Chilosia. 157

C. frontalis is very rare in Denmark, we have only two specimens,
both females, taken in Ryget Skov at Farum S@ on ‘/s 1911 (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
to the Alps; it is not known from Sweden but is recently recorded
from Finland.

14. C. intonsa Loew.

1857. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 588, 5. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. 1, 274. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 394, 50,
Fig. 112—113. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 232,12. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Il], 30. -- Eristalis fraterna Zett. p. p. (nec Meig.) 1843. Dipt. Seand. II,
798, 22 et 1849. VIII, 3172, 22 et 1859. XIII, 6017, 22. — 1894. Beck. 1. ¢.
948,74. — Eristalis latifrons Zett. 1843. 1. c. Il, 811,35 et 1859. XIII,
6020, 35. — 1894. Beck. 1. c. 249, 84.

Male. Eyes sparingly and short-hairy with white hairs, the lower
part quite bare. Frons eneous black, not pruinose, with a longitudinal
groove, yellow-haired above, black-haired below; vertex yellow-haired.
Epistoma greyish pruinose, most below the antenne, with shortish,
yellow hairs on the sides; it is slightly hollowed below the antenne,
the central knob not small, but somewhat
low, not very prominent; between the knob
and the mouth edge the epistoma is sligthly
hollowed, it is slightly descending and the
lower part not much protruding. Eye-
margins very broad, broadest downwards,
very slightly pruinose, with short, yellow
hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, this colour
stopping below the eyes; it has whitish or
yellowish hairs all round. Antenne small,
darker or paler brownish, third joint longer
than broad; arista short, distinctly thickened
in about the basal third, very short-pubes-
cent. Thorax dark eneous, finely but densely punctate, not much
shining; it is clothed with not long, erect, yellowish hairs; there are
no bristles. Pleura with longish, yellow hairs. Abdomen neous
black, shining, second segment dull on the disc, third on the posterior
half and in the middle line. Abdomen is clothed with short, yellow
hairs, longer and erect towards the sides and longest at the base.
Genitalia not large, somewhat pruinose. Venter greyish pruinose, with
longish, pale hairs. Legs with the femora black, greyish pruinose, the
apex yellow; tibie yellow with a blackish ring below the middle,
largest on hind tibiz; tarsi with the three basal joints reddish, but

Fig. 78. Head of C. intonsa 3.

158 Syrphidae.

front and especially hind metatarsus more or less darkened above. The
legs almost all pale-haired, only behind front femora some dark hairs;
hind femora not setulose beneath and the hairs dark yellow, only
towards the apex some short, black, bristly hairs; hind metatarsus a
little thickened. Wings somewhat short and somewhat brownish tinged;
upper marginal cross-vein curved, the upper angle nearly rectangular.
Squamule whitish yellow, with a yellow fringe. MHalteres yellowish,
the knob blackish.

Female. Eyes practically bare. Frons indistinctly trisulcate, coarsely
punctate at the sides, yellow-haired. Epistomal hairs shorter than in
the male. Antenne with the third joint a little larger, longer than
broad, often paler than in the male. Thorax with short, somewhat
decumbent, yellow hairs. Abdomen shining, a little dullish in the
middle on second segment, with short, depressed hairs, longer at the
sides towards the base; they are more erect at the basal corners of
second and third segments, but there is no tendency to form bands.
The base of the fifth segment distinctly narrower than the hind margin
of fourth. MHalteres orange.

Length 6,5 to about 8 mm.

The pupa is dirty yellowish, of a length of about 7 mm, with two
not long, reddish, somewhat granulated anterior spiracular tubes; it
is somewhat rounded at the posterior end, with a reddish yellow
spiracular process which is granulated in the outer part, not quite
cylindrical but somewhat transverse in section and with the indication
of a dividing longitudinal middle line above and below in the outer
part; the process is directed somewhat upwards or sometimes horizont-
ally backwards. ;

This species is easily known from the other species in this group
by the want of thoracal and scutellar bristles; the female also is known
by the bare eyes, thus being the sole species with haired epistoma
and bare eyes (but only in the female sex).

C. intonsa seems to be rather rare in Denmark, we have only ten
specimens; Ruderhegn (Kryger), Tyvekrog (the author); on Lolland in
Keeldskov and at Strandby (L. Jorgensen) and on Funen at Odense
(H. J. Hansen). The dates are in the latter part of April to 1°/s. Of
the species only a few specimens have been captured, the others have
been bred. The pupa was sifted from flood refuse in Ruderhegn by
Mr. Kryger on */2 and 1%/4, the imagines came respectively on ‘4/4 and
on **/4—*/s. — Zetterstedt communicates (VIII, 3172) that Steger had
sent him a specimen of this species (his fraterna) under the name
mutabilis, and other specimens under the name vernalis; as intonsa
had at that time not been found in Denmark and was not present

Chilosia. 159

in Steger’s collection I think the mentioned specimens may have
belonged to velutina, which according to Becker was mixed by Zetter-
stedt with intonsa under his fraterna, and which in Steger’s collec-
tion was named fraterna, probably determined so by Zetterstedt.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, towards the
north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

15. C. canicularis Panz.

1801. Panz. Fn. Germ. LXXXII, 20, 2 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 280, 3 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 284. — 1894. Beck.
Noy. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 404,59, Fig. 4. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. III, 24. — Syrphus himantopus Panz. 1798. 1. c. LIV, 9, 3%. — 1822. Meig.
1, c. Il], 289, 20. — C. himantopus 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 285. -— 1902. Beck.
Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 352,20. — Fristalis auratus Fabr. 1805. Syst.
Ant]. 244,53. — C. auripila Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 124,8. — 1862. Schin.
F, A. I, 287. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. II, 355, 8.

Male. Eyes with somewhat short, brown hairs which are present
only on the upper part with the larger facets. Frons somewhat small,
greyish pruinose at the sides, with a longitudinal groove; vertex and
frons with long, mixed black and yellow hairs. Epistoma somewhat
greyish pruinose, most below the antenne;
it is hollowed below the antenne, the cen-
tral knob large and considerably protruding,
between it and the very prominent mouth
edge the epistoma is rather hollowed, and
it is considerably protruding below and a
little descending. Eye-margins not broad,
somewhat pruinose, with short, yellowish
hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, especially
along the eyes, the colour stopping below
the eyes; the hairs are yellowish, above
besides some long, black hairs. Antenne
small, third joint squarely roundish, second
and third joints brown or brownish red;
arista distinctly pubescent. Thorax eneous or greenish black, shining,
finely punctate; it is densely clothed with not long, erect, yellow or
dark yellow hairs, on the hind part more or less extensively black-
haired, especially in the middle; scutellum with longer, mainly black
hairs, but the marginal hairs yellow; sometimes thorax and scutellum
almost*quite yellow-haired; there are short notopleural, supraalar and
postalar bristles, but no scutellar marginal bristles. Pleura with longish,
yellow hairs. Abdomen ceneous olive, shining, slightly and indefinitely

Fig. 79. Head of
C. canicularis 3.

160 Syrphidae.

dullish on second and third segments; it is clothed with somewhat
long, erect, yellow hairs, shortest on the middle; the hairs at the hind
margins of the segments more or less decumbent, thus forming more
or less conspicuous fringes, generally most conspicuous on third seg-
ment. Venter zneous black, shining, with long, pale hairs. Legs with
the femora black with yellow apex, tibiz yellow, generally with more
or less distinct blackish rings; tarsi yellow. The legs not specially
long-haired and almost quite pale-haired, only behind the anterior
femora towards apex sometimes some black hairs; hind femora setulose
beneath, the bristles black in the apical half; the black spinulation
below middle tarsi conspicuous; hind metatarsi not thickened. Wings
a little yellowish towards the anterior margin; the upper angle at
the upper marginal cross-vein a, little acute or almost rectangular.
Squamule whitish with’ yellow margin and fringe. Halteres whitish
with the knob darkened.

Female. Frons not broad, widening downwards, trisuleate, the
middle channel inconspicuous; at the sides towards the eyes the frons
is yellow pruinose, and it is yellow-haired, at the ocelli with some
black hairs. Antenne generally a little paler than in the male, and
with the third joint somewhat larger. Thorax and abdomen haired
as in the male, but the hairs shorter, the hindmarginal fringes still
more conspicuous. Tibiz quite yellow; hind femora not setulose
beneath, only with some short, black bristles towards the apex. Halteres
whitish yellow.

Length 10,5—13 mm.

C. canicularis is rare or at all events very local in Denmark and
has only been taken in the southern Jutland in Greisdal at Vejle (H.
J. Hansen, the author) and at Horsens (O. G. Jensen). The dates are
in August. It was for the first time taken in 1878. I have taken it
on flowers of Carduus and other Composite and on Umbelliferee. —
The variety with bare arista and no hindmarginal fringes on abdomen
does not occur in Denmark.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; it seems to
have its northern limit in Denmark and is not known from England;
if C. rufitarsis Zett. (XII, 4665, 17—18) is identical with canicularis
as considered by Strobl (Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1893, XXIX, 176 and
1898, XXXIV, 225), and as seems to me rather probable, the species
goes to the southern Sweden, but is rare.

16. C. grossa Fall. ¢

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 53, 7 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 281, 5 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 781, 5 et 1849. VIII,

ae

Chilosia. 161

3166, 5 (Eristalis). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 286. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act.
Leop. Caro]. Akad. LXII, 402, 58, Fig. 1. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 236,
14. — 1907. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Ill, 28.

Male. Eyes with very long, blackish brown or black hairs. Frons
grey pruinose, especially towards the sides, with a longitudinal groove;
vertex and frons with long, yellow hairs. Epistoma densely yellowish
grey pruinose; it is slightly hollowed below the antenne, the central
knob not much protruding, lying rather
long downwards, the epistoma distinctly
hollowed between it and the somewhat
prominent upper mouth edge, and some-
what descending. Eye-margins broad, yel-
lowish pruinose, with long, yellow hairs.
Occiput grey pruinose, this colour stopping
at the lower eye-margin; the hairs some-
what long and dense, yellow, palest below.
Antenne not large, brown or blackish
brown, third joint roundish, slightly longer
than broad; arista thickened in about the
basal third, almost bare. Thorax blackish Fig. 80. Head of C. grossa o.
geneous, somewhat shining, finely punctate;
it is clothed with long, yellow or pale yellow hairs; there are no
bristles. Pleura grey pruinose, with long, pale hairs, above generally
some black hairs intermingled, and also a few black hairs in the pre-
sutural depression. Abdomen black, shining, sometimes with slight
bluish or cyaneous reflexes, second segment dull on the disc and third
more or less dullish; abdomen is clothed with long, erect, deeply yel-
low or reddish yellow hairs, paler at the hase; they are also a little
paler at the apex and here with some black hairs intermingled and
the sides of fourth segment generally almost quite black-haired; along
the middle the hairs are shorter. Venter black, greyish pruinose, with
long, pale hairs, but: the fourth segment and the genitalia below with
black hairs. Legs with the femora black, a little greyish pruinose,
the very apex yellow; tibie yellow with a blackish ring below the
middle, hind tibiz often quite yellow; tarsi black or blackish, the
middle tarsi may be slightly obscurely reddish on the middle. Femora
with rather long, mainly pale hairs, but partly black behind front
femora and at the apex of posterior femora; tibize longer-haired than
usual and hence a little fringed above, the hairs all pale; hind femora
not properly setulose beneath, but with somewhat short, strong hairs,
black in the apical half; hind metatarsi almost not thickened. Wings
somewhat yellowish tinged at the base and anterior margin; upper

11

162 Syrphidae.

marginal cross-vein curved above, the upper angle rectangular or a little
obtuse. Squamule yellowish with a yellow margin and fringe. Halteres
pale yellow, the knob more or less darkened to blackish. Plumula
rather long-haired.

Female. Frons broad, almost not widening downwards, with
slight lateral and sometimes also a middle channel; it has rather long,
erect, yellow hairs. Antenne with the third joint a little larger than
in the male. Abdomen shining and generally more bluish or cyaneous
than in the male. The hairiness of the body nearly as long as in-the
male, on thorax generally more brilliant decply yellow, and more black
at the end of abdomen, the whole fourth and fifth segments black-
haired and the black hairs at the sides stretching in on third segment.
Legs paler, tibize yellow, anterior tibiae sometimes with faint rings;
hind femora with stronger hairs below about as in the male. Wings
more yellow, especially at the base.

Length 10,5—12 mm.

Remarks: This species varies somewhat with regard to the colour
of the hairs at the end of abdomen; Schiner and Becker say that the
male has here no black hairs, while Verrall states, that such are gener-
ally but not always present; the female has the end of abdomen
black-haired to a smaller or larger extent, and according to Becker
in rarer cases quite yellow-haired. All Danish specimens have in the
male the end and sides of fourth segment more or less black-haired,
and in the female the fourth and fifth and the hind margin of the
third segment black-haired.

C. grossa is not common in Denmark, and has hitherto only been
taken in North Sealand and on Lolland; Ordrup- Mose, Ermelund,
Geel Skov and Ryget Skov at Farum Se; on Loliand in Keeldskoy.
My dates are '°/4—*/s; it is exclusively a spring species and it occurs
on spring flowers as Caltha in fens and meadows, and I have also
taken it on the flowers of Salix; on 1%/4 1 saw it hovering rather high
in the air near Salix and other spring-flowering trees, and the sexes
sought each other in the air; at the same time some were seen on
the flowers of Salix together with numerous specimens of an Andrena,
to which the Chilosia was rather similar.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France, and also recorded from Italy; towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland.

' 17. C. albipila Meig.

1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 125, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 288.
— 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 414,68. — 1901. Verr.

Chilosia. 163

Brit. Fl. Vill, 239, 16. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 355, 8. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II], 21. — FHristalis flavipes Zett. (nec Panz.) 1838.
Ins. Lapp. 611, 5 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 784, 9 et 1849. VIII, 3167, 9.
— C. flavicornis Schin. (nec Fabr.) 1862. F. A. I, 285.

Male. Eyes with dense, somewhat long, brown hairs. Frons some-
what large, slightly pruinose towards the sides, with a broad, long-
itudinal groove; vertex and frons yellow-haired, just above the antenne
may be some black hairs. Epistoma only pruinose below the antenne,
for the rest shining; it is slightly hollowed below the antenne, nearly
straight from the antennal prominence to
the central knob, this latter small, little
prominent and lying somewhat long down-
wards; between the knob and the pro-
-minent mouth edge the epistoma is hol-
lowed, its lower part is moderately pro-
minent and somewhat descending. Eye-
margins broad, almost not pruinose, with
shortish, yellowish hairs. Occiput grey
pruinose, this colour stopping below the
eye; the hairs all yellow, or whitish below.
Antenne somewhat large, orange, third
joint a little longer than broad; arista pie gi. Head of C.albipila 3.
apparently bare. Thorax neous olive,
shining, very finely punctate; it is densely clothed with somewhat
long, erect, yellow hairs. There are no bristles. Pleura with long,
yellow ‘hairs. Abdomen eneous black or more olive, often with slight
bluish or purplish reflexes, somewhat dull on second and third seg-
ments; it is clothed with long, erect, yellow hairs, shortest along the
middle. Venter blackish, somewhat pruinose, with long, pale hairs.
Legs with femora black with yellow apex, tibie yellow, the anterior
may be slightly darkened in the middle; anterior tarsi yellowish with
the last or two last joints blackish, front metatarsi blackish above and
also middle metatarsi slightly so; hind tarsi blackish, the middle joints
more or less obscurely reddish. The hairs on the legs yellowish, but
more or less black behind the apical half of front femora, and below
the apex of posterior femora are some black hairs; hind femora densely
but somewhat finely setulose beneath, the bristles yellow at the base
but mixed with black outwards, and towards the apex almost quite
black. Hind metatarsi almost not thickened. Wings yellow tinged,
especially at the base and anterior margin; upper marginal cross-vein
curved above, the upper angle rectangular. Squamule whitish with
margin and fringe yellow. Halteres yellow with blackish knob.

; 1 Ve

164 Syrphidae.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, widening downwards, trisulcate ;
it has yellow, erect hairs. Epistoma more hollowed than in the male.
Third antennal joint a little larger. Thorax and abdomen haired as
in the male, but the hairs a little shorter. Legs quite pale as also
the femora are yellow, only the last tarsal joint black and hind
metatarsi more or less blackish above; hind femora not setulose below
and the short hairs here all yellow, or at the apex a few black bristles.
Wings more yellow than in the male and often even a little brownish
on the apical part. Halteres orange.

Length 8,5—11,5 mm.

This species bears some resemblance to C. grossa but is easily
distinguished by the orange antennz and in the female by the quite
pale legs.

C. albipila is not common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Hillerad,
Tyvekrog, Grib Skov; on Lolland in Keldskov. It is exclusively a
spring species, my dates are ‘/1—1*/s. It occurs on spring flowers
on meadows.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe,, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland.

18. C. chloris Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 284,11 (Syrphus chlorus) et 1830. VI,
352 et 1838. VII, 123. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Seand. Il, 788, 13 (Hristalis). —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 286. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII,
420,73, Fig. 21—22 et 1902. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 351,11. — 1907.
Kat. paladarkt. Dipt. Ill, 25. — Syrphus flavicornis Fabr. 1781. Spec. Ins, Il,
431, 49 et 1794. Entom. Syst. IV, 302, 87. — 1822. Meig. ]. c. III, 285, 14. —
Eristalis flavicornis Fabr. 1805. Syst. Antl. 244,56. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 785,10 et 1849. VIII, 3167,10. — C. flavicornis 1902. Beck.
Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 351, 14. — C. limbata Macq. 1827. Soc. Se. Lille,
204. — 1838. Meig. |. c. VII, 128, 47.

Male. Eyes with somewhat long, dark brown hairs. Frons eneous,
with a longitudinal groove, black-haired; vertex yellow-haired, or with
black hairs intermingled to nearly black-haired. Epistoma about as
in albipila, slightly pruinose below the antenne, for the rest shining;
it is slightly hollowed, the central knob small, lying long downwards,
between it and the somewhat prominent upper mouth edge the
epistoma hollowed; it is moderately prominent below and somewhat
descending. Eye-margins of medium breadth, not pruinose, with short,
yellow hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, the colour stopping below the
eye; the hairs yellow, above besides some long, black hairs. Antennee
not large, the two last joints orange, the third about circular; arista
apparently bare, more or less distinctly yellowish at the base. Thorax

ft

Chilosia. 165

geneous or greenish, finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with erect,
yellow or pale yellow hairs of medium length; on the hind part there
are besides short, black hairs on the middle, generally not very con-
spicuous. There are no bristles, only gener-
ally a couple of stronger, black hairs on the
postalar calli. Pleura with long, yellow
hairs and above with some black hairs.
Abdomen dark neous or greenish, shining,
second and third segments dull on the disc,
the dull space contracted in the middle and
thus more or less hour-glass-shaped, especi-
ally on third segment. Venter black, shining,
with long, pale hairs. Legs with the femora
black with yellow apex, tibiz yellow with
a somewhat broad, black ring below the .
middle; anterior tarsi yellow, the two or fig. s2. Head of C. chloris 3.
three last joints black, hind tarsi black

above, but the three basal joints yellowish below; the basal joints of
front tarsi also more or less darkened above. The long hairs on the
femora black behind front femora, yellow on posterior femora, but
black below middle femora and at the apex of hind femora; the hairs
on tibiz partly yellow, partly dark; hind femora black setulose beneath;
hind metatarsi almost not thickened. Wings yellow tinged, especially
at the base and anterior part; upper marginal cross-vein curved above,
the upper angle rectangular. Squamule whitish with yellow margin
and fringe. Halteres yellow, the knob more or less darkened.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, widening downwards, only with
lateral channels; it is yellow-haired with short hairs. Epistoma more
hollowed than in the male. Third antennal joint slightly larger. Thorax
with short, depressed, almost golden pubescence. Abdomen shining,
with depressed hairs, coloured as on thorax, only erect at the basal
corners of the segments thus giving rise to a slight indication of bands.
Legs paler than in the male, the rings on tibize smaller and often
more faint; tarsi quite yellow except the two last joints, and some-
times front and hind metatarsi blackened above. The legs all yellow-
haired; hind femora finely setulose beneath, the bristles yellow, only
some black towards apex.

Length 9—10,5 mm.

One of our specimens has been bred; the pupa is yellow, coni-
cally tapering behind but somewhat rounded; it has somewhat short,
yellow, rugose anterior spiracular tubes, and an upwards directed,
about one mm long, yellow posterior spiracular process, rugose in

166 Syrphidae.

the outer half, and with a dividing longitudinal line above and below.
The length is about 9mm.

Remarks: Becker has stated (Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. IL, 1902, 351)
E. flavicornis Fabr. = S. flavicornis Meig. = S. chloris Meig.; a speci-
men in the collection of Sehestedt and Tgnder Lund labelled flavi-
cornis, and no doubt determined by Fabricius (but not type), is like-
wise chloris, and this confirms the statements given by Becker. It is
thus incorrect when flavicornis Meig. in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. is
placed as synonym to Langhofferi Beck. — I agree with Becker and
Verrall in considering it the most advisable to keep the name chloris.

C. chloris is common in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose,
Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Ryget Skov at Farum S@ and
Bagsver; on Lolland at Strandby, in Keldskov and Dgdemose west
of Nysted; in Jutland at Horsens. It is a spring species, my dates
are '4/,—°0/6, the latter date unusually late. It occurs in fens and on
meadows on various spring flowers, especially Caltha and Taraxacum.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France and probably to Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden,
and in Finland. ;

19. C. fraterna Meig.

1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 352, 97 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 285. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 244, —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 248, 20, fig. 227. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn.
Dypt. Il, 355,97. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 27. -— Evistalis dimidiata
Zett. 1849. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3168, 17-18. — C. dimidiata 1894. Beck.
l. c. LXI, 422, 74, Fig. 64. — C. rufitibia Egg. 1860. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell.
Wien, X, 349. — 1862. Schin. F. A. J, 288, nota. — C. chloris 1870.
Verr. (nec Meig.) Ent. Month. Mag. VI, 205. — 1885. Kow. Wien. ent.
Zeitg. 1V, 205.

Male. Eyes with short, dark hairs, disappearing at the lower end
of the eye. Frons pruinose at the sides, with a longitudinal groove;
vertex and frons black-haired. Epistoma a little pruinose, most below
the antenne and here at each side with a distinct, triangular, greyish
or whitish spot; it is rather much hollowed below the antenne, the
central knob not large but prominent; between the knob and the
mouth edge the epistoma a little hollowed, the lower part somewhat
protruding and a little descending. Eye-margins of medium breadth,
not pruinose, punctate, with short, yellowish hairs. Occiput greyish
pruinose, this colour stopping below the eye; the hairs yellow, above
besides a few long, black hairs. Antenne small, brownish red, third
joint roundish; arista not long, apparently bare. Thorax eneous black
or posteriorly more bluish black, shining, densely and not quite finely

¥
>

Chilosia. 167

punctate; it is clothed with relatively short, erect hairs which are
yellow, but at the sides more or less mixed with black hairs, and on
the posterior part and scutellum quite or almost quite black, but just
in front of scutellum are again yellow hairs.
There are very short supraalar and more con-
spicuous postalar bristles, and at the margin
of scutellum (generally) short and fine bristles.
Pleura with longish, yellow hairs, at the upper
hinder angle of mesopleura a tuft of black
hairs, among which a couple of bristles or
bristly hairs. Abdomen rather broad and
ovate, eneous black, shining but somewhat
dull on second and third segments; it is clothed
with not long, yellow or reddish yellow, erect
hairs, short on the middle. Venter black,
shining, with long, yellow hairs. Legs with
the femora black with yellow apex, tibi yel-
low, the anterior with a small, black or blackish ring just below the
middle, most obvious on the posterior side; hind tibize with a similar
but more faint ring or patch, or this almost disappearing; middle
tarsi with the two basal joints reddish, front and hind tarsi with the
basal joints reddish below but darkened above, especially on hind
tarsi. Femora not long-haired, the hairs black behind front femora
and on the apical half on the front side of hind femora, for the rest
yellow; the hairs on tibiz partly yellow, partly black; hind femora
densely black-setulose beneath, yellow at the base; hind metatarsi
very slightly thickened. Wings yellow or brownish yellow at the base
and on the anterior part; upper marginal cross-vein curved above,
the upper angle rectangular. Squamule white with margin and fringe
pale yellow. MHalteres yellow.

Female. Eyes with very short, pale hairs, as in the male wanting
on the lower end of the eye. Frons somewhat narrow, widening
downwards, with a faint or no middle channel; it has short, yellow
hairs, at the vertex some black hairs. Antenne with the third joint
a litle larger than in the male. Thorax with short, depressed, yellow
or almost golden hairs; short, black bristles at the margin of scutellum
generally present, but they may sometimes be very weak and yellow
and then very little conspicuous. Abdomen very ovate, shining, with
short, depressed, yellow hairs, only erect at the basal corners of the
segments. Legs with the rings on tibie generally more faint than in
the male and hind tibize generally quite yellow; all tarsi sometimes
yellow with only the last two joints black; hind femora not setulose

Fig. 83. Head of
C. fraterna 3.

168 Syrphidae.

beneath, the short hairs here all yellow, or a couple of black at the
apex. Wings sometimes darker than in the male.

Length 8—9,5 mm.

This species is similar to chloris, but, however, distinguished with-
out difficulty; chlovis is a larger and, especially in the male, less
broad species; it has both eyes and body longer-haired, thorax more
finely punctate, epistoma of another shape, all tibie with distinct,
black rings, the arista yellow at base, and finally it has no thoracal
or scutellar bristles, while fraterna has always at all events distinct.
postalar bristles; in the female chloris has a larger and brighter third
antennal joint. — According to Zetterstedt the name dimidiata was
due to Steger.

C. fraterna is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose (Steger), Geel Skov,
Noddebo (the author); on Lolland at Nysted and in Keeldskov (L. Jor-
gensen), and in Jutland at Allerup in Vendsyssel (Esben Petersen);
in all only eight specimens. My dates are only 1°/s—*/e.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden (after Wahlgren, Zetterstedt only records
it from Denmark, but according to Becker (I. c. 247) a female of
Zetterstedt’s flavicornis was fraterna); recently it is also recorded from
Finland.

20. C. Bergenstammi Beck.

1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 462, 102, Fig. 55. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 250,21, fig. 228. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 23.

Male. Eyes with somewhat long, yel-

lowish brown hairs, disappearing at the
lower end. Frons a little pruinose, with a
shallow longitudinal groove not reaching
the top. Vertex yellow-haired, just in front
with some black hairs; frons with mixed
black and yellow hairs. Epistoma slightly
pruinose, shining, most pruinose below the
antenn; it is hollowed below the antenne,
the central knob not large, somewhat pro-
minent; between the knob and the mouth
edge the epistoma a little hollowed, the

Fig. 84. Head of ,
C. Bergenstammi c. lower part somewhat protruding and des-

cending. Eye-margins of medium breadth,
a little pruinose, with short, yellow hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, this
colour stopping below the eye; the hairs yellow, or below more

>

Chilosia. 169

whitish. Antenne not large, third joint orange, almost circular; arista
apparently bare, it may be indistinctly brownish at the base. Thorax
geneous or greenish black, finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with
somewhat long, yellow hairs; there are weak and inconspicuous noto-
pleural, short supraalar and a little longer postalar bristles; scutellum
has rather fine and little conspicuous marginal bristles, which are
moreover sometimes yellow. Pleura with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen
narrow and a little more parallel-sided than in fraterna, eneous and
shining; the second segment almost quite dull, the third indefinitely
dullish on the hind part and sometimes also in the middle line; ab-
domen is clothed ‘with somewhat long, erect, yellow hairs, a little
shorter on the middle. Venter shining, with long, pale hairs. Genitalia
somewhat pruinose. Legs with femora black with yellow apex, tibiz
yellow with a blackish ring below the middle, the ring may be brown
or indistinct on hind tibiz; tarsi yellow with the last two joints black
and hind metatarsi black above. The hairs on femora a little longer
than in fraterna, all pale, or black behind front femora and at the
apex of posterior femora; the hairs on tibie almost all pale, only
above the middle tibize are dark hairs; hind femora black setulose
below; hind metatarsi almost not thickened. Wings a little yellowish
tinged; upper angle at the upper marginal cross-vein a little acute.
Squamule whitish with yellow margin and fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons not narrow, slightly widening downwards, trisul-
cate, the middle channel more or less indistinct; it is yellow-haired,
on the vertex black hairs. Third antennal joint somewhat large, con-
siderably larger than in the male, about circular. Thorax less coarsely
punctate than in fraterna, the hairs short, but longer than in fraterna
and more erect; they are all yellow or black on the middle of the
disc; scutellar marginal bristles more conspicuous than in the male
and stronger, but varying in length, and sometimes more or fewer
are yellow, but they are longer than in fraterna. Abdomen with
longish, yellow, depressed hairs, erect at the basal corners of the seg-
ments. Legs with the rings on tibiz less distinct than in the male;
tarsi with generally only the last joint black, and hind metatarsi less
darkened; hind femora black setulose below on the apical half.

Length 9—9,5 mm.

This species is much like fraterna, but is distinguished in both
sexes by the longer hairs on eyes, thorax and abdomen, and in the
female the hairs on thorax are more erect; the scutellar bristles are
longer, abdomen is narrow and less ovate, the antenne brighter orange
and in the female considerably larger, the rings on tibiz are generally
more distinct, and the tarsi are paler; finally in the female the frons

170 Syrphidae.

is more parallel-sided, thorax less coarsely punctate and the hind
femora setulose beneath. — The species varies with regard to the
scutellar bristles; my material consists of one Danish male and three
females and further of two males and two females from Verrall’s
collection; two of the males (a Danish and an English) have fine,
long, black bristles, the third (an English) similar bristles but all yellow;
of the females one (Danish) has somewhat short, black bristles, another
(English) longer, black bristles, and three others (two Danish and an
English) similar but partly yellow bristles.

C. Bergenstammi is rare in Denmark, I only possess four specimens,
a male and three females; two of the females are taken in Hgjenbeek
Dal at Vejle on 4/s 1908 (the author) and one at Allerup in Vend-
syssel on */s 1909 (Esben Petersen); the male is without particular
locality.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; Becker records it from Scandinavia as he found a
specimen in Loew’s collection with Zetterstedt’s handwritting; it is
otherwise not known from Scandinavia.

91. C. gigantea Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 612, 7 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 791,16 et 1849.
Vill, 3168, 16 et 1859. XIN, 6015, 16 (Hristalis), — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act.
Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 429, 78 et 507, Fig. 66—67. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Il; 28. — FHristalis olivacea Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 611,6 et_ 1843.
Dipt. Scand. II, 791,15 et 1855. XII, 4664, 15 et 1859. XIII, 6015, 15. —
1894. Beck 1. c. LXII, 247.

Male. Eyes with longish hairs, yellowish ‘above, paler below.
Frons eneous black with a longitudinal groove; vertex and frons
black-haired. Epistoma pruinose below the antenne, for the rest
shining; it is hollowed below the antenne, the central knob somewhat
large and prominent, and between it and the upper mouth edge the
epistoma somewhat hollowed; it is only little prominent below and
slightly descending. Eye-margins of medium breadth, somewhat pruinose,
with longish, white hairs; at the lower margin of the eye a brownish
spot. Occiput greyish pruinose, the hairs whitish below but almost
exclusively black above. Antenne not large, third joint squarely
roundish; they are black or third joint blackish brown; arista some-
what long, very short pubescent or apparently bare. Thorax eeneous
black, shining, finely punctate; it is clothed with somewhat long, erect,
black or brownish black hairs, partly mixed with paler hairs; there
are notopleural, supraalar and postalar bristles, but not very con-
spicuous; scutellum with numerous, somewhat long but fine marginal

Chilosia. 171

bristles. Pleura with longish, pale and above some black hairs. Ab-
domen zneous black, shining, second segment dull on the whole disc
and the third with a more or less hour-glass-shaped dull patch; ab-
domen clothed with rather long, erect, yel-
low hairs, shorter on the middle; they are
palest at the base, black at the hind mar-
gins of third and fourth segments, on the
latter at all events at the hind corners.
Venter somewhat pruinose, with long, pale
hairs. Legs with femora black, the anterior
narrowly reddish at the end, tibia more
or less obscurely reddish with a_ broad,
black ring below the middle, broadest on
hind tibiz, which are only a little reddish
at base and slightly at apex; tarsi black.
The hairs on femora black behind front
femora, for the rest whitish, on tibize mainly
dark except the usual golden pubescence below front and hind tibie;
all tibiz somewhat distinctly fringed above; hind femora black-setulose
beneath only on the apical half; hind metatarsi not or almost not
thickened. Wings somewhat strongly brownish tinged, especially to-
wards the anterior margin; upper marginal cross-vein a little curved
above, the upper angle about rectangular. Squamule yellowish white
with yellow margin and fringe. Halteres yellow, the knob more or
less darkened.

Female. Frons of medium breadth, widening downwards, trisul-
cate, the middle channel more or less indistinct; it has yellow hairs,
not quite short and directed forwards, in front of the ocelli black
hairs. Third antennal joint slightly larger than in the male. Thorax
more coarsely punctate, with a pubescence of shorter and somewhat
long, rather erect, yellow hairs; some of the longer hairs are dark,
especially behind, and likewise some on scutellum; scutellar marginal
bristles a little shorter but stronger than in the male. Abdomen
somewhat bluish black, shining ; the hairs somewhat short and depressed,
but erect at the basal corners of the segments; they are whitish at
the sides and just at the front margins of the segments, but other-
wise black on the middle, this giving rise to narrow, arcuated bands
of whitish hairs. Legs a little paler than in the male as the reddish
parts are more bright, and the base of middle metatarsi and the front
tarsi below more or less yellowish; the legs are quite pale-haired,
and hind femora without black bristles below. Wings often a little
less tinged.

Fig. 85. Head of
0. gigantea Co.

172 Syrphidae.

Length 9 to nearly 11mm.

Remarks: Becker describes the thoracal pubescence of the female
as having the short hairs partly and the long hairs all black; in my
specimens the pubescence is nearly all yellow with only few of the
long hairs black.

C. gigantea is rare in Denmark, I only know two specimens, both
females, one from Ordrup Mose ‘6 1844 (Steger) and one from
Laurberg near Randers in Jutland **/5 1910 (Esben Petersen).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Bohemia, and also recorded from Italy; towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland.

22. C. proxima Zett.
1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 792, 17 (Eristalis). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,

982, 12. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 432, 80,
Fig. 71—72. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 265, 25. — 1907. Kat. paladarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 36. — C. modesta Egg. 1860. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, X,

354. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 287.

Male. Eyes with longish, yellowish, above more pale brownish
hairs. Frons broadly grey dusted at the sides, with a longitudinal
groove; vertex and frons black-haired. Epistoma pruinose below the
antenne, for the rest very slightly pruinose, shining; it is hollowed —
below the antenne, the central knob some-
what broad and prominent; between the
knob and the upper mouth edge the epis-
toma is hollowed, the lower part not pro-
minent, and it is very slightly descending.
Eye-margins of medium breadth, pruinose,
with white hairs. Occiput grey pruinose,
the hairs white below, black above and
here long, but behind the vertex may be
yellow hairs. Antenne small, black or
blackish brown, third joint squarely roundish; ~
arista short, distinctly pubescent. Thorax
geneous or dark greenish black, shining,
finely punctate; it is densely clothed with
somewhat long, erect, yellow or brownish yellow hairs, more or less
mixed with black, until becoming almost quite black-haired; on scutellum
the hairs longer, but besides there are shorter hairs. There are noto-—
pleural, supraalar and postalar bristles, the supraalar very short, the
postalar strongest, but the bristles not conspicuous; scutellum has
numerous, somewhat long, but fine marginal bristles. Pleura with

Fig. 86. Head of
C. proxima o.

Chilosia. 173

longish, greyish yellow hairs, more or less mixed with black and often
quite black above. Abdomen somewhat short, zneous black, second
and third segments almost quite dull, only the latter a little shining at
the sides; the fourth shining; abdomen is clothed with rather long,
erect hairs, shorter on the middle; the hairs are yellow but more or
less black on the middle and at the hind margins of third and fourth
segments; the yellow hairs at the sides are thus interrupted by black
at the hind corners of third and fourth segments; also at the hind
corners of second segment may be a few black hairs. Venter black,
densely grey pruinose, with long, pale hairs, on third and fourth seg-
ments also black hairs. Legs black, anterior femora slightly reddish
at the extreme apex; tibie yellowish or reddish in about the basal
third and at the apex, hind tibiz rather indistinctly; tarsi blackish,
middle tarsi obscurely reddish at the base; sometimes the anterior
tarsi more reddish; the long hairs behind front femora black, on
posterior femora white but black at the apex of hind femora, and
also at the apex of middle femora a few black hairs; tibie dark-haired
except the golden pubescence below front and hind tibiz, and they
are somewhat fringed above; hind femora black-setulose below, at the
base the bristles yellow, towards apex some longer, bristly hairs; hind
metatarsi almost not thickened. Wings more or less yellowish or some-
what brownish tinged, especially towards the anterior margin; upper
marginal cross-vein curved above, the upper angle rectangular. Squamule
dirty whitish with a brownish margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres
yellowish or pale yellowish, the knob sometimes slightly darkened.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, slightly widening downwards,
the middle channel indistinct; it has yellowish hairs, directed forwards,
but above and on vertex the hairs are black. Antenne with the third
joint somewhat larger than in the male. Thorax more coarsely punc-
tate, with short, somewhat decumbent, greyish yellow pubescence,
mixed with some slightly longer, black hairs; the scutellar bristles con-
siderably stronger than in the male. Abdomen somewhat bluish black,
with somewhat short, depressed, white hairs, erect at the basal corners
of the segments; on the whole middle of second, third and fourth
segments are short, black hairs, rather extended at the hind margins
of the two former segments. Legs all pale-haired and hind femora
not setulose beneath. Wings generally less or almost not tinged.

Length 7,5—8,5 mm.

This species is nearly allied to gigantea but it is smaller, the
facial knob is a little broader; abdomen more dull above, and it is
relatively shorter as it is about as long as thorax and scutellum
together, while in gigantea it is longer than thorax and scutellum;

174. Syrphidae.

the wings are much less tinged; in the female the thoracal pubescence
is different as it is longer, more erect and more conspicuously formed
of long and short hairs in gigantea than in proxima.

C. prozima is not at all common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose,
Lyngby Mose, at Fure So, Hilleroad, Donse, Espergeerde, Jeegerspris;
on Lolland in Egholm Skov and Keeldskov and at Keerstrup; on Funen
at Odense and in Jutland at Horsens. My dates are +/7—1%/s, it thus

seems to be a somewhat late occurring species.
Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
middle Sweden; further in North Asia.

93. C.impressa Loew.

1840. Loew, Programm Posen, 33, 9 et Isis 1840. 570, 9. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 282. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII,
436, 84, Fig. 89. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 243, 18, fig. 226. — 1907.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 30. — Fristalis coemeteriorum Fall p. p. (nec L.)
1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 51, 11. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 804, 28 et
1859. XIII, 6019, 28. — Syrphus vernalis 1822. Meig. (nec Fall.), Syst.
Beschr. III, 290, 23. — C. vernalis 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il,
352, 23.

Male. Eyes with not long, brown hairs. Frons somewhat narrow,
with a narrow and not deep longitudinal groove; vertex and frons
black-haired. Epistoma slightly pruinose, shining, and only a little more
pruinose below the antenne; it is not
much hollowed below the antenne, the
central knob somewhat large but relatively
not much prominent ‘and between it and
the mouth edge the epistoma moderately
hollowed; its lower part not prominent
and very slightly descending. Eye-margins
rather narrow, not pruinose, with short,
whitish hairs. Occiput slightly greyish
pruinose, below at the margin of the eye
it is more distinctly -but narrowly grey,
the colour stopping below the eye; the
Fig. 87. Head of C.impressa g. hairs are white below, mainly dark and

long above. Antenne black, not large,
third joint nearly quadratic, not or very slightly longer than broad,
sometimes a little pale beneath the base; arista distinctly but short-
pubescent. Thorax eneous or bluish black, densely and somewhat
coarsely punctate, not much shining; it is clothed with somewhat
long, erect, and much shorter, more decumbent, black hairs; there are

F

Chilosia. 175

notopleural, supraalar and postalar bristles, the supraalar shortest, the
_postalar rather long; scutellum with numerous, somewhat long, distinct
marginal bristles. Pleura bluish black, with longish, black hairs. Ab-
domen somewhat short and ovate, eneous black, shining, second seg-
ment dull velvet black except the shining hind margin, and _ third

Fig. 88. Antenna of C. impressa do, from the inside. >< 75.

segment dull on the front part in the middle; abdomen is clothed
with long, erect hairs, shorter on the middle; they are yellow, only
black at the hind margins of second, third and fourth segments and
especially at the hind corners of these segments. Venter black, shining,
slightly pruinose, with paler hind margins to the segments; it has
long, pale hairs on the two first segments and at the sides and hind
margins of third and fourth but the middle part of these latter seg-
ments has short, black hairs.- Genitalia somewhat small, with black
hairs. Legs all black; the long hairs black behind front femora, but
mostly pale on posterior femora except at apex, and the short hairs
on the anterior side of anterior fenora and the posterior side of hind
femora chiefly pale; below the front side of hind femora some long,
downwards directed hairs; the hairs on tibie dark except the usual,
golden pubescence below front and hind tibize; the tibiz are short-
fringed above, hind tibie a little longer fringed, especially about the
middle; hind femora densely black-setulose beneath but the bristles
short; hind metatarsi slightly thickened. Wings somewhat yellow or
brownish yellow tinged, especially on the basal part, and the base
itself distinctly yellow; upper marginal cross-vein curved above, the
upper angle about rectangular. Squamule yellowish with a darker
yellow margin and fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Eyes with very short hairs. Frons of medium breadth,
a little widening downwards, without middle channel; it has short,
mixed black and yellow hairs, at the vertex black hairs. Antenne
with the third joint somewhat larger than in the male, and paler.
Thorax with short, depressed, greyish hairs, more or less mixed with

176 Syrphidae.

black, and often a broad longitudinal middle band black-haired. Ab-
domen densely and coarsely punctate and not much shining, with
short, depressed, whitish hairs, only erect at the basal corners of ab-
domen. Legs short-haired, hind femora with very short, bristly, pale
hairs below, black and a little stronger on the apical part.

Length 6 to fully 8mm.

C. impressa is somewhat common in Denmark; at Copenhagen,
Lerso, Amager, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Hillergd, Tyvekrog, Faxe
Ladeplads, Jeegerspris; on Lolland in Keldskov, Egholm Skov, Dgde-
mose, Keerstrup and Strandby; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at
Odense. My dates are '!/s—1/9, it thus occurs somewhat late. It occurs
in grass and on flowers in fens and on fields.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
middle Sweden, and in Finland.

24. C. albitarsis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 290, 22 (Syrphus). — 1838. Zett. Ins,
Lapp. 612, 8 et 1849. Dipt. Seand. VIII, 3170, 18—19 et 1855. XII, 4666,
18—19 (Eristalis). —- 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 283. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl.
VIII, 245, 19, fig. 218. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 352, 22. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Hl, 22. — Musca viduata Fabr. (nec L. teste
Meig.) 1775. Syst. Entom. 781, 41 et 1781. Spec. Ins. Il, 446, 54 et 1787.
Mant. Ins. 348 et 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 336, 10. — C. viduata 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 288. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 235 et 439,
86, Fig. 91. — Eristalis coemeteriorum var. 7, 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec.
Syrph. 55. — Syrphus viduus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 282, 9 et 1838 (Cheilosia)
Vil, 124. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 351, 9. — C. flavimana
Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 126, 25. — Eristalis flavimana 1843. Zett. 1. c. Il,
793, 18 et 1849. VIII, 3169, 18. — C. flavimana 1902. Beck. Zeitschr.
Hymn. Dipt. Il, 355, 25. — Eristalis innupta Zett. 1843. 1. c. Il, 802, 26
et 1849. VIII, 3172, 26 et 1859. XIII, 6018, 26. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act.
Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 249.

Male. Eyes with somewhat short, brownish hairs. Frons shining,
with a somewhat broad and triangular longitudinal groove; vertex
and frons black-haired. Epistoma somewhat greyish pruinose all over
and only slightly more below the antenne; it is much hollowed below
the antennee, the central knob rather large and prominent; between
the knob and the mouth edge the epistoma somewhat hollowed, the
lower part somewhat protruding and also somewhat descending. Eye-
margins somewhat narrow, a little pruinose, with short, white hairs.
Occiput greyish pruinose, narrowly grey towards the margin of the
eye, the colour stopping below the margin of the eye; the hairs
whitish below, chiefly black above, and here there are long hairs.
Antenne small, black or second and third joints blackish brown,

hairs. Abdomen somewhat parallel-sided,

Chilosia. 177

third joint almost broader than long; arista very short-pubescent,
almost bare. Thorax bluish black, rarely more dark sneous, some-
what densely and not quite finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with
long, erect hairs, and besides with shorter
hairs, especially distinct on the posterior part
and scutellum; the hairs are all black or some-
times greyish or yellowish at the front mar-
gin; there are inconspicuous notopleural and
supraalar bristles and more conspicuous post-
alar bristles; the scutellar marginal bristles
are often rather weak but sometimes stronger
and more distinct. Pleura with long, black

bluish or eneous black, second and third
segments dull on the middle, shining at the
sides, the fourth segment shining; abdomen
is clothed with long, erect, yellow hairs,
longest at the sides; just at the front corners of the second segment
are generally more or fewer black and somewhat bristly hairs. Venter
shining, with long, pale hairs, on the whole middle of third and fourth
segments short, black hairs. Genitalia rather large. Legs black, the
apex of front metatarsi and the three following joints yellow, the
middle tarsi similarly coloured but generally more obscure, and on
the hind tarsi the four first joints generally a little pale at apex.
Legs mainly black-haired only with white hairs behind middle and
hind femora; hind femora densely black-setulose beneath; hind meta-
tarsi slightly thickened. Wings yellow, or when quite mature more
or less strongly brown tinged, especially towards the anterior margin
and the base, which latter is yellow or more or less strongly brown;
upper marginal cross-vein curved just above, the upper angle rect-
angular. Squamule white to yellow with a darker margin and fringe.
Halteres orange, sometimes the knob more or less darkened.

Female. Eyes bare. Frons not broad, widening downwards,
trisuleate, but the middle channel often disappearing in the middle;
the frons has short, yellow hairs, at the vertex some black hairs.
Antenne almost not larger than in the male, often a little paler.
Thorax bluish black or more eneous, densely punctate, with very
short, depressed hairs which are all black or more or less mixed with
pale hairs; the bristles distinct. Abdomen ovate, bluish or generally
geneous, shining; it has short, depressed, yellowish hairs, only erect
at the basal corners of second and sometimes also of third segment.
Legs with the middle tarsal joints generally less pale than in the male

12

Fig. 89. Head of
C. albitarsis 3.

178 Syrphidae.

or almost quite obscure, but then, however, somewhat pale below;
hind femora setulose beneath but the bristles very short. Wings almost
quite yellow or yellowish brown.

Length 7—10 mm.

The pupa is rather characteristic and easily known from the other
mentioned Chilosia-pupe. Is is dirty yellowish brown, 7,5 mm long;
there are two a little corrugated anterior spiracular tubes, about 1mm
long; the posterior end is characteristically shaped, it is only slightly
attenuated and suddenly cut off, so that the posterior end forms a
flat, circular disc, turned very slightly obliquely upwards and with
some small, distant bunches of spines round the margin; in the middle
of the disc is the short, brownish black spiracular process, directed
straight backwards; its posterior end is flat, divided into two halves —
by a perpendicular furrow, and with eight small, pointed protuberances
round the margin.

This species is easily recognised by the characteristic colour of the
tarsi and the brown or brownish yellow wings; also the black hairs
at the front corners of the second abdominal segment in the male is
characteristic, but may sometimes be wanting; when in the female
the tarsi are obscured it may bear some resemblance to nigripes, but
this species has blackish wings and a much shorter-haired abdomen.

C. albitarsis is our most common species of the genus and has
been taken in all parts of our country, including Bornholm. My dates
are *°/4—*/7, Jt occurs on various flowers, especially Caltha and
Ranunculus, in fens, on fields and in thickets, and especially in spring.
The pupa was taken by Mr. Kryger in flood refuse in Damhusmosen
on *4/;, the imago came on !*/s6, and in Ruderhegn on °%/2 and */4,
the imagines developing respectively on +°/4—?*/4 and on */s; further
it has been bred by Mr. Schlick from flood refuse at Randers, the
imagines came in May.

Geographical distribution: — The species is distributed over all
Europe and into North Africa; towards the north to northern Sweden,
and in Finland.

25. C. carbonaria Egg.

1860. Egg. Verh. zoo]. bot. Gesell. Wien, X, 353. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 281. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. AKad. LXII, 454, 97,
Fig. 31—32. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 260, 20. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 24.

Male. Eyes with not long, blackish brown hairs. Frons some-
what small and slightly arched, a little pruinose, more distinetly at
the margin; it has a longitudinal groove. Vertex with black and yel-

Chilosia. 179

low hairs, frons black-haired. Epistoma a little pruinose below the
antenne, for the rest slightly pruinose, shining; it is much hollowed
below the antenne, the central knob not large but very prominent,
between it and the mouth edge the epistoma
somewhat hollowed and the lower part much
prominent and rather considerably descending.
Eye-margins not broad, a little pruinose, with
somewhat short, white hairs. Occiput grey
pruinose, the colour stopping below the eye;
the hairs white below, yellow above, and
here besides some long, black hairs. Antenne
small, third joint red or brownish red, not
at all longer than broad; arista distinctly
but very short-pubescent. Thorax black or
somewhat bluish black, finely punctate, shin-
ing; it is clothed with somewhat long, erect, Fig. 90. Head of
black hairs and shorter, pale hairs; the short @ carbone’
hairs are longest on the front part and may

here almost reach the long hairs in length, they are short behind
and on scutellum, and here more or less black, and the long hairs
are here three to four times as long as the short; the long hairs are
longest behind and on scutellum. There are indistinct notopleural
and supraalar bristles and more distinct postalar bristles; the scutellar
marginal bristles are long and distinct, though fine. Pleura with long,
yellow hairs, at the top of mesopleura some black, more bristly hairs.
Abdomen somewhat long, parallel-sided and rather flat; it is black or
bluish black, shining but dull on the disc of second segment and
partly on third, here most broadly towards the hind margin; it is
clothed with long, erect, yellow hairs, on most of the dull parts are
short, black hairs and also the fourth segment has short, black hairs
on the disc. Venter black, shining, with yellow hairs, long on second
segment, short on the rest except at the hind margin of third segment.
Genitalia shining, with yellow hairs. Legs black, anterior knees and
extreme apex of anterior tibize reddish, but generally very obscurely;
the hairs behind front femora black, on the posterior femora yellow
in front, white on the posterior side, but at the apex some black
hairs; the hairs on tibize dark except the usual golden pubescence on
front and hind tibie below; the hairs on anterior tarsi somewhat
long; hind femora densely and somewhat strongly black-setulose
beneath; hind metatarsi a little thickened. Wings somewhat long,
anterior margin a little more distinctly spinulose than usual; they are
rather strongly brownish tinged, especially on the apical half but also

197

180 Syrphidae.

the base is brown; upper marginal cross-vein curved, the upper angle
rectangular. Squamule whitish or yellowish white with yellow margin
and fringe. Halteres orange, the knob may be a little darkened.

Female. Frons not broad, widening downwards, the middle channel
only represented by an impression in front; the frons is yellow-haired,
at the ocelli a few black hairs. Antenne with the third joint a little
larger than in the male and more red. Thorax somewhat coarsely
punctate, with short, somewhat depressed, yellow pubescence. Ab-
domen broader than in the male with the greatest breadth about at
the hind part of third segment; it has short, depressed, black hairs,
at the sides long, erect, yellow hairs; between the erect, pale and the
depressed, black hairs are depressed, pale hairs forming slight fasciee.
Legs considerably paler than in the male as all tibize are broadly
reddish yellow at base, and anterior tibie at apex; also hind tibiz
may be reddish at the extreme apex; the base of middle tarsi and
of front tarsi below more or less reddish; the legs almost all pale-
haired except on middle tibiz; hind femora black-setulose beneath.
Wings with the difference between the basal and the more strongly
brown apical half more pronounced than in the male.

Length 9—9,5 mm.

C. carbonaria is rare in Denmark, only six specimens, a male and
five females have been caught; on Funen at Veflinge (H. J. Hansen)
and Middelfart (the author), and in Jutland in Greisdal and Hajenbek
Dal at Vejle (the author) and at Horsens (OQ. G. Jensen). The dates
are ‘/;—+*/s. i

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
to the Alps and in northern France; it seemed to have its northern
limit in Denmark; to be sure Becker records it from Scandinavia, but
this is, I think, on account of a specimen in our collection, determined
by Becker, as it is otherwise not known from Sweden; it is there-
against recently recorded from Finland, and it occurs in England, but
it seems everywhere to be a somewhat rare species.

26. C. cynocephala Loew.

1840. Loew, Programm Posen, 32, 7, Fig. 45 et 1840. Isis, 569, Fig. 45.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 282. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad.
LXII, 456, 98, Fig. 33—34. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 259, 26, fig. 211.
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. lI, 26. — Eristalis coracina Zett. 1843.
Dipt. Scand. Il, 805, 29 et 1849. VIII, 3173, 29. — Eristalis rostrata Zett.
1843. l.c. Il, 805, 30 et 1849. VIII, 3173, 30 et 1855. XII, 4668, 30 et
1859. XIII, 6019, 30. — 1894. Beck. ]. c. LXII, 249.

Male. This species is much like carbonaria. Eyes with somewhat
long, blackish hairs. Frons a little more arched, not pruinose, shining.

Chilosia. 181

Epistoma similar but the lower part less prominent, and also less
descending. Eye-margins a little broader. Antenne with the third
joint a little larger. Thorax bluish black, similarly haired, but the
hairs shorter and a difference between long
and short hairs only present on the posterior
part and scutellum, and the long hairs only
about twice as long as the short. Scutellar
marginal bristles almost not longer than the
long hairs. Abdomen likewise with the erect
hairs shorter. Legs a little paler, the tibiz
distinctly reddish yellow at the base, in-
distinctly at apex; the legs haired chiefly in
the same way as in carbonaria, hind femora
likewise densely but less strongly setulose
beneath. Wings similar but short, consider-

ably shorter than in carbonaria. Squamule Fig. 91. Head of
white with the fringe whitish. Halteres pale C. cynocephala 3.
yellow.

-Female. Likewise similar to the female of carbonaria. Antenne
considerably larger than in the male and consequently also larger than
in the female of carbonaria, and more brown. Thorax and abdomen
more densely and coarsely punctate. The hairs on thorax slightly
shorter and more mixed with black; the scutellar bristles a little
shorter. Pubescence on abdomen similar, but I find no traces of
fascie. Legs as in carbonaria but the front femora black-haired
behind and the tibia much more black-haired. Wings likewise with
the contrast between the basal and the brown apical part distinct,
but they are considerably shorter.

Length 8—8,5 mm.

C. cynocephala is rare in Denmark, we have only five specimens,
two males and three females; the three specimens are from earlier
time, without particular locality; of the other two one is taken at
Damhussg on 4/6 1915, the other at Thisted in Jutland on ™/s 1906
(the author); they are both taken in low herbage at water.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Styria, and also recorded from Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

27. C. vernalis Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 55, 12 (Hristalis). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 797, 21 et 1849. VIII, 3171, 21 et 1859. XIII, 6016, 21 (Eristalis).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 287. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad.

182 Syrphidae.

LXII, 457, 99, Fig. 35. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, 254, 24. — 1907. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 40. — Syrphus pallidicornis Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 294,
31. — Eristalis pallidicornis 1843. Zett. 1. c. Il, 800, 24 et 1849. VIII,
3172, 24. — C. pallidicornis 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 354, 31.
— C.luctuosa Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 125, 16. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn.
Dipt. Il, 355, 16. — C. nitida Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 126,17. — 1902. Beck.
l.c. Il, 355,17. — C. obscura Loew, 1840. Programm Posen, 33, 10 et
Isis 1840. 570, 10.

Male. Eyes with somewhat short, dark brownish to blackish
pubescence, generally paler quite below; the hairs have generally a
somewhat strong appearance. Frons not pruinose, with a longitudinal
sroove; vertex with black and yellow hairs, frons black-haired. Epis-
toma a little pruinose below the antenne, for the rest shining; it is
somewhat hollowed below the antenne, the
central knob distinctly prominent and to-
gether with the lower part rather protruding;
between the knob and the mouth edge the
epistoma is only a little hollowed, and it is
slightly descending. Eye-margins of medium
breadth; they are not pruinose but have
short, pale hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, the
colour stopping below the eye; the hairs
yellowish, some of the long hairs above black.
Antenne not large, third joint somewhat
roundish, blackish brown to reddish; arista
short-pubescent. Thorax greenish or zeneous
black, sometimes bluish black, densely, some-
what finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with longish, erect, yellow
hairs which may be more or less mixed with black, especially towards
the sides, and in rare cases they may be all black; on the posterior
part and scutellum are besides short, black hairs; there are rather
short and inconspicuous notopleural, supraalar and postalar bristles;
the scutellar marginal bristles distinct but not long. Pleura with
longish, yellow hairs, more or less mixed with black. Abdomen
geneous or sometimes bluish black, second and third segments almost
quite dull, fourth segment shining; the pubescence is erect, somewhat
long and yellow, but shorter and black along the middle, the hairs
may also be more or less black at the hind margin of the third and
on almost all the fourth segment, so that the hairs at the sides are
black at the hind corners of third and fourth segments, or along the
whole side of the fourth segment. Venter shining, with long, pale
hairs, short on third and fourth segments. Legs with femora black
with just the apex yellow, tibize yellow with a broad, black ring

Fig. 92, Head of
C. vernalis 3.

Chilosia. 183

below the middle, broadest on hind tibize; middle tarsi more or
less yellowish on the basal joints; the hairs on femora black behind
front femora and on the apical part or half of posterior femora, for
the rest pale; on the tibiz the hairs are chiefly black except the usual,
golden pubescence on front and hind tibie; hind femora densely black-
setulose beneath; hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. Wings some-

Fig. 93. Wing of C. vernalis 3.

what brownish tinged; upper marginal cross-vein curved above, the
upper angle rectangular. Squamule whitish with a whitish fringe.
Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Frons of medium breadth, a little widening downwards,
with the middle channel indistinct or quite wanting; the frons has
short, yellow hairs, in front of the ocelli are black hairs. Antenne
with the third joint larger than in the male and often paler. Thorax
almost not more strongly punctate than in the male, with short, some-
what depressed or more erect, yellow hairs, often more or less black
on the posterior part of the disc. Abdomen ovate, shining, with short,
depressed, black hairs, but longer, erect and yellow at the sides of
second and third segments, and sometimes the short hairs yellow over
a large part of the segments and also more erect. Legs chiefly as in
the male but the tarsi often paler and also front and hind tarsi pale
on the basal joints, especially below; hind femora black-setulose below.

Length 5,5—7 mm.

The pupa is yellowish white, of the same characteristic shape as
that of albitarsis, as the posterior end is cut off, forming a flat disc
bearing in the middle the yellow spiracular process stretching hori-
zontally backwards. The length is about 4 mm.

This species varies somewhat; the eye-hairs.may vary in length,
but are always rather short; the antenne vary in colour from red to
almost black, and the third joint may also vary a little in size in
both sexes; finally the hairs on thorax and abdomen vary not little
in colour, from nearly all yellow to all black on thorax and ex-

184 Syrphidae.

tensively so on abdomen; the pale-haired specimens are greenish or
geneous while the dark-haired are bluish black; the pale-haired females
have also generally the hairs more erect both on thorax and abdomen.
— Of the foregoing species it bears resemblance to proxima, but this
species is larger, has paler and a little longer eye-hairs and the hind
metatarsi almost not thickened; a good character is also that it has
the venter greyish pruinose, not shining as in vernalis. It is also
allied to eynocephala, but this is distinctly larger, has a more pro-
truding and descending epistoma and a little longer eye-hairs.

C. vernalis is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Amager,
Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, at
Fure So, Sallergd, Hillerad, Tyvekrog, Nyraad near Vordingborg; on
Lolland at Bremersvold, in Egholm Skov and Dgdemose west of Ny-
sted; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense, and in Jutland
at Horsens, Holstebro, Thisted and Lgnstrup. My dates are °/s—1/s.
It occurs on various flowers on fields and meadows and also in woods
during the whole summer. The pupa was taken by Mr. Schlick in
flood refuse in Utterslev Mose, the imago came in May.

Geographical distribution:— All Europe,’ towards the north to
northern Sweden and in Finland.

298. C. velutina Loew.

1840. Loew, Programm Posen, 33, 11, Fig. 44 et Isis 1840, 570, 11,
Fig. 44. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 288. — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop.
Carol. Akad. LXIl, 486, 122, Fig. 80. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 40.
— C. decidua Egg. 1860. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell.
Wien, X, 356. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 275.
— Eristalis fraterna 1843. Zett. p. p. (nec
Meig.) Dipt. Scand. ll, 798, 22 et 1849. VIII,
3172, 22 et 1859, XIII, 6017, 22.

Male. Eyes with not long, yellowish or
pale brownish hairs. Frons more or less
pruinose, especially at the top and the sides,
with a longitudinal groove; frons black-
haired or with yellow hairs above, vertex
yellow-haired with a few black hairs in
front. Epistoma distinctly grey pruinose,
Fig. 94: ‘Head of G.valuiina & of a characteristic flat shape; it is very

slightly hollowed, almost straight from the
antennee to the central knob, and this latter is thus slightly prominent,
but broad; between the knob and the not protruding mouth edge the
epistoma is very slightly hollowed, the lower part is not prominent

=

Chilosia. 185
and slightly descending; the lateral margin of the oral aperture is
short, the front margin deeply curved. Eye-margins somewhat nar-
row, a little pruinose, with longish, white hairs. Occiput grey pruinose,
the colour stopping below the eye; the hairs white below, yellow
above, and here besides long, black hairs. Antennz small, the basal
joints black, the third roundish, brown or brownish red; arista short-
pubescent. Thorax «neous or dark brassy, very finely punctate,
shining; it is clothed with medium long, erect, yellow hairs; there are
black hairs in the presutural depression but no distinct notopleural
or supraalar bristles and only one well developed postalar bristle;
scutellum with distinct but not strong marginal bristles. Pleura with
yellow hairs and some black hairs intermingled. Abdomen with
second and third segments dull black except the front corners of the
latter; the fourth segment zneous, shining; abdomen is clothed with
longish, erect, yellow hairs, on most of the dull parts are shorter,
black hairs. Venter grey pruinose, with long, pale hairs, on the middle
of third and fourth segments short, black hairs. Genitalia somewhat
pruinose. Legs with femora black with the extreme apex yellow,
only slightly on the hind femora; tibie yellow with a black ring
below the middJe, broadest on hind tibize; tarsi black, the anterior
with the two basal joints more or less yellowish. Legs almost quite
pale-haired, only behind the front femora above the hairs more or
less black, and at the apex of posterior femora a few. black hairs;
tibie with pale hairs, only hind tibize with black hairs on the front
side; hind femora setulose beneath, the bristles yellow, but black
on about the apical half; hind metatarsi almost not thickened. Wings
yellow or light brownish tinged towards the anterior margin; upper
marginal cross-vein curved above, the upper angle rectangular. Squa-
mule whitish with margin and fringe yellow or pale brownish.
Halteres pale yellow, the knob a little darkened.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, a little widening downwards,
with a distinct dust spot on each side somewhat above the antenne;
it is trisuleate but the middle channel indistinct; the pubescence short
and all whitish. Antenne with the third joint somewhat larger than
in the male, but varying, and generally paler. Thorax densely punc-
tate, with short, obliquely erect, pale pubescence. Abdomen densely
punctate, shining, with short, depressed, black pubescence, and on
the front corners of the segments erect, pale pubescence; on the
borders between the black and the erect, pale hairs are depressed,
pale hairs forming arcuated fascie. Legs chiefly as in the male, but
all pale-haired; hind femora setulose below about as in the male.

Length 7,5—8,5 mm.

186 Syrphidae.

This species is easily known already by its characteristic flat
epistoma.

C. velutina is not rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Amager,
Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Donse, Hillergd, Grib Skov, Faxe Ladeplads;
on Lolland at Strandby and in Vester Ulslev Mose; on Langeland at
Lohals; in Jutland in Hajenbek Dal at Vejle, at Horsens, Marselisborg
at Aarhus and Haarup near Silkeborg, and on Bornholm at Rgnne.
My dates are 14/;—%/s. It occurs on commons and meadows and is
a rather late occurring species.

Geographical distribution: ~ Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to middle Sweden, as it according to
Becker was mixed with intonsa under Zetterstedt’s fraterna; as
remarked under intonsa the species stood also in Steger’s collection
determined as fraterna probably by Zetterstedt: the species is further
recently recorded from Finland.

29. C, mutabilis Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 54, 10 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. UI, 283, 10 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 802, 27 et

1859. XIII, 6019, 27 (Fristalis). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 283. — 1894.
Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 490, 124, Fig. 79. — 1901. Verr.
Brit. Fl. VIII, 252, 23. — 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. II, 351, 10.

— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 33. — Syrphus funeralis Meig. 1822. 1. c¢.
Ill, 292,26. — C. funeralis 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 353, 26.
— Syrphus pratensis Meig. 1822. }. c. Ill, 293, 30. — C. pratensis 1902.
Beck. 1. c. 354, 30. — C. placida Meig. 1838 1. c. VII, 128, 40. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 288. — 1902. Beck. 1. c. Il,
355, 40. — Eristalis pygmaea Zett. 1838.
Ins. Lapp. 614, 20 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II,
796, 20 et 1849. VIII, 3171, 20 et 1859.
XIII, 6016, 20.

Male. Rather narrow species. Eyes
with short, yellowish hairs. Frons slightly
arched and slightly pruinose, with a long-
itudinal groove; vertex and frons black-
haired. Epistoma a little pruinose, only
slightly hollowed below the antenne, the
central knob somewhat broad and some-
what pointed, but slightly prominent;
between the knob and the mouth edge
the epistoma is hollowed, the lower part not prominent, a little des-
cending. Eye margins rather narrow, not pruinose, with short, white
hairs. Occiput narrowly grey pruinose at the eyes, the colour stopping

Fig. 95. Head of C. mutabilis 3.

Chilosia. 187

below the eye; the hairs whitish below, very short upwards but here
besides with long, black hairs. Antenne not small, black, third joint
a little longer than broad; arista short-pubescent. Thorax dark zeneous,
seen quite from in front slightly pruinose with very faint traces of

Fig. 96. Antenna of C. mutabilis 3, from the inside. >< 75.

stripes; it is finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with long, erect
hairs, and with shorter hairs, especially distinct on the posterior part
and scutellum where the long hairs are longest; the hairs may be all
greyish or brownish yellow with only a few black intermingled, or
the long hairs are all black. There are distinct notopleural, incon-
spicuous supraalar and more distinct postalar bristles; scutellar marginal
bristles numerous, distinct and long. Pleura with longish, black and
pale mixed hairs. Abdomen narrow and somewhat long, parallel-
sided; it is dull black on second and third segments, only a little
shining at the front corners of the latter; fourth segment sneous
black, shining; abdomen is clothed with somewhat long, erect, yellow
hairs, on the middle of third and fourth segments are short, black,
more depressed hairs, extended over the whole breadth backwards on
the fourth segment, and the hind corners or the whole side margin
of the segment often black-haired; also the second segment has often
the sides more or less black-haired, especially at the front corners.
Venter black, shining, with longish, pale hairs, the fourth segment has
short, black hairs, long at the hind margin. Legs black, anterior
femora narrowly yellowish at the apex; anterior tibie reddish at the
base and narrowly at the apex, hind tibie slightly or not; anterior
tarsi with the three middle joints reddish, metatarsus black, at all
events above; the hairs behind front femora black and also generally
a few below middle femora, for the rest pale; the hairs on tibize dark,
except the usual golden pubescence on front and hind tibie; hind
femora distinctly black-setulose below; hind metatarsi a little thickened.
Wings somewhat slightly greyish brown tinged; upper marginal cross-
vein a little curved above, the upper angle a little acute or almost

188 Syrphidae.

rectangular. Squamule dirty whitish with a whitish or yellowish
fringe. Halteres yellow or brownish with the knob more or less black
to quite black.

Female. Eyes very slightly hairy, practically bare. Frons some-
what narrow, widened downwards, with shallow and narrow side
channels and the middle channel indistinct or wanting; it is haired
with mixed pale and black hairs, sometimes almost all pale or on
the contrary all black. Antenne with the third joint larger and longer
than in the male. Thorax finely punctate, shining, clothed with short,
yellow, obliquely erect hairs among which some single black; scutellum
with six to eight long marginal bristles. Abdomen narrow, finely
punctate, shining; it is clothed with short, black, depressed hairs, at
the sides with longer, erect, whitish hairs; fourth and fifth segments
quite black-haired, or only at the front corners of the fourth some
yellow hairs. Legs chiefly as in the male, hind femora not setulose
beneath. Halteres yellow.

Length 6 to about 8 mm.

This species may be known by its narrow shape, the characteri-
stic colour of the anterior tarsi and the bare or almost bare eyes in
the female, in both the latter respects resembling albitarsis, to which
it is certainly related.

C. mutabilis is not rare in Denmark; Rervig, Tisvilde, Nyraad
near Vordingborg; on Lolland at Nysted; on Langeland at Lohals; on
Funen and Middelfart, Odense and Hoffmansgave; in Jutland in Greis-
dal and Hgjenbek Dal at Vejle, at Horsens, Holstebro, Sondervig,
Seby and Skagen, and on Bornholm at Renne, Hasle and Allinge.
My dates are **/6—*/s, it is thus a somewhat late-species. It occurs
on fields and meadows on flowers and in low herbage.

Geographical distribution: — Atl Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland.

30. C. ruralis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 293, 29 (Syrphus). — 1902. Beck.
Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. Il, 354,29. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 37. —
Eristalis praecox Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 801, 25 et 1855. XII, 4668,
25 et 1859. XIII, 6018, 25. — C. praecor 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 287. —
1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Caro]. Akad. LXII, 493, 126, Fig. 85. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VII], 251,22. — Syrphus urbanus Meig. p. p. 1822. 1. ¢. Ill,
287, 16. — C. urbana 1902. Beck. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. II, 352, 16. —
C. glabrata Meig. 1838. l.c. VII, 125, 15. — 1902. Beck. 1]. c. Il, 355, 15.

Male. Somewhat narrow species. Eyes with short, pale yellowish
hairs. Frons somewhat small, greyish pruinose, especially towards the

Chilosia. 189

sides, with a longitudinal groove; vertex yellow-haired, generally with
a few black hairs at the front angle, frons black-haired. Epistoma
grey pruinose below the antenne, for the rest shining; it is very
slightly hollowed below the antenne and
the central knob slightly prominent, some-
what pointed and lying rather long down-
wards; between the knob and the mouth
edge the epistoma is only little hollowed,
the lower part slightly prominent and des-
cending. Eye-margins of medium breadth,
not pruinose, with short, pale hairs. Occiput
grey pruinose, the colour stopping below
the eye; the hairs are whitish below, yellow
and short above, and here besides long,
black hairs, but on vertex yellow hairs.
Antenne somewhat small, (though a little pig 97, Head C.ruralis 3.
varying), third joint longer than broad,

blackish to brownish red; arista short, apparently bare. Thorax
geneous black, very finely punctate, shining; it is clothed with long,
erect, yellow or yellowish white hairs; there are one notopleural, two
or more short supraalar and two or three postalar bristles; the bristles

Fig. 98. Antenna of C. rwralis 3, from the inside. >< 75.

are distinct but weak; the scutellar marginal bristles likewise weak,
of various numbers, not rarely only the middle pair distinct. Pleura
with !ong, yellowish hairs. Abdomen narrow, parallel-sided, zeneous
and shining; second and third segments dull black, but with the front
corners of the second and a large side space towards the front margin
-of the third shining and with a slight greyish hue, so that they almost
look as spots; abdomen is clothed with longish, erect, pale yellow
hairs, short on the middle. Venter shining, with long, pale hairs,
‘shorter towards the end. Legs with the femora black with yellow
apex, tibiee yellow with a black ring a little below the middle; tarsi
yellow with the last joint black, front metatarsus blackish above and

190 Syrphidae.

hind metatarsus blackish. The legs almost quite pale-haired, only
more or less black-haired behind the front femora, and sometimes
some few black hairs on posterior femora; hind femora very slightly
black-setulose below, and only on the apical part; hind metatarsi
somewhat thickened. Wings almost hyaline or a little yellowish tinged
towards the anterior margin; upper marginal cross-vein curved above,
the upper angle rectangular. Squamule whitish with a whitish fringe.
Halteres yellow with the knob darkened.

Female. Frons of medium breadth, a little widening downwards,
with distinct lateral channels but the middle channel indistinct or
wanting; it is yellow-haired. Epistoma considerably more hollowed
below the antenne than in the male. Antenne with the third joint
somewhat larger than in the male and generally paler. Thorax very
finely punctate, with short, erect, yellow or white hairs. Abdomen
shining, with short depressed, yellow hairs, longer and erect at the
sides. Legs paler than in the male, tibiee with slight rings, or these
quite wanting, and tarsi paler, often with front and hind metatarsi
slightly or not darkened; hind femora not setulose beneath. Halteres
orange.

Length 5,5 to fully 7 mm.

I possess a male of this species with hairs on epistoma, but the
hairs are slight and of a somewhat woolly appearance; it is interesting
that also Becker mentions a similar male specimen, but I do not
think that the suggestion advanced by Verrall (Brit. Fl. VIII, 252)
that possibly many species should bear epistomal pubescence when
newly emerged, but soon be rubbed, is correct.

The species is nearest allied to mutabilis but; besides by many
other characters, it is distinguished by the fewer and weaker scutellar
marginal bristles.

C. ruralis is not rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Bagsveer, Geel
Skov, Hillerad, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Nyraad near Vordingborg; in Jut-
land at Horsens. It is a spring species, my dates are 7°/4—8/5. It
occurs on various spring flowers on fields and meadows.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe and Northern Asia, to-
wards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

9. Platyehirus St. Farg. et Serv.
(Platycheirus).

Species of medium size and of a somewhat narrow and elongate
shape; the colours are black or dark eneous with yellow or sometimes

Platychirus. 191

more «neous and hoary spots on abdomen (melanoid specimens may
occur). Head somewhat semiglobular, generally a little broader than
high, and a little broader than thorax; it is somewhat excavated
behind. Eyes touching in the male, separated in the female; they are
bare, the facets in the male a little enlarged in the upper part. An-
tenne inserted well above the middle; they have the third joint gener-
ally a little longer than broad, oval or more square; arista inserted
near the base, thickened in about the basal half, with two quite small
basal joints; the basal antennal joints have small bristles at the end
margin, the third joint and the arista are microscopically haired. The
epistoma has a central knob, and the upper mouth edge may be a
little produced; the lower part of epistoma with the central knob may
be more or less produced, in some species rather strongly, or epistoma
may be rather flat with only the central knob a little protruding. At
the lower eye-margin there is a furrow, somewhat separating epistoma
from the jowls, but not reaching up to the central knob, Epistoma
is black but more or less covered with dust, and it is thinly haired
on the side parts with erect hairs. The oral aperture larger or smaller
in accordance with the epistoma being more or less protruding; when
protruding the front ends of the lateral mouth edges, the lateral
angles, are drooping and the front mouth edge somewhat excised,
when the epistoma is more flat the mouth aperture is simply rounded
a little upwards in front. The jowls only slightly descending. Oral
cone well developed; clypeus of usual shape, with a basal part and
two long, thin legs. Proboscis somewhat long; labrum (albimanus)
strongly semitubular, the apical processes of nearly equal length, the
median cleft at the end, with the apices diverging and divided into
several pointed branches; the upper lateral processes thin and delicate,
the lower broad with the apex rounded and curved a little upwards;
the lateral margin of labrum bears below a row of small papille or
warts. Hypopharynx a little shorter than labrum, semitubular, linear
and slightly attenuated outwards with rounded apex, and with a
distinct salivary duct. Maxille with a slightly curved, knife-shaped
lacinia, and long, thread-like palpi with the end clubbed; the palpi
are densely clothed with short hairs and have some bristles on the
clubbed end part; the lacinia is beset with microscopical spines in
longitudinal rows about as in Chilosia. Labium has the chitinised
basal part somewhat narrow, longer than the oval labella. Thorax
rectangular, at the upper end of the preesutural depression is a small
tubercle. Scutellum ceneous, not pellucid, below its margin a fringe
of hairs, directed downwards. There are no bristles present. Meta-
pleura densely short-haired. Abdomen elongate, rather narrow and

192 Syrphidae.

parallel-sided, especially in the male, with three or four pairs of yel-
low or sometimes darker or bluish spots. The ventral segments
distinctly chitinised. In the male there are five not transformed seg-
ments, the first short and the fifth about half as long as the foregoing,
or smaller. Genitalia of the usual shape, turned to the right, the
ninth segment not large; on the ventral side all the transformed seg-
ments, sixth to ninth, are visible. I the female abdomen shows six
visible segments, the sixth small, and further two more or less hidden,
the last ending with two small lamelle. Legs somewhat slender, hind
metatarsi more or less thickened, generally most in the male; in the
male the legs show secondary sexual characters, generally to a high
degree, especially the front tibize and tarsi are dilated in various ways,
and also specially coloured; sometimes not the tibie but only the
tarsi are dilated; also the middle tibiz are as a rule specially shaped;
further the front, or the anterior, femora are specially haired in the
male in various ways, and likewise generally the middle, or the
anterior tibize; otherwise the legs are haired as usual, with somewhat
long hairs on the posterior and postero-ventral side of anterior femora
and on the antero-ventral side of hind femora; tibie generally short-
haired, when not with special hairs in the male. The front tarsi are
also in the female a little broad and flat, and for the rest slight
traces of the special shape or hairiness in the male are also partly
found in the female; thus f. inst. the peculiar, white, tangled hair
found at the base of front femora in the males of many species, is
then also present in the female, but much shorter and smaller. Claws
and pulvilli well developed. Empodium short, bristle-shaped and hairy.
Wings with the medial cross-vein before the middle of the discal cell.
Vena spuria distinct though not strong, with a more chitinised point

below the base of the cubital vein. Alula well developed. Alar —

squamula with quite short simple hairs, thoracal squamula with long,
furcately divided hairs. Plumula densely haired with somewhat plu-
mose hairs.

Platychirus is characterised by the dilated and specially shaped
front tarsi or tibiz and tarsi, the special hairiness of the front femora,
and also often by the shape and hairiness of the middle femora and
tibiz; these characters are only present in the male, but also the
females may be known by the front tarsi being, to be sure slightly,
broadened and flattened; otherwise the shape of the abdominal mar-
kings, and partly the colour of the antennz will separate them from
the females of the allied genera.

Only little is known about the developmental stages. P. scutatus
is recorded to have been bred from rotten fungi (v. Roser: Wiirttemb.

Platychirus. 193

corr. Bltt. 1834, 10) but I have not seen this paper. Malm mentions
(Ent. Tidskr. I, 1880, 70) that he has bred P. scambus from a larva,
found on excrements from a patient immediately after the stool, but
this may be quite accidentally. Zetterstedt mentions (Dipt. Scand. II,
748) that he has bred P. clypeatus from a pupa sitting on the leaf of
a grass. I have myself bred P. albimanus from a pupa found among
old leaves in a garden on *?/4, the imago came first in May; Mr. Schlick
has bred the same from flood refuse, the imagines came in May;
further I have bred clypeatus from a larva found in flood refuse,
chiefly of reeds, in a fen on **/s, it pupated in the room on °/4 and
the imago came on ™/4; other larve of this species and immarginatus
were taken in the same way on 4/4 on a common near the shore,
and on 17/4 in a fen, the imagines came in the first half of May; Mr.
Kryger has bred clypeatus from larve in flood refuse, taken on %/2,
they pupated on '/4 and the imagines came on 79/4; Mr. Schlick bred
the same species from larve in flood refuse in fens, the imagines
developing in April and May, and he has bred immarginatus and
fulviventris likewise from larve in flood refuse in fens, the imagines
of the former came in April and May, of the latter in May; finally
Mr. Kryger has bred peltatus from a pupa found on the ground in a
wood on “/3, it developed on **/s, and Mr. Schick has bred the same
species from larve in flood refuse, the imagines developing in April
and May. — The larva (of clypeatus) is of a length of about 10 mm
or more; it is somewhat flat below, more arched above, attenuated
towards the head and less towards the end; it is transversely cor-
rugated and the dermis is finely chagreened; above and on the sides
there are some small and short spines, placed with regular intervals
on some of the corrugations in transverse rows; as far as I have
been able to see these small spines are placed in the following way:
on two of the first segments (the meso- and metathoracal) is on each
a transverse row of six spines on one corrugation and some at the
sides; on the following segment, the first abdominal, is likewise a
transverse row of six spines on one corrugation; but on the next six
segments the arrangement is such that the two middle spines are
placed on one corrugation, the two on each side more backwards, on
the next corrugation; each of these seven abdominal segments has
three spines at each side, two anterior, one behind the other, the
foremost quite small, and one posterior higher upwards; each of
these segments seems to have four raised corrugations divided by
furrows, and the spines are placed on the two middle corrugations.
Below there are about seven slight transverse swellings more or less
divided in the middle and armed with some very small spines. There

13

194 Syrphidae.

are distinct mouth hooks; on prothorax are a pair of small prothor-
acal spiracular tubes, and dorsally at the posterior end a short, long-
itudinally somewhat divided posterior spiracular process. The colour
is greyish yellow with a dark, longitudinal, dorsal stripe and some
translucent reddish markings; along each side is a pale reddish stripe.
The pupa is somewhat arched, of a conical shape with the dorsal
side convex and the ventral concave; the head end is rounded and
it is somewhat, but evenly attenuated towards the posterior end; it
is thus not drop-like; it is slightly transversely corrugated and has the
same posterior spiracular process as the larva, and the small larval
spines may also be detected; above on the anterior part are a pair of
exceedingly small (0,06 mm) anterior spiracular tubes (as also men-
tioned by de Meijere, Zool. Jahrb. Abtheil. fir Anat. XV, 1902, 679);
the tubes are thus only slight, scarcely detectible warts, and when
the pupa is preserved in alcohol they may be drawn back and are
not to be seen. The colour of the pupa is somewhat like that of
the larva but more effaced, and the empty puparium is whitish or
pale yellowish. The pupa has a length of about 6 mm.

It is remarkable that I have found my larva under quite other
circumstances than the larva mentioned by v. Roser, and I am _in-
clined to think there may be some error with his observation. Whether
the larve are aphidiphagous I cannot say, but I think they are, or at
all events carnivorous in some other. way, as indicated by their mouth
hooks and as in accordance with the larva of Melanostoma. The larva
hibernates and pupates in spring in March or April; at the pupation
it fastens itself to a leaf or straw.

The species of Platychirus occur in low herbage in fens and on
meadows, often near water, and also in woods; some species are
common near the shore on salt marshes. The genus is widely
distributed and goes far towards the north as species are found in
Siberia and in Greenland. Several of the European species occur in
North America, and Verrall is inclined to think that most or all
American species are identical with European. — It was remarked
above, that traces of the sexual ornamentation of the male are gener-
ally found in the females; in connection with this it is curious to
note, that hermaphroditic (or hermaphroditic looking) specimens seem
to be relatively common in this genus. Becker (Nov. Act. Leop. Carol.
Akad. LXII, 1894, 249) has mentioned such a specimen of manicatus,
Wahlberg (Ofvers. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Férh. IV, 1847, 101) of elypeatus, and
Villeneuve describes (Wien. ent. Zeitg. XXIX, 1910,81) a similar speci-
men of peltatus, which had the head as in the female, abdomen with
only three pairs of spots but with exterior male genitalia; the front

&

Platychirus. 195

legs as in the male, but the dilated joints narrower, and the bristles
on front femora less strong than in normal males. Below I have
mentioned such specimens of peltatus and scutatus.
Of the genus 19 species are known from the palearctic region;
11 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

) Males.
1. Front tibize practically not dilated, but the two first
nas SAUCY Gilated: «oo oc. eiwicye s 5 = pe mss aides lay 2.
— Front tibie distinctly dilated, if slightly also the tarsi
EN Geeks Gas la vo Soh v oyAhate wiv pee Oia a 3.

2. Thorax dull; mouth edge more produced than the
central knob; hind tibie with few long hairs above
MPSS S.-M i) oecore 0 a rk a 2 «Reel

— Thorax shining; mouth edge scarcely more produced
than the central knob; hind tibize with numerous
long hairs above in the middle................. 2. tarsalis.

3. Front tibie dilated more or less abruptly at the apex
or in the apical third; antenne pale beneath third
Rs Sol be. oie. gre ele a Ss ore Jain Sane WAr 4.

— Front tibie evenly dilated from base to tip (in stzc-
ticus very slightly), or dilated soon after the base;
antenne all black (except sticticws) .............-.-- 6.

4, Front femora with a ciliation of strong bristles behind
in almost the whole length; first tarsal joint very
large, as long as the four following joints........ 3. peltatus.

— Front femora with two clumps of tangled hairs behind
near base; first tarsal joint smaller, not so long as
meemenii AOMOWINE: joints! 2 ie ee ee 5.

5. Front tibie with a tuft of black hairs above the
dilatation ; first tarsal joint six times as long as the
equally broad second joint; abdominal spots yellowish 4. seutatus.

— Front tibie with a few black hairs above the dilata-
tion; first tarsal joint not three times so long as
the narrower second joint; abdominal spots hoary

—

. manicatus.

EM ee ore Ot, Sore gs, . wel P EH. . 5. albimanus.
6. Front femora with a row of five or six long, isolated,

black, bristly hairs behind in the whole length........ 7.
— Front femora without a row of long, isolated hairs

IES ee) ed el ORS. SUL het. oe es 8.
7. Front femora with no peculiar, white, tangled hair

at the base; abdominal spots large............-. 6. scambus.

— Front femora with a peculiar, white, tangled hair at
the base; abdominal spots very large, abdomen ex-

tensively yellow with only narrow black lines..... 7. immarginatus.
8. Femora and tibiz all yellow, front femora with a dense,
muemvciiaiton behind ....-..-..2)35.- 00. se eee. ies 8. fulviventris.

13*

196 Syrphidae.

— Hind or all femora more or less black, front femora

without any dense, black ciliation behind............. 9.
9, Front tibiz and tarsi distinctly dilated; abdominal
spots yellow; halteres pale... ....... «> «0s see gies 10.
— Front tibie and tarsi very slightly dilated; abdominal
spots hoary eneous; halteres dark .............. 11. sticticus.

10. Middle pair of abdominal spots not much longer than

broad; second and third joints on hind tarsi yellow 9. clypeatus.
— Middle pair of abdominal spots about twice as long

as broad; second and third joints on hind tarsi (gener-

ally) darkened . 22. ..5.6 <j.ci+ so) = (pyar ae 10. angustatus.
Females
1..--Antenne «quite, black ©. 6 ..)...0.40 29 soe eee eee 2.
— Antenne pale beneath third joint................... 8.
2. Lower part of epistoma with the central knob much
produced: of... 2+ pine 95 #218 we gece Catenion onan ae 3.
— pistoma rather flat, slightly or scarcely produced ..... 4,
3. Thorax dull; mouth edge more produced than the
central knob; anterior tibise and tarsi rather dark.. 1. manicatus.

— Thorax shining; mouth edge scarcely more produced
than the central knob; anterior tibiz and tarsi much

PALER ose siaye a5 thes bee wlahe et eles ae ee 2. tarsalis.
4. Femora and tibie quite yellow; sixth abdominal seg-

ment yellow ow. i ede eta. aula fee oe eee 8. fulviventris.
-—— Hind femora and tibiw with blackish rings or at all

events with traces of such..\.|...4:.54 $2 5euhuls eee 5.

5. Hind femora and tibie with usually slight dark rings;
hairs behind front femora short and of equal length;
sixth abdominal segment quite or partly yellow........ 6.
— Hind femora and tibiz with usually more conspicuous
blackish rings; hairs behind front femora longer and
increasing in length towards the base; sixth abdominal
segment. black .:.:.). 2)...1i:°s:. oe sce bles Bee ee A
6. Front femora with no special white hair at the base;
basal abdominal spots large; antenne somewhat large,
arista about as long as the antenne ............ 6. scambus.
— Front femora with the special white hair at the base
present; basal abdominal spots smaller; antenne
shorter, arista not so long as the antenne........ 7. immarginatus.
7. Not specially narrow species; frontal dust spots moder-
ately large; fifth abdominal segment with distinct spots 9. clypeatus.
— Narrow species with abdomen pointed; frontal dust
spots small; fifth abdominal segment without spots 10. angustatus.
8. Abdominal spots bluish; frontal dust spots small;

hind femora not or slightly pale at base............ "gfe
— Abdominal spots yellowish; frontal dust spots larger;
hind femora with the basal part pale................ 10.

9. Vertex about one third or fourth of the breadth of
the head, shining; length 7—9 mm. ............ 5. albimanus.

Platychirus. 197

— Vertex about one fifth of the breadth of the head, dull;

ees BG; rom! e Ga i. deat) . belek ste olde! 11. sticticus.
10. Abdomen with four pairs of spots; epistoma rather pro-

STE SIRI ie GIN ON ST aay any eae a 3. peltatus,
— Abdomen with only three pairs of spots; epistoma rather

EGE ene ce ck See mE eee ee es 4. scutatus.

1. P. manicatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II], 336, 91 (Syrphus). — 1838. Zett. Ins.
Lapp. 606, 33 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 745, 48 et 1849. VIII, 3144, 48
(Scaeva). — 1843. Steg. Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 321. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
994. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, 266, 1, figs. 229230. — 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. III, 44. — Hristalis geniculata Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 612, 12 et
1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 812, 37 et 1849. VIII, 3174, 37, 9, (mec XII, 4669,
37, od). — 1894. Beck. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Akad. LXII, 249.

Male. Frons brownish yellow pruinose; vertex and frons black-
haired. Epistoma greenish black, densely yellow pruinose, with longish,
yellow hairs, the central knob shining. The lower part of epistoma
with the central knob much protruding, and the upper mouth edge
more protruding than the knob; the lateral angles of the mouth edge
somewhat descending; the epistoma a little widening downwards.
Occiput greyish yellow pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow above,
and here besides long, black hairs; behind the vertex long, yellow
hairs. Antenne somewhat small, black. Thorax sneous or dark
geneous green, slightly shining, dull or dullish but more shining on
the posterior part and especially on scutellum; it has generally some
faint traces of darker and duller stripes, especially one on the middle.
Thorax is clothed with long, yellow hairs, longest posteriorly and on
scutellum; there are some black hairs intermingled, most numerous
on the posterior part and scutellum, and there is also generally an
indication of a longitudinal stripe of black hairs on each side. Pleura
yellow-haired. Abdomen dull black, a little shining at base and apex;
second segment with two widely separated, elongated triangular, yel-
low to reddish spots, narrowed in front; third segment with two
elongated, subquadrate spots, reaching from the front to near the
hind margin with the inner hind corner rounded, and leaving less
than one third of the breadth of abdomen black; fourth segment with
similar spots and the fifth more or less yellowish at the sides; the
spots do not touch the side margin. Pubescence yellow, long at the
sides, shorter above and here more or less black on the middle line.
Venter yellowish, generally somewhat darkened and pruinose behind,
with long, pale hairs, short on fourth segment. Legs blackish, apex
of femora and basal part of tibize yellow but on the hind legs narrowly ;

198 Syrphidae.

the two basal joints of middle tarsi more or less yellowish or brownish.
Front tibiz almost not dilated towards apex, the apex white; front
tarsi with the two basal joints strongly dilated, forming together an
oval disc, the first joint about three times as long as
wet second, which latter is a little narrower; the disc is
= white with four black spots below, two on each joint,
and some dark markings; the three apical joints blackish —
brown. Front and middle trochanters with a large
brush of short, black spines; femora with long hairs in
the usual way, longest on the antero-ventral side of
hind femora; they are mainly pale, only black towards
the apex behind front femora; middle femora with
some short bristles on the antero-dorsal side in the
apical half; tibize with short, pale hairs, anterior tibie
with long, black hairs on the posterior side in the
apical half, somewhat few on the middle tibiz, hind
tibie with a few long, black or yellow hairs on the
antero-dorsal side in the middle; front metatarsus with
a black ciliation at the posterior margin; hind meta-
tarsus strongly dilated with the ventral side straight,
the dorsal arched. Wings more or less yellowish or
slightly brownish tinged, sometimes almost hyaline.
Squamule whitish to brownish, with a darker margin
and a yellow fringe. MHalteres whitish or yellow.

Female. Frons yellow pruinose like epistoma, with

Fig. 99. yellow hairs, longest and black in front of the ocelli,
P.manicatus 3, sometimes almost all black. Thorax duller than in the
as eth, male, the sides and a narrow stripe at each side paler

act 90. +pruinose, and between the latter generally a pair of
faint stripes, but the stripes somewhat varying; thorax

and scutellum all yellow-haired and shorter-haired than in the male.
Abdomen more shining than in the male, the spots less elongated,
especially second and third pairs; fifth segment with distinct spots.
Legs simple, anterior tarsi blackish, hind metatarsi slightly thickened.

Length 8—10 mm.

P. manicatus is common in Denmark; Amager, Vesterfeelled, Lersa,
Damhuss¢, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Birke-
rod, Tyvekrog, Trored, Nyraad near Vordingborg, Frederikssund, Eg-
holm at Skelskor; on Lolland at Maribo, Strandby and in Keeldskov
and Merrits Skov; on Fejo; on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland at
Horsens, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Frederikshayn and on Lees@,
finally on Bornholm in Almindingen. My dates are 1*/s—1*/9. It occurs

G,

fs)
N
rN

Platychirus. 199

in grass and on flowers in fens and meadows, I have often taken it
on salt marshes. I possess a female specimen with almost quite black
abdomen.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
Sweden, and in Finland.

2. P. tarsalis Schumm.

1836. Schumm. Arb. schles. Gesell. 84 (Syrphus). — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. Vill, 268, 2, figs. 231—232. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 46. —
P. ciliger Loew, 1856. Neue Beitr. IV, 44, 36. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 293.

Male. Frons a little brownish yellow pruinose; vertex and frons
black-haired. Epistoma black, yellowish pruinose, with erect, pale
hairs, the central knob shining and the shining space pro-
duced somewhat upwards. The lower part of epistoma
with the central knob rather protruding, but not so much
as in manicatus, and the upper mouth edge scarcely more
protruding than the knob; the epistoma somewhat keel-
shaped in the middle and more parallel-sided than in
manicatus. Occiput grey pruinose, with yellowish hairs,
above some long, black hairs. Antennz small, black.
Thorax dark neous or greenish, shining; it is somewhat
thinly clothed with longish, yellowish hairs among which
some few black may be seen; the hairs are longest on
the posterior part and scutellum. Pleura pale-haired.
Abdomen dull black or brownish black, the yellow spots
about as in manicatus, but those on third and fourth seg-
ments smaller, stretching less backwards, only over about
the anterior two thirds of the segments; fifth segment
indefinitely reddish at the base. Pubescence pale with
some black hairs on the middle. Venter yellowish, blackish
towards the end, with long, pale hairs, short on fourth
segment. Legs blackish with the anterior knees broadly
and the hind knees narrowly yellow as in manicatus;
middle tarsi pale with the apical joints more darkened. _ Fig. 100.
Front tibiz practically not dilated, white at apex; the P-.tarsalis 3,
two first tarsal joints forming an oval disc as in manicatus, igo ei
the disc more emphatically oval as the second joint is oe a
broader but a little shorter than in manicatus; the disc is
white with indistinct obscure markings below, the third joint white with
dark apex; the apical joints brownish, the fifth palest. Anterior
trochanters with a brush of short spines below, rather inconspicuous

990 Syrphidae.

on the middle trochanters; femora haired as usual, the hairs pale,
only dark at the apex of front femora; middle femora with bristly
hairs as in manicatus; front tibiee with long, dark hairs on the postero-
dorsal side in the apical half, middle tibize with some few and hind
tibiz with rather long, dark hairs on the antero-dorsal side in and
somewhat above the middle, these hairs much denser and more
numerous than in manicatus; front metatarsus ciliated on the posterior
margin, with a few black hairs in the middle; hind metatarsus swollen
as in manicatus. Wings hyaline or nearly so. Squamule and fringe
whitish. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Frons slightly pruinose, dark-haired, only yellow-haired
above the antenne. Thorax shining, short-haired. Abdomen as in
the male but the basal spots larger and less triangular; fifth segment
with distinct spots. Legs paler than in the male, anterior tibize with
faint or almost disappearing rings, anterior tarsi pale with only third
and fourth joints brownish; hind metatarsi a little thickened.

Length 8 mm.

This species may be known from manicatus by the shining thorax,
the less produced epistoma and the smaller abdominal spots; in the
male also the front tarsi are a little different both in shape and colour,
the middle tarsi paler and the long hairs above hind tibiz are much
more numerous and denser; the female has the anterior tibie and
tarsi much paler.

P. tarsalis is very rare in Denmark, we have only five specimens,
three males and two females, all from earlier time; Charlottenlund,
Ordrup Mose (Steger) and Horsens in Jutland (O. G. Jensen); the
dates are in May (!?/s—*°/s).

Geographical distribution: — Middle Europe down into Styria and
Moravia; it is not known north of Denmark but occurs in England;
it is upon the whole no common species.

3. P. peltatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 334, 89, Tab. XXX, Fig. 31—32 (Syr-
phus). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 606, 30 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. Il, 747, 50
(Scaeva). — 1843. Steg. Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 322. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
295. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl]. VIII, 274, 5, figs. 287—238. — 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 45. — Scaeva albimana p. p. 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec.
Syrph. 46. — Scaeva rostrata Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 607, 34 et 1843. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 746, 49 et 1849. VIIl, 3144, 49. — Melanostoma octomaculata
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 299.

Male. Frons and epistoma neous green, somewhat brownish
yellow pruinose; vertex with yellow hairs behind, black anteriorly;
frons black-haired. Epistoma with erect hairs, dark above, yellow

Platychirus. 201

_ downwards; the central knob shining. The lower part of epistoma

and the knob somewhat produced, the mouth edge and knob about
equally protruding. Occiput greyish yellow pruinose, with yellow hairs,
above some long, black hairs but the hairs behind vertex yellow.
Antennze not large, third joint yellowish below at base to a higher
or smaller degree. Thorax greenish #neous, sometimes more brassy,
shining; it is clothed with erect, yellow hairs, long behind and on
scutellum; on each side of the disc more or fewer black hairs may
be intermingled, tending to form two longitudinal bands; also in the
middle on the posterior part may be black hairs. Pleura yellow-haired.
Abdomen dull black, shining at the apex, with three pairs of quadrate
or subquadrate, yellow spots, the first pair smallest, the
second largest; the second and third pairs lying quite near
the front margin; the fifth segment with a pair of small,
more or less indistinct spots. Abdomen is clothed with
yellow hairs, long at the sides and towards the base; on
the black parts are mainly black hairs. Venter translucent
or more or less sneous, especially towards the end,
shining and with long, pale hairs, short on fourth segment.
Legs with the femora blackish, anterior femora yellowish
in about the apical half, but below the black colour
stretching about to the apex; anterior tibie and tarsi
mainly pale, middle metatarsi more or less darkened; hind
legs almost quite black only the knees narrowly reddish.
Front trochanters with a brush of short spines below,
middle trochanters with a small, inconspicuous brush;
front femora with dense and strong, black bristles on the
posterior and postero-ventral side; front tibiz suddenly
somewhat dilated at the end, on the lower side the basal
part, two oblique transverse bands and the apex are
brown, the upper band widening to a spot on the posterior
side; this side bears a short fringe, black above, yellow Fig. 101.

below; the metatarsus dilated, somewhat rectangular with P. peltatus g,
the anterior end corner produced and about as long as "ghtfrontleg
the four following joints; it is whitish with some blackish °™ ee
markings below, especially two larger spots on the anterior a

lateral half; the spots have short, black hairs; the anterior side margin
is black; the second tarsal joint is a little dilated, whitish, the three
last yellow; middle coxe with a small, triangular, dent-like prolonga-
tion at apex on the front side; the middle femora have a large exci-
sion after the middle on the anterior side, below there are short,
black bristles, specially short on the edge of the excision, and just

202 Syrphidae.

after it there is a little clump of short hairs on the anterior side; the
middle tibize are a little dilated ventrally after the base, the dilatation
bears very short, dense, black bristles, and on the anterior side a tuft
of longish, yellow hairs; after the dilatation the tibia is a little excised
below and the end a little thickened; on the posterior side there is in
the middle a little tuft of longish hairs; the middle metatarsus is thin;
the hind tibie have a row of short, black bristles on the antero-dorsal
side, very short on the upper part; hind metatarsus a little thickened.
Wings slightly or a little more brownish tinged. Squamule whitish
to brownish white, with a darker margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres
yellow, sometimes the knob a little darkened.

Female. Frons and epistoma not broad; frons metallic shining
with two large, yellow dust spots, black-haired; the hairs on epistoma
yellow. Antenne generally paler beneath the third joint than in the
male. Thorax brightly shining, sometimes somewhat purplish, short-
haired. Abdomen with four distinct pairs of yellow spots, sometimes
somewhat hoary; the basal spots larger than in the male and quite
near to the front margin, the second and third pairs more transverse,
slooping off outwards from the front margin of the segments and with
the hind margin somewhat concave; the fourth pair quite distinct.
Legs paler than in the male, the anterior quite pale or with traces of
rings on tibie, the hind legs with base of femora and knees distinctly
pale; the middle femora show a slight excavation on the same place
as in the male.

Length 8—10 mm.

The pupa has a length of 6 mm; it is yellowish or light brownish
yellow, slightly transversely corrugated, with a short, brown, long-
itudinally divided posterior spiracular process.

This species is in the male known at once by the shape and

hairiness of the anterior legs; the female is distinguished from the
preceding among others by the less produced epistoma, the distinct
four pairs of abdominal spots and the pale anterior legs; finally in
both sexes the third antennal joint is pale beneath. — I possess of
this species a curious, hermaphroditic specimen; it has exterior male
genitalia, only somewhat small; the eyes are separated and the frons
only a little narrower than in the female; the front femora have a
few black, bristly hairs between the pale, the tarsi have the first joint
shaped as in the male but much narrower; the other characters, as
the hairiness of the body and the abdominal spots are rather inter-
mediate between male and female. Verrall mentions a female with
stronger and partially black hairs on front femora and small, dark
abdominal spots, perhaps also a hermaphrodite.

Lap. i

Platychirus. 203

P. peltatus is common in Denmark; Lerso, Uttersleyv Mose, Vester
Felled, Amager, Damhusmose, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Trorad, Tisvilde, Nyraad near Vording-
borg; on Lolland at Maribo, Strandby and in Keldskov; on Fejo; on
Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland at Horsens, Silkeborg, Randers, Jerup
near Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm at Hammeren. My dates are
M/5—™/9, It occurs in fens, on commons and meadows. The pupa
was found on the ground in Dyrehaven on ‘/s, it developed on 15/5
(Kryger); the species has been bred from larve in flood refuse on
Vesterfeelled, in Damhusmose and at Randers, the imagines came in

_ April and May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland;
it occurs also in North America.

4. P. scutatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 333, 88 (Syrphus)..— 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 751, 55 et 1859. XIII, 6003, 55 (Scaeva). — 1843. Steg. Naturh.

Tidsskr. IV, 322. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 295. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
VIII, 277, 6, figs. 239—240. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 46. — Scaeva
albimana p. p. 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 46. — Syrphus quadratus

Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 230, 8 et 1838. Suit. & Buff. I, 549, 49. —
P. quadratus 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 297. — Syrphus seanotatus Meig. 1838.
Syst. Beschr. VII, 134, 107. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 312.

Male. Frons and epistoma greenish eneous, brownish yellow
pruinose, somewhat thinly on frons; the central knob a little shining.
Vertex yellow-haired, only just at the apex some dark hairs, or the
vertex dark-haired to a higher degree; frons black-haired; epistoma
with erect, yellow hairs, sometimes some black intermingled. The
lower part of epistoma slightly produced, the mouth edge less pro-
duced than the knob. Occiput greyish yellow pruinose, with yellow
hairs, between which no long, black hairs. Antenne small, yellowish
beneath on second and base of third joint; arista brown at the base.
Thorax neous, shining, clothed with long, yellow hairs, longest on
scutellum. Pleura yellow-haired. Abdomen dull black, a little shining
at apex; it has three pairs of not large, yellow or reddish yellow
spots; the first pair small, somewhat roundish, lying on the middle
of the segment, the second pair rectangular or quadrate, the third
quadrate or transverse, both near to the front margin; the fifth seg-
ment shows no trace of spots. Abdomen is clothed with pale yel-
lowish hairs, long at the sides and towards the base; the black parts
more or less clothed with black hairs. Venter yellowish translucent,

204 Syrphidae.

more or less blackened in the apical half, with long, pale hairs, short
on fourth segment. Legs black and yellow; front femora yellowish
on the anterior, black on the posterior side, but here yellow at the
base with about four, black, roundish spots, the apex yellow; middle
femora yellow, black below; middle tibiz black except base and apex,
middle tarsi blackish or brownish, especially below, with the apex of
the joints more or less pale; hind legs black with only the knees
yellowish. Front trochanters with a brush of relatively long, yellow
bristles below; front femora on the posterior side at
the base with some curled and united, long, white hairs,
then follow two clumps of likewise curled and tangled,
black hairs with the apex curved forwards, and here-
after long, bristly, black hairs and below some yellow
hairs; the front tibize are rather abruptly dilated in
about the apical third on the posterior side; they are
whitish above; below the basal part is brown, then
there is a whitish, transverse band, after it a brown
patch, the apical part is again whitish with two nar-
row, undulated, brown transverse bands at the apex;
the posterior margin is black in the middle and it has
a fringe of partly black, partly yellow hairs, and similar
hairs above; above the dilated part is a tuft of long,
tangled, black hairs at the posterior margin; front meta-
tarsus dilated, nearly as long at the following joints,
second joint as dilated as the first, but very short,
about one sixth of the length of the first; third and
fourth joints less dilated, the third most; the joints are
dilated to the posterior side; the tarsus is white, meta-
Fig. 102. tarsus with some longitudinal, blackish markings below,
P.scutatus 3, and the two next joints with the posterior corner
Helier Rta blackish below; fifth joint yellow; the middle coxe
s< 99, bear at the apex on the front side a spine-like, yellow
prolongation, often dark at the apex; behind it is an-

other small and inconspicuous prolongation; the middle femora have
long, pale hairs behind, black, bristly hairs below in the apical half
and here also finer, dark hairs on the antero-ventral side; at the apex
below there are three to four fine, recurved hairs; the middle tibise
are a little thickened on the middle part, slightly narrowed before the
apex and here curved a little inwards; they have longish, somewhat
tangled, yellow or dark hairs on the posterior side in the basal two
thirds and a delicate, short fringe on the postero-dorsal side, but with
long hairs in the middle; below there is a short, dense fringe of erect,

Platychirus. 905

pale hairs, with some longer hairs at the base; the hind femora are
haired as usual with pale hairs, the hind tibize have some few, long,
dark hairs on the antero-dorsal side about the middle; hind meta-
tarsi a little thickened. Wings hyaline or nearly so. Squamule
whitish to brownish white and with a whitish fringe. Halteres pale
yellow.

Female. Frons and epistoma not broad; frons bluish with moderate
side dust spots and with the hairs black above and below, yellow in
the middle. Thorax short-haired, the hairs erect. Abdomen with the
spots about as in the male, but more transverse; there are only three
pairs, the fifth segment without spots; sometimes the spots are rather
hoary. Anterior legs yellow with only faint, brown rings on tibie;
the front femora have as in the male a peculiar, combined, white
hair at the base, but it is straight, small and inconspicuous; hind
femora yellow with a broad, dark ring near the apex, and hind tibiz
yellow at base and apex.

Length 7,3—9 mm.

This species is in the male distinguished at once by the characters
on the anterior legs; in the female it somewhat resembles peltatus,
but it is easily known by the less produced epistoma and upper
mouth edge, the slightly more erect thoracal pubescence, the smaller
abdominal spots, especially the first pair and the want of a fourth
pair; finally it is a smaller species. — The finger-like prolongation at
the base of the middle legs is not placed on the trochanter, as stated
by Verrall, but on the coxa, and it is, as also the dent-like process in
peltatus, a special development of the thin, chitinous prolongation of the
front side of the coxa commonly present. — I possess a herma-
phroditic specimen of this species; it has female exterior genitalia, but
the last segments are not quite as in a normal female. The frons is
about as broad as in normal females; anterior femora and tibic
coloured about as in the male; the right front femur has the peculiar
white hair and two-small clumps of black, tangled hairs; on the left
femur they are less developed; the tibize are almost not flattened, the
tarsi somewhat broad and flat but not much; middle legs simple.
‘The specimen is melanoid with a black abdomen.

P. scutatus is not just common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a
garden, Frederiksberg Have, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven,
Geel Skov, Trorod, Tyvekrog, Egebeeks Vang; on Langeland at Lohals;
-on Funen at Middelfart, Strib and on Feng; in Jutland in Vejle
Norreskov, at Horsens, Hald near Viborg and Jerup near Frederiks-
havn. The dates are 78/;,—%/9, but it is most common in the later
part of the summer.

206 Syrphidae.

Geographical distribution:— Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

~

5. P. albimanus Fabr.

1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 434, 63 et 1794. Entom. Syst. IV, 310,117
(Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 253,23 (Scaeva). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec.
Syrph. 46, 19, p. p. (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 333, 87
(Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 752, 56 (Scaeva). — 1843. Steg.
Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 326. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 294. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VII, 280, 7, figs. 241—244. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 42. —
Musca cyanea O. F. Mill. 1764. Fn. Fridrichsd. 85, 761.

Male. Frons and epistoma greenish black, thinly brownish pruinose,
somewhat shining, central knob not pruinose; vertex black-haired,
behind the ocelli yellow-haired; frons and epistoma all black-haired.
The lower part of epistoma with the central knob a little produced.
Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow upwards and
here besides a few long, black hairs. Antenne smallish, yellowish
beneath the base of the third joint, but often somewhat indistinctly.
Thorax eneous, shining but not brightly, clothed with long, yellow
hairs, longest on scutellum and here black on the posterior part; at
the sides of the disc are also blackish hairs tending to form two
longitudinal stripes. Pleura with pale hairs. Abdomen dull black,
the very base and the fifth segment shining; it has three pairs of
geneous spots, the first pair in the middle of the segment, the two
other pairs somewhat triangular or more subquadrate, placed near
the front margin, all continuous with the shining eneous side margin;
the spots are hoary but in a different way according to the direction
in which they are seen; when seen from behind the inner part of the
spots is hoary, but when seen from in front it is the outer part which
is hoary; the basal spots only slightly hoary. The pubescence is long
and yellow at the sides towards the base, short in the middle and
here mainly black on the black parts. Venter yellowish or eneous
black, shining, with long, pale hairs, shorter towards the end. Legs
black or blackish and yellow; front femora yellow at apex, and at
the base on the anterior side, and also with a pale patch on the
posterior side inclosing two black spots; front tibize and tarsi mainly
pale; middle legs with the knees and apex of tibiew yellowish, and the
tarsi pale yellowish, more or less brownish towards the end; hind
legs with only the knees yellowish; sometimes the dark parts of the
legs are rather brown or pale brown. Front trochanters with very
short and inconspicuous, pale hairs; the front femora have on the
posterior side at the base a long, white, somewhat curled hair, con-
sisting of several united hairs, with the apex bent forwards; then

a

Platychirus. 207

follow two more or less separated clumps of tangled, black hairs,
likewise with the apex curved forwards, and after them about three
black, bristly hairs; on the postero-ventral side are shorter and finer
hairs; front tibiz evenly dilated about from the base, in the apical
third more suddenly dilated towards the posterior side
and with the posterior apical corner produced; they are
whitish, the margins black except at base, and on the
ventral side there is a dark, oblique, transverse band
above the middle, and a dark, longitudinal stripe below
it as well as a couple of black, transverse stripes at
apex towards the anterior side; the tibiz have a short,
blackish ciliation on the anterior margin, and long, black
hairs above towards the posterior margin, and a couple
of long hairs in the middle of the postero-ventral margin;
the metatarsus is dilated, as broad as the end of tibia,
not three times as long as the second joint and about
as long as the three following joints; these latter de-
crease evenly in breadth and are subquadrate; the
metatarsus is whitish, somewhat blackish below with a
_ transverse, whitish band in the middle; the other joints
are more yellow; the blackish ciliation on the anterior
margin of tibize is produced along the margin of meta-
tarsus. The middle trochanters have a brush of short,
black bristles below; the middle femora have a row of Fig. 103.
black bristles below, and at the apex a single, fine, P. albimanus 3,
recurved hair; they have further some long, yellow Tht front leg
hairs below about the middle, and shorter, yellow and Of eet
black hairs on the posterior side; the middle tibize are it
simple, mainly short-haired, but with a few longer hairs ventrally at
the base, a couple on the postero-dorsal side in the middle and some
curved, bristly hairs ventrally at the apex; hind femora with long
hairs on the anterior side, short, erect hairs on the posterior side,
hind tibiz short-haired, with some long hairs on the antero-dorsal
side about and below the middle, the latter dark or yellow, all the
others pale; hind metatarsi very slightly thickened. Wings hyaline to
a little brownish tinged. Squamule whitish or brownish white, with
a darker margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres yellowish, the knob
more or less brownish.

Female. Frons and epistoma broad, the former bluish with two
small side dust spots; the hairs dark, only pale above the antenne;
epistoma with white hairs, shorter than in the male. Thorax bluish
black, shining, short-haired. Abdominal spots blue, second and third

908 Syrphidae.

pairs a little hoary and more transverse than in the male; fifth seg-
ment without spots. Anterior legs with femora and basal part of
tibiae yellow, also apex of tibiae, especially middle tibie, yellow; tarsi
blackish or brownish; sometimes the legs much paler as the dark
parts are brownish or paler, especially on the anterior legs; the front
femora have the peculiar, white hair at the base, but it is straight
or almost straigt and small. Squamule white. Halteres yellow.

Length 7—9 mm.

The pupa is whitish, of a length of about 6 mm; it is slightly
transversely corrugated and has a short posterior spiracular process.

This species is in the male sufficiently distinguished by the cha-
racters on the front legs and the colour of the abdominal spots; the
female is also easily known by the bluish abdominal spots, yet it may
bear no slight resemblance to scutatus when this has the spots some-
what hoary, but it is distinguished by the broader frons and epistoma,
the much smaller side dust spots and the darker legs, especially by
the hind femora being not pale on the basal part.

P. albimanus is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens,
Lerso, Vesterfeelled, Damhusso, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Ruderhegn, Birkergd, Tyvekrog, Nord-
skoven at Jegerspris; on Lolland at Maribo, Bremersvold, in Dode-
mose, Keldskov and at Kerstrup west of Nysted; on Langeland at
Lohals; in Jutland at Horsens, Frijsenborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord
and Thisted. My dates are °/s—'*/9. It occurs in fens and on meadows
in grass and low herbage, and not rarely on salt marshes. I found
the pupa in a garden under old leaves on 7/4, it developed in the
first part of May, and the species was bred from larve in flood
refuse in Ruderhegn and at Randers, the imagines developing in
May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, in Finland, Siberia and on the Faroe islands and
Iceland; it also occurs in North America.

6. P. scambus Steg.

1843. Steg. Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 326. — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII,
3147, 51—52 et 1859. XIII, 6002, 51—52 (Scaeva). — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VIII, 248, 9, fig. 246. — 1907. Kat. palaéarkt. Dipt. Ill, 45. — Scaeva
clypeata p. p. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 606, 31 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. Il, 748, 51.

Male. Frons and epistoma greenish black, somewhat densely yel-
lowish brown pruinose, most thinly on frons; the central knob not
pruinose, but not or slightly shining; vertex yellow-haired, only just
at the apex some black hairs; frons black-haired. Epistoma with

° p= Deane amass be

Platychirus. 909

yellow or sometimes black hairs; it is rather flat, the central knob
slightly prominent. Occiput yellowish or greyish yellow pruinose, with
yellow hairs, among which are no black. Antenne black, not small,
third joint somewhat broad, almost square; arista about as long as
the antennz. Thorax neous, shining, clothed with not long, yellow
hairs, longest on scutellum. Abdomen dull black, a little shining at
the very base and apex; it has three pairs of large, yellow or reddish
yellow spots; the first pair placed on the middle of the segment, its
inner margin slopes outwards towards the base so that the spot is
somewhat triangular, the second and third pairs are placed towards
the front margin and are rectangular; the spots leave only a narrow
middle line and transverse lines at the hind margins black; the fifth
segment has large spots at the basal corners. Abdomen is clothed
with yellow hairs, long at the sides towards the base; on the middle
line and partly on the transverse lines are black hairs. Venter some-
what translucent, yellowish, generally darker towards the end, with
long, yellow hairs, short on fourth segment. Anterior legs yellow,
only front femora a little obscured behind and middle femora with a
brown spot below at base; hind legs black with base and apex of
femora and tibiz yellow, or they may be termed yellow with broad,
black rings on femora and tibiz; hind tarsi black with the apical part
of the three first joints yellow, or the middle joints all yellow and
the two apical joints slightly darkened. Front trochanters with in-
conspicuous, dark yellow or brown spines below; front femora with
a row of isolated, long, black bristles behind, and below them with
yellow hairs, but quite below with some black or yellow bristly hairs;
there is no peculiar white hair at the base; front tibiz thin at the
base but then evenly dilated, the posterior apical corner drawn some-
what out and in the middle of the posterior margin a slight incurva-
tion; they are somewhat whitish at the apex, and below on the
anterior part at the apex are some small, black lines and towards the
posterior side a dark. longitudinal stripe; they have short, pale hairs,
only above the incurvation at the posterior margin are generally darker
to black hairs; the front tarsi are moderately dilated and evenly de-
creasing towards the end but with all joints dilated; metatarsus about
of the length of the two following joints, it has two dark longitudinal
markings below, and a black line stretches down the middle of second
and third to the base of fourth joint. Middle trochanters with short,
black spines at the apex; middle femora with short, black bristles on
the anterior side towards below, stopping before the apex; below the
apex one to three of the curious, recurved hairs, on the ventral side
about the middle a row of four or five long, black, bristly hairs, the
14

910 Syrphidae.

posterior side with longish, yellow or towards the apex blackish hairs;
middle tibiee curiously shaped, flat or slightly canaliculated below,
dilated in the middle and here bent a little forwards and the apex
again bent a little backwards and inwards and some-
what twisted; they are haired with short, yellow hairs,
but the ventral margins have generally blackish hairs
in the basal half, longest on the posterior side; hind
legs mainly with short, pale hairs, only longer below
the femora, and some few, generally dark hairs about
the middle on the antero-dorsal side of the tibie; the
tibie are a little undulated; hind metatarsi somewhat
thickened. Wings slightly to rather strongly brownish
tinged. Squamule brownish white to brownish with a
yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, eneous, with two triangular,
yellow side dust spots, connected at the eye-margin
with the pruinosity on epistoma; it is yellow-haired,
only just in front of the ocelli are darker hairs. Epi-
stoma with somewhat short, whitish hairs. Thorax short-
haired. Abdominal spots about as in the male, the
pair on fifth segment large and distinct, and the sixth
segment quite or partly yellow. Legs much paler than
P.scambus 3, in the male, hind femora and tibiz with only small
right front leg and often faint, blackish rings, and metatarsus and the
from eae two apical joints also often slightly darkened; the middle

ee tibiz show very slight traces of the same shape as in
the male. The hairs behind the anterior femora rather short and
front femora as in the male with no white hair at the base. Squamule
yellow.

Length 8—9 mm.

P. scambus is not common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden,
Amager, Lerso, Damhusmosen, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Sollerad,
Bagsveer, Hillerad, Donse, Jeegerspris and at Roskilde; in Jutland at
Sminge near Silkeborg. My dates are *°/s—*°/s. It occurs in fens and
meadows, and I have especially taken it flying in high grass.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Bohemia and Styria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and
in Finland; as it has hitherto generally not been correctly recognised
it will probably prove to be as widely distributed as the other species:
according to Verrall P. chaetopodus Will. is a synonym, and the species
should thus occur also in North America.

a ee a

Platychirus. Sit

7. P. immarginatus Zett.

1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3149, 52—53 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 296. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 287, 10, fig. 247. — 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 44. — Scaeva ferruginea var. c. 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
Il, 749. — Scaeva podagrata Zett. p. p. 1843. 1. ¢. Il, 751. — P. podagratus
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 296.

Male. Frons and epistoma greenish black, brownish yellow pruinose,
somewhat thinly on the frons; the central knob shining. Vertex yellow-
haired, at the front angle dark hairs; frons black-haired. Epistoma
with not long, yellow hairs, it is rather flat, the central knob slightly
prominent. Occiput yellowish pruinose, with yellow hairs, among which
no black. Antenne rather short, shorter than in scambus, third joint

Fig. 105. Antenna of P.immarginatus Go, from the inside. >< 85,

quadrate, not at all longer than broad; arista short and thick, shorter
than the antenne. Thorax greenish neous, shining, with somewhat
short, yellow hairs. Pleura with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen very
extensively yellow as only the base, a narrow middle line and very
narrow hind margins of second to fourth segments are black; fifth
segment quite yellowish with a black middle line. Abdomen is clothed
with short, yellow hairs, longer at the sides towards the base; on the
middle line are some black hairs. Venter yellowish, translucent, with
longish, pale hairs, short on fourth segment. Anterior legs yellow,
only front femora somewhat darkened behind and with two spots
below at base, and middle femora darkened below; hind legs as in
scambus with femora and tibie blackish with base and apex yellow,
tarsi blackish with second and third joints yellow. Front trochanters
with small, yellow spines below; front femora behind at the base
with a white, tangled hair with the apex curved forwards, formed of
14*

912 Syrphidae.

some united hairs; after this there are about six black, isolated bristles,
the basal one or two sometimes yellow; below there are shorter,
yellow hairs; front tibiz somewhat evenly dilated from the base, with
the posterior apical corner drawn out; the posterior margin is almost
straight without any incurvation; the tibize are whitish
towards the apex, below there are a pair of incon-
spicuous, blackish, longitudinal markings and just at
the apex a couple of black transverse lines; the hairs
are short and pale; front tarsi not much dilated and
evenly decreasing towards apex, the basal joint about
as long as the three following. Middle trochanters
with inconspicuous black bristles at apex; the middle
femora as in scambus with an irregular row of short,
black bristles on the anterior side towards below not
reaching the base; below the apex two or three of
the curious, recurved hairs; on the ventral side about
the middle some bristly but, at all events generally,
yellow hairs and on the posterior side shorter, yellow,
or towards the apex black, hairs; middle tibiz shaped
somewhat as in scambus, with distinct, yellow fringes
on the ventral margins in the basal half, longest on

Fig. 106. the anterior side; hind femora with longish, pale hairs

P.immarginatus3, on the antero-ventral side, hind tibiz short-haired;
right front leg hind metatarsus a little thickened. Wings somewhat
from below. ; : :

$e ah strongly brownish tinged. Squamule smoky with a

yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, eneous, with two triangular, yellowish or
somewhat greyish dust spots, connected broadly at the eye-margin
with the pruinosity on epistoma, the spots are not well defined such
as they are in scambus; frons yellow-haired, with dark hairs in front
of the ocelli; the hairs on epistoma short and not dense. Thorax
short-haired. Abdominal spots considerably smaller than in the male,
and hence the middle and transverse black lines much broader; the
spots somewhat rounded inwards; fifth segment with large spots, sixth
quite or almost quite yellow; the abdominal spots are smaller than
in the female of scambus, especially the basal pair. Legs with only
faint dark rings or markings on hind femora and tibize, hind meta-
tarsus more or less darkened, the last two joints blackish; middle
tibize with slight traces of the shape in the male. Anterior femora
with quite short hairs behind, and front femora with the peculiar,
white hair at the base, but it is straight. Squamule yellow.

Length 7,5—8 mm.

ee el

Platychirus. 913

The larva is flat below, somewhat arched above, greyish yellow
with some darker longitudinal lines; the pupa is white, 5 mm long,
slightly transversely corrugated; it has a short, brown posterior spir-
acular process, divided at the apex.

