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DIPTERA DANICA \

'Cv.

GENERA AND SPECIES "^^

OF FLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK

BY

WILLIAM LUNDBECK

%

PART III
EMPIDIDAE

WITH 141 FIGURES

PUBLISHKD AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FUND

G. E. C. GAD — COPENHAGEN

LONDON: WI LLIAM WESLEY AN D SON

1910

[}M'!h^.^'::'^^rm

DIPTERA DANICA

PART III

CX

\_

£^T DIPTERA DANICA

GENERA AND SPECIES
OF FLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK

BY

WILLIAM LUNDBECK

PART III
EMPIDIDAE

WITH 141 FIGURES

PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FIND

G. E. C. GAD — COPENHAGEN

LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON

1910

READY F«OM THE PRESS NOVEMRER THE 1«' 1910

COIMCNHAGKN — I'RIXrKD BY lUAXCO I.UXO

(ORTHORRHAPHA BRACHYCERA.)

ORTHOGENYA.

Empididae.

Head rather small, more or less globular and more or less arched
behind ; sometimes the occiput drawn conically out and the head more
or less pear-shaped; it is almost equal to the breadth of Ihorax or a little
narrower. Occiput has bristles or hairs. The vertex bears three ocelli
and generally small ocellar bristles. Eyes large, generally bare, some-
times hairy; they are either touching in the male and separated in
the female, or touching in both sexes, or finally more or less sepa-
rated in both sexes; in the last case the frons is sometimes narrower
in the male than in the female. When the eyes are touching in the ^
male, the facets are in this sex larger above than below, and when
touching in both sexes, the facets are larger above in both sexes.
Sometimes the eyes are touching below the antennæ. In the middle
of the inner eye-margin there is always an incision which may be
larger or smaller, sometimes very small and shallow, but always per-
ceptible. The antennæ are inserted near to each other, in or about
in the middle; they are three- to- five-jointed ; the two basal joints
are generally short, the first sometimes somewhat elongated; the third
joint is longer, compressed but otherwise of somewhat variable shape,
from short ovate to somewhat long and band-shaped ; it terminates
in the five - jointed antennæ with a style or a longer arista , both
being two - jointed with a short basal joint ; in the four - jointed an-
tennæ the arista is undivided, and in the three-jointed antennæ the
third joint tapers into or bears an arista which is not jointed and
not articulated to the third joint, but forms in connection with this
an undivided joint. The jowls are very small or not at all developed,
rarely longer and descending below the eyes. Epistoma is broader
or narrower, generally narrow, and, when the eyes are touching below
the antennæ, very small. An oral cone is present but small; some-
times, as in Clinocera, Dolichocephala and Chersodromia there seems
to be no real oral cone present. Clypeus is generally more or less

1

2 Orthonhapha Brachycera.

horse-shoe-shaped, lying on the front side of the oral cone ; sometimes
it is not, or not distinctly, separated from the epistoma. The proboscis
may vary much in length, from very short to about as long as the
body; it is directed downwards or straightly or obliquely forwards,
sometimes it is curved somewhat inwards towards the sternum.
Labrum is about as long as the proboscis, it is strong, generally high
at the base, and semitubular, and it is three-pointed at the apex and
often curved downwards. In some genera (Clinocera, Dolichocephala)
it is very broad. Hypopharynx is likewise strong, canaliculated, more
or less lancet-like and pointed, and often curved downwards at the
apex; it may be incised near the apex in different ways, and some-
times it is very broad at the base and divided into two short lateral
lobes and a longer, pointed median process (Clinocera, Dolichocephala),
Maxillæ are present or absent; when present they are generally some-
what delicate, shorter or longer chitinous blades. Maxillary palpi are
al ways present, they are one- or indistinctly two-jointed. Labium al-
most of the same length as labrum ; the labella are shorter or longer, well
developed and generally cleft to their base. The connecting membrane
at the base of labium is sometimes very long; in rest it is infolded
but it is able to be drawn out often to an extent longer than labium
itself. Thorax is generally rectangular, sometimes nearly square; it
is sometimes very high and much arched above. Prothorax is gener-
ally small; sometimes it is more developed and neck-shaped. Meta-
thorax is likewise small, and there seems, at all events generally, to
be no chitinised metasternum. The thoracic disc has generally dorso-
central and acrostichal bristles or hairs in one or several rows; some-
times the disc is uniformly haired. Humeral, posthumeral, notopleural,
supraalar and postalar bristles are generally present, either all or some
of them ; rarely they are totally absent \ Scutellum has two or more

I may give here some explanation. The præsutural depression is in the Empids
generally large and slightly impressed and often somewhat indistinctly hordered ;
it is however as a rule not difficult to make it out, at all events by comparison.
The bristles placed here I term, in accordance with Girschner, notopleural
bristles; (Osten Sacken termed these bristles posthumeral); somewhat behind
the humeri there is generally a bristle, my posthumeral bristle; but not rarely
there is a bristle more forwards and inwards; it is perhaps more correct to
term this the posthumeral and the other the præsutural. The supraalar and
postalar bristles need no explanation. 1 give the explanation because Bezzi
(Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1909. Beiheft, 86) uses other terms. The notopleural
bristles he terms præsutural; his posthumeral bristle is, I think, the bristle
inwards to the humeri mentioned above (as he says about it: „Posthumeral-
borsten, oder basser (bei diesen Fliegen) Intrahumeralborsten"); his ,Notopleu-
ralborsten oder Posthumeralborsten" is then my posthumeral bristle; in his

Empididae. 3

marginal bristles. Metapleura have bristles or short hairs, or they
are quite bare. Abdomen is generally more or less slender, sometimes
more robust; it consists of eight segments, sometimes the last or two
last are hidden. The first dorsal segment is as a rule shorter than
the second and sometimes broader. The male genitalia may be of
very various construction ; they seem always to originale from seg-
ments foUowing after the eighth, but they may sometimes influence
the shape of one or several of the anterior segments. Often they
consist of two pairs of more or less distinctly separated lamellæ form-
ing an upper and a lower forceps, and below there may be a ven-
tral lamella; penis is often more or less thread-like, curved upwards
and sinuous; but often the genitalia are differently eonstructed, so
that these parts cannot be discerned, and they may be more or less
unsymmetrical. In the female the abdomen is more or less pointed,
terminating with a smaller or larger ovipositor generally with two
styliform lamellæ at the end. The legs may be very variously deve-
loped; they are shorter or longer, often long and slender, especially
the hind pair. They show not rarely sexual dimorphism, thus they
may in many cases in the male show structural peeularities such as
thickened femora , tibiæ or metartarsi , or they may have spines or
tufts of hairs; in the females they may in the genera Enipis and
Rhamphomyia often be more or less pennate from scaly hairs. In
other cases the legs may show a special development in both sexes, the
front coxæ may be elongated, the front or the anterior femora thick-
ened and together with the tibiæ have a special armature making them
adapted to raptorial use. The legs are shorter or longer haired and
have often bristles to a varying degree. A])ical spurs on the tibiæ
may be present or absent, but when present they are not large.
There are two claws, two well developed pulvilli and a generally
small , lobe-, claw- or bristle-shaped empodium , generally bearing
bristles; in Clinocera the empodium is more or less pulvilliform. The
wings have the costa generally reaching only about to the apex, some-
times continuing more or less distinctly all round the margin. The
venation may vary greatly; the mediastinal vein reaches the margin or
is abbreviated; the subcostal vein is longer or shorter; the cubital
vein is either forked or unforked, sometimes the upper branch is
connected with the radial vein; there may thus be one to three cubital
cells. The discai vein is forked or unforked, and there are three or

introductory remarks he teims it npl., but it seems to me to be the same bristle
which he terms ph under Xanthempis. If any bristle in the Empids should be
termed præsutural it can only be the one I term here the posthumeral bristle.

1*

4 Orthonhapha brachycera.

four posterior cells; discai cell present or absent; when present it is
always closed below by the iipper branch of the postical vein; it
sends two or three veins to the margin, the lowermost being the upper
branch of the postical vein ; when it sends two veins the upper is in
a few cases forked. The basal celis are shorter or longer; they may
be of equal length or sometimes the first or on the contrary the
second is the longest. The anal cell present or absent, but when
present always short, never reaching the margin; it may be shorter,
of equal length with, or longer than the second basal cell. Anal vein
reaching the margin or abbreviated or quite absent. The lower branch
of the postical vein either recurrent and more or less parallel with
the wing-margin , or meeting the anal vein at a right angle ; when
the anal cell is absent the lower postical branch may be present or
absent. Stigma present or absent. The axillary lobe large or smaller,
sometimes quite absent and the wing more or less cuneiform in shape.
Alula generally wanting, sometimes present but very small. — In
single cases the wings may be very broad and of curious shape,
generally only in the female, and sometimes the venation may be
different in the two sexes with regard to the size and shape of the
discai cell. In other rare cases the wings may be small, narrow and
a little abbreviated. — The alar squamulæ are small, fringed at the
margin, very rarely bare; the thoracic squamulæ not developed, but
the frenulum more or less distlnct, sometimes a little broadened
towards the angulus. The balteres not covered. In rest the wings
lie parallel over abdomen, one covering the other.

The developmental stages of the Empididae are not well known,
and for most of the genera they remain still to be discovered. The
known larvæ are cylindrical, more or less spindle-shaped ; they con-
sist of twelve segments (Beling, Brauer). The head is small and
retractile; the mouth parts consist (Brauer) of mandibles and maxillæ
with small palpi; there are also small antennæ but no eyes. Most of
or all the abdominal segments have on the ventral side small trans-
verse swellings (Kriechschwielen). The last segment is more or less
rounded and has below on the hinder side a smaller or larger, gener-
ally triangular tooth or wart. The larvæ are amphipneustic with
small prothoracic and likewise rather small terminal spiracles on the
last segment above the tooth mentioned. The pupa is free; it has
the antennal sheaths lying below on the front side of the head and
directed to each side; above them there are some small tubercles,
each with a hair; thorax has generally some long bristles. The abdo-
minal segments have above girdles of small teeth and between them

Empididae. 5

long bristles or hairs; on the ventral side there are only hairs. There
are prothoracic and seven pairs of abdominal spiracles.

The larvæ live in the earth, below leaves on the ground in woods
or sonietimes in decaying wood; the larva of Hemerodroinia 2)recatona
was found in the mud in a streamlet. They are certainly carnivorous
as has been observed in some single cases. The larvæ hibernate,
and the transformation to pupa and final development takes place in
spring or summer. The species of Drapetis however seem to hibernate
or at all events to be able to hibernate as imagos (see under this genus).

The family of Empididae is a large one including many genera
and species of somewhat varied aspect. They are medium sized
to very small flies, from about one to twelve or fourteen millimetres.
The colours are dark, grey or yellow^ish; some few tropical forms are
metallic. They are generally characterised by their somewhat small,
more or less globular head and the as a rule somewhat slender shape.
From the Asilidae they may be distinguished by the not excavated
vertex, smaller head always without epistomal beard, and by differ-
ences in the wing-venation , especially the short, sometimes wanting
anal cell. The species of Clinocera may show great resemblance to
some of the Dolichopodids e. g. the genus Hydrophorus, but may be
known by the always separated discai and second basal cell. Some
of the Tachydromiinae e. g. Chersodromia show some resemblance to
small Anthomyids or Borborids. A good character for the family is
also the incision about in the middle of the inner eye-margin; this
incision may be small but is always perceptible. The Empids are all
rapacious; many [direct observations have been recorded, and this
way of feeding is also indicated by their strong mouth and not rarely
raptorial legs. The prey observed for the single species will be noted
in the following. Some species are however also often seen on flowers,
probably also here sucking juices, The Empids occur especially in
woody more or less humid regions and also in mountainous districts;
in dry localities they are more rare in contrast to the Asilids. Some
are found on sandy horders of water. They seem especially to be a
boreal group, yet many species are in quite recent time recorded from
the mountainous districts in South America.

Some species of Empids, especially of the genera RhampJiomyia,
Empis and Hilara are seen dancing or swarming in the air above
water and also elsewhere; this dancing takes place in connection
with the copulation. It seems to be sometimes the males but also
sometimes the females which perform the dancing, and at other times
also both sexes. The copulation takes then place in the air and is con-
nected with some interesting phenomena. With regard to many species

6 Orthorrhapha biachycera.

of the three genera mentioned it has been observed, that the males
catch a prey, kill it but do not devour it ; on the contrary they carry
it with them and meeting a female this gets the prey while the copu-
lation takes place. During the copulation the female sucks the prey,
but when the copulation is fmished, the female drops the prey. Whether
the prey is a means for attracting the females or the animal juices
are perhaps of importance for the fecundation , and whether the females
also feed in other ways are questions to be solved in the future.
Several species of Hilara envelop the prey in a web before presenting
it to the female. An American species of Empis makes a curious frothy
balloon at the mating time. For particulars about these phenomena
see under the three genera mentioned.

From the palæarctic region about 675 species of Empids are
known, and from North America about 440; eleven are recorded to
be common to both regions.

I am aquainted with no case of Hymenoptera parasitic on Empids
and I have found none recorded in the literature,

Empididae earlier recorded from Denmark. — Kramer (Specim.
Insectol. Dan. 1760) has one species, Empis borealis. Briinniche (Prodr.
Insectol. Siælland. 1761) mentions the same, and in 1763 (Pontoppi-
dan, Dansk. Atl. I) he again mentions only the same. What this species
may be cannot be said, perhaps the common Empis tesselata. O. F.
Muller (Faun. Fridrichsd. 1764) mentions two species, E. livida and
flava, the latter new. The first is perhaps correct, the latter may be
one of the species of Xanthempis, perhaps stercorea. — Fabricius has
in 1787 (Mantiss. Insect.) one species, Empis minuta. hi 1794 (Entom.
Syst. IV) he enumerates seven, Empis davipes, nigripes, fuscipes, mi-
nuta, flavipes, nigripennis and melanocephala, and in 1805 (Syst. Antl.)
he enumerates one more, E. lineata, and the species fiavipes, fuscipes,
nigripennis and melanocephala he has now under Tachydromia. He
has thus eight species for which Denmark is given as locality. The
species are all described as new. E. clavipes is Hyhos grossipes L.
and E. lineata is E. livida L. With regard to the other six I may
give somo explanation. For all six species Fabricius quotes the col-
lections of Tonder-Lund and Sehestedt. In this collection they are
also found, and the examination of the species gave the following
results: Empis nigripes: two specimens present, that on the label is
Bhamphomyia dissimilis, the other is Empis vernalis; Empis minuta:
the specimen on the label is a Pliora, the other a Sciara; Tachydromia
fiavipes; the specimen on the label has lost the head, but may be
this species, the other is T. pallidiventris; Tachydromia fuscipes: the
specimen on the label is Hilara carinthiaca, the other is an undetermin-

Empididae. 7

able Hilara but not fuscipes; Tachydromia nigripetmis \s Rhamphomyia
nigripennis (see below under this species), and Tachydromia melano-
cephala is Chelipoda melanocephala. — In spite of these results I liave
made no alterations in the names, and I think it is not advisable to
do so, as the old coUection of Tonder-Lund and Sehestedt has been
removed from the original cases, and even if there is some probability,
that the species are those examined by Fabricius, there is on the
other hånd no absolute certainty. I think it best to consider the
types to 7iigripes, flavipes and fuscipes as lost and in accordance
herevvith keep the names now in use. With regard to E. minuta this
never recognised species will have to be abolished, (see below under
Microphorus). — The five species Rh. tiigripes and nigripennis, Hil ara
fuscipes, Tachydromia flavipes and Chelipoda melanocephala were thus
originally established on Danish specimens. — Stæger records (Krøyer's
Tidsskr. IV, 1842, 98) Ocydromia glahricula and Leptopeza flavipes,
and Jacobsen (ibid. 211 and 315) records Rhamphomyia platyptera
(marginata) and Clinocera histigma (horealis). — Zetterstedt has (Dipt.
Scand. I and VIII) 70 species in all. As he does not mention Rham-
phomyia platyptera, nigripes , nigripennis , Hilara fuscipes, Leptopeza
flavipes and Clinocera histigma we thus get in all 76 Danish species
known in 1849. — Still there is a list given by Schiødte (Krøyer's
Tidsskr. II, 1838—39, 309) enumerating about 23 species, but nothing
new is added in it, and besides the determinations cannot be con-
sidered as defmite, the paper being chiefly an account of excursions;
one or two new species are mentioned, but they are nomina nuda
and must later have been recognised as described. — In the present
work 164 species are enumerated.

Tahle of Subfamilies.

1 . Anal cell absent or when present {Symballophthahnus,
Tachydromia) the anal vein at all events weak; in
the latter case the middle femora generally thick; no

discai cell ; discai vein unt'orked 5. Tachydromiinae.

— Anal cell present, rarely absent (Hemerodromia rap-
toria and oratoria) and then the front legs raptorial,

the front coxæ almost as long as the thickened femora 2.

2. Axillary lobe of the wing very small or wanting:
front coxæ more or less elongated, always longer

than the posterior coxæ 4. Hemerodromiinae.

— Axillary lobe of the wing generally large; front

coxæ not elongated 3.

3. Proboscis short, shorter than the head, when longer
directed straightly or obliquely forwards and then the
antennæ short and the style very short ; cubital vein

8 Orthonhapha brachycera.

unforked; metapleura bare or with very short hairs;

thorax rather high and arched 4.

— Proboscis longer, as long as or generally longer than
the head, directed downwards; cubital vein forked
or unforked, in the latter case the metapleura with

bristles; thorax less high and arched 2. Empidinae.

4. Anal cell shorter than or about as long as the se-

cond basal cell; discai cell present 3. Ocydromiinae.

— Anal cell longer than the second basal cell or when

shorter no discai cell 1 . Hybotinae.

1. Hybotinae.

Eyes touching in both sexes, the facets in the upper part of the
eye larger than below. Antennæ three- or five-jointed , terminating
with an arista. Proboscis short. Maxillæ not present, maxillary palpi
one-jointed. Thorax very high. Metapleura bare. Cubital vein unforked ;
discai vein forked or unforked, three or four posterior cells; discai
cell present, sending two veins to the margin, or absent. Basal cells
of equal length or the second longer than the first; anal cell longer
or shorter than the second basal cell; anal vein reaching the margin.
Axillary lobe somewhat developed or large. Alula wanting or {Bicel-
laria) small. Stigma present or absent.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Antennæ three-jointed ; discai cell present 1. Hyhos.

— Antennæ five-jointed ; discai cell absent 2.

2. Discai vein not forked; the anal cell longer than the

second basal cell; stigma present 2. Microsania.

— Discai vein forked (the fork generally not quite complete) ;

the anal cell shorter than the second basal cell; no stigma 3. Bicellaria.

1. Hybos xVIeig.

Species of medium size and a slender shape, and of dark,
blackish colours. Head somewhat small, nearly globular, slightly
arched behind and here with some hairs. The eyes are very large,
occupying the whole front side of the head, of reddish brown colour;
they are touching in both sexes for a long distance, quite from the
antennæ to the vertex, so that there is no frons developed ; the facets
in the upper half are in both sexes longer than below, and there is
a distinct, impressed dividing line between the upper and the lower
part. The large facets decrease in size towards the dividing line. The
incision in the inner eye-margin distinct. There is a small, prominent
vertex with three ocelli and some small bristles. The antennæ are

Empididae. 9

inserted quite near to each other in the middle of the head. Epistoma
is small and narrow, and there are no jowls developed, the eyes
reaching quite to the mouth aperture. The antennæ are three-jointed,.
the two first joints are small and the basal one often difficult to see;

Fig. 1 , Antenna of H. fenioratus. X 60.

it is short, cylindrical and not longer than broad; the seeond joint
is globular; the third is longer, oval and somewhat compressed, and
it has at the apex a long arista which, so far as I have been able
to see, is not articulated to the joint. The seeond joint bears bristles.
The oral cone is relatively small; clypeus consists of two chitinous
lists connected above, stretching about from the epistoma to the base
of the labrum. The proboscis is rather short, of the length of or
slightly longer than the head is high; it is directed horizontally for-
wards; labrum is almost of the same length as the proboscis, slender
and pointed, a little higher at its insertion ; hypopharynx is a pointed
blade of about the same length as labrum. Labium is well chitinized,
but membranous along the middle line; the labella are small and
short, divided in their whole length. I could detect no maxillæ, but
there are long, one-jointed maxillary palpi, beset with some long hairs
on their lower side. Thorax is somewhat rectangular, very high and
strongly arched above ; it has a flat, declining part behind ; prothorax
is developed and neck-shaped, but small, with some hairs above;
metathorax is exceedingly small, and there seems to be no metasternum
developed. The thoracic disc has rows of hairs, forming more or less
distinct dorsocentral and acrostichal rows, and there are notopleural and
postalar bristles and two stronger and some small scutellar marginal
bristles. The notopleural bristles (generally two stronger and some-
times a third weaker) are placed on a somewhat extended, flattened
part which certainly corresponds to the præsutural depression. Besides
there are other small hairs on the humeri and the sides of the disc.
Metapleura without hairs. Abdomen is somewhat slender, more or
less cylindrical in section, but with the venter flat; it is generally
borne a little curved. It consists of eight segments; the first dorsal
segment is short and a little broader than the following, the seeond
is the longest; the first ventral segment is on the contrary of the
same length as the seeond. In the male the eighth segment is very
small and often more or less hidden; it is somewhat unsymmetricaL

10 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Tlie exterior genitalia are very unsyrametrical ; in femoratus they
consist of a somewhat arched plate, lying to the left ; this plate bears
at tlie end a small, stalked plate which is directed somewhat upwards
and deeply cleft in a fork-shaped way, and also unsymmetrical ;
opposite to (above) this arched plate lie two pieces forming a kind
of foi'ceps. These pieces are swollen and bear some styles at the
end, but they are likewise unsymmetrical, one somewhat differently
shaped than the other; between these forceps-shaped pieces an elon-
gated opening is left, and at the base of this opening lie two very
small, hairy, styliform lamellæ which are somewhat connected in the
middle. In the interior lies a brown piece (the penis?). As said
the arched plate is always turned to the left and the forceps to the
right; I have not been able to decide with certainty which part of
the apparatus is the upper and which the lower, but I think the
arched plate is in reality ventral and the forceps dorsal. Strobl says
(Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 45) that there is a fork-shaped, stalked,
small lamella and above this two small, curved styli, and from this
description it can be seen, that he also takes the arched plate to be
ventral and the forceps-shaped pieces to be dorsal. In culiciformis
we find the same pieces lying in the same way, but the arched plate
has no fork-shaped process, but is itself deeply but unsymmetrically
incised in the end; the forceps-shaped pieces are here very thick and
swollen and otherwise somewhat different from those in femoratus.
In grossipes w^e met with the same apparatus, the arched plate like-
wise unsymmetrically cleft at the end ; the whole apparatus is here
small and not swollen , and it is generally less turned than in the
other species, thus confirming the view, that the arched plate is ven-
tral. — I do not venture to homologise this curious, unsymmetrical
apparatus with the exterior genitalia in Einpis, Bhamphomyia and
other genera in which they are symmetricai and consist of two
pairs of lamellæ and a small ventral plate; should they be homo-
logous I think hat the large, arched plate should correspond to
the ventral plate, the forceps-like pieces to the lower lamellæ, and
the styliform lamellæ to the upper ones. — In the female the eighth
segment is small or hidden , and at the apex there are two small ,
styliform lamellæ. Of the legs the hind pair is somewhat elongated
and the femora somewhat thickened and with rows of spines beneath;
in some species the males have the hind femora strongly thickened.
The legs are otherwise more or less densely clothed with hairs and
have some strenger bristles; the anterior tibiæ have, generally long,
apical spurs, the hind tibiæ none. In some species the males have
very long hairs on the anterior tibiæ and tarsi. There are two claws.

Empididae. 11

two pulvilli and a small, narrow, lobe-shaped empodium, bearing
bristles and terminating with a longer bristle. The wings are some-
what long, the cubital vein is unforked and thus one cubital cell; the
discai vein likewise unforked, thus three posterior cells; a discai cell

Fig. 2. Wing of H. femorattis.

present, sending two veins to the wing-margin, the lower being the
upper branch of the postical vein which closes the discai cell below;
the anal vein very weak, reaching the margin, the anal cell longer
than the second basal cell. Stigma present. Axillary lobe somewhat dev-
eloped, not large. Alula not developed ; alar squamula with long hairs
forming a fan.

So far as I am aware the developmental stages to this genus are
not known; probably they live in the earth.

The species of Hijhos are somewhat easily recognised by their
slender, somewhat curved abdomen; they have a rather heavy flight.
They occur in bushes and in herbage on the ground in woods on
humid and somewhat shaded piaces; they are very often seen sitting
just on the points of the leaves. All species occur late in summer
and autumn, my earliest date is ^^/r, and this is exceptionally early,
and I have taken them to the end of September. They are evidently
carnivorous ; I have often taken them with prey, generally small Diptera ;
the prey of the single species is recorded below.

Of the genus 9 species are recorded from the palæarctic region,
but as will be seen below I think there are in reality only 4, three
of which belong to Europe, all three also occurring in Denmark.

Tahle of Species.

1. Anterior legs reddish; anterior tibiæ and tarsi in the

male with long hairs 2. femoratus.

— All legs dark 2.

2. Notopleural, postalar and scutellar marginal bristles black;
in the male anterior tibiæ and tarsi with long hairs, hind

femora strongly thickened and genitalia small 1. grossipes.

— Notopleural, postalar and scutellar marginal bristles
yellow; in the male anterior tibiæ and tarsi without long
hairs, hind femora slightly thickened and genitalia much

swollen 3. cnliciformis.

12 Ortliorrhaplia brachycera.

1. H. grossipes L.

1767. Linn. Syst. Nat. XII; 988, 59 \Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I,
78. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 219. — Emjns davi2)es: 1794. Fabr.
Ent. Syst. IV, 403, 4. — Hi/bos funebris: 1804. Meig. Klass eur. zweifl.
Ins. I, 240, 1, Tab. XI, Fig. 8-13. - 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 145, 1. -
1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. Il, 347, 1. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 234,
1. et 1849. VIII, 2993, 1. et 1859. XIII, 4977, 1. — Hybos pilipes: 1820.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 349, 5.

Male. Epistoma light grey; proboscis and palpi black, the latter
with blaciiish hairs. Occiput dark grey with black bristles. Antennæ
black or brownish black. Thorax shining black, but with a short,
dense and adpressed brown pubescence, forming a brown pruinosity,
so that thorax becomes a little duUish and slightly brownish. The
thoracic disc has longitudinal rows of fine, somewhat erect, blackish
hairs, forming acrostichal and dorsocentral rows; the hindinost hair
in the latter rows, standing just on the margin of the declining hind
part of the disc, is somewhat strong. The notopleural and postalar
bristles black, and likewise the scutellar marginal bristles. Pleura
greyish pruinose. Abdomen shining black, but with a brownish prui-
nosity like that on thorax, and hence dullish, leaving at most very
narrow incisures black, shining; venter similarly coloured. Abdomen
is clothed with long, erect, whitish yellow hairs, standing especially
on the sides, while the dorsal surface and the venter are short haired;
only towards the apex the venter has longer hairs. The exterior genitalia
are small, nearly not at all swoUen. On the legs the hind femora
are very thickened, the ventral side is straight, but the dorsal side
rather strongly curved, so that the femora are thickest in the middle.
The jegs are black, shining, coxæ greyish pruinose; the coxæ have
somewhat long, reddish yellow hairs which are placed on the anterior
side of the front coxæ, on the outer side of the middle coxæ and on
the posterior and outer side of the hind coxæ. The anterior femora
liave a row of hairs on the ventral side, the middle femora also on
the antero-ventral side and a smaller row on the dorsal side; the
anterior tibiæ have rows of very long hairs, directed to the various
sides except the dorsal, and similar hairs are found on the two first
tarsal joints, here especially directed to each side; towards the end
of the tarsi the hairs become shorter; the tibiæ have some strong
bristles on the dorsal side. The hind femora have three rows of spines
on the ventral side, the posterior row is only present on the basal
half part; on the anterior side there is a row of bristles; for the rest
the hind legs are clothed with shorter and longer hairs long on
the ventral side of the femora and on the tibiæ. A separate, dense

Empididae. 13

and short pubescence is found qn the ventral side of the front tibiæ
and at the apex on the posterior and ventral side of the hind tibiæ,
and below the hind tarsi ; the hind metatarsi have some small spines
below. All the spines and bristles are black, the hairs blackish or
brownish, those on the hind legs brown to pale brown. Wings
generally more or less strongly brownish tinged, but sometimes almost
clear; veins darker or paler brown, and generally a little thicker in
the strongly tinged wings than in the clear. Stigma brown, relatively
little conspicuous when the wing is strongly tinged. Halteres pale
yellow or whitish yellow.

Female. Anterior tibiæ and tarsi without long hairs; hind femora
only shghtly thickened.

Length 4—5,5 mm.

Remarks: I think it probable that Meigen has had no clear idea
of the sexes in Hyhos, and that his H. pUijyes is the male of the
present species.

H. grossipes is not uncommon in Denmark, though it seems to
be the least conmion of our species; Ordrup, Dyrehaven, Espergærde,
Boserup at Roskilde; in Jutland at Frijsenborg, Rye near Silkeborg
and Sæby. The dates are ^'^h—'-^^ls. I have once taken it with a
Phora as prey; Poulton (Trans, of the Ent. Soc. London, 1906, 379)
records it from England with the following prey: Microplitis ocellatæ
Bouché, another Braconid, Sciara sp., Typhlocijba quercus F. and
Fsylla sp.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Italy ; towards the
north into Lapland.

2. H. femoratus Miill.

1776. Miill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2135 (Asilus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1. 78.
— 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II. 218. — Hijbos flavipes : 1804. Meig. Klass.
eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 241, 2. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 145, 2. — 1820.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 348, 3, Tab. XXI, Fig. 20. - 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 235, 4 et 1859, XIII, 4978, 4. —Nybos fiimipennis: 1820. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. II, 349, 4. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 235, 5. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 78. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 219.

Male. Epistoma light grey; proboscis and palpi black, the latter
with black hairs. Occiput grey with dark yellow bristles. Antennæ
black or brownish black. Thorax black, shining; prothorax, humeri,
the whole margin of the disc, the flat, declining part in front of the
scutellum and a median, backwards slightly narrowed stripe brownish
grey, caused by a very short pubescence; these pubescent parts may
be more or less distinct and the median stripe broader or narrower.

J4 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

but they are always visible. The thoraeic disc has somewhat long,
yellow hairs, forming indistinct acrostichal and dorsocentral rows,
but also the sides of the disc have numerous hairs; the hairs are
longest behind, and the hindmost hair in the dorsocentral rov^s is
long and somewhat strong. The notopleural and postalar bristles
yeliow. Scutellum brownish grey pubescent with yellow marginal
bristles. Pleura greyish pruinose. Abdomen black, rather shining,
clothed with pale yellow hairs w^hich are long on the sides but short
along the middle; venter more sparingly clothed with medium-long
hairs. The genitalia somewhat swoUen. Legs with the hind femora
thickened, the ventral side is straight but the dorsal side curved the
femora thus thickest in the middle; the hind tibiæ slightly curved.
The anterior legs are reddish, the last tarsal joints brownish and the
femora generally more or less darkened along the dorsal side; the
hind legs black except the reddish tarsi ; the anterior coxæ reddish
towards the apex, for the rest blackish, greyish pruinose. The coxæ
have long, whitish yellow hairs; the anterior femora are long haired,
especially along the ventral side; the anterior tibiæ have rows of very
long hairs directed to the various sides except the dorsal, and similar
hairs are present on the first tarsal joint; on the other tarsal joints
the hairs are shorter; the middle tibiæ have some strong bristles
on the dorsal side and a pair of strong apical bristles. The hind
femora have three rows of spines on the ventral side and some strong
bristles apically on the antero-dorsal side; otherwise the hind legs
are densely clothed with long hairs ; a separate short, dense pubescence
is present on the ventral side of the front tibiæ, apically on the
posterior and ventral side of the hind tibiæ and beneath the hind
tarsi; the hind metatarsi have some short, black spines beneath, and
generally also a pair is found on the following joint. All the spines
are black, the strong bristles on the middle tibiæ brownish black;. the
hairs are all pale yellow. The wings may vary from quite hyaline
to somewhat strongly blackish brown tinged, the very base is always
clear. The veins may vary from brownish black and thick to rather
pale and thin; generally they are thin in the hyaline wings but some-
times however rather thick. Stigma very slightly conspicuous both in
the hyaline and the tinged wings. Halteres white to very slightly
yellowish.

Female. The anterior legs short haired and the hind femora
only slightly thickened.

Length 3,7 — 5 mm.

The two hitherto generally admitted species femoratus Miill. and
fumipennis Meig. are evidently one; all transitions with regard to the

Empididae. 15

fumigation of the wings and the strength of the veins are found, and
all other characters e. g. also the shape of the exterior genitalia are
quite in agreement.

H. femoratus is common in Denmark, occurring on bushes and
in low herbage on the ground in woods, on somewhat open, shaded
and huniid piaces, and it has been taken from the soiithernmost parts
up to Thisted in Jutland, and on Bornholm. The dates are ^Ve (excep-
tionally early) —^^h. I have not taken this species with prey; Poul-
ton records it (in the work cited above) from England with Sciara
sp. and Typhlocyha flammigera Geoff. as prey.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north into Lapland but rare.

3. H. culiciformis Fabr.

1775. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 796, 24 {Asilus) et 1794. Ent. Sysl. IV, 389,
61 (Asilus), — 1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 270, 5 (JsihcsJ. —
1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 172, 40 (Dasypogon). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 78. —
1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 219. — Hybos vitripennis : 1820. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. II, 348, 2. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 234, 3 et 1849. VIII,
2994, 3 et 1859. XIII, 4978, 3. — Hyhos infuscatus: 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 234, 2 p. p. et 1849. VIII, 2993, 2. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 219. — ? Hyhos rufitarsis: 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 2994,
2-3. - 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 220.

Male. Epistoma grey; proboscis and palpi black, the latter with
black hairs. Occlput dark grey with black bristles. Antennæ black.
Thorax black, shining, but with a brownish pruinosity causing it to
be somewhat brownish and a little dullish; the pruinosity is especially
dense along the margin. The thoracic disc with longitudinal rows of
fine, erect, black hairs, forming dorsocentral and acrostichal rows, the
hindmost hairs in the rows long, somewhat strong, and yellow. The
notopleural, postalar and scutellar marginal bristles dark yellow.
Pleura greyish pruinose. Abdomen black, but with a brownish prui-
nosity like that on thorax, but leaving the side margins and broad
hind margins of the segments black. Abdomen clothed with yellow
hairs which are long at the sides but very short along the middle;
the last segment with long hairs at the hind margin. Venter with
scarce, medium-long, yellow hairs, longer towards the apex. The
exterior genitalia strongly swollen. The legs have the hind femora
only moderately thickened; the colour of the legs is shining black,
the knees indistinctly reddish ; coxæ greyish pruinose ; the hind femora
are less shining than in the two preceding species; sometimes the
base of the tarsi or nearly the whole tarsi are more or less reddish,
and the same may be the case with the middle tibiæ. The coxæ

15 Oithorrhapha brachycera.

have somewhat scarce, yellowish hairs; the anterior femora have a
row of fine hairs on the ventral side, the middle femora also a row
of strenger hairs on the dorsal side; the anterior tibiæ have rows of
not long hairs on various sides; the front tibiæ have some strong
bristles on the dorsal side and the middle tibiæ on the dorsal and
ventral side, and there are also some long apical spurs; for the rest
the anterior legs are clothed with quite short hairs; the anterior tarsi
are densely haired with shorter and longer hairs, but there are no
such long hairs on the anterior legs as in the tw^o preceding species.
The hind femora have three rows of spines below, the posterior row
is only present on the basal part; further there is a row on the
anterior side; for the rest the hind legs are clothed with shorter and
longer hairs, especially there are long, bristle-like hairs on the postero-
ventral side of the femora. A separate, short, dense, red pubescence
is present on the ventral side of the front tibiæ, at the apex on the
postero-ventral side of the hind tibiæ and below the hind tarsi, but
there are no spines below the hind tarsi. All the spines and bristles
are black, the hairs on the anterior tibiæ brownish to blackish, those
on the anterior femora and on the hind legs are paler or darker
yellowish to brownish. The wings may vary from quite hyaline to
a deep blackish-brown tinge; the veins are brown to dark brown
and generally thicker in the strongly tinged wings than in the clear.
The stigma is very pale brown to brown. Balteres light yellow.

Female. Except the differences in the exterior genitalia the female
quite agrees with the male, and the hind femora are of the same
thickness.

Length 4—5,5 mm.

This species resembles to some degree H. grossipes, but it is in
the male easily distinguished by the swollen genitalia, the absence
of long hairs on the anterior legs and the much thinner hind femora,
and in both sexes by the broad not pruinose hind margins to the
segments and the yellow thoracic and scutellar bristles.

H. culiciformis is rather common on the same piaces as the pre-
ceding species and together with this ; I once took it also in numbers on a
meadow in a wood, sitting on the flowers of grasses; Ordrup Mose,
Dyrehaven, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Tyvekrogen, at Slagelse; on Funen
at Hoffmansgave and Veflinge, and on Fænø ; in Jutland in Greisdalen
and Veile Nørreskow, at Rye and Laven near Silkeborg, at Frijsen-
borg, Hald near Viborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord and at Sæby;
fmally on Bornholm at Rønne. My dates are ^i/v—^r'/., ; it has been
taken in copula on ^/s and ^•'/s. I have taken this species with Hilara
flavipes , Chironomus sp., and Sciara sp. as prey; the Sciara was

Empididae. 17

sucked quite out so that only the empty skin was left; the hole pier-
ced by the Hijhos was seen in the front end of thorax just behind
the head.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy towards
the north to Lapland.

Remarks: As will be seen from the synonymicai lists which I
have given for the species of Hyhos, I have united some of the
species generally accepted hitherto, but as I am not quite sure vvrith
regard to the given synonymy I shall make some remarks about it.
With regard to H. grossipes I think no doubt may arise, though

Schiner says: „Genitalien stark verdickt", which is so far from

being the case, that this species is just the one that has the smallest
genitalia. That H. fenioratus and fumipennis are only one species
I feel quite sure, and this has also already been suggested by other
authors. But with regard to H. culiciformis there are great doubts.
The species which I call culiciformis is with certainty identical with
H. infuscatus Zett. , as I have examined Stæger's type specimens;
(as Zetterstedt says: „Stæg. in litt," the name is due to Stæger); my
reasons for taking it to be identical with culiciformis Fabr. are the
foUowing: Fabricius founded his culiciformis in Syst. Ent. 1775 under
Asilus; in 1805 in Syst. Antl. he had clavipes (= grossipes) under Empis
and flavipes {= fenioratus) and funehris (= grossipes) under Hyhos',
culiciformis on the other hånd he placed under Dasypogon. About
the genus Hyhos he says: „feraoribus posticis saepius incrassatis",
but about the genus Dasypogon only: „pedibus validis, cursoriis" ;
this latter term would among the species of Hyhos answer just to
culiciformis. It was Meigen who first noted this, and in 1804 in
Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. he says under Asilus culiciformis Fabr. „SoUte
diese Art vielleicht eine Bukkelfliege (Hyhos) sein?" Taking these
facts into consideration I think it probable, that infuscatus Zett. is
identical with culiciformis Fabr., but whether vitripennis Meig. in
Syst. Beschr. and also in Zett. Dipt. Scand. and culiciformis in Schiner
are really identical with my culiciformis I cannot be sure. There is
also the possibility, that the species of the mentioned authors is only
a grossipes with hyaline wings, and with regard to Zetterstedt this
view is confirmed by his note (VIII, 2995): „Pedes maris ut in
H. funehri pilosis". However this may be, I think the interpreta-
tion of infuscatus Zett. as culiciformis Fabr. is correct, otherwise

2

jg Orthorrhapha brachycera.

culiciformis Fabr. could scarcely be any other species than grossipes
(= davipes Fabr.) as Meigen interprets it in Syst. Beschr., and it
seems to me not probable , that Fabricius would have placed the
same species in his two genera Empis and Dasypogon.

The species of Hybos have been somewhat confused, and more
species have been established than really exist. One of the causes
of this is, that species have been founded with the fumigation of the
wings as distinguishing character, and this is not possible. I have
long series of all three species showing every gradation in the colour
of the wings, from quite hyaline to strongly fumigated; also the thick-
ness and colouring of the veins vary; generally the dark wings have
the thickest veins, but these may also be thick in the hyaline wings.
When the specimens are not quite mature the wings are hyaline, but
also specimens which in all other respects seem to be quite mature
may have clear wings. Perhaps this faet is in connection with the
circumstance , that the species prefer humid and shaded piaces, and
that their wings thus take a relatively long time in gelting their
definite colour of fuU maturity. Besides the errors caused by the use
of the wings as specific character it would also seem , that the sexes
have not always been correctly recognised. I thus think that Meigen's
H. pilipes is only the male to grossipes ; also H. daripennis Strobl.
(Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 43), of which the author only knew the
male, I am inclined to consider as a clear- winged grossipes-, it seems
to be quite similar to grossipes and has the same small exterior geni-
talia and the long hairs on the anterior legs. For the rest the author
piaces grossipes, femoratiis and fumipemiis in his group 2 with: „Beine
ohne auffallend lange Behaarung" ; this I do not understand as the
males of these species have long hairs on the anterior legs ; it is also
seen that he has only had females of grossipes; for femoratus he says
nothing about the sexes, but for fumipennis he mentions males, so
that he must here have committed some error. Finally I think, that
also H. rufitarsis Zett. (Dipt. Scand. VIII, 2994, 2—3) may be identical
with culiciformis; it seems only to differ in the colour of the legs, and
I have specimens of culiciformis in which there is some reddish colour
both on the middle tibiæ and on the tarsi. We thus come to the result,
that there are in Europe only the three species of Hyhos enumer-
ated here.

2. Micposania Zett.
Small, dark species. The genus agrees in most respects with
Bicellaria. The third antennal joint is short ovate and has not the
upper margin straight. The end of abdomen is incurved in the male.

Empididae. 19

The wings have the subcostal vein short; the discai vein unforked
and thus three posterior cells; there is however a small vein-rudiment
at the apex of the wing, between the cubital and discai vein, indica-
ting the rest of a fork. No discai cell; the basal cells small (the first

Fig. 3. Wing of M. sHgmaticdlis.

in reality open, as the medial cross-vein is wanting) ; the lower branch
of the postical vein not recurrent, meeting the anal vein ahnost at
a right angle; the anal cell longer than the second basal cell; the
anal vein reaching the margin. Stigma present.

The developmental stages are not known.

Of the genus 3 species are known from the palæarctic region;
one is found in Denmark.

1. M. stigmaticalis Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 534, 4, (Ct/rtoma). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
I, 334, 1, et 1849. VIII, 3013, 1, et 1859. XIII, 4998, 1. - 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 220.

Male. Epistoma dark yellowish; occiput dark grey with black
hairs. Antennæ dark brownish. Thorax black, slightly brownish
pruinose, somewhat shining. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles
somewhat short, black; notopleural, postalar and scutellar marginal
bristles likewise black. Pleura blackish grey, somewhat shining, Ab-
domen black, somewhat dull, with rather short, blackish hairs. Venter
pale. The last joints of abdomen and the genitalia are incurved
towards the venter. Legs brownish (more or less pale); the hind
tibiæ and the two first joints on the hind tarsi thickened. Femora
with short hairs; tibiæ with dorsal and ventral rows of short hairs
and with some longer bristles on the dorsal side; tarsi short haired.
The hairs blackish or brown, paler on the tarsi. Wings somewhat
broad, very slightly tinged, with a bluish reflex; a seam along the
posterior margin quite hyaline. Veins pale brown; between the cubital
and discai vein there is a small, abbreviated vein-rudiment at the
margin, representing an upper branch of the discai vein. Stigma

20 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

distinct, brown, lying at the middle of tlie costa; its hinder border
is very distinct and marked and might be mistaicen for a vein. Costa
is very finely haired or spinulous from the base to the apex of the
subcostal vein. Halteres brownish,

Female. I have not seen the female; according to Zetterstedt it
is similar to the male, but greyish, and abdomen is not incurved.

Length 2,5 mm.; when the end of abdomen is tiiought stretched
out, the length would be about 3 mm.

M. stigmaticalis is very rare , we have only one specimen , a
male, the same as that about which Zetterstedt notes that it was
taken by Stæger on a window^ in Copenhagen on ^ho 1841; the above
description is made after this specimen.

Geographical distribution: — The species is otherwise only known
from Sweden, towards the north to Lapland, and in Finland. Zetter-
stedt took one specimen at the height of 3000 feet, in the snow. Bons-
dorff speaks of the species flying in the evening near a brook.

3. Bicellapia Macq.
Species of small size and generally of black, rarely of pale colour.
Head globular, as broad as thorax. Occiput only slightly arched,
beset With hairs. The eyes are large, occupying the whole front part

Fig. 4. Antenna of B. spuria. X 100.

of the head; they are touching in both sexes quite from the ocelli
to the antennæ. The facets in the upper half part are longer than
below, and the dividing line is distinct. The incisure in the inner
eye-margin is distinct. In the living specimens the eyes are reddish
brown, the part with the small facets darker. There are three ocelli
on the vertex and a pair of ocellar bristles. The antennæ are inserted
near to each other in the middle; they are five-jointed , the basal
joint is very short, the second almost globular and bearing bristles,
the third is soraewhat elongated and compressed; it has a straight
upper margin but is somewhat dilated downwards; the two last joints
form a terminal arista the basal joint of which is very short. Epistoma
narrow. Jowls are not developed. Proboscis is short, directed
downwards. Labrum is as long as proboscis, strong, high at the base,
curved downwards towards the apex. Hypopharynx is as long as

Empididae. 21

labrum, likewise strong, canaliculated, curved downwards and pointed.
There are no maxillæ, but one-jointed, ovate maxillary palpi with a
pair of bristles on the apex. Labiuni is of the same length as the other
parts, the labella are about as Jong as the basal part, somewhat
broad, cleft to tlieir base, and with bristles and a few pseudotracheæ.
Thorax is not elongated but almost square or roundish; it is very
high and very much arched above. On account of this shape of the
thorax the head is situated somewhat downwards on its front end.
Prothorax is small, a little neck-shaped; metathorax small. The
thoracic disc has uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal bristles,
the former are long behind ; besides there are some hairs at the sides
of the disc. There are humeral, posthumeral, notopleural, supraalar
and postalar bristles, but they are indistinctly discernible between the
other hairs and bristles at the sides. Scutellum with a number (about
four) of marginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen slender, con-
sisting of eight segments; the first is small; in the males the eighth
segment is small, generally hidden. The male genitalia small; they
consist of a small, fork-shaped piece below; on each side there is a
somewhat broad lamella, terminating in a small hook, and above

Fig. 5. Wing of B. spuria.

there is a pair of small, styliform lamellæ. In the female the abdomen
is pointed and terminates with two small, styhform lamellæ. The legs
are slender, the hind legs the longest; the hind tibiæ often a little
thickened towards the apex and the hind metatarsi more or less
thickened; the legs have shorter and longer hairs and bristles; middle
tibiæ with small apical or subapical spurs. There are two claws,
two pulviUi and a small, bristle-shaped empodium with bristles on
the lower side; also the claws are hairy. The wings have the media-
stinal vein not quite reaching the margin; the cubital vein is unforked,
thus one cubital cell ; the discai vein is forked , and there are four
posterior cells; generally the peduncle of the discai fork is more or
less indistinct and the base of the fork is generally incomplete, so
that the first and second posterior cells are not completely separated.
No discai cell; the second basal cell longer than the first; the lower

22 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

branch of the postical vein recurrent, parallel with the margin, and
therefore the anal cell shorter than the second basal cell; the anal
vein reaching the margin. No stigma but the apical part of the
mediastinal cell more or less colom'ed, Axillary lobe large, the angle
almost rectangular. A small alula present, hairy at the margin.
Alar squamulæ small, with long, fan-like hairs at the margin.

The developmental stages of this genus are not known, so far
as I am aware.

The species of Bicellaria are characteristic, especially from the very
high and arched thorax. They occur especially in woods on open,
somewhat shaded piaces on bushes and in low herbage, but also on
fields and meadows. Poulton records m the work cited above B.
spuria from England with Scatopse brevicornis M. as prey,

Of the genus 6 species are known from the palæarctic region
(after shnplicipes Zett. and sulcata Zett. are placed as synonyms to
melaena Hal. and spuria Fall. respectively) , but two of these are
doubtful; 5 species have hitherto been found in Demnark of which
two are here described as new, the total number of palæarctic species
thus increasing to 8,

Tahle of Species.

1 . First and second joint of the hind tarsi distinctly thickened ;
legs long and slender; abdomen in the male greyish
æneous, not black haired; balteres dark in the male,

yellow in the female 4. nigra.

— First and second joint of the hind tarsi sligbtly or not
thickened; abdomen black haired 2.

2. Hind tibiæ not thickened towards the tip 1. melaena.

— Hind tibiæ somewhat thickened towards the tip 3.

3. Moderately pilose species, bristles on thorax considerably
shorter in front than behind ; abdomen in the male velvet
black 4.

— Strongly pilose species, bristles on thorax almost as long
in front as behind; abdomen grey in the male; balteres

dark in both sexes 5. pilosa.

4. First and second joint on the hind tarsi not at all thick-
ened, legs rather short; balteres dark in both sexes ... 2. spuria.

— First and second joint of the hind tarsi sligbtly thickened,
legs somewhat longer; balteres dark in the male, yellow

in the female 3. intermedia.

1. B. melaena Hal.

1863. Haliday, Entom. Mag. I, 158. (Cijrtoma). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 221. — Cyrtoma simpUcipes : 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 331, 4.

— 1862. Schin, F. A. I, 76. — Bicellaria simpUcipes: 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 221.

Empididae. 23

Male. Antennæ black. Occiput greyish or brownish black, with
blackish hairs. Thorax very high and arched, dull velvet black, a
little shilling behind; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles black, very
short, but the hindmost (4) dorsocentral bristles long. Scutellum
greyish, the scutellar marginal bristles black. Pleura dark grey, not
quite dull. Abdomen dull velvet black; venter dark grey, sligthly
shining. Abdomen somewhat densely hairy with rather long, blackish
or brownish hairs ; the hairs are longest and erect at the sides. Venter
sparingly haired with shorter hairs. Legs slender, black or dark
brownish; hind tibiæ not thickened towards the apex, hind tarsi thin
and quite simple. Femora with dorsal and ventral rows of short
hairs; they are most conspicuous on the hind femora, but also here
short; tibiæ with similar, likewise short hairs, and all tibiæ with a
few longer bristles an the dorsal side; the front and hind tibiæ have
the usual dense, short pubescence, the former on the ventral side,
the latter at the apex; the tarsi are short haired. All hairs blackish
or brown. Wings brownish tinged, most towards the anterior margin ;
the more saturated anterior part is distinctly bordered by a line stretch-
ing above the cubital vein about parallel with it; the apical part
of the mediastinal cell brownish, but only slightly conspicuous. The
wings somewhat iridescent. Veins brown, the cubital vein blackish;
discai vein weak and pale, its fork generally complete. Halteres black
or dark brown.

Female. Less dark than the male. Thorax greyish black , with
a slight pruinosity, somewhat shining. Abdomen brownish or greyish
black, the hairs shorter and paler than in the male. Wings hyaline,
veins lighter than in the male, the discai vein, especially the peduncle,
very weak; apical part of the mediastinal cell quite pale. Halteres
yellow.

Length 2,7 — 3 mm.

This species is recognised especially by the quite simple hind tibiæ
and tarsi, the short haired legs, and the hyaline wings in the female;
as I have examined Stæger's specimens, the Identification with simpli-
cipes Zett. is certain, and I have no doubt, that it is identical with
melaena Hal. as the description, which is, to be sure, very short,
answers quite well. Zetterstedt says about the wings in the male;
„nervis 3 & 4 longitudinalibus ad originem unitis furcam longissimam
formantibus" ; I do not understand how he has come to this, unless
he has been misled by a fold in the wing. — As Zetterstedt says
„Stæg. in litteris" the name simplicipes is due to Stæger.

B. melaena is not common in Denmark; Lersøen (Stæger), Tyve-
krogen (the author) and on Funen at Odense (H. J. Hansen). My
onlv dates are "'k — ^^/e. Stæger has taken it on Umbelliferae.

24 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Geographical distribution: — The species is only known from
middle Sweden to northern Germany, and in" England.

2. B. spuria Fall.

1816. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Emp. 33, 43 (Empis). — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. 1, 329, 1 (Cyrtoma). — 1862, Schin. F. A. 1, 76 iCyrtoma). —
1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 221. — Cyrtoma atra: 1824. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. IV, 2, 1. — Cyrtoma sulcata: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 331,3. —
Bicellaria sulcata: 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 221.

Male. Epistoma grey; occiput dark grey with black hairs. An-
tennæ black. Thorax high, but not so high as in nielaetia, somewhat
velvet black, but however slightly shining, with some traces of more
shining stripes in the middle. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles
black, of some length, the hindmost dorsocentral bristles longer. Scu-
tellum somewhat greyish ; notopleural, postalar and scutellar marginal
bristles black. Pleura dark grey. Abdomen velvet black; venter dark
grey. Abdomen is clothed with long, black hairs, longest and erect
at the sides; venter with longish, black hairs. Legs somewhat short,
black, sometimes brownish black; the hind tibiæ slightly and evenly
thickened towards the tip, hind tarsi simple. Femora with dorsal
and ventral rows of middle-long hairs, those on ttie hind femora
longest, but they are scarcely as long as the femora are broad; tibiæ
with similar hairs which are longest and strongest on the dorsal side
of the hind tibiæ; all tibiæ with some stronger bristles on the dorsal
side. Tarsi short haired. All hairs black or blackish. The usual,
short, dense, red pubescence is present on the ventral side of the front
tibiæ and apically on the hind tibiæ. Wings blackish tinged, most
towards the anterior margin, and this more saturated part is sharply
bounded by a line stretching above the cubital vein, about parallel
to it; the wings are somewhat strongly metallic iridescent, Veins
black or blackish, the discai vein thin but distinct, the fork often in-
complete, the upper branch interrupted at the base. The apical part
of the mediastinal cell blackish brown but little conspicuous. Halteres
black or brownish black.

Female. Thorax not velvet, but blackish æneous, shining. Abdomen
more greyish æneous, slightly shining, shorter haired than in the
male. Wings about as in the male, only very little less tinged.

Length 2,7—3,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from melaena by the not quite
simple hind tibiæ and the longer-haired legs ; also the hairs on the
thoracic disc are longer. The female differs by having the tinged wings
with the apical part of the mediastinal cell distinctly coloured, and by the

Empididae. 25

black balteres. The legs are also more robust in both sexes, and the
hind tarsi, though simple, not so thin as in melaena. In immatm'e
specimens the legs may be brownish and the wings less darkened.

B. spuria is very common in Denmark and has been taken
in many localities from the southernmost parts up to Sæby in
northern Jutland, and on Bornholm. It occurs in low herbage in
thickets and woods and on bushes, generally on somewhat open
piaces, and on meadows in woods; it is also seen outside woods on
fieids. It occurs during a long period of the summer, my dates are
5/6—13/10.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia.

3. B. intermedia n. sp.

Cyrtoma nigra: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 330, partim, specimina danica.

Male. Epistoma blackish grey; occiput grey with black hairs.
Antennæ black. Thorax somewhat velvet black, a httle æneous and
somewhat shining; the bristles on the disc black, slightly longer than
in spuria^ the hinder dorsocentral bristles likewise long. Scutellum
greyish with black marginal bristles. Pleura dark grey. Abdomen
velvet black with somewhat long, black hairs, longest and erect at
the sides ; venter grey , with slightly shorter hairs. Legs black or
brownish, longer than in spuria; hind tibiæ thickened towards the
tip, the two first joints of the hind tarsi slightly thickened. Femora
with dorsal and ventral rows of hairs which are longest on the hind
femora, and those on the dorsal side are longer than the femora are
broad; tibiæ with similar rows the hairs of which are short and
dense on the ventral, longer but less denSe on the dorsal side;
all tibiæ with some longer bristles on the dorsal side. The usual
dense, reddish pubescence on front and hind tibiæ present. Tarsi with
short hairs, a little longer on the dorsal side of the hind tarsi. All
hairs on the legs black. Wings blackish brown tinged, most towards
the anterior margin ; the more saturated part is bounded almost as in
the preceding species. Veins black or brownish black; the discai vein
thin but distinct, the fork generally incomplete, the upper branch
being more or less interrupted at the base. The apical part of the
mediastinal cell brown but little conspicuous. The wings are metallic
iridescent, viewed towards the light they are scarcely so dark as the
wings of spuria and have a more reddish tint. Balteres black or
brownish black.

Female. Thorax dark æneous, shining; abdomen dark greyish

26 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

æneous, slightly shining; the hairs shorter than in the male, and less
dark to pale brownish. Hind tarsi very slightly dilated. Wings about
as in the male. H alteres yellowish.

Length 3 — 3,7 mm.

This species, which is intermediate between spuria and nigra,
is distinguished from spuria by the longer and longer-haired legs
and the, to be sure slightly but always visibly, thickened joints on the
hind tarsi; in the female however this character is of little value; for
the rest there are small differences in the pubescence of the legs, the
colour of thorax etc; in the female it is distinguished by the yellow
balteres. As in the preceding species immature specimens occur with
brownish legs and less dark wings. — Zetterstedt says about speci-
mens sent to him from Stæger under the name of nigra, that he
thinks they do not belong to this species; most specimens in our
collection determined by Stæger as nigra were just intermedia. I
think the species is generally confused partly with spuria partly with
nigra.

B. intermedia is not common and generally not taken in great
numbers; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund (Stæger, the author). Dyrehaven,
Geel Skov, Tisvilde, and in Jutland in Vejle Nørreskov and Højenbæk
Dal (the author). My dates are ^Vs — ^'^h. It occurs in the same
piaces as spuria. When this species is observed in the free, sitting
on the leaves, the wings, which then lie one over the other, appear
quite and lively red, and the species is very beautiful; the same is,
but to a less degree, the case with spuria.

Geographical distribution : — The species is hitherto only known
from Denmark.

4. B. nigra Meig.

1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 3, 2. {Cyrtoma). — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 330, 2, et 1859. XIII, 4997, 2. {Cyrtoma). - 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 76. {Cyrtoma). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 221.

Male. Epistoma blackish; occiput dark grey with black hairs.
Antennæ black or brownish black. Thorax æneous, somewhat shining,
with indications of two stripes. The bristles present as usual, black;
the hinder dorsocentral bristles long. Scutellum greyish æneous, with
black marginal bristles. Pleura grey. Abdomen slender, greyish or
dark æneous, somewhat shining; the long hairs not dense, more or
less pale brown to pale yellowish; they are short along the middle.
Legs long and slender, still longer than in intermedia, more or less
dark brown to blackish brown. The hind tibiæ relatively strongly
thickened towards the tip, the two first joints of the hind tarsi quite

Empididae. 27

distinctly thickened. The femora have dorsal and ventral rows of
hairs which are short on the anterlor femora, but long on the hind
femora, and those on the dorsal side considerably longer than the
femora are broad ; the tibiæ with similar rows the hairs of which are
dense and short on the ventral side, longer and less dense on the
dorsal side; they are longest on the hind tibiæ; all tibiæ have some
longer bristles on the dorsal side; the usual dense pubescence on
front and hind tibiæ present; tarsi short haired, a little longer on the
dorsal side of the hind tarsi. The hairs and bristles are black or
blackish. The wings are slightly brownish fumigated with a light
reddish tint, and somewhat iridescent; there is a more saturated part
at the anterior margin, but it is only slightly pronounced, it is bor-
dered as in the preceding species, but sometimes somewhat indistinctly.
Veins darker or paler brown; discai vein thin but distinct, the fork
generally incomplete, the upper branch more or less interrupted at
the base. The apical part of the mediastinal cell brownish. Halteres
more or less pale brown.

Female. Thorax as in the male; abdomen more greyish, the
hairs shorter. The two first joints on the hind tarsi a little less thick-
ened. Halteres yellow or dirty yellowish.

Length 3,3 — 4 mm.

This species is rather easily distinguished from intermedia by the
longer, more slender and longer-haired legs, and the very distinctly
thickened joints on the hind tarsi, as also by the lighter-haired abdomen
and the less tinged wings; besides it is generally larger. As mentioned
the hind femora are short in spuria, longer in intermedia and still
longer in nigra; this may also be seen by counting the long hairs in
the dorsal (postero-dorsal) row, spuria shows about twelve, intermedia
about fifteen and nigra about twenty two.

B. nigra is in Denmark less common than spuria, but it frequents
the same localities; Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Birkerød, Tyvekrogen,
Nøddebo, Tisvilde; on Fænø and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg.
My dates are ^^/5 to the first part of August.

Geographical distribution; — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Scandinavia.