This species is much like P. scambus but in the male it is easily
recognised, especially by the presence of the peculiar, white hair at
the base of front femora and the much more yellow abdomen; also
the female is distinguished with certainty from the female of scambus
by the white hair at the base of front femora, and further by the
shorter antenne with short arista and the smaller abdominal spots,
especially the basal pair. — According to Zetterstedt (1. c. VIII, 3149,
Obs. 2) Steeger has first observed that this species is different from
fulviventris (ferruginea), and as Zetterstedt says ‘“Steeg. in litt.” the
name is originally due to Steger. — Under P. podagratus Zetterstedt
says, that this species had been taken at Copenhagen by Steeger; this
is certainly erroneous, I think it is a confusion with the present species.

P. immarginatus is somewhat rare in Denmark; Utterslev Mose,
Amager, Vesterfelled, and in Jutland at Horsens and Randers. The
dates are 7°/;—§/s. It occurs on meadows, perhaps especially on salt
marshes. I found the larva on Vesterfzelled in flood refuse, chiefly
consisting of reeds, near the shore on #/4, it pupated soon after and
the imago came in the first half of May; it has further been bred
from larve in flood refuse in Utterslev Mose and at Randers, the
imagines developing in April and May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, towards
the north to northern Sweden, and on the Faroe islands; it is recorded
from northern Germany by Zetterstedt, further down into Styria
(podagratus Strobl), but the records are not sure as the species has
not been well recognised.

8. P. fulviventris Macq.

1827. Macq. Soc. Sc. Lille, 229,6 et 1834. Suit a Buff. I, 548, 47, f
(Syrphus). — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 136, 112 (Syrphus). — 1843.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 750, 53 et 1849. VIII, 3150, 53 (Seaeva). — 1843.
Steg. Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 325. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 296. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 288, 11, fig. 248. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 43. —
Musca mellina 1776. De G. (nec Linn.) Ins. VI, 117. — Syrphus ferrugineus
Macq. 1827. 1. c. 229, 7 et 1834. 1. c. I, 548, 48, 9. — 1838. Meig. 1. c.
Vil, 137,113. — Scaeva ferruginea 1843. Zett. 1. c. Il, 749, 52 p. p. et
1849. VIII, 3148, 52. — Syrphus Winthemi Meig. 1830. 1. c. VI, 353, 100.

Male. Frons and epistoma greenish black, the former slightiy
pruinose, the latter not densely greyish yellow pruinose with the

214 - Syrphidae.

central knob bare. Epistoma narrow, rather flat, the central knob
slightly prominent. Vertex chiefly yellow-haired, frons dark brown-
haired; epistoma with not dense, whitish hairs. Occiput greyish yellow
pruinose, the hairs all yellow. Antenne black or brownish black,
rather large, third joint large, about square but slightly longer than

Fig. 107. Antenna of P. fulviventris 3, from the inside. >< 85.

broad tand with the upper apical angle somewhat produced; arista
thickened, scarcely as long as the antenne. Thorax dark greenish
geneous or sometimes somewhat coppery, shining; it has rather short,
yellow hairs. Pleura with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen extensively
yellow as in immarginatus, the base, a narrow middle line and trans-
verse lines at the hind margins of second to fourth segments black,
fifth segment yellowish with a black middle line; the middle line is
broadest on second segment, and the transverse lines are a little
broader than in immarginatus. Abdomen is clothed with short, yellow
hairs, longer at the sides towards the base; on the black lines a few
black hairs. Venter yellowish, somewhat translucent, with longish,
pale hairs, short towards the end. Legs yellow, only hind metatarsus
and the two last joints black, the metatarsus with the apex yellow;
hind tibie may be slightly darkened about the middle. Front troch-
anters with inconspicuous short, yellow bristles below; the front femora
with the curious, white hair at the base and with a dense ciliation of
long, black, somewhat curled hairs on the posterior side; below there
are some yellow hairs; front tibize thin at the base, then suddenly
dilated, broadest above the middle and after it again a little con-
tracted; they are somewhat whitish towards the apex, below with a
dark longitudinal line and at the apex a couple of small, black, trans-
verse lines; pubescence short, yellow, at the upper part of the posterior
margin a short fringe; front tarsi moderately dilated, evenly and only

Platychirus. 915

slightly decreasing outwards and all joints dilated; first joint a little
longer than the two following; the two first joints are a little blackish
marked below on the anterior side. Middle trochanters with short,
black bristles at the apex; the middle femora with short,
yellow hairs on the antero-ventral side and with a
little longer fringe behind, longest and generally dark
towards the apex, but with no recurved hairs below
apex; middle tibize very slightly dilated about the middle,
with a short fringe on the basal half of the ventral
margins, longest anteriorly; hind legs mainly with short,
yellow hairs, a little longer on the antero-ventral side
of the femora, and with a fringe on the anterior side
of tibiz, longest about the middle; hind metatarsi
distinctly thickened. Wings somewhat strongly brownish
tinged. Squamule yellow to brownish, with a yellow
fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons narrower than in immarginatus,
geneous, with two somewhat small, yellowish grey side
dust spots, connected at the eye-margin with the pru-
inosity on epistoma; it is yellow-haired but with dark
hairs across in front of the ocelli. Antenne as in the Fig. 108.
male. Thorax short-haired. Abdominal spots as in the /:/ulviventris 3,
male or slightly smaller, fifth segment with two large aR entire
spots or quite yellow, sixth quite yellow. Legs coloured Saga!
as in the male, hind tibize quite yellow and hind meta-
tarsus less darkened. The hairs behind front femora all short, at the
base is the peculiar, white hair, but is is.straight and somewhat short;
the hairs behind middle femora longish towards the apex and here
blackish. Squamule yellow.

Length 7,5—9 mm.

The pupa is quite similar to that of immarginatus.

This species is as usual easily known in the male by the shape
of the front tibiz and the ciliation behind front femora; in the female
it is known from the two preceding species by the quite yellow hind
femora and tibie, and from scambus by the presence of the white
hair at the base of front femora; in both sexes the antenne are
characteristic and have the arista shorter than in scambus but longer
than in immarginatus. — It would seem that the pubescence on
epistoma and legs may vary somewhat in colour (as in most other
species), as Verrall describes epistoma as usually black-haired and the
fringe on hind tibiz as black.

P. fulviventris is rare in Denmark; Lerso, Dyrehaven (Steger),

216 Syrphidae.

Damhusmosen, Utterslev Mose (Schlick), Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose,
Bagsver, Frederiksdal, @rholm (the author); on Lolland in Keldskov
and Dedemose west of Nysted (L. Jorgensen). My dates are ?°/6—*9/s,
It occurs in fens and on meadows, and I haven taken it flying in
high grass. It has been bred from larve in flood refuse from Damhus-
mosen and Utterslev Mose, the imagines came in May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, and
recorded down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, but
rare, and in Finland and Siberia.

9. P. clypeatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 335, 90 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 748,51 et 1849. VIII, 3145, 51 et 1859. XIII, 6001, 51 (Scaeva).
— 1843. Steg. Naturh. Tiddsskr. IV, 323. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 296. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 293, 13, figs. 252—253. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill,
43. — Scaeva albimana p. p: 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 46. —. Syrphus
dilatatus Macq. 1834. Suit. a Buff. 1, 547, 45. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 138, 115.

Male. Frons and epistoma greenish black, the former almost not
pruinose, the latter somewhat thinly grey pruinose, the central knob
bare. Epistoma rather flat, the knob slightly prominent. Vertex yellow-
haired or with a few darker hairs quite in front; frons and epistoma
black-haired or the latter paler-haired, especially below. Occiput greyish
pruinose, the hairs all yellow. Antenne black, somewhat large, third
joint a little longer than broad; arista of the length of the antenne
or scarcely so. Thorax greenish eneous, shining, with longish, yellow
hairs. Pleura with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black, slightly
shining at base and apex; it- has three pairs of yellow or reddish yel-
low spots; first pair more or less small, roundish or a little triangular,
lying behind the middle of the segment, second and third pairs close
to the front margins, second pair rectangular, third pair shorter, more
quadrate, going over the side margin, both pairs with the inner hind
corner rounded; fifth segment with small or indistinct reddish spots
at the basal corners. Abdomen is clothed with short, yellow hairs,
longer at the sides and rather long towards the base; on the black
parts partly black hairs. Venter translucent, with long, pale hairs,
short on fourth segment. Legs yellowish, front femora more or less
darkened behind towards above and middle femora above and below
in the apical half or two thirds; hind femora black with base and
apex yellow, the base sometimes indistinctly, hind tibiee with a broad
black ring and hind metatarsus and the two last joints black. Front
trochanters with a row of small, inconspicuous yellow bristles below;
front femora with the peculiar, white, curled hair at the base on the

-

—_.

Platychirus. 917

posterior side, after it a row of long, fine, black hairs, decreasing in
length towards the apex; some of those at the base curved forwards
at the end; below there are long hairs on the basal part; front tibize
moderately and evenly dilated from base .towards tip, the posterior
apical corner drawn somewhat out; they are a little
brownish on the posterior margin above the middle
and whitish on the apical half, below they are a little
blackish towards apex, especially at the anterior corner,
and with a couple of small, black, transverse lines at
the apex; they are short-haired, only at the basal half
of the posterior margin there is a fringe of longer,
blackish or yellow hairs; front tarsi moderately dilated
and slightly decreasing in breadth towards the apex,
metatarsus a little longer than the two following joints;
the tarsi are yellow, metatarsus white on the basal
half, a little blackish at the base below and the three
first joints with a more or less distinct dark point
below. The middle trochanters have short, black
bristles at the apex; middle femora with short, incon-
spicuous, yellow hairs on the anterior side and usually
more or fewer about the middle towards below are
black and bristly, but these may also be wanting; on (AM

the postero-ventral side there is a conspicuous fringe Fig. 109.

of long, black or chiefly black hairs, and below some P. ¢lypeatus 3,
stronger, bristly hairs, but there are no recurved hairs "ht front leg
below the apex; middle tibize very slightly undulated, a pa
with a fringe of long, somewhat curled, blackish hairs ah

on the antero-ventral margin, longest towards the base, and with a
short fringe on the postero-ventral margin in the basal half; hind
femora with relatively long, yellow hairs on the antero-ventral side;
hind tibize short-haired, with a short, inconspicuous antero-dorsal
fringe; hind metatarsus only slightly thickened. Wings slightly to
rather strongly brownish tinged. Squamule dirty whitish to brownish,
with a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons rather broad (but varying in breadth), zneous
or bluish neous, with greyish side dust spots, connected at the eye-
margins with the pruinosity on epistoma; it is pale-haired with dark
hairs across in front of the ocelli. Epistoma white-haired. Thorax
brightly shining, short-haired. Abdominal spots mainly as in the male,
the fifth segment with distinct, not small spots, sixth segment black.
Anterior legs yellow, hind legs coloured as in the male, but not rarely
much paler with only slight and faint dark markings on the middle

918 Syrphidae.

of femora and tibiz. Front femora with the peculiar, white hair at
the base, and it is often curved at the apex; the hairs on the postero-
ventral side not short, and they increase in length towards the base;
also the hairs on middle femora somewhat long, and more or less
dark towards the apex.

Length 6,s—9 mm.

The larva is flat below, somewhat arched above; it is greyish
yellow with a dark longitudinal dorsal stripe and some reddish markings
shining through the dermis; along each side is a paler reddish stripe ;
it has, when full grown, a length of 10mm. The puparium is dirty
white to pale yellowish, slightly transversely corrugated, with a short,
divided, brownish posterior spiracular process; it has a length of 5 to
fully 6 mm.

This species is in the male known by the hairs on front femora
and middle tibize and the shape of the front tibize and tarsi; the
female bears resemblance to scambus, immarginatus and fulviventris;
it has often much darker hind legs, but sometimes this character is
not present, though fulviventris always may be known from it by the
quite yellow hind legs; for the rest it can be distinguished with cer-
tainty from scambus by the presence of the white hair at the base of
front femora and the other hairs being longer, and also by the smaller
basal abdominal spots; from immarginatus by the longer hairs on
anterior femora and those on front femora being longest towards the
base, while they are of the same length in ¢mmarginatus, and further
it has larger antennee with the third joint longer and the arista not
quite so short; from fulviventris it is likewise known by the hairs on
front femora being longer and longest at the base, and finally it differs
from all three by the black sixth abdominal segment. — The species
varies in the male somewhat with regard to the hairiness of the front
and middle femora, as sometimes the stronger, curved hairs on the
front femora are less conspicuous, and as already stated, the middle
femora may have more or fewer small bristles on the front side, or
none at all.

P. clypeatus is common in Denmark and may be taken on suit-
able localities, fens, meadows and in woods in all parts of our country.
My dates are '/s—*°/s, I have taken the larva on Vesterfeelled in flood
refuse of reeds on */4, and in Utterslev Mose on 42/4, they pupated
soon after and the imagines came in the first part of May; further I
took a larva in the same way in Damhusmosen on *4/s, it pupated on
°/4 and developed on '/4, and it was taken in Ruderhegn on */s,
pupating on 1/4 and developing on 7°/4 (Kryger); finally the species
has been bred from larve taken in flood refuse in Damhusmosen,

Platychirus. 919

Utterslev Mose, Vesterfzelled, Ruderhegn and at Randers, the imagines
developing in April and May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — All Europe down into Spain and Italy,
towards the north to northern Sweden, in Finland, Siberia and on
the Faroe islands and Iceland. Verrall suggests that it occurs in North
America as he thinks hyperboreus Willist. (nec Steg.) a synonym.
P. hyperboreus Steg. from Greenland is a good species with hoary
geneous or bluish abdominal spots.

10. P. angustatus Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 762, 64 et 1849. VIII, 3154, 64 et 1855.
XII, 4661, 64 et 1859. XIII, 6005, 64 (Scaeva). — 1860. Malm, K. V. och
V. Samh. Goteborg Handl. VII, 42 (Scaeva). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 295,
14, 679, figs. 254255. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 42. — P. quadratus
1843. Steg. (nec Macq.) Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 324.

This species is very much like clypeatus, but it is narrower and
generally smaller. Male. Head and thorax as in clypeatus; abdomen
narrow, the basal spots larger and longer than in clypeatus, more or
less subquadrate and closer together; those of the of second pair long,
about twice as long as broad and likewise closer together than in
clypeatus; fifth segmenth with indistinct or no spots at the basal
corners. Legs coloured mainly as in clypeatus, hind tibie with a well
defined black ring and hind tarsi with the middle joints more or less
black; the legs are haired as in clypeatus.

Female. This seems more distinct than the male, at all events
in its extreme forms. Frons and epistoma narrower than in clypeatus;
frons bluish, with a slight transverse depression and small and in-
distinct dust spots. Thorax zneous or bluish. Abdomen very narrow
and pointed, black, generally somewhat bluish; the basal spots are
small and round, the second pair quadrate or rectangular, the third
pair only represented by a very small spot at the basal corners, fifth
segment always quite black. Besides this form others occur with ab-
domen less pointed and the spots on fourth segment larger. Legs as
in clypeatus, but there seem always to be distinct and well defined
broad, black rings on hind femora and tibiz; middle joints on hind
tarsi yellow or more or less darkened. The legs are, I think, a little
less haired and shorter-haired than in clypeatus.

Length 6,5—8 mm.

Whether this species is distinct or it may be an extreme variety
of clypeatus it is, I think, at present not possible to decide, but as it
is understood here it is known without difficulty by the long second
pair of abdominal spots in the male and the narrow, pointed abdomen

220 Syrphidae.

in the female with its characteristic spots and quite black fifth segment.
— In Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. quadratus Steg. is placed as a synonym to
scutatus Meig. = quadratus Macq., but this is erroneous; Verrall says
(I. c. 280) “... in the Copenhagen collection the exponent of P. quadratus
was a female P. peltatus’”; how Verrall has come to this I do not
understand, but he must have committed some mistake, for in our
collection (= Steeger’s collection) there were eleven specimens under
guadratus, two males and nine females, and these were all angustatus,
except one female which was scutatus. Zetterstedt also mentions that
he had received the species from Steger partly as sp. n. (IL, 762),
partly as guadratus (VIII, 3155); also Steger’s description 1. c. shows
with full evidence that his quadratus is angustatus, but at that time
he had only the female. .

P. angustatus is somewhat rare in Denmark; Lers#, Ordrup Mose
(Steger), Nordskoven at Jeegerspris; on Langeland at Lohals (the
author) and in Jutland in Norholm Skov at Varde (Kryger), at Frijsen-
borg and Thisted (the author). The dates are */6—!/s.

Geographical distribution: — Northern Europe and recorded down
into Styria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

11. P. sticticus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 332,86 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 292 (Melanostoma). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VU, 297, 15, fig. 256. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II], 46. -—- P. spathulatus Rond. 1857. Dipt. ital.
Prodr. II, 121, 7. — P.complicatus Beck. 1889. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XXXII,
172, 155.

Male. Frons eeneous, shining but dull or dullish black on the
upper part; epistoma bluish black, very slightly dusted, shining; it is
somewhat produced, a little keel-shaped with the central knob pro-
minent. Vertex, frons and epistoma black-haired. Occiput slightly
greyish pruinose, the hairs below yellow but the long hairs above all
black. Antenne blackish brown, third joint inconspicuously paler
beneath the base. Thorax dark eneous, clothed with somewhat long,
yellowish brown hairs. Pleura with long, dark yellow hairs. Abdomen
dull black, shining at extreme base and apex, with three pairs of
small, geneous, a little hoary spots; the basal spots small, somewhat
indistinct, lying in the middle of the segment at the side margin, the
two other pairs somewhat subquadrate, lying at the basal corners, all
widely separated in the middle and confluent with the side margin;
fifth segment a little eneous at the basal corners. Abdomen has short
hairs, longer at the sides and towards the base; they are yellow on
the spots and at the sides, but black on all the black parts. Venter

ee ee a ae

Ps

Platychirus. 291

dark zneous with somewhat short, pale hairs. Legs black, the knees
yellowish, narrowly on the hind legs; front tibize and tarsi mainly
pale, middle tibiz pale at apex and the tarsi brownish. The troch-
anters show no distinct bristles; front femora with a couple of long,
black, bristly hairs behind, one of which is placed about the middle
and one before the tip, and with some shorter hairs at the base and
some below; at the base they are a little curled and tangled; front
tibiz evenly but slightly dilated towards the end; they
are brownish in the middle, the apical part is whitish
and has below at the apex two small, black transverse
lines; they are short-haired, with only some longer hairs
on the posterior margin; front tarsi likewise slightly
dilated and almost not decreasing in breadth towards
the end, metatarsus as long as the three following joints;
the middle femora have short, black bristles in the apical
half on the anterior side towards below, and a fringe of
somewhat long, brownish hairs on the postero-ventral
side; the middle tibiz are simple and short-haired, with
only a few a little longer hairs on the dorsal side; the
hind femora have long but not dense, yellow hairs on
the anterior side, and hind tibizw a fringe of dark hairs
on the antero-dorsal side, longest about the middle; hind Fig. 110.

-metatarsi very slightly thickened. Wings brownish tinged. P. sticticus 3,

Squamule brownish with a yellow fringe. Halteres with ‘ight front leg
a yellow peduncle and a blackish brown knob. ae Batre
Female. Vertex rather narrow, about one fifth of the Nae
breadth of the head, somewhat rapidly increasing downwards; vertex and
frons bluish black, punctate and dullish above; frons with small, grey side
dust spots, and from them grey along the eye-margins down to epi-
stoma; the hairs black, a little yellowish across the middle. Epistoma
pale-haired. Thorax bluish, shining, with short, pale hairs. Abdominal
spots larger than in the male and bluish hoary; on fifth segment a
pair of indistinct spots. Anterior legs yellowish, the tibize with a broad
dark ring beiow the middle, on front tibia nearly to the apex; anterior
tarsi darkened, brownish, middle metatarsi yellow; hind legs blackish
brown, apex of femora and basal part of tibie yellow. Legs simple

and simply haired. Squamule whitish. Halteres yellow.

Length 5,5 to about 6 mm.

This species is easily recognised by its small size, and in the
male by the zneous abdominal spots, dark halteres and slightly dilated
front tibize and tarsi; the female shows rather great resemblance to
albimanus but besides by its smaller size it will be known by its

922 _ Syrphidae.

much narrower and dull vertex, and the want of a peculiar, white
hair at the base of front femora. Meigen only knew the male; Verrall
records that in Meigen’s collection stood a female along with the male,
but he does not think that it belonged to sticticus; the female was
thus hitherto unknown. — If the above synonymi is certain the species
varies in size; my specimens, which quite agree with Verrall’s descrip-
tion, are 5,5 to nearly 6 mm, Meigen gives 21/2 lin., Verrall 6,5 mm,
Rondani 8 mm and Becker 7—8 mm.

P. sticticus is very rare in Denmark, we have only four specimens,
three males and a female, one male taken at Nyraad near Vording-
borg on !4/5 1908 and one at Lohals on Langeland on 4/7 1909 (J.C.
Nielsen), and in 1914 I took, likewise at Lohals, a female on *4/7
and a male on *%/7, both taken on the same place.

Geographical distribution: — The species seems to be distributed
down into Italy; it is not known north of Denmark but occurs in
England; it is everywhere a rare species, only about eight specimens,
all males, were hitherto known; with my four specimens we get thus
in all about a dozen, of which one female.

10. Pyrophaena Schin.

This genus is nearly allied to, and in most respects similar to
Platychirus. The ocellar triangle is somewhat large and elongated
with the ocelli placed on its anterior half. The central knob and
lower part of epistoma moderately protruding. Epistoma entirely
black. The eye-facets in the male are very slightly enlarged above.
Scutellum eeneous. Abdomen flat, a little narrow at the base, in-
creasing in breadth backwards, most in the female; it has the same
number of segments in both sexes as in Platychirus, and the small
genitalia are of the same shape; in the female the sixth segment is
often hidden. The abdomen has either extended reddish markings or
only one pair of spots. Legs without any special hairiness, and they
are upon the whole somewhat short-haired and especially there are
no longer hairs on anterior or antero-ventral side of hind femora. In
the male of one species the anterior tarsi are peculiarly dilated, in
the other species simple (the third species, platygastra Loew is only
known in the female sex); for the rest the legs are simple with no
such dilatation of front tibiz as in Platychirus. Wings not long, as
long as or shorter than abdomen.

The genus is distinguished from Platychirus and allied genera
especially by the shape of abdomen and its markings and the not

Pyrophaena. 293

long wings; also the large ocellar triangle and the short-haired hind
femora without the usual longer hairs on the anterior side are some-
what characteristic.

With regard to the developmental stages Hennecke has mentioned
the development of P. rosarum (Syrphus rosae) (Ber. naturw. Ver.
Harzes, IV, 1845, 40) but I have not seen this paper. I have myself
examined larve and pupe of P. granditarsa and a pupa of rosarum.
The larva resembles that of Plalychirus both in shape and colour,
only it is, I think, a little broader; the dermis is likewise chagreened
and corrugated, and there are the same swellings below; the small
bristles which are placed quite as in Platychirus, are stronger and
more conspicuous. There are distinct mouth hooks and small, brown
or black anterior spiracular tubercles on prothorax. The posterior
spiracular process is very low, almost not protruding, only forming a
transversely oval wart, and by this character the larva may be known
from the larva of Platychirus. When full grown the larva has a
length of about 10 mm. The pupa is yellow, but the empty puparium
pale yellowish or whitish; it also quite resembles the pupa of Platy-
chirus, but may likewise be known by the low posterior spiracular
process and more conspicuous spinules; it has likewise very small,
scarcely detectible anterior spiracular tubes, though they are slightly
larger than in Platychirus; the pupa has a length of about 7 mm.

The larva lives in the same way as that of Platychirus; it has
been taken in flood refuse in fens in February and April, and the
pupa (of granditarsa) in July; a larva of granditarsa taken on °/2
pupated on 1%/4 and the imago came 71/5; other larve of the same
species taken in April developed in May and June; the larva of rosarum
was taken on 1/4, it developed on 8/5. The larva thus hibernates
and pupates in spring; it is no doubt carnivorous either feeding on
Aphides or in some other way.

The species of Pyrophaena occur in fens and on meadows in the
same way as Platychirus, often near water.

Of the genus three species are known from the palearctic region
(and there seem in all to be no more); two of them occur in Den-
mark, the third is only known from Siberia.

Table of Species.

1. Abdomen reddish orange except at base and tip; anterior

tarsi quite or mainly black, remarkably dilated in the male 1. granditarsa.
— Abdomen with only a pair of spots or a band on third

segment; anterior tarsi yellow, simple in the male..... 2. rosarum,

_ Syrphidae.

iS)
i)
J

1. P. granditarsa Forst.
1781. Forst. Nov. sp. Ins. Cent. I, 99 (Musca). — 1901. Verr. Brit.

FI. VIII, 300, 1, figs. 257—259. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 47. —
Syrphus ocymi Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 309, 114 et (Scaeva) 1805. Syst.
Antl. 252, 18. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 337, 93, 9. — Scaeva

ocymi 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 754, 57 et 1849. VIII, 3152, 57. — 1843.
Steg. Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 326. — P. ocymi 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 297. —
Syrphus lobatus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 336, 92 et 1830. VI, 353, &.

Male. Frons and epistoma black or bluish black, shining; frons
with velvet black dust above and epistoma a little greyish pruinose
towards the sides and below. Vertex and frons black-haired; epi-
stoma with scattered, erect, black hairs at the sides. Frons somewhat
protruding; central knob somewhat pointed and more protruding than
the mouth edge. Occiput bluish black, greyish pruinose at the eye-
margin, the hairs white, above more yellowish. Antenne black, not
small and with the third joint somewhat large, about square with the
upper end corner somewhat angular; arista shorter than the antenne,
indistinctly pubescent. Thorax eneous black, somewhat shining, with
three abbreviated dull black stripes; it is clothed with short, pale yel-
low hairs, longest behind and on scutellum, especially at the margin.
Pleura with a little longer, yellowish hairs. Abdomen orange or yel-
lowish red, dull, first and fifth segment sneous, shining; the basal
third of second and the apical half or more of fourth segment black;
the black colour at both ends generally prolonged a little triangularly
in the middle; sometimes the apical corners of second and third seg-
ments a little black, and the side margin of second segment is eeneous;
the fifth segment may be ag little reddish at the basal corners. Ab-
domen is clothed with short hairs, longer at the basal part of the side
margin, especially at the basal corners; in colour the hairs follow the
ground colour. Venter coloured about as dorsum, clothed with short,
pale hairs, at little longer at the base. Legs black, about the apical
third of front femora and basal half of tibiee yellow, and similarly on
the middle legs but the yellow colour less extended; hind legs with
the extreme apex of femora and basal part of tibia yellowish. The
anterior tibiz are a little dilated after the base and slightly excised
below near the tip; front metatarsus curiously shaped; it is almost

as long as the following joints, its anterior margin is in the lower

half prolonged inwards and curved downwards into a long, triangular
process which is short-haired at the margin and apex; the other joints
only slightly broad; the middle tarsus is still more curiously shaped,
ihe basal joint is very broad with the anterior margin prolonged into
a long, tongue-shaped, but inwards curved process, the three next

=

Pyrophaena. 225

joints are also very broad and the second about as long as the first;
hind metatarsus somewhat thickened. The femora have rather short
hairs behind, dark on front femora, chiefly yellowish on posterior
femora; the front femora have a row of short, black, bristly hairs
below in the basal two thirds and middle femora some similar hairs
at the base; tibiz short-haired. Wings more or less to rather strongly
brownish tinged, most about the middle. Squamule yellowish with a
darker margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, bluish black and black-haired, with only
indications of side dust spots. Antenne a little larger than in the
male. Thorax zneous, brightly shining, without stripes. Abdomen
about as in the male, but the markings more red, the sides or apical
corners of second and third segments dark and the fifth segment red
at base and sides; sometimes the dark markings on second and third
segments more extended. Legs yellow, coxe and trochanters black,
hind tibiz with a black ring near apex; tarsi black with middle meta-
tarsus yellow; front tarsi somewhat broad and flat, and also middle
tarsi except metatarsus a little broadened.

Length 8,5—9,5 mm.

The larva and pupa are described above.

P. granditarsa cannot be termed common in Denmark, and is
generally only taken in one or a few specimens at a time; Lersg,
Amager, Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose,
Ruderhegn, Boserup at Roskilde, Egebeeks Vang; on Lolland at Strandby
west of Nysted; on Langeland at Lohals, and in Jutland at Horsens,
Sminge near Silkeborg, Randers and Frederikshavn. My dates are
~ 11/g—2%s, Tt occurs in fens and on open places in woods on flowers,
often near water. The larva was found in flood refuse in Uttersiev
Mose, Ruderhegn and at Randers in April, it developed in May and
June (Schlick); further it was found in the same way in Ruderhegn
on °/2, it pupated on 1/4 and developed on 71/5 (Kryger); the pupa
was found in Utterslev Mose in July (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland;
it occurs also in North America.

2. P. rosarum Fabr.

1787. Fabr. Mantis. Ins. II, 341 et 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 307, 109
(Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 251,11 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 338, 94 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 755, 58 et 1849.
Vill, 3152, 58 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 298. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VIII, 392, 2, fig. 260. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 47.

15

226 Syrphidae.

Male. Frons and epistoma bluish black, shining; frons velvet
black pruinose above, epistoma slightly greyish pruinose towards the
sides. Vertex and frons black-haired; epistoma with erect, black hairs
at the sides; the central knob moderately produced, the mouth edge
rather retreating. Occiput bluish black, greyish at the margin; the
hairs pale yellowish. Antennz smaller than in granditarsa, third joint
longer than broad, rounded at the end; they are black or blackish,
third joint more or less pale beneath at base, sometimes indistinctly ;
arista about as long as the antenne, distinctly but short-pubescent.
Thorax seneous, somewhat shining, with three dull black, abbreviated
stripes; it is clothed with somewhat short, yellow hairs, longest at
the margin of scutellum. Pleura with a little longer and partly darker
hairs. Abdomen dull black, first and fifth segments somewhat shining;
on third segment there are two transverse or subquadrate yellow or
pale spots at the front margin, narrowly separated in the middle and
sometimes meeting here in front; at the basal corners of fourth seg-
ment are indications of small spots, at all events represented by
geneous, shining spots. Abdomen is clothed with short hairs, longer
at the sides towards the base; they are yellow on the greater part of
second segment, except at the hind margin, and on the pale parts of
third segment and also at the front margin and corners of the fourth
segment, for the rest they are black; sometimes there are some pale
hairs just at the front corners of the fifth segment. Venter with the
anterior part of the segments shining bluish, the hind part dull black,
but on third segment the anterior part more or less whitish yellow;
it is clothed with longish, pale hairs on the anterior part, short, black
behind. Legs simple, front tarsi a little flattened; femora black with
the apical part yellow, most broadly on anterior femora; anterior
tibize yellow with a more or less distinct, blackish ring near the apex,
and the tarsi yellow; hind tibiz black with the basal part yellow and
hind tarsi black except the yellow last joint; hind metatarsi very
slightly thickened. The legs haired about as in granditarsa, but the
hairs behind the femora a little longer, and there are no bristly hairs;
the hairs are mainly dark. Wings rather tinged with brownish, especi-
ally about the middle. Squamulze smoky with a darker margin and
a yellow fringe. Halteres orange.

Female. Frons moderately broad, bluish black, black-haired, with
small but distinct side dust spots. Hairs on epistoma pale. Antenne
a little larger than in the male. Thorax shining, without stripes.
Abdomen as in the male but the spots often confluent, sometimes
they are rather obscure and bluish wneous, and the front margin or
front corners of fourth and fifth segments with similar, narrow spots,

Melanostoma. 997

on the fourth segment sometimes slightly yellowish; also on second
segment may be a pair of very small spots. Legs as in the male but
the front tarsi a little broader and the middle tarsi with the four last
joints somewhat broad and flattened. Squamule whitish. Halteres
whitish yellow.

Length 9—9,5 mm.

The pupa is quite similar to that of granditarsa and has the
same quite short posterior spiracular process.

The type to this species, a male, is present in the collection of
Tonder Lund, where I have examined it.

P. rosarum is like the preceding not common in Denmark; Lersg,
Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Ruderhegn, Hille-
rgd, Nyrup Hegn; on Lolland in Keldskov; on Funen at Veflinge; in
Jutland in Greisdal at Vejle, Horsens, Laven near Silkeborg, and on
Bornholm in Almindingen. My dates are '/s—*%/9. It occurs on similar
localities as the preceding species. The larva was taken in Ruder-
hegn on 1/4, it developed on 3%/s (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland; it occurs also in North
America.

11. Melanostoma Schin.

Also this genus is nearly allied to Platychirus and similar in size,
shape and colours. Head about semiglobular, or sometimes in the
male a little higher than broad; it is broader than thorax. Eyes bare,
touching in the male, separated in the female; the facets in the male
a little enlarged in the upper half. Antenne inserted lower down
than in Platychirus, about in the middle or a little above (in ambi-
guum higher above); they are small, third joint oval; arista some-
times pubescent. Epistoma with the central knob slightly produced,
the mouth edge retreating, not prominent; the epistoma is entirely
black or eeneous, sometimes pruinose, and with scarce, erect hairs on
the sides. Jowls slightly descending. Scutellum sneous. Abdomen
elongated, parallel-sided, in the female a little more oval; it has three
or four pairs of yellow spots; in some species the spots may be
bluish or entirely absent. The number of the abdominal segments
show a distinguishing character from Platychirus as in the male the
fifth dorsal segment is small or very small and not quite symmetrical,
and there are only four normal ventral segments, the fifth being hidden
and only represented by a thin chitinous rim, while the sixth to ninth
may be seen as in Platychirus; in the female the number of segments
is the same as in Platychirus. Legs slender, quite simple and simply

15*

298 Syrphidae.

haired in the usual way, only in ambiguum and dubium (the latter
not Danish) with a curled hair near the tip of front femora in
the male.

The genus is distinguished from Platychirus by the quite simple
legs in the male; also in the female this character may be used, as
the females of Platychirus have the front tarsi slightly broadened;
this is also the case in Melanostoma but to a very slight degree and
less than in Platychirus, but the character is, however, slight. With
regard to the Danish species the distinction is, however, easy, as the
peculiar triangular abdominal spots in the females of the two of our
species of Melanostoma are never found in Platychirus, and in our
third species the female has the abdomen almost unicolorous. —
The genus is very nearly allied to Platychirus, in fact, I think, so |
nearly, that the species ambiguum (and dubium and fimbriatum) with
the special hairs on the anterior legs in the male, the broader head
with the antenne placed higher above and the not quite small fifth
abdominal segment in the male almost stands as an intermediate
form, as also noted by Loew about this species (monochaetum) and
fimbriatum (Beschr. eur. Dipt. II, 224, Anm., 226, Anm.).

The developmental stages of M. mellinum are well known, and
Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 756) bred M. transfugum from a
pear-shaped, dirty whitish pupa with black dorsal stripes and lateral
points; it was found on a leaf of Abies and developed on ?°/s. The
larva of M. mellinum is mentioned by Giard (Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1896,
934) and described as light green with a whitish dorsal stripe. They
were found in September on the umbels of Daucus carota, where they
attacked and sucked specimens of Musca domestica and Chortophila
pusilla, always attacking the prey in the neck between head and
thorax; when collected they did not quit the prey before the next
or following day; they pupated and the imagines came after twelve
days. The author states that there were no Aphides on the Daucus,
and he mentions, that he has found the same species on Chenopodium
album, feeding on Aphides, and he thinks that it is only exceptional,
that the larva takes other prey; he thinks that the larvee were only
able to attack the flies when these were less mobile in the cold
morning. Chapman mentions (Ent. Month. Mag. 2, XVI, 1905, 150)
the larva bred from eggs found on Veronica chamaedrys; these larvee
fed on Aphides, among which the eggs were found, but they took also
Tortrix-larvee, When supplied with them and deprived of Aphides.
Grinberg (Die Siisswasserf. Deutschl., Heft 2, A, 1910, 206) records
that the larva of M. mellinum lives on Phragmites, probably of Aphides,
and that it hibernates within the reeds and pupates next spring.

Melanostoma. 999

I have myself examined the pupa found sitting on stalks of Carduus
on 74/7, they developed on */7 and ?*/;, and others from larve in
flood refuse, which latter developed in April and May. The empty
puparium is whitish, translucent, similar to that of Platychirus but
more tapering behind and more drop-like; the posterior spiracular
process is short as in Platychirus; I have not been able to decide
whether there are small anterior spiracular tubes as in Platychirus or
not. The pupa has a length of 6mm. According to the above the
larva is carnivorous, either feeding specially on Aphides and only ex-
ceptionally on other prey, or perhaps upon the whole taking various
prey. According to Griinberg the larva hibernates, which would be
in accordance with the facts found by me in Platychirus, and the
above mentioned pup developing in April and May indicate the same,
but Girard found the imagines developing in September, and some of
my pup developed at the end of July; it seems thus, that the
hibernating of the larva is no fixed rule; probably there are more
than one brood in the year, or the development is upon the whole
somewhat irregular (which may be the case also with Platychirus),
and then it is most probable, that the larva (of one brood) hibernates
in a younger or older stage.

The species of Melanostoma occur on similar localities as those
of Platychirus; the genus is widely distributed and goes far towards
the north, one species (ambiguum) being found in Greenland. — Also
in this genus so-called hermaphroditic specimens occur; Villeneuve
mentions (Feuille des jeunes Nat. V, 42, 1912, 111) two females, one of
scalare and one of mellinum, both with a rather narrow frons; both
specimens were melanoid.

Of the genus 8 species are known from the palzarctic region; 3
occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Abdomen in the male with greyish hoary spots, in the
female almost unspotted; front femora in the male with a

Peciuarweurled hair near the tip ........-.......+.-- 1. ambiguum.
— Abdomen in both sexes with yellow spots; front femora

of the male without any peculiar hair near the tip ......... 2.
2. Frons and epistoma not or almost not pruinose; arista

almost bare; abdomen not specially long.............. 2. mellinum.

— Frons pruinose or with large dust-spots and epistoma distinctly
pruinose; arista slightly pubescent; abdomen rather long.. 3. scalare.

1. M. ambiguum Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 47, 21 (Scaeva). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 757, 60 et 1849. VIII, 3153, 60 (Scaeva). -— 1845. Steg. Naturh.

230 Syrphidae.

Tidsskr. 2, I, 361, 29 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 291. — 1898.
Lundb. Vid. Meddel. Nat. For. Kjabenh. 300, 90. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
Vill, 304, 1, figs. 261-262. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 48. — Syrphus
monochaetus Loew, 1871. Beschr. eur. Dipt. Il, 224, 120.

Male. Head a little broader than high and epistoma broad, con-
siderably broader than the diameter of the eye. Frons and epistoma
bluish black, somewhat whitish pruinose, the central knob shining.
Vertex, frons and epistoma with black hairs; the central knob small,
a little prominent. Occiput bluish black, a little pruinose, the hairs
yellow; above there are besides long, black hairs. Antennz inserted
wel] above the middle, black, third joint brownish or blackish, paler
beneath at the base; arista apparently bare. Thorax zneous or bluish
black, shining, clothed with long, white hairs. Pleura likewise with
long, white hairs. Abdomen dull black, just the base and the fifth
segment bluish shining; its markings much resemble those of P. aldi-
manus as there are three pairs of greyish, hoary spots; the spots are
somewhat subquadrate but broadest at the lateral margin, rounded
inwards; the spots on second segment are smallest, somewhat triangular
and lying on the middle; on the third segment the spots are near the
front margin and on fourth segment close to the front margin. Ab-
domen is clothed with whitish hairs, longest at the sides, especially
towards the base; along the middle are some black hairs. Venter
bluish, shining, with longish, whitish hairs, shortest towards the end.
Legs mainly blackish, on the anterior legs the apex or apical part of
femora and the basal third or half of tibiz yellowish; hind legs with
only the knees narrowly pale. Front femora a little thickened towards
the base; below on the basal part are about three or four bristles
which are black or mixed black and yellow; on the posterior side
are long, black, bristly hairs, arranged in a row outwards and ending
before the tip with a curious, long hair with the end curved round
or rolled; the hairs at the base yellowish; front tibize with short,
scattered, yellow hairs and on the posterior side with a row of some
long, black or yellow hairs below the middle; the middle femora have
some long, black, bristly hairs on the antero-ventral side at the base,
and long hairs on the posterior side which are dark but more or less
pale towards the base; just below there are a couple of long hairs
before the middle; the middle tibize have short, scattered, yellow hairs
and long hairs behind; the hind legs are haired as usual with long
hairs on the anterior side of femora, for the rest short-haired but
with a fringe of longer hairs above tibizw; the hairs are all pale; hind
metatarsus somewhat strongly swollen. Wings a little brownish

wey. «

1
‘

Melanostoma. 931

tinged, most on the anterior part. Squamule dirty whitish, with
a whitish or yellowish fringe. Halteres with the knob more or less
darkened. ;

Female. Vertex and frons broad, bluish or somewhat purplish,
shining, the latter with small side dust spots. Epistoma greyish
pruinose and more densely than in the male. Vertex with black,
frons with yellow hairs; epistoma with short, pale hairs. Antenne
- longer than in the male, especially the third joint longer. Thorax
shining, with short hairs. Abdomen not similar to that in the male;
it is dull black, with curious, dark purplish, shining, but not very con-
spicuous markings; the markings consist of a pair of large spots on
second segment close to the front margin; on third and fourth seg-
ments the spots are similar but united to a band from which a nar-
row prolongation goes to the hind margin; the hind margin of the
fourth segment and the fifth and following segments are quite shining;
abdomen may accordingly also be described as dark purplish, shining,
with a middle line and hind margin on second segment dull black,
and with dull black, transverse spots at or near the hind margins of
third and fourth segments. Legs much paler than in the male, the
anterior quite pale with only the apical part of tibiz and the tarsi
more or less darkened; hind femora with a broad, black ring and the
tibiz with the base yellow. The legs are short-haired, and the hairs
all pale.

Length 6,5 to about 7,5 mm, the female the larger.

The above description of the male is made from specimens from
Greenland; in Danish specimens probably the legs would be some-
what paler. (I may here note, that M.ambiguum from Greenland is
doubtful in so far as the female of it differs a little from European
ambiguum, see Steger |. c. and Lundbeck 1. c.).

This species is at once known from the other two Danish species;
it is no doubt the species which (together with dubiwm and fimbriatum)
on account of its specially haired anterior legs in the male, the broader
head with the antenne placed rather high, and the larger fifth ab-
dominal segment in the male stands nearest to Platychirus.

M.ambiguum seems to be very rare in Denmark, we have only
two specimens, both females, taken in Hillergd in a garden in this
year (1915) on 79/5. It is a spring species, and it will probably be found
more common, when sought for in spring.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down,
into Corsica; towards the north to middle Sweden; further it occurs
in Greenland, and according to Verrall also in North America.

932 Syrphidae.

2. M. mellinum L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 594 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1821 (Musca). —
1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 251, 12 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill,
331, 85 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 759, 62 et 1849. VIII,
3153, 62 et 1855. XII, 4661, 62 (Seaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 292.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, 309, 3, fig. 263. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 49. — Syrphus scalaris Panz. (nec Fabr.) 1797. Fn. Germ. XLV, 20.
— 1822. Meig. 1. c. Ill, 330, 83. — Syrphus mellarius Meig. 1822. 1. c.
Ill, 328, 81 et 1838. VII, 131, 81. — Syrphus melliturgus Meig. 1822.
l.c. Ill, 329, 82. — Syrphus minutus Macq. 1827. Soc. Se. Lille, 234, 13.
— 1838. Meig. l.c. VII, 136, 10. — Syrphus unicolor Macq. 1827. |. ¢.
236,17. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 136, 11. — M. unicolor 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 292. — Syrphus laevigatus Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 134, 105. —
M. laevigatum 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 292.

Male. Head not broader than high; epistoma much narrower
than in ambiguum. Frons and epistoma blackish neous, shining,
practically not pruinose except at the extreme eye-margin. Vertex
and frons with blackish or brown hairs; epistoma with sparse, yellow
hairs; central knob slightly prominent. Occiput blackish, greyish yel-
low pruinose at the eye-margin, the hairs yellow, brown above.
Antenne inserted in the middle of the head, blackish or brownish
black, third joint more or less yellow below at the basal part and
second generally yellow below; arista often yellow at the base, very
short-pubescent, almost microscopically. Thorax neous, shining, with
short, yellow hairs, a little longer at the margin of scutellum; in dark
specimens the hairs may be brownish to almost blackish. Pleura
yellow-haired. Abdomen not much narrower than thorax, about four
times as long as broad, dull black or brownish black, shining at apex,
with three pairs of not small, yellow spots; the first pair smallest,
subcircular or triangular, the second largest, elongate, the third quadrate;
second and third pairs, especially second, with the inner margin
longer than the outer; the first pair lie behind the middle of the seg-
ment, the other at the front margin, and they are generally continuous
with the side margin; the spots may vary somewhat in size. Abdomen
is clothed with short hairs, longer at the sides, especially on the basal
part; they are yellow and black, mainly following the ground colour
but yellow at the sides. Venter yellowish or darker to almost quite
zeneous, with pale hairs. Legs varying in colour, from almost quite
yellow with only the tarsi darker towards the end, to considerably
blackish with the femora blackish with yellowish apex, tibie with
blackish rings, largest on hind tibie, and hind tarsi almost quite
blackisk. Legs haired as usual, the hairs behind anterior femora and
on anterior side of hind femora not long, they are yellowish, in dark

Melanostoma. 933

specimens they may be darker on the anterior femora; also the short
hairs on tibia may vary in the same way; hind metatarsi slightly
thickened. Wings more or less brownish tinged. Squamule smoky
to blackish, with a darker margin and a yellow or brown fringe.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, shining, with very small side dust spots;
the hairs are yellow, brownish in front of the ocelli. Antenne longer
than in the male, as the third joint is longer. Abdomen shining; the
spots of second and third pairs are on the outside sloping inwards
from the basal corner to the end so that they are more or less
triangular; at the base of the fifth segment are a pair of transverse,
narrow spots. Legs in so far paler than in the male as they are
never so dark as in the most dark-legged males, and often almost
quite yellow with only the ends of the tarsi darkened.

Length 6 to about 8 mm.

M. mellinum is very common in Denmark and has been taken in
all parts of our country; my dates are ™/;—*/s. It occurs in fens, on
commons and meadows and also in woods. The pups were taken in
Ermelund, sitting on stalks of Carduus on 7/7, they developed on 29/7
and *%/7 (Kryger), and larve were taken in flood refuse at Donse and
in Jutland at Randers, developing in April and May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, in Finland and on the Faroe Islands; further it is
known from the Canary Islands and Madeira; it is also recorded from
North- and Central America.

3. M. scalare Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1V, 308, 117° (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl.
952, 14 (Scaeva). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 760, 63 et 1849. VIII,
3154, 63 (Scaeva). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 311, 4, fig. 264. — 1907.
Kat. paladarkt. Dipt. Il], 51. — Syrphus gracilis Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 328, 80. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 292. — Syrphus maculosus Meig.
ae22. lc. 330, 84, 9.

This species is much like the preceding, but it is larger and
abdomen longer. Male. Frons and epistoma distinctly yellowish
pruinose, the central knob shining. Vertex and frons with yellow or
brownish hairs; the whitish hairs on epistoma more scarce than in
mellinum. Antenne inserted above the middle of the head, yellow
with the apex and upper margin of third joint brown or blackish;
arista yellowish or brown, distinctly though short-pubescent. Thorax
shining, yellow-haired, the hairs longer than in mellinum. Abdomen
narrower than thorax, about six times as long as broad, the three

934 _ Syrphidae.

middle segments about twice as long as broad; the spots as in mel-
linum, but they are all more elongate. Legs paler than in mellinum
as the anterior legs are generally yellow; hind femora and tibiz have
generally a dark ring of which there are in the highest faint traces
on the anterior legs; front and hind tarsi generally darkened. The
hairs on the anterior femora a little longer, and hind femora with
somewhat long, fine, almost bristly hairs below. Wings a little longer
than in mellinum.

Female. Similar to the female of mellinuwm, but the frons with
large dust spots, often united in the middle; epistoma distinctly
pruinose as in the male. Abdomen longer than in mellinum, but this
difference, however, less pronounced than in the male; the second
and third pairs of spots generally more suddenly incurved on the out-
side just after the base, the outer margin thus more concave than in
mellinum and the spots narrower on the hind part; fifth segment with
a pair of transverse spots at the base. Legs as in the palest speci-
mens of mellinum, either almost quite yellow or with more or less
distinct dark rings on hind femora and especially tibiz, and front and
hind tarsi more or less darkened. d

Length 8—8,7 mm.

This species is in general distinguished from mellinum by its
larger size, more elongated shape and the distinctly pruinose frons
and epistoma; further by the paler antennz and legs; when these
characters should not be sufficient, the distinctly pubescent arista of
scalare will, when carefully examined, decide the question.

M. scalare is almost as common in Denmark as the preceding
and found on similar localities in all parts of the country. My dates
are 10/;—®/s,

Geographical distribution:— Al! Europe, towards the north to
northern Scandinavia, in Finland and on the Faroe Islands; further
in North Africa down to Kilimandjaro.

Obs. Melanoid specimens of the females of both the latter species
are recorded as not uncommon; I have seen Danish specimens with
the spots small, dark and rather inconspicuous, but I have never seen
any quite melanoid specimen from Denmark.

12. Xanthandprus Verr.

This genus, which was separated from Melanostoma by Verrall in
1901 is very nearly allied to that genus in the most essential charac-
ters. Eyes bare; the facets slightly enlarged above in the male.
Antenne inserted about in the middle of the head, third joint con-

y

Xanthandrus. 935

siderably longer than broad; arista apparently bare. Epistoma entirely
black; it is a little retreating downwards, the central knob moderately
prominent. Jowls slightly descending. Scutellum sneous. Abdomen
large, flat, somewhat elliptic, at its broadest part fully as broad as
thorax; it has extensive orange markings, largest in the male. The
number of abdominal segments as in Melanostoma, the fifth dorsal
segment in the male likewise small and unsymmetrical, and the fifth
ventral segment quite small and hidden. Legs simple; all tarsi a
little flattened in both sexes.

As said the genus is very near to Melanostoma and chiefly separ-
ated by the shape of abdomen, yet it may be convenient to keep it.

The developmental stages are well known. The larva was first
mentioned by Peragallo (Ins. nuis. Agricult. II, 1885, 140, fig. 8); it was
found feeding on the larva of Prays citri. Next, Chapman mentions
and describes it (Entom. Month. Mag. XLI, 1905, 151 and XLII, 1906, 14);
he found the larva at Hyéres in the south of France on Asphodelus
microcarpus, where it fed on a Tortria-larva (Hastula hyerana), and
on Sicily feeding on larve of Acrolita consequana on Euphorbia, and
again at Lautaret on larve of Ancylis derasana? on Rhamnus. The
larva and pupa are further described and figured by Silvestri (Boll.
del Laborat. di Zool. Gen. et Agrar. in Portici, II, 1908, 112), who
found them in Italy on Olive trees feeding on larve of Prays oleellus.
I have myself examined two pupz, one taken as larva on Populus
between Aphides on '%/s, it pupated and developed at the end of the
month, and one found sitting on a Betula on "/10, developing on '/10.
— According to the descriptions the larva is green with lateral markings
of yellow and central of brown, the colour being due to translucence,
as the skin seems to be almost colourless; the larva is otherwise
similar to many Syrphus-larve; the length is about 12 mm. The pupa
is of a somewhat curious shape, high and somewhat globular in the
anterior two thirds, behind falling suddenly off to a flattened posterior
part which at the end has a short, longitudinally divided posterior
spiracular process. The pupa is nearly flat below; it is very slightly
transversely corrugated and I could detect no spinules; the posterior
part is a little keel-shaped along the middle, and at the margin this
part is expanded into a relatively broad, delicate brim. The empty
puparium is brownish yellow above, with indistinct darker lateral
stripes and a broad middle stripe; below it is white; it has a length
of about 8 mm, and the thick anterior part is 4 mm in diameter.
Chapman also describes the pupa and mentions, that it may vary
much in colouring, from pale green without markings or with three
pairs of black dots, to being darker, and there may be brownish or

936 Syrphidae.

reddish dorsal and lateral lines; towards the time for the emerging
the paler, more transparent pupz show the imago with its markings,
curiously shortened in the nearly round case; he adds that the pupa
illustrates more strongly than usual how the dried larval skin, when
forming the puparium, expands greatly at the narrow cephalic end,
and shrivels to a mere scrap at the wide anal end, and this is in
accordance with my above description.

According to the observations the larva feeds on Tortricid larve;
Chapman placed larve in a box with larve of Hastula hyerana, and
he saw them attack and suck the larve and no doubt it was their
natural food. When full grown they pupated and the imagines came
at the end of April and the beginning of May. As they emerged so early
he naturally concludes, that there must be a second brood and this
must feed on some other prey, perhaps Aphides; on Sicily he also
found the larve in spring, and the imagines emerged from 1°/4 and
further on, but at Lautaret he found the larve on §/s and they were
bred some weeks later; Silvestri found his larve in spring. With us
and in other northern climates the species is exclusively autumnal as
imago, my dates of capture are '2/;—1%/9 and the first date is more
early than is commonly the case, and as noted above my pupe
developed at the end of August and on 1/10; I therefore think we
have only one brood, and probably the larva hibernates in a younger
or older stage, and also when more than one brood occurs it is pro-
bably the larva that hibernates. The larva is very voracious, Silvestri
thinks that one larva may during its life-time devour no less than
100 larve of Prays oleellus. The food of this larva seems thus to
be Tortricid larve; Chapman suggests however, as remarked, that they
may perhaps at certain times in the season feed on Aphides, and
one of the pupze I mentioned above was taken as larva between
Aphides.

Of the genus two palzarctic species are known, our X. comtus
and X. parhyalinatus Big. which latter is only known from Madeira.

1. X. comtus Harr.

1776. Harr. Expos. engl. Ins. 105, Pl. XXXII, fig. 47 (Musca). — 1901.
Verr. Brit. FJ. VII, 317, 1, figs. 266—267. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill,
D1. — Scaeva hyalinata Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 43,13. — Syrphus
hyalinatus 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 312, 56. — Scaeva hyalinata 1843.
Zett. Dipt. Seand. Il, 722, 25. — Melanostoma hyalinata 1862. Schin. F. A.
1, 290.

Male. Frons and epistoma black or bluish black, yellowish pruinose
except on a space above the antenne and the central knob. Vertex

Xanthandrus. 937

and frons with dark brown or blackish hairs, the frons bare on the
shining space; epistoma with yellowish hairs on the sides; it is some-
what retreating downwards, the central knob moderately prominent,
less than the frontal prominence. Occiput greyish pruinose, the hairs
all yellow. Antennz not small, third joint considerably longer than
broad; they are brownish red, the end and upper margin of third
joint more or less darkened and sometimes the joint rather darkened;
arista brownish. Thorax greenish zneous, shining, somewhat finely
punctate; it has a double pubescence of somewhat long, erect and
short, more decumbent hairs, all yellow; the hairs are longest behind
and on scutellum. Pleura somewhat pruinose, yellow-haired. Abdomen
dull, a little shining at the extreme base and at apex; it is black with
extensive orange markings; second segment with two circular orange
spots behind the middle, third and fourth segments each with a pair
of anteriorly united, orange spots or a broad band against the front
margin, strongly incised in the middle of its hind margin; the band
on third segment largest, reaching near to the hind margin, that on
fourth segment reaching beyond the middle. Abdomen clothed with
short hairs, longer at the side margin towards the base; the hairs
mainly follow the ground colour, but the hairs at the side margin are
yellow or only black on the hind part of third and fourth segments.
Venter yellow, the first segment, a prolongation on the middle of the
second and the apex dark; the hairs long, yellow. Legs brownish
yellow, anterior femora blackish on the basal part or half, hind femora
‘quite brownish black; anterior tibie with a somewhat indistinct dark
ring near the apex; hind tibiz quite darkened or a little paler at the
-base; tarsi blackish; all tarsi with the last three joints a little broad
and flat. Femora haired as usual, the hairs somewhat long, yellow;
tibie short-haired, the hairs dark, hind tibie a little fringed on the
-antero-dorsal side. Wings yellowish tinged. Squamule whitish yellow,
with a dark yellow margin and fringe. Halteres with the peduncle
yellow, the knob brownish.

Female. Frons not broad, but widening from the vertex down-
wards; it is bluish black, shining, with a large dust band on the
middle; the hairs blackish. Thorax haired as in the male, but the
erect hairs shorter. Abdomen with the markings often paler, more
yellow, and they are more restricted, those on second segment small,
sometimes almost or quite disappearing, and on third and fourth
segments the markings are a pair of transversely quadrate spots at
the front margins, well separated in the middle; the fifth segment is
generally obscurely reddish at the front corners. Tarsi a little flattened
as in the male. Wings not or almost not tinged.

238 Syrphidae.

Length 10,,—12 mm.

X. comtus is not common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden,
Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Donse, Hillergd, Trored,
Tisvilde; on Lolland in Keldskov; on Funen at Veflinge and Hoff-
mansgave, and in Jutland at Frederikshavn. My dates are */;—™/s.
It occurs on meadows and in woods. The larva was taken at Donse
on a Populus between Aphides on ‘*/s, it pupated and developed at
the end of August, and the pupa was taken at Tisvilde sitting on
Betula on 1/10, it developed on '/10 (Kryger). The species is, as seen,
an autumn species.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe down to Sicily; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

13. Melangyna Verr.

This genus is somewhat simjlar to Melanostoma, but in other
respects more allied to Syrphus. Head semiglobular but broader than
high and broader than thorax. Eyes distinctly hairy, touching in the
male and with the upper facets a little enlarged. Antennz inserted
above the middle. Occiput somewhat puffed out downwards. Frons
and epistoma very broad, the latter with a moderately protruding
central knob, retreating at the mouth edge; the epistoma is entirely
black in both sexes and with long hairs on the sides. Jowls some-
what descending and with a distinct pit between them and epistoma.
Scutellum not quite black but somewhat pale on the disc. Abdomen
narrow, parallel-sided, with pairs of yellow spots on third and fourth
segments in the male, but quite black in the female (or with only
indications of spots); the fifth abdominal segment in the male is
normally developed both on dorsal and ventral side, but small. Legs
simple and simply haired.

This genus is much more allied to Syrphus than to Melanostoma.
The shape of the head with the very broad epistoma is quite another
than in Melanostoma, and also the hairy eyes separate it from this
genus. It stands, as Verrall remarks himself very near to one extreme
of Syrphus, represented by species as barbifrons and arcticus, the
male is even so similar to barbifrons that it is only distinguished by
the hairy eyes. When the genera from Chrysogaster to Xanthandrus
taken together are separated from Syrphus by the black epistoma and
scutellum, Melangyna may well be placed with the former, though
its scutellum is not quite black, but its relation is however by far nearest
to Syrphus; the mentioned species of Syrphus having in the male a
quite or almost quite black epistoma, only in the female it is some-

Melangyna. 239

what yellow; the female of Melangyna has an unspotted abdomen,
which is never the case in Syrphus, but this character is of slight
value, especially as specimens of Melangyna may occur with traces of
spots. — I have kept the genus here as the species is easily disting-
uished, but I think its generic value is a slight one, the most natural
place of the species being in Syrphus nearest to barbifrons.

The developmental stages are not known.

Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark.

1. M. quadrimaculata Verr.

1873. Verr. Ent. Month. Mag. IX, 281 (Melanostoma). — 1885. Kow.
Wien. ent. Zeitg. IV, 201 (Melanostoma). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 314, 1,
fig. 265. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. If], 48. — Melanostoma barbifrons
1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 290. — 1871. Verr. Entom. Month. Mag. VII, 201.

Male. Frons and epistoma black, the latter slightly pruinose,
somewhat shining. Vertex and frons with dense and rather long,
black hairs; posteriorly on vertex may be yellow hairs; epistoma with
long, black hairs on the sides. Head rather low, epistoma low and
very broad, the margins a little diverging downwards; it is slightly
keel-shaped on the middle, the central knob not much prominent, the
mouth edge retreating. Occiput puffed out and somewhat broad below,
jowls broad and somewhat descending; occiput bluish black, a little
pruinose; the hairs pale yellow, but nearest to the eye-margin are
black hairs which are long above. Eyes distinctly haired with short,
pale hairs. Antenne black, short but robust, third joint subquadrate;
arista about as long as the antenne, thickened in more than the basal
half. Thorax dull black, clothed with long, erect hairs except just on
the front margin; the hairs are whitish or yellow, but near each side
are more or fewer black hairs, almost forming a longitudinal stripe;
also in the presutural depression are more or fewer black hairs.
Seutellum black but brown or yellowish brown on the disc; it has
very long, pale hairs at the margin, sometimes intermingled with black
hairs. Pleura with long hairs, black above, more or less pale down-
wards. Abdomen dull black, on third and fourth segments a pair of
narrow, transverse, pale yellow spots near the front margins; they
are well separated in the middle and do not reach the side margin;
the extreme hind margins of fourth and fifth segments obscurely red-
dish. Abdomen is clothed with longish hairs, longest at the sides;
they are black but pale on more or less of the dise of second seg-
ment and on and about the pale spots, they are consequently black
at the sides except pale tufts at the base of third and fourth segments,
and sometimes there are a few pale hairs at the basal corners of

ILO Syrphidae.

fifth segment. Venter greyish black, with or without pale spots like
the dorsal, and with long, pale hairs, intermingled with some: black.
Legs somewhat long and slender, black or blackish; femora haired in
the usual way with rather long hairs, chiefly blackish on anterior
femora or yellow at the base, pale on hind femora; tibize short-haired
with dark hairs, only hind tibiz with some hairs a little longer about
the middle on the antero-dorsal side; hind tibiz a little thickened in
the middle, and below the thickening somewhat incurvated on the
posterior side. Hind tarsi rather long, metatarsus slightly thickened;
the last joints on front tarsi a little broad. Wings more or less
brownish tinged, sometimes almost not; stigma strongly brown. Squa-
mule and fringes yellowish. Halteres with the peduncle dark, the
knob yellow.

Female. Frons broad, black-haired. Thorax jshining, haired as
in the male, but the black hairs fewer or wanting, and pleura all
pale-haired. Abdomen black, shining, without spots, only in some lights
a pale pruinosity is visible at the basal corners of third and fourth
segments; (Verrall has in one case found spots as in the male faintly
visible); the hairs on abdomen almost all pale, only on the hind
margin of third segment, on the hind part of fourth and on fifth and
sixth segments black hairs. Legs haired as in the male, but the hairs
all yellowish.

Length about 8—9 mm.

M. quadrimaculata seems to be rare in Denmark, and it was for
the first time taken in 1909; it has only been taken in Geel Skov
(Th. Mortensen) and at Tisvilde (Kryger). It is a rather early occur-
ring species, my dates are */4—*%/s. It was seen in.some number on
°/4 on the flowers of Corylus, it was on a sunny day but the temper-
ature was low, not above 6° C. and it had been cold on the previous
days; it has also been taken on the flowers of Salix.

Geographical distribution: — The species is at present only known
from Denmark, England and Bohemia.

14. Leueozona Sciin.

This genus agrees in most respects with Syrphus and the allied
genera. The species is somewhat large and densely hairy; the colour
is dark zeneous and blackish with a pale basal abdominal band. Eyes
touching in the male, separated in the female, densely hairy; the
facets in the male slightly enlarged above. Antenne inserted well
above the middle, a little porrected, third joint longer than broad;
arista slightly, almost microscopically pubescent. Epistoma a little

Leucozona. 944

keel-shaped, the lower part somewhat protruding and with a pro-
truding central knob; the sides of epistoma somewhat descending. As
the lower part of epistoma is protruding and the drooping lateral
angles of the mouth edge only slightly retreating, the sides of epistoma
are rather broad below, and they have here a slight, oblique keel.
(Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XVI, 1897, 63, expresses this in the following
terms: “Die Backen sind namlich gut so breit wie der halbe verticale
Durchmesser des Auges’’); it is in reality the sides of epistoma which
are broad, the jowls themselves are slightly descending. Epistoma is
yellow but with a black middle line and also the lower side parts
black; it is hairy on the sides. The mouth parts chiefly resemble
those in Syrphus; proboscis rather long; labrum of the usual shape
and likewise maxillze; the palpi long, club-shaped and more or less
recurved at the end. Thorax about quadrate; scutellum yellow, it
has as fringe below the margin. There are no bristles present. Ab-
domen somewhat short, broadest behind the middle about the hind
part of third segment; it is blackish with a broad, pale basal band
or pair of spots; it has in the male the same number of not trans-
formed segments as in Syrphus, viz. five, both on the dorsal and ven-
tral side; the first is very small and likewise the fifth; but generally
the fifth dorsal segment is turned a little to the right and the fifth
ventral hidden, the normal shape of the segment therefore only seen,
when the abdomen is stretched well out. Genitalia small. In the
female there are five visible segments, the rest more or less hidden.
Legs simple. Wings of usual shape, with a blackish band or blotch
about the middle; medial cross-vein before the middle of the discal
cell; vena spuria distinct. Squamule as in Syrphus, but blackish, the
hairs on alar squamula considerably flattened. Plumula with longish,
plumose hairs.

The genus was separated from Syrphus by Schiner in 1860, chiefly
by the peculiar abdominal markings; Mik adds in 1897 (l.c.) as
characters the wing. band and the shape of the face; these are in
reality the distinguishing characters, and I think the genus may be
kept on them.

As far as | am aware the developmental stages are not known.

The species occurs on various flowers on meadows and in fens;
Schiner states that it occurs especially in the mountains.

Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark.

1. L.lucorum L.
1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1803 et 1767. Syst.
Nat. XII, 2, 985, 36 (Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 766, 19 (Syrphus)
16

IAD Syrphidae.

et 1805. Syst. Antl. 241,37 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill,
313, 58, Tab. XXX, Fig. 27 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 778, 1
et 1859. XIII, 6012, 1 (Hristalis). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 299. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. F). VIII, 319, 1. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 52. — Syrphus
asiliformis Fabr. 1776. Gen. Ins. 306, 18—19 et 1781. Spec. Ins. Il, 426, 24
et 1805. Syst. Antl. 241, 36 (Hristalis)..— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III,
314, 59.

Male. Frons greyish pruinose; epistoma yellow and yellowish
pruinose, but the middle line undusted, black and shining; also the
lower hinder side parts of epistoma black, shining; jowls grey. Vertex
with yellow, anteriorly with black hairs, frons black-haired; epistoma
with yellow hairs at the sides. The lower part of epistoma with the
central knob rather protruding and the lateral mouth edges somewhat
descending. Occiput grey pruinose, with yellow hairs, above besides
a row of longer, black hairs, overhanging the eyes. Eyes densely and
longish hairy with black hairs, paler on the lower part. Antenne

Fig. 111. Antenna of L. lucorwm GC, from the inside. >< 55.

black, somewhat long, third joint oval, longer than broad; arista fully
as long as the antenne, very inconspicuously pubescent. Thorax dull
geneous, with three narrow, darker stripes, the median abbreviated
about the middle, and sometimes indistinct. Scutellum yellow, only a
little dark at the basal corners. Thorax clothed with erect, reddish
yellow hairs, longest behind and on scutellum. Pleura bluish eneous
with pale hairs. Abdomen not long, ovate, broader than thorax; the
small first segment grey, the second yellow or whitish yellow with a
broader or narrower, black middle line, often abbreviated behind;
sometimes the line is much expanded so that the segment has only
yellowish side spots, and then the line is often greyish; third segment
bluish black, mostly dull; it is either quite black or just the basal
margin yellow, or this colour widens to a pair of smaller or larger
spots connected with the second segment; the rest of abdomen is

Eriozona. 943

bluish black, shining or a little dull on the disc of fourth segment.
Abdomen is thus bluish black with a broad, pale basal band, more
or less divided in the middle and incised behind; it is clothed with
erect hairs which are long at the basal corners; they are yellow on
the second segment and generally also to a higher or lower degree
on the fourth, and the apex is yellow-haired, but in dark specimens
the dark parts of the second segment and all the fourth except the
side margin may be dark-haired. Venter coloured chiefly as the
dorsum, with long, pale hairs, more or less black towards the apex.
Legs with the femora black with yellow apex; tibize with the basal half
yellow, the apical half and the tarsi black. Hind tibie slightly thickened
about the middle and a little excavated below the thickening on the
posterior side, and here slightly curved. Legs haired in the usual way,
with somewhat long hairs on posterior side of the anterior femora
and on anterior side of the hind femora; tibie short-haired. The
hairs on femora black but on hind femora more or less yellow, on
tibiz mainly yellow, except on the apical part of hind ‘tibize; some-
times the hairs on hind femora and tibiz and on the apical part of
anterior tibie are more black. Wings hyaline, with a black or blackish
blotch from the stigma down over the base of the postical fork.
Squamule blackish with black and brownish fringes. Halteres brownish
black with paler peduncle. Plumule brown or blackish.

Female. Frons broad, yellow pruinose, a little darker along the
middle, with yellow hairs, generally dark about the ocelli; for the rest
the female is quite similar to the male; the pale abdominal band
never broadly interrupted.

Length 10—11,5 mm.

L. lucorum is not rare in Denmark, but generally only present in
single or a few specimens; Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Lyngby Mose, Sgllerod, Fure Sg, Birkerad, Jegerspris, at Sora; on
Mgen; on Lolland at Maribo, Hoveenge, Kerstrup, Bremersvold, Ulriks-
dals Skov and Holmeskov at Saxkgbing; in Jutland in Nerholm Skov
at Varde, Grejsdal at Vejle, at Horsens and at Rebbild near Skorping,
finally on Bornholm in Almindingen and at Ro. The dates are
15/5*9/;, It occurs on flowers in fens and on meadows.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland; it occurs also in North America.

15. Eviozona Schin.

This genus is nearly allied to Lewcozona and thus also to Syrphus.
The species is large, densely hairy, of dark colour with only scutellum
16*

IAA Syrphidae.
and apex of abdomen paler. Eyes touching in the male, separated
in the female, but vertex and frons not broad; the eyes are hairy;
the facets in the male very slightly enlarged above. Antenne inserted
well above the middle; they are porrected, a little elongated, third
joint longer than the two basal together; arista apparently bare.
Epistoma yellow, hairy; the central knob only little protruding, not
more than the frontal prominence; the mouth edge retreating, the
lateral mouth edges and the jowls only slightly descending. The mouth
parts resemble those in Syrphus, but the proboscis is short and it
and the mouth parts rather stout. Clypeus has the basal part large
and the side legs not long. Labrum is relatively short, broad and
stout, it has the apex of the usual shape. Hypopharynx and. maxille
are likewise strong; the palpi short, not longer than the lacinia and
neither clubbed nor recurved. Labium rather short and thick, with
the labella of about the same length as the basal part. Thorax about
quadrate, a little broader than long; scutellum yellow, it has a fringe
below the margin. There are no bristles present. Abdomen rather
short and broad, somewhat roundish, it is broadest about the middle
and here considerably broader than thorax; it is black with the apex
reddish; the first segment very short, the second not long; there is
the same number of not transformed segments as in Syrphus viz. five,
the fifth is small; as in Leucozona the fifth ventral segment is partly
hidden, so that it looks as if it was unsymmetrical. Genitalia small.
In the female there are five visible segments. Legs simple, tarsi some-
what broad and flat, especially the last joint rather broadened; claws
and pulvilli large. Schiner’s statement that the femora are elongated
I do not find confirmed. Wings of usual shape; .medial cross-vein
well before the middle of the discal cell; cubital vein a little incurved
in the middle of the first posterior cell; vena spuria distinct. Squa-
mule black, fringed as in Syrphus, the hairs on alar squamule con-
siderably flattened, the fringe on the thoracal squamule rather long.
Plumula with dense, longish, plumose hairs.

This genus was separated from Syrphus by Schiner at the same
time as Leucozona, and I think it is well founded on the shape of
the body and its colour.

As far as I know the developmental stages have not been observed.

Schiner states for this as well as for the foregoing genus, that the
species occurs especially in the mountains; with us it occurs on flowers
in fens and meadows. |

Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den-
mark.

tbe

Eriozona. 945

1. E. syrphoides Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 36, 1 (Seaeva). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 699, 1 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 300. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 53. — Syrphus oestriformis Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 315, 60
et 1838. VII, 131, 60.

Male. Frons greyish pruinose; epistoma yellow, somewhat shining,
the lower hind corners and the jowls blackish. Vertex with yellow,
on the front part with black hairs; frons and epistoma with yellow
hairs. Epistoma with a slightly protruding central knob; the mouth
edge retreating; the lateral mouth edges and the jowls almost not
descending. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs all yellow or some few
black hairs above. Eyes hairy with not long, pale hairs. Antenne
black, porrected, somewhat long, third joint considerably longer than

Fig. 112, Antenna of FE. syrphoides 3, from the inside. >< 5d.

the two basal together; arista brown, palest at the base. Thorax
black, rather dull, with three more or less distinct, darker and duller
stripes, the median abbreviated about the middle; thorax clothed with
erect, black hairs, more or less yellow on the front part and posteriorly
just in front of scutellum. Scutellum greyish- yellow, with yellow
hairs, longer than those on thorax and longest towards the margin.
Pleura black-haired, but the humeri with long, yellow hairs, distinctly
seen from above as yellow tufts. Abdomen dull black, greyish at the
base, the apex from the middle of fourth segment reddish; it is densely
clothed with longish, erect hairs which mainly follow the ground
colour and thus are pale at the base, black on the middle and reddish
on apex and here longest. Venter coloured and haired chiefly as
dorsum. Genitalia reddish yellow. Legs with the femora black or
brownish black, the apical part of anterior femora yellowish; anterior
tibize yellowish with a more or less distinct, blackish ring near the
apex, hind tibiz black, generally indistinctly pale on the basal half,

246 Syrphidae.

especially behind; all tarsi yellowish or brownsh; hind tibie a little
excavated and curved on the posterior side near the apex. The legs
haired as usual, anterior femora somewhat densely; the hairs on femora
black, the short hairs on anterior tibie partly pale, partly black;
hind tibize black-haired, a little fringed above and below, longest on
the antero-dorsal side. Wings very slightly yellowish tinged, blackish

Fig. 113. Wing of E. syrphoides ¢.

at extreme base and with a,brown, somewhat indefinite band on
the middle from the basal end of the stigma down to the base of
the postical fork. Squamule black, with black fringes. Halteres
brownish with a paler peduncle. Plumula black or brown.

Female. Eyes separated but the frons not broad, it is greyish
pruinose, more brownish.in the middle; the hairs are dark, but more
or less yellow on the anterior part. The red colour at the apex of
abdomen is more restricted as it only includes the hind margin of the
fourth segment and the rest of the apex. The hairs are pale yellow
on the whole second segment and likewise on the whole or almost
the whole fourth, so that only the third segment is black-haired, and
even it may have some pale hairs on the posterior part. In the
fringe on the hind tibise are some yellow hairs.

Length 13—15 mm.

E. syrphoides is somewhat rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Donse,
Tyvekrog, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde; in Jutland at Rebbild near Skgrping.
My dates are **/;—1/s. It occurs on flowers in fens and meadows.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Hungaria and Styria, and in northern France; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

16. Isehyrosyrphus Big.

This genus stands very near to Syrphus. The species are of
large or medium size. Eyes hairy (in a foreign species, I. liophthalmus,
only slightly hairy). Antenne inserted above the middle; third joint

er

Ischyrosyrphus. Q47

somewhat oval, a little longer than broad, about as long as the two
basal joints together; arista short-pubescent. Epistoma yellow, hairy,
it has a slightly prominent central knob; the mouth edge retreating,
and the lateral mouth edges and the jowls slightly descending. Mouth
parts as in Syrphus; proboscis not short, the palpi somewhat long,
considerably longer than the lacinia, slightly clubbed. Scutellum yel-
low, or black with a more or less distinct yellow apex; it has a fringe
below the margin. No bristles on thorax or scutellum. Abdomen
somewhat long, with the sides subparallel; it has a broad basal band
or pair of spots, and generally narrow spots on the third and fourth
segments; the spots vary in colour from bluish grey to bony white.
The abdomen has as in Syrphus five not transformed segments in the
male; the first is very short and likewise the fifth; the fifth ventral
segment is partly hidden under the genitalia, so that it looks as if it
is unsymmetrical. In the female there are five visible abdominal seg-
ments. Legs, wings and squamule as in Syrphus, the hairs on alar
squamule not much flattened.

The genus was separated from Syrphus by Bigot in 1882, then
including some species not belonging here. In 1897 Mik. (Wien. ent.
Zeitg. XVI, 63) founded the genus Lagenosyrphus with the species
now included in Ischyrosyrphus. Bigot named as type glaucius L.,
while Mik took /iophthalmus Schin. et Egg. as type. Verrall came
then (1. c. 321), and I think correctly, to the conclusion that the name
Ischyrosyrphus must remain.

The genus is, as said, very nearly allied to Syrphus, and it is a
question whether it should be kept, but I have done so, as the species
are easily recognised and separated from the species of Syrphus. It
is distinguished from Leucozona by the not descending, quite yellow
epistoma and the wings without band, from EHriozona by the narrow
abdomen and shorter third antennal joint, and from Syrphus and
its allies by the markings of abdomen.

The developmental stages of the genus do not seem to be known.

Four palearctic species are considered as belonging to this genus,
two of them occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Scutellum yellow; anterior legs orange with only base of

femora black; hind tibiae orange with a more or less

SURI cong oe gn mae ns we wie on en 0 9 2m os 1. glaucius.
— Scutellum black or with only apex yellowish; legs black

with only anterior knees yellowish ............-.+->. 2. laternarius.

I48 Syrphidae.

1. I. glaucius L.

{758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 593 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1813 et 1767. Syst.
Nat. XII, 2, 986, 47 (Musca). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 275, 28 (Scaeva).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 302 (Syrphus). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 322, 1.
— 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. I, 53. — Syrphus nobilis Meig. 1822. Syst.
Beschr. JJI, 316, 62.

Male. Frons and epistoma yellow and yellow pruinose; above
the antennz the frons brownish or blackish; the central knob undusted
in its whole length, somewhat shining;. jowls more or less darkened,
almost bluish but the hind part yellow. Vertex black-haired, only
just behind with yellow hairs; frons with brown or blackish hairs,
epistoma yellow-haired. Occiput grey pruinose, with yellow hairs,
above sometimes some few black hairs. Eyes densely hairy with
brown, downwards paler hairs. Antenne black. Thorax greenish or
brassy, dull, with indications of three darker lines; the presutural
depression more or less yellowish. Scutellum yellow, translucent.
Thorax and scutellum clothed with long, erect, yellow hairs, longest
behind and on scutellum. Pleura with yellow or pale yellow hairs.
Abdomen velvet black, bluish and shining at ‘the tip; first segment
greyish or greenish; second segment with two large, isolated and ap-
proximated spots lying on the front part of the segment, close to the
front margin; the spots are subquadrate with the inner hinder corner
rounded; they vary in colour from bluish to bony white; the third
and fourth segments each with a pair of narrow, transverse, bluish or
bluish grey spots near to the front margins and going more or less
distinctly over the side margins. Abdomen is clothed with longish
hairs, longest at the basal corners, they follow in colour chiefly the
ground colour, and hence there are black tufts at the hind corners of
second, third and fourth segments. Venter coloured about as dorsum,
but often the whole second segment pale and the spots united to
bands lying close to the front margins and rather shining; it is clothed
with long hairs, pale on the basal half, dark behind. Legs yellow
with about the basal half of anterior femora and hind femora except
the apex black; hind tibiz with a more or less distinct, brownish or
blackish ring in the middle. Legs haired as usual, the hairs all pale
except on the front side of the black parts of hind or posterior femora
and generally some few at the base of the front femora. Wings more
or less yellowish tinged, most at the front margin. Squamule yel-
lowish with a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow. Plumula whitish or
pale yellow.

Female. Eyes separated but the frons not broad, widening some-
what rapidly downwards; it is yellow pruinose with a black middle

Ischyrosyrphus. QA9

line; the hairs are yellow, but black in front of the ocelli, above the
antenne and more or less on the middle line; jowls yellow. The
lines on thorax generally more distinct than in the male. Pleura
white-haired. The basal abdominal spots bluish, and often united, as
are also sometimes the other spots. Legs as in the male, the ring on
hind tibize often faint or almost wanting.

Length 11—12 mm.

I. glaucius is an uncommon species in Deninark; Ordrup Mose
(Steger), Lyngby Mose, at Fonstrup Dam in Grib Skov (Kryger, the
author), Tisvilde (Klécker), and in Jutland in Ha Skov at Aarhus
(Victor Hansen). My dates are ‘/;—**/s. It occurs in fens and on
meadows especially on Umbellifere.

Geographical distribution: Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

2. I. laternarius O. F. Miill.

1776. O. F. Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2040 (Musca). — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 30 (Syrphus). — 1897. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XVI, 64 (Lageno-
syrphus). — -.1901. Verr. Brit. F). VIII, 323, 2, fig. 268. —- 1907. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 54. — Syrphus glaucius Fabr. (nec Linn.) 1775. Syst.
Entom. 770, 37 et 1781. Spec. Ins. II, 431, 53 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 243, 49
(Eristalis). — Syrphus glaucus Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. If], 315, 61. —
Scaeva mutata Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3140, 28—29.

Male. Frons greyish pruinose at the sides, blackish in the middle.
Epistoma yellow, greyish yellow pruinose, the central knob shining,
brown or blackish. Jowls grey. Vertex and frons black-haired ; epistoma
with black hairs at the sides, yellow towards the middle. Occiput
grey with yellow, downwards whitish hairs; above there is a row of
black, overhanging hairs at the eye-margin. Eyes densely hairy with
brown, downwards paler hairs. Antenne black. Thorax brownish
black, dull, with two approximated greyish stripes in the middle, ab-
breviated behind; sometimes the sides of the disc are also greyish, so
that four greyish stripes appear, separated by three black. Scutellum
black with the apex more or less translucently yellowish or brownish,
but sometimes all black. Thorax clothed with erect hairs, yellow in
front and behind, black on the middle; they are not dense, especially
not on the middle; scutellum has long, yellow hairs. Pleura with
yellow hairs. Abdomen rather narrow, velvet black, a little shining
at the apex; it has spots similar to those in glaucius, the large basal
pair likewise varying from bony white to greyish or bluish, and in
the latter case sometimes rather obscure; the second and third pairs
more grey than bluish, and more widely separated in the middle.

250 , Syrphidae.

Abdomen is clothed with rather long hairs, mainly following the ground
colour. Venter generally with the base pale or sometimes darker, third
segment black and the fourth grey, or third and fourth black with
bluish front bands; the venter has long, pale hairs. Legs black, anterior
femora with the apical part and anterior tibiz with the basal part
yellow, hind tibiee with the very base a little pale; legs haired as
usual, the long hairs on femora pale, except on the apical part of
front femora; the short hairs on the front side of posterior femora
partly black; anterior tibize mainly yellow-haired, hind tibize black-
haired. Wings more or less, sometimes somewhat strongly yellowish
or brownish tinged. Squamule brown or blackish brown, with a
brownish yellow fringe. Halteres dark yellow. Plumula whitish.

Female. Ocellar triangle large and prominent. Frons not speci-
ally broad, widening downwards; it is greyish pruinose with a broad,
blackish middle stripe, and all black-haired. Epistoma yellow-haired.
Pleura with white hairs. Scutellum with the apex generally more
pale than in the male. Abdomen with the basal spots generally bony
white, and with indications of spots at the basal corners of fifth seg-
ment. Legs mainly pale-haired except above hind tibie.

Length 9—11 mm.

Remarks: S. glaucius Fabr. is commonly considered a synonym
to the present species, and this may be so, I shall, however, not omit
to mention that in the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt, the
determination of which is to a great degree due to Fabricius, a speci-
men stands, labelled glaucius, and this specimen is glaucius L.

‘I. laternarius is not rare in Denmark, though it cannot be termed
common; Ordrup Mose, Gurre Vang; on Lolland in Dgdemose west
of Nysted; on Funen at Veflinge and Middelfart; in Jutland in Nor-
holm Skov at Varde, Vejle Norreskov, Greisdal and Hgjenbek Dal
at Vejle, at Horsens, Laven and Funder near Silkeborg and in He
Skov at Aarhus. My dates are ‘/;—1°/s. It occurs on meadows, often on
meadows in woods on Umbelliferee, I have generally taken it on Heracleum.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into France; it was not known north of Denmark until 1907, when it
was taken in Scania (Ringdahl, Entom. Tidskr. XXXII, 1911, 124);
according to Verrall it probably also occurs in North America in
California and Oregon, as tricolor Big. and velutinus Willist. are pro-
bable synonyms.

17. Didea Macq.

Like the allied genera rather near to Syrphus. The species are of
medium or somewhat large size, with extended greenish or orange

Didea. 951

markings on abdomen’ Eyes sparingly and short-haired; the upper
facets, towards the suture, a little enlarged in the male. Ocellar triangle
rather large and elongate. Antenne well above the middle, somewhat
porrected, the third joint elongated, about twice as long as the two.
basal together, somewhat attenuated towards the apex. Arista ap-
parently bare. Epistoma yellow, with or without a short, black middle
line, hairy, with a slightly protruding central knob; mouth edge retre-
ating; jowls almost not descending. The mouth parts resemble those
in Syrphus; clypeus with a large basal part; proboscis rather short
and stout; palpi short. Scutellum brownish or yellow, without fringe
below the margin, only with short hairs just at the margin. No
bristles on thorax or scutellum. Abdomen ovate, considerably broader
than thorax, rather flattened; it has a distinct, somewhat raised margin
(as in some species of Syrphus); there are three, or sometimes in the
female four greenish or yellow bands, the first interrupted and some-
times also the third and fourth. In the male there are, as in Syrphus,
five not transformed dorsal segments; on the ventral side there are
likewise five normal segments, but the fifth is partly hidden under
the genitalia so that it looks as if it is unsymmetrical. The genitalia
are rather large, the sixth to ninth segments distinctly seen on the
ventra] side. In the female there are likewise five normal abdominal
segments, but generally three small segments more are visible, at all
events above. Legs with the hind tibie a little dilated in the middle,
and below the middle a little incurved on the posterior side; tarsi
with the four last joints flattened. Wings with a deep loop on the
cubital vein above the first posterior cell. Thoracal squamula besides
the marginal fringe of long, branched hairs also with long hairs on
both sides, at all events towards the margin.

The genus is, as said, nearly related to Syrphus; it is distinguished
especially by the loop of the cubital vein, which, to be sure, is present
also in a few species of Syrphus, but less pronounced; further the
antenne are rather long with the third joint elongate, and the ab-
domen is flat, with a distinct, raised margin (a similar shape of
abdomen is also present in some species of Syrphus); also there
is no fringe of downwards directed hairs below the margin of
scutellum.

The developmental stages are not known; Verrall suggests, no
doubt correctly, that the larve are aphidiphagous, because D. inter-
media was found on bushes of Ulex infested with an Aphis; the same
author records that a specimen (possibly type) of D. fasciata Macq.
in the Paris Museum was a bred specimen, but without any particulars
given.

252 Syrphidae.

The species of Didea are very beautiful flies; Schiner mentions
that they are more commonly seen on leaves somewhat high over
the ground, than on flowers, but I have taken nearly all my speci-
mens on humid meadows or in more dry districts in or near woods
on flowers of Umbellifere and Composite. The species are nowhere
common.

Of the genus 3 species are known from the palearctic region,
all 3 also occurring in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Abdominal bands greenish and somewhat narrow; the loop

of the cubital vein rather shallow; epistoma with a short,

black middle line; scutellum nearly all black-haired; ab-

domen in the female without spots on fifth segment .... 1. alneti.
— Abdominal bands yellow and rather broad; the loop of the

cubital vein deep; scutellum more or less yellow-haired;

abdomen in the female with a band on fifth segment ....... 2.
2. Epistoma without black middle line; halteres with the knob

yellow; scutellum yellow-haired or with more or fewer black

hairs on the apical part; black middle line on the frons of

the female reaching more or less distinctly to the antenne 2. fasciata.
— Epistoma with black middle line; halteres blackish; scutellum

with black hairs on the apical part; black middie line on

the frons of the female stopping well before the antenne 3. intermedia.

1. D. alneti Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 38, 4 (Seaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 310, 54 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 700, 2 et 1849.
VIII, 3131, 2 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 314. —_1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VIil, 326, 1, figs. 269—271. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 54. —
Syrphus pellucidulus Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 311, 55.

Male. Frons yellow with a more or less distinct black or brownish
spot above each antenna. Epistoma yellow, slightly pruinose, the
mouth edge black and this colour extends up and includes the central
knob. Jowls grey. Vertex and frons black-haired, epistoma yellow-
haired. Occiput yellowish grey pruinose, with yellow hairs. Eyes
thinly and short-haired with pale hairs. Antenne black. Thorax dark
zeneous, shining; on the sides above the wing-root it is yellowish; it
is haired with erect, yellow hairs, among which more or fewer black
hairs, generally forming a band across the middle. Scutellum brownish,
somewhat translucent with bluish reflections, especially towards the
margin; it is black-haired but with some yellow hairs at the base.
Pleura with longish, pale yellow hairs. Abdomen velvet black, the
hind margin of third segment and the apex shining; there are three

——

Didea. 953

pairs of pale greenish or greenish yellow spots (by the exsiccation
they often become more yellow); the first pair are oblique, they are
rounded inwards and stretch from here upwards to the side margin,
over which they extend; the second pair are connected in the middle,

Fig. 114. Antenna of D. alneti g, from the inside. >< 5d.

thus forming a band, lying close to the front margin and deeply ex-
cised behind; it occupies about half the length of the segment; the
third pair of spots are cuneiform with the base outwards and the
apex towards the middle; they lie close to the front margin of the
segment and the hind margin slopes forwards from the base to the
apex; the second and third pairs are separated from the side margin;
the dull space on the fourth segment forms two oblique spots just
behind and along the yellow spots and connected with the dull side margin.
Abdomen is clothed with somewhat short, erect hairs, on the hind
parts of the segments they are quite short and depressed, they follow
mainly the ground colour; at the side margin the hairs are all black
except on the basal spots, where they are white and long, and they
are also pale at the basal corners of the fifth segment. Genitalia
(eighth segment) bluish shining, but grey pruinose on the left side;
they are covered with longish, pale hairs. Venter pale yellow on the
basal half, with three velvet black spots on the second and a trans-
verse band on the third segment at the hind margin; the fourth seg-
ment bluish, with a black band at the hind margin; the venter has
long hairs, pale on the basal part, dark on the apical part. Anterior
legs reddish, the basal part of femora black, tibie with a more or
less distinct, dark ring below the middle, tarsi black; hind legs black
with the apex of the femora and the basal part of the tibiee reddish.
The legs haired as usual, the hairs black, on anterior tibize mixed
with yellow hairs; on the anterior femora the hairs dense, but on
hind femora they are only few; hind tibie with a short fringe above

954. Syrphidae.

and below; anterior tarsi somewhat longish haired above. Wings )
slightly tinged; the loop of the cubital vein rather shallow and lying

about in the middle. Squamule whitish with a yellow fringe. Halteres
with the knob blackish, the peduncle paler. Plumula white.

Fig. 115. Wing of D. alneti o.

Female. Vertex somewhat narrow, frons rather rapidly widening
downwards. Vertex black, shining, frons yellowish pruinose, blackish
above; from the vertex a black, shining middle line stretches down,
which soon divides furcately and goes with a leg down to each
antenna. Vertex and frons black-haired. Pleura white-haired. Ab-
domen as in the male, the spots a little narrower, the second band
sometimes divided in the middle; the fifth segment without spots.

Length 12—14 mm.

D. alneti is rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, at Fure Se, Geel Skov,
Donse, Grib Skov, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Silkeborg. My dates are
3/6—13/3. It occurs on meadows in or near woods and at borders of
water, especially on Umbellifere.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy ; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. D. fasciata Macq.

1834. Macq. Suit. & Buff. I, 508, 1, Pl. XI, fig. 15. — 1838. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. VII, 142. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 314. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
328, 2, figs. 272274. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 55. — nica
Foersteri Meig. 1838. Syst. Beschr. VII, 140, 1, Tab. LXVII, Fig. 30—32.

Male. Similar to alneti, but slightly smaller and with more ex-
tended, yellow markings. Head as in alneti, but the mouth edge not
black, only darker yellow and the central knob yellow or only slightly
darkened; jowls yellow. Thorax dark greenish neous, with indica-
tions of two faint grey middle stripes in front. Scutellum a little
paler, without bluish reflections; the hairs on thorax and scutellum
all yellow, or more or fewer at the margin of the latter black. Ab-
domen with the markings yellow, the bands on third and fourth

Didea. 955

segments broader, occupying the two thirds of the length of the seg-
ments and none of them interrupted (or only in very rare cases and
somewhat indistinctly). The genital knob shorter haired than in alneti.
The fourth ventral segment not bluish, but yellow, with a large, black
spot at the hind margin. Anterior femora with the black colour ex-
tended more towards the apex than in alneti; anterior tibie quite
yellow, or with very slight indications of rings, somewhat yellow-haired.
Wings with the loop of the cubital vein considerably deeper than in
alneti, and produced a little more towards the tip of the wing. Halteres
with the knob yellow.

Female. Frons with the black middle line stretching longer down
before dividing than in alneti and hence the legs of the furcate spot
shorter, and sometimes they are somewhat indistinct. Abdomen with
the markings a little narrower than in the male, but broader than in
alneti; sometimes the bands extend somewhat over the side margin;
the fifth segment with a yellow band or a pair of spots; the last
(eighth) segment broader than in the other species.

Length 11,5 to fully 12 mm.

D. fasciata is perhaps a little less rare in Denmark than alneti;
Ordrup Mose (Steger), Nyrup Hegn (the author), Tisvilde (Klécker,
the author); on Lolland at Strandby (L. Jorgensen); on Funen at
Middelfart (Th. Mortensen), and in Jutland at Silkeborg (A. Petersen,
Esben Petersen) and at Rebbild near Skorping (Kryger). My dates
are *3/6—*/9, It occurs in the same way as alneti, perhaps on more
dry localities, and I think it frequents especially Composite as Hiera-
cium, bul it has also been taken on flowers of Sambucus.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, towards the
north to southern Sweden; according to Aldrich it also occurs in
North America (fuscipes Loew).

3. D. intermedia Loew.

1854. Loew, Neue Beitr. Il, 18, 39. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 314. —
1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 331, 3, figs. 275—277. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 55.

Male. Similar to the two preceding species, especially to fasczata,
but smaller and with the yellow markings intermediate with regard
to extent. Epistoma with the mouth edge black, and this colour ex-
tending up over the central knob; jowls grey. Thorax eneous, with
faint purplish reflections (when alive, thorax is distinctly bluish or
purplish, but this colour vanishes by exsiccation); thorax yellow-haired.
Scutellum as in alneti, with yellow hairs, but black hairs at the margin

956 _ Syrphidae.

or on the apical half. Abdomen with the markings yellow, the bands
are broader than in alneti but narrower than in fasciata, generally
occupying a little more than half the length of the segments, the third
band not interrupted. Venter as in the preceding species, but the
pale parts curiously greyish white pruinose and quite dull. Anterior
tibie with more or less distinct dark rings and with black and yellow
hairs. Wings with the loop of the cubital vein deeper than in alneti,
but not fully so deep as in fasciata. Halteres blackish.

Female. Frons with the black middle line dividing soon after the
base as in alneti, but the legs of the fork not reaching the antenne,
but stopping well above them. Abdomen with the bands slightly
narrower than in the male, none of them interrupted and they do not
go over the side margin; the fifth segment with a yellow band or
pair of spots.

Length 9—12 mm.

D. intermedia, though in no way common in Denmark, seems to
be a little more numerous where it occurs than the other two species,
but it has hitherto only been taken on three localities; Egebeeks Vang
(the author), Tisvilde (Klécker, the author), and in Jutland at Silke-
borg (A. Petersen, Esben Petersen). My dates are “/se—%/7. I have
taken it especially on Hieracium, Matricaria and Jasione.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Austria; towards
the north to southern Sweden.

Remarks: My descriptions of the three species of Didea are based
on a material consisting of 15 specimens af alneti, 39 of fasciata and
24 of intermedia, males and females in about equal numbers. I have
no doubt that the species are quite good and distinct; they are
distinguished by the colour and size of the abdominal markings, and
the different depth of the loop of the cubital vein; intermedia is also
well distinguished from fasciata by the black line on epistoma and
the blackish halteres, and also the curious dull white venter is charac- —
teristic; when alive it is easily distinguished by the blue thorax. The
shape of the frontal stripe of the female is characteristic for all three
females, and the female of alneti is distinguished from the two others
by the want of markings on fifth abdominal segment; on the other
hand the colour of the hairs on scutellum gives no safe distinction
between fasciata and intermedia as black and yellow hairs may be
present to the same degree in both species, fasciata has, however,
often a quite, or almost quite yellow-haired scutellum, which never
seems to be the case in intermedia. Schiner gives as distinction
between alneti and the two others three and four bands respectively
on abdomen; it may be supposed that he has only examined females.

Lasiophthicus. 957

Loew also ascribes intermedia three bands, and he states to have
known only the female; perhaps this is an error and he has only
had the male.

18. Lasiophthiecus Rond.
(Catabomba Ost. Sack.).

This genus is, among all the allied genera, the one which is most
nearly allied to Syrphus. The species are of somewhat large size,
with distinct, whitish or yellow lunules on abdomen. The only disting-
uishing character lies in the shape of the head and the eyes. The
frons is in the male very broad and inflated, and it is thus produced
rather much above the level of the eyes; on account of its breadth
its upper angle is very obtuse, not rectangular or acute as generally
in Syrphus, and between the upper margin and the side margin of the
frons there is a somewhat rounded angle, not present in Syrphus;
the side margins of frons and epistoma are straight, and as the frons
is so broad they are parallel (in seleniticus) or a little converging
downwards (in pyrastri). The eyes have in the male a part of the
facets considerably enlarged, and the dividing line is distinct; the space
with the enlarged facets begins at the suture and stretches as a broad
band down the median part of the eye to somewhat below the middle,
where it ends rounded; the other part of the eye has extremely small
facets. The eyes are (on account of the very small facets) very
densely hairy, the part with the larger facets naturally much less
densely, and the hairs on this part stop above before the eye-suture,
so that the upper part of the eyes is bare; the part along the hind
margin of the eye is also bare (as also in the hairy-eyed species of
Syrphus). In the female the frons is likewise arched and somewhat
inflated and produced above the level of the eyes, and there is no
indication of a transverse depression such as generally in Syrphus.
Ocellar triangle equilateral. Mouth parts as in Syrphus; maxillar
lacinia not long, palpi very short, about half as long as the lacinia,
not clubbed, with a few bristles at the apex. Scutellum with a long
fringe below the margin. Abdomen somewhat flat and marginate,
with the same number of segments as in Syrphus; genitalia small.
Wings with the cubital vein slightly and evenly incurved above the
first posterior cell; the wing-membrane is somewhat glistening, and
its microscopical hairiness is slight, as the hairs are very short and
sparse; only on the tinged apical part of the mediastinal cell the hairs
are developed in the usual way. Squamulz and plumula as in Syr-
phus, the hairs on alar squamula rather broad.

17

Syrphidae.

1S)
on
CO

I have kept the genus here because of the easy distinction of the
species, but as said, it is very near to Syrphus, so near that I think
it has no scientific value. The characters from the head and eyes
are to some degree found in species of Syrphus, especially in S. arcuatus,
and it is just this species which stands as connecting; Verrall would
(Brit. Fl. VIII, 333) include this species under Lasiophthicus', but as
it has bare eyes, a less broad and less elevated frons and much less
distinclion between the eye-facets, I think this not possible. As Verrall
correctly remarks, Lasiophthicus is in no way related to the hairy-
eyed species of Syrphus; the relation is on the contrary to another
group, and just through arcuatus to luniger, corollae and their allies.
— Girschner has (Ill. Wochenschr. f. Entom. III, 1897, 570) doubted
the validity of the genus, but he says, that in seleniticus the frons is
scarcely inflated, and the dividing line between the eye-facets wanting,
and adds; “and sehe ich hier keinen Unterschied von anderen Syphus-
Arten.” This I do not understand for in my material the two species
are quite similar in these respects, as also otherwise stated. I should
be inclined to think that Girschner has had S. arcuatus for examina-
tion, though this species has bare eyes. There is also a paper by
Osburn (Journ. of N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 1910, 58) dealing with the
same question. The author comes to the conclusion that the genus
is not valid, and this is no doubt correct, but the material he uses
is not good, for the species he mentions as seleniticus is in no way
this species, as is proved with certainty by his remarks and figures, it
is even not a species related to seleniticus; seleniticus is with regard
to the shape of the head and eyes quite similar to pyrastri. All the
best European authors as Meigen, Loew, Zeller, Verrall and others
have always consented therein that these two species are exceedingly
similar; does the author think they should have done so, if there was
so marked a distinctive character, as his figures would indicate?

The genus Lasiophthicus was founded by Rondani for all the
hairy-eyed species of Syrphus; in 1877 Osten Sacken restricted it
under the name Catabomba to the species now in it; with regard to
the name of the genus I follow the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. as pyrastri
was the type of Rondani’s genus.

The developmental stages of the genus have long been known;
already Linné and Fabricius speak of the larva of pyrastri among
Aphides on Pyrus. Further it is mentioned by Réaumur (Mém. Ins. III,

* I think the species mentioned by Verrall on the place cited as S. lapponicus
from Bigot’s collection is my S. arcuatus (see under this species) or else a
similar species.

Lasiophthicus. 959

1737, Tab. XXX, Fig. 3—5, Tab. XXXI, Fig. 9—10) on Sambucus and
Lonicera. De Geer (Mém. Ins. VI, 1776, 108, 5, Tab. VI, Fig. 14—21) men-
tions it from Rosa (Musca rosae), Meigen (Syst. Beschr. III, 1822, 303)
from Sonchus oleraceus, Vallot (Bull. Soc. ent. de Fr. 1834, LXV) from
Cannabis, Curtis (Farm. Ins. 1857, 81) from Brassica oleracea at the
shore in July, Schiner (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 1857, 338)
from Carduus; Verrall (Brit. F]. VIII, 336) records the species as bred
from Rosa and from larve feeding on Aphis brassice and pruni, and
on an Aphis on Centaurea; one specimen emerged on 1/6 after resting
as pupa for three weeks; Aldrich (Cat. N. A. Dipt. 1905, 363) records
the larva as feeding on Siphonophora avenae; Martelli (Boll. del Lab.
di Zool. Gen. e Agrar. in Portici, V, 1911, 45) mentions it from Aphis
brassicae. Mr. Kryger has found the larva among Aphides on Carex
and Phragmites on Amager on **/7, the imagines came in the first
half of August; finally I have myself found the larva in great numbers
among Aphides on Phragmites on Amager near the shore; the larve
were taken on */s, they pupated the following days, and the imagines
came from '°/s and further on. The larva of seleniticus is mentioned
by Ratzeburg (if correct) (Die Forstins. II, 1844, 178), and by Zeller
(Isis 1842, 829) as found on Betula; Verrall (I. ¢. 357) records this
species as bred from a larva found in June and developing in July,
and from another larva, beaten from a tree. — The larva of pyrastri
(and that of seleniticus seems to be similar) is of the usual shape of
Syrphus-larve ; it is not much flattened, tapering towards the anterior
end, and with strong mouth hooks; it is strongly transversely corru-
gated, and the dermis is chagreened from densely placed small spines;
on the ventral side there are seven transverse swellings, each belonging
to a segment; the swellings are divided into some warts, somewhat
similar to prolegs. On the dorsal side there are some longer hairs
or spines, placed distantly in transverse rows on some of the corruga-
tions, and similar are found along the sides; they are regularly placed
quite in the same way as described for Platychirus viz. on the second
to seventh abdominal segments, two on one corrugation in the middle,
and on the following corrugation two on each side, besides the three
lateral ones longer downwards; then follow two corrugations without
spines, and hereafter the same arrangement is repeated; these segments
are each divided into four corrugations and the spines are placed on
the two middle ones; on the first abdominal segment and on the
meso- and metathoracal segments there are six spines on each on one
corrugation, and on the first abdominal segment also three at the side.
At the posterior end the body terminates below with a somewhat
cushion-shaped part, and above it is a cavity in which the brown
Vii

260 Syrphidae.

posterior spiracles lie close together, but not on any process; each
spiracle shows three slits; the anterior spiracles are small, placed
above the prothoracal segment on each side. The larva is green, with
a yellow or whitish yellow line along the dorsum, and a narrower
and sometimes less distinct line along each side. The length of the
full grown larva is about 15mm or more. The pupa is elongated
ovate, broad and rounded in front, not much tapering behind; it has
the same spines or hairs as the larva; the posterior end is bend a
little downwards and above it are the posterior spiracles in the same
cavity as in the larva. The pupa is at first green, later on it becomes
more brown and more pellucid, and the enclosed fly is then distinctly
seen through the puparium. The length of the pupa is about 9 mm.
The pupa rests attached with the posterior end to some leaf or stalk,
but Martelli (1. c. 40) records that at time for pupation the larva goes
down from the plant and goes 2—3 cm into the earth and pupates
here; I am inclined to think that here may be some error, as the
pupa is generally stated to sit on plants, and my larve pupated (in
captivity) on the leaves of Phragmites. The larva is aphidiphagous
and feeds, as seen from the above, on various species and it is very
voracious; De Geer records that larvee found among Aphides on Rosa
would not eat Aphides from Sambucus; the same author saw a larva
which he had in captivity, attack a smaller one, as he had forgotten
to furnish them with Aphides. Martelli states (l.c.) that a larva may
eat during its life-time from 472 to 538 Aphides. Bloomfield mentions
(Ent. Month. Mag. XXXVI, 1900, 244) that pyrastri was bred from
pupe of Plusia gota and gamma?; this, however, may be a mistake,
though the observation cannot be quite neglected, especially when
remembered that some Syrphid larve feed on Lepidopterous larve.
With regard to the hibernation I think the species hibernates as quite
young larva; the imagines are especially found in late summer and
autumn, and as recorded I bred pyrastri in the later part of August;
certainly the imago does not hibernate, and then I think it most pro-
bable that it is the young larva. With us the species has only one
brood in the year, but Zeller records that farther towards the south
there are two, and Martelli states that in Italy are up to seven broods
in the year. According to Martelli the eggs are elliptic, 1,13—1,26 mm
long, of milk-white colour, with the shell ornamented; they are depo-
sited singly on leaves with Aphides; the same author gives (I. ¢.) in-
teresting notes about the copulation and tells that the female flies
with the male on the dorsum to a secured place; he gives the dura-
tion of the copulation as about three hours.

The species of Lasiophthicus occur on meadows and in woods,

Lasiophthicus. 261

often on Umbelliferee; the common pyrastri is sometimes present in
great numbers, thus it was, according to Curtis (Farm. Ins. 1857, 81)
on *°/7 1818, a very hot day, present in England in such swarms that
it covered the fishermen’s boats; I have also found the larva on
Phragmites in very great numbers. ‘The species has also been found
joining the vast swarms of Syrphi sometimes occurring.

Of the genus 3 species are known from the palearctic region,
two of which occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Abdominal lunules whitish, those on third and fourth seg-

ments with their outer end farther from the front margin

than the inner end; venter with large, rectangular, trans-

SeEROU gals sth. nekbpa bridle fe lable Ate 2 TEN SRLS TIS Ere 1. pyrastri.
— Abdominal lunules yellow, those on third and fourth seg-

ments with the inner and outer end equally near the front

margin; venter with smaller, elongate middle spots...... 2. seleniticus.

1. L. pyrastri L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 594 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1817 et 1767. Syst.
Nat. XII, 2, 987, 51 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Mill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 721
(Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 771, 42 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst.
Antl. 249, 3 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 303, 44 (Syrphus).
— 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 708, 5 et 1859. XIII], 5091, 5 (Scaeva). —
1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 301 (Syrphus). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 334, 1,
figs. 278 —279 (Catabomba). — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 56. — Syrphus
transfugus Fabr. (nec L.) 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 306, 104 et 1805. Syst. Antl.
250, 5 (Scaeva).

Male. The broad, inflated frons and the epistoma yellow; the
extreme mouth edge darkened, and the central knob with a narrow,
blackish line; the extreme hinder lower corner of epistoma black;
jowls grey. Vertex black-haired, frons with very dense, black hairs,
and epistoma black-haired down the sides and more or less about
the central knob, for the rest yellow-haired; sometimes it is more
yellow-haired. Occiput grey pruinose, with yellow hairs, above a row
of black hairs, overhanging the eyes. Eyes densely hairy with longish,
brownish, downwards paler hairs. Antenne blackish, with the basal
joints and the extreme lower base of the third joint reddish; some-
times the antenne more brownish. Thorax bluish neous, shining,
a little yellowish at the sides; it is clothed with long, but not dense,
yellow hairs, generally intermingled with some few black at the sides.
Scutellum brownish yellow, shining bluish, with long, black hairs and
at the base more or fewer yellow hairs. Pleura with longish, pale

262 Syrphidae.

yellow hairs. Abdomen velvet black, the extreme side margin, the
hind margin of third segment and the apex shining; it has three pairs
of white or yellowish white, rarely more yellow spots; the first pair
transverse or a little lunulate, second and third pairs lunulate, beginning
at the middle of the side and stretching inwards and curving for-
wards; they are most narrow in the middle, the inner end widened
and rounded and going near to the front margin; the inner end thus
considerably nearer the front margin than the outer end, this latter
straightly cut, parallel with the side margin; all the lunules well
isolated; hind margins of fourth and fifth segments narrowly pale.
The hairs on abdomen are somewhat longish on the basal part and
long at the corners; they are mainly yellow on the basal half and on
the spots, black on the hind part of the third and on the fourth
segment, but partly pale on the fifth segment; the hairs at the side
margin all black, except at the base. Venter translucently yellow,
with large, rectangular, transverse, black spots on the segments; the
spots vary somewhat in size, sometimes almost quite covering the
segments; the venter is clothed with long, whitish hairs. Legs yellow,
anterior femora with the basal half black, hind femora black except
the apex; tarsi black above, reddish below. Legs haired as_ usual,
the hairs on femora rather long, on anterior femora mixed black and
yellow, but most black, on hind femora yellow; the short hairs on
tibiz yellow except partly on hind tibize; these latter slightly fringed
on the antero-dorsal side. Wings hyaline or nearly so. Squamulee
and fringes yellowish white. Halteres yellow.

Fig. 116. Wing of ZL. pyrastri o.

Female. Frons somewhat broad; vertex black, frons yellow, from
the vertex to the antenne runs a downwards widening darker line,
it is sometimes effaced, the frons being upon the whole darker. Vertex
and frons black-haired. Epistoma yellow-haired or only with very
few black hairs.

Length 10—14,5 mm, specimens of the smaller size are only seen
more rarely.

—

Spite

Lasiophthicus. 263

This species may vary a little with regard to the abdominal spots,
which in rare cases may be very narrow; of the female a variety
occurs with quite black abdomen (unicolor Curt.), but it has pale
hairs on the places where the spots should be.

L. pyrastri is a common species in Denmark and has, I think,
been taken in all parts of our country including Bornholm. My dates
are 1°/s—4/9; it is a late species and rarely met with until on the last
days of July and it is especially found in August and September. It
occurs on various localities, especially on Umbelliferee. The pupa was
found at Roden on Lolland on 1/9 (Schlick); the larva was taken on
Amager near the shore on Carex and Phragmites on 7*/7, they developed
in the first half of August (Kryger); larvee were further taken on the
same locality in very great numbers on Phragmites infested with
Aphides on */s, they pupated in the following days, and the imagines
came on 1'/s and further on (the author).

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
middle Sweden, and in Finland; further it occurs on the Canary
islands, Madeira and in Western Africa, and also in North America
and down to Chili.

Remarks: Generally both L. pyrastri and transfugus apud Fabricius
are given as synonyms to this species, and this view | have followed
in my synonymical list, but [ have some doubts with regard to the
correctness of it. Meigen says that S. pyrastri is in Fabricius’ collec-
tion labelled as transfugus, but he does not say whether the species
labelled pyrastri is the same. I think it not very probable that
Fabricius has divided this rather characteristic species into two, and
my view is confirmed by the determinations found in the collection
of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt, even if the specimens in this collection
are not those from which Fabricius’ ‘descriptions are taken. In the
said collection there are two specimens, a male and a female, labelled
transfugus, and both are pyrastri; further there are a male and a
female labelled pyrastri, the male, which stands on the label, is
S. lunulatus, the female S. luniger; 1 should be inclined to think that
something similar is the case in the collection of Fabricius.

2. L. seleniticus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 304, 45, Tab. XXX, Fig. 21 (Syrphus).
— 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 704, 6 et 1849. VIII, 3132, 6 et 1859. XIII,
5091, 6 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 301 (Syrphus). — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VIII, 337, 2, fig. 280 (Catabomba). — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 57.

Male. This species highly resembles pyrastri. Frons a little nar-
rower, and hence epistoma with parallel margins, not decreasing in

964 Syrphidae.

breadth downwards as in pyrastri; the lower hinder corners of epistoma
not black. Antenne blacker than in pyrastri. Abdomen with the
lunules yellow or orange; they are more strongly lunulate than in
pyrastri as their outer end goes longer forwards and is as near the

Fig.117. ZL. pyrastri 3. Fig. 118. L. seleniticus ¢.
Heads from in front.

front margin as the inner end; the outer end is also narrower and
more pointed, and it goes nearer to the side margin or even touches
it. The hairs on abdomen as in pyrastri, but in connection with the
upper corners of the spots there may be some yellow hairs on the
side margin, and the hairs below the side margin are more yellow.
The venter shows a good character as it is yellow with elongate
middle spots on the segments, the spots may vary somewhat in size,
but are never similar to the transverse spots in pyrastri; sometimes
the venter may be rather darkened and the spots then less visibie.
Legs as in pyrastri, but the anterior femora quite yellow-haired, and
hind tibise with a brown or blackish ring on the middle.

Female. Vertex and frons narrower than in pyrastri, and hence
the black part on vertex almost quadrate, while it is transverse in
pyrastri; frons more generally darkened. Fifth abdominal segment
_with more or less distinct spots at the basal corners.

Length 12—15,5 mm, it is thus, according to my specimens, upon
the whole larger than pyrastri.

The species is, as said, very similar to pyrastri, but it is certainly
distinct and well distinguished by the characters given.

L. seleniticus seems to be rare in Denmark, and is also in other
countries generally recorded as rarer than pyrastri; Copenhagen,
Amager, Lers#, Ordrup Mose, Fiskehbek, Hillerad, Tisvilde; on Lolland
at Fuglse; in Jutland at Horsens, Hald near Viborg, Rebbild near
Skgrping and Hulsig near Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm at Hammeren.

Syrphus. 965

My dates are *4/c—‘/9. I have taken it in the same way as the pre-
ceding species, and also in company with it, and Mr. Henriksen took
it at Fiskebeek on 1°/s on a meadow on Umbellifere together with
pyrastvi, and he told me, that it was present there in some number.
Zeller gives (Isis 1842, 829, 12) as possible cause to its rarer occurence
that it hovers and rests much higher above the ground than pyrastri,
and Verrall (I. c.) records the same; this seems also to some degree
to be the case, and it is in accordance herewith that I have more
than once taken it in my room on third floor, attracted by flowers
in an open window.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finiand; further in South-east Asia, on
Madeira and in North Africa.

19. Syrphus Fabr.

Species of medium or somewhat large size, moderately hairy and
of black colour with yellow .bands or pairs of spots on abdomen.
Head somewhat semiglobular, generally squarely roundish in circum-
ference; it is as broad as, or a little broader than high, in rare cases
rather low and broad, and it is as broad as, or slightly broader than
thorax; behind it is somewhat excavated. Eyes touching in the male,
separated in the female by a broader or narrower vertex and frons.
The frons is in the male triangular, not inflated, broader or narrower,
the upper angle rectangular or generally acute; only in rare cases the
frons is broader, somewhat inflated, and the upper angle obtuse as
in Lasiophthicus. Eyes bare, sometimes slightly hairy, and in a group
of species with more or less long and dense hairs; in reality the eyes
are in most of or all the so called bare-eyed species a little hairy,
but the hairs are short and scattered, and only seen by a close
examination. The eye-facets are in the male a little enlarged in the
upper part!, and in a single case (arcuatus) there is a distinct upper
area of larger facets. Antennz inserted above the middle; they are
somewhat short, the third joint roundish, oval or elongated oval;
arista inserted dorsally more or less near the base of the third joint;
its basal joints very small, generally only seen by the microscope; it

1 Osburn says (Journ. of N.Y. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 1910, 59) that in all Syrphidae
the facets of the upper central part of the eye in both sexes are larger than
those around the border and upon the lower half; in this I cannot agree; in
the females the facets are, at all events practically, of the same size, while the
difference in the male is distinctly observable.

266 Syrphidae.

is as long as or a little longer than the antenna itself; the basal
antennal joints have the usual small bristles at the apical margin, the
third joint and arista microscopically hairy, the latter sometimes visibly
pubescent. Epistoma varying in breadth, from rather narrow (cinctus)
to broader or very broad (barbifrons); it is a little hollowed below
the antenne and has a moderately prominent central knob, generally
about as prominent as the antennal prominence; the front mouth
edge is considerably retreating. The epistoma is yellow, often with
a broader or narrower and more or less complete black middle stripe;
in rare cases the stripe may be very broad, or the epistoma may be
quite black in the male. The epistoma has short, erect hairs. Jowls
broader or narrower, slightly or not descending; they are separated
from the epistoma by a more or less complete furrow or groove,
reaching upwards at the front eye-margin towards or about to the
height of the central knob. Oral cone well developed with the horse-
shoe-shaped clypeus lying on the front side. Proboscis of medium
length. Labrum (rzbesiz) strong, somewhat high at the base, semi-
tubular, the apical processes of usual shape, about equal in length,
the median delicate, cleft to the base, with the apices diverging and
each branch with fine emergences at the apex and on the inside; the
upper lateral processes likewise very delicate and sharply pointed, the
lower lateral processes broad, with rounded apex; along the lateral
margins of labrum, on the inside is the usual row of small pipillee or
warts; hypopharynx of the length of labrum, somewhat semitubular,
a little attenuated towards the end, but the apex rounded; the sali-
vary duct distinct; maxillee with a slightly curved, knife-shaped lacinia,
and with a not long, thread-like palpus, a little longer than the lacinia,
the palpus bears some long hairs or fine bristles and is beset with
fine, short hairs; the lacinia is very densely beset with microscopical
hairs or spines, arranged somewhat in longitudinal rows as usual.
Labium with a medium long connecting membrane; the basal part of
labium well chitinised, triangularly incised at each end, somewhat shorter
than the rather large and broad, oval labella. Thorax quadrate or
nearly so, the side margins often a little yellowish; very rarely (gut-
tatus) it may have pale spots on the disc in front of scutellum.
Scutellum yellow or brownish yellow, sometimes only translucently
yellowish, and in rare cases almost quite black, only a little brownish
on the disc; it has a fringe of hairs below the margin (only in
annulipes indistinct). No bristles on thorax or scutellum. Pleura
geneous, metapleura with short, dense hairs. Abdomen of somewhat
varying shape; it may be ovate, and then either more or less arched,
or rather flat and with distinctly marked, a little raised side margins;

Syrphus. 267

or it may be narrow and relatively long, with parallel sides; in some
species it is intermediate between these two forms. The ventral seg-
ments as a rule distinctly chitinised. In the male there are five not
transformed dorsal segments, the first and fifth small, the three middle
of about equal length, and there are five similar ventral segments,
the fifth often partly concealed under the genitalia and in reality not
quite symmetrical. The genitalia small or medium-sized, rarely rather
large; they are of the usual shape, turned to the right; on the ventral
side the transformed sixth to ninth segments are distinctly visible
(fig. 5). In the female abdomen has six visible segments, but the
sixth small, often more or less, or quite hidden; the following are
retracted and hidden, the last ending with two small lamelle. Legs
simple, generally somewhat slender; hind tibize with the usual slight
incurvation on posterior side before the apex; rarely the hind meta-
tarsi a little thickened. The legs are haired as usual, with long or
somewhat long hairs behind and below the anterior femora and on
the anterior side of and below the hind femora, for the rest short-
haired; sometimes the hind tibie a little fringed above. Claws and
pulvilli well developed; empodium short, spine-shaped, hairy. Wings
with the medial cross-vein well before the middle of the discal cell;
cubital vein slightly curved or almost straight, in a few cases (annu-
lipes, lapponicus) with a distinct curve about as in Didea, but slighter ;
vena spuria distinct, with a nodule below the base of the cubital
vein. Alula large. Alar squamula with short, somewhat broad hairs,
thoracal squamula with long, branched hairs; in a few species (of the
ribesii-group) the thoracal squamula with long hairs on the surfaces.
Plumula well developed, with plumulose hairs.

As remarked the genera from Leucozona to Lasiophthicus are all
more or less nearly related to Syrphus, and under each I have given
the distinguishing, more or less valuable characters; the most nearly
allied genera are no doubt Ischyrosyrphus and Lasiophthicus, and
they are, I think,: not in reality generically distinct from Syrphus.
Leucozona and Eriozona are rather well distinguished, and likewise
Didea; for the latter the loop of the cubital vein gives a distinguishing
character, and likewise the want of a fringe below the margin of
scutellum; now two Danish species of Syrphus have a distinct curva-
ture of the cubital vein, viz. annulipes and lapponicus, but it is, how-
ever, less deep than in Didea, especially in lapponicus; with regard
to annulipes there is the curious fact that this species has no distinct
fringe below the margin of scutellum, about as in Didea, and I am
not sure whether it was not naturally placed in Didea; it has, how-
ever, not the characteristic shape of Didea, especially not the flat

268 Syrphidae.

abdomen; when placed in Syrphus it may be known from Didea by
the shorter antennee, considerably more hairy eyes, and, as said, the
not flat abdomen. — About the relationship of Melangyna to Syrphus
I have spoken above under the former genus.

The developmental stages of several species of Syrphus are known,
and of some species they have been known for a long time. Already
Linné and Fabricius speak of the larva of S. ribesii “inter Aphides”.
Réaumur mentions the larva of some species, I think S. ribesiz (Mém. Ins.
Ill, 1737, XI, 378, Pl. 30, Fig. 6—7, Pl. 31, Fig. 8) and balteatus (ibid.
378) among Aphides on Prunus and Ribes. De Geer describes (Mém. Ins.
VI, 1776, II, 103, Pl. 6, Fig. 3—9) the larva of S. ribest¢ among Aphides
on Ribes and Achillea, and the larva of S. lunulatus? (Musca pinastri).
feeding on Aphides on Pinus (ibid. 113, Pl. 7, Fig. 1—7) and of S. bal-
teatus (ibid. 116). The larva of lunulatus? was taken at the beginning
of September, it pupated on 14 September, and the imago came on
*6/4 the following spring. Fallén (Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 1817, 43, 12) found
the larva of S. corollae (Sc. olitoria) among Aphides on Brassica
oleracea, the imago came at the middle of August. Meigen mentions
(Syst. Beschr. III, 1822, 307) the larva of S. ribesii from Brassica
oleracea. Bouché (Naturgesch. d. Ins. 1834, 50—51, Tab. V, Fig. 1—3)
describes the larve of S. balteatus and ribesii. Vallot (Bull. Soc. ent.
de Fr. III, 1854, LXIV, and Mém. de |’Acad. des sc., arts et bel. let.
Dijon, 1856, II, 242) mentions the larva of S. balteatus on Cannabis,
it was found in September. Zeller (Isis 1842, 828, Tab. I, Fig. 38—43)
describes the larva of S.albostriatus; the larve were found in No-
vember on stems of Betula; they pupated and developed in the fol-
lowing March. Zetterstedt mentions (Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 708) larva
and pupa of S. ribesii among Aphides on Ribes and other plants; a
pupa was found on "/s6, other pup developed on 17/5 and on /9;
further (712) a pupa of S. melanostoma, found on *%/5; pupe of
S. arcuatus (720) found attached to cabbage plants; larvee and pup
af S. balteatus (722 and VIII, 3139), found among Aphides on Vicia
faba, Solanum tuberosum and Brassica oleracea, a larva pupated on
*'s and developed on '*/s, other pupz developed first in October; a
pupa of S. tricinetus (725), which developed on ¥2/7, and finally a pupa
of S. cinctus (741); further he remarks of S. grossulariae (VIII, 3132)
that the larva is aphidiphagous, so that probably he has seen this
larva. Schiner (Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 1857, 341) men-
tions the pupa S. nitidicollis found on a humid meadow under a
stone in April, it developed soon after. According to Brauer Weyen-
berg has (Tijdschr. v. Ent. XVII, 1873—74, 149) mentioned the develop-
mental stages of S. balteatus and corollae. Riley (Rep. Dep. Agr. 1889,

Syrphus. 969

351) mentions the larva of S. americanus feeding on Siphonophora
avene. Verhoeff describes (Entom. Nachricht. XVII, 1891, 360) larva
and pupa of S. annulatus? (Zetterstedti); the larva was found on 22/7
among Aphides on Cirsium arvense, it pupated on ?°/7 and developed
on ‘/s. Mik records (Wien. ent. Zeitg. XVII, 1898, 169) larva and
pupa of S. balteatus; the larva was found on ”°/; and pupated soon
after, the imago came on */;. Verrall mentions (lI. c. 391, 399).
S. balteatus and auricollis as bred from larve among Aphis pruni.
Martelli records (Boll. del Lab. di Zool. Gen. e Agrar. in Portici, V.
1911, 43) the larve of S. ribesii, bifasciatus, balteatus and auricollis as
feeding on Aphis brassicae. Metcalf describes (Ohio Natural. II, 1911,
341) the larva of S. torvus feeding on Aphis brassicae on Cabbage and
on Longistigma carye on Sycamore. Champion (Ent. Month. Mag.
XLVIII, 1912, 215) bred S.torvus and luniger; the larvee were found
among Aphides on pine-trees in May, they developed at the end of
May; (the author suggests from the different habits of his torvus and
the one mentioned by Metcalf, that perhaps the European and American
species are not identical). I have myself examined the developmental
stages of the following species: S. albostriatus, the larva was found on
_the ground under old leaves on *°/1, the imago came on '*/3; S. venustus,
the larva found on the ground in a wood on “/a, it pupated on */1
and developed on */s; S. ribesii, larvee found among old leaves on
30/1, the imago came on !/s, others were found on °/s, they pupated
and developed in April; further larvae were found among Aphides on
Pyrus on +/7, the imago came on 1/7, on Rosa on 1/7, on Sambucus,
the latter pupated on 1'%/s, and on Urtica on ‘/s, pupating on “/s and
developing on 77/s; pupze were found under a stone on 4/7 and an-
other on 74/7; S. vitripennis, larvee found among Aphides on Prunus
on */6 and on **/6, the latter pupated on *°/s and developed on */7—
10/7, and among Aphides on Pyrus on '*/«, developing on **/6; a pupa
was found on the ground on '7/7, the imago came on ‘*/7; S. nitens,
larvee among Aphides on Prunus on °*/s6, they pupated on *°/« and
developed on 1/6; a pupa was found in flood refuse on '/s, the
imago came on “/5; S. latifasciatus, pupzee have been found, always
in flood refuse, in April and May, some found on ‘%/s developed on
26/4 30/4. g larva found on 13/3, likewise in flood refuse, developed on
12/4; S. corollae, larvee found among Aphides on Prunus on */6 developed
on 77/6; a pupa found on °/s developed on ‘*/s; S. luniger, a pupa
was found sitting on grass on ‘/s, it developed soon after, another
found on the ground in a garden on ‘"/; developed on '*/7; S. balteatus,
larvee were found among Aphides on Sambucus on *'/7, developing
on §/s, another larva was found on Brassica in August; pup have

270 Syrphidae.

been found between */7 and 2%/s on Rosa, Rheum, Typha and Phrag-
mites, one found #/s developed ‘/s, another found */s developed °/s,
and a third found *4/s developed 1°/s; finally a pupa of S. cinctellus
was found on the stem of a tree on */7 and developed some
days later.

The larva is always more or less leech-like; it is somewat flat-
tened, with a flat ventral surface, the dorsal surface more or less,
generally slightly arched; the body is attenuated or pointed towards
the head-end, broad behind, sometimes a little rounded; it is more
or less strongly transversely corrugated so that the single segments
are not easily made out. Below there are seven more or less distinct,
transverse swellings, which may be more or less distinctly divided
into proleg-like warts, and have small spines. The larvee may other-
wise be somewhat different; some are almost smooth above, the
dermis only finely chagreened, and there are short, soft bristles on
some of the corrugations and at the sides; in others the chagreened
structure is developed into a clothing of fine, short and dense spines,
and there are the same soft bristles; in a third group the dermis is
rather coarsely chagreened, and on the dorsum of the segments are
large, conical warts, and similar at the sides or here they are developed
into conical filaments; the short bristles and the conical warts or
filaments, which answer to each other, are present in the same number
and arranged quite in the same way as described above for Platy-
chirus and Lasiophthicus; there are consequently on the meso- and
metathoracal segments six in a transverse row, besides a couple at
the side; on the first abdominal segment there are likewise six, placed
on one corrugation, and on the next six segments two in the middle
on one corrugation and two at each side on the next corrugation,
and on all seven abdominal segments three on each side; each seg-
ment shows four corrugations divided by furrows, and the bristles or
warts are placed on the two middle corrugations of each segment.
The anterior spiracles are small, lying on each side of the prothoracal
segment; the posterior spiracles are placed above on the last segment
on a short, slightly longitudinally divided process, more or less ellip-
tical in a transverse section. The mouth is provided with hooks, and
the head is much retractile and able to be stretched out, and the
whole body is likewise very contractile, so that the larva may alter
its shape to a rather high degree; when fully stretched out it is long,
broad and flat, when contracted it is much shorter, higher and nar-
rower. ‘The colours may be various, yellowish, yellowish grey, grey,
reddish grey or darker, generally more or less marmorate from darker
designs and often with one or more longitudinal lines. The pupa

Syrphus. 971

(puparium) is elongately ovate, arched above, somewhat flat below,
broad and rounded in front, more or less tapering behind; it is some-
times longer and more droop-like (in the narrow-bodied species); it
has of course the same dermal structure as the larva, only it is gener-
ally less pronounced, and the larger warts, when such are present,
are smaller and more contracted. The anterior larval spiracles are
generally not to be seen, but the posterior process is present as in
the larva. The colour is similar to that of the larva, but it is often
altered as the development of the imago proceeds, because the colours
of the imago shine through the puparium. — The larve are all
aphidiphagous and are found on the leaves and stalks of various
plants among Aphides infesting these; most species may be found on
many various plants and evidently feed on many different species of
Aphides; De Geer mentions about S. lunulatus? (pinastri), which he
took on Pinus, that he fed it with various other Aphides. The larve
are very voracious; I once had a larva of S. nitens, which in six days
devoured so many Aphides that the white, empty skins of these latter
formed at thick layer on the bottom of the bottle, the larva was in
these days grown to the double size. It is interesting to examine the
larva when feeding; it is generally sitting in a colony of Aphides, it
then stretches and raises the fore part of its body and bends it down
to different sides until an Aphid is touched, it then pierces it with
the mouth hooks, detaches it with a jerk, and with the fore part of
the body in a raised position it sucks it out by a pumping action;
the Aphid is seen to become white, and is quite sucked in one or a
few minutes and it is then thrown off by a small jerk and the action
is repeated. Sometimes larve have been observed to attack and suck
other larvee of their own kind, such as is also the case with Lasioph-
thicus. The pupa is generally found on leaves or stalks, attached by
some glue with the hind part; they may also sometimes be found
among old leaves or in flood refuse. With regard to the hibernation
it is, I think, the larva which hibernates, perhaps also sometimes the
pupa as mentioned by De Geer about S. lunulatus? (pinastri), but
this was in captivity; above I have mentioned larve of S. ribesiz found
on *°/1 and on 1/3, and of albostriatus found on *°/1. Most species have no
doubt only one brood in the year, at all events with us, this is, I think,
especially the case with the special spring-species such as venustus,
lunulatus, punctulatus and lasiophthalmus, and likewise with the species
occurring somewhat late as corollae, luniger, balteatus and | think
also auricollis; others may have two broods, as albostriatus. Most
species of the ribesii-group are on the other hand more or less common
from early spring to late autumn, and their larve and pup may be

972 Syrphidae.

found at very different times, nearly through the whole year, as well
as newly emerged specimens may be found from very early to quite
late in the season; these species have, I think, several broods without
any regularity, just as many as the length of the warmer period will
allow, and they may hibernate in a younger or older larval stage,
according to the setting in of the cold period. Whether hibernation
may take place as egg or pupa I do not know, but I think it not
probable. In southern regions the number of broods in the year may
be greater, thus Martelli states that in Italy S. balteatus may be
assumed to have up to seven broods in the year. I have never ob-
served the eggs; according to Buckton (Mon. of Brit. Aphid. II, Roy.
Soc. 1879, 119) the egg-shell is ornamented with bifurcate papille;
the eggs are deposited singly and may often be seen on leaves of
oak, fir etc. where they are placed in the midst of Aphides.

The species of Syrphus are beautiful and lively flies; they occur
especially on localities with flowers, both in woods, in fens and on
commons and meadows; they are generally seen on flowers and
hovering around them, and the males of many or all species often
hover more or less high in the air in sunshine, especially on sunny
places in woods; they are generally exquisite hoverers; I once bred
a male of S. /uniger in a bottle, not much wider than the distance
across the horizontally stretched wings, and the fly was able to hang
on the wings hovering on the same spot in the middle of the bottle
for a half or a whole minute. The genus goes far towards the north,
thus three species occur in Greenland, two of which are our lunulatus
and torvus. — Species of Syrphus may sometimes occur in vast
swarms; Verrall records (I. c. 339) two cases from Britain, both
occurred on *4/s; the species were in one case S. ribesit (most
numerous), corolle, luniger, Lasiophthicus pyrastri and one S. éaltea-
tus; they ‘appeared to have all hatched simultaneously, and to have
at once commenced buzzing about in the hot sunshine in a foolish
kind of way, without caring to take food, for most of them seemed
to be mere shells without any substance inside.” Mr. Verrall once had
come upon the tail-end of a swarm, the individuals of which seemed
nearly all to be S. auricollis and its variety maculicornis.

Of the genus about 65 species are known from the palearctic
region; 33 have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

]. .Hyes distinctly. Hairy iscsi an o> > >: tes ose eee 2.
— Eyes bare or almost so (in punctulatus and lasiophthalmus
shightly :hairy)'é. 20004 JORG eaR UR Ui ee 8.

ml! pe

i

|g

i.

Syrphus.

Thorax with two grey lines on the front part.......
Thorax without obvious lines
Band on third abdominal segment the broadest......

Pueominal bands. about equal :.c01. s/s) f deat - alata wr m+ s,-

Abdominal bands separated into spots (in macularis the

feet, DE} inst. LouChING) -;.i.c dace o tattaeteietcee taser =r
Abdominal bands on third and fourth segments entire ... .

Antenne partly reddish; scutellum more or less yellow-
haired; abdominal spots going over the margin

Pi acy eC:

Antenne all or nearly all black, scutellum black-haired. .

Abdominal spots lunulate, not reaching the side-margin
Abdominal spots somewhat semicircular, going over the
side-margin
Cubital vein dipped down over the first posterior cell;
I a5 0h 6, + agate mye any ov tg aa nip aca ben
Cubital vein not dipped; thorax dull...............

Pri a CC ee ee a en ee ee eT ec a nh RY Ce Tet

Abdomen quite or almost quite parallel-sided, often some-
what long
Abdomen with only basal spots and one following band,
(sometimes the second band may be wanting, or on
the contrary a narrow third band may be present)...
Abdomen with at least basal spots and two following

Rg Sh Roe, wtih ba. erscede mak Beymer «cele

Middle bands of abdomen (normally) uninterrupted but
often emarginate
Middle bands of abdomen (normally) separated into spots

Ne ee 0 Sc Ss asx 0) 9 Yoh nd oh hal a pars. pegs FS sees
Epistoma with a black middle line; smallish species...... j

Epistoma without black middle line, only the central

7 EG aN eS G(s rr a ae

Antenne more or less yellowish; anterior tarsi yellow;
hind femora of female pale at base
Antenne black; anterior tarsi dark; hind femora of
female all black
Antenne quite dark or black
Antenne more or less yellow, at least beneath the base

5) a ee Ewa ee: wilsiem ia ee a

aietis otek s,s hak wt ol ae Woy es sla aye (sal a fedes at oy miye iss) uns

SETI 0 No 5 Naa ie by wig 6S sish s a SSO Se ee Pe

Frons black-haired, with a black spot above the antenne;
Reemraminsal the base. . 2.026): siejs,< ripe « br
Frons yellow and yellow-haired; femora quite yellow. .
Thorax dullish; scutellum black-haired
Thorax shining
Larger species; the short hairs on anterior side of the
apical part of hind femora black; hind femora of female
all yellow
Smaller species; the short hairs on anterior side of the
apical part of hind femora all, or almost all, yellow;
hind femora of female black with yellow apex
Antenne yellow; abdomen not marginate, the bands

REMisilelee!. elvis (eh syn “ais as oa -6 (0 w¢.e 0 @ 6 @ © «0 “ee ey 6 fe

. tricinctus.

¥ <selieiebic = alse) easie fu nie tA) wlimte @%n 0! pie ye cee gielitisre

2.

18

973

. albostriatus.

3

4,

D.
ip

. venustus.

6.

. lunulatus.
. macularis.
. annulipes.

. torvus,
Pencmmrene MOnre; Or: less. OVALE ..4. 4 s-<iecs ced bee se wd oy bce are beep cae

SMa oe Saws aa! mis! 8 xe (dire is = wl sie) ws 0 aa) «6 8 So) = 0.6 ™ ye ame

. annulatus.

. lineola.

14.

~

Nap

. grossulariae.
. diaphanus.

16.
17.

. ribesit.

vitripennis.

19.

20.

Syrphidae.

almost straight, going in almost full width over the
side-margin; scutellum partly black-haired .........
Antenne more or less darkened above; abdomen
marginale, the bands undulated, not reaching the side-
margin or only at their upper corners
Scutellum partly black-haired; vertex in the male about
as long as the eye-suture; hinder eye-margin not broad,
with a row of black hairs; frons of female with side
dust spots
Scutellum (normally) yellow-haired; vertex in the male
large, longer than the eye-suture; hinder eye-margin
broad, without black hairs; male genitalia small; frons
of female without side dust spots
Cubital vein somewhat dipped over the first posterior
cell
Cubital vein not dipped
Scutellum yellow-haired; abdominal spots extended over
the side-margin (in the male often united); male geni-
talia large

Os «8 © sik © 8 6 fe 8 6 ees whe s whe op ele Ben ie oe See

Cle 8 wt ean we 6 6s 6 we 6 Se 2 wae ie 6) w, ween we eeey el a) Selo emnte

Scutellum partly black-haired; abdominal spots isolated... .

Thorax mainly eneous; frons of the male not broad
and inflated, in the female with the usual transverse
depression and with the black middle line from the
vertex going generally below the middle; eyes of the
male without an area of larger facets
Thorax blue, shining; frons of the male broad and
somewhat inflated, of the female somewhat arched,
without or with a very slight transverse depression,
and with the black middle line from vertex short,
often vague or almost wanting; eyes of the male with
an. area of ‘larger: facets ©. 22.2574 to ce eee
Abdominal bands duplicated by a narrow, black line
near the base
Abdominal bands not duplicated
Middle bands of abdomen uninterrupted and not deeply
emarginate
Middle bands of abdomen separated into spots or very
deeply emarginate
Third joint of antenne dark above; frons with a black,
semicircular spot; scutellum dark haired............
Third joint of antenne yellow; frons yellow, or in the
male with a small, transverse, lunulate, black spot;
scutellum quite or mainly yellow-haired
Antenne pale on basal joints or beneath the base of
third joint
Antenne all black
Antenne all or almost all reddish; scutellum yellow-
haired
Antenne more or less dark or blackish, at all events
above on third joint; scutellum black-haired

2.8 SO 0 0% 6 Ole) ey Se) a.» Mile gaee he. eiuse Mal ie tole. Sie ae

14.

5-0 @ 6 6 6, tae es el Oeeaene

15.

8 © wt 6 86 mw She ola elo ieee! wy imac) sae tae ioe

18.

20.

Ae 8 5 et ww ow Ore we 0 08 C8 mo 8 is as 6 6 ee) oe ieee

nitidicollis.

18.

nitens.

. latifasciatus.

. lapponicus.

20.

. corollae.

21.

luniger.

arcuatus.

. balteatus.

23.
24.
25.

. cinctellus.

Syrphus. 975

27. Abdominal spots isolated from the side-margin, the
Junction of each two segments with a small, yellow

mueeantne side-margiiyss ic {053 aden. bel 3 26. euchromus.
— Abdominal spots going over the side-margin; small,
em SPCCICS 0 25 ja hye oc PER a oh a A Pw oe 27. triangulifer.

28. Abdominal spots somewhat triangular, sometimes
united in front to a very emarginate band, at the
sides their hinder corners are nearest the margin;

PEELS Cas abo. ee eee Salty He 25. auricollis,
— Abdominal spots more or less semicircular; eyes a
ATES RSet tien, ee cy rau Sie 28. punctulatus.

29. Epistoma and frons yellow; thorax with distinctly

yellow sides and generally with yellow spots in front

LT Ce fe ee ae 30. guttatus.
— Epistoma with a black middle stripe or quite black;

frons more or less black; thorax not yellow at the

PA ie te ol 6 Ra ty cep we 30.
30. Jowls yellow or yellowish; epistomal line not pro-
mea beyond the central knob .) 2...) 2 ee 31.

— Jowls black or at least with a black spot at the

lower eye margin; epistomal line reaching to or

ERM Ce, RPK ATECTIIE 5 oro Soleo el 2 aeals ened ~ doy pal olay 32.
31. Thorax shining; anterior tibiz mainly yellow; basal

abdominal spots large, in the female produced to

the front margin; frontal dust spots large....... 31. umbellatarum.
— Thorax dull in the male; anterior tibi# with at least

the apical half darkened; basal abdominal spots

small, in the female narrow, not produced to the

front margin; frontal dust spots smal] .......... 32. compositarum.
32. Eyes slighlly hairy; epistoma yellow at the sides;

scutellum partly yellow-haired; abdomen in the male

mueiemmree pairs of spots..........5...7. 5.028% 29. lasiophthalmus.
— Eyes bare; epistoma black in the male and also

very dark in the female; scutellum black-haired ;

abdomen in the male with only two pairs of spots 33. barbifrons.

In the above table I have used the common way of dividing the
bare-eyed species into two groups, according to the shape of abdomen;
some species may be doubtful; thus annulatus and lineola have the
abdomen not very ovate, but will easily be known as belonging to
the ribesii-croup; bifusciatus and balteatus are somewhat internediate,
but both species are so characteristic, that they are soon recognised ;
of the rest only punctulatus and lasiophthalmus and perhaps euchromus
may be doubtful; of these species the two former have slightly pubes-
cent eyes, and euchromus is recognised by its abdominal markings. It

is thus seen that the said division is somewhat natural. For the rest
18*

976 Syrphidae.

the genus falls into several groups, the species of which are evidently
more nearly related to each others than to the species of the other
groups. The hairy-eyed species from albostriatus to lunulatus form
one group; macularis is doubtful and perhaps related to punctulatus
and lasiophthalmus; the ribesii-group includes the species from toreus
to diaphanus, and I think that also annulipes and nitidicollis belong
here; of these species torvus and annulipes have hairy eyes, but this
character is evidently of no consequence as a group-character; the
species from nitens to arcuatus likewise form one group; they have all
a characteristic flat, distinctly marginate abdomen with undulated
bands or lunulate spots; the margin of the wing exterior to the first
' posterior and discal cells is also in these species a little broader, and
the wing membrane here a little more distinctly and regularly cor-
rugated than in other species; this is similar to what is found in
Lasiophthicus, to which genus these species are no doubt related,
as also suggested by Girschner (Ill. Wochenschr. f. Entom. 1897, 570)
(se also above under Lasiophthicus). The species bifasciatus and
balteatus stand somewhat isolated; cinctellus, cinctus and auricollis
form one group, and the umbellatarum-group ‘is formed of umbella-
tarum and compositarum and, I think, guttatus and perhaps triangu-
lifer; punctulatus and lasiophthalmus are nearly related; euchromus is
less easily placed, and barbifrons (together with some not Danish
species) would form one group. — It was seen above that the larvee
also are divided into groups, and it is very interesting to see, that
these groups seem, as far as we know, to be the same as the groups
mentioned above for the imagines. Of the group of the hairy-eyed
species we know more or less well the larve of all our four species
(lunulutus doubtful), and they are similar, all being ‘provided with
conical, pointed warts on the dorsum and at the sides. Of the ribesiz-
group we know only the larve of ribesii and vitripennis, which are
finely chagreened. Of the next group the larve (or pupz) are known
of nitens, latifasciatus, corollae and luniger, all of which are similar,
clothed with dense, short, fine spines (as in the larva of Lasiophthicus,
and thus confirming that these species are related to pyrastri and
seleniticus). Further we know te pupe of cinctus, cinctellus and auri-
collis, which are smooth. A close study of a large material of larve
and pupee certainly would give interesting results.

Syrphus. 277

1. S. albostriatus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 42, 10 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 317, 63. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 727, 29 et 1849. VIII,
3141, 29 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 304. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl.
Vill, 344, 1, figs. 282—284. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il], 57. — Syr-
phus confusus Egg. 1860. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, X, 664. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 304.

Male. Vertex greyish pruinose; frons and epistoma yellow, the
latter with a black middle stripe, stretching about to the antenne;
the front mouth edge may be more or less darkened to black, this
colour sometimes stretching as a band up to the eye; jowls yellow.
Vertex yellow-haired or just in front with some black hairs; frons
with black or yellow hairs, epistoma yellow-haired. Occiput grey
pruinose with yellow hairs, or some few black above. Eyes densely
pale-hairy. Antenne blackish, the basal joints and the base below
on third joint more or less reddish or yellowish; arista longer than
the antenne. Thorax «neous, shining, sometimes a little purplish
and sometimes bluish; on the middle of the disc there are two ob-
vious, grey pruinose stripes, diverging behind, and here abbreviated;
humeri and presutural depression yellow pruinose and postalar callus
yellow. Thorax yellow-haired. Scutellum yellow, generally mare or
less darkened in the middle, with long, black, at the base more or
less yellow hairs. Pleura with yellow hairs. Abdomen black, dullish,
a little shining towards the apex; it has three pairs of yellow, oblique,
transverse spots, placed such that their outer ends are about the middle
of the side margins of the segments, while their inner ends are near the
front margins; the spots on third and fourth segments generally touching
in the middle, thus forming arcuated bands; the spots are isolated
from the side margin. The hind margins of fourth and fifth segments
yellow, the latter segment also with yellow basal corners. The hairs
on abdomen mainly pale on the basal part, for the rest chiefly fol-
lowing the ground colour; all the hairs along the sides yellow. Venter
yellowish, pellucid, with black bands near the hind margins of the
segments; it is clothed with long, pale hairs. Genitalia not large,
black. Legs yellow with the base of anterior femora black, hind
femora with a broad, black ring, sometimes leaving only base and
apex yellow; hind tibize with a blackish ring on the middle, and hind
tarsi with the three last joints blackish. Often the anterior femora
are quite yellow and front coxze more or less pale, hind fernora with
a smaller ring and hind tibize quite yellow (confusus Egg.). The legs
are yellow-haired. Wings hyaline; stigma black. Squamule and
halteres pale yellow.

278 Syrphidae.

Female. Vertex and frons bluish, shining, but the anterior part,
above the antenne yellow, on each side in the middle a large, yellow
pruinose side dust spot, united in the middle and thus forming an
arched band, cutting of an arched, transverse, bluish spot in front;
frons mainly dark-haired. Abdominal markings a little narrower than
in the male.

Length 8,5—10,5 mm.

The larva answers mainly to Zeller’s description; it is flat, slightly
arched above; the dermis is coarsely but not densely chagreened, and
the body is strongly, transversely corrugated; on the two first (the
meso- and metathoracal) segments are six small, conical warts on
each in a transverse row; the following seven segments have each at
the side margin three rather large, conical warts in a longitudinal
row; these segments have above one of the corrugations higher than
the others, and on the middle of this corrugation are two approximated
or almost fused warts, and to each side of them, a little more-back-
wards, on the next corrugation, is a small wart, and more towards
the side a still smaller, rather indistinct wart; on the first of these
segments (first abdominal) the warts are all-placed on the same
corrugation. The warts are fleshy; they are finely spined and each
terminates with a small spine, the side warts with a thread; the last
segment has two long, distant filaments at the hind margin; above
on this segment lies the brown or black posterior spiracular process,
which is nearly 1mm long, divided in the apical third with the apices
diverging; each branch terminates at the apex on the inside in a
spine. The larva is grey or greyish brown, sometimes darker, and it
is somewhat marmorate from darker and paler markings, along the
dorsum is a row of more or less distinct, pale, dark contoured triangles,
one on each segment; they have the blunt apex turned forwards; for
the rest the markings form mainly more or less distinct, oblique
stripes on the sides of the segments, between the middle and side
warts; also a darker middle stripe may be present on the hind part.
The length of the full-grown larva is about 10—11mm. The pupa is
similar to the larva, somewhat broad, the posterior part flat and not
attenuated; the warts and posterior filaments present as in the larva,
but shorter and more contracted; the colour mainly as in the larva.
The length of the pupa is about 7 mm.

The thoracal stripes, the abdominal markings and the black stigma
easily distinguish this species.

S. albostriatus is not rare in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens,
Amager, Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose,
Hillerad, Rorvig, Tisvilde, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Lolland at

zz
— |

Syrphus. 279

Maribo and in Vester Ulslev Mose; on Feja; on Langeland at Lohals,
and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg. My dates are #/s—1%/9, All the
specimens from gardens are of the var. confusus, but the same is the
case with some of the others; generally my specimens taken late in
the year belong to confusus. The larva was taken by Mr. Schlick in
Dyrehaven on *°/: under oid leaves on the ground, the imago came
on 18/3; he has also bred several specimens from pup, but they are
without locality. Zeller (Isis 1542, 828) mentions the larva as common
on the stems of Betula in November; they were of various size; one
pupated and developed in March the following year; I possess also
several larvee taken on Betula at the end of September at Hillergd
by Mr. Kryger, but as the larva is quite similar to that of venustus I
cannot say to which of these species the mentioned larve belong. I
think Zeller and Verrall are correct in suggesting that the species has
two broods in the year.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe down into Spain and
Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. S. tricinctus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 41, 9 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Il], 310, 53. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 724, 27 et 1849. VIII,
3140, 27 et 1855. XII, 4657, 27 et 1859, XIII, 5095, 27 (Scaeva). —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 303. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 346, 2, figs. 285—
286. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 71.

Male. Frons black, a little pruinose, especially towards the eyes;
epistoma yellow. somewhat shining, with a broad, black middle stripe,
reaching near to the antenne; the mouth edge and lower hind corners
of epistoma black; jowls blackish, sometimes paler. Vertex and frons
black-haired, the former with yellow hairs behind; epistoma yellow-
haired, but down the sides and generally also just at the central knob
are black hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, with white, above yellowish
hairs, and here generally also some black hairs overhanging the eyes.
Eyes densely pale-hairy with somewhat short hairs. Antenne black,
somewhat long; arista about of the length of the antenne. Thorax
dark neous, in front of scutellum often bluish, shining; it is clothed
with yellow hairs. Scutellum yellowish or brownish, pellucid, some-
times with a little bluish tint; it has black, at the base more or less
yellow hairs. Pleura with yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black, a little
shining towards the apex; on the second segment it has a pair of
isolated, small, transverse, yellow spots, sometimes very small or quite
wanting; on the third segment there is a broad band at the front
margin, more or less incised behind in the middle, but generally deeply ;

280 Syrphidae.

the fourth segment has at the front margin a narrow band, narrowly
divided in the middle, sometimes almost not divided; both bands go
widely over the side margin. Fourth and fifth segments have yellow
hind margins, the fifth also small basal corner spots. The hairs on

Fig. 119. Antenne of S. tricinctus 3, from the inside >< 60.

abdomen follow mainly the ground colour, but they are pale on the
basal part of second segment; at the sides they are yellow at the base
and on the bands, for the rest black. Venter black with yellow bands
at the front margins on second and third segments; it is clothed with
long, yellowish hairs. Genitalia somewhat large, black, black-haired.
Legs orange, the basal half of anterior femora, and hind femora ex-
cept the apex black; anterior tarsi with the three middle joimts more
or less darkened and hind tarsi with the three or four last joints
blackish. The hairs on femora yellow, more or less intermingled with
black hairs and on anterior femora sometimes nearly all black; the
short hairs on tibize yellow, those on the hind femora mainly black.
Wings a little yellowish tinged. Squamule yellow with a dark yellow
fringe. Halteres yellow or orange.

Female. Frons broad, bluish black, shining, at each side a large,
greyish yellow pruinose spot; the hairs black. Abdomen shining, the
basal pair of spots small or wanting. ;

Length 11—12 mm.

The pupa is mentioned by Zetterstedt (1. c. 725) and described
as: “albida, supra fusco-marmorata, postice margine et dorso mucro-
nata”, it seems thus to be similar to the pupa of albostriata; the
imago came on ?%/7.

S. tricinctus is not properly common in Denmark; Copenhagen in
a garden, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Donse, Tyvekrogen,
Tisvilde, Nyrup Hegn; on Lolland in Vester Ulslev Mose; on Lange-
land at Lohals; in Jutland in Hojenbek Dal at Vejle, at Horsens,
Silkeborg, Rebbild near Skérping and Jerup near Frederikshavn. My
dates are /s—t/s. It occurs on various flowers on meadows and
in fens.

é
f,
?
t

Syrphus. It

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, in Finland, and
on Iceland.

3. S. venustus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 299,38. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
728, 30 et 1849. VIII, 3141, 30 et 1855. XII, 4658, 30 (Scaeva). — 1862.
Schin. F. A. J, 302. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 348, 3, fig. 287. — 1907.

- Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 71.-— Scaeva hilaris Zett. 1843. 1. c. Il, 729,31 et

1849. VIII, 3141, 31 et 1859. XIII, 5097, 31. — Syrphus hilaris 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 302. — Syrphus implicatus Meig. 1822.1. c. Ill, 301, 42. — Scaeva
lunulata Zett. (nec Meig.) 1838. Ins. Lapp. 600, 7 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II,
731,34 et 1855. XII, 4658,34 et 1859. XIII, 5097, 34. — Scaeva soli-
taria Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 603, 18.

Male. Frons zneous black, somewhat pruinose at the eye-margins;
epistoma darker or paler yellow, slightly pruinose, with a broad, black
and shining middle stripe, stretching up to the antenne, but this
stripe may diminish in size and also in intensity of colour until quite
disappearing (hilaris); the mouth edge and lower side parts of epi-
stoma black; jowls greyish black. Vertex and frons black-haired, the
former with some yellow hairs behind; epistoma yellow-haired, but
with more or fewer black hairs down the sides, sometimes almost
quite black-haired. Occiput greyish yellow pruinose, the hairs yellow,
above a row of long, generally black hairs, overhanging the eyes.
Eyes with long, dense, pale hairs. Antenne reddish or yellowish,

_ third joint more or less brown above; sometimes the antenne quite

yellowish; third joint short ovate, shorter than the two basal joints
together; arista about as long the antenne. ‘Thorax neous, shining,
clothed with yellow hairs. Scutellum brownish yellow or darker, pellucid
and shining bluish #neous; it has long hairs which are all yellow, or
more or less intermingled with black. Pleura with yellow hairs. Abdomen
dull black, shining at the apex; it has three pairs of yellow lunules;
the first pair less lunulate, lying about in the middle and isolated or
going over the sides above, second and third pairs broader or nar-
rower, more or less lunulate, lying near the front margin and going
widely over the side margin; the fourth and fifth segments have pale
hind margins, the fifth also small basal corner spots. The hairs on
abdomen follow mainly the ground colour, those at the side margin
rather long, alternating black and yellow according to the spots.
Venter yellowish, pellucid, with a black band at the hind margins of
second and third segments, fourth segment almost quite black; on
second segment the band often weak or almost wanting; the venter
is clothed with long, yellow hairs. Genitalia somewhat large, black,

9892 Syrphidae.

with black and yellow hairs. Legs yellow, the basal part or half of
anterior femora and the three fourths of hind femora black; hind tibize
with a more or less distinct, blackish or brown ring; third and fourth
joints of anterior tarsi a little darkened, and the three middle joints
of hind tarsi blackish. The hairs on femora yellow, and likewise the
short hairs on tibiee except partly above the hind tibiee. Wings almost
hyaline or somewhat brownish tinged towards the anterior margin.
Squamule whitish with yellow margin and fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, shining black, with distinct, yellow side
dust spots; it is black-haired. Abdomen somewhat shining, the spots
generally narrower than in the male.

Length 8—10,5 mm.

The larva and pupa quite resemble those of S. albostriatus both
in shape and colour.

S. venustus is a common species in Denmark; Frederiksberg Have,
Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Bagsver, Ryget
Skov at Farum Se, Geel Skov, @rholm, Donse, Birkergd, Tyvekrog,
Tisvilde; on Lolland at Maribo, in Keldskov, Dodemose and at Strandby;
on Funen at Middelfart, and in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle and at
Horsens. My dates are 1°/s—*/7. It is exclusively a spring species, it
occurs on various flowers, especially Composite, in woods and on
meadows and fields near woods. The larva was taken in Ermelund
on the ground on “/4, it pupated on §/4 and developed on */s (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France, Corsica
and perhaps Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in
Finland.

4A. S. lunulatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 299, 33. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 303.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 351, 4, fig. 288. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
lll, 67. — Seaeva arcuata Fall. p. p. 1817 Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 42. — ? Musca
pinastri De Geer, Mém. Ins. VI, 1776, II, 113, Pl. 7, Fig. 1—7.

Male. Frons bluish black, somewhat greyish pruinose, especially
towards the eye-margins; epistoma paler or darker yellow or greenish
yellow, with a broad, black middle stripe, reaching about to the
antenne, the mouth edge and the lower lateral corners black; jowls
black, greyish pruinose. Vertex and frons black-haired; the former
with yellow hairs behind; epistoma yellow-haired, downwards gener-
ally some black hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs white below,
yellow upwards; above more or fewer black, overhanging hairs. Eyes
with dense, longish, pale hairs. Antenne black, third joint short ovate,
not so long as the two basal joints together; arista about as long as

> <<, ae er

Syrphus. 283

the antennz. Thorax dark eneous or bluish, shining, with yellow
hairs. The usual two grey stripes on the middle in front sometimes
somewhat distinctly visible. Scutellum yellowish to brownish, pellucid,
somewhat bluish zneous; it has long, black or brownish black hairs.
Pleura with yellow or pale yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black with the
apex shining; it has three pairs of yellow or whitish yellow lunules, placed
and shaped about as in venustus, but they are generally more lunulate and
with the inner end nearer the front margin than the outer end; they are all
well isolated from the side margin; the fourth and fifth segments have the
hind margins pale, but often somewhat indistinctly, and the fifth segment
has pale spots at the basal corners. The hairs follow mainly the ground
colour; at the sides they are Jong, and they are here yellow at the basal
corners and on the front part of the segments and thus alternating
black and yellow. Venter coloured about as in venustus and with
long, yellow hairs. Genitalia somewhat large, black, with black and
yellow hairs. Legs yellow with about the basal half of anterior
femora and the hind femora except the apex blackish; the hind tibize
have a dark ring in the middle or they are quite blackish except the
base; front tarsi and the three last joints of middle tarsi darkened
and hind tarsi blackish. The hairs on femora quite or almost quite
yellow, and likewise the short hairs on tibiz except above the hind
tibize, and these latter with a dark fringe on the antero-dorsal side,
the hairs of which are somewhat longish and strong about the middle.
Wings hyaline or slightly tinged. Squamule whitish with yellow margin
and fringe. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Frons broad, bluish black, black-haired, with large, yel-
lowish side dust spots, uniting in the middle and thus forming a curved
band. Abdomen more shining than in the male, the lunules nearer
the front margin of the segments.

Length 8—9,5 mm.

De Geer mentions (I. c.) the larva of his Musca pinastri, which
species may, as explained below, be identical with the present species;
the larva has soft spines, is greyish yellow with darker designs, about
11 mm long, and is, I think, somewhat similar to the larva of S. albo-
striatus; it was taken among Aphides on Pinus, it pupated on 1/9,
and the imago came next spring on 7%a.

Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions (VIII, 3142) that Steger had sent
him a single specimen of S. obscurus, taken at Copenhagen; this
specimen we have not in our collection, but it belonged no doubt to
the present species, for in our general collection we have two speci-
mens named obscurus, one labelled Lapponia, the other Suecia, both
sent from Zetterstedt, and they are both /unulatus; the specimens do

984 Syrphidae.

not belong to the narrow-bodied form, described by Verrall as nigri-
cornis with obscurus Zett. as synonym, and which Verrall thinks him-
self is not specifically distinct from lunulatus. Thus Zetterstedt has
no doubt venustus Meig. both as venustus and lunulatus (probably
according to the lunules being more or less lunulate), while he described
lunulatus Meig. as obscurus; this view seems also confirmed by the
expressions by Malm (K. V. och V. Samh. Géteborg. Handl. 1860, 37)
who has certainly also venustus Meig. both as venustus and lunulatus.
— Fallén suggested that S.corollae (olitoria) was perhaps identical
with Musca pinastri De G., and Verrall thinks likewise that this may
be the case, and is herein followed by the Kat. pal. Dipt., but this is
not possible, for the larva and pupa of pinastri De G. are spined,
which is not the case with corollae. Such larve occur, as far as I
know, only in the first group of species in the genus (albostriatus—
lunulatus); the larva of pinastri is evidently, according to the descrip-
tion, somewhat similar to the larve of albostriatus and venustus, and
according to the figure of the abdomen of the imago (Fig. 7) I think
it very probable that De Geer’s M. pinastri is S. lunulatus, and I have
therefore included it in the synonymy, but with a querry.

S. lunulatus occurs in the same localities as the preceding species,
but it is rare in Denmark, I know only twelve specimens; at Copen-
hagen (H. J. Hansen, Steeger), Sollerad (Godskesen), Ermelund, Dyre-
haven, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde (the author); on Lolland in Keldskov (S.
Jorgensen), and in Jutland at Horsens (O. G. Jensen). My dates are
16/514/7, but it is, like venustus, especially found in spring.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland,
and it goes still farther towards the north, as it occurs on Iceland
and in Greenland. According to Schiner it seems to be especially a
mountain species.

>. §S. macularis Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IJ, 730, 32 et 1849. VIII, 3141, 32 (Scaeva).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 302. — 1885. Kow. Wien. ent. Zeitg. 1V, 167.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 67.

Of this species I only know the female. Vertex and frons black
or greenish black, with two large yellowish grey side dust spots,
stretching down the sides; the hairs black. Epistoma has an in-
definitely bordered, but rather broad, black middle stripe, so that only
the sides are yellowish; it is somewhat pruinose at the sides, but
shining; the mouth edge, the lower side parts of epistoma and the
jowls black; epistoma yellow-haired, but with black hairs down the

ee ee ee ee

Syrphus. | 285

sides. Occiput greyish pruinose, sormewhat zneous and shining above,
the hairs yellow, with some few black above. Eyes pale brownish-
hairy, but the hairs rather short. Antenne black, third joint very
slightly pale just beneath the base; the third joint short ovate;
arista as long as the antenne. Thorax eneous, not much shining,
the two greyish lines on the middle justsvisible; it is clothed with -
yellow hairs. Scutellum yellow or slightly brownish, black-haired.
Pleura yellow-haired. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with three
pairs of yellow, somewhat semicircular spots; the first pair lie on the
middle of the segment, they are well separated and less semicircular;
the second and third pairs lie near the front margin of the segments,
they have a straight or very slightly concave anterior margin and a
convex hind margin, and they go very near to each other in the
middle, or (in one of my specimens) really touch at the upper inner
corner; they go all over the side-margin; the fourth segment has a
broad, the fifth a narrow, yellow hind margin, the latter also small
spots at the basal corners. The hairs nearly quite follow the ground
colour, but are pale at the base; at the sides they are black unless
at the base and on the bands. Venter coloured somewhat like dorsum,
but pale at the base; it has longish, pale hairs. Legs blackish, anterior
femora with apex or about the apical third yellow, anterior tibiz yel-
lowish with more or less distinct, blackish rings about the middle,
and browned towards the end; the hind knees may be somewhat
pale. The hairs on femora yellow, but black towards the apex of
the anterior femora; the short hairs on hind femora and on the tibiz
black, on front tibie partly pale. Wings a little tinged. Squamule
whitish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Length about 9,5 mm.

This species is distinguished from /unulatus by the not isolated
abdominal spots, and from venustus by the blacker antenne and black-
haired scutellum; from both the short-haired eyes distinguish it.

S. macularis is rare in Denmark, | possess only two specimens,
both females, taken in Tyvekrogen on **/s 1908 (the author); they
were taken on Composite, I believe on Taraxacum.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Bohemia; towards the north to northern Sweden.
It is also recorded from North America.

Remarks: This species is not well known; Verrall thinks that the
specimens mentioned by Zetterstedt in VIII, where the author says ‘Oculi
tenuissime hirti” and mentions some variations, f. inst. with the antenne
being pale beneath, may belong to his punctulatus, and then only
the single male specimen described by Zetterstedt in II should be

286 Syrphidae.

macularis. How this may be I cannot say, but it must be noted
that my specimens have the eyes short-haired, but more distinctly
haired than punctulatus, and the antenne slightly pale beneath the
third joint. I have placed the species here because of the hairy eyes,
but the short eye-hairs and somewhat dark epistoma show that it
has affinities to punctulatus and its allies.

6. S. annulipes Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 599, 3 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 702, 4 et 1849.
VIII, 3131, 4 et 1859. XII, 5091, 4 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 305.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 354, 6, fig. 289. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 58.

Male. Vertex black, rather elongate; frons yellow pruinose but
black above the antenne. Epistoma yellow, somewhat pruinose, but
shining; it has a broad, black middle stripe, attenuating up towards
the antenne; the mouth edge and lower hind corners black; jowls
grey pruinose. Vertex and frons black-haired, epistoma with rather
long, yellow hairs and some black towards the middle stripe. Occiput
yellowish grey pruinose, it is very narrow above and concealed by
the eyes; the hairs white below, yellow upwards; above a row of
black, overhanging hairs. Eyes with somewhat short, pale hairs.
Antenne black, third joint about as long as the two basal together;
arista about as long as the antennee, brown at the base. Thorax
dark or blackish eneous, somewhat shining; it is clothed with dense,
yellow hairs, more or less intermingled with black, the latter tending
to form a band across the middle or more extended on the whole
front part; at the sides the hairs are dark yellow. Scutellum yellow
or brownish yellow, with long, black hairs, only pale just at the base.
Pleura yellow-haired. Abdomen black, dull, a little shining at the
hind margins of the segments and more so at the apex; it has a pair
of yellow or orange basal spots and two bands, all going widely over
the side margin; the basal spots large, transverse, sloping upwards
towards the sides; the band on third segment placed a little from the
front margin, sloping at the sides and more or less deeply emarginate
in the middle of the hind margin, the band on fourth segment of the
same shape but nearer the front margin; fourth and fifth segments
with orange hind margins and the latter also with front and side
margins pale. The hairs somewhat long, chiefly following the ground
colour, but mainly pale at the base and between the basal spots; at
the sides the hairs are yellow, at the base mixed with black, for the
rest alternating yellow and black according to the bands. Venter
coloured as dorsum, but the bands paler, the first not interrupted,

Syrphus. 987

and all bands, also the first, lying at the front margins and even in-
cluding a narrow hind margin of the foregoing segment; the hairs are
long, pale at the base but black on the black parts of the third and
fourth segments and just at the hind margin of second. Genitalia
small, hidden under the fifth segment, black, chiefly yellow-haired.
Legs orange, anterior femora with about the basal half or more black,
hind femora black except the apical part; hind tibise with a black
ring in the middle; all metatarsi blackish above, often only towards
the apex, the four last joints blackish or generally the last more or
less yellow. The long hairs on femora black, the short hairs above
towards apex yellow; the hairs on tibie yellow, except partly above
the hind tibiz. Wings almost hyaline or somewhat yellowish tinged,

Fig. 120. Wing of S. annulipes Q.

especially at the anterior margin; cubital vein curved down in the
middle above the first posterior cell. Squamule whitish with a yel-
low fringe. Halteres brown or blackish.

Female. Vertex and frons somewhat narrow, bluish black, with
large, yellowish pruinose side dust spots, going broadly down to
epistoma so that there is in the middle a petiolated, somewhat bifur-
cate spot stretching from the vertex to the antenne. The hairs black.
Abdomen as in the male, not more shining; the bands a little nar-
rower and often less emarginate; the hind margin of the fourth
together with the front margin of the fifth segment form a generally
conspicuous band.

Length 12—13,5 mm.

This large and beautiful species is at once recognized by the
hairy eyes and the dipped cubital vein.

S. annulipes is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Geel
Skov, Donse, Frerslev Hegn, Tyvekrog, Nyrup Hegn, Tisvilde; in Jut-
land at Horsens and Gesso at Silkeborg. My dates are '2/s—?/s. It
occurs on Umbelliferee on meadows, often in the vicinity of water,
but also in woods; in spring it has been taken on the flowers of
Salix.

288 Syrphidae.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

7. S. torvus Ost. Sack.

1875. Ost. Sack. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XVIII, 139, 1. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 356, 7. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 70. — Scaeva
ribesii p. p. 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 40. —. Scaeva topiaria Zett. (nec
Meig.) 1838. Ins. Lapp. 599, 4 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 723, 26 et 1859.
XI, 5095, 26. — Syrphus topiarius 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 304,

Male. Vertex brownish grey pruinose; frons brownish yellow
pruinose, above the antennz a black, undusted, tridentate lunule,
emarginate behind in the middle. Epistoma yellow, somewhat dusted
towards the sides, shining in the middle, the extreme tront mouth
edge narrowly blackish; jowls darkened, greyish pruinose, quite behind
yellow. Vertex and frons black-haired, epistoma with yellow hairs,
towards the sides some black hairs, especially above, and also some
black hairs towards the middle. Occiput grey or yellowish grey
pruinose, the hairs yellow, above a row of some few black, over- ~
hanging hairs. Eyes distinctly and somewhat ‘densely clothed with
short, pale hairs. Antenne black, the third joint more or less brownish
beneath; the third joint ovate, longer than the two basal together;
arista as long as or a little longer than the antenne. Thorax greenish
geneous, sometimes more brownish, dull, with three faint, more or
less visible darker stripes; it is distinctly punctate and it is clothed
with somewhat long, yellow or dark yellow hairs, darkest and most
conspicuous at the sides. Scutellum yellow, with black hairs. Pleura
with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black, somewhat shining at
the apex; it has a pair of yellow basal spots and two .bands; the
basal spots are transverse, placed on the middle of the segment, they
are widely separated in the middle, sloping forwards at the sides and
going over the margin with the upper side corner; the band on third
segment lies a little from the front margin, it is incised in the middle
of the hind margin and it slopes forwards at the sides, going over
the margin like the spots and here touching the front margin; the
anterior margin of the band is generally not straight but a little pro-
duced in the middle and slightly concave to each side, thus the band
may be said to consist of two in the middle more or less broadly
connected shallow lunules; the band on fourth segment is similar but
nearer the front margin; the fourth and fifth segments have yellow
hind margins, the latter also spots at the basal corners. The hairs
on abdomen follow the ground colour, but are black at the apex;
at the sides they are long and at the base yellow, for the rest

eT. ee ee

Syrphus. 289

alternating black and yellow, but the yellow tufts rather small in
accordance with the sloping bands. Venter translucently pale yellow,
with more or less pronounced blackish middle spots; it has long, pale
hairs. Genitalia somewhat small, yellow, but the eighth segment
mainly greyish black; the hairs black and yellow. Legs black and
yellow, anterior femora with about the basal third or more and hind
femora with about the basal two thirds black; hind tibiz with a more
or less distinct, dark ring in the middle; tarsi blackish, middle meta-
tarsi more or less pale. The long hairs on femora yellow, on the
anterior femora with more or fewer black hairs intermingled and
black towards apex; the short hairs on hind femora to a great extent
black on the front side towards apex, and some of the more bristly
hairs below the apex black, and likewise some on the middle femora
just at apex; the short hairs on tibie yellow, but black above
and partly on the anterior side of hind tibie, and they form
here an antero-dorsal fringe. Wings hyaline or slightly yellowish tinged.
Squamule pale yellow with a yellow fringe and the thoracal
squamule besides the marginal fringe with long hairs above. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Frons rapidly widening from the vertex downwards;
vertex black, frons yellowish pruinose but black and shining above
the antenne, the hairs black. Eyes with much shorter hairs than in
the male, but, however, distinctly visible. There are no black hairs
above on occiput. Abdominal bands narrower than in the male, and
generally less emarginate.

Length. The species varies somewhat in size, from 9,5 to 138 mm,
but the smallest sizes are only rarely found.

S. torvus is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens, Ler-
soen, Amager, Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov,
Ruderhegn, Donse, Tyvekrog, Nordskoven at Jegerspris, Slagelse, Tis-
vilde, Nyraad near Vordingborg; on Lolland in Keldskov and at
Strandby; on Funen at Middelfart; in Jutland at Horsens, Rebbild
near Skorping and Jerup near Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm in
Almindingen. My dates are 12/s—"/10. It occurs on various flowers
on fields and in woods and for the rest on all localities, generally in
great numbers.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland; it also occurs in North America,
and it goes far towards the north as it occurs in Greenland up to
g0°°LN.

Remarks: As well known S. topiarius Meig. is now considered as
synonym to S. vitripennis Meig.; the first author who separated and

19

290 Syrphidae.

described the present species was Zetterstedt in 1838, and he deter-
mined it with doubt as topiarius Meig. Osten Sacken gave it then
in 1875 the name torvus.

8. S. ribesii L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 593 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1816 et 1767. Syst.
Nat. XII, 2, 987, 50 (Musca), — 1764. O. F. Mill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 720
(Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 770, 41 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 248, 1 (Scaeva).
— 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 40, 6 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 306, 49. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 707, 8 et 1849. VIII,
3132, 8 et 1855. XII, 4656, 8 (Seaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 310. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 366, 13, figs. 281, 291. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 69.

This species is much like torvus, but the eyes are practically bare.
Male. Frons with a black, tridentate lunule above the antennz, for
the rest yellow or sometimes somewhat greyish pruinose. Jowls yel-
low. Eyes practically bare as there are only few short and scattered,
slightly visible hairs. Antenne paler than in torvus as the basal joints
are pale beneath and the third joint more extensively pale. Thorax
with the hairs a little shorter. Abdomen as‘in ftorvus. Legs less
black, anterior femora with scarcely or at most the basal third black
and hind femora with a little more than the basal half black; some-
times the hind femora more black; front metatarsi often more or less
pale, and middle tarsi more pale than in torvus; the ring on hind
tibiee generally slight or wanting. The long hairs on femora yellow,
sometimes with some black intermingled; the short hairs on hind
femora on the apical third of the front side all black, and the more
bristly hairs below here likewise black; above just at the apex of
middle femora generally a few black hairs; on hind tibie the hairs
above and on the anterior side black. Wings almost hyaline or more
or less yellowish or pale brownish tinged, especially towards the
anterior margin.

Female. Vertex black, frons yellowish pruinose, above the antennze
a black lunule and from it a black, more or less definite triangle
stretches backwards and unites with the black vertex. Abdominal
bands generally narrower than in the male. Legs yellow, femora only
black at the extreme base, tarsi mainly as in the male. The short
hairs on the anterior side of hind femora black on about the apical
half or more, and the more bristly hairs below forming a somewhat
distinct row; all hairs above and on the anterior side of hind tibize
black and the antero-dorsal fringe distinct.

Length. Rather varying, from 8,5—13 mm, but rarely below
10 mm.

Syrphus. . 991

The larva is transversely corrugated, finely chagreened, with the
usual small, soft bristles placed in transverse rows on some of the
corrugations and at the sides, and arranged in the usual way; the
posterior spiracular process brown, elliptical in transverse section and
a little cleft at the end, it is about 0,5 mm long. The larva is greyish
yellow with some translucent yellow or reddish markings and a dark
middle line. The length is about 12mm or more. The pupa is
elongated oval, broad and rounded in front, attenuated behind, some-
what flat below, arched above; it is very slightly chagreened and the
bristles very indistinct; in colour it is similar to the larva, generally
with a broad, serrated middle stripe. The length is 7—8 mm.

S. ribesii is very common in Denmark and occurs all over the
country, and like the preceding species on all localities and in great
numbers. My dates are 7*/4—1*/10, The larva has been taken by Mr.
Schlick and myself in gardens and in woods among Aphides on Pyrus,
Rosa, Sambucus and Urtica, and it is known to occur on several
other plants; it has been taken on 4/7, developing on 1/7, and on “/s,
pupating “/s and developing *7/s; I have also taken it among old
leaves on the ground on *%/1, developing 4/3, and on °/s, developing
first in April. Pupze have been taken on 4/7 and *4/7.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northernmost Sweden, in Finland, and on Iceland; it occurs also in
North America.

9. S. vitripennis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 308, 50. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il,
708, 9 et 1849. VIII, 3132, 9 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 310. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 370,14. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 72. —
Syrphus topiarius Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 305, 47 et 1838. VII, 131, 47.
— Scaeva confinis Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 602, 14.

This species is very like the two preceding, but as a rule smaller.
Male. Frons with a black lunule and above it yellow, more or less
greyish pruinose. Jowls yellow. Eyes practically bare. Antenne pale
as in ribesii. Thorax and abdomen as in ribesii. Legs about as in
ribesii, anterior femora with less than the basal third black, but hind
femora more black as about the basal three fourths or more are
black; hind tibize yellow or with only faint traces of a darkening in
the middle; anterior tarsi paler, quite or almost quite yellow. The
long hairs on femora all yellow, and no black hairs above the apex
of middle femora; the short hairs on the apical half of hind femora
quite yellow, or only some few black intermingled; the hairs on the

19*

9992 Syrphidae.

antero-dorsal side of hind tibie black, but on the anterior side all or
almost all yellow. Wings more hyaline than in ribesiz.

Female. Frons as in ribesii. Abdominal bands generally a little
narrower than in the male. Legs chiefly as in the male and haired
in the same way, thus the hind femora are not yellow as in the
female of ribesii but with the basal three fourths black.

Length 7,5—11,5 mm.

The larva and pupa are quite similar to those of S. ribesii.

S. vitripennis is as common as ribesit and occurs in quite the
same way, but it is much more common in gardens. My dates are
16/;—§/9, | have taken the larva in gardens among Aphides on Pyrus
and Prunus on */6, 18/6, the latter developing on 7*/6, and on */6,
pupating °*°/6 and developing */7—1%/7, and I have taken a pupa on
the ground on 1/7, it developed on 18/7.

Geographical distribution:— All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, and in Finland.

Remarks: The three preceding species are very similar, even to
so high a degree that their specific value has been doubted, f. inst.
by Girschner (Ill. Wochenschr. f. Entom. 1897, 570). They are also
very nearly related as shown by the fact that they all have hairs on
the upper surface of the thoracal squamula, but after the examination
of great numbers of all three species I consent with Verrall in feeling
sure that the three species are quite distinct. S. torvus is distinguished
by the hairy eyes and darker antenne; ribesii is in the male easily
distinguished from torvus by the practically bare eyes, and in the
female by the yellow femora; vitripennis is in the male likewise
distinguished from torvus by the bare eyes; it is very similar to ribesii
but has the hind femora more black, the anterior tarsi paler and the
short hairs on the apical half of hind femora yellow; in the female
it is distinguished from torvus besides by the bare eyes, by the anterior
femora being less and the hind femora more black, and by the paler
anterior tarsi; from ribesii it is distinguished by the not quite yellow

femora, and from both by the short hairs on the apical half of hind —

femora being yellow. As seen the obviously haired eyes in the male
of torvus easily distinguish it, while this character is less obvious in
the female, and likewise the yellow femora at once distinguish the
female of ribesii; it is thus especially the females of torvus and
vitripennis and the males of ribesii and vitripennis which are diffi-
cult to distinguish, but they may be known with certainty by the

characters given above. As to size torvus and ribesii are rather like,
but t¢orvus is, however, the larger; vitripennis is upon the whole

smaller, but, as seen, large vitripennis may exceed even small torvus.

EE

Syrphus. 993

— I have never seen any of the three species with interrupted
bands.

All three species are common, but torvus less common than the
other two; they occur on almost all localities on leaves and flowers,
and generally in company; they are often seen in woods on some-
what sunny spots hovering in the air in great numbers and resting
on leaves or on the ground; I have seen them, or at all events ribesiz,
in this way as late as 48/10. They all may occur in gardens, but
vitripennis is by far the most common there. The times of the season
on which I have taken larve and pupze seem to show that there are
more than one brood in the year, and I have taken newly emerged
specimens of vitripennis on */9; I am therefore inclined to think that
there are so many broods as the length of the warmer period and
the supply of food for the larve will allow, and then they hibernate
no doubt in every stage of the larva which the setting in of the cold
period prevents from growing further; perhaps also the pupa may
hibernate though this is less probable.

10. S. annulatus Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 604, 25 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 744, 47 et 1849.
VIII, 3144, 47 (Scaeva). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 358, 8. — 1907. Kat.
paladarkt. Dipt. III, 58.

Male. Frons greyish yellow pruinose but shining black above the
antenne; epistoma rather narrow, with somewhat parallel margins; it
is yellow with a broad, somewhat indefinite, black middle stripe, the
yellow side parts yellow pruinose; the mouth edge, the lower lateral
parts of epistoma and the jowls black. Vertex and frons black-haired,
epistoma with mainly dark hairs, paler below. Occiput yellowish grey
pruinose, with yellow hairs, above a few black hairs overhanging the
eyes. Eyes practically bare. Antenne blackish, yellowish or yellowish
red beneath. Thorax greenish zneous, dullish, more shining towards
the sides; it is clothed with somewhat long, yellow hairs. Scutellum
yellow, with long, black hairs. Pleura with long, yellowish hairs.
Abdomen somewhat ovate, black, dull, a little shining at the sides
and at the hind margin of third segment, and more at the apex; it
has a pair of yellow basal spots and two bands, rather similar to
those in ribesii; the basal spots large, transverse, lying on the middle
of the segment, they slope forwards at the sides and go over the
margin; the band on third segment is a little from the front margin,
it is emarginate in the middle behind, sloping forwards at the sides
and going over the margin at the basal corners with about half its
breadth; the third band is similar but a little nearer the front margin,

294 Syrphidae.

less emarginate and less sloping at the sides, going more widely over
the margin: the fourth segment has a yellow hind margin, the fifth
likewise but narrow, and also with the sides or basal corners yellow,
The hairs on abdomen follow the ground colour; at the sides they
are yellow at the base, for the rest alternating black and yellow
according to the bands. Venter coloured mainly as dorsum but the
pale parts translucent and whitish, and the markings somewhat in-
definite; sometimes the venter is almost quite pale or on the contrary
rather darkened; it is clothed with longish, pale hairs. Genitalia some-
what large, shining black, black-haired. Legs mainly yellow, anterior
femora with about the basal third black, tibize and tarsi all yellow;
hind legs black with the knees yellowish. The long hairs on anterior
femora yellow on the basal part, black on the apical part, on hind
femora all or mainly yellow; the short hairs on the anterior legs yel-
low with some black intermingled, on the hind legs mainly black;
front tarsi with black spinules along the posterior side and middle
tarsi black-spinulose beneath. Wings hyaline to somewhat brownish
tinged; stigma paie. Squamule and fringes pale yellowish. Halteres
yellow or pale yellow. ;

Female. Vertex moderately broad, frons widening downwards.
Vertex black, shining; frons with large, yellowish side dust spots, con-
nected at the sides with epistoma, thus there is above the antenne a
shining black lunule, connected by a middle stripe with the vertex;
all hairs black. Abdominal bands slightly narrower than in the male,
fourth and fifth segments with broader yellow hind margins. Anterior
legs quite yellow; hind femora yellow at base and apex and thus
with a more or less broad, dark ring near the apex, hind tibie, ex-
cept base, and hind tarsi blackish or brownish.

Length 7—8,5 mm.

S. annulatus is rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Geel
Skov, Hillerad, Tyvekrog; on Lolland in Dodemose and at Kerstrup,
and in Jutland at Silkeborg. My dates are *%/;—1%/7; it seems to be
most common in spring. It occurs on fields and in woods; I have
taken it on Crategus.

Geographical distribution:— With certainty the species is only
known from northern Europe with Britain, but probably it goes farther
towards the south; towards the north it occurs to northern Sweden,
and in Finland, but it is upon the whole not common.

Remarks: I think no error is possible with regard to the deter-
mination of this species, and Zetterstedt mentions also (I. c. VIII)
specimens from Denmark, but I must note that my specimens have
thorax about as dull as in lineola, only somewhat shining at the

tee ~~

Syrphus 295

sides, while Zetterstedt says about thorax “nitido” and uses this
character as distinguish ingagainst lineola with “thorace subopaco”,
and Verrall compares the species with vittiger without speaking of a
duller thorax.

11. S. lineola Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 714, 16 et 1849. VIII, 3137, 16 et 1859.
XIll, 5093, 16 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 309. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. Vill, 359, 9. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 66.

This species is similar to annulatus. Male. Epistoma broader, a
little increasing in breadth downwards, it has the black middle stripe
narrower and not reaching up to the antenne. Antenne black.
Thorax dull, a little shining at the sides. Abdomen as in annulatus,
venter paler, the black parts only forming triangular middle spots,
but sometimes the venter more darkened. Legs much blacker, anterior
femora black with the apical part yellow, anterior tibie yellow with
faint dark rings below the middle, tarsi black, metatarsus a little paler;
hind legs quite black, only the knees indistinctly pale. Legs haired
about as in annulatus but the apical part of the anterior femora and
the middle tibiz have the short hairs almost all black, and they are
also more numerous behind on the front tibie. Stigma brown to
blackish.

Female. Quite similar to the male, with the usual differences,
and thus also to the female of annulatus, but with the same disting-
uishing characters as given for the male; usually the hind femora not
yellow at the base.

Length 8 to almost 10 mm.

This species may be known from annulatus by the black antenne,
narrower and abbreviated epistomal stripe and dark anterior tarsi;
also is the epistoma broader, which is the most obvious in the male.

S. lineola is like the preceding species rare in Denmark; Ordrup
Mose, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Donse, Hillerad, Tyvekrog, Nyrup Hegn,
Tisvilde, Nordskoven at Jegerspris; on Lolland at Maribo; on Funen
at Strib; in Jutland at Silkeborg, Laurberg south of Randers and
Rebbild near Skorping. My dates are 1°/5—*/s.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Bohemia and Styria; towards the north to northern
Sweden, and in Finland.

12. S. grossulariae Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 306, 48. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
706, 7 et 1859. XIII, 5091, 7 (Scaera). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 310. —

296 Syrphidae.

1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 363, 11, fig. 290. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 64. — Scaeva ribesii p. p. 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 40.

Male. Vertex somewhat elongate, brownish yellow pruinose; frons
yellow and yellow pruinose, with a black lunulate spot above the
antenne, shining in front, dull behind. Epistoma yellow, whitish
pruinose towards the sides. Vertex and frons black-haired; epistoma
rather densely yellow-haired, above at the sides of the antenne are
black hairs. Jowls yellow. Occiput yellowish grey, the hairs white
below, yellow upwards; above a row of black, overhanging hairs.
Eyes bare. Antenne black; arista longer than the antenne. Thorax
brass-coloured, slightly or moderately shining, somewhat dullish, but
much less than in ribesi?, in front with faint traces of three brown
stripes separated by two greyish lines, and it is slightly yellowish at the
sides; it is clothed with yellow or reddish yellow hairs, densest at the
sides. Scutellum yellow with black hairs, on the basal part more or fewer
yellow hairs, sometimes nearly all yellow-haired. Pleura yellow-haired.
Abdomen dull black, a little shining at the apex; it has yellow basal
spots and two broad bands; the basal spots are large, somewhat
triangular with the hind margin about straight; they are placed quite
near the front margin and not broadly separated in the middle; the
bands lie close to the front margins of the segments and are straight,
the one on third segment occupies the half of the segment and has
a little emargination just in the middle behind; the band on fourth
segment occupies less than the half of the segment and has no
emargination; the bands all go over the margin in full breadth; the
fourth segment has a broad, yellow hind margin, the fifth is almost
quite yellow. ‘The hairs ‘follow mainly the ground colour, but are
black at the apex, and on the middle and at the hind margin of the
band on fourth segment; at the sides the hairs alternate yellow and
black in accordance with the bands. Venter yellow on the basal half,
brown or black on the apical half; it is clothed with long hairs, mainly
yellow on the basal, black on the apical part, but the basal part has
some black hairs behind. Genitalia small, yellow, only the knob a
little dark behind; the hairs yellow and black. Legs yellow with the
base of femora black, anterior tarsi with the three middle joints
darkened, hind tarsi blackish, brownish towards base; front and hind
cox yellowish. The long hairs behind the anterior femora yellow,
somewhat dense on middle femora; the hairs on the anterior side of
hind femora not long, black with some few yellow below; the short
hairs mainly yellow on the anterior legs, black on the hind legs, but
middle femora often with many black hairs on the anterior side, and
hind tibize with yellow hairs below. Wings hyaline or a little tinged.

Syrphus. 297

Squamule pale yellow with a yellow margin and fringe. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex somewhat narrow, the frons widening down-
wards, it is yellowish pruinose at the sides leaving in the middle a
black, elongated triangle, stretching from vertex to antenne; the hairs
black. No black hairs above at the eye-margin. Abdominal bands
as in the male, slightly narrower.

Length 10—13,5 mm.

S. grossulariae is by no means common in Denmark, or at all
events rather local, and hitherto only taken on Sealand; Ordrup Mose
(Steger), Frersleyv Hegn (the author), Nyrup Hegn, Tisvilde (Klécker,
the author). My dates are 4/7—‘/s. It occurs in and at woods, I have
taken it on flowers of Spireea and Sambucus.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Bohemia and Styria, and also recorded from Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. It occurs also
in North America (Lesueurii, conjungens).

13. S. diaphanus Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. [I], 711,12 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
310. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FJ. VIII, 364, 12. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 64.

Male. Frons yellow and yellow pruinose, shining above the
antenne; epistoma yellow, whitish pruinose at the sides and the
jowls likewise. Vertex with brown hairs; frons yellow-haired with
some few black hairs intermingled; epistoma with yellow hairs. Occiput
ereyish white pruinose below, yellowish above; the hairs likewise
whitish below, yellowish upwards; above only very few dark, over-
hanging hairs. Eyes bare. Antenne black, a little pale at the ex-
treme base, and very slightly so at the base beneath the third joint;
arista about as long as the antenne. Thorax «neous, dull, a little
shining behind, with indications of two stripes in front; it is some-
what yellow at the sides and on the postalar calli; it is clothed with
yellow hairs. Scutellum yellow, with long, yellow hairs. Pleura
yellow-haired. Abdomen is somewhat narrow, dull black, a little
shining at the apex; it has extensive yellow markings consisting of a
pair of basal spots and two bands, and the whole apex is yellow;
the basal spots are large, triangular, lying on the middle of the seg-
ments but sloping upwards at the sides and here reaching the front
margin and going over the sides; the second and third bands lie close
to the front margins; they are broad, occupying about two thirds of the

998 Syrphidae.

segments; they are deeply emarginated in the middle behind and they
slope forwards at the sides, going narrowly over the margin at the
basal corners, they thus form two semicircular spots connected in the
middle; the hind margin of the fourth segment is broadly yellow and
the whole fifth segment is yellow so that the apex is quite yellow.
The hairs follow mainly the ground colour but are somewhat pale at
the base, and black at the apex; at the sides they are yellow at the
base, for the rest alternating black and yellow according to the bands.
Venter pale yellow with dark bands at the hind margins of the seg-
ments, on the second segment divided into triangular side spots; it is
clothed with long, pale hairs, more or less black on the dark parts.
Genitalia small, yellow, only eighth segment a little darkened behind;
they are yellow-haired. Legs yellow, middle cox greyish black,
anterior tarsi with third and fourth joints a little brownish, hind tarsi
blackish brown; all the hairs are yellow except the short hairs on the
anterior and ventral side of the apical half of hind femora and on
nearly all the hind tibiz, where they are black. Wings brownish
tinged. Squamule and fringes yellow. MHalteres yellow.

Female. I do not know the female; according to the descriptions
the vertex is black, frons pale yellow, the black colour of vertex
slightly produced in the middle. Vertex with black, frons with yellow
hairs. Abdominal bands going more widely over the side margin than
in the male.

Length 10,5 mm.

This beautiful species somewhat resembles a bright ribesiz, but it
is narrower and easily distinguished by the black antenne, yellow
and yellow-haired frons and quite yellow legs.

S. diaphanus is very rare in Denmark, we have only one speci-
men, a male, taken on Funen between Odense and Middelfart (H. J.
Hansen); no date is given.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, and
recorded down to Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden but
everywhere a rare species.

14. S. nitidicollis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 308,51. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
709,10 et 1849. VIII, 3133, 10 et 1859. XIII, 5092, 10 (Scaeva). — 1862.
Schin. F. A. J, 310. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 375, 16, figs. 293—294.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 68. — Scaeva ribesii p. p. 1817. Fall.
Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 40.

Male. Vertex somewhat narrow and elongate, longer than the
eye-suture, blackish; frons yellow, the upper half greyish pruinose the

Syrphus. . 299

pruinosity stretching narrowly down the eye-margins. Epistoma yel-
low or dark yellow, yellowish pruinose at the sides, the lowermost
lateral parts blackish or with a blackish band across to the eye; jowls
blackish. Vertex and frons black-haired; epistoma yellow-haired, above
at the sides of the antenne are black hairs. Occiput greyish white
pruinose; the hairs white below, yellow upwards; above a row of
black hairs overhanging the eyes. Eyes bare. Antenne yellow or
reddish yellow, third joint oval; arista black, about as long as the
antenne. Thorax dark seneous, sometimes somewhat bluish, shining,
a little yellowish above the wing root and on the postalar calli; it is
clothed with yellow hairs, densest at the sides. Scutellum yellow,
a little seneous, with black hairs, at the base and basal corners some
yellow hairs and also often along the margin. Pleura with yellow
hairs, whitish downwards. Abdomen black, dull or slightly shining,
but shining at the apex; it has a pair of yellow basal spots and two
bands; the basal spots lie on the middle of the segment, they are
large, somewhat triangular, going in full width over the side margin
and stretching along it to the base; the band on third segment lies
near the front margin, it occupies the half of the segment; it is more
or less but generally slightly emarginate behind, a little sloping at the
sides and going widely over the margin; the band on fourth segment
similar but close to the front margin; fourth segment with a broad
orange hind margin, fifth segment with all margins yellow and thus
only with a black, transverse middle spot. The hairs on abdomen
follow the ground colour but are black at apex in the middle; at the
sides they are yellow at the base and alternating black and yellow
down the sides according to the bands. Venter quite pale yellow and
translucent, clothed with long, pale hairs, only on the fourth segment
some black hairs. Genitalia not large, yellow, the end of the eighth
segment black, shining, the hairs black and yellow. Legs yellow, coxe
and the very base of femora black, on hind femora sometimes in-
distinctly; hind. tarsi generally a little brownish, especially towards
the apex. The long hairs behind the anterior femora yellow, on the
anterior side of hind femora mainly black, the short hairs on the
anterior side of hind femora and tibie black, for the rest yellow.
Wings yellowish to pale brownish tinged, especially at the anterior
margin. Squamule and fringes yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex of medium breadth, black; frons yellow above
the antenne, for the rest black, with large, yellowish side dust spots
leaving a black middle line, widened below; the hairs black. Jowls
greyish or more or less yellowish. Antenne a liltle larger than
in the male, and the abdominal bands slightly narrower. Legs

300 Syrphidae.

with only the cox blackish, and hind tarsi sometimes slightly

brownish.

Length 10—12 mm.

S. nitidicollis is not rare in Denmark, though it can scarcely be
termed common; Frederiksberg Have, Amager, Ordrup Mose, Dyre-
haven, Lyngby Mose, Sollerod, Tyvekrog, Nordskoven at Jeegerspris,
at Soro; on Lolland in Keldskov; in Jutland at Horsens, Funder near
Silkeborg and Frederikshavn. My dates are °/s—"/7. It occurs in
woods and on fields on various flowers and is especially found in
spring.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe and
recorded down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden,

and in Finland.

15. S. nitens Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 712, 14 et 1849. VIII, 3137, 14 (Scaeva).
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 377, 17, figs. 295—296. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. ll, 68.

Male. Vertex elongated triangular, as long or’scarcely as long as
the eye-suture, blackish; frons either quite yellow or with two black
spots above the antenne, or these spots connected to a lunule; epi-
stoma yellow, mouth edge more or less black and likewise the lower
lateral parts, and sometimes an abbreviated middle stripe black; jowls
blackish. Vertex, frons and epistoma black-haired, or the latter more
or less to almost quite yellow-haired. Occiput whitish grey pruinose,
with white, upwards yellow hairs; above a row a black hairs over-
hanging the eyes. Eyes bare. Antenne reddish, third joint more or
less dark or blackish above, it is elongated oval, longer than the two
basal joints together; arista not so long as the antenne, inserted
rather long from the base. Thorax blackish or bluish eneous, shining;
it is slightly yellowish above the wing-root and on the postalar
calli; it is clothed with yellow or reddish yellow hairs, longest and
densest at the sides. Scutellum yellow, black-haired, with more or
fewer yellow hairs round the margin. Pleura with long, yellow hairs.
Abdomen flat, ovate, with somewhat marked side margins; it is dull
black, a little shining at the hind margins of the segments and more
at the apex; it has a basal pair of yellow spots and two bands; the
basal spots lie on the middle of the segment, they are triangular,
sloping forwards at the sides and here going narrowly over the margin;
the band on the third segment is well away from the front margin,
it is much undulated as its fore margin is curved in at each side and
emarginate in the middle, while the hind margin is strongly emarginate

a

Syrphus. | 301

in the middle and sloping at the sides; sometimes it is almost, or
actually, narrowly interrupted in the middle; the second band is
similar but a little nearer.the front margin; the bands go near to but
do not quite reach the margin with their upper corners; fourth and
fifth segments have narrow, yellow hind margins, the latter also yel-
low spots at the basal corners. The hairs follow the ground colour
but are mainly black at apex; at the sides they are long and yellow
at the base, for the rest short and black. Venter yellow with black,
transverse spots on the middle of the segments; it has long, pale, on
the apical half mainly black hairs. Genitalia of medium size, eighth
segment black except just at base, with black hairs. Legs yellow,
anterior femora with the base black, hind femora more black gener-
ally to near the apex, tarsi with the middle joints more or less
brownish, hind tarsi often upon the whole darker. The long hairs on
femora black and yellow or almost all black, the short hairs black
on hind femora and tibize and also partly on middle femora, for the
rest yellow. Wings hyaline or slightly tinged. Squamule pale yellow
with a darker fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex of medium breadth, bluish, shining; frons with
two small side dust spots which cause a short, black furca to proceed
from the vertex, the lower third is yellow, as in the male generally
with two spots or a black lunule above the antenne; the hairs all
black. Abdominal markings somewhat narrower than in the male,
the bands going over the margin just at their upper corners. Legs
paler as the femora are quite yellow or only a little black at the base.

Length 8,5—10,5 mm. 7

The larva is as usual transversely corrugated; it is not chagreened
but very densely clothed with short, fine spines, and it has the usual
soft bristles placed transversely on the corrugations and at the sides
on small warts; the arrangement is as in the other larve; the bristles
are relatively long. The posterior spiracular process is quite short, a
little cleft just at the end. The ventral proleg-like warts rather distinct.
The colour is reddish grey with some blackish markings and a nar-
row, black middle line. The length is 13mm. The pupa is of the
common shape, not much attenuated behind; it is likewise finely
spinulose, but the longer bristles are rather indistinct; the colour is
similar to that of the larva. The length is about 7 mm.

This species has sometimes been compared with nitidicollis, and
Strobl and Thalhammer even consider it as a variety of this species.
I am quite of the same opinion as Verrall, when he says that he finds
the two species very different, and does not understand that they
can be considered as the same species, and like him I should think

302 Syrphidae.

that Strobl and Thalhammer have not had their species correctly
determined. S. nitens is not at all similar to nitidicollis and it is
much more allied to the latifasciatus-corolle group. It is distinguished
not only by its outer appearance caused by its flatter, broader and
distinctly marginate abdomen with the undulated bands, which do not
reach the margin or only just at the upper corners, but besides by a
multitude of minute characters, as the shorter vertex and yellow frons
in the male, the darker antenne with a longer third joint and the
arista inserted farther from the base, the short, all black hairs at the
margin of abdomen, the more yellow frons of the female, the markings
on venter and still other characters.

S. nitens is rather rare in Denmark; Copenhagen, Lyngby Mose,
Geel Skov, O@rholm, Ruderhegn, Trorgd, Nyrup Hegn, Tisvilde, Jeegers-
pris, at Sore; in Jutland at Horsens, Laven near Silkeborg and at
Rebbild near Skorping. My dates are */s—%/9. I have taken it in
woods on flowers of Composite. The larva I took among Aphides
on Prunus in a garden at Copenhagen on */e6, one pupated on °/s and
the imago came on 1%; a pupa was taken in Ruderhegn in flood
refuse on 1/4, it developed on “/s (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe and
recorded down into Styria; towards the north to northern Sweden,
and in Finland; it seems upon the whole to be a rare species.

16. S. latifasciatus Macq.

1827. Macq. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1827, 242, 28 et 1834. Suit. a Buff. I, 541,
32. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 132, 203. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
VIII, 371, 15, fig. 292. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 66. — Scaeva
abbreviata Zett. 1849. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3136, 13—14. — Syrphus affinis
Loew, 1840. Programm Posen, 33, 11 et sis 1840, 571, 11. — Syrphus
excisus p. p. 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 311.

Male. Vertex large, considerably longer than the eye-suture but
not specially narrow; it is black, yellowish pruinose behind; frons and
epistoma yellow, mouth edge darkened and the lower lateral parts of
epistoma black; the central knob may be darkened. Jowls black,
greyish pruinose. Vertex and frons black-haired, the former with
yellow hairs behind; epistoma with yellow hairs, at the sides above
are black hairs. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs pale yellow below,
darker upwards, but there are no black hairs. Occiput is rather much
puffed out above so that the hinder eye-margin is broad. Eyes bare.
Antenne blackish or brown, paler beneath, third joint oval; arista
short, shorter than the antenne. Thorax eneous, a little greenish,
not much shining, generally with three more or less visible, duller

_ Syrphus. 303

stripes; it is a little yellowish above the wing-root and on the postalar
calli; it is clothed with yellow hairs, densest at the sides. Scu-
tellum yellow or a little darkened, with yellow hairs, sometimes with
some few black intermingled; in rare cases the black hairs more
numerous, predominant on the disc. Pleura with long, yellow hairs.
Abdomen marginate, dull black, a little shining at the hind margins
of the segments and more at the apex, with a pair of yellow basal
spots and two broad bands; the basal spots lie somewhat near the
hind margin, they are large, triangular, at the sides sloping upwards
towards the basal corners; the band on third segment lies near the
front margin, its fore margin is a little undulate, behind it is more
or less deeply emarginate in the middle, and at the sides it bends
somewhat angularly upwards so that it is here about parallel with
the side margin; it is broad, occupying more than two thirds of the
segment; the band on fourth segment is similar but quite near to the
front margin; the basal spots generally go over the side at the basal
corners, the bands are generally isolated but may reach the sides
above more or less indistinctly; the emarginations in the middle of
the front and hind margins may vary in depth, and they may go
quite through so the band is separated into spots, either both bands
or only the one on third segment. The fourth segment has a yellow
hind margin, the fifth is yellow with a black middle spot. The hairs
on abdomen follow the ground colour but are black at apex; al the
sides they are long and yellow just at the base, for the rest short
and black. Venter yellow with large, black, transverse spots on the
segments ; it has long, yellow hairs, shorter and black behind. Geni-
talia small, sixth and seventh segments yellow, eighth mostly black,
ninth yellowish or somewhat blackish; the hairs black and yellow.
Legs yellow with the basal third of anterior femora and the basal
half or two thirds of hind femora black; anterior tarsi with the three
middle joints brownish, hind tarsi blackish, metatarsus yellowish or
brownish. The hairs behind anterior femora mainly black but pale
at the base, on the anterior side of hind femora yellow; the short
hairs are yellow except on the anterior side of hind femora, and they
are black on hind tibiz except below. Wings a little or somewhat
yellowish tinged. Squamule yellow with darker yellow margin and
fringe. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex somewhat broad, black and shining; the frons
likewise to below the middle, the rest yellow; the border of the black
part a little incised in the middle; there are no dust spots; the hairs
black; the hinder eye-margin broad above. Thorax more shining than
in the male. Abdominal bands narrower and generally going distinctly

304 Syrphidae.

over the margin above. Femora paler, about the basal fourth of
anterior femora black, hind femora quite yellow or black at the
very base.

Length 7,5 to fully 9mm.

The larva and pupa are similar to those of nitens, likewise clothed
with fine spines, which are still more distinct than in nitens; there
are also the same bristles. The pupa has a Jength of 6mm.

This species is similar to nitens, but is as a rule smaller; when
the scutellum is quite yellow-haired this distinguishes it, wien not it
is known in the male by the larger vertex and the broader hinder
eye-margin without black hairs. The female is at once known by the
want of frontal dust spots. In both sexes the abdominal bands are
broader, generally less undulate, the spots on second segment lying
nearer the hind margin and the fifth segment quite yellow with only
a black middle spot.

S. latifasciatus does not seem to be common in Denmark; Frede-
riksberg, Damhussg, Uttersleyv Mose, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Lyngby
Mose, Ruderhegn, Donse, Nyrup Hegn; on Lolland in Dademose west
of Nysted; in Jutland at Horsens and Randers, and on Bornholm at
Ro. My dates are */s—‘4/s. It is curious that the imago is only
taken somewhat rarely, while the pupa is more common than most
other Syrphus-pupe; the pupa has been taken in flood refuse in
Ruderhegn on 1/4, developing on 6/4—*/4 (Kryger), and in Damhus-
mosen, Utterslev Mose and in Jutland at Randers, developing in April
and May (Schlick). A larva was taken in Ruderhegn in flood refuse
on /3, it developed on 1/4 (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France and probably also in Italy; towards the north to northern
Sweden; it occurs also in North America.

17. S. corollae Fabr.
1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 306, 106 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 250, 8 (Seaeva).

— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 304, 46. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. If,
720, 23 et 1849. VIII, 3138, 23 et 1855. XIl, 4657, 23 (Scaeva). —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 306. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 381, 19. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il], 62. — Scaeva olitoria Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec.
Syrph. 43, 12. — S. lacerus Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 301, 41. —
S. fulvifrons Macq. 1827. Soc. Se. Lille 1827, 240, 24 et 1834. Suit. a
Buff. 1, 540, 19. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 132, 101. — S. crenatus Macq.
1827. 1. c. 243, 29 et 1834. 1. ec. I, 541, 23. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. Vil,

133, 104. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 312.

Male. Vertex somewhat large, longer than the eye-suture, black,
greyish behind; frons and epistoma yellow, the front mouth edge and

ek ie guete. <9 .~

Syrphus. . 305

the central knob blackish; jowls greyish black, sometimes yellowish.
- Vertex and frons black-haired, the former with yellow hairs behind;
epistoma yellow-haired, above, at the sides of the antenne, with black
hairs. Occiput greyish pruinose with whitish hairs, yellowish upwards,
and there are no black hairs above; the occiput is somewhat puffed
out at the upper eye-margin. Antenne black or blackish, more or
less reddish below the base of the third joint; arista not so long as
the antenne. Thorax greenish seneous or more brass-coloured, not
much shining; postalar calli somewhat yellowish; the thorax is clothed
with yellow hairs, dense at the sides. Scutellum dark yellow, some-
times bluish reflecting, with yellow hairs; there are sometimes some
black hairs on the disc. Pleura with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen
somewhat marginate, dull black, shining at the apex, first segment
greenish, shining; there are three pairs of broad, yellow spots; the
basal spots lying about on the middle, broadly separated; they are
transverse, sloping forwards at the sides and going over the margin;
the spots on third segment are large, lying near the front margin,
they are slightly lunulate in front but straight behind and broadest
inwards, as they slope away from the front margin outwards, and they
go over the side margin above; they go near to each other in the

S. corallae 3, abdomen.
Fig. 121. Typical specimen. Fig. 122. The common variety.

middle and are very often here united, forming a band excised in the

middle of front and hind margins; the spots on fourth segment are

similar but quite near to the front margin, and they are nearly always

united to a band, which is generally incised only behind; they go

widely over the margin, and as a rule the margin from here and
20

306 Syrphidae.

backwards is quite yellow; the fourth segment has a yellow hind

margin and the fifth is quite yellow with a small, black middle spot. .

The hairs on abdomen are somewhat short, they follow mainly the
ground colour but are somewhat pale at the base and between the
middle spots also when these are not united; at the sides the hairs
are long and yellow at the base, for the rest short and black. Venter
yellow, with black, transverse middle spots on the segments, which
spots vary in size and may be wanting on the hinder segments; it
has long, pale hairs, short and black on fourth segment. Genitalia
characteristic, they are large and swollen, sixth and seventh segments
reddish, eighth large, black and shining, ninth likewise unusually large,
reddish; the genitalia are pale-haired. Legs yellow with the basal
third of front femora and the hind femora except the apical part
black; anterior tarsi with the three middle joints brownish or the
front tarsi quite brownish; hind tarsi except metatarsus blackish. The
long hairs on femora yellow, more or less blackish outwards; on hind
femora there are but few hairs; the short hairs black on the anterior
side of hind femora and above hind tibie, for the rest yellow. Wings
slightly tinged. Squamule pale yellow with yellow margin and fringes.
Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex somewhat broad, black, the lower two thirds of the
frons yellow, above the antennze may be a pair of dark spots; there
are small, yellowish side dust spots between which the black colour
may be slightly and vaguely produced; the hairs black. Abdomen
with the spots narrower or much narrower than in the male and
more lunulate; they are almost always separated, only in very rare
cases the third or second and third pairs may be narrowly united.
Legs paler, femora quite yellow, only the anterior black just at
the base.

Length 7,5—10,5 mm, sometimes, but rarely, smaller specimens
are found, down to 6 mm.

The larva and pupa are similar to those of nitens, likewise with
a clothing of very fine, dense spines, and they are of about the same
colour, the black markings forming longitudinal lines or rows of spots,
and there is a black middle line; the pupa is 5—6 mm long.

This species varies, as seen, much, especially in the male, but it
is, however, distinguished without difficulty; in the male it is at once
distinguished by the characteristic large genitalia; in the female it is
distinguished from nitens by the yellow-haired scutellum and separated
abdominal lunules, and from /atifasciatus by the presence of frontal
dust spots. — The varieties of the male have sometimes given rise
to confusion, and are no doubt often misunderstood, thus I got males

Syrphus. 307

from abbé O. Parent in Arras determined as /atifasciatus, but they
were only the common variety of corollae with united spots. —
Under lunulatus 1 have shown that the present species cannot be
pinastri De Geer.

S. corollae is very common in Denmark and occurs on various
flowers on nearly all localities all over the country, generally in great
numbers. My dates are */s—*?/9; it is most common in late summer
and autumn. I have taken it in copula on ‘'/7. The larva I have
taken among Aphides on Prunus in a garden on */6, it developed on
22/6; Mr. Kryger took a pupa at Damhusmosen on °/s, it developed on
14/3, — Verrall records that he does not remember to have seen this
species hovering, | have, however often seen it so, but generally about
the flowers, not high in the air.

Geographical distribution: — Very widely distributed, through all
Europe, towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland;
further in northern Africa, on the Canaries and Madeira, and in Asia
down to Japan; it occurs perhaps also in North America. .

18. S. luniger Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 300, 40. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
718, 21 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 306. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
VIII, 385, 20, fig. 298. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II], 66. — S. nigri-
femoratus Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1827, 241, 26 et 1834. Suit a Buff.
I, 540, 21. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 132, 102. — Seaeva arcuata
Fall. p. p. 1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 42.

Male. Vertex elongated triangular, fully as long as the eye-suture.
Frons yellow, sometimes with brownish or blackish spots above the
antenne; epistoma yellow, the front mouth
edge black and the central knob brown or
blackish. Jowls black, grey pruinose. Vertex
and frons black-haired, the former with yellow
hairs behind; epistoma yellow-haired, above,
at the sides of the antenne, black hairs. Occi-
put greyish pruinose, with white hairs, yellow
upwards, above a row of black hairs, over-
hanging the eyes; the occiput is a little puffed
out along the upper eye-margin. - Eyes bare.

Fig. 123.
Antenne blackish or brown, paler below, third Held at Stewmaer t=

joint elongated oval, considerably longer than

the two basal together; arista scarcely as long as the antenne. Thorax
zneous, shining, often bluish or more brassy, or sometimes a little
purplish; postalar calli slightly yellowish; the thorax is clothed with
20*

!

308 Syrphidae.

somewhat long, yellow hairs, densest at the sides; scutellum dark
yellowish, somewhat bluish eneous, with black hairs, at the basal
corners and at the margin yellow hairs. Pleura with long, yellow
hairs. Abdomen marginate, dull black, a little shining at the hind
margins of the segments especially the third, and shining at the apex;
first segment bluish, shining; there are three pairs of large, yellow
spots; the first pair triangular, lying on the middle, sloping at the
sides and going near to the side margin at the upper corner but
generally not reaching it; the second pair are near to the front
margin, they are lunulate, a little oblique with the inner end nearest
the front margin; the outer lower corner is angular, the outer side
straight, nearer the side margin in front than behind; the third pair
similar but still nearer the front margin; the spots are isolated from
the side margin; the fourth segment has a yellow hind margin and
the fifth is yellow with a transverse, black middle spot. The hairs on
abdomen follow the ground colour, at the sides they are jong and
yellow at the base, for the rest short and black. Venter yellow, with
black, transverse middle spots on the segments; it is clothed with
long, pale hairs, fourth segment partly with short, black hairs. Genitalia
small, reddish, only the eighth segment black just behind; the hairs
are black, pale only at the lower margin of the eighth segment. Legs
yellow with about the basal third of anterior femora and the basal
half or two thirds of hind femora black; the front tarsi and the last
four joints of the posterior tarsi blackish, hind metatarsi generally
brownish. The long hairs on femora are pale at the base, more or
less black outwards most so on front femora; the short hairs on the
anterior side of hind femora and on dorsal and anterior sides of hind
tibiee black, for the rest yellow. Wings hyaline or very slightly tinged.
Squamulz whitish yellow with yellow margin and fringes. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex of medium breadth, shining black, the black
space about quadrate; there are somewhat large, yellowish side dust
spots, between which the black colour is produced as a small furca
about half way down; there are generally dark spots above the
antenne; the hairs are black. Abdominal spots generally narrower
than in the male though varying in this respect, the basal spots go
often over the margin at the upper corners and second and third
pairs may in rare cases reach the margin just above. Anterior femora
with the base black, hind femora somewhat varying, sometimes quite
yellow, or with the base black or more rarely this colour is more ex-
tended stretching over the basal half or almost two thirds.

Length 9—11,5 mm.

Syrphus. 309

The pupa of this species is again similar to that of nitens and
thus with the same clothing of dense, fine spines; it is fully 7 mm long.

This species is distinguished by its isolated lunules; moreover it
differs from corollae by the black-haired scutellum, further in the male
by the small genitalia, and in the female by the larger frontal dust
spots between which is a larger and distinct prolongation from the
black colour; from /atifasciatus it is distinguished by the larger size,
black-haired scutellum and further by a less broad hinder eye-margin
and smaller vertex, and in the female by the frontal dust spots.
S. nitens will be the most similar species when its abdominal bands
are nearly or quite interrupted, but /uniger may, I think, be known
by the hinder eye-margin being a little broader and the vertex longer,
and also by the generally more yellow-haired epistoma; in the female
the separated and isolated abdominal lunules seem to be a sure
distinction.

S.luniger is a common species in Denmark; Copenhagen in
gardens, Amager, Vester Felled, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Erme- -
lund, Dyrehaven, Tisvilde, Jeegerspris; on Lolland at Strandby; on
Funen at Odense, and on Bornholm in Almindingen. My dates are
16/;—18/10, It occurs on flowers on various localities, often in great
numbers; it seems especially to occur in late summer and autumn. I
have taken the pupa in the earth in a garden at Copenhagen on !“/z,
it developed on **/7, and another sitting on grass in Almindingen on
Bornholm on ‘/s, it developed a few days later.

Geographical! distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. Further it
is recorded from the Canaries.

Remarks: The four last described species, nitens, latifasciatus,
corollae and luniger form a natural group, as also shown by their
larve, and they are also rather similar; when the specimens are
typical the two former are separated by the uninterrupted bands from
the two latter, and the two former species are separated from each
other by the respectively black- or yellow-haired scutellum, and like-
wise the two latter, of which /wniger moreover is separated from
corollae by the abdominal spots being isolated from the side margin.
As seen from the descriptions specimens occur, however, which are
not typical in the said respects, but such specimens may, I think, be
distinguished by the characters mentioned in the remarks after each
species.

19. S. lapponicus Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 598,2 et 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 701, 3 et
1849. VIII, 3131, 3 et 1859. XIII, 5090, 3 (Scaeva). — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.

310 Syrphidae.

Dipt. Ill, 65. — S. arcwatus et var. lapponicus 1901. Verr, Brit. Fl. VIII,
380, fig. 297. — S.arcuatus p. p. 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 305.

Male. Frons yellow with a dark, bilunulate spot above the
antennee; epistoma narrower than in luniger, yellow with a black
iniddle line reaching about to the antennz, the mouth edge and lower
lateral corners blackish; jowls bluish eneous. Vertex and frons black-
haired; epistoma yellow-haired with some black hairs above, at the
sides of the antenne. Occiput greyish pruinose, the hairs yellow,
above a few black, overhanging hairs. Eyes bare. Antennz brownish,
a little paler below; third joint oval, a little longer than the two
basal together; arista as long as or a little longer than the antenne.
Thorax dark eneous or somewhat bluish, shining, postalar calli slightly
brownish; thorax clothed with yellow hairs, densest at the sides.
Scutellum yellow, with blackish hairs on the disc. Pleura with long,
yellow hairs. Abdomen somewhat marginate, dull black, shining at
base and apex. It has three pairs of yellow lunules about as in
luniger and isolated from the side margins; the first pair transversely
oblong, not sloping forwards at the sides; fourth and fifth segments
with narrow, yellow hind margins. The hairs on abdomen follow the
ground colour, at the sides they are long and yellow at the base, for
the rest black. Venter yellowish, with large, black, transverse spots
on the segments; it has long, pale hairs, towards the apex they are
shorter and dark. Genitalia of medium size, black. Legs yellow,
anterior femora with the basal third black, hind femora except the
apex black or blackish; hind tibiz with a faint, dark ring in the
middle; tarsi with the three middle joints blackish, hind metatarsus
brownish. The long hairs on femora mainly yellow, only towards

Fig. 124. Wing of S. lapponicus o.

apex some black; the short hairs dark on the anterior side of hind
femora and mostly dark on hind tibiz, for the rest yellow. Wings
nearly hyaline; the cubital vein distinctly dipped down above the first
posterior cel]. Squamule pale yellow with yellow margin and fringes.
Halteres yellow.

Syrphus. dll

Female. Vertex broad, black and shining, the black space nearly
quadrate, from it goes a black middle line forwards which soon widens
and forms a large, black lunule above the antenne; side dust spots
large; the hairs black. Abdominal lunules distinctly narrower than in
the male. Legs as in the male, tarsi, especially the front ones, rather
obviously flattened.

Length about 10—11,5 mm.

S. lapponicus is very rare i Denmark, we have only one specimen,
a male, taken by Steger in Ordrup on 1/7; 1843, no doubt just the
specimen mentioned by Zetterstedt (1. c. VIII, 3131).

Geographical distribution:— By the confusion of the species in
question it is not possible to give the distribution with certainty, but
the species occurs in Scandinavia, towards the north to northern
Sweden, in Finland and in England, and it is recorded from all
Europe; it is also recorded from North America but the determination
is not certain.

90. S. arcuatus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 42,11 (Sceaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 302, 43. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 719, 22 (Scaeva). — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 305, p. p. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 58.

Male. Frons broad and somewhat inflated, almost as in Lasioph-
thicus, the upper angle obtuse; epistoma likewise broad, yellow, central
knob blackish or brown and mouth edge
more or less so. Jowls eneous. Vertex
and frons black-haired, the latter densely
but the whole front half bare; epistoma
yellow-haired, above at the sides of the
antenne are black hairs. Occiput grey
pruinose, the hairs white below, yellowish
upwards; just above some black, over-
hanging hairs. Eyes bare; there is a space
of large facets about as in Lasiophthicus
but a little less pronounced. Antenne a Feat

: : Fig. 125.
brownish or blackish brown, pale below, Beat oe Sree
third joint oval, longer than the two basal
joints together; arista as long as or longer than the antenne. Thorax
blue, brightly shining, a little yellowish at the sides, especially on the
postalar calli; it is clothed with yellow hairs, somewhat dense at the
sides. Scutellum dark yellow, somewhat bluish, black-haired, at the
basal corners and the margin are yellow hairs. Pleura with long,
yellowish hairs. Abdomen marginate, dull black, shining at the apex

312 Syrphidae.

and at the hind margin of the third seginent; first segment bluish,
shining. There are three pairs of yellow lunules, about as in luniger;
the first pair triangular, not lunulate, and just reaching the side margin
at the upper corner, second and third pairs isolated from the margin;
the fourth segment has a yellow hind margin, the fifth likewise and
also basal corner spots, or it is yellow with a black, transverse spot.
The hairs on abdomen follow mainly the ground colour, but at the
base and between the lunules are some pale hairs; at the sides the
hairs are long and yellow at the base, for the rest short and black.
Venter yellowish with black or brown, transverse spots on the seg-
ments; it has long, pale hairs, at the apex are short, black hairs.
Genitalia small, black and reddish, with black hairs. Legs yellow,
anterior femora with about the basal third, hind femora with about
the basal half or two thirds black; tarsi brownish, last joint paler and
middle metatarsus more or less yellow. The long hairs on femora
considerably black but pale at the base, on hind femora only black
at apex; the short hairs black on the anterior side of hind femora,
and mostly on hind tibiz, for the rest yellow. Wings hyaline; cubital
vein slightly curved but not or scarcely more than in dumiger. Squa-
mule whitish with a pale yellow margin and fringe. Halteres pale
yellow.

Female. Vertex black, shining, the black space about quadrate;
frons somewhat arched, the usual transverse depression slight or quite
wanting; there are somewhat large, yellowish grey dust spots, between
which is a short and often vague or almost wanting prolongation
from the black vertex, stopping long before the middle; the frons for
the rest dark yellow, often with two more or less distinct, brown
spots above the antenne; the hairs black. Abdominal markings a
little narrower than in the male. Legs as in the male, hind femora
with only the basal third or half black; tarsi, especially front tarsi,
somewhat flattened.

Length 11,5 to fully 12 mm.

This species is not unlike L. pyrastri or seleniticus but is at once
distinguished by the bare eyes.

S. arcuatus is rare in Denmark, and it is curious that it seems
to have been more common in earlier time, as I know about twenty
specimens, all taken many years ago but none more recently; vicinity
of Copenhagen (Schlick), Ordrup Mose (Steger), at Sorg (Jacobsen)
and in Jutland at Horsens (O. G. Jensen); the dates are *8/s—1°/7.

Geographical distribution: — The species occurs (if correctly deter-
mined) in Scandinavia to the northern parts, and on Iceland; it is
otherwise recorded from various parts of Europe, and also from Green-

FEN tT».

Syrphus. | 313

land, but according to the confusion with the preceding and other
allied species the records are doubtful; I have examined specimens
from Greenland, but [ do not think they belong to the present species.

Remarks: The two species lapponicus and arcuatus are evidently
allied to the group formed by the four foregoing species, and they are
also similar to these species, especially to luniger; lapponicus is at
once distinguished by the dipped cubital vein; arcwatus is in the male
likewise easily distinguished by the broad, inflated frons and the area
of enlarged eye-facets; the female will be distinguished from luniger
only with difficulty; it may be known by its larger size, more blue
thorax, and the more arched frons with the short, sometimes vague
elongation from the black vertex, this elongation going in luniger
generally below the middle of the frons.

Though /apponicus and arcuatus, in spite of their similar outer
appearance, are rather different, we are, however, at present in con-
fusion with regard to them, and I do not feel quite sure with regard
to the determination. My reasons for the determination are the fol-
lowing: with regard to lapponicus Zetterstedt says that the cubital
vein is more curved than in arcuatus, and as said the sole male I
have of my lapponicus is mentioned by Zetterstedt; to be sure it is
referred to his var. c., which is “duplo minor’, but the species seems
really to vary a good deal in size. The females I have described, and
which no doubt are specifically identical with my male, are from Lap-
land, sent from Zetterstedt, and as for as we know labelled lapponicus;
| therefore think this determination correct. My doubts are greater
with regard to my arcuatus; it has the cubital vein slightly curved,
as Zetterstedt notes, but the curvation is scarcely stronger than in
luniger; it is upon the whole larger than lapponicus, but Zetterstedt
calls it smaller, though he gives the same largest size, 3'/2 lin. for both;
that he does not mention the area of large eye-facets and the some-
what inflated frons, is, I think, of no consequence. Zetterstedt’s lap-
ponicus and arcuatus Fall. have hitherto been separated only on small
characters, and have often been considered as the same species;
should this prove to be the case my arcuatus must be an hitherto
undescribed species. — Verral] has no doubt had only lapponicus, as
he for both gives the dipped cubital vein and mentions only some
colour variation of the legs. On the other hand it is evidently my
arcuatus which Malm (K. V. och V. Samh. Géteborg Handl. VII, 30)
describes as luniger as seen from the description of the frons. —
Verrall says (Brit. Fl. VIII, 387) that in the Copenhagen Museum he
found nine specimens labelled arcuatus, which appeared to be luniger;
this is correct, only that the five of them were corollae; further he

314 Syrphidae.

says that eight specimens labelled /uniger were probably Catabomba
selenitica, but this is not correct, these eight specimens are just my
arcuatus; Verrall’s expression shows how much the species is similar
to a Catabomba, but he has failed to observe the bare eyes. On
pag. 333—34 Verrall speaks of four specimens from North America i
Bigot’s collection, labelled /apponicus, which he considers as a bare-
eyed Catabomba, and which he thinks may perhaps be the true European
S. lapponicus; after the above it would be my areuatus, but as shown
below, it is probable that neither lapponicus nor arcuwatus occur in
North America. Osburn (Journ. New York Ent. Soc. XVIII, 1910, 53)
records S. arcuatus, under which he includes both arcuatus and lap-
ponicus, but according to his figure of the broad frons in the male
and the dipped cubital vein it cannot be my arcuatus nor lapponicus.
At the same place the author describes a new species, S. perplexus,
likewise with a broad frons, but with an almost straight cubital vein;
the colour of the frons of the female shows that the species cannot
be my arcuatus. Our two species thus do not seem to occur in
America, and the species from Bigot’s collection mentioned by Verrall
is probably one of Osburn’s species. Osburn says that in both his
species some males have an area of enlarged eye-facets, others not;
among his specimens of arcuatus there were only few males with the
area and none from Europe, in perplerus most males had the area.
I do not think this possible; the character of a distinctly marked area
of large facets is according to my experiences not variable in the same
species; supposed that the author has separated his specimens correctly
I should be inclined to think that the different condition might be due
to exsiccation, which sometimes may cause an area of larger facets
less easy to observe.

21. S. bifasciatus Fabr.

_ 1794, Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 305, 101 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 248, 2
(Seaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III], 309, 52. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 713, 15 et 1855. XIl, 4656, 15 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
309. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 387, 21, figs. 299-301. — 1907. Kat.
paladarkt. Dipt. III, 61.

Male. Vertex elongate, black; frons yellow, with a large, black
lunule above the antenne, and behind a little dark pruinose. Epistoma
yellow, the mouth edge and lower lateral parts darkened to black.
Jowls black or greyish, more or less yellow behind. Vertex yellow-
haired behind, black-haired in front, frons black-haired; epistoma
yellow-haired, above at the sides with some black hairs. Occiput
greyish yellow pruinose, the hairs yellow, upwards dark yellow; no

Syrphus. 315

or a few black hairs above. Eyes bare. Antenne blackish, pale below;
arista as long as the antenne. Thorax zneous or dark brass-coloured,
shining ; it is clothed with yellow hairs, densest at the sides. Scutellum
yellowish brown, densely yellow-haired. Pleura with long, yellow
hairs. Abdomen not very ovate, often rather parallel-sided, black or
more brownish black, shining, a little dullish on second segment. It
has a pair of large, triangular basal spots, widely separated in the
middle, going widely over the side margin and here occupying about
the whole segment; the third segment has a hand at the front margin,
emarginate in the middle behind or interrupted; it goes over the sides;
the band may sometimes be reduced to small lateral spots or it may
be quite wanting; the rest of abdomen is black. The hairs on ab-
domen somewhat long, mainly yellow but more or less black at the
hind margins of the segments and at the apex; at the side margins
they are yellow and somewhat long, longest at the base. Venter
yellowish on the basal half, black on the apical half, with long, yellow
hairs. Genitalia somewhat large, black, with black and some pale
hairs. Legs yellow, base of femora black ranging from just the base
to about the basal third; hind tarsi black, the last or two last joints
more or less yellowish, front metatarsi sometimes blackish at the ex-
treme base. The hairs on the legs all yellow, or some few black
above the hind tibie. Wings a little tinged. Squamule yellowish
with a darker margin and fringe. Halteres yellow or pale yellow.

Female. Vertex of medium breadth, black; frons with large,
yellowish side dust spots, between which a black middle stripe down
to the black lunule above the antenne; the hairs black. Jowls yellow.
The basal abdominal spots larger than in the male, going near to
each other in the middle or united to a band; the second band
generally uninterrupted, and there is not rarely a narrow band at the
front margin of also the fourth segment (this band may also be present
in the male, but I have never seen it in any Danish specimen of this
sex). Legs with the femora not black at the base.

Length 9,5—11,5 mm.

As seen from the description this species varies a good deal with
regard to the abdominal markings, but in spite of this it is so
characteristic that it cannot be confounded with any other species. —
The type to the species, a male, is present in the collection of Ténder
Lund, and I have examined it.

S. difasciatus is somewhat common in Denmark; Copenhagen in
gardens, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Lyngby, at Sorg; on Falster and
on Lolland at Maribo and Strandby; on Langeland at Lohals; in Jut-
land at Horsens. My dates are */;—'/;, it is thus a somewhat early

316 Syrphidae. —

species. It occurs in woods and thickets and often in gardens, |
think more often in gardens than on any other locality.

Geographical distribution: — Europa down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden.

22. S. balteatus De Geer.

1776. De Geer, Mém. Ins. VI, 116, 7 (Musca). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 317, 57. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 721, 24 et 1849. VIII,
3149, 24 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 309. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
VIII, 390, 22, fig. 302. — 1907. Kat. paladarki. Dipt. III, 60. — Syrphus
nectareus Fabr. 1787. Mantis. Ins. Il, 341 et 1794. Ent. Syst. 1V, 309,
116 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 253, 22 (Scaeva). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph.
43, 14 (Scaeva).

Male. Head as high as broad, frons and epistoma narrow. Vertex
very elongate, yellowish pruinose; frons yellow, a little greyish dusted
behind; epistoma yellow, whitish yellow pruinose, the central knob
shining; near the lower corner of the eye a blackish spot. Jowls
grey. Vertex yellow-haired, frons with black hairs; epistoma yellow-
haired, above at the sides some black hairs. Ocdiput greyish pruinose,
the hairs whitish below, yellow upwards, no black hairs above. Eyes
bare. Antenne yellow or reddish yellow, third joint more or less
dark above; the third joint oval but rather short, not longer than the
two basal joints together; arista longer than the antenne. ‘Thorax
eeneous or brass-coloured, sometimes a little purplish, shining; it has
three faint, greyish, longitudinal stripes, the median the narrowest;
also the sides a little greyish so that between the stripes four darker
stripes may be seen; the thorax is clothed with yellow hairs, a little.
denser at the sides. Scutellum yellow, with long, black hairs, at the
basal corners a few yellow hairs. Pleura grey pruinose, somewhat
sparingly clothed with pale yellow hairs. Abdomen somewhat narrow
and parallel-sided, dull, somewhat shining at base and apex; it has
extensive yellow markings so that it is more yellow than black; it is
greenish at the base; the second segment has close to the front margin
two large side spots, which on the inner side have a narrow but deep
incision above the middle, and they leave the hind margin black, the
part of the spot above the incision sometimes indistinct; third and
fourth segments have each a broad band towards the front margin,
occupying three fourths of the segments and a little emarginate behind
in the middle; each of the bands has near the front margin a narrow,
black band, stretching near or quite to the sides, in the latter case
dividing the yellow band into two, a narrow anterior and a broad
posterior; the black band is emarginate or interrupted in the middle;

Syrphus. 317

the markings go more or less widely over the side margins, but are
sometimes isolated; the fourth segment has a yellow hind rnargin, the
fifth is quite yellow or with a triangular, black spot. The hairs on
abdomen are short; they are mainly yellow but black just at the hind
margins of second and third segments, and there are also some black
hairs along the middle, and fourth and fifth segments are almost quite
black-haired; at the sides the hairs are longer, longest at the base;
they are here yellow, for the rest alternating yellow and black. Venter
pale yellow with more or less distinct, dark, longitudinal middle spots
on the segments; it has long, pale hairs, on fourth segment also short,
black hairs. Genitalia not large, reddish, eighth segment with a black
spot behind and ninth segment partly black; the hairs black. Legs
somewhat long and slender, yellow, anterior tarsi darkened towards
the end, hind tarsi brownish or blackish. The hairs on the legs yel-
low, black only on the apical half on the anterior side of hind femora
and all round the tip, and nearly all on the hind tibize, which latter
have a distinct antero-dorsal fringe. Wings a little brownish tinged.
Squamule yellowish white with yellow margin and fringes. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Frons and epistoma narrow; vertex and frons yellowish
pruinose, vertical triangle a little aneous and from here an neous
middle stripe stretches down to a bare spot above the antennz, which
spot is yellow, a little eneous above; the hairs black. Thorax with
the stripes generally more distinct than in the male. Pleura more
whitish pruinose, with white hairs. Abdomen as in the male, the
black hind margins of the segments sometimes broader. Legs as in
the male.

Length 9,5—11 mm.

The larva is described as smooth, dirty whitish, with some stripes
at the sides posteriorly; the length is 12 mm. The puparium is whitish,
with more or less distinct, greyish or brownish triangles on the dor-
sum; it is rather attenuated behind and has here a delicate side-brim;
the length is fully 7 mm.

This species cannot be confounded with any other as it has no
ally in Europe; in China, India, Borneo, South America and Australia
very nearly allied and very similar species occur. — The types, a
male and female, to S. nectareus Fabr. are present in the collection
of Ténder Lund, and I have examined them.

S. balteatus is a very common species in Denmark and occurs all
over the country on all localities, also very commonly in gardens; it
is generally seen hovering about bushes. My dates are */;—**/10, it is
thus a late occurring species. Larvae and pupz are often met with;

318 Syrphidae.

larvee were taken on Sambucus among Aphides in Dyrehaven on */7,
they developed on */s, and on Brassica at Maribo in August (Schlick) ;
pup haven been taken on Phragmites, Typha, Rosa and Rheum
between 7°/7 and 7*/s, developing between °/s and '/s.

Geographical distribution: — Widely distributed species; all Europe,
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland; further it occurs
in Asia to Japan, in North Africa, on Madeira and the Canaries.

93. S. cinctellus Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 742, 45 et 1849. VIII, 3143, 45 (Scaeva).
— 1862. Schin. F. A.J, 312. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIll, 392, 23. —
1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il], 62. — Scaeva cincta Fall. p. p. 1817. Dipt.
Suec. Syrph. 45, 18.

Male. Vertex eeneous, elongated triangular; frons and epistoma
somewhat narrow, the central knob elongated; frons yellow and yel-
low pruinose, above the antennze a large, very definitely marked,
black and shining, semicircular spot, a little tridentate in front; epi-
stoma yellow and yellowish pruinose, the knob shining and sometimes
a little darkened; mouth edge reddish. Jowls yellow, along the eye-
margin more or less grey pruinose. Vertex and frons black-haired,
the latter sometimes with paler hairs; epistoma with yellow hairs.
Occiput grey pruinose with white hairs below, yellow upwards; there

Fig. 126. Antenna of S. cinctellus 3, from the inside. >< 60.

are no black hairs above. Eyes bare. Antenne somewhat short,
reddish, third joint more or less blackish above; the third joint short
oval, not longer than the two basal joints together; arista distinctly
longer than the antennee, slightly pubescent. Thorax neous or brass-
coloured, sometimes a little greenish or coppery, shining; the pre-
sulural depression yellowish pruinose; the thorax is clothed with dark
yellow hairs, rather long behind, and here often brownish. Scutellum
yellow with a bluish reflex and with long, black hairs. Pleura with
yellow hairs. Abdomen long and narrow, narrower than thorax and

Syrphus. 319

parallel-sided; it may sometimes be a little broader and a little
widening backwards; it is dull black, shining just at base and apex;
there are a pair of yellow basal spots and two bands; the basal
spots are large, at the sides stretching from the basal corners to near
the hind margin and going in on the disc as very blunt triangles but
widely separated; the band on third segment occupies about the half
of the length, it lies near the front margin; it is more or less but
generally only slightly emarginate behind and often again a little pro-
duced in the middle of the emargination; it is likewise generally a
little produced in the middie of the front margin; the band on fourth
segment is similar but nearer the front margin. The bands go over
the side margin, the basal spots generally only at the upper corners;
the fourth segment has a yellow hind margin, the fifth has the front
margin yellow or is quite yellow with a black middle spot; the hind
margin of fourth and the front margin of fifth segments form together
a third band. The hairs on abdomen not long, they follow partly
the ground colour but along the middle are not few black hairs, and
fourth and fifth segments are almost quite black-haired; at the sides
the hairs are long and yellow on the basal part for the rest altern-
ating black and yellow, but there are generally no black hairs at the
hind corners of second segment. Venter yellow, as far as I could see
without markings; when dark markings seem to be visible it is only
the dorsal markings which shine through; the venter has long, pale
hairs, at the apex shorter, dark hairs. Genitalia relatively large, reddish,
eighth segment a little black behind on the right side; the hairs black.
Legs slender, yellow, anterior femora quite yellow or more or less
blackish at or near the base, hind femora black with the base more
or less broadly yellowish and the apex yellowish; hind tibiz blackish
with the basal part and the apex more or less pale, often only slightly,
hind tarsi blackish. The long hairs on femora are yellow on the
basal, black on the apical part, on the front femora only few black
hairs or none at all; the short hairs are black on the anterior side
of hind femora, and almost all on hind tibie, for the rest yellow;
hind tibiz with an antero-dorsal fringe, somewhat long about the
middle. Wings slightly brownish tinged. Squamule and _halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex not broad, a little shining, for the rest the
frons yellowish pruinose, with a black, shining, semicircular spot as
in the male; the hairs dark. Abdomen with the basal spots more
quadrate, lying close to the front margin, and often also the first
segment yellow; the bands more straight than in the male, not
emarginate but often a little produced in the middle behind. Legs

320 Syrphidae.

paler than in the male, anterior legs quite yellow and hind femora
with a broad, blackish ring at or near the apex.

Length 9—10,5 mm.

The puparium is whitish, marbled with greyish brown, especially
at the sides and forming triangles on the anterior part of the dorsum;
also the ventral side is marbled, but along the sides is a white,
undulated line; it is much attenuated behind and the attenuation is
more sudden than in balteatus; the posterior spiracular process not
long, yellow, cleft at the apex; the length is 6 mm.

S. cinctellus is not rare in Denmark, but it does not belong to
the most common species; Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Bagsveer, Geel
Skov, Wrholm, Ruderhegn, Donse, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Nyraad near
Vordingborg; on Lolland in Egholm Skov and Dedemose west. of Ny-
sted; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen; in Jutland in Greisdal and
Hajenbeek Dal at Vejle, at Horsens, Silkeborg, Frijsenborg and Rebbild
near Skorping, and on Bornholm at Ronne and Lesaa. My dates
are ‘/s«—**/9. It occurs in woods and thickets on leaves and flowers;
I took a pupa in Charlottenlund on the stem of a tree on **/7, it
developed soon after. — I possess a male specimen from Bornholm
being in all respects S. cinctellus but with the spot above the antenne
yellow; the specimen belongs to the most pale-legged.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and central Europe down
into Austria and Styria, and also recorded from Corsica and Spain;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

94. S. cinctus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 45, 18 (Seaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 318, 65. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 741, 44 et 1849. VIII,
3143, 44 et 1859. XIII, 5099, 44 (Sceaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 312.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VI, 394, 94. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Tl,
62. — S. placidus Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 322, 70. — 1862. Schin.
Bi A. T3t,

This species is rather like cinctellus but is smaller, especially
shorter. Male. Vertex more elongate than in cinctellus and frons and
epistoma narrower, less than one third of the breadth of the head,
the central knob not elongate as in cinctellus. Frons either quite
yellow, or it has a black lunule, tridentate in front, above the antenne,
but this lunule has an orange lunule beneath not found in cinctellus ;
the frons may also be greyish pruinose above; epistoma yellow, yel-
lowish white pruinose, the knob bare; the epistoma may be more or
less darkened about the mouth edge and on the lower lateral parts.
Jowls yellow or grey and in accordance with the narrow epistoma

Syrphus. 391

rather narrow, much narrower than in cinctellus. Vertex and frons
with the hairs varying from yellow to black; epistoma with the hairs
yellow. or more or less black at the sides. Occiput whitish grey
pruinose, the hairs white below, yellow upwards and there are gener-
ally no black hairs. Eyes bare. Antenne short, yellow to somewhat

Fig. 127. Antenna of S. cinctus dG, from the inside. >< 60.

-brownish, and sometimes the basal joints blackish; third joint short,
almost circular; arista shorter than in cinctellus, as long as the antenne,
apparently bare. Thorax eneous or more or less bright brass-coloured,
sometimes somewhat greenish; it is brightly shining; in pale specimens
it is distinctly yellowish at the sides; the przsutural depression not
pruinose; the thorax is clothed with yellow or reddish yellow hairs,
longest behind. Scutellum yellow, sometimes rather dark, a little
geneous, with long, yellow hairs, in dark specimens sometimes a few
black intermingled. Pleura with yellow hairs. Abdomen narrow,
parallel-sided but not specially long; it is generally narrower than
thorax, but sometimes as broad or slightly broader; it is dull black
with the first segment and the apex shining. The yellow markings
similar to those in cinctellus, but the bands generally not or only
slightly emarginate, and often relatively broader, occupying more than
the half of the segments; the basal spots are smaller and pointed in-
wards, and they leave the third of the breadth or more black; the
yellow hind margin of the fourth and front margin of the fifth seg-
ments form together a third band; the fifth segment has also generally
a yellow hind margin and is sometimes quite yellow. The hairs on
abdomen follow partly the ground colour, but they are to a high
degree pale on the second segment and are black at the apex; they
are long at the sides, longest at the base, they are here yellow, for
the rest alternating but there are no or only a couple of black hairs
at the hind corners of second segment, and also on third and fourth
segments they are often somewhat reduced. Venter yellowish with
21

a22 Syrphidae.

more or less obvious, black side spots just at the margins of the seg-
ments; is has long, pale hairs, on the apical half also short, black
hairs. Genitalia relatively large, varying in colour from almost quite
black to quite reddish; the hairs black and pale. Legs varying in
colour, in pale specimens quite yellow with only hind femora and
tibize a little darkened in the middle and hind tarsi brown; in dark
specimens the anterior femora have the basal part black, hind femora
black with apex and often also base yellow, hind tibie with a black
ring in the middle and hind tarsi black. The long hairs on femora
are yellow, the short hairs black on anterior side of hind femora in
the apical half and all round at apex, and on the dorsal and anterior
side of hind tibie, for the rest yellow; hind tibiz with an antero-
dorsal fringe with some long hairs about the middle. Wings hyaline
to rather brownish tinged. Squamule yellowish with yellow margin
and fringes. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex narrow, shining black on a quadrate space; frons
yellow dusted, with a black, shining. middle stripe from the vertex to
the bare and shining, yellow space above the antenne, the stripe a.
little widened below; the hairs dark about the vertical triangle, yellow
downwards. Abdomen as in the male, but the basal spots sometimes
going near to each other in the middle and the bands narrower, not
emarginate; the third band on the hind margin of fourth and front
margin of fifth segment emarginate behind as the fifth segment has
two yellow basal corner spots. Legs as in the palest forms of the
male, sometimes all yellow.

Length. This species varies much in size, the length from 7 to
about 10 mm.

The pupa is recorded by Zetterstedt (I. c. 741) and described as
“pisiformis, inermis, albida’’.

As seen this species varies somewhat with regard to the colour of the
frons and its pubescence in the male and the colour of the legs; the
darker varieties answer to placidus of Meigen. It also varies much
in size as seen from the given lengths, and at the same time the ab-
domen varies in breadth, the larger specimens being stronger and with
the abdomen considerably broader. The species will generally be
known from cinctellus by the yellow-haired scutellum, but otherwise
the narrower frons and epistoma, the not elongated central knob, the
shorter third antennal joint and shorter, bare arista and the shorter
abdomen with the single segments generally relatively shorter will
distinguish it.

S. cinetus is not rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose,
Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Bagsver, Hareskov, Geel Skov,

Syrphus. 323

@Orholm, Hillerod, Tyvekrog, Nyraad near Vordingborg, Faxe Lade-
plads; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Middelfart; in Jutland
at Horsens, Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg and Seby. My dates are
10/5; "3/9, It occurs on Umbbellifere and other flowers in woods and
thickets; I have often seen the males hovering beautifuily over roads
in woods on somewhat sunny places, about ten feet from the ground.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Lapland.

25. S. auricollis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 318,64. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
743, 46 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 311. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl.
Vill, 397, 25, fig. 303. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 59. — Seaeva umbella-
tarum p.p. 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 44,15. — Syrphus decorus Meig.
1822. l.c. Ill, 319,66. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 308. — S. Iris Meig. 1822.
]. c. Ill, 320, 67. — Scaeva Iris 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 761. — S. modestus

Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 323, 72. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 308 et 311. —
S. macilentus Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 135,109. — Secaeva maculicornis Zett.
1843. |. c. Il, 736, 38 et 1849. VIII, 3142, 38 et 1859. XIII, 5098, 38. —
Syrphus maculicornis 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 308.’ — Seaeva cinctipes Zett.

1859. 1. c. XIII, 6000, 46—47. — 1860. Malm, K. V. och V. Samh. Géte-
borg Handl. VII, 41.