5. B. pilosa n. sp.
Male. Epistoma blackish; occiput blackish grey with dense, black
hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax black, somewhat shining, with an
indication of two stripes, The acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles
long, and likewise the bristles at the sides of the disc; the hinder
bristles not much longer. Scutellum greyish, with strong marginal

28 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

bristles; all bristles black. Pleura dark grey. Abdomen somewhat
strong, dark grey, dull or very slightly shining, black haired, with
erect hairs which are not much longer at the sides than in the middle.
Venter similarly haired. Legs somewhat robust, black, and some-
what strongly pilose; the hind tibiæ slightly thickened towards the
tip and the two first joints of the hind tarsi slightly thickened. Femora
with dorsal and ventral rows of somewhat long hairs; tibiæ with
similar rows which are shortest on the ventral side; all tibiæ on the
dorsal side with somewhat strong bristles which are more numerous
than in the other species; the short, dense pubescence on front and
hind tibiæ present as usual. Tarsi with short hairs, a little longer
on the dorsal side of the hind tarsi. All hairs and bristles black.
Wings strongly brownish tinged, most towards the anterior margin,
the more saturated part bounded by the cubital vein. Veins black
or brown; the discai vein thin but distinct, the fork incomplete, the
upper branch being interrupted at the base. The apical part of the
mediastinal cell brown ; the wings iridescent. Balteres more or less
dark brown.

Female. Abdomen blackish grey, somewhat æneous, shining;
the hairs as long as in the male. Wings and balteres as in the male.

Length 3—3,7 mm.

This species is recognised without difficulty by its somewhat
robust shape and legs and especially by its stronger pilosity, as also
by the dark grey abdomen in the male.

B. pilosa is not common in Denmark; Tisvilde (the author); in
Jutland at Silkeborg (A. Petersen), at Sæby and Frederikshavn (H.
J. Hansen), and at Jerup north of Frederikshavn (Th. Mortensen).
According to the localities the species seems to prefer sandy piaces,
and nearly all the localities are at or near the shore. My dates are

Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only known
from Denmark.

Remarks: The above enumerated species of^^'ce^/arm are certainly
sure and distinct species; they are nearly related, the distinguishing
characters are small, but good and constant, It will perhaps not be
easy to determine the species from the analytical table given above,
but I think that it will always be possible, by use of the table and
descriptions , to get to a correct result. B. melaena is characterised

Empididae. 29

by the quite simple hind legs and the slightly hairy legs; spuria by
the short and somewhat robust, more hairy legs, slightly thickened
hind tibiæ, but simple hind tarsi ; intermedia by the medium-long legs,
the longer-haired femora and the slightly thickened two joints on the
hind tarsi; besides the female has light balteres; nigra has still longer
and more slender legs, the hind femora have still longer hairs, and
the first two joints on the hind tarsi are eonsiderably thickened; also
it differs in the whole colour, the paler hairs and clearer wings, and
the paler balteres in the male ; pilosa fmally is recognised by its
strong pilosity and the colour of abdomen in the male. — bi a histor-
ical sense it is not uninteresting to note, that the species of Bybos by
the use of varyingand not valid characters have been divided into more
species than really exist, while on the contrary the species of ^^e/^ana,
distinguished by characters which are to be sure small, but good,
have remainded unrecognised. For the rest there are several indica-
tions in the literature, showing that the authors have felt, that the
species were not satisfactorily treated ; thus Scholz (Zeitschr. f. Entom.
Breslau, V, 1851, 60) says, after having enumerated spuria and nigra:
„Die Cyrtoma - Arien bediirfen jedenfalls noch einer genaueren Aus-
einandersetzung", and Zetterstedt says under nigra: „specimina sub
hoc nomine a D. Stæger e Dania communicata, pedibus nigris &
metatarsis parum incrassatis, potius, ut mihi videtur, ad Cyrt. spuriam
referenda". As remarked above these specimens helongedio intermedia
and Zetterstedt's expression shows, that at the same time as he recog-
nised them as not belonging to nigra, he was also not certain in re-
ferring them to spuria. Strobl (Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 43) gives
some notes about spuria and nigra, but when he says, that nigra
bas „einen weisslich behaarten Hinterleib" this is not quite correct,
the hairs are more or less pale but not white; about nigra he says
that the two first joints of the hind tarsi are eonsiderably thicker
than the following, but then he continues: „doch ist auch hier bei
reifen Exemplaren die Verdickung wenig auffallend" ; I think such
specimens may have been intermedia which has always darker legs
than nigra, and therefore the author takes these specimens to be
quite mature. All specimens of nigra I have seen have had very
distinctly thickened joints. In Schiner's descriptions there seems to
be some confusion, as he ascribes nigra blackish and spuria brownish
wings; moreover he says about spuria: „die Art ist nach meinen Er-
fahrungen, Meigens Angaben entsprechend , immer etwas grosser",
and he gives for nigra IVa", for spuria P/'-t — 2", whereas nigra in
reality is the largest; Meigen gives also for spuria (atra) IV2" and for
nigra 2".

30 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

2, Empidinae.

Eyes either touching in the male, separated in the female, or
separated in both sexes ; in tlie former case the facets in ttie male
larger above than below. When the eyes are separated in both sexes
they are sometimes more narrowly separated in the male than in the
female. Antennæ five-jointed, with a two-jointed style. Proboscis of
various length , from a little shorter than the head is high to about
as long as the body. Maxillæ present; maxillary palpi one-jointed.
Thorax not very high. Metapleura with bristles or {Hilara) bare.
Cubital vein forked, or {Rhamphomyia) unforked ; discai vein forked;
discai cell present, sending three veins to the margin; four posterior
cells; the basal cells of equal length; anal cell shorter than the second
basal cell; lower branch of postical vein recurrent; anal vein reaching
the margin or abbreviated. Axillary lobe generally well developed,
sometimes small. Alula small or wanting. Stigma present, sometimes
very weak.

Tahle of Genera.

1 . Cubital vein not forked 4. Rhamphomyia.

— Cubital vein forked 2.

2. Mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; the upper
branch of the cubital vein short, more or less steep ;
metapleura with bristles; front metatarsus in the male

simple or very slightly swollen 5. Enipis.

— Mediastinal vein reaching the margin ; the upper branch
of the cubital vein somew^hat long, more or less paral-
lel with the lower branch or somewhat diverging;
metapleura bare; front metatarsus in the male with

rare exceptions more or less strongly swollen 6. Hilara.

4. Rltamplioitiyia Meig.
Species of small or medium size and most frequently of a slender
shape. The colours are dark or grey, sometimes yellow. The head
is somewhat small, more or less globular, and somewhat arched behind ;
it is here clothed with hairs which are generahy somewhat stronger
in the female than in the male. The eyes are large, occupying nearly
the whole front part of the head; they are in most cases touching in
the male, separated in the female, but sometimes they are separated
in both sexes, but then the frons is narrower in the male than in the
female, and sometimes it is very narrow. When the eyes are touching
this is for a long distance, so that the frontal triangle is smaU, some-
times very small. The colour of the eyes is dark reddish or brownish
sometimes bright reed (e. g. nigripennis). When the eyes are touching
the facets are in the male larger in the upper half part than below

Empididae. 31

and the dividing line is rather sharp; at the posterior margin of the
eye the small facets are continued somewhat upwards. In the
dichoptic males the facets are of the same size above and below.
The common incisure in the middle of the inner eye-margin is pre-
sent, often it is larger in the male than in the female. The vertex
is small but prominent, and bears three ocelli and some shorter or
longer hairs. The antennæ are inserted quite near to each other,
about in the middle of the front side, rarely higher above (e. g. flavd) ;
they are five-jointed , the first joint is cylindrical, the second shorter,
almost globular, the third more or less elongated, attenuated towards
the apex and thus of more or less conical shape , and it is compres-
sed; the two last joints form a shorter or longer, but always some-
what short style, the first joint of which is the shortest. The two
basal joints have shorter or longer, more or less bristly hairs. Epi-
stoma is broader or narrower, sometimes very narrow (e. g. flava);
when the antennæ are inserted above the middle it is somewhat
high; it is flat, or sometimes a little arched, or the lower edge is a
little projecting. The jowls are very small, not descending below
the eyes, but only present as a narrow rim. The oral cone is some-
what small; clypeus consists of two chitinous lists meeting above,
and it is thus almost horse-shoe-shaped ; it stretches from the epistoma
to the base of labrum. Proboscis is shorter or longer, from some-
what shorter than the head is high to about twice as long; it is di-
rected more or less vertically dovvnwards. Labrum is about of the
length of labium when the latter is in the normal position; it is strongly
chitinised, semitubular, high at the base, pointed towards the apex
and here divided into three pointed lobes which can be spread or
closed. Hypopharynx is about of the length of labium, semitubular,
dilated towards the end but the very apex forms a small, protruding
point. The maxillæ have long laciniæ formed as thread-like blades
and pointed at the apex; they are somewhat shorter than hypopharynx ;
the maxillary palpi are somewhat long, cylindrical, one-jointed; they
are directed upwards and haired. Labium is only weakly chitinised;
the labella are as a rule more than half as long as the basal part
of labium, not or only slightly broader, more or less oval, and haired
below; they are cleft to their base but connected with the basal
part of labium by an oblique line, so that they are longer below
than above. Labium has a very long connecting membrane at the
base, so that it may be drawn much longer out than its own length,
but in rest this membrane is folded in, and likewise the oral cone,
the clypeus then being withdrawn into the oral aperture. Thorax is
rectangular somewhat^ sometimes highly, arched above; prothorax

32 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

distinct, ring-like; it bears bristles or hairs above. Metathorax is
very small, and there is no metasternum developed, the part between
the first ventral segment and the hind coxæ being membranous.
There are as a rule dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles or hairs,
but they may be very variously developed, each kind present in
one or more rows, and of various length, most frequently short;
generally they are longest behind ; the acrostichal bristles may be quite
absent, and the thorax may be short and uniformly haired, without
observable bristles. There are as a rule humeral, posthumeral, some
notoplural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle; besides there may be
smaller bristles or hairs at the sides of the thoracic disc, There are
some (generally four) scutellar marginal bristles. Metapleura have
stronger or w^eaker bristles or hairs. Abdomen is generally somewhat
slender, cylindrical, consisting of eight segments; the first segment is
short, its tergite slightly broader than the following. The male
genitalia may show very different aspects, but seem however to be
of the same principal construction. For want of suitable material I
have only been able to examine their structure somewhat superficially.
As said above there are eight abdominal segments, the eighth seems
to form a complete ring which is not, as the other segments, divided
at the sides into a ventral and a dorsal half-ring by a lateral con-
necting membrane; the ring is often incised in the hind margin in
various ways, thus giving rise to projecting lamellar parts; the lower
part is often more or less protruding as an arched ventral plate. The
genitalia themselves seem to me to consist of two pairs of lamellæ,
the upper and the lower, forming two pairs of forceps; the upper
lamellæ are often very complicated and may, when dissected, show
branches inwards which are not visible when the organ is seen in
situ, or only the ends of them are seen, appearing as supernumerary
lamellæ; the upper lamellæ are often more or less connected with
each other and thus in reality consisting of only one piece. The
penis issnes from inwards just above the mentioned ventral plate
(eighth segment) and curves upwards between the lateral lamellæ;
it is thicker or thinner, often thread-like, and it may be simply
curved or more or less sinuous; at the ventral base of penis there
is (always?) a, generally small, sometimes cleft, ventral lamella, as a
rule only seen by dissection. In the female the abdomen is pointed, the
last segments being narrow, longer than broad; after the eighth seg-
ment follows a small ring terminating with two, somewhat long
styles. The legs are more or less slender, sometimes rather long; in
the males they sometimes show structural pecularities such as thickenings
or excisions of the hind femora and tibiæ, or they are provided with

Empididae. 33

dents or bundles of hairs or bristles, or finally the front or hind metatarsi
are thickened. The legs are more or less hairy wlth a common
clothing; besides there are longer hairs or bristles to a various degree,
especially on the hind legs; in the female the legs are either simply
haired, or they are all, or more frequently the posterior or hind pair,
fringed with scaly hairs. Thin apical spurs or bristles are as a rule
present, but they are always small and inconspicuous. There are two
claws, two well developed pulvilli and a small, linear, membranous
empodium, terminating with a pencil of hairs. Wings sometimes in
the female more or less, sometimes much, dilated and of a eurious
shape, but not or only slightly so in the male; not rarely they are
somewhat darker in the female than in the male, but sometimes on
the contrary darkest in the male; the mediastinal vein not reaching
the margin; cubital vein unforked and thus one cubital cell; discai
vein forked, thus four posterior cells and the discai cell sending three
veins to the margin, the third of which is the upper branch of the
postical vein which closes the discai cell below; anal vein distinct or
weak, reaching the margin or disappearing about in the middle: the
second branch of the postical vein recurrent towards the base of the
wing and about parallel with the margin; the anal cell shorter than
the second basal cell. The discai cell may vary somewhat in shape
and size, in some cases it is different in the male and the female,
being larger in the latter sex, often very large and produced to the
wing-margin. Stigma present, sometimes very weak. Axillary lobe
generally well developed. Alula very slightly developed, fringed at
the margin. Alar squamulæ roundish, fringed at the margin. — In
some few (non Danish) species the wings are somewhat aberrant,
without discai cell.

But few larvæ of species of Rhamphomijia are known. Bouché
describes larva and pupa to E. spinipes (Naturgesch. der Ins. 1834,
48, Taf. IV, Fig. 26—30) ; Beling (Arch. flir Naturgesch. 48, I, 1882,
214 — 17) describes larvæ and pupæ io JR. sulcata, nUidnla and dentipes.
The larva of li. platyptera is mentioned by Kleine (Zeitschr. fur
Naturwissensch. 1909). The larva is cylindrical, somewhat spindle-
shaped, whitish yellow; the body consists, the head included, of
twelve segments (Beling says twelve and Brauer says: „Korper mit
der Kieferkapsel 12-ringeUg" ; Bouché figures thirteen segments. I
have not examined any larva, I think there are twelve segments, but
I am not certain). The last segment is somewhat globular with shal-
low, longitudinal furrows; on the ventral side of the abdominal seg-
ments there are slight, transverse swellings (Kriechschwielen). The
larva is amphipneustic with small prothoracic spiracles and larger

3

34 Orthorrhapha bracliycera.

terminal spiracles lying on the rounded end of the last segment or
slightly more above; below them there is a small tooth or wart.
Besides the pupæ described by the authors mentioned I have examined
the pupa of B. nigripes; it is dirty yellowish; the head has in front
four quadrately placed tubercles, each with a long bristle; the antennal
sheaths lie below the front of the head directed obliquely to each
side; thorax has some long bristles above; on each of the abdominal
dorsal segments there is a transverse row of small, triangular, brownish
teeth, directed backwards, and between them are long bristles; the
first segment has only bristles. The ventral segments have only
bristles and somewhat sparingly. The dorsal bristles are directed
backwards, those on the somewhat swoUen sides of the segments
are erect. At the apex there are some more or less tuft-like arranged
bristles. There are prothoracic and seven pairs of small abdominal
spiracles, all protruding process-like. According to Beling there may
be a little difference between the male and female pupæ with regard
to the head and the apex of abdomen, obviously due to the different
shape of these parts in the two sexes of the imago.

The larvæ live in humous earth in woods especially on humid
piaces ; the larva to E. dentipes was found by Beling in a decaying stub
of a beech, and Kleine records the larva of B. platyptera from decay-
ing stubs of fir. The larvæ are certainly carnivorous. The pupæ are
found on the same piaces as the larvæ. The larvæ hibernate and
the transformation to pupa and development take place in the fol-
io wing spring or summer; thus the autumnal species must live as
larvæ during the most part of the summer.

The species of BhampJiomyia occur for the most part in
woods, especially on humid piaces, and on somewhat low piants;
some also are seen outside woods, in fens and on meadows. The
majority of the species are either spring species or autumn species,
occurring respectively in the early spring or in the late summer and
autumn; only some few species are seen during the whole summer.
Several species are in spring seen hovering in the air higher or lower,
especially at water, and sometimes they fly quite low above the
water like the species of Hilara. They are carnivorous, feeding on
other insects; I have taken B. nigripes with Hilara maura as prey;
Poulton records from England, in the work cited above, B. dentipes
with Baetis pnmilus Burm. as prey. The species of BhampJiomyia or
some of them seem to execute the aet of copulation in the way, that
the male catches a prey which it then presents to the female when
copulation takes place, such as mentioned below under Empis. Hamm

Empididae. 35

(Entom. Month. Mag. XLV, 1909, 161) has taken R.sulcata in copula
and with prey, and I have taken R. nigripes m the same way.

The genus comprises about 155 species from the palæarctic
region; 22 have hitherto been found in Denmark. It is essentially a
boreal genus, thus two species occur in Greenland, where otherwise
of Empids only Clinocera stagnalis occurs, and four species occur on
Nova Zembla. Zetterstedt has 79 species from Scandinavia, and even
if this number is too great, the number of real species is certainly
not small, On the other hånd it is recently shown, that the genus
is also well represented in South America in the mountainous regions;
Bezzi records (Nova Acta. Abhandl. d. Kais. Leop. Garol. Deutsch.
Akad. der Naturf. XGI, No. 3, 1909, 320) that 31 species are known
from there.

Remarks: In the following descriptions I have not given the length
of the proboscis, as this character is of no value, since the labium is,
as said above, able to be extended to a great length when its basal
connecting membrane is fuUy dravvn out; I have on the contrary
given the length of labrum, though also this length may be somewhat
varying, according as the oral cone is folded in or more dravvn
out. I shall also note, that nearly all species with dark legs may
have these somewhat varying between black and brown, which is, I
think, for a great part due to the degree of maturlty; but also old
museum specimens are very often extraordinarily light, probably due
to bleaching.

In the consecutive order in which I have placed the species, and
in the analytical table I have to some degree used the groups pro-
posed by Frey (Acta Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. XXXI, No. 9,
1909, 17), but otherwise I think, that such definite groups cannot be
established, as the arrangement of the thoracic bristles is much
varied and would lead to many more groups. Thus in the group
with the eyes in the males separated nigripes has pluriserial dorso-
central bristles, dissimilis and spissirostris biserial; the two latter
species have hairs behind the humeri, but they are delicate, so that
the dorsocentral bristles are distinct from them. In the next group
spmipes and sulcata have pluriserial dorsocentral bristles fused with
the hairs behind the humeri, but in vesiculosa the dorsocentrals are
somewhat distinct from these hairs, and tarsata has biserial dorso-
centrals, rather distinct from the hairs at the sides, only somewhat
fused with them quite in front; conformis has biserial dorsocentrals
with both rows equally long, and uniserial acrostichals, it cannot be
placed in Frey's group 4; simplex has biserial, equally long dorso-
centrals and biserial acrostichals, it cannot well be placed in Frey's

3g Orthorrhapha brachycera.

group 3 ; obscura has uniserial dorsocentrals, but biserial acrostichals ;
tibieUa and plumipes have distinct, biserial dorsocentrals, but pennata
and dentipes have distinctly uniserial dorsocentrals, these species could
scarcely remain in the same natural group; culicina and hyhrida have
distinctly observable acrostichals, tiigripennis and umhripennis have, I
think, none; variahilis has likewise no acrostichals but long dorso-
centrals; gibha finally has ordinary, very short pubescence almost
without rows.

Tahle of Species.

1. Eyes in the male separated; wings in the female with
the discai cell very large, or if not, w^ith two spots
below it; colour of the body not yellow nor shining

black 2.

— Eyes touching in the male; if slightly separated the
colour of the body is yellow or shining black; wings

in the female with a normal discai cell 4.

2. Thorax with four distinct stripes 2. nigripes.

— Thorax only with two distinct stripes 3.

3. Male -without yellow hairs at the end of the hind

tibiæ ; female with the discai cell reaching to the margin 3. spissirostris.

— Male with yellow hairs at the end of the hind tibiæ ;

female with a normal discai cell 4. dissimilis.

4. Wings in the male a little broadened, in the female
very broad with a brown seam; hind tibiæ and the
two first tarsal joints in the male with very long

hairs and bristles 1. p?fli//pi(?r«.

Wings not broad or only somewhat broad in the
female; hind tibiæ in the male not with so long hairs. . . 5.

5. Dorsocentral bristles pluriserial 6.

— Dorsocentral bristles bi- or uniserial 8.

6. Halteres brownish; male with thin, whitish hind tibiæ
and tarsi, and with a very large, whitish, somewhat
bladder-like appendage at the genitalia; female with

broad, brown wings and somewhat ciliated hind legs 7. vesiculosa.

— Halteres pale; hind legs of the male normal; wings

in the female not broad, hind legs not ciliated 7.

7. Wings strongly brownish tinged; male with a spine-
like tuft of bristles at the base of the hind femora;

female without spine-like bristles below the hind femora 5. spinipes.

— Wing less tinged; male without any spine-like tuft at
the base of the hind femora ; female with short, spine-
like bristles below the hind femora 6. sulcata.

8. Dorsocentral biistles biserial 9.

— Dorsocentral bristles uniserial, or (in 5'«Z)&a) not observable. . . 14.

9. Acrostichal bristles uniserial; legs in the female not

pennate 8. conformis.

— Acrostichal bristles biserial ; legs in the female pennate,
except in simjjlex 10.

Empididae. 37

10. Golour shining black 9. tarsata.

— Golour grey or dark brown 11.

1 1. Golour blackish brown 10. obscura.

— Golour grey 12.

12. Male genitalia relatively small, without a long projecting

penis; legs in the female not pennate 11. simplex.

— Male genitalia large or with a long, thin, projecting
penis; legs in the female pennate 13.

13. Male genitalia large, penis not long projecting; posterior

legs of the female pennate; length 3,5 — 5 mm 13. plumipes.

— Male genitalia smaller, penis projecting, long and thin;
in the female only the hind tibiæ pennate on the

dorsal side; length 2,/) mm 12. tihiella.

14. Acrostichal bristles present 15.

— Acrostichal bristles absent, or (in gihha) exeedingly

Short 19.

15. Acrostichal bristles distinctly biserial; thorax grey in
both sexes; hind legs in the male of peculiar shape;

male genitalia large 16.

— Acrostichal bristles more or less irregularly or in-
distinctly biserial, or uniserial; thorax black or dark
brown in the male, grey in the female, or the whole

body yellow; male genitalia small 17.

16. Thorax grey, abdomen yellow; male genitalia large,
hind femora with tufts of hairs at the apex; legs in

the female pennate 14. pennata.

— Thorax and abdomen grey; male genitalia with long
lamellæ and a long projecting penis ; hind legs of a

curious shape; legs in the female not pennate 15. dentipes.

17. Golour yellow in both sexes, thorax not striped; an-
tennæ inserted above the middle; eyes in the male
narrowly separated 16. fiava.

■— Golour dark in both sexes, or yellow in the female
but then thorax somewhat distinctly striped; antennæ
inserted in the middle 18.

18. Thorax black in the male, grey in the female; hind
femora with no bristle towards the middle on the
ventral side; wings in the male brownish; length

4,5 — 5 mm 17. cuUcina.

— Thorax black in the male, body quite yellow in the
female; hind femora with a ventral bristle towards

the middle; wings in the male darker; length 3,5 — 4 mm. 18. hyhrida.

1 9. Halteres dark or black 20.

— Halteres pale 21. variabilis.

20. Small, robust, black shining species; eyes in the male
very narrowly separated; discai cell long; hind legs

in the female somewhat pennate 22. gihha.

— Slender species ; eyes touching in the male ; discai
cell not long, situated somewhat near the base; legs

in the female not pennate 21.

38 Orthorrliapha brachycera.

21. Front coxæ quite yellow, posterior coxæ darker; hind

metatarsi in the male not thickened 19. nigripennis.

— All coxæ blackish; hind metatarsi in the male slightly

thickened 20. umhripennis.

1. Rh. platyptera Panz.
1794. Panz. Fn. Germ. XXIV, 23 {Empis). — 1851. Lefebr. Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr. 2, IX, 125, pi. IV, fig. 1—4 [Empis). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 97.

— 1903. Kat. palåarkt, Dipt. II, 228. — Empis marginata: 1805, Fabr.
Syst. Antl. 138, 3. — 1859. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 5017, 29—30. —
Rhampomyia marginata: 1843. Jacobsen, Naturh. Tidsskr. IV, 1842 — 43, 211.

Male. Eyes contiguous. Epistoma grey; occiput grey with black
hairs; labrum about as long as the head is high. Antennæ with the
third joint a little elongated, black or brownish black ; the basal joints
slightly lighter and hairy. Thorax duU grey with a narrow, median
and two broader, lateral, brown but indistinct stripes; on the anterior
part there is on each side of the median stripe a narrow stripe, these
two stripes diverging anteriorly. The dorsocentral bristles are of
moderate length, somewhat irregularly biserial, the acrostichal bristles
uniserial, very short, only visible behind; there are humeral, post-
humeral, notopleural, supraalar and postalar bristles; all the bristles
black. Scutellum grey with six, somewhat strong marginal bristies.
Pleura grey with black metapleural bristles. Abdomen grey, not
shining; venler of the same colour. Abdomen is densely clothed
with erect, blackish or brown hairs, at the hind margin of the seg-
ments there are strong hairs; venter has long, scarce hairs. The
exterior genitalia are small, the lower lamellæ triangular, somewhat
pointed, shining, the upper lamellæ apparently doubled, so that four
small, styliform pieces are seen; all lamellæ with long hairs. Penis
is brown, so far as I could see simply curved. Legs brown (the de-
scription is made after old museum specimens which are perhaps
somewhat bleached), slightly shining; coxæ somewhat greyish pruinose.
Front feniora short-haired ; middle femora with anterior, ventral and
posterior rows of hairs, and with short hairs above; hind femora
similarly haired but the hairs longer, and with long, bristle-like hairs
in an anterior and postero-ventral row which are longest towards
the apex; the anterior tibiæ with rows of short hairs and with some
bristles on the dorsal side; the hind tibiæ with very long hairs,
especially on the dorsal side, and also with a ventral row, between
the hairs on the dorsal side there are some long, thin bristles; the
two first joints of the hind tarsi are haired like the tibiæ, otherwise
the tarsi are short-haired; the hind tarsi fmely spinulous below; all
the hairs are brownish. Wings slightly broadened but of normal shape,

Empididae. 39

hyaline, very slightly yellowish. Veins light brown to yellowish.
Stigma faint, yellow. Halteres white with a slight yellow tinge.

Female. Quite agreeing with the male in shape and colour of
the body, but the legs short-haired. Wings broad, and especially
very broadened towards the apex, this forming an almost straight
line in which the cubital, discai, postical and anal vein terminate;
it is thus seen, that it is the part of the posterior margin from the
apex of the anal vein to the apex of the cubital vein which is drawn
out to form the broad, straight end of the wing; along the posterior
and apical margin there is a broad, brown seam.

Length. About 4 — 4,5 mm.

Remarks: The specimen described 1. c. by Lefebvre as a male is
both by description and figures with certainty a female.

Rh. platyptera is very rare in Denmark, only five specimens, all
females, have been taken; Charlottenlund (Jacobsen), Dyrehaven
(Schlick), at Sorø (Schlick) and one specimen without locality pro-
bably also from Dyrehaven (Drewsen). Jacobsen caught his specimens
in the grass, while Schlick took one of his two specimens sitting on
a hedge-stake in the fence of Dyrehaven. The dates known are

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France and Switzerland; its northern limit lies in the southern
Sweden.

2. Rh. nigripes Fabr.

1794. Fabr, Ent. syst. IV, 405, 13 [Empis) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 141,
17 {Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 48,13, Taf. XXIII, Fig. 2. —
1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 389, 1 et 1849. VIII, 3030, 1. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 98. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 227.

Male. Eyes separated, frons narrow, dark grey, with a faint im-
pressed middle-line, somewhat widened below; the frons has long,
erect, blackish brown hairs. Epistoma grey; occiput grey with black
hairs, on the lower half with long, pale yellow hairs. Labrum about
as long as the head is high or slightly longer, black, ferruginous at
the tip; palpi black with black hairs. Antennæ about as long as the
head, black, the two basal joints greyish with black hairs; the fli'.st
joint twice as long as the second. Thorax grey with four brownish
black stripes, the two lateral broad, somewhat abbreviated in front,
the two median narrow, abbreviated behind. The dorsocentral and
acrostichal bristles short, black, sometimes brownish in front; the
former somewhat pluriserial, the latter biserial; further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, three notopleural bristles, some supraalar and a

40 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

postalar all black; about and behind the humeri there are yellow
hairs. Scutellimi grey with (about six) black marginal bristles. Pleura
grey, metapleura with yellow hairs. Abdomen dark grey, slightly
shining; narrow, pale grey hind margins to the segments are generally

seen ; venter lighter grey. Abdomen is clothed
with erect, yellow hairs; venter similarly haired.
Exterior genitalia somewhat large, the eighth
ventral segment drawn out into two triangular
lamellæ, long yellow haired; on the dorsal
side a pair of similar, but more bidden lamellæ;
the lower lateral lamellæ somewhat shovel-
shaped, with an obliquely cut, somewhat den-
tated hind margin; they are black, somewhat
Fiff. 6. Bh. nigripes shining, with yellow hairs below ; the upper
male genitalia. lateral lamellæ are of a complicated shape,

each sending a somewhat blade-like, at the
upper margin dark haired process forwards in over abdomen; at the
base of this process there is a small, triangular outshoot above, and
backwards each process has an almost rectangularly bent, somewhat
styliform process. Penis is a thin, black thread curved several times,
slightly thickened in the basal part, and here surrounded by a sheath.
Legs somewhat robust, black; coxæ greyish pruinose; the hind femora
somew^hat long, with two thickenings on the posterior side just before
and behind the middle, and slightly incurved between them ; front and
hind metatarsi very slightly thickened. The front femora are short-
haired ; the middle femora have a ventral row of short, strong bristles,
and a row of longer bristles more posteriorly; the hind femora have
a ventral row of longer bristles; the anterior tibiæ are short-haired,
specially densely on the ventral side and with some longer bristles
on the dorsal side; the hind tibiæ are similarly haired, but both the
ventral hairs and the dorsal bristles are longer, and the latter are
densely, somewhat tuft-like placed at the end of the tibiæ ; the anterior
tarsi are short-haired, the hind tarsi have bristle-like hairs on the
dorsal side and are slightly spinulous on the ventral side. The
stronger hairs and bristles are black or brownish, the finer partly
pale, but besides the legs have a common, short, pale brownish
pubescence. On the nodose posterior side of the hind femora there
is a very short and dense, pale brown pubescence, and a similar,
pale pubescence is found on the ventral side of the posterior femora.
Wings slightly fumigated; veins blackish brown, the anal vein very
pale, not reaching the margin. Stigma narrow, blackish. Halteres
white.

Empididae. 41

Female. Frons about twice as broad as in the male, with a
distinct, impressed middle line. Abdonien light grey, quite short-
haired ; hind femora simple, and the legs short-haired and without
bristles; the dense, short pubescence on the ventral side of the

Fig. 7. Wing of Rh. nigripes 9.

posterior femora wanting. The wings have the discai cell magnitied
and drawn out near to the posterior margin, the lower of the closing
cross-veins parallel with the hind margin. The rest quite as in
the male.

Length 5,5—6,5 mm.

The pupa is dirty yellowish; it has a length of 6 mm.

This species is easily recognised by the colouring of the thorax,
the pilosity of the hind legs in the male and the shape of the discai
cell in the female.

Bh. nigripes is not at all a common species in Denmark; Erme-
lund, Frederiksdal, Ruderhegn, Birkerød, Tyvekrog. It occurs often
near water. It is a spring species, my dates are '^^lr> — -^^/e; on this
latter date I took it at Frederiksdal, it was flying over and near a
streamlet (Lyngby Aa) rather high in the air; several pairs were
taken in copula, and it was taken with Hilara maura, which was
swarming in great numbers over the water, as prey. The pupa was
taken in Ermelund in a mole cast on ^-'/s, it developed on -'^'/r..

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia; and in
Finland.

o. Rh. spissirostris Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipl. Suec. Emp. 31, 38 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 57, 31. — 1S42. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 390, 2, et 1849. VIII,
3031, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 97. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II,
230. — Empis nodipes: 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Emp. 25, 22.

Male. Eyes separated; frons very narrow, blacklsh, towards the
antennæ greyish, with erect hairs. Epistoma grey. Occiput grey with
yellow hairs, towards the vertex intermingled with some black ones.

42 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Labrum a little longer than the head is high; palpi black, wilh black
hairs. Antennæ about as long as the head, black, the two basal
joints greyish. Thorax grey, very slightly shining, with two dark or
blackish grey stripes; the dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles very
short, biserial, brownish; further a hiimeral, a posthumeral, three
notopleural, some supraalar and a postalar bristle ; the humeral, post-
humeral and notopleural bristles yellow, the others black; on and
behind the humeri there are scarce, yellow hairs. Scutellum greyish
with two marginal bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with pale yellow
hairs. Abdomen dark grey with narrow, light grey incisures, slightly
shining; venter lighter grey and more dull. Abdomen clothed with
long, erect, yellow hairs, those at the hind margins of the segments
longestand strengest, fan-like spreading; venter more sparingly haired.
The exterior genitalia much as in nigripes; the lamellar processes
from the eighth segment larger, the backwards directed processes
from the upper lamellæ not angularly bent but gently curved and the
triangular outshoot above more tubercle-shaped; the lower lamellæ
black, shining, with long, yellow hairs below. Penis thread-like and
curved as in nigripes. Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose; the front
metatarsi somewhat thickened, the hind metatarsi practically not
thickened, Anterior femora with somewhat long hairs below, on the
niiddle femora in antero- and postero-ventral rows; hind femora with
a dorsal row of middle-long hairs, and a ventral row^ of relatively
few hairs which are long in the apical half; the anterior tibiæ with
short hairs and a few longer bristles, the hind tibiæ short-haired
ventrally, but with long hairs dorsally most of which are stronger
and bristly; the hind metatarsi are similarly haired on the dorsal
side, and slightly spinulous on the ventral side; also the middle
metatarsi have long, bristly hairs on the dorsal side and are spinulous
beneath ; otherwise the tarsi are short-haired. The hairs on the
femora, except on the dorsal side of the hind femora, are yellow,
the other hairs and bristles black or dark brownish. For the rest
the legs have a thin, short, pale pubescence. Wings hyaline; veins
blackish; anal vein very pale, not reaching the margin. Stigma very
faint, almost absent. Halteres clear white.

Female. Frons more than twice as broad as in the male, with
a fine, impressed middle line. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles
still shorter. Abdomen light grey, exceedingly short and sparingly
haired. Legs nearly bare, only below the hind femora towards the
apex some bristle-like hairs, which are blackish; front metatarsi
simple. Wings with the discai cell magnified, extended backwards,
so that the hinder, lower angle touches the margin, the lower of the

Empididae. 43

closing cross-veins perpendicular lo, not parallel with the margin; atthe
hind-margin, on each side of the lovver corner of the discai cell (in
the third and fifth posterior cell) there is a more or less faint, greyish
patch, sometimes very slightly visible.
Length 4.3 — 5 mm.

'U.^

Fig. S.. Wing of Hh. sjnssirostris Q.

This species cannot be confused with nigripes; besides the
size, the design of thorax and the clear wings, it is distinguished in
the male by the thickened front metatarsi and the curiously haired
middle metatarsi, as well as by many other differences in the pilosity
of the legs, and in the female by the shape of the discai cell,

Rh. spissirostris seems not to be common here; it occurs near
water; Amager Fælled, Hillerød, Boserup near Roskilde and on Falster
at Resle. It is a spring species, my dates are '^'^/■^ — ^^Ig; on the latter
date I took it on Amager Fælled flying lovv over a water pool to-
gether with the following species. Zetterstedt notes (VIII, 3031) as
communicated by Stæger „Occurrit . . . tantum in litore maris", but
this is not correct as the localities Hillerød and Boserup show.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe ; its
southern limit lies in Austria; towards the north to middle Sweden,
and in Finland.

4. Rh. dissimilis Zett.

1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3031, 2—3. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 224.

This species is very similar to spissirostris, and I shall therefore
only describe it comparatively.

Male. Somewhat larger than spissirostris; frons somewhat broader.
Thorax much darker grey and shining, the two stripes hence much
less distinct, especially outwards as the sides of the disc are rather
dark; the stripes are broader than in spissirostris. The dorsocentral
and acrostichal bristles slightly longer; all thoracic bristles black; on and
behind the humeri there are fme, yellow hairs as in spissirostris.
Abdomen and exterior genitalia quite as in spissirostris, the fan-like
hairs at the hind margin of the segments stronger. Legs as in spissi-

44 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

rostris and similarly haired, but both the common, short pubescence
and the other hairs and bristles are longer and more conspicuous;
the hairs on the dorsal side of the hind feniora are yeilow, and at
the tip of the hind tibiæ among the blacic bristles there are yeilow
hairs, placed densely, almost tuft-Uke, which are totally absent in
spissirostris. Wings as in spissir ostris; balteres a little more yellowish.

Fig. 9. Wing ot Eh. dissimilis 9.

Female. Ditfering from the male in the same way as the female
of spissirostris, but the wings have the discai cell normal though
longer than in the male ; outwards to and below it (in the third and
fifth posterior cell) there are two faint, greyish or yellowish, oblong
spots. The balteres are whiter.

Length 5 — 6,5 mm.

Zetterstedt mentions a variety with not maculated wings, and
another variety with patches on the wings; of this latter he had only
seen one specimen from Denmark, and he adds „E Smolandia quoque
missu", but the whole passage seems to show, that he had also only
one female of the variety with not maculated wings. I think the patches
may have disappeared by exsiccation; all specimens I have seen had
them distinctly observable.

Bh. dissimilis is more common in Denmark than spissirostris,
that is to say, it is generally present in greater numbers, but it has
only been taken on few localities; it occurs exclusively near water;
Amager Fælled, Charlottenlund, at Hornbæk and on Langeland at
Lohals. It is a spring species as the preceding, my dates are ^'Vs — •^*^/6.
I took it on Amager Fælled flying low over a water pool in great
numbers together with spissirostris, but this latter species was only
present in single specimens; sometimes it was seen to swoop down
on small particles flowing on the surface of the water, as in search
for prey, but I never succeeded in taking it with prey.

Geographical distribution : — The species is hitherto only known
from the southern Sweden, Denmark and England. With us it is, as
said, more common than sjnssirostris, but in Sweden the reverse
seems to be the case.

Empididae.

45

5. Rh. spinipes Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empicl, 26, 24 (Ewpis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III. 49. 15. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Seand. I, 395, 7, et 1849. VIII,
3034, 7. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 98. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 229.

Male. Eyes contiguous but not for a long distance, tlie frontal
triangle being high, but narrow. Epistoma dark grey. Occiput grey
with black, downwards somewhat brownish hairs. Labrum slightly
longer than the head is high; palpi black or brownish black, with
blackish or brownish hairs. Antennæ somewhat longer than the head,

Fig. 10. Antenna of Rh. spini])es. X 65.

black, the two basal joints slightly greyish, with long, black hairs;
the third joint considerably elongated, especially in its terminal part.
Thorax dark grey, sHghtly shining, with three blackish or brownish
black stripes, the median narrow, the lateral very broad, occupying
the whole lateral space; all three stripes somewhat abbreviated both
in front and behind. The acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles long,
black; the former somewhat irregularly biserial, the latter long and
strong behind and here about uniserial, but pluriserial further for-
wards, and in the front part fusing with similar hairs clothing the
disc at the sides behind and inwards to the humeri; there is no
strong humeral bristle, but a posthumeral, generally four notoplural,
some supraalar and a postalar bristle are discernible among the
weaker hairs; they are all black. Scutellum grey with six to eight
black marginal bristles. Pleura dark grey; metapleura with black or
brownish black hairs. Abdomen blackish brown, very slightly shining;
seen from in front it is more greyish, w'iih a black, interrupted middle
line; venter dark grey. Abdomen is clothed with long, erect, black
hairs which are strongest at the hind margins of the segments and.
here fan-like spread; venter has long, black hairs. The exterior
genitalia have the lower lateral lamellæ blackish, the lower margin
is straight, the upper oblique, the lamellæ thus attenuating towards
the apex and here curved towards each other; on the inside, near
the apex there is a little tooth; the lamellæ have long, black hairs

46 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

below and at the apex ; the upper lateral lamellæ are reddish brown,

they are somewhat swollen in the middle and project forwards with

a blunt process and backwards with a somewhat downwards declining-

process; both processes are short and both are curved towards each

other, thus leaving an oval opening between the upper lamellæ through

which the end of the penis goes; the lamellæ are short haired in the

upper margin. Penis is a long, simply curved thread, somewhat

thickened at the base, of ferruginous colour. The eighth ventral

segment is arched and points backwards

with a free margin, beset with long hairs

(anus hians), penis ascends from its lower-

most part; above the segment forms two

somewhat triangular lamellæ, one on

each side, beset with long and strong,

black bristles; in the opening of the

segment, above the base of penis and

below the mentioned process a globular

body is seen. Legs black or sometimes
Fig. 11 Rh.spinipes, ^^^.^ ^^^^^.^^^ j^^.^^^,^ ^^^^ .^^ _

male genitaha. . , • n -n t ,

mose; anterior lemora with medmm-long

hairs above; front femora with two ventral rows of somewhat long

hairs; middle femora with two similar rows of short, spine-like

bristles; hind femora with somewhat long bristles on the anterior

and posterior side, longest on the latter side and on the anterior

side present only on the basal half, and with short, strong bristles

at the base on the antero- and postero-ventral side; on the latter

side a dense tuft of about six very strong bristles some way from

the base; the posterior femora moreover with a very dense, short

pubescence ventrally. Front tibiæ likewise with a very dense and

short pubescence ventrally and with some bristles dorsally; middle

tibiæ with short, strong hairs and some short bristles ventrally, and

long bristles dorsally; hind tibiæ with short, dense hairs ventrally,

and with longer hairs and two rows of bristles dorsally. Tarsi short-

haired, with a very dense pubescence below, the hind tarsi with

some bristles dorsally. All hairs and bristles black. Besides there is

a common but scarce clothing of short, likewise black hairs. Wings

shghtly brownish fumigated. Veins blackish, anal vein reaching the

margin. Stigma brown, large, reaching almost to the end of the

subcostal cell. At the base the costa has a couple of long bristles.

Halteres yellow or brownish yellow.

Female. Eyes broadly separated; frons grey. Abdomen coloured

and haired quite as in the male. Legs short-haired, only with some

Empididae. 47

bristles dorsally on the hind femora, and on tlie tibiæ; there is no
tuft of bristles on the hind femora, and the dense, short pubescence
on the posterior femora is wanting.

Length 6,5 — 8 mm.

This species, which is our largest Rhamphomyia, is easily distin-
guished both by the size, and in the male by the curious tuft of
bristles on the hind femora.

Rh. spinipes is not at all common in Denmark, I only know of ten
specimens; Sorø (Jacobsen) and in Jutland at Rye near Silkeborg and
on Seis Hede (A. Petersen). It is an autumn species, my only date
is ^Vt) (Seis Hede), but it is recorded from September and October.
It occurs generally in woods on humid localities; Zetterstedt records
it from the twelfth of July, and the same author took it at a height
of 4000 feet „in nive ambulans".

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia.

6. Rh. sulcata Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 229,. 26 (Empu). — 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 396, 8 et 1849. VIII, 3034, 8 et 1859. XIII, 5012, 8. -
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 98. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 230.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal triangle blackish, light
grey above the antennæ. Epistoma grey; occiput grey with black
hairs. Labrum somewhat longer than the head is high; palpi black
with black hairs. Antennæ somewhat longer than the head, black,

12. Antenna of Bh. sulcata. X 65.

the two basal joints slightly greyish, with black hairs; the third joint
elongated, the terminal part not much attenuated. Thorax brownish
grey, somewhat shining, with three blackish stripes, the median nar-
row; besides there is generally a dark shade at the side margin. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somewhat short, black or brownish
black; the acrostichal bristles pluriserial, the hindmost dorsocentral
bristle long, forwards they are pluriserial and fusing with the hairs
clothing the disc behind and inwards to the humeri; there are no
humeral or posthumeral bristles, but three or four notopleural, some

48 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

supraalar and a postalar bristle can be discerned, all black, (Sorae-
times a somewhat strong huineral bristle is present). Scutellum grey
with about eight black marginal bristles. Pleura dark grey; the meta-
pleural bristles black. Abdomen blackish, shining, clothed with erect
black or brownish hairs; those at the hind margin of the segments
not specially strong. Venter similarly coloured, sparingly haired. Exterior
genitalia short, knob-like, shining black; the lower lateral lamellæ
short and broad, the upper likewise small and short; both pairs
short-haired ; the eighth ventral segment with long hairs at the margin.
Penis hidden. Legs robust, black, sometimes brownish, shining, the
hind metatarsi somewhat thickened and also the two following joints
rather thick; coxæ greyish pruinose; front femora with short, fine
hairs on the dorsal and ventral side; middle femora with two rows
of short, spine-like bristles on the ventral side; hind femora with two
similar rows of somewhat longer bristles, one standing on the postero-
ventral side; besides, the posterior femora have a very dense, short,
pale pubescence below; the front tibiæ with a very dense, short
pubescence ventrally and some bristles dorsally; middle tibiæ with
short, spinulous hairs and some bristles ventrally and with two rows
of strong bristles dorsally; hind tibiæ with short hairs ventrally and
two rows of bristles dorsally; tarsi short-haired, hind tarsi with some
few bristles on the dorsal side; besides, the legs have a common,
scarce clothing of short hairs. All hairs and bristles black. The
posterior femora have a curious, fine, transverse striation, and the
same is to a less degree found on the front femora. Wings brownish
fumigated. Veins brown, anal vein reaching the margin. Stigma
very faint, brownish. Costa with no long bristles but a tuft of short
hairs at the base. Balteres yellow.

Female. Eyes broadly separated; frons dark grey. The hairs
on the thoracic disc shorter than in the male. Abdomen dark brownish
grey, very short and sparingly haired, only at the sides in front there
are longer hairs. Legs less haired than in the male, middle femora
with the rows of bristles on the ventral side very short, and hind femora
only with one row of much shorter bristles than in the male, and
besides with some postero-ventral bristles in the apical part; tibiæ
less bristly, but the hind tibiæ besides the dorsal bristles with a
dense row of short, strong hairs; the posterior femora without the
dense, short pubescence, the hind femora instead with short, some-
what strong hairs. Hind tarsi not thickened.

Length. This species may vary somewhat in size, the length
being 5,5 to about 8 mm.

Remarks: Schiner's description of the spinulosity of the legs is

Empididae. 49

eiToneous, as he ascribes the hind femora in the female four rows of
bristles; to tlie male he correctly ascribes two rows. The often men-
tioned canaliculation of the hind legs, expressed in the name of the
species, is of no value, and is only due to exsiccation; it may be
wanting, or present to a different degree in various speciniens.

The species only bears resemblance to spinipes, from which it is
distinguished in the male by the want of the tuft of bristles on the
hind femora, and in the female by the spines beneath the femora, as
also in both sexes by the in other ways different pilosity of the legs.

Bh. sulcata is more common than the preceding species, though
it is generally only taken in single or few specimens at one time;
Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Birkerød, Tyvekrog, Vemme-
tofte, Nyraad near Vordingborg; in Jutland at Silkeborg and at AUe-
rup near Esbjerg; it is a spring species, my dates are ^'k — ^/e. It
occurs in woods and thickets, especially on humid localities; Zetter-
stedt records it to ^^/t and has taken it on flowers of Salix.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Spain and Italy ;
towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland.

7. Rh. vesiculosa Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 27, 27. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
433, 55. — 1903. Kat. paliiarkt. Dipt. II, 231. — Rhamphomyia Falleni:
1882. Meig. Sysl. Beschr. III, 50, 17.

Male. Eyes contiguous ; epistoma grey. Occiput grey with blackish
hairs. Labrum somewhat longer than the head is high, brown; palpi
dark brown with brownish hairs. Antennæ not longer than the head.

Fig. 13. Antenna of Bh. vesiculosa. x 65.

brownish black, slightly brownish at the base, the two basal joints
only with short hairs, the third joint but slightly elongated and slightly
attenuated towards the apex. Thorax dark grey, duU, with three
blackish brown stripes, the lateral broad, the median very narrow
and somewhat indistinct. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles of
moderate length, blackish brown; the former biserial, the latter strong
behind, shorter forwards and here pluriserial and fused with the hairs
on the sides of the disc. There are notopleural, supraalar and postalar
bristles, but they are only slightly discernible between the somewhat

50

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Fis

14. Bh. vesiculosa,
male s?enitalia.

strong hairs whlch are present numerously also in the præsutural
depression. Scutellum with about eiglit black marginal bristles. Pleura
dark grey, metapleura with black hairs. Abdomen robust, dark grey,
mainly dull; it is densely clothed with dark brownish hairs, which
are somewhat long and erect in front, short behind. Venter grey
with somewhat short hairs. The genitaha are large and somewhat
curiously shaped; the lower lateral lamellæ much arched, sending a

little process backwards from their
lower part, otherwise stretching up-
wards and somewhat triangular, but
with the outer margin curved; seen
directly from behind the two lamellæ
form almost a round disc with a verti-
cal opening between them, which is
closed below by the two lower pro-
cesses; the lamellæ are black, shining;
the upper lateral lamellæ stretch up-
wards from the opening between the
lower, and they are directed somewhat
forwards in over the abdomen ; each lamellæ is long, arched and some-
Avhat spoon-like dilated at the end, the two lamellæ together are
thus somewhat bladder-like. The upper lamellæ are ferruginous at
the base but yellowish white towards the end. Both pairs of lamellæ
are only slightly haired at the margin, for the rest bare. On the
dorsal side, at the base of the upper lamellæ the eighth segment
forms a pair of somewhat long-haired, squamular pieces. Penis is
simply curved, ferruginous. Legs brownish; coxæ dark greyish pruinose ;
the very apex of the hind femora, hind tibiæ and tarsi yellowish
white, only the last joint brown; generally also the middle tibiæ
somewhat pale at the base; the hind femora somewhat broad, hind
tibiæ rather short and thin, slightly curved, hind tarsi specially deli-
cate, shorter than the tibiæ; both tibiæ and tarsi thinner than the
anterior tibiæ and tarsi. The anterior femora mainly short-haired
with a row of longer hairs in the apical half on the postero-ventral
side; hind femora likewise short-haired, but with some bristles on the
ventral and anterior side; posterior femora with a very dense and
short pubescence below; anterior tibiæ short-haired, with some fine
bristles dorsally; hind tibiæ very short and finely spinulous on the
ventral side; tarsi short-haired. All hairs and bristles black or dark
brownish. Wings hyaline, veins pale yellow; anal vein reaching the
margin. Stigma narrow, very faint, yellowish. Halteres yellowish
brown, the knob darkest.

Empididae. 51

Female. Frons broad, grey. Abdomen grey, haired about as in
the male. the hairs somewhat shorter. Legs dark brown, knees nar-
rowly pale yellow, the hind tibiæ and tarsi normal both in shape
and colour; the legs are haired chiefly as in the male, but the hind
femora have no bristles and are ciliated above and below, and like-
wise the hind tibiæ. Wings broad, almost half as broad as long,
strongly brown fumigated.

Length 4,5 — 5,5 mm.

This species is at once recognised by the curiously shaped hind
legs and the genitalia in the male, and by the dilated wings in the
female, and by these characters it stands a little apart.

Bh. vesiculosa is very rare here; I know only two specimens, one
taken in Ordru|) Mose many years ago (Jacobsen) and one in Jutland
at Allerup near Esbjerg on ^/g 1909 (Esben Petersen).

Geographical distribution : — Northern Europe, towards the north
to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland; its southern limit lies in
Denmark, It seems on the whole to be a somewhat rare species and
is probably a spring species; Zetterstedt records it from '^^Id — ^^,'7, and
he has taken it on Salix.

Remarks: I think it highly probable that this species is identical
with Bh. atripennis Zett. as suggested by Frey (Aet. Soc. pro Faun.
et Flor. Fenn. 31, No. 9, 1909, 20); the differences are only such
(colour of legs and wings) as may generally occur in species of Bhcmi-
phomyia.

8. Rh. conformis Kow.

1867. Kowarz, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XVII, 321, 3. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 224. — Rhamphomyia psendotrilineata: 1893. Strobl,
Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 49.

Male. Eyes contiguous; the small frontal triangle blackish, grey
just above the antennæ; epistoma blackish. Occiput dark grey with

^fOirziZZ

Fig. 15. Antenna of Bh. conformis. X 65.

black hairs. Labrum slightly longer than the head is high, black; palpi
not short. greyish black, with black hairs. Antennæ a little longer
than the head, black, the two basal joints with black hairs, the third
elongated, lancet-like, not much broader at the base than outwards.

52 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Thorax dark grey, dull, with three blackish brown stripes, the median
narrow and indistinct, Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles long,
black; the former strong behind, biserial, the latter uniserial. Further
a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, two supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there are some finer hairs
on and behind the humeri. Scutellum with four black marginal
bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with black hairs. Abdomen dark
grey, dull, with black hairs which are longest in front at the sides;
the hind margin of the segments grey. Venter grey with very sparse,
black hairs. Exterior genitalia moderately large, the lower lateral
lamellæ broad, somewhat triangular with rounded apex; they are

black, slightly greyish pruinose, and with
dense, brownish black hairs at the margin;
the upper lateral lamellæ styliform, slightly
curved at the base; penis thread-like, fer-
ruginous, somewhat thickened at the base;
the eighth ventral segment arched, with long,
black hairs at the margin. Legs black; coxæ
greyish pruinose; the hind legs somewhat

„. ,^. „, „ . long, hind femora cylindrical, hind metatarsi

Fig. 16. Bh.conformis, ®' -' ,.,•,,,

male "enitalia. ^^^ ^^ ^^1 swollen, scarcely as thick as the

end of the tibiæ; front femora with fine
hairs below towards the anterior and posterior sides, and with slightly
longer hairs on the antero-dorsal side ; middle femora with two rows
of stronger hairs below and likewise with an antero-dorsal row; hind
femora mainly short-haired, only with some longer hairs on the
posterior side; the posterior femora witli a very dense and short,
whitish pubescence below, most distinct on the otherwise somewhat
bare hind femora; front tibiæ with short hairs and some bristles
dorsally and with a dense, short pubescence ventrally; middle tibiæ
with rather strong bristles in several rows, especially on the dorsal
and ventral sides; hind tibiæ with some bristles dorsally in two rows,
and short hairs, among which a few longer, ventrally. Tarsi short-
haired, the posterior somewhat spinulous beneath; hind metatarsi with
a few bristles above. The hairs and bristles are mainly black or
dark brownish. Wings very slightly yellowish tinged, most towards
the anterior margin. Veins brown; anal vein not thin, reaching the
margin. Stigma distinct, brownish. Balteres pale yellow.

Female. I do not know the female, but according to Kowarz
it quite resembles the male; frons broad, whitish grey; legs as in the
male; the wing-veins a little stronger.
Length about 6,5 mm.

Empididae. 53

This species is especially distinguished by the nearly bare hind
femora, and the uniserial acrostichal bristles are also characteristic.
— Kowarz says: „Hintertarsen mehr als doppelt so lang, als die
Schiene", this must be a lapsus, and he also continues: „Metatarsus
von halber Schinenlånge."

Rh. confonnis is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a
male has been taken at Silkeborg on 2^/5 1906 (A. Petersen). The
species is evidently a spring species, Kowarz took it in April; the
specimens were taken on a meadow, where they swarmed in the air
with the legs pendulous, and sat on bushes.

Geographical distribution : — The species is hitherto only known
from Hungary, Britain and Denmark, the northern limit thus seems
to lie in our country.

9. Rh. tarsata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 45, 6. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
430, 51, et 1849. VIII, 3034, 51. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 101. - 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 230.

Male. Eyes contiguous, frontal triangle greyish black; epistoma
black. Occiput likewise black, slightly dusted, with black hairs.
Labrum scarcely as long as the head is high; palpi brownish wdth
brown hairs. Antennæ shorter than the head, black, the two basal
joints short-haired, the third not much elongated, somewhat attenuated
towards the apex. Thorax black, shining, without any design. Dorso-
central and acrostichal bristles somewhat long, black, biserial; the
hinder dorsocentral bristles long; there are some hairs at the sides,
but the dorsocentral bristles are distinct from them. Further a humeral
bristle, a weak posthumeral, about three notopleural, weak supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutelium slightly
greyish dusted, with four black marginal bristles.
Pleura slightly dark greyish dusted, metapleura
with black hairs. Abdomen black, shining, with
short, black hairs, only slightly longer at the sides
m front ; venter black or blackish, sparingly haired.
Exterior genitalia black, the lamellæ directed up-
wards and the eigth ventral segment arched some-
what downwards (anus hians); the lower lamellæ ^j^ ^^ Rh^tarsata
with long, black hairs at the lower (posteriorly j^ale genitalia.

pointing) margin ; the upper lamellæ somewhat
styliform and somewhat curved, lying above (in front of) the lower;
the eighth ventral segment with long, black hairs on the margin.
Penis a very thin, towards the apex exceedingly thin, simply curved

54 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

thread. Legs black or blackish brown, somewhat shining; coxæ
greyish pruinose; hind legs somewhat elongated, hind tibiæ somewhat
dilated towards the apex, the hind metatarsi distinctly thickened,
especially towards the base; also the front metatarsi sHghtly thickened.
Front femora short-haired above and with an antero- and postero-
ventral row of short hairs; middle femora with ventral and antero-
and postero-ventral rows of somewhat longer hairs and with hairs
on the anterior side, especially on the basal part; hind femora rather
short-haired, only with longer hairs above and below towards the
base; posterior femora with a scarcely observable, dense, whitish
pubescence below, most distinct on the middle femora; front tibiæ
with a dense pubescence below, and somewhat long hairs on the
postero-dorsal side; middle tibiæ short-haired on the dorsal and ven-
tral side, and with a few long bristles dorsally; hind tibiæ short-
haired ventrally, and with a row of less dense hairs dorsally and
here also with a row of long bristles; front tarsi short-haired and
with somewhat longer, dense hairs on the postero-ventral side;
posterior tarsi short-haired with slightly longer hairs above, and
slightly spinulous beneath, hind metatarsi with a few dorsal bristles;
all hairs and bristles black or brownish black. Besides the legs have
the ordinary clothing of short hairs. Wings hyaline; veins brownish,
the apical part of the subscostal vein and the cubital vein blackish ;
anal vein very weak outwards, but discernible to the margin. Stigma
distinct, blackish. Halteres whitish.

Female. Frons broad, black. The hairs on the thoracic disc
short. The anterior tibiæ slightly pennate on the dorsal side, posterior
femora pennate on both sides, the scaly hairs longest and broadest
on the ventral side, on the basal half of the dorsal side of the hind
femora only slightly scaly; the posterior tibiæ pennate on the dorsal
side, ciliated on the ventral side. Wing-veins somewhat stronger than
in the male.

Length 3,8—4,5 mm.

This species is distinguished by the black, shining colour, the
shape of the exterior genitalia in the male, and the way in which
the legs are pennate in the female.

Rh. tarsata is somewhat common; Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose,
Ørholm, Tyvekrogen, Nordskoven at Jægerspris; on Langeland at Lo-
hals; on Fænø, and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg. My dates are
''/o — ^Vt. Stæger took it on Corylus, sitting on the underside of the
leaves; I took it in great numbers on ^^/c at Hald; towards the
evening the males were hovering in the air around tree-tops with
the legs pendulous, and they were seen resting on the underside of

Empididae. 55

the leaves; the females were only present in small number, likewise
sitting on the underside of the leaves, and here the males were also
found during the day.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe, from
Germany to northern Scandinavia but there rare,

10. Rh. obscura Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 564,10. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 429, 50.
— 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 228.

Male. Eves contiguous; epistoma dark. Oceiput dark grey, with
black hairs. Labrum about as long as the head is high. Antennæ
almost of the length of the head, or slightly longer, black, the two
basal joints very short-haired, the third elongate. Thorax brownish
black, duU, with very faint traces of three darker stripes. The dorso-
central and acrostichal bristles of moderate length, black; the former
uniserial and longer behind, the latter biserial. Further a humeral bristle,
a posthumeral, a pair of notopleural and supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all black; besides there are a few weaker hairs. Scutellum
has four black marginal bristles. Pleura dark greyish, metapleura
with black hairs. Abdomen robust, greyish black, duU; it is densely
clothed with somewhat short, black hairs, longer at the sides, especi-
ally in front. Venter blackish grey with somewhat short hairs. Exterior
genitalia somewhat resembling those in tarsata, the lower lamellæ
directed more or less upwards, not very broad, with long hairs at
the lower (posterior) margin ; the upper lamellæ lylng in front of the
lower, styliform. The eighth ventral segment arched, with long black
hairs at the hind margin. Penis thread-like, black, curved upwards,
a little sinuous and with a curious loop near the base. Legs black,
slightly shining; coxæ greyish pruinose; anterior femora with short
hairs above and rows of slightly longer, fine hairs below, hind femora
with somewhat longer hairs above ; posterior femora with the short,
dense pubescence below, but scarcely observable. Anterior tibiæ
short haired with a few bristles on the dorsal side ; hind tibiæ short-
haired on the ventral side, but somewhat densely and long-haired on
the dorsal side, and between the hairs some bristles. Anterior tarsi
short-haired, the middle ones slightly spinulous beneath, hind tarsi
somewhat long-haired above and with a few bristles, slightly spinulous
below and also here with the hairs of some length. All hairs and
bristles black. Wings a little greyish tinged; veins brownish to
blackish brown, anal vein distinct and reaching the margin. Stigma
very faint, brownish. Balteres yellowish white.

56 Orthonhapha brachycera.

Female. Frons broad, grey. Abdomen somewhat shorter haired
than in the male; front femora with somewhat scaly hairs towards
the apex, hhid femora with a row of scaly hairs on the ventral side
and a row of fine, bristly hairs on the postero-ventral side; hind
tibiæ with longish hairs and some bristles on the dorsal side,

Lenglh 3 mm.

This species may, I think, be best recognised from the curious loop
at the base of the penis, and in the female by the way in which the
legs are feathered. I have examined Zetterstedt's type-specimens, so
that my Identification is certain.