Male. Vertex elongate triangular; frons yellowish grey or more
grey pruinose, sometimes a little eneous, above the antenne a black,
shining lunule with an orange lunule beneath; epistoma yellow, some-
times rather dark, all yellow or greyish yellow pruinose, the central
knob brownish or blackish, somewhat shining; mouth edge and lower
side corners more or less but indifinitely blackish. Jowls yellow or
more or less grey. Vertex and frons black-haired; epistoma with black,
downwards yellow hairs. Occiput yellowish grey pruinose, the hairs
whitish below, yellow upwards; above a row of some dark, over-
hanging hairs. Eyes bare. Antenne yellowish red or brown, third
joint black above; the third joint is oval; arista fully as long at the
antenne, bare. Thorax greenish eneous, brightly shining, sometimes
somewhat purplish; it is clothed with yellow hairs, longest behind.
Scutellum yellow, a little eneous, with long, black hairs. Abdomen
long and narrow, parallel-sided, generally narrower than thorax, some-
times of the same breadth; it is dull black, a little shining at base
and apex; there are three pairs of yellow spots (maculicornis), or the
spots on third and fourth segments connected in front to deeply in-
cised bands (auricollis); the spots on second segment are oblique,
pyriform; they begin near the lower corner and stretch forwards and

inwards, at the same time being broader, ending roundly about in the
21*

394 Syrphidae.

middle; the front margin of the spots is sometimes somewhat in-
definite and in rare cases the segment is here somewhat yellowish so
that the spots seem produced forwards and being of a triangular
shape, but generally the pyriform shape may, however, be seen in
certain lights; the spots on third segment lie a little from the front
margin; they are somewhat triangular with the fore margin straight,
the hind margin sloping forwards towards the middle, and they go
near to each other in the middle, or they meet here forming a deeply
emarginate band; the side margin begins near the hinder corner, it is
straight but sloping inwards towards the anterior and meeting the
fore margin angularly; the spots on fourth segment similar; none of
the spots go over the side margin, and it is characteristic that they
all have the posterior outer corner nearest the side margin; the hind
margin of fourth segment yellow and the fifth segment with large
basal corner spots, forming together with the yellow margin of fourth
segment an emarginate band. The hairs on abdomen follow the
ground .colour, but are somewhat pale at the base and black at apex;
also on the spots on fourth segment are some black hairs; at the
sides the hairs are long and yellow at the base, for the rest altern-
ating black and yellow but only few black at the hind corners of the
second segment. Venter yellowish, with long, pale hairs, shorter and
sometimes black at apex. Genitalia relatively large, reddish, black
behind eight segment on the right side; the hairs black. Legs some-
what varying, from all dark yellowish or pale brownish yellow with
the tarsi a little darker towards the end, and hind femora and tibiz
with faint indications of darker colour, to more dark with the anterior
femora a little darkened near the base, hind femora and tibize blackish
with base and apex of femora and base of tibie paler, hind tarsi
blackish and anterior tarsi blackish towards the end. The hairs on
femora are rather long and conspicuous, they are yellow, but on
front femora black towards apex, on middle femora in about the
apical half; the short hairs are yellow, but black on the anterior side
of hind femora and at the apex all round, and on dorsal and anterior
side of hind tibiz; these latter have an antero-dorsal fringe, long
about the middle. Wings hyaline to slightly brownish tinged. Squa-
mule yellowish with a dark yellow margin and fringe. Halteres yellow.
Female. Vertex not broad, the shining black area quadrate, from
it stretches a black, often indistinct middle stripe down to a black
triangle or lunule above the antenna, below the triangle a yellow
lunule; for the rest the frons yellowish pruinose; the hairs black.
Abdomen sometimes less parallel-sided than in the male, the markings
smaller, often somewhat hoary (modestus). Legs as in the male.

Syrphus. 325

Length 8—10,5 mm.

This species is similar to the two preceding, especially to cinc-
tellus as it has, like it, the antenne partly black and scutellum
black-haired, but it will always be distinguished by the shape of the
abdominal spots, which have the posterior outer corner nearest the
side margin, and especially the shape of the basal spots is characteristic.

S. auricollis is not rare in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens,
Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose,
Hersholm, Sorg, Tisvilde, Faxe Ladeplads; on Langeland at Lohals;
on Funen, and in Jutland at Rebbild near Skorping. My dates are
5/7—*S/10, it is thus a late occurring species; I have taken it newly
emerged on */9. It occurs in woods and not rarely in gardens; al-
most all Danish specimens have the abdominal spots separated and
belong thus to the var. maculicornis. — Verrall records the species as
bred from larve feeding on Aphis pruni; further he notes that this
species seems to be the main species stored up by Crabro varus, as
it occurs in masses in its burrows, all with their heads in one direc-
tion, while a pair of balteatus occurred in company.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland; further it is
recorded from Madeira and the Canaries.

26. S. euchromus Kow.

1885. Kow. Wien. ent. Zeitg. IV, 167. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 400,
26. — 1907. Kat. paléarkt. Dipt. Ill, 64. — Seaeva decora Zett. (nec Meig.)
1843. Dipt. Scand. Il, 738, 40 et 1959. XIII, 5098, 40.

Male. Head broader than high; vertex somewhat large, triangular,
not elongate. Frons broad, blackish, a little eneous, greyish pruinose
but shining just above the antenne. Epistoma rather broad, almost
half as broad as the head; it is dark yellow, somewhat pruinose, the
central knob shining; the mouth edge, the lower side parts and the
jowls black, the latter large, a little descending. Vertex and frons
black-haired; epistoma mainly black-haired but with some pale hairs
below. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs whitish below, dark yellow
upwards, above a row of black hairs overhanging the eyes. Eyes
practically bare. Antenne reddish yellow, third joint oval; arista short
and rather thick, shorter than the antenne, slightly pubescent. Thorax
dark neous or a little bluish, shining; it is clothed with yellow or
dark yellow hairs, longest behind. Scutellum dark brownish yellow,
distinctly bluish eneous, with yellow hairs. Pleura with long, white
hairs. Abdomen as broad as or fully as broad as thorax, not long,

396 Syrphidae.

parallel-sided; it is dull black with base, apex and the two middle
incisures shining; the shining base includes the front margin of the
second segment, and the incisures the hind and front margins of
second and third and of third and fourth segments and they are
rather definite; there are three pairs of yellow spots, the basal spots
lie behind the middle of the segment, they are triangular or more
transverse, well separated in the middle and going over the side
margin at their upper corners; the second pair lie well away from
the front margin, they are somewhat transversely rectangular, a little
oblique with the inner end more forwards than the outer; they are
near to each other in the middle, isolated from the side margin; the
third pair are similar; at the junctions of the four first segments there
are just at the sides small, yellow spots, one at each junction; the
fourth segment has a yellow hind margin, the fifth large basal corner
spots and the hind margin yellow. The hairs on abdomen are some-
what long, they are mainly yellow, only black at the hind margins of
the segments and at apex; at the sides they are long, longest at the
base and here yellow, otherwise alternating black and yellow. Venter
yellowish with long, pale hairs. Genitalia somewhat large, reddish or
brown, eighth segment black on the right side; the hairs black. Legs
not long, a little robust; they are yellow or reddish yellow, anterior
femora blackish at the base, hind femora in about the basal half but
a little pale at the extreme base; hind metatarsi distinctly thickened.
The long hairs on anterior femora yellow on the base or in the basal
half, black towards the apex, on hind femora yellow; the short hairs
are black on the apical half of hind femora and on hind tibiee, and
may also be more or less black on middle femora and tibie, for the
rest they are yellow. Wings slightly tinged. Squamule whitish with
a yellow fringe. Halteres pale to reddish yellow.

Female. Vertex somewhat broad, this and the frons black and
shining all down to the antenne, with small, grey dust spots at the
eye-margins; the hairs somewhat long, black. Antenne distinctly
larger than in the male. Abdominal spots very slightly smaller than
in the male. Legs quite yellow, only hind femora a little black below
near the base.

Length fully 8 to about 9,5 mm.

This species is characteristic by the abdominal markings, broad
epistoma and robust legs with thickened hind metatarsi.

S. euchromus is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens,
Ermelund, Hillerad, Tyvekrog (the author), and one specimen from
earlier time without particular locality. My dates are ?5/;—"/«.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down

Syrphus. 327

into Bohemia, and also recorded from Italy; towards the north
to northern Sweden, and in Finland; it seems upon the whole. to
be rare.

97. S. triangulifer Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 737, 39 (Seaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. |,
308. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 402,27. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt.
i, 71.

Male. Vertex triangular, slightly elongate; frons and epistoma
not broad, frons somewhat arched, black, below narrowly yellowish
just above the antenne; epistoma yellow, a little greyish white pruinose,
the mouth edge and lower side parts blackish. Jowls small, blackish,
grey pruinose. Vertex and frons black-haired; epistoma with mainly
black hairs but yellow-haired below. Occiput whitish grey pruinose,
the hairs white below, yellow upwards; above a short row of over-
hanging hairs. Eyes bare. Antenne short, yellowish, third joint short
oval, more or less darkened above; arista about as long as the
antennee. Thorax zneous, shining, clothed with yellow hairs. Scutellum
yellow, blackish just at the basal corners, with yellow hairs, slightly
longer than on thorax. Pleura with longish, yellow hairs. Abdomen
narrow, narrower than thorax, dull black, a little shining at base and
apex; there are three pairs of not large, yellow spots; the basal spots
are quite small, roundish or a little triangular; they lie about on the
middle, near the side margin but not reaching it; the spots of the
second pair lie at the front margin, they are triangular, the front
margin straight, at the sides they occupy half the length of the seg-
ment and from here the hind margin slopes forwards, meeting the
front margin in a somewhat rounded inner corner, and leaving about
the fourth of the breadth black; the third pair are quite similar; the
spots go in full width over the margin; the fifth segment has very
indistinct, pale basal corners. The hairs on abdomen follow mainly
the ground colour, but are pale at the base; at the sides they are
somewhat long and all yellow. Venter, as far as I could see, dark
yellowish or greyish yellow, with long, pale hairs (it has perhaps dark
bands). Genitalia relatively large, black and shining, with black hairs.
Legs not robust; they are yellowish, anterior femora blackish on about
the basal third, hind femora black with the extreme base and the
apex yellow; middle tibiee with faint traces of a dark ring in the
middle, hind tibize with a distinct, blackish middle ring and hind tarsi
brownish or blackish; hind metatarsi very slightly thickened or almost
not. The long hairs on femora yellow; the short hairs all yellow
except at the apex of hind femora on the anterior side and just

328 Syrphidae.

above the hind tibie. Wings a little tinged. Squamule and fringes
somewhat dirty whitish. Halteres whitish yellow.

Female. Vertex somewhat broad, together with the frons black,
shining, just above the antennze narrowly yellow; there are narrow
but elongated side dust spots, connected downwards with the dust
on epistoma; the hairs yellow at the sides, brown along the middle;
epistoma quite yellow, whitish pruinose, the central knob bare. Jowls
somewhat yellowish but grey pruinose.. Antenne considerably larger
than in the male, third joint roundly square. Thorax a little yellowish
at the sides and on the humeri, and meso- ptero- and sternopleura
with yellowish spots. Abdomen as in the male, but the basal spots
larger, triangular, the other likewise triangular but more transverse,
going nearer to each other in the middle, and a similar pair of spots
at the basal corners of fifth segment. Legs paler than in the male,
anterior femora only with a slight dark spot below at base, hind
femora and tibiz with a broad, dark ring about the middle.

Length fully 7 to about 9 mm.

S. triangulifer is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens, two
males and one female, are known; of the males one was taken on
a field at Lohals on Langeland on 2/7 1913 and the other in Egebeeks
Vang in low herbage at a streamlet on 1°/7 1915 (the author); the
female is from earlier time without particular locality (perhaps not
Danish).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middie Europe down
into Austria and Bohemia, and also recorded from Spain; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

28. S. punctulatus Verr.

1873. Verr. Entom. Month. Mag. IX, O54 et 1901. Brit. Fl. VII, 404,
28. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 69.

Male. Vertex triangular, almost not elongate; frons and epistoma
rather broad, increasing downwards. Frons somewhat eeneous, brownish
pruinose, black above the antenne. Epistoma obscurely yellow, dark
yellowish pruinose, with a somewhat indefinite, broad, blackish middle
stripe; the central knob shining; the mouth edge and lower side parts
indefinitely blackish. Jowls broad, a litttle descending, blackish. Vertex,
frons and epistoma with black hairs, the latter with some yellow
hairs below. Occiput grey pruinose, the hairs pale below, yellow up-
wards, above a row of long, black, overhanging hairs. Eyes distinetly
hairy with pale hairs, but they are short and not dense; they are
especially obvious on the upper part of the eye. Amntennee short, third

Syrphus. 399

joint short oval; they are black, third joint more or less, often only
slightly, pale beneath at the base, the basal joints also often pale
beneath; arista short, not as long as the the antenne. Thorax greenish
geneous, dullish, with indications of three duller stripes, somewhat
punctate; it is clothed with longish, yellow hairs, longest behind.
Seutellum dark yellowish, somewhat neous, with long, black hairs.
Pleura with long, pale yellow hairs. Abdomen not quite parallel-
sided, slightly ovate; it is dull black, a little shining at base and more
so at apex; there are three pairs of yellow spots, the two posterior
pairs semicircular; the basal spots lie nearest the hind margin of the
segment, they are triangular, sloping forwards at the sides and with
the upper corner going near to the side margin but not reaching it;
they are widely separated in the middle; the spots of the second pair
are well away from the front margin, they are about semicircular with
a straight fore margin and a convex hind margin, and they go nar-
rowly over the side margin with their upper corners; in the middle
they are somewhat near to each other; the spots of the third pair
are similar, a little nearer the front margin; the fourth segment has
a broad, yellow hind margin and the fifth small basal corner spots.
The hairs on abdomen are somewhat long, especially towards the
sides; they follow mainly the ground colour; at the sides they are
rather long, longest at the base and here yellow, for the rest altern-
ating black and yellow in accordance with the spots. Venter pale
yellowish, with long, pale hairs. Genitalia somewhat large, black and
shining, with black hairs. Legs black or paler or darker brownish,
anterior knees broadly but somewhat obscurely yellowish, and like-
wise the apex of tibize, hind knees more or less indistinctly pale;
sometimes the anterjor tarsi a little pale at the base, and also the
hind tibiz at the apex; the long hairs on the anterior femora yellow
on the basal part, black on the apical part, on the hind femora yel-
low; the short hairs on the legs are to a high degree black, especially
on the posterior legs. Wings yellowish or a little brownish tinged.
Squamule dirty yellowish, the fringes yellow. Halteres paler or darker
yellow, the peduncle generally darkened towards the base.

Female. Vertex broad, bluish black, shining; there are yellowish
frontal side dust spots, meeting or almost meeting in the middle and
going down along the eye-margins; below the spots the frons is black,
shining; the hairs black. Eyes very short-haired but the hairs still
observable. Abdominal spots as in the male, but also the basal spots
going over the side margin, and the other spots less deep but, how-
ever, somewhat semicircular or at all events with the fore margin
straight, the hind margin convex. Legs about as in the male, or the

330 Syrphidae.

anterior tibie a little paler, sometimes together with the tarsi almost
quite yellow.

Length 7—8,5 mm.

The species shows no slight resemblance to S. macularis, but this
species is larger with much more hairy eyes, and it has a little blacker
antennz, which are larger and with a longer arista, and the abdominal
spots are nearer to each other in the middle or are united.

S. punctulatus is not rare in Denmark, but has hitherto been taken
only on Sealand and Lolland; Ordrup Mose (Steger), Dyrehaven, Geel
Skov, Ryget Skov at Farum Sg, Donse, Tyvekrog (the author), and
at Nyraad near Vordingborg (J.C. Nielsen); on Lolland at Maribo
(Sonderup). My dates are */s—**/s, it is thus an early occurring
species. I have taken it in woods on leaves of bushes, the females
were often seen hovering quite low on a sandy road and sitting on
the road.

Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only recorded
from England and Denmark, but according to a couple of specimens
sent to me from Mr. Ringdahl, it occurs also in southern Sweden;
this distribution of the species is thus at present known with certainty,
but it is not improbable, as suggested by Verrall, that Zetterstedt may
have included the species under macularis. Zetterstedt remarks (I. ¢.
VIII, 3142) under lastophthalmus that this species also occurs in Den-
mark, which Steger had communicated to him, calling the species
sexstriatus Wahlb.; specimens labelled sexstriatus are also found in
Steeger’s collection, but they belong to punctulatus; Zetterstedt has,
however, not confused punctulatus and lasiophthalmus for, as he says,
“teste D. Steger”, this shows that he had not himself seen the
specimens.

29. S$. lasiophthalmus Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 735, 37 et 1849. VIII, 3142, 37 (Scaeva).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 307. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 417, 33. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 65.

Male. Vertex somewhat elongate triangular; frons and epistoma
broad; frons neous, somewhat pruinose, black and shining above the
antennz but yellow close to the antenne; epistoma obscurely yellowish
and dark yellowish pruinose; it has a black, not broad middle stripe
and the mouth edge and lower lateral parts black. Jowls rather
broad, a little descending, brownish black, shining. Vertex, frons and
epistoma black-haired, the hairs on epistoma rather long. Occiput
grey pruinose, the hairs yellow, above some long, black, overhanging
hairs. Eyes distinctly hairy, but the hairs short and pale though more

Syrphus. 331

dense than in punctulatus; they are most obvious above. Antenne
short, black, third joint short oval; arista as long as the antenne.
Thorax eneous or bluish, somewhat but not much shining, clothed
with rather long, yellow hairs, longest behind; at the sides darker to
blackish hairs. Scutellum dark or brownish yellow, a little zneous,
with long, black. on the basal part yellow hairs. Pleura with long,
pale hairs, above with some black hairs. Abdomen a little ovate,
dull black, a little shining on first segment and at apex; it has three
pairs of yellow spots; the basal spots are somewhat small, roundish
or oval; the second pair are well away from the front margin, they
are transversely subquadrate, a little rounded inwards and well
separated; the third pair are quite similar; all the spots are isolated
from the side margin: fourth and fifth segments with narrow, yellow
hind margins. The hairs on abdomen are somewhat long, mainly
following the ground colour, but somewhat pale at the base; at the
sides they are long, yellow at the base, for the rest alternating black
and yellow in accordance with the spots. Venter blackish with pale
yellow spots almost quite as on the dorsum; it has long, pale hairs
intermingled with some black. Genitalia relatively large. black and
shining, with black hairs. Legs black, the anterior with apex of
femora and about the basal third or half of tibiz obscurely yellow,
hind knees very indistinctly pale; hind tarsi longer than tibiz, meta-
tarsi a little thickened. The hairs on femora long, on anterior femora
black, yellow at the base, on hind femora yellow; the short hairs
black on the apical part of hind femora and on hind tibize except
below, for the rest mainly yellow. Wings a little yellowish or greyish
tinged. Squamule whitish with yellow margin and fringes. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex broad, bluish black, shining; frons likewise black
and shining, with narrow, transverse side dust spots, nearly meeting
in the middle and going down along the eye-margins; the hairs black.
Epistoma pale-haired. Jowls orange, generally with a dark spot, or
line at the lower eye-margin. Eyes very slightly haired but the hairs,
however, quite visible. Antenne larger than in the male. Scutellum
with only the marginal hairs black. The abdominal markings nar-
rower than in the male and thus more linear, and the basal spots
stretching more in on the disc; the spots are extended to the side
margin or just going over it; fifth segment with yellow spots at the
basal corners. Legs as in the male, anterior tibie sometimes a
little paler.

Length fully 8 to 9,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from punctulatus by the black

332 Syrphidae.

antenne with a longer arista, the shape of the abdominal markings,
the colour of the venter and the partly or mainly yellow-haired
scutellum; it is also less punctate and more pubescent.

S. lasiophthalmus is not properly common in Denmark, though
sometimes present in some number; Copenhagen in a garden, Ordrup
Mose, Ermelund, Holte, Geel Skov, Donse, Hillerad, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde;
on Funen between Odense and Middelfart. It occurs in early spring,
my dates are '4/4—*/«. I have taken it hovering about the flowers of
Prunus spinosa and Salix, and once I took it rather numerously on
28/4 on the flowers of Anemone nemorosa and Ficaria; it seems to
be more common in some years than in others.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Hungaria and Styria, and also recorded from Italy; to-
wards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

30. S. guttatus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 44, 16 (Seaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Besehr. Ill, 322, 71. — 18438. Zett. Dipt. Seand. Il, 739, 41 et 1849. VIII,
3143, 41 et 1855. XII, 4659, 41 (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 307.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 407,29. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 65.

Of this species I know only the female. Vertex not broad, zeneous,
shining; frons and epistoma rather narrow, frons yellow, from the
vertex an eneous black, often attenuated, middle stripe is produced
to below the middle: there are no dust spots; epistoma all pale yel-
low, white pruinose except the central knob. The hairs on vertex
and frons dark, on epistoma white. Jowls narrow, white. Occiput
greyish white pruinose below, yellow above, the hairs likewise white
below, yellow above. Eyes bare. Antenne short, black, third joint
roundish; arista fully as long the antenne. Thorax bright geneous or
brass-coloured, shining, along the sides a distinct, yellow line, especi-
ally distinct on the humeri and backwards to the wing-root; in front
of seutellum the disc has a yellow, more or less bifid, sometimes
divided spot. The thorax has yellow hairs. Scutellum yellow with
yellow hairs. Pleura grey pruinose with white hairs. Abdomen nar-
row and linear, black, first segment yellowish grey at the sides; there
are three pairs of elongated oval, transverse, white spots; the first
pair are smallest and lie on the middle of the segment; the second
and third pairs lie near to, or at the front margins; they are all well
separated in the middle, the basal spots most widely, and they are
all isolated from the side margins; the fifth segment has transversely
triangular spots at the basal corners, almost meeting in the middle,
and a very narrow, pale hind margin. The hairs on abdomen follow

=

Syrphus. : 333

mainly the ground colour, but there are many pale hairs on second

segment; at the sides the hairs are pale at the base down to the
second pair of spots, after which they alternate black and white.
Venter whitish with black, transverse bands on third, fourth and fifth
segments. Anterior legs yellowish, femora with a black ring near the
base, tibiae with traces of a ring below the middle and tarsi with the
third and fourth joints darkened; sometimes the anterior legs paler
with only small rings on femora; hind legs black with only base of

‘femora yellow and the knees obscurely pale; the hairs all pale. Wings

a little tinged. Squamule white. Halteres yellow.

According to the descriptions the male has a rather elongated
triangular vertex, the frons yellow with just the upper angle blackish;
the abdominal spots seem often to be more triangular.

Length fully 7 to about 8,5 mm.

Remarks: All the earlier descriptions of this species mention the
spot or two spots on thorax in front of scutellum, and also all my
specimens (females) possess them, but according to Verrall they may
be wanting in both sexes, but especially in the male.

S. guttatus is rare in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden, Lers@,
Charlottenlund; on Lolland at Strandby, and in Jutland at Haarup
near Horsens and at Thisted, in all only six specimens, all females.
The dates are 1!/;—*?/s.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Hungary and Styria; towards the north to northern
Sweden, and i Finland, but upon the whole rather rare.

31. S. umbellatarum Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 307, 107 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 250, 9
(Scaeva). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 44, 15 (Scaeva). — 1859. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. XIII, 5098, Obs. (Scaeva). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 308. —
1901. Verr. Britt. Fl. VIII, 409, 30. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 71. —
S. amoenus Loew, 1840. Programm Posen, 35, 15 et Isis 1840. 572, 15.

Male. Vertex a little elongated triangular; frons yellow pruinose,
black above the antenne but yellow just at the antennz; epistoma
yellow, bluish neous reflecting, yellowish grey pruinose; the front
mouth edge black and from here a black line extends up over the
central knob. Jowls yellow. Vertex and frons black-haired, epistoma
with pale hairs but black above and at the sides. Occiput grey pruinose,
the hairs white below, yellow upwards; above a row of black, over-
hanging hairs. Eyes bare. Antenne black, not quite short, third
joint somewhat oval; arista as long as the antenne. Thorax #neous,
shining, with somewhat long, dark yellow or brownish yellow hairs,

334 Syrphidae.

longest behind. Scutellum hrownish yellow, somewhat eneous, with
long, black hairs or the hairs at the base more or less yellow. Pleura
with longish, pale yellow hairs. Abdomen nearly parallel-sided, as
broad as thorax; it is dull black, a little shining at base and apex,
with three pairs of whitish yellow spots (in the living specimens rather
whitish); the spots of the basal pair lie on the middle of the segment;
they are not small, transversely subquadrate with the inner end
rounded, at the upper lateral corner they are a little produced and
near the margin, but not going over it; in the middle they leave
about the third of the segment black; the spots of second pair are
well away from the front margin, they are rectangular, a little nearer
to each other than the basal spots; the third pair of spots are quite
similar, a little nearer the front margin; both pairs are isolated from
the side margins; fourth and fifth segments have narrow, yellow hind
margins, the latter segment also more or less distinct spots at the
basal corners. The hairs on abdomen follow partly the ground colour
but are mainly pale on second segment except at the hind margin
and on the front part of third segment; at the sides they are long
and yellow at the base down to the second pair of spots, from here
alternating black and yellow. Venter yellowish with more or less
distinct, dark bands near the hind margins of the segments which
bands are produced forwards at the lateral margins; the hairs are
long and pale. Genitalia of medium size, brown or blackish, some-
what pruinose behind but shining on the right side; the hairs are
black and yellow. Legs with the anterior femora black with the
apical half or third yellow, anterior tibie yellowish with a small,
blackish ring in the middle, tarsi brownish or blackish; hind legs
black with the knees narrowly reddish; hind metatarsi very slightly
thickened. The hairs on femora rather long, especially on hind femora;
they are yellow, on anterior femora with some few black towards
the apex; the short hairs are black on the apical part of hind femora
and on the basal part of hind tibie, for the rest mainly yellow; the
hind tibie have an antero-dorsal fringe, long about the middle.
Wings slightly yellowish tinged. Squamule yellowish with a darker
yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex somewhat broad, bluish black, shining; there are
large, grey frontal side dust spots, connected in the middle and going
broadly down along the eye-margins, leaving thus only a black lunule
above the antenne generally connected by a very narrow stripe with-
the vertex; the hairs all black. Epistoma quite white-haired. Thorax
more blue and a little more shining than in the male. Pleura whitish
grey pruinose and also the preesutural depression pruinose. Scutellum

Syrphus. 335

more pale-haired as only a few hairs at the tip are black. The basal
abdominal spots large and white, much larger than in the male as
they are produced to the front margin of the segment and going in
full width over the side margin; the other spots as in the male but
going over the side margin. Legs paler than in the male, the anterior
tibiz with only faint or almost wanting rings, hind knees more
distinctly pale.

Length 8,5—10 mm.

Remarks: Verrall describes the hairs on scutellum as mainly yellow,
with only a few black hairs near the tip; about the female he says
nothing; my males have scutellum quite black-haired or with more
or fewer yellow hairs at the base, while the females have it almost
quite pale-haired. — I have examined the type of Fabricius, which
is present in the collection of Ténder Lund; it is a female.

S. umbellatarum is somewhat rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, at
Fure Se, Geel Skov; on Lolland at Strandby; in Jutland at Horsens
and in Marselisborg Skov at Aarhus. My dates are */;—/s. I have
taken it in a fen on Umbellifere.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden. It is
also recorded from North America but with doubt.

32. S. compositarum Verr.

1873. Verr. Entom. Month. Mag. IX, 254 et 1901. Brit. Fl. VIII, 412,
31, fig. 304. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 62. — 8S. wmbellatarum
Meig. (nec Fabr.) 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 320, 68. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. Il, 734, 36 et 1849. VIIl, 3142, 36 et 1859. XIII, 5098, 36 (Scaeva).

This species is very similar to umbellatarum. Male. Epistoma
with a broader, black line, produced a little higher up; the lower
side parts of epistoma a little darker. Eyes not quite bare, but the
hairs very short and scattered. ‘Thorax greenish neous, slightly
shining, dull or dullish, clothed with yellowish brown hairs. Scutellum
black-haired with some pale hairs intermingled. Pleura with whitish
hairs. Abdominal spots more yellow than in umbellatarum; the basal
spots small, roundish, not produced towards the margin at the upper
corner; the other spots as in umbellatarum, all isolated. Genitalia
quite greyish pruinose, with pale hairs. Legs more black than in
umbellatarum, the anterior femora with only the apex yellow, tibice
with the apical half dark, but, however, a middle ring darkest.

Female. Likewise similar to umbellatarum, but the frons con-
siderably more black as the dust spots are somewhat narrow, forming
a bow over the middle of the frons and going only narrowly down

336 Syrphidae.

along the eye-margins, and hence the black space above the antenne
is much larger and broader; epistoma with a larger black middle
stripe, and the mouth edge considerably blackish. Thorax more shining
than in the male, but perhaps a little less than in wmbellatarum, the
preesutural depression not pruinose. Scutellum with only some few
dark hairs at the apex. The basal abdominal spots much narrower
than in uwmbellatarum, not produced to the front edge and not broader
than the other spots; all spots going over the side margin. Legs
mainly as jn the male and hence blacker than in wmbellatarum.

Length 9,5 mm.

S. compositarum is very rare in Denmark, rarer than wmbellatarum,
I only possess two specimens, a male and a female, one caught in
Geel Skov on 7/5 1909 and one at Tisvilde on ‘4/7 1907 (the author).

Geographical distribution: — The species seems to occur all over
Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and
in Finland, if Verrall’s suggestion that this Speirs is commonly re-
corded as umbellatarum is correct.

Remarks: S. compositarum is without difficulty distinguished from
umbellatarum, in the male by the duller thorax and the much smaller
basal abdominal spots; in the female by the much blacker frons and
the smaller basal abdominal spots, which are not produced to the
front margin of the segment, and in both sexes by the darker anterior
legs. The third allied species, labiatarum Verr. is hitherto not found
in Denmark; it has the thorax dull in both sexes and is in the male
known from compositarwm by the more quadrate abdominal spots, of
which the basal pair are larger, and in the female by the almost
quite grey frons. All three species are very similar, but I do not
doubt their specific distinctness.

33. S. barbifrons Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 45, 17 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 338, 95. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I], 740, 43 & et 1855.
XIl, 4659, 43 et 1859. XIII, 5099, 43 (Scaeva). — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
VIII, 423, 25, figs. 309—310. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 61. —
Scaeva nitidula 2 Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 608, 39 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II,
758, 61 et 1849. VIII, 3153, 61 et 1855. XII, 4661, 61 et 1859. XIII, 6004,
61. — Syrphus nitidulus 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 307.

Male. Head rather low and broad. Vertex a little elongated
triangular; frons and epistoma very broad, the former a little inflated,
the upper angle obtuse. Frons blackish pruinose, almost not shining;
epistoma and jowls quite bluish black, shining, the jowls broad and
somewhat descending. Occiput bluish black; all the head black-haired,

Syrphus. 337

and the hairs rather long and dense. Eyes bare. Antenne black,
third joint short ovate; arista as long as the antenne. Thorax black,
dullish, with somewhat long, black, anteriorly more brownish hairs.
Scutellum black, slightly brownish on the disc, with black hairs; also
the hairs below the margin black. Pleura black-haired. Abdomen
narrow, parallel-sided, dull black, a little shining at apex; there are
two pairs of somewhat small, yellow spots; the first pair lie on third
segment near the front margin, they are transversely oval, well
separated in the middle; the second pair are similar but smaller, both
pairs are isolated from the side margin. The hairs are all black.
Venter blackish with similar spots as on dorsum, but somewhat in-
definite; the hairs long, blackish, a little paler at the front margin of
third segment. Genitalia relatively large, bluish, shining, with black
hairs. Legs mainly blackish, the apex of femora and about the basal
half of tibize obscurely reddish; the hairs all dark, only on the hind
femora intermingled with yellow hairs. Wings somewhat brownish
tinged. Squamule smoky with a yellow, not dense fringe. Halteres
yellow, the peduncle darker.

Female. I do not know the female; according to the descriptions
it has the epistoma orange at the sides so that there is a very broad,

black middle line; the hairs pale; frons broad, all shining black, with
long, black hairs, above the antennz may be some pale hairs. Thorax
and scutellum shining, with all brownish yellow pubescence. Abdomen
shining, with three pairs of yellow spots, the basal spots most widely
separated; the basal spots go widely over the side margin, the second
"pair scarcely or just going over the margin, the third pair generally
going quite over it. Legs paler than in the male. Wings more
hyaline.

Length 7,5 mm.

This species is easily known as it is the darkest of all species,
and the only having so dark a scutellum, and in the male a completely
black epistoma- and only two pairs of abdominal spots; it is in the
male rather similar to Melangyna quadrimaculata as noted under this
species, but it is distinguished by the bare eyes, and. besides it has
the head and the thorax with scutellum and pleura quite black-haired ;
also is it smaller. — Verrall describes the abdomen of the male with
pale hairs on the spots and on second segment where the spots might
be; my specimen has a completely black-haired abdomen.

S. barbifrons is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male,
has been taken at Tisvilde on 1%/4 1911 (Kryger); it was taken on
flowers of Salix.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, pro-

22

338 Syrphidae.

bably down into Austria and Hungary; towards the north to northern
Sweden, and i Finland, but everywhere rare; it is also recorded from.
Iceland.

20. Sphaerophoria &t. Farg. et Serv.

Species of medium size and of unusual long and slender shape;
the colour black or eneous with yellow stripes on thorax and markings
on pleura, and with rather varied but extensive yellow bands or pairs
of spots on abdomen. Head somewhat semiglobular, broader than
thorax and a little broader than high; it is excavated behind. Eyes
touching in the male, separated in the female; frons in the male with
the upper angle rectangular or obtuse. Eyes bare; the upper facets
in the male slightly enlarged. Antenne inserted above the middle;
they are somewhat short, third joint short oval, arista inserted near
its base, apparently bare. Epistoma not broad, very slightly hollowed
below the antenne and a little keel-shaped; the central knob small,
but the whole lower part of epistoma together with the knob rather
protruding; the front mouth edge only slightly retreating, and also
the lateral angles very little retreating, the front mouth edge curved |
somewhat deeply upwards. The epistoma is yellow, sometimes with
a more or less distinct, dark middle stripe, and it has inconspicuous
hairs. Jowls narrow, not descending, separated from epistoma by a
furrow. The oral aperture narrow, but on account of the protruding
epistoma somewhat long. Oral cone well developed, rather long; pro-
boscis not long, but when the oral cone and proboscis are stretched °
quite out, the length of them together is considerable. Clypeus elong-
ated horse-shoe-shaped; the mouth parts mainly as in Syrphus, but
longer and more slender; labrum and hypopharynx somewhat long,
considerably longer than in Syrphus, of the usual shape; maxillee with
a knife-shaped lacinia and a thread-like palpus, a little longer than
the lacinia and with some bristles, for the rest lacinia and palpus as
in Syrphus; labium somewhat slender, relatively longer than in Syr-
phus, the basal part and the elongated oval labella of equal length,
the former not incised at the ends. Thorax considerably longer than
broad, rectangular; it has a continuous or interrupted yellow line at
each side margin, and there are extended yellow spots on pleura;
metapleura with dense, but quite short hairs. Scutellum yellow, with-
out fringe below the margin. Thorax and scutellum without bristles.
Abdomen long and narrow, with parallel sides or even clavate. In
the male there are five not transformed segments, the first small, the
others long, as long as or longer than broad, also the fifth long; this

Sphaerophoria.

latter is not quite symmetrical, but its hind margin
has on the right side a small, somewhat triangular
outshoot (fig. 128); on the ventral side there are
likewise five normal segments. The genitalia are
large and rather curious; on the left side lie the
small sixth and seventh segments, the eighth lies
at the end, and between it and the ninth there
is on the right side a somewhat large connecting
membrane; the ninth segment, the hypopygium, Fig. 198.
forms a large, oval, ball-shaped part, bent in under S. menthastri. 3.
‘abdomen and lying symmetrically or almost so; Fifth dorsal abdomi-
this part is curiously built, for while in the other 2@! segment, showing
genera the ninth segment is more or less deeply banana tary
incised at the end and the small outer lamelle i eal
(tenth segment) lie in this excision, these lamelle lie here on the
dorsal (downwards turned) side of the ninth segment somewhat before
the middle and quite surrounded of the ninth segment (fig. 129); this
would indicate the curious fact that the tenth segment is quite im-
bedded in the ninth, no doubt a secondary
development; there is also seen a suture stretch-
ing from the lamelle to the end of the hypo-
pygium, indicating the incision. The hypo-
pygium has as usual at the end two clasping
appendages or claws, which are here large, some-
what bifureate with an upper branch stretching
backwards and a lower branch curved down-
wards (when the hypopygium is stretched out
backwards); the upper branch has in most
species long, tufted hairs. In the female the
abdomen has as a rule seven visible segments,
generally also a small eighth is seen. Legs
somewhat slender, simple; hind tibize with the
usual slight incurvation towards apex on the
posterior side; the legs are short-haired, also
the hairs on posterior side of the anterior
femora and on front side of the hind femora
rather short; the hind femora have a narrow,
bare stripe below, at all events at the apex,
Mig. 129. S. seripta 3- and in one species (scripta) the hairs on both
me Pattofabdomen ides of the stripe are bristly and crowded in
with genitalia seen from ite
below. 3—8 third to ~ the male. Claws and pulvilli well developed ;

eighth segment. empodium short, thread-like with a_ broader
99%

340 Syrphidae.

base, haired. Wings a little narrow; medial cross-vein well before
the middle of the discal cell; vena spuria distinct, with a nodule
below the base of the cubital vein. Alula large. Squamule some-
what narrow, alar squamula with quite short, simple hairs, thoracal
squamula with not long, fine, branched hairs. Plumula very thin
and delicate, not densely haired, the hairs simple.

This genus is well characterised by its long and narrow shape
and by the structure of abdomen, which in the male has the fifth
segment long with the hind margin not symmetrical, and in the female
at least seven visible segments; also the male genitalia are very
characteristic. Verrall gives as character that the abdomen in both
sexes has an unusual large number of segments and says that there
are five in the male; but as seen this is not unusual, as most genera
show this number of not transformed segments, only the fifth segment
is here large, while in the other genera with five segments it is gener-
ally small; in the female, on the contrary, the number of seven visible
segments is characteristic against the general number of five or six,
though this difference is no principal one, only caused by the apex
of abdomen being more protracted than usual, as the real total
number of segments is of course the same. Verrall states also under
his general description of the Syrphidae that the male genitalia of
Sphaerophoria are symmetrical; from the above it is seen, that this
is so-far from being the case that on the contrary their unsymmetrical
shape even influences the fifth segment; only the large ninth segment
lies about symmetrically thus to some degree giving an impression
of a symmetrical shape of the genitalia.

The developmental stages of several species are known. Résel
(Ins. Belust. II, 1749. Muse. 31, Tab. VI) describes larvee and pup
of S. scripta, found on plants among Aphides in April and May. The
stages of S. menthastri (taeniata) are described by Bouché (Naturg. d.
Ins. 1834, 51, Tab. V, Fig. 4—6); the larva was found among Aphides
on Composite. Zetterstedt mentions (Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 766) larvee
and pupe of 8. scripta, the larva was aphidiphagous, and (770) of
menthastri, the larva among Aphides on Vicia faba, the imagines
developed on */s—1%/s. I have myself examined larva and pupa of
S. seripta and menthastri and the pupa of flavicauda; the larva of
seripta | took on a plant among Aphides on ‘/7, it pupated on %7
and developed on '/7; Mr. Kryger took the pupa on grass on 22/s, it
developed on 7%/s; the larvee of menthastri I took on 4/4 in flood
refuse of reeds, they developed on 74/5; Mr. Schlick took larvae in the
same way, they developed in May; finally Mr. Schlick took larva of
flavicauda in flood refuse near the shore in late autumn, they developed
in the following spring. — The larva (of S. menthastri) is of the usual

Sphaerophoria. 341

shape of a Syrphus-larva; it is corrugated above, the dermis is finely
chagreened, and there are very small bristles on the dorsum and at
the sides, arranged quite as in Syrphus; below there are slight, trans-
verse swellings; the posterior spiracular process is not quite short,
black, with a longitudinal dividing furrow above and below, and the
apex cleft with the points a little diverging. The larva is light green
with two whitish, longitudinal dorsal stripes (Bouché describes it as
grey with two whitish stripes, Zetterstedt as green). The length is
8mm or more. The pupa is broad and rounded in front, attenuated
behind and thus drop-like; the spiracular process as in the larva; it
is green during the first part of the development, later the imago
shines through, and the empty puparium is whitish; the length is
6 mm.

The larve are aphidiphagous; they evidently hibernate, as my
larvee found in flood refuse in late autumn and early spring show;
but as I also found a larva on °%/7, developing on ‘*/7, and as Zetter-
stedt mentions it developing as late as '/s, and the above recorded
pupa developed on **/s I am inclined to think that there are, or may
be, more than one brood in the year. At the pupation the larva
attaches itself by the posterior part to a leaf or stalk, and in this
condition the pupa remains.

The species of Sphaerophoria are characteristic and easily re-
cognizable flies; they occur on various localities, not rarely near water
and also near the shore, on various flowers. The genus goes high
towards the north, one species, our seripta (strigata) occurring in
Greenland. — The species have been very troubling on account of
their strongly varying or tending to produce local races, and a very
large number of varieties, especially of scripta and menthastri, have
been described as separate species (each of these species have been
described about as 14 species). Already Malm suggested in 1860 that
the species should be much reduced, and Kowarz in 1885 reduced
eight species to the two well known scripta and menthastri. Finally
Verrall undertook a radical reduction, and I quite follow him. The
characters which were given for the many species were only taken
from variations in the abdominal markings and the colour of the legs,
as it is only with regard to these that the species vary, and many
other Syrphids are more or less varying in this respect. The two
species specially in question, scripta and menthastri, are in spite of
their varying well recognizable as good species, showing several con-
stant plastic characters proving them to be only two, and two well
distinguished, species.

The number of species in the paleearctic region is now about 10,
and of these only 4 are European, all also occurring in Denmark.

342 Syrphidae.

Table of Species.

{. Thorax dull or dullish, the yellow side margin continuous

to! the Beutellum (.).)) 20.0. Joel 2. 8 2.
— Thorax shining, the yellow side margin interrupted at the
tramsverse fUr4rOW .. a). 06.5. « 3 )a/eye fa ool, bois boo epee ee 3.

2. Abdomen rather elongate, in the male longer than the

wings; scutellum quite or nearly quite yellow-haired; hind

femora with a bare space at the base on the postero-ventral

side, and in the male the hairs crowded on the apical part

and here short and stubby on the posterior side; larger

SPECIES? 26a} sa Sato'e/ nave! a'e = Si elsplae ieee Cheba sh pee 1. seripta.
— Abdomen less elongate, about of the length of the wings;

scutellum usually black-haired or mainly so;. hind femora

without a bare postero-ventral space at the base, the hairs

not crowded nor stubby and equally distributed ........ 2. menthastri.
3. Antenne quite or mainly yellow..................0-. 3. flavicauda.
—. Antenne, black:::): ¢\25 +h -tja dies DEES Ric Sato eee 4, Loewii.

1. S. scripta L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 594 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1820 et 1767. Syst.
Nat. XII, 2, 987, 54 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Mill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 723
(Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 772,45 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl.
952,17 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 324, 73 (Syrphus). —
1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 766, 1 et 1849. VIII, 3157, 1. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 316 (Melithreptus). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 428, 1, figs.
311—314. — 1907. Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. Ill, 76.

var. dispar Loew, 1840. Programm Posen, 37, 5, Fig. 53—54 et Isis
1840, 573, 5 (Melithreptus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 767 p. p. var. b.
et 1849. VIII, 3157, 1 -2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 317 (Melithreptus).

var. nigricora Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 767, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3158, 2.

var. strigata Steg. 1845. Naturh. Tidsskr. 2, I, 362. — 1849. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3159, 2—3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 316 (Melithreptus).

Male. Vertex triangular; frons and epistoma yellow, shining, the
front mouth edge darkened, and sometimes the central knob, or a
narrow middle line more or less darkened. Jowls yellow. Vertex
black-haired anteriorly, with yellow hairs behind; frons yellow-haired,
epistoma with slight, pale hairs. Occiput greyish pruinose, the hairs
whitish below, about the middle rather coarse and somewhat silvery,
yellow above. Antenne yellow, third joint generally more or less
darkened above; arista brown. ‘Thorax dull eneous, in front there
are two approximated, faint greyish stripes, separated and inclosed
by three narrow, darker, dull lines; at each side is a somewhat broad,
yellow line from the humerus to scutellum, it is clearest yellow
anterior to the transverse furrow, just above the wing-root is a
blackish spot; the thorax is clothed with yellow or brownish yellow

Sphaerophoria. 343

hairs. Scutellum yellow, with yellow hairs, at the apex generally a
few black hairs. Pleura geneous, shining, a spot above front coxe,
the greater part of meso- and pteropleura, metapleura and the upper
part of sternopleura yellow; the pleura are sparingly clothed with
yellow hairs. Abdomen long and narrow, distinctly longer than the
wings; it is dull black with yellow markings, the first segment and
the apex shining; the side margin all yellow; the second segment has
a yellow band in the middle, which may be more or less emarginate
and sometimes narrowly interrupted, at the sides it slopes backwards
and reaches the margin with the hinder corners; the second band is
similar but nearer the front margin and broader, it is not or slightly
emarginate, and likewise sloping at the sides and reaching the yellow
margin; the third band is likewise broad but for the rest rather
varying, generally it is emarginate in front and thus bilunulate, and
also rather deeply emarginate behind and here produced on each side
of the emargination; sometimes the described shape is less pronounced,
and the band inay be interrupted thus forming two lunulate spots;
its hind corners reach the side margin; the hind margin of the fourth
segment is indistinctly orange; fifth segment orange with an abbrey-
iated and pointed black middle line on the front part, and two some-
what triangular spots at the basal corners, one at each side, and two
triangles inwards to the hind corners; hence the yellow colour, besides
the margin, forms something like an M; or the two spots on each
side are larger and united, and then the pale colour forms a WY; some-
times the markings on the last segments are less definite, the black
and yellow colour running somewhat together, and the yellow colour
more extended. The hairs on
abdomen are short, they follow
to some degree the ground colour,
but are black along the dorsum
and at apex; at the sides they
are long at the base and yellow,
at the hind corners of second
and third segments are some
black hairs and on the apical Fig. 130. S.scripta 3; hypopygium and
half they are black. Venter eighth segment (8).
yellowish, sometimes partially

darkened, with longish, pale hairs. Genitalia large, reddish yellow,
the eighth segment has two black spots, one above the other, and
the ninth segment two blackish spots at the base; the ninth segment,
the hypopygium, is oval, considerably longer than broad; the apical
appendages or lamelle are less distinctly bifurcate, the lower branch

344 Syrphidae.

broad, the upper chagreened with long, somewhat tufted, yellow hairs.
Legs in typical seripta all yellow, sometimes with the tarsi more or
less browned; the hairs on femora almost all black, or yellow on the
anterior side of front femora and at the base of middle femora; below
the hind femora the hairs are crowded in the apical part on both
sides of the bare channel, and on the posterior side they are very
dense and short and stubby, while a basal space on the postero-
ventral side is almost bare; the quantity of the short, stubby bristles
varies much; the hind coxe have long, yellow hairs, more or less
intermingled with black ones; the hairs on front tibie are yellow,
sometimes with a couple of black, on posterior tibiz mainly black,
though the middle tibiae may have many yellow hairs. Wings hyaline
or a little yellowish tinged. Squamule and halteres yellow.

Besides the variations mentioned the species may vary still more;
the described form is the true scripta, which is the most common in
Denmark; it is the palest form; the next variety is similar but has
the anterior coxe black, the hind coxe partly so, and the trochanters
more or less darkened (var. dispar Loew). Then comes a still darker
form with all coxe and trochanters black, thé jowls blackish grey,
the abdominal bands very much sloping and first and third abdominal
bands emarginate or interrupted, and often only a yellow V on fifth
segment; the genital appendages are more or less black (var. nigri-
coxa Zett.). The darkest variety has likewise coxz and trochanters,
and also sometimes base of femora, black and the jowls black; the
abdominal bands are generally interrupted and do not reach the yel-
low side margin; the fifth segment with only a yellow V: the genital
appendages more or less black (var. strigata Steg.).

Female. Vertex broad, black and shining; frons yellow, shining,
from the vertex a broad, black middle stripe stretches down to, or
almost to the antenne; the hairs black on the upper half, paler down-
wards. Thorax with the three dull stripes more obvious than in the
male. Scutellum generally with more or fewer black hairs. Abdomen
shorter; it has the side margin and four, somewhat narrow and
arched bands yellow; the bands may vary somewhat, the first, or the
first and third, or the three first may be narrowly interrupted; they
are somewhat shelved off at the sides but reach the yellow margin;
the fourth band is always interrupted, and the spots produced for-
wards and backwards at their inner end and thus somewhat hammer-
shaped; the sixth segment is orange with three, often more or less
connected black spots; seventh and eighth segments blackish or ob-
scurely orange, with paler margins. The hairs mainly black except
the long hairs on the sides at the base and some way down the

Sphaerophoria. 345

sides. “Legs always quite yellow with only the tarsi more or less
darkened; the hairs below the hind femora are not crowded, nor
bristly or stubby, but there is as in the male a bare postero-ventral
space at the base.

The female varies, as seen, somewhat with regard to the abdominal
markings, but varieties as in the male cannot be distinguished, only
a rare variety with dark abdomen with all bands narrow and inter-
rupted has been interpreted as var. strigata.

Length about 8 to fully 11 mm, the female the smaller.

The above mentioned varieties may be distinguished in the fol-
lowing way (but it must be remembered that all intermediates occur):

1. Legs all yellow, also coxe and trochanters .............. scripta.
— Legs with coxe and trochanters more or less black.......... 2.

2. Anterior coxe blackish, hind coxe partly so............. dispar.
— All coxe and iachinniers. blackishr ys i. chek coduld eltapgnh 3.

3. Abdominal bands sloping, but reaching the yellow side margin nigricoxa.
— Abdominal spots not reaching the side margin............ strigata.

The larva quite resembles that of menthastri and is green (Résel
describes it as yellowish with grey longitudinal stripes); the puparium
is whitish.

‘ §. scripta is common in Denmark and has been taken all over
the country, though it seems to be more common in some years than
in others. My dates are '/s—"/9, but it is most common in the later
part of the summer. It occurs on many various localities, often in
sreat number. I took the larva at Valby on a leaf with Aphides on
8/7, it pupated on °/7 and developed on 1°/7; the pupa was taken at
Holte on ”?/s, sitting on grass, it developed on *°/s (Kryger). Of the
varieties scripta is by far the most common in Denmark. — In Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. Musca fasciata O. F. Mill. (Fn. Fridrichsd. 757) is given
as synonym with the present species; it is no doubt the female of
this or the following species, but of which it is impossible to say.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, in Finland and in Iceland; further in Egypt, on the
Canaries and Madeira; it occurs also in North America and in Green-
land (from which Steger described strigata).

2. S. menthastri L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 594 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1819 et 1767. Syst.
Nat. XII, 2, 987, 53 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Miill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 722
(Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 771, 43 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst.
Ant]. 251,13 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 325,77 (Syrphus).
— 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 769, 4 et 1849. VIII, 3160, 4. — 1862. Schin.

346 Syrphidae.

F. A. 1, 317 (Melithreptus). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VU, 434, 2. — 1907.
Kat. paliarkt. Dipt. III, 74. — Scaeva interrupta Fabr. 1805. Syst. Anil.
2S 8 Bt

" var. pris Zett. 1849. Dipt. Scand. VIU, 3162, 7—8 et 1859. XiIll,
6009, 7—8.

var. picta Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 326, 77 (Syrphus). — 1843.
Zett. 1. c. Il, 772, 7 et 1849. VII, 3161, 7 et 1859. XII, 6007, 7. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 317 (Melithreptus). — Sph. abbreviata Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII,
6007, 7—8.

var. philanthus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 327, 79 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett.
]. c. Il, 773, 8 et 1849. VIII, 3163, 8. — Syrphus melissae Meig. 1822.
|. c. Ill, 326, 76. — Sph. melissae 1843. Zett. 1. ¢. Il, 770, 5 et 1849. VIII,
3161, 5. — Melithreptus melissae 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 318. — Syrphus
hieroglyphicus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 327, 78. — Melithreptus incisus Loew,
1840. Programm Posen, 57, 4, Fig. 55 et Isis 1840, 573, 4, Fig. 55. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 318. — Sp. multipunctata Zett. 1859. 1. c. XII,
6009, 10. — Sph. insignita Zett. 1859. 1. c. XI, 6010, 11.

var. taeniata Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 325, 74, Tab. XXX, Fig. 35—36
(Syrphus). — 1943. Zett. 1. c. Il, 768, 3 et 1849. VIII, 3160.3. — Meli-
threptus taeniatus 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 318.

Male. Vertex triangular; frons and epistoma yellow, shining, the
front mouth edge narrowly black and often the central knob blackish,
or a blackish middle stripe present. Jowls yellow or greyish, or even
darker. Vertex black-haired; frons and epistoma yellow-haired, . on
the latter the hairs short, sparse and inconspicuous. Occiput greyish
pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow upwards, in the middle
somewhat strong, but not so much as in scripta. Antenne yellow,
third joint generally more or less darkened above; arista brown.
Thorax zneous, dull or dullish, with three more or less visible, duller
stripes, the greyish lines between them very faint or not visible; at
the sides there is a yellow line from the humeri to scutellum, but it
is darker and less distinct behind the transverse furrow. The thorax
is clothed with somewhat long and dense, yellow or brownish yellow
hairs, denser than in seripta. Scutellum yellow, black-haired and the
hairs rather dense and somewhat strong, distinctly stronger than in
scripta; often the hairs are more or less yellow on the basal part,
sometimes to some extent. Pleura sneous, shining, with yellow spots
as in seripta, and with longish, yellow hairs. Abdomen shorter than
in seripta, about of the length of the wings or slightly longer; it, is
dull black with yellow markings, but rather shining at the sides and
generally more or less at the incisures, and somewhat shining at base
and apex. The second segment has a yellow band on the middle,
which is narrowly interrupted and much sloped off at the sides so
that the, hind corners only indistinctly reach the side margin or not
at all; the band on third segment is broader, nearer the front margin

Sphaerophoria. 347

and more or less emarginate in front and behind; it is likewise much
sloped off at the sides, and isolated or reaching the side margin in-
distinctly; the band on fourth segment is somewhat similar but still
nearer the front margin, and it is often a little produced in front and
behind on each side of the emargination, in rare cases interrupted;
the fourth segment has an indistinct orange hind margin; the fifth
segment is yellow, it has a triangular, black spot at each front corner,
and in the middle a narrow, black line, stretching backwards and
here connected with a transverse, black spot on each side, thus
forming a black anchor, which does not reach the hind margin; (it will be
seen that the arrangement is principally the same as in seripta, the
difference is caused by the black spots being smaller and the middle
line connected with the hinder spots); sometimes the flukes of the
anchor are connected with the spots at the front corners (answering
to the presence of the V-shaped figure in scripta). The whole side
margin of abdomen is narrowly and more or less distinctly yellow.
The hairs follow to some degree the ground colour, but are black
along the dorsum and at apex; at the sides they are all yellow, and
long at the base, sometimes they are black on the hinder part. Venter
chiefly yellowish, with longish, pale hairs. Genitalia large, yellow,
eighth segment with two black spots,
one above the other, ninth segment
with two blackish, transverse spots
at the base; the ninth segment, the
hypopygium, is shorter than in seripta,
almost globular; the apical append-
ages or lamelle more distinctly bi-
fureate than in scripta, the lower
branch much narrower, the upper
prerter and’ less chagreened, with Fig.131. S.menthastri 3; hypopygium
tufts of yellow hairs; the lower and eighth segment (8).
branches are exised towards the ends

and somewhat fitting into each other. Legs yellow or dark yellow,
the tarsi more or less darkened to blackish, and sometimes the coxe
darkened; the hairs on femora all or almost all black, on the hind
femora a bare channel below as in scripta but less pronounced, and
there are no stubby or crowded bristles, the hairs being uniformly
distributed and of the same length and strength, and there is no bare
space at the base; the hind coxe have long, yellow and black hairs;
the tibize likewise black-haired, the front tibiee with more or fewer
yellow hairs. Wings nearly hyaline to somewhat brownish tinged.
Squamulz pale yellow to yellow. Halteres yellow.

348 | Syrphidae.

Also this species varies much, especially with regard to the ab-
dominal markings; the described form should answer to the true
menthastri; the next variety has the first abdominal band entire but
is otherwise similar; the abdominal bands reach the margin or are
isolated; the legs pale or more or less dark at the base; epistoma
with a slight or without middle stripe (var. dubia Zett.). Then comes
a form with the abdominal bands all interrupted, the spots quite
isolated or more or less reaching the side margin; the epistoma with
a generally distinct, black middle stripe and the mouth edge and
jowls black; coxee and trochanters, and also base of femora black or
blackish (var. picta Meig.). A quite similar form has the legs all yel-
low, the tarsi paler; only a slight epistomal stripe and the jowls paler
(var. philanthus Meig.). Finally a form occurs with scutellum quite or
almost quite yellow-haired, and also sometimes the vertex more or
less yellow-haired; the abdominal bands are entire and broad or very
broad; they may reach the margin or be more or less isolated; the
fifth segment yellow with small spots, and the black middle line often
interrupted; the legs are pale or somewhat dark or blackish at base,
the tarsi rather pale, and the front tibize generally much yellow-haired
(var. taeniata Meig.).

Female. Vertex broad, black and shining, from it a broad, black
stripe goes down to the antenne; the hairs black, but paler above
the antenne. Abdomen with four yellow, somewhat narrow bands,
shelved off at the sides but generally reaching the margin; the first
band narrowly interrupted, second and third entire, sometimes more
or less emarginate behind, and rarely the third band interrupted; the
fourth band is interrupted and the spots are produced a little for-
wards and backwards at the inner end, and thus somewhat hammer-
like; the side margins of abdomen are very narrowly yéllow; the sixth
segment is yellow with a black middle spot at the base and two
lateral spots near the hind margin, the spots often connected, and
sometimes the side spots reaching the front margin; seventh segment
orange, more or les black on the middle; the hairs on abdomen short,
all black, also at the margin except at the basal corners. Legs all
yellow, only the tarsi more or less darkened; hind femora as in the
male with no bare space at the base.

The female varies mainly in the same way as the male, i. e. with
regard to the abdominal markings, but as the legs are always yel-
low the varr. philanthus and picta cannot be discerned from each
other.

Length 6,5—9 mm.

The varieties may be distinguished in the following way:

Sphaerophoria. 349
See mseutellum mainly black-haired .... 02.02 onc eee eee 2.
— Scutellum quite or mainly yellow-haired................ taeniata.
2. All or some of the abdominal bands entire ................ 3.
Seeendominal bands all interrupted ............0..0ss0ceeee. 4,
Seencominal bands all entire...) 5... 2. ce ete eee dubia.
— First abdominal band interrupted...................... menthastri.
eeetniaek! at! hase Geta serst Soe Pe eI. picta.
nial yellow. (df) )iicau-ies am F ota’ shoal Wels - Oa apetm b os philanthus.

The larva and pupa were described above under the genus.

This species is known from scripta by its smaller sixe, by the
shorter abdomen which is not or almost not longer than the wings,
and by the hind femora which in the male have no short and stubby
bristles and in both sexes no bare space at the base, but the hairs
all equal and evenly distributed; further it has generally a black-
haired scutellum with the hairs stronger, and the front tibiz more
black-haired. The shape of the hypopygium and its appendages gives
a certain distinction for the males, as seen from the descriptions and
figures.

S. menthastri is like the preceding species common in Denmark
all over the country, and it occurs in the same way. My dates are
15158/9, The varieties are about equally common. I have taken it
in copula on "/6 and ?/s. The larva was taken in flood refuse, chiefly

- of Phragmites, on Vesterfeelled on 4/4, it developed on 7!/s (the author);

further is was taken in flood refuse at Randers in spring,: developing
in May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
northern Sweden, in Finland and in Siberia; further on the Canaries,
and it is also recorded from Japan, and from North America.

Remarks: Scaeva interrupta Fabr., which has hitherto never been
interpreted, is, according to the type in the collection of Tonder Lund,
a female of S. menthastri.

3: Ss. flavicauda Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 771, 6 et 1849. VIII, 3161, 6. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 441, 3, figs. 315—317. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 73.

var. nitidicollis Zett. 1849. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3163, 8—9 et 1859.
XIll, 6009, 8—9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 318 (Melithreptus).

Male. Vertex zneous, somewhat large, triangular, a little elong-
ated; frons and epistoma yellow, shining, the central knob brown and
the mouth edge narrowly black or brown. Jowls blackish grey. Vertex
with black hairs anteriorly, pale hairs behind; frons and epistoma
pale-haired, on the latter the hairs inconspicuous. Occiput grey pruinose,

350 Syrphidae.

more neous above, the hairs white, slightly yellowish above; about
the middle they are rather coarse and silvery. Antenne yellow, third
joint more or less brown above. Thorax eneous, shining, especially
towards the sides; it has two approximated, grey lines in front,
separated by a blackish, dull line, stretching to the scutellum; the
yellow side line is interrupted above the wing-root, the postalar callus
yellow. The thorax is clothed with pale: yellow hairs. Scutellum
yellow with the extreme basal corners black, it has pale yellow hairs.
Pleura neous, shining, with the usual yellow spots, and with whitish
yellow hairs. Abdomen not at all longer than the wings; it is
distinctly clavate as it is narrowest about the third segment, the fifth
being the broadest; the third, fourth and fifth segments relatively
shorter than in the foregoing species; abdomen is black and shining,
with yellow markings, it is somewhat bluish towards the sides, only
dull on just the disc of second, third, fourth and fifth segments; at
the basal corners are small, yellow spots; on the second segment
there are a pair of oblique, yellow spots, stretching from about the
hinder corners up to the middle of the segment, well separated, or
connected to a somewhat emarginate band; the third segment has a
similar band, likewise beginning at the hinder corners and. arched
forwards; it is quite entire or somewhat emarginate; the band on
fourth segment similar, generally slightly interrupted, and here pro-
duced a little forwards and backwards; the fifth segment has black
spots at the basal corners and a black middle line connected with
two black spots at the hind margin to a somewhat anchor-shaped
spot, the hind margin narrowly orange, and likewise the side margins;
the side margins of abdomen are otherwise not yellow, or very nar-
rowly so, but all the spots go over the margin. The hairs on abdomen
follow chiefly the ground colour, but are pale at the base and black
along the dorsum; at the sides they are pale, and at the basal corners
long. Venter bluish black with yellow hind margins to the segments,
and with short, yellow hairs. Genitalia large, yellow or brownish
yellow; sixth and seventh segments larger than in the foregoing species;
eighth segment with two, more or less connected, black spots, one
above the other; ninth segment with two black spots at the base,
sometimes much extended but then indefinite; the appendages are
not long, they are haired but the hairs not long, nor forming tufts.
Legs with cox and trochanters more or less darkened, greyish yellow
to black; femora with the basal part black, on hind femora the basal
half; sometimes the femora still more black, anterior femora with the
basal half or more black and hind femora with only the apex yellow,
but the femora have the extreme base yellow; tibize yellow, sometimes

ei

Sphaerophoria. : 301

the hind tibiz somewhat darkened; tarsi more or less darkened, hind
tarsi the most. The hairs on anterior femora varying from more or less
yellow to almost quite black, on hind femora they are black; the
hairs on tibie yellow, on hind tibie varying to quite black; hind
trochanters more hairy than in the foregoing species. Wings somewhat
tinged. Squamulz pale yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex moderately broad, shining zneous, sending a
middle stripe down towards the antennz; the hairs black above,
yellow below. Abdomen broader than in the male and less clavate
but, however, distinctly so; it has the basal corners and four arched
bands yellow; the first band more or less widely interrupted, the
second entire, emarginate or interrupted, the third generally inter-
rupted, the fourth interrupted and the inner end of the spots produced
slightly forwards and backwards, and the segment with a narrow,
orange hind margin; the sixth segment orange with a black basal
middle spot and a pair of spots at the hind margin, the spots more
or less connected; the bands reach the side margin, the first and
second sometimes indistinctly. Venter paler than in the male, quite
or almost quite yellow. Legs yellow, only hind tarsi more or less
darkened.

The form now described answers to the var. nitidicollis Zett.; as
seen it varies somewhat with regard to the abdominal markings.
Besides nitidicollis there is a var. flavicauda Zett. distinguished by the
legs, also of the male, being all yellow, but this variety I have never
seen from Denmark. As to the synonymy of these varieties flavicauda
was founded by Zetterstedt in 1843 on a single female which seems
to be an extreme form, with the abdominal markings small and
isolated and, except on third segment, separated and consisting of
small spots, and this form has never been mentioned since, except by
Verrall, who likewise mentions a single specimen. Zetterstedt described
later on, in 1849, the other var., nitidicollis, as a new species (sent
him under this name as a new species from Steger), but the male
with yellow legs was not described, I think, until Verrall, or perhaps
it was this form, which Schiner had. The fact is thus that Zetter-
stedt first described a rare and extreme variety as flavicauda, and.
later on a more common variety as nitidicollis, while the paler form
with yellow legs in both sexes, which seems to be the normal form,
remained undescribed for a long time. It is curious that only the
var. nitidicollis seems to occur in Denmark, while otherwise the form
with yellow legs in both sexes (which may be termed flavicauda, but
of which, as said, the specimen described by Zetterstedt was an ex-
treme form with small abdominal spots, this variety otherwise having

352 Syrphidae.

the yellow markings more extended than in mnétidicollis) seems to be
the most common; perhaps it is a more southern variety.

Length 6—6,5 mm.

The pupa resembles the one of the two preceding species.

This species is easily known from the two foregoing species by
the shining thorax with the yellow marginal line interrupted, and the
clavate abdomen, and in the male by the genital appendages with-
out hair tufts.

S. flavicauda is rare in Denmark; Vesterfzlled (Schlick), Char-
lottenlund, Vedbzek (Steeger), Hillerad (Godskesen), and in Jutland at
Aalborg in a garden (the author) and at Frederikshavn (H. J. Hansen).
The dates are in July. Verrall states that there is some connection
between this species and the common Asparagus. Zetterstedt records
that it is especially found near the coast, and on such localities are
Steeger’s specimens taken, as also those from Frederikshavn; this
occurrence, Verrall thinks, may be due. to the presence of Asparagus
here. The larva was taken on Vesterfeelled (also a shore-locality) in
flood refuse in late autumn; the imago developed in spring (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, and,
as it seems, down into Austria and Hungary, and also recorded from
Italy and Spain; towards the north to middle Sweden.

4. S. Loewii Zett.

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 774, 9 et 1855. XII, 4662, 9. — 1907. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 74. — Melithreptus formosus Egg. 1859. Verh. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, IX, 406. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 317.

Male. Vertex large, elongated triangular, considerably longer than
the eye-suture; it is eneous, somewhat shining; frons and epistoma
yellow, the latter somewhat whitish pruinose, the central knob shining,
a little brownish; the front mouth edgé much more retreating than
in the other species, and hence the central knob looking more pro-
minent and the front end of the lateral mouth edge lying more back-
wards. Jowls whitish yellow. Vertex with yellow hairs, anteriorly
somewhat brownish; frons and epistoma pale-haired. Occiput grey
pruinose, the hairs white below, yellow upwards, about the middle
somewhat coarse and silvery. Antenne black, third joint somewhat
large. Thorax eneous or greenish neous, shining, without stripes;
the yellow marginal line abbreviated at the wing-root, postalar callus
yellowish; thorax with yellow, not long hairs, longest behind. Scutel-
lum dark yellow or brownish orange, just the basal margin bluish;
it is yellow-haired. Pleura bluish geneous, shining; the yellow spots
somewhat restricted as, besides the spots above front coxee, on the

Sphaerophoria. 353

upper part of sternopleura and on metapleura, only the hinder part
of mesopleura and the upper part of pteropleura are yellow; the
hairs are yellow. Abdomen about of the length of the wings, some-
what depressed and band-shaped, narrowest in the middle and thus
slightly clavate; it has the segments shorter than in scripta and men-
thastri, the fiflh segment much broader than long and only slightly
unsymmetrical, as the hind margin is only very slightly prolonged on
the right side of the middle; abdomen is wneous black, shining, only
dull on the disc of second segment, and with a narrow, longitudinal,
dull spot on the dorsum of third and fourth segments; the basal
corners are yellow, this colour stretching a little in on second seg-
ment, and there are three pairs of yellow or orange, triangular spots,
stretching from about the middle of the side in on the segments;
they have the front margin straight, the hind margin sloping forwards;
the basal spots are small, widely separated, but the spots increase in
size backwards, the third pair being the largest and at the side
margin occupying the whole length of the segment; the side margins
of abdomen are yellow and the spots go in full width over the margin;
the spots may vary in size, being sometimes rather small and not
triangular but forming oblique stripes at the sides, with the inner end
directed forwards and very widely separated in the middle; the fourth
segment has a narrow, orange hind margin; the fifth segment black,
with the sides more or less broadly and the hind margin very nar-
rowly orange. The hairs on abdomen are black along the middle of ©
the dorsum, the black hairs more extended on the apical part; at the
hind margins of the segments they are black; towards the sides they
are pale, and likewise at the side margin, where they are long at the
base. Venter bluish black with pale hind margins to the segments,
and with pale hairs. Genitalia large, orange or dark orange; eighth
segment with two black spots, one above the other, often uniting;
ninth segment with two smaller or larger black spots at the base,
and sometimes with some dark markings below; the appendages not
long, with somewhat short hair tufts. Legs relatively robust with
the tarsi a little broad; they are yellow, femora with a black ring
near the base, largest on hind femora; the hairs on femora somewhat
short; all hairs yellow except on the dorsal and anterior side of the
hind tibiz, where there are some black hairs. Wings a little pale
brownish tinged. Squamule and halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex of medium breadth, shining neous, a median
stripe of the same colour stretching down the yellow frons to the
antenne; the hairs yellow, above more brownish. Abdomen as in
the male a little clavate and band-shaped, and it is relatively broader;

23

304 Syrphidae.

it has likewise pairs of triangular or more elongated oblique spots at
the sides, smallest on second segment and increasing in size back-
wards; fhe side margin is yellow; the sixth and seventh segments
yellow with a more or less triangular, black middle spot. The spots
may vary in size, being more or less widely separated, or the hinder
ones almost touching. Legs yellow, hind femora with a faint ring
near the base and anterior femora with only an indistinct patch.

Length 7,5—8,5 mm.

This species is at once known both by its black antenne and
the retreating front mouth edge, and by the abdominal markings; it
seems to vary rather much with regard to these latter according to
Zetterstedt’s and Schiner’s descriptions, especially Schiner describes
the abdomen in the male with the third and following segments yellow
with indistinct brown markings, and in the female with yellow bands
of which only the first is interrupted, and the last segment quite
yellow.

S. Loewii is very rare in Denmark, we have only four specimens,
taken many years ago at Lersgen in June by Steger; it is recorded
to occur at the borders of water on water-plants, according to Schiner
especially on Butomus umbellatus; Zetterstedt records it also from
the shore on Scirpus and Triglochin.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to middle Sweden.

21. Kanthogramma Schin.

Species of medium size and of black colour with yellow stripes
on thorax and markings on pleura, and with yellow, band-shaped
spots on abdomen. The genus is nearest allied to Sphaerophoria,
but at once distinguished by its broader shape. Head semiglobular,
a little broader than thorax, excavated behind. Eyes touching in the
male, separated in the female, but the vertex rather narrow. Frons
somewhat protruding, the upper angle in the male acute. Eyes not
quite bare, with scattered, inconspicuous hairs; the upper facets in
the male slightly enlarged. Antenne inserted in the middle or nearly
so; they are short, third joint roundish, the basal joints not quite
small; arista somewhat short, apparently bare; the antenne are larger
in the female than in the male. Epistoma not broad, more or less
narrowing downwards; it is a little hollowed belew the antenne, the
central knob not small, but not much protruding; the front mouth
edge considerably retreating and almost not curved upwards; the
epistoma is yellow and hairy. Jowls very narrow, and not at all

Xanthogramma. . 355

descending; the oral aperture large but not long. Mouth parts chiefly
as in Sphaerophoria, but relatively shorter and stouter, labrum and
hypopharynx considerably shorter; palpi short. Thorax rectangular,
with a yellow stripe at the side margin, and with one or more yellow
spots on pleura; metapleura with quite short, dense hairs. Scutellum
yellow with the basal part darkened or black; is has no marginal
fringe below. Abdomen ovate, a little restricted towards the base; it
is distinctly marginate; in the male there are five not transformed
segments both on dorsal and ventral side, the fifth not quite small,
larger than in Syrphus (and hence with distinct yellow markings).
Genitalia small, of usual shape. In the female abdomen has likewise
five distinctly visible segments, but generally one to three more, but
small, are seen. Legs simple and quite short-haired, also the hairs
behind anterior femora rather short, and hind femora not at all with
longer hairs. Wings with the medial cross-vein well before the middle
of the discal cell; cubital vein with a distinct, though slight curve
about the middle; the basal part of the radial vein to the base of
the cubital vein with very fine, bristly hairs; vena spuria not strong.
Alula large. Squamule blackish, still narrower than in Sphaerophoria,
especially the thoracal squamula; alar squamula with short, simple
hairs, thoracal squamula with somewhat long, branched hairs. Plumula
somewhat thin and delicate, with not dense, plumose hairs (Girschner
says “einfachen oder nur undeutlich gegabelten Harchen”’, I find them
distinctly plumose).

The developmental stages of X. ornatum are mentioned by Beling
(Arch. fiir Naturg. 48, 2, 1882, 232, 38). The author found some larve
in the ground under turf (in einem beraseten Erdhaufen) on *°/s; in
the same place he took larve the following year on *°/1; they pupated
towards the end of May, and the imagines came on '/s6—**/s. The
following year larvee were again taken in the same place on **/2, they
pupated on 24/5, but gave only parasitical Hymenoptera. Two larve
taken in the ground on a meadow on *°/5 pupated on */s and developed
on 29/s—4i7, I have myself had the larva of X. ornatum, it was taken by
Mr. Kryger, who found it sitting on an Ononis procurrens, in September ;
it hibernated quite motionless, and next spring on **/s it contracted and
took the pupal shape, and on */; it was a pupa; the imago came on
12/4; further I possess a specimen of X. citrofasciatum bred from a
pupa found under a stone on '%4 and developing in May. — The
larva of ornatum is described as somewhat flat below, arched above
with a shallow, longitudinal furrow; the body divided into 30—36
corrugations; the second, third and fourth corrugations each with a
transverse row of distinct, brown tubercles ending in a short hair.

23*

356 Syrphidae.

(This description is, as seen, quite in accordance with my descriptions
of the larve of the foregoing genera, which have likewise a single,
transverse row of spinules on the meso- and metathoracal and the
first abdominal segments; as Beling mentions no spinules on the fol-
lowing segments, the named anterior spinules are probably relatively
large, the others small). The posterior spiracular process brown, some-
what prominent. The mouth with distinct hooks, each furcate and
bidentate. The colour is yellowish white, with blackish, translucent
intestine. Length to 10mm. Pupa similar to the quite contracted
larva, but of light brown colour, 8 mm long. — I did not examine
my larva more closely, but it was mainly agreeing with Beling’s
description; the pupa has no anterior spiracular tubes.

Brauer has, in his work over the larve, on account of Beling’s
observation suggested that the larva lives in ants’ nests; I might think
that they are aphidiphagous as those of the related genus Sphaero-
phoria, and perhaps living in the same way; I may, however, note
that Mr. Kryger told me that there were plenty of ants on the place
where he took the larva of X. ornatum. The larva evidently hibernates,
as shown by Beling’s observations and by my bred specimens.

The species of Xanthogramma are beautiful and characteristic
flies by their bright markings strongly contrasted towards the black
colour; they occur especially on meadows on flowers and generally
flying rather low.

Of the genus 4 species are known from the palearctic region, 2
occurring in Denmark.

Table of Species.
1. Basal abdominal spots triangular, equilateral; hind femora

and tibiz with more or less distinct, dark rings..... 1. ornatum.
— Basal abdominal spots narrow and linear; legs quite
WOU ceca haa eo sym sin ate ah + aces ea le 2. citrofasciatum.

1. X. ornatum Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 298, 37 -(Syrphus) et 1838. VII, 130, 3
(Doros). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 693, 3 et 1849. VII, 3127, 3
(Doros). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 319. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 448, 1,
fig. 318. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 79. — Scaeva festiva Fall. p.. p.
1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 38. — Doros decoratus Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand.
II, 694, 4 et 1849. VIII, 3127, obs. 2 et 1859. XII, 5088, obs.

Male. Vertex black, frons and epistoma dull yellow; jowls black;
epistoma distinctly decreasing in breadth downwards. The hairs on
vertex, frons and epistoma yellow or more or less brown, or mixed
with black hairs, at the anterior apex of vertex a tuft of black hairs.

Xanthogramma. 357

Occiput grey pruinose, with yellowish, upwards darker hairs, and
above also with black hairs. Antennz reddish, third joint generally
slightly darkened at the upper margin; arista blackish brown, the base
yellow. Thorax black or zeneous black, somewhat shining, with three
faint dull stripes in front, the lateral often scarcely traceable; the side
margin has a somewhat broad, bright yellow stripe; the disc is clothed
with dense, dark yellow or brown hairs. Scutellum yellow with the
basal half black, and with yellow or brown hairs. Pleura black, the
hind margin of mesopleura with a yellow or whitish spot, and some-
times a faint spot or trace of a spot below it and a similar on meta-
pleura; the hairs yellow or brown. Abdomen increasing in breadth
from the base to about the end of the third segment; it is dull black,
shining just at base and apex, with four pairs of yellow or orange
spots; the basal spots are large, triangular and about equilateral, they
lie on the front part of the segment, touching the front corners, and
are broadly separated in the middle; the second pair form narrow
stripes at the front margin, sloping a little backwards towards the
sides, and approximated in the middle; the third pair are similar, but
more curved and sloping at the sides, and the fourth pair are still
more curved, and in front disappearing under the margin of the fourth
segment; the fourth and fifth segments have a narrow, orange hind
margin; the spots are going over, or just to, the side margin. The
hairs are quite short; they follow the ground colour, only at the base
they are yellow and longer; at the sides they are all short and black
except at the base, where they are long and yellow from the begin-
ning of the yellow spot. Venter coloured about as dorsum, but with
only three bands, the third generally consisting of a pair of spots,

Fig. 132. Wing of X. ornatum o.

often more or less united in the middle; it has longish, mainly yellow
hairs on the two first segments, short and black on the rest. Legs
yellow with coxe and trochanters black; tarsi more reddish; hind |
femora with a more or less distinct, dark ring near the apex, hind
tibiz reddish brown with a faint dark ring in the middle, and hind

358 . Syrphidae.

tarsi more or less dark brown. The legs short-haired, the hairs yel-
low except generally a row behind the middle femora, and the hairs
at the apical part of hind femora and all on hind tibiz, which are
black. Wings a little brownish tinged and rather so at the front
margin; stigma blackish brown and below it a blackish spot, seaming
the radial vein to the base of the cubital vein. Squamule with the
fringes, and plumula blackish brown. Halteres yellow with the peduncle
brown.

Female. Vertex narrow, black; frons increasing in breadth down-
wards, yellow with a black middle stripe from vertex to antenne,
likewise widening downwards. The hairs black and short on the
middle stripe, for the rest mainly yellow and longer. Antenne larger
than in the male. The hairs on thorax and scutellum quite short.
The abdominal bands a little narrower.

Length 10,5—12 mm.

X. ornatum is somewhat rare in Denmark; Amager, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Ruderhegn, Faxe Ladeplads; on Lolland at Maribo,
Christiansseede and in Keldskov; on Langeland at Lohals. My dates
are ®/7—1/s. It occurs on flowers on meadows. The larva was taken
in Ruderhegn, sitting on Ononis procurrens, in September; it pupated
the next spring on 7°/s and developed on !/4 (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

2. X. citrofasciatum De Geer.

1776. De Geer. Mém. Ins. VI, 118, 9 (Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 319. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 450, 2, fig. 319. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 78. — Syrphus festivus Fabr. (nec L.) 1775. Syst. Entom. 769, 34
et 1805. Syst. Antl. 242, 46 (Hristalisy}. — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph.
38,3 p. p. (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 297,36 (Syrphus) et
1838. VII, 1380, 2 (Doros). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 692, 2 (Doros).

This species is very similar to ornatum. Male. Epistoma a little
less decreasing in breadth downwards; frons and epistoma more
black-haired. Thorax more short-haired, and the hairs more decum-
bent. Scutellum with the dark basal part broader, so that only a
smaller or larger tip is yellow; the basal part is brownish or some-
times yellowish, with only the basal corners black. There is always
a distinct yellow spot also on metapleura. Abdomen more regularly
ovate; the basal spots forming narrow bands, about three times as
broad as long at the side; the following bands a little narrower than
in ornatum and a little less arched, the second and third straight; the
hairs at the base of the side margin shorter. Legs quite yellow, ex-

Doros. 359

cept the black coxe and trochanters; anterior femora with more or
fewer black hairs, but hind femora and tibie all or almost all yellow-
haired. Wings more brown and hence the stigma and the spot below
it less marked; cubital vein a little less curved.

Female. Likewise similar to the female of ornatum, and differing
from the male in the same way as this, only the abdominal bands
are not narrower than in the male.

Length 10—11,5 mm.

X. citrofasciatum is like the preceding somewhat rare in Denmark;
Amager, Damhusmosen, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Ruderhegn; on Lol-
land in Keldskov and Hovenge Skov west of Nysted; in Jutland at
Horsens. My dates are 1%/;—*/s6; it is thus in contrast to ornatum
a spring species; it occurs otherwise in the same way. The pupa
was found under a stone on Amager on 1%/4 and it developed in the
same month (Worm Hansen).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

22, Doros Meig.

Species of rather large size and somewhat long and narrow shape,
somewhat similar to an Eumenes; the colour is black with yellow side
stripes on thorax and small markings on pleura, and with narrow
bands on abdomen; the body is slightly hairy. The genus is nearest
allied to Xanthogramma and also somewhat similar to it, but at once
distinguished by the narrow abdomen; otherwise it agrees with it in
most respects. Head similar; eyes bare. Antenne with the arista
very slightly pubescent. Epistoma with the central knob smaller, it
is yellow with a black middle stripe leaving the knob yellow, or more
black with only the side margins yellow. Thorax as in Xanthogramma;
scutellum brownish yellow, no fringe below the margin. Abdomen
somewhat long and narrow, constricted at the base and thus clavate;
it is semicylindrical as the dorsum is arched, the venter flat; the
second segment is somewhat long and narrow, the others decreasing
in length but increasing in breadth. In the male there are five not
transformed segments, the fifth not specially small. Genitalia small,
of usual shape. In the female there are likewise five normal abdominal
segments, but three small apical segments are generally seen. Legs
with the femora a little thickened towards the base; hind tibize with
the incurvation on the posterior side before the apex rather strong,
and the anterior tibiz with indications of the same structure; hind
tibiz moreover a little dilated about the middle; anterior tibie sulcated

360 Syrphidae.

on the postero-dorsal side and hind tibize on the antero-dorsal side
(also, but to a slighter degree, present in other genera). Legs short-
haired as in Xanthogramma. Wings relatively long and a little nar-
rowed; radial vein without perceptible bristly hairs; cubital vein nearly
straight. Squamule narrow as in Xanthogramma, fringed in the same
way. Plumula small, with relatively short, partly simple, partly singly
branched hairs.

The developmental stages are mentioned by Mik (Verh. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, XIV, 1864, 797); the larva is described as leech-like,
yellowish orange, smooth; the length is given to about 9mm. The
pupa is of the size of the larva, yellowish brown, somewhat cylindrical,
equally rounded at both ends and somewhat depressed in the middle,
not unlike larger pupe of ants. The author found the larva under
moss at the foot of oak-trees on */s, it pupated fourteen days later,
and the imago came first in May. Bremi (Isis 1846, 164) says that
the larva lives in trees inhabited by ants, but without giving any
further elucidation, and Scholtz states (according to Brauer) the same
(Ent. Zeitschr. Breslau, 1848—49). Mik’s observation shows that the
larva hibernates. :

The single species of Doros is a large, characteristic, Wasp-like fly.

Of the genus only one species is known from the palezarctic
region, also occurring in Denmark.

1. D. conopseus Fabr.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 786, 26 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 195, 29
(Milesia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 296, 35 (Syrphus) et 1838. VII,

130, Tab. LXVIIl, Fig. 7. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 691, 1 et 1859.
XIll, 5087, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 320. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
453, 1, fig. 320. — Doros conopeus Zell. 1842. Isis, 830. — ~1907. Kat.

paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 80.

Male. Frons yellow, but with a large, black, triangular spot from
the top angle to the antenne, and on the sides stretching a little
below them; the spot is so large that only the narrow side margin
is yellow, so that the frons may be termed black with a narrow, yel-
low side margin. Epistoma yellow with a horse-shoe-shaped blackish
middle part, surrounding the yellow central knob and below united
with the broadly black mouth edge; sometimes also the knob black
so that epistoma only is yellowish at the sides and below the antenne.
Jowls black. Vertex and frons with yellow hairs, the latter with short,
black hairs anteriorly; epistoma with pale yellow hairs. Occiput
greyish pruinose, the hairs yellow; as far as I could see no black
hairs above. Antennz reddish brown, the basal joint blackish; arista

Doros. 361

brown. Thorax black or brownish black, shining, punctate and clothed
with short, decumbent, brownish yellow hairs; on the postalar calli
longer, pale hairs; there is a yellow line along the side margin, nar-
rowed behind, and sometimes indistinct behind the transverse furrow.
Scutellum brownish or yellowish brown, with somewhat long, pale
hairs. Pleura black, shining, with a more or less distinct, yellow spot
above the front coxz and at the upper margin of the sternopleura;
the hairs are longish, whitish, only present on meso- and on the
anterior part of pteropleura. Abdomen narrow, constricted on the
basal part; it is black, a little shining, with a pair of basal spots and
three narrow, yellow bands; the basal spots are linear, beginning at
the basal corners and stretching obliquely backwards and inwards
about to the middle, but broadly separated; the bands lie close to
the front margins of the segments, the middle band is the narrowest;
the last is somewhat curved, and it is partly formed of the yellow
hind margin of the fourth segment and this margin is a little triangularly
produced in the middle; the basal band of fifth segment may be quite
hidden under the yellow hind margin of the fourth, so that the third
band is formed only of this margin; the hind margin of the fifth seg-
ment is narrowly yellow. All the bands go over the side margin.
The hairs on abdomen are short and mainly following the ground
colour, but partly brown on the black parts and mainly black at the
yellow hind margin of fourth segment; at the base and basal corners
they are longer and pale, and likewise along the sides of second seg-
ment. Venter mainly coloured as dorsum, but with four bands as
the hind margin of the first segment is yellow but second segment
without spots; it is clothed with short hairs, pale on the basal half,
dark towards apex; just at the base they are long. Legs reddish yel-
low, femora black at the base, on the posterior side the black colour
often stretching towards the apex, hind femora a little pale at the
base; tibie with more or less complete, blackish rings below the
middle, most distinct on hind tibize; tarsi with the last two or three
joints brownish or blackish. The legs are short-haired, only behind
the anterior femora the hairs are a little longer; they are all pale.
Wings relatively long, somewhat brownish tinged, the whole anterior
margin strongly brown, the brown space bounded behind from the
base to the ‘medial cross-vein by the discal vein, and outwards by the
cubital vein. Squamule greyish or blackish yellow with a brown
fringe. Halteres orange with a darker peduncle.

Female. Vertex narrow, black; frons rapidly widening to the
antennee, yellow with a black middle stripe from vertex to antenne,
widening evenly downwards so that only the side margins of the

362 Syrphidae.

frons are yellow; the hairs yellow. Antenne a little larger than in
the male. Thorax and scutellum all quite short-haired. Abdomen
with the basal spots larger and broader than in the male, less widely
separated. The dark rings on anterior tibize quite small.

Length about 15 mm.

This species is very similar to a Conops or Physocephala, perhaps
especially to P. nigra, and also to an Hwmenes; Verrall thinks that
both the Conopid and the Doros have independently mimicked the
Wasp, though it is not possible to see the reason for this with regard
to the Doros such as perhaps with regard to the Conopid. — As seen
the species may vary somewhat, especially with regard to the colour
of epistoma; no doubt therefore the D. destillatorius Mik (Wien. ent.
Zeitg. 1V, 53) and the D. conopseus var. bipunctatus Mik (Verh. zool.
bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXV, 328), which the author thinks may perhaps
be a distinct species, are only varieties, as already declared by Verrall,
who possessed the types to both species.

D. conopseus is rare in Denmark, I know only five specimens, all
females; Sealand, without particular locality (Lovendal), Bollemosen
(Sehlick), Brede, Tyvekrog (Godskesen), and on Lolland at Maribo
(Schlick). The dates are 7°/s—*/7.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden; it is everywhere rather rare.

293. Baeecha Fabr.

Species of not small size but of very elongate and slender shape;
the colour dark zneous with small, yellow abdominal bands. Head
somewhat long, especially in the male and here almost conical; it is
considerably broader than thorax, excavated behind. Eyes very large,
touching for a rather long distance in the male, somewhat narrowly
separated in the female; frons and epistoma rather narrow. Eyes
bare, the facets distinctly enlarged above in the male. Antenne
inserted in the middle of the head; they are short, third joint roundish;
arista thickened at the base, apparently bare; the antenne slightly
larger in the female than in the male. Epistoma evenly retreating;
it is not hollowed below the antennze and has a small central knob,
below which it is again retreating; the oral aperture is simply
elongated as the front edge is not curved upwards and there are no
lateral angles between the front and the side mouth edges. The
epistoma is black, at most a little yellow at the mouth edge or on
the sides below; it has short, fine hairs. Jowls very small and narrow,
in front of them a little pit. Oral cone somewhat short; clypeus

Baccha. 363

horse-shoe-shaped, the basal part rather arched, somewhat prominent,
the side prolongations very delicate. Proboscis short. Labrum some-
what strong, high at the base; it is of the usual shape, the median
process cleft and divided into fine emergences, the upper lateral pro-
cess very thin and delicate, pointed and also a little branched, the
lower process broad and rounded at the apex; below, along the side
margin labrum has the usual row of small warts or papille; maxille
short, knife-shaped, palpi short, slightly longer than the lacinia, a little
clubbed; towards the apex they have some bristles and they are beset
with fine hairs; the lacinia has, as usual, very fine, microscopical hairs,
arranged somewhat in rows; hypopharynx as long as labrum, a little
attenuated but with the apex rounded. Labium with the basal part
a little shorter than the broad labella, not strongly chitinised, of yellow
colour. Thorax slightly rectangular, somewhat arched; scutellum zeneous,
without frmge below the margin. No bristles present. Pleura without
yellow markings, at most somewhat vaguely pale; metapleura with
very short hairs; in contrast to the foregoing genera there is a distinct,
_chitinised metasternum behind the hind coxe (or this part is formed
of the metathoracal pleura). Abdomen elongated and narrow, a little
widened behind and thus somewhat clavate; it is about four times
as long as thorax; first segment short, broad at the base, narrowed
behind, short conical; second and third segments long and narrow,
of about equal length, fourth shorter, widening backwards, and fifth
much shorter, about one third of the length of the fourth and the
broadest of all; the first ventral segment about quadratic and a little
arched; in the female the abdomen is more clubbed than in the male,
but pointed again towards the apex and the broadest part lying more
forwards as the third segment is widening backwards and shorter,
the fourth the broadest, the rest decreasing in breadth. In the male
there are five not transformed segments; the genitalia are of usual
shape, relatively large; in the female there are five segments of
length about as in the male, but the small sixth to eighth segments
are generally also distinctly seen, and at the apex are a pair of small
lamelle. Legs slender and long, especially the hind legs; hind tibize
with the usual incurvation near apex on the posterior side; hind
metatarsi somewhat thickened. The legs are very inconspicuously
haired, and the hairs all short except a row of long hairs on the
postero-ventral side of middle femora. Claws and pulvilli normally
developed, not large; empodium small, very short, bristle-shaped and
hairy. Wings somewhat elongate; medial cross-vein well before the
middle of the discal cell; the cubital vein terminates below the apex
of the wing; vena spuria well developed; axillary lobe slightly pro-

364 Syrphidae.

nounced, broadly rounded. Alula very narrow, almost wanting. Squa-
mule very narrow,’ especially the, thoracal squamula; alar squamula
with short, simple hairs, thoracal squamula with not dense hairs,
partly simple, partly somewhat branched, especially towards the angulus.
Plumula very short, almost rudimentary, with the hairs partly simple,
partly branched from the base.

The developmental stages of B. cochenillivora from Guatemala are
mentioned by Guérin-Méneville (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, VI, 1848,
Bull. 79 and Revue Zool. XI, 1848, 350); the larva feeds on cochineal
and is destructive to them. The larva of B. elongata (tabida) has
been described by Snellen v. Vollenhoven (Handl. d. Nederl. Ent. Ver.
1854), but I have not seen this paper. The larva is said to be similar
to a Syrphus-larva, and to be aphidiphagous. Osten Sacken has
recorded (Stett. Ent. Zeitg. 1862, 412) the facts then known about the
Baccha-larva, and he mentions here a Baccha from the southern
United States, feeding on Coccus infesting orange-trees. B. elongata is
mentioned as bred by Bradley (Entom. Month. Mag. XXXII, 1896, 256);
in the case, in which the pupa was, a larva of Mamestra persicaria
had been, and it was suggested, that the Baccha was possibly bred
from it. Morley mentions (Ent. Month. Mag. XLVI, 1910, 192) B. obscuri-
pennis depositing eggs between Aphides (A. prunz) on the leaf of a
bullace in the beginning of July. I have myself examined a pupa of
B. obscuripennis?, taken as larva in flood refuse in a fen on ?*/4, it
pupated *°/4 and developed on '/5. The pupa is of a rather curious
shape; it is elongate, the anterior part high and rounded and curved
somewhat downwards, the rest low; along the middle this low part
is a little arched, but along each side is an impressed line or long-
itudinal furrow, the side margins being again a little raised; above at
the apex is a short spiracular process, directed upwards and a little
divided at the end; the pupa is attached by its posterior part and is
here flat; it is yellowish brown with some darker brown markings on
the anterior part. The length is nearly 7mm. To judge from the
time on which the larva was found it hibernates.

The species of Baccha are very characteristic flies by their long
and slender shape; they occur in woods and thickets, on shaded and
more or less humid places and are here seen hovering; they are in-
defatigable hoverers and their flight is a nice view, especially the male
of B. obscuripennis with its dark wings forms a pretty sight; they are
also seen resting on plants.

Of the genus 4 species are recorded from the paleearctie region,
but only 2 are European (see below under the remarks after the
species), both also occurring in Denmark.

sedi

Baccha. 365

Table of Species.

1. Frons of the male grey pruinose, of the female with a
black stripe from vertex downwards, but stopping before
the antenne, the frons here quite pruinose; wings not
ETE TEDW 055-2 55.537 ee Oe hoe tees eee ee 1. elongata,
— Frons of the male not pruinose, shining, in the female
with a black stripe from vertex to antenne, widening
above the antenne; wings in the male strongly brown 2. obscuripennis.

1. B. elongata Fabr.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 768, 29 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 200, 6. —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 197, 1, Tab. XXVIII, Fig. 13. — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. II, 893, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 324. — 1901. Verr. Brit.
F). Vill, 458, 2, fig. 321. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 81. — B. scutellata
Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 198, 2, 2. — B. sphegina Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 198, 3.
— B. tabida Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 199,5. — B. abbreviata Meig. 1822. |. c.
Ill, 200, 6. — B. nigripennis Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 200, 7, 3%. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. 1, 324. — B. vitripennis Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 200, 8. 9. —
B. Klugii Meig. 1830. 1. c. VI, 349, 9, &.

Male. Vertex neous, a little pruinose; frons greyish or whitish
pruinose, a little shining above the antennz; epistoma likewise grey
pruinose, the central knob shining. Jowls greyish black, but the side
mouth edges more or less yellowish. Vertex, frons and epistoma all
white haired. Occiput bluish, grey pruinose, with a single row of
longish, whitish hairs which are directed backwards. Antenne yellow
or more or less brown to blackish brown; arista longer than the
antenne, dark, thickened just at the base. Thorax neous or greenish
geneous, sometimes bluish, brightly shining, the humeri somewhat
brownish or dark yellowish; thorax is clothed with short, whitish
hairs. Scutellum with quite short, whitish hairs. Pleura slightly
pruinose, with quite short, pale pubescence. Abdomen eneous black
or dark zneous brown, shining, first segment bluish; at the front
margins of third and fourth segments a larger or smaller, yellow band,
sometimes the first, or both bands incised in the middle; at the front
corners of the fifth segment may be yellow spots, but they are often
wanting, and also the band on third segment may be quite small,
divided into spots, or, but more rarely, quite wanting; the bands are
sometimes somewhat hoary. Abdomen is clothed with short, in-
conspicuous hairs, mainly following the ground colour, but they are
pale at the base and at the sides and here long on the whole second
and on the front half of third segment; at the sides of the first seg-
ment they are longest. Venter coloured chiefly as the dorsum, with
short mainly dark hairs. Legs yellow, posterior coxz more or less
darkened to blackish, and hind tarsi more or less darkened; hind

366 Syrphidae.

femora and tibie may be a little brownish or have faint brownish
rings, and also anterior femora may be a little brownish; the hairs
are inconspicuous and all pale, only middle femora with a row of
longer hairs below. . Wings slightly yellowish or brownish tinged;

Fig. 133. Wing of B. elongata ¢.

stigma brown, or paler and then slightly marked; the cross-veins as a
rule a little infuscated and likewise the apex of the wing above the
discal vein. Squamule and fringes whitish or pale yellow. Halteres
yellowish white, the knob often with the apical part darkened.

Female. Vertex somewhat narrow, black, shining; frons grey
pruinose but from the vertex a narrow, black line stretches down-
wards, it ends, however, about one third before the antenne so that
the space above the antenne is quite pruinose; the pubescence white.
The mouth edge more yellow than in the male, also the front edge
yellow. Antenne yellow or with only the margin of third joint dark.
The hairs on thorax shorter; scutellum generally blue. Pleura more
pruinose than in the male and with more pubescence, only the lower
corner of mesopleura polished; the greater part of meso- and ptero-
pleura yellowish. Abdomen coloured mainly as in the male, the spots
on fifth segment seem always to be present.

Length 7—10,5 mm.

As seen this species may vary somewhat, among others with
regard to the abdominal markings; this is the reason for the many
species distinguished by Meigen, and also the fact that he has treated
males and females as separate species.

B. elongata is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Egebeeks Vang, Tisvilde; on Lolland at
Strandby; on Langeland at Lohals, and in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov,
Grejsdal and Hojenbek Dal at Vejle, at Horsens and at Jerup near
Frederikshavn. My dates are */s—%/9; it is most common in late
summer and autumn. It occurs in woods and thickets, generally
hovering on shaded and somewhat humid places.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

Baccha. 367

Remarks: In the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt there
are two specimens, a male and a female, labelled B. elongata; both
are obscuripennis; yet I have made no alteration, for I am not certain
that the said specimens are the types; Fabricius says: “Habitat in
Dania”, but he does not expressly refer to the collection of Ténder
Lund and Sehestedt; the specimens are labelled “e Gentofte” which
is a place near Copenhagen, but Fabricius may possibly have described
his species from Danish specimens in his own collection. Further |
should not be inclined to any alteration of the name, as the distinct-
ness of the two species elongata and obscuripennis is scarcely quite
beyond doubt.

2. B.obscuripennis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 199, 4. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
894, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3196,2. — 186%. Schin. F. A. 1, 326. — 1901. Verr.
Brit. Fl. Vill, 456, 1. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 82.

Male. This species is highly similar to elongata. Vertex more
black; frons neous, shining, not pruinose ; epistoma somewhat shining,
slightly pruinose. The hairs on vertex, frons and epistoma dark or
black, on the latter paler below. Occiput grey pruinose below but
black above, and the hairs above more or less dark. Antenne with
the basal joints blackish, the third more or less dark brown. Thorax
with the humeri not or almost not pale; the hairs slightly shorter
than in elongata, blackish or brown. Pleura not pruinose, the pubes-
cence brownish, somewhat distinct. Abdomen not bluish at the base,
the markings darker and less distinct than in elongata, otherwise
varying in the same way; the long hairs at the sides often dark.
Legs darker, often more or less brownish, especially the hind pair;
also the hairs generally darker, often mainly brown. Wings strongly
brown; stigma more or less blackisk. Squamule smoky with the
fringes brownish yellow. Halteres more or less brownish.

Female. Still more similar to elongata, but the frons with a
black, shining middle stripe, which goes down to the antenne and
here is widened. Antenne with the third joint generally darker than
in elongata. Pleura as a rule less, or not at all, pale. Abdomen
with the markings more distinct than in the male, and the hairs
always pale. Legs paler than in the male. Wings not strongly
tinged, about as in the female of elongata.

Length 7—10,5 mm.

This species is in the male distinguished by the not pruinose
frons and the strongly brown wings, and it is also darker haired
on head and thorax, while the colour of the hairs on abdomen and

368 Syrphidae.

legs gives no sure distinction, as it is varying. The female is only
distinguished by the entire black middle stripe on the frons.

B. obscuripennis is about as common in Denmark as the preceding
species; Copenhagen in a garden, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Trorgd, Tisvilde, Faxe Ladeplads,
Skelskor; on Lolland in Dgdemose west of Nysted; on Langeland at
Lohals; on Funen at Odense and Strib; in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov
and Greisdal, at Horsens, Hald and at Rebbild near Skerping. My
dates are *!/s—1*/s. It occurs in the same way as elongata and also
in company with it. The larva (as far as could be determined of
this species) was found in Lyngby Mose in flood refuse on 7/4, it
pupated on *°/4 and the imago came on 4/5 (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Europe me into men towards the
north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

Remarks: The two species of Baccha are, as seen, rather similar,
and the distinguishing characters, especially for the females, slight;
Verrall records both species, but he is not sure, and says that there
is perhaps only one, variable European species. I think, however,
the species are distinct, but I do not feel quite sure. Strobl describes
three species, as he takes nigripennis Meig. as distinct, but of this
species he knew only the male; the characters he gives I cannot use
on my material, and I can quite agree with Verrall when he says
that “it will be quite time enough to accept these so-called species
when long series in both sexes can be contrasted and clearly differ-
entiated”; especially I think that copulated pairs will be necessary for
a sure judgement.

%4. Sphegina Meig.

Species of somewhat small size and of a slender, elongate shape;
the colour is black with somewhat obscure reddish markings on ab-
domen, sometimes quite wanting. The genus is somewhat allied to
Baccha, but differing from it in many respects. Head somewhat semi-
globular, broader than high and a little broader than thorax; it is not
excavated behind but flat or a little arched, only in the upper third
there is a somewhat sudden excavation. Eyes separated in both sexes,
in the female a little more than in the male; vertex, frons and epistoma
are equally wide. The eyes are bare; the facets just in front, towards
the margin, are a little enlarged in the male. Antenne inserted a
little above the middle; they are short, the third joint slightly longer
than broad, broadest towards the end; arista rather long, a little
pubescent. Epistoma considerably hollowed below the antennee, with-

Sphegina. 369

out central knob, but with the mouth edge very produced; especially
the front mouth edge is protruding as a small knob, the lateral angles
somewhat retreating, but not descending; the epistoma is grey above
but pale on about the lower half; it is not haired. Jowls small and
narrow, the oral margin a little descending. Oral cone somewhat
long. Clypeus horse-shoe-shaped. Proboscis longer than in Baccha;
labrum somewhat long, the apex characteristic; it is deeply and broadly
cleft in the middle, so that the median process is quite divided and
each half forced towards the side in such a way that there is in
reality a cleft upper lateral process at each side; it is rather delicate;
the lower lateral process as usual broad and rounded at the end;
the usual row of small warts or papille present at the sides below.
Hypopharynx nearly as long as labrum, pointed at the apex; maxille
knife-shaped, likewise not short, a little shorter than hypopharynx,
with microscopical hairs in rows; the palpus longer than the lacinia,
a little clubbed, microscopically haired and with some bristles. Labium
with the basal part a little longer than the somewhat broad labella,
it is yellow, not strongly chitinised. Thorax rectangular; scutellum
black, without hairs below the margin; there are no thoracal bristles,
but scutellum has a pair of fine apical bristles; metapleura very short-
haired. The hind coxe are inserted on a downwards protruding part,
and there is a large metasternum behind and above them, lying
perpendicularly (or this part is more probably formed partly or quite
of the metathoracal pleura in accordance with the facts in Neoascia);
it is triangularly incised above and its upper corners are prolonged
as two points, stretching in under the halteres, these points are densely
short-haired. Abdomen is narrow, elongate and clavate; the first seg-
ment is not quite small, broad at the base, somewhat tapering behind,
second segment is long and narrow, narrowest about the middle, a
little widened behind, third and fourth segments are shorter and
broader, the third broadest behind; in the female abdomen is similar
but second segment broader behind and third and fourth segments
broader, while the fifth is narrower and tapering, the abdomen thus
pointed. In the male there are four not transformed dorsal segments;
on the ventral side the sternites are relatively small, so that there are
large, membranous parts; the first sternite lies in the excision of
metasternum and is small, the second sternite is narrow, but much
shorter than the tergite, it has a separate small chitinisation at its
front end; third and fourth sternites are likewise considerably smaller
than the tergites, the fourth lying under the front half of the tergite.
The genitalia are large, forming a thick knob, the apical appendages
of the ninth segment long and with a styliform apex. In the female
Q4

370 Syrphidae.

there are five normal segments, the sternites of which are more like
the tergites in size, only much narrower; at the end two or three
small segments may be more or less visible, the last terminating with
two small lamelle. Legs with the hind femora thickened and clavate,
hind tibize somewhat dilated and curved towards the end, and hind
metatarsi thickened. Legs short-haired, hind femora with bristles below.
Claws and pulvilli small; empodium not quite short, bristle-shaped
and with microscopical bristles. Wings somewhat long; medial cross-
vein well before the middle of the discal cell; upper marginal cross-
vein with a round curve below, but the upper angle rectangular, the
lower cross-vein oblique with the lower angle obtuse; cubital vein
ending below the apex of the wing; radial vein issuing rather basally;
vena spuria very weak, almost not visible behind the medial cross-
vein; no anal fold discernible. Alula very narrow, almost wanting.
Squamule narrow, the alar squamula with short, simple hairs, the
thoracal squamula very narrow at the base, a little triangularly dilated
towards the angulus; it has long hairs, which are simple on the basal
part, but towards the angulus long and divided furcately several times.
Plumula very small, almost rudimentary, with simple hairs (as far as
I could see).

The developmental stages are not known.

The species of Sphegina are characteristic by their narrow, some-
what Jchneumon-like shape; the genus is, as said, somewhat related
to Baccha, but differs in many characters as the separated eyes in
the male, the epistoma without central knob, the perpendicular meta-
sternum, only four not transformed abdominal segments in the male,
the thickened hind femora and the wing-venation. The species occur
in woods and thickets on somewhat shaded, humid places, where they
are found in low herbage; their flight is not quick.

The species are somewhat varying, 6 are recorded from the
palearctic region, but one or two, at least, are doubtful; Verrall says:
“TJ should not be surprised if the whole genus resolved itself into one
species, S. clunipes”. In Denmark certainly only one species, S. clunipes,
occurs.

1. S. clunipes Fall.
1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 12, 10 (Milesia). — 1822. Meig. Syst.

Beschr. III, 194, 1, Tab. XXVIII, Fig. 5. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Seand. Il,
891, 1 et 1849. VII, 3196, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6043, 1 — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
323. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 464, 1, figs. 326—327. —. 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 83. — S. nigra Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 195, 2. — 1843.
Zelt. uy e. Il, 891, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3196, 2. — S. nigricornis Macq. 1827.

Soe. . Lille, 166, 2 et 1834. Suit. a Buff. I, 576, 2. — 1838. Meig. 1. ¢.

Sphegina. 371

VH, 109, 3. — S. flava Macq. 1834. Suit. 4 Buff. 1, 577, 4. — 1838. Meig.
]. c. VIII, 109, 4.

Male. Vertex and frons greyish brown pruinose, especially down-
wards. Epistoma hollowed below the antenne, with the front mouth
edge very protruding; it is grey but the lower part more or less yellow
or whitish, the side mouth edge and the jowls black or blackish grey.
Vertex and frons with quite short, yellowish hairs, epistoma, besides
the pruinosity, not haired. Occiput grey pruinose, with very short,
pale hairs. Antennz with the third joint somewhat large, broadest

Fig. 134, Antenna of S. cluwnipes 3, from the inside. >< 65,

towards the end; they are brown or blackish brown, third joint some-
times paler; arista longer than the antenne, a little pubescent. Thorax
black, somewhat shining, the humeri often brown; about the humeri
and in the presutural depression somewhat pruinose; postalar calli
more or less brown; thorax is clothed with short, depressed, brownish
yellow hairs; scutellum with a pair of fine apical bristles. Pleura
black, a little pruinose, with quite short, pale hairs. Abdomen narrow
and clavate; it is black and shining, the base of the third segment
with a broad, reddish band, generally occupying about two thirds of
the segment; fourth segment with a narrow band at the base, or
with small basal corner spots; rarely the band on third segment
divided in the middle; the markings for the rest somewhat variable
and lighter or darker. Abdomen is clothed with short hairs, which
are mainly pale, but dark on the black part of third and on the disc
of fourth segment; along the sides at the base and the anterior
two thirds of the second segment they are long but not dense; the
large genitalia are pale-haired. Venter with the two basal segments
black, the two apical brown (the chitinised parts); the hairs short,
pale, at the slightly incised hind margin of fourth segment a small
tuft of longer hairs. Legs whitish yellow, hind femora black with
24*

379 Syrphidae.

~

the basal third yellow, hind tibiee with a brown ring below the base

and with the apical part black; anterior tarsi brownish towards the
end, hind tarsi black; often the anterior femora and tibie have faintly
brownish markings. The hind femora thick and clavate, hind tibie
a little dilated and curved at the end, hind metatarsi thickened. The
legs with short, yellow hairs, only below the base of anterior femora
slightly longer hairs; hind femora with two rows of black bristles
below on the apical half. Wings more or less brown. Squamule
and fringes whitish. Halteres yellow.

Fig. 135. Wing of S. clunipes 3.

Female. Similar to the male; frons and epistoma a little broader;
third joint of antenne slightly larger. Abdomen broader behind and
thus more clavate; it is either quite black or more or less reddish
brown, or brown on third, fourth and fifth segments, and also some-
times on the hind part of second segment.

Length 5,3 to about 7 mm.

S. clunipes is not common in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Bagsver S@, Egebeks Vang, Herlufsholm; in Jutland in
Grejsdal at Vejle. My dates are */s—*/9, it is most common in
autumn. It occurs in low herbage in woods on shaded, humid places;
I have taken it on various flowers f. inst. on Rubus.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

25. Neoaseia Willist.
(Ascia Meig.).

Small, narrow species similar to Sphegina, but smaller and the
abdomen less narrowed at the base. The colour is black or seneous
with or without one or more yellow bands or pairs of spots on ab-
domen, not rarely the male with bands, the female unicolorous. The
genus is very nearly related to Sphegina and in most respects similar
to it. The head is relatively less broad and only slightly broader

my a.

——— CU

Neoascia. 3738

than thorax; it is flat behind, the excavation above much smaller.
Eyes separated in both sexes, a little more in the female than in the
male. Antennz more or less elongated, sometimes rather short, the
third joint from a little longer than broad to twice or more than
twice as long as broad, but it is narrower than in Sphegina; arista
considerably shorter, and apparently bare. Epistoma less. hollowed
below the antenn, more evenly but fully so much protruding; it is
grey pruinose, a little haired below. Jowls small and narrow. The
mouth parts mainly as in Sphegina, but the oral cone and proboscis
relatively longer, and also the palpi slightly longer; the shape of the
apex of labrum is different, the median process is much shorter than
the others, cleft in the usual way and not as in Sphegina; the upper
lateral process is long, thin and pointed, the lower of the usual broad
shape; the basal part of labrum is more chitinised and dark. Scutellum
without apical bristles. There is no such process bearing the hind
coxee as in Sphegina, but the pleura of metathorax stretch in behind
the hind coxz and are almost or quite meeting in the middle below;
upwards they divide triangularly and the upper pointed corners stretch
in under the halteres as in Sphegina, but they are here directed out-
wards so that there is a protruding apex at each side at the base of
abdomen. Abdomen is narrow and clavate, but less than in Sphegina;
it is otherwise shaped in the same way, and there are likewise four
not transformed segments in the male, the sternites of which are,
however, of usual shape, not small as in Sphegina, and there are thus
no such membranous spaces as in this genus. The genitalia are
relatively smaller, the apical appendages of the ninth segment short,
with various processes and some spines. In the female there are five
normal abdominal segments. Legs as in Sphegina, hind femora like-
wise thickened and clavate, and hind metatarsi a little thickened.
Hind femora likewise with rows of bristles below, but besides with
long hairs above, and middle femora with a row of long hairs below,
and also the hairs below the front femora not quite short; hind tibize
with a short, dense fringe below in the apical half. Wings somewhat
elongate; the medial cross-vein longer before the middle of the discal
cell than in Sphegina; subcostal vein somewhat short; radial vein a
little undulated; the marginal cross-veins both perpendicular, and their
lower angles rectangular or the angle at the upper cross-vein a little
rounded, but less than in Sphegina; vena spuria very weak, only
visible to the medial cross-vein; no anal fold. Alula almost wanting.
Squamule narrow, the alar squamula with short, simple hairs, the
thoracal squamula with long, partly simple, partly slightly branched
hairs. Plumula rudimentary.

374 7 Syrphidae.

The developmental stages were hitherto not known, but I have .
examined larve and pupe of N. floralis and geniculata; they are
quite similar, the following description is taken from floralis. The
larva is not leech-like; it is somewhat flat, the dorsal side the most
arched; the head-end is rounded, the sides of the body almost parallel;
behind it tapers into an attenuated tail-shaped part terminating with

*

\
yy Saye

Fig. 136. ; Fig. 137. Fig. 138.
N. floralis.
Fig. 136. Larva from above. Fig. 137. Larva from below. Fig. 138. Pupa.
>< 10. z

a thin, cylindrical, rode-shaped spiracular process of brown colour
with the posterior spiracles on the end, surrounded by very fine,
stellately arranged, feathery threads. The head is retracted; the
mouth has no hooks but only a pharyngeal skeleton; above the mouth
is a small process bearing two two-jointed papille, the antenna-like
papilla, the last joint of which ends with two small points. At the
hind margin of the prothoracal segment lie the anterior spiracles as
two small, black, approximated hooks, directed upwards. There seem
to be in all twelve segments; the body is transversely corrugated
above so that each segment shows about three corrugations; the
whole dermis is chagreened from quite small, recurved spinules,
among which some slightly larger on the corrugations and especially
at the sides; these larger spinules are more or less distinct; they are

~

Neoascia. S70

arranged in the same way as in the Syrphus-larva. On the tapering
hind part of the body there are some brushes of spinules along each
side, and a little anterior to the spiracular process there is on each
side a small papilla directed backwards and terminating with one or
two hairs. On the ventral side the spinules of the dermis are smaller,
but on the abdominal segments there is here on each side a little
proleg-like group of small hooks on each segment. The colour of the
larva is dark yellowish or yellowish brown; the total length is 6—7 mm.
The pupa is similar to the larva, of the same size and colour, but
more arched, and with the dorsal side falling somewhat abruptly
downwards at the front end. Near the anterior end (on the first
abdominal segment) there are two cylindrical, yellowish white spir-
acular tubes, nearly 0,5 mm long; they are somewhat approximated,
‘directed forwards and diverging. Just at the anterior margin of the
pupa the small larval spiracles are seen. The pupa is attached to
some object with the hind part of the ventral surface just before the
attenuating part.

The larva of N.geniculata was sifted from flood refuse in fens
on 2/4 and ?%/4, it pupated and developed first in May; the larva of
floralis was taken in the same way at the end of April, it likewise
developed first in May; other larve were taken in the same way on
®/4, but as they were not bred I cannot say, to which species they
belong. According to the above dates the larva evidently hibernates,
but according to the dates of capture of the imagines and of copula-
tion of the various species it seems probable that there are more than
one brood in the year. I do not know what the larve feed upon,
probably microorganisms, for as there are no mouth hooks they cannot,
I think, feed on Aphides. The posterior spiracular process is able to be
telescopically drawn out and in, and the places where the larve were
taken were, to be sure, also humid, but the larvee were not in water. The
larva is rather interesting, and there is all reason to think that Sphegina
has a similar larva, as these two genera are so nearly related. On
the other hand the larva seems to show that these genera are in no
way nearly related to Baccha, which has a leech-like larva similar to
the Syrphus-larva.

The species of Neoascia are characteristic by their narrow, some-
what elongated shape; the genus contains the smallest of our Syrphids.
They occur in woods, thickets and fens on shaded, humid places, but
also on meadows, and they generally hover here in the low herbage.

The species have been somewhat confused, at present 5 species
are recorded from the palearctic region, of which 4 occur in Den-
mark.

376 _ Syrphidae.

Table of Species.

1. Cross-veins dark seamed; antenne with the third joint at

least twice as long as broad ...........++---++eseeee 1. podagrica.
— Cross-veins not seamed; antenne shorter .................. 2.
2. Antenne with the third joint short, somewhat ovate; all

tarsi with the last two joints darkened................ 4. geniculata.
— Antenne with the third joint longer; front tarsi with the

EASE GEES VOUGW 3 sos + ays. eon wep late nese aie 3.

3. Epistoma protruding as in podagrica; abdomen (normally)

in the male with two bands, the second broad, not reaching

the front corners of the segment, in the female with four

spots; second abdominal segment narrowest at the front

end, in the female evenly and not much widened back-

wards; hind femora black to the apex; upper marginal

cross-vein with the angle below nearly rectangular ...... 2. floralis.
— Epistoma less protruding; abdomen in the male with one

narrower band, going in full width to the margin, in the

female (normally) unspotted; second abdominal segment

narrowest behind the front end, in the female abruptly and

strongly widened backwards; hind femora yellow at apex;

upper marginal cross-vein with the lower angle rather curved 3. dispar.

1. N. podagrica Fabr.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 768, 30 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 198, 10
(Merodon). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 186, 1 (Ascia). — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. Il, 884, 1 (Ascia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 321 (Aseia). —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 468, 1, figs. 328—331 (Ascia). — 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 87. — Ascia lanceolata Meig. 1822. }.c¢. Ml, 187, 2. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 321. — Ascia maculata Macq. 1827. Soe. Se. Lille,
169, 3 et 1834. Suit. a Buff. 574,3. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 108, 11.

Fig. 139. Antenna of N. podagrica 3, from the inside. >< 90.

Male. Vertex black or purplish black, frons eneous black with
a longitudinal furrow. Epistoma yellowish grey pruinose; jowls black.
Vertex and frons with short, brownish black hairs, just above some

2 ste 2 eo

ee

Neoascia. 377

yellowish hairs. Epistoma with very inconspicuous, pale hairs below.
Occiput black or bluish black, with whitish hairs below, yellow above.
Antenne somewhat elongate, third joint twice as long as broad; they
are black or brownish black, third joint more or less yellow beneath
at base; arista not longer than third joint. Thorax eneous, densely
punctate, somewhat shining; it is clothed with quite short, yellowish,
on the disc brownish, hairs. Pleura more shining, with a little longer,
paler hairs. Abdomen with the second segment narrowest behind the
front end, the sides evenly incurved; the abdomen is black or a little
bluish black, densely punctate, shining; it has two yellow bands, one
on the middle of second segment, the other at the front margin of
third segment, occupying about the front’ half of the segment; the
band on second segment is broader or narrower, it may be more or
less incised in the middle and sometimes divided, and generally it
slopes backwards at the sides, either going over the side margin or
abbreviated; the second band is only rarely a little incised or in single
cases narrowly divided. Abdomen is clothed with short hairs, they
mainly follow the ground colour, but are pale at the basal corners of
fourth segment; they are likewise pale and a little longer at the side
margins of second segment, and somewhat long and whitish at the
basal corners of abdomen. Venter coloured as dorsum, and similarly
haired with quite short hairs. Legs yellow or reddish yellow, anterior
femora often more or less indistinctly blackish or brownish about the
middle; anterior tibie with a small, blackish or brownish ring in the
middle; hind femora black with the basal third or fourth yellow, hind
tibie with a broad, black ring below the middle, sometimes leaving

Fig. 140. Wing of N. podagrica 3.

only base and apex yellow; hind metatarsus and the two last joints
black or brown, generally also the front metatarsi more or less dark
above, and likewise the last joints of the middle tarsi. Legs short-
haired, middle femora with a row of longer hairs below, and hind
femora with long hairs above; hind tibia with a short but dense
fringe below in about the apical half; the hairs are pale, only on the

378 Syrphidae.

posterior side of hind femora and partly on hind tibie darker; hind
femora with rows of black, spine-like bristles below. Wings more or
less but as a rule slightly tinged, the cross-veins dark seamed and
below the stigma a slight cloud stretches downwards; the upper
marginal cross-vein straight with the angle below rectangular. Squa-
mulz and fringes whitish. Halteres whitish yellow.

Female. Frons and epistoma a little broader than in the male.
Third joint of antennz longer. Abdomen with the second segment
abruptly dilated after the middle; it has the first band always divided
into spots, and the second either with a large, quadratic incision in
the middle or divided into spots; fourth and fifth segments more or
less geneous.

Length 5,3 to fully 6 mm.

N. podagrica is a very common species in Denmark and occurs
all over the country; it is present during the whole season, my dates
are 14/5;—%5/9. It occurs both on fields, in woods and fens, and also
in gardens, generally in great numbers, flying in low herbage. I have
taken it in copula on 7°/6, ?°/s and 7/9.

Geographical distribution:— Europe down into Spain and Italy,
and on Madeira; towards the north to northern Sweden but here rare,
and in Finland.

Remarks: In the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt there
are two specimens, both females, labelled Merodon podagricus, they
both belong to the present species, but I do not know whether they
are types; Fabricius says ‘Habitat in Daniz floribus”, but he does
not refer to the said collection.

2. N. floralis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 188, 3 (Ascia). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 886, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3193, 2 et 1859. XIII, 6041, 2 (Ascia). —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 321 (Ascia). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 472, 3 (Ascia).
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 85. -— A. hastata Meig. 1822. |. c. Ill, 189, 5.
— 1843. Zett. 1.c. II, 890, obs. — A. quadripunctata Meig. 1. c. III, 189, 6.
—- 1843. Zett. ].c. Il, 887, 4 et 1855. XII, 4676, 4 et 1859. XIII, 6042, 4.
—. 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 321. — A. nitidula Meig. 1822. 1. c. Il, 191, 8.
— 1843. Zett. 1. c. Il, 889, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 322. — A. aenea
Meig. 1822. 1]. c. Ill, 191,9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 322. — A. bifasciata
Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 583, 4.

Male. This species is rather similar to podagrica. Antenne with
the third joint shorter about one and a half times longer than broad;
arista a little longer than third joint. Thorax less punctate, more
shining and with the hairs darker. Abdomen broader at the base and
less clubbed than in podagrica, the second segment narrowest just at

Neoascia. 379

the front end, its sides almost straight; abdomen is black or bluish
black with the fourth segment neous, and it is a little less punctate
than in podagrica; there are two yellow bands, the first as in podagrica,

Fig. 141. Antenna of N. floralis 3, from the outside. >< 90.

the second broad, generally occupying more than the basal half of
the segment and sloping obliquely at the sides so that it reaches to
or near to the sides only with the hind corners; the first band may
be very narrow, sometimes divided into small stripes or spots, or al-
most quite wanting; the second is only in rare cases narrowly divided.
Fourth segment almost quite pale-haired; the venter yellow on the
whole middle part. Legs black and yellow, anterior femora black to
near the apex, hind femora with the basal fourth yellow; anterior
tibize with blackish rings below the middle, hind tibize generally with
only base and apex yellow; tarsi as in podagrica, hind metatarsi less
dilated; sometimes the anterior femora have only more or less nar-
row, black middle rings and these may even be ill defined and some-
what weak. Wings more or less brownish tinged, the cross-veins not

Fig. 142. Wing of N. floralis od.

seamed; the upper marginal cross-vein a little curved with the lower
angle a little obtuse and less angular than in podagrica.

Female. Frons and epistoma a little broader. Abdomen with
the second segment evenly and not much dilated backwards, the sides
slightly incurved or almost straight; abdomen has four larger or
smaller spots, the second pair lie behind the front margin of the

380 Syrphidae.

segment; the spots may be very small and obsolete and in rare cases
the first or both pairs may be quite wanting.

Length 4—5 mm.

The larva and pupa are described above.

N. floralis is less common in Denmark than podagrica; Amager,
Utterslev Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Fure S¢, Orholm,

Fig. 143. Fig. 144.
Abdomen of N. floralis.
Fig. 143. Male. Fig. 144. Female.

Geel Skov, Ruderhegn, Hillerad; on Lolland in Keldskov, Dodemose
and at Strandby west of Nysted; in Jutland at Hald near Viborg.
My dates are 1°/5—1*/s, but it seems especially to occur in May and
June and again in August as noted by Steger in Zetterstedt VII,
3194. It occurs in the same way as podagrica; | have-taken it in
copula on '/6 and 1%/s. The larva was taken in Utterslev Mose in
flood refuse at the end of April, it developed first in May (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France, and probably also to Italy; towards the north to northen
Sweden, and in Finland. It occurs perhaps also on the Canaries
(analis Macq).

3. N. dispar Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 188,4, Tab. XXVII, Fig. 27-28 (Aseia).
— 1843. Zett. Dipt. Seand. Il, 887,3 et 1849. VIII, 3194, 3 et 1855. XII,
4676, 3 (Ascia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 321 (Ascia). — 19014. Verr, Brit.
Fl, VI, 470, 2, fig. 332 (Ascia). — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. HI, 85.

Similar to floralis but, however, distinctly different. Male. Vertex
and frons geneous green, with no or a slight longitudinal furrow; the

Meee eter:

Neoascia. 381

hairs pale, dark only in front of the ocelli. Epistoma less protruding.
Antenne with the third joint a little longer, nearly twice as long as
broad; arista about of the length of the third joint. Thorax sneous
green, a little more densely punctate, but shining; it is clothed with

Fig. 145. Wing of N. dispar 3.

yellow hairs, only a little darker on the middle of the disc, some-
times more brownish. Abdomen with the second segment narrowest
behind the front end, the sides slightly incurved; abdomen is sneous
or geneous green, not bluish, and it is more densely punctate than in
floralis, especially the second segment, which is a little transversely

Fig. 146. Fig. 147.
Abdomen of N. dispar.
Fig. 146. Male. Fig. 147. Female.

rugose; there is only one yellow band, lying at the front margin of
the third segment, it is narrower than in floralis, not reaching over
half the length of the segment, and it is not obliquely cut at the front
corners but going to the margin in full width or sloping a little for-
wards. Venter coloured as dorsum. Legs with the anterior femora

389 Syrphidae.

black in the basal half, tibie with a more or less distinct, often faint
or almost wanting brown ring in the middle; hind femora black with
the basal third or fourth yellow and also with the tip yellow, hind
tibie with a sharply defined black ring below the middle, on the
ventral side just the two side margins are black from the ring to the
base, thus forming two narrow stripes; front metatarsus with a dark
spot above, last joint of middle tarsi not dark, hind metatarsus and
the two last joints blackish. Wings hyaline or almost so; the lower
angle at the upper marginal cross-vein more roundly curved than in
floralis; the veins somewhat pale at the base.

Female. Frons a little broader than in the male. Abdomen is
relatively narrower at the base than in floralis, with the second seg-
ment abruptly dilated backwards, almost twice as broad at the apex
than at the base and with the sides strongly incurved, and abdomen
is broader behind and much more clubbed than in floralis; it is not
bluish but quite eneous and more coarsely punctate, and it has no
spots. Wings slightly tinged.

Length 4—5,5 mm.

N. dispar is about as common in Denmark as podagrica; Ordrup
Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, @rholm, Ryget Skov at
Farum Sg, and i Jutland at Hald near Viborg. My dates are 4/5—*®/6;
it seems thus in contrast to floralis to occur only in spring and early
summer. It occurs on the same localities as the other species, and
in the first part of the season also in company with them. I have
taken it in copula on 17/;s—?"/5, on ®/é and 12/6.

Geographical distribution: — Europa as it seems down into Italy;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland (if Zetterstedt’s
dispar is really this species, see below under Remarks). -

Remarks: The two species floralis and dispar are rather similar,
but as seen from the descriptions distinguished without difficulty and
with certainty; dispar differs from floralis by only one band on ab-
domen in the male and the immaculated abdomen in the female;
when specimens of floralis occur which in this respect are similar to —
dispar, the shape and breadth of the band on third segment in the
male are characteristic; a never failing character is the shape of second
segment, which in floralis is narrowest at the front end but in dispar
behind the front end; this is especially the case in the female which also
has abdomen relatively narrower at the base and much more clubbed
and broader behind in dispar, but also in the male the character is
distinctly present; further characters are found in the epistoma, the
colour and punctuation of the body and in the legs, of which in dispar the
last joint of middle tarsi is yellow, the hind femora yellow at apex

Neoascia. | 383

and hind tibie with a relatively narrow ring, while in floralis the last
joint of middle tarsi is darkened, hind femora black to apex and hind
tibie broadly black; the colour and venation of the wings are likewise
different. I think the two species as interpreted here are identical
with those of Meigen as they are quite in accordance with his descrip-
tions, only he mentions females of dispar with abdominal spots, such
I have never seen. I have mainly followed the synonymy in the Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt., but, of course, it is not certain. According to Zetter-
stedt (VIII, 3194, Obs., 3195, Obs.) Steeger was of opinion that Zetter-
stedt’s floralis and dispar were varieties of floralis Meig., and Zetterstedt
himself adds “non sine ratione”, but this question can only be settled
by examination of Zetterstedt’s whole material. Wahlgren (Ent. Tidskr.
XIII, 1907, 57) unites these species together with others under floralis;
it is, however, certain that dispar occurs in Sweden, at all events in
the southern parts, for in our general collection we have specimens
of true dispar sent from Malm. The species mentioned by Verrall I
cannot interprete, they seem somewhat diverging from typical, con-
tinental specimens.

4, N. geniculata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 192, 10 (Ascia). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 890, 8 et 1849. VIII, 3195, 8 (Ascia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
322 (Ascia). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 473, 4 (Ascia). — 1907. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 86. — Ascia aenea 1838. Zett. (mec Meig.) Ins. Lapp.
583, 6 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 889, 7 et 1849. VIII, 3195, 7.

Similar to the other species. Male. Vertex and frons sneous
black, black-haired, with a more or less distinct longitudinal furrow.
Epistoma protruding as in podagrica, yellowish grey pruinose, with

Fig. 148. Antenna of N. geniculata 3, from the inside. >< 90.

pale hairs. Occiput black or bluish black, with whitish hairs below,
black above. Antenne with the third joint short, somewhat ovate,
almost not or slightly longer than broad; arista longer than third joint.
Thorax zneous, densely punctate, shining; it is clothed with short,

384 Syrphidae.

black hairs. Pleura with longer, whitish yellow hairs. Abdomen with
the second segment narrowest behind the front margin; the abdomen
is bluish black with fourth segment zeneous, and it is densely punctate, the
three first segments slightly shining, the fourth more brightly shining;
there is one yellow band at the front margin of the third segment,
occupying about the half of the segment. Abdomen is clothed with
short hairs, mainly following the ground colour but pale at the basal
corners of fourth segment; they are longer and likewise pale at the
side margins of second segment and at the basal corners. Venter
coloured as dorsum and with short hairs. Legs with the anterior
femora black to near the apex, anterior tibie with a blackish ring
below the middle; hind femora black with yellow base and the apex
narrowly yellow, hind tibize with a broad, black ring below the middle
prolonged on -the ventral side as a narrow stripe at each margin to
the base; front and hind metatarsi blackish, and likewise the two last
joints on all tarsi; sometimes also the middle joints more or less
darkened. The legs haired in the usual way. Wings hyaline; the
upper marginal cross-vein with the lower angle about rectangular.
Squamule and halteres whitish.

Female. Frons and epistoma broader than in the male. The
hairs on thorax paler. Abdomen with the second segment not ab-
ruptly dilated, the sides somewhat incurved; the abdomen is bluish
black, fourth and fifth segments geneous, and it has no spots, only
one of my specimens shows two small spots on third segment. Wings
generally a little brownish about the middle.

Length 4,5—5,2 mm.

The characters which with certainty distinguish this species are
the short antenne and the black apical joints on all tarsi. I have not
followed the synonymy in the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. with regard to aenea
Zett. as I think it beyond doubt that this species is the present one,
such as suggested by Steger (Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3195, Obs.).
The male was not described hitherto except the note on the place
just cited.

N. geniculata is less common in Denmark than the other species;
Lersg, Damhusmose, Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose, Fure S@; my dates
are from the former part of May to 1*/s. It occurs in the same way
as the other species. The larva was taken in Uttersleyv Mose and
Damhusmosen in flood refuse on 1/4 and *°/4, they developed first in
May (the author).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Fin-
land.

Brachyopa. 885

26. Braehyopa Meig.

Species of medium size, somewhat Muscid-like; they are slightly
hairy and of yellow or grey colour, or with thorax grey and abdomen
yellow. Head not large, scarcely as broad as thorax; it is broader
than high, narrowed downwards and somewhat triangular in circum-
ference; it is distinctly arched behind but somewhat suddenly ex-
cavated above. Eyes not large, touching in the male, separated in
the female. The eyes are bare, the facets in the male a little enlarged
towards the front corner. Antenne inserted in the middle of the
head, they are somewhat short, third joint ovate; arista longer than
the antennz, short pubescent (in the nearly allied genus, or subgenus,
Hammerschmidtia {non-Danish]| somewhat plumose). Epistoma con-
siderably hollowed below the antenne; there is no central knob but
the lower part with the front mouth edge is much protruding, nose-
like, the Jateral angles a little retreating; epistoma is reddish yellow,
it has only some hairs below at the margin, for the rest it is bare.
Jowls not small, somewhat descending as also the lower part of
epistoma. Jowls and epistoma are separated by a longitudinal groove
at the lower eye-margin. Oral cone and proboscis somewhat long.
Clypeus with the upper undivided part longer than broad. Labrum
and hypopharynx long, the apex of labrum of usual shape, the deeply
cleft median process shorter than the others; hypopharynx pointed;
maxillar lacinia somewhat shorter than labrum, the slightly clubbed
palpus a little longer than the lacinia; the palpus and lacinia with
bristles and microscopical hairs in the usual way. The basal part of
labium longer than the somewhat broad labella. Thorax rectangular
but a little narrowed in front and considerably behind. Scutellum
red or brown, without marginal fringe below. There are (generally)
some bristles or bristly hairs above the wing-base, on postalar calli,
at the upper hind corner of mesopleura and at the margin of scutellum.
(In some species of Hammerschmidtia, f. inst. ferruginea, they are
developed as strong bristles and there are here also notopleural
bristles present). Metapleura short-haired. Metathoracal epimera not
specially developed and not meeting in the middle, but sending a
process in under the halter. Abdomen rather short, almost not longer
than thorax with scutellum; it is not narrow, broadest at the hind
margin of second segment and then somewhat rapidly narrowing
behind; in the male there are four not transformed segments, the
first short, the others equal in length. Genitalia somewhat large. In
the female there are five normal abdominal segments, the rest small
and hidden, the last ending with two lamelle. Legs somewhat stout,

; 5

386 Syrphidae.

short-haired, only fhe anterior femora with longer hairs on the postero-
ventral side; hind femora setulose below; hind tibize as usuai slightly
ineurved on the posterior side near apex; hind metatarsi a little
thickened. Claws and pulvilli well developed; empodium spine-shaped,
hairy. Wings somewhat long, considerably longer than abdomen;
medial cross-vein well before the middle of the discal cell; upper
marginal cross-vein somewhat angular, sometimes with small veinlets
from the angles; discal vein curved somewhat strongly down at the
apex of the discal cell; radial vein with fine bristles on the basal part;
vena spuria distinct, in its last part quite parallel with the discal vein,
and thus also curved at the end. Alula large. Scuamule not narrow,
alar squamula with short, simple hairs, thoracal squamula with long,
branched hairs. Plumula developed but not long, with simple and
some slightly branched hairs.

The developmental stages are relatively well known. Zetterstedt
mentions pups of B. (Hammerschmidtia) ferruginea (Dipt. Scand. II,
687); they were found on a dry tree trunk on 1/6; further (ibid. 688)
the pupa of H. vittata found in summer. According to Brauer Scholtz
has mentioned the larva of H. conica from exsuding sap on trees
(Zeitschr. f. Entom. Breslau 1848—49). The developmental stages of
B. bicolor are mentioned by v. Roser (Wirttemb. Corr. Blatt. 1834, 10)
from exsuding sap on Aesculus; they are noted by Léon Dufour
(Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, IV, 1846, XLVII) and fully described by the
same author (Ann. d. Se. nat. IX, 1848, 199, Pl. 16, fig. 1—5); the young
larvee were found in April in exsuding sap on stems of Ulmus, in
October they were full grown and they pupated in January and
developed in April. I have myself examined the developmental stages
of B. bicolor; the larvze were taken in exsuding sap on stems in April
and under the bark on a stub of a beech on °/s, developing on 2/4,
and larve and pup were found at the foot of a Populus attacked
by Cossus-larve on **/s, they developed in April; finally larvee were
taken in holes of Cossus in a Poplar in August, but I do not know
at what time they developed.

The larva of B. bicolor is flattened below, somewhat arched above;
it is rounded in front, a little more tapering behind and nearly parallel-
sided. Above the mouth is a process with two small, two-jointed
papille, the antenna-like papille; there are no mouth hooks. At the
hind margin of the prothoracal segment lie the anterior spiracles at
each side as very small chitinous tubercles. There are twelve segments
in all, but head and prothoracal segment retracted. The body is
corrugated and the dermis chagreened; each body-segment shows two
corrugations, separated by a furrow but united towards the sides; the

Brachyopa. 387

corrugations are at the margins densely beset with small spinules; the
thoracal segments have some spines; on each of the abdominal seg-
ments is a transverse row of six spines which are bi- or trifid or still
more divided and with the apices curved and spread; these spines are
placed on the anterior of the two corrugations but the two lateral
spines on each side are placed more backwards than the two middle
ones so that the arrangement is in reality the same as in other Syrphid
larve; likewise there are at the sides of the segments three spines,
one upper and two lower, one behind the other; these side-spines are
larger and generally four-rayed, between them there are small, simple
spines; on the last four segments the side-spines are larger, flattened
and with a number of branches on their sides. The ventral segments
“are chagreened and with small spines towards the sides, among which
one bifid. The last segment has in the middle of the hind margin a
reddish, cylindrical but somewhat flattened spiracular process, directed
straight backwards; it is about 1mm long. The larva is brown, of
a length of 10—11mm. The pupa is quite similar to the larva and
of the same colour, only it is a little more arched above, the side
margins more sharp and the anterior segments declining more down-
wards; at the anterior margin of the first abdominal segment are two
yellow or brownish, short spiracular tubes, not reaching 0,5 mm in
length; they are somewhat distant and a little diverging. The length
of the pupa is 8—9 mm.

It will be seen that my description is in the main respects agreeing
with the one given by Léon Dufour, but in the details there are
several differences, as in the shape and position of the spines etc.;
Léon Dufour’s description and figures must be considered as rather
diagrammatical; the author could not find the anterior spiracles, but
this is no wonder for they are detected only with difficulty among the
spinules. It is curious that he says that the small spinules at the
margins of the corrugations are present only in the pupa, as I have
found them even as distinct in the larva.

The habits of the larva are, according to the above, well known;
they live in exsuding sap on ulcerative stems and stubs of various
trees as Aesculus, Ulmus, Populus and Fagus. The imagines are also
found on such places. Very often, but not exclusively, the larve are
found in stems attacked by Cossus. The larva feeds on the sap or
perhaps on microorganisms in it, and accordingly it has no mouth
hooks. The long posterior spiracular process is not pro- and retractile.
The pupz are found on the same places as the larve. According
both to Léon Dufour’s and to my observations the larva evidently
hibernates, and a year is used to the development, the eggs being

25*

388 Syrphidae.

laid in spring and the final development taking place in spring
next year.

The species of Brachyopa are of a characteristic exterior among
the Syrphids as they are rather like to Muscids, especially to Scato-
phaga or to some species of Phaonia (Aricia), but I should not think
that this has anything to do with mimicry. They occur on ulcerative
stems and trunks and may also be found flying in low herbage.

Of the restricted genus Brachyopa 4 species occur in the pale-
arctic region, and of Hammerschmidtia 3 species, thus in all 7; two
have been found in Denmark, both belonging to Brachyopa s. str.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax with disc and pleura grey; abdomen all yellow .... 1. bicolor. :

— Thorax with the disc more or less, sometimes slightly, yellow,
pleura yellow; abdomen with dark base and incisures ..... 2. dorsata.

1. B. bicolor Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 33, 2 (Rhingia). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 262, 2, Tab. XXX, Fig. 6. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Seand. Il, 690, 5
et 1859. XIII, 5087,5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 327. — 1901. Verr., Brit.
Fl. VIII, 475, 1, figs. 333-335. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 87.

Male. Vertex black, greyish or brownish anteriorly; frons and
epistoma yellowish red, whitish pruinose, especially epistoma. Vertex
black-haired, frons and epistoma without hairs, the latter only with
some few just at the oral side margin; epistoma hollowed below
the antennz and the lower part considerably produced and a little
descending. Occiput grey, the lower part and the jowls more or less
ferruginous; the hairs are whitish. Antenne yellowish red, the third
joint short oval; arista short-pubescent. Thorax slate-grey, almost
dull, with four darker, a little more shining stripes; the two middle
stripes approximated, united in front, a little diverging behind and
here abbreviated, the lateral abbreviated in front and interrupted at
the transverse furrow; the humeri sometimes more or less reddish
and likewise the postalar calli. Thorax clothed with short, rather
dense, blackish hairs; there are as a rule some black, bristly hairs
above the wing-root and on the postalar calli. Scutellum brownish
red or more or less darkened in the basal part, likewise with dense,
blackish hairs, and with some bristles or bristly hairs at the margin.
Pleura grey with a little longer, whitish hairs; at the upper hind
corner of mesopleura usually a couple of black, bristly hairs. Abdomen
short, broadest a little behind the base and narrowing rapidly towards
the end; it is yellow or yellowish red, sometimes a little darkened

pr. ;

Brachyopa. ae

behind, somewhat shining, and it is clothed with short, pale hairs, a
little longer at the sides and longest at the basal corners; on the
middle of the disc are short, black hairs and also on the hinder half
of the side margin of second segment the hairs may be black. Venter
yellow with short, pale hairs. Legs yellow or reddish yellow, anterior
tarsi with the last joints blackish, front metatarsus also somewhat
darkened above, hind tarsi dark. The legs short-haired, anterior
femora with longer hairs on the postero-ventral side; the longer hairs
are yellow, at the apex of the femora often some black; the short
hairs on the hind femora mainly black on the anterior side; on the
tibize the hairs are more or less black, especially above, but the hairs
upon the whole varying in colour; hind femora densely black setulose
below, the short bristles forming two rows towards the apex, leaving
a bare space in the middle, and traces of the same may be more or
less visible below the apex of the middle femora. Wings a little
yellowish tinged, especially towards the anterior margin; the upper
marginal cross-vein with a small angle in its lower third and some-
_ times here with a small veinlet inwards; the lower angle with or with-
out a veinlet; the radial vein with fine bristles on its basal part.
Squamule and fringes whitish yellow. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, dull grey, with short, pale and
black hairs; the space above the antenne red, shining and bare; the
lower part of epistoma a little more protruding and descending than
in the male, and epistoma pruinose only below the antenne, the rest
bare and shining. Hind femora setulose only below the apex, for the
rest with fine, pale hairs.

Length 6—8,5 mm.

The larva and pupa are described above.

This species varies somewhat in size, in the presence of bristly
hairs and in the colour of the hairiness. Verrall suggests the existence
of a closely allied, undescribed species with the humeri scarcely red-
dish and no black hairs at the sides of the second abdominal segment;
according to my experiences [ should consider such specimens to be
only varieties.

B. bicolor is rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ordrup Krat, Ryget
Skov at Farum Sg, Holte, Geel Skov, Hillerad, Boserup at Roskilde
and Tisvilde; it is a spring species, my dates are '°/5—*«. It occurs
in woods and thickets on trunks and stems of trees with exsuding
sap and often on trees attacked by Cossus, but also on others, as also
flying in low herbage; the females are very rare and only taken on
trees. The larva was taken in sap in Charlottenlund in April (Schlick),
in Geel Skov under the bark on a trunk of a beech on °/s, it developed

390 Syrphidae.

on 2/4, and larvee and pup in Holte at the foot of a Poplar with
Cossus-larvee on 73/3, they developed in the midst of April (Kryger) ;
finally larvee were taken in Hillerod in a Poplar in the holes of a
Cossus-larva in August, the date of development not noted (Godskesen).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. B. dorsata Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 597, 3 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 689, 4. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 327. — 1907. Kat. paladarkt. Dipt. Ill, 88.

Male. This species resembles bicolor but thorax is ferruginous at
all events on the pleura, and abdomen has dark markings. Head as
in bicolor. Thorax varying from ferruginous to almost quite cinereous,
dull, with four darker stripes, two approximated in the middle, a
little diverging behind and abbreviated, and two lateral, abbreviated,
in front and a little interrupted at the transverse furrow; when thorax
is grey the stripes are blackish, but when thorax is ferruginous the
stripes, at all events the lateral, are only somewhat darker. Scutellum
ferruginous. The hairs on thorax quite short, ferruginous or brown,
and there are the same bristly hairs on thorax and at the margin of
scutellum as in bicolor. Pleura ferruginous, sometimes the sterna
blackish below; the hairs are longish, yellow, the upper hind corner
of mesopleura with a couple of black, bristly hairs. Abdomen reddish
yellow, generally with the first segment and the hind margins of the
following segments blackish, and with a blackish middle stripe on
second segment, stretching more or less in on the third. The hairs
short, yellow or mainly yellow. Venter yellow. Legs as in bicolor,
reddish, the last joints of tarsi blackish, front and hind tarsi quite
darkened; the legs are haired quite as in bicolor, hind femora likewise
black setulose below. Wings yellowish or a little brownish tinged,
the venation as in bicolor. Squamule whitish with a yellow fringe.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons yellow, dull, above the antenne a
shining space; the hairs short, pale. Occiput almost quite reddish,
only a little grey above. Tarsi paler on the basal part than in the
male; hind femora below only haired, not setulose.

Length 6—6,5 mm.

B. dorsata is very rare in Denmark, we have only two specimens,
a male and a female, taken on Falster in earlier time.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down

into Austria and Hungaria; towards the north to northern Sweden,
and in Finland.

a ire th

Rhingia. 391

27. Rhingia Scop.

Species of medium size, with blackish or neous thorax and red-
dish abdomen. Head a little broader than high, as broad as thorax,
a little excavated behind. Eyes touching in the male for a long space,
well separated in the female. The eyes are bare, the facets above
slightly enlarged in the male. Antenne inserted considerably above
the middle; they are short, third joint ovate, a little pointed at the
end; arista longer than the antennz, very short-pubescent, almost
bare. Epistoma of a curious shape, it is a little hollowed below the
antenne, the lower part then produced bec-like and as long as the
rest of the head, but not descending; the lateral angles are more pro-
duced than the front mouth edge so that the epistoma is incised in
the apex when seen from above; the epistoma is reddish or reddish
brown and frons and epistoma are bare. Jowls somewhat broad and
slightly descending; they are somewhat separated from epistoma by
a furrow which extends upwards towards the antenne so that the
cheeks are separated as eye-margins as in Chilosia; the eye-margins
are narrow, slightly hairy. The oral aperture is long and narrow, a
little widening behind. Oral cone long and proboscis very long and
slender, when stretched fully out as long as the whole body. Clypeus
long and narrow and its basal part long but somewhat weakly
chitinised, the stronger chitinised side lists continued up into the apical
excision of epistoma. Labrum very long, not broad at the base,
strongly semitubular; the median apical process not deeply cleft, un-
usually broad and beset with numerous spines or emergences; the
upper lateral process delicate, simple and pointed, the lower lateral
process rounded as usual; the row of small tubercles or papille along
the lateral inside of labrum present as usual. Hypopharynx about as
long as labrum, attenuated at the apex and pointed; maxille with a
long, knife-shaped lacinia, slightly shorter than labrum, beset with the
usual microscopical spines in rows but they are very fine; palpi long,
a little shorter than the lacinia, thread-like, a little clubbed; they are
beset with fine hairs and some bristles, longest at the apex, but in
the basal part and up towards the apex the hairs are not present on
the side which is turned towards the lacinia. Labium very Jong and
slender with a very long basal connecting membrane, usually folded
in; the basal part of labium nearly twice as long as the long and
narrow labella. Thorax rectangular, nearly square. Scutellum red to
dark brown with a long fringe below the margin. There are some
strong hairs on the postalar calli, in the presutural depression and
above on mesopleura, but no distinct bristles; at the margin of

399 Syrphidae.

scutellum are some fine bristles, strongest in the female; metapleura
with short hairs. Abdomen rather short, ovate, about as long as
thorax and scutellum; in the male there are four not transformed
segments. Genitalia of medium size. In the female there are five
visible abdominal segments, the fifth small, the rest hidden, the last
ends with two small lamelle. Legs simple; hind tibize with the usual
slight incurvation near apex; hind metatarsi somewhat thickened,
especially at the base. Anterior femora with long hairs on the
posterior and ventral sides, hind femora on anterior and ventral sides
and also with somewhat long hairs on the posterior side, but not
setulose below. Claws and pulvilli well developed; empodium spine-
shaped, hairy. Wings with the medial cross-vein well before the
middle of the discal cell; cubital vein curving somewhat downwards
towards the end, terminating in the costal vein distinctly below the
apex of the wing. Vena spuria somewhat distinct. Alula large.
Squamule not narrow, alar squamula with short, slightly flattened
hairs at the margin, thoracal squamula with long, richly branched
hairs. Plumula well developed, with simple hairs.

The developmental stages are not known; Réaumur mentions
(Mém. Ins. IV, 1738, 233) that he had bred a single specimen from
cow-dung in which were other dipterous larvee which he wished to
study, but he had not seen the larva or pupa to the Rhingia; the
larvee are therefore believed to live in cow-dung; I think, however,
this rather doubtful, for it would be strange that in this case the larva
or pupa to so common a species was not known. Schiner: states, in
favour of the belief that the larva lives in cow-dung, that the females
are often found on fresh cow-dung, but this I have not observed.

The species of Rhingia are characteristic flies by their curious,
bec-like snout and also by their colour; they occur in woods, fens
and similar places on various flowers; their flight is somewhat heavy.

Of the genus 4 species occur in the palearctic region, but only
the three are European; two occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax bluish black, in the female slate-coloured; abdom-
inal margin not black; legs reddish, in the male the basal
part of femora more or less darkened................ 1. rostrata.

* Verrall says that there are a few hairs on the base of the cubital vein; this
is evidently an error for the radial vein; I have only been able to see a couple
of fine hairs just near the base of this vein.

Rhingia. . 393

— Thorax «neous black, in the female more greyish; abdom-
inal margin black; legs with the basal half of femora black
in both sexes, and tibie with dark rings.............. 2. campestris.

1. R. rostrata L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 604 and 1767. XII, 2, 1004, 1 (Conops). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 791, 1 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 222,1. — 1817. Fall.
Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 33, 1. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 258,1. — 1843.
Zeit. Dipt. Scand. Il, 684, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 326. — 1901. Verr.
Brit. Fl. VIII, 478, 1. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 89.

Male. Vertex black; frons and epistoma reddish, the margin of
the frons and the eye-margins somewhat greyish or whitish pruinose.
Vertex with long, black hairs; frons and epistoma bare but the eye-
margins with short, pale hairs. Occiput black, greyish pruinose, the
hairs whitish below, yellow or brownish above, but along the upper
eye-margin long, black hairs. Antenne red, third jot ovate with a
very slightly pronounced point at the end. Thorax black, a little
bluish; it is somewhat dark bluish grey pruinose but shining, especi-
ally behind; there are four darker, more shining stripes, two approx-
imated in the middle, abbreviated behind, and one at each side, inter-
rupted at the transverse furrow; the humeri are brownish, grey pruinose,
and also the postalar calli a little brownish. Thorax is clothed with
somewhat short, brownish black hairs, brown in front; they are
longest behind; on the postalar calli and in the preesutural depression
they are likewise long and somewhat strong, some of them almost
bristly. Scutellum red or reddish brown with black hairs; somewhat
long, especially at the margin, and here somewhat bristly; just at the
base are yellow hairs, and the fringe below the margin yellow. Pleura
with black hairs, pale below and behind and sometimes mainly yellow.
Abdomen yellow or reddish yellow, the first incisure narrowly black
and on second segment an abbreviated, blackish dorsal stripe; ab-
domen is clothed with short, yellow hairs, but at the hind margins
of the segments, at the sides and on fourth segment are more or
fewer black hairs. Genitalia black. Venter reddish yellow with long,
pale hairs, fourth segment with short, black hairs on the middle.
Legs reddish, the basal part of femora more or less darkened and
hind tarsi darkened or blackish. The long hairs on front femora
black, on posterior femora yellow with some black towards the apex;
all the short hairs mainly blackish. Wings a little yellowish tinged,
especially at the anterior margin. Squamule dirty yellowish with a
reddish yellow fringe. Halteres yellowish with the knob more or less
brownish.

394 ' Syrphidae.

Female. Vertex and frons broad with about parallel borders,
black, but red above the antenne; the black part greyish pruinose,
with yellow, at the ocelli black hairs. Thorax with the slaty grey
pruinosity more distinct than in the male and hence duller; the hairs
quite short, black except quite in front; scutellum likewise with short,
black hairs but the marginal bristles distinct. Abdomen quite yellow
with only the first incisure narrowly black. Femora quite yellowish red.

Length 9—10 mm.

R. rostrata is rare in Denmark, in earlier time it has been taken
in some numbers but later only a few specimens have been captured;
Ordrup Mose (Steger), Sgllerad (Godskesen); on Lolland; in Jutland
at Horsens, and on Bornholm. The dates are ?"/;—*/9. Zetterstedt
notes that this species does not occur in company with the following;
I have seen specimens of both taken on the same date and the same
locality.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southeren Sweden.

2. R. campestris Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 259, 2, Tab. XXIX, Fig. 27. — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. II, 685, 2 et 1849. VII], 3124, 2 et 1859. XIII, 5086, 2. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 326. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 479, 2, figs. 336—337.
— 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 89.

This species is very similar to the preceding but darker. Male.
Epistoma with the snout a little longer; third antennal joint a little
more elongate and pointed. Thorax eneous black, not bluish; it is
much less pruinose, more shining, and the darker, not pruinose stripes
wider so that the pruinosity only forms narrow, faint, greyish stripes,
one very narrow in the middle and two at each side. The hairs on
thorax longer than in rostrata, black except just in front. Scutellum
brown or blackish brown, the hairs black. Pleura with the hairs all
or mainly black. Abdomen brownish red, the base, the incisures, a
dorsal line and all the extreme margin black; sometimes the dorsal
line is abbreviated on second segment and not present on third. The
hairs on abdomen somewhat long, much longer than in rostrata,
mainly tawny. Venter reddish, base and also often apex blackish,
the hairs all pale. Legs reddish brown, femora with the basal half or
more black, tibiz with blackish rings in the middle, more or less
faint on anterior tibie; anterior tarsi blackish towards the end, hind
tarsi blackish. The long hairs on front femora black, on posterior
femora pale on the basal half. Wings more or less yellowish. Squa-

Volucella. 395

mule brownish with a brownish yellow fringe. Halteres with the
knob brown.

Female. Likewise similar to the female of rostrata, but thorax
much more neous, not bluish; it is more grey than in the male,
the black stripes narrower but more distinct; the hairs short but

Fig. 149. Wing of R. campestris g.

longer than in rostrata, brown but generally more or less black in
the middle behind. The bristles at the scutellar margin less strong
than in rostrata. Abdomen either quite reddish or with an inter-
rupted black dorsal line and narrow incisures, but always with the
margin black; it is often rather darkened and brown. Legs as in the
male. Squamule pale yellowish.

Length about 8 to 11 mm.

This species is similar to rostrata but distinguished with certainty
by the colour of thorax and abdomen and of the legs, as also by the
different hairiness of thorax.

Rf. campestris is common in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ordrup
Mose, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Nordskoven at Jeegerspris, Sorg, Ny-
raad near Vordingborg; on Lolland at Bremersvold, Strandby and in
Keldskov; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Lundeborg on the
eastern coast; in Jutland in Vejle Norreskov, at Horsens, in Marselis-
borg Skov at Aarhus, at Frijsenborg and Frederikshavn, and finally
on Bornholm. My dates are 1%/s—%/9, It occurs on various flowers
in woods and fens, sometimes in great numbers.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, towards
the north to northern Sweden.

Il. Volucellinae.

28. Voluecella Geofir.
Robust species of large size, either densely pilose or more slightly
hairy. The colours are rather various in the various species, thorax
is dark or brown, abdomen quite or almost quite black, or with the

396 Syrphidae.

basal part whitish, or it is yellow with black bands; in foreign species
both size and colour are much more various, the colour sometimes
bright metallic; in the densely pilose species the colour of the pile is
dominating, hidding the ground colour and much varied. Head a
little broader than high, as broad as or slightly broader than thorax,
excavated behind. Eyes touching in the male for a shorter or longer
distance, narrowly or more broadly separated in the female; they are
hairy in the male, bare in the female, or sometimes (nflata, non-
Danish) also hairy in this sex; the facets in the upper front part en-
larged in the male. Frons hairy, in the male small but protruding.
Antenne inserted in the middle; the basal joints are small, the third
elongated, from two to three times as long as broad; arista inserted
at the base of third joint, long, much longer than the antenne, com-
pressed and plumose with long hairs, longest above; the basal antennal
joints have bristles at the apical margins, the third joint is micro-
scopically hairy. Epistoma hollowed below the antenne, with a large
and broad central knob in the middle and below it more or less but
not very retreating; it is thus somewhat protruding below and it is
more or less descending, sometimes rather long and of conical shape;
the lateral angles are drooping below the front mouth edge. The
epistoma is reddish brown or yellowish and more or less densely
haired on the front side but bare in the hollow below the antenne.
Jowls broad, a little descending; they are somewhat separated from
epistoma by a groove, stretching up towards the antenne and separating
off narrow eye-margins. The oral aperture elongated; oral cone and
proboscis somewhat long; clypeus elongated, the basal part somewhat
long, the side lists stretching forwards are fine. Labrum long, strong
and strongly semitubular; the apical processes are of equal length,
the median somewhat cleft, densely beset with spines or emergences;
the upper lateral process thin, cylindrical and pointed; the lower
lateral processes are characteristic, they are, as usual, broad but the
end is roundly incised, the inner or upper corner drawn out into a
somewhat long point, the lower or outer corner also, but less, drawn
out; labrum has the usual lateral rows of small tubercles or papille
on the lower side. Hypopharynx is nearly as long as labrum, strong,
attenuated and somewhat pointed; it shows the special character that
it is beset with microscopical hairs in the outer part. The maxille
have the lacinia a little shorter than hypopharynx, only slightly curved,
otherwise of usual shape but the apex is rounded; they are in the
usual way beset with microscopical hairs; the palpi are not long,
considerably shorter than the lacinia, densely beset with hairs and
with some bristles at the apex, especially two very long. Labium

Volucella. 397

has the basal part and the somewhat long and narrow labella of
about equal length. Thorax square or almost so; scutellum yellow
to blackish brown, without fringe below the margin. There are noto-
pleural, supraalar and postalar bristles and marginal bristles on scutel-
lum, and also a transverse row of bristles in front of scutellum; on
' the mesopleura are bristles at the upper corner. In the pilose species
the bristles are less conspicuous and the supraalar bristles, those in
front of scutellum and the scutellar bristles quite inconspicuous or
wanting. Metapleura with short hairs. Abdomen short and broad,
ovate, not longer than thorax and scutellum together, or it is less
broad and more elongate. In the male there are four not trans-
formed segments. Genitalia of relatively moderate size. In the female
abdomen has five visible segments, the rest more or less hidden, the
last terminating with two small lamelle. Legs simple, the usual in-
curvation on the posterior side of hind tibiz near apex more or less
pronounced; hind metatarsi thickened. The legs haired in the usual
way, more or less densely, the hairs on femora generally not long;
one species, inanis, is remarkable by having small, spine-like bristles
on the posterior side of anterior tibi#, one ventral on middle tibize
and numerous around the apex. Claws and pulvilli well developed;
empodium spine-shaped, hairy. Wings with the subcostal cell closed,
the subcostal vein distinct from costa quite to its end, the radial vein
bending suddenly up at its end, joining the subcostal vein a little
before the apex; the marginal cross-veins retracted from the margin,
the upper marginal cross-vein angular, its upper part recurrent; the
cubital vein bending somewhat upwards after the marginal cross-vein,
terminating considerably before the apex; medial cross-vein before the
middle of the discall cell; no stigmatical cross-vein; the basal part of
the radial vein with bristles; vena spuria slight, especially in the basal
part. Alula large. Squamule broad, the thoracal broadest; alar —
squamula with somewhat long, curious, flattened hairs, thoracal squa-
mula with long, richly and regularly branched hairs. Plumula well
developed, with somewhat long but simple hairs.

The developmental stages are rather well known; already Réaumur
found the larva (of bombylans) in nests of Bombus, and Réaumur and
‘De Geer observed V. zonaria and bombylans respectively laying eggs
of which larve hatched, which they knew as the same found in the
Bombus-nests, though Réaumur committed some confusion of the
species. Since then the larve have often been observed. Kiinckel
d’Herculais has in 1875 published an elaborate monograph over the
genus (Recherches sur |’organisation et le développement des Volucelles,
Paris 1875), in which the metamorphoses and the larve of V. zonaria,

398 Syrphidae.

inanis, pellucens and bombylans are described; the work contains a
complete list of the earlier observations and of the literature; it is
here mentioned that the larva of V. bombylans lives in the nests of
B. lapidarius and muscorum, the larva of V. zonaria in nests of V. vul-
garis and crabro, and the larve of V. pellucens and inanis in nests of
V. vulgaris. Later on has Erné (Mittheil. schweiz. Ent. Ges. IV, 1876,
561) mentioned V. zonaria and inanis from nests of Vespa, and New-
stead (Ent. Month. Mag. XXVII, 1891, 41) has observed larve of
V. bombylans in nests of V. germanica; finally Verrall records (Brit.
FI. VIII, 1901, 487, 491) that Sharp has bred V.inanis from nests of
V. crabro, and he mentions V. pellucens from nests of V. vulgaris. I
have myself observed larve of V. bombylans and pellucens. The larva
of bombylans was found in the nest of B. subterraneus or an allied
species in September, and in the nest of an undetermined Bombus on
27/3: the larva of pellucens was found fullgrown in nests of V. vulgaris
on 4/4, further on */10 developing next spring, and on */4 in the earth
below a nest, pupating on **/4 and developing on *‘/s, and finally in
the nest of an undetermined Vespa in September. We thus at present
know V. bombylans from B. lapidarius, muscorum, subterraneus? and
perhaps from other species, and from V. germanica; V. pellucens from
V. vulgaris; V. inanis from V. crabro and vulgaris and V. zonaria from
the same species of Vespa. No doubt the larve live only in such
nests as are found in or near the ground.

The larve are of greyish or yellowish white colour, somewhat
flattened and especially rather flat above; they are a little attenuated
towards the head end; there are in all twelve segments; the head is
retractile, there are a pair of small, so-called antennz, two-jointed
and ending with two small points, but there are no mouth hooks.
The dermis is finely chagreened and the body is strongly transversely
corrugated so that each segment shows three or four corrugations;
above there are some small warts or wart-like spines on the corruga-
tions, and along the sides there are, according to the species, shorter
or longer spines, also surrounding the posterior end; all the spines
are spinulose; on the ventral side there are seven pairs of prolegs,
armed with hooks. At the hind margin of the prothoracal segment
lie the small anterior spiracles on each side, and above on the last
segment is a quite short or a little longer, brown spiracular process. —
The distinguishing characters of the larve of the different species are
the following. The larva of bombylans has on the two last thoracal
segments and the first abdominal segment about six spines on each
above in a transverse row and some at the sides; the six following

Volucella. 399

segments show each about three corrugations, on the first of those
are a pair of small warts in the middle and on the following corruga-
tion two small spines towards each side, the one at the side margin
the largest; further there are on each side three short spines, one
upper more posteriorly, and two lower, one behind the other more
anteriorly; the ventral segments have a lateral spine at each side; the
last segment has the lateral spines surrounding the hind margin as
six rather long (1—1,5 mm) threads. It will be seen that these spines
are arranged as in other Syrphid larve, but besides them there is
still a small lateral spine on the corrugation wich bears the two middle
spines. The small hooks on the prolegs are arranged in two rows,
the posterior hooks smaller than the anterior. The posterior spiracular
process short. The length of the larva is about 20mm. The larva
of pellucens is rather different; each segment is on the dorsal side
divided into four corrugations and these have each a transverse row
of numerous small spinules; further the segments have on the second
corrugation two wart-like spines in the middle, and on the third
corrugation two towards each side, the lateral long; besides the fourth
corrugation has two wart-like spines in the middle similar to those
on the second corrugation, and the second corrugation has a long
lateral spine; on the sides there are the usual three spines, and on
each ventral segment a lateral spine; the spines surrounding the
posterior margin are only slightly longer than the other lateral spines.
This larva has thus, like that of bomdylans, a lateral spine on the
second corrugation not found in other Syrphid larvze, but besides two
wart-like spines on the middle of the fourth corrugation not found in
bombylans or other larve. The prolegs are armed with relatively
large hooks in two rows, the anterior hooks largest. The posterior
spiracular process short. The size of the larva as in bombylans. This
larva is easily known from the larva of bombylans by all the lateral
spines being considerably longer, the six posterior on the contrary
shorter, and by the transverse rows of small spinules above. The
larva of zonaria (non-Danish) is, according to Kiinckel d’Herculais,
quite similar to that of pellucens (when fullgrown), while the larva of
inanis is more similar to that of bombylans but has all the spines
very small, scarcely perceptible, the prolegs with only one row of
hooks, a pair of somewhat well developed prolegs also on the meso-
thoracal segment and the posterior spiracular process lying more
posteriorly and relatively long. — The pupa of the various species is
rather arched, especially much arched above; it is attenuated behind,
broad in front; it shows the same spines as the larva; at the anterior

400 Syrphidae.

margin of the first abdominal segment above are two, somewhat
approximated and diverging spiracular tubes. The colour is brownish.
The length of the pupa of pellucens (the only one I have examined)
is 15 mm.

As seen above the larve live in the nests of Bombus and Vespa;
they were originally thought to be parasitic, eating the larve and
pup of their hosts, but the observations of Erné (1. c.) and of Sharp
(Cambr. Nat. Hist. VI, 1899, 500) seem to prove that they are scavengers,
only feeding on deceased larvee and pup; already Smith (Trans. Ent.
Soc. London, I, 1851, Proc. 111) thought that the larva of V. bombylans
in the nests of Bombus lived of honey and wax. Recently Sundvik
has (Meddel. Soc. pro Faun. Flor. Fen. 37, 1911, 56) revived the
suggestions towards their being parasitic, and has advanced the sup-
position that they dissolve the wasp-cocoon by a secret from glands
present in the posterior end of their body; the six longer threads
behind should then be used to hold the cocoon; these are, how-
ever, mere suggestions and, I think, of no value. The eggs have often
been found laid in the nests. The larva hibernates as fullgrown,
generally in the earth below the nests, and it pupates and develops
the next spring or summer. The habits of the larve mentioned here
hold good at all events for the European species, but with regard to
the American species V. fasciata Macq. it is recorded that the larva
feeds in the cactus Opuntia missouriensis.

The species of Volucella show, as seen, generally more or less
resemblance to wasps or Bombi; this is especially the case with
bombylans, the two varieties of which are similar to B. lapidarius and
terrestris (or allied species). It has been thought that this was mimicry,
protective against the hosts, or, as it was found that the Volucella is
a welcome scavenger, indicating them as friends. It is, however, very
doubtful whether the resemblance has anything to do with mimicry;
thus bombylans is found also in nests of V. germanica, to which it has
not the slightest resemblance, and pellucens has likewise no resem-
blance to V. vulgaris, in the nests of which its larvee are found; more-
over Kiinckel d’Herculais says that he has bred the varieties of bom-
bylans from the same Bombus-nest.

The species of Volucella are large, beautiful flies, as said generally
more or less resembling species of Vespa or Bombus; they occur in
wooded districts and are found on leaves and on various flowers.
The genus is especially tropical with only a few species towards the
north but with a large number in southern regions.

Of the genus 12 species are known from the palearctic region,
but of these only 6 are European; 3 occur in Denmark.

Volucella. AOL

Table of Species.

1. Densely pilose species; ground colour of abdomen extensively

black ; scutellum without marginal bristles ............. 1. bombylans.
— Short-haired species; abdomen not quite black; scutellum
meuteenoateitial bristles... nce: sales ootg cit ey tneiety seein << Ble)! Se
2. Abdomen black with second segment whitish .......... 2. pellucens.
— Abdomen yellow with black bands ................... 3. inanis.

1. V. bombylans L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 983, 25 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1792 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Mill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 710 (Musca). —-
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 762, 1 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 224, 4 (Syrphus). —
1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 18, 3 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Il, 402, 1. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 650, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
329. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 483, 1, fig. 339. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 90. — Musca mystacea Linn. 1758. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767.
XII, 2, 983, 26 et 1761. Fn. Suec. 1793. — 1764. O. F. Mill 1. c. 711. —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 762, 2 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 224, 5 (Syrphus). —
Musca plumata De Geer, 1776. Mém. Ins. VI, 134, 5, Tab. VIII, Fig. 4—9.
— V. plumata 1822. Meig. 1. c. Ill, 403, 2. — 1843. Zett. 1. c. Il, 648, 1
et 1849. VIH, 3110, 1 et 1855. XII, 4649, 1 et 1859. XIII, 5077, 1. —
V. vulpina Meig. 1830. 1. c. VI, 355, 7. — V. haemorrhoidalis Zett. 1838.
Ins. Lapp. 591, 2 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 649, 2.

Male. Vertex black or brownish black, palest at the anterior
angle; frons brownish behind, darker forwards. Epistoma yellowish
or brownish yellow on the front side, darker at the eye-margins and
brownish pruinose below the antenne; the lower side parts are quite
black and shining, and likewise the jowls; the epistoma is hollowed
below the antenne, about in the middle there is a large central knob,
but below this epistoma is only slightly retreating, its lower part is
cone-shaped, produced much downwards and somewhat pointed. Vertex
has long, yellow hairs, frons shorter, likewise yellow hairs; epistoma
is densely yellow-haired on the front side, the sides have sparse, dark
hairs. Eyes densely haired with long, black hairs. Occiput black,
greyish pruinose, black-haired, the hairs long below and on the jowls.
Antenne with the third joint elongate, at the upper margin nearly
three times as long as broad; the basal joints black, the third brownish
or yellowish; arista blackish, more or less brown in the basal part,
plumose with long hairs, longer above than below. Thorax black,
shining, densely pilose from erect,. somewhat long hairs; there are noto-
pleural and postalar bristles, and some bristles at the upper corner
of mesopleura, but they are not very conspicuous. The colour of the
pilosity of the body varies very much and the species is thereby
divided into two varieties. Var. bombylans: Thorax black-haired. Scutel-

26

402 Syrphidae.

lum yellow or dark yellowish, translucent, with black hairs. Pleura
with long, black hairs. Abdomen short, ovate; it is black, shining,
generally more or less dark and indefinitely reddish on the sides of
second and third segments so that somelimes only a black middle
line is left; it is densely haired with somewhat long hairs, longest
behind; the hairs are black on the basal part but reddish or some-
times yellowish at the apex from about the middle of the third seg-
ment; at the basal corners the hairs may be a little brownish.
Genitalia black-haired. Venter black, shining, with long hairs, black
at the sides, yellowish brown in the middle. Var. plumata: The hairs
on occiput generally yellow above. Thorax with only the middle
front part black-haired, the sides and hind margin more or less
broadly yellow-haired and scutellum yellow-haired. Abdomen with
the side spots on second segment yellow and yellow-haired, stretching
more or less in towards the middle, and with the fourth segment and
the hind margin of the third yellow-haired, sometimes (var. haemor-
rhoidalis Zett.) more reddish-haired. Legs all black, the base of the
anterior tibiz and tarsi may be more or less reddish, generally only
indistinctly. The legs densely black-haired; the hairs are somewhat
jong on the posterior and ventral side of anterior femora and on the
anterior and ventral side of hind femora; the other hairs are con-
spicuous and not quite short, the anterior tibie have a moderately
long fringe on the postero-dorsal side, and the hind tibie are a little
fringed all round, especially on the somewhat swollen middle part.

Fig. 150. Wing of V. bombylans o.

Wings yellowish tinged, the base blackish brown and there are two
brown patches, one larger below the stigma down to the discal cell,
the other smaller seaming the veins at the end of the subcostal
and first posterior cells. Squamule with their fringes black, and
halteres black.

Female. Frons moderately broad, orange, haired with long, yellow
or mixed black and yellow hairs, in var. plumata they are yellow.
Antenne and arista longer than in the male. Eyes bare. For the

Volucella. 403

rest the female shows the same two varieties as in the male; in the
female of plumata the thoracal dise is generally still more yellow-
haired than in the male, the hairs on the middle being brown, or
thorax quite yellow-haired. Abdomen with no reddish spots on third
segment.

Length 11—14 mm.

As seen this species falls into two distinct varieties, so distinct
that they might without hesitation be taken for distinct species, but
they are now well known to be only varieties, and the two forms
have often been taken together in copula. The species is very Bombus-
like, and the var. bombylans is like B. lapidarius, the var. plumata like
B, terrestris, but as said above it is rather doubtful whether this has
anything to do with mimicry. Verrall states (but he says expressly
that he estimates without accurate observation) that in England the
species for about sixty per cent. is like B. terrestris (and its allies)
and for about thirty eight per cent. like Bb. lapidarius, while two per
cent. may be of almost any Bombus colouring. I think it is about the
same in Denmark, at all events the var. plwmata seems to be more
common than bombylans. Naturally the first author, Linné, described
the two varieties as distinct species (bombylans and mystacea), and
the various varieties have given rise to the description of many species.

V. bombylans is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Ordrup
Mose, Fure Sg, Geel Skov, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde, Nordskoven at
Jegerspris and at Sorg; on Falster and on Lolland at Maribo, Bremers-
vold and in Keldskov; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge, and on
Feng; in Jutland in Norholm Skov at Varde, at Horsens, Frijsenborg,
Rye near Silkeborg, Rebbild near Skorping and Jerup near Frederiks-
havn, and on Bornholm. My dates are ®/e—**/7. It occurs in woods
and on meadows near woods and is here generally seen on various
flowers, especially on Umbelliferee and Composite, thuso ften on Carduus.
The larva was found at Tisvilde in the nest of B. subterraneus or an
allied species in September (Weis) and in Dyrehaven in the nest of
an undetermined Bombus on *"/s (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Europe and in Asia Minor; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland and Siberia; it occurs,
as it seems, also in North America (facialis Willist. and evecta
Walk.).

2. V. pellucens L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 595 et 1767. XII, 2, 989, 62 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1826 (Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 773, 2 (Musca) et 1805.
Syst. Ant]. 224, 3 (Syrphus). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 19, 5 (Syrphus).

26*

404 Syrphidae.

— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 404, 3. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il,
651, 4 et 1859. XIII, 5078, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 329. — 1901. Verr.
Brit. Fl. VIII, 490, 4, figs. 338—340. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 94.

Male. Vertex brown, darkened at the ocelli; frons and epistoma
brownish yellow, the latter a little pruinose below the antenne; jowls
black; epistoma hollowed below the antenne, with a large central
knob in the middle and below it somewhat retreating, the knob
therefore more protruding than in boméylans, but the epistoma pro-
duced much less downwards than in this species and also less for-
wards. Vertex and frons with black hairs; epistoma less densely haired
than in bombylans, the hairs black, yellow at the sides below, some-
times all or almost all yellow. Eyes touching for a long space, with
dense, black hairs, shorter downwards and the eyes are bare on the
hinder lower part. Occiput black, greyish pruinose, with yellow hairs,
somewhat long below. Antenne red, third joint about twice as long

Fig. 151. Antenna of V. pellucens 3, from the outside. >< 45.

as broad; arista black on the outer part, long black plumose, the
hairs longest above. Thorax black or slightly bluish black, shining,
brownish on the humeri and dark ferruginous at the side margins; it
is clothed with not long, black hairs; there are strong notopleural,
supraalar and postalar bristles, and a row of weaker bristles at the
hind margin. Scutellam brown or blackish brown, with short, black
hairs and long marginal bristles. Pleura with longish hairs and with

Volucella. : 4.05

bristles at the upper corner of mesopleura. Abdomen short ovate; it
is black, somewhat shining, second segment yellowish white, somewhat
translucent, with a narrow, black middle line; abdomen is clothed
with short, black hairs, longer on the fourth segment; on the second
segment the hairs are yellow except at the hind margin. Venter
coloured as dorsum, but the whitish band stretching in on the front
half of the third segment; it is clothed with yellow and black hairs,
following the ground colour. Legs less stout than in bombylans, black,
the basal part of anterior tibize dark ferriginous and sometimes also
just the base of the anterior tarsi. The legs are black-haired, the hairs
short, somewhat longer on the femora in the usual way and there
are some long, bristly hairs below the anterior femora; middle femora
with some bristles behind the apex. Wings yellowish on the basal
half with a large, brown middle spot and a small apical one as in
bombylans. Squamule reddish yellow or darker brownish with red-
dish yellow fringes. Halteres with the peduncle blackish brown, the
knob yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons rather narrow, a little widening down-
wards, yellowish or reddish brown, with black hairs. Eyes bare.
Antenne slightly larger than in the male. Thorax with the reddish
side margin more conspicuous and scutellum more red; the hairs on
thorax short, mixed black and yellow, especially a patch of yellow
hairs in the middle in front of scutellum, often placed on a reddish
spot. The blackish middle line on second abdominal segment very
narrow, often abbreviated or only present at the base.

Length 12—16 mm, but the small specimens rarely seen.

V. pellucens is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund,
Ruderhegn, Hareskov, Donse, Frerslev Hegn, Tyvekrog, Egebeeks Vang,
Tisvilde; on Lolland at Maribo and in Keldskov; on Funen at Veflinge
and Middelfart; in Jutland in Ngrholm Skov at Varde, at Horsens,
Frijsenborg, Hald near Viborg, Rebbild near Skorping and Madum Sg,
and on Bornholm at Ronne. My dates are 12/s—2?7/7. It occurs on
similar places as the preceding species and it frequents many various
flowers. The larva was found in Dyrehaven in the earth beneath a
nest of V. vulgaris on */4, and likewise in Dyrehaven in a nest of
V. vulgaris on */10, these latter larvee developed next spring, further in
Geel Skov again in the earth below a nest of the same Vespa on */4,
pupating on *7/4 and developing on **/s (Kryger); finally it was found
at Copenhagen in the nest of an undetermined Vespa in September
(Schlick).

Geographical distribution:— All Europe, towards the north to
middle Sweden, and in Finland; it is also recorded from Japan.

4.06 Syrphidae.

3. V. inanis L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 595 et 1767. XII, 2, 989, 61 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1825 (Musea). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 773, 1 et 1781. Spec. Ins.
II, 435, 1 (Musca). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 19, 6 (Syrphus). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 407, 6. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 652, 5.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. J, 330. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 486, 2. — 1907.
Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 92. — Syrphus micans Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV,
278, 2 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 224, 2.

Male. Vertex yellow, brownish at the ocelli; frons and epistoma
yellow, of the same shape as in pellucens but more descending; the
sides of epistoma have a brown stripe from the eye downwards; jowls
yellow or brownish with a dark spot at the lower eye-corner. Vertex
and frons with the hairs varying from black to yellow; epistoma yel-
low-haired on the front side. Eyes with long, brown hairs, wanting
only on a small hind part below. Occiput light grey pruinose, with
yellow hairs, long below. Antenne yellow or orange, third joint more
than twice as. long as broad; arista dark towards the apex, plumose
with long, black hairs, longest above. Thorax black or brownish black,
shining, humeri and sides broadly yellow, and generally also a brownish
spot in front of scutellum and a narrow, brownish stripe on each side
inwards to the side margin; thorax with not long hairs, which are
yellow with a few black in front, brown or black behind; there
are strong, black notopleural, supraalar and postalar bristles, and a
transverse row at the hind margin. Scutellum yellow, dull, with
blackish hairs and strong marginal bristles. Pleura brownish, darker
below, with long, yellow hairs and black bristles at the upper corner
of mesopleura and above on pteropleura. Abdomen less short and .
broad than in the foregoing species; it is yellow, dull, with the first
segment and the hind margins of the second and third segments black
or brownish black; the second segment has a similarly coloured middle
line, sometimes also present behind on third segment; the fourth seg-
ment may be narrowly black at the hind margin. Genitalia black.
Abdomen clothed with short hairs mainly following the ground colour,
but the black hairs on the black hind margins stretching a little in
on the yellow part, and fourth segment more or less black-haired just
at the hind margin. Venter yellow, first segment black, third with a
broad, blackish hind margin and fourth likewise but the dark colour
produced triangularly forwards; the hairs on venter longish and pale
on the basal part, for the rest short and mainly black. Legs reddish
yellow, femora with the basal half or more black, the black part
broadest on hind femora, the dark colour stretching longest towards
the apex above; hind tibize sometimes with a faint, dark ring in the

Eristalis. 407

middle; tarsi more or less darkened towards the end. Legs with short,
black hairs, a little longer on the femora in the usual way; anterior
tibize with some strong bristles on the posterior side in the basal half,
middle femora with similar bristles at the apex behind, and middle
tibiee besides the posterior bristles with one ventral below the middle
and numerous round the apex; middle tarsi with spinules below the
apex of the joints. Wings yellow, especially on the anterior part, and
with a slight cloud below the stigma and about the apex of the sub-
costal cell. Squamule with their fringes and the halteres orange.
Female. Vertex and frons somewhat narrow, but broader than
in pellucens, widening downwards from below the middle; they are
yellow with black hairs. Eyes bare. Antenne slightly larger than in
the male. Abdomen with the hind margin of fourth segment more
broadly black and the hind margin of the fifth narrowly black.
Length about 16 mm.
V.inanis is very rare in Denmark, we have only four specimens
from earlier time, all females, without particular locality.
Geographical distribution: — All Europe and also recorded from
Syria; towards the north to middle Sweden.

Ill. Eristalinae.
29. Eristalis Lair.

Large or somewhat large species, moderately haired or sometimes
densely and velvet pilose; they are of black or zneous colours, gener-
ally with yellow abdominal markings, most often as side spots, especi-
ally at the base. Head somewhat semiglobular, broader than high
and about as broad as or slightly broader than thorax; it is slightly
excavated behind. Eyes touching in the male for a shorter or longer
distance, in one (Danish) species separated (Subg. Eristalinus); in the
female they are broadly separated. The eyes are more or less densely
hairy but the lower hinder part bare, especially in the females; in
some species there are two longitudinal bands of denser hairs, or one
band or only an indication of a band; in one species (aeneus) the
eyes are hairy only just above. The eyes are unicolorous or some-
times spotted, or (in non-Danish species) with numerous transverse
bands. The eye-facets are slightly enlarged above in the male. The
antenne are inserted in or slightly above the middle of the head;
they are rather small, the first joint very short, the third joint gener-
ally roundish square; the second joint has small bristles above and
below, the third is microscopically haired; the arista is either plumose

408 Syrphidae.

in the basal half, or short-pubescent or apparently bare. Epistoma
broad and widening downwards; is is only slightly hollowed below
the antennee, sometimes nearly straight, the central knob not large
and the epistoma somewhat retreating below it and somewhat des-
cending; the oral aperture is rather large, the front mouth edge
curved upwards and the lateral angles somewhat drooping; the epi-
stoma is pale pruinose, in rare cases all over, but generally there is
a broader or narrower, black, shining middle stripe; also the mouth
edge is generally black, and the lower lateral parts are always black
‘and shining; the epistoma has somewhat long, erect or more decum-
bent hairs except on the middle stripe and the lower margin; the
ground colour below the pruinosity is generally yellow, but sometimes
black. Jowls somewhat broad but slightly descending, separated from
epistoma by a furrow. The oral cone is well developed and the pro-
boscis of some length. Clypeus is. of the usual shape, the basal part
relatively short and the small, separated part at the base distinct.
Labrum (arbustorum) long and strong, semitubular, the median pro-
cess cleft to the base, beset with numerous pointed emergences, the
upper lateral process delicate, spine-like and pointed, the lower broad
with the inwards curved apex pointed; the processes are of equal
length; the usual row of small papille along the margin on the inside
present; hypopharynx as long as labrum, slightly attenuated outwards
but with the end cut, not pointed; maxillz with a knife-shaped lacinia
shorter than labrum, rather pointed and with the usual, microscopical
hairs in rows on the apical part; the palpus a little longer than the
lacinia, beset with microscopical hairs and with numerous shorter and
longer bristles, the long placed near the apex. Labium with the basal
part well chitinised, a little longer than the elongated oval, not broad
labella. Thorax rectangular or almost quadrate; scutellum black in a
few species, in the others yellowish or brownish and more or less
translucent; it has no fringe below the margin.! There are no bristles
present. Metapleura with dense, not quite short hairs. Abdomen
shorter. or longer, somewhat narrowed towards the apex, on its
broadest part generally a little broader than thorax; in the male there
are four not transformed segments, the first the smallest; the fifth
segment present in the whole breadth, but very short and quite
hidden, the following as usual lying on the left side, and the genitalia
of the usual shape, turned to the right; they are moderate or some-

* Girschner says that there is such a fringe, but that is erroneous; the outermost
marginal hairs may (in some species) be curved somewhat downwards, but there
is no real fringe below the scutellar margin.

Eristalis. | 409

what large. In the female there are five normal segments, the rest
(four) hidden, the last terminating with two not quite small lamellee.
Legs simple, sometimes the hind femora a little, or more thickened,
the hind tibie more or less compressed and a little curved, and with
the usual incurvation behind near the apex; hind metatarsi simple or
somewhat thickened. The legs haired in the usual way, the hairs on
posterior and ventral sides of anterior femora and on anterior and
ventral sides of the hind femora long; the hairs on tibie not quite
short, longest behind anterior tibize; hind tibize generally more or less
fringed above and below; the long, solitary, bristly hair above the
trochanters present and more or less distinct, generally most distinct
on the anterior trochanters; the scabrous spot of squamose hairs on
the anterior side at the base of the femora distinct. Claws and pul-
villi well developed; empodium short, spine-shaped, hairy. Wings with
the subcostal cell closed, and the subcostal vein distinct from costa
quite to its end; the cubital vein with a deep loop in the middle of
the first posterior cell, ending considerably before the apex of the
wing; medial cross-vein at the middle of the discal cell; anal vein
more or less dipped downwards about the middle; a stigmatical cross-
vein present; vena spuria distinct, in some species very weak or al-
most wanting; in some species (subgenera) the basal part of the radial
vein with very fine, but quite distinct bristles. Alula large. The wing-
membrane bare. Squamule large, the thoracal squamula the largest
and somewhat inflated at the inner end towards the scutellum; the
thoracal squamula has long, elegantly furcately divided hairs, they are
branched especially at and near the base, or the basal part is flat
and only the outer half divided into hairs; the alar squamula has
shorter but, however, rather long, curiously flattened hairs. Plumula
not large, with somewhat branched hairs.

The metamorphosis is rather well known; the larve and pupe
have often been mentioned and were already known to Swammerdam,
Réaumur and Linné. Larve and pupe (probably of HF. tenax and
some other species) are mentioned and their mode of life thoroughly
treated by Swammerdam (Bibl. Nat. II, 1738, Tab. XXXVIII, Fig, 9)
and especially by Réaumur (Mém. Ins. IV, 1738, Pl. 20, Fig. 7, PI.
30—32 part.). Larvee and pupe of E. tenax are mentioned, or described
and figured, by Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 662), Scholtz (Ent.
Zeitschr. Breslau, 1848—49, 22), Letzner (Arbeit. schles. Gesell. 1856,
117), Schiner (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 1857, 391), Trybom
(Ofvers. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1875, No 2, 87), Smith (Ent. Month Mag.
2, XII, 1901, 300), and very thoroughly by Batelli (Bull. Soc. entom.
ital. XI, 1879, 77, Tab. I—V), and in Miall (Nat. Hist. aquat. Ins. 1895,

410 Syrphidae.

198), and the larva (of tenax and the American species dimidiatus)
are mentioned as passing from the intestine of man (Riley and How.
Ins. Life, II, 1889, 262). The developmental stages of EH. arbustorum
are described by Bouché (Naturg. d. Ins. 1834, 54, Tab. V, Fig. 14),
and thoroughly described and figured by Trybom (I. c. 76, Tafl. IL);
Zetterstedt mentions this larva (I. c. 660) and in XI, 1855, 4651 he
notes that about 50 specimens of the larva had passed from the
rectum of a boy, and Wagner (Stett. ent. Zeitg. XX XI, 1870, 78) men-
tions a similar observation. The larva of E.nemorum is probably
among those described by Réaumur (Il. c. Tab. XXXI, Fig. 8), and it
is mentioned by Meigen (Syst. Beschr. III, 1822, 395). The larva of
E. horticola is mentioned by Trybom (flavocinctus Fall. 1. c. 76). The
metamorphosis of H. sepulchralis is thoroughly described by v. d. Wulp
(Mém. d’Entom. publ. par le Soc. Ent. de Pays-Bas, I, 1857, 18, Pl. I,
fig. 1—2). I have myself, besides larve of undetermined species, ex-
amined pupe of FE. sepulchralis taken below reeds at the shore on 4/4,
developing at the end of April, and taken on 18/4, developing in May,
and pupe taken as larve below sea-weed on sand at the shore on
24/7, developing in August; pup of EH. aeneus taken as larve at the
same date and under the same circumstances as the latter, and like-
wise developing in August; further a pupa of E.lucorum taken in a
fen on */5 and developing in the same month; pupe of E. tenax taken
at horse-dung in a stable on 1°/9 and developing on 7°/)—?"/9; a pupa
of HE. intricarius taken at a ditch first in August and developing soon
after; a pupa of HL. anthophorinus taken in a fen in April and developing
on °/5; pup of £. arbustorum taken in a cloaca on °/s5 and developing
at the middle of this month, and finally a pupa of EF. nemorum taken
at a lake on *%/7 and developing soon after. The metamorphoses are
thus more or less known of the following species: sepulchralis, aeneus,
lucorum, tenax, anthophorinus, intricarius, arbustorum, nemorum and
horticola.

The larve are of the well known shape termed rat-tailed larvee
(vers & queue de rat Réaumur). The larva (of an undetermined
species, I think ardustorum or intricarius) has a cylindrical body, not
attenuated in front but a little attenuated behind before it goes over
into the long, thin, tail-shaped part; the body consists of twelve seg-
ments, the head included; this latter is small and retracted; above
the mouth opening are two small, two-jointed organs, the antenna-like
papillae or so-called antenne, the last joint bearing two small papille;
there are no mouth hooks but a pharyngeal skeleton; at each side of
the mouth below is a small wart with spines. The body is some-
what transversely corrugated above, and the prothoracal segment has

Eristalis. A411

some longitudinal furrows. The dermis is tough and densely beset
with small spinules; besides these clothing spinules there are above
on the corrugations some a little larger spines or small warts but they
are very slightly pronounced; they are present in the same number
and arranged quite in the same way as in other Syrphid larvee so
that there are some on the prothoracal segment, a transverse row of
six on second and third thoracal segments and on first abdominal
segment; on the other segments there are two in the middle on one
corrugation and two towards each side on the next corrugation; on
the sides there are three on each segment, and one quite below on
the ventral surface. On the ventral side there are a pair of proleg-
like warts, beset with spines, on the prothoracal segment, and then
six pairs of prolegs on the six first abdominal segments; they are
beset with curved spines at the end, especially along the hind margin.
The last segment terminates in the long, tail-shaped part with the
posterior spiracular tube which is telescopically pro- and retractile and
able to be stretched out to a very great length. The tail consists of
three divisions, the foremost is a prolongation of the last segment, it
is transversely wrinkled and like the other dermis beset with fine
spines; at the sides of it are four small bunches of hairs at intervals,
one at each side at the base, one at the apex, and two intermediate,
but the distances between them are dependent on the contraction;
the next division is thinner, longitudinally striated and with fine,
nearly microscopical spines in rows; finally the third division is still
thinner, more firmly chitinised and brown; it is very finely trans-
versely striated, the end part smooth, and it bears at the apex the
spiracles, surrounded by eight plumose hairs'. The length of the
_ three divisions are dependent on the degree of extension, only when
fully extended they are seen in full length, and when fully retracted
the intermediate part is quite hidden in the basal division and only
the end of the third part is seen protruding from the first or basal
part, and also this latter part may be somewhat contracted. At the
hind margin of the prothoracal segment lie the anterior spiracles, they
form short, brownish, a little curved horns, but they may be quite
retracted and then only seen as points. Above on the first abdominal
segment two somewhat circular spots are seen; these are the points
through which the anterior spiracular tubes in the pupa protrude.
The anus lies below in front of the tail; protruding from its opening
is sometimes seen a bundle of thread-like appendices, the use of which

1 Miall follows Réaumur in stating that there are five hairs, but, as Trybom
correctly says, there are eight.

442 Syrphidae.

is not known; Trybom takes them to be an organ of locomotion,
perhaps also of respiration. For the rest something similar is found
in other Syrphid larve, and the organ may perhaps be homologous
with the organ in the Muscid larve described by Pantel (Bull. Soe.
Ent. de Fr. 1901, No. 4, 60, fig. 1—2). The larva is of a greyish or
yellowish white colour, and of a length of about 18mm, the tail ex-
cluded. — The pupa is brownish, its upper anterior end forms a
flattened declivity, at the hinder border of which the anterior spiracular
tubes protrude; these tubes are long, until 3mm, a little curved,
directed upwards and forwards and a little diverging; on the lower
side they are beset with small tubercles (in other species as tenax
these tubercles lie on the sides and above, but not below); at the
front margin of the pupa the anterior larval spiracles are seen as two
short horns, the pupa has thus in all four horns, two long above and
two short below them. The larval tail is still found in the pupa,
curved in various ways, and on the ventral side the prolegs are visible.
The length is about 12mm.

No distinguishing characters are known for the larvee of the various
species, but according to Miall such may be found in the small
spinules on the dermis, these being in some species simple in others
branched in various ways.

The larve live in stagnant and putrid waters, ditches, in manure
and the like; they may be found together in very great numbers, I
once took them in a putrid ditch in which they were so numerous
that they were literally crowded. In the above mentioned cases of
their passing from the intestine of man they had probably been
swallowed with water. The tail reaches the surface for respiration,
and as said it can be protruded to a great length. Réaumur ex- ,
perimented by filling water in a glass with larve, and he saw the
tail extended to about six inches, then it could not become longer.
With regard to the anterior spiracles Miall says that they are not in
function; this is, however, very improbable as it is then not under-
stood why they should be present; Trybom takes them to act as
tracheal gills. For pupating the larva quits the water and pupates
in the vicinity, generally on the earth, but they are also sometimes
seen at the surface of the water. Sometimes they may be found
suspended by the tail; Zetterstedt (1. c. 662) mentions that he has
many times found pupe of #. tenax hanging in this way, and F. Low
(Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XVI, 1866, 949) mentions a pupa hanging
on a stalk; Trybom mentions (1. c. 87) that he has taken many pupe
of H. arbustorum suspended on a paling in a height of up to 2,5 meter
from the ground, the larve must thus have crept up to this height.

Eristalis. 413

The pupa stage lasts from nine to twenty days or more according to
the weather. Réaumur (I. c. 472) has a curious observation; he says
that he saw a pupa in which the imago was ready to creep out, the
imago had the posterior end forwards and must thus have turned
round in the puparium, and the author thinks that this is the normal
method for these flies and that they split the puparium with the
posterior end; Miall thinks thas this observation need be con-
firmed before accepted; Réaumur’s observation must, of course, be
due to some mistake, the imago, as I have often asserted myself, has
the head forwards when ready to creep out and comes out with the
head first. — The eggs are deposited a little above the surface of the
water; Réaumur saw the females of several species deposit their eggs
on the sides of buckets with water in his garden; the eggs are white,
oblong, finely chagreened. Zetterstedt (I. c. II, 660) notes that he has
seen females of HE. arbustorum laying eggs in the mud at borders of
stagnant waters, and he tells (I. c. 666) that he once saw several
females of E. anthophorinus around a carcass of a sheep lying in water,
sometimes setting down on it, he thinks to deposit the eggs. I pos-
sess a leaf of Sparganium with a heap of about half a hundred
eggs of some Eristalin, taken on °/7.

Most or all species have no doubt more than one brood in the
year, and, as mentioned above, I have seen larve and pup at very
different times of the season; there is thus evidently no regularity in
the time of development. With regard to hibernation the species
hibernate, I think, in every stage of the larva and also as pupa; I
once took on ‘7/s in a ditch a great number of larve in all sizes
from quite small to full grown, and also pupe; if the winter is hard
the larve perish quite or partly. Verrall suggests that EH. pertinax
may hibernate also as imago and this may be possible for this as
well as perhaps also for other species.

The species of Eristalis are beautiful flies, especially the velvet
pilose species; they occur generally near water where they also
deposite their eggs, some occur especially at the shore, and they
frequent many various flowers, especially Composite and Umbellifere ;
most or all species are seen during the whole season from early spring
to late autumn.

Of the genus about 35 species are recorded from the palearctic
region, but of these only about 25 are European; 15 have been found
in Denmark.

The genus has been divided into several subgenera by Rondani
and Mik, according to the hairiness of the arista, the eyes in the male
being touching or separated, and the colour of the eyes, but the sub-

414 Syrphidae.
genera have only value as groups of species; with regard to the
Danish species the following subgenera are represented:

T Eristalis s. str. (intricarius, arbus-
torum, pertinax, nemorum, horti-

cola, vitripennis, rupium, alpinus).
2

Arista plumose

pie 2 eS Si wie «aes ae Sele aye

a te! S).9 0 Sha os \evels sale ie .

— Arista bare or only pubescent

St SVES AINICAIOLOUS,,. -.-'2/\e.- -)=- dele © Fp Eristalomyia Rond. (cryptarum,
lucorum, tenax, anthophorinus,
oestraceus).

Pe aLVeR “SPOMGd © oh. es hc. nis eles ooo stan ene ete eee 3.

3. Eyes only hairy above, touching in the

mmevi sii dive eet eae Lathyrophthalmus Mik (aeneus).

— Eyes quite hairy, in the male separated Eristalinus Rond. (sepulchralis).

Girschner has (Ill. Wochenschr. f. Entom. II, 1897, 589) separated
the subgenera Hristalis and Eristalomya in another way according to
the presence or absence of one or two bands of denser hairs on the
eyes, but also this character indicates at most groups of species.

Table of Species.

1. Arista bare or with short pubescence ................ 2.
— "Arista “plumose:-. Ses hae. te eee ee eee 8.
2. Scutellum black or #neous; eyes spotted ............. 3.
— Scutellum yellowish to brownish; eyes unspotted....... 4,
3. Eyes hairy, separated in the male; black species with
dull velvet spots on abdomen................... 1. sepulchralis.
— kyes only slightly haired above, touching in the male;
neous and shining ispecies ©. .7-% - oe eee ee ee 2. aeneus.
4. Antenne orange and legs mainly orange.......... 3. cryptarum.
— Antenne blackish or brownish and legs mainly black.... 5.
5. Densely velvet piiose species; wings with a distinct
blotch, at all events in the female .................. 6.
— Normally haired species; wings without blotch......... 7.
6. Scutellum yellowish; body yellow-haired; legs black
with the basa] part of tibie white............... 6. anthophorinus.
— Scutellum bony white and white-haired; body other-
wise extensively black-haired; legs blackish with the
POSPOTIOE VIMESICTPUOW, 5:09 s an mixes Dae coven eae 7. oestraceus.
7. Eyes simply haired; epistoma without black middle
BEPIpOs. <n wheter Fee rae se ee ae ee 4. lucorum.
— Eyes with two bands of dense hairs; epistoma with
a. black middle siaipe.s (ieee tar. aeledane. 5 Leet 5. tenax.
8. Densely velvet pilose species .................4- 8. intricarius,
— . Normally ‘haired ppemees cent e eee nas ee 9.
9. Hind :taral Dlack’ 70-3 ay eae ee es Com ee eet Ee 10.
— Hind tarsi *pale ‘onthe basal: jomts’?'s.- 56 eet le 13.
10. Epistoma without black middle stripe; anterior tibize
somewhat long-ciliated 1):.0:J o5cgilk sath bales 9. arbustorum.

Eristalis. 415

— Epistoma with a black middle stripe.................... if.
Seyyenterior, tarsi quite, yellow ac. «2... 6)4<5 cede. wc ores 10. pertinaz.
— Anterior tarsi not quite yellow, only pale at the base

eerie: Or. Hoth Pade arses oa ee Nar od 9 oe: ays 12.
12. Wings hyaline with a very small stigmatical dot; ab-

dominal spots partly or quite shining .............. 11. nemorum.
— Wings with a more or less distinct, dark fascia, stigma

longer than broad; abdominal spots dull............ 12. horticola.

13. Thorax pale pruinose on the front half, black on the
posterior half; hind femora thickened; eye-suture in the

MME STIL. ouns s. 62 v5, 2 ays Se re ate ed eee erases 15. alpinus.
— Thorax unicolorous, somewhat shining; hind femora not
thickened; eye suture in the male not short ............ 14,

14. Hind femora pale on the basal part in the male, on the

basal half in the female; wings hyaline in the male,

with a narrow fascia in the female; abdomen in the

female TOG UNE SIMIAN a es ess wecredactoe lala Mana o's 13. vitripennis.
— Hind femora in the male quite black or slightly brownish

at the extreme base, in the female yellow at the base;

wings with a dark middle blotch, especially large and

distinct in the female; abdomen in the female quite

MERTENS hers 5 seo ak So Uttar aide, Song ee Se a oO ED pathy 14. rupium.

1. E. sepulchralis L.

[?1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 596 et 1767. XII, 2, 991, 73 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1835 (Musca)]. — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 772, 49 et 1781. Spec.
Ins. Il, 431, 51 et 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 303, 91 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst.
Antl. 245,61. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 383,1. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 670,16 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 333, — 1901. Verr.
Brit. Fl. VII, 498, 1, figs. 345—347. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 96.
— Syrphus tristis Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 303, 92 et 1805. Syst. Antl.
945, 62 (Hristalis). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 29, 23 (Syrphus).

Male. Eyes separated, vertex narrowing downwards to a little
below the middle, and from here the frons widening downwards so
that the borders of vertex and frons form an angle; vertex blackish,
brownish pruinose anteriorly with a dull blackish cross-band between
vertex and frons; frons and epistoma whitish grey pruinose, the cen-
tral knob, the upper mouth edge and the lower side margin, as well
as the jowls, black. Vertex with blackish, anteriorly brownish hairs,
frons with brownish or blackish, anteriorly whitish hairs, and epistoma
with whitish hairs. Epistoma hollowed below the antennz, the knob
somewhat protruding and epistoma a little retreating below it; the
lower part somewhat protruding and descending. Occiput bluish black,
grey pruinose at the eye-margin except above, the hairs are white
below, yellow above and here there is a row of black hairs. Eyes
brown with numerous dark or black, circular but more or less con-

4.16 Syrphidae.

fluent spots, especially confluent to a dark space above, and the whole
hind margin likewise dark; the eyes are haired with longish, brown
hairs. Antenne with the basal joints black, third joint somewhat
large, roundish square, blackish or brownish, generally paler beneath;
arista brown, apparently bare. Thorax black, somewhat shining, with
velvet black stripes; the stripes are one, or two approximated, in the
middle, two to each side, and one short and indistinct more laterally;
the middle and the inner lateral stripes are generally united behind
to a velvet black space in front of scutellum, and the outer lateral
stripes are interrupted at the transverse furrow; the shining stripes
between the middle stripe and the inner lateral stripes are more or
less greyish in front; further the stripes between the two inner lateral
stripes are brownish yellow in front, and likewise a stripe exterior to
the outer lateral stripes, united with the greyish humeri; there are
thus four more or less distinct, brownish yellow, short stripes in front.
Thorax is clothed with long, yellow hairs, a little mixed with black
at the sides and behind. Scutellum black, shining, with black hairs,
paler along the margin. Pleura with longish, black hairs, paler behind.
Abdomen rather short, eneous green, shining, second and third seg-
ments dull velvet black except at the hind margins and on a side
space, prolonged triangularly inwards in the middle, fourth segment
with a small, velvet triangle in the middle at the front margin. Ab-
domen is clothed with rather long hairs which are yellowish, but black
on the hind part of second, third and fourth segments. Venter eneous
black, with long, pale hairs. Legs black, the tips of anterior femora
and about the basal third of the tibize pale yellowish, hind tibize yel-
lowish just at the base; middle tarsi yellowish at the base; hind
femora considerably thickened with the upper margin curved and
with an impression on the anterior side after the middle; hind tibize
somewhat compressed and curved, hind metatarsi a little thickened.
The long hairs behind the anterior femora are black on the front
femora except at the base, on the middle femora mainly yellow but
black at apex; the hind femora are long-haired above and especially
below, the hairs are black except at the base, and below they are
yellow but on the apical third are shorter, dense, black, somewhat
bristly hairs; the anterior tibie are somewhat long-haired above and
behind, especially middle tibiee, the hairs mainly dark; hind tibie
fringed above and below, the hairs black on the basal, yellow on the
apical part. Wings hyaline; upper marginal cross-vein recurrent above,
the veinlets at apex of subcostal and first posterior cells turned up-
wards; radial vein with fine bristles on its basal part; cubital vein a
little angular at the base and here often with a more or less distinct

Eristalis. 4AT

veinlet; anal vein slightly dipped; vena spuria almost quite absent.
Stigma a little elongate but only dark at the base, the rest very pale.
Squamule and fringes whitish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, greyish. pruinose above, yel-
lowish below, with an oval, brown or black spot in the middle; the

Fig. 152. Wing of E.sepulchralis 3.

hairs are yellow but blackish in front of the ocelli and some few on
the frons, sometimes almost all black. Thorax with the stripes, which
are shining in the male, much more dull and greyish, especially the
two middle ones; further the stripe dividing the velvet middle stripe,
those between the lateral velvet stripes and those exterior to the
outer iateral velvet stripes are all light grey pruinose and extending
towards scutellum; there are thus five light grey stripes and also the
transverse furrow is grey. Abdomen quite sneous shining, more or
_ less dull only on the middle of second and third segments. Legs
more yellow haired.

Length 7,5 to about 10 mm.

As known there exists some doubt with regard to the authorship
of Linné for this species; it seems, however, after all, most probable
that Linné has included more than one species in his descriptions and
that he has had also sepulchralis before him.

E. sepulchralis is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Vester-
felled, Amager, Dragor, Utterslev Mose, Damhusmose, Ordrup Mose,
Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Frerslev Hegn, Frederikssund, Jzgerspris
and Boserup at Roskilde; on Lolland at Maribo and Nysted; on Feja;
in Jutland at Horsens, Sgndervig and Lgnstrup, and on Bornholm.
My dates are !4/;—1/9, It occurs in fens, on meadows and commons
at ponds and ditches and not rarely near the shore. The larva has
been taken on Vesterfzelled at the shore, on sand below sea-weed on
24/7, it developed in August (Schlick); pupze were taken at Boserup
on 18/4, developing in May (Schlick) and on Vesterfeelled at the shore
on 4/4, developing at the end of April (the author).

97

418 Syrphidae.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe and down into Syria and
Egypt; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

2. E. aeneus Scop.

1763. Scop. Entom. Carn. 356,967 (Conops). — 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst.
IV, 302, 88 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 244, 57. — 1817. Fall. Dipt.
Suec. Syrph. 28, 22 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 384, 2
et 1838. VII, 143. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 668, 14 (Syrphus). —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 333. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 501, 2, figs. 348—349.
— 1907. Kat. paléarkt. Dipt. Ill, 97. — Musca punctata O. F. Mill. Fn.
Fridrichsd. 720.

Male. Eyes touching for a rather short distance. Vertex long,
geneous; frons and epistoma yellowish grey pruinose, an elongate
central knob black shining and likewise the side mouth edge and the
jowls. Vertex with reddish, on the front half with black hairs, frons
with yellow and epistoma with pale yellow or whitish hairs. Epistoma
a little hollowed below the antenne, the knob slightly protruding and
epistoma a little retreating below it and a little descending. Occiput
blackish eeneous, grey at the eye-margin except above, the hairs white
below, reddish yellow above. Eyes brown with small, circular, blackish
spots which may be a little confluent and especially so above, while
generally a transverse space across the suture is unspotted; the spots
are smaller, more numerous and less confluent than in sepulchralis;
the eyes bear a somewhat short, pale pubescence only on the upper
part. Antenne small, the basal joints blackish, third joint generally
more or less brownish, oval; the bristles on second joint yellow except
a couple above, which are black; arista bare. Thorax eeneous black,
shining, clothed with moderately long, reddish yellow hairs; scutellum
black with similar hairs as on thorax. Pleura with paler or darker
yellow hairs. Abdomen black or a little eneous or bluish black,
shining; it is densely clothed with longish, reddish yellow hairs, darker
to blackish at the hind margin of second segment. Venter black,
shining with long, pale hairs; fourth segment a little incised in the
middle of the hind margin, with a tuft of short, black, bristly hairs
on each side of the incision. Legs black, apex of femora and base of
tibie yellow, most broadly on anterior tibie, occupying the third or
almost half part; middle metatarsi a little pale at the base; hind
femora a little thickened and with an impression on the anterior side
after the middle, hind tibize slightly compressed and curved and hind
metatarsi almost not dilated; all tarsi rather broad. Legs haired as
usual, the hairs yellow or reddish yellow, only above on the posterior
side of front femora some black hairs and below the apex of hind

Eristalis. 419

femora are black bristles. Wings more or less yellowish, towards the
anterior margin more brownish, especially along the veins; upper
marginal cross-vein recurrent above; the veinlets at the apex of sub-
costal and first posterior cells turned upwards; radial vein with fine
bristles on its basal part; vena spuria visible, at all events to the
cross-vein. Stigma long, yellowish or brown, darkest at the base.
Squamule and fringes whitish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards; vertex
blackish, frons brownish yellow pruinose, with a more or less distinct,
brown, longitudinal spot in the middle, and black and shining above
the antenne; the hairs are black about the ocelli, then reddish, and
whitish above the antennz. Eyes only very slightly haired just above.
Thorax generally with indications of three or five narrow, greyish
stripes. Abdomen quite yellow-haired.

Length about 11 mm.

This species varies only slightly in Denmark, but, as stated by
Verrall, it seems to vary considerably in southern regions; I have seen
specimens from Sicily which were much more bright neous and the
females had on thorax five very distinct, greyish white stripes, the
three middle ones united behind.

E. aeneus is somewhat common in Denmark, but less common
than sepulchralis; at Copenhagen, Amager, Nyraad near Vordingborg;
on Lolland at Bremersvold and Strandby west of Nysted, and on
Bornholm. My dates are !/4—1%/9; it may be seen during the whole
summer, but it is especially present in early spring and again in late
summer and autumn; I have records of it in copula on ‘4/4. It occurs
on meadows and commons and is especially found near the shore;
it frequents various Umbelliferee I have often taken it on Pastinaca;
in early spring it may be seen on palings and walls. The larva was
taken on Vesterfeelled on sand below sea-weed at the shore on 7/7,
it developed in August (Schlick).

Geographical distribution:— All Europe and down into Syria,
South Arabia and North Africa, and on the Canaries; towards the
north to middle Sweden; it occurs also in North America.

3. E. cryptarum Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 285, 26 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 235, 11.
— 1817. Fall. Dipt: Suec. Syrph. 29, 24 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 389, 9, Tab. XXXII, Fig. 22. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 667,
13 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 333. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI. VIII,
503, 3. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 100.
27+

420 Syrphidae.

Male. Vertex and frons blackish, slightly pruinose; epistoma a
little greyish pruinose but with a broad middle stripe and likewise a
broad lower margin black and shining; jowls black. Vertex and frons
yellow-haired, the latter with black hairs in front; epistoma with not
dense, yellowish grey hairs. The epistoma is almost not hollowed
below the antennee, nearly straight down to the central knob, which
is placed rather downwards about in the height of the lower eye-
margin; below the knob epistoma retreats but it is only somewhat
descending. Occiput black with a somewhat broad, greyish white or
silvery eye-margin up to above the middle; the hairs are blackish
below, yellow above. Eyes with dense, dark brown hairs. Antenne
orange, third joint somewhat square but with the upper corner rounded ;
arista bare. Thorax black or brownish black, slightly shining, clothed
with dense, reddish yellow hairs. Scutellum yellow or orange with
reddish hairs. Pleura with long, dark brown or black hairs. Abdomen
black with a large, reddish yellow side spot on second segment,
occupying about the whole length at the margin and produced
triangularly towards the middle; third segment with larger or smaller
basal corner spots, often very small, almost or quite wanting; hind
margins of second, third and fourth segments yellow; abdomen is
dullish but shining on the spots and on a connecting line between
them, and on the middle of third and fourth segments; it is densely
clothed with longish, yellow hairs, darkest on second segment, paler
on third and fourth; on the hind part of second and especially on
third segment, sometimes also on fourth, they may be more or less
mixed with black hairs. Venter black with pale incisures, and with long,
pale hairs, dark in the middle at the hind margin of fourth segment.
Legs orange or yellowish red, anterior femora black to beyond the
middle or to nearer the apex, hind femora black at base or in the
basal third; tarsi with the two last joints blackened; hind tibize some-
what compressed and curved, hind metatarsi not dilated. Legs haired
as usual, the hairs on femora mainly black but more or less yellow
on middle femora at the apex and also above the hind femora; these
latter with only a few bristly hairs below the tip; tibisee yellow-haired,
on the posterior side of front tibize more or fewer black hairs about
the middle. Wings hyaline but yellowish at the base and along the
anterior margin, with a brownish cloud from the stigma down over
the base of the cubital cell. Stigma elongate, pale brownish. Squa-
mule blackish brown with a brownish or brownish yellow fringe.
Halteres brownish, the knob more orange.

Female. Frons broad, black or bluish black, with a whitish
pruinose stripe at the eye-margins on each side of the antenne; the

Eristalis. 491

hairs yellow; epistoma with the sides more densely pruinose than in
the male. Antenne considerably larger. Hind femora quite orange
and the anterior femora often with only the basal part black. Wings
with the cloud more distinct and reaching down to the upper branch
of the postical vein.

Length 10—11 mm.

E. cryptarum is rare in Denmark; one specimen is taken at Copen-
hagen, the other specimens are all taken in Jutland at Silkeborg, Rye
near Silkeborg and Jerup near Frederikshavn. My dates are 7°/s—*/7.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden and in Finland.

4, E.lucorum Meig.

1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 143, 23.'— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 337.
— 1914. Lichtwardt, Entom. Mitteil. III, 277.

Male. This species is in almost all respects quite similar to the
common arbustorum, so that a detailed description is unnecessary. It
has the same rather flat epistoma without black middle stripe (when
uninjured). The antennal arista is, on the contrary, not plumose but

Fig. 153. Antenna of £. lucorum Q, from the inside. >< 60.

distinctly and somewhat densely pubescent in the basal half. Thorax
is pruinose as in arbustorum but perhaps more densely, and the stripes
between the dark median stripes and the side spots are distinct and
going quite to the scutellum. Abdomen as in arbustorum. The legs
in my specimens as in the most pale-legged forms of arbustorum, the
middle tibize whitish yellow to quite near the apex, or almost quite
yellow; hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. The legs haired as in
arbustorum, the anterior tibie with the same long ciliation; the femora
with the hairs longer, especially on the posterior femora, but less dense.

Female. Similar, and likewise similar to the female of arbustorum,
but with the same distinguishing characters as in the male. Abdomen

499 Syrphidae.

with the markings smaller than in the male, and they: are shining,
not partly dull as in arbustorum, and if they are obscure or wanting
there are shining spots present. The femora are likewise longer haired
than in arbustorum.

Length 8,5—11 mm.

As seen this species is very similar to arbustorum, but it is
distinguished by two characters, the pubescent arista and the longer
hairs on the femora, and also by the quite shining abdominal spots
in the female.

E.. lucorum seems to be rare in Denmark, but when better re-
cognised it will probably be found more common; Utterslev Mose
(the author), Hillerad (Godskesen); in Jutland at Silkeborg (Esben
Petersen) and at Bovbjerg and Frederikshavn (Th. Mortensen), and
one specimen from earlier time without locality; in all ten specimens
but among them only one male. My dates are 17/s6—*°/;. The pupa
was taken in Utterslev Mose on */5, it developed later in the month
(Schlick). :

Geographical distribution: — From Lapland to Germany.

Remarks: Of this species Meigen had only the female and the
male was hitherto not described. Verrall states that the sole female
representative of H. /ucorum in Meigen’s collection at Paris is pertinaz,
but according to Lichtwardt (1. c.) Villeneuve has determined a speci-
men of the present species, taken by Riedel at Ritigenwalde, as
lucorum; this determination seems to me very probably correct, though
Villeneuve, according to a communication to me, has not examined
Meigen’s type.

~

5). E. tenax ‘L.:

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 984, 32 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1799 (Musca). — 1764 O. F. Mill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 716 (Musca). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 765, 15 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 238, 24.
— 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 26, 17 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 385, 4. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 661, 7 et 1849. VIII,
3113, 7 et 1852. XI, 4301, 7 et 1855. XII, 4651, 7 (Syrphus). — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 334. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 505, 4, figs. 350—352.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il], 101. — £. campestris Meig. 1822. 1. c. III,
387, 5. — E. hortorum Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 387, 6 et 1838. VII, 143, 6.
— E. vulpinus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 388, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 334. —
E. sylvaticus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 388, 8.

Male. Vertex blackish zneous; frons and epistoma densely yellow
pruinose, a triangular space above the antennze and on epistoma a
broad middle line and the lower side parts black, shining; jowls black.
Vertex with black, frons with mixed black and yellow hairs and

Eristalis. 493

epistoma with long, yellow hairs; the latter almost not hollowed below
the antenne, straight down to the slightly protruding central knob,
below which it is somewhat retreating, and it is somewhat descending.
Occiput quite grey pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow above.
Eyes brown-hairy, with two longitudinal bands of denser and generally
darker hairs, united above and below. Antenne black or brownish
black, third joint with the upper front corner rounded; arista brown,
slightly pubescent. Thorax black or brownish black, a little shining,
the front half part obscured from yellowish dust, in which traces of
two median stripes and a roundish spot on each side may be seen;
it is densely clothed with yellow hairs. Scutellum yellow with the
base darker and with yellow hairs. Pleura with long, yellow hairs.
Abdomen somewhat elongate, black, all shining, with more or less
extended yellow markings; generally the markings consist of triangular
side spots on second segment and the second incisure yellow; then
there may be a narrow stripe on each side of third segment, or these
stripes may be very broad and connected or united with the yellow
front margin, at the same time the basal spots are very broad, the
hind margin of third segment yellow and fourth segment with yellow
markings so that abdomen is nearly yellow with dark base and apex
and dorsal spots of various shape; in the darkest forms (hortorwm
Meig.) abdomen is, on the contrary, almost quite black. Abdomen is
clothed with somewhat short, yellow to brownish hairs, darkest on
the hind part of second and on third segment. Venter with more or
less extended yellow markings on the sides, black at apex, with long,
yellow hairs. Legs black, the apex of femora and a larger or smaller
basal part of anterior tibiz, until beyond the middle, and just the
base of hind tibiee, pale yellow; sometimes the basal part of hind tibize
brownish; middle tarsi with the two first joints except the apex yellow;
in the palest forms the hind femora have the basal part or half brown
or yellow (campestris Meig.); hind femora stout, hind tibize compressed
and slightly curved, hind metatarsus not dilated but all tarsi some-
what broad. Legs haired in the usual way, hind tibiz fringed above
and below, the fringe below being suddenly long from above the
middle; the hairs behind anterior femora and on hind femora long
and dense, and also on the tibie relatively long; the hairs are yellow,
only the somewhat bristly hairs below the apex of hind femora black,
and also the fringe above and below hind tibiz except above at the
base. Wings a little yellowish, especially on the anterior part, often
with an indistinct cloud below the stigma, sometimes more pronounced.
Stigma slightly longer than broad, brownish. Squamule and fringes
yellow. Halteres brown.

494 Syrphidae.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, yellowish pruinose, the space
with the ocelli and above the antenne black; the hairs mixed black
and yellow, especially black at the ocelli and above the antenne.
Abdomen generally with more restricted markings than in the male.

Length 13,5—16 mm.

E. tenax is very common in Denmark and occurs in all parts of
the country. It occurs on nearly all localities especially near water
and around putrid waters, and it is also often seen on various flowers,
especially Umbelliferze. My dates are 74/3—1'%/10, but it may occur both
earlier and later, it is, however, most common in autumn. I have
bred it from pupeze found at horse-dung in a stable on 1%/9, the
imagines came on 7°/9)—?"/9, The metamorphosis is often mentioned
and was known already to Linné, Swammerdam and earlier authors,
and has often been mentioned since. The larva lives in putrid waters,
dung, cloace and the like and has also been found in carcasses,
especially in such lying on humid ground. It is known to be very
tenacious and for this reason Linné termed the species tenax. Several
earlier authors state that the larva has occassionally been taken up
with water used in paper-making, or that it has lived in the pulp of
rags used in this fabrication and has been uninjured by the immense
pressure; as far as I have seen these statements are taken from Linné,
who seems to have had this curious experience about the larva, as
he says in Fauna Suecica: “Habitat in aquis stagnantibus, cloacis,
Bibliopegorum papo, vix preli pressione destruenda larva”. The fly
is very much like a hive-bee, and this together with the fact that
its larva may live in carcasses has given rise to the superstition of
the ancients of the Bugonia or oxen-born bees, as it was thought
that bees might originate from carcasses of oxen or other animals.
This has been mentioned by many ancient authors, and curious
methods are given for the best ways in which to produce bees from
carcasses; Osten Sacken has thoroughly treated the question in several
papers (Ent. Month. Mag. 1886, 97; Bull. de la Soc. Ent. Ital. 1893, 186;
Smithson. Rep. for 1893, 1894, 487; On the oxen-born bees of the
Ancients (Bugonia), Heidelberg 1894 and Additional notes in explanat.
of the Bugonia-lore of the Ancients, Heidelberg 1895) and has proved
that the Bugonia-myth is due to EL. tenax, and at the same time that
the bees of Samson from the carcass of the lion were no doubt like-
wise E. tenaz.

Geographical distribution: — Distributed all over the world; Osten
Sacken has given the story of its spreading out from its original
localities (Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1894, 489; Ent. Month. Mag. XXIII,
1886, 97; Smithson. Rep. for 1893, 1894, 498; Proc. Davenport. Acad.

Eristalis. 495

Se. 10, 1907, 137 and also in the papers by this author cited above).
It seems originally to have been distributed over all Europe, north
and central Asia, northern Africa and the islands round Africa; it does
not seem to have been known in America before about 1870, and it
has not crossed the Atlantic but was first known from the western
coast and spread then eastwards, soon becoming very common; it
immigrated into New Zealand still more recently as it was first
noticed there in 1888, but already in 1890 it was widely dispersed
and plentiful. It is interesting to see that this specics, which in the
ancient times was probably beholden to carcasses and the like, did
not spread for a very long time, but when the spreading civilization
offered it favourable conditions by drains, cloace etc. it spread with
immense rapidity, following man where he settled, here finding the
most favourable conditions for its development; also its tenacity has
evidently been of importance for its spreading. It goes far towards
the north but is, however, not known from Greenland.

6. E. anthophorinus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 28, 21 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 390, 11. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 666, 12 et 1859.
XIII, 5082, 12 (Syrphus). — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 99.

Velvet pilose species. Male. Vertex black, brownish pruinose;
frons and epistoma yellowish pruinose, the former bare above the
antenne, the latter with a black, shining middle line, not reaching to
the antenne, and with the mouth edge and lower lateral parts black;
jowls black. Vertex with yellow hairs, or just at the apex a few
black; frons and epistoma with dense, pale yellow hairs. Epistoma
somewhat hollowed below the antenne and somewhat retreating below
the moderate central knob; it is somewhat descending. Occiput grey
pruinose, along the eye-margin it is whitish below, but reddish or
brownish above; the hairs whitish below, yellow above and here there
are som long, black hairs to each side of the vertex. Eyes with dark
brown or blackish hairs, densest along the middle of the eye. An-
tenne black or blackish, not small, third jot with the upper front
corner rounded; arista brown, slightly pubescent. Thorax black, dull,
with three slightly darker and duller stripes; it is densely clothed
with long, pale yellow hairs; scutellum yellow with similar hairs as
on thorax. Pleura with long, pale yellowish hairs. Abdomen black
with large, reddish yellow side spots, occupying the sides of second
and third segments and the basal part or even the whole side of
fourth segment, leaving about the middle third black; they are some-
times smaller, not reaching in on fourth segment or even not to the

426 Syrphidae.

hind margin of third, and at the same time produced less inwards;
the abdomen is dull at the base only shining on the hinder half of
third and on fourth segment; it is densely clothed with long, all pale
yellow hairs, as long as the hairs on thorax. Venter greyish black,
dullish, with more or less pale incisures and with long, pale hairs.
Legs black, the extreme apex of femora and about the basal third of
tibiz whitish yellow; hind tibiz somewhat compressed, slightly curved,
hind metatarsi not thickened. Legs haired as usual, with long, dense
hairs, the long hairs on femora varying from black to more or less
mixed with pale, for the rest the hairs follow the ground colour.
Wings nearly hyaline, with a large, more or less distinct, brown cloud
below the stigma, sometimes rather weak or almost wanting. Stigma
quite small, nearly quadrate. Alar squamula rather small, blackish
brown, the thoracal squamula paler; the fringes yellowish. Halteres
yellowish, the knob a little darker.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards, yellowish
pruinose and yellow-haired. Abdominal spots much smaller than in
the male and generally present only on second segment, sometimes
obscure.

Length 10—12 mm.

This species is on account of its long, dense pile somewhat like
a Humble-Bee, but less than EF. intricarius, from which it is known
at once by the not plumose arista and all pale clothing.

E. anthophorinus is not rare in Denmark but by no means of the
most common species; at Copenhagen, Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose,
Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Fure Sg, @rholm,
Geel Skov, Hillerad, Frerslev Hegn, at Sora; on Lolland at Maribo
and in Dgdemose west of Nysted; in Jutland at Horsens and Hald
near Viborg, and on Bornholm. My dates are 1%/5s—7%/s. It occurs in
fens and in thickets and it is interesting that it has quite another
behaviour than intricarius, as it never hovers in the air but flies
rapidly among low herbage and in bushes. The pupa was taken in
Utterslev Mose in April, it developed on °/s (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Northern Europe, towards the north
to northern Sweden, and in Finland; it is also recorded from Russia
at St. Petersburgh, but it seems to have its southern limit in Denmark.

7. E. oestraceus L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 985, 34 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1801 (Musca). — 1851. Halid. Stett. ent. Zeitg. XII, 139. — 1907.
Kat, paliaarkt. Dipt. II, 100. — Syrphus apiformis Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec.
Syrph. 28, 20. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 390, 10 (Eristalis). —

Eristalis. 497

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 665, 11 et 1852. XI, 4302, 11 (Syrphus). —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 333 (Eristalis). — Helophilus tricolor Meig. 1803.
Illig. Mag. II, 274.

Velvet pilose species. Male. Vertex a little greyish pruinose; frons
and epistoma brownish black, somewhat greyish pruinose, the epistoma
rather thinly; frons bare above the antenne, epistoma with a middle
stripe and all the lower part bare and shining; jowls black. Vertex
with yellow hairs, just at the front angle a few black; frons with yel-
lowish, epistoma with whitish hairs. Epistoma very slightly hollowed
below the antenne but retreating below the central knob and some-
what descending. Occiput pruinose, silvery along the eye-margin
below, greyish above and with a reddish spot above the middle; the
hairs blackish brown below, yellow above and here very few black
hairs. Eyes with brownish black hairs, down the anterior part a band
of dense hairs. Antenne brownish, the basal joints darkest; arista
distinctly pubescent on the basal part. Thorax black, dull, very
densely clothed with black hairs; behind, in front of scutellum are
white hairs and on the postalar calli long, likewise white hairs. Scutel-
lum greyish white or bony white pruinose, dull, along the margin
more yellowish; just at the base it is black; it has white hairs. Pleura
with long, blackish brown hairs. Abdomen brownish black, dull, with
shining spots on second and third segments; first segment grey; ab-
domen is clothed with long, dense, black hairs, the apex from the
hind margin of third segment with yellow or reddish yellow hairs
which are longer; the first segment is white-haired and at the basal
corners of second segment are long, white hairs. Venter brownish,
with long hairs, mainly coloured as on dorsum. Legs blackish, tibize,
especially middle tibize, more or less, but generally slightly pale on
-the basal part; posterior tarsi yellow with the last joint dark; hind
tibie compressed and a little curved, hind metatarsi not thickened.
Legs haired as usual, the hairs brownish black; on the femora they
are long and dense and hind tibie fringed. Wings hyaline. Stigma
small, about quadrate. Squamul whitish with a white fringe. Halteres
pale yellow, the knob may be a little darkened.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, greyish pruinose, darker at the
vertex and black and shining above the antenne; the hairs pale.
Wings with a large, brown blotch about the middle.

Length 11—15 mm.

This species shows some resemblance to L. intricarius, especially
to its dark varieties, but besides by the not plumose arista it is easily
distinguished by the bony white and white-haired scutellum and the
colour of the legs; from anthophorinus, with which is has the not

498 Syrphidae.

plumose arista in common, it is at once distinguished by the colour
of the pile and of the legs.

E. oestraceus is very rare in Denmark, we have only two speci-
mens, a male and a female, in Westermann’s collection, labelled Siel-
land, August 1825.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Austria; towards
the north to middle Sweden.

Remarks: As remarked under Chilosia illustrata it has ce
proved that the present species is oestraceus Linn. (Haliday l.c.); i
was also mentioned «there that oestraceus of Fabricius does not sa
here, as thought by Verrall and followed in Kat. palaarkt. Dipt., but
likewise to C. illustrata so that I have excluded it from the synonymy
of the present species. Musca oestracea in the papers of Kramer and
O. F. Miiller is no doubt not this species, but probably the common
E. intricarius.

8. E. intricarius L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 955, 33 et 1761.2;
Suec. 1800 (Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 766,17 (Syrphus) et 1805.

Syst. Antl. 232, 3. — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 23, 12 (Syrphus). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 391, 12. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 654, 1
et 1855. XII, 4650, 1 et 1859. XIII, 5079, 1 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin.

F. A. I, 334. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 508, 5. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 104. — Syrphus bombyliformis Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 281, 13
et 1805. Syst. Antl. 227, 12.

Velvet pilose species. Male. Vertex brownish pruinose; frons
and epistoma black, rather thinly brownish pruinose, a somewhat
broad median stripe not reaching the antenne, the mouth edge and
the lower lateral parts black; jowls black. Vertex and frons with
reddish yellow hairs, epistoma with the hairs erect, varying from
black to brownish yellow. Epistoma a little hollowed below the
antenne, then somewhat straight down to the slightly protruding cen-
tral knob but below it considerably retreating and a little descending.
Occiput silvery pruinose along the eye-margin below, brownish above
and with a reddish spot above the middle; the hairs black below,
yellow above. Eyes black-haired, most densely along the middle.
Antenne black or brownish black, third joint brownish or pale brown,
it has the upper front corner rounded; arista brown, plumose on the
basal half. Thorax brownish black, dull, very densely clothed with
long, reddish yellow hairs, only black just at the sides behind; scutel-
lum yellow or brownish yellow, with similar hairs as on thorax.
Pleura with long, black or brownish black hairs. Abdomen black,
dull on the basal half, somewhat shining on the apical half, with

Eristalis. 499

larger or smaller, yellow or reddish side spots as in anthophorinus; it
is clothed with long, dense hairs similar to those on thorax but gener-
ally paler at the apex; at the basal corners are generally more or
less numerous black hairs and on the first segment are greyish white
hairs. The colour of the pile may vary towards being more black
on thorax and the basal part of abdomen, and there is a variety in
which scutellum is darker, the abdominal spots smaller or obscure,
thorax quite black-haired and first and second abdominal segments
black-haired and the third with more or fewer black hairs on the
front part to almost quite black-haired; (this variety may answer to
var. furvus Verr. but this variety is described with no black hairs on
abdomen). Venter black with long, blackish hairs, yellow only at the
apex. Legs black, the extreme apex of femora and the basal third
or more of tibize yellowish white, middle tarsi pale at the base; hind
tibiz somewhat compressed and a little curved, hind metatarsi not
thickened; legs haired as usual, the hairs following the ground colour,
those on femora somewhat long and dense. Wings hyaline, generally
there is a more or less distinct fascia from the stigma downwards,
mainly formed of a seaming of the veins and sometimes very indistinct.
Stigma small, about quadrate. Squamulz and fringes blackish. Halteres
with the knob blackish, the peduncle paler.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards, brownish
yellow pruinose, blackish about the ocelli and shining above the
antenne; the hairs yellow. Antenne paler than in the male. Ab-
domen black, without spots; generally there are grey hairs on first
segment and some few reddish yellow hairs in the middle of the front
part of second segment, then the hairs are black on the rest of second
and on the greater part of third segment and at the apex they are
pale yellow or whitish; in the dark variety mentioned under the male
they are all quite or almost quite black and only reddish or whitish
at the apex of abdomen. Wings generally with the fascia more distinct
than in the male.

Length 11—14 mm.

This is a beautiful species and rather like a Humble Bee, and
more so than £. anthophorinus as the pile is more velvet.

E. intricarius is common in Denmark and it occurs, I think, on
all suitable localities all over the country. My dates are 7"/4—*/9. It
occurs in fens, meadows and woods, generally near water, and it is
seen on various flowers. The pupa was taken in Gurre Vang at a
ditch first in August, it developed soon after (C. Larsen). The species
is an extremely good hoverer and presents a beautiful sight when it
is seen hovering motionless about eight feet above the ground, and

430 Syrphidae.

when disturbed making a rapid, sudden jerk but returning to about
the same spot.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into northern Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in
Finland.

9. E. arbustorum L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 984, 31 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1798 (Musca). — 1764. O.F. Miill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 715 (Musea). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 765, 12 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 236, 17.
— 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 25, 15 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 395,17. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 659, 5 et 1855. XIl,
4651,5 et 1859. XIII, 5080, 5 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 335. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 510, 6, figs. 353—354. — 1907. Kat. paldaarkt.
Dipt. II, 103.

Male. Vertex blackish, a little pruinose; frons yellowish pruinose,
epistoma grey pruinose all over without black middle stripe, only the
lower side parts are black; jowls black, partly grey pruinose. Vertex
with yellow, anteriorly black hairs, frons with yellow hairs and epi-
stoma all over with pale yellowish, rather dense and decumbent hairs;
the epistoma rather flat, very slightly hollowed below the antenne,
the central knob very small and below it epistoma slightly retreating
and also slightly descending. Occiput whitish grey or silvery along
the eye-margin to above the middle, for the rest brownish yellow
pruinose, the hairs white below, yellow above and here a few black
hairs. Eyes with somewhat short, brown hairs. Antennz somewhat

Fig. 154. Antenna of E. arbustorum CG, from the inside. >< 60.

small, brownish black, third joint with the upper front corner rounded;
arista brown, plumose on the basal half. Thorax blackish brown, a
little shining on the posterior half, the front half more pruinose with
indications of a pair of paler stripes (or in reality with two approx-
imated, darker stripes in the middle and a roundish spot at each side,

Eristalis. 431

but indistinct); thorax is clothed with longish, yellow hairs. Scutellum
brownish yellow with similar hairs as on thorax. Pleura with long,
pale yellow hairs. Abdomen black, dull, but with a transverse, shining
stripe on third and fourth segments, on third segment generally only
present on the black part and sometimes the stripes are divided in
the middle. Abdomen has large but somewhat varying reddish yellow
side spots and the hind margins of the segments are yellow; when
the spots have their greatest extent they occupy all the side parts and
the hind margin of second segment, leaving a black spot in the
middle widening at the base, and further all the side parts and the
front margin of third segment reaching backwards beyond the middle
or to the hind margin, sloping outwards behind; when most restricted
they form an inwards triangular side spot on second and a small
basal corner spot on third segment; the spots are dull except at the
sides. Abdomen is clothed with yellow or reddish yellow hairs, paler
just at the base; sometimes there are some black hairs at the hind
margin in the middle on second segment. Venter varying between
yellowish and grey, generally with the anterior part yellowish with a
darker middle stripe, the posterior part grey; it is clothed with longish,
pale hairs. Legs black with apex of femora and about the basal half
of front and hind tibie and the basal two thirds of middle tibic
whitish yellow and the middle metatarsi except the apex of the same
colour; hind tibia somewhat compressed and curved, and hind meta-
tarsi somewhat thickened. The legs haired in the- usual way but,
however, rather characteristically; the hairs on femora are dense but
not specially long, especially on front femora; on the anterior tibiz
the hairs form rather long and dense fringes on the posterior side,
the hind tibie are moderately fringed above and below; the hairs are
all whitish yellow, black only on the black apical half of hind tibize and
some few at apex on anterior tibia. Wings hyaline but yellowish at
the base and forwards on the anterior part to below the stigma and
here often specially distinctly. Stigma elongate, blackish at the base.
Squamule and fringes whitish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, somewhat widening downwards;
the vertical part blackish, somewhat pruinose, the frontal part yel-
lowish pruinose; the hairs yellow but there is a black-haired cross-
band in front of the ocelli. Thorax much more pruinose than in the
male as also the hinder half is pruinose with three elongated dark
spots. Abdomen with the markings smaller than in the male, only
present on the second segment as larger or smaller, inwards triangular
spots, sometimes rather small, or they may be dark hoary and then
slightly conspicuous; the hind margins of the segment are whitish

432 Syrphidae.

erey or pale yellow and broader than in the male; the pubescence
short and often darker than in the male, as it may vary from all
yellow to black on the hind margin of second and on almost the
whole third and the front part of fourth segment. Middle tibiee some-
times pale to near the apex.

Length 9—12 mm.

This species is characterised by the entirely pruinose and hairy
epistoma without black middle stripe and by the somewhat long-fringed
anterior tibize; these characters are found only in one other species,
lucorum, but that species has a pubescent arista, the hairs on femora
longer, and in the female the abdominal spots quite shining.

E. arbustorum is very common in Denmark over the whole country.
My dates are */4—1%/9. It occurs in fens, on commons and meadows
and in woods and thickets, especially at ponds and ditches and on
similar places, and it frequents many various flowers. I have taken
the pupa in a cloaca in Copenhagen on °/s, it developed at the middle
of the month.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe and down into Syria and
North Africa; towards the north to northern Sweden, in Finland,
Siberia and on the Faroe Islands.

10. E. pertinax Scop.

1763. Scop. Entom. Carn. 352, 954 (Conops). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
336. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 513, 7. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III,
106. — Syrphus similis Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 25, 16. — 18929.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 392, 13 (Hristalis). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il,
660, 6 et 1855. XII, 4651, 6 (Syrphus). — E. fossarum Meig. 1822. 1. ec.
Ill, 398, 15. — Syrphus flavitarsis Malm, 1860. K. V. och V. Samh. Géte-
borg. Handl. VII, 17.

Male. Vertex blackish, slightly pruinose; frons yellowish or greyish
yellow pruinose with a black, triangular space above the antenne;
epistoma yellowish pruinose with a very or exceedingly narrow (in
intact specimens) black middle stripe not reaching the antenne and
not going below the central knob, the lower side parts black; jowls
black, a little pruinose. Vertex with yellow, anteriorly black hairs,
frons black-haired and epistoma with yellow hairs; the latter is sligthly
and evenly hollowed from the antennez to the small central knob
below which it is somewhat retreating, and it is somewhat descending.
Occiput greyish pruinose, whitish or silvery along the eye-margin to
above the middle and then brownish black; the hairs yellow, above
some black hairs. Eyes with yellowish brown hairs. Antenne brownish
to black, third joint longer than broad with the end rounded; arista

Eristalis. 433

pale brown, plumose on the basal two thirds. Thorax brownish black,
dull, the front half a little pale pruinose with two approximated middle
stripes and a large, roundish side spot darker; it is clothed with yellow
hairs. Scutellum yellow or brownish yellow, with yellow hairs, gene-
rally black on the middle. Pleura with long yellow hairs. Abdomen
somewhat elongate, narrowed backwards and thus conical; it is black
or bluish black, dull, third segment with a shining, transverse middle
band and fourth segment quite shining or somewhat dull on the front
and hind part; there are two yellow, triangular side spots on second
segment, sometimes rather small, they are dull except just at the side
and behind; there are more or less distinct narrow, yellow hind margins,
most distinct on second segment. Abdomen is clothed with yellow
hairs, pale just at the base, the hind margins of third and fourth
segments more or less black-haired, and sometimes the hind margin
of second segment, a large hind part of third and almost the whole
fourth segment are black-haired, but at the sides the hairs are yellow.
Venter grey with pale incisures, the two basal segments often pale,
with grey middle spots; the venter is clothed with long, yellow hairs.
Legs with the femora black with yellow apex, on hind femora very
narrow, front tibiz with the basal half or two thirds yellow, middle
tibiae quite yellow with only the apex more or less black and hind
tibize with about the basal half yellow; anterior tarsi all yellow, hind
tarsi black, more or less pale towards the apex; hind tibie a little
compressed and curved, hind metatarsi slightly thickened. The legs
haired in the usual way, the hairs all yellow, only the fringes on the
apical part of hind tibiz more or less to quite black and the bristly
hairs below apex of hind femora black, generally also some few black
hairs behind front femora towards the apex; the anterior, especially
the middle femora, with long fringes behind. Wings more or less
yellowish on the basal half towards the anterior margin, the colour
especially visible below the stigma, where it may form a faint cloud.
Stigma more than twice as long as broad, dark brown. Squamule
and fringes yellowish brown. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards; they are
almost quite black with only a yellow pruinose band somewhat above
the antenne; the hairs almost all black or they are yellow across on
the yellow pruinose band. The antennal arista plumose nearer to the
apex than in the male. Abdominal spots about as in the male or a
little smaller. Wings less tinged.

Length 11—15,5 mm.

This species resembles F. tenax but cannot be confused with it.

E. pertinax is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose,

28

434 Syrphidae.

Ermelund, Dyrehaven, at Fure So and Farum Sg, Donse, Frerslev
Hegn, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde; on Lolland in Keldskov; in Jutland at
Aarhus and Lonstrup, and on Bornholm. My dates are 1/s—1/10, It
occurs in fens, on meadows and in woods, especially near water, and
it is found on various flowers, especially on Umbellifere.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

11. E. nemorum L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 984, 30 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1797 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Mill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 714 (Musea). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 764, 10 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 234, 10. —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 394, 16. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 658, 4
(Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 336. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
514, 8. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il], 105. — . sylvarum Meig. 1838.
].c. VII, 144, 24. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 337.

Male. Vertex blackish, pruinose, frons yellowish brown pruinose,
a little shining above the antenne; epistoma yellowish pruinose with
a black, shining middle stripe, not reaching the antenne, widening
downwards, the mouth edge and the lower lateral parts black; jowls
black. Vertex black-haired, quite posteriorly yellow-haired; frons and
epistoma with yellow hairs; the epistoma slightly hollowed between
the antenne and the central knob, below it a little retreating and it
is somewhat descending. Occiput whitish grey pruinose along the eye-
margin to above the middle and then a little brownish pruinose; the
hairs whitish below, yellow above and here some few, black hairs.
Eyes yellowish- or brownish-hairy. Antenne blackish brown, third
joint often brown, roundish square, the upper front corner rounded;
arista brown, plumose on the basal half. Thorax blackish brown,
dull or slightly shining in front of scutellum; it is very indistinctly
paler pruinose on the front half with traces of the usual two stripes
and roundish lateral spots; it is clothed with yellow or reddish yellow
hairs. Scutellum yellow or brownish with similar hairs as on thorax.
Pleura with long, yellow or pale yellow hairs. Abdomen black, second
segment dull, third shining except front and hind margins, fourth quite
shining or with indistinct dull margins; on the second segment are
two inwardly triangular, yellow side spots, and the segments have
narrow, yellow hind margins, broadest on second segment; sometimes
the third segment has exceedingly narrow basal corner spots; the ab-
dominal spots are mainly shining, though dull on the front part.
Abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs, paler just at the base; on the
hind margins or hind parts of the segments are black hairs to a

Eristalis. 435

various extent and generally the fourth segment is quite yellow-haired;
at the sides the hairs are all yellow. Venter blackish grey with pale
incisures and long, yellow hairs; the basal segments sometimes pale
at the sides. Legs black, the apex of femora, about the basal half of
front and hind tibie, the basal two thirds of middle tibie and the
base of middle tarsi pale yellow; sometimes the base of hind femora
more or less pale (var. syluarum Meig.); hind tibiz slightly compressed
and somewhat curved, hind metatarsi a little thickened. The legs
haired as usual, the hairs all yellow, only below the extreme apex of
hind femora some black hairs. Wings almost hyaline or somewhat
yellowish tinged on the anterior part. Stigma only a small dot.
Squamule yellow, darker dowards the base, fringes yellow. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards; the vertical
half black, the frons yellow pruinose, shining just above the antenne;
the hairs yellow with a cross-band of black hairs about the ocelli,
sometimes broad, going almost to the middle. The eye-hairs almost
whitish. The abdominal markings small, generally not reaching more
than half way towards the hind margin, and all shining; they are
often obscured or quite wanting, but then shining spots are present;
the pale hind margins narrow.

Length 10,5—12,5 mm.

FE. nemorum is not rare in Denmark, but, however, less common
than the preceding species; Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyre-
haven, Fure Sa, Orholm, Ruderhegn, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde; on Lolland
in Keldskov; on Funen at Middelfart, and on Feng; in Jutland in
Norholm Skov at Varde, at Horsens, Madum Sg and Frederikshavn,
and on Bornholm. My dates are °/s—1*/s. It occurs in the same way
as the other species. A pupa was taken at Madum So in Jutland on
19/7, it developed soon after (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and on the Faroe Islands.

12. E. horticola De Geer.

1776. De Geer, Mém. Ins. VI, 140, 5, Tab. VIII, Fig. 13 (Musca). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III], 396, 18. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 336, —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 518, 10, figs. 358—359. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 104. — FE. flavicinctus Fabr. 1805. Syst. Antl. 232, 5. — 1843.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 655, 2 et 1855. XII, 4650, 2 (Syrphus). — Syrphus
flavocinctus var. a, 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 24, 13.

Male. Vertex black; frons somewhat thinly yellowish pruinose most
at the sides, shining above the antennz; epistoma yellowish pruinose
28*

36 Syrphidae.

with a broad, black, shining middle stripe and the mouth edge and
lower lateral parts black and shining; jowls black. Vertex black-
haired, frons with yellow and epistoma with pale yellow hairs; epi-
stoma slightly hollowed below the antenne and somewhat retreating
below the central knob and a little descending. Occiput silvery pruinose
along the eye-margin to above the middle, above blackish, slightly
pruinose; the hairs whitish below, yellow above and at the upper
eye margin a row of long, black hairs. Eyes with brownish hairs.
Antenne with the basal joints blackish, the third brownish or pale
brown, sometimes darker above; it is roundish square, rounded at the
end; arista pale brown, rather long plumose on nearly the basal two
thirds, the rays a little longer above than below. Thorax brownish
black, somewhat shining, the front half part very slightly and in-
distinctly pruinose or almost not; thorax is clothed with yellow hairs.
Scutellum yellowish to dark brownish, the hairs yellow, generally
black on the middle. Pleura with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen black,
second segment dull, third and fourth shining with the front and hind
margins dull; on the second segment are two inwardly triangular,
yellow side spots, at the sides generally occupying the whole length
of the segment, and on third segment there are small or a little
larger, transverse basal corner spots, generally confluent at the margin
with those on second segment, but sometimes separated and some-
times rather obscured; the spots are dull; the hind margins of the
segments yellow, rather narrow; abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs,
pale just at the base; at the hind margin of second segment are black
hairs, generally reaching to the sides, in rare cases there are also

Fig. 155. Wing of E. horticola 3.

black hairs in the middle at the hind margin of third segment. Venter
grey with long, pale hairs, the basal segments often pale with dark
middle spots. Legs with the femora black with yellow apex, hind
femora with the base more or less yellow; front and hind tibie with

Eristalis. A437

about the basal half, middle tibize with the basal two thirds whitish
yellow; middle tarsi whitish yellow at the base, front tarsi generally
with the base more or less brownish but often indistinctly; hind tibiee
a little compressed and curved, hind metatarsi not thickened. The
legs haired as usual, the hairs all yellow, only behind front femora
at apex generally some black hairs, and the moderate fringe on hind
tibize black in the apical half above and more or less black below;
below the apical third of hind femora a row of very short, black
bristles. Wings hyaline, a little yellowish at the base, below the
stigma a more or less distinct, sometimes rather weak, brown fascia
down over the base of the cubital cell and the basal vein of the dis-
cal cell. Stigma a little longer than broad. Squamule with fringes
and the halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards; vertex
black and shining, dullish anteriorly, the frontal part yellowish pruinose,
shining above the antenne; the hairs black on the black vertical space,
yellow on frons; epistoma more descending than in the male. Antenne
generally a little paler than in the male. Thorax a little more pruinose
on the front half so that the usual markings may be just traceable.
Abdominal spots about as in the male, those on third segment gener-
ally small and not rarely absent. Hind femora with the basal half
or more yellow; front tarsi generally paler at the base. Wings with
the fascia as a rule more distinct and broader.