Bh. ohscura is rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male has
been taken in Lyngby Mose ^Vo 1909 (the author).

Geographical distribution : — Northern Europe up to the northern-
most Scandinavia; it is not known south of Denmark.

11. Rh. simplex Zett.

1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3035, 10-11 et 1855, XII, 4613, 10-11.
— 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 229.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal triangle grey; epistoma
grey. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Labrum a little longer than
the head is high; palpi black, with black hairs. Antennæ as long as
the head, black, the two basal joints slightly greyish, with short,
black hairs, the third joint somewhat elongated and attenuated to-
wards the apex. Thorax grey, dull, whithout stripes, only the hairs
giving the impression of the presence of three faint stripes. Dorso-
central and acrostichal bristles of moderate length, black, biserial, the
dorsocentral bristles longer and uniserial behind, quite in front they
are pluriserial and somewhat fusing with the hairs at the sides
of the disc. Further a humeral bristle, some posthumeral, three
or four notopleural, a pair of supraalar and a postalar bristle,
all black, but they are not much pronounced between the other,
somewhat strong hairs on the [sides of thorax. Scutellum has six
black marginal bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with black hairs.
Abdomen somewhat robust, grey, dull; it is densely clothed with
somewhat strong, black hairs which are short above, longer at the
sides. Venter grey, more sparingly clothed with somewhat short hairs.
Exterior genitalia small, somewhat knob-like, blackish grey, slightly
pruinose; the lower lamellæ short, broad, directed somewhat upwards,
with black hairs at the margin; the upper lamellæ almost quite
hidden; the eighth "ventral segment forming a somewhat large, arched
plate below. Penis only sometimes seen above, between the lamellæ,

Empididae. 57

as a black, somewhat thick t.hread, curved forwards, often vvith the
apex stretching in under the foregoing dorsal segment. Legs black
or slightly brownish black, shining; coxæ greyish pruinose; front
feniora with antero- and postero-ventral rows of short, fine hairs;
posterior femora with similar rows of somewhat longer hairs; front
tibiæ short-haired below, slightly longer-haired and with some bristles
above; middle tibiæ haired in the same way, but the hairs a little
longer and also a few short bristles ventrally ; hind tibiæ with moder-
ately long hairs on the ventral side, and with long hairs and two
rows of thin bristles on the dorsal side. Anterior tarsi short-haired
and the metatarsi somewhat spinulous below, the spines longest on
the middle tarsi; hind metatarsi with long hairs above and stronger
spinulous below. All hairs and bristles black or brownish black;
there is no dense pubescence discernible below the posterior femora.
Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish tinged. Veins paler on darker brownish,
anal vein distinct, reaching the margin. Stigma yellowish, only little
conspicuous. Balteres white or yellowish white.

Female. Frons broad, grey. The hairs on thorax of the same
length as in the male, those on abdomen only slightly shorter; the
three stripes on thorax more conspicuous; the styles of the ovipositor
somewhat long. Legs simply and shorter-haired, the bristles on the
hind tibiæ shorter and no long hairs on the hind metatarsi. Wings
slightly more tinged.

Length 3,8 — 4,5 mm.

This species is distinguished by its somewhat robust shape, the
structure of the male genitalia and the immaculated or slightly striped
thorax.

Rh. simplex is not common in Denmark, but may sometimes be
present in somewhat great number on suitable localities ; Charlotten-
lund at the shore, Vester Fælled, Amager Fælled; in Jutland on
Tipperne in Ringkjøbing Fjord and at Nymindegab. It occurs in
grass and low herbage on meadows and commons, and always near
the shore. It is a spring species, my dates are only ^/e — ^"/o. I have
examined Stæger's specimens which Zetterstedt mentions as sent to
him under the name of laevipes var.

Geographical distribution:— The species is hitherto only known
from the southernmost Scandinavia, Denmark and England.

12. Rh. tibiella Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 432, nota, et 1849. VIII, 3044, 54—55. —
1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 230.

58 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal triangle grey; epistoma
greyish. Occiput grey with black hairs. Labrum about as long as
the head is high; palpi dark, with black hairs. Antemiæ scarcely as
long as the head, black, the two basal joints may be brownish and
are somewhat greyish pruinose, short-haired; the third joint not much
attenuated towards the apex. Thorax dull grey, with three faint and
indistinct stripes, the two lateral brownish, the median very indistinct
or wanting. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somewhat longish,
black, biserial, the dorsocentral somewhat irregularly, the hinder of
them long; further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three
notopleural, a pair of supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; there
is also a bristle in front inwards to the humeri (this is not a bristle
special for this species, but it is here isolated). Scutellum with only
two long marginal bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with black hairs.
Abdomen grey, dull, sometimes slightly brownish grey; it is some-
what densely clothed with rather long, erect, blackish or brownish
hairs, those at the hind margins of the segments slightly stronger;
venter coloured as the dorsum, sometimes a little paler, with short
hairs. Exterior genitalia somewhat as in tarsata, the lower lamellæ
somewhat blade-shaped and pointed, directed backwards or a little
upwards; the upper lamellæ styliform and curved, but more or less
hidden between the lower; sometimes a pair of small squamulæ are
seen above at the base of the lamellæ, I think they are processes
from the eighth dorsal segment; the lamellæ are black or brown,
hairy at the margin, The eighth ventral segment is arched and drawn
somewhat forwards in under the venter (anus hians); it has long
hairs in the margin. Penis is a very thin, upwards curved, yellow
thread, somewhat sinuous near the base. Legs dirty yellowish, or
brownish, almost blackish yellow; coxæ grey pruinose. Front femora
nearly bare; middle femora with two ventral rows of fine hairs and
with short hairs on the anterior side; hind femora with dorsal and
ventral rows of fine hairs; anterior tibiæ short-haired; the middle
ones with some bristly hairs dorsally and ventrally; hind tibiæ with
short hairs ventrally, longer and less dense hairs dorsally, and here
also with rows of fine bristles; tarsi short-haired. The hairs and
bristles are blackish or brownish. Wings hyaline; veins white, the
subcostal and cubital veins yellow, anal vein evanescent at some
distance from the margin. Stigma slightly yellowish or whitish, very
faint. Balteres whitish.

Female. Frons broad, grey. The stripes on thorax slightly more
distinct, the hairs almost as long as in the male, those on abdomen
slightly shorter. Anterior legs short-haired; hind femora haired as in

Empididae. 59

the male, hind tibiæ compressed, pennate on the dorsal side, the
hairs simple and short at the base, but outwards soon becoming long
and scaly. Wings slightly yellowish tinged.

Length about 2^5 mm.

This species is recognisable by the colour, the shape of the male
genitalia and the way in which the legs in the female are pennate.
I have examined Stæger's specimens, mentioned by Zetterstedt 1. c.
The species may vary somewhat in the colour of abdomen, genitalia
and legs, these parts being darker or lighter, the latter perhaps to
some degree due to the degree of maturity; whether abdomen is
darker or lighter it is hovvever always grey or greyish. — As Zetter-
stedt says: „Stæg. in litt." the name is originally due to Stæger.

Bh. tihiella is not at all common in Denmark, I only know five
specimens; Charlottenlund (Stæger), Bøllemosen (the author). It occurs
in fens and on other humid localities in woods; it is a spring species,
my dates are ^^/o — ''/u.

Geographical distribution: — The species is only known from the
southern Sweden to Germany, and it occurs also in England (according
to specimens sent to me from Mr. Verrall.).

13. Rh. plumipes Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Enipid. 25, 23 (Empisl. — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 47,11. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 426,47. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I. 100. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 229. — Rh. geniculata: 1842.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 427, 48 et 1849. VIII, 3042, 48.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal triangle grey; epistoma
grey. Occiput likewise grey, with black, just below a little brownish
hairs. Labrum as long as the head is high or slightly longer; palpi
dark, with dark hairs. Antennæ of the length of the head, black or
brownish black, the two basal joints sometimes paler to reddish,
with short hairs; the third joint somewhat elongated, and attenuated
towards the apex. Thorax duU grey with three indistinct stripes, the
lateral slightly brownish, the median grey and very indistinct. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles of moderate length, black, biserial,
the hinder dorsocentral bristles long. Further a humeral bristle, a post-
humeral, three notopleural, a pair of supraalar and a postalar bristle,
all black. Otherwise there are almost no other bristles or hairs on
the sides of the disc. Scutellum grey, with four black marginal
bristles, the exterior very small and often wanting. Pleura grey,
metapleura with black hairs. Abdomen dull grey, sometimes a
slightly yellowish or brownish colour shines through the grey pruinosity,
but even then the abdomen is mainly greyish; the hind margins of the

60 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

segments are paler. Venter grey, but often pale yellowish or brownish
to a higher degree than the dorsal side; abdornen is densely clotiied
with black or brownish hairs, somewhat long and erect at the sides;
the hairs at the hind margins are not stronger than the others ; venter
somewhat sparingly haired. The exterior genitalia are large and
curious, I interpret the structure in the following way: the sixth
ventral segment is turned downwards so that its hind margin points
down, the somewhat large seventh segment is turned in the same

way, its downwards pointing hind margin
is arched, and its ventral side, which
points forwards, is black and shining;
the somewhat folded connecting mem-
brane between the seventh and eighth
ventral segment is distinctly seen; the
eighth ventral segment is very large,
Fi''. 18. Rh. pluniipes somewhat elongated, arched and with

male genitalia. the sides and the hind margin curved

upwards; it has somewhat long hairs at
the hind margin; the lower lamellæ are somewhat small, not stretch-
ing beyond the apex of the eighth ventral segment and somewhat
hidden in it; the upper lamellæ seem to be small and styliform, but
they are only indistinctly seen. Penis is hidden, only the upper,
thread-shaped end may sometimes be seen between the lamellæ.
Legs black or brownish, the knees more or less pale, which is most
distinct when the legs are black; coxæ greyish pruinose. The anterior
femora have some fine hairs below; the middle femora have an
antero- and postero-ventral row of longer hairs, and besides an antero-
dorsal row; the hind femora have a dorsal row of short hairs and on
the basal half very long dorsal hairs, on the ventral side they have
a very dense and short, pale pubescence which is not observable on
the middle femora. Front tibiæ short-haired and only with a single
subapical bristle; middle tibiæ with some bristles on the dorsal and
ventral side; hind tibiæ with not long hairs on the dorsal and ven-
tral side, and with some dorsal bristles. Tarsi short-haired. Besides
the legs have the ordinary but sparse clothing of short hairs. The
hairs and bristles black or brownish. Wings hyaline; veins more or
less pale yellowish to brownish, anal vein reaching the margin, weak
in the middle. Stigma a scarcely observable, yellowish shade. Halteres
whitish or yellow.

Female. Frons broad, grey, with an impressed middle-line; the
hairs on thorax and abdornen slightly shorter than in the male, the
thoracic stripes slightly more distinct. The middle femora short pen-

Empididae. 61

nate on the dorsal and ventral side; middle tibiæ ciliated on both
sides, tlie hairs on the dorsal side slightly scaly; the hind femora
and tibiæ compressed, pennate on the dorsal and ventral side, the
scaly hairs longest on the ventral side of the femora, short towards
the apex on the dorsal side, and on the ventral third part of the
tibiæ. Wings somewhat brownish tinged.

Length 3,5 — 5 mm.

This species may easily be recognised by the male genitalia, and
the way in which the legs of the female are pennate; as seen from
the description it may vary somewhat in colour, especially of the
legs, these being darker or lighter, but again I think that this varia-
tion is to some degree dependent on the maturity, but also in the
fully mature specimens some variation exists.

Bh. plumipes is not rare in Denmark, though it has not been
taken many times, and I only know it from Lersøen and Amager
Fælled; it seems to prefer somewhat humid piaces. Zetterstedt
records, that it hovers in the air towards evening. My dates are
only '^/o— ^''/e, but it is not exclusively a spring species as Zetterstedt
records it from ^°h, — ^/s.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in
Finland.

Remarks: I feel sure, that Rh, geniculata Zett. (= plumipes^ Fall.
var. pedibus obscuris) is identical with plumipes, as also suggested
by Schiner and Scholtz (Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, V, 1851, 55)
(though these authors partly refer to geniculata Meig.); I have
examined Stæger's specimens of geniculata which Zetterstedt had
seen, and they are in all respects agreeing with plumipes and especially
in the structure of the male genitalia, the hairiness of the legs in the
male and the way in which the legs in the female are pennate, and
they show every intermediate stage in the colour of the legs, from
black to somewhat light brownish, but always with the knees more
or less, sometimes very slightly, pale. In Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. geniculata
Zett. is placed as synonym to gracilipes Loew, I think on Loew's
authority; I do not know this species, but according to the descrip-
tion (Programm 1840,22, IG) I think the Identification is not correct;
Loew, who had only the male, makes no mention of the curious
genitalia, and his expression, that the front legs are specially long,
so that the species is similar to a Hemerodromia, seems not to agree
with geniculata Zett. Rh. geniculata Meig. seems to be another species.
— Whether plumipes Meig. is really the present species is doubtful,
as Meigen says, that the front femora are pennate below.

g2 Orthorrliapha brachycera.

14. Rh. pennata Macq.

1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827,133,6. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
VII, 91, 46. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 428, 49. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 100. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 228.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal fcriangle grey; epistoma
light grey. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Labrum as long as, or
slightly longer than the head is high, ferruginous or brown. Antennæ
about as long as the head, blackish, the two basal joints yellow, with
short, brownish hairs, the third joint somewhat elongated and attenuated
towards the apex. Thorax dull grey, with three narrow, brow^n stripes,
the lateral slightly abbreviated in front, the median behind, the tw^o
interstices between the stripes slightly darker grey; the hiimeri with
a yellow point. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, but
somewhat strong, black; the former uniserial, the latter biserial; the
hinder dorsocentral bristles long and also the foremost somewhat long.
Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there are only a few short
hairs. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles, the two median
strong. Pleura light grey, metapleura with blackish hairs. Abdomen
yellow or ferruginous, somewhat shining; it is densely haired with
erect, brown hairs which are long at the sides; those at the hind
margins of the segments slightly stronger than
the others. Venter yellow sparingly and short
haired. The exterior genitalia large and curious,
and they influence the shape of the hind part
of abdomen; from the sixth segment the end of
abdomen is bent upwards, the fifth dorsal seg-
ment is excised in the hind margin, and the
hind corners are drawn out and somewhat pro-
jecting; also the foUowing dorsal segments are
Fig. 19 Rh. pennata, go^g^vhat altered in shape, and they are small,
lying more or less hidden on the forwards pointing
side of the upwards turned part, the eighth ventral segment is some-
what arched; the lower lateral lamellæ are somewhat triangular (at
all events in situ), and the upper outer corner is drawn somewhat
out; they are haired on the surface and at the hind margin; the
upper lateral lamellæ are seen above between the upper edges of the
lower, they are likewise broad and have a black upper margin, but
I could not make out their exact shape, and they seera to be some-
v>'hat unsymmetrical. The yellow penis arises from the inner side of
the eighth ventral segment with a thick base, it stretches upwards and
the very thin end is curved forwards. The legs are yellow or ferruginous,

Empididae. 63

also the coxæ which are only veiy slightly pruinose. The front
femora have short, fine hairs below; the middle femora have antero-
and postero-ventral rows of short, sUghtly stronger hairs; the hind
femora are somewhat long and a Httle thickened towards the apex,
they have short hairs above and two ventral rows of short, some-
what strong, bristly hairs, the antero-ventral row is very dense at the
apex; on the postero-ventral side near the apex there is a dense and
compact tuft of strong hairs, placed on a sHght swelling, and at the
apex below there is an obliquely placed tuft of scaly hairs, this tuft
is compressed having the hairs placed in one row; these two black
hair-tufts are very conspicuous on the yellow legs; the front tibiæ
are short-haired, only with a small subapical bristle; middle tibiæ
wlth a little longer hairs ventrally, but likewise only with small
bristles at the apex; the hind tibiæ strongly curved and somewhat
excised at the base, with dense hairs on the ventral side which form
a small tuft placed on a somewhat thickened part just after the ex-
cision; on the dorsal side there are short hairs and some fine bristles;
the front tarsi have some curious, long and delicate, erect hairs on
the ventral side; the posterior tarsi are short-haired, somewhat densely
below; the posterior femora have a very dense, short, white pubes-
cence below. The hairs and bristles are black or blackish brown.
Besides the legs have the ordinary clothing of short hairs, somewhat
conspicuous on account of the yellow colour of the legs. Wings
slightly yellowish tinged; veins light brownish, anal vein distinct,
reaching the margin. Stigma faint, yellowish. Halteres yellow or
yellowish white.

Female. Frons broad, grey, with an impressed middle-line. Ab-
dornen short haired. Front legs short haired, tarsi without long hairs;
posterior legs compressed, middle femora short ciliated above, pen-
nate below, middle tibiæ pennate on both sides with very long and
rather broad scaly hairs; hind femora and tibiæ pennate on both
sides, the scaly hairs on the dorsal side of the femora short and not
very broad, the rest long and broad as on the middle tibiæ; the
scaly hairs are blackish or dark brown, when seen towards the light
they are brownish. Wings brownish fumigated.

Length 4,5 to about 6 mm.

This species is at once recognised by the colour, the shape of the
legs and exterior genitalia in the male, and the very strongly pennate
legs in the female.

Rh.pennata is not common in Denmark and has only been taken
at few localities, but sometimes present in no small number; Ler-
søen, Dyrehaven; on Lolland at Maribo and in Jutland at Silkeborg;

64 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

my dates are ^/e to towards the end of June ; it seems thus to some
degree to be a spring species. It has been taken in plantations of
Salix, as also recorded by Zetterstedt.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north it goes no further than to southern
Sweden.

15. Rh. dentipes Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 397, 9, et 1849. VIII, 3055, 9. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 224.

Male. Eves contiguous, frontal triangle very small, grey; epistoma
grey. Occiput grey with black hairs. Labrum as long as or a little
longer than the head is high; palpi dark, brownish haired. Antennæ
about as long as the head, black, the two basal joints slightly short-
haired, the third joint elongated, slightly attenuated towards the apex.
Thorax grey, almost bluish grey, practically without stripes, only the
two interstices between the bristles a little darker. The dorsocentral
bristles longish, a little longer behind, uniserial, the acrostichal bristles
short, biserial, all black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about
three notopleural, two supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black;
besides there are a pair of bristles in front, inwards to the humeri,
and also some smaller bristles are present. Scutellum with four black
marginal bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with black or brownish
hairs. Abdomen light grey, with black or brownish, somewhat erect,

longish hairs. Venter of the same
colour, somewhat sparingly haired.
Exterior genitalia of a curious shape,
the upper lamellæ large, somewhat
triangular or pointed oval and some-
what spoon-shaped, they are finely
grey pruinose, in certain directions
Fig. !20. Rh. dentipes, male genitalia. shining almost whitish ; the lower

lamellæ are broad at the base,
tapering into a long and thin. ferruginous apex, in the middle of the
upper margin there is a triangular tooth ; they are long-haired,
especially long at the apex; between the upper and lower lamellæ
there is on each side a small style, perhaps belonging to the lower
lamellæ. The eighth ventral segment is arched, and from here the
curious penis projects; it is ferruginous, thread-like, sinuous at the
base, stretching far backwards and then again curved forwards with
the end part. Legs black or brownish black; coxæ greyish pruinose;
the hind legs are of a curious shape, the hind femora thickened

Empididae. 65

towards the apex, with a somewhat triangular tooth a little before
the apex on the ventral side and a small tooth at its base more
apically; the hind tibiæ are curiously curved with the convexity out-
wards, and curiously dilated and excised at the base, so that there
is a tooth outwards and a tubercle inwards on the ventral side ; when
femora and tibiæ are closed towards each other these formations
work into each other. The anterior femora are short-haired ; the
middle femora with longer hairs below; hind femora with rows of
hairs on the posterior and ventral sides, the latter long, forming a
posterior and anterior row which latter is present only on the apical
half; the tooth has short, strong hairs at the apex; front tibiæ with-
out bristles; middle tibiæ with a few on the dorsal side, and with
short, somewhat strong hairs ventrally ; hind tibiæ with not long hairs
on the dorsal side and with dense hairs on the somewhat edge-shaped
antero-ventral side, being specially dense towards the tooth ; tarsi
short-haired, slightly spinulous below. The hairs are black or brownish.
Besides there is the ordinary clothing of shorter hairs. Wings hyaline ;
veins yellowish or darker or paler brown, anal vein thin, evanescent
in the middle, but again distinct towards the margin and reaching
this. Stigma yellowish. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Eyes separated, frons broad, grey. Abdomen shorter
haired than in the male. Legs simple, haired about as in the male,
hind tibiæ somewhat short-haired dorsally and with more bristly
hairs on the postero-dorsal side. Wings slightly tinged; veins and
stigma a little darker than in the male.

Length 3,8—4,5 mm.

This species is in the male at once recognised by the hind legs
and exterior genitalia; the female can be distinguished by the light
grey, unstriped thorax and also by the, in the middle evanescent
anal vein.

Rh. dentipes is very rare in Denmark, only four specimens have
been taken, and it has only recently been known as belonging to our
fauna, the first specimen was taken in 1908; Ermelund (the author)
and at Nyraad near Vordingborg (J. C. Nielsen) ; the dates are ^^/e — ^/e,
it is thus a spring species.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

16. Rh. flava Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 30, 35 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 59, 36. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 438, 62. — 1862.
Schin. F.A. I, 97. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 225.

5

66 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Male. Eyes separated, frons narrow, brownish; epistoma extremely
narrow, brownish. Occiput grey, with black hairs; labrum somewhat
longer than, towards twice as long as the head is high, yellow; palpi
pale yellow with a dark hair at the apex. Antennæ somewhat longer
than the head, inserted somewhat high, above the middle, brownish
black; the two basal joints yellow, with short, dark hairs, the first
joint long and slender, about twice as long as the second; the third
joint elongated, strongly attenuated towards the apex, the style long,
not much shorter than the third joint. Thorax yellow, only slightly
shining. The dorsocentral bristles long, uniserial, somewhat longer
behind, the acrostichal bristles short, somewhat indistinctly biserial,
all black, Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about two noto-
pleural, one or two supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; besides
there is a bristle in front inwards to the humeri, and some smaller
hairs. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura yellow,
metapleura with black hairs, Abdomen relatively long and slender,
yellow, a liltle pruinose and slightly shining; sometimes it is a little
darkened above, especially towards the apex; the incisures may be
indistinctly brownish ; it is somewhat sparingly haired with short, black
or dark brownish hairs; those at the hind margins of the segments
are slightly longer and stronger, especially in front. Venter yellow
with short hairs, and also with a few longer at the hind margins of
the segments. Exterior genitalia small and inconspicuous; the lower
lamellæ somewhat triangular, the upper (as far as I could see) some-
what styliform. Penis a short, somewhat thick, upwards curved thread.
Legs long and slender, yellow, tibiæ slightly brownish towards the
apex, tarsi brownish ; coxæ yellow. Anterior femora short-haired with
slightly longer hairs on the antero-ventral side and with a few bristly
hairs at the apex; hind femora similarly haired, in the apical fourth
part with a few thin bristles on the ventral and anterior sides; an-
terior tibiæ short-haired; the middle ones with a few bristles on
various sides; hind tibiæ with some bristles in two dorsal rows. Tarsi
short-haired, middle and hind tarsi slightly spinulous beneath. The
hairs and bristles black or at all events dark. The ordinary clothing
of short hairs is somewhat dense, the hairs not adpressed and rather
conspicuous, also on account of their dark colour. Wings hyaline,
very slightly yellowish tinged; veins brownish, anal vein not reaching
the margin. Stigma faint, yellowish. Balteres yellow or pale yellow.

Female, Frons slightly broader than in the male, epistoma much
broader, greyish; otherwise it is quite similar to the male, also with
regard to the hairiness of the legs.

Length 4—4,8 mm.

Empididae. 67

This curious species is at once distinguished in the male by the
colour, the separated eyes and the narrow epistoma; the female is
on the contrary very hke the female of hijhrida, under which species
I shall note the specific differences, It is a very interesting species;
the whole structure of the body and the shape of the exterior geni-
talia bring it near to the following species, while on the other hånd
the separated eyes in the male make it stand a little apart.

Bh.flava is very rare in Denmark, I only know of two specimens,
one taken at an earlier time, probably in the vicinity of Copenhagen
(Stæger), and one from Horsens in Jutland (H. J. Hansen), both females.
It was taken in August.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, but here rare,
and in Finland. Zetterstedt mentions, that he took it on flowers of
Umbelliferæ and Composites in shaded piaces. Verrall (Entom. Month.
May. XIX, 1883, 224) records, that he met with the males hovering
about six feet from the ground in plantations in considerable numbers.

Remarks: The separated eyes in the male of this species have
not, Strange to say, been noted previously, neither by Zetterstedt nor
by Meigen, and also Frey (Acta Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 31,
No. 9, 1909, 20) makes no mention of this faet, but piaces the species
in his group 3. Zetterstedt says, that the antennæ in the female are
quite black, but this is erroneous, as they have the two basal joints
yellow as in the male; I think Zetterstedt has confused it with the
female of hybrida which has the basal joints of the antennæ darker.
The shape of the head in the male of flava is somewhat curious, not
alone by the separated eyes, but also by the high inserted antennæ
and by the faet, that the epistoma is very narrow, the eyes going
near to each other below the antennæ.

17. Rh. culicina Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 28, 29 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 52, 19. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 421,41. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. 1, 99. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 224.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal triangle brown; epistoma
greyish. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Labrum about as long as,
or somewhat longer than the head is high, ferruginous ; palpi yellowish.
Antennæ about as long as the head, black or brownish black, the
two basal joints brown, with short hairs, the third joint elongated,
not much attenuated towards the apex. Thorax black or brownish
black, duU, somewhat velvet ; two more brownish and less duU stripes
are visible, the intermediate and side spaces thus forming three darker

(38 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

stripes, but very indistinctly ; when seen quite from in front thorax
is greyish, especially the two stripes and a space in front of scutellum.
Tiie dorsocentral bristles somewhat long, longest behind, the acrosti-
chal bristles short, all black and uniserial. Further a humeral bristle,
a posthumeral, two or three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, besides there is a small anterior supraalar bristle, but other-
wise no hairs; the bristles are all black. Scutellum brownish grey,
with four black marginal bristles. Pleura grey, somewhat yellowlsh,
metapleura with black hairs. Abdomen relatively long and slender,
velvet black, above sometimes somewhat brow^nish, down the sides it
becomes reddish or yellowish, and the venter is more or less pale
yellowish, palest at the base; it is clothed with erect, brownish hairs
which are somewhat longish at the sides, longest in front; the hairs
at the hind margins of the segments very slightly stronger than the
others; venter somewhat short-haired. Exterior genitalia small and
inconspicuous, the lower lamellæ seem to be somewhat blade-shaped,
the upper styliform; they are short-haired. Penis is a short, thick,
upwards curved thread, not protruding. Legs long and slender, yel-
low, also the coxæ; tarsi brown and the very apex of tibiæ also
slightly darkened. Femora short-haired, the posterior femora very
slightly longer haired below; just at the apex of the femora a couple
of stronger, bristly hairs; tibiæ short-haired, front tibiæ very densely
haired with line and a little longish hairs on the ventral side; posterior
tibiæ haired in the same way with less fine, shorter hairs ; front tibiæ
with a few thin bristles dorsally, middle tibiæ with some bristles on
the various sides, hind tibiæ with two dorsal rows of a little stronger
bristles. Tarsi short-haired, most densely beneath, on the front tarsi
the hairs below very fine as on the tibiæ; the posterior tarsi slightly
spinulous. All bristles black or brownish black, the hairs more
brownish to paler brown. The ordinary clothing of the legs not
sparse and somewhat conspicuous on account of its darker colour.
Wings brownish tinged, somewhat iridescent; veins darker or paler
brown, anal vein distinct, slightly thinner at the apex, reaching the
margin. Stigma brownish, little conspicuous, but large, filling the
whole apical part of the subcostal cell. Halteres brownish yellow.

Female. Eyes separated, but the frons narrow, slightly widened
downwards, grey. Thorax grey, the same two stripes as in the male
slightly visible. Abdomen more or less yellowish, darker above.
Thorax and abdomen haired as in the male, and likewise the legs.
Wings hyaline, somewhat yellowish tinged; stigma faint. Halteres
yellow.

Length 4,5 to about 5,5 mm.

Empididae. 69

This species will be recognised among the Danish species witli-
out difficulty; the male shows resemblance to the male of hybrida,
but the latter is a smaller species with still darker wings, and besides
it differs by other characters, mentioned under this latter species; the
female only might be confused with the female of variahilis, but this
has no acrostichal bristles. The species is also like sciarina which is
not hitherto tound in Denmark, but this is a much smaller species,
(and perhaps it is only a synonym to hyhrida, see under this species).

Bh. culicina is very rare in Denmark, only one single specimen,
a male, has been taken earlier; no locality is given for it.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe, down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia but there
becoming rare; and in Finland, According to Zetterstedt it occurs
on leaves and on flowers of UmbelUferæ on shaded piaces; it is an
autumn species, Zetterstedt gives the dates Vs — ^/a.

18. Rh. hybrida Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 572,46. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 438,63.
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 226.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the very small frontal triangle dark
brownish; epistoma short, pale brown. Occiput dark grey, with black
hairs. Labrum a little longer than the head is high, thin, ferruginous;
palpi yellow. Antennæ shorter than the head, black, the two basal
joints may be dark brownish, they are not distinctly hairy, the third
joint elongated, somewhat attenuated towards the apex. Thorax
velvet black or brownish black, with slight traces of a pair of less
dull stripes in the middle. The dorsocentral bristles of moderate
length, uniserial; the acrostichal bristles short and very inconspicuous,
they are biserial or irregularly uniserial ; all the bristles black. Further
a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, generally two notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum greyish brown, with four
black marginal bristles. Pleura greyish or yellowish brown, meta-
pleura with brown hairs. Abdomen relatively slender, velvet black,
sometimes slightly brownish black, and it may be brownish down the
sides. Venter yellow. Abdomen somewhat sparingly clothed with
black or brownish hairs which are short above, longer and erect at
the sides; those at the hind margins of the segments a little stronger
than the others; venter sparingly haired with short hairs. Exterior
genitalia small and inconspicuous, the lower lamellæ somewhat blade-
shaped, the upper lamellæ directed upwards and likewise somewhat
broad; both pairs somewhat shining. Penis a short, upwards curved,
thick thread, not protruding. Legs somewhat long and slender,

70 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

yellow, also the coxæ; tarsi more or less browned. The anterior
femora short-haired ; hind femora likewise, but with a single ventral
bristle about in the middle and an antero-dorsal bristle nearer the apex ;
front tibiæ with a single bristle on the dorsal side, and with slightly
longish and fine hairs ventrally; middle tibiæ with some very short
bristles on the various sides; hind tibiæ with one or two bristles
ventrally, and with two dorsal rows of slightly longer bristles. Tarsi
short-haired, the front tarsi with hairs below like those on the tibiæ;
the posterior tarsi very slightly spinulous beneath. The hairs and
bristles blackish or brownish. The ordinary clothing on the legs not
sparse, darker or paler brown. Wings strongly brown fumigated,
somewhat irridescent; veins brown, the anal vein looks abbreviated,
but generally a very slight trace is observable to the margin (not to
be confused with the fold found here). Stigma brownish, little con-
spicuous. Halteres paler or darker brown.

Female. Very unlike the male, but only as to colour. Eyes
separated, frons narrow, brownish. Thorax reddish yellow, with three
paler, slightly greyish stripes, or thorax might be termed yellowish
with two stripes and the sides reddish. Scutellum, pleura and ab-
domen yellow. Thorax and abdomen haired as in the male. Legs
as in the male and haired in the same way. Wings hyaline, slightly
yellowish tinged; veins paler brown, anal vein as in the male, but a
little more distinctly traceable to the margin, and the apex just at
the margin generally a little more distinct. Stigma very faint. Halteres
yellow.

Length 3,5 — 4 mm.

This species stands somewhat curiously between the two pre-
ceding; the male resembles the male of Rh. cAilicina, but is however
easily distinguished ; it is smaller and has darker wings, and the anal
vein is more distinct in cuHcina; the genitalia in lujhrida are more
conspicuous, shining, and the upper lamellæ larger, directed upwards
and not styliforra ; finaily culicina has the front tibiæ more densely
haired below and has no bristle ventrally near the middle on the
hind femora. The female on the other hånd closely resembles the
female of flava, but may be distinguished with certainty; it is smaller,
the colouration of thorax is different, as -fiava has a uniformly yellow
thorax without stripes; the antennæ are not as in flava inserted
above the middle, they have the basal joints only brownish, not yel-
low; and also in this sex the bristle below the hind femora is charac-
teristic; fmally flava has the anal vein quite abbreviated. That the
two sexes really belong to one species is beyond doubt, Zetterstedt
has taken them in copula, and also here they have been taken, to

Empididae. 71

be sure not in copula, but liowever together. Zetterstedt notes the
resemblance between the males of hyhrida and sciarina, and the
females of Injhrida and flava and says: „An copulatio hybrida?" This
copulation should thus take place between the sciarina-TiiOiXe and the
j^a?;a-female ; as shown above this cannot be so, since the hybrida-
female is distinct from the /?a«ja-female, but with regard to sciarina
the case is doubtful; the saanna-female seems not to be known, it
is at all events not described, and as the species belongs to a group
with sexual dimorphism in the colour, this feniale must probably be
expected to differ somewhat from the male, I have only seen a
single specimen of sciarina, but I am inclined to think, that it is only
the male to hybrida; should this prove to be the case, hybrida should
have the name sciarina.

Rh. hybrida is not common in Denmark, but sometimes taken in
some number; Lersøen (Stæger), Damhusmosen (the author); it has
thus hitherto only been taken in the neighbourhood of Copenhagen.
It occurs on flowers of Umbelliferæ, generally near water, Stæger
has thus taken it on Chaerophyllum sylvestre; it seems to be an
autumn species, my dates are ^'^li — ^*^/s,

Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only known
from Sweden, towards the north to Lapland; its southern limit should
thus lie in Denmark.

19. Rh. nigripennis Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 407,20 (Empis). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl.
144, 7 {Tachydromia). — 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 30, 34 {Empis).
— 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 424, 45. — EhampJwmyia obscuripennis :
1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 340,39. — 1893. Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steierm.
1892, 59, (as var. b of timbrijjennis).

Male. Eyes contiguous, frontal triangle black; epistoma black.
Occiput blackish, somewhat shining, with black hairs. Labrum as
long as the head is high; palpi black, with black hairs at the apex.
Antennæ as long as the head or slightly longer, black, the two basal
joints with a few short, black hairs, the third joint elongated and
attenuated towards the apex. Thorax strongly arched, deep velvet
black, somewhat shining in front and at the sides. The dorsocentral
bristles somewhat short, black, uniserial; no acrostichal bristles.
Further a humeral, a posthumeral, a pair of notopleural and a
postalar bristle, all black, but so far as I could see there is no
supraalar bristle. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura
black or greyish black, slightly shining, metapleura with black hairs.
Abdomen somewhat slender, deep velvet black on the dorsal side

72 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

and the upper part of the sides; on the lower part of the sides
shilling and sometimes somewhat translucently brownish. It is sparingly
clothed with short, black hairs. Venter greyish or brownish, more
or less pale, with short hairs. Exterior genitalia small, the lower
lamellæ somewhat blade-like, the upper styliform, pointed, somewhat
broader at the base; both pairs with short hairs apically. Penis
thick at the base, curved upwards and hidden. Sometimes the genitalia
are more retracted, and the mentioned structure not or indistinctly
seen. Legs slender; front coxæ yellow, posterior coxæ darker, brownish
or blackish; femora yellowish to brownish, generally darker towards
the apex; tibiæ and tarsi dark brown to blackish. Femora short-
haired, only the hind femora with some longer hairs above at the
base; tibiæ likewise short-haired, front tibæ with slightly longish,
dense hairs below; anterior tibiæ without bristles; hind tibiæ short-

Fig. 21. Wing of Rh. nigripennis.

but distinctly haired on both sides and with some small bristles
dorsally; tarsi short-haired; the posterior tarsi slightly spinulous
beneath, the front tarsi with dense hairs below as on the tibiæ.
Wings strongly blackish fumigated, iridescent; they are darkest to-
wards the anterior margin, sometimes some shades may be seen,
seaming the veins, especially the postical vein, at other times no
shades are visible. Veins blackish or brownish, anal vein abbreviated,
the discai cell lying before the middle of the wing. Stigma brownish
black. Halteres dark brown or black.

Female. Eyes separated, frons somewhat narrow, black, shining.
Thorax black, shining. Abdomen darker or paler brown, somewhat
shining. Femora generally more yellow on the basal part; legs haired
as in the male, only the dense hairs below the front tibiæ wanting.
Wings hyaline, somewhat yellowish tinged.

Length 2,5 — 4 mm., the latter size only reached by females Avith
fully extended abdomen.

This species can only be confused with the following, under which
I shall give the distinguishing characters.

Bh. nigripennis is a common species in Denmark ; Copenhagen
in gardens. Amager, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Lyngby Mose, Ørholm

Empididae. 73

Præstevang and Tyvekrogen at Hillerød, Boserup near Roskilde; on
Funen at Odense; on Langeland at Lohals and on Bornholm at
Rønne, Hasle, Rø and Almindingen; on the other hånd it has hitherto
not been taken in Jutland, which is however probably only accidental.
It is seen during most part of the summer, my dates are '-^le — ^/s. It
occurs in thickets, in fens and on humid piaces, and in low herbage
in woods on shaded localities; it is here seen hovering in the air
over the piants with the hind legs pendulous. When alive it has
bright red eyes.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to Lapland, but here it seems rare;
and in Finland.

Remarks: Meigen (Syst. Beschr. III, 54) cites nigripennis Fall.
under his umbripennis, but says, that the name cannot be kept, as
the species is not Tachydromia nigripennis Fabr., and in VII, 334, 7
he enumerates Fabricius' species as Ocydromia nigripennis, but this
is erroneous. Fabricius says: „Habitat in Daniæ floribus Mus. Dom.
Lund." In the collection of Tønder-Lund there are two specimens
present under the name of nigripennis, and both belong to the pre-
sent species which must thus have the name nigripennis Fabr., and
Fallen was quite right in his interpretation. Now the species is
not umbripennis Meig., but certainly his obscuripennis and identical
with var. b. obscuripennis Strobl. Meigen says, that the anal vein
reaches the hind margin, but I think Strobl is right in supposing,
that Meigen has been misled by the shade stretching from the anal
vein. I think it also certain, that Zetterstedt's nigripennis is the pre-
sent species, as also suggested by Strobl.

20. Rh. umbripennis Meig.

182!2. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 54, 25. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, lOL
— 1893. Strobl, Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 59, (var. a. umbripennis). —
1903. Kat palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 231, (excl. synon. sub. nigripennis).

Male. Eyes contiguous, the small frontal triangle black; epistoma
black. Occiput greyish black, slightly shining, with black hairs.
Labrum as long as or a little longer than the head is high; palpi
black, slightly blackish haired. Antennæ as long as the head, black,
the two first joints with a few short hairs, the third joint elongated,
attenuated towards the apex. Thorax strongly arched, deep velvet
black, not or only slightly shining in front and not at all at the sides.
The dorsocentral bristles somewhat long, black, uniserial; no acrosti-
chal bristles, A humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a pair of notopleural,
a supraalar and a postalar bristle present, all black. Scutellum has

74 Orthorrliapha brachycera,

four black marginal bristles, Pleura greyish black, metapleura with
black hairs. Abdomen rather slender, deep velvet black, sometimes
slightly shining down the sides. Venter black or greyish black, shining.
Abdomen is somewhat sparingly clothed with short, black hairs;
venter simiiarly haired. Exterior genitalia very small and inconspicuous,
the lower lamellæ styliform, the upper broader. Penis is sometimes
seen betvveen the upper lamellæ as a very thin thread. Legs black
or brownish; the coxæ all dark, slightly greyish pruinose; hind meta-
tarsi slightly swollen. Femora short-haired, the hairs above a little
more conspicuous; front tibiæ with fine, slightly longish hairs below;
anterior tibiæ without bristles, hind tibiæ with small bristles dorsally;
front tarsi with fme hairs below as on the tibiæ, posterior tarsi
slightly spinulous beneath. Wings somewhat strongly brown fumi-
gated, darkest towards the anterior margin, irridescent. Veins brownish
or blackish, anal vein abbreviated ; discai cell lying before the middle.
Stigma brownish. Halteres black or blackish brown.

Female. Eyes separated, frons not specially narrow, duU blackish.
Thorax black, very slightly shining, almost dull. Abdomen greyish
black, a little more shining. Legs as in the male, only the hind
metatarsi not thickened, and the fine hairs below the front legs ab-
sent. Wings nearly quite hyaline.

Length 2,5 — 2,8 mm.

This species is very like nigripennis, but it is with certainty distin-
guished by several characters; the male is distinguished by the thicker
hind metatarsi and a different shape of the exterior genitalia, the
wings are less blackish, more brown. The female has almost quite
clear wings, abdomen is black, not brownish, and thorax almost not
shining. In both sexes the legs are dark, and especially the front
coxæ show no trace of pale colour. Besides there are other more
minute characters, the dorsocentral bristles are longer, and also the
hairs on the venter are longer; the legs are less long, and finally the
species is smaller.

Rh. umhrlpennis is rare in Denmark and has only been taken in
1908 on two localities; Tyvekrogen (the author), and at Nøddebo (J.
C. Nielsen); the dates are ^^/s and ^Vo; it seems thus in contrast to
nigripennis to be a spring species. It was taken in low herbage in
woods on humid ground or near water, among others it was sitting
in great numbers in the flowers of Taraxacum.

Geographical distribution:— Europe down into Spain; it seems
to have its northern limit in Denmark, as there is every reason to
take Zetterstedt's nigripennis to be the preceding species.

Remarks: It is beyond doubt that this and the preceding species

Empididae. 75

are distinct, and Fallen and Zetterstedt have certainly never had it,
Strobl 1. c. has recognised both species, but takes them to be varie-
ties; such characters however as the thickened hind metatarsi (not
seen by Strobl) and the shape of the genitalia do not vary, and as
mentioned there are many other characters, and also the characters
from the colour I have found constant. Bh. umbripemiis seems also
to occur in spring, not as nigripennis during the whole summer, and
it seems to be a more southern species.

21. Rh. variabilis Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 29, 33 {Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 51,18. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 407,23. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 99. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 231.

Male. Eyes contiguous, the very small frontal triangle dark;
epistoma short, dark greyish. Occiput grey, with blackish, downwards
more brownish hairs. Labrum somewhat longer than, towards one
and a half times as long as the head is high, ferruginous or brownish;
palpi yellow with a long hair at the apex. Antennæ as long as, or
slightly longer than the head, brownish black, the two basal joints
with short hairs, the third long, attenuated towards the apex. Thorax
brown, dull, with three indistinct, slightly darker stripes, the median
broadest and most distinct, the lateral often disappearing. The dorso-
central bristles long, black, uniserial; no acrostichal bristles. One or
two humeral bristles, a posthumeral, generally three notopleural, one
or two supraalar and a postalar bristle are present, all long and
black; besides there are some shorter, bristly hairs, especially a tuft
on the humeri. Scutellum with four, rather strong, black marginal
bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with strong, black hairs; the spiracles
brown. Abdomen brownish black, dull along the dorsum, somewhat
shining on the sides; it may be more or less translucently brown or
yellowish brown, especially at the sides; venter brownish, more or
less translucent. Abdomen is clothed with erect, black hairs; the
hairs at the hind margins of the segments much longer and stronger
than the others and hence very conspicuous; venter with short hairs.
Exterior genitalia small and inconspicuous, the lower lamellæ broad
and short, the upper somewhat styliform ; the end of the penis some-
times seen above as a thick thread. Legs somewhat long and rather
strong, yellowish or ferruginous, the apex of the tibiæ and the tarsi
dark brown or blackish; coxæ more or less greyish pruinose, the
front coxæ sometimes only to a slight degree. Femora mainly short-
haired, the anterior femora generally with some bristly hairs on the
dorsal and posterior sides; all femora with a few stronger bristles at

76 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

the apex on the anterior and posterior sides; front tibiæ with some
bristles dorsally, and with fine, longish hairs ventrally; middle tibiæ
with bristles on the various sides; hind tibiæ with two dorsal and
one anterior row of somewhat strong bristles. Tarsi short-haired,
anterior tarsi with fine hairs below as on the tibiæ; all tarsi spinulous
beneath, the hind metatarsi with a few bristly hairs above. All
bristles black; the ordinary elothing on the legs blackish or brown,
somewhat dense, and rather conspicuous. Wings more or less brownish
tinged; veins brown, anal vein distinct, reaching the margin. Stigma
brown, distinct. Balteres darker or paler yellow.

Female. Eyes separated, frons and epistoma grey. Thorax grey,
without distinct stripes. Abdomen grey or more or less brownish;
the hairs on thorax a little shorter, those on abdomen much shorter
than in the male. Legs as in the male and mainly haired in the
same way, but the bristles are shorter and less numerous and there
are no bristles on the dorsal and posterior sides of the anterior
femora, and no longish hairs below the front legs. Wings hyaline or
very slightly tinged. Stigma faint, yellowish. Halteres whitish or
pale yellow.

Length 3,5 — 4,2 mm.

This species is easily distinguished by the strong pilosity of thorax,
and the strong bristles at the hind margins of the abdominal segments
in the male; also the colour distinguishes it; from culicina it is at
once distinguished by the absence of acrostichal bristles.

Ril. variabilis is common in Denmark; Geel Skov, Ruderhegn,
Vedbæk; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge and in Jutland at Rye
near Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg, Holstebro in great numbers, at
Gjerlev near Randers Fjord and at Hobro. It is a somewhat late
occurring species, my dates are from the last part of July to ^■'l9. It
occurs generally in low herbage, but otherwise on different localities,
both somewhat humid and dry, and also on sandy piaces, and both
in woods and outside.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, being rare farther
north; and in Finland.

Remarks: I have determined this species as variabilis FalL, but
for the rest I think it beyond doubt, that this and tenuirostris Fall.
are identical. I have seen specimens of both species from Zetter-
stedt's collection, and I find no difference, not even in the length of
the proboscis. Already Fallen seems to have had some doubt about
the species, as he says that he can scarcely distinguish them; the
only character given by Fallen, Zetterstedt and Meigen is the length

Empididae. 77

of the „haustellum", and this character is, as well known, without
value, being dependent on the length to which the labium is extended ;
other characters mentioned are only such as are due to the degree
of maturity,

22. Rh. gibba Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 32, 41 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 58, 32. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 437, 61 et 1849. VIII,
3045,61.— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 101. — 1903. Kat.palaarkt.Dipt.il, 225.

Male. Eyes not quite contiguous, leaving a very narrow frontal
stripe between them which is black, shining; epistoma somewhat
narrow, black. Occiput greyish black, only very slightly hairy. Labrum
about as long as the head is high, black, proboscis somewhat thick;
palpi blackish. Antennæ about of the length of the head, black, the
two basal joints short-hairy, the third joint somewhat elongated, the
style short. Thorax very much arched, black, strongly shining; the
disc is clothed with very short, black hairs; biserial acrostichal hairs
may be discerned, but the dorsocentral bristles are not distinguished'
from the other hairs towards the sides; only behind there are some
long dorsocentral bristles; of the usual bristles there seems only to
be one, a notopleural, present. Scutellum black, shining, with four
long, black marginal bristles. Pleura greyish black pruinose, meta-
pleura with black hairs. Abdomen short and robust, black, shining,
with short, black hairs; venter similarly coloured and haired. Exterior
genitalia somewhat thick, there is a large, arched plate below (eighth
ventral segment?), and a pair of upwards directed lamellæ above;
between the latter the penis extends as a thin, ferruginous thread,
curved upwards. Legs black or brownish black, shining; coxæ some-
what blackish grey pruinose; hind femora thick, the hind tibiæ of a
curious shape, curved, somewhat nodose, and hairy; hind metatarsi
slightly thickened. Front femora short-haired ; the middle femora
have a row of hairs below, and the hind femora are similarly haired ;
the front tibiæ have no bristles, the middle tibiæ have a pair of
bristles on the dorsal side, the hind tibiæ are short- and densely
haired on the dorsal side, the hairs stopping a little before the base,
and here forming a small tuft; tarsi short-haired. All the hairs
brownish. Wings whitish hyaline; veins white or yellowish, radial
vein short, discai cell elongated, the medial cross-vein quite near to
its base, anal vein not reaching the margin. Stigma narrow and
very faint, scarcely observable. Halteres black.

Female. Eyes separated, frons narrow, shining black. Legs
simple, without bristles ; hind femora short ciliated below, hind tibiæ

78

Orthorihapha brachycera.

short and thick, longish ciliated on the antero-dorsal side with sonie-
what scaly hairs; hind metatarsi somewiiat thickened, densely iiairy
on the dorsal side. Wings slightly yellowish tinged, sometimes slightly

Fig. 22. Wing of Bh. gihha.

brownish in the middle at the anterior margin. Veins darker than
in the male. Stigma a httle more distinct.

Length 2,5 mm.

This small, thick-set, black shining species is at once recognised
by its whole exterior from any other species of Rhamphomtjia.

Rh.gibha is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose (Stæger), Geel Skov
(the author) ; in Jutland in Vejle Nørreskov (the author) and at Laven
near Silkeborg (H. J, Hansen); the dates are ^Vt — "•/o, the species thus
being an autumn species, It occurs in fens and in low herbage in
woods, and it has been taken on flowers of Umbelliferæ,

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden.

Rh. cana Zett.
In 1849, in Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3043, 50—51 Zetterstedt establishes
a species, Rh. cana, which is again mentioned in XI, 4272, 50 — 51 ;
about it is said: „Hab. in Dania, D. Stæger, qui specimen pro describendo
mutuo communicavit 1848." It should thus belong to our fauna. Only
the male is known, and there seems to have been only one specimen.
We do not have the species in our coUection, and I then wrote to Dr.
Bengtsson, the director of the museum in Lund, where Zetterstedt's
coUection is. He kindly communicated me, that the species was not
to be found. It is thus lost, and I think it doubtful whether it will
ever be recognised. I shall not reprint here Zetterstedt's description
to which I refer. The species is said to be similar to obscura, but
of a lighter colour, and to coracina, but smaller. Thorax light grey,
without stripes. Abdomen grey, slightly hairy, with „ano hiante,
filato". The wings are whitish hyaline, the anal vein does not reach

Empididae. 79

the margin. Halteres white. Legs not slender, brownish black,
simple, the hind tibiæ with black bristles on the dorsal side. —
Length VU".

5. Cmpis Linné.

Species of somewhat large to small size, and of a more or less
slender shape. The colour black or blackish, but generally more or
less grey or brown pruinose; sometimes the colour is yellow, and
then generally wih dark stripes on thorax and abdomen. The head
is small, globular, narrower than thorax; sometimes it is somewhat
elongated and pear-shaped; occiput is arched, or, when the head is
elongated, drawn out and conical; it is more or less densely clothed
with hairs or bristles, and there are likewise more or less numerous
ocellar hairs or bristles. The eyes are larger or smaller; they are
either touching in the male and separated in the female, or separated
in both sexes, in some cases very narrowly separated. When the
eyes are touching in the male, the facets in the upper part are
larger than in the lower part, but the dividing line is generally not
distinct or only so in rare cases; the small facets stretch upwards at
the hind margin of the eye. The species with the eyes separated in
both sexes have all facets small and of equal size. The colour of
the eyes is brownish. The incision in the inner eye-margin is small
and shallow, sometimes almost wanting. There are three ocelli,
placed on a prominent tubercle. The antennæ are inserted near to
each other, in or a little above the middle; they are five-jointed ; the
first joint is shorter or longer, the second short, the third is more or
less elongated, conically tapering, and compressed; the two last joints
form a style the first joint of which is the shortest. The two first
antennal joints have shorter or longer hairs or bristles. Epistoma is
broader or narrower and has generally below, at the margin of the
oral aperture, a somewhat elevated callus, towards the sides con-
tinuing into the narrow jowls. The following description of the mouth
parts is chiefly taken from E. tessellata. There is a small oral cone;
on the front-side of it lies the chitinised clypeus which is somewhat
horse-shoe-shaped, stretching with one leg down on each side. Pro-
boscis is about twice as long as the head is high, (from a little longer
than the head is high to almost as long as the body in the various
species); it is directed vertically downwards. Labrum is strong, as
long as proboscis, very high at the base, semitubular, and three-
pointed at the apex, the two lateral lobes are well chitinised, the
median less. The maxillæ have a thread-shaped lacinia, a little shorter
than proboscis; the palpi are cylindrical, one-jointed, directed some-

80 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

what upwards. Hypopharynx is of the length of the proboscis,
straight, pointed and a little dilated at the apex; it is somewhat
semitubular. Labium is long and narrow, tlie labella are about one
third of the length of the basal part of labium and not broader, they
are cleft to their base and hairy below and at the apex; the basal
part of labium is well chitinised. There is a long connecting mem-
brane at the base of labium, and when this is stretched out the
labium reaches far beyond the labrum; in rest this membrane is
folded in and (generally, in some species not) likewise the oral cone,
the clypeus is then withdrawn into the oral aperture. Thorax is al-
most rectangular, somewhat arched above; prothorax is distinct, ring-
like, or sometimes {Xanthempis) specially developed; it has variously
arranged bristles above. There is a narrow metanotum, but no meta-
sternum, the whole space between the hind coxæ and first ventral
segment being membranous. There are dorsocentral and most fre-
quently also acrostichal bristles, but they may be variously developed,
more or less numerous, longer or shorter and present in one or more
rows; the acrostichal bristles may be absent; the bristles are generally
longer and stronger behind. Besides there may be smaller hairs on
the sides of the disc. There are generally humeral, posthumeral,
some notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, but some of
them may be absent. Scutellum has two to several marginal bristles;
metapleura have stronger or weaker bristles which are more or less
numerous. Abdomen is somewhat long and more or less slender,
generally more slender in the male than in the female. It consists of
eight segments, but the last is sometimes hidden. The first segment
is short, on the dorsal side broader than the following, the second is
the longest. Sometimes the first ventral segment seems not to be
chitinised, thus there is in tessellata a distinct but very short first
ventral segment, but in livida I could find none, so that it is either
not chitinised or not separated from the second segment. The male
genitalia may be of very various aspects and larger or smaller, but
whatever the shape may be they seem alvvays to consists of two
pairs of lateral lamellæ, the upper and the lower; the upper lamellæ
are however generally or always more or less connected with each
other at the base or above. Penis is likewise of somewhat various
shape, thread-like or thicker, simply curved or more sinuous and
curved upwards between the lamellæ. At the ventral base of the
penis there is (generally or always) a smaller or larger ventral lamella.
The eighth abdominal segment seems to form a complete ring not
divided into a dorsal and a ventral half-ring. In the female the abdomen
tapers towards the apex; behind the eighth segment there is a small

Empididae. 81

ring, terminating in a pair of shorter or longer, styliform lamellæ;
often there is also a small, styliform or knob-like process issuing from
the ventral side of the eighth segment. In some cases the three last
abdominal segments are suddenly narrowed. The legs are more or
less long and slender; sometimes the femora may be thickened, and
not rarely the males have the front or hind metatarsi, or both pairs
more or less thickened. The legs have the ordinary short pubescence,
and besides longer hairs and bristles, variously arranged in the varioiis
species and thus giving specific characters. Sometimes (especially in the
subgenus Pterempis) the females have all the legs, or only the posterior,
with the femora and tibiæ and sometimes also the metatarsi more or
less feathered v^ith scaly hairs, the arrangement of which likewise af-
fords specific characters. The tibiæ have apical or subapical spurs in
varying numbers, they are often very small and inconspicuous. There
are two claws, two well developed pulvilli, and a small, median em-
podium with hairs. The wings may in single cases be broad, especially
in the female; sometimes they are relatively long. They are hyaline
or more or less darkened, sometimes milky in the male, The media-
stinal vein is abbreviated, not reaching the margin; the cubital vein
is forked and there are thus two cubital cells; from the discai cell
three veins issue, the lowermost is the upper branch of the postical
vein which closes the discai cell below, there are thus four posterior
cells; the upper branch of the discai vein is sometimes abbreviated;
the anal vein either reaches the margin or is abbreviated; the second
branch of the postical vein is recurrent towards the base and almost
parallel with the wing-margin, and the anal cell is much shorter than
the second basal cell. Stigma present, often very weak. Alula is
small, sometimes almost not developed, fringed at the margin; axillary
lobe small or large, the angle generally deep and acute, but some-
times rectangular or obtuse, and the angle between alula and squa-
mula alaris foUows the axillary angle in shape; alar squamula gener-
ally fringed at the margin, rarely bare.

Not much is known about the developmental stages of the species
of Empis. Macquart mentions (Suit, å Buffon I, 326, 1834) the pupa
of E. opaca. Beling describes larvæ and pupæ of E. trigramma (Arch.
fiir Naturgesch. Jahrg. XLI, 39—40, 1875) and of E. tessellata, decora,
grisea {nodosa) and aestiva (ibid. XLVIII, 205—11, 1882). Kieffer
(111. Zeitschr. fiir Entom. V, 1900, 131) describes larva and pupa of
E. meridionalis. I have myself examined the larva of E. tessellata,
but only one, bad specimen. The larvæ are cylindrical, whitish or
yellowish; the body consists in all of twelve segments (Beling, Brauer), and
it is pointed towards the head. The last segment is somewhat elongately

6

82 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

globular, rounded behind, it has some (generally nine) deeper or
shallower, longitudinal furrows. On the ventral side of all or most
abdominal segments there are slight, transverse swellings (Kriech-
schwielen). The larvæ are amphipneiistic with very small prothoracic
spiracles, and with larger or smaller posterior spiracles lying on the
romided hinder side of the last segment, in the raiddle or a little
above; there is generally a small wart or tooth below the posterior
spiracles. Besides the pupæ mentioned above I have myself examined
the pupa of E. tessellata, trigramma and stercorea. The pupa is yel-
lowish or light brownish; at the front side of the head there are
two transverse, compressed, sharp processes at the base of the an-
tennal sheaths, and tw^o similar, smaller, above, these latter some-
times very small; each of these processes bears a strong hair; the
antennal sheaths lie below, directed to each side; on the lower side,
between the apices of the antennal sheaths are two bristles, and on
a tubercle on each side below the prothoracic spiracles are two
other bristles; above on thorax there are two bristles in front, and
behind them eight bristles placed in a semicircular line with the con-
vexity backwards; thus there are in all twenty bristles on head and
thorax. Each abdominal segment has on the dorsal side a dense
girdle of thin, straight, brownish spines, and between them some
long hairs; at the base of the spines there are some quite short
ones; the first segment has only hairs. On the ventral and lateral
sides each segment has a girdle of long hairs. There are small pro-
thoracic and seven pairs of likewise small abdominal spiracles.

The larvæ live in the ground, especially in humous earth in
woods, also sometimes in decaying tree-stubs; Kieffer found the larva
of E. meridionalis below the leaf-sheaths of Scirpus silvaticus; they
are no doubt carnivorous. The pupæ are found in the same piaces,
and the armature of spines on the abdomen is evidently used in working
the way up to the surface at the time for escape, as already suggested
by Macquart 1. c. The larvæ hibernate and the development follows
in the foUowing spring or summer.

The species of Empis occur especially in woods, frequently on
somewhat humid and shaded piaces, and they are generally seen on
low piants. Some occur outside woods, on meadows in grass and
low herbage. Some species are essentially spring species, others
occur in the summer, while a few first fly in the autumn. Some of
the species (of the subgenus Pterempis, perhaps all species of this
subgenus, but also some species of Empis s. str.) hover in the air in
swarms, and for some of these the copulation is known to take place
in the air (e. g. E. {Pterempis) genualis, Bezzi, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr.

Empididae. 83

1909, Beiheft, 88, and some species of Etnpis s. str. see below). The
species are carnivorous, feeding on other Insects; I have taken E. tessel-
lata with Scatophaga stercoraria L. and E. stercorea with a small Tipulid
as prey. Poiilton 1. c. records from England the following samples of
prey : E. hilineata : Bihio lactei-pemiis Zett. , Empis stercorea L. ; E.
grisen: Pegomyia hicolor W. ; E. femorata: Hydrotæa sp., Thereva
hipunctata M. and piebeja L. Mijiospila meditabunda F. ; Spilogaster
duplicata M..\ E.tessellata: Onesia sepulchralis L., Leptis scolopaceah.,
a Tipulid, Bibio nigriventris Hal. and marci L., Volucella inflata F.,
Aporomyia dubia Fall., Dryomyza anilis Fall., Tipida lunata L. and
paludosa M., Hylemyia sp., Dilophus febrilis L. , Mydæa sp. ; E. livida:
Tortrix viridana L. , Crambus hortuellus Hb., Cranibus sp., Lype
phæopa Steph., Borborus nigrifemoratus Macq. and equinus Fall.,
Dicranomyia dumetorum M., Stomoxys calcitrans L., Anthomyia sp.,
Caricea tigrina F., Sepsis cyiiipsea L., Nemopoda cylindrica F. ; E.
opaca: Bibio ladeipennis Zett. Hamm records (Entom, Month, Mag.
XLV, 1909, 160) Bibios and other Diptera for E. femorata, and How-
lett records (1. c. XLIII, 1907, 229) Bibio varipes M. and various Tipulids,
Ephemerids and Perlids as prey for E. borealis.