Length 11—14,5 mm.

This species is somewhat like nemorum but distinguished by the
longer plumose arista, the more shining thorax, the abdominal spots
larger, especially in the female, and in the male generally spots present
on third segment, further by the spots being dull, the hind metatarsi
not thickened, the larger wing-stigma and the wing-band, and finally
the femora are generally more pale on the basal part.

E. horticola is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose,
Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Fure Se, Trergd, Donse, Tyve-
krog, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde, Rgrvig; on Lolland at Maribo, in Keeld-
skov and at Strandby west of Nysted; on Funen at Odense and
Middelfart; in Jutland in Nerholm Skov at Varde, Hojenbeek Dal at
Vejle, at Hald near Viborg, Rebbild and Madum So near Skgrping,
Thisted, Lonstrup and Hulsig near Frederikshavn. My dates are
%/5—11/9, It occurs on similar localities as the preceding species, I have
taken it on various flowers, often on Crataegus.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain an Italy;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

438 Syrphidae.

13. E. vitripennis Strobl.

1893. Strobl, Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. XXIX, 1893, 187. — 1907. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 107.

Male. Vertex black, somewhat dull; frons black, shining, only
narrowly whitish pruinose at the sides; epistoma whitish pruinose but
not densely, with a middle stripe, not reaching the antenne, a broad
mouth edge and the lower lateral parts black, shining. Vertex and
frons black-haired, the latter with yellow hairs anteriorly, epistoma
with white hairs. The epistoma is slightly hollowed below the antenne,
considerably retreating below the central knob and somewhat descending.
Occiput silvery pruinose along the eye-margin to above the middle,
for the rest black, slightly pruinose; the hairs are white below, almost
quite black above but behind the ocelli are some yellow hairs. Eyes
with brownish hairs. Antenne black, third joint more or less brownish,
roundish; arista brown, plumose on the basal half. Thorax brownish
black, shining, not pruinose on the front half; it is clothed with yel-
low or reddish yellow hairs. Scutellum yellow or brownish, the larger
basal part black-haired, the rest yellow-haired. Pleura with longish,
yellow hairs. Abdomen black, second segment dull, third segment
shining with broad, dull front and hind margins, fourth shining with
front and hind margins indistinctly dullish; the second segment has
two inwardly triangular, yellow side spots, often not reaching the hind
margin at the sides, third segment without spots or with obscured
spots at the basal corners; the spots shining; the segments have pale
yellow hind margins, broadest on second segment. Abdomen is al-
most quite black-haired with only the base yellow-haired and the
genitalia pale-haired, but at the sides the hairs are yellow or only
black at the hind corners of second and third segments. Venter
blackish grey with pale incisures, second segment generally pale with
a dark middle spot; the venter is clothed with long, pale hairs. Legs
with femora black with yellow apex, hind femora with the base, up
to the basal third reddish yellow; front and hind tibize with about
the basal half, middle tibiz with about the basal two thirds whitish
yellow; front tarsi more or less pale at the base, sometimes indistinctly,
posterior tarsi with the two basal joints yellow with the apex black,
on the hind tarsi darkest yellow, sometimes brownish; hind tibiee
slightly compressed, somewhat curved, hind metatarsi not thickened.
The legs haired as usual, the hairs not long; they are mainly yellow
but black behind the front femora on the apical part or to near the
base and more or less on the apical half of hind femora; the anterior
tibize have more or fewer black hairs on the apical part and the hind
tibiz have the short fringe above and below black on the apical half,

Eristalis, | 439

sometimes only below and here sometimes in the whole length. Wings
hyaline. Stigma small but a little longer than broad, black. Squamule
and their fringes yellow or pale yellow, and halteres of the same colour.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards; the
vertical space shining black, becoming dull anteriorly, the frons is
dark in the middle, only whitish pruinose at the sides, it is shining
above the antennz; the hairs are black behind, yellow in front,
varying so that sometimes the black, at other times the yellow hairs
are most extended. Scutellum with only few black hairs. Abdominal
spots sometimes as large as in the male but generally smaller, often
obscured, third segment without spots; the hairs black except at the
base and on the fifth segment. Hind femora generally yellow to the
middle or beyond it and hind tarsi with the pale basal part clear yellow;
the posterior tarsi may have the base of third joint yellow; the legs
are quite yellow-haired. Wings with a fascia below the stigma about
as in the male of horticola, sometimes broader.

Length 11—13,5 mm.

Remarks: This species is nearest allied to E.rupium but it is
evidently distinct by the pale basal part of hind femora, the clear
wings in the male and much smaller wing blotch in the female and
the shorter stigma, besides by other characters. — It is with some
hesitation I detetermine it as vitripennis Strobl, the sole species besides
rupium and alpinus with pale base of hind tarsi; Strobl’s specimens
seem to have the tarsi more pale, and he gives the stigma as longer
than in horticola, which is not the case with my specimens, but he
is seen to have had only few specimens, and I think the differences
are of no consequence. Lichtwardt (Ent. Mitteil. II, 1914, 278) is of
opinion that piceus Fall. is distinct from rupiwm, but if so the present
species cannot, however, be piceus on account of the clearer wings,
paler hind femora and black-haired vertex.

E. vitripennis is not common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde; in Jutland in Nor-
holm Skov at Varde, Grejsdal at Vejle, Laurberg south of Randers,
Hald near Viborg and Rebbild near Skorping. My dates are 74/s—™/7;
it was for the first time taken in 1907.

Geographical distribution: — The species is at present only known
from Denmark and Styria, no doubt it has been confused with allied
species and will prove to have a much wider range.

14. E.rupium Fabr.

_ 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 241, 38. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 397,
19, Tab. XXXII, Fig. 22. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 335. — 1901. Verr.

440 Syrphidae.

Brit. Fl. VII, 519, 9, figs. 356—357. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 106. —
Syrphus flavocinctus var, 8. 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 24, 13. — Syr-
phus piceus Fall. 1817. 1. c. 24, 14. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 656, 3
et 1855. XII, 4650, 3.

Male. Vertex black, somewhat dull, frons black, shining, narrowly
yellowish pruinose at the eye-margins; epistoma whitish grey pruinose
but rather thinly so that the black ground colour is just visible; it
has the middle stripe, a broader or narrower mouth edge and the
lower lateral parts black, shining; jowls black. Vertex and frons black-
haired, epistoma with yellow hairs; the epistoma very slightly hollowed
below the antenne, somewhat retreating below the central knob and
rather descending. Occiput whitish pruinose along the eye-margin to
above the middle, for the rest black, slightly pruinose; the hairs are
whitish or pale yellow below, dark yellow above, and there are a few
black hairs at the upper eye-margin. Eyes with brown hairs. An-
termee blackish, third joint more or less brown, roundish; arista brown,
plumose on a little more than the basal half. Thorax blackish brown,
somewhat shining, not pruinose on the front half; it is reddish yellow-
haired with somewhat long hairs. Scutellum brown with more or
fewer black hairs at the base, for the rest haired as thorax. Pleura
with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen black, dull, third and fourth seg-
ments with a transverse middle band shining black or bluish, fourth
segment often with the dull margins less distinct; second segment has
two indwardly triangular, yellow side spots, which generally do not
reach quite to the hind margin at the sides; the third segment has
small or no basal corner spots; the spots are shining; the segments
have pale yellow hind margins. Abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs,
pale just at the base, black on the hind margins, on the third seg-
ment to a great degree, the fourth segment often quite yellow-haired.
Venter greyish black with pale incisures and long, yellow hairs. Legs
somewhat thin and slender, black, the apex of femora yellow, on the
hind femora sometimes the extreme base brownish; about the basal
half of tibisee whitish yellow, on front and hind tibiz generally less
than the half; front tarsi black or very slightly brownish at the base,
posterior tarsi with the two basal joints yellow with black apex, on
the hind tarsi they are sometimes brown; hind tibie very slightly
compressed and almost not curved; hind metatarsi not thickened. The
legs haired as usual, the hairs mainly yellow but blackish behind the
front femora, sometimes yellow at the base, and behind apex of
middle femora generally some dark hairs; hind femora more or less
black-haired on the apical part, but the long hairs below pale; anterior
tibize yellow-haired, hind tibizee with the very short fringe above and

Eristalis. 4A

below more or less to quite black on the apical part. Wings yellow
or brown at the base, for the rest hyaline or slightly yellowish tinged;
below the stigma a brown blotch, going down over the base of the
cubital vein and the basal vein of the discal cell, and it goes more
or less distinctly to the medial cross-vein, but it is sometimes nar-
rower and not reaching this vein. Stigma twice as long as broad,
blackish. Squamule and fringes brownish. MHalteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, a little widening downwards,
all black and shining down to the antennz, or very slightly dullish
across the middle, the frons only a little whitish pruinose to each
side above the antenne; the hairs are black on the vertical half, dark
yellow on the frontal half, sometimes the black hairs more restricted;
epistoma a little more densely pruinose than in the male. Abdomen
with generally small spots at the basal corners of second segment,
often obscured and not rarely quite wanting; the pale hind margins
generally very narrow, often obscure or wanting; abdomen is all
shining without dull margins to the segments; the hairs are black
except on the basal part of second segment and on the fifth segment.
Hind femora generally pale on the basal part, front tarsi often pale
at the base, and hind tarsi paler yellow on the base than in the male;
the legs quite or mainly pale-haired. The wing-blotch larger and more
distinct than in the male, always broad and reaching the medial cross-vein.

Length 9—12 mm.

This species is, as remarked above, nearly related to vitripennis
but distinguished with certainty by the characters given under that
species; as correctly remarked by Zetterstedt the slender legs, especially
in the male, are characteristic for rwpiwm, and likewise the all shining
abdomen of the female without dull margins on the segments.

E. rupium is not common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven,
Tyvekrog; in Jutland in Grejsdal and Hojenbek Dal at Vejle, at
Horsens, Silkeborg and Laurberg south of Randers. My dates are
22/53/19, I have taken it on various Composite and Umbellifere;
the male seems to be much rarer than the female, as also remarked
by Zetterstedt, only five males are found in our old collection and I
have myself never taken the male.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and also
recorded from the Canaries; towards the north to northern Sweden,
and in Finland.

15. E. alpinus Panz.
1798. Panz. Fn. Germ. LIX, 14 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 398, 20 — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 336. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
Ill, 102.

442 Syrphidae.

Male. Vertex somewhat large, black, dullish; frons black, shining
anterioriy, a little pruinose posterioriy and greyish white or yellowish
pruinose at the eye-margins; it is somewhat broad, the upper angle
rectangular and the eyes touching for a short distance; epistoma
somewhat broad, only slightly widening downwards, greyish white or
sometimes pale yellowish pruinose, the middle stripe, the mouth edge
and the lower lateral parts black, shining; jowls black, somewhat
greyish pruinose. Vertex with black, posteriorly yellow hairs, frons
yellow-haired; sometimes vertex and frons quite black-haired; epistoma
with long, whitish or pale yellow hairs; the epistoma is somewhat
hollowed below the antenne, somewhat retreating below the central
knob and rather descending. Occiput white pruinose along the eye-
margin to above the middle, for the rest blackish, somewhat greyish
pruinose; the hairs whitish below, yellow above with more or fewer,
sometimes rather many black hairs at the eye-margin. Eyes with
brown or black hairs, densest down the middle. Antenne black,
third joint short, almost higher than long; arista black or brownish,
plumose on the basal half. ‘Thorax black or brownish black, a little
shining behind, distinctly greyish or yellowish pruinose on the front
half with two faint, dark middle stripes and on each side a roundish
spot; the pruinose stripes on each side of the middle stripes are pro-
longed a little backwards in on the black part; thorax is clothed
with darker or paler yellow, sometimes almost whitish hairs, and
sometimes there is a cross-band of black hairs just behind the middle.
Scutellum yellowish brown or brown, with yellow or paler hairs.
Pleura with long, pale yellow hairs. Abdomen somewhat narrow and
a little conical, it is black, dull, third and fourth segments with a
shining, transverse middie band and broad duil front and hind margins,
generally less distinct on fourth segment; the second segment has two
small, transversely triangular, yellowish side spots, lying on the front
part of the segment; the spots are shining; the second segment has a
yellow hind margin, on third and fourth segments .this margin is very
narrow and obscure or wanting. Abdomen is mainly black-haired but
the hairs are pale at the base and on the basal half of the second
segment, on the front margin of third and slightly on fourth segment,
and on the genitalia; the hairs are also pale at the sides. Venter
greyish black with pale incisures and long, pale hairs, second segment
‘pale with a dark middle spot. Legs with the femora somewhat varying
in colour, either quite black with only just the apex yellow, but gener-
ally the hind femora a little reddish at the base, or they may be
more pale, and sometimes the basal half is yellow and the base of
the anterior femora more or less pale; the front and hind tibie have

Eristalis. 443

the basal part and the middle tibie the basal half or two thirds
whitish yellow; the front tarsi have the basal joints more or less pale
and the posterior tarsi have the two basal joints and generally also
the base of the third joint yellow; the
hind femora are considerably thickened,
hind tibiz a little compressed and
distinctly curved and hind metatarsi
a little thickened. The legs haired as
usual, but the hairs somewhat varying
in colour, sometimes the hairs behind
front femora more or less black and
also some black hairs present behind
the apex of middle femora, but some-
times they are black only behind the
apex of front femora and sometimes
all pale; hind femora with the hairs
all round the apical part black, some-
times only on a small part, but the Wig We B. alpiwie oe Wana tee
bristly hairs below the apical part al- icon! tha anterinecidel da
ways black; on the tibie the hairs all

pale except below the black part of hind tibize, and there may be a
few black hairs behind the anterior tibie. Wings hyaline with a
narrow, brown fascia down over the base of the cubital vein and the
basal vein of the discal cell, sometimes it is rather indistinct. Stigma
small, almost not longer than broad, black. Squamule and fringes
whitish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, a little widening downwards;
_the vertical space black and shining, the frontal half greyish pruinose,
darker posteriorly, broadly shining above the antennez; the hairs black
behind, dark yellow in front, but varying in the extent of the colours,
sometimes all black. Thorax still more pruinose on the front half
than in the male and with some greyish stripes prolonged backwards.
Abdomen with small spots, or only a little yellowish just at the basal
corners or quite black, shining, the hind margins of the segments dull
but generally indistinctly on third and fourth segments or these seg-
ments almost quite shining. The legs often more pale than in the
male, the anterior femora more or less yellow on the basal part, hind
femora to beyond the middle, and the tibize sometimes quite yellow
with only the apex dark; hind femora less thickened than in the male
but, however, distinctly thickened. Wings with a large, broad blotch
as in the female of rupium or still larger.

Length 11—13 mm.

444. Syrphidae.

This beautiful and interesting species is at once known by the
colour of thorax, the thickened hind femora and the short eye-suture
in the male; the female is somewhat similar to the female of rupium
but differs among others by the not quite shining abdomen.

E. alpinus is not rare in Denmark, though not among the most
common species; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose,
Geel Skov, Hareskov, Donse, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Jeegerspris; on Lol-
land at Maribo, Strandby and in Keldskov; in Jutland in Norholm
Skov at Varde, at Silkeborg, Laurberg south of Randers and Skgrping.
My dates are ‘8/;—'%/s. I have taken it especially on the flowers of
Crataegus. It would seem as if this species first in later time has
occurred in Denmark or at all events has’ been more common, it was
not known to Steger and in the old collection was only one specimen
(under rupium), though it may now not uncommonly be taken on the
localities where Steeger used to collect.

Geographical distribution:— Middle Europe down into Austria,
Styria and Hungary; it seems to have its northern limit in Denmark,
and it is not known from England. i

Remarks: E.lucorum Strobl (Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. XXIX, 187)
cannot, as also remarked by Lichtwardt (Ent. Mitteil. II, 1914, 277)
be lucorum Meig., which is quite another species, described above; it
might perhaps be a dark-legged variety of alpinus, but the more
hyaline wings with a longer stigma is not in accordance with this view.

30. Helophilus Meig.

This genus is nearly allied to Eristalis but differs, however, in
several important characters. The species are of large to medium or
somewhat small size, and the smaller species of a somewhat narrow shape,
and they are more yellow marked than the species of Lristalis, and
also with pale markings on thorax. The head broader than in Eristalis,
considerably broader than high. The eyes are separated in both sexes,
only in one palearctic, but not Danish species (peregrinus, Subg.
Mesembrius) they are nearly touching in a point in the male, but in
Africa many species of this subgenus occur. The eyes are, however,
more broadly separated in the female than in the male; in the latter
sex the inner eye-margins are parallel down to the frons, here they
form a small angle and then they are widening downwards; in the
female they widen evenly from the vertex downwards. Eyes bare;
the facets in the male distinctly enlarged on the upper front side
towards the angle. The antenne inserted above the middle on the
somewhat, sometimes (Liops) rather strongly protruding frons; they

Helophilus. AAD

are short, third joint roundish, in the subg. Liops the third joint
higher than long with a sharp angle above; the arista apparently
bare. Epistoma a little hollowed below the antenne, then produced
to a small central knob and from it straight down to the mouth edge,
not retreating except in the subg. Liops; its lower part is thus only slightly
protruding and likewise slightly descending, but in /éneatus it is much
protruding, long and snout-like, and here no central knob is visible.
The epistoma is pale pruinose, either with a black or yellow, bare
middle stripe or pruinose all over; it has longish hairs. Mouth parts
mainly as in Fristalis, sometimes (lineatus) the oral cone and pro-
boscis rather long. Thorax with two (sometimes three) grey or yel-
lowish, longitudinal middle stripes and ‘with the side margin yellow;
in some northern species the lines on thorax are very narrow or
interrupted. Scutellum yellow or brownish, it has no distinct down-
wards directed fringe below the margin, only in the larger species the
marginal hairs are curved somewhat down. Abdomen relatively longer
than in Lristalis, and in the smaller species rather narrow; its number
of segments is in both sexes the same as in Fristalis; in the large
species (Helophilus s. str.) the basal ventral segments are only slightly
chitinised. Abdomen is marked with rather extended yellow side spots;
in the smaller, narrow species the markings are more restricted; the
markings are in so far curious as they are in most cases in reality of
two kinds; besides the yellow spots there are on third segment a pair
of small, pruinose spots in the middle in connection with or covering
a part of the yellow spots, and on fourth and (in the female) fifth
segment the spots are quite or almost quite of the pruinose kind;
other pruinose spots may be present at the hind margins, and in the
smaller, narrower species the spots are often all pruinose. The genitalia
are large, in some species (Girschner’s subg. Parhelophilus) very large
and with large appendages. Legs with the hind femora considerably
thickened and sometimes with sexual ornamentations in the male as
a process or wart with hairs or bristles or as a bundle of hairs below
near base; hind tibiae curved and compressed so that they have an
edge below; the usual incurvation behind near apex small; hind tarsi
often flattened, sometimes all tarsi. The legs haired about as in
Eristalis but the hairs not long, the hind femora more or less setulose
beneath; the trochanters have the same curious long hair above as
in Fristalis, and also the curious, scabrous spot at the base of the
femora on the anterior side is distinct. Wings differing from those in
Eristalis by the subcostal cell being open, either somewhat narrowly
or more or less broadly; anal vein generally dipped as in Eristalis,
sometimes only slightly, it is abruptly curved just at the apex; other-

4A6 Syrphidae.

wise the venation is similar to that in /ristalis; the basal part of the
radial vein has fine bristles but often so delicate that they are difficult
to detect. Stigma either elongated and with no or an indistinct
stigmatical cross-vein, or the stigma consists only of a cross-vein.
Thoracal squamula with long, elegantly branched hairs, alar squamula
with longish, curiously flattened hairs; the hairs in the fringes are
more or less densely placed in the various species and the squamulz
show otherwise some differences; in the large species (Helophilus s. str.)
the thoracal squamula is the larger, it is somewhat inflated inwards
at the scutellum as in Fristalis, and it is hairy above on a part near
scutellum; the fringes are very dense; in the other species the thoracal
and alar squamule are about equal in size, the thoracal squamula is
not inflated, not haired above and the fringes generally less dense.
Plumula with branched hairs.?

The developmental stages have long been known, already Linné
and Réaumur were aquainted with them; they are, however, not well
known and only few species have been bred. Réeaumur (Mém. Ins.
IV, 1738, Pl. 31, fig. 9—11) mentions a species, probably the common
H. pendulus. Meigen (Syst. Beschr. Ill, 1822, 374) mentions that the
larva of H. pendulus lives in putrid water and is similar to the larva
of E.nemorum. According to Brauer Riley has mentioned the larva
ot the American species latifrons (Amer. Entomol. II, 142). I have
myself examined puparia of H. transfugus; the pupee were found in
flood refuse in a fen in April and May; and I have examined larve
of H. groenlandicus or borealis from Greenland. The larva and pupa
are in all respect similar to those of Evistalis, and at present no
distinguishing characters have been found between the larve of these
two genera. The larve also live in stagnant and putrid waters in
quite the same way as the Lristalis-larva. The larve are, like the
Eristalis-larvee, very tenacious, Wilcox (Anat. Anz. XII, 1896, 278)
mentions a larva (it is termed a Helophilus-larva but may for the
rest as well have been the larva of some other Eristalin), which lived
at the shore in pools with salt water, and which was able to live in
various killing fluids for many hours. Several of the species have
probably more than one brood in the year.

The species of Helophilus are beautiful flies, especially the large,
bright species; some of the dark, northern (not Danish) species are
rather Hristalis-like. The species occur in marshy districts, in fens
and at borders of water, and frequent especially Umbelliferze and also

* Girschner says “einfach behaart” but the species I have examined have the
hairs on plumula very distinetly branched.

Helophilus. 447

various Composite; some are generally seen on water-plants; some-
times they are seen flying low over the water in ditches. The genus
goes far towards the north, two species being inhabitants of Green-
land. Verrall gives (Brit. Fl. VIII, 547) an observation of the court-
ship in H. lineatus; the female rests sitting but with the wings slightly
vibrating, while the male hovers above it with its head bent wonder-
fully downwards and its wings very rapidly vibrating, at the same
time the whole body shakes “like a dog just out of the water”; I
have myself observed the same in this species; this behaviour remem-
bers of the courtship in Dolichopodids. Verrall asks whether any
stridulation can go on in which the peculiar scabrous patch at the
base of the femora or the ribbed anal vein take a part.

About 20 species of the genus are known from the palearctic
region; 11 have been found in Denmark.

As the species are to some degree diverging several subgenera
have been established, but have given rise to different opinions;
Rondani in 1875 separated Liops off for the species vittatus (then
placed under Mallota) on account of its peculiar antenne, and
Mesembrius for peregrinus (not Danish) on account of the approximated
eyes in the male and the dilated tarsi; in 1883 Bigot established
Eurinomyia (Eurimyia) on H. lineatus, which he very curiously took
for a new species and named rhingioides. Girschner (Ill. Wochenschr.
f. Entom. 1897, 603) divides the genus into two divisions after the
squamule; the large species have the thoracal squamula somewhat
haired on the upper surface, and they have no distinct stigmatical
cross-vein; here he has Helophilus s. str. and Mesembrius; the smaller
species have the squamula bare above and a stigmatical cross-vein;
under this second division he has the subgenera Liops, Parhelophilus
with frutetorum, versicolor and lunulatus, and Eurinomyia with lineatus
and transfugus; Parhelophilus includes thus the species of the second
division not belonging to Liops or Eurinomyia, but he gave otherwise
no characters for this new subgenus. Verrall is of opinion that the
squamule in frutetorum and versicolor are hairy above as in the large
species, and he rejects’Parhelophilus, placing its species except /unulatus
to Helophilus. Becker (Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 1910, 219) has studied
the question anew, and he declares Girschner to be right; I have
also studied the squamule, and I can confirm Becker’s statement.
On the other hand Verrall is right when he separates /unulatus and
places it to Hurinomyia. Becker also rejects Parhelophilus, but according
to the squamule he naturally places its species in Lurinomyia. Now
it cannot be denied that the species frutetorum, versicolor and con-
similis are closely allied to each other and less closely to the other

448 Syrphidae.

species placed in Eurinomyia, and this had Girschner evidently seen
in establishing Parhelophilus, but yet I think a division is at present
not possible and I therefore follow Becker in the limiting of the sub-
genera. — For the Danish species we have then the following sub-
genera:

1,

to

a] | we

Third antennal joint higher than long

with a sharp upper angle; abdominal

spots: longitudinal’ 1/2. 6080. 22 04.. 8 Liops Rond. (vittatus).

Third antennal joint not higher than

long, roundish; abdominal spots more

Or JOgs, Transverse. . - 2240.2. ote 2's aby a epee 2.

Epistoma with a distinct, bare middle

stripe; wings with the stigma elongate

and an indistinct or no stigmatical cross-

vein; thoracal squamula hairy above on

apart, Rear Ascent st te oo, etc = Helophilus s. str. (trivittatus, hy-
bridus, affinis, pendulus).

Epistoma without bare middle stripe,

at most a bare spot at the mouth edge;

wing-stigma only consisting of a cross-

vein; thoracal squamula not hairy above Eurinomyia Big. (frutetorum, ver-
sicolor, consimilis, lunulatus, trans-
fugus, lineatus).

Table of Species.

Third antennal joint distinctly higher than long with a

sharp upper angle; abdomen with longitudinal spots ... 11. vittatus.
Third antennal joint not higher than long, roundish; ab-

dominal spots more or less transverse...........-++ee00- 2.
Epistoma with a distinct, black or yellow, bare middle ‘
stripe; antenne black or blackish; stigma elongated, with

an indistinct or no cross-vein; thoracal squamula hairy

above on a part near scutellum; larger species ........... 3.
Epistoma without bare middle stripe, at most bare near

the mouth edge; antenne orange or brownish; stigma
consisting only of a cross-vein; thoracal squamula not

hairy above; moderate or smaller species ..............-. 6.
Epistomal stripe yellow............. ath a anes re ee 1. trivittatus.
Epistomal stripe Hideki ee vie te ce icin a oats eee 4,

Hind tibiz yellow on the basal two thirds ........... 4. pendulus.
Hind tibize yellow on only the basal third or fourth ....... 5.
Front tarsi black; abdominal segments with orange hind

TAT EUIS os ode. a By ihin t catn ping Sete Gt eae as 2. hybridus.
Front tarsi yellow on the basa] joints or more; abdominal

segments without orange hind margins .............. 3. affinis.

Somewhat broad species of moderate size with the lines
on thorax rathersbroad ..ii2k. ved o-.8 348.08. Pelee oclenmine ae

Helophilus. 4AQ

— More or less narrow and smaller species with narrower
EARNS, ORAM 25 ty Sec cps he ete... nls ses GASES Bole gs nse - 9.
7. A row of black hairs behind the upper eye-margin; hind
femora in the male with a process below near base,

bearing a bundle of black, bristly hairs. : . 5. frutetorum.
— No black hairs behind the eye-margin ; “male with 1 no
Broces= below: hind , femora sifu eerste. cttetss aalsic 8.

8. Front tibiz not with black apex; epistoma less pro-

truding than the antennal prominence; the grey lunule

on first abdominal segment not, or not broadly divided

in the middle; hind femora in the male with a tuft of
Feadish ‘hairs below near base’... 215.04 820... 6. versicolor.

— Front tibie with the apex black; epistoma with the

mouth edge as much or more produced than the antennal

prominence; the grey lunule on first abdominal segment

broadly divided in the middle; hind femora in the male

without a tuft of longer hairs below near base ...... 7. consimilis.
9. Epistoma very much produced, pointed and snout-like.. 10. lineatus.
— Epistoma much less produced, not pointed .............. 10.
10. Abdomen in the male not very narrow; abdominal spots
MEU Y TEU gi 3 uta ans sts, Pop, e Astin ad nie 05 x ae 8. lunulatus.
— Abdomen in the male very narrow; abdominal spots
MMM ME UUISIALE rials a tie ee a ely ees oS ee owe hee 9. transfugus.

1. H. trivittatus Fabr.

1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 235, 15 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 373, 5, p. p. 9. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 679, 3 et 1849. VIII,
3123, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 340. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 526, 1,
figs. 360—361. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 109. — 1910. Beck. Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. LV, 216, 225. — H.camporum Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 372, 4.
— 1846. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. VII, 168, 13.

Male. Vertex dullish, black above, the rest and the frons yellow
pruinose, above the antenne a shining, reddish triangle; epistoma
yellow pruinose with a bare, shining, yellow middle stripe, nar-
rowed upwards, the mouth edge and lower side parts black. Vertex
and frons yellow-haired with a black-haired cross-band above on the
black part; epistoma with long, yellow hairs. The epistoma is hol-
lowed just below the antenne and then produced to a moderate
central knob, lying rather high; below the knob it is not retracted
but straight to the mouth edge, and it is only slightly descending;
jowls grey pruinose. Occiput greyish white pruinose but above black
towards the eye-margin; the hairs are white below, yellow above.
Antenne black, third joint roundish; arista brownish yellow. Thorax
black, dull, with two longitudinal, grey stripes and with side margins
greyish yellow; it is clothed with yellow hairs. Scutellum brownish
yellow, paler at the margin, with yellow hairs and often black hairs

29

450 Syrphidae.

on the middle. Pleura greyish pruinose with yellow hairs. Abdomen
elongated, somewhat conical, black with extended bright yellow mar-
kings; it is dull, the hind margins of second and third segments
shining, the fourth segment almost quite shining, only a little dull
near the base; the second segment with large side spots occupying
the whole side margin, narrowing somewhat inwards, leaving only a
triangular front part, a middle stripe and the hind margin black, the
latter reaching to or very near to the side margins; third segment with
similar large spots lying towards the front margin and leaving a
broader hind margin black; their inner lower corner is protruding
inwards and a little upwards as grey, somewhat pruinose spots and
nearly meeting in the middle; the fourth segment has small, yellow
spots just at the basal side margin, the side is grey, sending from the
middle a narrow band inwards and forwards, the band from each side
nearly or quite meeting in the middle and thus forming a grey, somewhat
pruinose bow. The pubescence is short, longest towards the base of the
segments; it mainly follows the ground colour but is pale on the front .
part of the segments, on second segment to near the hind margin; at
the side margins it is yellow but more or less black on the hind part
of second and third segments. Genitalia a little pruinose, with pale
hairs. Venter pale yellow with a spot on first segment, fourth segment
and the genitalia greyish black; it has long, pale hairs. Legs with
the femora black, the anterior with about the apical third yellow,
hind femora only slightly brownish at the apex below or on a ring
just before the apex; anterior tibize and tarsi yellow, the front tarsi
darkened on the anterior side of the two basal joints; hind tibiz
black with the basal third yellow, hind tarsi black, rather broad and
flat; hind femora thickened about the middle; hind tibie a little curved
towards the apex. Anterior femora with somewhat long hairs on
the posterior side, hind femora on the antero-dorsal side and with
some scattered hairs below, for the rest the legs short-haired; the
hairs nearly all yellow, only partly black on the posterior side of hind
femora, and there are a few black, bristly hairs below the middle
femora on the apical half; hind femora black spinulose below in the
apical two thirds and with some longer bristles below the apex.
Wings hyaline or a little yellowish at the anterior margin from the
base to the yellow stigma. Squamule with their fringes and the
halteres yellow. ;

Female. Vertex broader than in the male, slightly and evenly
widening downwards; frons a little darker in the middle, for the rest
the head coloured and haired as in the male. Abdomen broader
than in the male and more suddenly pointed, the spots narrower,

Helophilus. 451

especially on third segment, and thus the black hind margins broader;
on third segment the spots somewhat lunulate, though varying in
shape, and generally not lying close to the front margin; the grey,
somewhat pruinose spots on fourth segment forming shallow lunules
and fifth segment with similar spots; the fifth segment with short,
black hairs on the apical part. Legs with anterior femora more yel-
low, about the apical half of the front and apical two thirds of the
middle femora, and also hind femora with a more distinct pale apex;
front tarsi with the basal joints quite dark and also the rest often
darkened, the end of tibie obscurely darkened.

Length 12,5—15 mm.

The type to this species, a female, is present in the collection of
Tonder Lund and Sehestedt, and I have examined it.

H. trivittatus is not common in Denmark, though it may some-
times be numerous on some places; Frederiksberg, Valby, Amager,
Lersg, Dyrehaven, on Egholm at Skelskor; on Lolland at Strandby
and in Keldskov, and on Langeland at Lohals. My dates are 7°/s5—/s.
It occurs at borders of ponds and ditches, on meadows and commons,
and it seems to prefer shore districts ‘but is also seen in woods; I
have taken it on various Umbellifere; it may be seen flying quite
low over the water in ditches and setting down on plants quite at
the surface. I have only seen it numerous at a ditch in Valby but
Mr. L. Jorgensen has communicated to me that it is common on Lol-
land at Strandby.

Geographical distribution:— All Europe and down into Persia ;
towards the north to middle Sweden; it has also been recorded from
Mexico. Verrall records it from North America, as he takes latifrons
Loew to be identical with it, but Becker l.c. is, after study of the
American species, of opinion that lJatifrons is a distinct species.

2. H. hybridus Loew.

1846. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. VII, 141,6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 339.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIIl, 529, 2, figs. 362—363. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 168. — 1910. Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 214, 225. — H. Henrici
Schnabl, 1881. Wiad. nank. przyr. Warschau, I, 1. — 1883. Mik, Wien. ent.
Zeitg. Il, 46.

This species is very much like trivittatus. Male. Head as in
trivittatus but the triangle above the antenne more black, and the
middle stripe on epistoma black; the pruinosity and pubescence darker
yellow; occiput brownish yellow pruinose above and the hairs darker
yellow above. Thorax with the middle stripes more yellow and also
the side margin more yellow; the pubescence darker yellow, and

GF

452 Syrphidae.

scutellum with more black hairs on the middle, sometimes the whole
disc black-haired. Abdomen less elongate and less narrow, and the
segments with dark orange hind margins, broad and palest on second
segment; the spots on second segment as in trivittatus but confluent
with the orange hind margin and consequently confluent with the
spots on third segment; on second segment there is thus only a trans-
verse black basal spot, prolonged backwards in a middle line not
reaching the hind margin; the spots on third segment likewise as in
trivittatus and also with grey or greyish yellow, somewhat pruinose
spots on the inner corners, nearly meeting in the middle; at the sides
the spots reach to the hind margin; the spots on fourth segment are
more brownish yellow and form large and broad, somewhat pruinose
lunules, curving from the side evenly inwards and quite or nearly meeting
in the middle, and they occupy most of the segment; the side margin of
the segment is yellow. The genitalia are densely haired with curious,
curled or woolly, yellow hairs. Legs coloured about as in ¢rivittatus,
hind femora with a more or less complete and obscure, reddish ring
just before the apex; front tibize with the apical part black and front
tarsi black; middle tarsi with apex of second ‘joint and the following
apical joints black; hind femora with the thickest part after the middle;
the legs haired as in ¢trivittatus but front femora more or less black-
haired behind, especially towards the apex, and middle femora with
numerous short, black bristles below in the apical half; hind tibie
with short, erect, black bristles below.

Female. Likewise similar to the female of trivittatus but the
vertex less black, only quite posteriorly; the hairs black behind, yel-
low in front, but varying in extent, sometimes all black. On abdomen
the hind margins to the segments are very obscure and the one on
second segment not broad as in the male and not confluent with the
spots so that there is a black margin in front of it; the spots on
third segment narrower than in the male and not close to the front
margin; the bands or very shallow lunules of fourth segment are for
the greater part yellow, only greyish or brownish yellow and some-
what pruinose on their inner tip or on the tip half, or this colour
may border the yellow colour out to the margin so that only the
basal inner part is yellow; fifth segment with a pair of brownish yel-
low, somewat pruinose lunules; this latter segment has short, black
hairs on the apical part as in ¢rivittatus, but a little longer.

Length 12,,—14 mm.

H. hybridus is rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Amager, Ordrup
Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose (the author), Sollerod
(Godskesen); on Lolland at Bremersvold, in Keldskov, Egholm Skov

Helophilus. 453

and Dedemose west of Nysted (L. Jorgensen); the first specimen was
taken in 1899. My dates are ?*/s—*/9, It occurs in the same way
as the preceding species; in spring I have taken it on the flowers of
Prunus spinosa.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Hungaria; towards the north to southern Sweden;
it occurs also in North America (novae-scotiae Macq.).

3. H. affinis Wahlb.

1844. Wahlb. Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Férh. I, 64. — 1849. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. VIII, 3119, 2—3. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 107. — 1910.
Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 226. — 4H. arcticus Zett. p. p. 1838. Ins. Lapp.
595, 2 et 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 678, 2. — H. borealis Siebke (nec Steg.),
1864. Nyt Mag. f. Naturv. 166 et 1877. Enum. Ins. norveg. IV, 54, 4. —
7. Siebkii Verr. 1900. Cat. eur. Syrph. 86.

This species is very similar to the two preceding. Male. Middle
stripe on epistoma black. Second abdominal segment a little shorter
than in the two preceding species, and more like that in pendulus.
The spots on second segment do not reach the hind margin but leave
a relatively broad, black margin, and there are no orange hind mar-
gins to the abdominal segments; the greyish yellow, somewhat pruinose
bands on the fourth segment are much narrower than in hybridus
and less near to the front margin. Hind femora black, at most with
a small pale spot below the apex; front tarsi yellow or the third and
fourth joints darkened; hind femora not much thickened, the thickest
part near the apex; the legs haired mainly as in hybridus. Wing-
stigma brownish.

Female. Likewise similar to the preceding species, especially to
_ hybridus, but differing as in the male by the narrower basal abdom-
inal spots, the want of orange hind margins to the segments and the
partly yellow front tarsi. The fifth abdominal segment has short, black
hairs on the apical part.

Length 13,5—15 mm.

H. affinis seems to be very rare in Denmark, we have only two
specimens, a male and a female; the female belongs to the specimens
mentioned by Zetterstedt (I. c. VIII, 3120) and was taken by Jacobsen
at Sorg; according to old notes from Jacobsen he took one male and
two females on Parnassia palustris in August and September 1845;
now we have only the one female, the two other specimens were
perhaps sent to Zetterstedt; my male specimen is taken on Lolland
in Vester Ulslev Mose west of Nysted on 1*/7 1914 (L. Jorgensen).

454. Syrphidae.

Geographical distribution: — Northern Europe, towards the north
to northern Sweden, in Norway, and in Finland; it seems to have its
southern limit in Denmark.

A. H. pendulus L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 984, 28 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1995 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Miill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 712 (Musea). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 763, 7 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 233, 7

(Eristalis). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 30, 26 (Syrphus). — 1822.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 373, 6. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 676, 1 et 1849.
VIll, 3117,1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 340. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI. VIII,
531, 3, figs. 364—366. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 109. — 1910.
Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 226. — UH. trivittatus Meig. p. p. d, 1822.
le. Ml, 373, (5.

This species again is similar to the preceding ones. Male. Vertex
black above, the rest of it, the frons and the epistoma yellow pruinose;
above the antenne a black tringle and epistoma with the middle
stripe, the mouth edge and the lower lateral parts black and shining.
Vertex with black, frons with yellow hairs, but the extent of the two
colours varying, sometimes the hairs mainly black; epistoma yellow-
haired. Occiput greyish pruinose below, yellow above and here nar-
rowly black just at the eye-margin; the hairs whitish below, yellow
above. Antenne black or blackish brown, arista brownish yellow.
Thorax black, dull, with two stripes and the side margins yellow; it
is clothed with deep yellow hairs. Scutellum brownish or yellowish
brown, pale at the margin, the hairs extensively black, generally yel-
low only at the margin. Pleura yellowish pruinose with yellow hairs.
Abdomen with the second segment a little shorter than in the preceding
species and consequently abdomen a little shorter; it is black, dull,
only slightly shining at the hind margins of the segments; the seg-
ments have distinct orange hind margins, but on second segment
narrower than in hybridus; second segment has a pair of large, yel-
low spots as in trivittatus, leaving a somewhat broader basal triangular
band, a middle stripe and a narrow hind margin black, the black
hind margin not reaching the sides; the spots on third segment as in
the other species, likewise with a protruding corner inwards covered
with a small, yellowish, somewhat pruinose spot; at the sides the
yellow spots are connected with the orange hind margin; the fourth
segment has shallow, brownish yellow, somewhat pruinose lunules;
they are of quite another shape than in ¢rivittatus, and narrower and
less near the front margin than in hybridus and they are not con-
nected in the middle; the side margins of the segment are yellow.
Abdomen is yellow-haired, at the hind margins of the segments black-

Helophilus. 455

haired; at the sides there are black hairs on the hinder half of second
and on third segment. Genitalia a little yellowish pruinose, with dense,
reddish hairs; the hairs form a tuft on the right side and have their
apices curved to the right. Venter pale yellow, with a spot on first
segment an the fourth segment and the genitalia blackish grey; it is
clothed with long, pale hairs. Legs with anterior femora black with
about the apical third yellow, hind femora black with the apical third
or fourth reddish; anterior tibie yellow, the front tibize with the apical
part black; front tarsi quite black, middle tarsi with metatarsus and
the second joint except apex yellow; hind tibie yellow with about
the apical third black, hind tarsi black, broad and flat; the hind
femora are shorter and thicker than in the other species, and they .
are thickest about the middle; hind tibie likewise shorter, more
strongly and more evenly curved. The hairs on the legs yellow,
behind the front femora mainly black; middle femora with short and
fine, black bristles below in the whole length; hind femora with black
hairs on the apicai part on the anterior side, and black spinulose
beneath in nearly the whole length; middle tibize black-haired below
and hind tibie black-haired above on the yellow part and with very

Fig. 157. Wing of H. pendulus 3.

short, erect, black hairs below. Wings hyaline or slightly tinged
towards the anterior margin. Squamule and fringes dark yellow.
Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broader than in the male, evenly
widening downwards; vertex black and frons with a large elongated
black triangle above the antenne, often reaching to the vertex as a
broader or narrower stripe; the hairs black above, yellow below in
varying extent, sometimes all black. The abdominal spots narrower
than in the male, especially those on third segment, and here not
lying close to the front margin, and the yellowish or greyish yel-
low, somewhat pruinose spots at the inner end larger; fifth segment
with greyish yellow, somewhat pruinose spots similar to those on

456 Syrphidae.

fourth segment; the fifth segment with red hairs, which are long at
the apex.

Length 10—14 mm.

H. pendulus is common in Denmark and found on all suitable
localities. My dates are 1%/s—?/io. It occurs on the same localities as
the preceding species and often in company with them. I have taken
it in copula on 72/6, %/6, 13/7 and *%is.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe and on Madeira; towards
the north to northern Sweden, in Finland, and on the Faroe Islands
and Iceland.

Remarks: The four species now described are similar and closely
- allied, and they belong to a distinct group or subgenus, but they are,
however, easily distinguished from each other: trivittatus is at once
separated by the yellow epistomal stripe; of the other three pendulus
is distinguished by the hind tibiz being yellow on the basal two thirds
and the hind femora more yellow at the apex; also the hind femora
are shorter and thicker, and the hind tibie shorter and more curved;
finally hybridus is distinguished from affinis by-the quite black front
tarsi and the orange hind margins on the abdominal segments. Also
the abdominal markings are, though similar, characteristically different
in all four species, and trivittatus and affinis have no orange hind
margins on the segments while such are present in hybridus and
pendulus.

5. H. frutetorum Fabr.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 765, 14 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 236,
19 (Eristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 374, 7. — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 680, 4 et 1849. VIII, 3123, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 341. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 534, 4, fig. 367. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill,
110. —— 1910. Beck. Ber]. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 228. — Syrphus femoralis
Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 31, 27. — H. versicolor 1860. Malm, K. V.
och V. Samh. Géteborg Handl. VII, 79.

Male. Vertex brown pruinose, frons and epistoma yellow pruinose,
the mouth edge and a short, triangular middle spot bare, the lower
side parts blackish. Vertex black-haired, posteriorly yellow-haired ; frons
with mixed yellow and black hairs, sometimes nearly or quite yellow-
haired; epistoma with long, yellow hairs. The epistoma is very slightly
hollowed below the antenne, for the rest almost straight so that the
mouth edge is not so much produced as the antennal prominence.
Occiput yellow pruinose, the hairs yellow, above a row of few, long,
black hairs overhanging the eyes. Antenne bright orange. Thorax
brownish black, dull. with two somewhat broad stripes and the sides

Helophilus. } 457

yellow; it is clothed with dense, somewhat long, yellow hairs. Scutel-
lum yellowish with yellow hairs, mixed with some few black. Pleura
yellowish grey or grey pruinose, with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen
dull black, first segment with a large grey lunule, nearly occupying
the whole segment, sometimes with indications of a dividing in the
middle, the other segments with dark orange hind margins; second
segment with large, triangular, yellow side spots, at the sides nearly
occupying the whole length of the segment but not reaching the orange
hind margin; in the middle of the hind margin is a small, transverse,
yellow or greyish pruinose spot; third segment with similar spots,
likewise not reaching to the orange hind margin, at the inner end
each has a transverse, oblong, yellow or greyish pruinose spot, the
two spots approximated in the middle; at the hind margin is in the
middle a somewhat large, triangular, greyish or yellow pruinose spot;
fourth segment almost quite greyish or yellow pruinose, darker in
front of the orange hind margin; in the middle there is a shorter or
longer, black longitudinal stripe from the front margin, and the front
margin may be narrowly black or only towards the sides; there may
also be smaller or larger, more or less distinct blackish spots to each
side in front of the orange hind margin. Abdomen is clothed with
somewhat long hairs, they are yellow but black at the hind margins
of third and fourth segments and a few at the hind corners of second
segment. Genitalia large, yellowish or greyish pruinose, with yellow
hairs. Venter grey or blackish grey, somewhat shining, the genitalia
of the same colour or paler to yellowish; the side-membrane pale;
the venter has long, pale hairs but only at the sides, along the middle
it is bare and rather shining. The genitalia are, when seen from
below, very large with large, curved, reddish, claw-shaped terminal
appendages. Legs with the femora black, anterior femora with the
apical third or nearly the half yellow, hind femora with a yellow ring
just before the apex; anterior tibiz and tarsi yellow, the front tibize
with a dark stripe below on the apical part; hind tibize yellow with
the apical third black, hind tarsi yellow, darkened towards the apex
or quite black; the hind femora have below near the base towards
the posterior side a tubercle or process, bearing at the end a bundle
or fan of black, bristly hairs. The legs haired as usual, the hairs
somewhat long on femora and also behind anterior tibize and below
the hind tibie; the hairs are mainly yellow, below the front femora
some black may be present, especially at the apex; also the anterior
tibiz may have some single black hairs; the hind femora are black
spinulose below, and the long, scattered hairs may be black. Wings
hyaline or slightly yellowish tinged. Stigma quite small, consisting

458 Syrphidae.

only of the cross-vein. Squamulze with their fringes and the halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, slightly and evenly widening
downwards; they are yellow pruinose, upwards more brownish or
dark greyish; the hairs are black. Behind the eyes a row of black
hairs as in the male. Abdominal spots mainly as in the male, the
side spots on second and third segments a little narrower, the black
spots on fourth segment larger so that the segment is in reality black
with greyish or yellow lunules and a large triangle at the hind margin,
often the triangle touching the inner ends of the lunules; fifth segment
greyish or yellow pruinose with an abbreviated triangular black middle
line in front. Hind femora without tubercle.

Length 8,5—10 mm.

H. frutetorum is not rare in Denmark but much less common
than pendulus; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Mrholm, Birke-
red, Noddebo; on Lolland at Maribo, in Merrits Skov, Als# Skoy,
Keldskov and Egholm Skov. My dates are *°/s—*4/7, it is thus a some-
what early species. It occurs in fens and at waters and frequents
especially Umbelliferee.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to
middle Sweden, and in Finland.

6. H. versicolor Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 283, 19 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 233, 8
(Eristalis). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 341. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 537, 5,
fig. 568—571. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il], 111. — 1910. Beck. Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. LV, 228.

This species is very similar to frutetorum. Male. Head and shape
of epistoma like in frutetorum, the epistoma slightly more hollowed
below the antennz; the vertex just narrowing a little down to the
narrowest point; there are no black hairs at the upper eye-margin.
Abdomen with the grey lunule on first segment more or less distinctly
divided in the middle, but generally only slightly and sometimes not;
the spots on abdomen otherwise nearly as in frutetorum, but those
on second and third segments longer at the sides so that they are on
second segment broadly, on third segment more narrowly connected
with the orange hind margin, the black, transverse band in front of
the hind margin thus not reaching the sides and the spots on second
and third segments connected with each other; on the side margins
there is a small black spot near the hind,corners on both segments,
stretching more or less forwards. The terminal appendages of the
genitalia are likewise somewhat claw-shaped, but they are much

Helophilus. | 459

broader, black or yellowish and densely chagreened. The anterior
femora are paler, not fully the basal half or only the third black;
hind femora with only a small protuberance on the lower posterior
side near the base, beset with mostly reddish hairs.

Female. Likewise very similar to the female of frutetoruwm, especi-
ally as the abdominal side spots on second and third segments are
narrower than in the male and not connected with the orange hind
margins; the grey lunule on first segment more or less divided as in
the male; it is distinguished from frutetorwm by the want of black
hairs behind the upper eye-margin, and the anterior femora have as
in the male the yellow colour more extended, sometimes to rather
near the base.

Length 9,5 to nearly 11 mm.

Verrall states that the abdomen in the female is much darker
than in frutetorum because the black is more extended, but this I
have not found to be the rule; some specimens have the abdomen
darker but others not; on the other hand I find almost always the
anterior femora paler to a greater extent.

H. versicolor is like the preceding species not rare in Denmark,
though perhaps a little rarer than it, and it is generally found in
company with it; Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose, Frerslev Hegn and in
Jutland at Horsens. My dates are only */6—®/7.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe and in Asia Minor; to-
wards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

7. H. consimilis Malm.

1860. Malm, K. V. och V. Samh. Géteborg Handl. VII, 80. — 1906.
Frey, Medd. Soc. pro Fn. et Flor. Fenn. XXXIII, 11. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Il, 110. — 1910. Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 229.

This species is again very similar to the two preceding; I only
know the female; according to the descriptions of the male it differs
from the others by having the epistoma a little more hollowed below
the antenne and the central knob or mouth edge more produced so
that it is as much or more produced than the antennal prominence.
Frons with black hairs; behind the upper eye-margin no black hairs.
Abdomen mainly as in versicolor and thus with the side spots on
second and third segments confluent at the sides; the grey lunule on
first segment distinctly divided. The front tibize blackish at the apex
all round; hind femora without any process or bristles below at the
base (or at all events very slightly).

Female. Likewise very similar to the females of the preceding

4.60 Syrphidae.

species, but differing by the same characters as in the male viz. the
more produced epistoma, no black hairs behind the upper eye-margin
and the blackish apex of front tibize; the grey lunule on first ab-
dominal segments is broadly divided. I find the anterior femora yellow
on more than the apical half until the two thirds as in versicolor, and
also the hind femora have at least the apical third yellow.

Length about 10mm.

I have examined the same Danish specimens as mentioned by
Verrall and Becker; the specimen mentioned by Becker with yellow
femora is not mature.

H. consimilis is very rare in Denmark, we have only three speci-
mens, all females, two taken at Hellebek and one in Jutland at
Horsens, the latter on 7/7.

Geographical distribution: — Southern Sweden, Finland and
Denmark.

Remarks: The three species frutetorum, versicolor and consimilis
are very similar and nearly allied; they form a separate group (or
subgenus, Parhelophilus Girschner); frutetorum~™ and versicolor are
distinguished without difficulty, in the male by the secondary sexual
character on the hind femora and by the differently marked abdomen,
and in both sexes by the presence or want of black hairs behind the
upper eye-margin; consimilis is in the male distinguished by the want
of any sexual ornamentation on the hind femora, and in both sexes
by the epistoma being a little more protruding and by the black apex
on front tibie. The character from the divided grey lunule on first
abdominal segment is, I think, not very valid, for, as seen from my
descriptions, a division may be indicated or present also in the other
species; in consimilis the lunule seems, however, to be more broadly
divided. With regard to the hind femora of the male of consimilis
Verrall says: “a faint trace of a tuft beneath the hind femora”; Frey
says that there is “keine, keineswegs eine auffallende Behaarung an
den Hinterschenkeln, héchstens eine Gruppe ausserst kurzer Haare
an der Basis derselben”; Becker describes ““— — — zeigen an den
Schenkelwurzel auf der Unterseite einen runden dunklen Flecken, der
sich bei genauerer Besichtigung als mit ganz kurzen schwarzen Harchen
besetzt darstellt, aber ohne eine warzenférmige Erhéhung”, and he
says that it is also present in the female; this latter statement proves
that what Becker mentions here is the curiously haired round spot
present at the base below on the anterior side in both sexes of all
species of Helophilus (and Eristalis and other Syrphids) and for the
rest also present on the anterior femora, and this spot has nothing
to do with the sexual ornamentation; perhaps it is the same which

Helophilus. 461

is seen by Frey and Verrall. Had the male genitalia been described
they should no doubt have given good characters. — In all three
species the pruinose spots on abdomen vary from yellow to grey.

8. H. lunulatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 370, 2, Tab. XXXII, Fig. 9. — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. II, 681, 5 et 1849. VIIl, 3123, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
340. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 540, 6, figs. 372—373. — 1907. Kat.
paladarkt, Dipt. Ill, 110. — 1910. Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 229.

Male. Vertex brownish black pruinose, frons yellowish pruinose,
sometimes darker or greyish towards the vertex; epistoma whitish
yellow pruinose, without any bare stripe or spot, the lower side parts
blackish, shining; jowls grey pruinose. Vertex black-haired, posteriorly
with yellow hairs, frons yellow-haired; epistoma with long, yellow
hairs; the epistoma is a little hollowed below the antenne, the knob
or lower part somewhat protruding, more than the antennal pro-
minence, and somewhat but not much descending. Occiput greyish
yellow or greyish brown pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow
above, and there are no black hairs at the eye-margin. Antenne
orange, arista darker. Thorax black, dull, with two narrow or broader,
greyish yellow longitudinal stripes, and the side margin broadly of
the same colour; the middle stripes may sometimes be rather narrow,
especially in front, and they are here connected with an inwards pro-
longed part from the side stripes. Thorax is clothed with yellow hairs.
Scutellum yellowish, the basal corners blackish; it is yellow-haired.
Pleura yellowish grey pruinose with long, pale hairs. Abdomen linear,
dull black, with the hind margins of second and third segments
shining; the first segment may be more or less greyish; the second
segment is greyish or greyish yellow along the side from the base to
near the hind margin, and from the end sending a prolongation in on
the middle of the disc, but the spots broadly separated in the middle;
the third segment with somewhat similar spots but also narrowly
greyish yellow at the side margin down to the hind margin; the spots
are aimost shaped as iron-angles with one leg along the margin, the
other stretching in on the disc; on the spots on second segment the
leg along the side margin longest, on the other spots short; the spots
are pruinose and may be more or less yellow at the base and at the
side; the fourth segment is almost quite yellowish grey pruinose, with
a black, triangular middle spot, but sometimes the black is more ex-
tended so that the pale colour forms side spots about as on third
segment and a triangular spot at the hind margin; the hind margins

462 Syrphidae.

of second, third and fourth segments orange, but generally obscure
and narrow, Abdomen is clothed with not quite short hairs, which
are all pale or more or less black at the hind margins of the seg-
ments. Genitalia large but smaller than in the preceding species,
greyish yellow pruinose, yellow-haired. Venter blackish grey, dull,
clothed with not long, pale hairs. Legs black and yellowish; anterior
femora with about the apical third yellowish, but the black basal
colour often only present above and below; hind femora similarly
coloured but more reddish, and also narrowly pale at the base, and
the reddish colour stretching along the whole length above and also
often below so that the black colour form two patches, a larger behind
and a smaller in front; the extreme apex is black above; anterior
tibiee yellow, the front tibiz a little darkened at the apex, front tarsi
more or less darkened, middle tarsi darkened towards the end; hind
tibie black on the apical third and more obscurely on the basal third
but the extreme base yellow, they are thus yellow with two dark
rings; hind tarsi black. The legs haired as usual, the hairs all pale,
middle femora with a few short, black hairs anteriorly on the apical
part; hind femora black setulose below. ._ Wings varying from nearly
hyaline to somewhat brownish. Stigma consisting only of the cross-
vein. Squamule and fringes whitish. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons a little broader than in the male,
evenly widening downwards; vertex blackish, frons paler pruinose;
the hairs black. Abdomen broader, first segment grey; the spots
with the part stretching in on the disc longer and more lunulate;
fifth segment quite yellowish grey with only a very narrow, abbreviated
middle stripe; the segments are only slightly shining at the hind
margins or only at the sides; for the rest the hind margins are
covered by grey bands, broadest in the middle, narrower towards the
sides and thus somewhat triangular, almost or quite covering the
orange margin. The legs are often much paler than in the male, the
anterior femora only indefinitely blackish at base and the black patches
on hind femora smaller. |

Length 8,5 to fully 9mm.

H. lunulatus is a rare species in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund (the author), Fuglevad, Sollerad (Klécker), Hellebek (Steger) ;
on Lolland in Dgdemose west of Nysted (L. Jorgensen); in Jutland in
Norholm Skov at Varde (Esben Petersen), and on Bornholm in AI-
mindingen (H. J. Hansen). My dates are 23/5—22/z,

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Hungary and Styria; towards the north to southern
Sweden, and in Finland. It is rare everywhere.

Helophilus. 463

9. H. transfugus L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 594 et 1767. XII, 2, 987, 52 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1818 (Musca). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 371,13 Tab. XXXII,
Fig. 8. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 682, 6 et 1849. VIII, 3123, 6. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 342. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 542, 7, figs. 374—
375. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 112. — 1910. Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr.
LY, 229.

Male. Vertex and frons considerably narrower than in lunulatus;
vertex brownish yellow pruinose, blackish about the ocelli; between
vertex and frons a narrow, blackish brown, slightly angular line; frons
a little paler pruinose; epistoma whitish yellow pruinose, without bare
spot or stripe, the lower lateral parts black and shining but grey
pruinose downwards; jowls grey pruinose. Vertex black-haired, yellow-
haired posteriorly; the hairs on frons mixed black and yellow to quite
yellow; epistoma with long, yellow hairs. The epistoma shaped as in
lunulatus but narrower and more widening downwards. Occiput grey
pruinose, yellowish above and here with a dark spot or streak at each
side behind the eye-margin; the hairs whitish below, yellow above,
and no black hairs at the eye-margin. Antennz with the basal joints
brownish to blackish, third joint yellowish brown or reddish brown,
arista darker. Thorax brownish black, dull, with two narrow, yellow
or brownish yellow stripes and with the side margins rather indefinitely
brownish; the middle stripes widen inwardly behind, in front of scutel-
lum and are here often confluent to a somewhat greyish space; along
the middle of the disc is a very fine, more or less distinct and com-
plete line. Thorax is clothed with longish, yellow hairs. Scutellum
yellowish brown, darker at the base and the basal corners, with long,
yellow hairs and more or fewer black hairs on the disc. Pleura
greyish or brownish grey pruinose, with yellow hairs. Abdomen nar-
row, much narrower than in /unulatus, dull black, a little shining at
the hind margins of second and third segments; first segment a little
greyish in the middle; second greyish or yellowish at the sides from
the base to the middle and here sending a whitish grey, deeply curved
lunule inwards and forwards; third segment marked in the same way
but the pale colour at the sides produced to the hind margin and
forming small spots at the hind corners; the lunules on the segments
are widely separated in the middle and sometimes they are almost
separated from the sides; both the segments have a more or less
distinct, greyish or glaucous triangle in the middle on the shining hind
margin; the fourth segment has similar but more shallow lunules and
all the side margins and the hind margin greyish yellow, at the hind

464 Syrphidae.

margin triangularly produced in the middle. The spots are pruinose
and may be quite whitish grey, or more yellowish at the sides. Ab-
domen is yellow-haired, more or less black-haired at the hind margins
of the segments. Genitalia relatively large, pale pruinose and pale-
haired. Venter greyish black, dull, with pale incisures and sides; it .
is shining just along the middle; the first segment has pale hairs, for
the rest it is nearly bare, only sparingly haired at the sides. Legs
somewhat as in lunulatus but more reddish, anterior femora a little
pale at the extreme base, then black on the basal part but generally
only above and below, and below often to near the apex; front tibiz
with a dark ring before the apex, and middle tibiz with traces of a
similar ring, both pairs sometimes with traces of an upper ring near
the base; tarsi dark towards the apex, front tarsi also more or less
on the rest; hind legs coloured as in dunulatus; hind femora with a
wart or protuberance below near the base and hind tibiz at the apex
prolonged below into a triangular spur. Legs haired as usual, the
hairs mainly yellow but behind the front femora more or fewer black
hairs, and middle femora with some black hairs on the anterior side
in the apical half; front tibize more or less black-haired above and
middle tibiz above and on the anterior side; hind femora densely and
somewhat strongly black setulose below, the wart very densely. Wings
a little brownish tinged. Stigma consisting only of the cross-vein.
Squamulz whitish with a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, a little widening downwards,
brownish yellow pruinose, blackish about the ocelli; the hairs black.
Occiput with or without dark spots at the upper eye-margin, Abdomen
with the spots as in the male, the grey triangles at the hind margins
of second and third segments larger and more distinct; fifth segment
quite grey with a small, black middle stripe at the front margin.
. Venter without shining middle stripe, and with long, pale hairs. Legs
paler, anterior femora often with only small black spots; hind femora
simple, hind tibize with the apical spur present but short.

Length 8,5—9,5 mm. |

H. transfugus is somewhat rare in Denmark; Utterslev Mose,
Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Fure Sg, Hillerod, Hellebeek, Rorvig; on
Lolland at Maribo; on Langeland at Lohals, and in Jutland at Randers.
My dates are *°/;,—*/s. It occurs in fens and at borders of water.
The pupa has been taken in Utterslev Mose in April and May and
at Randers in May, in flood refuse (Schlick).

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

Helophilus. 465

10. H. lineatus Fabr.

1787. Fabr. Mantis. Ins. 357, 2 et 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 375, 2 et 1805.
Syst. Ant]. 223,2 3 (Rhingia). — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 31, 28
(Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 369, 1, Tab. XXXII, Fig. 7. —
1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 682, 7 et 1849. VIII, 3124, 7 et 1859. XIIl,
5085, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 341. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 545, 8,
figs. 376—377. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III], 111. — 1910. Beck. Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. LV, 229. — Rhingia muscaria Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 375
et 1805. Syst. Antl. 223, 3, 9.

Male. Vertex black, frons yellowish brown pruinose, the border
between the colours indefinite; epistoma brownish yellow or dark
yellow pruinose, the lower lateral parts black, shining but pruinose
at the margin; jowls yellowish pruinose. Vertex and frons black-
haired or the latter more or less to quite yellow-haired; epistoma
with long, scattered, yellow hairs but only on the basal side parts,
the rest bare; sometimes the hairs are mixed with black hairs. The
epistoma is of a curious shape, it is a little hollowed below the an-
tenn and then the lower part is produced much forwards as a some-
what pointed snout, but not very descending. Occiput yellow or
greyish yellow pruinose, with yellow hairs, darkest above, and here
generally some black hairs, especially towards the sides; there may
be a faint dark spot a each side. Antenne with the basal joints
blackish, the third brownish red; arista dark brown. Thorax black,
dull, with two narrow stripes and the sides yellowish; the stripes
and the pale sides are connected at the front and hind margins;
thorax is clothed with longish, yellow hairs. Scutellum brownish yellow
with the base and basal corners blackish; it has yellow hairs with
some few black on the disc. Pleura greyish yellow pruinose, with
yellow hairs. Abdomen dull black, second segment with somewhat
triangular, yellow side spots, the spots stretch at the sides from the
base to somewhat near the hind margin and are produced inwards
with the front margin concave, the hind margin straight but sloping
a little forwards and the inner end blunt; the inner end is covered
by a larger or quite small, whitish, grey or greyish yellow pruinose
spot; the third segment has yellow basal corner spots with a grey
or greyish yellow pruinose spot produced inwards from the lower
inner corner; at the apical corners of the segment are small, yellowish
spots, and in the middle of the hind margin a small greyish, pruinose
triangle; the fourth segment has the sides and hind margin greyish
or yellowish pruinose, and from the side a shallow lunule stretching
inwards nearest the front margin; the pale hind margin is triangularly
produced in the middle. The spots may vary somewhat in size, and

30

466 Syrphidae.

the pruinose spots at the inner end on second and third segments
may be very small. Abdomen is yellow-haired, at the hind margins
or on the hind parts of the segments are black hairs; the hairs are
not short, especially rather long at the hind margin of fourth seg-
ment. Genitalia large, greyish or yellowish pruinose, yellow-haired.
Venter yellowish, darker and greyish at base and apex and generally
along the middle, with long, pale hairs; the terminal appendages of
the genitalia reddish, densely haired at the apex and front margin.
Legs about as in dunulatus and transfugus but anterior femora black
all round on the basal half though often a little pale at the base; the
apical third of front tibie black and generally a distinct ring before
the apex on middle tibie; the upper rings on tibie faint or nearly
wanting; hind legs quite as in the two preceding species, and likewise
very varying as to the extent of the black colour on femora, this
colour often present only as a black blotch above in the middle
stretching down on the sides; hind femora simple but much thickened.
Legs quite or mainly pale-haired, there may be some black hairs
behind the anterior femora towards the apex, and the hind femora
are black setulose below in the apical half. Wings somewhat strongly

Fig. 158. Wing of H.lineatus oC.

brownish*® tinged, sometimes less; cubital vein with a rather shallow
loop, and anal vein only slightly dipped down. Stigma consisting only
of the cross-vein and it is weak. Squamule whitish with a yellow
fringe. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broader than in the male, and rather
broad, slightly widening downwards; vertex blackish, frons brownish
pruinose, the hairs black. The middle lines on thorax generally broader
than in the male, often widening inwardly behind. and almost or quite
united. The first abdominal segment with a large, grey lunule widening
at the sides so that it leaves a black, semicircular spot at each side
at the hind margin; the abdominal spots on second and third seg-
ments with the side parts smaller than in the male but stretching
inwards as rather large, greyish or greyish yellow lunules, while the

Helophilus. 4.67

lunules on fourth segment are narrower than in the male; the spots
are sometimes quite grey; second segment with a transverse, greyish
spot in the middle of the hind margin, third and fourth segments
with the hind margin greyish, triangularly produced in the middle, on
the third segment sometimes only a transverse triangle; fifth segment
quite grey or greyish yellow, or with the front margin and an ab-
breviated middle line from it black; all the spots are pruinose.

Length 8—9,5 mm.

The types to this species, two males, are present in the collec-
tion of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt, and I have examined them. Also
-muscarius Fabr. is present in the collection in two females, but these
are not types; it is, however, seen herefrom that /ineatus is the male,
muscarius the female, which also is seen from Fabricius’ descriptions.

H. lineatus is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven,
Bollemosen, Lyngby Mose, @rholm; on Lolland at Maribo, in Merrits
Skov and Prierskov; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland in Norholm Skov
at Varde, at Horsens and at Hald near Viborg. My dates are *°/s—1°/s.
It occurs in fens and at borders of water on water plants. I have
taken it in copula on 1%/c.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland; it occurs probably
also in North America (conostoma Willist.).

11. H. vittatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 378, 1 (Mallota). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
339. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 548, 9, fig. 378. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. fll, 112. — 1910. Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. LV, 230.

Male. Vertex moderately broad, black;
frons widening below, yellow pruinose; it
is somewhat strongly prominent; epistoma
whitish pruinose, below the antenne to the
central knob brownish pruinose; the knob
black, bare down to the mouth edge; on
the lower lateral part is only a smail, black,
shining spot; jowls whitish grey pruinose.
Vertex black-haired, posteriorly yellow-
haired, frons yellow-haired; epistoma with
long, white hairs; the epistoma is distinctly a;
hollowed below the antenne, the central pig 159. Head of H.vittatus 3.
knob somewhat prominent and below it
the epistoma retreating to the front mouth edge, the lower part thus
not prominent and slightly descending. Occiput greyish, above yel-

30°

468 Syrphidae.

lowish pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow above, and no black
hairs at the upper eye-margin. Antenne black, third joint of a curious
shape, it is higher than long, straight above with a rectangular upper
corner; arista somewhat short, rather thickened in the basal two
thirds. Thorax dull black with two greyish, a little shining stripes
and a narrow median stripe, abbreviated behind; the stripes are con-
fluent behind or disappearing in a shining space in front of scutellum;
the sides are broadly yellowish. Thorax is clothed with short, yellow
hairs, on the postalar calli are numerous black hairs, and also some
inwards to the calli. Scutellum reddish brown with the base black,
and with short, yellow and black mixed hairs, longer and yellow at
the margin. Pleura greyish pruinose with yellow hairs. Abdomen —
somewhat narrow, tapering behind and thus conical; it is black, dull,
the hind margins greyish, shining; the first segment grey, the second
has narrow, yellow side spots from the base to somewhat near the
hind margin, and in the middle two distantly placed, greyish yellow
pruinose longitudinal stripes, a little lunulate and a little oblique with
the posterior end nearest the side; the third segment similarly marked
but also the side spots greyish yellow pruinose; the fourth segment
with a greyish yellow side margin and the middle stripes straight,
not lunulate, and broadest behind (the longitudinal middle stripes are
naturally to be considered as the separated inner ends of very deep
lunules). Abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs, black at the apex.
Genitalia yellowish pruinose, with yellow hairs. Venter blackish grey,
dull, with slightly paler incisures, and with long, pale hairs. Legs
black, the knees and a more or less distinct ring on the middle of
the tibiz yellowish or reddish, on front tibiee the ring generally only
seen behind; hind femora not much thickened; all tarsi rather flat
and broad, especially towards the end. The legs somewhat short-
haired, the hairs nearly all pale, on middle femora some very short,
black hairs below on the apical half of the anterior side and middle
tibia with some black hairs below; hind femora black-setulose below
in the apical half. Wings a little brownish tinged. Stigma consisting
only of the cross-vein. Squamule whitish with margin and fringes
yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broader than in the male, slightly
widening downwards;. vertex black, frons yellow pruinose, above the
antennge more greyish; the hairs black on vertex, yellow on frons.
Thorax with the stripes broader, more distinct and more yellow, but
not shining, the space in front of scutellum more yellowish grey and
jess shining, the sides more broadly yellow. Abdominal spots as in
the male but larger; fifth segment pointed, greyish yellow with a

Myiatropa. 4.69

triangular, black middle stripe on the front part; the hind margins of
the segments more grey but less or not shining. The anterior knees
more orange.

Length 10,5—12,5 mm.

H. vittatus is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens have
been caught, a male and two females, all on Amager; a male and a
female were taken on */7 and %/s 1909 (J.C. Nielsen) and a female
on **/s 1915 (Klécker); they were flying rapidly but low over a ditch
with water and rich herbage.

Geographical distribution: — Middle Europe down into Austria;
it has its northern limit in Denmark, and occurs in England.

31. Myiatropa Rond.

This genus in nearly related to EHristalis and Helophilus and
stands intermediate between them. The eyes are hairy and touching
in the male. Antenne inserted in the middle of the head, third joint
oval; arista long, apparently bare. Epistoma a little hollowed below
the antennee, with a moderate central knob and retreating to the
mouth edge; it is thus not produced, a little descending; it has a
black, bare middle stripe. Thorax with curious, pale pruinose, trans-
verse markings, more or less distinct. Abdomen rather broad, with
yellow markings, similar to those in Helophilus, but with pruinose
spots only on the last, or (in the female) on the two last segments.
Genitalia of medium size. Legs simple, hind femora not thickened;
the curious hair above on the trochanters present. Wings as in
Helophilus with the subcostal cell open; | find no distinct hairs on
the basal part of the radial vein. Stigma mainly consisting of a thick
cross-vein. Squamule as in Hristalis. Plumula of a curious shape,
divided into branches from the base, and with branched hairs.

With regard to the developmental stages De Geer suspected (Mém.
Ins. VI, 1776, 101) that the larva belonged to the rat-tailed form, as
he had seen the flies sitting on the mud as for depositing the eggs.
Beling (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1888, 4) describes the
larva and pupa (H. nigrotarsatus); he found one larva and six pup
in decaying wood on a beech (Fagus) on */4, the imagines came
19/5;_-22/5; another pupa was found under similar circumstances on
27/4, it developed on 74/5. I have myself examined larve taken at a
fen in a tree-stub with water on 77/4, they developed on 1'*/s, a pupa
taken in a tree-stub with water on 17/4, developing on 11/5, and another
pupa taken at a ditch on 4/5 and developing on 1°/5. — The larva is
quite similar to that of /ristalis, perhaps a little more flattened; the

470 Syrphidae.

regularly arranged and a little larger spines, described above for the
Eristalis-larva, are distinct and a little larger; otherwise the dermis
is likewise finely chagreened from small spinules; the anterior spiracles,
the antenne-like papille, the ventral prolegs and the tail are all
similar. One of my specimens shows very distinctly the thread-like
organs protruding from the anal opening. The length of the larva is
17mm. The pupa is likewise similar to the Eristalis-pupa; it is pale,
dirty whitish, 12 mm long; in my specimens the anterior larval spiracles
are only slightly visible on the pupa. The larva evidently lives in a
similar way as the Hristalis-larva.

Of the genus only one, widely distributed species is known, also
occurring in Denmark.

1. M. florea L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 984, 29 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1796 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Miill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 713 (Musca). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 764, 8 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst: Antl. 233, 9 (Hristalis).
— 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 30, 25 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 399, 21 (Hristalis). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 669,15 et 1849. VIII,
3114, 15 et 1855. XII, 4652, 15 (Syrphus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 338
(Helophilus). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 521, 1. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 112. — Helophilus nigrotarsatus Schin. F. A. I, 339. *

Male. Vertex black, frons dark greyish yellow pruinose, shining
above the antennze; epistoma yellow pruinose with a black, shining
middle stripe, not reaching the antenne, and with the lower side
parts black. Vertex and frons black-haired or the latter more or
less to quite yellow-haired; epistoma with yellow hairs; the epistoma
somewhat hollowed below the antenne, with a moderate central knob
and retreating below it; it is not protruding and slightly descending.
Occiput whitish grey pruinose, but it is very narrow or disappearing
above; the hairs whitish below, yellow above and here there are
some black hairs at the eye-margin. Eyes with somewhat short, pale
hairs. Antenne black, third joint longer than broad; arista long,
bare. Thorax black, dull, with some more or less distinct, greyish
yellow or grey, sometimes almost whitish markings, caused by pruinosity;
the markings are a transverse band at the front margin, divided in
the middle and here traces of two short, longitudinal stripes may be
seen; then a transverse band following the transverse furrow, likewise
divided in the middle, and finally a band in front of scutellum; some-
times the middle part between the two anterior bands is greyish so
that the whole front half becomes grey with a black spot at each
side; thorax is clothed with yellow hairs, especially bright at the side

Myiatropa. 471

margins, and they are long on the postalar calli; the black space
between the posterior bands is more or less black-haired so that a
black-haired cross-band is formed, broadest at the sides; also on the
anterior black spots may be some black hairs. Scutellum brownish,
paler at the margin; it is black-haired on the disc, but yellow-haired
all round the margin. Pleura greyish pruinose with long, yellow hairs.
Abdomen black, dull, with a shining transverse band anterior to the
hind margin on third and fourth segments, and sometimes on the
middle of second segment; the second segment has a pair of triangular,
yellow or orange side spots, not reaching the hind margin and broadly
separated in the middle; third segment has large, somewhat trans-
versely rectangular basal corner spots close to the front margin and
reaching backwards to the middle or a little beyond; fourth segment
has a pair of greyish or yellowish, pruinose transverse spots at the
basal corners, less broadly separated in the middle than the other
spots, and generally there is a similar, transversely triangular spot at
the hind margin; the hind margins of the segments are yellow, broadest
in the middle, narrowing or disappearing towards the side margins.
Abdomen is clothed with relatively long, yellow hairs, the hind mar-
gins of second and third segments black-haired, generally broadest on
second segment. Venter blackish with pale incisures and side mem-
brane, and with long, yellow hairs. Legs black, femora with the
apex yellow, slightly on hind femora; front tibize with about the basal
half, middle tibiz with the basal two thirds and hind tibie with about
the basal third yellow; tarsi either all black or the anterior, especially
the middle tarsi more or less yellow at the base; sometimes the tibiee
much more yellow, the anterior with only the apex black and the
hind tibie with the basal two thirds yellow. Legs haired as usual;
the colour of the hairs very varying, sometimes nearly all yellow or
only black on the black part of hind tibiz, or they are black to a
high degree, only yellow or partly so on the yellow parts of tibie;
middle femora relatively long-haired on the anterior side, hind femora
black-setulose below in the apical part. Wings more or less brownish
tinged on the anterior basal half. Squamule pale brownish with a
darker margin and a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex moderately broad, the frons widening downwards;
vertex black, frons yellow pruinose with a broad, black stripe from
the vertex to the antenne, widening downwards; the hairs black on
vertex and down the middle stripe, but yellow on the sides; the black
lower side parts of epistoma are generally yellowish towards the oral
margin. The markings on thorax generally more distinct, the whole
front half greyish white with two black side spots. Abdominal

472 Syrphidae.

markings mainly as in the male, the fifth segment marked as the
fourth. Legs paler, the apex of femora more broadly yellow, anterior
tibie with only apex black and middle tarsi generally yellow at
the base.

Length 10—14 mm.

As seen this species varies somewhat, especially with regard to
the markings on thorax and the colour of the legs, and also in size;
the Danish specimens come nearest to the darker form described by
Schiner as nigrotarsatus; in southern regions the species varies much
more, the legs being yellow to a high degree and the markings on thorax
exaggerated; the design on thorax then may show some resemblance
to a “Death’s head”, which induced Rondani to give the generic name
derived from puta a&tpozoc.

M. florea is common in Denmark; Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose,
Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Hareskov, Donse, Tyvekrog, Frersiev Hegn,
Tisvilde, at Sora, Slagelse and Thureby; on Lolland at Maribo and
in Keldskov; on Funen at Veflinge and Middelfart; in Jutland at
Horsens and on the little island Endelave, at Frijsenborg, Hald near
Viborg and Rebbild near Skgrping. My dates are 1°/s—*®/s. It occurs
especially near water and frequents various Umbelliferee. The larva
was found in Bollemosen on #?/4 in a tree-stub with water, it developed
on '/5 (Schlick), and pupe (or larva) were taken in Hareskov, like-
wise in a tree-stub with water, on 17/4, and at a ditch on 4/s, they
developed on 1/5 and 1/5 (Kryger).

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, Syria, northern Africa
and on the Canaries; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in
Finland.

32. Mallota Meig.

Also this genus is nearly related to Fristalis and Helophilus. The
species are large and somewhat Lristalis-like, with a black, unspotted
abdomen, or with only slight spots. They are densely pilose, either
all over the body or only on thorax. The eyes are bare, nearly
touching in a point in the male, separated in the female. Antennee
inserted above the middle of the head; they are short, third joint
higher than long; arista long, apparently bare. Frons somewhat pro-
minent; epistoma hollowed below the antennz, with a moderate but
distinct central knob and below it retreating to the mouth edge and
a little descending; it is pale pruinose with a black middle stripe, and
thinly haired with long hairs. Thorax without markings. Abdomen
(in the Danish species) somewhat long and a little conical; genitalia

. Mallota. 473

large. Legs somewhat robust, hind femora strongly thickened, with a
small swelling with dense hairs below near apex; hind tibize broad
and compressed; tarsi somewhat broad and flat; the curious, long
bristie above the trochanters present, sometimes represented by two,
close-standing hairs. Claws and pulvilli large and strong; empodium
small, bristle-shaped, hairy. Wings as in Helophilus, the subcostal
cell narrowly open; the basal part of the radial vein with fine hairs.
Stigma small, stigmatical cross-vein present. Thoracal squamula as
in Eristalis, with long, branched hairs, alar squamula with short,
flattened hairs. Plumula not long, with branched hairs.

The above description refers to the sole Danish species, cimbici-
formis; this species belongs to the subgenus Zetterstedtia, created by
Rondani for the species with bare eyes, which are approximated in
the male, and with strongly thickened hind femora; a group of species
has the eyes hairy, separated in the male, and the hind femora more
slightly thickened; these species then come in Mallota s. str. The
American species posticata Fabr. has hairy eyes but they are approx-
imated in the male. Most species have a rather short, somewhat
rounded abdomen in contrast to the longer abdomen in cimbici-
formis.

The developmental stages are described by Becher (M. eristaloides)
(Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 1882, 253); he found the larve and pupe in a
hollow poplar at the end of May, the imagines came at the beginning
of June. I have examined larve found in holes in a maple-tree and
in a beech on 2/7 and *8/7. The larva is similar to an Eristalis-larva,
but it is more flattened, not cylindrical but elliptical in a transverse
section; the antenna-like papille and the anterior spiracles as in
Eristalis; the body is very strongly and deeply corrugated; the dermis
is so finely chagreened that it is practically smooth, but the usual
regularly arranged larger spines are present and distinct, and they
are divided into several branches; especially those at the sides are
long; on the ventral side there are likewise seven pairs of proleg-like
warts beset with small spines, one pair on prothorax and six on the
first six abdominal segments; at the posterior end the body is much
flattened and the spines at the sides are here prolonged to papillz
increasing in length backwards and divided into several hairs at the
end; the tail-part is rather thin and long, and able to be much
elongated; as in Eristalis it consists of a long, corrugated basal part,
a longitudinally striated middle part and a chitinous end part; there
are also here four small papilla on each side of the first division,
one at the base, one at the apex and two intermediate; besides there
are branched hairs on the sides of the basal part of first division.

474 Syrphidae.

The length of the body is 20mm or more. The pupa is also similar
to an Eristalis-pupa, but, however, rather characteristic; it is thickest
a little before the middle, behind it is attenuated and flattened and
with the side margin marked as an edge; towards the anterior end
it is a little attenuated and rather flattened, and thus this end has
quite another shape than in the Eristalis-pupa; the four horns are
present as in Lristalis, but on account of the shape of the anterior
end the prothoracal spiracles of the pupa lie longer behind the larval
spiracles than in Hristalis. The length of the pupa is 18—20 mm.

The species of Mallota are large, strong and robust, more or less
Bee-like flies; they frequent Umbellifere and other flowers.

Of the genus 5 species are known from the palearctic region;
two belong to Mallota s. str. and three to Zetterstedtia; one species
(of Zetterstedtia) is found in Denmark.

1. M. cimbiciformis Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 27, 18 (Syrphus), — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 285,3 (Hristalis). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 663, 8 et 1855.
XII, 4652, 8 (Syrphus). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 552, 1, fig. 379. —
1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 114. — WM. eristaloides Loew, 1856. Neue
Beitr. IV, 17 et 43,35. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 343. — Imatisma posticata
Macq. (nec Fabr.) 1842. Dipt. exot. Il, 126, 1, Pl. XII, fig. 2. — WM. posticata
1856. Loew, Neue Beitr. IV, 18. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 343.

Male. Vertex rather large, black, slightly brownish just in front;
frons greyish pruinose behind, more yellowish at the sides anteriorly,
with a large, bare, black space above the antenne; epistoma greyish
yellow pruinose with a bare, black middle stripe, not reaching the
antenne, the lower lateral parts broadly black and also the extreme
mouth edge; the epistoma is considerably hollowed below the antenne,
with a moderate central knob, below which it is slightly retreating,
the lower part a little prominent and a little descending. Vertex and
frons black-haired, epistoma with long, sparse, pale hairs at the sides.
Occiput brownish pruinose, whitish along the eye-margin on the lower
half, black above; the hairs are whitish below, yellow above, but here
with many black hairs, and the short hairs on the middle part black.
Antenne short, third joint higher than long with a tendency towards
an angle above; the basal joints black or brownish, third joint brown;

* Becher says: ‘‘Fussstummeln fehlen”, he must thus have overlooked the spined,
proleg-like warts, though they are nearly as pronounced as in Hristalis; when
he says about Helophilus that the chitinised apical part of the spiracular tube
in the larva seems to be wanting is this not correct, the Helophilus-larva has
the tube constructed quite as in the Eristalis-larva.

Mallota. 475

arista brown, long and bare. Thorax grey or greyish yellow pruinose,
with indications of three paler stripes, but the colour is nearly hidden
under the dense pile, as thorax is densely clothed with long, pale
hairs. Scutellum yellowish with similar hairs as on thorax. Pleura
with long, whitish yellow hairs. Abdomen somewhat long, black or

Fig. 160. Antenna of M. cimbiciformis 3, from the inside. >< 40,

bluish black, shining, with more or less narrow and obscure, reddish
hind margins to the segments; on second segment are a pair of more
or less obscure, yellowish, triangular spots near the basal corners, and
the basal corners of third and fourth segments may also be yellowish,
this colour sometimes vaguely extended in on the segments; some-
times abdomen is quite unspotted. Abdomen is clothed with short
hairs, which are sometimes all black, only at the base whitish, but
sometimes also whitish on the front part of third and fourth segments,
the whitish-haired space widening out towards the sides; at the side
margin the hairs are long and all white, or black at the hind corners
of the segments. Venter black with long, pale hairs. Legs black, the
extreme apex of the femora and generally also the extreme base of
hind femora reddish, and the basal part of the tibie may be more or
less reddish or yellowish, especially on middle tibize, which may be
yellow to near the apex; tarsi black or more or less brownish, especi-
ally the posterior pairs. Hind femora much thickened, hind tibic
broad, curved and somewhat compressed; the tarsi rather flat and
broad. Legs densely and longish-haired, hind trochanters with short,
dense, black hairs below, the hairs otherwise very varying in colour
from nearly all pale to nearly all black; hind femora with scattered,
long hairs below and with dense, short, black hairs which form a
dense clump, placed on a small swelling before the apex. Wings more
or less brownish tinged and with a more or less distinct fascia down
from the stigma. Stigma small. Squamule dirty yellowish with a
pale yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

476 Syrphidae.

Female. Vertex broad, black, frons a little more brownish, but
black and shining on the part above the antenne, a little yellowish
at the eye-margins; the hairs black on vertex, paler on frons but
black above the antenne. Abdomen generally more white-haired than
in the male.

Length 15—17 mm.

This species is rather like Eristalis tenax but cannot be con-
founded with it.

M. cimbiciformis is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven and
on Moen. My sole date of capture is 72/6. Only few specimens have
been taken, but it has been bred in great numbers by Mr. Schlick;
the larvee were taken in Dyrehaven on 1/7 and 7/7 in water in a hollow
maple-tree and a hollow beech.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to
middle Sweden; it is also recorded from North America.

33. Merodon Mei.

The genus is related to the other genera of the Eristalinae among
others by the similar wing-venation. The species are .of large or
medium size and densely pilose. Eyes hairy, touching for a short
distance in the male, separated in the female. Antenne inserted in
the middle of the head; they are somewhat short (or elongated in
foreign species), the third joint a little elongated with an upper apical
angle; arista not long, apparently bare. Epistoma with no central
knob, a little arched just below the antenne, hollowed in the middle
and then produced to a prominent upper mouth edge, and almost
not descending; it is black, slightly pruinose, hairy. Clypeus has the
basal part somewhat long. Proboscis of some length; palpi short
with numerous long hairs at the apex. Thorax rectangular. Scutellum
black, without any distinct marginal fringe directed downwards. Ab-
domen shorter or longer, in the male consisting of four visible segments
as in the related genera; genitalia somewat large; the fourth ventral
segment narrow, bent somewhat downwards and deeply incised in the
hind margin, the fourth dorsal segment with the sides bent broadly
down on the ventral side; (in some foreign species the fourth ventral
segment is less incised). Legs strong and robust, hind femora con-
siderably thickened and with a triangular tooth below near the tip in
both sexes; hind tibiz more or less dilated and compressed; tarsi
broad and flat. The males of some species have processes on hind
coxe, or they have (such as our equestris) a spur at the apex of hind
tibiz. The curious long, bristly hair above the trochanters is present,

Merodon. ATT

at all events on the anterior legs. Claws and pulvilli large and strong;
empodium small, bristle-shaped. Wings with a venation about as in
Helophilus, but the subcostal cell more widely open, the radial vein
ending in the middle between the subcostal and cubital veins; anal
vein not dipped downwards; the base of the radial vein with fine
bristles. Vena spuria almost not produced beyond the medial cross-
vein. Stigma consisting only of the stigmatical cross-vein. Thoracal
squamula with long, branched hairs, alar squamula with shorter, flattened
hairs. Plumula somewhat short, with simple, not branched hairs.
The developmental stages are rather well known because a
species (equestris, perhaps also other species) is injurious to Narcissus.
Already Réaumur (Mém. Ins. IV, 1738, 497, Pl. 34, fig. 1—12) men-
tions and figures a species, generally considered as WM. clavipes but
perhaps more probably equestris; he had got the larve in bulbs of
Narcissus in November, and the imagines developed the next April.
Van Roser (Wiirttemb. Corr. Blatt. 11, 1834) and Serville et St. Fargeau
(Encycl. Méthod. X, 1825, 525) mention the same. The larva and pupa
of M. equestris (narcissi) are described and figured by Bouché (Naturg.
Ins. I, 1834, 52, Tab. V, Fig. 7—13 et Stett. ent. Zeitg. VI, 1845, 150)
from bulbs of Narcissus niveus. Besides other papers, often appearing
in gardening and agricultural papers, there is an elaborate monograph
by Ritzema Bos (Arch. du Mus. Teyler, 2, I, 1885) with some biblio-
graphy of the subject. Verrall records (Brit. Fl. VIII, 1901, 559) several
samples of its breeding and its damages in England, and Stickel (Berl.
Ent. Zeitschr. LIII, 1908, 202) mentions the larva in bulbs of Amaryllis
vittata in autumn, they pupated in the earth and the pupa hibernated.
— The larva is not of the rat-tailed type; according to the descrip-
tions it is somewhat similar to a Syrphus-larva, the body is elongated
elliptical, somewhat flattened, especially below, of greyish yellow colour;
it is evenly attenuated towards the anterior end, more abruptly behind;
it is transversely corrugated, densely beset with fine hairs, among which
some stronger. There are distinct mouth hooks and the usual antenna-
like papille; on prothorax are the small anterior spiracular processes ;
above on the last segment is a short, black posterior spiracular pro-
cess, and to each side of it is a pointed process or wart. The length
is 16—23 mm. The pupa is darker, for the rest similar to a con-
tracted larva; it has prothoracal spiracular tubes, directed forwards
and diverging; the length is about 14mm. As far as is known the
female deposits the eggs on the ground at the food-plant; the larve
live in and devour the bulbs of Narcissus and bulbs of other allied
plants; there is only one, sometimes two larve in each bulb; the
larva is full grown in autumn, and it seems to hibernate and pupate

478 Syrphidae.

and develop early the next spring; the pupa is generally found in the
earth near the bulb.

The species of Merodon are beautiful, sonienelet Bee-like flies;
the genus is of southern occurrence, numerous species occurring in
southern Europe and North Africa, but the species are far from being
well known. They are recorded to occur on meadows and to frequent
especially Umbellifere.

Of the genus nearly 65 species are known from the paleearctic
region; one is found in Denmark.

1. M. equestris Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 292, 51 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 196, 2.
— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 352, 2, Tab. XXXI, Fig. 23 et 1838. VII,
141. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 344. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 556, 1,
figs. 3880—381. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. I], 117. — 1913. Sack,
Abhandl. Senckenb. Nat. Gesell. 31, 428, Tab. 24, Fig. 5. — Syrphus flavi-
cans Fabr. 1794. 1. c. IV, 292, 52 et’ 1805. 1. c. 242, 40 (Hristahs). —
1822. Meig. 1. c. Ill, 355, 8. — Eristalis narcissi Fabr. 1805. 1. c. 239, 32.
— 1822. Meig. |. c. Ill, 354, 6. — Eristalis ferrugineus Fabr. 1805. 1. c.
240, 35. — 1822. Meig. 1. c. III, 355, 7. — M. nobilis Meig. 1822. 1. ¢. Ill,
353, 3 et 1838. VII, 141. — M. transversalis Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 354, 4.
— WM. constans Meig. (nec Rossi) 1822. 1. ¢. Ill, 354, 5. — M. validus Meig.
1822. 1. c. Ill, 365, 24. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 347.

Male. Vertex long, brownish yellow pruinose, frons greyish pruinose,
both with long, yellow hairs, more or less hidding the colour; epistoma
black, shining, slightly greyish pruinose, with long, pale hairs; the
epistoma has no central knob, it is arched just below the antenne,
hollowed in the middle and then produced to the rather prominent
front mouth edge; it is almost not descending. Occiput greyish pruinose,
the hairs yellow. Eyes with pale yellow hairs. Antenne black, third
joint a little elongate, straight or slightly concave above, with a more
or less distinct upper angle; arista not longer than the antenne, bare,
brownish at the base. Thorax black, or more or less brown on the
front part, shining; the ground colour nearly hidden by the long and
dense pile, which is yellow on the paler front part, for the rest black.
Scutellum black and black-haired. Pleura with long hairs which, as
on the disc, are yellow in front, black behind. Abdomen somewhat
conical, blackish, shining; it is long and densely pilose, the hairs black
at the base, reddish on the apical part, or they are all pale, whitish
at the base, yellow to reddish on the apical part. Venter black, with
long, pale or mainly pale hairs; fourth segment bent somewhat down-
wards, incised in the middle of the hind margin; genitalia rather large.
Legs strong and robust, black, at most reddish just on the anterior

Merodon. 479

knees; the anterior femora somewhat thickened, the hind femora con-
siderably thickened with a triangular tooth below near apex on the
anterior side; hind tibiz broad in the apical two thirds, somewhat
thickened after the middle, with
a dilatation on the ventral side,
compressed before apex and here
especially incurved on the post-
erior side and the apex bent
somewhat towards this side; on
the posterior side the apex itself
is prolonged into a strong, flat-
tened and curved spur; all tarsi
somewhat broad. The legs haired
in the usual way, the hairs on
femora rather long and dense;
they are all or nearly all black,
and likewise on tibiz or more
or less to quite pale on the
anterior tibie; there are some
longer hairs on the posterior
side of middle tibiz and on the
dilatation below the hind tibie.
Wings almost hyaline or some-
what tinged. Stigma consisting only of the cross-vein. Squamule
and fringes smoky to black. Halteres brownish or black.

Female. Vertex and frons somewhat broad, widening evenly down
to the antenne; vertex and a middle stripe down to the antenne
black, the sides of the frons brownish pruinose; the hairs black on
vertex, paler downwards but varying. The hairs on thorax all black,
on abdomen black on the basa) half, yellow or reddish on the apical
half, or they are all yellow on thorax and yellowish grey on abdomen.
Hind femora less thickened than in the male, but with the same
triangular tooth; hind tibize almost simple and with no apical spur.

Length 11—13,5 mm.

The above description is made from our few Danish specimens;
the males belong to the var. equestris (one specimen with the base of
abdomen black-haired answers to buléorwm Rond.), while the females
are of the var. validus, except one specimen of the var. narcissi. In
other regions the species varies very considerably, from nearly all
black-haired to all pale-haired and with all intermediates; the varieties
were not recognized as such and were consequently described as
species; now it is clearly recognized that we have only one species

Fig. 161. Hind leg of M. equestris 3,
from the anterior side. > 12.

480 Syrphidae.

with an apical spur of the described shape on the hind tibiz of the
male, and upon the whole with the hind tibiz of such a shape.

M. equestris is rare i Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens, Ordrup
Mose, Wrholm (the author), Fuglevad, Sollered (Klécker); on Funen at
Odense, and in Jutland at Munkebjerg at Vejle Fjord (N. P. Jorgensen)
and at Silkeborg (Esben Petersen). The dates are **/4—*/7. Further
I possess a specimen bred from a flower-pot by Mr. E. Suenson, the
imago came on 1°/4. As the species besides in gardens also has been
taken on other localities it now seems to live in Denmark, but it is
of course introduced, and it has never appeared in any number nor
done any damage. The species evidently spreads towards the north,
thus Dr. Ammitzbéll has kindly communicated to me that in 1915
the species was in May to July one of the most common Syrphids in
the vicinity of Ystad in southern Scania, while there were earlier taken
only three specimens in 1910.

Geographical distribution: — The species is distributed over all
middle and southern Europe, and in North Africa; it was not known
from Sweden before 1910 (Ringdahl, Entom. Tidskr. 32, 1911, 124),
but it now seems common in southern Sweden (see above).

IV. Milesiinae.

34. Tropidia Meig.

Species of medium size and a somewhat narrow shape, with
reddish markings on abdomen; they are slightly haired. Head semi-
globular, not short, as broad as thorax and a little broader than high;
it is slightly excavated behind. Eyes touching in the male, separated,
but not broadly, in the female; they are bare; the facets in the male
somewhat considerably enlarged on the upper front part. Antenne
inserted in the middle of the head; they are short, third joint nearly
square; the basal joints have small hairs, the third and the arista
microscopically hairy. Epistoma keel-shaped, without central knob,
straight from the antenne to the mouth edge and not descending;
it is black and yellow but pale pruinose, with a black, bare middle
stripe. Frons and epistoma without hairs. Jowls not descending;
they are separated from epistoma by a furrow which stretches up to
the middle of epistoma separating off narrow, short-haired eye-margins:
Oral cone and proboscis of some length; clypeus of usual shape.
Labrum long, of the usual construction, the median process the longest,
cleft and with emergences at the apex; the upper lateral process
delicate, the lower drawn a little out at the apex; hypopharynx a

Tropidia. | 481

little shorter than labrum; maxille likewise of usual shape, the lacinia
a little shorter than hypopharynx, its microscopical spines especially
distinct at the apex; the palpus a little shorter than the lacinia, with
microscopical hairs and some bristles. Labium with the basal part
and the oval labella of about equal length. Thorax rectangular; scutel-
lum black with the apical margin yellow, and with a slight marginal
fringe below. There are no bristles present, but the postalar calli
have somewhat strong hairs, and at the margin of scutellum are long,
almost bristly hairs. Abdomen of the breadth of thorax, elongated,
somewhat narrowed behind; it is flat; in the male there are four not
transformed segments, the first short, the other three of equal length;
the fourth dorsal segment is about square or somewhat widened
behind, but the apical corners are bent down as rounded triangular
flaps; the fourth ventral segment is bent downwards and has a dense
brush of hairs at the hind margin to each side of the middle; it is
roundly incised in the front margin; the fifth ventral segment is present
in its whole breadth, but quite short and quite hidden; the other
segments lying as usual on the left side and turned to the right;*
the ninth segment, the hypopygium, has elongated, triangularly spoon-
shaped, hairy, outer lamellae, and long terminal appendages, hidden
under the fourth segment. In the female there are five normal ab-
dominal segments, the fifth small, the rest hidden, the last ending
with two lamella. Legs with the hind femora strongly thickened and
curved, and in both sexes with a triangular tooth below at apex on
the anterior side; hind tibize curved and somewhat compressed; the
legs almost quite short-haired, only middle femora with long hairs
behind; above on the trochanters a short bristle. Claws and pulvilli
well developed; empodium not quite small, spine-shaped, hairy. Wings
with the cubital vein curved a little down above the first posterior
cell (in the non-Danish fasciata distinctly looped); medial cross-vein
after the middle of the discal cell, rather sloping; anal vein dipped a
little downwards in the middle; radial vein with very fine hairs on
’ the basal part; no stigmatical cross-vein. Thoracal squamula with
long, branched hairs, alar squamula with shorter, somewhat flattened
hairs. Plumula quite short, with the hairs simple or slightly branched
at the base.

The developmental stages were hitherto not known, but I have
examined puparia from which 7. scita was bred. The puparium is

1 Verrall says (Brit. Fl. VIII, 128) that the genitalia are symmetrical, this is er-
roneous; they may look so seen from above, but they are principally constructed
as in other Syrphids.

31

482 Syrphidae.

nearly cylindrical but a little flattened below; it shows here traces of
seven pairs of spined prolegs; it is rounded in front, slightly attenuated
behind; the dermis is densely covered with very short and fine spines;
on the anterior part of the dorsal side are the prothoracal spiracles
as two short, rounded, nearly egg-shaped, red tubes, with small,
scattered tubercles; at the posterior end there are some small fila-
ments at the sides, and at the end itself is a nearly 1mm long, about
cylindrical posterior spiracular process with indications of a longi-
tudinal dividing line; its end is flat and bears the spiracles. The
puparium is of a whitish yellow or dirty yellow colour and nearly
7mm long. — The pup were sifted in spring from flood refuse in
a fen; the imagines came on 1/5.

Of the genus 4 species are known from the palearctic region
(one of them from China); one species occurs in Denmark.

1 scita’ Harris:

1776. Harr. Expos. engl. Ins. 107, Pl. XXXII, fig. 41 (Musca). —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 568, 1, figs. 395—399. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 121. — Eristalis milesiiformis Fall. 1817. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 52, 5. —
T. milesiiformis 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 347, 2, Tab. XXX, Fig. 14. —
1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 883, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 349. — T. dor-
salis Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 285, 1 et 1834. Suit. a Buff. I, 518, 2. —
1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 141, 3.

Male. Vertex long and narrow, black, frons and epistoma whitish
yellow pruinose, the latter with a bare, black middle line; the ground
colour of epistoma below the pruinosity is blackish below the antenne,
yellow on the middle, but black again from the lateral angles of the
oral margin to the eye; the lower side parts are yellowish and bare.
Vertex has slight, yellow hairs, at the anterior point black hairs; frons
and epistoma without hairs; the epistoma is keel-shaped, straight from
the antenne to the not prominent mouth edge. Occiput greyish black,
slightly pruinose, the hairs yellow, not dense, short, slightly longer
above. Antenne brownish or blackish, third joint nearly square.
Thorax black or eneous black, shining, the humeri and a spot inwards
to the wing-root silvery pruinose; it is clothed with short, yellow hairs,
on the hinder half these hairs are a little longer but sparse, and there
are here dense but exceedingly short, depressed, black hairs, the disc
is therefore here more punctate and less shining; the postalar calli
have short, black, bristly hairs. Scutellum black with the apical margin
yellow, it has short, black hairs and at the margin long, yellow,
almost bristly hairs. Pleura greyish white pruinose, with short, pale
hairs. Abdomen mainly reddish or yellow, first segment except the

Tropidia. 483

side margins, a narrow front margin of second segment not reaching
the sides and fourth segment black, and along the dorsum a black
middle line, generally interrupted on the hind part of second and third
segments; sometimes the hind margins of second and third segments
obscurely darkened so that the reddish colour forms two pairs of
quadrate spots; the fourth segment is yellowish just at the basal
corners, and it has the hind margin and a small central spot reddish,
on its front half is a grey pruinose spot at each side and the black
dorsal middle stripe is produced between them; abdomen is dullish,
only the apical half of fourth segment shining; it is clothed with quite
short, depressed hairs which partly follow the ground colour but are
black somewhat beyond the sides of the middle stripe and also on
the hind parts of the segments; on the grey spots on fourth segment
they are pale; at the side the hairs are long only at the basal corners.
Venter coloured mainly as dorsum but without black middle stripe;
it has short, pale hairs. The genitalia are large, the fourth dorsal
segment is about quadrate, but it has the apical corners bent down
as rounded triangular lobes; the anterior haif of the segment is some-
what depressed; the fourth ventral segment is bent downwards and
has a dense brush of red hairs at the hind margin to each side of
the middle; the outer lamelle of
the hypopygium are large, reddish.
Legs black, shining, the anterior
knees and the basal half of front
tibie yellow, middle tibie yellow
with a black ring just before the
apex; anterior tarsi yellow with the
fourth joint black; hind legs with
only the extreme base of tibiz pale;
hind femora strongly thickened and
curved, thickest towards the end,
with a large, triangular tooth below
the apex towards the anterior side,
hind tibiz somewhat compressed
and curved and hind tarsi some-
what broad and flat; the legs mainly Fig. 162. Hind leg of T. scita 8,
short-haired, only middle femora from the anterior side. > 16.
with long hairs behind; hind femora

quite short-haired; the hairs are mainly pale on anterior femora, but
front femora with a row of black, somewhat bristly hairs behind and
a similar below, and middle femora with a few at apex; front tibie
black-haired below and behind, middle tibiz almost quite black-haired

31*

4834 Syrphidae.

and hind legs black-haired, or the femora with a few yellowish hairs
above; the hind femora very short-spinulose below, with a little longer
bristles on the apical margin of the tooth; the hind tibize with a very
short, erect ciliation below. Wings hyaline or nearly so; cubital vein

Fig. 163. Wing of T.scita g.

curved a little down over the first posterior cell. Stigma weak,
elongate. Squamulz whitish yellow with a pale yellow fringe. Halteres
yellow. :

Female. Vertex and frons rather narrow; vertex black above,
the rest brownish pruinose, above the antenne black, shining; the
hairs yellowish, darker on the vertex. Abdomen coloured mainly as
in the male but the red spots somewhat silvery pruinose on the front
corners; fourth segment without red spot.

Length 7,5—10 mm.

T. scita is not rare in Denmark; Damhusmosen, Lerso, Ordrup
Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Fure Sa; on Lolland at
Maribo and at Strandby west of Nysted; on Langeland at Lohals; on
Funen at Middelfart and Ullerslev, and in Jutland at Horsens and at
Gjerlev near Randers Fjord. My dates are '°/s—1/7. It occurs on
meadows and in fens with rich vegetation; is has a curious behaviour
as it flies very low near the ground among the herbage. The pupa
was sifted from flood refuse in Ullersleyv Mose on Funen, the imagines
came on ‘4/5 (N. P. Jorgensen).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden.

35. Myiolepta Newm.
(Myolepta).
This genus seems to be related to Tropidia and is agreeing with

it in several respects, though the place of the medial cross-vein might
indicate another relationship; its place is therefore somewhat doubtful.

Myiolepta. AS5

The species are of medium size, with pale markings on abdomen
much as in Tropidia (or, in non-Danish species, without markings),
and very slightly hairy. Head a little broader than high, narrowing
downwards, slightly broader than thorax; behind it is flat below, ex-
cavated above. Eyes bare, touching in the male, separated in the
female; the facets in the male somewhat enlarged on the upper front
part. Frons somewhat prominent. Antenne inserted in the middle
of the head, short, third joint oval; arista long and thin, apparently
bare. Epistoma strongly hollowed below the antennez in the male,
with a small but prominent central knob and below it a little hol-
lowed or retreating, and the mouth edge a little produced, thus the

Head of MM. luteola.
Fig. 164. Male. Fig. 165. Female.

lower part of epistoma somewhat prominent, slightly descending; in
the female there is no central knob, the epistoma being hollowed
from the antenne to the produced mouth edge. (In ruficornis [non-
Danish] the eyes are not touching in the male, and in both sexes the
epistoma has no central knob). The epistoma is black but white
pruinose except the central knob or lower part. Jowls small, a little
descending; there are narrow, somewhat indistinct eye-margins with
short hairs, they stretch half way up the epistoma. The frons slightly
short-haired; epistoma bare. Oral cone and proboscis of medium
length; mouth parts of usual construction, the maxillar palpus a little
longer than the lacinia; labium with the basal part and the somewhat
broad labella of about equal length. Thorax rectangular but some-
what narrowed in front. Scutellum black, marginate, with not long,
bristly hairs at the margin; it has no marginal fringe below. Abdomen
a little broader than in Tropidia, the fourth dorsal segment not bent
down such as in this genus, and the fourth ventral segment simple.

486 Syrphidae.

Genitalia relatively large. The lamelle at the end of the female ab-
domen somewhat long. Legs with the femora somewhat thickened,
tibize a little curved, especially the hind tibize and these latter a little
thickened about the middle and with the usual slight incurvation
before the apex on the posterior side; the legs rather short-haired;
the femora sulcate and spinose below the apical part; the curious small
bristle above the trochanters present. Claws and pulvilli well developed;
empodium short, bristle-shaped. Wings with the cubital vein im-
perceptibly curved down above the first posterior cell; medial cross-
vein before the middle of the discal cell and slightly oblique; anal
vein nearly straight; there are distinct, fine bristles on the basal part
of the subcostal vein, continuing out on the radial vein to near the
base of the cubital vein; no stigmatical cross-vein. Thoracal squamula
with long, fine, branched hairs, alar squamula with short, slightly
flattened hairs. Plumula somewhat short, with simple hairs.

The developmental stages are somewhat well known. Becher
describes (Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 1882, 250) larva and pupa of M. obscura
and the pupa of M. luteola. The larva of obscura was found in a
hollow poplar in the middle of March, it pupated on 7°/3 and the
imago came on 1/4; the pupa of luteola was found on the same place
at the end of May and first in June, and the imago came at the
middle of June. I have myself examined the pupa of WM. luteola,
found in the decaying wood in a hollow beech on 14/7, the imagines
came on */7 and 1/7. According to Brauer the larva of M. luteola has
also been found in decaying wood of a maple-tree. The larva of
M. obscura is, according to Becher, whitish, somewhat cylindrical but
with the ventral side flattened; it is tapering behind and has here a
thin, chitinised spiracular tube, telescopically pro- and retractile, and
with hairs stellately arranged at the end; above the mouth are the
two-jointed antenna-like papillz sitting on a basal piece; there are no
mouth hooks; on prothorax are short anterior spiracular tubes. The
prothoracal segment is longitudinally wrinkled, the body otherwise
with transverse corrugations; on the ventral side are six pairs of
spined prolegs. At the sides of the posterior segments are some
filaments with hairs at the end, the last pair the longest. The length
in all (of a probably not quite full-grown larva) is 13 mm, the tapering
part and the tube of which measure 4mm. The pupa of MM. luteola
is quite agreeing with the above description of the larva; it is curious
that Becher states for the pupa of both obscura and luteola that they
are “von einem (weisslichen respective gelblichen) reifartigen Ueber-
zuge dicht bedeckt”; this is evidently caused only by the clay-like
substance in which they live; Becher says that for this reason he

Myiolepta. 487

could not find “die an der Larve deutlichen Stigmenhérner”; [ think
this is a confounding with the prothoracal pupal spiracular tubes
which he does not mention; these are, however, present and cannot
escape observation when the pupa is cleaned for the adhering material;
the tubes are cylindrical, brown, nearly 0,5 mm long, directed upwards
and forwards and a little diverging; the pupa is 8—10 mm long in
all, the tapering posterior part about 2 mm and the tube itself about
1 mm long.

According to the observations the larva seems to feed on the
decaying wooden material, and they seem to hibernate.

Remarks: It was said above that the genus may be allied to
Tropidia, but its place is doubtful on account of the medial cross-
vein lying before the middle of the discal cell as in the Syrphinae;
it will be seen that its larva shows some resemblance to the larva of
Tropidia (to judge from the puparium), but it differs in an important
point, as it has a telescopical posterior spiracular process; such a
posterior process is otherwise only found in the FEristalinae (and
Sericomyia), but is there much longer, and in Chrysogaster and Neo-
ascia; in these latter genera it is short, and the imagines of Chryso-
gaster, Neoascia and Myiolepta show also rather great similarity; with
regard to Chrysogaster the shape of the epistoma with a central knob
in the male but without knob in the female is agreeing; on the other
hand the shape of the frons in both sexes of this genus is very
different from Myiolepta; Verrall says that if not belonging to the
Milesiinae the place of Myiolepta would be near Sphegina, it resembles
this genus in the slightly haired frons and bare epistoma, and this is
perhaps its most natural place, but there are, however, several
differences, and it must be noted that in Calliprobola among the
Milestinae the larva has also a tail; at present I shall therefore make
no alteration.

Of the genus 5 palearctic species are known; one occurs in
Denmark. —

1. M. luteola Gmel.
1788. Gmel. Syst. Nat. V, 2879, 379 (Musca). — 1838. Newm. Entom.

Mag. V, 373. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 325. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
573, 1, figs. 400—402. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 122. — Thereva
dubia Fabr. 1805. Syst. Antl. 221, 14. — Fristalis lateralis Fall. 1817.

Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 41, 4. — Xylota lateralis 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill,
224, 18. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scend. II, 880, 15.

Male. Vertex and frons black, shining, the latter white pruinose
at the eye-margins; epistoma white or silvery pruinose, on the central

488 Syrphidae.

knob and down to the mouth edge black and shining, and likewise
the lower lateral parts; vertex with slight, yellow hairs and frons
with quite short and slight, likewise yellow hairs; epistoma nearly
quite bare, only with a few, white hairs at the eye-margins; the
epistoma is much hollowed below the antenne with a central knob
as much protruding as the antennal prominence, and below it a little
retreating, the lower part of epistoma thus somewhat protruding but
only slightly descending. Occiput black, greyish white pruinose on
the lower part but only slightly above; the hairs white and longish
below, yellow and quite short above. Antenne reddish yellow, the
basal joints darker to blackish, third joint short ovate; arista long,
thin. Thorax black or eneous black, shining, the front margin some-
what indefinitely whitish pruinose; thorax is clothed with quite short
hairs which are yellow or mixed black and yellow on the front half,
black and more dense on the posterior half, and the disc therefore
here more densely punctate as in T’ropidia. Scutellum black, densely
punctate, with quite short hairs which are black or more or less
brownish yellow; at the margin are short, brownish yellow, bristly
hairs; the scutellum is distinctly marginate. Pleura with longish,
whitish hairs, a little yellow above. Abdomen black and yellow, marked
in a somewhat similar way as in Tropidia; first segment greyish black
except the yellow sides, second segment yellow with black middle line,
generally a little widening forwards, broadest just before the front
margin; the third segment may be nearly quite yellow with a black
middle line, but it is generally more or less black on the hind part,
and sometimes only the basal corners are more or less reddish; fourth
segment zneous black; abdomen may thus be termed yellowish with
the base, a larger or smaller apical part and a broader or narrower
dorsal line black; it is dullish on the basal part, shining on fourth
and on the greater part of third segment, and it is clothed with short
hairs, which are pale on first segment, black on second and third but
yellow and slightly longer on fourth segment; at the sides they are
all yellow, and they are long at the basal corners; venter yellowish
with just the base and the fourth segment blackish, often also the
hind part of third segment dark; it has longish, pale or brownish
hairs. Legs black, shining, all tarsi with the three first joints yellow,
on the front tarsi generally somewhat darkened; al] knees may some-
times be slightly and obscurely reddish; all femora somewhat thickened,
front and hind femora the most; anterior tibie a little thickened to-
wards the end; hind tibiz a little curved, somewhat thick about the
middle, and with a small elevation below just above the middle. The

Myiolepta. 489

legs short-haired, also on femora the hairs only slightly longer; the
hairs on femora pale but more or less black above on the apical part,
tibiz black-haired only except the usual, depressed, reddish or brownish
pubescence on the apical part below front tibie and on ventral and
posterior side of hind tibie; the femora are sulcated below in the
apical part and with two rows of short but somewhat strong, black

Fig. 166. Wing of M. luteola o.

spinules; hind femora also spinulose to the base. Wings yellow or
brownish yellow, especially at the base and on the anterior part;
stigma small and slight, below it an undefined dark or blackish cloud;
medial cross-vein before the middle of the discal cell. Squamule
whitish with yellow margin and fringes. Halteres whitish or pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons somewhat broad, widening downwards,
black and shining; frons- more or less distinctly trisuleate on the basal
part, with a pair of small, whitish dust spots; the hairs short and
pale. Epistoma without central knob, hollowed in the middle, with
the mouth edge produced; it is black, shining, silvery pruinose only
below the antenne, along the eyes and on a stripe from the lower
part of the eye to the lateral angle of the oral margin. Abdomen
generally yellowish only on the sides of first and second segments.
Front tarsi black.

Length 8—10 mm.

M. luteola is not rare in Denmark; Ermelund, Ordrup Mose,
Bollemosen, @rholm; on Langeland at Lohals, and in Jutland at Reb-
bild near Skgrping. My dates are 1*/s—**/;, It occurs in fens and in
woods and thickets. The pupa has been taken in hollow trees in
Dyrehaven (Schlick), and in a hollow beech at Orholm on 1/7, developing
on °/7 and 1/7 (the author); on the latter place the pupze were found
in the clay-like decaying wood together with larve and pupe of
Xylomyia maculata.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe and
down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden.

4.90 Syrphidae.

36. Criorrhina Meig.

Species of large or medium size and densely pilose, at all events
on thorax; they are somewhat varying in shape, broad or narrower.
Head very short, broader than high, about of the breadth of thorax
or a little broader; it is flat or a little arched behind, only sligthly
excavated above. Eyes bare; in the male they are approximated
above in a point but not touching, and the vertex is relatively long
and narrow; they are separated in the female but not very broadly;
in the male the facets are slightly enlarged above on the front part.
The frons is slightly hairy or quite bare. Antenne inserted above the
middle of the head, the basal joints not quite short, the third large,
higher than long; arista long, inserted near the base or at some
distance from it; the basal antennal joints have small hairs, the third
joint and the arista microscopically hairy. Epistoma hollowed below
the antennz and then produced to a not small but little prominent
central knob, below which it is not retreating but almost straight to
the mouth edge; the central knob and the lower part of epistoma is
thus somewhat protruding, and it is considerably or much descending;
the epistoma is black but pale pruinose on the whole front side, or
sometimes with a bare, black middle stripe in the female; it is only
sligthly haired at the sides and on the eye-margins, sometimes also
on the black lower side parts. The jowls are somewhat small and
slightly descending, they are more or less separated from epistoma by
a furrow which separates off narrow eye-margins, stretching more or
less upwards, sometimes to above the middle. Proboscis and oral
cone of some length; clypeus of usual shape, with the basal part
somewhat long; the mouth parts otherwise mainly of the usual con-
struction; labrum (éerberina) strong and strongly semitubular, the
median process the shortest, cleft and beset with emergences; the
upper lateral processes thin, somewhat branched or beset with some
emergences; the lower lateral processes of usual shape but the inner
margin a little dentate with rounded teeth, and at the apex they are
variously excised or dentate; the usual rows of small papille on the
inside of the lateral margins of labrum are present; hypopharynx like-
wise strong and also semitubular, it is a little shorter than labrum,
parallel-sided but attenuating in the outer part, the apex rounded;
the salivary duct very distinct; the maxille considerably shorter than
hypopharynx, of the usual, knife-like shape and with microscopical
spines, especially distinct at the apex; the palpi long, double as long
as the lacinia, somewhat club-shaped, with microscopical hairs and
with numerous bristles; labium with the basal part firmly chitinised,
slightly longer than the somewhat broad, triangularly oval labella.

Criorrhina. 491

Thorax quadratic or in the more elongated species rectangular. Scutel-
lum concolorous with thorax, generally pruinose; it has no marginal
fringe below (berberina, oxyacanthae) or a more or less distinct fringe
is present (floccosa, asilica); no bristles present; metapleura with dense,
short hairs, a little longer at the hind margin. Abdomen somewhat
varying, in the shorter species it is short, broader than thorax and
somewhat rounded; in the longer species it is narrower, somewhat
elongate, a little narrowing behind; in the male there are four not
transformed segments on both sides. Genitalia large, largest in the
elongated species; there are somewhat long and forceps-like terminal
appendages, and hairy outer lamelle. In the female there are five
normal abdominal segments, and at the end two small lamelle. Legs
simple or sometimes the hind femora thickened (in non-Danish species) ;
the hind tibize a little curved and generally somewhat compressed,
especially on the basal and apical parts, the middle part more
thickened; the legs haired as usual, femora rather long-haired; above
the trochanters the curious long, bristly hair present, or sometimes a
pair, they are most distinct on anterior trochanters. Claws and pul-
villi well developed; empodium short, bristle-shaped, hairy. Wings
with the cubital vein not curved; medial cross-vein considerably behind
the middle of the discal cell, very sloping; the base of the radial vein
with fine bristles; no stigmatical cross-vein or only an indistinct one.
Thoracal squamula with long, more or less richly branched hairs,
alar squamula with shorter, flattened hairs. Plumula of medium length,
with simple hairs.

The developmental stages are not well known; van Roser (Wiirttemb.
Corr. Bltt. 10, 1834, 268) found the larva of C. oxyacanthae in flood
refuse at Neckar, but I have not seen this paper; Verrall suggests that
the larva lives in sap of decaying trees. I have examined a pupa of
C. berberina found under moss on a tree-stub at a fen on */,, it
developed on */s. The pupa is similar to that of Tropidia; it is nearly
cylindrical but flattened on the ventral side; it is a little attenuated
in front and more behind and it has here at the sides some short
filaments; the anus lies at the beginning of the attenuated part, rela-
tively long before the posterior end, at the posterior end is an about
1 mm long, reddish yellow, flattened cylindrical spiracular process; it
has a longitudinal dividing line above and below, the end is flat and
bears the spiracles; on the dorsum of the first abdominal segment
are two short, about 0,5 mm long anterior spiracular tubes; they are
brown, beset with tubercles and rather approximated. I could detect
no traces of ventral prolegs. The colour is dirty yellowish and the
length nearly 8 mm.

499 Syrphidae.

The species of Criorrhina are beautiful flies, more or less Bombus-
like, especially the species which have both thorax and abdomen
densely pilose; the other species may be almost Bee-like. The descending
epistoma, which is hollowed below the antenne but almost straight
from the central knob downwards, gives them a characteristic profile.
They occur in wooded districts, especially in spring, and often on
flowers of Crataegus and on other shrub-flowers.

Of the genus 8 species occur in the paleearctic region, 4 have
been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Scutellum and more or less of the thoracal disc in front

of. it, black-harred <<. 1s. sjajcve,<) + leh wri eae Sekt aes eee 1. berberina.
— Scutellum and the whole thorax yellow-haired............ 2.
2. Antennal arista inserted at some distance from the base
of the third joint; abdomen somewhat narrow, with in-
conspicuous, yellowish grey pruinose bands; anterior tibie
yellowishis: Jt. twig vh ek Rel) abe) art See oe 4, asilica.
— Antennal arista near the base of the third joint; abdomen
roundish or oval, without distinct bands; tibie dark or
seks ee, er P ee cad Bon totare 2iG a See eT ee 3.
3. Abdomen densely yellow pilose .................... 2. oxyacanthae.

— Abdomen with short hairs which are dark or brownish
yellow, more or less black at the sides; at each basal
corner) ,a, tuft 'of;Jone, pale hairs... .).):160.) swe wre 3. floccosa.

1. C. berberina Fabr.

1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 240, 33 (Hristalis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
IH], 237, 11, Tab. XXIX, Fig. 9 (Milesia) et 1838. VII, 116. — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. Il, 674,3 et 1849. VIII, 3114, 3. — 1862. Schin. F; A. I, 350.
— 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 580, 2. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. HI, 123.

Male. Vertex and frons yellowish pruinose, the latter black down
the middle; epistoma yellowish or greyish yellow pruinose, the lower
lateral parts broadly black and shining; vertex with long hairs, black
behind, yellow in front, sometimes almost all yellow; frons slightly
haired with yellow or black hairs; epistoma haired only on the sides
along the eyes and on the black lower part, the hairs long, pale above,
blackish below, or all blackish; the epistoma is hollowed below the
antennze and then considerably produced to the central knob, but
below it almost not retreating so that the knob is low; the lower part
of epistoma with the knob thus produced, and it is very descending.
Occiput yellow pruinose, the hairs brown or blackish below, yellow
above, but here also a row of black hairs, and in the darker speci-
mens the hairs all blackish. Antenne reddish or brownish yellow,

Criorrhina. 493

third joint considerably higher than long; arista much longer than the
antenne, a little thickened in the basal part. Thorax yellow or
brownish yellow pruinose, darkest behind, with traces of greyish stripes,
two narrow in the middle and a broad, ab-
breviated on each side, but the colour of
thorax is more or less hidden under the long
and dense pile; this latter is yellow but black
in front of scutellum, and the black-haired
part may be smaller or larger until the hinder
half is black-haired and the black hairs at
the sides stretching quite forwards, and some-
times thorax is all black-haired. Scutellum
dark brown with black pile, similar to that
on thorax. Pleura black, shining, yellowish
pruinose anteriorly, the hairs are long, black,
or more or less yellow in front. Abdomen
somewhat short and rounded, broader than
thorax; it is black, shining, clothed with dense hairs, a little shorter
than on thorax; the hairs are black on the basal part, but yellow or
yellowish white on third and fourth segments, or on the third only on
the hind part; often there is a row of black hairs at the hind margin
of third segment. Venter black, shining, with long, black hairs, first

Fig. 167. Head of
C. berberina 3.