The copnlation of many species of Empids is connected with
some interesting phenomena which are particularly mentioned by
Howlett (Entom. Month. Mag. XLIII, 1907, 229) and Hamm (ibid.
XLIV, 1908, 181 and XLV, 1909, 132 and 157). The species in
question are E. borealis, livida, opaca, tessellata and femorata. In
these species the males catch, at the time for copulation, a prey
which they kill but do not devour; on the contrary they carry it in
flight to a female to which it is presented, and then the copulation
takes place. With regard to the species mentioned this aet is begun
in the air; then the pair settles down on a plant, the male generally
taking hold with the front legs and holding the female with the
posterior legs; during the aet the female sucks eagerly at the prey;
when copulation is finished the female seems always to drop the
prey. The species of the subgenus Xanthempis seem to copalate
without the males bringing prey to the females, and these species do
not copulate in the air (Hamm 1. c. XLV, 159).

A somewhat different case is recorded by Aldrich and Turley
(Amer. Naturalist, XXXIII, 1899, 809). The species observed was E.
poplitea Loew, or a closely allied species. Of this species the males
were seen flying with a relatively large „balloon" which was white
and is described as composed of minute bubbles. In the JDalloon a
small, dead fly was found e. g. Chironomids and Oscinids. The authors
suggest, that the balloon is produced from the anal organs. The

G*

84 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

balloon attracts the females, and then copulation takes place; when
tilis is finished the balloon is dropped. The authors declare, that
during the copulation the female sits on the male and the latter
holds the balloon and roUs it during the copulation. In accordance
with the facts recorded above it seems more probable, that the male
hånds the balloon to the female, and that this latter is belovv and
holds the balloon during the copulation.

The genus comprises about 220 species from the palæarctic region ;
29 have hitherto been found in Denmark.

The genus Empis comprises species many of which may differ to
no slight degree and show many deviating characters; it might there-
fore be thought easy to divide up the genus; yet this is not so
on account of intermediate forms, as has already been pointed out
by Loew (Wien. entom. Monatschr. VIII, 1864, 353—54) and has
since often been repeated. Loew, therefore, contented himself with
dividing the genus in his well known groups (Verwandtschaftskreise).
In 1909 (Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. 1909, Beiheft, 85) Bezzi has created
a number of subgenera somewhat different from Loew's groups, and
I make use here of these subgenera, as I take them to indicate
natural groups. Yet I think it will be difficult to get a sharp distinc-
tion between two of them, viz. Empis and Pter empis.

Tahle of Suhgenera.

1. Dorsocentral bristles uniserial, acrostichal bristles
absent 2.

— Dorsocentral bristles bi- or pluriserial (only in E.
livida uniserial, but this species is known by the
abbreviated branches of the discai vein) 3.

2. More or less yellow species; the head long, pear-

shaped ; hind femora not thickened I. Xanthempis.

— Not yellow species ; head round ; hind femora thickened II. Anacrostichus.

3. Eyes in the male broadly separated; hind femora

thickened III. Pachymeria.

— Eyes in the male contiguous ; hind femora not thickened ... 4.

4. Wings with the axillary angle obtuse; eyes contiguous
in the male narrowly separated in the female, epistoma
very narrow in both sexes ; only one notopleural bristle ;

hind legs considerably elongated; body black, shining IV. Lissempis.

— Wings with the axillary angle acute; eyes contiguous
in the male, broadly separated in the female ; epistoma
more or less broad; more than one notopleural bristle. . . 5.

5. Upper branch of the discai vein abbreviated V. Co2)tophlebia.

— Upper branch of the discai vein not abbreviated (in
E. livida both branches abbreviated just before the
margin) 6.

Empididae. 85

6. Discai cell not pointed outwards ; in the male fron

or hind metatarsi, or both more or less, sometimes •

only slightly thickened, legs in the female pennate

(except in cinerea) ; generally small species VI. Fterempis.

— Discall cell more or less pointed or narrowed out-
wards; in the male front and hind metatarsi not
thickened, legs in the female not pennate; generally
larger species VII. Empis.

I. Subg. Xanthem'pis Bezzi.
This subgenus is, at all events with regard to its Danish species,
rather well characterised. The species are all yellow, generally with
dark markings to a higher or lower degree. They are of medium size
and only slightly hairy. The eyes widely separated in both sexes and
with all facets small. The head is long and pear-shaped as the occi- ^
put is drawn conically out. The antennæ long, as long as or generally
longer than the head; the first joint considerably longer than the
second, very short haired, the third much elongated. The chitinous
lists forming the clypeus broad, almost occupying the whole front
side of the oral cone ; in one of the species, bilineata, the whole front
side of the cone is chitinised, and the cone seems therefore to be
less retractile and is generally stretched out. Prothorax more or less
well developed, forming a neck-shaped part; above it is divided into
two more or less distinct lobes, with short, spine-like bristles; (this
structure is most developed in hilineata, nearly wanting in lutea). The
thoracic bristles short and thorax otherwise bare. Dorsocentral bristles
uniserial; no acrostichal bristles. One humeral bristle, one, or (6^7mmto)
no posthumeral, one, or [trigramma) two notopleural, no, or {tri-
gramma and lutea) one supraalar, and one postalar bristle. Meta-
pleura with few bristles. Scutellum with two or four bristles. Ab-
domen slightly haired, without bristles at the hind margins of the

Fig. 23. Wing of E. stercorea.

segments. Male genitalia large, of complicated shape; the styli of the
female ovipositor somewhat long. Legs rather long, not strong, in
both sexes slightly hairy. Wings somewhat long, with strong veins;
cubital vein curving downwards, terminating at the apex; discai cell

86 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

not pointed outwards; anal vein reaching the margin. Axillary lobe
small, the axillary angle rectangular or obtuse, and likewise the angle
between squamula and alula. Squamula fringed at the margin, or
(bilineata) bare.

The species are all more or less essentially spring species, or at
all events occur somewhat early. They occur especially in woods
and thickets on shaded piaces. The species never hover in the air
and the copulation does not take place in the air; so far as is known
the male does not carry prey to the female at the time for copulation.

Table of Species.

1 . Squamulæ bare at the margin ; thoracic bristles very short ;

the disc grey with two brown stripes 1. bilineata.

— Squamulæ fringed at the margin; thoi'acic bristles longer;

the disc not with two stripes 2.

2. No supraalar bristle; thorax yellow with one stripe, or

grey with three stripes 3.

— A supraalar bristle present ; thorax yellow, with three
stripes or unstriped 5.

3. Thorax grey with three stripes; pleura with grey spots;

scutellum with two bristles 2. punctata.

— Thorax yellow with one stripe; pleura yellow; scutellum

with four bristles 4.

4. Prothoracic spiracles yellow ; thoracic disc dull with a

rather broad stripe 3. univittata.

— Prothoracic spiracles black; thoracic disc shining with a

narrow stripe 4. stercorea.

5. Thorax with three stripes 5. trigramma.

— Thorax unstriped 6. lutea.

1. E. bilineata Loew.

1867. Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XI, 14 et 20, 5. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 233. — Empis punctata: 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 142, 22. —
1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 338, 51. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 107. —
Empis testacea: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 378, 11 et 1849. VIII, 3024,
11. — Empis digramma: 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 87, 68. — 1909.
Bezzi, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. Beiheft, 91.

Male. Eyes broadly separated, frons yellow with a longitudinal,
somewhat shining impression in the middle, and with some short,
black hairs ; epistoma and jowls yellow, slightly greyish. Occiput
yellow, above with a large, dark grey spot reaching to the ocellar
triangle; a narrow, triangular, shining space stretches from the ocellar
triangle backwards; above occiput has short, black bristles. Labrum
is ferruginous, palpi yellow. Antennæ about as long as the head,
black, the two basal joints short-haired, the third somewhat elongated.
Thorax dull greyish yellow, sometimes grey, with two distant, some-

Empididae. §7

what narrow, blackish brown stripes; the greyish colour occupies
either the whole disc or this is more or less yellow at the sides, the
greyish colour here only seaming the stripes outside narrowly or

Fig. 24. Antenna of E. bilineata. x 55.

more or Jess broadly, and sometimes this seam is sharply abbreviated

in front, the yellow colour here suddenly stretching in to the stripe.

The dorsocentral bristles exceedingly short, uniserial, black; there is

a very small humeral bristle, one short but strong notopleural bristle

and a postalar bristle, all black, Scutellum grey, with two small,

black, marginal bristles at the apex. Pleura yellow, metapleura with

a few short, black bristles; prothoracic spiracles yellow. Abdomen

yellow with a blackish grey dorsal stripe which is somewhat dilated

at the incisures; venter yellow. Abdomen is

very sparingly clothed with short, pale yellow

hairs, only at the margin of the first segment

there are longer and darker hairs. The exterior

genitalia are large, the lower lamellæ directed

upwards, the posterior edge, which is turned

iipwards, is straight and posteriorly drawn out

into a process; the upper lamellæ are seen

T_ , ,, 1-1 • x- • Fia. 25. E. bilineata,

between the upper, anterioriy pomtmg, margms " i o •! r

of the lower, they leave an almost cylindrical

opening between them. Penis is thick at the base and with some

dilatations; it is strongly sinuous, there is especially a loop almo.st in

the middle, but generally hidden between the lamellæ; it is curved

upwards and forwards, the apex is not specially thin. The ventral

lamella has some small spines at the apex. The genitalia are yellow,

only the upper margin of the upper lamellæ is black; the margins

and the posterior process have longish, reddish yellow hairs. Legs

yellow or ferruginous, tibiæ slightly darkened towards the apex, tarsi

black, paler towards the base; trochanters with the lower interior

margin black. The legs have short, blackish or brownish hairs, slightly

longer and very dense ventrally; some few small bristles are found

on the dorsal side of the tibiæ and at the apex of the femora. Wings

somewhat yellowish tinged; veins black or dark brown. Stigma very

faint, yellowish, slightly observable. Squamulæ not haired at the margin.

Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite agreeing with the male; the ovipositor black or

88 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

brownish black, the eighth ventral segment with a very small, styli-
form process.

Length 6 — 8 mm.

E. hilineata is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Birkerød,
Hillerød, Tyvekrogen; on Langeland at Lohals and in Jutland at
Ristrup near Aarhus. My dates are ^'^/o — ^^/t; it is thus chiefly a
spring species. It occurs in fens and in the outskirts of woods, often
on Umbelliferæ, and in early spring on the flowers of Salix, and it
may be present in great numbers. I once put a specimen living in
a bottle together with a Rhingia campestris, and a few moments after
the Empis had killed the Rhingia by pushing its beak in to the body of the
Rhingia between head and thorax. Rhingia seems for the rest to be
an ordinary prey for this species; Muller observed (Kosmos, V, 1881,
416; Entom. Nachricht. VIII, 1882, 116 and Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. I,
1882, 203) six females {E. punctata), each taking a Rhingia as prey;
the Empis first pierced the Rhingia in the pleura, probably paralysing
it, then placing itself on the back of the prey it plunged the pro-
boscis through the soft parts between head and thorax. Miiller also
observed females sucking the juices of flowers, like the males. The
author suggests, that the females of this and other species may suck
both blood and vegetable juices, which is certainly correct, but when
he thinks they may have differently constructed mouth parts, this is
certainly not so.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to southern Sweden.

Remarks: I have here kept the name hilineata Loew, used in
the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt; according to Bezzi 1. c. the species is identical
with digramma Meig. ; if this is byond doubt the latter name has
priority.

2. E. punctata Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 227, 22. — 1867. Loew, Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. XI, 15 et 20, 6. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 243. —
Empis ignota: 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 338. — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. 1, 380, 13 et 1849, VIII, 3025, 13. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 104.

Male. Eyes broadly separated, frons grey with an impressed
middle-line; epistoma greyish yellow, jovvls yellowish. Occiput grey
above, with longish, black bristles, yellow below. Labrum ferruginous;
palpi yellow. Antennæ long, longer than the head, black, the two
basal joints with short, black hairs, the third much elongated. Thorax
duU grey, with three somewhat broad, dark brown stripes, the lateral
abbreviated in front the middle behind. The dorsocentral bristles

Empididae.

89

Fig. 26. E, punctata,
male genitalia.

short in front, longer behind, uniserial, black. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle, all some-
what long, black ; in the præsutural depression there are some very
small hairs. Scutellum grey, with two strong, black marginal bristles
and sometimes with two weaker. Pleura yellow, sternopleura and
hypopleura with a grey spot at their lower side; metapleura with
black hairs. Prothoracic spiracles more or less brown. Abdomen
yellow, somewhat shining, with a grey or blackish dorsal line, dilated
at the incisures, and with a line on each side
just at the venter ; this latter yellow. Abdomen
is haired with short, yellow hairs. The exterior
genitalia are large, the lower lamellæ directed
upwards and generally somewhat forwards;
they are excised in the hinder (forwards turned)
margin at the apex, and here densely beset
with longish black hairs; the upper lamellæ
protrude forwards between the lower, they
have the hinder upper angle drawn out into a
pointed lobe, this and the upper margin is
blackish; a triangular process from the upper lamellæ is seen pro-
jecting in the middle between the lower (backwards turned) margins
of the lower lamellæ. Penis is somewhat thick, thickest near the
base, and curved upwards and forwards; the ventral lamella is large,
arched, blackish at the upper margin. Legs yellow, tibiæ slightly
darkened towards the apex, tarsi black or blackish, generally paler
at the base, especially the hind tarsi; trochanters with a black point
at the apex, femora blackish just at the very apex. The legs are
short-haired, specially densely below; there are some few, small
bristles on the dorsal side of the tibiæ and on the anterior and
posterior side of the femora at the apex. The hairs are black or
brownish. Wings slightly yellowish tinged ; veins blackish or brown.
Stigma yellowish but very faint. Squamulæ with long hairs at the
margin. Halteres yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; the ovipositor blackish, the
eighth ventral segment with a small, styliform process.

Length 5,5 — 7 mm.

E. punctata is not common in Denmark, and it has first in
later time been known as belonging to our "fauna; Tyvekrogen, Tis-
vilde, Nordskoven at Jægerspris; on Funent at Strib and in Jutland
at Ringkjøbing, Silkeborg, Moesgaard and Sminge near Silkeborg and
at Frederikshavn. My dates are Ve — ^^h, it is thus a somewhat early

90 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

species. It occurs on somewhat shaded piaces in woods, sitting on
low piants e. g. often on Urtica.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

3. E. univittata Loew.

1867. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XI, 12 et 20,3. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 246. — Empis stercorea var. b. : 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 378.

Male. Eyes broadly separated, frons reddish yellow with an im-
pressed middle line; epistoma and jowls reddish yellow. Occiput
yellow, grey above and here with some long, black bristles. Labrum
ferruginous, brownish towards the apex; palpi yellow, with some
longish, dark hairs. Antennæ long, considerably longer than the head,
black; the first joint elongated, somewhat greyish, this and the second
with short, black hairs; the third joint much elongated, almost twice
as long as the two first together. Thorax yellow, somewhat duU,
with a broad, black or greyish black median stripe. The dorsocentral
bristles short, long behind, uniserial, black. Further a humeral bristle,
a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle, all rather long,
black; sometimes a second, weaker notopleural bristle is present.
Scutellum grey with a broad yellow margin and four black marginal
bristles, the outermost weak; postscutellum yellow, grey in the middle.
Pleura yellow, metapleura with black hairs; the prothoracic spiracles
yellow. Abdomen yellow, somewhat shining, with a greyish black
median stripe, dilated at the incisures, and a similar stripe at each
side, just at the yellow venter. Abdomen is somewhat sparingly
haired with short, yellow hairs. Exterior genitalia
large, the lower lamellæ directed upwards, some-
what excised in the hinder, upwards turned, margin,
so that the lower (hinder) angle is drawn out in
a point; the upper lamellæ protrude forwards be-
tween the upper (forwards turned) margins of the
lower, their hinder angle is drawn out into a pro-
cess and below this there is a small tooth with a

^ ^^'t/^ longer hair; sometimes a triangular process from

E. titiivittata, , fer

male genitalia ^'^^ upper lamellæ is seen, protruding between the

lower (more or less backwards turned) margins of
the lower lamellæ. The upwards pointing edge of the upper lamellæ
is black and black haired, and the same edge of the lower lamellæ
has long, blackish hairs. Penis is somewhat thick, curved upwards
and forwards, with angles at the base and near the tip; it has a
small dilatation near the apex. The ventral lamella is large, but

Empididae. 91

may be more or less hidden. Legs yellow, tibiæ slightly blackish
towards the apex, tarsi blackish; trochanters and apex of the femora
with small, black points. Legs short-haired, almost without bristles,
only the front tibiæ with a pair of small bristles on the dorsal side,
somewhat behind the middle; middle and hind tibiæ with no or a
single small bristle; femora with the ordinary small bristles at the
apex. The hairs and bristles black or the former brownish. Wings
slightly yellowish; veins blackish or brown. Stigma yellowish, Squa-
mulæ with long hairs at the margin. Halteres yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; ovipositor blackish, the eighth
ventral segment with a small style, often only seen with difficulty.

Length 5,5 — 7,5 mm., the latter size only reached by females
with fully extended abdomen.

E. univittata is not common in Denmark and has first been taken
here in recent time; Ørholm, Tisvilde, on Langeland at Lolials (the
author), and on Bornholm at Hasle (FL J. Hansen). The first specimen
was taken on Bornholm in 1883 by H. J. Hansen, and then I have
taken it on the other localities in 1909 and 1910. My dates are
23/g — 13/^^^ j^ seems thus not to occur specially early. It occurs on
shaded piaces in woods on low piants e. g. not rarely on Urtica.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe, down
into Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden.

4. E. stercorea L.

1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1899. - 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 141, 21. —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 36, 38. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 377,
10. p.p. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 107. — 1867. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr,
12 et 19, 1. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 244.

Male. Eyes broadly separated, frons reddish yellow, with an
impressed median line; epistoma and jowls reddish yellow. Occiput

Fis. 28. Antenna of E. stercorea. X 55.

of the same colour, with a greyish black spot behind the ocelli, and
with black bristles. Labrum ferruginous; palpi yellow, with longish,
blackish hairs at the apex. Antennæ longer than the head, black,
the first joint elongated, this and the second with short hairs, the

92 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

third joint long, about one and a half times as long as the two first
together; sometimes the first joint is somewhat brownish. Thorax
yellow, somewhat shining, with a narrow, black median stripe. The
dorsocentral bristles of moderate length, longer behind, uniserial,
black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural and
a postalar bristle, all long, black; besides there are some small hairs
on the hunieri and some inconspicuous ones in the præsutural de-
pression. Scutellum yellow with a blackish middle spot at the base,
and with four black marginal bristles, the outermost weak; post-
scutellum yellow with a black middle spot. Pleura yellow, meta-
pleura with black hairs; the prothoracic spiracles black. Abdomen
yellow, shining, with a blackish median dorsal stripe, dilated at the
incisures, and with a similar stripe at each side,
just at the yellow venter; it is clothed with short,
yellow hairs, at the margin of the first segment
there are longer hairs. Exterior genitalia large,
the lower lamellæ directed upwards, the hinder
(forwards pointing) margin obliquely cut and the
lamellæ pointed; the upper lamellæ protruding
forwards between the lower, the upper, hinder
angle drawn out into a small process, this and
the upper margin black; below the process there
Fig. 29. E.stercorea, jg ^ g^^^ ^^^^^ bearing a long hair; a small
male gemtalia. <• .1 ^ ^^ ■ ^^

process from the upper lamellæ is generally seen

between the lower (backwards pointing) edges of the lower lamellæ,
it is black at the tip; all the margins of the lamellæ have more or
less long, blackish hairs. ^ Penis is curved upwards and forwards;
the basal half is thickened, the apex is not specially thin, and there
is a small dilatation near it; the ventral lamella is narrowed towards
the apex. The legs are yellow, tibiæ very slightly darkened towards
the apex, tarsi black at the apex but generally paler in a large basal
part; trochanters and apex of the femora with a black point. Legs
short-haired, front tibiæ with a few dorsal bristles, posterior tibiæ
with none or very small; the ordinary bristles at the femora present.
The hairs black or dark brown. Wings somewhat yellowish tinged ;

^ Loew says 1. c. under univittata, with regard to the upper lamellæ: ,. . . sie
hat auch jederseits einen kleinen schmalen, ebenso gefårbten und behaarten
Anhang, von dem bei Emp. stercorea keine Spur vorhanden ist." As will be
seen the upper lamellæ in the two species are chiefly of the same shape; I
think Loew has had no specimen of stercorea with the genitalia in so favourable
a position, that they showed the small processes of the upper lamellæ.

Empididae. 93

veins black or brown. Stigma slightly yellowish, more or less faint.
Squamulæ with long hairs at the margin. Balteres yellow.

Female. Agreeing witli the male; the ovipositor long, black; the
eighth ventral segment with a long, thin style.

Length 6,5 — 8,5 mm.

The pupa is yellowish white, the length about 6 mm. ; the upper
of the tubercles on the front side of the head are very small, the
lower large, knob-shaped but with a very distinct edge below.

This species is somewhat similar to univittata and also nearly
related to that species, but it is distinguished at once by the shining
thorax with the stripe much narrower and by the black prothoracic
spiracles.

E.stercorea is a common species in Denmark; neighbourhood of
Copenhagen, Lersøen, Dyrehaven, Bøllemosen, Ørhoim, Geel Skov,
Hillerød, Tyvekrogen, Tisvilde; on Funen at Strib; on Langeland at
Lohals and in Jutland at Ristrup near Aarhus, at Sminge, Funder
and Juul Sø near Silkeborg and at Frederikshavn, finally on Born-
holm at Hasle. My dates are ^k—^^h. It occurs on shaded piaces
in woods and in fens and similar localities, often at the border of
water, and it is found on low piants, often Umbelliferæ. I once took
it with a small Tipulid as prey. The pupa was taken in Geel Skov
in a decaying stub of a fir on '"jh, it developed soon after.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Fin-
land; it seems thus to go farther towards the north than univittata.

5. E. trigramma Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Besclir. III, 38, 42. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
379, 12 and 1849. VIII, 3025, 12 and 1855. XII, 4610, 12. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. 1, 108. — 1867. Loew, Berl. ent, Zeitschr. XI, 17 et 21, 8
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 245.

Male. Eyes broadly separated, frons yellow, with a longitudinal,
impressed middle point; epistoma and jowls yellow. Occiput yellow.

Fig. 30. Antenna of E. trigramma. x 55.

but with a large, dark grey spot above which leaves only the posterior
eye-margins yellow, and with some longish, black bristles. Labrum
ferruginous ; palpi yellow, with long, dark hairs at the apex. Antennæ

94 Oithorrhapha brachycera.

very long, much longer than the head, black; the first joint much

elongated, this and the second joint slightly haired with short hairs;

the third joint slightly longer than the two first together. Thorax

yellow or reddish yellovv, with three very broad, greyish black stripes,

the two lateral somewhat abbreviated in front. The dorsocentral

bristles somewhat short, a little longer behind, uniserial, black. Further

a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a

postalar bristle, all black ; of the notopleural bristles one is somewhat

weak, and a third, likewise weak, is sorae-

times present. Sculellum grey with four

black marginal bristles, the outermost small.

Pleura yellow, metapleura with black hairs;

the prothoracic spiracles brown. Abdomen

yellow, somewhat shining, with a black dorsal

stripe, dilated at the incisures, and with a

black stripe at each side, just at the yellow

venter. Abdomen is haired with short, yellow

„. Ol T^ 4 • hairs. Exterior genitalia large, the lower

Fig. 31. E. trigramma, ° ° ' , . j

male o-enitalia. lamellæ directed upwards, the upper, hmder

angle drawn out into a small process which
is black; the upper lamellæ protrude forwards between the lower,
they are somewhat large, about triangular; the lamellæ have short,
blackish hairs at the upwards pointing margins, the lower lamellæ
have longer, yellowish hairs at the lower (backwards pointing) margin.
Penis is slightly thickened at the base, curved upwards and forwards,
very long, and thin at the apex; the ventral lamella is more or less
visible, the eighth segment with longish hairs at the margin. Legs
yellow, tarsi blackish, paler at the base; trochanters and apex of
femora with a black point. Legs short-haired, tibiæ with some few
small bristles on the dorsal side, and femora with small bristles at
the apex on the anterior and posterior side; the hairs blackish or for
the most part brownish. Wings slightly yellowish tinged; veins blackish
or brown. Stigma yellowish or slightly brownish. Squamulæ with
long hairs at the margin. Halteres yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; the ovipositor long, black; the
eighth ventral segment drawn out into a long, narrow process.

Length 4,8 — 5,8 mm.

The pupa is yellowish, of a length of 5,5 mm.; the two upper
of the tubercles on the front side of the head are very small, the
lower somewhat knob-shaped with an edge below.

This species resembles to some degree punctata, but it is easily
known by the not grey but yellow ground colour of the thorax, the

Empididae. 95

quite yellow pleura, the long antennæ with miich elongated first joint,
the presence of a supraalar bristle and the shape of the male genitalia.

E. trigramma is common in Denmark; Frederiksberg Have,
Amager, Utterslev Mose, Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Tyve-
krogen, Boserup near Roskilde; on Langeland at Lohals and in Jut-
land at Ringkjøbing and Silkeborg. It is a spring species; my dates
are ^^/s — Vt, It occurs in the outskirts of woods, in fens and also
on fieids and is found on bushes and low piants; sometimes it niay
occur in great numbers. I have taken it in copula on ^^/e. The pupa
was found in the ground in Geel Skov on '^'^U^ it developed on ^/5.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Styria; towards the north to southern Sweden.

6. E. lutea Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 228, 24. — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 37, 40. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 107. — 1867. Loew, Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. XI, 17 et 21, 9. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 239.

Male. Eyes broadly separated, frons yellow; epistoma and jowls

pale yellow. Vertex and occiput yellow, only the ocellar tubercle

brown; occiput with a few black hairs. Labrum ferruginous; palpi

pale yellow with fine hairs at the apex. Antennæ a little longer

than the head, blackish or brownish; the first joint elongated, this

and the second with short hairs; the third joint not quite twice as

long as the two first together. Thorax yellow, slightly shining, The

dorsocentral bristles somewhat short, not longer behind, irregularly

uniserial or somewhat biserial, black. Further, a humeral bristle, a

posthumeral, a notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all

black; besides there are some smaller but however conspicuous hairs

both on the sides and in the præsutural depression. Scutellum yellow,

with two black marginal bristles. Pleura yellow, metapleura with

only two or three black bristles; the prothoracic spiracles yellow.

Abdomen and venter yellow, somewhat shining, clothed with short,

yellow hairs, at the hind margin of the three first segments longer

and somewhat darker hairs. Exterior genitalia

large, the lower lamellæ directed somewhat up-

wards or straightly outwards, their lower hinder

angle drawn out into a long styliform process,

beset with yellow hairs below, and with black

hairs above; the upper lamellæ protruding be-

tween the upper margins of the lower, they

have a black upper margin, densely beset with "' ' ' . '

^^ ® ' •' male genitalia.

short, blackish hairs. Penis thick at the base,

96 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

curved upwards and forwards, with a little dilatation at the apex;
the ventral lamella triangular, more or less hidden. Legs yellow,
tarsi brownish or blackish; trochanters and apex of femora with
black points. The legs short-haired, tibiæ with some bristles on the
dorsal side, femora with the ordinary bristles at the apex; the bristles
black, the short hairs more or less pale brown. Wings a little
yellowish tinged; veins brown or dark brown. Stigma slightly yellowish,
very faint. Squamulæ with long hairs at the margin. Halteres yellow,

Female. I do not know the female but according to the de-
scriptions it is similar to the male, but has some more bristles on
the hinder part of the thoracic disc, thus differing herein from the
other species.

Length 5 — 5,5 mm.

E. lutea is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens, all
males, have been taken, at Horsens at the middle of July 1883
(H. I. Hansen).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; it seems
to have its northern limit in Denmark as the above given locality is
the northernmost known ; it occurs also in England.

II. Subg. Anacrostichus Bezzi.
Black, shining, or somewhat greyish pruinose species of medium
size and slightly hairy. Eyes separated in both sexes, the frons
sometimes narrower in the male than in the female; all facets small.
Antennæ somewhat long, first joint longer than the second^ the third
elongated, Dorsocentral bristles uniserial (more or less irregularly) ,
no acrostichal bristles. A humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a couple
of notopleural, a supralaar and a postalar bristle present. There are
somewhat long propleural and numerous metapleural bristles. Scu-
tellum with four to six marginal bristles. Abdomen without bristles.
The three last abdominal segments in the female suddenly narrowed,

Fig. 33. Wing of E. nitida.

the styli of the ovipositor long. Legs somewhat robust, hind femora
more or less thickened. Wings with the cubital vein curved slightly

Empididae. 97

downwards, terminating a little before the apex; discai cell some-
what pointed outwards; anal vein reaching the margin. Alula slightly
developed; axillary lobe large, axillary angle acute or rectangular.

One Danish species 7. nitida.

7. E. nitida Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 223, 9. — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 39, 43. — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3027, 1. (Pachtj-
meria). — 1868. Loew, Berl ent. Zeitschr. XII, 232 et 240, 1. — 1903.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 241.

Male. Eyes separated, frons somewhat broad, blackish; epistoma
of the same coloiir, shining just at the margin. Occiput dark grey
with black hairs which ara long at the upper margin and curved
forwards. Labrum ferruginous, black at the base; palpi blackish with
longish hairs. Antennæ longer than the head, first joint elongated,
the two first joints with short hairs, the third long, with a very short
style. Thorax grey or brownish grey with two brownish stripes.
The dorsocentral bristles are longish, somewhat irregularly uniserial,
black; they are longer behind; no acrostichal bristles. Further a
humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there are somewhat long
hairs on the humeri and in the præsutural depression. Scutellum
with two black marginal bristles in the middle and two outer short
and weak. Pleura grey, metapleura with long," black bristles, pro-
pleura with distinct, longish hairs. Abdomen black, shining, clothed
with short, black hairs which are longer only at the sides in front;
venter similarly coloured and haired. Exterior genitalia small and
knob-like; the eighth ventral segment large and bending up on the
sides, with long hairs at the hind margin; the lower lamellæ short,
broad and somewhat triangular, curved towards each other at the
apex; above, at the apex of the lower lamellæ there is a pair of
somewhat hook-shaped, upwards directed, reddish lamellæ and in
front of them a pair of short, styliform, haired processes (I think the
former are the upper lamellæ, the latter belonging to the eighth
dorsal segment). Penis is short, reddish, curved upwards between
the lamellæ so that only the base is seen. Legs somewhat robust,
hind femora thickened, hind tibiæ slightly curved and curiously dilated
and bent at the base ; coxæ greyish pruinose, femora black or brownish
black, yellow at the apex, tibiæ and tarsi yellow, the latter brownish
towards the apex. Front femora short-haired ; middle femora with
short hairs and longer bristles below; hind femora densely haired
below with somewhat longish hairs; posterior tibiæ with a short,

7

98 Orthorrhapha l)rachycera.

dense ciliation below which is erect and vertical on the hind tibiæ,
and these latter with longer, bristly hairs above on the apical half;
tarsi densely haired below, and with small bristles at the apex of
the joints. The legs have further ordinary clothing of shorter hairs.
The hairs and bristles are black or brownish. Wings hyaline, very
slightly yellowish tinged; veins brown, costa conspieuously ciliated.
Stigma yellow. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons not broader than in the male; the bristles on
thorax shorter. The three last abdominal segments suddenly narrowed,
the styles of the ovipositor somewhat long. Legs as in the male and
haired in about the same way. Wings brownish tinged, especially on
the basal half.

Length 5—6 mm.

E. nitida seems to be rather rare in Denmark, only five speci-
mens, all females, have been caught, and all recently, in 1906, 1909
and 1910, the species not being known earlier as belonging to our
fauna. Ermelimd, Lyngby Mose (the author), Hillerød (Th. Mortensen)
and in Jutland at Silkeborg (A. Petersen); the dates are ^^/s — ^°/5,
the species is thus a spring species.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. — Meigen notes that it
occurs on Taraxacum (Lowenzahn). Loew says 1. c, that it is not
known from Sweden, I do not understand how he has come to this
conclusion, as Zetterstedt in 1849 records it from Sweden and the
determination is beyond doubt; besides I have seen a Swedish
specimen.

III. Subg. Pachymeria Stephens.

Dark, sometimes a little lighter species of medium size. Eyes
separated in both sexes, frons a little narrower in the male; all facets
small. Antennæ somewhat short, first joint about as long as the
second or a little longer. Palpi sometimes (in non-Danish species)
elongated. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles biserial (in non-Danish
species they may be pluriserial). There are many humeral bristles,
some posthumeral, notopleural and supraalar and one postalar bristle.
(Some of the bristles may be indistinct, and in non-Danish species
the numbers may be different). Propleural hairs distinct, metapleural
bristles numerous. Scutellum with four bristles (four to eight in non-
Danish species). Abdomen without bristles. Male genitalia large.
The three last abdominal segments in the female suddenly narrowed;
the styli of the ovipositor not long. Hind femora more or less thickened,
sometimes (in non-Danish species) distinctly pennate in the female.

Empididae. 99

(In the single Danish species they are slightly pennate). Wings with
the discai cell pointed, the cubital vein terminating a little before the
apex; anal vein reaching the margin. Alula small; axillary lobe
large, the axillary angle acute.

One Danish species 8. grisea.

8. E. grisea Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 22, 12. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
373, 6 et 1859. XIII, 5007, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 108. - 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 237.

Male. Eyes separated, frons grey, with an impressed middle
line and some black hairs; epistoma grey below the antennæ, more
downwards black, shining. Occiput grey, with dense and long, black
hairs, below with brownish yellow hairs. Labrum ferruginous or
brownish; palpi yellow. Antennæ somewhat short, black, the basal
joints sometimes brownish or reddish_, with short hairs; the third
joint slightly excised below. Thorax grey, slightly shining, with three
very faint, brownish stripes. The dorsocentral bristles short in front
and here biserial, long and uniserial behind; acrostichal bristles short,
biserial; all black. Fmiher there are many humeral bristles, some
posthumeral, notopleural and supraalar and one postalar bristle, all
black; the bristles are somewhat indistinct between the other hairs
present, thus the præsutural depression has many, rather strong hairs,
but generally two strong bristles. Scutellum with four strong, black
marginal bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with black or somewhat
brownish bristles; propleura with brownish or yellowish hairs; pro-
thoracic spiracles yellow. Abdomen somewhat flat, a httle varying
in colour, greyish black or sometimes more brownish, shining; venter
similarly coloured. Abdomen somewhat
densely clothed with yellow hairs which
are longest in front, and here there are
some dark hairs intermingled at the sides.
Exterior genitalia large and curious, blackish
or lighter; the lower lamellæ narrow but
long, densely haired with long, brownish
hairs on the lower side; the upper lamellæ
with two teeth on each side, a basal, Fig. 34. E. grisea,

somewhat styliform, backwards curved, male genitalia.

and an apical, somewhat triangular; the

lamellæ are hairy at the margin. The last ventral segment is arched,
and from here the long, sinuous, yellow or brown penis issues; it is

7*

100 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

thread-like and very thin towards the apex. The ventral lamella is
small, triangular. Legs yellow, coxæ more or less brownish, especially
towards the base, and here somewhat greyish pruinose, sometimes
quite brown; tarsi darkened towards the apex; the legs may vary
somew^hat in colour, generally the hind femora are brown on the
basal half, and often the middle femora are likewise brown on the
dorsal and ventral side in the basal part, and also the front femora
may here be a little darkened. The front femora have fine hairs
below and long hairs on the posterior side; the posterior femora have
dense, short hairs below, intermingled with longer bristles, which
latter are specially strong on the hind femora and placed in two
rows, further the posterior femora have also some bristles or bristly
hairs on the antero-dorsal side; the tibiæ have a dense pubescence
of short hairs ventrally, being longest on the posterior tibiæ; besides,
the legs have the ordinary clothing of shorter or longer hairs. The
hairs are mainly black, below the tibiæ pale brownish. Wings hyaline,
slightly yellowish tinged. Veins dark brown, anal vein thin, reaching
the margin but very weak a little before the apex; the apical part
of the costal (mediastinal) cell more or less brownish. Stigma very
small and narrow, whitish and scarcely observable. Halteres paler
or darker yellow.

Female. Frons a little broader than in the male. The last three
abdominal segments suddenly narrowed, brownish, forming a kind of
ovipositor, terminating in two styliform lamellæ; the posterior femora
have somewhat scaly hairs above and below; the hairs above are
only very slightly broadened, those below in the apical half part
distinctly scaly; the hind femora have rows of bristles below; the
posterior tibiæ are densely haired below with somewhat strong hairs,
and they have rows of bristles, especially on the dorsal side. The
wing-stigma more obvious than in the male but however very
faint.

Length 4—6 mm.

This species varies somewhat in colour, especially of the legs; I
have only considered the varieties known from our country, and
these have always a blackish, sometimes a little brownish abdomen.
The varieties mentioned by Strobl (Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 85) with
the abdomen quite brown, or brown with black bands at the base
do not occur here.

E. grisea is somewhat common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose,
Charlottenlund, Ørholm, at Skelskør; on Fænø and in Jutland in Vejle
Nørreskov, at Horsens, Silkeborg, Laven near Silkeborg and at Fre-
derikshavn; my dates are ^'^U — ^^/s. It occurs in woods, fens and

Empididae. 101

similar localitles and is often seen on flowers of Umbelliferæ, some-
times in rather great numbers.

Geographical distribution:— Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southern Sweden.

Remarks: E. maculipes Zett. is a nearly related species, but cer-
tainly distinct; I have seen the female of the type, and it differs, as
mentioned by Zetterstedt, by having no scaly hairs on the femora,
and also in that the last abdominal segments are less, or almost not
at all narrowed.

IV. Subg. Lissempis Bezzi.
Somewhat small, black, shining species, which are slightly haired.
Eyes contiguous (only apparently) in the male, narrowly separated in
the female or (cuneipennis Bezzi, non-Danish) narrowly separated in
both sexes; all facets small. Antennæ somewhat long, first joint a
little longer than second, the third joint elongated. Dorsocentral and
acrostichal bristles biserial; only a notopleural and a postalar bristle
present. Metapleura with numerous long hairs. Scutellum with two

Fig. 35. Wing of E. nigritarsis.

marginal bristles. Abdomen without bristles. Male genitalia small;
ovipositor with long styles. Hind legs elongated with thickened meta-
tarsi. Wings somewhat or {cuneipennis, non-Danish) very narrow;
axillary lobe somewhat small or {cuneipennis) wanting, and axillary
angle obtuse. Alula not developed. Discall cell somewhat truncate;
cubital vein terminating at the apex; anal vein reaching the margin.

One Danish species 9. nigritarsis.

9. E. nigritarsis Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur, zweifl. Ins. I, 221, 5. — 1867. Loew, Berl.
ent. Zeitschr. XI, 59. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 240.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma very narrow, black, shining.
Occiput black, somewhat shining, with blackish hairs. Labrum brownish;
palpi brown. Antennæ somewhat long, black; the basal joints with
a few, short hairs. Thorax black, shining. Dorsocentral and acrostichal

102 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

bristles short and thin, biserial, whilish ; the hinder dorsocentral bristles
longer and uniserial. Further a notopleural and a postalar bristle,
but the former is only slightly pronounced between the hairs which
clothe the sides of thorax. Scutellum has two yellow marginal
bristles. Pleura greyish pruinose, metapleura with long, bristly,
whitish hairs; propleura with some inconspicuous hairs. Abdomen
black, shining, somewhat densely clothed with yellow hairs, which
are long and erect at the base, short towards the apex. Venter
similarly coloured and sparingly haired. Exterior genitalia small, the
lower lamellæ broad, somewhat shovel-like, with longish hairs at the
hind margin; the upper lamellæ are almost quite hidden. Penis is
somewhat thick, ferruginous, curved upwards between the lamellæ and
thin at the apex. Legs slender, the hind legs elongated, the tibiæ
thickened at the apex, club-shaped, hind metatarsi thickened. The
legs are yellow, coxæ greyish pruinose, the anterior tibiæ brown to-
wards the apex and the tarsi brown, the apex of the hind tibiæ and
the tarsi black or blackish brown; also the apex of the hind femora
narrowly brown. The front tibiæ and tarsi with longish hairs on
the dorsal side; the middle femora with long hairs on the dorsal and
ventral side at the base, the hairs being short towards the apex, the
tibiæ with very long, fan-like, erect and bristly hairs on the dorsal
and ventral side, and similar hairs on the first tarsal joints; hind
femora with long hairs below and some bristles on the antero-dorsal
side, tibiæ with some bristly hairs, especially on the dorsal and ven-
tral side. All hairs are whitish or yellowish white. Besides, there is
the ordinary clothing of short hairs. Wings somewhat yellowish tinged;
veins brown, anal vein reaching the margin but very thin towards
the apex. Stigma brownish. Balteres pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes narrowly separated,
the frons black, shining. Abdomen shorter haired. The hind legs a
little less thickened and all the legs simply haired, the hind tibiæ with
short bristles dorsally.

Length 4 — 5 mm.

E. nigritarsis seems to be very rare in Denmark, and it has first
been detected in 1909 when two specimens, both females, were taken
on the little island Egholm at Skelskør on ^^h (Th. Mortensen).

Geographical distribution : — Middle Europe down into Italy ; it
has its northern limit in Denmark; it also occurs in England.

V. Subg. Coptophlebia Bezzi.
Small, black or greyish species. Eyes contiguous in the male, with the
upper facets larger than the lower, separated in the female. Antennæ

Empididae. 103

somewhat short, the basal joints short, of about equal length, the thlrd
joint not long. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles biserial, the latter

Fig. 36. Antenna of E. vitripennis. x 100.

sometimes absent (e. g. hyalipennis). One stronger and some weaker
humeral bristles, a posthumeral, one to some notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle. Metapleural bristles numerous. Scutellum with
two to four bristles. Abdomen vvithout bristles. Male genitalia small
or larger. Legs with bristles; hind legs somewhat elongated; front
and hind metatarsi in the male more or less thickened. Posterior, or
only hind legs in the female compressed and pennate. Wings with
the axillary lobe well developed and the axillary angle acute; the
upper branch of the discai vein abbreviated, and generally also the
anal vein; discai cell not pointed; cubital vein terrainating a the apex.

Tahle of Species.

1. No acrostichal bristles; thoi-acic and scutellar bristles
yellow, the latter four in number; anal vein reaching

the margin 10. hyalipennis.

— Acrostichal bristles present; thoracic and scutellar bristles
black ; the latter two in number ; anal vein abbreviated ... 2.

2. Halteres and metapleural bristles pale yellow 11. albinervis.

— Halteres and metapleural bristles black 12. vitripennis.

10. E. hyalipennis Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 21, 10. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
III, 24, 14. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 385, 19. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 106. p. p. — 1893. Strobl. Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892. 73. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 238.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma dark grey. Occiput grey, with
more or less pale hairs. Labrum ferruginous or brown, very long
and thin, more than twice as long as the head is high. Antennæ
relatively long, about of the length of the head, black, the third joint
elongated; the style somewhat long. Thorax grey, unstriped, viewed
from in front more blackish and shining; the humeral point brown
or reddish. The dorsocentral bristles somewhat long, biserial, longer
and uniserial behind, yellow; no acrostichal bristles. Further one
stronger and some a little weaker humeral bristles, a posthumeral,
about three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all yellow.

104 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

but there are also some other hairs at the sides. Scutellum with four
yellow marginal bristles, the outer weak. Pleura grey, metapleura
with long, yellow, bristly hairs; propleura with some inconspicuous
hairs. Abdomen and venter grey, clothed with longish, erect, whitish
or pale yellowish hairs which are longest in front, Exterior genitalia
somewhat large; the eighth ventral segment large, arched, the eighth
dorsal segment likewise large, and, as it seems, somewhat unsymetri-
cal; the lamellæ of complicated shape, a pair of styliform and a
pair of broader, hairy processes are seen, but otherwise the structure
is not to be observed without dissection. The penis is seen below as
a thin thread, issuing from the arched ventral plate; this latter has
long hairs at the margin. Legs black or brownish, coxæ greyish
pruinose; hind legs elongated; front metatarsi slightly thickened, hind
metatarsi hkewise but to a still slighter degree; hind tibiæ somewhat
thickened towards the apex. Front femora with longish hairs above
towards the apex, posterior femora with long, bristly hairs below,
they are dispersed and between them are shorter hairs; the hind
femora have also long hairs on the anterior and posterior side; the
front tibiæ have long hairs on the dorsal side, a short, dense pubes-
cence below and somewhat longer pubescence on the posterior side;
middle tibiæ have shorter hairs and long bristles on various sides,
hind tibiæ likewise and especially long bristles dorsally; the tarsi are
slightly spinulous beneath; the hind metatarsi have some bristles on
the dorsal side, the middle metatarsi have a long bristle near the
base and a similar at the apex. The hairs and bristles are more or
less dark brown, those below the femora whitish. The ordinary short
pubescence of the legs inconspicuous. Wings hyaline; costa and
anterior veins brown, the other veins more or less pale yellow; the
upper branch of the discai vein abbreviated, the anal vein reaching
the margin; the upper branch of the cubital vein about rectangular
to the lower. Stigma yellowish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, grey. Abdomen short-haired. Hind legs
compressed, hind femora pennate with somewhat short, scaly hairs
above in the whole length, and below in the apical half; otherwise
the legs short-haired.

Length 3,5 — 3,8 mm.

E. hyalipennis is but little known as Danish, it has only been
taken in Ordrup Mose on the flowers of Carduus on two occasions,
on ^/s 1841 and ^^/s 1845 (Stæger), but it was present in somewhat
great numbers; no doubt it will be found again.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden.

Empididae. 105

11. E. albinervis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 26,16. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 106. —
1893. Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 74. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
II, 233. — Empis albipennis: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 386, 20. —
Empis hyalipennis p.p.: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 106.

Male. Eyes contiguous ; epistoma greyish black. Occiput grey with
whitish hairs. Labrum dark brown, long and thin, but not twice as
long as the head is high. Antennæ black, third joint short, the style
somewhat long. Thorax grey with a slightly darker median stripe
and traces of a pair of lateral stripes. The dorsocentral and acrosti-
chal bristles short, biserial, black ; the former longer and uniserial
behind. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a couple of noto-
pleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there
are some smaller hairs on the sides. Scutellum with two black
marginal bristles. Pleura grey, metapleura with long, pale yellow,
bristly hairs; propleura with white hairs. Abdomen and venter grey,
clothed with longish, erect, yellowish hairs. Exterior genitalia rather
small, the lower lamellæ somewhat broad, with some long hairs at
the lower posterior angle; the upper lamellæ just seen at the apex
above the lower, but for the rest hidden. Penis thick at the base,
curved upwards between the lamellæ. The seventh dorsal segment
with a little tubercle in the median line. Legs black or blackish
brown ; coxæ greyish pruinose ; hind legs elongated, front and hind
metatarsi slightly thickened, and also the following two joints a little
thicker than those on the middle tarsi. Middle femora with rows of
long, bristly hairs on the ventral and postero-ventral side; hind
femora with short hairs and some thin bristles above, and a few
bristles ventrally; front tibiæ short-haired on the dorsal side and with
a short, but comparatively strong pubescence below and on the
posterior side; middle tibiæ with bristles and bristly hairs on various
sides, especially some (about four) long bristles on the dorsal side;
hind tibiæ with short, somewhat dense hairs ventrally and some
bristles dorsally; tarsi somewhat spinulous beneath, and with bristles
at the apex of the joints; front and hind metatarsi with somewhat
long hairs dorsally. The hairs and bristles are blackish or brownish.
Wings hyaline; veins white, also the costa or this slightly yellowish
towards the apex; the upper branch of the discai vein and the anal
vein abbreviated. Stigma almost not observable. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Frons medium-broad, grey. Abdomen short-haired.
Posterior legs compressed, middle femora slightly, hind femora distinctly
pennate above and below; likewise the middle tibiæ slightly, the hind
tibiæ distinctly pennate dorsally, the latter also with some scaly hairs

106 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

ventrally at the base. Anterior margin of the wing and the stigma a
little more yellowish than in the male.

Length about 3 mm.

This species is easily known from hijalipennis by the abbreviated
anal vein and the bristles on thorax being black; also the male
genitalia are of quite a different shape, and the legs in the female
pennate in another way and for the rest there are several other
characters.

E. alhinervis is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male,
has been taken, on Funen at Middelfart on '^^li 1907 (the author).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden.

12. E. vitripennis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 25,15. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 106. -
1867. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XI, 57, 3 et 163, et 1869. XIII, 88. —
1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 246.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma greyish black. Occiput dark
grey with black hairs. Labrum long and thin, twice as long as the
head is high, blackish, brown at the apex; palpi black. Antennæ
black, third joint somewhat short, the style elongated. Thorax black,
slightly greyish, somewhat shining. The dorsocentral and acrostichal
bristles of moderate length, black, biserial, the former longer and
uniserial behind. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about
two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; the
notopleural bristles rather distinct, the others not very conspicuous
among the hairs on the sides of thorax, as the humeri and the præ-
sutural depression are somewhat densely clothed with rather long
hairs, Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura grey, meta-
pleura with black bristles; propleura with short hairs. Abdomen
black, shining, slightly greyish, clothed with somewhat short, erect,
yellowish hairs which are longest at the sides. Venter similarly coloured
and sparingly haired. Exterior genitalia not large, the lower lamellæ
directed straightly backwards or more or less upwards, somewhat
blade-shaped, each with two small, styliform processes at the apex (the
inner perhaps belonging to the otherwise hidden upper lamellæ); the
eighth ventral segment somewhat arched. Penis thickened at the
base, curved upwards between the lamellæ. Legs black or dark
brownish; coxæ greyish pruinose; hind legs elongated; front metatarsi
exceedingly slightly thickened, hind metatarsi distinctly and the apex
of the hind tibiæ somewhat thickened. Front femora with a row of
fine hairs below; middle femora with an antero- and postero-ventral

Empididae. 107

rovv of stronger hairs, those in tlie postero-ventral row long towards
the base, besides Ihere are shorter hairs on the anterior side; hind
femora with long, fine hairs on the ventral and anterior side and
with short hairs above; front tibiæ with fine hairs and some bristles
dorsally, a dense, short pubescence ventrally, and a little longer
pubescence on the posterior side; middle tibiæ with three long bristles
dorsally, and dense, somewhat strong hairs ventrally; hind tibiæ with
similar hairs ventrally and some long bristles dorsally and here also
with shorter hairs ; tarsi slightly spinulous beneath, especially the hind
tarsi, and with bristles at the apex of the joints, one at the apex of
the middle metatarsi especially long; hind metatarsi with longish hairs

Fig. 37. Wing ot E. vitripennis.

and some bristles above. The hairs and bristles are black or dark
brownish. Wings hyaline; veins blackish to brown; the upper branch
of the discai vein abbreviated, the anal vein very faint, abbreviated.
Stigma distinct, brownish. H alteres blackish.

Female. Eyes separated , frons grey. The bristles on thorax
short; abdomen quite short-haired. The posterior legs compressed,
strongly pennate on both sides, the . scaly hairs longest on the hind
legs; on the ventral side of the middle tibiæ there are scaly hairs
only at the base and on the hind tibiæ on the basal half part. The
wings tinged with brown, most strongly towards the base.

Length 2,8 to about 3,5 mm.

Remarks: Loew says, that the front metatarsi are quite simple,
and they may also be termed so, but in comparison with the middle
metatarsi they are quite slightly thickened.

E. vitripennis seems not to be rare in Denmark, but it has not
been taken many times and only on few localities; Ruderhegn, Geel
Skov (the author); in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle (the author), at
Rye near Silkeborg, Frijsenborg near Aarhus and Hald near Viborg
(H. J. Hansen). My dates are -'Is—^'^h. In 1907 and 1909 I took it
in great numbers in Geel Skov on ^h—'^^'b; they were flying quite
low on piaces with Galluna between spruce firs. According to the
dates the species is an autumn species.

108 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France, and in England ; it seems to have its northern limit in
Denmark.

VI. Subg. PtereTupis Bezzi.
Small or medium sized, dark or greyish species. Eyes contiguous
in the male, whith the upper facets larger than the lower; in the
female separated. Antennæ short, the two basal joints about of equal
length, the third not long. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles bi-
serial, the former rarely pluriserial. A humeral bristle, a posthumeral,
two to four notopleural, one, rarely several supraalar and one postalar
bristle. Generally some hairs on the sides of the disc. Metapleural
hairs numerous. Scutellum with two to four marginal bristles. Ab-
domen without bristles. Male genitalia small or of medium size, some-
times somewhat larger. Legs with bristles; front or hind metatarsi
or both pairs in the male more or less thickened; middle tibiæ with
a short, fine, erect pubescence on the anterior side. In the female
the legs nearly always more or less compressed and pennate. Wings
with the axillary lobe well developed^ axillary angle acute or rect-
angular; the discai cell more or less truncate outwards. Veins com-
plete, rarely the anal vein abbreviated.

• This subgenus, in which the females nearly always have pennate
legs, includes the hovering species.

TabJe of Species.

1. Halteres whitish or yellow 2.

— Halteres black 7.

2. Abdomen clothed with blackish or brownish hairs 3.

— Abdomen clothed with whitish or yellowish hairs 5.

3. Abdomen black, or more or less testaceous at the base ;

legs in the female pennate; size 4,2 — 5,6 mm 5.

— Abdomen grey ; legs in the female not pennate ; size

3,5 mm 23. cinerea.

4. Abdomen black ; præsutural depression somewhat haired ;
wings blackish; female with the anterior metatarsi
pennate above, and the hind tibiæ pennate below in

the whole length 13. pennipes.

— Abdomen more or less testaceous at the base; præ-
sutural depression bare; wings not blackish, at most
slightly brownish; female with the anterior metatarsi
not pennate, hind tibiæ pennate below only in the

basal half 14. rufivetitris.

5. Scutellum with four marginal brisdes 6.

— Scutellum with two marginal bristles 17. lamellicornis.

6. Wings in the male somewhat tinged; middle femora
with the bristles below not tuft-like at the base; front
metatarsi in the female pennate above 15. decora.

Empididae. 109

— Wings in the male hyaline, slightly milky; middle
femora with the bristles below tuft-like crowded at the

base; front metatarsi in the female not pennate 16. vernalis.

7. Abdomen clothed with whitish or yellowish hairs 8.

— Abdomen clothed with more or less blackish hairs 10.

8. Metapleural bristles whitish or yellow 9.

— Metapleural bristles black 19. prodromus.

9. Abdomen white-haired; metapleural bristles whitish;

size 3,2 — 3,8 mm 18. chioptera.

— Abdomen yellow-haired ; metapleural bristles yellow;

size 5 — 5,7 mm 20. serotina.

10. Anal vein reaching the margin 21. caudatula.

— Anal vein abbreviated, not reaching the margin 22. aestiva.

13. E. pennipes L.

1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1896. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 138, 6. —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 21, 8. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 380, 14
et 1859. XIII, 5008, 14. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 107. - 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 242. — Empis ciliata (non Fabr.): 1804. Meig. Klass.
eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 220, 3. — 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 20, 8.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma blackish. Occiput greyish black,
with black, below more brownish hairs. Labruin very long, only
somewhat shorter than the whole body, black; palpi black or brownish.
Antennæ black, about as long as the head, the two basal joints with
a few short hairs. Thorax black, shining, somewhat greyish brown
pruinose, especially when seen from in front. The dorsocentral bristles
somewhat long, biserial, the hinder of them longer, strong and uni-
serial, acrostichal bristles a little shorter, biserial; all black. Further
a hmiieral bristle, a posthiimeral, about two notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black, but they are not very conspicuous
among the other hairs present at the sides
of the thoracic disc. Scutellum with two
strong, black marginal bristles, and at each
side a small one. Pleura dark greyish
pruinose, metapleura with black bristles.
Abdomen black, somewhat shining, venter
sometimes a little paler, and dull greyish.
Abdomen is clothed with erect, blackish or
brown hairs which are longest at the sides ^is. 38. E. pennipes,

and especially in front; venter with shorter male genitalia.

hairs. Exterior genitalia somewhat large,

the lower lamellæ are directed more or less straightly backwards, they
are rather long and somewhat triangular with a shallow excision in
the upper margin, and they are therefore pointed; the upper lamellæ

110 Orthonhapha brachycera.

protrude at the base of the lower, they are hook-shaped, curved
sllghtly downwards and about as long as the lower; the eighth ventral
segment is arched and drawn forwards (anus hians) and from here
the long, thread-like penis issnes, it is ' curved forwards and slightly
sinuous; the hinder margin of the eighth ventral segment and the
lower margin of the lower lamellæ have long hairs, and the lamellæ
have a fan-like tuft of hairs at the apex; the upper lamellæ
are short-haired above; all the hairs are black. Legs black or
brownish; coxæ greyish pruinose; hind metatarsi slightly thickened.
Front femora short-haired ; middle femora with an antero- and postero-
ventral row of bristly hairs which are long in the basal half, but
suddenly become short in the apical half, further there is a row of
hairs above on the anterior side, also becoming short towards the apex ;
hind femora with shortish, fine hairs below, stronger and dense hairs
above; front tibiæ with a fine, dense pubescence below and a row
of bristly hairs above; middle tibiæ with bristles and short hairs
below, and with a short, dense pubescence on the anterior side,
above with three to four somewhat strong bristles in the basal half
and one at the apex; hind tibiæ with shortish hairs below and long,
bristly hairs above; posterior tarsi somewhat spinulous beneath,
especially the hind pair; the dense pubescence on the front and
middle tibiæ is continued out on the tarsi on the ventral and anterior
side respectively; the hind metatarsi have long hairs above. The
hairs and bristles are black or brownish, the dense pubescence on
the anterior legs more or less pale. Wings blackish tinged; veins
black or dark brown. Stigma blackish or brownish. Halteres dark
yellow, not rarely darker and brownish.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, dark grey; thorax more grey
than in the male and with three scarcely observable black stripes;
the thoracic bristles shorter, and abdomen short-haired. Legs com-
pressed, posterior femora pennate on both sides, the scaly hairs rather
long, especially on the hind femora; front tibiæ and metatarsi pennate
on the dorsal side, middle tibiæ and metatarsi likewise pennate above,
but ciliated below, only at the base the hairs are scaly; hind tibiæ
pennate on both sides with long, scaly hairs, those on the ventral
side being short towards base and apex. Wings a little more tinged
than in the male. Halteres paler, generally yellow.

Length 4,2 — 5 mm.

E. pennipes is not rare in Denmark; Ermelund, Boserup, Vemme-
tofte, at Nyraad near Vordingborg; on Falster; on Langeland at Lo-
hals and in Jutland at Silkeborg. My dates are ^/e — Vt. It occurs in
Woods on somewhat shaded piaces, and is often seen on Geranium

Empididae. 111

Robertianum, as already mentioned by Meigen; Zetterstedt records it
from Geranium sylvaticum.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

14, E. rufiventris Meig.

1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 86, 65. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 108. —
1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 243. — Empis ventralis: 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 381, 15.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma brownish black. Occiput grey,
with black or brownish hairs. Labrum long and thin, more than
twice as long as the head is high, blackish brown; palpi black, with
some hairs at the apex. Antennæ as long as the head, black, the
two first joints with short hairs. Thorax grey, slightly shining, with
faint traces of three darker stripes. The dorsocentral bristles some-
what long, biserial, longer and uniserial behind; acrostichal bristles
shorter, biserial ; all black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral,
three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; be-
sides there are some few other hairs. Scutellura with four black
marginal bristles, the middle ones strong. Pleura grey, metapleura
with long, black bristles. Abdomen black or greyish black, somewhat
shining, more or less testaceous at the base and on the sides, here
often almost in the whole length; Agenter generally quite testaceous.
Abdomen is clothed with short, brownish hairs which are longer at
the sides in front; the hairs at the hind margin of the first, short
segment are blackish; venter sparingiy haired with some few long
hairs at the hind margins of the segments. Exterior genitalia of
medium size, somewhat resembling those in pennipes; the lower
lamellæ directed more or less upwards, somewhat broad, obliquely
cut at the end and therefore somewhat pointed; the upper lamellæ
hook-shaped and curved somewhat downwards. Penis thread-like,
curved simply upwards, with a somewhat large ventral lamella at
the base. The eighth ventral segment arched, with long, blackish
brown hairs at the hind margin, and similar hairs at the lower margin
of the lower lamellæ, the upper lamellæ short-haired. Legs brownish
black or brown; coxæ greyish pruinose; hind metatarsi slightly
thickened. Middle femora with short hairs above, long, bristly hairs
below in the basal half; hind femora with long, but somewhat fine
hairs below and with some bristly hairs on the anterior and posterior
side in the basal half; besides there is a very dense and short pube-
scence on the ventral side of the posterior femora; front tibiæ with
somewhat short hairs above and a dense, erect pubescence below;

112 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

middle tibiæ with two rows of bristles below and a row of about
four long ])ristles above, besides with a short, dense pubescence on
the anterior side; hind tibiæ with dense, somewhat longish hairs be-
low and two rows of shorter and longer bristles above; tarsi some-
what spinulous beneath; the dense pubescence on the ventral side of
the front tibiæ and on the anterior side of the middle tibiæ is con-
tinued out on the tarsi; hind metatarsi with long hairs above. The
hairs and bristles are black or brownish, the short, dense pubescence
pale. Wings somewhat brownish or yellowish tinged; veins darker
or lighter brown. Stigma brown. Balteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, blackish grey. Abdomen shorter haired
than in the male and generally of darker colour, only pale on the
venter towards the base. Legs compressed, posterior femora pennate
on both sides, anterior tibiæ pennate above, hind tibiæ likewise and
also below in about the basal half; the scaly hairs on the ventral
side of the femora are short at the base but increase in length to-
wards the apex, on the dorsal side of the middle femora they are
on the contrary long at the base but decrease in length outwards.
Wings more strongly brownish than in the male.

Length 5 — 5,6 mm.

This species shows some resemblance to pennipes, but besides
by the colour it may in the male be distinguished by a difference in
the genitalia and the way in which the legs are haired; also the
præsutural depression is bare in ruf^ventris but hairy in pennipes; in
the female the species is distinguished by the anterior metatarsi not
being pennate above, and the hind tibiæ only pennate in the basal
half below; fmally the present species is larger than pennipes.

E. rufiventris is not rare in Denmark, but may on the other
hånd scarcely be termed common; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyre-
haven, Boserup near Roskilde; on Falster at Resle and on Langeland
at Lohals. It occurs in somewhat open piaces in woods in low
herbage and on bushes; like the preceding species it occurs on the
flowers of Geranium Robertianum; I once took it in some number
in Ermelund on ^^k and exclusively on the flowers of the Geranium
while not one was seen on other piants. My dates are ^*^/5 — ^/t, it
is thus a somewhat early species.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; its northern limit lies in the southern Sweden.

15. E. decora Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 22, 9, Tab. XXII, Fig. 18. - 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 107. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 236.

Empididae. 113

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma greyish black. Occiput grey,
With black hairs above, yellowish below. Labrum not twice as long
as the head is high, dark brown; palpi black with some blackish
hairs. Antennæ black, a little shorter than the head, the two basal
joints somewhat greyish, with short hairs. Thorax grey, with three
shghtly conspicuous, darker and shining stripes. The dorsocentral
bristles somewhat long, pluriserial in front, uniserial and longer be-
hind, acrostichal bristles biserial; all brownish, the stronger ones be-
hind more blackish. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, three
notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black, but besides
the humeri and the sides of the disc are clothed with somewhat long
hairs which are almost fused with the dorsocentral bristles, Scutellum
with four black marginal bristles, the middle ones strong. Pleura
grey, metapleura with long, yellowish or whitish, bristly hairs. Ab-
domen black, shining, clothed with somewhat longish, yellowish hairs
which are longest at the sides in front; venter similarly coloured,
more sparingly haired. Exterior genitalia not large, the lower lamellæ
directed upwards, somewhat triangular, haired at the margin especially
at the apex; I could not see the upper lamellæ, they seem to be
small. Penis is reddish, thick and short, bent upwards but slightly
curved. Legs blackish brown, coxæ greyish pruinose; hind metatarsi
very slightly thickened. Front femora short-haired ; middle femora
with two rows of long, bristly hairs below on about the apical half,
and with shorter hairs on the anterior side; hind femora with some-
what short hairs below and long bristles on the anterior side; fi-ont
tibiæ with not long hairs on the dorsal side; middle tibiæ with
bristles on the dorsal and ventral side; hind tibiæ with short hairs
below and two rows of bristles on the dorsal side; there is a pubes-
cence below the front tibiæ and on the anterior side of the middle
tibiæ, but it is very inconspicuous; tarsi somewhat spinulous beneath,
and with short bristles at the apex of the joints; the middle meta-
tarsi with a long bristle at the apex, the hind metatarsi with some
bristles. The hairs and bristles are black or brown, the bristles
generally darkest. Wings somewhat slightly brownish tinged; veins
brown. Stigma slightly brownish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Eyes separated, frons grey. Thorax with the bristles
somewhat shorter than in the male. Front tibiæ pennate above in
the apical half or two thirds, and the front metatarsi likewise pennate
above; the front femora not pennate above but only ciliated; posterior
legs compressed, the femora pennate on both sides, the tibiæ pennate
above in the whole length, below in about the basal half part; middle
tibiæ with short hairs and bristles below on the not pennate part,

114 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

hind tibiæ and metatarsi with long bristles on tlie dorsal side poster-
iorly to the row of scaly hairs. Wings a little more tinged than in
the male.

Length 3,7—4,7 mm.

E. decora is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens have
been caught; on Funen at Odense and in Jutland at Frijsenborg and
Sæby (H. I. Hansen); the dates are in July.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
its northern limit lies in Denmark, as it is not known from Scandi-
navia; it also occm's in Britain.

Remarks: This species seems to vary somewhat with regard to
the pennation of the legs in the female; the above description is
made from the three Danish specimens, of which two are females;
these have no scaly hairs on the coxæ, the front coxæ have fine,
pale hairs, the posterior coxæ have a somewhat dense row of some-
what stronger, bristly and black hairs, at most some of the hairs on
the middle coxæ are slightly broadened. Strobl says (Mitth. Ver.
Steierm. 1892, 76) that the anterior coxæ are pennate; in Wien. Ent.
Zeit. XVIII, 1899, 19 he says (about the var. genualis) that all coxæ
are pennate, but that in some specimens the front coxæ may be
bare, and in one specimen the scales were narrow and on the hind
coxæ there w^ere only bristles. Also Becker mentions (Berl. Ent.
Zeitschr. XXXI, 1887, 125) a female without scaly hairs on the coxæ.
Also with regard to the scaly hairs on the front femora the state-
ments are different, sometimes they are stated to be present, some-
times absent. — I shall also note here, that Strobl (1. c. 77) mentions,
that E. rufiventris has the posterior coxæ pennate, while the above
described rufiventris has only hairs on the coxæ, thus also this species
would seem to vary in this respect. That my rufiventris is correctly
determined I must consider as certain, as I have examined specimens
determined by Zetterstedt (as ventralis Zett. (Stæg. in litt.) = rufi-
ventris Meig.).

16. E. vernalis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 27, 19. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,

384, 18, et 1849. VIII, 3025, 18. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 107. - 1903.

Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 246. — Empis pennaria p. p.: 1815. Fall. Dipt.
Suec. Empid. 20, 9.

Male. Eyes contiguous; • epistoma blackish. Occiput grey with
black, below with yellowish hairs. Labrum a little longer than the head
is high; palpi black with some hairs. Antennæ about as long as the
head, black, the two first joints with short hairs. Thorax grey, dull,

Empididae. 115

with three slightly conspicuous, somewhat darker and a little shining,
narrow stripes. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somewhat
long, black, biserial, the hinder dorsocentral bristles longer and uni-
serial. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, three notopleural,
a couple of supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black and somewhat
strong; but besides there are some rather strong hairs especially just
behind the transverse furrow, and some inwards to the humeri.
Scutellum with four black marginal hristles. Pleura grey, metapleura
with black bristles. Abdomen grey, somewhat densely clothed with
not long, whitish or yellowish hairs; venter similarly coloured and
haired, Exterior genitalia not large, the seventh dorsal segment has
some excisions in the hind margin, the eighth is flat, somewhat im-
pressed above and here black and shining; it has a process at each
side, which is either tubercle-shaped , or hook-shaped and curved
backwards, according to the direction in which it is seen and to the
degree to which the genitalia are contracted; the lower lamellæ are
directed more or less upwards, they are somewhat broad, the hinder
lower angle a little pointed; the upper lamellæ are small, generally
quite hidden. Penis is thick, somewhat compressed, curved upwards
and a little dilated at the apex; there is a small, triangular ventral
lamella. All the hairs on the genitalia are black. Legs black; coxæ
greyish pruinose; the hind metatarsi slightly thickened, and also the
front metatarsi thicker than the middle ones. Front femora short-
haired; middle femora densely haired above, with some longer hairs
at the base, below with bristles on the basal half and short hairs on
the apical half, the bristles at the base are dense, almost forming a
tuft; hind femora short-haired above, with bristles on the anlerior
side and long, fme hairs on the posterior side, decreasing in length
towards the apex; on the ventral side there are longer and shorter
bristles; front tibiæ with bristly hairs on the dorsal side and a short,
dense pubescence ventrally and on the posterior side; middle tibiæ
with bristles above and below, those above long and present in a
number of four to five, besides with a short, dense pubescence on
the anterior side; hind tibiæ with short hairs below and bristles
above; tarsi short-haired; only the hind metatarsi somewhat spinulous
beneath, but with no long hairs above; the tarsal joints with bristles
at the apex which are somewhat long on the anterior tarsi ; the dense
pubescence on the front and middle tibiæ is continued out on the
tarsi. The hairs and bristles are black or brownish black, the dense
pubescence on the anterior legs pale. Wings hyaline, somewhat milky;
the anterior veins brown or black, the others pale brown or yellowish,
thin. Stigma faint, yellowish. Balteres whitish or pale yellow.

116 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Female. Frons broad, grey, with a longitudinal impression. The
bristles on thorax shorter than in the male; abdomen is quite short-
haired, and the hairs are dark to blackish, except at the base. Posterior
legs somewhat compressed; middle femora pennate above, and on
the apical half below, hind femora pennate above, and about in the
apical two thirds below; hind tibiæ somewhat ciliated on both sides,
the hairs above slightly broadened and those below at the base some-
what scaly; the scaly hairs on the whole somewhat narrow. Wings
somewhat brownish tinged; veins darker than in the male.

Length 3—4,2 mm.

E. vernalis is a common species in Denmark; Lersøen, Utterslev
Mose, Amager, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Nyraad at Vordingborg ;
on Funen at Veflinge; on Langeland at Lohals and in Jutland at
Sæby and Frederikshavn ; fmally on Bornholm at Allinge. It is a
somewhat early occurring species, my dates are '^Vr. to the first half
of July. It occurs in bushes e. g. in plantations of Salix, and fre-
quently on fieids in the grass.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland.

17. E. lamellicornis Beck.

1887. Beck. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XXXI, 124, 74. - 1893. Strobl, Mitth.
Ver. Steierm. 1892, 77. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 238.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma dark grey. Occiput grey with
blackish brown, downwards yellowish hairs. Labrum not twice as
long as the head is high; palpi blackish with some hairs at the apex.
Antennæ about as long as the head, black. Thorax grey, practically
unstriped. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somewhat long,
black, biserial, the former longer and uniserial behind. Further a
humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black, but they are not very conspicuous
among the somewhat long hairs on the sides of the disc and in the
præsutural depression. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles.
Pleura grey, metapleura with somewhat weak, pale brownish or
yellowish hairs. Abdomen grey, clothed with somewhat longish,
whitish or yellowish hairs; venter similarly coloured and haired.
Exterior genitalia not large, the lower lamellæ directed more or less
upwards, short and somewhat broad, between their upper margins
project the upper lamellæ which are claw-shaped, curved downwards
and longer than the lower lamellæ; the eighth dorsal segment is not
impressed, and it is not black and shining as in vernalis, but grey;
at each side of it there is a more or less distinct tubercle or hook.

Empididae. 117

as in venialis^. Penis is long, thin, curved upwards and more or
less sinuous, and tiiere is a triangular ventral larnella. At the hind
margin of the eighth segment there are long hairs, the lamellæ are
shorter haired; all the hairs are pale yellowish. Legs blackish or
brown; coxæ greyish pruinose; front metatarsi not, hind metatarsi
distinctly dilated. Front femora short-haired ; middle femora some-
what densely haired above, the hairs longest towards the base, and
with two rows of bristles below, which are shortest towards the
apex; the bristles at the base are not placed tuft-like as in vernalis;
hind femora short-haired above, with longer, fme hairs on the posterior
side and stronger hairs on the anterior side, and with shorter and
longer bristles below; front tibiæ with bristly hairs above, and with
a short, dense pubescence on the ventral and posterior side; middle
tibiæ with bristly hairs below and with three or four long bristles
above, besides with a short, dense pubescence on the anterior side;
hind tibiæ somewhat densely and longish haired below, and with
similar hairs and some bristles above; hind metatarsi slightly spinuJous
beneath and with longer hairs and some bristles above; the tarsal
joints have short bristles at the apex, longest on the anterior tarsi;
the dense pubescence on the anterior tibiæ is continued out on the
tarsi. All the hairs and bristles are black or brownish black, the
dense pubescence pale brown. Wings somewhat hyaline, slightly
greyish; veins brown to pale brownish. Stigma yellowish, often very
faint. Balteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, grey, with a longitudinal impression. The
bristles on thorax shorter than in the male. Abdomen short-haired,
the hairs however longer and paler than in vernalis. Posterior legs
compressed; posterior femora pennate on both sides, but the row of
scaly hairs below^ not reaching to the base; front tibiæ ciliated above,
middle tibiæ pennate above, ciliated below, hind tibiæ likewise but
also pennate below at the base. Wings strongly brownish, especially
on the anterior part.

Length 3,5 mm.

This species much resembles vernalis^ but is however distinguished
without difficulty; besides the two scutellar bristles there are several
other distinguishing characters; in the male the genitalia are of a
different structure and with pale hairs, and also the hairs on the
legs show several differences, especially the basal bristles below the

^ Both here and in vernalia this hook or tubercle may be more or less distinctly
observable, which is certainly dependent on the more opened or closed state of
the genitalia.

118 Orthorrhapha brachycera,

middle femora are not tuft-like. In the female the wings are much
strenger tinged, and also the pennation of the legs is dififerent,
especially the posterior tibiæ are pennate on the dorsal side, which
is not the case in vernalis. Strobl (1. c.) says nothing about this
difference in the pennation, but it is present in my specimens and
also in specimens sent to me from Mr. Becker.

E. lamellicornis is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens,
a male and two females, are known, taken by Stæger many years
ago, probably in Ordrup or the neighbourhood.

Geographical distribution : — Middle Europe down into Styria ,
Switzerland and Spain; it seems to have its northern limit in Den-
mark as it is not known from Scandinavia, but it has perhaps not
always been recognised.

A third species, much resembling the two preceding, is E. pen-
naria Fall. ; it is not found in Denmark hitherto, but will probably
be found here, as it is known from Scandinavia, England and Germany.
The male genitalia are constructed as in venialis, but the eighth
segment is not flat, black and shining above, but grey as the whole
abdomen, and there seems to be no tubercles or hooks at the sides;
the hairs on the genitalia are pale. The bristles below at the base
of the middle femora are less densely placed. The female has the
wings generally more tinged than vernalis but less than lamellicornis,
and the specimens I have examined have the hind, but not the
middle tibiæ pennate on the dorsal side. In both sexes the thorax
is less distinctly striped than in vernalis.

18. E. chioptera Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 21, 11. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
376, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 106. — 1867. Loew, Berl. Eut. Zeitschr.
XI, 43 et 54, 14. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 234.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma dark grey. Occiput grey, with
yellowish hairs, only quite above with black hairs. Labrum only a
httle longer than the head is high; palpi black, slightly haired with

Fig. 39. Antenna of E. chioptera. x 100.

brownish hairs. Antennæ shorter than the head, black, the two first
joints with a few short hairs. Thorax grey, with a faint indication
of three darker stripes. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles

Empididae. 119

short, black, biserial, the former somewhat longer and uniserial be-
hind. Further a humeral bristle, a posthmiieral, three notopleural, a
couple of supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black and somewhat
short; besides there are hairs on the humeri and sonie more bristles
inwards to the humeri and at the transverse furrow. Scutellum with
two black marginal bristles. Pleura grey, the hairs on metapleura
yellowish. Abdomen grey, with somewhat longish, whitish or yellowish
white hairs, which are longest at the sides, short in the middle;
venter similarly coloured and haired. Exterior genitalia small, the
lower lamellæ roundish, directed more or less upwards; the upper
lamellæ small, lamelliform, slightly curved. Penis slightly curved; at
the hind margin of the eighth ventral segment there are long, yellow
hairs, the lamellæ short-haired with whitish hairs. Legs black; coxæ
greyish pruinose; the front metatarsi somewhat strongly, the hind
metatarsi somewhat swollen. Front femora with fine hairs on the
ventral side; middle femora with two ventral rows of bristly hairs;
hind femora with similar hairs ventrally on the apical part, short
hairs on the posterior side and some bristles on the anterior side
towards the apex; front tibiæ with fine, longish hairs on the posterior
side and with a fine, erect pubescence below; middle tibiæ with a
dense row of fine hairs on the dorsal side, with rows of bristles be-
low and about five long bristles dorsally, besides with a dense, erect
pubescence on the anterior side; hind tibiæ with somewhat dense,
strong hairs on both sides and with bristles above; tarsi short-haired
or slightly spinulous beneath, the front and hind metatarsi with some-
what long hairs dorsally, which are longest and somewhat bristly on
the latter; at the apex of the tarsal joints are short bristles; the

Fig. 40. Wina; of E. chiopfera.

dense pubescence on the anterior tibiæ is continued out on the tarsi.
The hairs and bristles black or brownish, sometimes still paler, the
dense pubescence on the anterior legs pale. Wings whitish, somewhat
milky; costa brownish in the basal half, black and strong from the
middle to the tip, the other veins whitish, only the subcostal and

120 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

cubital veins a little darker; the cubital fork about rectangular.
Stigma faint, yellowish. Halteres black.

Female. Frons broad, grev. The bristles on thorax very short,
and abdomen likewise short-haired. Front tibiæ ciliated above;
posterior legs somewhat compressed, the middle femora ciliated on
both sides, the hairs very slightly scaly, the hind femora haired in
the same way, but the hairs a little more broadened, tow^ards the
apex with some bristly hairs on the antero-ventral side; the posterior
tibiæ short ciliated, especially on the dorsal side. Wings slightly
brownish; veins brown.

Length 3,2—3,8 mm.

E. chioptera is a common species in Denmark, but it has, how-
ever, hitherto only been taken on Sealand; Charlottenlund, Ordrup
Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Ørholm, Geel Skov, Tyvekrogen and on
the little island Egholm at Skelskør. It is a spring species, my dates
are ^^/o— 2*^/6. It occurs in grass, low herbage and on bushes, I have
especially taken it on flowering Prunus spinosa, and it is often
present in no small numbers.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
intoFrance; towards the north to middle Scandinavia, and in Finland.

19. E. prodromus Loew.

1867. Loew, Bed. ent. Zeitschr. XI, 42 et 54, 13. - 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 243.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma greyish black. Occiput of the
same colour, with black, downwards paler hairs. Labrum scarcely
longer tlian the head is high; palpi black. Antennæ black, shorter
than the head. Thorax black, shining, unstriped. The dorsocentral
and acrostichal bristles short, black, biserial, the former a little longer
and uniserial behind. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about
three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black, some-
what short and not much conspicuous between the other, more or
less strong hairs present at the sides of the disc. Scutellum with
two black marginal bristles. Pleura black, very slightly greyish
pruinose; the hairs on metapleura black. Abdomen black, somewhat
shining, clothed with short, whitish or greyish white hairs; venter
similarly coloured and haired. Exterior genitalia small, the lower
lamellæ broad and short, somewhat triangular; the upper lamellæ
are seen above the lower, so far as I could see they seem to be
divided into two branches, the lower of A\'hich is lamelliform, the
upper directed upwards, small and somewhat styliform. Penis directed
upwards between the lamellæ, slightly curved, with a black, shining

Empididae. 121

ventral lamella at the base. Legs black; coxæ slightly pruinose, front
and hind metatarsi somewhat slightly thickened. Middle femora with
a row of bristly hairs on the ventral side; hind femora short-haired
above and with some bristles on the ventral side in the apical half;
front tibiæ with fine hairs on the postero-dorsal side; middle tibiæ
with bristly hairs below, and about three long bristles on the dorsal
side; hind tibiæ with somewhat dense hairs below and above. and
on the latter side with some bristles; tarsi slightly spinulous beneath,
hind metatarsi with some longer hairs above; at the apex of the
tarsal joints there are short bristles. The hairs and bristles are black.
The short, dense pubescence on the anterior tibiæ is also present in
this species, but it is scarcely observable with a lens. Wings some-
what milk-white; the basal half of the costa light brownish, the apical
half blackish; the other veins whitish, the cubital vein a little darker.
Stigma very faint, scarcely perceptible. Halteres black.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, grey. Thorax somewhat shorter
haired than in the male; abdomen very short-haired and towards the
apex the hairs blackish. Posterior legs somewhat compressed, the
posterior femora pennate above, but the hairs only slightly broad,
middle tibiæ ciliated above, hind tibiæ ciliated on both sides, longest
above and the hairs here very slightly and indistinctly broadened.
Wings a little brownisli on the basal part, hyaline towards the apex;
veins brownish. Stigma slightly brownish.

Length 2,5 to about 3 mm.

This species resembles somewhat chtoptera, but it is distinguished
by many characters and is easily known by its black colour, small
size, black metapleural hairs and much shorter haired abdomen.

E. prodromus seems not to be common in Denmark, but has
however been taken on several localities and sometimes in great
numbers; it has first been detected here in somewhat recent time,
the first specimens were taken in 1881; Ørholm, Nordskoven at
Jægerspris, Tisvilde and on Langeland at Lohals (the author); in
Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author), at Sæby and Frederiks-
havn (H. I. Hansen); my dates are from ^^/fi — ^^li. According to Loew
1. c. it occurs earlier than chioptera but continues longer than this,
I have taken it on meadows in woods and in low herbage; f. inst. I
took it at Tisvilde in great numbers in the wood on Ranunculus acer,
swarming over and sitting on the flowers, but it was also present on
other low piants on somewhat shaded piaces.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Styria; Loew
(1. c. 56) suggests that E. volucris in Zetterstedt may be prodromus
but I have had specimens from Zetterstedt's collection, and they

122 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

proved to be aestiva; it is thus hitherto not known north of Denmark,
since volucris in Siebke's Enum. Ins. Norv. 33, is probably also aestiva.

20, E. serotina Loew.

1867. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XI, 48 et 55, 18. — 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 244. — Empis obscura: 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII,
3026, 23. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 241. — Empis ohscuripennis :
1893. Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 66.

Male. Eyes contiguous; the small frontal triangle and the epi-
stoma dark greyish. Eyes with the facets in ttie larger upper part
much larger than below, the difference between the two parts of the
eye very distinct. Oceiput grey with black, in the lower half with
yellow hairs. Labrum not twice as long as the head is high; palpi
somewhat long, blackish with brownish hairs. Antennæ not as long
as the head, black, the two first joints about of equal length, with
short hairs, the third elongated and much attenuated towards the
apex. Thorax greyish brown, the interstitia presenting themselves as
two stripes, and also the sides of the disc are darker, so that four
stripes may be seen; butwhen the thorax isviewed quite from behind,
or from in front with the hght from behind, there are three distinct,
dark stripes (with the bristles), abbreviated behind, The dorsocentral
and acrostichal bristles somewhat short, black, the former pluriserial,
strenger and uniserial behind; the latter biserial. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, three or four notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle, all black; besides there are some weaker, black hairs
at the sides of the disc and at the transverse furrow, and the humeri,
the posthumeral part and the anterior part of the præsutural de-
pression are clothed with yellowish hairs, Scutellum has four black
marginal bristles. Pleura brownish grey, metapleura with yellow
bristles, propleura with yellowish hairs. Abdomen black, duU, the
first segment greyish brown pruinose; it is clothed above with short,
black, at the sides with long, yellow hairs, but there are no bristles
at the hind margin of the segments. Venter grey with pale hairs,
Exterior genitalia small, the lower lamellæ somewhat blade-shaped,
directed upwards, the upper lamellæ nearly quite hidden, only their
upper margin seen; there is a somewhat long, cleft or furrowed
ventral lamella with partly whitish yellow hairs; the genitalia for the
rest black-haired. Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose; front metatarsi
a little and hind metatarsi very slightly thickened, The posterior
femora each with two dense rows of somewhat thin bristles on the
ventral side; the middle femora also with some bristles dorsally, and
the hind femora with some on the anterior and posterior side and

Empididae. 123

on the dorsal side towards the apex; the front tibiæ with some
bristles on the dorsal side and for the rest with a short, dense,
reddish or brownish pubescence, longest on the posterior side; middle
tibiæ with some bristles above, and short, somewhat strong hairs
below, besides with a very short pubescence on the anterior side;
the hind tibiæ have likewise some bristles above and also shorter
hairs, and a ciliation below, which is specially dense towards the
apex; the hind metatarsi are spiniilous beneath and have some bristles
above, and all tarsi have short bristles at the apex of the joints; the
pubescence and ciliation on the tibiæ is continued out on the tarsi.
The hairs and bristles are black or brownish black, only below the
front femora yellowish ; the hairs on the coxæ yellow. Wings a little
brownish tinged, Veins brown, the lower branch of the cubital fork
bending downwards, terminating about at the apex of the wing.
Stigma brown. Halteres blackish, the peduncle brownish.

Female. Frons broad, grey. Thorax more grey than in the male
and the two interstitia more conspicuous. Abdomen greyish pruinose,
the hairs somewhat shorter than in the male; the lamellæ of the
ovipositor somewhat long. The front femora slightly pennate above
towards the base; the posterior femora pennate above and below,
the middle femora below only on the apical half; the front tibiæ
pennate above, but the hairs only slightly broadened, middle tibiæ
ciliated and with a few thin bristles above, hind tibiæ pennate below,
the hairs only slightly broadened and passing into cilia towards the
apex; above they are ciliated and with a row of bristles.

Length 5 — 5,7 mm.

E.serotina is rare in Denmark, only seven specimens are known;
Tyvekrog (the author) ; in Jutland at Holstebro (Jacobsen, Zetterstedt's
type-specimens), at Gjerlev near Randers Fjord (H. J. Hansen) and at
Rebild near Skjørping (J. P. Kryger). It seems to be a late occurring
species, my dates are from the last part of July to ^/9; Loew records
September for the species.

Geographical distribution : — Middle Europe down into Styria ; its
northern limit lies in Denmark.

Remarks: I am quite sure, that this species, of which I have
examined Zetterstedt's type-specimens, is identical with serotina Loew,
as the description by Loew agrees in every character; his description
of the colour of thorax, the yellow hairs at the sides, the colour and
hairs of abdomen, the structure of the genitalia and the structure and
hairiness of the legs, agrees in every respect. — As the E. obscura Macq.
will scarcely ever be recognised again, I use the name serotina Loew
for the present species, which is tims identical with obscnra Zett.

124 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

21. E. caudatula Loew.
1867. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XI, 33 et 53, 6. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 234. — Empis morosa (non Meig.) : 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 109.

Male. Eyes contiguous, epistoma blackish. Occiput dark grey,
with black hairs. Labrum a little longer than the head is high; palpi
black. Antennæ shorter than the head, black. Thorax black, sorne-
what shining, a little greyish pruinose and with a slight indication of
three darker stripes. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short,
biserial, black, the former longer and uniserial behind. Further a
humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black, but besides there are short or longer
hairs on the humeri, the sides of the disc and in the præsutural de-
pression; especially there are some stronger ones inwards to the
humeri and at the transverse furrow. Scutellum with four black
marginal bristles. Pleura somewhat greyish pruinose, metapleural
hairs black. Abdomen black, slightly shining, clothed with some-
what longish, black hairs, generally brownish at the sides in front;
venter similarly coloured and haired. Exterior genitalia small, con-
structed quite as in prodromus, the upper lamellæ seem likewise to
be two-branched. Penis is generally quite hidden. Legs black; coxæ
slightly pruinose; front and hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. Front
femora short-haired ; middle femora with two rows of bristly hairs
ventrally; hind femora short-haired above and below, on the latter
side with a couple of bristly hairs towards the apex and further with
fine hairs on the posterior side, which are long towards the base,
and with some bristles towards the apex on the anterior side; front
tibiæ with fine hairs above; middle tibiæ with two rows of bristly
hairs below, and with about five long bristles above; hind tibiæ short-
haired on both sides and with some bristles above; tarsi slightly
spinulous beneath, the front and hind metatarsi with longer hairs
above, which are longest and bristly on the hind metatarsi; at the
apex of the tarsal joints short bristles are found. The dense, erect
pubescence on the ventral side of the front tibiæ and on the anterior
side of the middle tibiæ is present and somewhat distinct, and it is
continued out on the tarsi. The hairs and bristles are black or
blackish, the short, dense pubescence pale. Wings somewhat milk-
white ; the basal half of the costa, the subcostal vein and the basal
part of the cubital vein brown, the apical half of the costa and the
outer part of the cubital vein black or blackish; the other veins
white. Stigma very slightly yellowish. Halteres black.

Female. Eyes separated, frons grey. The hairs on thorax shorter
than in the male; abdomen very short-haired. Posterior legs some-

Empididae. ] 25

what coinpressed ; posterior femora pennate on both sides, the hairs
only slightly broad, especially on the middle femora; the tibiæ short
ciliated on both sides, most densely on the dorsal side of the middle
tibiæ and the hairs here very sh'ghtly broadened, the hind tibiæ with
a few short, bristly hairs on the dorsal side. Wings greyish hyaline,
slightly brownish towards the base; veins brownish.

Length 2,8—3,2 mm.

This species resembles prodromus but is easily distinguished by
its black-haired abdomen; also in the hairiness of the legs there are
many characters, f. inst. the posterior femora in the female are pennate
on both sides, in prodromus only above. From chioptera it is like-
wise distinguished by the black-haired abdomen and also by the
smaller size. Finally it is distinguished from both by the four scutellar
bristles.

E. candatida does not seem to be rare in Denmark, but it has
hitherto only been taken on Sealand and Langeland, and tirst in
somewhat recent time, the first specimens were taken in 1884; Copen-
hagen in a garden. Amager, Damhusmosen, Ermelund, Ørholm, Frederiks-
sund (the author), at iVemmetofte and Skelskør (H. J. Hansen) and on
Langeland at Lohals (the author). My dates are ^Vs — •'•/t. It occurs
in low herbage and especially in grass. It is somewhat interesting,
that I have taken most of my specimens on Amager and also some
in Ermelund, for both localities were much visited by Stæger, and
yet the species was not known to him and it is not found in his
collection, It would seem as if it has first later appeared in our
country.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; it seems to have its northern limit in Denmark; it
occurs also in England.

22. E. aestiva Loew.

1867. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XI, 39 et 54, 11. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. II, 232. — Empis volucris (non Meig.) : 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
387, 24. — ? Empis volucris: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 109.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma blackish. Occiput black, with
black hairs. Labrum a little longer than the head is high; palpi
black, with a few hairs at the apex. Antennæ shorter than the head,
black. Thorax black, shining. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles
short, biserial, black, the former somewhat longer and uniserial behind.
Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a
supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; they are not very distinct
between other hairs present, especially inwards to the humeri. Scutellum

126 Orthonhaplia brachycera.

with two black marginal bristles. Pleura blackish, very slightly greyish,
the bristles on metapleura black. Abdomen black, somewhat shining,
clothed with short, black hairs, which are brownish at the sides; the
hairs are somewhat longer on the sides of the first segments. Exterior
genitalia not large, the lower lamellæ directed backwards or generally
more or less iipwards, the upper hinder angle a little hook-formed
and pointed and with some forwards curved hairs ; the upper lamellæ
are hidden between the lower, so that it appears as if only one pair
of lamellæ is present. Penis is curved simply upwards and thin to-
wards the apex; the eighth ventral segment is somewhat arched and
protruding. Legs black or brownish black; coxæ very slightly pruinose;
hind metatarsi somewhat thickened. Front femora with some fine
hairs below; middle femora with two somewhat dense rows of bristly
hairs, one ventral, the other postero-ventral ; the hairs are somewhat
short, only the three or four basal ones long; hind femora short-
haired above and on the posterior side, and with rows of bristly hairs
on the ventral and anterior side; front tibiæ with short hairs above
and a dense, erect pubescence below ; middle tibiæ short-haired below,
the hairs strongest in the basal half, and on the dorsal side with
some long bristles, generally two or three on the basal half and one
at the apex, but this latter may be short or even wanting; besides
there is a dense, erect pubescence on the anterior side; hind tibiæ
with longish hairs below and above, and with some bristles on the
latter side; the hind tarsi slightly spinulous beneath, the metatarsus
with short hairs and above with some bristles; the tarsal joints with
very short bristles at the apex; the short, erect pubescence on the
anterior tibiæ is continued out on the tarsi. All hairs and bristles

^g^M

Fig. 41. Wing of E. aestiva.

black or blackish, the dense, erect pubescence on the anterior legs
pale. Wings hyaline; subcostal, radial and cubital veins dark brown,
the other veins pale brownish, the anal vein abbreviated somewhat
before the margin. Stigma faint, yellowish. Halteres black.

Female. Eyes separated, frons blackish. Thorax and abdomen
shorter haired than in the male. Posterior legs somewhat compressed,

Empididae. 127

posterior femora pennate on both sides with rather long scaly hairs;
on the ventral side of the middle femora the scaly hairs are present
only on the apical half, the basal half has only ordinary hairs, and
on the hind femora the ventral base has likewise only ordinary hairs;
the middle tibiæ are only pennate above and the scaly hairs are
short and adpressed; hind tibiæ pennate on both sides, but on the
ventral side only on the basal half, on the dorsal side there are some
bristles posteriorly to the row of scaly hairs. Wings distinctly brownish,
especially towards the base.

Length 3 — 3,5 mm.

E. aestiva is common in DenmaTk; Copenhagen in a garden,
Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Ørholm, Søllerød, Hillerød, Frerslev Hegn,
Frederikssund; on Funen at Middelfart; on Langeland at Lohals and
in Jutland in Højenbæk Dal at Vejle, in Vejle Nørreskov, at Laven
near Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord and at
Aalborg; my dates are ^"/e — ^/s. It occurs generally on open piaces
in woods, often sitting on the flowers of Composites, and I have
taken it in great number swarming on Carduus.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Thuringia; towards the north to middle Scandinavia.

Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions under his volucris a male from
Denmark, teste Stæger; Loew has already (1. c. 56) declared, that this
must be aestiva according to a specimen sent to him from Stæger.
The species in the collection in our museum labelled volucris, and of
which all specimens are from Stæger, proved also to be aestiva;
moreover I have seen a specimen determined as volucris from Zetter-
stedt's collection, labelled Stæger, and it was aestiva like the other
specimens in the collection determined as volucris, as mentioned above
under prodromus.

23. E. cinerea Zett.
1855. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XII, 4609, 7— 8. — Kat. palåarkt. Dlpt. II, 235.

Female. Frons broad, dark grey, epistoma of the same colour.
Occiput grey, with black, below with pale hairs. Labrum twice as
long as the head is high; palpi black, with longish hairs at the apex.
Antennæ as long as the head, black, the first joint slightly longer
than the second, the third broad at the base, attenuated towards the
apex; the two first joints with short hairs. Thorax grey, the two
interstitia generally presenting themselves as slightly darker stripes.
The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles not short, biserial, black, the
former somewhat longer and stronger and uniserial behind. Further
a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar

128 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there are some hairs on the
sides of the disc. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura
grey, metapleura with black, propleura with some pale hairs. Ab-
domen slate-grey, clothed with short, black, at the base with some-
what pale hairs; venter similarly coloured and haired. The lamellæ
of the ovipositor somewhat long and thin. Legs black ; coxæ greyish
pruinose, and the legs also on the whole somewhat pruinose. They are
short-haired, the front and middle tibiæ with a row of fine hairs
above, most distinct on the front tibiæ; hind tibiæ with some fine
bristles above, and hind femora with a row of fine hairs below.
Wings hyaline, very slightly greyish; veins brown, costa and the
€ubital vein blackish; the lower branch of the cubital fork bending
slightly downwards, terminating at the apex of the wing. Stigma
faint. Halteres whitish.

Length 3,5 mm,

The species was founded by Zetterstedt on females, and I also
have only females, the male thus not being known. I have not seen
the type, but I think the determination beyond doubt as Zetterstedt's
description quite agrees.

E. cinerea is at present only very little known, I caught all my
specimens, nine in number, with the net on a common on Amager
in the grass, on ^/i; — ^Wo 1909. The locality is similar to that men-
tioned by Zetterstedt; „In Oelandia ... in floribus Potentillæ . . . juxta
litus maris . . .".

Geographical distribution : — Middle Sweden to Denmark.

Remarks: I think this species may belong to Pterempis, though
its legs are not pennate.

VII. Subg. Empis s. str.
Somewhat large or medium-sized species, generally of brownish
or greyish colour, sometimes somewhat lighter. Eyes contiguous in
the male, with the upper facets larger than the lower; separated in
the female. Antennæ as a rule somewhat long, the first joint gener-
ally about twice as long as the second, sometimes only slightly longer;
the third joint generally elongated. The dorsocentral bristles pluri-
serial (only in livida uniserial), the acrostichal bristles pluriserial or
biserial; the sides of the disc with hairs, sometimes somewhat fused
with the dorsocentral hairs. There is a humeral bristle, only rarely
absent (borealis), further one or three posthumeral bristles (absent in
horealis and opaca), three to several notopleural, one supraalar and
one postalar bristle. Metapleural bristles numerous; propleura with
distinct hairs. Scutellum with four to several marginal bristles. Ab-

* Empididae. 129

domen generally with bristles at the hind margin of the segments.
Exterior genitalia small or large. Legs with bristles; metatarsi not
thickened; no short, erect pubescence on the anterior side of the
middle tibiæ. Legs in the female very rarely somewhat pennate (in
no Danish species). Wings sometimes broad, especially in the female;
veins complete (only in livida the branches of the discai vein slightly
abbreviated) ; cubital vein terminating at some distance from or very
near the apex of the wing. Discai cell more or less pointed outwards.
Axillary lobe well developed, axlllary angle acute and deep; alula
present, but small.

Tahle of Species.

1. Thorax with three stripes 2.

— Thorax with four stripes 5.

2. The branches of the discai vein abbreviated just before

the margin 26. livida.

— No abbreviated veins 3.

3. Acrostichal bristles biserial; metapleural bristles yellow 27. nigricans.

— Acrostichal bristles pluriserial; metapleural bristles black... 4.

4. Scutellum with more than four marginal bristles 24. tessellata.

— Scutellum with four marginal bristles 25. hrevicornis.

5. Wings strongly brownish tinged, somewhat broad in the

male, very broad in the female 28. horealis.

— Wings slightly tinged and not broad 29. opaca.

M. E. tessellata Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 405, 10, et 1805. Syst. Antl. 140, 13. -
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. 111,17,1. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 368,1.—
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 103. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 245. — Emins
livida (nonL.): 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 471, 5, et 1805. Syst. Antl. 139, 10.

Male. Eyes contiguous; frontal triangle and epistoma grey. Occi-
put grey with black bristles. Labrum about twice as long as the

Fig. 42. Antenna of E. tessellata. X 50.

head is high; palpi black, with long, black hairs. Antennæ black, as
long as the head, the first joint about twice as long as the second;
the two first joints greyish, with somewhat long, black hairs. Thorax
grey or more or less brownish, with three brow^nish black stripes, the
median somewhat narrow^ and abbreviated behind ; further there is a

9

130 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

small, CLineiform spot on each side, more or less connected in front
with the lateral stripe; the space in front of the scutellum is darker
brown. The dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs are somewhat long,
but fine, and pluriserial; they are long and strong behind, and the
three rows are here more or less fused together; the sides of the
disc are clothed with slightly shorter hairs, which are fused with the
dorsocentral hairs. The hairs are all black. Further a humeral
bristle, about three posthumeral, a number of notopleural and supraalar
and one postalar bristle, all strong, black; on the humeri there are
many rather strong, bristly hairs. Scutellum has a number of stronger
and weaker, black marginal bristles, Pleura greyish or greyish brown,
metapleura with numerous, stronger and weaker, black bristles; pro-
pleura with black hairs. Pro- and mesothoracic spiracles light brown.
Abdomen brownish, the colours somewhat reflecting, changing accord-
ing to the view ; seen from behind abdomen has a dark middle stripe
or dark triangles; it is clothed with black hairs, which are longest at
the sides and strong at the hind margins of the segments. Venter
greyish, without strong hairs. Exterior genitalia not large, the lower
lamellæ broad, somewhat triangular, rounded or sHghtly pointed at
the apex, and directed somewhat upwards; the upper lamellæ are
seen above the lower, they are very small and likewise triangular.
Penis is hidden. The lower lamellæ are somewhat shining, densely
haired with longish hairs, among which some few stronger. Legs
with the coxæ greyish pruinose, otherwise somewhat varying in colour
and thus giving rise to two, somewhat distinct varieties; either the
femora are black, tibiæ and tarsi rufous, the latter blackish towards
the apex (genuina), or the legs quite rufous or yellowish, only the
front femora more or less blackish at the base and the tarsi blackish
at the apex {rufipes Stæg. in litt. Zett. 1. c, livida Fabr.). The hind
tibiæ have a small, low, somewhat densely haired knob on the
posterior side, at a little distance from the base. The legs are some-
what strongly haired and spined; front femora with longish hairs
below, and strong bristles on the anterior and posterior side; middle
femora with bristles on the anterior, ventral and postero-ventral side;
besides the anterior femora have a very short, dense, pale pubescence
ventrally; hind femora with strong bristles all round, except above,
and with longer, thin hairs towards the base, especially on the dorsal
and posterior side; front tibiæ with two rows of strong bristles on
the dorsal side, and with a short, brownish pubescence ventrally;
middle tibiæ with (four) rows of strong bristles on the various sides ;
hind tibiæ with two rows of strong bristles on the dorsal side and a
short ciliation ventrally; tarsi with strong bristles at the apex of the

Empididae. 131

joints, the posterior metatarsi also with some beneath; the pubescence
on the front tibiæ and the ciliation on the hind tibiæ continued out
on the tarsi. All the hairs and bristles black. Wings strongly brownish,
somewhat yellowish towards the base. Veins brown, the lower branch of
the cubital fork bent very slightly downwards and just at the apex
curved a little upwards, it terminates long before the apex of the
wing. Stigma a little darker brown than the wing, but very faint
and little conspicuous. Halteres yellow.

Female. Ghiefly agreeing with the male; frons broad, grey. The
lamellæ of the ovipositor short, and below them there is a small,
roundish appendage. Hind tibiæ simple, but the legs with still more
bristles than in the male, thus the front tibiæ with small bristles
ventrally and the hind tibiæ with a ventral row of strong bristles,
and also the front metatarsi have bristles.

Length 9 — 11 mm.

The pupa is brownish yellow, about Hmm. long; the two upper
of the tubercles on the front side of the head are distinct, transverse
and compressed, the two lower have a large, sharp edge below.

E. tessellata is very common and has been taken in almost every
part of Denmark. It is chiefly a somewhat early oecurring species,
but some few may be seen rather late; my dates are ^"/s — ^-'/s. It
occurs especially in low herbage, very often on flowers of various
Umbelliferæ, in fens, fields and similar localities, both in and near
woods and in not woody districts. I once have taken it with a Scato-
phaga stercoraria as prey. The larva was taken in mole-casts in
Ordrup Mose on ^^U, it pupated ^Ib and developed ^"'Ib, and in Frers-

lev Hegn on '/s which latter pupated 7-5 and developed ^la.

Geographical distribution: — Whole Europe down into Spain and
Italy; towards the north to middle Scandinavia, and in Finland.

25. E. brevicornis Loew.

1869. Loew, Beschr. eur. Dipt. I, 263, 155. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. Il, 234.

Male. Eyes contiguous; epistoma greyish. Occiput grey with
black bristles and hairs. Labrum somewhat longer than the head is
high; palpi brown with black hairs. Antennæ a little shorter than
the head, black, first joint a little longer than the second, both with
short, black hairs, third joint relatively short. Thorax brownish, with
three darker stripes, abbreviated behind; the two lateral broadest.
The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles of moderate length, black,
pluriserial, the former longer and uniserial behind; the sides of the

;132 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

thoracic disc have similar hairs, which are fused with the dorsocentral
hairs. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about four noto-
pleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there
are stronger and weaker hairs on the humeri and in the anterior
part of the præsutural depression. Scutellum with four black marginal
bristles. Pleura greyish, metapleural bristles black; propleura with
black hairs. The spiracles yellowish brown. Abdomen black, dull,
with narrow greyish hind margins to the segments; it is clothed with
black hairs and has strong bristles at the hind margins of the seg-
ments. The fourth dorsal segment has a curious shape, it is some-
what excised in the hind margin on each side at the lower angle,
and below the excision the angle is drawn out into a process, which
bears a tuft of strong bristles; in the excision a somewhat broad
membrane is seen. The venter is greyish, with black hairs. Exterior
genitalia not large, somewhat resembling those in tessellata ; the lower
lamellæ triangular, directed upwards, the upper apex drawn out into
a distinct point, which is curved slightly backwards; the upper lamellæ
small, triangular and pointed; the lower lamellæ have short hairs at
the hind margin. The somewhat sinuous apex of the black penis
protrudes forwards between the upper lamellæ (in my specimen), it
has a small dilatation near the middle ; the genitalia are more strongly
compressed than in tessellata^ and have a more pointed upper apex.
Legs rufous; coxæ blackish, greyish pruinose, trochanters black, the
femora more or less darkened in the middle, and the tarsi blackish
towards the apex. The legs haired somewhat as in tessellata-, the
anterior femora with stronger and weaker hairs on various sides; the
hind femora with bristles on the ventral side; front tibiæ with bristles
on the dorsal side and a dense, short, pale pubescence on the ventral
side; middle tibiæ with (four) rows of bristles on the various sides;
hind tibiæ with somewhat long bristles on the dorsal side and short
ciliated on the ventral side; the posterior tarsi spinulous below, the

Fig. 43. Wing of E. hrericornift.

hind metatarsi also with bristles above, and all tarsi with bristles at
the apex of the joints; the pubescence below the front tibiæ is con-
tinued out on the tarsi. All hairs and bristles black. Wings strongly

Empididae. 133

brown tinged, towards the base and anterior margin deep yellow.
Veins dark brown, the lower branch of the cubital vein bending
very slightly downwards, and with a scarcely observable trace of a
recurvation at the apex, terminating a little before the apex of the
wing. Stigma somewhat dark brown. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, grey. Thorax and abdomen
much shorter haired than in the male, and abdomen of grey colour;
the lamellæ of the ovipositor short and below them a small lamella.
Legs short-haired, the anterior tibiæ with short, the hind tibiæ with
longer bristles. Wings hyaline, but the costal cell, the first basal cell,
the anal cell and the alula yellow (all the same parts which are
yellow in the wing of the male),

Length 5,5 — 6 mm.

This interesting species resembles somewhat tessellata, but can
in no way be confused with it, as both the size and other characters
easily distinguish it. Loew's description agrees in every character, so
that the determination is beyond doubt, but Loew has not seen the
curious shape of the fourth abdominal segment in the male. Also
the female described by Loew agrees fully with my females, so that
it may be.considered as certain, that it was really the female to this
species Loew had before him. Loew declares correctly, that the
species is nearly related to tessellata', when he is of opinion that it
stands nearer to the ciliata group than does tessellata I am not sure,
that this is correct; the hairs on the thoracic disc are present quite
as in tessellata ; there is however the difference, that the hairs outside
the dorsocentral rows are of the same or about the same length as
the dorsocentral hairs, while in tessellata they are shorter. — The
species is not much known, and I do not find it mentioned since
Loew, except in Verrall's List of Brit. Dipt. 2nd Ed. 190L

E. brevicornis is rare in Denmark, only five specimens, a male
and four females, have been caught, and it was taken for the first
time in 1908; Ermelund, Tyvekrog and in Nordskoven at Jægerspris
(the author); the dates are ^^Ih — ^^/a, it is thus a spring species.

Geographical distribution: — Loew described the species from
Bavaria, and Verrall records it from England.

26. E. livida L.

1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1897. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 35, 36. —
1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 372, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 104. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 239. — Etnpis lineata: 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 141, 19.

Male. Eyes contiguous; frontal triangle and epistoma grey.
Occiput brownish grey with black bristles, the hairs below yellowish

134 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

white. Labrum about twice as long as the head is high, palpi yellow
with short hairs. Antennæ as long as the head, black, the first joint
twice as long as the second, the two first joints with short hairs.
Thorax yellowish brown, with three narrow, velvet black stripes,
abbreviated behind, the two lateral also in front; the humeri with
a rufous point. The dorsocentral bristles uniserial, longer and strong
behind, the acrostichal bristles shorter, biserial; all black. Further a
hnmeral bristle, a posthumeral, three notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle, all black; besides there are sonie bristly hairs on the
humeri and around the posthumeral bristle, and some small hairs in
the anterior part of the præsutural depression. Scutellum has a broad,
yellow margin and four black bristles. Pleura greyish brown, meta-
pleura with black bristles and some thin, yellow hairs; propleura
with yellowish hairs; the spiracles brownish yellow. Abdomen brownish
yellow, slightly shining, sometimes showing some ill-defined dark
spots; it is clothed with short, black hairs, at the hind margins of
the segments there are longer, black bristles. Venter similarly coloured
and haired; towards the anterior margin of the first ventral segment
there is in the middle an impression with longish hairs, but it is
difficult to see in dried specimens. Exterior genitalia rather small,
and in so far of a curious construction, as the upper lamellæ are
much larger than the lower; each of the upper lamellæ is almost
semiglobular, the two lamellæ together forming a globular knob; they
have two small incisions in the hind margin between which a median
tooth is formed; the lower lamellæ are small, much shorter than the
upper, triangular and pointed. Penis is strongly curved, but generally
hidden between the lamellæ, sometimes a little protruding above.
The lower lamellæ and the eighth ventral segment have somewhat
long, black hairs. Legs yellow, the very apex of the tibiæ and the
tarsi except the base blackish; coxæ very slightly greyish pruinose.
Femora chiefly short-haired, the hind femora with longer hairs to-
wards the base, and short, bristly hairs below; the middle tibiæ with
a dorsal and two ventral rows of strong bristles; hind tibiæ with
two dorsal rows of bristles; besides the front and hind tibiæ finely
cihated below; the tarsi with somewhat numerous bristles, especially
below. Wings somewhat brownish tinged. Veins dark brown, the
lower branch of the cubital fork bending downwards and slightly re-
curved towards the apex, terminating about at the apex of the wing;
the branches of the discai vein not reaching the margin but stopping
just before it. Stigma faint. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons somewhat broad, brownish, with an impressed
middle line. The hairs on the thoracic disc and the bristles on ab-

Enipididae. 135

domen shorter than in the male; abdomen brownish grey, with the
light from behind darker; the lamellæ of the ovipositor somewhat
long and slender. Front femora ciliated on the anterior side, the
hairs in the basal half somewhat scaly; middle femora with fme hairs
below, which are long in the apical half; hind femora ciliated below
with somewhat scaly hairs; the posterior tibiæ with short but strong
bristles on various sides; the middle tibiæ have ventrally near the
base a very slight dilatation densely beset with short bristles. Wings
quite hyaline.

Length 7 to about 10 mm.

E. livida is like tessellata very common in Denmark and has
been taken in all parts of our country. It is seen during a great
part of the summer, my dates reach from the last half of June to ^y.
It occurs both in the outskirts of woods and outside, but it seems
especially to prefer grassy fields, commons and meadows.

Geographical distribution:— Europe down into France; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

27. E, nigricans Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 224, 14, et 1822. Syst. Beschr.
III, 34, 35. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 240. — Empis rustica: 1815.
Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 18, 3. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 371, 3. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 104.

Male. Eyes contiguous; frontal triangle and epistoma greyish
brown. Occiput grey with black bristles, on the lower half with
whitish yellow hairs. Labrum about twice as long as the head is
high; palpi yellow, with yellow, at the apéx with dark hairs, An-
tennæ as long as the head, black, the two first joints generally
brownish or yellowish, with short, black hairs; the first joint about
twice as long as the second. Thorax brownish, with three somewhat
broad, blackish stripes, the median abbreviated behind. The dorso-
central bristles irregularly biserial or pluriserial, long and uniserial
behind, the acrostichal bristles biserial, all black. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, a number (four to five) of notopleural, a
supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black; besides there are some
strong hairs on the humeri and at the sides of the disc, especially
some in front of the supraalar bristle and these latter may be rather
strong; in the anterior part of the præsutural depression there are
some yellow hairs. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles.
Pleura grey, metapleura with yellow, and sometimes some brown
bristles; propleura with yellow hairs; the spiracles yellowish. Ab-
domen black or greyish black, shining. It is clothed in the middle

136 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

line with short, black hairs, at the sides with long, yellow hairs;
there are no distinct bristles at the hind margin of the segments.

Venter grey, dull, with yellow hairs.
Exterior genitalia large, the lower
lamellæ long, elongated triangular
and somewhat pointed; the upper
lamellæ with a deep incision and
thus divided into a lower, somewhat
rounded lobe, and an upper, more
dentiform lobe which is curved a
Fig.44. £. m^ncajis, male genitalia. little downwards. Penis ferruginous,

thick at the base, going straight
about to the end of the lamellæ, but here curving upwards, and
with a very fme apex. The lower margin of the lower lamellæ has
long, yellow, towards the apex blackish hairs. The eighth ventral
segment is arched, and there is a somewhat large ventral lamella.
The two last abdominal segments are bent somewhat down, the
genitalia thus being at a lower level than the abdomen. Legs yellow;
coxæ very slightly pruinose; the apex of the femora black, the front
femora above and the middle femora on the anterior side more or
less darkened or blackened, the tibiæ towards the apex and the tarsi
black. Middle femora with two rows of bristly hairs below; hind
femora likewise with bristly hairs below, and on all sides towards
the base; front tibiæ with some bristly hairs above, short ciliated on
the posterior side, and with a short, fme pubescence below; middle
tibiæ with two dorsal rows of bristles and a ciliation below, which
is longest on the antero-ventral side; hind tibiæ with dorsal rows of
bristles and a short ciliation ventrally; tarsi densely haired, with
small bristles at the apex of the joints; the middle metatarsi and
apex of the tibiæ with long hairs on the posterior side; the hind
metatarsi with some bristles. The pubescence on the front tibiæ is
continued out on the tarsi. All hairs and bristles black. Wings
somewhat brownish tinged. Veins dark brown, the lower branch of
the cubital fork bending downwards, terminating just before the apex
of the wing. Stigma somewhat brownish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, grey; abdomen more grey than in the
male; ovipositor with somewhat long lamellæ. Legs short-haired ,
middle femora and posterior tibiæ with short bristles; all tarsi spinu-
lous beneath ; middle femora not darkened on the anterior side.
Wings less tinged, more yellowish than in the male, especially to-
wards the apex.

Length 8 — 10 mm.

Empididae.

137

E. nigricans is not common in Denmark and has only been
taken a few times; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, and on Funen; my dates
are ^h — ^/s. Zetterstedt records it as frequenting the flowers of
Carduus.

Geographical distribution: — Nortiiern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden.

28. E. borealis L.

1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1899. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 36,
37. — 1842. Zelt. Dipt. Scand. I, 370, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 105. —
1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 334.

Male. Eyes contiguous; frontal triangle and epistoma brownish
grev. Occiput grey, with long, black, downwards brownish hairs.
Labrum not, or scarcely twice as long as the head is high; palpi
blackish, with long, black hairs. Antennæ long, longer than the head,
black, first joint twice as long as the second, the third elongated,
very slightly attenuated towards the apex; the style short; the two
first joints with longish, black hairs. Thorax dark greyish brown,
with four blackish brown stripes, the two median abbreviated behind,
the two lateral generally less distinct and abbreviated at both ends.
The dorsocentral hairs pluriserial, the acrostichal biserial, all long and
fine, black; the dorsocentral hairs strong and a little longer behind;
the sides of the disc with similar hairs, fused with the dorsocentral
hairs. There are three or four notopleural bristles, a supraalar and
a strenger and a weaker postalar bristle,
all black, but there are no humeral or
posthumeral bristles discernible between
the long hairs. Scutellum has six black
marginal bristles. Pleura grey, meta-
pleura with black bristles; propleura
with black hairs. Abdomen greyish
brown, slightly shining, clothed above
with short, at the sides with long, erect,
black hairs, which are slightly stronger
at the hind margins of the segments.
Venter similarly coloured, with long,
black hairs. Exterior genitalia large,
and the apex of abdomen curiously
shaped; the sixth dorsal segment arched Fig. 45. £. »oreftZis, male genitalia.
and bending rectangularly down, the

seventh segment a very narrow ring, the eighth somewhat broader;
the lower lamellæ of a somewhat rectangular shape, the upper lamellæ

138 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

triangular, pointed, somewhat shining; they are directed straightly
backwards; there is a somewhat large, triangular ventral lamella and
at the apex of this a pair of long, thin styles. Quite hidden in the
interior there is a curious, three-branched, reddish penis. The ventral
and the lower lamellæ are long-haired, the upper lamellæ short-
haired. On account of the bending of the sixth segment the genitalia
lie at a lower level than abdomen. Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose;
the posterior femora except the apex and the hind tibiæ in the
middle to a greater or less extent reddish, also the front femora
generally more or less reddish at the base. Front femora with some-
what long, fme hairs below; middle femora with shorter, but stronger,
bristly hairs below, and hind femora with short hairs and bristles;
front and middle tibiæ densely haired with longish hairs and some-
what longer, bristly hairs above, and the former with a short, dense,
pale pubescence, the latter with a short ciliation below; hind tibiæ
with bristles above and short ciliated below; the posterior tarsi
slightly spinulous below, and all tarsi with bristles at the apex of
the joints; the hairs and bristles on the dorsal side of the tibiæ
are continued in about the same way out on the metatarsi, and like-
wise the pubescence below the front tibiæ. All hairs and bristles
black. Wings somewhat broad,' strongly brownish tinged. Veins
brown, the lower branch of the eubital fork bending distinctly down-
wards, slightly recurved at the apex and terminating just before the
apex of the wing. Stigma dark brown. Halteres yellow.

Female. Frons broad, grey, with a median impression. Thorax
and abdomen not shorter haired than in the male; the lamellæ of
the ovipositor somewhat long. Legs somewhat more reddish than in
the male; the posterior tibiæ reddish except the tip, the front tibiæ
more or less reddish at the base. The legs haired about as in the
male, but the anterior tibiæ not densely haired above, but only with
bristles. Wings very broad with a broadly rounded apex, strongly
brown tinged.

Length 6,5 — 7,5 mm.

E. horealis is not to be termed common in Denmark, and it has
not been taken many times; Bagsværd, Tyvekrog, Grib Skov and in
Jutland at Silkeborg, at the latter place in no small number. It is
with us exclusively a spring species, my dates are only ''/5— ^^Z-'^; I have
taken it in copula on ^^'/5. It occurs in woods. Fabricius and Zetter-
stedt record, that it hovers in the air towards evenlng; according to
Zetterstedt it frequents the flowers of Salix and goes up in the
mountains to where the region of Salix ends; he records it from

^75 — Vs.

Empididae. 139

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia, and in
Finland; it seems to be most common in the north,

29. E. opaca Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 226, 17. — 1858. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. XII, 4608, nota.— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 105. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 241.

Male. Eyes not quite touching, and only for a short space,
frontal triangle and epistoma greyish brown, the lower margin of the
latter black, shining. Occiput grey, with black bristles, downwards
with yellowish hairs. Labrum about twice as long as the head is
high; palpi brown, with brownish, at the apex with black hairs. An-
tennæ long, longer than the head, black; first joint twice as long as
the second, the third elongated; the two first with longish, black
hairs. Thorax light brown, with four dark brown stripes, the two
median abbreviated behind, the lateral abbreviated in front. The
dorsocentral bristles of medium length, pluriserial, longer, somewhat
strong and uniserial behind; the acrostichal bristles shorter, biserial;
all black. Further a humeral bristle, three or four notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all strong, black; besides there are short
bristles on the humeri, small hairs in the anterior part of the præsu-
tural depression and generally a second, weak postalar bristle, but
there is no posthurneral bristle. Scutellum with six black marginal
bristles. Pleura brownish, meta- and propleura with black bristles
and below with sonie yellowish hairs. The spiracles yellowish. Ab-
domen black, somewhat shining, and with a slight bluish tint; the
first segment, the front part of the second and the sixth and seventh
segments grey pruinose, the sixth with a black, not pruinose triangle
at the front margin; also the side margins of the segments somewhat
pruinose. Venter greyish. Abdomen is clothed with short, black
hairs; there are strong bristles on the sides at the hind margins of
the segments; the second segment has longish, yellow hairs on the
sides. Exterior genitalia not large, somewhat knob-like, but the eighth
ventral segment large, forming an arched plate; the lower lamellæ
are broad, directed upwards, with a straightly cut upper margin;
they are curved towards each other with the hind margins; the
upper lamellæ protrude between and above the lower, they have
likewise an almost straight upper margin and a somewhat pointed
apex, pointing backwards. Penis is thick, red, curved upwards and
forwards, and with a median furrow. The genitalia are black, some-
what shining, with short hairs. Legs ferruginous; coxæ densely

140 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

brownish pruinose, trochanters, apex of femora and tibiæ, and the
tarsi except the very base black or blackish. Femora with rows of
short, strong bristles below; tibiæ with rows of similar bristles dors-
ally; tarsi somewhat spinulous beneath, and with bristles at the apex
of the joints; front and hind tarsi with a short, dense, erect pubes-
cence beneath, the middle tarsi with ordinary ciliation. All bristles
black, and the legs for the rest black-haired. Wings somewhat
brownish tinged, Vein brown; the lower branch of the cubital fork
bent somewhat downwards, the apex curved very slightly upwards,
terminating somewhat before the apex of the wing. Stigma very
faint. Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Frons broad, brownish, Abdomen not pruinose on the
sixth and seventh segment, but the grey side spots dilated inwards
at the front margin of the segments, there is thus, besides the grey
base of the abdomen, a narrow band at the front margin of the
third segment, and more or less distinct lateral bands on the following
segments, The lamellæ of the ovipositor short. Legs haired about
as in the male; the hairs of the short ciliation on the postero-ventral
side of the posterior femora may be slightly broadened, but the legs
cannot at all be termed pennate.

Length 7 — 8 mm.

E. opaca is very rare in Denmark, only four specimens, a male
and three females, have been caught, in 1906 and 1907, and all in
Jutland; Ringkøbing (Th, Mortensen), Silkeborg (A. Petersen); the
dates are ^^'5 and ^'o,

Geographical distribution:— Europe down into Italy; its northern
limit lies in Denmark, and it occurs also in England.