Fig. 168. Antenna of C. berberina 3, from the inside. >< 40.

segment pruinose. Legs black, the extreme apex of femora reddish;
anterior tibize obscurely reddish or brownish with an indefinite blackish
- ring before apex, hind tibiee slightly brownish at apex; the tarsi lighter
or darker brownish with the last joints blackish; hind tibie curved.
The legs haired in the usual way, the hairs on femora somewhat
long, especially on middle femora; posterior femora with dense, some-
what bristly hairs below; the hairs are all black. Wings yellow with

494 Syrphidae.

two faint and indefinite, dark clouds, one as a fascia across the base
of the cubital vein and one about the apical part of the cubital cell
and down the medial cross-vein. Squamule brownish or blackish
with a dark yellow fringe. Halteres brownish yellow.

Fig. 169. Wing of C. berberina 3.

Female. Quite similar to the male; vertex and frons moderately
broad, widening downwards; they are yellow pruinose, with a black
middle line from the ocelli to the antenne and here widening to a
spot; the hairs yellow but more or less black at the ocelli and above
the antenne. The two last, pale-haired abdominal segments often
somewhat yellow pruinose, especially on a transverse middle band.

Length. The species may vary rather much in size, the length
from 8—13 mm.

Remarks: This species is always described as having the thorax
more or less pale-haired, at all events on the anterior part, but I
possess several specimens with thorax all black-haired.

C. berberina is not rare in Denmark, though it can scarcely be
termed common; Ordrup Mose, Bollemosen, Fuglevad, Hillerd, Tyve-
krog, Tisvilde, at Sorg and at Tjustrup So; on Falster; on Lolland
in Keldskov and at Bremersvold; on Langeland at Lohals, and in
Jutland at Horsens. My dates are 18/s;—%/7. It occurs in woods and
thickets and in spring it is often seen on the flowers of Crataegus
oxyacantha. The pupa was taken at Bellemosen under moss on a
tree-stub on **/4, it developed on */5 (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; its northern
limit is in Denmark, and it occurs in England.

2. C. oxyacanthae Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 237, 12 (Milesia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
351. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 581, 3. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. II,
124. — C. Brebissonii Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille 328, 6 et 1834. Suit. a
Buff. I, 498,6. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 171, 16.

A) @

Criorrhina. 495

Male. This species is quite similar to berberina except in the
colour of the pile; the head is of the same shape but the hairs on
vertex all yellow and on epistoma pale yellow, and the hairs on
occiput whitish below, yellow above. Antenne a little paler. Thorax
and scutellum all clothed with long, dense pile, varying from dark
yellow to pale yellow, and the hairs on pleura all yellow. Abdomen
as in berberina but the hairs all yellow to pale yellow, generally
darkest at the base. Legs coloured quite as in berberina but the hairs
more or less pale behind at the base of the anterior femora and also
partly on the anterior side of the middle femora. Wings, squamulee
and halteres as in berberina.

Female. Quite similar to the male, and differing in the same
way from the female of berberina. Vertex and frons with the hairs
all pale. Abdomen somewhat greyish pruinose and third and fourth
segments generally with a more or less distinct, yellowish pruinose,
transverse band.

Length 8—13 mm.

C. oxyacanthe is like. the preceding not properly common in Den-
mark, and it occurs in the same way; Ordrup Mose, Bagsveer, Frederiks-
dal, Ruderhegn, Sgllerad, Tisvilde, Bognees near Roskilde and at Soro;
on Falster, and in Jutland at Vejle, Horsens, Haarup near Horsens
and Frijsenborg. My dates are 7%/5—1"/7.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; its northern
limit is in Denmark, and it occurs in England; it is also recorded
from Japan.

Remarks: It has been suggested by Gerstaécker (Bericht. Gebiet.
Entom. fiir 1861, 1863, 201) that C. berberina and oayacanthae are
only colour variations of one species, and he speaks of intermediate
forms; Portschinsky (Trudy Russk. Entom. X, 1877, 187) is of the
same opinion; I have never seen such intermediate specimens, and I
think it best at present to keep both species. Verrall notes that
berberina occurs in Scandinavia but oxyacanthae not, but this is an error
evidently caused by Zetterstedt’s recording berberina, but he records it
only from Denmark, where both species occur, but Zetterstedt had
not seen oxryacanthae.

3. C. floccosa Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 238, 13 (Milesia). — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 351. — 1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 583, 4, fig. 403. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Il, 124. — Syrphus regulus Fall. 1826. Dipt. Suec. Suppl. 9. —
C. regula 1843. Zett. Dipt. Seand. II, 672, 1.

4.96 Syrphidae.

Male. Vertex black, almost not pruinose; frons shining black
with a distinct, longitudinal furrow, it is only narrowly pruinose just
at the eye-margins; epistoma whitish pruinose with very broad, black
and shining lower lateral parts. Vertex has long, yellow hairs, frons
only a few pale hairs at the eye-margins; epistoma likewise with only
few, white hairs at the sides and on the eye-margins, the black lower
parts are bare; the epistoma is shaped as in the preceding species
but it is much more descending. Occiput yellowish pruinose, the hairs
long and white below, yellow above. Antenne brownish, the basal
joints blackish. Thorax brownish or yellowish grey, a little shining,
densely clothed with long, erect, deeply yellow or tawny pile. Scutel-
lum yellowish pruinose, with similar hairs as on thorax. Pleura with
long, pale yellow hairs. Abdomen elongate, not broader than thorax
but distinctly longer, somewhat flat; it is dull brownish black on the
disc, shining bluish at the sides; the dull parts are shaped as broad
triangles with the sides sloping outwards towards the hind corners;
the first segment is grey pruinose at the sides; abdomen is clothed
with short, decumbent hairs, which are dark yellow or brownish yel-
low on the middle or on most of the dull parts, but black on the
shining side parts; the fourth segment is pale yellow-haired; at the
basal corners of second segment is a conspicuous tuft of long, pale
yellow hairs; the sides are black-haired except on the yellow-haired
fourth segment. Venter black, grey pruinose, fourth segment shining;
it is clothed with long, whitish hairs. Legs black, all tarsi paler or
darker brownish or yellowish with the last or two last joints blackish ;
the hairs on femora somewhat long and dense, especially on the
posterior femora; on the anterior femora the long hairs on the posterior
side are white, but the short hairs on the anterior side darker, and
blackish above, and the hairs on hind femora somewhat similarly
coloured; the hairs on tibiz are yellow, more or less mixed with
black, on the hind tibize are a few longer hairs below in the middle;
the anterior femora have a slight channel or flat space below the
apical part, and on the middle femora there are here fine, bristly
hairs; the hind femora have dense, somewhat bristly hairs below.
Wings yellow tinged and yellow at the base, with the same middle
and subapical clouds as in the preceding species, but more distinct.
Squamule brownish with a yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons moderately broad, widening down-
wards; vertex black and from it a middle line stretches down to a
large, black, shining space above the antennee, the sides yellow pruinose ;
the hairs yellow, the space above the antenne bare. Abdomen
broader than in the male, with a large, yellow pruinose spot at the

Criorrhina. 497

apex, including all the fifth and fourth segments and the middle of
the hind margin of the third segment; it is all reddish-haired except
on the bluish side parts of second and third segments; on the apical
part it is generally paler-haired and the hairs are longer and much
denser than in the male.

Length 12 to nearly 15 mm.

C. floccosa is, I think, a little more rare in Denmark than the two
preceding species, and it has hitherto only been taken on Sealand;
Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven and Tyvekrog. My dates are
25/5-13/s. It occurs in woods and thickets, I have taken my speci-
mens on flowers of Crataegus oxyacantha.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden, but rare.

4. C. asilica Fall.

1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 22, 10 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 238, 14 (Milesia). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 672, 2 et
1855. XII, 4653,2 et 1859. XIII, 5083, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 351. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 585, 5, fig. 404. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill,
123. — Xylota rufipila Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 215, 4.

Male. Vertex black, not pruinose, frons black, shining, with a
longitudinal furrow, it is whitish pruinose at the sides; epistoma
whitish or yellowish white pruinose, the lower side parts black; vertex

Fig. 170. Antenna of C. asilica 3, from the inside. >< 40.

with long, yellow hairs, darker anteriorly, frons quite bare; epistoma

with only a few white hairs at the sides and on the eye-margins; the

epistoma shaped as in floccosa, but, however, less descending. Occiput

greyish yellow pruinose, the hairs yellow, or paler beneath and here
32

498 Syrphidae.

long. Antenne brown or pale brown, third joint almost twice as
high as long; arista inserted just at the upper corner, at some distance
from the base. Thorax blackish, shining, somewhat yellowish pruinose
behind; it is clothed with long, somewhat dense, yellow pile. Scutel-
lum yellowish pruinose, with similar hairs as on thorax. Pleura with
long, pale yellow hairs. Abdomen elongate, scarcely as broad as
thorax, a little narrowing backwards; it is black and shining; first
segment grey except the extreme hind margin, second segment yel-
lowish grey pruinose on the front half of the sides and with a similar,
narrow, transverse band, lying before the middle and narrowly inter-
rupted in the middle; third segment with a similar but still narrower
band, a little more broadly interrupted in the middle, and fourth seg-
ment likewise but the band lying at the front margin and generally
less distinct; abdomen is clothed with somewhat long but not dense,
whitish or pale yellow hairs, most conspicuous at the hind margins
of the segments; at the hind margin of the fourth segment the hairs
are brown, and the genitalia have brownish black hairs; at the basal
corners of second segment the hairs are long. Venter black, somewhat
shining, the first segment grey pruinose; the hairs are long and pale,
the fourth segment has shorter, darker to black hairs on the hind
part. Legs with the femora black with yellow apex, tibie yellow,
hind tibiz more or less dark on the apical part; also the front tibiz
may be somewhat darkened on both sides, and sometimes middle
tibie similarly; tarsi yellowish with the last two, or on front tarsi
three joints darkened; legs with the hairs on femora rather long; all
the hairs yellow, only below the apex of middle femora some black,
bristly hairs, and the hind femora densely black-spinulose below.
Wings a little yellowish with similar dark clouds as in the other
species, the middle one rather distinct and the subapical stretching
distinctly down the cross-vein. Squamule with their fringes and the
halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons moderately broad, widening down-
wards, all black, with only a pair of dust spots; the hairs short,
black, sometimes paler, the space above the antenne bare; epistoma
with a very broad, black, shining middle stripe so that it is pruimose
only along the eyes and from here down towards the lateral angles
of the oral margin. Thorax more pruinose than in the male. Ab-
domen quite as in the male, the narrow band on fourth segment
more distinct and less near the front margin.

Length about 12—13 mm. )

C. asilica is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens; Greis-
dal at Vejle (Schlick) and at Silkeborg (Axel Petersen). My dates are

Pocota. 499

16/;—12/;, It is recorded to frequent the flowers of Crataegus in
wooded districts.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in
Finland.

37. Poeota St. Farg. et Serv.

This genus is very nearly allied to and similar to Criorrhina.
The head is relatively narrower and not so broad as thorax; in the
male the eyes are touching for some distance, the vertex consequently
less long. Frons bare. The epistoma is considerably hollowed and
has no central knob but is very produced at the upper mouth edge,
more than the frontal prominence, and it is only slightly descending;
the profile is thus quite another than in Criorrhina. The epistoma is
black, white pruinose leaving a broad middle line black, in the female
nearly all black; it has only hairs just at the eye-margins. Scutellum
is black and has no very distinct marginal fringe below. Legs simple
with the hind femora not thickened. For the rest the species is similar
to the shorter and broader species of Criorrhina.

The developmental stages are known, especially the pupa; it is
already described by Schrank (Enumer. Ins. Austr. 1781, 459, 933), who
found it “in carie arborum emortuarum”, the imago came on %/s.
Becher describes likewise the pupa (Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 1882, 249), which
he found in the middle of March in a hollow poplar; the imagines
developed in the first eight days of April. Verrall mentions that two
specimens in Bigot’s collection were bred from pupz found at the
foot of a poplar-tree, and they developed on 7%/3; he has also a note
of a specimen bred from a nest of Bombus terrestis, but naturally he
is convinced that here may be some error. Kleine (Ent. Zeitschr.
Stuttg. 21, 1907, 191) mentions the larva, found in decaying wood in
a Populus pyramidalis in which were fungi; he thinks the larva feeds
on the mycelium; the larve pupated in the decaying wood, the imagines
came on %/5 —?%/5 (I have seen only an abstract of this paper). I have
myself examined a pupa, found as larva below the bark on a beech
on 4/4, it pupated but was dead as pupa on 1%/s. The pupa is oval,
of pale brownish colour, slightly transversely wrinkled; the ventral
side is flat and shows seven pairs of prolegs with groups of strong
hooks, of these prolegs the first pair are distant from the others and
lie near the mouth (thus quite as in Fristalis); the anterior dorsal
end (the part which is detached by the opening) is somewhat flattened,
at the hind margin of it are two short, wart-like, strongly chitinised
anterior spiracular tubes. At the posterior end the pupa is abruptly

32*

500 Syrphidae.

attenuated to a short, tail-shaped part, which along each side has a
couple of short filaments; at the end it has a short, chitinised, brown
posterior spiracular process (according to Becher, in my specimen it
was not seen, either lost or quite retracted). The pupa has a length
of about 15 mm, the tail-shaped part included. As will be seen my
description is quite agreeing with the one given by Becher.

According to the above the larva lives evidently in decaying wood,
especially in poplar-trees, and no doubt it hibernates.

The genus is, as seen, distinguished from Criorrhina by the
touching eyes in the male and the characteristic shape of the epistoma.
The species is rather rare and it is curious that it seems to have been
bred more often than it has been caught, though none of our Danish
specimens have been bred.

Of the genus only one species occurs in the palearctic region,
also occurring in Denmark.

1. P.apiformis Schrank.

1781. Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austr. 459, 933 et 1803. Fn. boica, III, 117,
2436 (Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 352 (Plocota). — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VIll, 587, 1, fig. 405. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 125. — Milesia
apicata Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 236,10, Tab. XXIX, Fig. 4. — 1849.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3114, 3—4 et 1855. XII, 4653, 3—4 (Criorrhina).

Male. Vertex black, frons black, shining, with a longitudinal
furrow; it is whitish pruinose just at the eye-margins and at each side
of the antennz; epistoma whitish or silvery pruinose but with a broad,
shining black middle stripe and the lower
side parts black; the vertex has long,
black hairs, frons bare and epistoma with
only a row of somewhat long, black
hairs at the eye-margins, not reaching up
to the antennze; the epistoma is strongly
hollowed below the antenne, there is no
central knob but the front mouth edge
is considerably produced, more than the
frontal prominence, but the epistoma is
slightly descending; the incurvature of
the front mouth edge is large and the
lateral angles distinctly drooping. Occiput
blackish, the hairs black, long below and upwards to above the middle;
on the hind side of the fupper half the hairs are paler. Antenne
reddish or reddish brown, arista darker outwards. Thorax black,
somewhat shining; it is clothed with long, dense pile which is red or

Fig. 171. Head of P. apiformis 3.

Cynorrhina. 501

yellowish red on about the anterior third, black on the rest; often
the red band is divided in the middle by a broader or narrower line
with black hairs. Scutellum coloured and haired as thorax, the hairs
black. Pleura with long, blackish or more brownish hairs, sometimes
reddish in front. Abdomen ovate, black and shining; it is clothed
with dense and relatively long pile, longest towards the apex; the
hairs are black or brownish black on the two first segments, reddish
on the third but darker to blackish in the middle, and long and whitish
on the fourth segment; the genitalia have black hairs. Venter black,
shining, more ore less grey pruinose at the base; the hairs long,
mainly reddish. Legs black, the extreme apex of femora reddish;
tibiz lighter or darker brown or reddish with a somewat undefined
black ring about the middle; tarsi yellowish to brownish, the last joint
blackish and the next more or less blackish above; the legs haire:| as
in Criorrhina, the hairs black or brown. Wings yellowish and yel-
lowish brown at the base; they have the same two clouds as in the
species of Criorrhina, the median fascia rather broad and dark, the
subapical cloud continued distinctly down the medial cross-vein and
along the last part of the discal vein. Squamule and fringes blackish.
Halteres brownish black.

Female. Vertex moderately broad, frons widening downwards,
both black, shining; the hairs black, sometimes paler in front, the
space above the antenne bare. LEpistoma black, only somewhat
pruinose at each side of the antennz and down the sides; for the
rest the female similar to the male.

Length 12,5—14 mm.

This species is rather similar to Bombus terrestris and is perhaps
the most Bombus-like fly of all Syrphids.

P.apiformis is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose (Steger), Dyre-
haven (Drewsen), Hillerad (Godskesen), and on Falster. My sole date
is iz. Nearly all specimens are from earlier time, while it has only
very rarely been taken in the later years. A larva was taken in
Dyrehaven on */4 under the bark of a beech, it pupated, but on 1/5
the pupa was dead (Kryger). It is recorded to be especially a spring
species like the species of Criorrhina and to frequent flowers of Prunus
and Crataegus.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden.

38. Cynorrhina Willist.

Also this genus is allied to, and in most characters similar to
Criorrhina, with which it was united as a somewhat aberrant species

2 a Syrphidae.

until 1886, though it has also affinities to Milesia. Head short, as
broad as thorax, behind it is excavated above; in the male the eyes
touching for a short distance. Frons prominent, bare. Epistoma
somewhat hollowed below the antenne, with a slight central knob
and slightly retreating below it, it is thus a little arched, not pro-
minent, but somewhat descending; it is yellow with the lower lateral
parts black, sometimes the middle stripe darkened, and it is bare with
only slight hairs just at the eye-margins. Thorax a little rectangular;
scutellum black without marginal fringe below. Abdomen elongated
oval, broadest about the middle and here a little broader than thorax.
Legs simple, hind femora not thickened; the legs short-haired, only
anterior femora with a litttle longer hairs behind. Wings with the
medial cross-vein sloping; no stigmatical cross-vein; basal part of the
radial vein with very fine hairs.

The developmental stages are not known, but Verrall notes that
the female has been observed depositing eggs on exsuding sap on
beech and oak.

The genus is distinguished from Criorrhina and Pocota by the
different epistoma and the slighter pubescence, from the former also
by the touching eyes in the male, and from the latter by the descending
epistoma with a central knob.!| The Danish species is easily located
by its colour.

Of the genus one species is found in the palearctic region, also
occurring in Denmark.

1. C. fallax L.
1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 985, 35 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1802 (Musca). — 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. Il, 426, 26 (Syrphus). et

1805. Syst. Antl. 190,10 (Milesia). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. JII, 235, 9.
Tab. XXIX, Fig. 10 (Milesia). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 860, 6 (Milesia).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 350 (Criorrhina). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII,
590, 1, fig. 406. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 126. — Syrphus semirufus
Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 301, 85 et 1805. Syst. Ant]. 243, 51 relax
— 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 51, 3 (Fristalis).

Male. Vertex black, somewhat long, frons black, shining, with a
longitudinal middle groove, very narrowly white pruinose at the eye-
margins; epistoma yellow, slightly whitish pruinose at the sides, with
a broad, bare middle stripe, which may sometimes be darkened to
blackish, the lower side parts black. Vertex with black hairs, frons
and epistoma bare, the latter only with slight, pale hairs just along

* Both Williston and Verrall say in the generic description “proboscis short”, but
the proboscis is not shorter than in Criorrhina.

Cynorrhina. j 503

the eye-margins; the epistoma is a little hollowed below the antenna,
with a very low central knob and below it slightly retreating, the
lower part is thus not protruding but it is considerably descending.
Occiput blackish, grey pruinose, the hairs whitish, but above also long,
black hairs. Antenne brown or reddish
brown, arista darker towards the apex.
Thorax black, shining, somewhat seneous
on the front part, a little greyish pruinose
on and inwards to the humeri; it is clothed
with moderately long and not specially
dense hairs which are pale yellow in front,
black behind, but whitish in front of scutel-
lum, the black hairs thus forming a cross-
band. Scutellum black with white hairs.
Pleura with pale yellow or whitish hairs, Fig. 172. Head of C. fallax 3.
generally some black hairs below the wing-

root. Abdomen widening from the base towards the middle and then
narrowing towards the apex, about the middle wider than thorax; it
is black and red, somewhat shining; the two first segments black, the
rest red; the third segment varies somewhat in colour, it has gener-
ally a black middle spot near the front margin, then there may more-
over be a spot at each side near the hind margin but these latter
spots rather irregular; the spots may be enlarged and confluent so
that the hind part and the middle of the segment are black, the red
colour forming only two large basal corner spots and again each of
these may have a black spot at the front margin; abdomen is clothed
with short hairs; they are black on second segment except on two
inwardly triangular patches at the basal corners where they are white,
and they are long at the corners; the third and fourth segments have
reddish hairs, but on the third are black hairs on the hind part and
along the middle (the parts which are sometimes black); genitalia red.
Venter reddish with the first and sometimes also second segment
blackish; the hairs are sparse, pale and not long. Legs black, the
apex of femora and the base and apex of tibiz yellow, the base the
most broadly; tarsi yellow with the two last joints black. Legs short-
haired, the hairs only a little longer behind the anterior femora but
hind femora quite short-haired; the hairs are black but more or less
yellow on the anterior tibiz, and whitish behind middle femora to-
wards above; the posterior tarsi are distinctly black-spinulose below.
Wings brownish grey tinged with a faint middle fascia and the medial
cross-vein a little seamed. Squamule milky white with white fringes.
Halteres pale yellow.

504 Syrphidae.

Female. Similar to the male; vertex and frons somewhat broad,
widening downwards, black; the frons with large, grey side dust spots,
almost or quite meeting in the middle; the hairs black; the space
above the antenne bare. Antenne larger than in the male. Abdomen
with the whole third segment, and generally the front margin of the
fourth black; the black segments more white-haired than in the male,
black-haired only in the middle. Tibize paler than in the male as
base and tip are more broadly pale, especially on the anterior tibie.

Length 10—12,5 mm.

C. fallax is somewhat rare in Denmark; Geel Skov, Tisvilde, Sorg,
and in Jutland at Serup on Thyholm. My dates are 76/s—*/7. It
occurs in woods and my specimens are generally taken sitting on
tree-stubs; it is also recorded to frequent flowers of Prunus, Rubus
and Berberis.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

39. Braechypalpus Macq.

This genus is allied to Criorrhina and Cynorrhina, and also to
the following genus, Xylota. The species are of somewhat large size
and somewhat elongated shape; the colour is blackish eeneous, some-
times with yellow markings at the base of abdomen, and the species
are not*specially densely pilose. Head somewhat short, about of the
breadth of thorax; it is considerably broader than high, narrowed
downwards and somewhat trapezoidal in circumference; behind it is
a little arched below but a little excavated above. The eyes are bare,
in the male touching for a short distance. Frons moderately pro-
minent,-with hairs only just at the eye-margins. Epistoma hollowed
below the antenn, without central knob but with the upper mouth
edge produced about equally with the frontal prominence, the lower
part of epistoma thus somewhat produced but not much descending;
the epistoma is black and yellow, bare, with slight hairs only just at
the eye-margins. Mouth parts (as far as I have examined) of usual
construction, the proboscis somewhat short; palpi thread-like, not
short. Thorax rectangular, a little narrowed forwards; scutellum
black, with a marginal fringe below. Abdomen elongated, not broader

* Maequart says in his diagnosis “palpes courts”, in Schiner this has developed
to “sehr kleinen Tastern” and Verrall says “palpi small”; this is, however, not
correct, at all events not for the species described here, which has the palpi
as long as in Criorrhina.

Brachypalpus. 505

than thorax, a little narrowed behind. Genitalia relatively large. Legs
with the hind femora considerably thickened and with short, strong
spines below; hind tibiz somewhat compressed and curved; hind
trochanters in the male with a short, conical process on the inside.
Wings with the medial cross-vein after the middle of the discal cell,
somewhat oblique; the base of the radial vein with fine hairs; stig-
matical cross-vein indistinct. Squamule as in the allied genera.
Plumula with simple hairs.

The developmental stages are not described, but Bremi notes
(Isis 1846, 174) that the has found the larva of B. valgus in decaying
wood in willows.

Of the genus 7 species are recorded from the palearctic region,
but, as remarked below, the species are not well characterised; one
has been found in Denmark.

1. B. laphriformis Fall.

1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 22, 11 (Syrphus). — 1862. Gerstack. Troschel
Arch. 1862, 28, Il, 473. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 127. — Xylota
valga Zett. (nec Panz.) 1843. Dipt. Scand. Il, 868, 1 et 1849. VIII, 3191, 1.

Male. Vertex brownish black, frons whitish pruinose, just above
the antenne bare and shining; epistoma black with only the lower
front part yellow, or it is yellow also on the sides up to the eyes so
that only a spot below the antenne and the lower side parts are
black, but the colours are obscured by white pruinosity; the lower
front part and the lower side parts bare; to each side of the antennz
is a blackish streak across to the eye. The vertex has long, black
hairs, frons bare only with yellow hairs along the eye-margins, and
epistoma likewise with only a few pale hairs along the eye-margins;
the epistoma is hollowed below the antennz, without central knob
but with the front mouth edge produced about equally with the
frontal prominence; it is somewhat but not very descending. Occiput
yellowish grey pruinose, the hairs whitish below and long to up above
the middle, yellow above, and here also some black hairs. Antenne
brownish or reddish brown, arista brown, palest at the apex. Thorax
blackish eneous, shining, somewhat pruinose at the front and side
margins; it is clothed with long, somewhat dense, yellow or reddish
yellow hairs, on the middle some black are intermingled. Scutellum
unicolorous with thorax and with similar but longer hairs. Pleura
yellowish pruinose, with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen elongate, about
of the breadth of thorax, a little narrowed behind; it is black and
shining; the first segment is yellow but often greyish pruinose on the
disc, the second segment yellow at the side margin; the segments have

506 Syrphidae.

sometimes orange hind margins but they are often obscure or wanting; —
abdomen is clothed with moderately long hairs, which are yellow or
whitish, they are black or blackish on the hinder half of fourth seg-
ment and more or less on the hind margin of the third; at the sides
the hairs are rather long, longest at the basal corners. Genitalia with
blackish hairs. Venter yellowish on the basal part, the third and
fourth segments blackish; the hairs long and pale but darker on the
fourth segment. Legs black and yellow, femora black with the basal
part and the apex yellow but the extent of the colours somewhat
varying, sometimes the femora are black only above and below,
especially the hind femora are generally coloured in this way; tibie
yellow on the basal part, more or less brownish towards the apex,
middle tibize generally quite yellow; tarsi yellow with the two or three
last joints blackish, front tarsi quite blackish and hind metatarsi often
dark above; hind femora considerably thickened with the upper margin
convex the lower straight but with an elevation before the apex;
below there are about two rows of short, strong, black spines towards
the anterior side, and similar, crowded spines towards the posterior
side below the apical part, and here the femora are canaliculated
between the rows; hind tibia somewhat compressed, and curved
towards the apex, terminating on the inside with a very small and
short spur; hind trochanters with a short, conical process on the in-
side; the hairs on femora long both behind and below, and also.
relatively Jong on the front side of middle femora; the hairs are all
yellow, only below the hind tibize darker to blackish. Wings some-
what yellowish or brownish tinged, with a brown fascia on the middle
and a faint subapical cloud, also seaming the medial cross-vein.
Squamule and fringes pale yellow. Halteres yellow. ;

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards, yellowish
pruinose, the vertex above and the space above the antenne black;
the hairs yellowish or brownish, darkest above, the space above the
antenne bare; epistoma yellow pruinose. Abdomen as in the male,
the sides of second segment sometimes more broadly yellow; the hairs
on the hind margin of the fourth and on all the fifth segment blackish,
sometimes also some black hairs at the hind margin of third segment.
Femora generally paler than in the male, the black colour less ex-
tended, especially on hind femora; the spines below the hind femora
not reaching to the base and backwards forming only a single row.

Length 10,5—14 mm.

B. laphriformis is rare in Denmark; vicinity of Copenhagen, Or-
drup Mose (Steger), Dyrehaven (Drewsen), Geel Skov (the author),
and on Lolland at Maribo and Christiansseede (Schlick). The dates

Xylota. 507

are only */s-—*/6. It is recorded to frequent flowers of Crataegus,
Berberis etc.; I have taken it sitting on a tree-stem and one of
Mr. Schlick’s specimens was taken sitting on the stub of an oak.

Geographical distribution: — The species is recorded to occur in
Europe down into Italy, towards the north to middle Sweden, but
little can be known with certainty by the present identification of the
species of Brachypalpus.

Remarks: In determining this species as laphriformis Fall. I con-
fess that I have partly taken the northern occurrence of the species
into consideration, /aphriformis being the only species occurring in
northern Europe, and at the same time I find nothing to prevent the
determination; it is true that Fallén says “abdomen ovatum”, but
otherwise his description is agreeing, and likewise Zetterstedt’s descrip-
tion; the latter author says “sat crassa’ but this is in comparison
with the Xylota-species as he has the species in this genus; further I
have seen specimens of Zetterstedt’s X. valga from his collection and
they are identical with my species, and this, I think, proves the correct-
ness of my determination. It is at present impossible to determine
the European species of Brachypalpus after the descriptions; for a sure
distinction it would be necessary to know the various species. — The
species are somewhat varying in colour and I should think that some
of them are identical; thus I find it not improbable that B. angustus
Egg. is identical with /aphriformis as suggested by Gerstacker (I. c.)
and consequently also with dimaculatus Macq.; in fact I find Verrall’s
description of this species agreeing well with my laphriformis.

40. Kylota Meig.

Species of medium to rather large size and of a narrow, elongated
shape, slightly haired; the colours may be quite black, but abdomen
has often the middle part reddish, or there are pairs of yellow or
glaucous spots; sometimes the end of abdomen is golden from dense
hairs of this colour. Head somewhat semiglobular but rather low,
considerably broader than high and broader than thorax; it is flat
behind, a little excavated upwards. Eyes bare, touching in the male,
separated in the female; in the male the facets are distinctly enlarged
on the front part. Vertex more or less elongated. Frons somewhat
prominent, nearly bare only with slight hairs at the eye-margins. An-
tennze inserted in or a little below the middle; they are short, third
joint short oval, sometimes not longer than high; the arista is relatively
long; the basal joints of the antennz have short hairs and the second
has bristles at the apical margin above and below; third joint and

508 Syrphidae.

arista microscopically hairy, the latter bare on the apical half. Epistoma
rather low, it is more or less but not much hollowed; there is no
central knob and the front mouth edge is only slightly or a little
more protruding, and epistoma is not descending; it is black but pale
pruinose with only the lower side parts bare; sometimes it is only
slightly pruinose; it is bare with only slight hairs at the eye-margins.
Jowls small, not or almost not descending; there is a furrow separating
off narrow eye-margins and stretching up above the middle. Proboscis
and oral cone short; the mouth parts short but strong and somewhat
characteristic. Clypeus with the basal part large, the side legs rather
short. Labrum (segnis) short and strong, strongly semitubular, the
median process somewhat broad, cleft, beset with emergences on the
apical part; the upper lateral processes fine, not attenuated and pointed
but truncate at the end; the lower lateral processes very broad and
with the end broadly cut, not attenuated; the usual lateral rows of
small papillee on the inside present and the papilla numerous; hypo-
pharynx a little shorter than labrum, broad and semitubular, some-
what abruptly attenuated and with the apex pointed; the salivary duct
distinct; maxillee short, a little shorter than hypopharynx, rather broad
and strong, as usual with very small, microscopical spines in rows;
palpi quite small and short, shorter than the lacinia, with microscopical
hairs, and with some bristles, especially at the apex. Labium short,
the basal part shorter than the relatively large and broad labella.
Thorax rectangular; scutellum black or szneous, somewhat marginate,
with a marginal fringe below. There are no thoracal or scutellar
bristles, only the marginal hairs on scutellum may sometimes be strong
and somewhat bristly, and above the wing-root are short but very
strong, dense hairs. Metapleura with short, dense hairs. The meta-
epimera send a process upwards, below the halteres, these processes
stand out at each side of the base of abdomen as in Neoascia but
are less pointed. Abdomen is relatively long and narrow, parallel-
sided and generally somewhat flattened; in the male there are four
not transformed segments, the first somewhat short, the others of
about equal length; sometimes (femorata) the fourth is unusually long,
much longer than the others. Genitalia large, of usual shape. In the
female the abdomen has five normal segments, the fifth small and
pointed, the last terminating with two small lamellae. Legs somewhat
long, hind femora more or less thickened, especially in the male, and
armed below with shorter or longer spines, either in the whole length
or only on the apical part; the spines are generally also longest in

the male; hind tibiae more or less compressed and curved; in the male.

the hind trochanters have in many species a shorter or longer spine

sins ee

Xylota. 509

or spur below near the apex. The legs haired as usual, the hairs on
femora shorter or longer, sometimes rather short, especialiy on hind
femora; the bristle above the trochanters more or less distinct, at all
events on the anterior legs. Claws and pulvilli well developed; em-
podium small, spine-shaped, slightly hairy. Wings somewhat long;
medial cross-vein more or less oblique, placed behind or almost on
the middle of the discal cell; the basal part of the radial vein with
fine, somewhat short bristles; no stigmatical cross-vein. Thoracal
squamula with long, branched hairs, stopping rather long before the
angulus, alar squamula with shorter, flat hairs. Plumula short with
simple hairs.

The developmental stages are somewhat well known. Scholtz
(Ent. Zeitschr. Breslau, 4, 1850, 31) found quite immature specimens
of X. lenta numerous in a decaying Acer in the middle of May. West-
wood mentions briefly (Introd. II, 1840, 559) the puparia of X. pigra
and florum, the former probably from rotten wood. Perris describes
and figures (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 4, X, 1870, 326, Pl. 4, fig. 112—124)
the developmental stages of X. pigra; the larve lived together with
larvee of Mycetobia pallipes below the bark on Pinus among the detritus
and excrements from Tomicus sexdentatus (stenographus) and Acantho-
cinus aedilis; the author says that the imago develops in spring from
larve from the foregoing autumn, and in summer and autumn from
larvee which have developed in summer. Beling describes (Arch. f.
Naturg. 41, 1875, 54) larva and pupa of X. segnis; the larve were
found in a decaying, humid stub of a beech on +/9, the imagines
developed next spring on ?°/4 and following days; on the same place
the author found on °/s still many larve and only a few pup; the
imagines developed until '8/s and among them were two specimens of
X. lenta, the larva of which thus had been together with the larva of
segnis. Verrall figures (Brit. Fl. V, 1909, 39, fig. 69) larva and pupa of
X. sylvarum, but no notes are given. [ have myself examined larva
and pupa of X. segnis and nemorum; the larve of segnis were taken
in a decaying, humid stub of a beech on ®/s; those of nemorum were
taken in the same way on °/e, they pupated about 1%/, and developed
on 74/6 and the following days, another larva was taken in water in
a tree-stub on 17/7, it developed on 7/7, and a pupa was taken in a
quite similar place on 75/7, developing on *4/7. — The larva of X. segnis
is elongated, arched above, a little flattened below; it is a little
attenuated at the head end, or, when not at all contracted, almost not
thinner at the anterior end; towards the posterior end it is more
attenuated; the dermis is finely chagreened from small spines or hairs,
and the body is transversely corrugated; the prothoracal segment has

010 Syrphidae.

longitudinal folds; above on the corrugations are slightly larger, scarcely
perceptible, divided spines, which are arranged regularly above and
on the sides in the usual way; the prothoracal segment has numerous
small spines at the anterior margin, and at the sides outwards to the
anterior spiracles two groups of small spines. The head is small and
retractile; above the mouth opening are the two-jointed antenna-like
organs, each ending with two small papille; at the hind margin of
the prothoracal segment lie the very small, brown anterior spiracles
at each side; towards the end of the tapering posterior part are at
each side three filaments one behind the other, the last placed at
each side of the apex; they are clothed with relatively iong hairs,
and the hairs on the posterior part of the body are upon the whole
longer than those on the anterior part; at the posterior end is a
short, about 0,7—1mm long, brown posterior spiracular process,
bearing the spiracles on the flat end surrounded by stellately arranged
fine threads. On the ventral side are six pairs of prolegs, armed with
spines, on the six first abdominal segments, and below the prothoracal
segment a pair of similar spined warts; the anus lies relatively long
forwards at the beginning of the tapering part and somewhat before
the side filaments; it is thus seen that the last segment is long and
that it is this segment alone which bears the side filaments; these
latter answer also in reality to the lateral spines found on the other
segments; several of my specimens show the same bundle of threads
protruding from the anus as was mentioned under the Hristalis-larva.
The colour of the larva is yellow or whitish yellow, the length about
12mm. The pupa is brownish, rather arched, almost not attenuated
in front as the front end is declining downwards; it has the same
posterior spiracular process as the larva, and likewise the side fila-
ments but these latter are shorter; at the hinder border of the declining
front part are two 1 mm long, brown anterior spiracular tubes; they
are approximated at the base, directed upwards and a little back-
wards; they are beset with small tubercles, placed ring-like. The
length of the pupa is about 9mm. — The larva of X. nemorum is
similar to the above description, but the larger, regularly arranged
spines are here larger, rather conspicuous, and brown, and at each
side of the prothoracal segment outwards to the anterior spiracles is
a large, black, bifid spine, such as figured by Perris for X. pigra, but
differing by the outer hook being the larger, while in pigra the inner
is the larger; these spines are not found in the larva of segnis, which has
here only groups of small spines. The length is about 9mm. The pupa
is likewise similar, the anterior spiracular tubes are a little shorter
and thicker, and less approximated at the base, and at the lower

Xylota. 511

front margin of the pupa lie the two bifid spines, which remain, when
the pieces for the opening have been detached; the length of the pupa
is 7—8 mm. It will be seen that the larva of nemorum is more similar
to that of pigra as described and figured by Perris, than is the larva
of segnis. With regard to the description and figures by Perris I shall
draw attention to the fact that the way in which he describes and
figures the segments of the larva is erroneous; the place of the anus
shows that the last segment is long, and when we count twelve seg-
ments (the head taken as one segment) we also see that this is so; when
the head, the three thoracal segments and the six proleg-bearing seg-
ments, in all ten, are counted, we have still a smal! eleventh segment
and then the long twelfth segment with the anus at its front end.
That Perris has made some error is also seen from the fact that
while he says there are eleven segments without the head, he says
later on that there are nine abdominal segments, which would give
twelve segments without the head. — Perris mentions that the opening
of the puparium is caused by a frontal bladder; this is, of course,
erroneous,

The species of Xylota are beautiful and characteristic flies, and
the larger species are rather strong. They occur in woods, generally
on humid places or near water, and they are here seen running on
large leaves in low herbage, f. inst. on leaves of Tussilago and Petasites;
some species are especially seen on tree-stubs and stems or on piles
of wood; they are shy but when disturbed they usually use their legs
running rapidly away and often seeking the underside of the leaves,
but they also fly well, though generally not for long distances.

Of the genus about 22 species are recorded from the palearctic
region, 8 have been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

eeenpeomen-red on ‘the ‘middle’ part .2. 28.0 si3 le ek cae. 2.
— Abdomen black, or with pairs of yellow or glaucous spots.... 5.
ERR EIGN CHOW I 012%) och ops ois ty aol giatavenns 6 6-S mie d.e,q4 ye = vfe,> 3.
PI NAR oie Se oh cso) va ars co hatlegahs eee) os ae yea dies, $0506 4. lenta.
3. Hind femora with equal and rather strong spines below in

nearly the whole length; hind trochanters in the male with

MRE ERATTNC Ese dits lo abana) ahekwtigs Sg! cial aseba onactpalaj dia aus tarahe 1. segnis.
— Hind femora very short-spinulose below, only with some-

what small spines towards the apex; hind trochanters in

mlesmiale with a short spur or process. ..............c0e08 4,
4. Anterior tibize with blackish rings, hind tibiz with the apical

MMR NON =a. So, 5 Siew ara slot ow eee Bite reid a eee 2. tarda.

MEE IVERO VY 24 jc5s's SI WG Rpg Shedd Ss Sie oka Bie eho folate o's 3. ignava,

-

512 Syrphidae.

5. Abdomen quite black, or with golden hairs at apex ......... 6.
— Abdomen with yellow or glaucous spots..............2.006- de
6. Abdomen with no golden hairs at apex; all femora and
ESTONIA? TOO... ow ssw e's oie vss v0 clas © pies # a eunyy eee 3. femorata.
— Abdomen with the apex covered with golden hairs; femora
Relate oe A ai bh HS ee ee he 6. sylvarum.

7. Hind femora rather thick, hind tibiae somewhat short, distinctly

curved and with an erect cilation below; fourth abdominal

segment quite or mainly pale-haired, the hairs long at the

hind margin; hind trochanters in the male simple....... 7. nemorum.
— Hind femora almost not thickened, hind tibie longer and

very slightly curved, without erect ciliation below; fourth

abdominal segment mainly black-haired, the hairs all short; !

hind trochanters in the male with a small spur......... 8. florum.

1. X. segnis L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 595 et 1767. XII, 2, 988, 57 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1823 (Musea). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 772, 47 (Syrphus) et 1805.
Syst. Antl. 191, 14 (Milesia). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 10, 5 (Milesia).
— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 220,12. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il,
874, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 354. — 1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 598, 1,
figs. 408—409. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 130.

Male. Vertex bluish black, shining; frons and epistoma paler or
darker yellow to brownish pruinose, the lower side parts of epistoma
black; vertex with yellow hairs, frons with pale hairs only just along
the eye-margins, and also epistoma only with slight hairs on the eye-
margins. Occiput greyish white pruinose below and upwards beyond
the middle, eneous and shining above; the hairs white below, yellow
above. Antenne blackish, third joint dark brown; sometimes the
antenne paler; arista black, pale at the apex. Thorax from dark to
rather bright zneous, shining, densely punctate, especially behind; it
has a whitish pruinose spot inwards to the humeri; it is clothed with
short, yellow hairs, among which are some longer hairs on the hind
part; also on the sides and on the postalar calli are longer hairs; in-
wards to the wing-root are short, strong, black hairs. Scutellum
seneous with short and longer, yellow hairs and along the margin
some long, almost bristly hairs. Pleura slightly pruinose with longish,
whitish, above yellow hairs; just below the wing-root some darker
hairs. Abdomen linear, yellowish red on the middle; first segment
geneous, second yellowish red with the extreme front margin black
and almost always a shorter or longer, narrow, black pointed middle
line from the front margin backwards; third segment reddish yellow
with the hind margin, sometimes the hind part black, generally pro-
duced a little forwards in the middle; fourth segment bluish black,

Xylota. 513

sometimes slightly and indefinitely paler at the hind margin; abdomen
is more or less dull along the middle of second and third segments
and at the hind margin of the latter; it is clothed with short hairs,
which are yellow but on fourth segment black except on and at the
sides, they are also often black on the hind margin of third segment
and sometimes in the middle at the hind margin of second; towards
the sides they are longer and longest towards the base and at the
basal corners. Genitalia with yellow or partly black hairs. Venter
coloured mainly as dorsum, with short, pale hairs, longer at base and
apex, and darker to blackish at the end of fourth segment. Legs
black, the very apex of anterior femora yellow; anterior tibiz yellow
with a larger or smaller, black ring near the apex, sometimes they
are almost quite yellow, anterior tarsi with the three first joints yel-
low; hind tibiz with the basal third yellow, hind tarsi blackish or
with the three basal joints more or less yellow, only metatarsus dark
above; hind femora somewhat thickened, hind tibize somewhat com-
pressed and somewhat strongly curved in the apical third; hind troch-
anters with a strong, spine-like process below, directed backwards;
hind femora with two rows of short, strong spines below, the row
towards the posterior side present only on the apical part; the legs
short-haired, also the femora with only longish hairs; the hairs whitish
to more or less dark yellow, just at the apex of front femora may
be a few black hairs and the short hairs on the apical part of hind
femora are black. Wings more or less brownish tinged, sometimes

Fig. 173. Wing of X. segnis o.

almost hyaline. Stigma brown. Squamule pale yellow with darker
margin and fringes. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons rather narrow, slightly widening down-
wards, bluish and shining; frons with a pair of whitish dust spots
nearly meeting in the middle; the hairs short, pale, the space above
the antenne bare. Hind trochanters without spine, hind femora less
thickened than in the male, the spines less strong and those in the
anterior row produced less towards the base.

33

514 Syrphidae.

Length 10—13 mm.

The larva and pupa are described above under the description
of the genus.

X. segnis is common in Denmark all over the country. My dates
are 1°/;—19%/9, It occurs in woods and fens, generally on somewhat
humid places where it is seen running on the leaves of low herbage,
especially on large leaves as those of Petasites. The larva was taken
in a decaying, humid stub of a beech in Dyrehaven on °/s (Schlick),
and I have taken newly emerged specimens, still with the wings not
unfolded, on iree-stubs in Egebeeks Vang in the latter part of July.

Geographical distribution: — All Europe down into Italy, and on
Madeira; towards she north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

9. X. tarda Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 225,19. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 357. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 600, 2, fig. 410. — Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 131.
— X. bifasciata Zett. (nec Meig.) 1843. Dipt. Scand: Il, 872, 4 et 1849. VIII,
3191, 4. — X. confinis Zett. 1843. Dipt. Scand. II, 872, 5 et 1849. VIII,
3191, 5 et 1855. XII, 4674, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 354.

Male. This species is rather similar to segnis. Frons with a bare
space above the antenne. Thorax more short-haired and with the
long hairs behind less numerous and shorter; scutellum almost with
only short hairs except the hairs at the margin. Abdomen as in
segnis, second segment more broadly black at the base; the markings
often darker or more obscure and sometimes the hind margin of
second segment darkened. Legs coloured and haired as in segnis, the
hairs on femora much shorter, on hind femora quite short; hind femora
less thickened and hind tibize much less curved, and they are evenly
curved, not abruptly in the apical third; hind trochanters with only
a short spur; hind femora with only quite small but numerous spinules
below, not arranged in rows, only on the apical part a little larger
and in two rows. |

Female. Similar to the male and differing from the female of
segnis by the same characters as in the males; the reddish markings
on abdomen more vague.

Length 9—10,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from segnis by the characters
given above, especially the different armature below the hind femora,
and in the male by the short spur on the hind trochanter. Schiner’s
character from the dark hind margin of the second abdominal seg-
ment is only sometimes present; Verrall’s statement that the front

Xylota. 515

tibia are much darker than in segnis is contrary to Schiner’s state-
ment that the tibie are dark only on the apical part; none of the
statements I have found confirmed, the tibize in my specimens being
coloured mainly as in segnis.

X. tarda is rare in Denmark, I know only seven specimens; Dyre-
haven (Steger), in Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author), and on
Bornholm at Allinge and in Almindingen (H. J. Hansen). My dates
are only *4/6—*4/7.

Remarks: In Verrall’s Catalogue of the Syrph. and in Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. X. bifasciata apud Zett. is considered to be a synonym to
nemorum Fabr., but I have seen specimens from Zetterstedt’s collec-
tion of his b¢fasciata, and they were tarda; this synonymy is already
adopted by Wahlgren (Entom. Tidskr. XIII, 1909, 75), and Verrall has
the same in Brit. Fl.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Hungary; towards the north to middle Sweden, and
in Finland.

3. XK. ignava Panz.

1798. Panz. Fn. Germ. LX, 4 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 221, 13 — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 875, 9 et 1849. VIII, 3192, 9
et 1859. XIII, 6039, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 355. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 129.

Male. Also this species is similar to segnis, but is stouter and
darker. Vertex broader, more triangular, bluish; frons and epistoma
pale yellow pruinose, the latter also with the ground colour yellow;
vertex with whitish hairs, frons and epistoma with only slight, pale
hairs just along the eye-margins. Occiput greyish white pruinose,
above bluish and only slightly pruinose; the hairs all white, only at
the upper corners some few short, black, bristly hairs. Antenne with
the basal joints reddish brown or blackish, the third joint dark, blackish
brown or black; arista blackish. Thorax eneous black, punctate, in-
wards to the humeri a somewhat large, whitish pruinose spot; the
thorax is clothed with short, yellowish hairs, on the hind part inter-
mingled with some longer, paler hairs; along the front margin, on the
prealar and postalar calli and across in front of scutellum are white,
somewhat longer hairs; above the wing-root and somewhat inwards
are black hairs. Scutellum with short and longer, white hairs, along
the margin are numerous long, but fine, not bristly hairs. Pleura slightly
pruinose, with longish, white hairs. Abdomen coloured as in segnis
but with the colour on the middle more red; it is dull on the disc, shining

33*

516 Syrphidae.

at the base, the sides and on fourth segment; it is clothed with short
hairs which mainly follow the ground colour, but there are inconspicuous
black hairs forming triangular middle spaces on the red segments,
rather extended on third segment; at the side margins the hairs are
longer, white, increasing in length towards the base. Venter coloured
as dorsum, with short, pale hairs, black on fourth segment; at the
base they are longer. Legs with femora black or blackish, the apex
of anterior femora yellow; tibize and tarsi yellow, the two last tarsal
joints more or less darkened; hind tibiz sometimes slightly darkened
in the middle; the hind trochanters have a short, conical, pointed pro-
cess below, it is directed downwards and is yellow; hind femora
considerably thickened, more than in segnis, but they are armed about
as in tarda, as they have numerous small spinules below not arranged
in rows on the larger part, only at the apex forming two rows of a
little larger spinules; hind tibiz a little less curved than in segnis; the
legs haired as in segnis, the hairs whitish, only at the apex of front
femora a few black hairs, and the short hairs on the apical part of
hind femora and partly below are black; the hairs on tibie are fine
and dense and cause the tibiae to shine white or silvery in certain
lights. Wings yellowish or light brownish tinged, especially on the
middle part. Stigma pale brown. Squamule whitish with yellow
margin and fringes. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; vertex and frons broad, broader
than in segnis, widening downwards; they are bluish black, somewhat
above the antennze a greyish pruinose cross-band and the frons
pruinose at the sides of the antenne; the hairs whitish, the space
above the antenne bare. Hind trochanters simple, hind femora less
thickened and the spinules below smaller, stretching less near to
the base.

Length 12,5—13 mm.

This species is easily distinguished by the colour of its legs and
the process of the hind trochanters of the male, besides by other
characters. |

X.ignava is very rare in Denmark, we have only two specimens,
a male and a female; I am not quite certain with regard to its
belonging to our fauna, one of our specimens in the Danish collection
is labelled “Denmark?” and the other has no locality; on the other
hand it is very probable that the species should occur in Denmark as
it is found both north and south of us.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden, and in Finland, but not in England.

Xylota. 517

4. X.lenta Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 222, 15. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il,
$77, 11. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 355. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl). VIII, 601, 3,
fig. 411. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 129. — Milesia pigra Fall. p. p.
(nec Fabr.) 1816. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 11, 7.

Male. Again this species is somewhat similar to segnis, but it is
larger, much broader and stronger and of darker colour. Vertex black,
elongated, eye-suture somewhat short; frons and epistoma whitish
pruinose, the frons rather prominent and also the mouth edge pro-
minent; vertex with pale hairs intermingled with some black ones;
frons quite without hairs, and epistoma with only slight, pale hairs at
the sides of the antenne and just along the eye-margins. Occiput
whitish pruinose on the lower half, black and shining above; the hairs
white, above almost all black. Antenne with the basal joints black,
the third joint somewhat large, dark brown to blackish; arista blackish,
brownish at the base. Thorax black, shining, finely punctate, inwards
to the humeri a whitish pruinose spot; thorax is clothed with short,
whitish yellow and partly black hairs, and on the whole disc with
longer, erect, partly pale, partly black hairs; above the wing-root some
black hairs and on the postalar calli some longer, yellow hairs.
Scutellum with longer and shorter, pale hairs, the long hairs at the
margin not bristly. Pleura with somewhat long, not dense, white
hairs. Abdomen coloured about as in segnis; first segment black,
second and third red; the second with only the extreme front margin
black not reaching the sides, and with a black triangle in the middle;
the third segment quite red without black hind margin; fourth seg-
ment black; abdomen all shining; it is clothed with not quite short
hairs, which follow the ground colour but are pale on first segment;
they are somewhat long on fourth segment, on the other segments
they are short along the middle, increasing in length towards the sides
and especially long towards the basal corners. Genitalia with longish,
black hairs: Venter coloured as dorsum, with long, pale, on fourth
segment black hairs, on this latter segment they are shorter except
at the end. Legs all black; hind trochanters simple, hind femora
rather thickened, thickest near the apex and somewhat abruptly
attenuated at the end; they have for the greater part only bristles
below and it is only on the apical third that there are stronger, short
spines, not distinctly arranged in rows; hind tibize somewhat com-
pressed and evenly curved, they are canaliculate behind in the basal
half; legs somewhat long-haired, also the tibie with relatively long
pubescence; anterior femora whitish-haired, hind fernora with white

518 Syrphidae.

hairs on the anterior side, on the posterior side the hairs mainly
black and long, the short hairs on the apical part black; the hairs on
anterior tibiz pale except below middle tibiz and to a slight degree
below front tibize, where they are black; hind tibiz black-haired, below
they have a sharp edge on the basal third, the rest bears a somewhat
short, erect ciliation. Wings more or less, sometimes somewhat strongly
brownish tinged, generally the most on the apical part; medial cross-
vein less oblique than in the other species and placed near the middle
of the discal cell. Stigma brown. Squamulze whitish with yellow
margin and fringes. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons somewhat narrow, widening down-
wards, black and shining; frons with two greyish white dust spots;
the hairs short and pale, the space above the antenne bare. Epistoma
much more thinly pruinose than in the male. Thorax more short-
haired and more black-haired, as the hairs on the front part and
along the middle are mainly black and likewise inwards to the wing-
root; the long hairs on the postalar calli partly black; scutellum with
more or fewer black hairs, and the long marginal hairs black and
stronger than in the male. Abdomen with the basal part of fourth
segment red. Hind femora quite as in the male.

Length 11—13,5 mm.

This species is easily known already by its quite black legs.

X.lenta is not rare in Denmark, but, however, much less common
than segnis; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Hillerad,
Tisvilde, Nordskoven at Jegerspris; on Mgen; on Falster; on Lolland
in Dedemose west of Nysted, and on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland
at Horsens and at Funder near Silkeborg. My dates are 7®/s—?/7. It
occurs on similar localities as segnis. :

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to middle Sweden.

Remarks: Under X. pigra Zetterstedt says (Dipt. Scand. II, 878)
“In Dania, D. Steger’; according to this expression Zetterstedt had
evidently not seen Danish specimens; in Steeger’s collection is a single
female, labelled pigra, but it is only a (somewhat immature) specimen
of lenta; X. pigra is thus hitherto not found in Denmark.

5. X&. femorata L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 595 et 1767. XII, 2, 988, 58 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1824 (Musca). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 11, 8 (Milesia). —
1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 876,10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 355. — 1907.
Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. If], 128. — Syrphus volvulus Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV,
295, 62 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 192, 15 (Milesia). — X. volvulus 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 223, 16, Tab. XXVIII, Fig. 29.

Xylota. 519

Male. Vertex black, long but not narrow, eye-suture somewhat
short; frons somewhat prominent, black and shining; epistoma black,
shining, only a little pruinose at the sides of the antenne and below
from the upper mouth edge towards the eyes; it has the mouth cdge
rather prominent; vertex black-haired, frons with only some single
hairs at the eye-margins and epistoma with only a row of white hairs
at each eye-margin. Occiput bluish black, shining, a little pruinose
along the eye-margins below; the hairs not long, brownish below,
yellowish above and here some black hairs. Antenne reddish, first
joint black, third joint short, not longer than high; arista not long,
brownish yellow, pale towards the apex. Thorax blackish or dark
geneous, not very shining, with indications of two or four darker
stripes; inwards to the humeri it has a small, whitish pruinose spot;
it is clothed with short, mainly yellow hairs and has on the whole
disc longer, mainly black hairs, longest behind; above the wing-root
are short, black hairs. Scutellum has short and long, pale hairs, the
hairs along the margin not bristly. Pleura black, shining, with not
dense, -blackish, behind and downwards pale hairs. Abdomen long,
the fourth segment unusually long and swollen in the basal part; the
abdomen is black or bluish black, shining, but dull along the middle
and on the hind parts of second and third segments so that the shining
parts form here two large basal corner spots; it is clothed with short
hairs which are white but black on the dull parts and on fourth seg-
ment, on this latter are only some white hairs at the end of the
swollen front part; the hairs are longer towards the sides and long
at the basal corners; they are all white at the side margin except
jusl at the hind corners of the segments and on the last part of the
fourth segment. The genitalia are more or less, often quite retracted
into the long fourth segment. Venter black, shining, with long, white
hairs, black at the apex. Legs red or yellowish red, coxe, trochanters,
the apex of hind femora and the hind tibize and tarsi black; hind troch-
anters simple, hind femora somewhat strongly thickened, especially
towards the apex, which is somewhat abruptly attenuated; below there
are yellow hairs, becoming black and more bristly outwards, and only
below the apical part are somewhat short, black spines, not arranged
in rows; hind tibie somewhat compressed, evenly curved; the legs
not long-haired, the hairs long only behind the front and especially
the middle femora; the hairs are yellow, behind the apex of middle
femora there may be a few black hairs and they are partly black on
the posterior side of hind femora and black on the black apex and
on the hind tibize; these latter with a short, erect ciliation below in
the whole length. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; medial cross-vein

520 Syrphidae.

not very oblique but placed after the middle of the discal cell.
Stigma brown. Squamule dirty whitish or smoky, with dark margin
and fringes. Halteres with yellow peduncle and blackish knob.

Female. Similar to the male; vertex and frons somewhat broad,
widening downwards; they are black and shining, the frons with two
small, greyish side dust spots; the hairs black, the space above the
antenne bare. Thorax and scutellum more short-haired than in the
male. Abdomen with the fourth segment long but shorter than in
the male. Hind femora a little less thickened than in the male but
otherwise similar.

Length 12 to fully 14 mm.

X. femorata is rather rare in Denmark; Tyvekrog (the author),
Tisvilde (J. C. Nielsen, the author), and a few specimens from earlier
times without particular locality. My dates are */s«—/7. It seems to
occur in more extended woods and has been taken sitting on tree-
stubs; it is also else recorded from such localities, often sitting on
felled trees.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and-middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, in Finland, and
in Siberia and down towards China.

6. X. sylvarum L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 985, 37 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1804 (Musea). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 767, 20 (Syrphus) et 1805.
Syst. Antl. 191, 13 (Milesia). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 10, 4 (Milesia).
— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 223, 17. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
870, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 356. — 1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 602, 4,
fig. 412. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 131.

Male. Vertex black or bluish black, somewhat elongated, frons
and epistoma yellow pruinose, the former black and shining just above
the antenne; vertex with yellow hairs, frons and epistoma bare with
only slight, pale hairs down just along the eye-margins. Occiput
whitish grey pruinose on the lower part, bluish black and shining
above; the hairs are whitish below, yellow above. Antenne blackish,
third joint generally brown or blackish brown; arista long, black.
Thorax eneous, shining, punctate, inwards to the humeri a greyish
pruinose spot; it is clothed with short, yellow hairs and with a little
longer, erect, likewise yellow hairs; these latter are long on the hinder
part; behind on the middle of the disc both the short and long hairs
are more or less black; on the prealar and postalar calli are longer,
yellow hairs, on the latter black anteriorly, and above the wing-root
are somewhat strong, black hairs Scutellum with short, decumbent,

Xylota. 521

and long, pale hairs, the long marginal hairs stronger, nearly
bristly. Pleura with somewhat short and dense, yellow hairs, reddish
yellow just above. Abdomen black, dull, the first segment bluish,
shining, the second with a shining side margin, widening somewhat
triangularly inwards on the front part; the third segment with
similar shining spaces and the fourth quite shining, but on these seg-
ments it is seen only with difficulty on account of the densely covering
hairs; abdomen is clothed with short and longer, mainly yellow hairs,
on the second segment they are short and depressed on the dull part,
longer and erect on the shining parts, they are generally black on a
triangular space at the hind margin; at the sides they are longest and
specially long and paler at the basal corners; the third segment has
the dull part clothed with short, adpressed, black hairs, the shining
parts have longer, decumbent, golden hairs, which thus form a trans-
verse, sometimes interrupted band near the front margin, widening
towards the sides and stretching along the side margins; the fourth
segment is quite covered with long but depressed, golden hairs, leaving
only just the front margin bare; the hairs are arranged regularly as
with a comb in such a way that on the middle part they are directed
towards the median line, on the side parts directed outwards. Genitalia
shining, black-haired. Venter black, shining, with paler incisures; it
has short, yellow hairs, at the base they are long and whitish, and
they are also long at the hind margins of the segments and partly at
the sides. Legs with femora black, the extreme apex of anterior
femora yellow and all tibiz and the three first joints of the tarsi like-
wise yellow; the tibiz have about the apical half or a little more
darkened except along the dorsal side, which remains yellow, but the
darkening is only indistinctly seen on account of the dense hairs; the
hind trochanters have two short, wart-like processes below near the
apex; the hind femora are slightly thickened, with short, black spines
below on the apical half, forming two rows, the anterior row is con-
tinued towards the base as small spinules, not arranged in rows; hind
tibiee slightly and evenly curved; the legs have the hairs of medium
length, longest behind anterior femora and above hind femora; the
hairs are white and yellow and there are some black hairs behind
the apex of the anterior, especially the front femora, and the short
hairs on the apical part of the hind femora are black; the hairs on
tibize are dense, depressed and almost golden, below the anterior tibiee
there may be some black hairs; hind tibize without erect ciliation
below. Wings slightly or a little more brownish tinged, especially on the
anterior part; medial cross-vein very oblique. Stigma brown. Squamulee
pale yellowish with darker margin and fringes. Halteres pale yellow.

599 ; Syrphidae.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons rather narrow, widening down-
wards, bluish; frons with two greyish dust spots; the hairs short,
yellow, the space above the antenne bare. Abdomen as in the male,
the small fifth segment black, shining and black-haired. Hind troch-
anters with indications of the processes present in the male.

Length 11 to fully 15 mm.

X. sylvarum is somewhat common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose,
Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Bgllemosen, @rholm, Hillergd, Egebeks Vang,
Nyrup Hegn, Tisvilde, Faxe Ladeplads, Jegerspris; on Falster; on
Lolland at Maribo and in Keldskov; on Langeland at Lohals; on
Funen at Veflinge, Odense and at Lundeborg on the eastern coast;
in Jutland at Horsens, Rye near Silkeborg and Seby. My dates are
3/s—*/s. It occurs on similar localities as segnis and is often seen on
plants with large leaves as Petasites.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

7. X.nemorum Fabr.

1805. Syst. Antl. 192, 17 (Milesia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 356. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 604, 5, fig. 413. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill,
129. — X. bifasciata Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 219, 10. — X. florum
Zett. (nec Meig.) 1843. Dipt. Scand. Il, 879, 13. — Milesia ignava 1816.
Fall. (nec Panz.) Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 11, 16.

Male. Vertex black or neous black, not specially long; frons and
epistoma grey pruinose, the former shining at the extreme front margin;
vertex with yellow, anteriorly with black hairs, frons a little pale-
haired and epistoma with distinct, whitish hairs at the eye-margins.
Occiput greyish pruinose, less above: the hairs yellow, above a few
black hairs. Antenne blackish or blackish brown; arista of medium
length, black. Thorax greenish geneous, shining, often with indications
of two darker middle stripes; it is greyish pruinose on and inwards
to the humeri; it is finely punctate and clothed with short, erect,
yellow or whitish and black hairs; the hairs are black especially across
the middle, and behind are longer, black hairs among the short; above
the wing-root are short, black hairs. Scutellum with short, yellow and
long, partly black hairs; the long marginal hairs yellow, not bristly.
Pleura with shortish, yellow hairs, just above some black hairs. Ab-
domen somewhat short, dull black, with yellow spots; the first seg-
ment gzneous and shining and the fourth shining; second segment has
two transversely quadrate, yellow spots a little before the middle, and
third segment a similar pair nearer the front margin; the spots are
somewhat shining; they are either isolated from the sides or reaching

Xylota. | 593

the margin; abdomen is clothed with short hairs, which on second and
third segments mainly follow the ground colour, they are depressed
on the black parts but erect on the spots; the fourth segment has
mainly yellow hairs but some black in the middle on the front part;
they are long and reddish yellow at the hind margin; towards the
sides of abdomen the hairs are longer and at the side margin all
yellow, and long at the basal corners. Genitalia yellow-haired. Venter
yellowish, blackish on first and fourth segments; it is clothed with
longish, pale hairs, shorter on fourth segment but long and dense at
its hind margin. Legs black, the anterior knees, the extreme base of
hind tibiz and the two basal joints of the anterior tarsi yellow or
reddish yellow; the third joint of the anterior tarsi often brown, and
likewise second joint of hind tarsi; hind trochanters simple, hind
femora considerably thickened, thickest about or a little beyond the
middle; below they have numerous, very short, black spinules, only
at the apex some longer spines in two rows; hind tibie rather short,
somewhat compressed and distinctly curved; the legs are somewhat
short-haired, the hairs mainly yellow, behind the apex of anterior
femora some black hairs and the short hairs on the apical part of
hind femora are black; also below middle tibize are black hairs, and
the hind tibiz have a short, erect, very dense, black ciliation below.
Wings a little brownish tinged; medial cross-vein not very oblique,

Fig. 174. Wing of X. nemorum @.

near the middle of the discal cell. Stigma yellowish brown. Squamule
whitish with yellow margin and fringes. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons somewhat broad, widening downwards;
they are zneous black, somewhat shining; frons with two grey dust
spots, almost or quite united in the middle; the hairs are black above,
yellow below, a small space above the antenne bare. Abdomen
relatively broad, with the spots generally smaller and more or less
obscurely yellowish or quite glaucous; it is black-haired with the spots
and all the fourth segment conspicuously pale-haired, on the latter the
hairs long at the hind margin as in the male. Hind femora a little

524 Syrphidae.

less thickened than in the male, with no spinules below on the basal
part; front tarsi generally darker than in the male.

Length 7—8,5 mm.

The larva and pupa were described above tied the description
of the genus.

The types to this species, a male and a female, are present in
the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt, and I have examined them.

X. nemorum is somewhat rare in Denmark, and has hitherto been
taken only on Sealand; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Hare-
skov. My dates are 7°/s—®*°/s. It occurs in woods, generally at water.
The larve were taken in a decaying stub of a beech in Hareskov on
5/s, they pupated about 1*/« and developed on ?*/s and the following days
(C. Larsen); further a larva was taken in water in a hollow tree-stub
in Dyrehaven on 1/7, it developed on */7, and a pupa was taken on
the same place on *°/7, developing on *4/7 (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — NeoPthsee and middle Europe, pro-_
bably down into Italy; towards the north to northern Sweden, and
in Finland; it is also recorded from North America buth with some doubt.

8. X. florum Fabr.

1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 250, 7 (Scaeva). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III,
217, 8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. ], 356. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 606, 6,
fig. 414. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 128. — X. memorum Meig. (nec
Fabr.). 1822. 1. c. Ill, 219,11. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 871, 3 et
1849. VIII, 3191, 3.

Male. Vertex bluish black, not specially long nor narrow; frons
and epistoma greyish white pruinose, the former with a somewhat
large, black space above the antenne; vertex with yellow hairs, frons
and epistoma with only slight, white hairs along the eye-margins.
Occiput greyish pruinose below, bluish black above; the hairs white,
a little yellowish above. Antenne blackish, third joint brown; arista
long, blackish brown. Thorax seneous, on and inwards to the humeri
a whitish or silvery pruinose spot; thorax is clothed with short, ad-
pressed, yellow hairs and has only very few a little longer, likewise
yellow hairs behind; on the prezalar and postalar calli are a little
longer hairs and above the wing-root stronger, black hairs. Scutellum
with short and some longer, pale hairs, the marginal hairs a little
stronger. Pleura with longer, whitish, above yellow hairs. Abdomen
considerably longer than in nemorum, dull black, with first and fourth
segments shining, eneous or bluish; the spots similar to those in
nemorum but a little smaller and less quadrate; abdomen is also haired

Xylota. 595

as in nemorum but the fourth segment is quite black-haired except
at the basal corners, and the hairs are all short, not long at the hind
margin; the pale hairs on the second pair of spots are decumbent,
not erect as in nemorum. Genitalia yellow-haired. Venter yellowish,
black at the base and on the apical part; it has short, pale hairs,
long only at the base and partly on fourth segment and here darker.
Legs black, about the basal third of the tibiz, or on hind tibiz some-
what less, and the two first joints of anterior tarsi yellow and also
the third joint somewhat pale; hind trochanters with a short spur or
process below near the apex; hind femora almost not thickened, below
they are covered with quite short black spinules or bristles and there
are two rows of small spines, the row on the anterior side stretching
towards the base, the other present only on the apical third; hind
tibiz relatively longer than in nemorum, very slightly curved; the legs
are rather short-haired, the hair§ are whitish or yellow, behind the
apex of anterior femora are some black hairs; the short hairs on a
large apical part of hind femora are black and towards below the
black hairs stretch inwards almost to the base; also at the apex of
middle femora and to a slight degree on front femora are short, black
hairs; the hairs on tibie are yellow, below hind tibize darker to
blackish, but there is no erect ciliation. Wings a little brownish
tinged, especially towards the anterior margin; medial cross-vein rather
oblique, placed after the middle of the discal cell. Stigma brown.
Squamulze whitish with yellow margin and fringes. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons somewhat narrow, widening down-
wards, black or bluish black; frons with large, grey dust spots nearly
meeting in the middle; the hairs are short, yellow, the space above
the antenne bare. Abdomen with the spots smaller and more
triangular than in the male, and generally quite or nearly quite
glaucous; the fourth segment has similar, glaucous, more or less distinct
spots; abdomen is all black-haired with only the spots distinctly white-
haired. Hind femora as in the male but without spinules below the
basal part.

Length 10—11 mm.

This species is somewhat similar to nemorum but it is conspicuously
larger, and it is easily known by the much thinner hind femora, the
shorter and less curved hind tibie with no erect ciliation below, and
in the male by the short spur on the hind trochanters and besides
there are more characters as the colour and length of the pubescence
on fourth abdominal segment and still other characters. It is very
similar to X. abiens Wiedem., which will perhaps be found in Den-
mark, but that species is smaller, with shorter hind legs and thicker

526 Syrphidae.

hind femora; its hind tibiz have as in florum no erect ciliation below
and its hind trochanters have a short spur.

X. florum is a rare species in Denmark and until 1915 we had
only six specimens, four from earlier time without particular locality,
one taken in Dyrehaven at Maglleaaen in 1914 (the author) and one
taken at Tisvilde in 1913 (J. C. Nielsen); in 1915 1 found it in some
number in Egebeks Vang; it occurred along a brook in the wood
on places where there were many tree-stubs and rather rich vegetation,
and it was here flying together with segnis, but florwm was present in
ereater numbers; it was often seen sitting on the stubs, and no doubt
it had its breeding places here; I took also a specimen in Nyrup Hegn
in the vicinity. The dates are 76/5—71/7.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to northern Sweden, and in Firiland.

Remarks: The synonymy of X. nemorum and florum has been
somewhat confused; the synonymy I have followed here is also found
in Verrall’s Brit. Fl., but in the appended Catalogue of the Syrphidae
he has in contrast to it another synonymy, which latter is adopted in
the Kat. palaarkt. Dipt., but it is not correct; Verrall takes here, as
said above (515), bifasciata apud Zett. as a synonym to nemorum Fabr.,
while it was stated above that it belongs to tarda Meig., further he
has nemorum apud Zett. as synonym to florum Fabr. and florum apud
Zett. as synonym to nigripes Zett. Through the kindness of Dr. S. Bengts-
son in Lund I have had opportunity to study specimens of nemorum
and florum from Zetterstedt’s collection, and they proved that nemorum
apud Zett. is florwm Fabr. (as generally adopted), and florwm apud Zett.
is nemorum Fabr.; I have therefore not followed the Kat. palaarkt,
Dipt. The synonymy I have thus adopted is for the rest already
found in Wahlgren (Entom. Tidskr. XIII, 1909, 75, 76). It is just
possible that nigripes Zett. is only a variety of nemorum (as Schiner
thinks), and if so nemorum Fabr. includes both nigripes Zett. and
florum Zett.

41. Syvritta St. Farg. et Serv.

Rather small, elongate and narrow species of black colour with
yellow spots on abdomen; they are very short-haired. The genus is
somewhat allied to Xylota. Head relatively long, semiglobular, as
broad as high and a little broader than thorax; it is somewhat ex-
cavated behind. Eyes large, bare, touching in the male for a moderate
distance, separated in the female; in the male the facets are some-
what strongly enlarged but only on a small space about the suture.

Syritta. | 597

Vertex much elongated; frons very small, not prominent, without hairs.
Antenne inserted in the middle of the head, the second joint without
bristles; arista short, bare. Epistoma keel-shaped, very slightly hollowed
from the antenne to the mouth edge, which latter is the more pro-
duced part; the epistoma is not descending, it is white pruinose, the
lower side parts bare, yellow; it has only slight hairs at the sides
below. Jowls very narrow, not descending. Oral cone and proboscis
rather long. Clypeus with the basal part small. Mouth parts other-
wise of usual construction, but they are much longer than in Xylota
and for the rest also else differing from the mouth parts in this genus.
Labrum long, semitubular, the median process cleft, with emergences,
the upper lateral process thin and pointed, the lower lateral process broac,
with a broad end and as usual with the lower corner rounded, the
upper drawn a little out; hypopharynx long, slightly shorter than
labrum, parallel-sided, attenuated at the end but the apex itself rounded;
maxille likewise long but shorter than hypopharynx, of usual shape
and structure, rounded at the end; the palpus a little shorter than
the lacinia, thread-like, microscopically haired, with some short bristles
and one long at the apex; labium with the basal part longer than
the not large, oval Jabella. Thorax rectangular, the anterior side
margin yellowish pruinose. Scutellum black, without marginal fringe
below. No thoracal or scutellar bristles, only a few very short, bristly
hairs at the apex of scutellum. Metapleura with short, dense hairs,
a little longer towards the hind margin. Abdomen narrow and elongate
with parallel sides, rather flat; in the male there are four not trans-
formed segments, the first not quite small, the others about equal in
length; the first segment has the hind corners rounded off and the
second is produced much forwards at the basal corners; the first
ventral segments are somewhat narrow so that there is a broad side
membrane; the fourth ventral segment is shorter than the dorsal,
roundly incised at the hind margin. Genitalia large, the outer lamelle
elongated triangular, the terminal appendages styliform, a little curved.
In the female there are five visible abdominal segments but the fifth
is very small, pointed, often almost hidden; the rest are hidden, the
last terminates with two small lamelle; the fourth ventral segment is
about as long as the dorsal. Legs with the hind femora very strongly
thickened, with small spines below and serrated on the apical part;
the hind tibize distinctly curved, hind metatarsi a little thickened; the
legs are very short-haired, there are longer hairs only behind the
middle femora, and below the hind femora there are a few long
bristles. Claws and pulvilli moderately developed; empodium spine-
shaped, hairy. Wings with the cubital vein curved a little down above

528 Syrphidae.

the first posterior cell; medial cross-vein not oblique, placed on the
middle of the discal cell; upper marginal cross-vein undulated; the
basal part of the radial vein with fine bristles, almost only to detect
under the microscope. No stigmatical cross-vein. Squamulz not large,
thoracal squamula with long, branched hairs, alar squamula with some-
what shorter, only slightly flattened hairs. Plumula quite short with
rather short, simple hairs.

The developmental stages of S. pipiens are mentioned by De Geer
(Mém. Ins. VI, 1776, 121), who found the larve in horse-dung; they
pupated in the beginning of May and developed at the middle of the
same month. Scholtz (Ent. Zeitschr. Breslau, 1—38, 10) found the larvee
in cow-dung. Beling (Arch. f. Naturg. 48, 1, 1882, 233) describes the
larva and pupa. The larve were found numerously together in dense
clumps under rotten straw and other vegetable matter at the end of
March; they developed on '/s5 and the following days. ‘Terry (Proc.
Hawaiian Ent. Soe. II, 1910, 96) records the life history of S. oceanica
Macq., but I have not seen this paper. I have myself examined pupz
found in a fen in heaps of vegetable matter in August. According to
Beling the larva is 10mm long, about cylindrical, a little attenuated
towards both ends; it is dirty yellowish, the dermis is tough, short-
spinulose; the segments with about four corrugations each; on the
ventral side are seven pairs of small prolegs with spines; the pro-
thoracal segment has at the front margin numerous short, brown,
recurved spines in transverse rows; above the mouth opening are as
usual the two-jointed antenna-like organs; at the posterior end of the
body are on each side three filaments, the posterior of which are the
largest; at the end itself is a brown, somewhat flattened posterior
spiracular process, it has a longitudinal dividing line above and below
and bears the spiracles on the flat end. The pupa is arched, rounded
in front, slightly attenuated behind; near the anterior end are two
short, cylindrical, yellow anterior spiracular tubes, they are a little
distant, directed upwards and diverging, and they have the somewhat
thickened apical half beset with small tubercles, partly arranged in
rings; at the posterior end is the larval posterior spiracular process,
directed a little upwards. The length is about 6 mm.

The species of Syritta are characteristic flies by their strongly
thickened hind femora; our Danish species, which is very widely
distributed and common, is an excellent hoverer and is seen every-
where hovering around flowers and bushes; Zetterstedt tells (II, 881)
that the male hangs in the air before the Penal sitting on a: leaf, and
soon after the copulation takes place.

Of the genus 6 species are recorded from the palzarctic region,

Syritta. 529

but only two of them are European, and except the common pipiens
they are all southern species; only pipiens occurs in Denmark.

1. S. pipiens L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 594 et 1767. XII, 2, 988, 56 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1882 (Musca). — 1764. O. F. Miill. Fn. Fridrichsd. 725 (Musca). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 772, 46 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 194, 27
(Milesia). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 12, 9 (Milesia). — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. Ill, 213, 1 (Xylota) et 1838. VII, 114, 1, Tab. LXVII, Fig. 21—
29. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 881, 1 et 1855. XII, 4675, 1. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. 1, 358. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI. VIII, 612, 1, figs. 416—417. —
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 132.

Male. Vertex very elongated triangular, black behind, yellow
pruinose on the front half; frons pale yellow and epistoma white
pruinose, the extreme mouth edge bare and likewise the lower side
parts which are yellow, blackish anteriorly; vertex with short, yellow
hairs; frons bare, epistoma with a few white hairs on the sides below.
Occiput whitish grey pruinose, eneous above but with a small pruinose
spot at each side of the vertex; the hairs very short, white below,
yellowish and a little longer above; on the middle they are exceedingly
short. Antenne yellowish red; arista short, not longer than the antenne,
brown. Thorax black or eneous black, very slightly shining; humeri
and the side margins to the transverse furrow broadly yellow pruinose ;
in the middle of the front margin two grey pruinose spots as beginning
of lines; postalar calli reddish, in front of them a yellowish pruinose
streak, the inner ends of which form two pale spots at the hind margin
in front of scutellum, one on each side. Thorax is clothed with quite
short and adpressed, yellow hairs. Scutellum coloured and haired as
thorax. Pleura pale yellow to whitish grey pruinose, with very short,
pale hairs. Abdomen dull black, the middle of the extreme hind
margin of the third segment and the whole fourth segment shining;
first segment grey at the basal corners, second segment with a pair
of large, yellow side spots at the front margin, they occupy two thirds
of the length at the side margin but are sloping inwards at both ends
so that their inner margin is much shorter than the side margin and
often rounded; on the third segment are a pair of similar spots, but
they are shorter, more quadrate and close to the front margin, they
are sometimes connected in the middle at the front margin; the fourth
segment has as a pair of transverse, greyish yellow pruinose spots at
the basal corners; the spots go all in full width over the side margin;
the yellow spots are more or less shining, in certain lights they are
somewhat whitish pruinose; the hind margin of fourth segment is

34

530 Syrphidae.

narrowly orange, and generally also the hind margin of third segment
in the middle. Abdomen is clothed with exceedingly short hairs which
mainly follow the ground colour, but are somewhat pale at the sides
and apex of fourth segment; they are not longer at the sides, but the
basal corners have a tuft of long, white hairs. Genitalia yellow-haired,
the outer lamelle with the apical part yellow. Venter yellowish with
the base and the fourth segment blackish; it is almost bare with only
few longish hairs at base and on fourth segment. Legs black and
yellow; anterior femora yellow with a larger or smaller black spot on
the posterior or upper side, generally stretching from near the base
to near the apex; sometimes a similar but smaller spot below, and
sometimes the spot is rather faint; anterior tibize with the apical half
or two thirds brown or blackish, sometimes only above; anterior tarsi
yellow; hind femora black with the base and a dorsally interrupted
middle fascia yellow; hind tibie black with the base and a ring in
the middle yellow, and hind tarsi black; the hind femora are ex-
ceedingly thickened and somewhat compressed, below they have a
row of quite short spines on about the basal two thirds; the apical
third bends abruptly up to the apex, it has towards the anterior side
an edge with a row of dense, short spines and towards the posterior
side a row of few, about four, longer spines; the hind tibie are curved,
with a sharp edge below, interrupted in the middle; hind metatarsi
a little thickened; the legs quite short-haired, only middle femora with
long hairs behind and hind femora with a row of few long, white,
bristly hairs below on the basal part; the hairs are pale; hind tibie
almost quite bare only with a row of fine, distant, erect hairs below.
Wings clear; stigma slightly yellowish to pale brown; cubital vein

Fig. 175. Wing of S. pipiens 3.

curved a little downwards above the middle of the first posterior cell;
middle cross-vein not oblique, on the middle of the discal cell; upper
marginal cross-vein undulated. Squamule with their fringes, and the
halteres whitish.

Female. Vertex somewhat narrow, widening down the frons; the
vertical space black, the rest greyish or yellow to brownish pruinose

Eumerus. 531

with a blackish cross-band above the middle and generally a very
narrow, black middle line, slightly widening above the antennz; the
hairs pale. Antenne larger than in the male; third joint generally
more brown. Abdomen with the spots smaller, less defined and more
whitish pruinose, the spots on third segment more transverse as only
their front part is pale, the hind part black and shining. Anterior legs
generally paler.

Length 7,5—9 mm.

S. pipiens is very common in Denmark all over the country; it
occurs on nearly all localities, also in gardens, and it frequents many
various flowers; the male is a fine and indefatigable hoverer, one of
the best of all Syrphids. My dates are ‘/s—*/10; I have taken it in
copula on */s. The pupa was taken in Damhusmosen in heaps of
leaves and other vegetable matters in August (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Very widely distributed and common;
all Europe, in parts of Asia and down to South Africa and on the
Canaries and Madeira; towards the north to northern Sweden and in
Finland; it is also common in North America.

42, Eumerus Meig.

Species of somewhat small or medium size; the colours are black
or sneous, abdomen in many species more or less reddish, and it
has three pairs of more or less distinct, whitish pruinose, shallow
lunules or oblique bands. Head not short or somewhat long, semi-
globular, sometimes rather flattened above; it is broader than high
and broader than thorax, a little excavated behind. Eyes some-
what large, in the male either only approximated in a point or
touching for a shorter or longer to rather long distance, in the
female separated; they are apparently bare or more or less to
densely hairy; in the male the facets on the front part, towards the
suture, are more or less, from slightly to rather strongly enlarged.
Vertex long; the occiput puffed out above; frons not prominent, some-
what small to very small, haired. Antenne inserted in or a little
below the middle, in the male of ornatus considerably below; they are
smaller or larger, third joint sometimes rather large, a little elongated
or nearly square as it is generally more or less truncate in front; it
is larger in the female than in the male; sometimes the second joint
elongated (Jongicornis, non-Danish); arista is inserted near the base or
at some distance from it, more or less near the upper front corner,
it has generally the basal joints distinctly visible; the basal antennal
joints have small hairs, and bristles at the apex, longest below, third

34*

532 Syrphidae.

joint and arista microscopically hairy. Epistoma straight, not hollowed,
without central knob and not descending; it is blackish or zneous,
but more or less, generally densely pale pruinose and it has longish,
somewhat dense hairs. Jowls small and not descending, with a small
pit in front, but there is no furrow stretching upwards. Oral cone
and proboscis somewhat short; clypeus horse-shoe-shaped with the
basal part small. Labrum (sabulonum) short, strong and high at the
base, strongly semitubular; the median process broad, cleft, irregularly
serrated or dentate at the margin; the upper lateral processes shorter,
conical, with small teeth on the margin; the lower lateral processes
considerably longer than the others, broad and broadened at the apex,
which is almost circularly rounded, turned a little upwards; the usual
lateral rows of small papille present on the inside of labrum; hypo-
pharynx as long as labrum, with nearly parallel sides, rounded at the
‘apex; maxille somewhat shorter, relatively short and broad, nearly
straight, not or slightly knife-shaped, and rounded at the apex; they
have the usual microscopical spines in rows and the spines are rather
distinct, directed inwards and specially distinct at the inner margin
and the apex; palpi quite short, half as long as lacinia, a little swollen,
with microscopical hairs and with some bristles. Labium with the
basal part rather short, distinctly shorter than the oval labella. Thorax
a little rectangular or almost quadrate; scutellum black or eneous,
marginate and with the margin serrulated or crenelated; it has no
marginal fringe below. No thoracal or scutellar bristles. Metapleura
with dense, somewhat short hairs. Abdomen somewhat narrow and
elongated, as broad as or a little narrower than thorax, with parallel
sides; in the male there are four not transformed segments of which
the fourth is the longest; the fourth ventral segment is much shorter
than the dorsal, incised in the hind margin in various ways, either
with a broad, not deep incision or with a narrower but deeper in-
cision, and further the incision may have teeth at the margin. Genitalia
relatively large; the fourth dorsal segment is bent down over the
genitalia at the sides and apical corners; in the female there are five
normal segments, the fifth quite small, the rest are hidden, the last
terminates with two small lamelle. Legs generally somewhat robust,
hind femora more or less thickened and armed below with spines,
especially on the apical part; the hind tibiz more or less thickened
and hind metatarsi likewise more or less thickened, sometimes strongly
(in non-Danish species). The legs have shorter or longer hairs but
they are generally somewhat short; sometimes (in non-Danish species)
the hind legs and tarsi specially haired. Claws and pulvilli of medium
size; empodium small, spine-shaped, hairy. Wings with the cubital

Eumerus. 533

vein curved a little down over the first posterior cell, or nearly straight;
sometimes (in non-Danish species) more deeply dipped; medial cross-
vein more or less oblique, placed at or behind the middle of the
discal cell; the upper marginal cross-vein curiously angulated, ‘the
lower marginal cross-vein bent about rectangularly upwards; the basal
part of the radial vein with very fine bristles. No stigmatical cross-
vein. Vena spuria stretching only to the cross-vein or slightly beyond.
Thoracal squamula with long, branched hairs, branched especially
below near the base; alar squamula with shorter, simple, not flattened
hairs. Plumula quite short, with short, simple hairs.

The metamorphosis of LZ. strigatus is known; the larva (aeneus)
is mentioned by Curtis (Gard. Chronicle II, 1842). Léon Dufour bred
the same species (aeneus) from an onion, which became rotten (Soc.
Se. Lille, 1845, 197, Pl. I, fig. 1—4). Bouché (Stett. ent. Zeitg. VIII,
1847, 145) describes larvee and pupz of it (aeneus); the larvee live in
the bulbs of Allium Cepa in July, and they may sometimes do great
damage, destroying the whole crop; they pupate in the bulbs or in
the earth, sometimes also under bark of decaying trees in the vicinity;
the pupal stage lasts three to four weeks; the author says that soime-
times the pupa hibernates; he adds that the larva of what he calls
var. strigatus is somewhat differing and lives above the ground in the
flower stalks, at the base of which it pupates. Scholtz mentions (Ent.
Zeitschr. Breslau, 1—3, 1847—49, 18) that according to Boie the larva
(aenus) lives in bulbs of Narcissus. Herold notes (Zeitschr. f. wiss.
Insektenbiol. XI, 1915, 345) that he found the larva (lunulatus) in
potatoes, which were greatly injured by the attack; in each potato
were several larve; they were found on 1“/7 and they pupated soon
after, partly in the potatoes, partly in the earth, and developed in the
beginning of the next month.

According to Bouché the larva is dirty greyish yellow, spinulose,
wrinkled, and flat below; the anterior spiracles are brown; at the
posterior end is at each side a conical, wrinckled wart or filament and
below them a brown posterior spiracular process, which bears the
spiracles on the truncated end and is wrinkled in its basal part; the
length is fully 6 mm (Herold gives 8—ii mm). The pupa is similar
to the contracted larva but is darker; no anterior spiracular tubes
are mentioned.

The affinities of the genus are not clear; the place of the medial
cross-vein and the thickened hind femora seem to indicate relationship
to Xylota and Syritta; on the other hand it also shows many charac-
ters pointing towards the Pipiza-group, especially towards Paragus,
thus the shape of vertex and epistoma, the shape of abdomen with

534 Syrphidae.

the peculiar, somewhat impressed lunules, and the pale, abbreviated
lines on thorax; again some points, as the sometimes distinctly looped
cubital vein and also the habits of the larva might seem to approx-
imate it to Merodon. The question is at present not to be settled, I
should, however, be inclined to think that it is most nearly allied to
Xylota, also on account of the construction of the mouth parts.

The species of Eumerus are interesting and characteristic flies;
they occur in and at the outskirts of woods on various flowers, many
species especially on dry and sandy localities. Verrall says that the
species seem to |him to have some connection with small aculeate
Hymenoptera.

The genus is mainly of southern occurrence; about 41 species
occur in the palearctic region; 4 have been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1... Abdomen more or Jess reddish.” 380 525.2 2 ae ee 1. sabulonum.
— Abdomen not reddish: ... 2-2... /901% 2.04 3. see ne 2.
2. Eyes distinctly hairy, in the male touching for a long space;

wing-stigma -bilackish © 6.2 5:\. } 1s, Ye sap as ee ee 3. ornatus.
— Eyes less hairy, in the male touching for a short space;

wing-stigma pale brown. ...4.0,.2 6 e+ Didyelo ciate a me eee 3.

3. Antenne black; abdomen with pale, somewhat long hairs

at apex; fourth abdominal segment in the male without

pale Hind ‘margin: 205s. 22 & 2c oe ees heen, een nee 2. strigatus.
— Antenne red; abdomen with the hairs at apex black and

short; fourth abdominal segment in the male with a pale

STG: AVIATOT ct 5 2 iy) 3/cno: aie STs es” des Ope a 4. ruficornis.

1. E. sabulonum Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 61, 7 (Pipiza). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
Il, 863, 2 et 1855. XII, 4673,2. — 1848. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. IX, 144, 4
et 1855. Verhandl. zoo]. bot. Gesell. Wien, V, 6938. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
288. — 1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 616, 1, figs. 418—420. — 1907. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. II, 136. — £. rubriventris Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 267, 2
et 1834. Suit. 4 Buff. I, 528,10. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 112, 18.
— E. Selene Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 210, 12. — ? Syrphus tricolor Fabr. 1798.
Ent. Syst. Suppl. 563, 85—86 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 244, 52 (Eristalis). —
? E. strigatus Meig. (nec Fall.) 1822. 1. c. Ill, 207, 7.

Male. Vertex large, eneous black, eyes approximated or nearly
touching in a point, apparently bare; frons and epistoma black, shining;
vertex with yellow hairs, frons and epistoma with longish, whitish
hairs. Occiput zneous, much puffed out above; it is grey pruinose
along the eye-margin below to above the middle, the pruinose margin
often ending above in a reddish streak; the hairs short, white, almost

Eumerus. 535

wanting in the middle. Antennz blackish brown or black, third joint
small, truncated at the end, somewhat square; arista inserted some-
what near the base, thickened in the basal part. Thorax eeneous or
dark brassy, densely punctate, a little shining; it
has two faint, abbreviated, greyish lines and in
the middle a very narrow line; the two inter-
stices between the lines are darker; thorax is
clothed with quite short, yellow hairs. Scutellum
concolorous with thorax and with the margin
densely serrated; it has still shorter hairs. Pleura
geneous, sometimes golden or coppery, with short,
pale hairs. Abdomen conspicuously reddish, either
quite or almost quite red, but darkest towards '
the apex, or with the apex more or less darkened Fig. 176. Head of
to black; the black colour may include the fourth E. sabulonum G.
segment and the hind margin and sides of the

third; first segment black, sometimes with the hind margin red, and
second segment may be blackish at the front margin in the middle;
abdomen is densely punctate, very slightly shining except just at the
apex; it has three pairs of whitish pruinose, oblique transverse lines
or very shallow lunules; these |unules run from near the apical corners

Fig. 177. Antenna of E. sabulonum 3, from the inside. >< 70.

inwards and forwards to above the middle; the pair on second seg-
ment do not reach the sides but are here produced somewhat for-
wards. Abdomen is clothed with quite short hairs, which are for the
greatest part black, but pale on the lunules and also at the sides ex-
cept at the front corners of third and fourth segments; the hairs are
short also at the sides, only at the basal corners somewhat long.
Genitalia black, shining, yellow-haired. Venter coloured as dorsum
and with short, pale hairs. Legs black, the anterior knees, a shorter
or longer basal part of all tibie and the three first joints of anterior

536 Syrphidae.

tarsi reddish or yellowish, but second and third tarsal joints with the
extreme base black; also hind tarsi with the basal joints, especially
second and third somewhat pale; the hind femora are thickened and
have below on the apical half two rows of short but strong spines;
hind tibiz slightly curved, somewhat dilated in the apical half, hind
metatarsi a little thickened; the legs short-haired, only behind middle
femora a little longer hairs; the hairs pale; the four first joints of
the anterior tarsi have a small apical bristle on each side. Wings
somewhat brownish tinged; stigma only slightly darker; cubital vein

Fig. 178. Wing of E.sabulonum 3.

curved a little down over the first posterior cell; medial cross-vein
placed on the middle of the discal cell. Squamule and fringes whitish.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; vercex and frons broad, nearly
parallel-sided, black; the hairs whitish, dark about the ocelli. The
antenne considerably larger than in the male.

Length. This species varies somewhat in size, the length from 5
to fully 8 mm.

E. sabulonum is common in Denmark on suitable localities; Char-
lottenlund, @rholm, Brede, Vedbzek, Tisvilde, Frederiksveerk, Raorvig,
Nykgbing; on Lolland; on Funen at Faaborg; in Jutland in Nerholm
Skov at Varde, at Horsens, S@ndervig, Frijsenborg, Silkeborg and Laven
near Silkeborg and at Skagen; on Bornholm at Ronne. My dates are
5/6 —15/s. It occurs exclusively on sandy localities and therefore often
near the shore.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden.

Remarks: I have in the description specially néntantl the small
bristles at the ends of the four first joints of the anterior tarsi because
of what Verrall says about this character; the said author is some-
what inclined to think that the true sabulonum should have no bristles
and that the form with the bristles might be a distinct species (litoralis
Curt.); this is because Loew ascribed sabulonum no bristles as character

Eumerus. 537

against his tarsalis with relatively large bristles, and because Verrall
had a specimen in which he could detect no bristles. How this may
be I think our species is the true sabwlonum. Verrall says that on
the front tarsi the bristles are present only on the posterior side, but
I find the small bristles present on both sides.

9. E, strigatus Fall.

1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 61, 8 (Pipiza). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
II, 864, 3 et 1855. XII, 4674, 3. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 621, 3, fig.
424, — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 137. — E. aenews Macq. 1827. Soc.
Sc. Lille, 269, 8 et 1834. Suit. A Buff. I. 528, 11. — 1838. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. VII, 112, 19. — E. grandicornis Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 208, 8. —
1843. Zett. 1. c. Il, 866, 6. — E. funeralis Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 208, 9. —
1843. Zett. ].c. Il, 867, 7. — E. flavifrons Meig. 1822. 1. ¢c. Ill, 209, 10. —
E. lunulatus Meig. 1822. 1. c. Ill, 209,11. — 1848. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg.
IX, 121,9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 362. — E. Selene Loew (nec Meig.)
1840. Programm Posen, 28, 5 et Isis 1840. 561, 5.

Male. Vertex long and rather broad, zeneous; eyes actually touching
for a short distance, with slight, scattered, white hairs behind and
below; frons and epistoma grey pruinose, on the latter the neous
ground colour may be slightly visible; vertex with yellow hairs, more
or less blackish across at the ocelli, sometimes only a few black; frons
with short epistoma with longer, dense, white hairs. Occiput whitish
pruinose below along the eye-margins to above the middle, neous
above and rather puffed out; the hairs whitish, above yellowish, very
short on the middle. Antenne rather large, third joint longer than

Fig. 179. Antenna of FE. strigatus 3, from the inside. >< 70.

broad, with the lower apical corner pointed; they are black but greyish
pruinose; arista somewhat long, inserted at some distance from the
base; the bristles below the apex of both basal antennal joints long.
Thorax eneous or brassy, punctate, somewhat shining; there are two
narrow, grey lines, abbreviated behind the middle; thorax is clothed

538 Syrphidae.

with short but somewhat erect, yellow hairs, longer than in sabulonum.
Scutellum with the margin finely serrated, it is coloured and haired
as thorax, al the margin the hairs a little longer. Pleura eneous with
somewhat longish, white hairs. Abdomen eneous, coarsely punctate,
not very shining except at the sides and apex; it has three pairs of
lunules or oblique bands as in sabulonum; the lunules are a little
greyish or almost bluish white and the spaces which they cover are
a little impressed; abdomen is clothed with short hairs, which are
black except at the base, on the lunules, at the sides and on the
apical part of fourth segment, where they are pale; they are longer
at the sides and on the apical half of fourth segment; at the basal
corners of abdomen they are longest. Genitalia yellow-haired. Venter
a little eneous, with longish, pale hairs. Legs blackish esneous, the
knees and the basal part of the tibize reddish or yellowish; the three
basal joints of the middle tarsi often more or less yellowish and on
the hind tarsi they may be pale towards the ends; hind femora con-
siderably thickened, with two rows of short, strong spines below on
the apical part, the posterior row continued to-or beyond the middle,
the anterior row present only on the apical third or fourth; hind tibiz
conspicuously dilated from near the base to the apex, and hind meta-
tarsi thickened, especially at the base; the legs more long-haired than
in sabulonum and rather densely haired; the hairs somewhat long on
all femora, on hind femora both above and below, longest below and
here also some bristly hairs present; the tibie somewhat fringed above;
the hairs are whitish; at the apex of hind tibizw on the posterior side
are some long, yellow, bristly hairs. Wings a little greyish or brownish
tinged; cubital vein curved a little down over the first posterior cell;
middle cross-vein very oblique, placed after the middle of the discal
cell. Stigma pale brown. Squamule and fringes whitish. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons broad, widening downwards;
they are neous, the frons more or less broadly grey pruinose along
the eye-margins, and sometimes also thinly on the middle; the hairs
pale but black across the ocelli and just above the antenne. ices
antennal joint broader, almost as high as long.

Length 6,5—8,5 mm.

E. strigatus is not rare in Denmark though it can scarcely be
termed common; Copenhagen in gardens, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose,
Tisvilde, Lynees, at Sora; on Lolland at Maribo and in Keeldskov and
Dodemose west of Nysted and here rather common; on Langeland
at Lohals; on Funen at Langenso; in Jutland in Ho Skov at Aarhus
and at Thisted. My dates are '°/s—*/s. It occurs in fens and in

Eumerus. 539

and at the outskirts of woods on various flowers, especially I have
taken it on Composite.

Geographical distribution: — Europa down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

3. E.ornatus Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 205, 4. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 865, 4.
— 1855. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, V, 694. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 362. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 620, 2, fig. 423. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 135.

Male. Head rather long and of a characteristic shape, as it is
flattened above; the vertex is long, almost as long as the head but
very narrow; eyes touching for a long distance and the frons very
small; on account of the long vertex and eye-suture the frons is pushed
downwards and the antenne inserted considerably below the middle,
and the epistoma is directed backwards to-
wards the lower side of the head. Vertex
black, shining, the ocelli lying quite anteriorly;
it is yellow-haired but anteriorly, at the ocelli
black-haired ; frons and epistoma white pruinose,
the former with slight, the latter with longish,
dense, white hairs. The eyes distinctly brownish-
hairy, the facets on the front side rather much
enlarged. Occiput grey pruinose below along
the eye-margin, above eneous black, puffed
out; the hairs whitish below, yellow above,
very short on the middle. Antenne of medium Fig. 180. Head of
size, third joint almost square, angulated below ; Bi eishatue ce
they are black, third joint blackish brown;
arista somewhat long, inserted at some distance from the base, near
the upper apical corner; the bristles below the apex of both the basal
antennal joints long. Thorax dark eneous, finely punctate, shining;
it has two narrow, grey lines, abbreviated behind the middle; it is
clothed with longish hairs, which are mainly black, but yellowish in
front and behind. Scutellum eneous, marginate and with the margin
serrulated; it has longish, yellow hairs. Pleura ,with yellow, above
black hairs. Abdomen black or bluish black, somewhat coarsely punc-
tate and moderately shining, at the sides zeneous, coppery or purplish
and more shining; it has three pairs of distinct, whitish or bluish
white pruinose lunules or oblique bands, which are somewhat im-
pressed; abdomen is clothed with short, black hairs, whitish only on
the lunules; at the sides they are slightly longer and yellow and they

540 Syrphidae.

are long at the basal corners. Genitalia black-haired, they are of a
somewhat curious shape, the ninth segment below with its side parts
swollen and brownish. Venter eneous with not long, pale hairs, at
the hind margin of fourth segment long, dark hairs. Legs relatively
not strong, black, the knees and base of tibize more or less yellowish,
sometimes very obscurely; the three basal joints of the middle tarsi
may be more or less pale, and the hind tarsi may have the apex of
the same joints more or less brown; sometimes also the front tarsi
a little pale; hind femora only moderately thickened, with two rows
of not quite short spines below the apical third; hind tibie somewhat
strongly and rather abruptly thickened in about the apical two thirds,
hind metatarsi slightly thickened; the legs haired about as in strigatus;
the hairs yellow but the short hairs at the apex of hind femora and
at the apical part on the anterior side of anterior femora black, and
also about the middle of hind tibize are black hairs; at the apex on
the posterior side of hind tibiz are some long, bristly hairs as in
strigatus. Wings almost hyaline or more or less brownish tinged;
stigma blackish; cubital vein very slightly curved, almost straight;
medial cross-vein placed behind the middle of the discal cell. Squamulz
whitish with a darker yellow margin and fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons somewhat narrow, much nar-
rower than in strigatus, almost parallel-sided; they are zeneous, shining,
the frons grey pruinose at the eye-margins and with more or less
vague side dust spots; the hairs are yellow but blackish at the ocelli
and just above the antenne. Epistoma less densely pruinose than
in the male. Antenne with the third joint larger.

Length 7,5—8,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from the somewhat similar
strigatus by the shape and size of the head and frons, the place of
the antennz, the hairiness of the eyes and the short-haired and black-
haired end of abdomen; besides it is narrower and much darker.

EF. ornatus is somewhat rare in Denmark and more rare than
strigatus; Faxe Ladeplads (the author); on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick);
on Langeland at Lohals (the author), and in Jutland at Horsens
(O. G. Jensen). My dates are '/« to the beginning of August. It occurs
in woods on bushes and in low herbage on more or less sunny places.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden.

4. E. ruficornis Meig.

_ 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III; 206, 5. — 1848. Loew, Stett. ent.
Zeitg. IX, 127, 13 et 1855. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, V, 688, 694. —

Eumerus. 541

1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 865, 5 et 1859. XIII, 6036, 5. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 362. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II], 136.

Male. Very similar to strigatus; head of similar shape but the
vertex narrower, bluish black, yellow-haired. Eyes touching for a short
distance, slightly whitish-hairy, but however, more hairy than in strigatus.
Antenne of about the same size, third joint scarcely as large; the
basal joints blackish, the third red or brownish red; the antennz
greyish white pruinose; the arista inserted at a little distance from
the base. Thorax black or dark wneous, the usual two grey lines
faint or very faint; it is clothed with short, erect, yellow hairs.
Seutellum more bluish than in strigatus, with yellow hairs, finely
serrated at the margin. Abdomen as in strigatus but the fourth seg-
ment with a somewhat broad, yellowish hind margin, broadened in
the middle; it is also haired in the same way but the hairs on the
apical part of fourth segment black and not long, but a little erect.
Genitalia larger, black-haired; the fourth ventral segment with a more
narrow incision in the hind margin and the margins of the incision
cleft into teeth, the apical corners with dense, black hairs. Legs mainly
as in strigatus and haired in the same way; tarsi blackish; hind femora
slightly less thickened but armed below as in strigatus. Wings brownish;
stigma brown or pale brown; cubital vein and medial cross-vein as
in strigatus.

Female. Likewise similar to the female of strigatus but disting-
uished by the red antenne and the black-haired apex of abdomen;
the fourth abdominal segment without yellow hind margin. Antenne
with the third joint very large, roundish.

Length 6,5—7,5 mm.

E. ruficornis is very rare in Denmark, we have only four speci-
mens from earlier time, taken at Sorg, no doubt by Jacobsen; no
date is given. :

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden.

43. Ferdinandea Rond. |
(Chrysochlamys Walk.)

Species of medium size and of more or less bright zeneous colours,
with pruinose stripes on thorax. Head somewhat semiglobular, broader
than high and broader than thorax, slightly excavated behind. Eyes
touching in the male, separated in the female, hairy; in the male the
facets are slightly enlarged on the front part towards the suture.

549 Syrphidae.

Frons somewhat prominent, hairy. Antenne inserted above the middle
of the head; they are not small, third joint nearly roundish; the basal
joints have small hairs, the second small bristles at the apex above
and below, the third and the arista microscopically hairy. Epistoma
hollowed below the antenne, with a moderate central knob and below
it retreating; it is somewhat protruding and slightly descending; epi-
stoma is yellow, nearly bare, with hairs only below on the sides.
Jowls small, almost not descending; in front they are somewhat
separated from epistoma by a furrow which stretches upwards towards
the antenne and thus separates off distinct eye-margins, almost as in
Chilosia; the eye-margins are hairy. Oral cone and proboscis of
moderate length; clypeus with the basal part not long. Labrum
(cuprea) of usual shape, semitubular; the processes of equal length,
the median not broad, cleft to the base, each part pointed and with
some emergences at the apex; the upper lateral processes as broad
as each part of the median, curved slightly inwards, knife-shaped and
pointed; the lower lateral processes broad, of quite the usual shape;
the lateral rows of small papille on the inside present as usual and
the papille scattered over the whole lower lateral process; hypo-
pharynx a little shorter than labrum, parallel-sided but with the apical
part attenuated, the apex itself is rounded; the maxille somewhat
short, considerably shorter than hypopharynx, rather curved, knife-
shaped and pointed; they have the microscopical spines arranged in
rows rather distinct; palpi long, much longer than the laciniz, a little
clubbed, with microscopical hairs and with bristles in the whole length.
Labium with the basal part a little shorter than the somewhat large,
nearly oval labella. Thorax rectangular; scutellum yellow, translucent,
with a short marginal fringe below; thorax has long and strong bristles
which are one or two posthumeral, two notopleural, about four supra-
alar and four postalar bristles, and further a transverse row in front
of scutellum; scutellum has eight to ten strong marginal bristles.
Mesopleura have three bristles above; metapleura with dense, short,
towards the hind margin longer hairs. Abdomen of a shape as in
Chilosia; in the maie there are four not transformed segments, the
three last of about equal length. Genitalia not large. In the female
abdomen has five visible segments, the following hidden, the last ending
with two short lamellae. Legs simple and haired in the usual way,
but with some few bristles at the apex of middle femora and on tibiz;
anterior trochanters with a solitary bristle above. Claws and pulvilli
well developed; empodium spine-shaped, hairy. Wings with the cubital
vein curved very slightly downwards above the first posterior cell;
medial cross-vein somewhat oblique, placed at the middle of the discal

Ferdinandea. 543

cell; marginal cross-veins normal; base of the radial vein with distinct
bristles. No stigmatical cross-vein. The thoracal squamula has long,
richly branched hairs, the hairs have a long stem with branches at
the sides and are divided into branches above; the alar squamula has
shorter, a little flattened hairs. Plumula rather long, with somewhat
long, simple or slightly branched hairs.

The developmental stages of F. cuprea are known. Fallén men-
tions the pupa (ruficornis) as found at the foot of a wounded tree
(Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 1817, 50). Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand. II, 1843, 780)
mentions the larva (ruficornis) found in wounds on oak-trees and the
pupa found in the ground at the roots in the middle of July. Brauer
records that the larvae may be found in exsuding sap on stems of
Aesculus, Acer, Populus etc., but he gives no further information.
The pupa (nigrifrons) is mentioned by Vimmer (Casopis Soc. ent.
Bohem. VIII, 1911) but I have not seen this paper. I have myself
examined larve and pupe of F. cuprea and ruficornis; the larvee were
taken in sap in a Populus alba attacked by Cossuws, on 1"/s; on the
same place pupz# were found in the earth next spring on 7/3, they
developed on “/4 and in the following time. The imagines were
cuprea but also a couple of specimens of ruficornis were bred; the
larvee of the two species thus had lived together. Pupz of cuprea
were further taken in a decaying tree in April, they developed on 7/5.

The larva of F. cuprea (and as I could find no difference between
my larvee taken on the above mentioned occasion, I think the larva of
ruficornis is quite similar) is elongate, almost cylindrical, only very
slightly flattened below; it is slightly attenuated just in front and still
less behind; the dermis is chagreened from dense, fine, recurved spines ;
the body is transversely corrugated but not deeply, each abdominal
segment shows about three corrugations; above and at the sides are
some small warts with a little larger spine, divided at the apex; these
small warts are regularly placed on the corrugations in the same way
as in other Syrphid larva, only the six warts above are on all seg-
ments placed on the same corrugation, the two lateral, however, more
posteriorly than the two median. On the ventral side there are seven
pairs of slight prolegs with small spines on the first seven abdominal
segments; also on metathorax a pair are traceable; above the mouth
opening the antenne-like organs are present, each ending with two
small papillae; at the hind margin of the prothoracal segment lies at
each side a very small anterior spiracular tube, brown at the apex.
The mentioned small warts above and at the sides increase in size
backwards, on the last segment they form six conical filaments, three
at each side, surrounding the segment; in the middle of the posterior

544 Syrphidae.

surface of the segment, between the filaments, is a short, brown
posterior spiracular process; it is constricted in the middle, somewhat
elliptical in transverse section and with a longitudinal dividing line
above and below; it bears the spiracles on the truncated end. The
colour of the larva is dirty yellowish; the length of the full-grown
larva is 16mm. The pupa is brownish, flattened below, much arched
above; the front part is attenuated and the dorsal side here declining
downwards to the anterior point; about at the hinder border of the
declining part are two short, blackish spiracular tubes, pointing up-
wards and diverging; they are beset with small tubercles; the pupa
is a little attenuated towards the posterior end and has here the six
filaments and the posterior spiracular process as in the larva, but the
filaments are shorter.- The pupa is much shorter than the larva, the
length is 7,—9 mm. — According to the above the larva evidently
hibernates.

Also of this genus the affinities are obscure; it is placed here on
account of the medial cross-vein being not situated before the middle
of the discal cell, but the bristles on thorax -and the distinct eye-
margins, as well as the simple legs would otherwise place it near
Chilosia; I am inclined to think that it is in reality nearly related to
this genus, also on account of the construction of its mouth parts,
which are rather conform with those of Chilosia; the species were
originally placed in that genus until Rondani in 1844 created the genus
Ferdinandea for them, but placing this genus next to Chilosia.

The species of Ferdinandea are rather beautiful flies with their
striped thorax and brightly eneous or brassy abdomen; they occur in
wooded districts and frequent various flowers but are often seen at
ulcerated tree-stems with exsuding sap. :

Of the genus 3 species are known from the palearctic region;
2 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.
1. Arista blackish; the dull bands on abdomen just on the hind

margins,of the. segments ss 3.14) ..< Gs:».0s:0je ae See a 1. cuprea.
— Arista reddish; the dull bands on abdomen before the hind
margins,.of the segments. ./. 2.4. nee ee ee 2. ruficornis.

1. F. cuprea Scop.

1763. Scop. Entom. Carn. 355, 962 (Conops). — 1857. Loew, Verh.
zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 619, 2 (Chrysochlamys). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
363 (Chrysochlamys). — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 624, 1, figs. 425—426
(Chrysochlamys). — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Il, 188. — Chrysochlamys
nigrifrons Egg. 1860. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, X, 664. — 1862. Schin.

Ferdinandea. 545

F. A. I, 364. — Syrphus ruficornis Rossi (nec Fabr.) 1790. Faun. Etr. Il,
290, 1466, Tab. X, Fig. 9. — 1817. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 50, 2 (Eristalis),
— 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 278, 1 (Syrphus). — 1843. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. II, 779, 3 (Hristalis).

Male. Vertex black, a little greyish pruinose; frons yellow to
brownish yellow, or more or less black except the anterior margin; it
_ is greyish white pruinose along the eye-margins; epistoma dark yellow,
‘somewhat pruinose at the eye-margins, the mouth edge and jowls
more brownish; vertex and frons black-haired, on the latter the
anterior margin bare; epistoma nearly bare, with only some black,
erect hairs below at the sides, but at the lateral mouth edges and on
the jowls are yellow hairs; the eye-margins with yellow hairs. Occiput
grey pruinose from the brownish yellow jowls upwards; the hairs
whitish below, yellowish above and here a row of long, black
hairs overhanging the eyes. Eyes yellowish-haired. Antenne reddish
or brownish red, third joint more or less blackish on the apical part;
arista black. Thorax dark eneous, shining, humeri and postalar calli
somewhat yellowish; on the disc are four grey or bluish grey pruinose
stripes, the median stripes diverging behind and the median and lateral
stripes on each side connected in front and behind; the lateral stripes
produced a little inwards at the transverse furrow; on and at the
humeri are pruinose spots. Thorax is clothed with short, decumbent,
yellow and long, erect, black hairs. Scutellum yellowish translucent,
likewise with short, yellow and long, black hairs; thorax has long,
black bristles along the sides, on the postalar calli and in front of the
scutellum, and this latter has numerous long, black marginal brisles.
Pleura grey or yellowish pruinose, with long, yellow hairs, above on
mesopleura are four long, black bristles. Abdomen bright eneous or
brassy and brightly shining; a narrow front margin on second seg-
ment and the hind margins of second and third segments dull black;
the black hind margins are produced more or less triangularly for-
wards in the middle and the second segment has a more or less
distinct, narrow, black dorsal line; abdomen is densely clothed with
somewhat short, erect, yellow or tawny hairs; they are longer at the
side margins and longest at the basal corners. Venter zeneous, a little
pruinose, with somewhat long, yellow hairs. Legs yellow, coxe and
trochanters black; the three last joints on the anterior tarsi and the
two last on hind tarsi blackish; for the rest the legs are either quite
yellow or the anterior femora are more or less black on the basal
part, until the basal half or more; sometimes also the hind femora
and the anterior tibie may have more or less distinct, dark rings,
sometimes rather large; the legs are haired in the usual way, the

35

546 Syrphidae.

©

hairs on femora somewhat long; the hairs vary according to the colour
of the legs from almost all yellow to nearly all black; the front tibice
have some small bristles about the middle on the posterior side; the ~
middle femora have about three bristles behind the apex and the hind

femora have black, bristly hairs below the apical part; the posterior
tibiee have a couple of bristles below the middle on the posterior side,
the middle tibiee also generally some scattered, shorter bristles above
and on the anterior side; the bristles may vary a little in number and
like the hairs they may vary from yellow to black. Wings yellowish
tinged on the base and the anterior part, on the apical part slightly

Fig. 181. Wing of F. cwprea 3.

blackish; from the base of the cubital vein downwards is a blackish
fascia and the medial cross-vein is blackish seamed. Stigma yellow.
Squamule whitish, the fringes yellow. Halteres with a yellow peduncle
and a brownish knob.

Female. Similar to the male; vertex and frons broad, rather
widening downwards, as in the male quite black or brownish yellow;
the frons is more or less pruinose across the middle; the hairs black.
The legs vary in colour as in the male.

Length. This species varies not little in size, the length from 8 to
12 mm.; the female is the larger.

As seen the species varies somewhat with regard to the colour
of the frons and the legs; the darker forms were described by Egger
as nigrifrons. With us the darker form seems to be the most common,
but the females are only more rarely dark.

F. cuprea is not rare in Denmark, though hardly common; Char-
lottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Frederiksdal, Brede,
Holte, Geel Skov, Tisvilde, Faxe Ladeplads, Jeegerspris, Boserup near
Roskilde and Tjustrup So; on Falster; on Lolland in Keeldskov; on
Langeland at Lohals; on Funen, and in Jutland in Nerholm Skov at
Varde, at Horsens and Silkeborg. My dates are *4/s—%/9, It occurs
in wooded districts, sometimes on flowers, but generally on stems of

Ferdinandea. 5A7

trees on which there is exsuding sap. Zetterstedt remarks: “in Dania
certis annis freq., D. Steeger’’, and in Steger’s collection are also rather
many specimens so that he must on some occasion have met with it
in some numbers, while it is otherwise generally only seen singly. The
larva was taken in sap in a Populus alba, attacked by Cossus, in
Holte on 1"/s, and pupz were found on the same place in the earth
at the foot of the tree next spring on **/s, they developed on 14/2 and
further on (Kryger); the larva lived here together with the larva of
the following species, which also was bred; the pupa was taken in an
ulcerated tree in Frederiksdal in April, developing on 1/5 (Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into attaly towards the
north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. F.ruficornis Fabr.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 769, 35 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 243, 50
(Eristalis). — 1857. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII, 620, 1 (Chri 'SO-
chlamys). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 363 (Chrysochlamys). — 1901. Verr. Brit.
Fl. VII, 626, 2 (Chrysochlamys). — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. III, 139.

Male. This species is very similar to cuprea; frons black or
brownish; epistoma a little less descending, with the hairs below at
the sides all yellow. Third antennal joint less blackish on the apical
part; arista yellow or reddish, darker towards the apex. Thorax with
the grey lines narrower and with fewer black hairs, especially in front
and behind. Scutellum with only few black hairs. Abdomen more
bluish; the dull black marginal bands lying before the hind margins
so that the hind margins themselves are shining; the hairs on the
dull bands partly or mostly black, especially on third segment. Legs
with the basal half or more of femora blackish brown, and with a
dark ring on anterior or front tibiz; all the hairs and bristles pale,
and the bristles on the tibie small or almost wanting.

Female. Similar, but the legs generally all yellow, except the
last tarsal joints.

Length 8—10 mm.

This species is, as seen, very similar to cuprea but distinguished
with certainty by the given characters, of which especially the red
arista and the dull abdominal bands placed before the hind margins
are conspicuous.

fF. ruficornis is very rare in Denmark, we have in all seven speci-
mens; the five are from earlier time, without particular locality, the
sixth is a bred specimen from Holte (Kryger) and the seventh is taken
in Jutland at Silkeborg (Esben Petersen). As remarked under the
foregoing species the larva was taken together with the larva of that

30*

548 Syrphidae.

species in a poplar, attacked by Cossus, in Holte on 1/s, and pups
were taken the next spring on the same place on ”%/3 at the foot of the
tree (Kryger). The larvee of the two species thus lived here together,
but only a couple of specimens of ruficornis were bred (and only one
was secured) so that evidently the larva of cuprea was by far the
most numerous; the specimens of ruficornis developed on 1/4.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy (if Rondani’s
species is correctly determined); Zetterstedt does not mention it from
Sweden, but Loew mentions (I. c. 619) that he had got a specimen
from Zetterstedt so that the species goes towards the north to Sweden.

Remarks: The synonymy of the two species is mainly due to
Loew; it is perhaps doubtful whether ruficornis Fabr. is this species
or cuprea; in the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt there is a
specimen labelled ruficornis, and it is cuprea; Fabricius says ‘Habitat
in Danie floribus’, but as he does not quote the said collection, the
specimen is certainly not the type, but this latter is no doubt in Kiel.
— Steger did not know the species but a few specimens were in his
collection under cuprea; Rondani remarks (Dipt. Ital. Prodr. I, 1857,
147) that he had got the species from Denmark from Steger; it is
most probable that it has been cuprea, and Rondani’s description
seems to me to answer best to the dark variety of cuprea.

44. Spilomyia Meig.

Large, wasp-like flies with yellow spots on thorax and very con-
spicuous yellow bands on abdomen. Head semiglobular, broader than
high and broader than thorax; it is a little excavated behind, especi-
ally above. Eyes touching in the male for a not long distance, separ-
ated in the female; they are bare, with somewhat irregular dark,
longitudinal bands and spots; in the male the facets are enlarged on
the front part, towards the suture. Vertex elongated; frons a little
prominent, without hairs. Antenne inserted above the middle of the
head; they are a little elongated as the two basal joints are some-
what long, each as long as or a little longer than the third joint,
which is roundish; arista inserted near the base, as long as the
antenne; the basal antennal joints have small hairs and short bristles
at the apex above and below, third joint and arista microscopically
hairy. Kpistoma very slightly hollowed, almost straight from the
antenne to the mouth edge, slightly more hollowed in the female; it
is almost not descending; it is yellow with a more or less distinct,
black middle stripe, and it has erect hairs except along the middle,
the lower side parts are bare. Jowls small, not or almost not

Spilomyia. 549

descending; they have a small groove or furrow in front at the eye-
margin. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus with the
basal part large, only triangularly incised in the anterior end but with-
out long side legs. Labrum strong, semitubular, the apical processes
somewhat short, the median cleft to the base, each part attenuated
towards the apex and here cleft into some spines or emergences; the
upper lateral processes curved a little inwards, with some spines at
the margin and especially at the apex; the lower lateral processes
broad, a little incised in the truncated end and with the inner or
upper corner drawn a little out; the processes are of about equal
length, the upper lateral the longest; the lateral rows of small papille
on the inside present as usual; hypopharynx about of the length of
labrum, parallel-sided, a little attenuated in the anterior part with the
apex rounded; maxille shorter than hypopharynx, as usual curved
and knife-shaped, rounded at the end and with microscopical spines
in rows; the palpi double as long as lacinia, a little clubbed, with
microscopical hairs and with bristles in the whole length. Labium
with the basal part a little shorter than the somewhat large, broadly
oval labella. Thorax rectangular; scutellum black with the margin
yellow and without marginal fringe below. There are no thoracal or
scutellar bristles. Metapleura with dense, short hairs. Abdomen some-
what elongated, slightly narrowed behind; it is rather arched above;
in the male there are four not transformed segments. Genitalia some-
what large. In the female there are five visible abdominal segments,
the rest hidden, the last terminating with two small lamelle. Legs
somewhat long; hind femora with a triangular process below near
the apex in both sexes; tarsi a little flattened, fourth joint strongly
incised in the apical margin. The legs short-haired, only middle
femora with somewhat long hairs behind; all trochanters with a
solitary bristle above. Claws and pulvilli well developed. Empodium
spine-shaped, hairy. Wings with the subcostal vein distinct from the
costa quite to the apex; subcostal cell open; cubital vein curved
slightly down in the first posterior cell; medial cross-vein very oblique,
placed near the apex of the discal cell; discal cell with the lower
apical corner rounded; anal vein after the closing of the anal cell
stretching long forwards, almost upwards before terminating in the
margin below the apical corner of the discal cell. An indistinct stig-
matical cross-vein present. Basal part of the radial vein with fine
bristles. Squamule not broad, thoracal squamula with moderately
long, short-stemmed, richly branched hairs; alar squamula with shorter,
flattened hairs. Plumula not long, with simple hairs.

The developmental stages are not known, but no doubt the larva

550 Syrphidae.

is similar to that of the next genus and lives in the same way in
decaying wood.

The species of Spilomyia are beautiful, wasp-like flies; they occur
in woods and seek various flowers, especially Umbellifere.