Remarks: Retween the species oiEmpis s, str. this species points
somewhat towards the subgenus PohjUepharis fiezzi,

6. Hilara Meig.

Species of small, at most of medium size, generally of dark,
blackish, brownish or greyish colour, sometimes lighter grey or brown,
and also sometimes yellow. The head is about as broad as or a
little narrower than the thorax; it is about globular, but however
shorter than high; it is somewhat arched behind and here more or
less densely clothed with hairs, which may be somewhat bristly. The
eyes are rather large ; they are nearly always separated in both sexes
with the frons of the same or almost the same breadth, but some-
times the frons in the male is to a higher or lower degree narrower
than in the female; only very rarely [flavipes and gracilipes) the eyes
are touching in the male. In the latter case the facets are in the

Empididae. 141

male larger above than below, but wiien the eyes are separated all
facets are of equal size. The colour of the eyes is dark reddish or
brownish, The usual incisure in the middle of the inner eye-margin
is distinct and rather deep. The vertex bears three ocelli, and vertex
and frons are short-haired, and the vertex has generally four bristles.

Fig. 46. Antenna of H. maura. x 70.

The antennæ are inserted near to each other, about in the middle of
the front side of the head ; they are of the length of, or somewhat
longer than the head ; they consist of five joints, the two basal joints
are short, the third elongated, conically tapering, and compressed, it
tapers in such a way, that the upper margin is straight, but the
lower oblique or slightly concave; the two last joints form a style,
the basal joint of which is quite short, the second long and terminating
in a small, bristle-shaped part. The basal joints of the antennæ have
short bristles, the other joints are short-haired, the bristle-like end is
bare^. Epistoma is generally as broad as the frons, its lower margin
slightly thickened. The jowls are very narrow and not descending
below the eye-margin. The oral cone is small, but distinct, and al-
lows the proboscis to be drawn considerably in. Glypeus consists of
two chitinous lists, which are broad above where they meet the
epistoma, and continue down on each side as narrow lists. Proboscis
is short, from about as long as the head is high to somewhat shorter;
it is directed downwards. Labrum is thick and strong, high at the
base and three-pointed at the apex; it is semitubular and generally
slightly curved with the convex side forwards. Hypopharynx is about
as long as labrum, somewhat semitubular or canaliculated, dilated
at the apex and pointed; it is curved like the labrum. The maxillæ
have a short, blade-like lacinia, not much more than half as long as
labrum ; the maxillary palpi are somewhat large, one jointed, curved
upwards and truncate at the apex; they have long hairs on the con-
vex lower side and among these some, generally one or two, speci-
ally long hairs. Labium is in the natural position about of the length

1 Mik (Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XIII, 1894, 280, footnote; PI. II, Fig. 12) describes the
antenna of H. sartor as six-jointed, counting the bristle-shaped terminal part as
a joint; 1 have not been able to detect any division between this part and the
second joint of the style, even by high magnifying pow^er.

142 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

of labrum, but it has a long connecting membrane; the labella are
relatively long, almost twice as long as the small basal part of labium,
somewhat broad, and cleft to the base; they are somewhat hairy.
Thorax is rectangular, somewhat arched above. Prothorax is small,
but distinct, it has two curious, strong and straight bristles above,
one on each side, and sometimes some hairs on the sides. Meta-
thorax is very small, and I could lind no chitinised metasternum. On
the thoracic disc there are dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles; they
are very short to medium long; generally the dorsocentral bristles
are uniserial, the acrostichal bristles biserial or more or less regularly
quadriserial ; sometimes they are all pluriserial. Generally a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, one to three notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle present, rarely some of them mav be absent, but the
notopleural bristles are always present. Scutellum has generally four,
sometimes more marginal bristles. Metapleura are bare. Abdomen
is more or less slender, especially in the males; it is cylindrical, or
in the male it may be a little compressed, and in this sex it is not
much narrowed towards the apex. It consists of eight segments; the
iirst segment is short and a little broader than the following, the
second is the longest. The male genitalia are very uniformly con-
structed and somewhat curious; the tw^o last abdominal segments are
much lower than the preceding, and as their dorsal side is hidden
under the genitalia, it looks as if there v^ere eight ventral, but only
six dorsal segments; the eighth ventral segment is as a rule some-
what large. The genitalia are more or less, often strongly compressed
"with a sharp edge downwards or backwards; they consist of a pair
of lamellæ, which at the end bear some small spines; they are
directed forwards, and the spines are generally hidden under the
sixth dorsal segment. Quite hidden between these lamellæ is found
a pair of sinuous or angular, somewhat styliform pieces, at most the
ends of them may be seen anteriorly between the lamellæ; I think
the lamellæ are the lower and the inner pieces represent the upper
lamellæ. Below the lamellæ lies a large, compressed piece with a
more or less sharp edge, which is I think the ventral lamella; it
terminates above with a slender process, which is curved forwards
between the lamellæ. Penis is exceedingly thin, thread-like, curved
upwards and forwards and quite hidden in or below the ventral
lamella and between the lateral lamellæ. In the female the abdomen
is more robust and suddenly pointed; the seventh and eighth segment
are very narrow and often drawn back into the foregoing; after the
eighth segment follows a very narrow ring, terminating with two thin
styles. The legs are generally not specially long; in the male the

Empididae. 143

front metatarsus is in nearly all species more or less thickened, only
in some few it is simple. The females have often the hind tibiae
more or less compressed and cm'ved. In some few (non-Danish)
species the hind femora are in both sexes or only in the male
thickened and suddenly narrowed at the apex. The legs are more
or less hairy and have bristles to a higher or lower degree, different
in the various species, and as a rule the legs are most bristly in the
males; also apical or subapical spurs or bristles are generally present.
There are two claws, two well developed pulvilli and a distinct,

Fig. 47. Wing of H. piibipes.

linear, membranous empodium. Wings with the mediastinal vein
bent at the apex and reaching the margin, the cubital vein forked,
the upper branch somewhat long and not steep; there are thus two
cubital cells; the discai vein branched, four posterior cells and the
discai cell sending three veins to the margin, the lowermost is the
upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discai cell below;
the lower branch of the postical vein recurrent, about parallel with
the wing-margin, and the anal cell shorter than the second basal
cell; the anal vein generally weak, sometimes reaching the margin,
but generally abbreviated. Stigma present. Axillary lobe well devel-
oped. Alula not or almost not developed, fringed at the margin.
The alar squamula roundish, and likewise fringed at the margin.

Of the developmental stages I have only examined a pupal skin
of H. niveipennis Zett., but Beling (Arch. fiir Naturgesch. 48, 1, 1882,
218 — 221) describes larvæ and pupæ of H. interstincta Fall., pilosa
Zett., maura Fabr,, quadrivittata Meig., fiavipes Meig. and matrona
Hal., and (Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, 1888, 2) H. qua-
drivittata Meig. again, and Brauer (Denkschr. d. Akad. d. Wissenschaft.
Wien, math. nat. Cl. XLVII, 1883, 65, Taf. IV, Fig. 77-79) describes
the larva of H. lurida Fall. The body of the larva consists of twelve
segments, the head included; it is cylindrical, white or yellowish; the
head is small; the last segment is somewhat globular with a mem-
branous, somewhat large, triangular tooth or wart; above it lie the
terminal spiracles; the anterior spiracles lie at the front end of the

144 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

prothoracic segment, the larva is thus amphipneustic. On the ventral
side of most abdominal segments there are small, transverse swellings
(Kriechschwielen). The pupa is pale yellowish to brownish; it has
two processes or teeth in front, at the bases of the diverging antennal
sheaths, and four long hairs; thorax has some similar hairs above
and below. The pupa of H. niveipennis has besides the two teeth
mentioned further two triangular teeth below the head, inwards to
the apices of the antennal sheaths; each of these teeth has a hair
standing close to it; the same two teeth or processes are found also
in the pupa of H. pilosa and matrona according to Beling, but are
not mentioned for the other species. The abdominal segments have
each above a transverse row of strong, short bristles or teeth of
unequal length and with some long hairs intermingled ; on the sides
and below there are long hairs.

The larvæ live in humous earth on humid piaces in woods, and
may be taken in mole-casts, further among decaying leaves and in
decaying wood (Brauer took the larva o'i hirida in a decaying poplar);
they are certainly carnivorous. The pupæ are found in the same
piaces as the larvæ. The larvæ hibernate, and the transformation to
pupa and final development take place in the following spring or
summer.

The species of Hilara are easily known by the almost always
thickened front metarsi in the male and by the long upper branch
of the cubital vein. They occur both in and near woods and on
fieids and commons, especially near water. They are often seen in
great numbers flying low above the surface of ponds, pools and
ditches; some species are flying higher, below the trees in woods; it
is generally only the males which fly in this way, but pairs in copula
may, however, also be seen. They are also seen in the evening flying
more singly somewhat high in the air, and then generally in copula.
They are carnivorous, feeding on other Insects, especially small Diptera.
I have taken H. puhipes with a Tachydromia and with a small Chi-
ronomus as prey, H. maura with Ghironomids, small Tipulids, small
beetles, a Myrmica, a Podurid and several other forms, and H. inter-
stincta with Ghironomids as prey. Poulton mentions in the work
cited above only one undetermined Hilara with Chirononms riparius
M. as prey. Girschner (Entom. Nachricht. XV, 1889, 221) mentions
small beetles and Aphids as prey for H. maura and interstincta, and
also the latter with the former as prey. Mik (Wien. ent. Zeitg. XI,
1892, 80) records small Phryganids and a Psocus as prey for H.
aeronetha, and the same author mentions (ibid. XIII, 1894, 283)
Simulium reptans L., Ptilonota centralis F., a Gecidomyid and a small

Empididae. 145

Empid as prey for H. pruinosa M. Howlett (Entom. Month. Mag.
XLIII, 1907, 231) mentions Simulium latipes M. and small Chirono-
mids as prey for H. maura. The species have never been taken
with prey except when flying in the air, and when a pair in copula
is taken, they seem always to have a prey with them, and the facts
with regard to this phenonienon are somewhat curious. For several
species it has been observed, that when they are taken with a prey,
this latter is enveloped in a little web; this was first recorded by
Girschner (Entom. Nachricht. XV, 1889, 221) for H. maura and
interstincta, and later by Mik (1. c.) for H. aeronefha and pruinosa.
Howlett (1. c.) mentions it with regard to H. maura. I have myself
made the same observation with regard to H. pubipes. I observed
this species at Tisvilde in July 1909; in the evening the species was
seen sitting on the white wall of the hotel, and eacli had a small
Chironomus in the mouth; (as remarked above the species of Hilara
have elsewhere only been taken with prey when flying) ; when the fly was
caught or frightened, so that it flew away, the prey was left on the
wall, and by examining it I found it enveloped in a small web,
apparently consisting of only a few threads; the specimens of the
Hilara were all males. The species was also taken flying in the
evening high in the air in copula and with prey. Thus five species:
H. maura, interstincta, pubipes, aeronetha and pruitiosa are now
known to make these webs. From the various observations it is
clear, that it is only the males which make the web^ that this is
produced from the mouth, and that it is used to envelop the prey
in; it is probable that more or all Hilara species produce such a
web. The prey seems always to be caught in the air, and this seems
again to be in connection with the copulation, the male probably
attracting the females with the food, the facts thus being similar to
what is recorded above under Empis.

Besides the mentioned five species still another species, H. sartor
Beck., makes a web, but this is much larger, and the males are seen
flying with it. H. sartor and its web has given rise to a whole
literature (by Osten Sacken, Becker, Mik, Girschner, Verhoeff, Hand-
lirsch), in which very different opinions as to the origin of the web,
its use and the way in which it is carried are advanced (see Mik,
Wien. ent. Zeitg. XIII, 1894, 273). It seems to me somewhat probable,
that the web may be of the same nature and origin, and chiefly of
the same use as the webs in the other species, perhaps at the same
time acting as a means of enticement for the females, but I can
othervvise say nothing about it, and in comparison with the curious

10

146 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

balloon, mentioned above under Empis, it is also possible, that we
have here to do with a particular structure.

The genus comprises about 110 species from the palæarctic
region: 26 have hitherto been found in Denmark; of these three are
here described as new, the total number of palæarctic species thus
increasing to about 113.

Tahle of Species.

1. Legs quite black or blackish brown, sometimes greyish
pruinose (with or without lighter knees) 2.

— Legs not quite black or blackish brown, either yellow,

or at all events the front legs more or less yellow .... 21.

2. Halteres dark or black 3.

— Halteres yellow 15.

3. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles very short, pluri-
serial; scutellar bristles 6 — 10; abdomen and legs
yellow-haired 10. maura.

— Dorsocentral bristles uniserial, at most a little irregularly
biserial; abdomen and legs dark-haired 4.

4. Acrostichal bristles quadriserial or tri- to quadriserial . . . 5.

— Acrostichal bristles biserial 9.

5. Scutellar brislles 6 — 8 11. interstincta.

— Scutellar bristles 4 6.

6. Thorax and abdomen black, shining 7.

— Thorax and abdomen dull black, or thorax blackish
brown, abdomen slightly shining 8.

7. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles not very short,
the former long behind, the latter not distinctly
quadriserial in front; discai cell not specially long;

hind tibiæ in the female simple I. cornicula.

— Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles very short, the
former not long behind, the latter quite quadriserial ;
discai cell rather long; hind tibiæ in the female

thickened in the apical half 4. discoidalis.

8. Thorax black, thoracic bristles rather long; abdomen
dull; wings generally blackish; hind tibiæ in the

female very broad and curved 8. nigrina.

— Thorax blackish brown; abdomen a little shining;
wings not blackish; hind tibiæ in the female less

broad and less curved 5. quadrifaria.

9. Discai cell unusually long and attenuated outwards;

front metatarsi in the male simple 26. minuta.

— Discai cell of common shape; front metatarsi in the

male thickened 10.

10. Thorax dark brown with four more or less distinct

stripes 17. histriata.

— Thorax not with four stripes 11.

11. Thorax much shining, abdomen quite dull; front

metatarsi in the male somewhat quadratic 6. chorica.

Empididae.

147

15.

16.

— Thorax less shining, abdomen not quite diill; front
metatarsi in the male not quadratic 12.

12. Dorsocentral bristles not long behind, those and the
acrostichal bristles on the whole very short 3. clypeata.

— Dorsocentral bristles long behind, thoracic bristles longer. . . 13.

13. Thorax and abdomen rather shining; wings strongly

blackish brown; hind tibiæ in the female simple. . . 2. coracula.

— Thorax and abdomen slightly shining; wings not
strongly tinged; hind tibiæ in the female more or

less broad and curved 14.

14. All legs somewhat short; exterior genitalia in the
male not large; front metatarsi only with a single
bristle; hind tibiæ in the female slightly broad and

curved 9. hivittata.

— All legs more slender; exterior genitalia in the male
large; front metatarsi with some bristles above; hind
tibiæ in the female distinctly broad and curved .... 7. pseiidochorica.

Thorax light grey; wings milk-white 19. niveipennis.

Thorax grey or brown with four distinct stripes, or
dark brown with indistinct stripes or with one broad

stripe; wings not milk-white 16.

Thorax dark brown with four indistinct stripes, or

dark grey with one broad stripe; front tibiæ in the
male with more or less long bristles; hind tibiæ in
the female simple 17.

— Thorax light grey or brown with four distinct stripes;
front tibiæ in the male not with long bristles; hind
tibiæ in the female more or less compressed and
curved 18.

17. Thorax dark grey with one broad stripe; acrostichal
bristles quadriserial; front metatarsi in the male not

much thickened, shorter than tibiæ 12. aeronetha.

— Thorax dark brown with four indistinct stripes; acro-
stichal bristles biserial; front metatarsi very thick, as

long as tibiæ 18. pilipes.

18. Thorax grey; acrostichal bristles quadriserial or tri-

to quadriserial 19.

— Thorax brownish; acrostichal bristles biserial; occiput

greyish brown 14. quadrivittata.

19. Occiput quite grey; middle femora and tibiæ in the

male with long hairs on the anterior side 13. puhipes.

— Occiput more or less black, not quite grey ; middle

legs in the male without long hairs 20.

20. Occiput black above, grey below; the lateral stripes

on thorax very near to the median pair 15. Beckeri.

— Occiput black with a grey triangle above; the lateral

stripes on thorax less near to the median pair .... 16. carinthiaca.

21. Legs, except the tarsi, quite yellow 22.

— Posterior legs more or less brownish or blackish;
balteres dark 25.

10*

148 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

22. Acrostichal bristles morethan biserial; front metatarsi

in the male thickened 23.

— Acrostichal bristles biserial; front metatarsi in the

male simple 24.

23. Thorax grey; balteres yellow 21. gallica.

— Thorax blackish grey; balteres with yellow peduncle

and dark knob 22. lurida.

24. Thorax grey with two stripes; balteres yellow; eyes

in the male narrowly separated 24. cingulata.

— Thorax black, shining; balteres dark (or yellow in

the female) ; eyes in the male contiguous 25. ffavipes.

25. Thorax grey, with one stripe or unstriped; acrostichal

bristles quadriserial 20. litorea.

— Thorax blackish brown; acrostichal bristles biserial. 23. lasiopyga.

In the table I have placed H. aeronetha in the group with yellow
balteres; according to Mik and Strobl this species niay vary with
dark balteres.

1. H. cornicula Loew.

1873. Loew, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XVII, 42, 31. — 1892. Strobl, Verh.
zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 105, 1. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 250.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, tbe latter shining in tbe
middle; epistoma more greyisb; palpi brownisb with brown hairs.
Occiput duU black, with blackish, downwards with pale hairs. Antennæ
black. Thorax black, shining. The dorsocentral and acrostichal
bristles of some length, black or blackish, the former uniserial, and
long behind, the latter quadriserial but just in front bi- to triserial.
Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a
supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum
with four black marginal bristles, the inner strongest.
Pleura grey pruinose. Abdomen black, shining, with
black hairs; at the hind margin of the segments longer,
bristly hairs. Venter similarly coloured and haired.
Exterior genitalia somewhat large, compressed, with a
httle longer hairs above. Legs black or blackish; coxæ
grey pruinose. The femora, especially the hind femora,
with fine hairs above and below; middle femora with
some longer, more bristly hairs on the anterior side;
front tibiæ with fine hairs and some slightly longer
hairs on the dorsal side; hind tibiæ with two rows of

ri"'. 48 H covni-

ciila, front leg. bristly hairs on the dorsal and anterior side. Front

X 30. metatarsi somewhat thicker than the end of tibiæ, slightly

shorter, about three fourths or more of the length of tibiæ^ and nearly

as long as the four following joints, generally with one or two bristly

Empididae. J49

hairs on the dorsal side. The hairs and bristles black or brownish.
Wings slightly light brownish tinged. Veins lighter or darker brown;
the upper branch of the cubital vein nearly rectangular at its origin,
and not much diverging. Stigma brown. Halteres blackish.

Female, Quite similar to the male; the bristles on thorax not
shorter. Front metatarsi simple, about half as long as tibiæ, and as
long as the three following joints; the whole tarsus a little longer
than tibia; hind tibiæ simple.

Length 3^ — ^3,5 mm.

Immature and old museum specimens have often lighter legs,
and also abdomen may be somewhat brownish, especially at the base.

H. corrdcula seems to be rare in Denmark as it has been taken
only one time, ^^/o 1844 in Lersøen (Stæger); it was present in sorae
numbers.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; it occurs
in England but is not known north of Denmark. (See howewer
geographical distribution under H. clypeata).

2. H. coracula n. sp.
Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, the latter with a little
brownish triangle above the antennæ; epistoma blackish; palpi dark
with black hairs. Occiput black or greyish black, with black hairs.
Antennæ black. Thorax black, shining. The dorsocentral and acro-
stichal bristles of some length, black; the former uniser'al, long be-
hind, the latter biserial. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral,
three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Scu-
tellum has four black marginal bristles. Pleura greyish pruinose.
Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with black or brownish black
hairs and somewhat longer, bristly hairs at the hind margin of the
segments. Venter similarly coloured, short-haired. The exterior geni-
talia rather large, strongly compressed, the ventral piece (ventral la-
mella) longer than in cornicula. Legs black or brownish black; coxæ
slightly greyish pruinose. Femora with fine hairs above and below,
they are somewhat long below the hind femora; the middle femora
with a few bristly hairs on the anterior side; front tibiæ with fine
hairs and some slightly longer bristles on the dorsal side, longest at
the apex; hind tibiæ with two rows of somewhat long bristles on
the dorsal and anterior side. Front metatarsi of a shape as in corni-
cula, a little thicker than the end of tibiæ, slightly shorter than the
tibiæ, and about as long as the other four joints; they are short-
haired, with some longer hairs above towards the apex. The hairs
and bristles brown. Wings strongly blackish brown tinged. Veins

150 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

brown; the upper branch of the cubital vein* somewhat diverging.
Stigma brown. Balteres brownish black.

Female. Similar to the male; the bristles on thorax of the same
length. Front metatarsi simple, not half as long as tibiæ and shorter
than the four following jomts, the whole tarsus about as long as the
tibia; hind tibiæ simple.

Length 2,8 to fully 3 mm.

This species is similar to cornicula, but distinguished by the bi-
serial acrostichal bristles and the strongly tinged wings.

H. coracula is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a male
and a female have been taken, on Falster at Resle on ^^/s 1882
(H. J. Hansen).

Geographical distribution: — The species is only known from
Denmark.

3. H. clypeata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 4, 4. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 356,
27. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 114. - 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell.
XLII, 106, 2. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 250.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black; epistoma dark; palpi black,
with blackish hairs. Occiput velvet black, with blackish hairs. An-
tennæ black. Thorax black, shining, with a very slight brownish
pruinosity, which forms two scarcely discernible stripes on the inter-
stitia between the hairs. The dorsocentral bristles irregularly biserial,
the acrostichal bristles biserial, all very short, black; the dorsocentral
bristles not longer behind. There are some small hairs on the sides
of the disc, but of stronger bristles only two notopleural are discernible.
Pleura dark grey. Scutellum with four bristles, the inner the
strongest. Abdomen black, shining, very slightly greyish ; it
has very short hairs and no bristles at the hind margin
of the segments. Venter coloured and haired in the same
way. Exterior genitalia compressed, with short hairs above.
Legs black, coxæ greyish pruinose. The legs are short-
haired with black or brownish black hairs; the middle
femora with some bristly hairs on the anterior side; the
hind femora with fine hairs above and below; all tibiæ
short-haired, the hind tibiæ most distinctly. Front meta-
Fig.49. Zf.cZ?/- tarsi thickened, somewhat ovate, about twice as broad as
Veaia, front ^j^^ ^^^^ ^f ^.j^^ ^jj^jj^ ^ jj^j^ ^]^q^^q^. ^^^^^ i-jj^jgg .^^^^ ^\-^q^^

16°'. X 30
"" 'as long as the four following joints; the second and third

joint on the front tarsi very slightly, on the posterior tarsi distinctly

longer than broad. Wings hyaline, or at most slightly greyish. Veins

Empididae. 151

black or blackish browii; the upper branch of the cubital vein origin-
ating with an acute angle, and diverging. Stigma brownish. Halteres
black or blackish.

Female. Quite sirailar to the male; the dorsocentral and acro-
stichal bristles of the same length as in this; front metatarsi simple,
half as long as tibiæ, and as long as the three following joints; hind
tibiæ simple,

Length 3 — 3,ft mm.

This species is easily known from the two preceding by the short
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles, and by the former not being
long behind. It must be very like pinetonim Zett., but this species
seems to be smaller and to have the middle tarsal joints shorter
than broad. — My specimens of the present species belong to the
var. brevifurca Strobl (1. c). — I am somewhat inclined to think, that
dypeata Zett. may be cornicida, as the author speaks of the distinct
pilosity of thorax, and as he mentions the species from Denmark,
sent by Stæger; in the collection in our museum cornicula was found
determined by Stæger as dypeata, while dypeata w^as not present in
the collection,

H. dypeata is rare in Denmark, only four specimens have been
taken; Amager (the author) and at Frederikshavn and on Læsø
(H, J, Hansen); the dates are from ^7" to the first half of July.

Geographical distribution: — The species seems to be widely
distributed, from southern Sweden down to South Africa, If dypeata
Zett, is identical with cornicula the present species is not known
north of Denmark,

4, H. discoidalis n. sp.
Male, Vertex and frons velvet black; above the antennæ a small
triangle, Avhich is black, but not velvet; epistoma black; palpi black
and black-haired, Occiput velvet black, with black hairs, Antennæ
black, Thorax black, shining, The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles
exceedingly short, black; the former uniserial, backwards irregularly
biserial, not longer behind, the latter quadriserial. There are two
notopleural bristles, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black, but
I could detect no humeral or posthumeral bristles. Scutellum with
four black marginal bristles. Pleura somewhat greyish pruinose.
Abdomen black, shining, clothed with very short hairs, which are a
little longer on the two first segments, they are here pale yellow, but
darker to brownish on the rest of abdomen; there are no longer
hairs at the hind margin of the segments. Venter similarly coloured
and haired, Exterior genitalia moderately large, somewhat dull, the

152

Oithorrhapha brachycera.

lamellæ shining. Legs black or blackish; coxæ greyish
pruinose; the knees somewhat broadly yellow. Femora
short-haired , the hairs slightly longer above on the front
and hind femora; middle femora with sonie few bristles
basally on the anterior side; front tibiæ short-haired, only
with a pair of small bristles at the apex; hind tibiæ only
with a row of small bristles on the dorsal side and with
fine hairs on the ventral side. Front metatarsi somewhat
thicker than the end of the tibiæ, about two thirds of the
tibiæ in length, and as long as the four following joints
together; they are short-haired. All the hairs more or less
dark brown. The fourth joint on the anterior tarsi is as

Fig. 50. H. broad as long, the other joints longer. Wings hyaline.

front leo'' ^eins black; the upper branch of the cubital vein diverging;

X 30. the discai cell exceptionally long, its upper margin longer

than the upper of the veins issuing from it. Stigma long, blackish.

Balteres black.

Fig. 51. Wing of H. discoidalis.

Female. Similar to the male; front metatarsi simple, not qulte
half as long as tibiæ, and shorter than the four following joints; hind
tibiæ evenly but considerably thickened in somewhat more than the
apical half; they are not compressed but very slightly curved.

Length 2,8 to fully 3,5 mm.

This species is distinguished from comicula by the very short,
quite quadriserial acrostichal bristles, and from coracula by the same
character and the hyaline wings; it resembles dypeata by the short
thoracic bristles, but the latter species has biserial acrostichal bristles;
the most distinguishing character is the length of the discai cell, this
being longer than in any other species known to me, except minuta.

H. discoidalis seems very rare in Denmark; it was first taken in
this year (1910), and only three specimens, a male and two females,
on a humid meadow at Hald near V^iborg in Jutland, on 2\/fi and ^^/e
(the author).

Geographical distribution : — The species is only known from Denmark.

Empididae. 153

5. H. quadrifaria Strobl,
1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 116, 9. — 1903.
Kat palåarkt. Dipt. II, 255.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black; epistoma black; palpi

blackish, with long, black hairs. Occiput velvet black, with black^

downwards brownish hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax slightly shining,

dirty blackish brown, generally with two narrow, very faint, lighter

stripes. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somewhat long,

black; the former uniserial, longer behind, the latter distinctly quadri-

serial, those in the inner rows slightly longer than the outer. Further

a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar

and a postalar bristle, all black. Pleura grey pruinose. Scutellum

with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen black, somewhat greyish

pruinose and slightly shining, almost duU; it has short, black hairs,

and longer, bristly hairs at the hind margin of the segments. Venter

quite grey, dull, short-haired. Exterior genitalia somewhat

large, compressed, the lamellæ incised at the end and thus

divided into a broader, outer, and a narrower, inner process.

Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose. The front femora have

long hairs on the postero-dorsal side, the middle femora

about five long bristles on the anterior side, and the hind

femora long hairs above and still longer and more bristly

hairs belovv; the front tibiæ have some bristly hairs above,

the middle tibiæ on the various sides, and the hind tibiæ

are ciliated above and below, and have bristles on the

dorsal and anterior side. Front metatarsi thick, cylindrical,

not twice as thick as the end of tibiæ and about three Fig. 52. H.

„ , quadrifaria^
fourths of it in length and almost as long as the tour lol- front leg.

lowing joints; they are somewhat short-haired, the hairs x 30.

below rather strong. The hairs and bristles black or brownish black.

Wings hyaline or slightly greyish. Veins black; the upper branch of

the cubital vein nearly rectangular at its origin, the curve somewhat

angular, and the branch slightly diverging. Stigma distinct, blackish

brown. Halteres black.

Female. Quite similar to the male; the thoracic bristles some-
what shorter. The hind tibiæ thickened towards the end and curved
somewhat inwards. Front metatarsi simple, about half as long as
tibiæ and as long as the three following joints.

Length 2,8 — 3,5 mm.

H. quadrifaria is common in Denmark ; it is however not known
from earlier time, and was not present in Stæger's coUection; it was
for the first time taken in 1881. Utterslev Mose, Amager, Præste-

154 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

vangen at Hillerød and at Boserup; in Jutland at Holstebro, Thisted
and Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm at Rønne. My dates are ^-'r, —
^"/s. I took most of my specimens on the common on Amager,
where they were flying over small water-pools.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Spain ; the species
is not known north of Denmark, and is not recorded from England.

6. H. chorica Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 24, 18 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 4, 3. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 357, 28. — 1892. Strobl.
Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 108, 3. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II. 249.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, the latter with a shining
point above the antennæ; epistoma greyish black; palpi blackish,
with long, black hairs. Occiput velvet black, with black hairs. An-
tennæ black. Thorax black, shining. The dorsocentral bristles uni-
serial, the acrostichal bristles biserial, all black; the former a little
longer than the latter, and the hindmost of them long. Further a
humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all black. Pleura somewhat light grey. Scu-
tellum with four black marginal bristles, the inner longest. Abdomen
velvet black with black hairs, those at the hind margin of the seg-
ments somewhat longer. Venter grey, short-haired. Exterior genitalia
compressed, with longish hairs at the sides; the lamellæ shining.
Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose; front legs short and robust. Front
femora with fine hairs above and below; middle femora with some
bristles on the anterior side; hind femora with long, fine
hairs above and below; front tibiæ ciliated above and be-
low, and with some bristles above, of which the two apical
are long; middle tibiæ with some bristlcs; hind tibiæ ciliated
and with some bristles above and below. Front tibiæ
somewhat thickened towards the apex, metatarsi broad
and compressed, rectangular or nearly quadratic, somewhat
more than half as long as the tibiæ; they are densely,
somewhat longish pubescent on the posterior side and have

^^'^; ; one or two bristles above towards the apex; the three
H. chorica, „ ,, . ... , , i i i n ^

front leo- lollowing jomts are very short, much broader than long;

X 30. also on the posterior tarsi the middle joints are short, the

third and fourth broader than long on the middle tarsi

and as long as broad on the hind tarsi. The hairs and bristles black

or brownish black. Wings a little brownish tinged. Veins chiefly

black or dark brown; the upper branch of the cubital vein originating

Empididae. 155

with an acute angle, and somewhat diverging; the anal vein continued
to, or almost to the margin. Stigma black. Halteres black.

Female. Quite similar to the male. The bristles on the dorsal
side of the front tibiæ shorter; metatarsi simple, buL short, about
one fourth part of the tibiæ in length, and scarcely as long as the
three folio wing joints, which are shorter than broad; hind tibiæ
somewhat compressed and slightly curved in the middle.

Length 2,2—3 mm.

This species is easily recognised by the characteristic shape of
the front metatarsi in the male, and the female agrees so fully with
the male, that it also is easily recognised, and besides its hind tibiæ
are characteristic. Strobl says (1. c.) about the front metatarsus in
the male "fast so lang, als die Schiene", I find it considerably
shorter.

H. chorica is common in Denmark; at Vedbæk; on Fænø; in
Jutland at Laven and Sminge near Silkeborg, Holstebro, Hald near
Viborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Tinbæk Mølle at Lindenborg Aa
near Skørping, Sæby, Frederikshavn and Jerup near Frederikshavn;
finally on Bornholm at Hasle, Allinge and Rø. It has been taken
from ^*/(; to the middle of August.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to Lapland, and in Finland.

7. H. pseudochorica Strobl.
1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII, 109, 4. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 225.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black; epistoma black; palpi dark
or blackish, with dark hairs, between which only one long. Occiput
velvet black, with black hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax black, some-
what fatty shining. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles some-
what long, black; Ihe former uniserial, longer behind, the latter bi-
serial. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two or three noto-
pleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Pleura dark,
slightly greyish, Scutellum with four black marginal bristles, the
inner longest. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with black hairs and
fine marginal bristles on the segments. Venter greyish black, short-
haired. Exte'rior genitalia large, much compressed, distinctly haired
with somewhat longish hairs. Legs black or brownish black; coxæ
slightly pruinose. Front femora with fine hairs on the posterior
side; middle femora with bristly hairs on the anterior side; hind
femora with short hairs above, long hairs below; front tibiæ with
fine hairs and some longer bristles on the dorsal side; hind tibiæ

156 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

with fine hairs and with very fine bristles on the dorsal

and anterior side. Front tibiæ only sligiitly thicl?:ened to-

wards the apex, metatarsi somewhat thiclcened and a little

compressed, straight or slightly concave below, somewhat

arched above, with longish hairs and some longer, bristly

hairs above; they are about two thirds of the tibiæ, and

fully as long as the four following joints; the second to

fourth joitits are broader than long, the other tarsal joints

Fig. 54. longer than broad, the fourth joint on the middle tarsi as

H. pseudo- long as broad. The hairs and bristles are brownish to
cHovtcci
front le<^. blackish. Wings yellowish or slightly brownish tinged, most

X 30- towards the anterior margin. Veins brown; the upper

branch of the cubital vein somewhat diverging, not curved at the

apex. Stigma brownish. Halteres black.

Female, Similar to the male. Legs with shorter bristles; front
metatarsi simple, scarcely half as long as tibiæ and as long as the
three following joints; hind tibiæ distinctly compressed and somewhat
curved in the middle.

Length 2,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from clioriea by the shape of
the front metatarsi and exterior genitalia in the male, and in both
sexes by the less shining thorax.

H. pseudorhorica seems very rare in Denmark,, only four specimens
have been taken at Frederikshavn in July 1881 (H. J. Hansen).

Geographical distribution: — Strobl records the species from Au-
stria and Garinthia, its northern limit lies thus in Denmark.

8. H. nigrina Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 24, 19 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 4, 5, Taf. XXII, Fig. 5. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 354, 24.
— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 115. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien,
XLII, 111, 5 b. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 253.

Male. Vertex and frons duU black; epistoma grey; palpi greyish
black, with long, blackish hairs. Occiput grey or dull black, according
to the direction in which it is seen; it has blackish hairs. Antennæ
black, the style somewhat long. Thorax black, slightly shining. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somewhat long, black; the former
uniserial, longer behind, the latter quadriserial. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, the two latter specially long, all black. Pleura grey. Scutellum
with four black marginal bristles, the inner longest. Abdomen black,
rather dull, clothed with black hairs, and with somewhat long bristles

Empididae. 157

at the hind margin of the segments. Venter grey, short-haired. Exterior
genitalia somewhat large, compressed ; the lamellæ somewhat long-
pointed. Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose. Front femora with fine
hairs above and below, and on the posterior side ; middle
femora with bristles on the anterior side; hind femora
with fine hairs, and with bristly hairs on the antero-
ventral side, which latter are long towards the apex; front
tibiæ with fine hairs and some longer, bristly hairs above,
longest at the apex; middle tibiæ with bristles on the
various sides; hind tibiæ ciliated and with bristles on the
dorsal and anterior side. Front metatarsi thickened, some-
what thicker than tibiæ; they are short-haired, longest
above, and a little longer towards the apex, below they
have some distantly placed, longer, very fine hairs; they
are about three fourths of the tibiæ in length and nearly
as long as the four following joints, which are longer than
broad; the whole tarsus is longer than tibiæ. The hairs Fig.55.JZ. ni-
and bristles black or blackish. Wings somewhat blackish ^''^^^^^t fi'ont
tinged. Veins blackish; the upper branch of the cubital ^'
vein not much diverging; anal vein continued to the margin. Stigma
blackish brown. Halteres black.

Female. Similar to the male; the thoracic bristles about of the
same length or slightly shorter. Front metatarsi simple, scarcely half
as long as the tibiæ and as long as the three following joints; hind
tibiæ with the basal third part thin, then strongly dilated, compressed
and curved, and again a little narrowed towards the apex.

Length 3,5 towards 4 mm.

This species resembles quadrifaria, but it has a blacker and
a little more shining thorax, longer thoracic bristles and darker wings
with a complets anal vein; the female is easily known by the shape
of tiie hind tibiæ.

H. nigrina seems not to be common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose
(Stæger), and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author); the dates
are ^^/e — ^'^/s. f took my specimens towards the evening flying low
over a rapidly flowing brook. — Immature specimens may have the
legs hght brown, and the wings rather slightly tinged.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

9. H. bivittata Strobl.

1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 113, 7. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 249.

158 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Male. Verlex and frons velvet black; epistoma blackish grey; palpi
greyish black, with black hairs, Occiput velvet black, the hairs blackish.
Antennæ black. Thorax black, slightly, somewhat fatty shining; be-
tween the dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles there is on each side
a more shining, and generally somev^hat greyish, narrow stripe. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles rather short, black; the former
miiserial, slightly longer behind, the latter biserial. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle, all black and not long. Pleura dark grey. Scutellum
with four black marginal bristles, the inner longest. Abdomen greyish
black, a little shining, short-haired, with a little longer, bristly hairs
at the hind margin of the segments; the hairs black. Venter grey,
short-haired. Exterior genitalia somewhat compressed, a little haired
on the sides; the lamellæ short. Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose;
knees yellowish. Front legs short, and the legs upon the whole some-
what short. Front femora with fine hairs above and below; middle
femora with somewhat short, bristly hairs on the antero-ventral side;
hind femora with fine hairs above and below; front tibiæ with fine,
short hairs above and a few bristly hairs, generally one above the
middle and two at the apex; middle tibiæ only with in-
conspicuous, short, bristly hairs; hind tibiæ likewise with
very short, inconspicuous, bristly hairs on the dorsal and
anterior side. Front tibiæ distinctly thickened towards the
apex, front metatarsi about twice as thick and about three
fourths of the length of the tibiæ, and as long as the
four foUowing joints; they are ovate, straight below, slightly
arched above; the hairs above are a little longer than
below, and at the apex is a longer hair ; the four following
joints broader than long; third and fourth joint on the
hwitt'ata ^niddle tarsi likewise broader than long, on the hind tarsi
front leg. a little longer than broad. The hairs and bristles are black.
^ ■ Wings somewhat brownish tinged. Veins dark brown ; the
upper branch of the cubital vein somewhat diverging, anal vein visible
to, or almost to the margin. Stigma large, brown. Halteres blackish.
Female. Similar to the male; the thoracic bristles of the same
length. Front metatarsi simple, about halfas long as tibiæ; third and
fourth joint broader than long, and also so on the middle tarsi, on
the hind tarsi slightly longer; hind tibiæ slightly dilated and a little
curved.

Length 3 or about 3 mm.

The short front legs are characteristic for this species.

H. hivittata seems to be very rare in Denmark, only three speci-

Empididae.

159

mens, all females, have been taken; Ermelund, on Fimen at Strib
(the author), and on Bornholm at Hasle (H. J. Hansen). The dates

are

'k—^h.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; it is not
known north of Denmark, but it occurs in England (according to spe-
cimens sent to me from Mr. Verrall).

10. H. maura Fabr.

1781. Fabr. Spec. his. II, 471, 4 {Empis). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl.
139, 9 (Empis). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 341, 7. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 115. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII, 126, 17.
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 253. — Hilara glohulipes: 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 3, 2.

Male. Vertex velvet black; frons grey in the middle, narrowly
velvet black at the sides; epistoma grey; palpi blackish, with long,
yellowish hairs. Occiput velvet black, with black, below with yellowish
hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax black or somewhat brownish black,
very slightly shining, with two more shining, longitudinal stripes;
viewed obliquely from the side or from in front it is grey or brown,
with three black, longitudinal stripes. The brown or
grey colour is due to a very shorf pubescence, which
generally is grey on the sides, brown on the interstitia
between the bristles. The dorsocentral and acrostichal
bristles very short, pluriserial, not longer behind, of
brown to blackish colour. There are no humeral or
posthumeral bristles, two notopleural, a supraalar and
a postalar bristle, all black, but short and not much
conspicuous; besides there are fine, yellow hairs on the
sides of the dise. Pleura grey or brownish grey pruinose.
Scutellum with a short, greyish brown pubescence, and
with a number (six to ten) rather weak, black marginal
bristles. Abdomen greyish black, somewhat shining; it
is densely clothed with yellow hairs, which are especially
distinct and slightly longer at the hind margin of the
segments, but not at all form bristles. Venter similarly
coloured and haired. Exterior genitalia not much com-
pressed, clothed with yellow hairs, which are somewhat
long above. Legs black, somewhat shining, with a yellow
pubescence; coxæ greyish pruinose; knees yellowish. H. maura, ironi
Femora short-haired ; hind femora with somewhat longer
hairs above and below; the hind femora are somewhat thickened and
somewhat suddenly narrowed at the apex, and here very slightly serrated

Fig. 57.

160 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

below; the tibiæ are likewise short-haired without bristles, only the hind
tibiæ have bristly hairs on the dorsal side. Front metatarsi much thick-
ened, much thicker than tibiæ, straight below, arched above, about four
iifths of the tibiæ in length, and as long as the four other joints
together; third and fourth joint on all tarsi slightly longer than broad.
Wings hyaline or slightly greyish tinged. Veins black or dark brown;
the upper branch of the cubital vein originating with an acute angle,
slightly curved and much diverging; anal and axillary vein w^hite and
very weak. Stigma brown. Halteres black.

Female. Quite agreeing w^ith the male. Front metatarsi simple,
about half as long as tibiæ, and as long as the three following joints;
hind tibiæ thickened in about the apical half, but not compressed.

Length 3,5—5 mm.

This species is at once recognised by the pluriserial dorsocentral
and acrostichal bristles, and it is also otherwise characteristic.

H. maura is very common in Denmark; Lersøen, Amager, Char-
lottenlund, Bøllemosen, Lyngby Mose, Frederiksdal, Fure Sø, Geel Skov,
Tyvekrog, Nøddebo, at Nyraad near Vordingborg and at Skelskør; on
Falster at Resle; in Jutland at Nymindegab, Funder near Silkeborg,
Frederikshavn and Skagen. It is a somewhat early species, my dates
are ^-'/s— ^^/c It is generally seen flying in numbers above water, both
on commons, in fens and in woods, and it may then also be seen in
copula in the air, and generally with prey; I have taken it in copula
on ^/(5, ^Vc, and ^Ve; on the latter date I took it swarming over a
streamlet (Lyngby Aa) together with Ehamphomyia nigripes, which
latter v^as taken with the Hilara as prey. As mentioned under the
genus it is known to envelop the prey in a web. Zetterstedt records
it to the ^Wo.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia.

11. H. interstincta Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 24, 17 (Empis). - 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 343, 10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 115. — 1892. Strobl, Verh.
zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 131, 22. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 252.
— Hilara modesta: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 10, 17.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, the latter with a greyish
brown triangle above the antennæ; epistoma grey; palpi greyish black,
with numerous long, black hairs. Occiput duU black or greyish, with
black hairs. Antennæ somewhat long, black, the style long. Thorax
blackish brown, very slightly shining, with three black stripes, abbre-
viated behind, the outer stripes appearing broader or narrower

Empididae.

161

according to the direction of the view. The dorsocentral and acrostichal

bristles of some length, black, the former irregularly biserial, long be-

hind, the latter quadriserial. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral,

two strong notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black

and rather long; but besides there are other hairs on the sides of the

disc, especially some strong, bristly hairs in the anterior part of the

præsutural depression. Pleura dark grey pruinose.

Scutellum with six, sometimes eight black marginal

bristles. Abdomen greyish black, somewhat shining,

with the light from behind it has lighter hind

margins to the segments and a faint, dark dorsal

stripe; it is densely clothed with somewhat long,

black hairs and has long marginal bristles on the

segments. Venter greyish, short-haired. Exterior

genitalia small, compressed, with short hairs. Legs

black, black-haired ; coxæ greyish pruinose; the

knees slightly yellowish. Front femora with hairs

on the posterior side; middle femora with long,

bristly hairs on the anterior side and two rows of

strong bristles on the apical half below; hind

femora with fine hairs and with bristles below;

front tibiæ ciliated above and below, and with

bristles above; middle tibiæ with bristles on the

various sides, and hind tibiæ with somewhat long

bristles on the dorsal and anterior side. Front

metatarsi slightly thickened, almost not thicker than

the end of tibiæ, cylindrical, about three fourths of

the tibiæ in length and a little shorter than the

other four joints together; they are long-haired ^^^-^^^^^j^^^^'^^j'^'^"'

above and with some longer, bristly hairs; all ^'

tarsal joints longer than broad. Wings almost hyaline. Veins black or

dark brown ; the upper branch of the cubital vein somewhat diverging,

not curved at the apex. Stigma brown. Halteres brownish black.

Female. Similar to the male; the thoracic bristles of the same
length as in this. Front metatarsi simple, half as long as tibiæ, and
about as long as the two following joints; hind tibiæ slightly compres-
sed in the apical part, and very slightly curved. Wings brown tinged.

Length 4,5 to fuUy 6 mm.

H. interstincta is rather common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Bølle-
mosen, Lyngby Mose, Birkerød, Tisvilde, Nyraad at Vordingborg; in
Jutland at Hald near Viborg; my dates are in June and to ^h. I have
always. taken it in or near woods, often flying over ditches, even over

11

162

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

tracks filled with water; I have taken it over water in copula on '^N
and then it had small Chironomids as prey. As mentioned in the de-
scription of the genus it is known to envelop the prey in a web.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Italy ; towards
the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland.

12. H. aéronetha Mik.

1892. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XI, 81. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. hot.
Gesell. Wien, XLII, 158, nota. — Hilara angustifrons : 1892. Strobl, 1. c.
132, 23.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, above the antennæ a small,
brownish triangle ; frons narrow, above the antennæ scarcely as broad
as the base of the third antennal joint. Epistoma brownish black;
palpi greyish, with long, black hairs. Occiput velvet black above, down-
wards dark grey, with strong, black hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax
dark* grey, very slightly shining, with a broad median, brownish black
stripe, somewhat abbreviated behind, and with the sides of the disc
of the same colour. The dorsocentral and acro-
stichal bristles of moderate length, black, the
former uniserial, long behind, the latter quadri-
serial. Further a humeral bristle, two posthumeral,
three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all black and rather strong; besides there
are somewhat long hairs anteriorly in the præ-
sutural depression and in front of the supraalar
bristle. Scutellum with four strong, black marginal
bristles. Pleura grey or brownish grey pruinose;
humeri with a small, reddish point. Abdomen
duU grey, with a not very distinct, dark middle
line ; with the light from behind abdomen is slightly
shining and with the front part of the segments
blackish; the sides and hind parts ash-grey. It
is clothed with somewhat long, black hairs, longest
at the sides ; the hairs at the hind margin of the
segments somewhat longer; towards the sides at
the base the hairs may be a little brownish. Venter
dark grey, with short, black hairs. Exterior genitalia
somewhat large, with short, black hairs; thelamellæ
Fig. o9. H. aéronetha, \^,\^Q^^ shining. Legs black, slightly dark greyish
ion eg. X . pruinose, hind femora shining black on the posterior
side; coxæ greyish pruinose; knees reddish. Front femora with
fme hairs above and on the posterior side; middle femora short-haired

Empldidae. 163

and with bristles on the anterior side ; hind femora with longish hairs
above and shorter hairs below; front tibiæ with a row of bristles on
the dorsal side; middle tibiæ with a few short bristles on the antero-
and postero-ventral side and with two bristles basally on the antero-
dorsal side; hind tibiæ short ciliated and with a dorsal and anterior
row of bristles. Front metatarsi not much thickened, cylindrical, a
little more than three fourths of the tibiæ in length, and as long as
the other four joints together; they are short-haired ; all tarsal joints
longer than broad, The hairs and bristles are black, only a short
pubescence on the antero-ventral side of the front tibiæ yellow. Wings
yellowish hyaline. Veins black; the iipper branch of the cubital vein
issuing almost rectangularly, slightly diverging; anal vein visible near
to the margin. Stigma long, blackish. Halteres dark yellow, the base
of the knob darker.

Female. I do not know the female, but according to the descrip-
tions cited it is similar to the male; frons somewhat broader ; the dorso-
central bristles irregularly biserial; the acrostichal bristles shorter, and
likewise the hairs on abdomen, and the marginal bristles not long.
The legs shorter haired, the hind tibiæ simple.

Length 6 — 6,5 mm ; the female is recorded to be smaller, 5,5 — 6 mm.

This species, which is our largest Hilara and one of the largest
species in the genus, is easily known by the size, the colouration of
thorax and by several other characters, especially the narrow frons.
— In the analytical table I have placed it in the group with yellow
halteres, according to Mik and Strobl it "may sometimes have dark
halteres,

H. aeronetha is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both
males, have been taken; at Hald near Viborg in Jutland on ^^/g and
■^•"»/e 1910 (the author); the specimens swarmed high in the air near
Flald Sø at tree-tops. Mik took it flying over a brook in the moun-
tains, and it was observed to envelop its prey in a web ; the prey
was Phryganids and a large Psocus.

Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only known
from Styria, Hungaria and Denmark.

Remarks: My species quite agrees with the description by Strobl
1. c, but two points in Mik's description are not in accordance; he
says about the acrostichal bristles, that they are present „bis zur
6 (nicht dentlich geordnete) Reihen" ; in my specimens they are regu-
larly quadriserial as also described by Strobl; further Mik says: „Die
vordere Gabelast ist spitzwinklig aufgesetzt und schwingt sich am Ende
nach vorwårts, so dass seine Miindung noch einmal so nahe gagen die
Miindung der 2. Långsader geriickt ist, als gegen jene des hinteren

11*

164

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Gabelastes. " In my specimens the anterior cubital branch is almost
straight and terminales about in the middle between the radial and
cubital vein ; Strobl too says nothing about such a course of the upper
cubital branch, as described by Mik. — It is perhaps possible, that the
specimens with more or less yellow, and those with really black bal-
teres are different, and that the two characters mentioned in Mik's
description belong only to the species with black balteres.

13. H. pubipes Loew.
1873. Loew, Berl, ent. Zeitschr. XVII, 43, 35. — 1892. Strobl, Verh.
zool. hot. Geseli. Wien, XLII, 139, 29. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 255.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma grey; palpi grey, with yellow
hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs above, which are present only
along the eye-margin; downwards with yellowish hairs. Antennæ black.
Thorax light or almost bluish grey, with four brownish black stripes,
the two median abbreviated behind, the lateral abbreviated at both
ends, forming cuneiform spots. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles
short, black ; the former uniserial, longer behind, the latter very short,
quadriserial behind, irregular in front, and for the rest on the whole
somewhat irregular. Further a humeral bristle, a post-
humeral, three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all black, rather small. Pleura light grey. Scu-
tellum with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen light
grey, clothed with longish, whitish yellow hairs, and with
fine marginal bristles at the sides of the segments. Venter
grey, short-haired. Exterior genitalia small, somewhat
compressed, yellow-haired ; the lamellæ short, somewhat
blackish. Legs black, but distinctly greyish pruinose, knees
narrowly yellowish; coxæ light grey; the posterior side
of the hind femora shining black on the basal half. Front
femora with fine hairs on the posterior side and some
stronger hairs on the anterior side; middle femora with
long hairs on the antero-dorsal side ; hind femora short-
haired, only with some longer hairs below towards the
apex; front tibiæ short-haired, with some not long bristles
above; middle tibiæ densely haired, especially on the
anterior and posterior side; on the anterior side the
Fig. 60. H.pu- hairs longish; the hairs are continued out on the tarsi,
bipes, tont leg. only here a little shorter; hind tibiæ short-haired, with
^ ^^- some bristles on the dorsal side. Front metatarsi thickened,
somewhat thicker than tibiæ, they are about four fifths of the tibiæ in
length, and a little longer than the other four joints together; they

Empididae. 165

are short-haired. The hairs on the legs are yellowish to brownish, on
the posterior tarsi more blackish, the bristles are black. Wings hyaline.
Veins black or blackish brown; the upper branch of the cubital vein
much diverging. Stigma brown. Halteres yellow to dark yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male. Front metatarsi simple, not
half as long as tibiæ; hind tibiæ somewhat dilated and strongly curved
outwards in the middle; middle femora with hairs on the anterior
side about as in the male, but not so dense, tibiæ and tarsi without
long hairs.

Length 4—5 mm.

This species is easily known by the long hairs on the middle
legs in the male, and the female is quite similar and its hind tibiæ
are characteristic.

R.puhipes is not common in Denmark, it has on some occasions
been taken in great number, but it seems to be rather local; Dyre-
haven (H. J. Hansen), Ørholm, Tisvilde, on Langeland at Lohals and
in Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author); it was for the tirst time
taken in 1884. My dates are only ^'""l^s—^^h. I took it often in the
evening in copula flying high in the air, and when a pair was taken
with the net, there was also always a prey with them, which was in
one case a Tachydromia; on another occasion I took the male in great
number with a small CJnronomus as prey, and this was imbedded in
a web; (see under the description of the genus).

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; it is not known north of Denmark; it occurs also in
England (according to specimens sent to me from Mr. Verrall).

14. H. quadrivittata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 7, 11, p.p. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 115,
p.p. - 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 142, 31. - 1903.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 255.

Male. Frons and epistoma greyish brown, vertex a little darker;
palpi greyish, with dark hairs. Occiput greyish brown, with black
hairs, chiefly present along the eye-margin; downwards the hairs are
paler. Antennæ black. Thorax greyish brown, with four brownish
black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral in front;
the median stripes are distant, while the lateral are rather near to
the median. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, black;
the former uniserial, long behind, the latter biserial, but sornewhat
irregular, so that in piaces there may be three or four bristles trans-
versally. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, three notopleural,
a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Pleura grey. Scutellum

166 Orthorrhaplia bracliycera.

with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen greyish brown, clothed
with yellow hairs, and with not long, dark marginal bristles on the
segments. Venter similarly coloured, short-haired. Exterior genitalia
of medium size, somewhat compressed, the lameilæ slightly shining,
with longish, brownish hairs above. Legs black, greyish pruinose,
knees narrowly yellowish; coxæ grey; hind femora shining black on
the posterior side in the basal part. F'ront femora with fme hairs on
the posterior side; middle femora with longish hairs on the anterior
side and below; hind femora with long hairs above and towards the
apex below; front tibiæ with some bristles above; middle tibiæ with
a rovv of hairs on the antero-dorsal side, a row of longer, bristly
hairs on the posterior side and some ventral bristles towards the
apex; hind tibiæ with a dorsal and an anterior row of bristles. Front
tibiæ thickened towards the apex, metatarsi thick, somewhat shorter
than tibiæ and about as long as the four other joints together; they
are a little longer haired above than below; the three middle joints
about as long as broad; on the middle tarsi the three middle joints
a little longer, the fourth about as long as broad, and on the hind
tarsi the joints longer. The hairs are chiefly yellowish, the bristles
black. Wings slightly yellowish tinged. Veins dark brown to black;
the upper branch of the cubitai vein arising about rectangularly,
somewhat diverging, not curved at the apex. Stigma brownish yellow.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; thorax more grey on the middle
between the inner stripes. Front metatarsi simple, half as long as
tibiæ; and as long as the three folio wing joints; all tarsal joints
longer than broad, the fourth joint on the middle tarsi shortest; hind
tibiæ slightly compressed and a little curved in the middle.

Length 4—4,5 mm.

This species resembles pnbipes, but it is of a more brownish co-
lour, the male has not densely haired middle tibiæ, and the female has less
curved hind tibiæ; besides the acrostichal bristles are mainly biserial.

H. quadrivittata is very rare in Denmark, only tw^o specimens, a
male and a female, are known, one taken at Skodsborg many years
ago (Stæger), and one in a garden at Copenhagen (the author); it was
taken in June,

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; I think it is not known with certainty north of Denmark,
since quadrivittata in Zetterstedt is in all probability H. carinthiaca
(see under this species). It occurs also in North America in Alaska,
(if the American species described as H. quadrivittata Meig. is really
this species).

Empididae.

167

15. H. Beckeri Strobl.
1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 143, 32. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 248.

Male. Frons and vertex velvet black, above the antennæ a tri-
angiilar, grey spot; epistoma grey; palpi black, with black hairs.
Occiput velvet black above, with black hairs, chiefly present along the
eye-margin; below the occiput is grey. Antennæ black. Thorax some-
what dark grey, with four brownish black stripes, the median stripes
abbreviated behind, the lateral in front ; the median stripes are distant,
the lateral very near to the median, almost or really confluent with
them. The dorsocentral and acrosticlial bristles short, black; the for-
mer uniserial, longer behind, the latter quadriserial but somewhat
irregularly. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two (some-
times three) notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black.
Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura grey. Abdomen
dark grey, darkest to almost black along the dorsum; it is clothed
with yellowish hairs and has fine, yellow or brownish bristles at the
hind margin of the segments; in the apical part and along the middle
above the hairs and bristles are darker or black.
Venter grey, with short, pale hairs. Exterior genitalia
somewhat small, compressed, short-haired with dark
hairs, the lamellæ not shining. Legs black, somewhat
greyish pruinose; the knees narrowly reddish; coxæ
grey; hind femora black, shining on the posterior
side. Front femora with fine hairs on the posterior
side; middle femora with bristly hairs on the anterior
side; hind femora short-haired; front tibiæ with fine
hairs on the dorsal side, and with some slightly
longer, very fine, bristly hairs, the pair at the apex
longest; middle tibiæ with a row of longish hairs on
the anterior side and with short bristles on the
antero- and postero-ventral side; hind tibiæ with
bristles on the anterior and dorsal side. Front meta-
tarsi thickened, about three fourths of the tibiæ in
length, and scarcely as long as the four foUowing ^^^^^ jg^ ^ ^0.
joints; they are short-haired; the three middle joints
longer than broad on all tarsi. The hairs are brown to blackish, the
bristles and bristly hairs black. Wings hyaline or slightly greyish.
Veins black; the upper branch of the cubital vein somewhat diverging,
not curved. Stigma black. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male. Front metatarsi simple, not half
as long as tibiæ, and as long as the three foUowing joints; the other

Fig.6L H. Beckeri,

168 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

tarsal joints longer than broad; hind tibiæ slightly compressed, some-
what curved in the middle.

Length 3,5—4,5 mm.

This species is very similar to quadrivittata, but it is distinguished
by the quadriserial acrostichal bristles, the black upper part of the
occiput, and also the hairs and bristles on the legs show differences,
as seen from the description.

H. Beckeri is rare in Denmark, and it has first quite recently been
known as belonging to our fauna, as the first specimens were taken
in 1909, and it was again taken in 1910; Dyrehaven at Røde Bro
(the author), Fure Sø (Wesenberg-Lund) and in Jutland at the spring
at Ravnkilde (J.P.Kryger); my dates are '^^li — '^^U. At Fure Sø it was
taken on Phragmites.

Geographlcal distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Carinthia; it is not known north of Denmark.

Remarks : H. quadrivittata in Zetterstedt is certainly not the pre-
sent species but carinthiaca (see under this species).

16. H. carinthiaca Strobl.

1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII, 144, 33. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 249. — Hilara quadrivittata (non Meig.) : 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 339, 5.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma grey; frons somewhat narrow;
palpi grey with black hairs. Occiput black, but from the vertex a
bluish grey triangle stretches down the occiput, with the point down-
wards; the hairs are black and chiefly present at the eye-margin;
downwards the hairs are more brownish. Thorax grey, somewhat
slate-coloured, with four dark brown and somewhat shining stripes,
the median abbreviated behind, the lateral in front; the former are
distant, the latter near to them. The dorsocentral and acrostichal
bristles short, black; the former uniserial, longer behind, the latter
quadriserial. Further a small humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two
notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black. Pleura
grey. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen dark,
almost blackish grey; with the light from behind it shows broad,
lighter anterior margins to the segments; it is blackish haired and
with black marginal bristles on the segments; in front the hairs are
yellowish. Venter dark grey, short-haired. Exterior genitalia of
medium size, somewhat compressed, the lamellæ large, somewhat
shining, each terminating with a simple, truncate process; the lamellæ

Empididae.

169

have longish, black hairs above. Legs somewhat slender, black, al-
most not pruinose; the knees yellowish; coxæ grey pruinose. Front
femora with fine hairs on the posterior side, and a few
long hairs on the anterior side; middle femora with
bristles on the antero-dorsal side and fme hairs below;
hind femora with longish hairs above and towards the
apex below; front tibiæ short-haired, and with a few
bristles on the dorsal side; middle tibiæ with short
bristles below; hind tibiæ short-haired, and with bristles
on the dorsal and anterior side. Front tibiæ slightly
thickened towards the apex, metatarsi somewhat thicker,
short-haired, somewhat shorter than the tibiæ and as
long as the fom- following joints; all tarsal joints longer
than broad, only the fourth joint on the middle tarsi as
broad as long. All hairs and bristles black or blackish.
Wings hyaline. Veins black or dark brown; the upper
branch of the cubital vein somewhat diverging. Stigma
dark brown. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male. Front metatarsi simple,
half as long as tibiæ, and a little shorter than the four
following joints ; all tarsal joints longer than broad , y\s. 62.
except the fourth joint on the middle tarsi; hind tibiæ H.cariniUaca,
somewhat compressed and distinctly curved in the middle. ft'ont leg. x 30.

Length 3 — 4,2 mm.

This species somewhat resembles the three preceding, but it is
recognised at once by the dark occiput with a bluish grey triangle;
it is also a little smaller.

Remarks: I think it beyond doubt that Zetterstedt's quadrivittata
is the present species; his description agrees rather well, and he says:
"Specimina plura utriusque sexus ut frequens Daniæ incola etiam a
D. Stæger missa"; now all specimens in Stæger's coUection labelled
quadrivittata were carinfliiaca.

H. carinthiaca is a common species in Denmark; neighbourhood
of Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven at Røde Bro, at Skelskør;
on Fænø, and in Jutland in Vejle Nørreskov, Greisdalen and at
Horsens, and fmally on Bornholm at Allinge and Rø; my dates are
'/< — '^/s. It occurs generally in or near woods, and I have taken it
flying in great numbers over a ditch just outside a wood.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Switzerland; towards the north to middle Scandinavia, and in
Finland; it occurs also in England (according to specimens sent to
me from Mr. Verrall.).

170 Oithorrhapha brachycera.

17. H. bistriata Zett.
1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 340, 6, et 1849. VIII, 3015, 6, et 1859.
XIII, 5000, 6. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII, 145,
34. — 1902. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 248.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, the latter narrowly greyish
just above the antennæ; epistoma dark grev; palpi dark, with long,
black hairs. Occiput duU black, with black hairs, which are present
chiefly at the eye-margin. Antennæ black, third joint relatively broad
at the base, and short. Thorax dark brown, sometimes rather dark,
with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral in
front, these latter broad. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles of
some length, black; the former uniserial, long behind, the latter bi-
serial. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, about two noto-
pleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black, but they are
not much conspicuous, and besides there are other hairs at the sides
of the disc and in the præsutural depression. Pleura dark grey.
Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen blackish brown,
black haired, with fine marginal bristles on the segments. Venter
dark grey, short-haired. Exterior genitalia of medium size, somewhat
compressed, with dark hairs, which are a little longer above. Legs
quite black or brownish black, dull, the hind femora shining on the
posterior side; coxæ greyish pruinose. The front femora
have somewhat long hairs on the posterior side; the
middle femora have fmer hairs on the anterior and
antero- and postero-ventral side; hind femora have fine
hairs above and below; the front tibiæ have short hairs
and some bristles above; middle tibiæ short-haired; hind
tibiæ with fine bristles on the dorsal side, and shorter
bristles on the antero-ventral side. Front tibiæ slightly
thickened towards the apex, metatarsi not much thickened,
a little thicker than the end of tibiæ, cylindrical, short-
haired; they are about three fourths of the tibiæ in
length, and nearly as long as the four following joints;
these latter are short, slightly or not longer than broad;
. the fourth joint on the middle tarsi as long as broad,

f ti O' X 30 ^^^ other posterior tarsal joints longer. The hairs and
bristles black. Wings hyahne. Veins black or blackish;
the upper branch of the cubital vein originating at a somewhat
acute angle and somewhat diverging, slightly curved at the apex.
Stigma blackish brown. Halteres brown to dark brown.

Female. Quite similar to the male. Front metatarsi simple,
about half as long as tibiæ and as long as the three following joints;

Fiar. G3.

Empididae. 171

the third and fourth joint on the anterior tarsi as long as broad;
hind tibiæ somewhat compressed and a little curved.

Length 3-3,5 mm.

The determination of the species is certain, as Zetterstedt's type-
speeimen, sent to him from Stæger, is in our coUeetion. Strobl's
determination is no doubt also correct; the author says, that the
species mav have sometimes six scutellar bristles; all my specimens
have four. As Zetterstedt says; „Stæg. in litt." the name is originally
due to Stæger,

The species is related to the four preceding, but it is much
darker, the inner thoracic stripes a little approximate, and the balteres
not yellow but dark. All five species are related and show the com-
mon character, that the occiput is less haired, the hairs chiefly pres-
ent at the eye-margin.

H. histriata seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark; Lersøen
(Stæger, Zetterstedt's type-specimen), Ermelund, Lyngby Mose and
Donse Dam (the author); on the latter locality I took it in some
number, flying over the pond, but only males, and I have only taken
one female. It is perhaps an early species, my dates are ^^/5 — ^/«.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down into
Spain (var. cantahrira Strobl); towards the north to southern Sweden.

18. H. pilipes Zett.
1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 555, 5. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 346, 13.
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 254.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, the latter with a small,
brownish triangle above the antennæ; epistoma dark grey; palpi
greyish black, witli long, black hairs ; proboscis somewhat long, labrum
as long as the head is high. Occiput dark to blackish brown, with
black hairs; downwards the hairs are brownish. Antennæ black,
somewhat long. Thorax dark brown, with four, somewhat indistinct,
darker stripes, the median approximated, abbreviated behind, the
lateral very indistinct. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles
somewhat long, black; the former uniserial, long behind, the latter
biserial. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural,
a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black, but besides there are
other, somewhat strong hairs on the sides of the disc and in the
præsutural depression. Pleura dark grey or brownish grey. Scutellum
with four to six black marginal bristles. Abdomen grey or brownish
grey, with black hairs and short marginal bristles on the segments.
Venter grey, short-haired. Exterior genitalia robust, almost not com-
pressed, black-haired, the hairs not or slightly longer above; the

172

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

lamellæ a little shining. Legs quite black or brownish black; coxæ
grey pruinose. Front femora with somewhat strong hairs on the
posterior side, and with fine hairs below, which are long towards
the base; middle femora with bristles on the anterior side, and with
finer hairs on the antero- and postero-ventral side; hind femora with
long hairs above and below, longest but less dense on the latter
side; front tibiæ with a double row of long and strong bristles above,
very long towards the apex, and with fine hairs below; middle tibiæ
with bristles on the various sides; hind tibiæ with hairs below, and with
long bristles on the dorsal, antero-dorsal and antero-ventral side. The
front femora somewhat thickened, and the front tibiæ thickened to-
wards the apex and considerably shorter than the
femora, metatarsi much thickened, fully twice as thick
as the end ot the tibiæ, somewhat ovate; they have
long, bristly hairs below towards the anterior side,
otherwise they are short-haired, the hairs above a little
longer, especially towards the apex, and there is gener-
ally a longer hair at the apex, and sometimes a bristle
towards the base; the metatarsi are as long as tibiæ,
in large and strong specimens even longer, and they are
longer than the four following joints, which are short,
about as broad as long. The hairs and bristles are
black, the short hairs on the front metatarsi may be
brownish. Wings almost hyaline. Veins black or blackish
brown; the upper branch of the cubital vein diverging,
not curved at the apex. Stigma blackish brown. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the legs shorter

haired, and the bristles on the dorsal side of the front

tibiæ not specially long; front metatarsi simple, half as long as tibiæ

and as long as the three following joints; third and fourth joint on

the anterior tarsi about as broad as long. Hind tibiæ simple.

Length 3 — 4 mm.

This species is easily known in the male by the strong bristles
on the front tibiæ and the thick and large front metatarsi, and in
both sexes by the yellow halteres.

H.pilipes is somewhat common in Denmark; Amager, Charlotten-
lund, Boserup et Roskilde; on Fænø; in Jutland at Nymindegab,
Tipperne at Ringkjøbing Fjord, Struer, Sæby and Frederikshavn, and
finally on Læsø; my dates are V»! to August. The species seems to
occur exclusively at or near the shore, or at all events on sandy
piaces, all my localitles are at the shore, or when not just at the

Fig. 64.
H. pilipes,
front leg.

X 30.

Empididae. 173

shore they are, however, sandy. Stæger coUected it on Garex arenaria;
Zetterstedt records it from flowers of Salix.

Geographical distribution : — Northei'ii Europe up to northern
Scandinavia; it is not known south of Denmark (see below), but it
occui's in England (according to specimens sent to me from Mr. Verrall).

Remarks: This species cannot be pilipes Strobl (Verh. zool. bot.
Geseli. Wien, XLII, 147, 36), and the author himself also expresses
some doubt about it. Strobl's species is smaller, 2—2,(3 mm., with
long and strong marginal bristles on the abdominal segments; the
exterior genitalia are different, and the front metatarsi shorter than
tibiæ, which latter are not short, and the metatarsi are somewhat
long-haired above, but not with long hairs below. Strobl's species
must thus keep the name tanycMra Kow,, as already suggested by
the author. Of pilipes I have examined specimens which Zetterstedt
had seen.

19. H. niveipennis Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 352,22, et 1849. VIII, 3017,22. - 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 116. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII,
149, 37. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 254.

Male, Frons and epistoma grey; palpi yellowish or brownish,
with dark hairs. Vertex dark grey or grey. Occiput grey, or, when
seen from above, dark, with black, downwards paler hairs. Antennæ
black. Thorax light grey or almost bluish grey, sometimes with two
distant, slightly darker grey stripes, abbreviated behind. The dorso-
central and acrostichal bristles uniserial and biserial respectively,
black, the former long behind. Further a humeral bristle, a post-
humeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black.
Pleura grey. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles, the inner
considerably longer than the outer. Abdomen light grey, almost
silvery, with white hairs, and a little longer, fme, white bristles at
the hind margin of the segments. Venter similarly coloured, some-
times a little yellowish, short-haired. Exterior genitalia brownish or
darker, short and directed upwards, not obliquely forwards. Legs
brown or blackish brown, knees lighter; often the legs more light
brown, probably in immature specimens; coxæ grey. Middle femora
with bristly hairs on the anterior side; hind femora with fine hairs
above; front tibiæ extremely short-haired; hind tibiæ with short,
bristly hairs above. Front tibiæ slightly thickened towards the apex,
metatarsi somewhat thickened, a little shorter than the tibiæ, about
as long as the four foUowing joints, which are short, as broad as
long. The hairs are chiefly brownish. Wings milk-white. Veins

174 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

white; the upper branch of the cubital vein originating with an acute
angle, diverging, and curved a little at the apex. The stigma is white,
very faint, scarcely observable; the apical part of the subcostal vein
is thickened. Halteres whitish.

Female. Quite similar to the male. Front metatarsi simple,
half as long as tibiæ; hind tibiæ thin and simple.

Length 2 — 2,4 mm.

The pupa is yellowish white; besides the two teeth at the bases
of the antennal sheaths it has two triangular teeth below the head
inwards to the apices of the sheaths, each with a hair close to it.
The length is 2,5 mm.

This species is at once recognised by the colour of the body and
the wings.

H. niveipennis seems to be rare in Denmark, only six specimens
have been caught; Ordrup Mose (Jacobsen), Ermelund (J. P. Kryger),
and Ørholm (the author); my dates are ^-^/s — ^"/g; it is certainly a
somewhat early species. Strobl records it from low herbage at the
margin of brooks, and from flowers of Pyrus from the end of April
to the end of May. The pupa was taken in a mole-cast in Ermelund
on 2^/4, it developed on ^''/s.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to middle Sweden.

20. H. litorea Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 24, 20 {Empis). — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 351, 21, et 1849. VIII, 3017, 21. - 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 113
et 114. -- 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseil. Wien, XLII, 161, 46. — 1903.
Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 252. — Hilara univittata: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
III, 8, 14. ^.

Male. Vertex and frons grey, the latter rather narrow; epistoma
grey, very narrow; palpi yellowish or brownish, with dark hairs,
especially one long hair is present. Occiput grey, with black hairs,
below with paler hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax grey, almost ahvays
with a somewhat broad, brownish middle stripe. The dorsocentral
and acrosticlial bristles of some length, black; the former uniserial,
longer behind, the latter quadriserial. Further a humeral bristle, a
posthumeral, three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle,
all black; generally there are besides some weaker bristles or bristly
hairs. Pleura grey, the spiracles lighter or dai'ker brownish. Scutel-
lum with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen dark brown, a little
lighter at the base, clothed with brownish to blackish hairs, but on
the first segments the hairs are yellow; there are somewhat long

Enipididae.

175

Fig. 65.
H. litorea,
front leg.

X 30.

marginal bristles on the segments. Venter of the same colour or
more greyish, short-haired. Exterior genitalia somewhat large, com-
pressed, with some longish hairs on the sides; the lamellæ somewhat
shining. Legs darker or lighter brownish, the anterior
more or less yellowish, the light colour generally present
as stripes and more or less extended; tarsi darkest, gener-
ally blackish ; the knees yellowish ; coxæ grey, the front
coxæ yellow, and often also the posterior coxæ more or
less yellowish. Front femora with fine hairs on the
posterior side; middle femora with fine, bristly hairs on
the anterior side ; hind femora with fine hairs above and
below; front tibiæ with short hairs above, and a pair of
small bristles at the apex, posterior tibiæ short-haired,
the hind tibiæ with a few bristles on the anterior and
dorsal side, the latter somewhat long. Front tibiæ slightly
thickened towards the apex, metatarsi somewhat thickened,
shorter than the tibiæ, and as long as the four following
joints ; the tarsal joints longer than broad, only the fomlh
joint on the anterior tarsi about as broad as long. The
hairs are yellowish to brownish, the bristles blackish. Wings relatively
large, hyaline. Veins thin, darker or lighter brown; the upper branch
of the cubital vein somewhat diverging. Stigma very faint. Balteres
dark brown to black.

Female, Of much lighter colour than the male, but otherwise
similar to it. Frons broader, this and occiput lighter. Thorax bright
grey, without any stripe. Abdomen likewise |bright, almost whitish
grey and with white hairs. Front metatarsi simple, about half as
long as tibiæ, and as long as the three following joints; hind tibiæ
slightly compressed and a little curved in the middle.

Length 3 — 3,5 mm.

This species is easily known by the colour of the thorax in the
male, and in the female by the colour and the dark balteres. As
mentioned in the description the thorax in the male may sometimes
want the dark stripe, I think, as also suggested by Strobl, that such
males are not quite mature, and then the thorax is as a rule faint
and indistinctly brownish on the middle part.

H. litorea is not common in Denmark, but it cannot, however^
be termed rare; at Copenhagen in a garden, Ordrup, Charlottenlund,
Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Ørholm, Ruderhegn, Hillerød; on Funen at
Odense and Veflinge, and on Bornholm at Almindingen ; my dates
are ^^le—^^b, it thus occurs somewhat late, It seems especially to

176

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

occur in or near woods and in the vicinity of water. Stæger took it
numerously flying in the air and in copula in Charlottenlund on 2*^/8.
Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden.

21. H. gallica Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 222, 7 (Empis). — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 9, 15. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scaiid. I, 336, 2. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. 1, 114. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII,
166, 50. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 251.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma grey, frons somewhat narrow;
palpi dark, somewhat greyish, with brown or blackish hairs. Occiput
grey, with black, downwards with brownish hairs. Antennæ some-
what long, black, the basal joints reddish. Thorax grey, with two
somewhat distant, slightly darker stripes, abbreviated behind ; a small
humeral point reddish. The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short,
black; the former uniserial, but in piaces irregularly biserial, longer
behind, the latter somewhat dense, biserial to quadriserial, but very
irregular and sometimes almost quite biserial. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all black and somewhat strong; besides there are finer hairs
on the sides and in the præsutural depression. Pleura grey, the
spiracles brownish, and likewise a small, indistinct spot below the
wing-root. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen
grey, sometimes somewhat brownish or yellowish to-
wards the base ; it is clothed with brownish or blackish
hairs, and has somewhat longer marginal bristles on
the segments. Venter similarly coloured, short-haired.
Exterior genitalia of medium size, somewhat com-
pressed; the lamellæ somewhat shining, with longish
hairs. Legs yellow, also the coxæ, the four last tarsal
joints dark brown to blackish. Front femora with
short, fine hairs on the posterior side; middle femora
with a few bristly hairs on the anterior side, which
are short towards the apex; hind femora short-haired;
front tibiæ short-haired above and below, and with
a few short bristles above; middle tibiæ with some
fine (sometimes less distinct) bristles above; hind tibiæ
with one dorsal row of bristles. Front tibiæ slightly
thickened towards the apex, metatarsi very slightly
thicker, elongated, cylindrical, straight below and with

Fig. 66.
H. gallica,

front leg. x30. longish hairs above; they are somewhat shorter than

Empididae. 177

the tibiæ, and also shorter than the four following joints; all tarsal
joints longer than broad, except the fourth joint on the middle tarsi.
The hairs chiefly brownish, the bristles black. Wings hyaline or
slightly yellowish tinged. Veins lighter or darker brown, paler to-
wards the base; the upper branch of the cubital vein somewhat
diverging, not curved at the apex; the anal vein can be traced to or
almost to the wing-margin. Stigma brownish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male; frons a little broader. Front
metatarsi simple, about half as long as tibiæ, and as long as the
three following joints; hind tibiæ simple, straight, not compressed.

Length 4 — 4,5 mm.

H. gallica is rare in Denmark, only seven specimens are known;
Charlottenlund (Stæger), Boserup at Roskilde (H. J. Hansen) and at
Tisvilde (the author); the dates are from May to *^/7.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Scandinavia, and in Finland.

22. H. lurida Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 22, 13 (Empis). — 1822. Meig. Sysl.
Beschr. III, 8, 12. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 336, 1. — 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 114. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XLII, 171,54.
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 252.

Male. Vertex and frons velvet black, the latter brownish just
above the antennæ; epistoma dark greyish; palpi reddish, with dark
hairs. Occiput duU black or, seen from the side, dark grey, with
black, below more brownish hairs. Antennæ black or brownish black.
Thorax blackish grey, slightly shining, generally with two, very faint,
darker stripes; sometimes also a middle stripe is visible; humeri and
postalar callus reddish. The dorsocentral bristles uniserial, long,
longer behind, the acrostichal bristles somewhat shorter, quadriserial,
but often irregular, so that there are more than four rows; all black.
Further a humeral bristle^ one or two posthumeral, three notopleural,
a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all rather long, black; besides
there are other hairs or smaller bristles on the sides and in the præ-
sutural depression. Pleura dark grey, with reddish or brownish, in-
definite spots. Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Abdomen
blackish or greyish brown, more or less yellowish at the base; it has
black hairs and long marginal bristles on the segments. Venter
similarly coloured, short-haired. Exterior genitalia of medium size,
slightly compressed, somewhat high, the lamellæ each with a broad,
outer and a slender, inner process, both long, and above with long,
bristly hairs, which are directed backwards. Legs yellow, also the

12

178

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

coxæ, tarsi brownish or blackish towards the apex. Front femora
with short hairs, especially above and on the posterior side; middle
femora with a row of bristles on the anterior side; hind femora short-
haired, a Httle longer above and below, and the
hairs below long at the apex; front tibiæ with
some short bristles on the dorsal side; middle tibiæ
with some scattered bristles on the various sides;
hind tibiæ with longer bristles on the dorsal and
anterior side. Front tibiæ as long as femora, very
slightly thickened towards the apex ; metatarsi only
slightly thickened, not thicker than the end of the
tibiæ, cylindrical, about three fourths of the tibiæ
in length, and about as long as the four foUowing
joints; all tarsal joints longer than broad. The
hairs brownish, the bristles black. Wings slightly
yellowish tinged. Veins brown to black; the cubital
fork somewhat long, the upper branch slightly
diverging, a little curved towards the apex. Stigma
large, brown. Halteres dark brown with a yellow
peduncle.

Female. Frons slightly broader than in the

male. Front metatarsi simple, about half as long

as tibiæ, and as long as the three following joints ;

hind tibiæ simple ; the bristles rather strong. The

colour may be about the same as in the male,

but often it is much darker, abdomen being lighter only at the base

of the venter, pleura quite grey, and the legs nearly quite brownish

or blackish, especially the hind legs.

Length 4,5—5 mm.

H. lurida is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both
males, have been taken, in the vicinity of Copenhagen, one in earlier
time (Stæger), and one later (H. J. Hansen).

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

Fig. 67. H. lurida,
front les. X 30.

23. H. lasiopyga n. sp.
Male. Vertex and frons velvet black; epistoma brownish black;
palpi brownish yellow, with black hairs. Occiput dull black, with
black hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax blackish brown, dull or almost
dull, the bristles may form three very faint, darker stripes. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles somew^hat long, black; the former
uniserial, longer behind, the latter biserial. Further a huraeral bristle,

Empididae.

179

a posthumeral, three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle,
all somewhat long, black; besides there are some other hairs on the
sides of the disc. Pleura dark grey. Scutellum with four strong,
black marginal bristles. Abdomen dull black, densely clothed with
black hairs, and with long marginal bristles on the segments. Venter
similarly coloured, short-haired. Exterior genitalia small, only slightly
compressed, the lamellæ a little shining. On the sides at the hind
margin of the eighth ventral segment there are long, erect, fan-like
spread hairs. Legs black or blackish; coxæ grey pruinose; on the
front legs the coxæ, femora and the base of the tibiæ yellowish, and
likewise, but to a slighter degree on the middle legs;
also the hind legs with the base of the femora light,
and with yellow knees. Front femora with somewhat
long hairs on the postero-dorsal side; middle femora
with strong bristles on the anterior side; hind femora
with longish hairs above and below, longest below; front
tibiæ with short hairs and some bristles above; middle
tibiæ short-haired; hind tibiæ with bristles on the dorsal
and anterior side. Front tibiæ a little thickened towards
the apex, metatarsi somewhat thicker, a little compressed,
with a little longer hairs on the dorsal side and a pair
of bristles at the apex; they are about two thirds of
the tibiæ in length, and as long as the three foUowing
joints; the middle metatarsi have a little dilatation at
the base on the posterior side, beset with a little longer
hairs. All tarsal joints longer than broad. Wings some-
what dark tinged. Veins blackish; the upper branch of
the cubital vein originating about rectangularly , only
slightly diverging, and slightly curved at the apex; anal
vein distinct, brownish, not reaching the margin. Stigma
blackish brown. Halteres black.
Female unknown.
Length 2,7—3 mm.

This species is easily recognised, especially by the
erect hairs at the end of abdomen and by the, to be
sure small, but however very characteristic dilatation at
the base of the middle metatarsi, a shape, which I have
seen in no other Hilara. In immature specimens the
legs may be lighter.
H. lasiopt/(/a seems to be rare, only four specimens have been
taken, two in 1883 and two in 1908; Vejle Nørreskov (the author)

12*

Fig. 68.

H. lasiopyga,

front leg.

X 30.

Fig. 69.
H. lasiopyga,

middle

metatarsus.

X35.

180 Orthorrhapha biachycera.

and in Greisdalen (H. J. Hansen, the author); both localities are at
Vejle. The dates are in August.

Geographical distribution : — The species is only known from
Denmark.

24. H. cingulata Dahlb.

1850. Dahlb. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1850, 160. — 1852. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. XI, 4270, 20—21. — 1892. Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien,
XLII, 159, 44. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 249.

Male. Vertex grey; frons very narrow, dull black, somewhat
lighter above the antennæ; epistoma grey; palpi pale yellow, Avith
yellow or brown hairs. Occiput grey, with yellow hairs. Antennæ
black, the basal joints reddish. Thorax grey, slightly shining, with
two narrow, darker to blackish, shining stripes, abbreviated behind.
The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles not short, black; the former
uniserial, longer behind, the latter biserial. Further a huraeral bristle,
a posthumeral, two notopleural, a small supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all black. Pleura grey. Scutellum with four black marginal
bristles. Abdomen blackish, sometimes more or less reddish; the
hairs are dark, and there are fine, black marginal bristles on the
segments. Venter reddish, short-haired. Exterior genitalia very small.
Legs yellow, also the coxæ; tarsi dark brown towards the apex,
posterior coxæ a little darkened at the base; the legs are somewhat
long and slender, the tarsi, also the front tarsi, long, front metatarsi
simple, not thickened. Front femora with fme hairs on the posterior
side; middle femora with bristles on the anterior side; hind femora
with a row of longish hairs above, and very fine hairs below; front
tibiæ without bristles, middle tibiæ with some few; hind tibiæ with
bristles on the dorsal and anterior side; all tarsal joints distinctly
longer than broad. The hairs brownish, the bristles blackish. Wings
slightly yellowish tinged. Veins yellowish to brown ; the upper branch
of the cubital vein somewhat diverging. Stigma faint, yellow. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the frons broad, grey, humeri
and propleura reddish; abdomen likewise reddish, with whitish yellow
hind margins to the segments. Coxæ quite yellow; hind tibiæ simple.

Length 3 mm.

H. cingulata is rare in Denmark, only three specimens, all females,
are known; at Odense (H.J.Hansen) and on Fænø on 20/7 1907 (the
author).

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Spain {\diV.morenae

Empididae. 181

Strobl); towards the north to southern Sweden. It seems everywhere
to be a rare species.

25. H. flavipes Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr, III, 11, 19. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 113.
1892. Strobl, Verh. Zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLII, 160, 45. — 1903. Kat.
palaarkt. Dipt. II, 250.

Male. Eyes contiguous; vertex black; epistoma dark grey; palpi
whitish yellow, with dark hairs. Occiput dark grey, with blackish,
dovvnwards with pale hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax black, shining.
The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles black, the former uniserial,
only slightly longer behind, the latter biserial. Further a small hunieral
bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all black. Pleura grey. Scutellum with four black marginal
bristles. Abdomen dull blackish brown or black, sometimes lighter
towards the base; it is dark-haired, the hairs at the hind margin of
the segments only very slightly longer. Venter yellowish. Exterior
genitalia small, compressed, the lamellæ a little shining. Legs long
and slender, tarsi long, front metatarsi simple, not thickened; the legs
are yellow, also the coxæ, the posterior coxæ a little darker; the
apical part of the hind femora and the tibiæ towards the end slightly
darker, tarsi brown, blackish towards the apex. Front femora with
longish, fine hairs on the posterior side and below; middle femora
with a few bristles on the anterior side in the basal part; hind femora
with a row of long, somewhat strong hairs above, and finer hairs
below; front tibiæ with short hairs, a little longer above, but without
bristles; hind tibiæ with a row of fine bristles on the dorsal side.
All tarsal joints longer than broad. The hairs all paler or darker
brownish. The pulvilli are conspicuous and rather large. Wings
slightly greyish or yellowish tinged. Veins brown to dark brown; the
upper branch of the cubital vein somewhat diverging; anal vein
distinct, but not reaching the margin; discai cell somewhat broad.
Stigma blackish brown. Halteres with the peduncle yellow, the knob
blackish brown to black.

Female. Similar to the male, but the frons broad, grey. Thorax
a little pruinose behind; abdomen generally more or less brownish,
with light incisures. The posterior coxæ yellow; hind tibiæ simple.
Halteres (in my specimens) quite yellow.

Length 2,5—3 mm.

This species is at once recognised in the male by the contiguous
eyes; the female is known from the female of cincjulata by the black
thorax and the not red basal joints of the antennæ.

182 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

H. fiavipes is not at all common in Denmark, but it has, how-
ever, been taken on several localities; Geel Skov (the author); in
Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle (the author), at Hald near Viborg and
at Sæby (H. J. Hansen); the dates are from the last days of July
to 1^/9.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europa down
into France; it is not known north of Denmark (unless graciUpes
Bohem. is identical, which is probable); Verrall records it from Eng-
land (under Oreogeton). It seems generally to be rare, but Verrall
notes it as common in England, (Entom. Month. Mag, XXII, 1886,
202, 55).

Remarks: I think Ihe suggestion by Strobl (1. c. 161), that graci-
lipes Bohem. is identical with flavipes, is correct; thus my specimens
have the thorax in the female a little pruinose, and yellow balteres,
which characters are given for gracilipes, but I have no doubt, that
my species is flavipes.

26. H. minuta Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 359, 31, et 1849. VIII, 3018,31. - 1892.
Strobl, Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien. XLII, 120, 13. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. Il, 248 (Rhagas).

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma black; palpi dark. Occiput
black, with a few black hairs. Antennæ black, the style somewhat
thick. Thorax black, dull or at all events only very slightly shining.
The dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, black; the former
uniserial, not longer behind, the latter biserial. I find only a small
humeral bristle, a notopleural and a postal ar bristle, all black. Pleura
greyish black, almost quite black. Scutellum with four to six black
marginal bristles. Abdomen black, very slightly hairy. Legs black;
front metatarsi simple, about half as long as the tibiæ. The legs are
very short-haired, almost bare, the hairs dark; the hind tibiæ with

Fiff. 70. Winff of H. minuta.

fine hairs below. Wings somewhat blackish fumigated, most towards
the anterior margin. Veins black or blackish, also the anal vein;

Empididae. 183

the lower branch of the cubital vein directed a little downwards,
slightly recurved at the apex, the upper branch origmating with an
acute angle and diverging, very shghtly curved at the base; the discai
cell long, and attenuated towards the apex, the branches of the
discai vein issiiing near to each other. Stigma blackish, but faint.
Halteres black.

Female. Qiiite similar to the male; hind tibiæ simple.

Length 2 mm.

H. nmmta has only been taken in one specimen, a female, on
^"/e 1909 at Lohals on Langeland (the author).

Geographical distribution; — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to southern Sweden.

Remarks: I have examined Zetterstedt's type-specimens, so that
my determination is certain. Zetterstedt says, that the front tibiæ
in the male are thickened, but in his type this is the case only to a
very slight degree (if the specimen is really a male, the apex of
abdomen is wanting). It also seems to me, that Strobl's species is
the same. — In the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. the species is enumerated
under Bhagas, it seems on the authority of Loew (Nat. Hist. Rew.
1856, 86); I do not know Loev^-'s paper, but I see no reason for
separating the species from Hilara.

As mentioned under the description of the family, still one species
is recorded from Denmark viz. H. fuscipes Fabr. According to Fabricius
(Ent. Syst. IV, 406, 14 and Syst. Antl. 144, 5) this species is founded
on Danish specimens, as he says: „Habitat in Dania Mus. Dom. Lund."
As said above under the family the specimens in Lund's collection
labelled Tachydromia fuscipes are not this species, and as I think
there is no fuU certainty for the occurrence of the species in Den-
mark, I have at present omitted it.

3. Ocydromiinae.

Eyes either touching in the male, separated in the female, or
touching in both sexes; in rare cases narrowly separated in both
sexes; when touching the upper facets are in the male generally
larger than the lov^er. Antennæ either five-jointed, with a two-
jointed style or long arista, or three-jointed, with a long, not articu-
lated arista. Proboscis short, sometimes somewhat long and then
directed straightly or obliquely forwards. Maxillæ (always?) present,
the inaxillary palpi one-jointed. Thorax somewhat high and arched.

184 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Metapleura bare or with short hairs. Cubital vein unforked; discai
vein forked, or {Ocydromia, Leptopeza) unforked; a discai cell present,
sending three or two veins to the margin; three or four posterior
cells; the basal cells of equal length; the anal cell shorter than or as
long as the second basal cell; the lower branch of the postical vein
recurrent, or meeting the anal vein at a right angle; anal vein short,
or longer and reaching the margin. Axillary lobe large (except in
Leptopeza sphenoptera). Alula very small or wanting. Stigma present;
sometimes {Leptopeza) absent.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Antennæ with the third joint more or less elongated,
terminating with a short style; discal vein forked 2.

— Antennæ with the third joint short, terminating with a

long arista; discal vein unforked 5.

2. Antennæ long, longer than the head, third joint much
elongated; hind femora thickened, with spines below. . 9. Oedalea.

— Antennæ shorter, at most as long as the head, third
joint less elongated; hind femora not thickened, with-

out spines below 3.

3. Antennæ short, the style very short; proboscis about
as long as the head, or longer, directed straightly or
obliquely forwards; anal cell considerably shorter than

the second basal cell 12. Etdhyneura.

— Antennæ longer, the style somewhat long; proboscis

very short, directed downwards 4.

4. Basal cells somewhat large, anal cell shorter than the

second basal cell, anal vein long, reaching the margin 7. Trichina.

— Basal cells small, anal cell about as long as the second

basal cell, anal vein not prolonged beyond the anal cell 8. Microphorus.

5. Third antennal joint short, ovate^ arista inserted in its

upper margin 10. Ocydromia.

— Third antennal joint longer, conical, arista terminal .. 11. Leptopeza.

7. Triehina Meig.

Species of small size and of dark colours. The head is globular,
somewhat arched behind, as broad as thorax. OccipuL somewhat
haired. Eyes large, occupying the whole front side of the head ; they
are touching in the male, and in the female either also touching, but
for a shorter distance, or they are in this sex narrowly separated,
leaving a very narrow frontal stripe between them. In the male the
facets are larger in about the upper half, the dividing line is sharp;
when the eyes are touching in the female, the facets are large in a
small upper part, when they are separated all facets are small. The
incisure in the middle of the inner eye-margin is distinct, There are

Empididae. 185

three ocelli on the vertex, and some small hairs. The antennæ are
inserted near to each other in the middle, or sometimes a little above
the middle. They are five-jointed ; the first joint is very short, the
second about globular, the third more or less elongated, attenuated
towards the apex and compressed; the two last joints form a shorter
or longer style, the first joint of which is short, the second long and
terminating in a bristly part, which is bare. Epistoma is very nar-
row; jowls are not developed, the eyes going quite to the mouth
aperture. About the mouth parts I can only say very little, as I
have only been able to examine dried specimens. The proboscis is
very short, only stretching slightly out of the mouth aperture ; labrum
is strong, broad at the base, curved downwards towards the apex;
the maxillary palpi are short, one-jointed, somewhat club-shaped.
Thorax is rectangular, rather highly arched above; prothorax is very
small, and likewise metathorax. There are somewhat short uniserial
dorsocentral bristles and biserial acrostichal bristles; the former show
a long bristle behind. A humeral bristle, a pair of posthumeral, one
to three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle present.
Scutellum has about four to eight marginal bristles. The metapleura
are bare. Abdomen is somewhat slender, often a little compressed;
it consists of eight segments ; as usual the first is small, the second the
longest. In the male the abdomen is only slightly attenuated towards
the apex; the male genitalia are small, in flavipes they form a very
small forceps, consisting, so far as I have seen, of a pair of straight
lamellæ with small teeth at the apex, and between the lamellæ a
thin, styliform process (penis'?); in clavipes the forceps is a little
larger, and it seems to be somewhat unsymmetrical. In the female
the abdomen is pointed towards the apex, and it terminates with
two small and short styles. The legs are slender, the hind legs the
longest; the hind tibiæ may be more or less thickened towards the

Fig. 71. Wing of T. flavipes.

apex. The legs have shorter or longer, fine hairs, sometimes the
hind legs have stronger bristles. The tibiæ have no apical spurs.
There are two claws, and two well developed pulvilli; the empodiurn

186 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

is long, but narrow, and terminating with a bristle-shaped part. The
wings have the mediastinal vein not distinctly reaching the margin,
but uniting with the subcostal vein; the cubital vein is unforked, and
there is thus one cubital cell; the discai vein forked, and there are
thus four posterior cells, and from the discai cell three veins go to
the wing-margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein,
which closes the discai cell below; the second branch of the postical
vein recurrent, the anal cell shorter than the second basal cell; the
anal vein long, straight, reaching the margin. Stigma present. The
axillary lobe large. Alula very small, fringed at the margin. Alar
squamula small, likewise fringed at the margin.

The developmental stages of Trichina are, so far as I am aware,
not known.

The species of Trichina occur in woods on humid and somewhat
shaded piaces; the males sometimes hover in the air. The species are
no doubt carnivorous.

The genus is small, it comprises 5 palæarctic species; two have
hitherto been found in Denmark.

Tahle of Species. .

1. Scutellum with about eight bristles; legs yellow, hind tibiæ
slightly thickened; stigma not filling the apex of the subcostal
cell 1. ffavipes.

— Scutellum with four bristles; legs with the hind femora and
tibiæ more or less dark brown in the apical half; hind femora
in the male with spine-like bristles below; hind tibiæ distinctly
thickened; stigma occupying the apex of the subcostal cell. . 2. clavipes.

1. T. flavipes Meig.

1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 336, 1, Tab. LXV, Fig. 10. — 1842.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 254 (Microjjhora^. — 1860. Loew. Zeitschr. fur Entom.
Breslau, XIV, 41, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 79 ( Microphorus). — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 257.

Male. Eyes touching for a long distance, the facets in the upper
half larger than below, the dividing line sharp. The narrow epistoma

Fig. 72. Antenna of T. flavipes. x 100.

black or greyish black; palpi blackish. Occiput black, shining, with
black, below with brownish hairs. Antennæ black, the style together
with the bristly apical part somewhat long, considerably more than

Empididae. 187

half as long as the third joint, and the bristly part of the style as
long as the basal part. Thorax black, shining, slightly metallic. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, black, the hindmost dorso-
central bristle long. Further a small humeral bristle, one or two
posthumeral, a notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all black.
Scutellum has about eight black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shi-
ning. Abdomen black above, duU or almost dull, sometimes a little
lighter towards the base. Venter yellowish. Abdomen has on the
dorsal side somewhat long, erect, brownish hairs; venter has shorter,
pale hairs. Legs pale yellowish, tarsi slightly brownish towards the
end; hind tibiæ slightly thickened towards the apex. Anterior femora
short-haired; hind femora with rows of long hairs above and below;
anterior tibiæ with fine hairs above and below, strongest above ; hind
tibiæ with similar hairs above and a dense pubescence below; the
last joint on all tarsi with somewhat long hairs above. The hairs
yellowish. Wings a little blackish fumigated. Veins dark brown. Stigma
brown, not filling the apex of the subcostal cell. Halteres blackish brown.

Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes touching for a shorter
distance; the antennæ placed above the middle. The large facets of
the eye only occupying the upper third part, the dividing line some-
what sharp, The scutellar marginal bristles yellowish. Wings hyaline.
Halteres yellowish or dirty whitish.

Length 2,5—3 mm.

T. flavipes is somewhat common in Denmark, but has, however,
hitherto only been taken on Sealand; neighbourhood of Copenhagen,
Ørholm, Geel Skov and Tyvekrog; my dates are ^-'h—^'^lio, it is thus
a late occurring species. It occurs in woods on somewhat shaded
piaces on bushes, the males sometimes hover in the air in swarms;
thus I took it hovering in great numbers on ^•^/o in Geel Skov, while
the females sat on leaves in the vicinity.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden. Zetterstedt re-
kords it from July.

2. T. clavipes Meig.

1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI. 336, ± — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
I, 254, 2 (Microphora). — 1860. Loew. Zeitschr. fur Entom. Breslau, XIV,
35, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 79 (Microphoriis). — 1903. Kat. pala-
arkt. Dipt. II, 257. — Empis minuta (non Fabr.) p. p. : 1815, Fall. Dipt.
Suec. Empid. 32, 40.

Male. Eyes touching, the facets in the upper part larger than
below. The very narrow epistoraa greyish black; ])alpi brownish.

188 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Occiput black, somewhat shining, with black, below with pale hairs.
Antennæ black, the third joint rather elongated, the style together
with the bristly part short, scarcely half as long as the third joint.
Thorax dark æneous, brightly shining. The dorsocentral and acrosti-
chal bristles somewhat short, black, the former a little longer behind,
and the hindmost long and strong. Fiirther a humeral bristle, a pair
of posthumeral, about three notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle, all somewhat long, black. Scutellum with four black marginal
bristles. Pleura black, shining, Abdomen black, velvet along the
dorsum, but somewhat metallic shining at the sides and on the
venter; it may be a little translucenlly brownish towards the base.
It is clothed with somewhat long, light brownish to yellowish hairs;
also the venter has long hairs. Abdomen is less attenuated than in
flavipes, the exterior genitalia are a little larger and show a small
hook. The legs are lighter or darker yellowish, the posterior coxæ
somewhat darkened; the hind femora and tibiæ dark brown in about
the apical half; all tarsi dark except at the base; the anterior femora
and the front tibiæ may be a little darkened in the middle. Hind fe-
mora a httle thickened, and hind tibiæ distinctly thickened towards
the apex. Anterior femora with short hairs above and below; hind
femora with long hairs above and below, and on the latter side also
with a row of strong, somewhat spine-like bristles; anterior tibiæ
short-haired ; hind tibiæ densely ciliated below and with longish hairs
above; the last joint on all tarsi with long, bristly hairs above, The
hairs are yellowish to brownish. Wings a little dark fumigated. Veins
brown or blackish. Stigma brown, quite fiUing the apex of the sub-
costal cell. Halteres blackish brown.

Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes very narrow! y sepa-
rated, the facets (so far as I could see) all small; frons black, Thorax
black, not æneous; the bristles at the sides of the disc, the hindmost
dorsocentral bristle and the scutellar bristles yellow. Abdomen shining.
The legs as in the male, but not rarely somewhat lighter, the spine-
like bristles below the hind femora absent. Wings hyaline, Halteres
yellow.

Length 2,5 — 3 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from flavipes by the colour of
the legs, the distinctly thickened hind tibiæ, the spine-like bristles be-
low the hind femora in the male, the short antennal style and the
stigma, which occupies just the apex of the subcostal cell. At first
sight it is similar to flavipes, but on closer examination it differs by
a multitude of characters.

T. davipes is not common in Denmark, only eleven specimens

Empididae. 189

are known; Ermelund (the author), Dyrehaven (Stæger), Bøllemosen,
Tisvilde and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author); my dates
are ^^/6 — ^^h ; it seems thus to be an earlier occurring species than
flavipes; it occurs on similar localities.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy and Spain;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

Remarks: Fallen described this species as Empis minuta; Loew
(1. c. 36) states, that this is incorrect, as Fabricius had already de-
scribed an E. minuta. This latter species has never been recognised,
though often drawn into synonymy. Loew says, that he should be in-
clined to think, that it is a Phora on account of Fabricius's statement
„Habitat gregatlm in Daniæ agaricis". It is interesting to see, that the
species is, as I have already mentioned in the description of the fa-
mily, in reality a Pliora; another specimen, standing at the side of
the first in the collection of Lund, is a Sciara. Empis minuta Fabr.
will thus have to be abolished.

8. Micpopliorus Macq.

(1827. Micro2)hor.)

Small, somevi^hat robust, not slender species of black or greyish
colours. Head a little narrower than thorax, somewhat globular and
arched behind. Occiput beset with hairs. Eyes rather large, touching
for a long distance in the male, well separated in the female; in the
male the facets in the upper half larger than below. The incision in
middle of the inner eye-margin distinct. Vertex with three ocelli and
some small hairs. Antennæ inserted near to each other, about in the

Fig. 73. Antenna of M. anomalus. X 80.

middle; they are five-jointed, the first joint small, the second almost
globular, the third is triangular, pointed towards the apex, rather
broad at the base, and compressed; the two last joints form a two-
jointed style, the first joint of which is very small, the second long.
The second antennal joint has a few bristles, the third has somewhat
long hairs, the style has short hairs quite to the apex. Epistoma is
not so narrow as in Trichina; the jowls do not descend below the
eyes. The proboscis is short, not stretching much beyond the mouth
aperture, but however distinctly to be seen; it may be directed down-

190 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

wards or forwards. Labrum is as long as labiiim, strong, broad at
the base, with three short points at the apex; it is semitubular and
curved somewhat downwards towards the apex; hypopharynx is but
slightly shorter, canaliculated, dilated towards the apex, but pointed
outermost; it is also curved a little down"wards; the maxillæ have a
lancet-like or blade-shaped lacinia, and cyhndrical, one-jointed palpi;
labium has a relatively large basal part, but short labella, which are
cleft to the base. Thorax is rectangular, very strongly arched above;
prothorax very small and likewise metathorax. There are uniserial
or irregularly biserial dorsocentral bristles, and bi- or quadriserial
acrostichal bristles; further a humeral bristle, one or two posthumeral^
two to three notopleural, one or two supraalar and a postalar bristle.
Seutellum has six to eight marginal bristles. Metapleura are bare.
Abdoraen is cylindrical; in consists in the common way of eight seg-
ments; in the male the last segment is small, much lower than the
preceding, and more or less hidden under the genitalia; the latter
form a little knob-like forceps, which is directed up wards and seems
to be somewhat unsymmetrical. In the female the abdomen is pointed
and terminates with two thin styles. Legs somewhat slender, hind
tibiæ and metatarsi sometimes thickened in the male. The legs have
shorter and longer hairs and bristles, but no apical spurs are present.
There are two claws, tw^o well developed pulvilli, and a very smålig
linear, bristle-bearing empodium. The wings are not long; the me-
diastinal vein does not quite reach the margin; the cubital vein is-

Fig. 74. Wing of M. anomalus.

unforked, thus only one cubital cell; the discai vein is forked, thus
four posterior cells, and from the discai cell three veins go to the mar-
gin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, closing the
discai cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein recurrent;
there is no anal vein developed (or only the basal part, closing the
anal cell below). The discai cell is rather long; the basal cells small,
and the anal cell about as long as the second basal cell. Stigma
present. The axillary lobe is large. Alula not developed, but the
wing here with a long fringe. Alar squamula fringed at the margin.

Empididae. 191

The larva to M. anomalus (pusillus) is described by Beling (Arch.
flir Naturgesch. 48, 1, 1882, 212). It is cylindrical, somewhat attenuated
towards the head; the last joint somewhat thick, with slightly, longi-
tudinal furrows ; on the rounded hinder end is a broad, pointed, mem-
branous tooth or wart, which is curved upwards; above it lie the
terminal spiracles (Beling does not mention the, certainly present,
prothoracic spiracles, but this he does not do either in the descriptions
of other Empid larvæ). The abdominal segments have small, ventral
swellings (Kriechschwielen), The larva is 7 mm long, 0,9 mm thick.
It was found below the leaves in a plantation of beeches on ^^k and
developed on ^■^/r..

The species of Microphorus occur in woods and on fields in low^
herbage and grass, generally on somewhat humid localities; the spe-
cies are certainly carnivorous, but I am not aware, that any direct
observation has been made; Macquart says however about the ety-
mology: „Le nom de Microphorus^ petit voleur, fait allusion aux bri-
gandages qu'exercent ces petits insectes å l'égard des autres."

The genus comprises 9 species from the palæarctic region, two
have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Tahle of Species.

1. Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles long, the latter biserial ;

hind tibiæ and metatarsi in the male simple; thorax in the

female grey 1 . velutinus.

— Dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles short, the latter qua-

driserial; hind tibiæ and metatarsi in the male swollen;

thorax in the female black 2. anomalus.

1. M. velutinus Macq.

1827.tMacq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 140, 2. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
VII, IS, ^.' (TrichinaJ. — 1855. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XII, 4599, 3—4. (Micro-
phora) — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fur Entom. Breslau, XIV, 45,3. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 79. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 258. — Microphora
fuscipes: 1852. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XI, 4268, 3. — Rhamphomyia holosericea:
1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 425, 46.

Male. Eves touching; epistoma black; palpi dark. Occiput black,
with black hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax somewhat velvet black,
very slightly shining, with two narrow, greyish stripes, abbreviated
behind; also two lateral stripes, one on each side, are visible. The
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles long, black, the former uniserial,
longer and strong behind, the latter biserial. Further a humeral bristle,
a pair of posthumeral, about three notopleural, a pair of supraalar
and a postalar bristle. all somewhat long, black. Scutellum has six

192 Orthorrhapha brachj'cera.

to eight black marginal bristles, of which four are long. Pleura black
or greyish black. Abdomen velvet black, with long, erect, -black hairs.
Venter black, with somewhat long hairs. Exterior genitalia with some
bristly hairs. Legs black; coxæ slightly pruinose; the anterior knees
very slightly yellowish. Femora with rows of strong hairs, the anterior
femora on the posterior side, the hind femora on the anterior side;
tibiæ with hairs above, which are somewhat strong on the hind tibiæ.
All hairs black. Wings slightly tinged. V^ins black or dark brown.
Stigma brownish. Balteres black.

Female. Differing from the male by its grey colom-. Eyes sepa-
rated, frons and occiput grey. Thorax grey with two brownish stripes,
which may sometimes be less distinct, and there may also be traces
of a faint median stripe. Abdomen grey, and the hairs shorter than
in the male. Legs also a little greyish, with the knees generally more
distinctly yellowish; they are a little shorter haired than in the male.
Wings more hyaline. Halteres pale brownish.

Length 2,2 — 2,5 mm.

M. velutimis is not common in Denmark, or it has at all events
hitherto not been taken frequently; it was for the first time taken in
1882; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose (the author). Nøddebo
(J. C. Nielsen), and on Falster at Resle (H. J. Hansen). My dates
are ^^k—'^^le, it is thus an early species. It occurs both in or at
woods and on fields, often in the vicinity of water. I took it in copula
on 31/5.

Geographical distribution: — Europa down into Italy and Spain;
towards the north to southern Sweden.

2. M. anomalus Meig.

1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 9, 7 (Platypeza). — 1862. Loew, Zeitshr.
fur Entom. Breslau. XIV, 43, 2. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 257. —
MicropJiorus crassipes: 1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 140, 1. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 79. — Trichina crassipes: 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII,
78, 3. — Microphorus pusillus: 1827. Macq. 1. c. 140, 3. — Microp>hora
pusilla: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 256, 4, ? et 1849. VIII, 2999, 4. —
Microphora tarsella: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 257, 5, c?.

Male. Eyes touching; epistoma and palpi black. Occiput blackish,
a little shining, with black hairs. Antennæ black. Thorax velvet
black, almost quite duU, with two narrow, slightly greyish stripes,
convergent posteriorly; also the sides of the disc a little greyish, espe-
cially when seen with the light from in front. The dorsocentral and
acrostichal bristles short, black; the former a little irregularly biserial
in front, long behind, the latter quadriserial. Further a humeral

Empididae. 193

bristle, a posthumeral, two to three notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum has six black marginal bristles,
two of which are long. Pleura greyish black. Abdomen velvet black
above, more greyish on the sides; it is somewhat sparingly clothed
with longish, erect, black hairs. Venter greyish black, with long,
strong hairs. Exterior genitalia with some bristly hairs. Legs black;
coxæ somewhat brownish pruinose; hind tibiæ strongly dilated to-
wards the apex, club-shaped, hind metatarsi very thick and swollen.
Anterior femora with long hairs on the postero-ventral side, which
are strengest in the apical half; hind femora with long hairs above
and below, longest above; anterior tibiæ with short hairs, middle
tibiæ also with a couple of bristles on the dorsal side; hind tibiæ
with long hairs above, longest and strongest on the thickened apical
part; hind metatarsi with longish I hairs above. The hairs are black.
Wings hyaline, somewhat iridescent and transmitting the light a
little reddish. Veins dark brown to black. Stigma slightly brownish.
Halteres black.

Female. Similar to the male. Eyes separated, frons greyish black.
Thorax and abdomen slightly more shining than in the male, and
shorter haired. Legs simple, and likewise shorter haired. Halteres paler
or darker brownish.

Length 2,2—2,8 mm.

This species is in the male at once distinguished from vehitinus
by the shape of the hind legs; in the female it is recognised by the
black, not grey thorax, and in both sexes by the much shorter
dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles, and by the latter being quadri-
serial.

M. anomalus is, like the preceding, not common in Denmark;
Charlottenlund (Stæger); on Langeland at Lohals (the" author); on
Lolland at Maribo (Schlick) and on Bornholm at Hasle (H. J. Hansen).
My dates are only ^^le to the last half of July; it occurs evidently less
early than vehitinus; otherwise it occurs in similar localities.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden.

9. Oedalea Meig.

Species of somewhat small size and a somewhat slender shape,
the colour of the body black. The head globular, as broad as thorax,
arched behind, and here with some hairs. Eyes large, occupying the
whole front side of the head; they are touching in the male, well
separated in the female; in the male the facets in the upper half part

13

194 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

are larger than below. The incision in the middle of the inner eye-
margin present and distinct, The vertex with three oceUi and some
hairs. The antennæ are inserted near to each other, in the middle;
they are relatively long, always longer than the head. They consist
of five joints; the two basal joints are short, the first cylindrical, the
second somewhat globular, the third joint is long, compressed, very
sHghtly or not attenuating towards the apex, and thus somewhat
band-shaped; the two last joints form a style, the basal joint of
which is very small (only seen with the microscope); the style may
be thicker or tliinner, the apex is somewhat bristle-shaped, and this
bristle-shaped part is longest and most distinct, when the style is
thin ^ Epistoma is not narrow; the jowls are almost not developed,
only present as a small rim. Glypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped.
Proboscis is short, not as long as the head is high; it is directed
downwards or more or less forwards. Labrum is strong, straight, broad
at the base and semitubular, with three short points at the apex;
hypopharynx is well developed, as long as labrum, canaliculated, and
pointed at the apex; it has two, somewhat deep excisions below the
apex, so that there are three points in all, the middle the longest;
the maxillæ are shorter, very thin and thread-like, the maxillary palpi
one-jointed, somewhat club-shaped with dilated apex, and somewhat
compressed; labium is about of the length of the labrum or a little
longer, the labella are somewhat shorter than the basal part. Thorax
is rectangular, arched above; pro- and metathorax very small. There
are no specialised dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles, the disc being
uniformly clothed with short hairs, but these are, however, divided
into three parts by two longitudinal, bare stripes, the hairs on these
parts answering to the dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. On the
sides of the disc only a notopleural and a postalar bristle present.
Scutellum has six marginal bristles. Metapleura are bare. Abdomen
is slender; it consists in the usual way of eight segments; in the male

1 Loew says in his monograph (Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 1S59, 44)
tliat the second joint of the style „erscheint . . . entweder in Folge seiner kurzen
aber dichten Behaarung plump, hochstens am Ende borstenformig zugespitzt,
oder es hat die Gestalt einer kurzen, dicken Borste." From this passage it
might be thought, that it is only when the style is thick, that it is densely
hairy, but it is also hairy, when it is thin, and it is in both cases constructed
about in the same way, the only difference being the thickness and the pre-
sence of a terminal, bristle-shaped, bare part in the thin style, which part is
very short or almost wanting in the thick style. Loew speaks only of the
second joint, but it is more correct to speak of the whole style, as the small
basal joint is of the same thickness as the second, and under a lens not to
be discerned from this.

Empididae.

195

the last segment is small and hidden, The exterior genitalia are small;
they consist of a small forceps, formed of a pair of somewhat broad
lamellæ, and above them there is a small, styliform process, which is
directed upwards. In the female the abdomen is pointed, and the
eighth segment forms a long, slender, compressed ovipositor, which is
curved a little upwards. The legs are somewhat slender, the hind
legs are longest; the hind femora are in both
sexes somewhat long and thickened, and have
rows of spines on the apical part below towards
each side; the hind tibiæ are shorter than the
femora, curved at the base, and when laid up
towards the femora, they are placed between
the rows of spines. The legs are short-haired,
only the hind femora have long hairs above in
the basal part, and the hind tibiæ have some-
what longish hairs below ; there are no, dlstinct
apical spurs. There are two claws, two pul-
villi, and a thin, somewhat claw-shaped empo-
dium vvith bristles on the lower side. The
wings have the mediastinal vein not quite

reaching the margin; the cubital vein is unforked, and thus there is
one cubital cell ; the discai vein is forked, and there are thus four
posterior cells, and the discai cell sends three veins to the margin,

Fig. 75. Oe. flavipes,
hind les. X 15.

Fig. 76. Wing of Oe. flavipes.

the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the
discai cell below; the discai cell is somewhat long, and also the basal
cells are long; the lower branch of the postical vein is only slightly
recurrent, not parallel with the margin, and meeting the anal A^ein
almost rectangularly; the anal vein is straight, reaching the margin;
the anal cell is a little shorter than the second basal cell. Stigma
present, sometimes very weak. The axillary lobe is large. Alula almost
not developed, fringed at the margin. Alar squamula small, likewise
fringed.

So far as I am aware the developmental stages of the genus are not

13*

196 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

known. I possess two specimens of Oe. flavipes, which are stated to
have been bred from wood; probably tlien the larvæ live in decaying
wood, but they are certainly carnivorous.

The species of Oedalea occur in woods, especially on open, but
somewhat shaded piaces; they have a somewhat heavy flight; they
must be considered carnivorous. They seem everywhere to be rather
rare. The species are not sufficiently studied, probably because the
material for examination is generally small. The best work about
them is still Loew's monograph from 1859.

The genus comprises 10 species from the palæarctic region, 4
have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Tahh of Species.

1. Wings with two brown patches at the anterior margin,
one at each end of the stigma, this latter almost colour-

less 1 . hijhotina.

— Wings without patches, stigma brown 2.

2. Hind femora with the apical part brown or blackish;

scutellar bristles yellow 3. stigmatella.

— Hind femora quite yellow 3.

3. Scutellar bristles yellow; antennæ long, the style some-
what thick 2. flavipes.

— Scutellar bristles black; antennæ shorter, the style bristle-

shaped 4. Holmgreni.

1. Oe. hybotina Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 31, 39 (Empis). — 1820. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. II, 536, 1, Tab. XXI, Fig. 27. — 1842. Zett. Dipt Scand. I, 245, 1.

— 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 47, 3. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 80. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 259.

Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, shining; palpi black. Occi-
put black, with black, below with whitish hairs. Antennæ long,

Fig. 77. Antenna of Oe. hybotina. X 65.

blackish brown; the basal joints may be lighter; the style is broad,
almost as broad as the apex of the third joint. Thorax black,
shining; the disc clothed with short, somewhat adpressed, greyish
vvhite hairs, leaving two narrow stripes bare. Of bristles a notopleu-
ral and a small postalar bristle present, both yellow, and besides
some smaller hairs in the præsutural depression. Scutellum with six

Empididae. 197

yellow marginal bristles. Pleiira black, shining. Abdomen likewise
blacii, shining, with wliitish yellow hairs. Venter similarly coloured
and haired, sometimes a little lighter at the base. Legs pale yellow,
hind femora dark brown on the apical half, but the apex again yel-
low, hind tibiæ brownish black, the base whitish yellow; the anterior
tarsi brownish, hind tarsi darker brown, the basal part of the meta-
tarsus yellow. The legs are short-haired with yellow hairs; the hind
femora have long, yellow hairs above in the basal part; on the
ventral side there are two rows of short, somewhat strong, black
spines on the apical part. Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish tinged.
Veins somewhat thick, brown or dark brown, the apex of the Iower
branch of the discai vein thin and evanescent, but it may be
traced to the margin. Stigma slightly yellowish, almost colourless,
at the inner end of it a small brown patch, and a similar at its
apex, which latter is produced down into the cubital cell, and a
very faint, band-like continuation downwards may be present. Halteres
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes well separated, the
frons black shining. Ovipositor blackish, brownish yellow towards
the base.

Length 3,5 m m,

This species is at once recognised by the two patches on the
wing.

Oe. hyhotina is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens, a
male and two females, have been taken; vicinity of Copenhagen (H.
J. Hansen), Dyrehaven (Drewsen) and on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick);
on the latter locality it was taken on ^'e.

Gegraphical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden.

2. Oe. flavipes Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 247, 3 et 1849. VIII, 2998, 3. — 1859.
Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 48, 4. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 259. — Empis minuta: 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 32, 40,
p. p. — Oedalea minuta: 1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 356, 2 et 1838.
VII, 101. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 247, 4. - 1862. Schin. F. Å.
I, 81.

Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, shining; palpi black. Occi-
put likewise black, shining, with black, below with white hairs. An-
tennæ long, blackish brown, the style is less broad and much shorter
than in Jujbotina. Thorax black, shining, with short, somewhat ad-
pressed, greyish white hairs, leaving two narrow, bare stripes. Of

198 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

bristles a notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both yellow, and
besides there are some small hairs in the præsutural depression.
Scutellum with six yellow marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining.

'^CElf

Fig. 78. Antenna of Oe. flavipes. x 65.

Abdomen black, shining, with whitish yellow hairs. Venter similarly
coloured and haired. Abdomen may be slightly translucently brownish
towards the base. Legs whitish yellow, hind tibiæ blackish brown,
the base whitish, front tibiæ generally somewhat brownish, but the
base pale; the hind femora often slightly brownish just at the apex;
tarsi brownish, the basal part of the hind metatarsi yellow. The legs
are short-haired with pale yellow hairs; the hind femora have long,
yellow hairs above on the basal half or more, the hairs becoming
short towards the apex; below there are rows of short, black spines
on each side on the apical part. Wings somewhat brownish tinged,
especially towards the apex. Veins brown to dark brown. Stigma
brown. Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male, but the eyes well separated,
frons black, shining. Ovipositor blackish. (In my only female specimen
the notopleural bristle is black).

Length 3 — 3,7 mm.

Oe. flavipes is somewhat rare in Denmark ; Charlottenlund (Stæger),
Dyrehaven, and on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick). The dates are ^/e — ^'^/t.
Two specimens from Dyrehaven are stated to have been bred from
wood.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden.

3. Oe. stigmatella Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 246, 2. ~ 1859. Loew. Neue Beitr. zur
Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 49, 8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 81. — 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 259.

Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, shining; palpi blackish
brown. Occiput black, shining. with black, below with whitish hairs.
Antennæ somewhat short, blackish brown, the style thin, bristle-
shaped. Thorax black, with very short, whitish yellow hairs, leaving
two narrow, bare stripes. Of bristles a notopleural and a postalar
bristle present, both yellow, and besides a couple of smaller hairs in

Empididae. J99

the præsutural depression. Scutellum with six long, yellow bristles.
Pleura black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with some-
what long, whitish yellow hairs. Venter brownish to yellowish, gener-

Fig, 79. Antenna of Oe. stigmatelia, x 65.

ally darker towards the apex. Legs whitish yellow, hind femora
with the apical half dark brown, hind tibiæ dark brown, the basal
part white; anterior tarsi light brownish, the metatarsi almost quite
pale, the hind tarsi darker brown, only the very base of the meta-
tarsi yellow. The legs pale yellowish haired quite in the usual way,
and the hind femora likewise with black spines below on the apical
part. Wings slightly tinged. Veins brown. Stigma brown. Halteres
pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the eyes well separated, the
frons black, shining. The hairs on abdomen a little shorter than in
the male, and the venter generally yellow; ovipositor black or brownish.