Of the genus 5 species occur in the palearctic region; one is
found in Denmark.

1. S. saltuum Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 287,32 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 189, 9
(Milesia). — 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 349. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
II, 856, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3188, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 365. — 1907,
Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. [Il], 143. — Syrphus diophthalmus Rossi (nec L.) 1790.
Faun. Etr. II, 294, 1477, Tab. X, Fig. 2. — 1822. Meig. 1. c. Ill, 229, 3
(Milesia) et 1830. VI, 349 (Spilomyia).

Male. Vertex elongated, black, a little greyish pruinose, the
anterior half yellow; frons and epistoma yellow, white pruinose at
the sides and narrowly down along the eyes and also on the lower
part; frons with a blackish triangle above the antenne, epistoma with
a more or less distinct, black or brownish middle stripe and just the
anterior mouth edge black; the middle stripe does not reach to the
antenne. Vertex black-haired, the yellow anterior part bare; frons
without hairs; epistoma with erect, pale hairs, except along the middle
and on the lower part; just below the antenne at each side the hairs
are dark. Jowls reddish yellow, a little pruinose. Occiput whitish

~~.

Fig. 182. Antenna of S. saltuum g, from the inside. >< 40.

grey pruinose along the eyes, the hairs whitish below, yellowish above
and here also with numerous not long, black hairs, sometimes the
hairs almost all black. Eyes with dark, longitudinal stripes and spots,
the part at the vertex and suture and all the front and hind margins
dark, further a longitudinal stripe down the hinder part, more or less

Spilomyia. 551

dissolved into spots below, and some more or less confluent spots
down between this stripe and the front margin. Antenne yellowish
red, third joint generally somewhat darkened above; arista yellow.
Thorax black, dull, the humeri and postalar calli and a small, some-
times indistinct spot on the prealar calli yellow, further a yellow
spot on each side inwards to the humeri, a lateral stripe on the hind
part beginning at the transverse furrow and here curved a little in-
wards, and stretching back to the postalar callus, and finally an angle-
shaped or somewhat angularly bow-shaped spot in front of scutellum;
there are moreover two faint, grey pruinose, distant middle stripes in
front, reaching to the transverse furrow, the inner part of which latter
is likewise greyish pruinose. Scutellum black with the margin yellow.
Thorax has somewhat short, erect, black hairs, but pale on the yellow
spots and just at the front and hind margins; above the wing-root
the hairs are very dense; scutellum with longer, all whitish hairs.
Pleura with a yellow spot above the front coxe, an elongated spot
down the mesopleura, a spot above on sternopleura, one on ptero-
pleura and finally the metapleura yellow; the small protuberance in
front of the squamule is yellow; the hairs on pleura pale. Abdomen
dull black with six yellow bands, as second, third and fourth segments
have each a band at the front third and the hind margin yellow;
the bands on the hind margins are broader than those on the dise,
the apical band the broadest and tri-
angularly incised in the middle; the
bands on the disc are generally nar-
rowly interrupted in the middle and
they are widened at the sides so that
the side margin is yellow. Abdomen
is clothed with short hairs, which are
mainly yellow but with rather many
black intermingled on the black parts,
especially towards the middle, and on
the hind margins of the segments; on
the last segment the black hairs are
predominent on the hinder half, and
sometimes also on the hind margins
of second and third segments; at the
side margin the hairs are yellow and
a little longer and longest at the basal corners; the first segment has
longish, whitish hairs. Genitalia yellow with yellow and black hairs.
Venter black, shining, with the hind margins of the segments and the
side membrane yellow, and with longish, pale hairs, short on the

Fig. 183. S.saltuum 3, hind leg.
< 8.

DD

iS)

Syrphidae.

fourth segment. Legs yellow or reddish yellow, front tibize except
the basal part and front tarsi black, anterior femora generally brownish
below; the hind femora have a triangular process below near the
apex towards the anterior side; the legs short-haired, only the middle
femora with longer hairs behind and the front femora with slightly
longer hairs behind; hind femora quite short-haired; the hairs black
and yellow, those behind and below the front femora and the short
hairs above and below middle femora black, and on middle femora
also the long hairs black towards the apex; hind femora black-haired
except generally on the posterior side and along the middle of the
anterior side, the hairs below somewhat bristly; front tibiee with the
hairs on the black part somewhat dark, posterior tibize yellow-haired
but the hind tibiz with a short fringe below, which is longest and
black on the middle part, and sometimes there are also some black
hairs above. Wings yellow at the base and anterior margin; stigma

Fig. 184. Wing of S. saltuum oC.

quite small, below it a small browning and from here to the apex
the anterior part is brown down to the cubital vein, but the browning
often slight. Squamule whitish, the thoracal squamula with the margin
and fringe of the same colour, but alar squamula with a brownish
margin and fringe. Halteres orange or yellow.

Female. Vertex moderately broad, frons somewhat rapidly widening
downwards; the vertex black, frons yellow with a black middle stripe
from vertex to antennz; the hairs black. Abdomen has in ail eight
bands, as the fifth segment is marked like the others, but the black
colour forming only a narrow, transverse band; often only the yellow
hind part of the segment visible.

Length 12—16 mm.

S. saltuum is rare in Denmark and all our specimens are from
earlier time, while it has not been taken in recent times; the specimens
are from the vicinity of Copenhagen and from Dyrehaven (Drewsen);
the sole date is 1%/s. It is recorded to frequent especially Umbellifere.

Temnostoma. 553

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Spain and Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden. It is also
recorded from Japan.

45. Temmnostoma &t. Farg. et Serv.

This genus is nearly allied to Spilomyia (and to the other allied,
non-Danish genera Milesia and Calliprobola) and the species are like
those of Spilomyia large wasp-like flies with yellow spots on thorax
and very conspicuous yellow bands on abdomen, but there is in this
respect the interesting difference that while the markings in Spilomyia
are due to the chitine itself being yellow, they are here caused by a
yellow pruinosity. Head slightly shorter than in Spilomyia; eye-suture
a little shorter, eyes unicolorous. Antenne inserted in the middle of
the head; they are shorter than in Spilomyia as the basal joints are
short, each shorter than the roundish third joint. Epistoma slightly
hollowed below the antenne, with a very small central knob and
below it slightly retreating; it is slightly protruding and a little
descending; it is black but yellow pruinose on the sides and hairy
only on the lower half including the lower side parts. Oral cone,
proboscis and mouth parts as in Spilomyia. Scutellum black. Legs
simple, hind femora without any process below. Wings with the sub-
costal vein near to costa in the apical part and the subcostal cell more
widely open than in Spilomyia; cubital vein slightly curved; medial
cross-vein less oblique and less near to the apex of the discal cell;
discal cell with: the lower apical corner angular and with a short
veinlet; anal vein ending normally; basal part of the radial with fine
bristles. No stigmatical cross-vein. Squamule and plumula as in
Spilomyia.

The developmental stages of 7. vespiforme are mentioned by Meigen
(Syst. Beschr. III, 233), who notes that Baumhauer brought to him in
spring some thick, almost oval, reddish grey larve, found in decaying
wood; they soon pupated and the imago escaped in May. One of our
specimens is bred but no remarks are given about it. — The puparium
of the allied Calliprobola speciosa is described and figured by Mik
(Wien. ent. Zeitg. III, 1884, 199, Taf. III, Fig. 2—2c); the author found
the full-grown larve at the end of March in a decaying stub of a
beech, they pupated the next day; the pupa is described as arched
above, flat below, slightly attenuated in front but more behind, and
it is interesting that it has here a somewhat long (6 mm) tail-shaped
prolongation with the: spiracular process at the end; to judge from
Mik’s figure the spiracular tube is telescopically retractile; the longer

554 Syrphidae.

part of the tail is evidently the prolonged last segment, and it has
also as usual filaments on each side, one pair at the base and one at
the apex (probably a third pair of filaments in the middle are over-
looked); near the anterior end are two short, recurved anterior spira-
cular tubes; they have the small tubercles placed in half-rings on the
posterior side; the small warts mentioned by the author, placed at
the anterior end are evidently the larval spiracles. On the ventral
side are six pairs of prolegs with hooks, and besides one pair on the
sides of the mouth opening; the flat, band-shaped bristles at the anus,
mentioned by the author, are, I think, the same organ or bundle of
threads which is known in several Syrphid larve protruding from
the anus.

Of the genus 3 species are known from the paleearctic region,
all occurring in the northern and middle Europe; one has been found
in Denmark.

1. T. vespiforme L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 593 et 1767. XII, 2, 986, 44 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1811 (Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 769, 93 (Syrphus) et 1805.
Syst. Antl. 188, 4 (Milesia). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 9, 3 (Milesia). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 232, 5 (Milesia). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
857, 3 (Milesia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 366 (Spilomyia). — 1907. Kat.
paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 144.

Male. Vertex long, black, the anterior part yellow or white pruinose;
frons and epistoma yellow or whitish yellow pruinose, the frons with
a narrow, black middle line ending with a black triangle above the
antenne, epistoma with a middle stripe and the lower side parts
black; vertex with black hairs, the yellow anterior part bare; frons
without hairs; epistoma with pale, erect hairs on the lower half, dark
on the black lower side parts. Occiput yellow pruinose along the
eye-margin, this colour disappearing above, but occiput again greyish
pruinose on each side of the vertex; the hairs longish, yellowish, above
they are all or nearly all black and somewhat long. Antenne yellow,
third joint roundish; arista longer than the antennee. Thorax black, dull
or very slightly shining; on the middle there are two faint, grey stripes,
diverging a little behind and united in front; they are abbreviated
behind the middle; the humeri, the prealar calli and inwards on the
transverse furrow, the postalar calli and a spot forwards from them
and a triangular spot in front of scutellum are yellow pruinose, the
inner part of the spot on the transverse furrow paler, whitish yellow;
thorax is clothed with somewhat long, black hairs, longest behind;
they are yellow on the yellow spots and anteriorly on the grey middle

Temnostoma. 555

lines; above the wing-root are some long, a little stronger hairs.
Scutellum bluish black, shining, dull on the basal part, with long,
yellow hairs. Pleura with an elongated, yellow pruinose spot down
along the mesopleura, and with long, yellow hairs. Abdomen dull
black with six yellow pruinose bands on second, third and fourth
segments; the bands lie near the front margin and at the hind margin
of each segment; the bands are, except the second, rather broad,
considerably broader than the interjacent black bands; the first band
is placed at some distance from the front margin, it is slightly attenuated
towards the middle and exceedingly narrowly interrupted in the middle;
the second band is somewhat narrow and attenuated and quite thin
in the middle and leaves here the black hind margin free; the third
band is quite near the front margin, it is generally produced triangularly
backwards in the middle or connected with the fourth band by a
narrow, yellow middle line; the fifth band is still nearer the front
margin and is always connected by a yellow middle line with the
yellow apical band; the two bands on each segment are connected
at the sides; the bands are all caused by pruinosity. Abdomen is
clothed with short, all yellow hairs; it looks as they are a little darker
on the black bands, and I think there are some black hairs inter-
mingled but they are not easy to detect. Genitalia yellowish red with
yellow hairs. Venter with first and second segments black, the latter
with traces of a yellow front and hind margin; third and fourth seg-
ments black with all the margins broadly yellow; the hairs on venter
long and pale. Legs yellow and black, front legs black except the
knees, the yellow colour stretching more or less inwards below the
femora; posterior legs yellow, the femora more or less black on the
basal half or more, the hind femora only below and behind; the last
tarsal joint also generally more or less darkened or with a dark spot;

Fig. 185. Wing of T. vespiforme o.

the legs somewhat short-haired but on the femora the hairs longer,
especially behind the anterior femora; the hairs are yellow but all
black on front tibise and tarsi, and likewise the short hairs at the

yt

556 Syrphidae.

apex of the front femora. Wings yellowish tinged; stigma yellow;
about the base of the cubital vein a slight darkening and from it to
the apex the wing a little darkened on the anterior part and along
vena spuria and the discal vein. Squamule yellowish white, with the
margin and fringes dark yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Vertex of medium breadth, the frons widening down-
wards; vertex black, frons yellow pruinose at the sides with a black
middle stripe; the hairs black above, yellow downwards, the space
above the antenne bare. The fifth abdominal segment marked as the
fourth so that abdomen has eight yellow bands.

Length 13,5—17 mm.

T. vespiforme is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose (the author),
Dyrehaven (Drewsen), at Rode Bro and in Bollemosen (the author),
in Hareskov (Henriksen) and at Fiskebek (the author). My dates
are 7*/s—®/s, It occurs on humid places in woods and frequents
especially Umbelliferee; I have also taken it flying at tree-stubs, pro-
bably the breeding places, and once I took in Ballemosen several speci-
mens which came flying and sat down on dead tree-branches lying
on humid ground; when they were sitting on the branches they were
not easily disturbed and could be taken with a glass-tube; they were
all males. One of the specimens from Drewsen has, according to the
label, been bred, but there are no further notes.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

46. Avetophila Schin.

Large Bombus-like, densely pilose species, with the pile all pale
or dark and pale variegated. Head somewhat short, broader than
high, as broad as or a little narrower than thorax; it is flat or a little
arched behind, but a little excavated upwards. Eyes touching in the
male for a short distance, well separated in the female; they are bare;
in the male the facets above very slightly enlarged. Vertex broad,
triangular; frons slightly prominent, with longish hairs. Antenne in-
serted about in the middle of the head; they are small, third joint
roundish or almost square; the basal joints have small hairs, the
second bristles at the apex above and below, the third is microscopi-
cally hairy; the arista somewhat short, plumose with long hairs.
Epistoma very long; it is slightly hollowed below the antenne, with a
small and low central knob lying rather low, below the lower margin
of the eye; below the knob the epistoma is slightly retreating; it is
slightly protruding but strongly descending and pointed at the apex;

Mite sy

Arctophila. 557

the epistoma is brown or yellow, with the lower lateral parts black;
it is almost bare as there are hairs only on the sides at the eye-
margins, and in one species some hairs on the lower lateral parts.
Jowls small and narrow, separated from epistoma by a deep furrow
which separates off narrow eye-margins; these eye-margins bear short
hairs. Oral cone and proboscis rather long; clypeus long and with
a long basal part. The mouth parts characteristic by their long and
slender shape. Labrum (bombiformis) long, strongly semitubular, the
apical processes of equal length; the median process cleft to the base,
each part conically pointed, cleft into spine-like emergences at the
apex; the upper lateral processes thin and delicate, curved a little
inwards and befid at the apex; the lower lateral processes with the
lower apical corner rounded, the upper or inner corner drawn a little
out and somewhat pointed; the usual lateral rows of small papille
on the inside present; hypopharynx as long as labrum, slender, with
parallel sides, it is attenuated at the end and somewhat pointed; the
maxille are long and slender, almost as long as hypopharynx; they
are knife-shaped and a little curved towards the apex, and they are
somewhat pointed; they have the usual microscopical spines in rows;
the palpi are as long as or slightly longer than the lacinize, thread-
like, with microscopical hairs and with numerous bristles in the whole
length. Labium long and slender, with the basal part a little longer
than the narrow and elongated labella. Thorax nearly quadrate;
scutellum black, with no distinct marginal fringe below. Metapleura
with dense, not quite short hairs. Abdomen somewhat ovate; in the
male there are four not transformed segments. Genitalia of medium
size or somewhat large, the hypopygium short but somewhat broad,
the incision with the outer lamelle rather shallow; the claws or
clasping terminal appendages rather strong, unsymmetrical, the ap-
pendage on the right side long and claw-shaped, the other shorter
and of another shape; the penis or penis-sheat very thick. In the
female the abdomen has five visible segments, the rest hidden, the
last terminating with two lamellz. Legs somewhat long; hind femora
more or less thickened and curved in the male, slightly or not in the
female; the hind tibize may also be somewhat thick and curved in the
male, and in this sex they are prolonged into a short, spur-like pro-
cess at the apex below. The legs are more or less long and densely
haired; the trochanters have a couple of long, bristly hairs above.
Claws and pulvilli well developed; empodium spine-shaped, hairy.
Wings with the cubital vein curved a little down over the first posterior
cell or only very slightly so (or, in American species, more strongly
dipped), medial cross-vein just before or a little behind the middle of

558 Syrphidae.
the discal cell; the basal part of the radial vein with distinct, fine
bristles. No stigmatical cross-vein or an indistinct one. Thoracal
squamula with long, richly branched hairs; the hairs have long stems
which bear many small branches; alar squamula with short, slightly
flattened hairs, longer in bombiformis than in mussitans. Plamula not
short, with simple hairs or these branched only just at the base.
As far as I am aware the developmental stages are not known.
The species of Arctophila, which genus Schiner separated from
Sericomyia in 1860, are large, beautiful Bombus-like flies. They occur
in and at woods and also on fields, and they frequent various flowers.
Of the genus 3 palearctic species are known, 2 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. The dense pile black and yellow or pale ............ 1. bombiformis.
= The ‘dense pile: allyellowsi./. ac. x20. [ese 2. mussitans.

1. A. bombiformis Fall.

1810. Fall. Specim. Entom. 25 et 1816. Dipt.-Suec. Syrph. 16, 1 (Syr-
phus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 343, 1 Tab. XXX, Fig. 8 (Sericomyia).
— 1848. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 644, 1 (Sericomyia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
331. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 140.

Male. Vertex black, somewhat yellowish pruinose; frons brownish
yellow pruinose, with an impressed middle stripe; epistoma strongly
descending, the descending part nearly as long
as the height of the eye; there is a small
central knob; epistoma is brown, whitish or
yellowish white pruinose, the pruinosity leaving
the middle stripe bare, but the~ stripe not
reaching to the antenne; the lower lateral
parts from the eye downwards bare and black;
vertex with black or brown, posteriorly with
some yellow hairs; frons with long yellow and
some black hairs; epistoma with erect, pale
hairs but only on the sides near the eye-
margins, for the rest bare; the hairs are short
i below and here present only as a row along

Fig. 186. Head of the eye. Occiput greyish yellow pruinose; the

A. bombiformis 3. hairs brownish black below, yellow above and
here also some black hairs; at the upper

corners of the eyes the black hairs are quite short and _ bristly.
Antenne red, third joint more or less darkened; arista reddish brown,
long plumose, the rays blackish. Thorax dull black, greyish pruinose

Arctophila. 559

-on the front part; on the black part two slightly less dull, abbreviated
middle stripes are seen, and at each side an elongate, shining spot,
but the ground colour is mostly hidden under the long, dense pile
with which thorax is clothed; the hairs are yellow on a little less
than the front half, black on the rest. Scutellum with still longer
hairs, which are yellow but black on the base. Pleura with long
hairs, which are mainly black but with a yellow tuft in front of the
wing-root. Abdomen black, dull, somewhat greyish pruinose at the
base; the fourth segment is shining; sometimes there are a pair of
indefinite and obscure reddish spots on third segment, and the sides
and hind margin of the fourth segment may be reddish; the hairs
are whitish on the basal part, black on the front part of, or on most
of the third segment, and whitish or yellow to reddish on the rest of
the segment and on the fourth segment; the black-haired part thus
varies in extent and is sometimes rather narrow; the hairs are longest
on the apical part and at the sides and long at the basal corners.
Genitalia reddish, pale-haired. Venter black, shining, with long, sparse,
pale hairs, fourth segment with short hairs. Legs black, the extreme
apex of femora and the basal and apical part of tibize more or less
reddish; tarsi reddish or brownish, the last joint darkened; sometimes
the tibize quite brownish or only darker in the middle; hind femora
much thickened and curved, hind tibiz short, rather thick and con-
siderably curved, on the inside at the apex prolonged as a blunt spur;
legs densely and somewhat long-haired, the hairs black on femora,
the short hairs just at the apex yellow, and the hairs on tibiz yellow
or dark yellow. Wings a little tinged, especially towards the apex;

Fig. 187. Wing of A.bombiformis 3.

stigma small, brown, with an indefinite stigmatical cross-vein, below
it a brown fascia; cubital vein curved a little down; medial cross-
vein placed after the middle of the discal cell. Squamulz and fringes
blackish brown. Halteres with the peduncle brown, the knob brownish
black.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards, brownish
pruinose, just above the antenne a shining lunule; the hairs yellow

560 Syrphidae.

with black intermingled, especially on the vertex and above the an- |

tenne. Hind femora not thickened nor curved, and hind tibie like-

wise thinner, slightly curved and with no spur-like prolongation at.

the apex.

Length 15—17 mm.

This species is rather like a Bombus terrestris.

A. bombiformis is not rare in Denmark but it has hitherto been
taken only in Jutland, except an old pair in Westermann’s collection,
labelled Sealand; in Jutland it has been taken in Vejle Ngrreskov, at
Horsens, Frijsenborg, Marselisborg and Rye near Silkeborg. The dates
are !1/;—1/s, It occurs in wooded districts on flowers, I have gener-
ally seen it on Composite, especially Carduus. .

Geographial distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden.

2. A. mussitans Fabr.

1777. Fabr. Gen. Ins. 306, 2—3 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 225, 6 (Syrphus).
— 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 18, 4 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
Ill, 345, 4 (Sericomyia). — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 645, 2 (Sericomyia).
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 332. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 632, 1, figs.
431—432. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 140. — Volucella superbiens
O. F. Mill. 1776. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2093.

Male. Vertex blackish, yellowish pruinose; frons yellow pruinose;
epistoma a little less descending than in bombiformis and with a still
smaller central knob; it is yellow, the lower side parts from the eye
to the apex black; it is pruinose above at the eyes from the frons
half way down; vertex and frons with long, yellow hairs; epistoma
with pale hairs only on the sides at the eye-margins, and also with
some hairs below on the lower side parts; the hairs at the sides are
long above, short and only present just along the eyes below. Occiput
yellowish pruinose, the hairs all yellow. Antenne yellowish red, the
bristles on second joint black; arista brownish, with long rays. Thorax
and scutellum eeneous, shining, clothed with a long and dense, all yellow
or tawny pile. Pleura with long, whitish or pale yellow hairs. Ab-
domen blackish or dark zneous, somewhat yellowish pruinose, slightly
shining; it is clothed with long, all pale yellow hairs, which are more
erect than in bombiformis and not longer at the apex. Genitalia
shining, with long, pale hairs. Venter black, shining, with pale in-
cisures and with long, pale, on the fourth segment partly black hairs.
Legs all black, sometimes the anterior tibize and base of tarsi a little
brownish; hind femora only slightly thickened and curved; hind tibize

ai hier 2

Arctophila. 561

likewise slightly curved and with the spur-like prolongation very short;
legs with the femora less densely and long-haired than in bombiformis,
the hairs nearly all black or more or less yellow below and behind
the anterior femora, especially towards the base, and just at the base
of the hind femora; on the front tibie the usual, adpressed pubescence
on the anterior and ventral side is brown. Wings somewhat tinged,
from the base to the stigma they are yellow on the anterior part;

Fig. 188. Wing of A. mussitans ¢.

below the stigma is a somewhat broad, brown fascia; no stigmatical
cross-vein; cubital vein very slightly curved; medial cross-vein placed
a little before the middle of the discal cell. Squamule blackish with
a brown fringe. Halteres with the peduncle yellow, the knob blackish.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards, brownish
yellow pruinose, the hairs yellow. Legs with the hind femora straight
and thinner than in the male, and all femora more pale-haired.

Length 13—16 mm.

This species is rather similar to Criorrhina oxyacanthae.

In the collection of Ténder Lund and Sehestedt are two speci-
mens of this species, a male and a female, which I have examined;
as Fabricius refers to the said collection the specimens are, no doubt,
the types.

A. mussitans is somewhat common in Denmark; vicinity of Copen-
hagen, Ermelund, Hillergd, Vemmetofte, at Slagelse; in Jutland in
Greisdal at Vejle, at Horsens, Frijsenborg, Rye near Silkeborg and
Rebbild near Skerping; on Bornholm at Blykobbe Aa and at Hammeren.
My dates are *4/;—+*/10, it is thus a somewhat late occurring species.
It occurs in and at woods and also on fields, and it frequents various
flowers.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France and also recorded from northern Italy; towards the north
to southern Sweden.

36

562 Syrphidae.

47. Sericomyia Meig.

Rather large flies of dark colour with conspicuous yellow bands
on abdomen, not very hairy. The genus is not similar to Arctophila
in outer appearance, but it is nearly allied to it. Frons slightly more
protruding. Antenne as in Arctophila but inserted a little above the
middle. Epistoma slightly hollowed between the antenne and the
central knob, which latter is slightly larger than in Arctophila and
placed a little higher upwards; below the knob the epistoma is con-
siderably retreating; it is much less descending than in Arctophila and
not pointed below (fig. 190); the colour is yellow with a black middle
line and black lower side parts. There is a furrow at the lower inner
eye-margin as in Arctophila. Proboscis and oral cone long; clypeus
with a long basal part, and the mouth parts otherwise as in Arcto-
phila and likewise somewhat long
and slender; the maxillar lacinia
relatively a little shorter, the pal-
pus distinctly longer than the la-
cinia; the labella a little less nar-
row. Scutellum black or reddish,
with a short marginal fringe below.
Genitalia as in Arctophila, the claws
of the hypopygium likewise un-
symmetrical. Legs with the hind
femora less thickened. Wings with
the medial cross-vein placed just
behind the middle of the discal cell.

The developmental stages have

Fig. 189. S. borealis, male genitalia from
below, showing the large, unsymmetrical
claws; 4—8 fourth to eighth ventral seg-
ments, 9 ninth segment or hypopygium.

not been described, but Watkins
has mentioned that S. borealis has
been bred (Naturalists’ Journ.1896),

and Bloomfield, who mentions the
same case (Ent. Month. Mag. XXXIII, 1897, 222), communicates that
the larva was found in May in a shallow pool in a peat bog with
decomposing sods; it is a rat-tailed larva with a rather long tail, and
it is of a dull grey colour. — It is somewhat curious that the genus
has a larva of this type.

The species of Sericomyia are beautiful flies with their brightly
banded abdomen. The genus is easily distinguished from Arctophila
by the shorter and slighter hairiness and the less descending epistoma.
The species occur in woods, especially in rather open districts, on
moors and in fens, and they frequent various flowers; in middle

Sericomyia. 563

Europe they occur in the mountains. They are rater shy and fly very
quickly and at long distances.

Of the genus 4 or 5 species occur in the palearctic region (two
or three in northern Europe, the other two in Russia and Siberia) ;
two occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Abdominal bands dark yellow, widened at the sides, apex of

abdomen yellow; scutellum blackish; larger species ....... 1. borealis.
— Abdominal bands whitish or pale yellow (in fresh specimens),

not widened at the sides, apex of abdomen black; scutellum

MEE SIMIAN SPCCIES. 90) oo oo ie, 0.» e:nid, miniciays. = eee nce oe 2. lappona.

1. S. borealis Fall.

1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 20, 7 (Syrphus). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. Ill, 343, 2, Tab. XXXI, Fig. 9. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 646, 3.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 331. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 635, 1, figs.

433—434, — 1907. Kat, palaarkt. Dipt. III, 140.

Male. Vertex black, very slightly pruinose; frons greyish pruinose,
black and shining just above the antenne, with an impressed middle
line; epistoma yellow with a middle stripe and the lower side parts
black, it is yellow pruinose at the sides above
and downwards in front of the black parts;
vertex black-haired, posteriorly with yellow
hairs; frons yellow-haired, and epistoma with
erect, yellow hairs on the sides above and
downwards on the eye-margins. Occiput yel-
lowish pruinose, above more greyish; the hairs
yellowish and above some few black hairs.
Antenne reddish brown to blackish brown, the
third joint generally darkest; arista brown, long
plumose, with the rays blackish. Thorax black,
a little geneous in front, slightly shining ; there Fig. 190. Head ae
are two approximated, faint greyish or brownish Staareaiee
middle stripes, a little diverging behind and
abbreviated at the middle; at the humeri and inwards is a white or
silvery pruinose spot; thorax is clothed with somewhat short hairs,
which are yellow or whitish on the front part and in front of scutel-
lum, but blackish across between the wing-roots; the hairs are shortest
on the middle; on the prealar and postalar calli are longer, tuft-like,
more deeply yellow hairs. Scutellum black or slightly brownish black,
with black hairs on the disc, yellow on the base and round the

36*

564 Syrphidae.

margin; they are long and a little stronger at the margin. Pleura
with yellow hairs in front and below, black behind. Abdomen dull
black with three dark yellow bands, narrowly interrupted in the
middle; the first band is about on the middle of the segment, the
second and third near the front margins, the third nearest; the third
band is often only indistinctly or not at all interrupted in the middle;
the hind margin of the fourth segment is broadly orange, most broadly
in the middle, and the second and third segments have narrow,
orange, often indistinct hind margins; the abdominal bands are evenly
widened towards the sides as their hind margin slopes backwards
from the middle to the sides; the bands are generally separated from
the sides, but the side margins may be yellowish on the last segments
and then here confluent with the bands. Abdomen is clothed with
short hairs which mainly follow the ground colour but are quite or
almost quite yellow on the whole fourth segment and long at the
hind margin of this segment; at the side margin the hairs are yellow
and a little longer than on the disc, and they are long at the basal
corners. Genitalia reddish with long, yellow hairs. Venter reddish,
with larger or smaller, black, transverse spots on the segments, first
segment black; the hairs are long and yellow. Legs red with about
the basal half or more of the femora and the last, or sometimes the
two last tarsal joints black; on the front femora the black colour
often continued forwards below and on hind femora sometimes present
only on the anterior side; hind femora slightly thickened and some-
what curved, hind tibiz slightly curved; the legs have moderately
long hairs, the femora, especially the hind femora, have long, bristly
hairs below; the hairs vary in colour, on the femora from extensively
yellow, only behind front femora black, to all black; the hairs on
tibie yellow, often more or fewer black on the front side of middle
tibie, and on the hind tibie are some black hairs above and also
often on the front tibize. Wings more or less brownish or yellowish
tinged, especially towards the anterior margin; stigma dark yellow.
Squamule yellow with darker margin and fringes. Halteres with the
peduncle yellow, the knob blackish brown.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, widening downwards, black
with a brownish pruinose cross-band a little above the antennz; the
hairs black. Abdomen with the second and third bands generally not
interrupted, the fifth segment yellow with a more or less visible
blackish base; it has, like the hind margin of fourth segment, long,
yellow hairs. Hind femora not thickened.

Length 13—17 mm.

S. borealis is rather common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Balle-

Sericomyia. 565

mosen, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Hillerad, Nyrup Hegn, Tisvilde; in
Jutland in Norholm Skov at Varde, in Greisdal and Hajenbek Dal at
Vejle, at Horsens, Frijsenborg, Funder and Sminge near Silkeborg,
Stovring near Randers, Hald near Viborg, Rebbild near Skorping,
Frederikshayn and Jerup near Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm at
Hammeren. My dates are */s—**/s. It occurs in woods and fens on
various flowers often on Umbellifere.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. S. lappona L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 591 et 1767. XII, 2, 983, 27 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1794 (Musca). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Ill, 344,3. — 1843. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. Il, 646, 4. — 1862. Schin. F, A. I, 331. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI.
VIII, 637, 2, figs. 435—436. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 141. — Syr-
phus lapponum 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. Il, 422, 4 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 226, 7.
— 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 20, 8.

Male. This species is somewhat similar to borealis, but it is much
smaller and less strong. Vertex black, frons whitish pruinose only at
the sides, for the rest black and shining, with a deep middle furrow;
epistoma with the black middle stripe broader than in borealis and
the central knob a little larger; vertex black-haired, frons with yellow
hairs at the sides, black on the middle; epistoma haired as in borealis.
Occiput grey pruinose, with the black hairs above more numerous.
Antenne reddish brown or dark brown. Thorax as in borealis, the
tuft-like hairs on prealar and postalar calli darker and less conspicuous.
Scutellum reddish, likewise with black hairs on the disc, yellow round
the margin. Abdomen black or bluish black, less dull, the hind mar-
gins of the segments shining, the fourth segment shining on the hinder
half; the bands are narrower than in borealis, bony white or pale
yellow, sometimes darker (in drying the bands generally turn dark
yellow as in borealis), and they are not or very slightly widening to-
wards the sides; there are no pale hind margins to the segments, and
the bands are separated from the side margins. Abdomen haired as
in borealis, the hairs likewise following the ground colour but all or
almost all pale on fourth segment, except at the front margin, and
sometimes also along the hind margin of third segment; at the sides
they are yellow; the long hairs at the basal corners are brownish red.
Genitalia black, shining, with long, yellow hairs. Venter black, shining,
with pale incisures and long, pale hairs. Legs red, front femora black
on the basal half or more, the black colour prolonged forwards behind;
middle femora black on the basal part, sometimes only behind; the

566 Syrphidae.

two last joints of all tarsi black or blackish; hind femora less thickened
than in borealis; the legs haired in the same way but the hairs gener-
ally more black on anterior femora. Wings yellow along the anterior

Fig. 191. Wing of S.lappona 3.

part with a faint blackish clouding before the apex. Squamule and
fringes brownish. Halteres with yellow peduncle and a brownish
black knob.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons broad, -widening downwards,
black with greyish dust spots, meeting in the middle; the hairs dark
above, yellow below. Abdomen with the fifth segment black, yellow-
haired, and the segments with yellow hairs at the hind margins.

Length 10,5 to nearly 13 mm.

S.lappona is much more rare in Denmark than borealis; Dyre-
haven, Lyngby Mose, and in Jutland at Frijsenborg and at Funder
near Silkeborg. My dates are *°/s to the beginning of July. It occurs
on the same localities as borealis, perhaps more preferring moors, and
it occurs sometimes in company with borealis.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Sweden, in Finland and on the Faroe Islands
and Iceland; it occurs also (if correct) in Canada (but not, as Verrall
says in Greenland, as Volucella lappona by Otto Fabricius is some
species of Syrphus).

V. Chrysotoxinae.

48. Chrysotoxum Meig.

Species of large or moderate size, of dark colours with yellow
markings on the sides of the thoracal disc and on pleura, and with
characteristic, yellow, interrupted bow-shaped bands on abdomen; the
species are not very hairy. Head not short, somewhat semiglobular,
a little broader than high and broader than thorax; it is somewhat
excavated behind. Eyes touching in the male, well separated in the

iad

Chrysotoxum. 567

female; they are more or less hairy, much less in the female than in
the male; in the male the facets above are very slightly enlarged.
Vertex of moderate length. Frons somewhat prominent, with longish
hairs. Antenne inserted well above the middle of the head; they
are elongate and porrected, the basal joints somewhat long, the third
elongate, linear, with the arista inserted near the base; the arista is
about as long as the third joint; the basal antennal joints have hairs
or small bristles, especially above and below, third joint and arista
microscopically hairy. Epistoma a little hollowed between the an-
tenne and the somewhat low central knob, below the knob it is
somewhat retreating; it is only a little protruding and not very de-
scending, the lower margin goes straight backwards to the jowls; the
colour is yellow with a black middle stripe and with a black band
from the lower part of the eye down to the lateral oral margin; the
epistoma has erect hairs except on the middle stripe. Jowls some-
what broad, a little descending; they are somewhat separated from
epistoma by a furrow at the lower eye-corner. Proboscis and oral
cone of medium length. Clypeus with the basal part somewhat large,
triangularly incised in the anterior end. Labrum (cautum) is strong,
strongly semitubular and somewhat high at the base; the apical pro-
cesses are of equal length, the median cleft to the base, with spines
or emergences at the margin and at the apex; the upper lateral pro-
cesses are not very delicate, they are broad at the base, tapering and
pointed, somewhat irregularly serrated at the margin and divided
into some emergences at the apex; the lower lateral processes are
broad, of usual shape, with the lower or outer corner rounded, the
upper or inner corner angular; the usual lateral rows of papille on
the inside of labrum are present and they are scattered on the whole
lower process; hypopharynx is as long as labrum, not very slender;
it is parallel-sided, semitubular, attenuated in the outer part, with the
apex rounded; the salivary duct is very distinct; the maxillze are short,
not half so long as hypoprarynx; they are knife-shaped, somewhat
broad, and rounded at the end; they have the usual microscopical
spines, and these spines are relatively long and strong on the outer
side; the palpi are short, thread-like, a little longer than the lacinia,
with microscopical hairs and with long bristles in the whole length.
Labium with the basal part somewhat short, shorter than the broad,
oval labella. Thorax rectangular; scutellum with yellow margin, the
disc more or less black or blackish; there is no distinct fringe below
the margin. No thoracal or scutellar bristles present. Metapleura
with dense, short hairs. Abdomen rather arched, elongated oval,
sometimes more linear, broadest in the female; it is distinctly marginate ;

568 Syrphidae.

in the male there are five not transformed segments on the dorsal
side, except the first of nearly equal length; on the ventral side there
are only four not transformed segments, the fifth is not quite sym-
metrical, as it is not chitinised quite to the margin on the right side,
but has here a broad side membrane, and the apex of the genitalia
stretches in below the segment; the other small, transformed segments
are distinctly seen below on the left side, and the genitalia are, as
usual, turned over to the right; the genitalia are larger or smaller,
the hypopygium in some species small, with small, symmetrical claws,
in other species (f. inst. cautwm) it is large, with very large, curiously
shaped, unsymmetrical claws or clasping appendages. In the female
the abdomen has five distinctly visible segments, the fifth not small;
a small sixth segment is generally also seen, especially below; the rest
are hidden, the last terminates with two short lamelle. The legs are
simple, hind femora not thickened, the hind tibiz have the usual in-
curvation on the posterior side before the apex rather pronounced;
the legs are haired in the usual way and not strongly; above the
trochanters a solitary long hair or a couple of airs. Claws and pul-
villi well developed. Empodium short, spine-shaped, hairy. Wings
with the cubital vein curved more or less downwards; medial cross-
vein not very oblique, placed before the middle of the discal cell;
the basal part of the radial vein with very fine bristles. No stigmati-
cal cross-vein. Thoracal squamula with long, richly branched hairs,
which have long stems; besides there are on the marginal part of the
surface long, simple hairs; alar squamula with short, flattened hairs.
Plumula short, but with relatively long, branched hairs.

With regard to the developmental stages v. Roser found the larva
of C. festivum (arcuatum) in a hollow tree; he also (according to
Schiner) mentions the larva of bicinctum (Wirttemb. Corr. Bltt. 1834,
267). Beling (Arch. f. Naturg. XLVIII, 1, 1882, 231) describes the larva
and pupa of C. dicinctum; the larva was found in a compost-heap on
*/4 and developed on *%/s. Vimmer (Casopis, Soc. ent. Bohem. VIII,
1911) mentions the pupa of C. elegans, but I have not seen this paper.
I have myself examined the puparium of C. festivwm, to which there
were, however, no notes about the way in which it was found.

According to Beling the larva of C. bicinctum is flat below, arched ~
above; the segments are divided into corrugations; on the dorsal side
are pointed filaments or spines in transverse rows, those along the
sides the largest (these filaments are, no doubt, arranged in the usual
way); the posterior end is obliquely declining and has a brown,
chitinised posterior spiracular process; the colour of the larva is
yellowish white; the length 8mm. The pupa is of the same length;

Chrysotoxum. 569

it is flat below, much arched above, of a dirty brownish colour,
otherwise it resembles the contracted larva. The pupa of C. festivum
answers rather well to Beling’s description; the mentioned filaments
are still seen as low warts, arranged as usual; those on the sides
at the posterior end are the largest; there are no anterior spiracular
tubes; the pupa has the posterior end curved strongly downwards;
the length is 10 mm.

The species of Chrysotoxum are very beautiful flies, characterised
by the yellow bows on abdomen; they occur in woods and fens and
on meadows, sometimes at the borders of water, and they are seen
on many various flowers.

Of the genus 20 species are known from the palearctic region;
5 occur in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Third joint of antenne nearly as long as, or longer than

the two basal joints together; wings without any blotch...... 2.
— Third joint of antenne distinctly shorter than the two basal

joints together; wings with a larger or smaller blotch at

the anterior margin after the middle...................... 3.
2. Kyes with short, whitish hairs; second antennal joint longer

than first; venter with three pairs of yellow spots at the

front margins of the segments; male genitalia very large;

AN SANOCIOS 2a! ard 2S cailgln® acids om sva vjsm = on 1. cautum.
— Eyes with longer, denser, dark hairs; second antennal joint

as long as first; venter with only two pairs of small, yellow

spots on third and fourth segments, lying in the middle;

male genitalia small; smaller species ................. 2. arcuatum.
3. Abdomen with four yellow bows................----000-- 4.
— Abdomen with only two yellow bows .............. . 5. bicinetum.
Pees termota. itite Yellow .. < - oe oc ere ee cte ee ete ees 3. festivum.
— Anterior femora black at the base ................... 4, vernale.

1. C. cautum Harr.

1777. Harr. Expos. engl. Ins. 60, Pl. XV, fig. 15 (Musca). —- 1901.
Verr. Brit. Fl]. VIII, 643, 1, figs. 441—442. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill,
146. — C. seutellatum Macq. 1827. Soc. Sc. Lille, 349, 4 et 1834. Suit. a
Buff. I, 490, 4. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 107, 10. — C. sylvarum
Meig. 1822. 1. c. III, 171, 6. — 1856. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien,
VI, 609, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 253.

Male. Vertex black, frons black, shining, greyish white pruinose
at the sides, with a middle longitudinal impression in front; epistoma
yellow with a black middle stripe and a black band from the lower
anterior corner of the eye down to the mouth; vertex and frons
black-haired, epistoma with erect, yellow hairs except on the middle

570 Syrphidae.

stripe and the black part below. Jowls pale reddish yellow. Occiput
whitish grey pruinose, the hairs somewhat long, whitish below, yellow
above, and here with a row of black hairs overhanging the eyes.
Eyes with short, whitish hairs. Antenne black, third joint not so

Fig. 192. Antenna of C. cautum 3, from the inside. >< 40.

long as the two basal joints together, of which latter the first (on
the inside) is a little more than half as long as the second; arista
about of the length of the third joint, yellow in the basal half, black
on the apex. Thorax black, shining, with two abbreviated, greyish
middle stripes, diverging behind and merging into a faint greyish space
in front of scutellum; at the sides there is a yellow spot from the
humeri to the transverse furrow and one on the postalar callus, pro-
longed somewhat forwards; thorax is clothed with somewhat long,
brownish yellow hairs, darker across the middle; they are longest
behind; above the wing-root are dense black hairs. Scutellum brownish
or blackish above with a yellow margin; seen from the side it is more
yellow; it has long, black hairs, yellow on the base. Pleura with a
yellow or reddish spot down on mesopleura, a more or less faint
spot above on sternopleura and the metapleura yellow; they have
long, yellow hairs, somewhat tuft-like above. Abdomen black, dullish,
slightly shining at the hind margins of the segments; the fifth segment
has the hind part bent somewhat upwards on account of the large
genitalia; abdomen has four somewhat bow-shaped, yellow bands,
interrupted in the middle, and the hind margins of the segments are
yellow; the middle interruptions of the bands decrease in breadth
backwards; the bands are widened at the sides, they do not reach
the side margin but so do the yellow hind margins, and the bands
are connected with the hind margins at the posterior corners; the hind
margins increase in breadth backwards, on the second segment the
margin is narrow, often present only at the sides, and on the fifth

a a

Chrysotoxum. 571

segment it is so broad that only a narrow, black transverse stripe is
left, and the yellow hind margin is sometimes produced triangularly
forwards into the interruption of the band; sometimes the black band
almost disappears, the segment then being nearly quite yellow. Ab-
domen is clothed with somewhat short hairs, which to a great degree
follow the ground colour but generally are black on the yellow hind
margins, but sometimes yellow on all hind margins; the yellow hairs
are longer and more erect than the black; the hairs at the side margin
are somewhat long, longest at the basal corners; they are yellow,
though black just inwards on the black parts. Genitalia red, very
large, with large, unsymmetrical appendages. Venter black, shining,
with transverse, yellow side spots on second, third and fourth segments
towards the front margins and with yellow hind margins to the seg-
ments; the side spots are in shape just reversed to the dorsal bands,
as they have a concave margin in front and a convex behind; the
hairs on venter long, yellow. Legs yellow, the femora more reddish,
with the basal part or basal half black; the anterior tibie and the
basal part of the hind tibie of a beautiful pale or canary yellow
colour; the legs are haired in the usual way; the short hairs on the
anterior side of middle and hind femora more or less black, for the
rest the hairs yellow or some black hairs behind the apical part of
the anterior femora. Wings a little tinged, more strongly and brownish

Fig. 193. Wing of C. cautum o.

yellow towards the anterior margin; cubital vein with a slight curve.
Squamule whitish yellow with a yellow margin and fringe. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Vertex and frons broad, very widening downwards,
black, the frons with two large, grey dust spots; the hairs black.
Legs paler than in the male, the anterior femora black only at the
base, hind femora quite yellow or black only at the extreme base.

Length 12—14 mm.

C. cautum is common in Denmark; Amager, Ermelund, Hareskovy,
Geel Skov, Sgllerad, Hillerod, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, at Sora; on Lolland

572 Syrphidae.

at Maribo, Strandby, Bremersvold and in Keldskov; on Langeland at
Lohals; on Funen at Assens; in Jutland at Horsens and Frijsenborg.
My dates are ¥2/s—1"/7. It occurs in and at woods and on fields,
frequenting various flowers.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and on
Madeira; it is not known from Scandinavia but it occurs in England,
and is recorded from Siberia.

29. C. arcuatum L.
1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767..XII, 2, 985, 39 et 1761. Fa.

Suec. 1806 (Musca). — 1841. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. Il, 159, 3 et 1856.
Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VI, 609, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 253. —

1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 645, 2, figs. 443—444. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 145. — C. fasciolatum Meig. (nec De G.) 1822. Syst. Beschr. II,
170, 4. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 634, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3108, 2 et

1852. XI, 4300, 2 et 1859. XIII, 5074, 2. — C. hortense Meig. 1822. 1. c.
Il, 173, 8.

Male. This species is very similar to cautum; the eyes are more
densely and longer haired, and the hairs are brown; epistoma with a
broader black middle stripe and with some black hairs above at the
sides of the antenne; occiput all black-haired above. Antenne with

Fig. 194. Antenna of C. arcwatum 3, from the inside. >< 40.

the third joint a little longer than the two basal joints together, the
second. (on the inside) almost not longer than the first. Thorax with
the greyish stripes abbreviated behind the middle, but there is no
greyish space in front of scutellum; the yellow spots on the sides
reaching near to each other; thorax and scutellum darker haired than
in cautum, the hairs nearly all blackish. Pleura black-haired above
and behind. Abdomen more short ovate, more arched and more
pointed than in cautum, with the fifth segment much smaller and
curved evenly downwards; abdomen is marked in the same way but
the yellow bows are more narrow, more curved and almost not

Chrysotoxum. 573

widened towards the sides, and abdomen is thus more black; it is
also more shining, especially towards the apex; it is haired mainly as
in cautum but the hairs just at the basal corners are black. Genitalia
small, with the appendages very much smaller. Venter black, shining,
with pale hind margins to the segments; third and fourth segments
with narrow, transverse, yellow side spots placed on the middle of
the segments; the hairs are long, partly yellow, partly black. Legs
mainly as in cautwm but thinner; the hairs on femora nearly all black.
Wings with the brownish yellow tinge more distinctly along the
anterior margin.

Female. Vertex broader than in cautwm, frons widening down-
wards, black, with two large, yellowish dust spots; the hairs black.
Antenne longer than in the male with the third joint relatively longer.
Abdominal bows broader but likewise not widened towards the sides;
the hairs at the basal corners not black. Legs with the femora less
black on the basal part, hind femora nearly all yellow.

Though similar to cautum the species will easily be known; in
the male the small genitalia at once distinguish it, and in both
sexes it is distinguished by the antenne, the yellow spots on venter,
besides by other characters.

C. arcuatum is rather rare in Denmark, I know only seven speci-
mens, three males and four females; Tisvilde (Klécker, the author)
and in Jutland at Silkeborg (Jensen-Haarup). The dates are only
8/;—*6/;, It was for the first time taken in 1907.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria, Styria and Hungary; it is also recorded from Italy
(var. nigropilosum); towards the north to northern Sweden, and in
Finland.

3. C. festivum L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 593 et 1767. XII, 2, 986, 45 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1812 (Musca). — 1856. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VI, 612, 9.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 255. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 650, 5, fig. 440.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 148. — Musca arcuata De Geer (nec L.)
1776. Mém. Ins. VI, 125, 15. — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 767, 22 (Syr-
phus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 184,3 (Mulio). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph.
5, 2 (Mulio). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 162, 2, Tab. XVII, Fig. 7. —
1841. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. II, 138, 159. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II,
636, 4 et 1855. XII, 4644, 4 et 1859. XIII, 5074, 4. — Musca bipunctata
O. F. Mill. 1776. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2041.

Male. Vertex black, more or less greyish behind; frons black,
yellow or greyish pruinose behind at the eye-margins; epistoma yellow
with a broad middle stripe and a band downwards from the lower

574 Syrphidae.

part of the eye black; sometimes the whole lower side part black;
vertex with black, behind with yellow hairs, frons with black or brown
hairs; epistoma with pale hairs. Jowls varying from orange to black.
Occiput whitish grey pruinose, the hairs whitish below, yellow above,
somewhat long. Eyes with short, whitish hairs. Antenne black, third

- Soe
aS oa Sse
~

Fig. 195. Antenna of C. festivwm o, from the inside. >< 40.

joint much shorter than the two basal joints together, and all three
joints of nearly equal length’; arista about of the length of the third
joint, brownish yellow on the basal part. Thorax black, shining, with
two grey stripes, abbreviated behind the middle and a little diverging;
it has the usual yellow longitudinal side spots from humeri to the
transverse furrow, and on the postalar calli and produced forwards;
they are not widely interrupted; thorax is clothed with somewhat
long, brownish hairs. Scutellum yellow with a smaller or larger black
spot on the disc; it has brown hairs with more or fewer black on
the middle. Pleura with the usual three yellow spots somewhat large
and distinct; the hairs are yellow. Abdomen black, dull, somewhat
shining at the hind margins of the segments, along the middle line
and at the apex; it has four pairs of bright yellow, equal and rather
arched bows, not reaching the side margin; the third, fourth and fifth
segments have pale hind margins, the margin is narrow on the third
segment and often not reaching the sides or present only in the
middle; the margin on fifth segment is the broadest; abdomen is
clothed with very short hairs which quite follow the ground colour;
just along or beneath the side margin they are a little longer, brownish
yellow, and they are long and all yellow on and about the basal
corners. Genitalia small, black and black-haired. Venter black, shining,

* Generally the second joint is given as a little shorter than the first; my measure-
ments show, however, that when dissociated these joints are equal in length,
but in situ the second is a little shorter as its base is overlapped by the first
joint.

Chrysotoxum. 575

the first segment for the greater part reddish; the third and fourth
segments have each a pair of transverse, yellow spots close to the
front margin; the hairs on venter are long and pale on the basal half,
short and black behind. Legs yellow with coxe and trochanters black,
femora more reddish yellow; tibie quite, or except the apex, pale or
canary yellow; the legs somewhat short-haired and not densely haired;
the hairs all yellow. Wings rather brownish yellow tinged, strongly

. Fig. 196. Wing of C. festivum Go.

towards the anterior margin; before the end of the subcostal vein is
a brown, roundish spot at the anterior margin; it is sometimes some-
what faint; the cubital vein has a rather deep curve. Squamule and
fringes yellow or orange. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons broad, widening downwards,
black; frons with two large, yellowish dust spots; the hairs very short,
black. Eyes very short-hairy, nearly bare. Thorax and scutellum
exceedingly short-haired, the hairs behind on thorax black. Abdomen
with the pale hind margins to the segments narrower than in the
male and generally present only on fourth and fifth segments.

Length 11—14,5 mm.

C. festivum is common in Denmark; Fuglsang So, Lyngby Mose,
Fiskebeek, Geel Skov, Hillergd, Tisvilde, Melby, Rorvig, Nordskoven at
Jegerspris; on Lolland at Maribo, in Keldskov and Vester Ulslev
Mose; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland in Norholm Skov at Varde, at
Horsens, Frijsenborg, Funder near Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg, Sonder-
vig, Blaavandshuk, Restrup at Aalborg, Seby, Frederikshavn and on
Lzesg. My dates are !“/s—*/9. It occurs in woods, fens and on meadows,
sometimes at the borders of water, and it is seen on many various
flowers. Two of the specimens in our collection are bred, but there
are no notes about the circumstances under which the larve or pupe
were found.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and in
North Africa; towards the north to middle Sweden, in Finland and
Siberia.

576 Syrphidae.

4. C. vernale Loew.

1841. Loew, Stett. ent. Zeitg. Il, 159, 4 et 1856. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell.
Wien, VI, 612, 10. —° 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 637, 6 et 1859. XIU,
5075, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 225. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 652, 6,
fig. 447, — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 151.

This species is very similar to festivwm, but the antenne are a
little shorter, the second joint shorter than the ‘first, and the third
joint not much shorter than the two basal joints together. The grey
lines on thorax are narrower; the spots on pleura smaller and the
one above on sternopleura often wanting. The anterior femora with
about the basal fourth black. The cubital vein is curved a little less
downwards.

Length about 11,5 mm.

In spite of the great similarity to festivum the species seems,
however, to be quite distinct and valid.

C. vernale is very rare in Denmark, we have only three specimens,
a male and two females; two of the specimens are taken at Tisvilde
on *6/5 1913 and ®/6 1915 (J. C. Nielsen) and one on Bornholm in July
1892 (Lovendal).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

~

5. C. bicinctum L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 985, 38 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1805 (Musca). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 767, 21 (Syrphus) et 1805.
Syst. Antl. 183, 2 (Mulio). — 1776. O. F. Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2019.
(Musca). — 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 6,3 (Mulio). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 168, 1. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I], 638, 7. — 1841. Loew,
Stett. ent. Zeitg. II, 159, 1 et 1856. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VI, 613, 14.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 255. — 1901. Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 653, 7, fig. 448.
— 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 146.

Male. Vertex black, grey on the hinder half; frons black, very
slightly pruinose just along the eye-margins; epistoma yellow or whitish
yellow with a broad middle stripe and the lower side parts black;
vertex with blackish brown, posteriorly with yellow hairs; frons with
yellow hairs, anteriorly generally black; epistoma with whitish or yel-
lowish hairs. Jowls brownish orange. Occiput whitish, almost silvery
pruinose along the eye-margins, the hairs white below, yellow above,
and here also some black hairs. Eyes with moderately long and dense,
pale brownish hairs. Antenne black, with the third joint much shorter
than, almost only half as long as the two basal joints together, the

Chrysotoxum. 577

second shorter than the first; arista as long as third joint, brownish
at the base. Thorax sneous, shining, with two somewhat narrow,
greyish stripes, abbreviated behind the middle; the yellow, longitudinal
side spots present as usual, moderately interrupted; thorax is clothed
with somewhat long, yellowish brown hairs, longest behind; above
the wing-root are dense, black hairs. Scutellum eeneous black with a
narrow yellow margin, and with similar hairs as on thorax, among
which some few black. Pleura with only the spot on mesopleura
present; the hairs long, yellow. Abdomen black, rather shining, a
little dull only on second segment before the hind margin; it has two
yellow bows, one on second and one on fourth segment; the first
bow is broad, a little raised, just interrupted in the middle, and it
reaches the side margins with just the hinder corners; the second
bow is not interrupted and it does not reach the margins; on
the third segment are generally a pair of very narrow, shorter
or longer lines as traces of a bow; the fifth segment has a small,
interrupted bow or this bow is reduced to two small spots; the
segments have narrow, pale hind margins, sometimes widening at
the hind corners, on second segment the margin present only in the
middle and generally also at the sides; abdomen is clothed with short
hairs, which as usual mainly follow the ground colour, and there are
yellow hairs about the traces of the bow on third segment; the hairs
at or beneath the side margin are yellow, a little longer, and long _
at the basal corners. Genitalia small, black and partly black-haired.
Venter black, shining, with a broad, yellow band at the base of the
third segment; the hairs are long, yellow on the basal half, black at
apex. Legs yellow, anterior femora with the basal part or half black,
hind femora black to near the apex; hind tarsi more or less darkened
above, especially metatarsus; the tibie more or less canary yellow;
the legs are somewhat thinly haired, but the hairs below the posterior
femora long; all the hairs are yellow or there are some black behind
the apical part of the anterior femora and below the apex of hind
femora. Wings yellowish on the basal half between costa and the
discal vein, and after this yellow part with a large, brown spot stretching
about to the end of the subcostal vein and down into the cubital
cell, on the inner part to the cubital vein; the cubital vein somewhat
deeply curved. Squamule somewhat blackish with brownish yellow
fringes. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons broad, widening downwards,
black; the frons with large, greyish yellow dust spots; the hairs very
short, pale. Eyes very short-haired. Thorax and scutellum with ex-
ceedingly short hairs, black behind on thorax. Abdomen generally

37

578 Syrphidae.

without traces of the bow on third segment, and generally with a
pale hind margin only on fourth segment.

Length 10—11,5 mm.

C. bicinctum is not rare in Denmark, though less common than
festivum; Ordrup Mose, Fure So, Donse, Geel Skov, Hillerad, Nyrup
Hegn, Nordskoven at Jegerspris; on Lolland at Maribo, in Keldskov
and Vester Ulslev Mose and at Strandby; on Langeland at Lohals;
on Funen at Odense, Veflinge, Middelfart and Strib; in Jutland in
Ngrholm Skov at Varde, at Horsens and at Rebbild near Skerping;
on Bornholm at Rgnne and in Almindingen. My dates are *°/5s—*/s.
It occurs in woods and fens and on meadows, especially on humid
places and near water, where it is seen in low herbage and on
flowers.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland; it is recorded
_from North America by Schiner and Loew but Aldrich does not
record it in his Catalogue.

VI. Microdontinae.

49. Mierodon Mei.

Species of medium size and of a somewhat broad and clumsy
shape; the colour is dark zneous with more or less distinct abdominal
bands of pale hairs. (This description refers only to the European
species; foreign species may be large, and sometimes of quite another
shape, wasp-like with a petiolate abdomen, and they may be of
various, sometimes brillant colours). Head semiglobular, a little broader
than high, about of the breadth of thorax; it is a little excavated
behind. Eyes separated in both sexes, the most broadly in the female;
in the male the frons is narrowing downwards to somewhat above
the antenne and then widening down to the epistoma, the inner eye-
margin thus angular; in the female the borders are almost parallel
or slightly diverging downwards, not or almost not angular. The eyes
are bare; the facets not, or practically not, enlarged above. Frons not
prominent, hairy, but with a bare space above the antenne. The antennz
are inserted above the middle of the head, very near to each other,
and there is no lunula visible above them; they are elongated and
porrected, with linear joints; the basal joint is about as long as the
two other joints together, the second joint the shortest, the third
linear with the arista near the base; the arista is short; the basal
antennal joints have small hairs, the third joint and arista micro-

Microdon. 579

scopically hairy. Epistoma evenly arched, without central knob or
protruding mouth edge, parallel with the eye-margin and thus curving
evenly inwards below; it is not descending; the colour of epistoma is
geneous, and it has longish, dense hairs. Jowls of moderate size, not
descending; they have a pit in front at the lower eye-margin. The
oral aperture is small and round. Proboscis short, and the palpi very
short, but I have otherwise not examined the mouth parts. Thorax
is quadrate; scutellum has two larger or smaller, pointed processes
or spines at the apical margin; it is eneous or brownish red, without
any marginal fringe below. Metapleura with short, dense hairs. No
thoracal or scutellar bristles present. Abdomen broad near the base,
broader than thorax, somewhat narrowed behind; first segment small
and rather narrow; in the male there are four not transformed seg-
ments, the fourth very long, nearly as long as the three basal together,
but on the ventral side it is much shorter. Genitalia somewhat large,
of usual construction. In the female abdomen has five visible segments,
the two last somewhat long; the fourth dorsal segment has the hind
margin roundly incised in the whole breadth; the following segments
after the fifth are hidden, the last has at the end two small lamelle.
Legs somewhat short and strong, tarsi broad and flattened, hind
metatarsi somewhat swollen; the femora have a curious offset near
the base on the anterior side, this part is all covered with short hairs
and represents the usual scabrous patch. The femora are rather
short-haired, the tibie densely haired with not short hairs; a solitary
bristle above the trochanters present. Claws and pulvilli well developed;
empodium relatively large, styliform but compressed, hairy. Wings
rather short; the radial vein curved upwards from the base of the
cubital vein; the cubital vein with a curious veinlet stretching down
in the middle of the first posterior cell, half way or more through it;
medial cross-vein placed near the base of the discal cell; the upper
marginal cross-vein recurrent, the lower about perpendicular; there is
no stigma but a distinct stigmatical cross-vein; the basal part of the
radial vein with short, almost not visible bristles. Squamule not
large, the thoracal squamula with moderately iong, branched hairs,
alar squamula with simple hairs, nearly even as long as those on the
thoracal squamula. Plumula short, with simple hairs.

The metamorphosis is rather well known; the larve are some-
what similar to small slugs, and they have given rise to a whole
literature. When first detected the larva was described as a new
genus (Parmula) of land Mollusca by v. Heyden (Isis 1823, 1247) and
in 1824 likewise as a new genus of land Mollusca (Scutelligera) by
v. Spix (Abhandl. d. bayr. Akad. d. Wissensch. IX), and in the following

a1*

580 Syrphidae.

time they were treated as such. In 1839 Schlotthauber (Isis 1840, 922)
mentions for the first time the larva as belonging to Microdon and
clears up the earlier mistakes. Zetterstedt mentions in 1843 (Dipt.
Scand. II, 640, 641) the pupa of M. devius (apiformis), found under
the bark of a tree, and another attached to a stalk of grass. In 1845
Elditt describes (as M. mutabilis) the pupa of a species which seems
to be Eggeri (Stett. ent. Zeitg. VI, 1845, 384, Tab. I, Fig. 6—14). In
1848 Wissmann describes (Stett. ent. Zeitg. IX, 1848, 79) the larva of
M. mutabilis (as apiformis M.). Laboulbéne mentions briefly an un-
determined Microdon larva (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 6, fl, 1882, Bull.
XCVI et CVI). In 1883 Poujade describes (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 6,
Ill, 1883, 23, Pl. I, fig. 1—16 et Bull. XCIX) the metamorphosis of
M. Eggert (as mutabilis). Besides other papers, among which are
especially an interesting one by Wheeler (Journ. New York Ent. Soc. XVI,
1908, 202) treating North American species, and one by Donisthorpe
about M. mutabdilis (Ent. Record 18, 1909), there appeared in 1912 an
elaborate monograph over the developmental stages of Microdon by
Maria Andries (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. 103, 300, Tab. III—V), in which
the stages of M. mutabilis, of a new species, rhenanus and of Eggert
with a new var. major are described and figured; the work contains
a somewhat complete bibliography. The author declares all the earlier
descriptions which she knew, except the one by Wissmann, to belong
to Eggeri, or perhaps also to the otherwise unknown UM. devius and
latifrons; as remarked above Zetterstedt has, however, briefly described
thé pupa of devius, which seems more similar to mutabilis than to
Eggert.

According to the descriptions the larva is short oval in circum-
ference, flat below, very arched above; along the margin all round
is a fringe of short filaments; at the anterior end the margin is a
little incised for the head, and there are here the usual, antenna-like
organs, the last joint of which bears two relatively long, styliform
papilla. Above at the posterior end is a short posterior spiracular
process, a little divided at the end and here bearing the spiracles.
No segmentation is visible (but Andries gives, however, after studying
the youngest stage, the number as twelve). The larva of Eggeri (to
which, as said, according to Andries all the earlier descriptions, except
the one by Wissmann, probably belong) is curiously reticulated above,
as it has a network of raised polygonal meshes, beset with special hairs;
from the head-end to the posterior spiracles run two longitudinal lines
without reticulation; the larva is brown, of a length of 8—10mm;
the larva of mutabilis (and rhenanus) is only somewhat reticulated
along the margin, but is for the rest rather smooth; it is of whitish

Microdon. 581

colour, the length is 11mm. The pupa is similar to the larva, but
has two short anterior spiracular tubes; the pupa of Eggeri is 7—10 mm
long, with somewhat long anterior spiracular tubes; the pupa of muta-
bilis is 10mm long, the anterior spiracular tubes are short.

The larve live in the nests of ants; they have been recorded
from Formica rufa L., F. fusca L. and var. fusco-rufibarbis F., F. san-
guinea Latr., F. exsecta Nyl., Lasius brunneus Latr., L. niger L., L.
flavus F., L. fuliginosus Latr., Camponotus herculeanus L. and C. ligni-
perda Latr.; there seems, however, according to Andries, to be some
reason to believe that the larva generally found with the various ants
(also F’. fusca) belongs to M. Eggeri (or to species with a similar larva),
while the larva of M. mutabilis is probably found only with F. fusca
and v. fusco-rufibarbis. Andries found always the larva of M. Eggeri
in stems and stubs of trees inhabited by ants, generally in stubs of
spruces and firs, more rarely in stubs of beeches and oaks; the larva
of M. mutabilis (and rhenanus) she always found with F. fusca and
fusco-rufibarbis, and nearly always under stones, only in a single case
in a stub inhabited by F. fusca. Foreign species of Microdon have
likewise been found in nests of various ants (see Wheeler I. c. and
Knab and Malloch [Trans. Roy. Soc. of South Australia XXXVI, 1912,
933], m2 which latter paper two Australian species are described
together with their puparia, found with ants); Wasmann mentions
(Krit. Verz. d. Myrm. und Termitophil. Anthrop. Berlin 1894, 175) Micro-
don-larve from nests of Termites, but says that it is not certain,
whether the larve did not belong to ants living in the vicinity of the
nests of the Termites. — The pupa is found on the same places as
the larva. The larva hibernates, the pupation takes place between
the middle of April and the end of May. The puparium is opened
in a special way, differing from other Syrphids, as three pieces are
detached, while in other Syrphids only two. The pupal stage lasts,
according to Andries, as an average 18 days (in all from 15—23 days).
The eggs are deposited in slits in the bark; Andries found them at
the end of May and in the beginning of June, and she gives interesting
remarks about the egg-deposition, which she observed as the females,
she held in captivity, deposited. The egg of M. Eggert is white, oval,
0,7mm long, 0,3 mm broad; the shell is beautifully ornamented. On
an average there were twelve days between the deposition and the
escape of the young larva. The reason why the Microdon larve live
in the nests of ants, and what they feed on are questions not yet
solved; Wheeler (I. c.) suggests that they take the minute pellets of
food, which, after their moisture has been extracted, are rejected from
_ the hypopharyngeal pockets of the worker ants.

582 Syrphidae.

The species of Microdon are rather curious, somewhat robust
flies, with some resemblance to the hive-bee. They are recorded to
occur on humid meadows, flying in the grass with the abdomen pen-
dulous, and they produce a humming noise.

Of the genus 6 species are recorded from the paleearctic region,
but of these only 4 are found in Europe; 3 have been found in Den-
mark. In 1912 Andries has, in the work cited above, founded a fifth
European species, rhenanus; this species is, however, seen to be very
near to mutabilis, both as imago and in the developmental stages so
that I am inclined to doubt its distinctness; its biology is also seen
to be the same as for mutabilis, the larva occurring only with F. fusca;
the length is by Andries for rhenanus given to 9mm, for mutabilis
to 12mm, but the length of the latter is otherwise generally given to
9—12 mm, and I have found it to be 8—10,5 mm so that this
character is of no value. Also it is no good method to introduce a
new species with only a few words, especially in a genus, the species
of which are not quite well known.

Table of Species.

1.) Scutellum ‘brownish: red). 2... 2% «ask ee er oe 1. mutabilis.
— Sceutellum geneous 2... 2... cn es Sai 2
2. Thorax with a patch of black hairs on the disc between the

wing-roots; scutellum with the spines not specially small,

tbe margin between them concave ....................- 2. devius.
— Thorax all yellow-haired; scutellum with very small spines,
the margin between them straight..................... 3. Eggeri.

1. M. mutabilis L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 985, 40 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1807 (Musca). —- 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 767, 24 (Syrphus) et 1805.
Syst. Antl. 184, 4 (Mulio)..— 1816. Fall. Dipt. Suee. Syrph. 4,1. — 1829.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 164, 2. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 642, 2. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 250. — 1899. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XVIII, 141. —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VII, 660, 1, figs. 451—453. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt.
Dipt. Ill, 155. — Aphritis apiarius Latr. 1804. Dict. Hist. nat. Déterv. XXIV,
193, 564. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 185, 9 (Mulio). — Musca apiformis
De Geer, 1776. Mém. Ins. VI, 128, 18, Tab. VII, fig. 18—20. — 18292.
Meig. 1. c. III, 163, 1 et 1830. VI, 349 (Mierodon). — 1856. Loew Verh.
zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VI, 600 (Microdon).

Male. Vertex and frons sneous green, shining, punctate; frons
at its narrowest point with an impressed and impunctate transverse
line; vertex and frons with yellow hairs, which are erect above the
impression but below it are declining forwards; above the antenne
is a triangular, bare space; epistoma eeneous green, densely covered

Microdon. } 583

with longish, somewhat decumbent, yellow or yellowish white hairs.
Occiput zneous green, the hairs whitish below, yellowish above. An-
tennee black, third joint often more or less brownish; the third joint

\

Fig. 197. Antenna of M. mutabilis 3, from the inside. >< 40.

about twice as long as the second; arista much shorter than the third
joint, brownish. Thorax sneous green, shining, with traces of some
stripes; it is clothed with yellow or reddish yellow hairs. Scutellum
brownish red, sometimes a little wneous at the base; it is densely
clothed with hairs like those on thorax but of a more reddish colour.
Pleura green with long, yellowish white hairs; the bare, wedge-shaped
space above the front coxee quite polished. Abdomen black or greenish
or bluish black, densely punctate, dull, a little shining at base and
apex and here also the most bluish or greenish; it is clothed with
short, decumbent hairs, which are very short and black on a little
more than the front half of third segment and on the front part of
fourth segment, but longer and golden or silvery on the hind margins
of second and third segments and on the hinder three fourths of the
fourth segment; abdomen is thus black with two bands and the whole
hind part golden or silvery from hairs; the middle band is generally
narrowly interrupted by black hairs, and these also form a triangle
stretching in on the hind part of fourth segment; at the sides the
hairs are all golden or silvery, and at the basal corners there are
longer erect, yellow or whitish hairs. Genitalia red or brownish red,
with short, pale hairs. Venter blackish, shining, with longish, pale
hairs, shorter and dark on the middle of the fourth segment. Legs
with the femora black or eneous black with the apex reddish yellow;
tibiee and tarsi yellow, the tibize with a more or less distinct narrow,
oblique dark band below the middle; the tarsi broad and flat, especi-
ally the hind tarsi and hind metatarsi somewhat swollen; the hairs
on femora rather short, on tibiz and tarsi dense and relatively long;
they are all yellow. Wings a little brownish tinged, the marginal
cross-veins may be slightly dark seamed. Squamule and fringes pale
yellow. Halteres yellow.

584 Syrphidae.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons much broader and with the
borders almost not angular, nearly parallel. Abdomen with three
golden or silvery bands besides the apex.

Length 8—10,5 mm.

Fig. 198. Wing of M. mutabilis 3.

M. mutabilis is rare in Denmark; Ordrup (Steger), Dyrehaven
(Drewsen, H. J. Hansen), at Sorg@ (Schlick); on Lolland at Nysted
(L. Jorgensen), and in Jutland at Horsens (O. G. Jensen). The dates
are 72/5—15/¢,

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland; it is also recorded
from Siberia.

2. M. devius L.

1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1808 et 1767. Syst. Nat. XII, 2, 985, 41 (Musca). —
1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 767, 25 (Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 185, 5
(Mulio). — 1856. Loew, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VI, 600. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 251. — 1899. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XVIII, 189. — 1901.
Verr. Brit. F]. VIII, 662, 2, fig. 454. — 1907. Kat. paldarkt. Dipt. Ill, 154. —
M. micans Meig. 1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 165, 3. — M. anthinus Meig. 1822.
l. c. Ill, 165, 4 Tab. XXVI, Fig. 34. — WM. apiformis Curt. (mec De G.)
1824. Brit. Entom. 70. — 1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. II, 641, 1.

Male. This species is very similar to the preceding one; the hairs
on vertex, frons and epistoma pale yellow to whitish, about the ocelli
more or fewer black hairs. Antenne with the third joint a little
longer, more than twice as long as the second; arista longer, about
as long as third joint. Thorax rather green, the hairs pale yellow,
on the middle between the wing-roots is a patch of black hairs.
Scutellum neous green with pale yellow hairs, less dense than in
mutabilis; just the spines on scutellum may be reddish. Pleura with
the bare, wedge-shaped space above the front coxee quite polished as
in mutabilis. Abdomen greenish black, haired as in mutabilis but the
pale hairs always silvery or pale brassy, and distinctly shorter than

Microdon. 585

in mutabilis; on the venter also the fourth segment has long, pale
hairs. Genitalia black. Legs as in mutabilis and likewise wings,
squamule and halteres.

Fig. 199. Antenna of M. devius G, from the inside. >< 40.

Female. Similar, and differing from the female of mutabilis by
the same characters as in the male; vertex and frons with many black
hairs to almost quite black-haired.

Length 10—11 mm.

M. devius is rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven (Drewsen), at Sord
(Schlick); on Lolland at Bremersvold (Lovendal) and in Merrits Skov
(L. Jorgensen). The dates are **/s—*%e. ;

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

3. M. Eggeri Mik.

1897. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XVI, 66 et 1899. XVIII, 138. — 1900.
Strobl, Wiss. Mittheil. Bosn. Herzeg. VII, 585. — 1903. Villen. Bull. Soc.
Entom. de Fr. 193. — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 154. — M. brevicornis
Egg. (nec Loew) 1862. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XII, 783. — M. luti-
frons 1893. Strobl (nee Loew) Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. XXIX, 198. — M. muta-
bilis 1883. Poujade (nec L.) Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Fr. 6, Ill, 23, Pl, I,
fig. 1—16.

Male. Again this species is rather similar to the two preceding;
frons broader, the line between the two upper corners of the eye
scarcely as long as the breadth of the frons on its narrowest point
(while in the two other species it is longer); vertex and frons yellow-
haired. Antenne with the third joint about twice as Jong as the
second; arista short, shorter than the third joint. Scutellum neous,
the spines small, especially thin, not broad at the base, the margin
of scutellum between them not concave; thorax all yellow-haired,
scutellum with paler hairs. The wedge-shaped space on pleura above
the front coxe not quite polished, but somewhat striated on its
anterior part. Abdomen as in the other species, the pale hairs some-

586 Syrphidae.

what long, whitish or silvery to golden. Genitalia black. Legs as in
the other species but the tarsi generally brownish to blackish, and
generally also the apical half of tibize darkened. Wings more strongly
brown, all cross-veins more or less dark seamed.

Fig. 200. Antenna of M. Eggert 3, from the inside. >< 40,

Female. Quite similar; vertex and frons, as in the male, broader
than in the other species, the borders not at all angular; the hairs
all yellow.

Length 8—9 mm.

I have determined this species as Eggeri because of the relative
length of second and third antennal joints, which prevents it from
being latifrons Loew; I am inclined to think that M. latifrons apud
Verrall is likewise Eggert.

M. Eggert is very rare in Denmark, and it seems to be rarer
than the two other species; at Sore (Schlick); on Lolland at Maribo
(Schlick) and in Keeldskov (L. Jorgensen); the dates are only */s-—1®/¢,

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; at present it has its northern limit in Denmark.

Remarks: The three species of Microdon now described are certain
and distinct; Verrall seems to doubt the distinctness of the European
species of Microdon, but concerning the three species recorded here [
feel quite certain with regard to their validity.

VII. Ceriinae.

50. Cerioides Rond.
(Ceria Fabr.)

Somewhat large, narrow and elongate species, very similar to a
Conops; they are of black colour with yellow spots on thorax and
pleura, and with narrow, yellow bands on abdomen, and they are
nearly bare. Head considerably broader than high and broader than
thorax, it is considerably excavated behind, but the margin is puffed

Cerioides. 587

out, especially above and below. The eyes touching in the male,
separated in the female; they are bare; in the male the facets are
distinctly enlarged above towards the suture. Frons somewhat pro-
truding, and the protruding part may be prolonged to a long, styli-
form process, bearing the antenne (f. inst. in the Danish species); the
frons has exceedingly short hairs, the prominent style is bare. Antenne
inserted well above the middle of the head, quite near to each other,
and there is no visible ]unula above them; they are elongate and
porrected, first joint long, styliform, the second and third form together
a spindle-shaped body, bearing at the apex a short, conical, pointed
style; the two basal antennal joints have small hairs, the third and
the style are microscopically hairy. Epistoma is about straight down-
wards, quite below with a small central knob just above the mouth
edge; it is slightly protruding below but considerably descending; it
is yellow with the middle stripe and lower lateral parts black, and it
is bare. The jowls are broad and very descending, at the lower eye-
margin they have a curious impression, and from here a slight furrow
stretches a little upwards just along the eye-margin. Clypeus is deeply
incised in front. Proboscis of medium length; palpi thread-like, slightly
clubbed; I have otherwise not examined the mouth parts. Thorax
rectangular; scutellum black and yellow (or, in foreign species, quite
yellow), with no marginal fringe below. Metapleura with very short,
dense hairs. There are no thoracal or scutellar bristles. Abdomen
somewhat narrow and elongated, rather arched and cylindrical, though
flat below; sometimes it is narrower at the base and clubbed; the
firsl segment is not quite short; in the male there are four not trans-
formed segments, the fourth segment is the longest on the dorsal side,
but downwards its hind margin curves evenly forwards so that at the
side margin it is much shorter than above; the fourth ventral segment
is just as long as the side margins of the dorsal, it is slightly and
roundly incised in the hind margin. The genitalia are large, especi-
ally the eighth segment forms a very large knob at the end of ab-
domen; in the female the abdomen has five visible segments, the fifth
the smallest, the rest are hidden, the last has two lamelle. Legs
somewhat long; hind femora somewhat dilated and curved in the
male, but not or almost not in the female; they are armed with short
spinules below; the legs are short-haired. Claws and pulvilli well
developed; empodium thin, spine- or bristle-shaped, hairy. Wings with
the radial vein curved upwards from the base of the cubital vein; the
cubital vein curved more or less down in the first posterior cell (in
the Danish species rather much), the curve is angular below and
from the angle a veinlet goes perpendicularly downwards; the medial

588 Syrphidae.

cross-vein is placed well after the middle of the discal cell, it is al-
most not oblique; the basal part of the radial vein with few, fine
bristles; there is an indistinct stigmatical cross-vein. Squamule very
narrow, thoracal squamula with somewhat short, branched hairs, alar
squamula with quite short, curiously flattened hairs. Plumula wanting.

The larva of C. conopsoides was observed by v. Roser (Wirttemb.
Corr. Bltt. 1834, 267). Léon Dufour describes and figures the larva
and pupa (Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, V, 1847, 19, Pl. I, (1), fig.
1—6). The author found the larva in exsuding sap on an ulcerated
stem of an elm in March and the following year at the beginning of
June; it pupated in the first days of August and after a week the
imago appeared. Schiner mentions (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, VII,
1857, 446) that he bred the species from decaying poplars (I think
Schiner speaks of conopsoides, but it cannot be seen, as an asterisk
has been omitted). In Faun. Austr. Schiner says that the metamor-
phosis of several species is known, but he quotes only Dufour, and I
am not aware that the metamorphosis of any other species than
conopsoides is known. The pupa is mentioned by Vimmer (Casopis,
Soc. ent. Bohem. VIII, 1911) but this paper I have not seen.

According to Dufour the larva is elongated oval, flat below, arched
above; the dermis is chagreened from small spines; the prothoracal
segment is covered with spines and warts; at the anterior end are as
usual the antenna-like organs, each ending with two cylindrical papille;
near to the hind margin of the prothoracal segment is at each side
a not small anterior spiracular tubercle. At each side the segments
have three warts, one towards the dorsal side with five or six hairs and
two warts towards the ventral side, each with three spines; on the
thoracal segments are only two warts; at the posterior end the warts
become longer filaments with more hairs or threads. The posterior
end has a rather long, cylindrical posterior spiracular process, more
than one third of the body in length; it has five or six stellately
arranged (branched?) threads at the apex. The length of the larva
is 10—12 mm. The pupa is grey and black variegated; it is similar
to the larva but narrower and more arched; the warts and fila-
ments at the sides are present only as small spines, longer at the
sides of the posterior part; also on the dorsal side of the segments
some spinules are visible (not mentioned for the larva but certainly
present in the usual arrangement). There are no anterior spiracular
tubes. The pupa is of the same length as the larva.

The species of Cerioides are very characteristic and beautiful flies,
highly resembling species of Conops; they are recorded to occur especi-
ally at ulcerated trees with flowing sap.

Cerioides. 589

Of the genus 7 species occur in the palzarctic region, all belonging
to the southern parts; only one, conopsoides goes towards the north
and is found in Denmark.

1. C. conopsoides L.

1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 590 et 1767. XII, 2, 982, 21 et 1761. Fn.
Suec. 1790 (Musca). — ? 1764. O.F. Miill. Faun. Fridrichsd. 709 (Musca). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 160, 2, Tab. XXVI, Fig. 21—25 (Ceria). —
1843. Zett. Dipt. Scand. Il, 631, 1 et 1849. VIII, 3107, 1 (Ceria). — 1853.
Loew, Neue Beitr. I, 6, 1 (Ceria). — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 369 (Ceria). —
1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 665, figs. 456—457 (Ceria). — C. conopoides
1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Ill, 156. — Ceria clavicornis Fabr. 1794. Ent.
Syst. IV, 277, 1 et 1798. Suppl. 557, 1 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 173, 1. —
1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 282, 1, Tab. XIV, Fig. 10—12 9. —
1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Syrph. 6, 1.

Male. Vertex black but the occiput behind it yellow, the extreme
anterior apex a little greyish pruinose; frons prolonged into a long
style, directed a little upwards and
bearing the antenne; the frons is
yellow, black at the base of the style
and the black colour stretching as
a line across to the eye, the middle
line backwards to the upper angle
of the frons likewise black; the style
is blackish on the middle, reddish
at base and apex and below; epi-
stoma yellow, with a broad middle
stripe and all the lower lateral Fig. 201. Head of C. conopsoides 3.
parts black; vertex and frons with
very short, quite inconspicuous pale hairs, epistoma bare. Occiput
biack, silvery pruinose just along the eye-margins; above and below
it is rather puffed out, and it is yellow above on the middle part
except just in the middle, where a black line from the vertex stretches
backwards; the hairs are fine, inconspicuous and pale. Antenne black,
first joint long, styliform, second and third joints shorter, forming
together an elongated oval body, bearing at the apex a short, conical
style; the third joint is velvet brown, the style yellowish. Thorax
black, densely punctate, dull; the humeri are more or less yellow and
the postalar calli reddish; scutellum is black with a yellow band across
just at the base; thorax and scutellum are clothed with exceedingly
short hairs, which are mostly pale. Pleura with a perpendicular, yellow
spot down the hind part of mesopleura and a roundish spot below
it on sternopleura; the hairs are very short, though slightly longer

590 Syrphidae.

than on the disc, pale. Abdomen black, coarsely punctate, dullish;
the first segment is yellow at the front margin, stretching backwards
at the sides; at each side the front margin is somewhat raised into a
swollen part, which is yellow; the second, third and fourth segments
have yellow, likewise somewhat raised hind margins; abdomen has
thus the base yellow and three yellow bands; it is clothed with short
hairs, which are partly black, partly yellow, but they are so exceedingly
short that they are almost not to be detected; they are longer only at the
basal corners and here yellow. Genitalia black with a little longer,
pale hairs. Venter black, shining, with pale hind margins to the seg-
ments, and with long, whitish hairs. Legs with the femora black with
base and apex yellow, on the hind femora the yellow basal part large,
and on the anterior femora the black colour stretches nearer to the
apex behind than in front; tibiz yellow with the apical half blackish,
but generally the apex again more or less pale; anterior tarsi brownish
with yellow base, or only brownish towards the end, hind tarsi quite
brownish; hind femora thickened and curved, with two rows of black
spinules below, and there are traces of the samé armature below the
apex of middle femora; hind tibiae somewhat curved; the legs are
quite short-haired, only middle femora with somewhat longer hairs
behind; the hairs are mainly or all yellow. Wings with the anterior

Fig. 202. Wing of C. conopsoides 3.

half brown, down to vena spuria and on the outer part to the cubital
vein; the stem of the postical vein and the base of its upper branch
brown seamed. Squamulz and fringes whitish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar; vertex and frons black, above the antenne a
yellow cross-band, interrupted in the middle. Epistomal stripe broader.
Hind femora slightly thickened and not curved.

Length 11,5—12,5 mm.

This species is very similar to a Conops.

Remarks: The above description is made from our two Danish
specimens; it will be seen that they differ somewhat from Schiner’s
description, as they have the humeri only slightly yellow and no yellow

Cerioides. 591

spot on the prealar calli; this is in accordance with Zetlerstedt’s de-
scription; I have seen specimens from Italy which are quite conform
with Schiner’s description, and they have also much paler Jegs; the
northern specimens thus seem to be darker. Loew (I. c.) mentions
these variations.

C. conopsotdes is very rare in Denmark, we have only two speci-
mens from earlier time without any particular locality, but I have no
sufficient reason to doubt that they have been taken in Denmark;
also the species is recorded by O. F. Miller, but it is to be remarked
that I think it very probable that his species has been some Conops.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy and Algeria;
towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

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Page 55 Line 15
— 56 — 2

Page 61 Line 25
— 62 — 17
— 384 — %

Page 37 Line 2
— 37 — 27

— s0 — 3l
— 102 and 106

— 104

— 155 Line 20
See iby

Addenda et Corrigenda.

Part. III.

for “uniserial” read “biserial”
for “front femora” read “middle femora”

Part. IV.

for “Belling” read “Beling”

for “Hyroceleuthus” read “Hygroceleuthus”

and 26 for “third joint shorter, longer than broad” read “third
joint shorter, not longer than broad”

Part, V.

for ‘““manicatus both as manicatus and” read “peltatus both as
peltatus and”
Dele “together”
for “an” read “and”
Orthoneura geniculata and brevicornis; these two species I met
with in great numbers in Lyngby Mose from */;—*/s 1916; they
were taken numerously on the leaves of bushes and low herbage,
and especially they were sitting on a paling; of geniculata several
pairs in copula were taken; with regard to the course of the
marginal cross-veins of this latter species I find that the male
has the upper cross-vein generally perpendicular and straight, but
not rarely a little curved and recurrent; the lower cross-vein is
straight or sometimes curved a little inwards in the middle; in
the female the upper cross-vein is generally more or less recur-
rent and curved, but sometimes straight and perpendicular, and
the lower cross-vein as a rule curved inwards, but also some-
times straight. The marginal cross-veins are thus a little varying
and in reality equal in both sexes, but in the male the upper is
more commonly straight and perpendicular and the lower more
commonly straight than in the female.
Orthoneura intermedia; of this species I took a male in Lyngby
Mose on */5 1916.
for “1875,” read “1857.”
Chilosia frontalis; I took a female in Ermelund on “/s 1916.

38

594

Addenda et Corrigenda.

Page 193 Line 21 for “Mr. Schick” read “Mr. Schlick”.

8 fie

— 284
— 300
— 305
— 326

— 306
— 382
— 435
— 447
— 460

— 465

4 and 5 for “to Sweden” read “to northern Sweden”

23 and 24 for “(S. Jorgensen)” read “(L. Jorgensen)”

95 for “row a black hairs’’ read “row of black hairs”
under the figure for “S. corallae” read “8S. corollae”
Syrphus euchromus; of this species I took a male in Lyngby
Mose on **/5 1916.

37 for “1859. XII,” read “1859. XIII,”

21 for “i Jutland” read “in Jutland”

12 for ‘“dowards” read “towards”

17 for “1875” read “1857”
Helophilus consimilis; of this species I took a male in Lyngby
Mose on */, 16. With regard to the question about the sexual
armature of the hind femora I can state the following; the hind
femora have on the posterior side at the base a small elevation,
about as in versicolor, but it bears a small clump of short, but
dense, black bristles. In the text I suggested that the male
genitalia would give a good character, and this also proved cor-
rect; the characters from the exterior male genitalia of the three
species of the frutetorwm-group are the following: in frutetorum
the outer lamelle are very small, somewhat triangular, yellow or
reddish; the terminal appendages are long, narrow and curved,
varying in colour from yellow to blackish, and shining; in versi-
color the outer lamelle are of a similar shape, a little larger;
the terminal appendages are much shorter and broader and less
curved, and they are densely chagreened; they likewise vary in
colour, but when pale their upper or inner margin remains dark;
in consimilis the outer lamelle are distinctly larger; the terminal
appendages are short and broad with a broad apex, they are
almost not curved, less chagreened than in versicolor, and
shining; the outer lamelle and terminal appendages are of nearly
equal length; in my specimen both pairs are dark.

22 for “a each side.” read “at each side.” .

INDEX.

Synonyms are given in italics. References to Genera and Species which are

not Danish have the page in italics.

Page | Page
2 ge oo « Bee ching 1 | Catabomba Ost. Sack. ........ 257. 258
MT sc aca so isle wn se io ale 5 9 77 ee DE ee © ome ree re) 586
eeOa SeHIN,....... 2.0.6.2 0%. BBG."|| Cprimtes 6 id is + Boas eamed 45. 586

bombiformis Fall. ............. pbG' +) “Gerioides Rend... .:... x. 308s aeagane 586
I i nt Be ss pysintss 560 CHES CORT IS Re cacy ee meee 589
superbiens O. F. Miill........... 560 conopoides (L. emend.)......... 589
SMR es siais: cs un 6 cle Bndald mines 18 eonapsoides Ls... ..)sexcb -eaapes 589
ee aro, | (Oheslona. Meig... . 2... ddd seine 122
Cinlasia.. Meigs! 0.23 sesatt og eae 122

MMMM eros a oho ah whaydi ays yeh nines 362 AOPEE IDOE. 5. wake. oe 125
abbremata Meig..... .. 2.20.66... 365 albipila’ Meigs... :. 122. he aiapse 162
cochenillivora Guér............ 564 albiscia. Meig.?.....3 2k aveheee 144
LL Se rc 36. 365 albitarsis Meig...... 205 *e+etiea: 176
AEF MCIE. oe So sei aaie ne 2 365 anthraciformis Meig.........-.- 140
migripennis Meig. ............. 365 antiqua Meig. ... : j2a8-anisepias 133
obscuripennis Meig. ........... 367 antiqua Loew (nec Meig.)...... 135
seutellata Meig. ........-6.5.05 365 Giri Wea a cae. died conse 36. 151
maneatnm MOWED... de abs 365 Curate Wei. 2S walk +eireeasee 159
famida Meig.\. 2... 2.003 oie oot 365 auripila Meig. ......-.52.050++% 159
wmiiripennis Meig. ..........686: 365 barbata. Loew ... ... .ai-4# -s0iteys 156
MemeMvopa Mele, .. 2.26. essa eae 385 Bergenstammi Beck..........-. 168
TRAN oe a8? cette Btive 388 canicnlaris: Panz.\... . .5:cM-«iase 159
REET. 5 a5 ice bx gerd, Sau 366 ¢arbonaria Meg. 24... <s- sss 178
17 22) iy AS) a 390 ehiloric,, Mele... .aiiyeF ee 37. 164
ferrupinea Fall. ...........< 385, 386 chloris Verr. (nec Meig.) ....... 166
BCU RRS 5 bs aasra py eit m oom 386 coemeteriorum var. a Fall. (nec L.) 174
Brachypalpus Macq. .............. 504 coemeteriorum var. # Fall. (nec L.) 135
OE a 507 coemeteriorwm var. 7 Fall. (nec L.) 176
lumaculatus Macq:.....). 2.5... 507 coractna Zett.. ....-.iofe=seens 180
lapueiormis Wall... oe... e 505 curtalis: Meig, . 224. os siisieaee 140
valgus Zett. (nec Panz.)........ 505 cynocephala Loew............- 180
decidua Ege. -.... . tute <meGaes 184

oe a er 5 | dimidiata Zett...... tins center 166
Calliprobola Rond. ..... 29. 30. 43, 553 fasciata Schin. et Egg. .... 126. 135
SPECIOSA, FLOSSE . fo. so ss = ole 553 flavicornis EB... .....ctjak aan 37. 164

Page

flavicornis Schin. (nec F.)...... 163
flawmmana Meig...........-.%.. 176
flavipes Zett. (nec Panz.)....... 163
aiiterna MGIP. Poe eat Sacto 166
fraterna Zett. p.p. (nec Meig.) 157.

158. 184
PONMtANS GOW S12: tetera ties 155
fulvicornis Meig.? ............. 143
FURETANSIMEIE, 2. eae. Gok ote 186
geniculata Zett.? ..........5... 144
pipaniten Zetl,. 2 sor ose aes eens :- 170
COT a MIE Fer 8 1s. srerons oon es, 188
Srossaul all). eae Sameer ee 160
himantopus Panz. 25.22.0060. 159
hovesta ond: 2 rte tee 32 se 153
illustrata Harr..... Ry detent ie ee 149
impressa. Loew ls .> 0.02.0. 174
annupia Feit Pe es ee: 176
intonsa Loew .......... Sb. iar
Langhofferi Beck. ............. 166
lomopa Kow. >) 576 Yo POR 153
latifrONS Bett. Fy ane ne 157
umbata Macq... : 22 .2..0000.0 22 164
longnla: Fett; P03 a ee 144
luchuona Meigs 252 t: 182
lugubris: Felts Pete 135
maculata Fall. -- 32:32. ride!
means Meig. (nec F.) .......... 143
mplanopa Zett:? ysis e.- 8S 156
momenta Mae Hit, Ret Vee pa 172
iglabilie Pall: 0: Nels 186
nigricornis Macq.?............. 144
nigrina Meig.................. 151
nigripes-Meig; 2. 252/50 oe ese 135
nigmin Boies. e, Hae ea 151
niida Meigs oS. eee 182
nitidula Kaltenb. ............. 125
obscura: Lioews. os... 22 182
oestracea FP. (nec L.)............ 149
ohare Lett. Sn OR a 170
pagana Meise: 3. sUL Ue ae 146
pallidicornis Meig. ......... 37. 182
placida Meig.): 202: 22952. 186
plumulifera Loew............. 144
praccom Zeit. etShs wane es: 188
proxima Zetirs sinc. see eee 172
pubera. Zett. 22) 5. sets er ee 138
pulchripes Loew .............. 146
pygmaeca Lett. 0... ..w ees 186

Page

rostrata Zett..-.. Face eee 180
Trufitarsis: Zett..... -. 2225-5 =e ae 160
rupfitibia Eee: :. . >. 2 tee 166
ruralis Meig, <2... 7. ae eee 188
Schmidtii Zett)... 2.53058 135, 137
scutellata Fall... ..... 7,2b2sueee 140
soror Zeétt.:.2. 2th. 2. vee 143
sporsa, Loew. .< .. <x J:e see 133
tropicn Meig.: .. 5. 2. coca eee 135
urbana Meig. p.p......... 140. 188
variabilis Panz,-. ..< se eeeeoe 151
velutina Loew ....;).. .)- esses 184
vernalis: Fall; ..: ....7 see . 37. 181
vernalis Meig. (nec Fall.) ...... 174
vicina’ Zett. iy.) eee 137
vidua: Meig...:< 5 i:.25 eee 176
viduata Fy 23:3... See 176
Chrysochlamys Walk. >............ 541
Chrysogaster Meig s.]............. 94
Chrysogaster Meig. s.str........... 112
basalis ‘Loew: : ::.’:2/2.. fae0e eee 120
chalybeata Meig. .............. 118
coemeteriorum F. (nec. L.) ..... 116
coenotaphit Meig............... 119
cupraria’ Macq. :.- 2. oon eee 119
inornata- Loew -.))... 32 Saeceee 118
insignis Loew ...-....'. 2 seeaeee 112
Macquarti Loew . : -: -S27eeeee 118
nuda Macq.:.i.:i 225 oon eee 114
solstitialis Fall, 05.327 Sees 116
splendens Meig.:-..; 77.3 eeeem 112
widuata IL. :;2).2 saree FB 114
viduata Macq. (nec L.)......... 113
virescens Loew. .-!. 42> seeeean 121
Chrysotoxinae ....:. <2 aeeee 44, 566
Chrysotoxum Meig. .; :... 2322 .eee8 566
arcuatum’L.:....... 2. /23@eeeee 572
arcuatum De G. (nec L.)....... 573
bicinectam L.. ....7.. 55 eee 576
bipunctatum O.F. Mill. ........ 573
cautum Harr... 2... <3... eseee 569
fasciolatum Meig. (nec De G.) .. 572
festivum L.....: /i....0 7) 573
horiense Meig.. ...).. 2.22 0een 572
scutellatum Macq. ...:......... 569
sylvarum Meig.......-.22s00me 569
vernale Loew ... ...:.. oc c.nae 576
Cnemodon Egg.-::::... 5/2. cee 70

anthracinus Zett. (nec Meig.)... 71

Page
Dremaqens Wee... ads 73
carbonarius var. a Zett........ 71
forgamanus Zetts). 2.260220 0. 71
fujficornis Meig...............- 71
mimpennis Meig. ...........56% 73
Semoge W.55 >... . 393. 418. 432. 544
Marorenina Meig.. .. 2.002028. seals 490
emeeOM ANS |...) ola alee oh ese 497
Seemneeias (Bj s8 2s ates oS 492
Brebissont Macq... .....-.-..-.. 494
Gemidtata Stee. .2v. 2.2... 37
Siremgsn Meir. hil. tes eee 495
Oxyacanthae Meig. ............ 494
0 Ee ee ae 495
a ra 497
Semone AD Hid a. 2 bok s Vee eed 18
Semiprraina, Willist. <=. .0......65. 501
RE eon edo bo Selah oe ke ois 502
i aL alsa eo oust ok 502
Pied med. . 2.2)... Saeiiars cies aie 250
ME pain nye. ni 252
Rae EAAACE). o:s-ecdcye ¢,+, 5 /s!s ope = = 254
permit: Meip. .. 2... 02.6... 254
intermedia Loew.............- 255
pellucrdtla Meig...........-... 252
PE Recs en ea eie ce winin = wi acon oes 11
EN ee ns 25 Wins ea eee 359
Gepunctatus Mik..:............ 362
(7 LETTS SM Se ee 360
RN 2 eos ease aunty ava e= 360
Gesuiacorius Mik ............. 362
emmenaee 2... 2a 5 8 oS oe 254
mcksert..Meig.. .. oii. ove oes 254
Meee sein, 1... fal ats 243
oestriformis Meig..........-...- 245 |
auepnoides: Fall... 0.2.0 .0c. 6... 245
EERIE 25. JSS. eS 42. 407
Mees Hond,.........0. 5.2565 414
9 04 2 ae 407
PEMEPOSESCOD.. . o.oo salon ee o's 418
0 SG 2) a 441
anthophorinus Fall. ........... 425
Bemeents Ball ose ess ues. 426
3 Sa ee 430
bombyliformis F. ...... ae 428
campestris Meig. ...-........ *,. 422
POVPLACUNMD Si 25S ee ee). ae 419
Musmigisins Wied.’.=i. sie... % ... 410

Page

flavicinctus Fe... cee ce 435
flavitarsis Malm.............2. 432
flavocinctus var. a Fall......... 435
flavocinctus var. 8 Fall. ....... 440
jomamum: Weig. 5505 22255. u 432
Meriseala. Dette 9 265 os ceeds 435
hortorum. Meig.. 20.00. 2..0.005. 422
NHEQIE ARTES Biss 3, otc oe te ee eee 428
lncarnm Mele, 50 oka Ay ak 421
lucorum Strobl (nec Meig.)..... 444
nemorgmy Ta). 0. s.ci ween Pew eee 434
ogstracens, Lb. 25.).4 $4.58 tae 426
pertinax Seap: sist. ces as 432
giiceus ‘Walls i+, Seis: eee ee 440
punctatus O.F. Mull............ 418
Fupia Poo. 33... 2b 3 Ge 439
sepalelirahis Gi. 25.2.0, cee 415
srmalsa. Valles) ori Beli 432
spivarum: Meig.. 2 27ose-.523835 434
sylvaiicusMeig: .. 0.222 22 3Gee 422
Ferbess Dae a i eisiahs tie wanes 35. 422
THECOLOVIMEIE: 3. cn. ose a ee 427
tooriia Bo 25s 5. 22h ae 415
viiripennis Strobl. . 4.222232 438
vulpinus Meig. ...........---.. 422
Bristaldmyia :Rond, wos. ene 414
Bumerns: Meio. . 0... save. See 531
aencus ‘Mach. +2 2225. ase 537
flavifrons Meigs: 2.62283 AA: 537
funeralis Meig... 200.050 58555 537
grandicornis Meig. ............ 537
iigocelis., Gart: ss ..se5 8. See ee a: 536
longicornis Loew.............. 531
lunulaius Meig.....-........-: 537
OlnMaluseM eles 2: 3252.5-2.- eee 539
rubriventris .Macq.,..:... 22.028 534
rificornis ‘Mbig. i) 25.2. es ae 540
sabulanum Fall. 0:28 2. So: 534
Seleie. Meigs. o/s a3. as Hee 534
Selene Loew (nec Meig.) ....... 537
strigatus: Wall 2 2 2< 23 ft. eo eee 537
strigatus Meig.? (nec Fall.)..... 534
tarsalisP Loew 2.2). 2s See ae 537
Teepoloe Wot. Cos sie ee ee 534
Eurinomyia Bigs <.:..<c422e. 2 447. 448
) wyhingioides Big. 2. .1<2/o- + <oaee 447
Ferdinandea Rond.............-.- 541

cupres, SCOD. .2 4... 225 22-8 owes 544

MAgrifrons. Wee... a et eee 544
WHMCOMMIS Mocs. 8A oe: 36, 547. 548
ruficornis Rossi (nec. F.)....... 545
Grantomyza Wied... .< 3055). ste 26
Hammerschmidtia Schum. 385. 386. 388
Belophilus Metes, 04. sal er oeci se 444
aigs: Wait,» 3 2 eR. POO} 453
GPCHCUR et. OS hee eo 453
POPES Sty 2.55 kb Mase es 446
borealis Siebke (nec Steg.) ..... 453
camporum Meig. .......-...-.. 449
conosioina: Willist:. .o.tinct Se 467
consinilis: Malin’... ."). 212". 9% 459
TFEMONAIIS Wallies. Ans ae ee ae 456
irutetornum We. 2. {kts Mie ee 456
groenlandicus QO. Fabr.......... 446
Henricta Sechnabl +, 37. 200265 %: 451
hybridus Loew 2.) yet. A see ek 451
latifrons Loew ........... 446, 451
lmeatus! We sok. ae 36. 465
Inuulatus’ Meip. 3.26 34 sak SR 461
MURCOvIUS EF .. cs. eee Peete 465
petidnlas 12% 22... sQiee< AS 454
peregrinus Loew.......... 444, 447
Siebkis Verte ie. Shee a 453
imansinens, Li. 255 5. Aree Ee ee 463
ivitiates Peto. ieee axe 449
trivittatus Meig. p.p. (nec F.) .. 454
versicolor f.s:...998. ete 458
versicolor Malm (nec F.)....... 456
vittatus .Meig:...¢95% Sina e els 467
Heringa Rond:s. «.. .sets. SEIN 62
Imodiema, “Macy. . (ct as7 ee 474
posticata Macq. (nec F.)........ 474
Ischyrosyrphus Big................ 246
glaurids:L: + 02th 248. 250
glaucius F. (nec. L.).0. 2.2.6.2. 249
glaucus Meigs: 3). .0 40 eee 249
laternarius O. F. Miill........... 249
liophthalmus Schin. et Egg. 246. 247
mutatis: Lett noses x Se eeet 249
nobilis Meigs. Sa... Fe PN 248
Lagenosyrphus Mik ..........+.03% 247
Lasiophthicus Rond............... 257
Pyeasiel Tas Fs sos we Falke ce 35, 261

Page

seleniticus. Meig.- . 2: 263
transfugus F. (nec L.)......... 261
Lathyrophthalmus Mik............ 414
Leucozona Schin.. .; si. os See 240
astliformis F. =. 7334. sae 242
lucoram ‘Lis 's.42+« 23.5eee eee 241
Liogaster Rond. .... ... 2.8 0o eee 108
amethystea Meig..........5-... 111
amethystina Macq.............. 111
bicolor Macq... . 2.220 eee ce aL
discicornis Meig. ......:.....0: 108
grandicornis Meig. ............ 108
metallica FB... . 23:30 eee 108
metallina FE... .....-/ ae 108
rufitarsis Loew ......:0. 8.e0me 111
splendida Meig. .......50sueae 111
tarsata Meig.......7 0,7 eee 111
violacea. Meig: .........0ds0s0e 108
Liops Rond. ... . i... 2.06 10 eee
Lonchoptera Méig....... //2¢angaen 6
cinerella Zett.. 2... .2.. eee 6. 14
fallax de’ Melj. ... :.. 2 Seaoenen 6
flavicanuda Meig. .......0.sssem a}
furcata Fall, >)... 5. 14
furcata Fall >). p... a-.-seenaeee ll
fuscipennis Bohem............- 16
grisea Gimmerth, ... . :; -Sapeeees 16
empicta Zett..>.. «» «eee 14
lacustris Meig. «....-teeeaee ll. 14
lutea :Panz.; >.>" \ See 5, 6. a
lutea Meig. (nec Panz.) ........ 14
nigrimana Meig. ........ Se 12
palustris Meig. ... =... ae 12
punctum Meig. ...........6. 672-42
riparia Meig..........- 5.6.11. 14
rivalis Meig.:.. .:..+.. Sas 11. 14
thoracica Meig. ..........-+- 6. 12
ivtlineaia Zett. ..5S ee 6.12, 14
tristis Meig... ....-. «..7 eee 16
Lonchopteridae’. ... .. /.-yo saan 1
Mallota. Meéig. .. ........7..:0 30 eee 472
cimbiciformis Fall... 2252. 209508 474
eristaloides Loew ............. 474
posticata ‘F.....2...:.... .2, RE 473
posticata Macq. (nec F.) ....... 474
Melangyna Verr-.........'0). A: 0nenae 238
barbifrons Schin. (nec Fall.).... 239

quadrimaculata Verr. .......... 239

Page

Melanostoma Schin. .............. 227
mmmmemiiGd, Pall... os. oth 229
OST 7) | 228. 231
fimbriatum Loew......... 228. 231
mrncne MCI... eS 233
laevigatum Meig............... 232
maculosum Meig............... 233
MIE 2 yup a eta n vas HOLLY 232
mellavium Meig.:.............. 232
melliturgus Meig. ............. 232
minutum Macq. ..........-...- 232
monochaetum Loew............ 230
MEE ss colo Ps ts eee 233 |
peausee Panz. (nec F.)....'...:.. 232
PRAMS VI LOti. ..)0cc ee ees oh 228
PECOLO PM NVACE «5. c lays stolons cle > whe 232

Melithreptus Loew... 342, 345. 349. 352

REID, = isl ca ese eo” 476
bulborum Rond...............- 479
Pan ts. Sih wee 0 812 ola 477
constans Meig. (nec Rossi) ..... 478
fC ee ee 478
yormuguneus Fo ..... 22.2225. 478
(8 ag eee 478
0 Be RE eee ee 478
PRET, od. oa aiete% «Sia es 478
transversalis Meig. ............ 478
Meas MOP ok 478

Metemmorins, FOUG, ....).i Woe ae. les 447

Mesograpta Loew............-. 29. 35
RUMMMEER AY s.. << x. ojobaly BAe nists Bs fs

Maerodon Meig...... 00 ei 578
mumimus Meig....... 0500.22.) 584
parties Gatr.. 6.8 2 ee 582
eegormss De G. 0... 62568). 582
apiformis Curt. (nec De G.).... 584
brevicornis Egg. (nec Loew).... 585
Br ree G 58S Wao SHE 584
2 SL Lu eS es re 585
Pamenns, Doew a...) rs 586
Muerte Mei Cero. Soi Volek! 584
MOMMIES GES. Ss cs. o picttin. Vth 582
mutabilis Poujade (nec. L.)..... 585
rhenanus Andr........... 580. 582

Microdontinae ............:... 45. 578

VOSS Sy WEY Coa ARS, fe ae ee doa

(US ie rr a 42. 480

Wihiiso- Latr. MP. . .. 49, 573, 576. 582. 584

nL ae eae 36

Page
conopsoides (apud Miill.) ....... 36
eyaneu, O..¥:. MGW... . 2... 502. 36
jascinta ©. WF. Mia)? 2 36. 345
oestracea (apud Kram. Briinn. et
MOM.) 025-2088.) , .2°36.(428
Myiatropa.Rond 2.9.08). 20. 25 203 469
dire Masse ocr ees SRE Se 35. 470
nigrotarsata Schin............. 470
Myiolepta Newm.................. 484
dubia Bei or ROMS Oa Le 487
laterais: Balls «sz. Sen Bee eat 487
luteola: Gmel.... 2... ).". 282: 35, 487
Opseura, Bech. ><. Ree 486
Thfiearmis: Zett,. <<a. cosas: 485
Myolepta Newm................2. 484
Neoascia ‘Willist. of... 9.0.0 22 a 372
Gene «Meigs :c2 <3. sous ae wees 318
aenea Zett. (nec Meig.) ........ 383
ifasciata-Zett.: 5.2. 0cvun wee 3718
dispar Met, 20.025 JE 000s 380
floralis Meig....--. (002 wd) Ju. 37. 378
geniculata»Meig. 02. (2 /.2.05%% 380
hastata. Meie.. «206025. so em 3718
lanceolata Meig. .......-...+-- 376
maculata Macq. ............--- 316
napdula Meigs. ie wae 378
podagri¢a Be.-.+..).6. ss ek: 36. 376
quadripunctata Meig. ...... 37. 378
Olbiesyrphus Mik 2... zi AREA 35
facts. Boros des. Noemi 35
Orthoneuca: Macqusoe-) ) es oe Si)
brevicornis Loew ............. 104
elegans .Meig. . ....<..08e. face 98
elegans Verr. (nec Meig.)....... 100
fuscipennis Zett........--.--+. 100
geniculata Meig........-.-..:.:-- 100

geniculata Zett. p. p. (nec Meig.) 102

geniculata Loew (nec Meig.).... 102
IMPEMMelial Ike sp..s dsbiea co ata 102
nigricollis Meig................ 106
Habis Male... oy ort kise eee 106
tumescens Loew..............- 97
Parva Lakes, 2 oo teen 26 ee 45
aenous Meig..0 20H 25) Se ae 47
albitrons’ Wall oto. 1. hhiietan 51

arcuatus Meig............- Seige 49

Page
Ger MONE este Gis hisses 51
Dicolgt oe Ee a. fe aa Ne 49
coadunatus Rond. ............ 47
dimidiatus Loew .............- 47
femoraius Meig........ 5.250 5-- 47
haemorrhous Meig. ............ 47
HTBEPES, AIOCW 2 5G seis iste kee 49
DOSES MOIS: ib ie oe Sieg gs! ass 47
WUNCLOMIS Let, ... 5 seco 41a: 49
quadrifasciatus Meig............ 47
WURCHUAG Lette ssi lsteke aa eyes ete 49
satus: Curt, 2 90,. SoS ries dhe ahs 49
taeniatus Meig...............-% 49
festaceus: Meigs. tiny. isso. 25 49
thapmuasire Foo ee ones e kee es 51
Pibialis Male wie xe Seyesisar ers aoe 47
trianguliferus Zett............. 47
CONGEUE: MOIR os, oo eile oases 49
Parhelophilus Girsch.............. 447
Penipm Phi... cc.7.Meraides 64
carbonarium Meig,............. 65
ahi Ni, 9p: Sp pean aoe eis 67
morionellum Zett.............. 66
FoReORIS, SuObl Py. sos Fe ati 67
Pipiva, Ball 3. «ic ) seiades ate tcc 75
austriata Weir. :. 23k - eee se 92
austriaca Schin,? (nec Meig.)... 89
bigittinla Ze. 22. - asc eee ahes 81 |
bimaculata Meig............ 37. 85 |
langrain Detiss 5220. ks posse 81
calteata Meigs... 0: Sat, sae: 87
carbonaria var. b Zett......... 81
chalybeata Meig...............- 85
remoralis Linew 05 se sete Fake 77
festiva (Meig., 2 ai0.0;. ee ee 80. 93
fumebris Meig:(: 21.3; Send detoes 89
geniculata Meig............ ot. 85
guide Mele, ...:..cicie Aseusee te 85
hyalipennis Zett............... 81
Tapas “Bye oP ee Rb wats 36. 89
lugubris Schin.? (nec F.)....... 92
luteitarsia Zett...= Feed. alee 19
maculata: Ze. 62... oases coe 81
Notiiged Livan. Akedel lees ae 81
notata "Meigs x: Ca a see dae 87
Obsplet ZOU, ssiicieneeiceRe eae 81
quadriguttata Macq............ 81
qudrimaculata Panz............ 81
Sipttala (Méig..c.n25 Sooke tase 88

Page

stigmatica Zeit... J25¢) .nooaaee 81
vand. Lett... 0.230. tia ee 81
Pipizella Rond./... 2>>-..83. eee 56
annulata Macq. ..3.... 214-008 59
campestris Fall.......... 07.58. 61
curvinervis Strobl.......... 66. 69
flavitarsis Meig......2¢ eve 61
geniculata.-Zett.,...... Spain 62
Heringi Zett.. :.: 23 eee 62
lencogong Zett.. -.:. aaa 62
melancholica Meig. ............ 61
obscuripennis Meig............. 59
Ratzeburgit Zett.:... 7-5 .eeees 61
trisiis Meig.. i. 24. ae 58
varipes Meig........'52 <6 ie 37. 58
virens, F..). 3.00... dae 37. 58
vitrea. Meig: »: .... -442 eee 61
Zetterstedtii Rond. ............ 62
Platycheirus St. Farg. et Serv. .... 190
Platychirus St.-Farg. et Serv. ..... 190
albimanus F.. 5../4..4/3 eee 206
albimanus Fall. p. p. (nec F.) 200.
203. 216
angustatus. Zett......<a7neeem 219
chaetopodus Will. ...... aera 210
ciliger Loew ......:.. eee eae 199
clypeatus Meig...... ...... seen 216
clypeatus Zett. p. p. (mec Meig.) 208
complicatus. Beck. .b... 52s 220
cyaneus O.F. Mill. ......... 36. 206
dilatatus Macq. .......22eeme 35. 216
ferrugineus Macq. ....... Sack 213
ferrugineus Zett. p.p.....- 211. 213
fulviventris~Macg. .. .x.0Gaee 213
geniculatus Zett. ... 2 Ae 197
hyperboreus Steg. ...........- 219
hyperboreus Will. (nec Steg.)... 219
immarginatus .Zett... .. 2... eee 211
manicatus Meig. ............ Se
mellinus De G. (nec L.)........ 213
octomaculatus v. Ros. .......-- 200
peltatus Meig............2ns 37. 200
podagratus Zett.............+2. 37
podagratus Zett p.p..........- 211
quadratus. Macq. .....-..s suka 203
quadratus Steg. (nec Macq.) ... 219
rostratus. Zett, ......<... sscrmii 37. 200
scambus Stzeg... . 6.6... <s5neee 208

scutatus Meig....0....:..s.60.0 seen 203

sernotatus Meig................ 203
spathulatus Rond.............. 220
ETI ICUSAMGIPS. oJ... oedee fee 220
Peale Schumm. 2.03. ...005- 199
Winthemt .Meig...............: 213
eer. 6. Ss. dae de oes 500
Pocota St. Farg. et Serv. ......... 499
pytdty Meic. . 2... cess 500
Somormis Schrank .i.).....6..: 500
Pyropuaena Schin.-....0..5....... 222
granditarsa Forst.............. 224
CS [i i 224
ne ea 224
Praiyeasira, Lioew... 2.065... 222
MEMO Eos og d tin el bin Ge 36. 225
SPIO OOD, ©... a. cia cee age ne ess 391
Grmpeciis Meic............-..- 394 |
PUR eo 55s Sinpeln ays 393
ec es ee ams ole Ble 36
ree, Bel ke ce eae a es 36
momcompia Meir... 6.2 .0.....80-. 562
0 SE S6 ae 563
DUMRMOMRIM Ei ag tok oY RAL vere 565
a ee ae 565
Sphaerophoria St. Farg. et Serv. .. 338
Gponevnia Zett..,.............. 346
Grane LOew .... 5... 0.5 342, 345
OE a 346, 349
yaccrata O. FS Mill. .. 2.2... 36, 345
flavicauda Zett......... ... 349, 361
POMMBOB. WEE. 5k. oe he el ced 352
hieroglyphica Meig............. 346
SEEM OIGOOW. . 2. ass Seeds 6 fd 346
amsignata. Zett. . 20. .s. eee 346
interrupta F........... 36. 346. 349
0 2 +7. 5 SE ee a 352
IV LERSILCH CIES 3,2. 2s /2%,5 tae 6 Ses 346
Rremetaetth La. 2....05 95. fk. 345. 349
multipunctata Zett. ........... 346
magricoxa Zett............. 342. 345
nitidicollis Zett. ........... 349, 351
philanthus Meig........... 346, 349
CS hae 346, 349
SOME Wetsn is Ea Sees oss 342. 345
SEIGGtG. Steg. oe... 342. 345
taentata Meig............. 346. 349
paces, Met... we lee eee 368

pranipes Pally c.c..s.a.... 370

Page

flava Meee: scone 371
Wgra Meigs. 5 oss is bose 370
nigricornis. Macq. ............. 371
Spllomyia. Meig.:..yeegtneciese 548
diophthalma Rossi (nec L.,)..... 550
SPEEA Bote ce esate eee wR we 550
Synlitar ot. Hare. ef Serve.) (si: 526
aceanica; Mach. 5 copter wer ee 528
pipiens Li. 2 3s seat ASHE 529
Syrphidaer Sas 4. Iss see See eee 18
SYS POINAe o.oo las eae 38. 45
Syiphoides “o0) -) 55.25 Sean 18
SOME POEMS 0 fascal ¢scadncs os Ni, ate eee 265
abbreviatus: Zett))...6i.c.03057. 302
dffinis Loew... 2. 259, Seaver 302
albostriatus: Fall. >... .is. soso 277
ainericanus, Wied. 57.5: 22. 2%2ee 268
amoenus Loews... 00023 bere 333
ammelnkas Zell... :..5.3 2c eaten 293
annnlipes: Aett...svissy Sees 286
arewuatus Fall, 31. .20ek.iy oot all
arcuatus Fall. p.p......... 282. 307
arcuatus Schin. p. p. (nec Fall.) 310
arcuatus Osburn (nec Fall.).... 314
auricollis; Meiph< 522.42 408 37. 323
balteatus: DeiGes ccd: sata Fae 35. 316
harbifeons: Vall. .....22.8. sacheae
ibifasciatus: Be +. Ane esas 314
cmictellus: Zett, “mates eee eae 318
PUNCHES AACE S a.2,. ot ose aren 2 323
emmernsaPals 2) thse. si 2 atte 320
cones Vall Dp, Pines. 2-202 318
eqmpositarum Ver, )...iteess ss 335
COMTERER AC eo ..5 55 \cjaks ot Oe wets 291
COUNPUSUS EO. . |. 62 ice Balyoutieler 277
conjungens. Walk... to. fost 297
eorollac Poco: . 2. eet. era 304
Cremaiuc: Mages <i Sere eas 304
decorus Meig. ...... cer eect 323
decorus Zett. (nec Meig.)....... 325
dinplianns: Zetic).... ssn seo 297
euchromus Kow. .............- 325
emesus: Schin. pap. oo.) eo - 302
fulvifrons Macq. ..........---- 304
grossulariae Meig. ............. 295
outtatus. Pall... ..c,<fe og oe lan ae 332
hie ly A | Se t= ae co 281
implicaius Meig...2...°: Joe och 281
Pps Mieiene s/s trois ae ge ere epeniat 323

Page
labiaternm sVere:’.. .....3652 486 336
ners, Mie i a SO. SSE 304
lanpeniens Fett. cis l 5 i025 62 309
lasiophthalmus Zett............ 330
latifasciatus Macq.............. 302
Lesueurti Maeg. ........2....: 297
ETT 9 AR AP I ee ae 295
lnnwer-Maie. 2s. sj0t 1249328 307
Panmaine Mets 22%... cel seve 282
lunulatus Zett. (nec Meig.)..... 281
mactlenius Meig. ...........5.:- 323
mistnlaris: ZOU.” 5.025%... Sao 284
maculicornis Zett. ......... 37. 323
melanostoma Zett.............. 268
modeatus Meir. s.0. octas. 323
MCCLOT EER So. ys oi 5. eS 36. 316
Hipricopmis Verr: io. tA 82 sae 284
nigrifemoratus Macq........... 307
MENS \-Agt bs oo sate 35. 300
nihidicolliy : Meio... sande Bae. pee: 298
niisauius. Met, ee aeiae 336
obscurus Leth...) eS. eet 283
olitorins: Paley, 62... dos. eetawes 304
perplexus Osburn ............. 514
philadelphicus Macq. ...:...... 35
priasine De.G.?., tf ef) ait 282
plactdus, Meig. «..2i.).tas 8c. 320
punctulatus, Vern...) is. 238: 328
quadrimaculatus: 2. Ha.%.caete eee 35
PEDOSIY Baas oe. o/c aaet he Oe 35. 290
ribesti Fall. p. p. (nec L.) 288.
295. 298
sexstriatus Wahlb. ............ 330
solitarius Zett. .... 00.00.86 000: 281
subsilians Vi... sx -4Ea. hse 2: 36
harspins ZOU. x. cciats. ghee sect 35
topiarwe. Meig. ......5..9 420%. 291
topiarius Zett. (nec Meig.) ..... 288
torvis Ost. Sack. 2:9) 216. Pvi034 288
triangulifer Zett. .............. 327
tricinctus: Fail... «lit. tise? ok 279
umbellatarum F............ 36. 333

umbellatarum Fall. p. p. (nec F.) 323
umbellatarum Meig. (nec F.) ... 335

venustus: Meipg..< 2754 _0a teheiee 281
vitripennis Meig............ 35. 291
vittager. Zieth. ou. vices » viedo SUS 295
Letterstedit. Verh, 33), 62ecn ae 269

Temnostoma St. Farg. et Serv.....
vespiforme.L.. . .:0057 seed eie
Thereve Lait. ......,. ooh) See
Triglyphus Loew ~ . 2. cles ee
modesta -Leew. - . .:.).'). jaaadeee
primus ieew......:..2sdoe ee
pubescens Loew...............
Tropidia Meig: . ....:...248. Danae
dorsalis Macq. J...) ere
fasciata Meig. ....<5.. 25) eee
milesiiformis Fall,:.). eee
scita Hatr. ... J... +-ae8ee seen
Volucella Geoffr.. .. 0:2: J. aan
bombylans L.......<..4.a 36.
fasciata Macq... ..¢..52.5neeeee
haemorrhoidalis Zett. .........
inanis GL, fo... *. . sae
inflata F. . 22.22 «20 ne
micans Boos ...s: 32s see
mystacea L....:..... + nee
pellucens L.............ssas Seen
plumata De G. ...... 20 cb 37.
oulpina Meig. ......22.0)eoeane
zonaria, Pada. o. .2. 28
Volucellinae:. ‘+ 4:2 5..22 ee 41,

Xanthandrus Verr, ...: .:oGseemee
comtus Harr...) 4220. eeeee 35.
hyalinatus Fall. ..........5.2.-
parhyalinatus Big..............

Xanthogramma Schin. .....->......
citrofasciatum De G............
decoratum_Zett. . .... 2a) Bee
festiwum F. (nec L.)...........
festivum Fall. p.p. (nec L.) ....
ornatum Meig.. .......geeas 35.

Xylota.Meig. ........+ nian
bifasciata Meig................
bifasciata Zett. (nec Meig.) 514.

515.
confinis. Zett..........\/01.. dae
femorata L............ 34. eee

florum Zett. (nec F.)...... 522.

ignava Panz........<¢i5.eeenee

ignava Fall. (nec Panz.)
lenta Meig. .......:..26 ee

482
481

482

395
401

522
517

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.)... 524, 526 tarda Meig.
. 526

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Lundbeck, W.

Diptera Danica v.3

_ Author

Title

ek Se Lone?

University of Toronto

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