Length 3,5 mm.

This species is distinguished from the preceding by the bristle-
shaped antennal style and the dark apical part.of the hind femora;
also the venter seems always to be more or less pale. — Immature
specimens may have the thoracic disc and the pleura lighter to
brownish or reddish.

Oe. stigmatella is like the preceding a rare species ; only six spe-
cimens are known; Ordrup Mose (Stæger); on Lolland at Maribo and
Ryde (Schlick) ; the dates are only ^"/e — ^^/e.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to northern Sweden. (It has been
recorded from North America, but is later described by Melander as
Oe.ohioensis; see Mel. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, 347).

4. Oe. Holmgreni Zett.

1852. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XI, 4267, 3-4. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr.
zur Kenntn. der Dipt. VI, 49, 7. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 259.

Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black; proboscis straight, palpi
black. Occiput black, shining, with black, below with whitish hairs.
Antennæ not long, very slightly longer than in stigmatella, blackish
brown, the style thin, bristle-shaped and very short. Thorax black,
shining, with short, greyish white hairs, leaving two very narrow,
bare stripes. Of bristles a notopleural and a postalar bristle present,

200 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

both black; besides there are smaller hairs in the præsutural depres-
sion. Scutellum with six black bristles. Pleura black, ^shining. Ab-
domen likewise black, shining, with not long, whitish yellow hairs.

Fig. 80. Antenna of Oe. Holmgreni. X 65.

Venter similarly coloured and haired. Legs yellow to dark, almost
brownish yellow, front and hind tibiæ blackish brown, the basal part
yellow, middle tibiæ more or less brownish or quite yellowish; all
tarsi brown, sometimes pale just at the base. The legs yellow-haired
quite in the usual way, and the hind femora likewise with rows of
black spines below in the apical part; the hairs on the tarsi some-
what darkened. Wings blackish brown fumigated. Veins blackish or
dark brown. Stigma blackish brown. Balteres more or less dark
yellow to brownish yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male, but the eyes well separated,
the frons black, shining. Abdomen shorter haired than in the male;
ovipositor slender, black or blackish.

Length 2,8—3,5 mm.

This species is known from stigmatella by the pale hind femora,
and it differs from the three other species by the black scutellar
bristles, and the darker tibiæ and tarsi. Strobl says (Mitth. Ver.
Steierm. 1892, 93) that it differs from flavipes by the longer antennal
style; the style is much thinner, but 1 fmd it not at all longer.

O e. Holmgreni is as rare as the preceding species; Nyraad at
Vordingborg (J. G. Nielsen), Tisvilde and on Langeland at Lohals (the
author), on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick); my dates are '/e — "/?. It
occurs, on open, somewhat shaded piaces in woods.

GecJgraphical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden.

10. Ocydpomia Meig.

Species of somewhat small size and of a slender shape, and of
black or yellow colour. The head is about globular, a little narrower
than thorax and slightly longer than broad. Occiput is arched or al-
most conical; it has some small hairs. Eyes large, occupying the
whole front part of the head; they are touching for a long distance
in both sexes; in the male the facets in the upper half part are
slightly larger than below. The incision in the middle of the inner
eye-margin distinct. On the vertex there are three ocelli and some

Empididae. 201

hairs. The antennæ are inserted near to each other in the middle;
they are three-jointed, the two basal joints are short, the first cyhndri-
cal, the second almost globular, the third joint is about as long as

Fig. 81. Antenna of O.glahricula. x 80.

the two basal together; it is ovate and bears above, somewhat behind
the apex, a long arista, which is, so far as I could detect, not articu-
lated to the joint. ^ Epistoma is high and very narrow; jowls are
not developed, the eyes going quite to the moiith aperture. The
proboscis is short, only just reaching out of the mouth aperture;
labrum is strong, semitubular, high at the base and with a three-
lobed apex; hypopharynx is of the same length, pointed to.wards the
apex. I could not detect the laciniæ of the maxillæ on the dried
material I had for examination; the maxillary palpi are one-jointed,
short; labium is about of the length of labrum, with small labella.
Thorax is rectangular, high and strongly arched above. There are
very thin and short uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal
hairs; there are aiso small and inconspicuous humeral, notopleural,
supraalar and postalar hairs. Scutellum has six marginal bristles.
Metapleura with short, fme hairs. Abdomen is in the male long and
slender, cylindrical and consisting of eight segments, the eighth is
small; the exterior genitalia are small, consisting of a pair of some-
what complicated lateral lamellæ, forming a kind of forceps. In the
female the abdomen is thicker, somewhat compressed, likewise con-
sisting of eight segments and terminating with two small and short
lamellæ. The legs are long and slender, the hind legs the longest.
They are densely haired, but there are no specialised apical spurs
on the tibiæ. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear,
pointed empodium, bearing bristles below. The wings have the
mediastinal vein not reaching the margin; the cubital vein is unforked,
thus one cubital cell; the discai vein likewise unforked, so that there
are only three posterior cells; sometimes a little veinlet is present,
indicating a beginning of an upper branch of the discai vein. The
discai cell sends only two veins to the margin, the lower is the upper
branch of the postical vein, which closes the discai cell below, The

^ I have examined antennæ treated with potash under a magnification of more
than 100, and I could detect no articulation ; in spite of this result I feel
not quite certain, and in the related Leptopeza the antennæ are five-jointed,
the arista being two-jointed and articulated to the third joint.

202 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

lower branch of the postical vein goes downwards and meets the
anal vein rectangularly; the anal vein reaches the margin and is a
little curved at the apex. The discai cell is somewhat long; also the

Fig. 82. Wing of O. glabricula.

basal cells are long, and the anal cell shorter than the second basal
cell. Stigma present. The axiilary lobe well developed. Alula not
developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamulæ small, with a long
fringe at the margin.

The larva is deseribed by Beling (Arch. flir Naturgesch. 48, 1,
1882, 213); it is cylindrical, attenuated towards the anterior end,
twelve-jointed and of yellowish white colour. The last segment is
somewhat short and broad, and slightly, longitudinally fmTOwed; on
the end of it is a truncate, membranous tooth with a broad base,
and with the apex directed upwards; above the tooth the terminal
spiracles are placed. The abdominal segments have small, transverse
swellings (Kriechschwielen) on the ventral side. The larva is 6 nmi.
long and 0,6 mm. thick. The pupa is yellowish, it has two teeth on
the front side of the head, and some erect hairs on the head. The
abdominal segments have each above at the hind margin a transverse
row of short, brown spines. The pupa is 3 mm. long. The larvæ
were found on a field below decaying vegetables; the imagines de-
veloped on ^''/^ to ^/fi.

The species occurs in low herbage on humid piaces in woods
and on meadows. It is carnivorous. Poulton (1. c.) records it from
England with Sciara sp. as prey.

The genus comprises only one species, also found in Denmark.

1. O. glabricula Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Erapid. 33, 42 (Etnpis). - 1820. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. II, 352,1, Tab. XXI, Fig. 23. - 1842. Stæg. Krøyer's Tidsskr. IV,
101. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 236, 1. - 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 82.
— 1 903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 260. — Ocydromia ruficollis (non Meig.) :
1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 146, 2. — Ocydromia rufipes: 1820.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 353, 3, et auct. eet. — Ocydromia scntellata: 1820.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 354, 5, et auct. eet. — Ocydromia dorsalis: 1830.

Empididae. 203

Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 334, 6. — Ocydromia nigripennis (non Fabr.):
1830. Meig. 1. c. 7. — Ocydromia melanopleura : 1840. Loew, Programm.
1840, 19, 4.

Male. Epistoma very narrow, black shining; palpi blackish. Occiput
black, slightly shining, above with blackish, below with pale hairs.
Antennæ black. Thorax dark æneous, brightly shining. The dorso-
central and acrostichal bristles inconspicuous, very short and thin,
dark. There are some small hiimeral, a couple of notopleural, a
supraalar and a postalar bristle, but all very inconspicuous. The
præsutural depression is soniewhat densely clothed with short hairs.
Scutellum black, with six yellowish or brownish marginal bristles, the
two median long and straight, the lateral curved. Pleura black,
shining, downwards more reddish or yellowish. Abdomen black,
shining, on the sides the incisures a little pale; it is clothed with
long, erect, brownish or blackish hairs, those at the hind margin of
the segments longer and stronger. Venter blackish brown or more
or less pale, with a little shorter hairs. Legs yellowish, the posterior
femora more or less brownish, but pale towards the base; all tibiæ
and tarsi brown to brownish black. All legs are somewhat densely
and longish haired, the hairs are longest on the dorsal and ventral
side; below the femora the hairs are vertically erect, on the anterior
femora sparse and distant. All the hairs are lighter or darker brownish.
Wings blackish. Veins black. Stigma brown. Halteres darker or paler
brownish.

The above description is from the male, such as it most com-
monly occurs here; it answers to melanojjleura Loew. A little less
common is the var. scidellata; it has the scutellum yellow, and like-
wise the pleura more or less yellowish, and the legs and halteres
lighter; also the brownish colour on abdomen is more extended.

Female. Thorax yellowish or reddish, brightly shining, with a
smaller or larger, generally quadratic or rectangular blackish spot on
the middle in front. Scutellum and pleura yellow. Abdomen yellow,
with the hind part of the dorsal segments black; the hairs pale. Legs
yellow, the anterior tibiæ and all tarsi more or less brownish. Wings
hyaline. Halteres yellow. Such is the common form of the female
liere; it has been taken together with the common form of the male,
and in copula with it. The form answers to glahricula Meig. Not
rarely the female has the thoracic disc nearly quite black, only red-
dish behind, and the wings yellowish or a little brownish. This form
would about answer to dorsalis Meig.

Length 3,5 — 4,5 mm.

As seen from the 'description and the synonymicai list this species

204 Oi'thoriliapha Inachycera.

varies very niuch, and it has therefore been divided into several
species, which were generally foimded only on one of the sexes.
Sufficient account of its synonymy is given by Stæger (Krøyer's Tidsskr.
IV, 1842—43, 98) and in the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. The single sex does
not vary so much, and each sex has its own varieties; the female is,
even in its darkest forms, always paler than the male; the darkest
variety of the male (melanopleura), and the pale form of the female
{glahricula) are most coramon. The different varieties, which are, for
the rest, connected by transitions, are not easily determined by use
of the literature, because the earlier writers generally did not note
the sex. To be sure Meigen does so for some of his species, but this
is, as already noted by Stæger 1, c, erroneous, and Meigen's species
are, in spite of his statements, always founded only on one sex; as
the exterior sexual difference is only small, Meigen has evidently had
no clear idea of the sexes. Fallen on the other hånd has identifled
the two sexes of the species correctly. Schiner gives a good account
of the varieties, but the sexes are intermingled ; thus he says of var.
(jlahricula, that the abdomen is thick and compressed ; this is because
the variety comprises only the female. Strobl (Mittheil. Ver. Steierm.
1892, 94) divides the forms into three varieties, and says that all
varieties occur in both sexes, but this is certainly not correct.

O. glahricula is a common species in Denmark; at Copenhagen
in gardens. Lersøen, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Boserup at Roskilde, Tis-
vilde, Frederikssund; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense,
Veflinge and Strib; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle, at Nebsager
near Horsens, Hald near Viborg and Frederikshavn; finally on Born-
holm at Rø. It is found during the whole summer, my dates are
is<;(5 — o/c, It occurs especially on humid, somewhat shaded piaces in
woods, and on meadows, often in great numbers; it is seen hovering
slowly and somewhat low, or sitting in the herbage.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. It occurs also in
North America. It is thus a widely distributed, and everywhere rather
common species,

11. Leptopeza Macq,

(1S127. Lemtopeza).
Species of somewhat small size, and of black or yellow colours,
The head is globular, almost as broad as thorax, arched behind,
Occiput haired. Eyes large, occupying the whole front side of the
head ; they are touching in both sexes or {spJieyioptera) very narrowly
separated in both sexes, but in the latter case on the other hånd touching

Empididae. 205

below the antennæ. The facets seem to be of equal size. There is
a small incision in the middle of the inner eye-margin. There are
three ocelli on the vertex, and a pair of forwards curved hairs. The

Fig. 83. Antenna of L. flavipes. x 80.

antennæ are inserted near to each other, in or above the middle;
they are five-jointed, the basal joints are short, the first cylindrical,
the second almost globular; the third joint is somewhat elongated,
conically tapering and compressed; it terminates with a long, two-
jointed, apical arista, the first joint of which is very short. Epistoma
is high and very narrow, or {sphenoptera) not present, the eyes here
touching. There are no jowls developed, the eyes going quite to the
mouth aperture. The proboscis is short, only just reaching out of
the aperture. I have not been able to examine the mouth parts,
which are probably similar to those in Ocydromia. Thorax is rect-
angular, high, and very arched above. Pro- and metathorax small.
There are short, uniserial dorsocentral and bi- or pluriserial acrostichal
bristles or hairs. A notopleural and a postalar bristle generally present,
sometimes also a supraalar bristle, and there may be other small
hairs present at the sides of the disc. Scutellum has two or a greater
number of marginal bristles. Metapleura with short, fine hairs, or
{sphenoptera) bare. Abdomen is slender; it consists in the usual way
of eight segments, the last is small or hidden. The male genitalia
form a smaller or larger forceps with unsymmetrical arms, between
them a thin, sinuous penis curves upwards. In the female the eighth
segment forms generally a long, compressed, sword-shaped ovipositor,
which at the apex bears a small joint, terminating with a pair of
thin styles; in sphenoptera the eighth segment is shorter, conical, not
compressed, but likewise with a joint with two styles at the apex.
The legs are somewhat long and slender, the hind legs longest, the
hind tibiæ may be a little thickened towards the apex. The legs are
haired with shorter or longer hairs, and have bristles to a various
degree; also apical spurs on the tibiæ are present. There are two
claws, two pulvilli, and a linear, pointed and bristle-bearing empo-
dium. The wings have the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin;
the cubital vein is unforked and thus one cubital cell; the discai vein
likewise unforked, thus three posterior cells, and the discai cell sending

206 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

two veins to Lhe margin, the lower is the upper branch of the postical
vein. which closes the discål cell below; sometimes there is a small
veinlet indicating a beginning of an upper branch of the dlscal vein,
and further the wing-membrane has always a fold here; the lower
branch of the postical vein is somewhat recurrent; the anal vein does
not reach the margin. The discai cell is of moderate length;* the
basal cells rather large, the anal cell a little shorter than the second
basal cell. Stigma absent, but the apical part of the costal cell may
be more or less coloured. The axillary lobe well developed. Alula
not developed, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula small, with a
long fringe. — In sphenoptera the discai cell is very long, and the
axillary lobe almost not developed.

So far as I am aware the developmental stages of Leptopeza are
not known.

The species of this genus occur in woods, in low herbage and
on bushes on open, but humid and somewhat shaded piaces.

Of the genus 6 species are known from the palæarctic region;
two have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1 . Thorax black in the male, yellow in the female ; wings
with tlie axillary lobe well developed, and the discai cell
moderately long 1. flavipes.

— Thorax black in both sexes, the prothoracic parts silvery;
wings narrow, with the axillary lobe almost not developed,
and the discai cell very long 2. sphenoptera.

1. L. flavipes Meig.

1820. Meig. Syst. Beschr. II, 353, 4, J* {Ocydromia). — 1842. Stæg.
Krøyer's Tidsskr. IV, 99. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 242, 2, et 1849.
VIII, 2997, 2, et 1859. XIII, 4979, 2, <^. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I. 82. —
1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 261. — Ocydromia ruficoUis: 1820. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. II, 353, 3, Tab. XXI, Fig. 24, 9. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
I, 241, 1, et 1849. VIII, 2996, 1, et 1859. XIII, 4979, 1, ?.

Male. The very narrow epistoma blackish; palpi yellow. Occiput
blackish, at the top with long, black hairs, for the rest yellow-haired.
Antennæ black or brownish black. Thorax black, shining; the disc
is clothed with short, whitish hairs, which are so arranged, that
there is a uniserial dorsocentral row on each side, while the acro-
stichal hairs are pluriserial and occupy the whole middle space; the
dorsocentral hairs are the longest, and they become long and bristly
behind; in front both the acrostichal and dorsocentral hairs change
into a dense pruinosity. There are some small humeral hairs, one
long and some shorter notopleural bristles, a supraalar and a postalar

Empididae. 207

bristle, all yellow; besides there niay be some smaller hairs. Scutellum
with eight to ten pale yellow marginal bristles. Pleura black, very
slightly pruinose. Abdomen black, shining, sometimes a little trans-
lucently brownish ; it is clothed with long, pale yellowish hairs, which
are a little longer at the hind margin of the segments. Venter
similarly coloured, a little shorter haired. Genitalia not large and not
swollen. Legs pale yellow; the coxæ, especially the posterior some-
what darkened, hind femora a little brownish, hind tibiæ and tarsi
brown, the tibiæ paler towards the base, anterior tarsi brownish,
pale at the base. Hind tibiæ somewhat thickened towards the apex,
and the metatarsi slightly thickened. The legs are densely and longish
haired, especially above and below, the hairs below the femora are
vertically erect; the middle femora have some bristles on the antero-
dorsal side, the middle tibiæ two rows of long bristles on the dorsal

Fig. 84. Wing of L. flnvipes.

side (with about three bristles in each row); the hind tibiæ have
some bristles on the dorsal side towards the apex. The hairs and
bristles are yellow to pale brownish. Wings slightly yellowish tinged.
Veins brown, No stigma present. Halteres yellow.

Female. Differing from the male in colour; thorax yellow or
reddish yellow; abdomen yellow, but with broad, transverse, black
spots on the segments, so that it has only narrow, pale incisures, or
the spots quite confluent apd abdomen black, only with some triangular
lateral yellow spots; venter more or less pale. Ovipositor long, com-
pressed, curved upwards and sword-like. Legs as in the male or a
little paler.

Length 4—5 mm.

L.flavipes is very rare in Denmark and has only been taken a
few times many years ago, by Stæger in Charlottenlund. It occurred
in the middle of June, and was taken on Corylus avellana.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland; it occurs
also in North America.

208 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

2. L. sphenoptera Loew.

1873. Loew, Beschr. eur. Dipt. III, 215, 136. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. II, 261.

Male. Eyes not quite touching, but leaving a very narrow, black
frontal stripe; on the other hånd they are touching below the antennæ,
so that no epistoma is present. Proboscis yellow, palpi black. Occiput
grey, with black, downwards with pale hairs. Antennæ inserted above
the middle, black or brownish black, the third joint somewhat elongated.
Thorax black, shining; the prothoracic parts both above and on the
sides with a beautiful silvery pruinosity. The dorsocentral and acro-
stichal bristles short and thin, black; the former uniserial, not longer
behind, the latter biserial. A long and strong notopleural and a
shorter postalar bristle present, both black; besides there are some
small hairs on the humeri and in the præsutural depression. Scutellum
with two long, black marginal bristles and a pair of small hairs later-
ally. Pleura black, somewhat shining. Abdomen black, shining, it
may be somewhat translucently pale towards the base and at the
sides ; it is clothed with pale yellow hairs and has somewhat stronger
marginal bristles on the segments. Venter brownish or more or less
pale, with pale yellowish hairs. The exterior genitalia form a l'orceps
with large, swollen arms, and there is a long, somewhat sinuous
penis, which is curved upwards. Legs yellowish white or yellow, the
hind tibiæ brownish towards the apex; the hind tibiæ are very
slightly thickened and curved a little outwards towards the apex;
tarsi brownish outwards, the last joints blackish. The legs are some-
what sparingly clothed with shorter and longer hairs ; the front femora
have short, strong hairs on the anterior side; the posterior femora
have long, erect hairs below, and the hind femora an apical bristle
on the anterior side; the middle tibiæ have some long bristles on the
antero- and postero-dorsal side; the hind tibiæ are ciliated below and

Fig. 85. Wing of L. sphenoptera.

with some long, thin hairs, the ciliation is dense towards the apex,
above there is a pair of bristles near the apex. The hairs are paler
or darker brown, the bristles black. Wings narrow, and with the

Empididae. 209

axillary lobe very slightly developed ; they are somewhat blackish tinged.
Veins black; the discal cell very long and narrow, and hence the veins
issuing from it short; the anal vein weak and not reaching the mar-
gin. No stigma. Balteres white.

Female. Quite similar to the male, also in the structure of the
head. The eighth abdominal segment forms a short, conical ovipositor,
terminating with tvvo somewhat long, thin styles.

Length 2,8 — 3,4 mm.

This species is very interesting with regard to the structure of
the head and the wings, and it might perhaps, as already suggested
by Loew, serve as type for a separate genus.

L. sphenoptera is very rare in Denmark, and it was for the first
time taken in 1909; Ordrup Krat and Ermelund (the author); my dates
are Vs — ''/o, so that it is evidently a late occurring species. It occurs
on humid, somewhat open piaces in woods and thickets in the low
herbage; it was seen hovering slowly over the piants and was taken
sitting on Urtica and Impatiens.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and further
into North Africa; its northern limit lies in Denmark, and it occurs
also in England (according to specimens sent to me from Mr. Verrall).

12. Euthyneura Macq.

{Anthalia Zett.)

Small species, of black, rarely yellow colour {pallida Zett.). The
head globular, slightly narrower than thorax, arched behind and here
with some hairs. Eyes large, in the male either touching or very
narrowly separated, in the female well separated; the incision in the
inner eye-margin present. Vertex with three ocelli and a pair of
small bristles. Antennæ inserted near to each other, in the middle;
they are short, consisting of five joints; the two
basal joints are short, the third a little elongated, ^;^§^"'
compressed and somewhat ovate, but pointed at

the apex; the two last loints form a very short ^. „^ . ^

, ^ r. ■ , ■ , . . , , Fig. 86. Antenna of

style. Epistoma is somewhat narrow; jowls not Eu.Gyllenhali.x 70.
developed. The proboscis is shorter or longer,
from somewhat shorter than the head to about twice as long; it is
stretched horizontally forwards or obliquely downwards; the maxil-
lary palpi are one-jointed, somewhat long and a httle compressed;
they rest on the proboscis. The mouth parts I have otherwise not
been able to examine. Thorax is rectangular, high, and arched
above; pro- and metathorax very small. The thoracic disc has

14

210 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

short hairs, which are generally arranged as uniserial dorsocentral
and quadriserlal acrostichal bristles. Scutellum has four to six mar-
ginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen not specially slender; it
consists in the usual way of eight segments, the last is small or hid-
den. The male genitalia are small, forming a small forceps. In the
female the abdomen is pointed, terminating with a shorter or longer
ovipositor. Legs not specially long, the hind legs the longest. They are
clothed with shorter or longer hairs; tibiæ without apical spurs.
There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear, bristle-bearing
empodium. Wings with the cubital vein unforked {? furcata Zett.),

Fig. 87. Wing of Eu. Gyllenhali.

thus one cubital cell; the discai vein forked, thus four posterior cells,
and three veins going from the discai cell to the margin, the third of
which is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the
discai cell below; the lower branch of the discai vein sometimes
{myrtilli) not reaching the margin; the lower branch of the postical
vein somewhat recurrent, meeting the anal vein almost rectangularly ;
the anal vein long, straight, reaching to or quite near to the margin;
the basal cells somewhat large; the anal cell considerably shorter than
the second basal cell. Stigma present. The axillary lobe well devel-
oped, Alula not present, the margin here haired. Alar squamula
small, fringed at the margin.

The developmental stages of the genus are not known.

The species of Euthyneura occur in woods on more or less hu-
mid piaces. Zetterstedt records the various species from the leaves
and flowers of Betula, Salix and Sorbus. The species are for a great
part boreal. Of the nine recorded European species four are only
known from Scandinavia, and in all eight occur in Scandinavia to ils
northern parts, only one species is only known from middle Europe.
The species are all rare, and become especially rare towards the
South; thus Strobl notes, that of the four species known froniAustria
there has only been taken one female of each.

Of the genus 9 species are known from the palæarctic region,
two have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Empididae. 211

Tahle of Species.

1. Wings with a brownish patch from the stigma down to-

wards the discai cell; tarsi pale 1. Gyllenhali.

— Wings without any brownish patch; tarsi with the four

last joints more or less blackish 2. myricae.

1. Eu. Gyllenhali Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 538, 1. (Anthalia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
249, 1. (Anthalia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 79. (Anthalia). — 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 262.

Male. Eyes touching; epistoma black, sliining. Proboscis only
half as long as the head is high or slightly longer; palpi blackish,
with some hairs. Occiput black, slightly greyish, with black, down-
wards with pale hairs. Antennæ black or brown, the third joint
rather broad. Thorax black, shining; it is clothed with somewhat
short, pale hairs, forrning about imiserial dorsocentral and quadri-
serial acrostichal rows; the hindmost hair in the dorsocentral rows is
long. A distinct notopleural and postalar bristle present, both pale
yellow. Scutellum with four pale marginal bristles. Metapleura
black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, clothed with pale
brownish or yellowish hairs, those at the hind margin of the seg-
ments a little stronger. Venter similarly coloured, a little shorter
haired. Legs yellow, hind femora and tibiæ a little brownish in the
middle. The legs are short-haired with yellowish hairs, hind femora
with somewhat longer hairs above. Wings hyaline. Veins more or
less pale brown. Stigma brown; from the latter a brownish patch
goes downwards towards the discai cell; anal vein long, straight,
but not quite reaching the margin. Balteres yellow or whitish
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; eyes separated, frons black, shining;
legs as in the male, but the hind legs not browned. Ovipositor short.

Length 2,3 — 2,6 mm.

Eu. Gyllenhali is very rare in Denmark, only three specimens,
a male and two females, are known; Ordrup Mose (Stæger); on Lol-
land in Bukke Skov (Schlick); the dates are ^^/c— 'Vt.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Carinthia; towards the north to northern Scandinavia.

2. Eu. myricae Hal,

1851. Hal. Walk. Ins. Brit. 1, 111, 2. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II,
262. — Rhamphom^jia consohrina: 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 541, 70. —
Anthalia rostmta: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 250, 2, et 1849. VIII, 2998, 2.

14*

212 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Male. Eyes not quite touching, leaving a narrow, black, shining
frontal stripe; epistoma likewise black, shining. Proboscis long, some-
what longer than the head is high, directed forwards; palpi black,
with some hairs. Occiput black, a little greyish, with black hairs.
Antennæ black or blackish. Thorax black, shining, clothed with very
short dark hairs, indistinctly forming uniserial dorsocentral and qua-
driserial acrostichal rows; the hindmost dorsocentral hair is long. A
distinct notopleural and postalar bristle present, both black; besides
there are some smaller hairs. Scutellum with six black marginal
bristles. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining,
clothed with yellow hairs, those at the hind margin of the segments
very slightly longer than the others. Venter black, a little shorter
haired. Legs yellow or dirty yellowish, tibiæ except the base some-
what brownish, the apex of the metatarsi and the following joints
blackish. Legs more or less short-haired with yellowish hairs, hind
femora with longer hairs above. Wings hyaline. Veins pale yel-
lowish. Stigma light brownish. Balteres yellow or dirty yellowish.

Female. Similar to the male; the frons a little broader; the no-
topleural, postalar and scutellar marginal bristles yellowish brown (in
my not quite mature specimen). Ovipositor somewhat long and
slender.

Length about 2,3 mm.

En. myricae is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a
male and a female, have been taken, one by Stæger, probably in Or-
drup (the specimen mentioned by Zetterstedt 1. c. VIII), and one in
Tyvekrogen on ^/e 1909 (the author). I think it certain, that the species
is myricae., though Zetterstedt says, that the eyes in the male are
„conniventes". — I have folio wed the catalogue in calling the species
myricae Hal., though I see no reason, why it should not be named
consobrina Zett.

Geographical distribution: — Northern Europe, from the northern
Scandinavia to Denmark, and in England.

4. Hemerodromiinae.
Eyes separated in both sexes, sometimes the frons narrower in
the male than in the female; the eyes may be touching below the
antennæ. The facets not larger above than below, but when the
eyes are touching below the antennæ, the facets are enlarged in the
front part of the eye. The eyes sometimes hairy. Antennæ three-
to tive-jointed ; when five-jointed they terminate in a two-jointed arista
or style; in Hemerodromia the arista is undivided, the antennæ thus
four-jointed , and in Trichopeza the third joint tapers into a long,

Empididae. 213

undivided arista, which is not articulated to the joint. Proboscis short,
at most about as long as the head is high; maxillæ present or ab-
sent; the maxihary palpi one-jointed or indistinctly two-jointed. Meta-
pleura with a few bristles, or with shorter hairs, or finally bare.
Legs with the front coxæ more or less elongated, the front femora
often thiciiened, and the front legs raptorial and specially armed.
Wings with the cubital vein forked, or (Chelipoda, Phyllodromia)
unforked; diseal vein forked, four posterior cells; a discai cell present,
sending three veins to the margin, or only two veins and then the
upper is branched; or a discai cell not present. The basal cells of
about equal length, or the second either shorter or longer than the
first ; the anal cell present and as long as or shorter than the second
basal cell, or the anal cell wanting; anal vein shorter or longer, or
quite wanting; the lower branch of the postical vein recurrent, or
meeting the anal vein at a right angle, or quite absent. Axillary
lobe small or frequently wanting. No alula. Stigma present or
absent.

Tahle of Genera.

1. Cubital vein forked 2.

— Cubital vein unforked 6.

2. Discai cell absent, or when present sending two veins

to the wing-margin, the upper branched i. e. the se- v

cond posterior cell pedunculated; front coxæ much

elongated, almost as long as the femora, these latter

considerably thickened 15. Hemerodromia.

— Discai cell present, sending three veins to the wing-
margin ; front coxæ not much elongated, not more
than half as long as femora , these latter not or
slightly thickened 3.

3. The upper branch of the cubital vein connected (nor-
mally) with the radial vein by a cross-vein 4.

— The upper branch of the cubital vein not connected

with the radial vein 5.

4. Wings hyaline 14. Synamphotera.

— Wings brown, with hyaline spots • 16. Dolichocephala.

5. Antennæ five-jointed, third joint somewhat short; pro-
boscis thick, shorter than the head is high 13. Clinocera.

— Antennæ three-jointed, long, third joint band-shaped,
terminating in a long arista, not articulated to the

joint; proboscis thin, as long as the head is high. 17. Trichopeza.

6. No discai cell 18, Chelipoda.

— A discai cell present 19. Phyllodromia.

13. Clinocepa Meig.

Species of small to medium size (to about 8 mm), and of slender
shape; the colour is brown or grey, very often olive-brown above.

214 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

bright grey below. Head somewhat globular, but generally broader
than long, as broad as or slightly narrower than thorax, only slightly
arched behind; the lower part of the head may be more or less
elongated downwards. Occiput with bristles on the upper part. Eyes
somewhat large, round and somewhat prominent; they are well se-
parated in both sexes, sometimes the frons is slightly narrower in the
male than in the female; the distance between the eyes below the
antennæ is generally larger in female than in the male. ^ The facets
are of equal size. The eyes are short but densely hairy; the incision
in the inner eye-margin is generally small. The vertex is broad;
the three ocelli are placed on a prominent tubercle, which is situated
somewhat forwards on the vertex; there are two ocellar bristles, and
there may also be lateral bristles on the vertex. The antennæ are

Fig. 88. Antenna of Cl. Zetterstedti. X 80. (The direction of the arista is not natural).

inserted near to each other, somewhat high, always above the middle;
they are short, five-jointed, the two basal joints short, the first some-
what obconical, the second almost globular, the third a little longer,
somewhat onion-shaped and compressed, terminating with a long,
hairy arista, generally curved downwards, which consists of two joints,
the first short. Epistoma is broader or narrower, rather high on ac-
count of the somewhat high insertion of the antennæ; its lower mar-
gin may be straight, or incised in different ways. Jowls are distinctly
present, broader or narrower, sometimes very broad and descending
far below the eyes, and then the whole lower part of the head
is elongated. The mouth parts are somewhat curious; the oral cone
is very small, or no real cone is developed; clypeus is in some cases
distinctly present and more or less horse-shoe-shaped ; epistoma, or
this together with the jowls, is then more or less incised in the lower
margin, and the incision is occupied by the clypeus (Chamaedipsia,
Roeder ia, Eucelidia, Philolutra and Wiedematinia) ; in other cases
epistoma goes longer downwards without incision, and then the cly-
peus seems not to be separated, at most present as a small, elevated
keel. Proboscis is short and thick, generally only stretching out of the

Zetterstedt says under his Brachysioma in the generic description: „Mas: ocuUs
infra antennas conniventibus", and under the s^&c\QsWesmaelii he repeats this,
but it is erroneous.

Empididae. 215

aperture with the labella. Labrum is very short, broad and arched; its
front margin is not pointed but straight, and beset with small dents;
hypopharynx is very broad, it is divided into a somewhat long, me-
dian, more or less narrow and poinfed lobe, and two shorter and
broader lateral lobes; there are no maxillæ, but one-jointed or indi-
stinctly two-jointed maxillary palpi, which are somewhat dilated to-
wards the end and somewhat compressed; in rest they are curved
forwards and cover the labrum. Labium has a short, well chitinised
basal part, a little longer and somewhat broader labella, which are
directed forwards, and cleft to the base. Thorax is rectangular, rather
long, somewhat arched above. Prothorax is distinct, but small, me-
tathorax very small, and there is a small, distinct metasternum. There
are long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles, sometimes with some shorter
bristles between them in the same row; the acrostichal bristles short,
biserial, often absent. A humeral bristle (rarely two to three), a post-
humeral, one or generally two notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar
bristle present; sometimes the supraalar bristle is absent. Scutellum with
two, rarely more, long marginal bristles; sometimes there are besides
smaller hairs. Metapleura with fme, shorter or longer hairs. ^ Abdo-
men somewhat slender, consisting of eight segments; the first segment
short, the second the longest. The exterior genitalia in the male are
somewhat curious, and remind one of the structure in Hilara. The se-
ventli and eighth abdominal segments are suddenly lower than the
preceding, and they are not quite chitinised above, but they are here
covered by the genitalia, which are directed forwards. It thus looks
as if there were only six dorsal segments. The genitalia consist of
a forceps, formed of two pairs of lamellæ, an outer, shorter pair, and
an inner, longer and in shape generally more complicated pair; the
first pair answers to the lower and the second pair to the upper
lamellæ, but on account of the recurved direction of the forceps, the
outer, lower lamellæ lie more upwards. Below there is a somewhat
pointed ventral lamella, which is stretched straight out or curved
upwards, and from the apex of it issues the thread-like, more or less
sinuous penis. In the female the abdomen is pointed, the eighth seg-
ment is smaller or larger, and terminates with two small and short
styles. The legs are long and slender, the front coxæ somewhat, but
not much elongated; the front femora are often a little thickened at
the base. The legs are chiefly short-haired, the front femora may

1 Mik says (Wien. ent. Zeitg. VIII. 1889. 150) about Cl. stylifera, that Ihis spe-
cies has no notopleural hairs; I think it possible, that these fine hairs have
been lost.

216 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

have strenger bristles below ; the tibiæ have no distinct apical spurs,
There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a long pulvilliform empodium,
generally longer than the claws; in Beryenstammia nudipes Loevv the
pulvilli and empodium are rudimentary. The wings have the media-
stinal vein reaching the margin; the cubital vein is forked and thus
two cubital cells; the discai vein likewise forked, thus four posterior
cells and the discai cell sending three veins to the margin, the third
is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discai cell
below; the lower branch of the postical vein somewhat recurrent.
The basal cells not large, the second shorter than the flrst; the anal
cell as long or almost as long as the second basal cell; the anal
vein not reaching beyond the anal cell, or sometimes longer, nearly
reaching the margin. The discai cell shorter or longer, sometimes very
long and narrow; it is either truncate or pointed outwards. The costa
has sometimes somewhat strong bristles. Stigma present or absent. The
axillary lobe is very small, almost not developed. Alula vvanting, the
wing here fringed at the margin. Alar squamula very small, with long
hairs at the margin.

The developmental stages of Clinocera are, so far as I am aware,
hitherto not known.

The species of Clinocera are easily known among the Empids, as
they have a somewhat characteristic exterior. They occur all near
water, especially at rapidly flowing streams, some also at stagnant water.
I think all species are capable of running on the surface of the water,
as Loew states with regard to Cl. 'pusilla, and as I have myself ob-
served with regard to Cl. stagnalis. They are also seen flying above
the water, and sitting on stones and the like in and near it. The
pubescence of the body and the hairiness of the eyes give them great resis-
tance against being wet. They are certainly carnivorous, though I am
not aware that any direct observation has been made. The genus goes ,
far towards the north, CL stagnalis is thus found in Greenland, where
otherwise of Empids only two species of Rhamphomyia occur.

It is curious to note, that the species of Clinocera., the species of
the Dolichopodid genus Hydropliorus and some species of the Ephydrids,
which all live in the same way, and chiefly show the same behaviour,
also show great mutual resemblance; the resemblance not only con-
cerns the colours, but also the shape of the front legs, and even to
some degree the construction of the mouth; certainly some common
factor with regard to their way of feeding must be present. The spe-
cies of Clinocera may be known at once from the very similar species
of Hydropliorus by the confluence in the latter of the discai and
second basal cell, and by the shape of the discai cell; also the

Empididae. 217

incision in the inner eye-margin is absent in Hydropliorus, and the
antennal arista is not terminal.

Of the genus 55 species are known from tlie palæarctic region;
6 have hitherto been found in Denmark.

The genus has by Mik been divided into a number of genera,
which have, however, scarcely higher rank than subgenera.

Tahle of Subgenera.

I. Wings without stigma; no acrostichal bristles; cheeks

and jowls separated 2.

— Wings with stigma; acrostichal bristles present; cheeks

and jowls confluent 3.

"2. Wings not spotted; discai cell somewhat pointed to-

wards the apex I. Clinocera.

— Wings spotted ; discai cell truncate at the apex II. Heleodromia.

3. All femora with a pair of præapical bristles ; wings

with somewhat strong bristles on the costa; stigma

elongated III. Eucelidia.

— Femora without præapical bristles; wings without strong

bristles on the costa; stigma roundish IV. Wiedemannia.

I. Subg. Clinocera Meig. s. str.
Wings without stigma. Discai cell not long, but somewhat pointed
outwards; anal vein not going beyond the anal cell. Glypeus not
separated from epistoma; jowls not descending below the eyes, and
hence cheeks and jowls not confluent, but separated by an excision.
No acrostichal bristles. and no small bristles in the dorsocentral rows.
Scutellum with two bristles.

One Danish species 1. nigra.

1. Cl. nigra Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 292, I, Tab. XIV, Fig. 20—25,
et 1820. Syst. Beschr. II, 113,1, Tab. XVI, Fig. 4. — 1858. Loew, Wien.
ent. Monatschr. II, 254, nota 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 85. — 1881. Mik,
Verhandl. zool. hot. Geseh. Wien, XXXI, 325, Tab. XVI, Fig. 4— 5. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 263. — Paramesia Roherti: 1835. Macq. Suit. a
Buff. II, 657, 2. — Chinocera Roherti: 1858. Loew, Wien. ent. Monatschr.

II, 254, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 84. — Heliodromia unicolor: 1834.
Curt. Brit. Entom. 513, 3. — Hemerodromia unicolor: 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 83.

Male. Frons and vertex dark olive-brown, greyish at the sides;
epistoma of the same colour, its lower margin greyish white. Palpi
blackish. Occiput grey, with black, bristly hairs above, fine, whitish
hairs below. Antennæ black. Thorax dark olive-brown, with three

218 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

indistinct, lighter stripes in the middle, abbreviated behind, the median
the lightest. On the disc there are five long, black dorsocentral
bristles, but no acrostichal bristles. Further a small humeral bristle,
a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black, but
there is no supraalar bristle. Scutellum with two black marginal
bristles. Pleura slate-grey, metapleura with fine, pale hairs. Abdomen
olive-brown above, in certain directions with an almost reddish reflex;
the sides together with the venter slate-grey; it is sparingly clothed
with very short, pale hairs, only longer on the first segment. The
two pairs of genital lamellæ somewhat narrow, straight, the lower
grey, the upper longer, shining black. Penis brown, thin, curved at
the apex. Legs black; coxæ greyish pruinose. The legs have short,

Fig. 89. Wing of Cl. nigra.

pale hairs, towards the end of the hind tibiæ they are a little longer;
below the front femora there are two rows of very short, chiefly
black, spine-like bristles. Wings somewhat blackish tinged. Veins
black; costa only with fine hairs. Balteres black.

Female. Quite similar to the male except the ditferences in the
exterior genitalia; front femora without bristles.

Length 3,4—4 mm.

Cl. nigra has first been known as belonging to our fauna in this
year (1910), when I caught it at Hald near Viborg in Jutland, on
25/6 and ^'^/e; it was present in great numbers at a saw-mill, sitting
on a boarding constantly washed by water; it was taken severa]
times in copula.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; its northern
hmit seems to lie in Denmark.

II. Subg. Heleodromia Hal.

Wings more or less spotted on account of a seaming of the
cross-veins. No stigma. The discai cell not long, truncate at the
apex; anal vein long, nearly reaching the margin. Glypeus not
separated from the epistoma, \vith the margin straight. Jowls not
descending below the eyes, and hence the cheeks and jowls not con-

Empididae. 219

fluent. No acrostichal bristles, and no small bristles in the dorso-
central rovvs. Scutellimi with two bristles. Front femora with stronger
or small bristles below.

Tahle of Species.

1. Radial vein straight; only the cross-veins and the base of
the cubital fork seamed, the wing thus with three spots;
front femora with very small bristles 2. stagnalis.

— Radial vein undulated; besides the cross-veins and the base
of the cubital fork also the base of the upper branch of
the postical vein seamed, and moreover a spot on the
upper branch of the discai vein, the wing thus with five

spots ; front femora with strong bristles at the base 3. Wesmaelii.

2. Cl. stagnalis Hal.

1833. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 159. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Reschr. VII, 93,
13 (Hemerodromia). — 1858. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr. Il, 246, 4.

— 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 84. — 1887. IVlik. Verh. zool. hot. Geseli. Wien,
XXXI, 326, Tab. XVI, Fig. 6-7. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 264. —
Brachtjstoma Westermanni: 1838. Zett, Ins. Lapp. 558, 1. — 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 360, 1.

Male. Frons and vertex olive-brown; epistoma silvery white;
palpi brownish black. Occiput grey, with black, bristly hairs above,
fme, whitish hairs below. Antennæ black. Thorax olive-brown, with
two dark brown median stripes, abbreviated behind. On the disc
there are five long, black dorsocentral bristles, but no acrostichal
bristles. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural,
a supraalar and a postalar bristle, all somewhat long, black. Scutel-
lum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura slate-grey or almost
bluish grey, metapleura with fme, yellowish white hairs. Abdomen
likewise slate-grey, with a broad, olive-brown, longitudinal dorsal
stripe; it is sparingly clothed with short, pale yellowish hairs, which
are a little longer at the margin of the fii-st dorsal segment. Venter
slate-grey, the hind margin of the segments paler. Exterior genitalia
moderately large, both pairs of lamellæ somewhat blade-like, generally
directed forwards and closed; the outer (lower) lamellæ grey, the
inner (upper) longer, black, shining. Penis blackish, thin, curved at
the end. Legs dark brown; coxæ, and partly also the femora, grey,
the apical part of the femora reddish. The legs short-haired with
brownish hairs; hind tibiæ with a little longer hairs ventrally on the
apical half part; the front femora with a row of a little longer hairs
below, which are stronger, bristle-like and black towards the apex.
Wings hyaline or slightly greyish tinged. Veins dark brown or blackish;
the media] cross-vein, the base of the cubital fork and the cross-veins

220 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

closing the discai cell apically are brownish seamed, so that the wing
shows three more or less distinct, brownish spots; anal vein very
weak. No stigma. Halteres brown.

Fig. 90. Wing of Cl. stagnalis.

Female. Similar to the male in all respects, except the differences
in the exterior genitalia.

Length 3,5—4,2 mm.

Cl. stagnalis seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark, and not
many specimens have been caught, all in Jutland; at Silkeborg, Hald
Sø (the author), Struer (H. J. Hansen) and Tinbæk Mølle at Linden-
borg Aa (J. P. Kryger); the dates are '-^^/c to August. It occurs near
or over water, at Hald Sø I took it on the humid border and on the
surface just at the border.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy and Spain.
It goes far towards the north, in Scandinavia to the northernmost
parts, and it has been caught on the Faroe-Islands and in Greenland;
in the latter I took it running on the surface of shallow water pools
in somewhat great number.

3. Cl. Wesmaelii Macq.

1835. Macq. Suit. å Buff. II, 656, 1, Tab. XXIV, fig. 17 {Paramesia).
— 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 79, 3 {Brachystoma). — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 364, 6, p.p. (Brachystoma). — 1858. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr.
II, 257, 11. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 85. — 1881. Mik, Verh. zool. bot.
Geseli. Wien, XXXI, 326. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 264.

Male. Frons and vertex olive-brown; epistoma silvery white;
palpi blackish. Occiput grey, above with black bristles, below with
whitish hairs. Antennæ black or brownish black. Thorax olive-brown,
with two longitudinal, darker brown stripes, abbreviated behind ; the
space between the stripes greyish brown. The disc has five long,
black dorsocentral bristles in each row, but no acrostichal bristles.
Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle, all long, black. Scutellum with two black
marginal bristles. Pleura light bluish grey, metapleura brownish, with

Empididae. 221

fine yellow hairs. Abdomen grey, with a broad, olive-brown, longi-
tudinal dorsal stripe; it is sparingly clothed with short, pale yellow
hairs, a little longer at the margin of the first dorsal segment. Venter
grey. Exterior genitalia chiefly resembling those in stagnalis. Legs
brown, tarsi darker towards the end; coxæ greyish pruinose, and
also the base of the front femora slightly greyish pruinose. The legs
with short, brown to blackish hairs, hind tibiæ with somewhat longer
hairs ventrally on the apical half; front femora with some black
bristles ventrally at the base, and besides with a row of exceedingly
short, nearly punctiform bristles. Wings hyaline, slightly greyish. Veins

Fig. 91. Wing of Cl. Wesmaelii.

dark brown or blackish, the radial vein somewhat undulated; the
medial cross-vein, the base of the cubital fork, the base of the upper
branch of the postical vein and the cross-veins closing the discai cell
apically, brownish seamed, the brownish colour at the end of the
discai cell stretching somewhat out along the upper branch of the
discai vein, and outwards to it a roundish spot on the branch; thus
the wing shows in all five brownish spots; anal vein long, but not
quite reaching the margin. No stigma. Halteres blackish brown.

Female. With exception of the differences in the exterior genitalia
quite similar to the male.

Length about 4 mm.

Cl. Wesmaelii seems to be rare in Denmark, only one specimen,
a female, has been taken on '^-'Ic, 1874 on a window in Rugballegaard
near Vejle (Schlick).

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Italy ; towards
the north to middle Sweden.

III. Subg. Eucelidia Mik.

Stigma present, elongated; discai cell long, pointed towards the
apex; anal vein not reaching beyond the anal cell; costa with some-
what strong spines. Glypeus horse-shoe-shaped, separated from the
epistoma; jowls somewhat descending below the eyes and hence not
separated from the cheeks. Acrostichal bristles present; no small

222 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

bristles in the dorsocentral rows. Scutellum with two bristles and
some small hairs. All femora with a pair of præapical bristles.

One Danish species 4. Zetterstedti.

4. Cl. Zetterstedti Fall.

1823. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Suppl. I, 7, 36—37 (Empis). — 1842. Zett
Dipt. Scand. I, 362, 4 (Brachystoma). — 1858. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr.
II, 249, 6. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 84. — 1881. Mik, Verhandl. zool. bot.
Gesell. Wien, XXXI, Tab. XVI, Fig. 11. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 266.

Male. Vertex, frons and epistoma brownish ; palpi black. Occiput
grey, with black, bristly hairs above, long, whitish hairs below. Antennæ
black. Thorax dark olive-brown, unicolorous, at most with traces of
a pair of longitudinal stripes. The disc has five long, black dorso-
central bristles in each row, and very short and thin, biserial acro-
stichal bristles. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two noto-
pleural and a postalar bristle, all long, black; there is no supraalar
bristle; besides there are small hairs anteriorly in the præsutural de-
pression. Scutellum has two black marginal bristles, and some small
hairs. Pleura brownish grey, metapleura with short, whitish hairs.
Abdomen olive-brown above, bluish grey along the sides; it is clothed
with short, blackish hairs. Venter grey or bluish grey, with whitish
yellow hairs. The exterior genitalia directed forwards, the outer
(lower) lamellæ rounded at the end, the inner (upper) lamellæ longer,
drawn out into two small, rounded processes at the end, beset with
longish hairs, the lower lamellæ likewise with somewhat long hairs.
Penis brown, thread-like, sinuous at the apex. Legs black or blackish ;
coxæ greyish brown pruinose, and also the base of the femora more
or less greyish. The legs are short-haired with brownish to blackish
hairs, the front femora with a little longer hairs below towards the
base; all femora with two subapical black bristles, one on the anterior

Fig. 92. Wing of Cl. Zetterstedti.

and one on the posterior side; hind tibiæ with longish, bristly hairs
above and below in the apical half part, longest below. Wings
blackish tinged. Veins black. Stigma blackish brown; costa with

Empididae. . 223

somewhat strong bristles between the ordinary hairs. Balteres blackish
brown, the peduncle, except the base, yellow.

Female. Quite agreeing with the male with exception of the
differences in the exterior genitalia.

Length 4,3 — 5 mm.

Cl. Zetterstedti has only recently been known as belonging to our
fauna, and it has only been taken on two occasions, at Hald near
Viborg on -^^/e 1910 (the author) and at Bangsbo near Frederikshavn
on -^V? 1909 (Th. Mortensen); in the former locality I took only one
single specimen, sitting on a stone at a rapidly running brook, among
specimens of Cl.rhynchops, this latter species being nmiierous; at the
latter place it was flying in great numbers over a small swiftly flowing
stream in the downs, and sitting on stones in it.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to middle Scandinavia.

IV. Subg. Wiedemannia Zett.

Stigma present, roundish; discai cell long, pointed at the apex;
anal vein not reaching beyond the anal cell. Glypeus horse-shoe-
shaped, separated from the epistoma; jowls descending much below
the eyes, and thus not separated from the cheeks. Acrostichal bristles
present; small bristles present in the dorsocentral ro vvs between the
long bristles. Scutellum with two bristles and small hairs.

Tahle of Species.

1. Stigma lying well before the base of the cubital fork, the

curve of the radial vein below it rather large 5. bistigma.

— Stigma lying above the base of the cubital fork, the curve

of the radial vein below it small 6. rhynchops.

5. Cl. bistigma Curt.

1834. Curt. Brit. Entom. 513,2 {Heliodromia). — 1858. Loew, Wien.
entom. Monatschr. II, 243, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 84. — 1881. Mik,
Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXI, 327. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 267.

— Wiedemannia borealis : 1838. Zett. Ins. Lap. 559, 1 et 1842. Dipt. Scand.
I, 365, 1. — Wiedemannia juveniUs: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 362, 2.

Male. Vertex and frons brownish, greyish along the eye-margin;
epistoma light grey; palpi black. Occiput grey, but the brown colour
continues from the vertex down the middle of the occiput as a broad
band. Jowls long, going far down below the eyes. Occiput with
black bristles above, white hairs below. Antennæ black. Thorax
olive-brown; on the disc there are about five long, black dorsocentral

224 Orthorrhqpha brachycera.

bristles in each row, and between them there are shorter bristles;
small acrostichal bristles present. Further generally two humeral
bristles, a posthumeral, two notopleural and a postalar bristle, but
no supraalar bristle; the bristles are black; besides there are small
hairs behind the humeri and in the præsutural depression. Scutellum
with two black marginal bristles and numerous small hairs. Pleura
light bluish grey, metapleura with fine, whitish hairs. Abdomen olive-
brown above, bluish grey at the sides ; it has short, dark, at the sides
pale hairs. Venter light bluish grey, with whitish hairs. Exterior
genitaha large, the outer (lower) lamellæ grey, the inner (upper) large,
thin and compressed, blade-shaped, of light brown colour; the lower
lamellæ have somewhat long, yellow hairs. Legs blackish or dark
brownish; coxæ light grey pruinose, and also the femora more or
less pruinose; the legs are more or less short-haired with brownish
to blackish hairs, hind tibiæ with some single bristly hairs below.

Fig. 9.3. Wing of Cl. bisticfma.

Wings hyaline, slightly greyish. Veins black or brown. The stigma
forming a large, roundish, blackish or brown spot, and the radial
vein forming a distinct curve below it; it is placed considerably before
the base of the cubital fork; sometimes it is continued a little beyond
the radial vein. Balteres blackish brown.

Female. Agreeing with the male; the eighth ventral segment
somewhat long, conical.

Length 4 — 4,2 mm.

CL histigma is rare in Denmark, and has only been taken in
earlier time, and hitherto only in Jutland at Store Aa and at Hobro
(Jacobsen).

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in
Finland.

6. Cl. rhynchops Now,

1868. Now. Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn, VI, 89, Tab. II, Fig. 6. — 1869.
Loew, Beschr. europ. Dipt. I, 268,159. — 1881, Mik, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell.
Wien, XXXI, 327, Tab. XVI, Fig. 15. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II. 267.

Empididae. 225

Male. Vertex and frons olive-brown; epistoma blackish grey;
palpi blackish. Occiput brown above, grey downwards; above with
black bristles, downwards with white hairs. Jowls long, going far
down below the eyes. Antennæ black. Thorax olive-brown; on the
disc there are about six long, black dorsocentral bristles in each row,
and between them shorter hairs; small acrostichal bristles present.
Further two to three humeral bristles, a posthumeral, two notopleural
and a postalar bristle, all black, but there is no supraalar bristle;
besides there are some small hairs in the præsutural depression.
Scutellum with two black marginal bristles, and several small hairs.
Pleura bright bluish grey, metapleura with tine, whitish hairs. Ab-
domen olive-brown above, the sides and the venter bluish grey; it
is clothed with short hairs, which are dark above, whitish at the
sides and on the venter. The exterior genitalia are somewhat curious;
the outer (lower) lamellæ are small, somewhat broad, grey; the inner
(upper) lamellæ are large and complicated, each sends a styliform
process forwards, which is curved a little upwards and inwards, some-
what dilated towards the end, and short-haired ; together the two
processes form a fork; backwards each lamella is drawn out into a
small, triangular process, which is directed a little downwards; the
inner lamellæ are brownish black. Penis is brown, thin, directed
straightly forwards. The seventh and eighth ventral segments are
rather large. Legs black, very slightly shining; coxæ bluish grey
pruinose. The legs are short-haired with brown to blackish hairs,
palest below the femora; the hairs are longish below the front femora
and towards the end on the hind tibiæ, and these latter have some

Fig. 94. Wing-part of Cl. rhynchops.

bristly hairs below. Wings hyahne. Veins black, somewhat strong.
Stigma roundish, black or brownish; it is placed just above the base
of the cubital fork and thus much nearer to the apex of the wing
than in bistigma; the radial vein forms a not large curve below the
stigma, and this curve is, in accordance with the place of the stigma,
near the apex of the vein; the second cubital cell is slightly longer

15

226

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

than in bistigma; generally the stigma stretches below the radial vein,
this then passing through it. Halteres black or brownish black.

Female. Quite agreeing with the male ; the eighth ventral segment
somewhat large.

Length S,/!— 5,5 mm., the latter size only reached by the female.

This species is easily distinguished from bistigma by the position
of the stigma, and in the male by the totally different genitalia.

Cl. rhyncJiops was hitherto not known as Danish, and has first
been introduced as belonging to our fauna in this year (1910), when
I took it in Jutland at Hald near Viborg on ^^/e — ^^/e; it was present
in great numbers generally sitting on stones in and by a rapidly
flowing brook.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Styria, and in
England ; its northern limit lies in Denmark.

14. Synampliotepa Loew.
Species of somewhat small size and of yellow colour. Head

globular, as broad as thorax. Occiput arched, very short-haired.

Eyes not specially large, round; they are somewhat broadly separated

in both sexes; the facets are of equal size. The incisure in the inner

eye-margin small. Vertex with three ocelli. The antennæ are inserted
near to each other, in the middle; they are
short, five-jointed ; the two basal joints short,
the third ovate, compressed, terminating in a
short, two-jointed style, the basal joint of which
is short, the apical joint terminales with a bristle-
shaped part. Epistoma is narrow; jowls very
short, but I have otherwise not been able to
parts. Thorax rectangular, somewhat arched

above; pro- and metathorax small. There

are no bristles on thorax, only scarcely per-

ceptible dorsocentral hairs. Scutellum with

short bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen

consists of eight segments. The male genitalia

are large, consisting of two pairs of lamellæ

which are directed upwards; penis is very

thick, curved upwards and forwards. In the

female the abdomen terminales with a thick,

conical ovipositor, directed upwards. The legs

are somewhat slender, the hind legs the longest; the front coxæ only

slightly elongated. The legs are short-haired, the tibiæ without apical

spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a bristle-shaped em-

Fig. 95. Antenna of
S.pallida. x 70.

small. Proboscis is
examine the mouth

Fig. 96. S.pallida,
male genitalia.

Einpididae. 227

podium with bristles below. The wings have the mediastinal vein
reaching the margin; the cubital vein is forked and the upper branch
is (normally) connected with the radial vein by a small cross-vein,

Fig. 97. Wing of S-imllida.

there are thus three cubital cells; discai vein forked and thus four
posterior cells; the discai cell long, sending three veins to the margin,
the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, closing the discai
cell below ; the lower branch of the postical vein is rectangular to the anal
vein; this latter reaches the margin; the first basal cell slightly longer
than the second, and the anal cell a little shorter than the second
basal cell. Stigma present. Axillary lobe small, the angle very obtuse.
Alula not developed, the margin here with hairs. Alar squamula
small, haired at the margin.

The development stages are not known.

The genus comprises only one species, also found in Denmark.

1. S. pallida Loew.

1858. Loew, Zeitschi'. fiir gesammt. Naturw. XI, 455, et 1871. Beschr.
eur. Dipt. II, 253, 138. — Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 267.

Male. Vertex and frons somewhat dark yellow, the ocellar triangle
grey ; epistoma, proboscis and palpi yellow. Occiput yellow with short
hairs. Antennæ short, yellow, darker towards the apex; the third
joint pointed ovate, compressed, with a short style. Thorax yellow,
with an indication of four, slightly darker stripes; it is very short and
sparingly haired. Scutellum with short, yellow marginal bristles.
Pleura yellow. Abdomen likewise yellow, with short, yellow hairs.
Venter yellow. Exterior genitalia large; the lower lamellæ directed
upwards and with a vertical impression, indicating a division into
two lobes, the posterior of these is the highest and above it is drawn
out into a forwards pointing process; the upper lamellæ are some-
what triangular, pointing forwards in over abdomen and with a little
tooth in the upper margin. Penis is very thick, curved upwards and
forwards. Legs yellow, very short-haired with yellow hairs. Wings

15*

228 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

hyaline, slightly yellowish. Veins brown or pale brown. Stigma faint,
yellowish, Halteres yellow, somewhat large.

Female. Quite similar to the male; tlie ovipositor thick, conical,
directed upwards.

Length 3 mm,

S. pallida is very rare in Danmark, only a pair in copula has
been taken, on Lolland in Merrits Skov at Maribo on ^^/e 1873
(Schlick).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; its northern
limit is in Denmark. It is everywhere a rare species, only few
specimens are known; the female was not known to Loew.

Remarks: Loew notes, that there is some irregularity in the wing-
venation of his four specimens, two specimens were normal, with a
cross-vein between the upper cubital branch and the radial vein, one
specimen had the cross-vein only in one wing, and one specimen had
no cross-vein at all; it is curious, that my specimens also show such
an irregularity; the female has the wings normal, but in the male
only the right wing is normal, the left is irregular, but in another
way than in Loew's specimens, as it is here not the cross-vein but
the base of the cubital fork, which is absent, so that we get a forked
radial vein and an unforked cubital vein.

15. Hemepodpomia Meig.
Species of small size and slender shape; the colours are yellowish
to dark grey or brown. The head is elongated and of an ovate
shape, its longest axis is about in the longitudinal direction of the
body; it is somewhat, more or less, flattened, and as broad as or
narrower than thorax; the mouth aperture lies on the lower side.
Occiput is arched, short-haired, and with a couple of very small
bristles. The eyes are large, more or less elongated in the longitudinal
direction of the head ; they are separated in both sexes, the frons
sometimes being slightly narrower in the male than in the female; in
some species the eyes are touching below the antennæ in both sexes;
in this latter case the facets in the front part of the eye are enlarged ;
otherwise they are of equal or almost equal size. The incisure in the
inner eye-margin is present, but small. In the living specimens the
eyes are somewhat metallic, generally violet above, æneous green
below. The vertex has a small ocellar tubercle with three ocelli and
a pair of very small hairs. The antennæ are inserted near to each
other, a Httle above the middle; they are short, four-jointed ; the two
basal joints short, the third a little elongated, pointed oval and com-
pressed, it terminates with a short somewhat thread-like arista, which

Empididae. 229

is not, so far as I could detect, divided into two joints; the arista is
either bare {precatoria, stigmatica, melanocephala) or hairy {raptora,
oratoria). Epistoma is narrow; when the eyes are touching below
the antennæ it forms a very narrow triangle. The jowls are distinct,
but small, and not descending below the eyes, or slightly descending
posteriorly, where they are going over in the occiput. Proboscis is
about as long as the head is high or a little longer, it is stretched
downwards and curved a little inwards. Labrum is somewhat strong,
as long as proboscis, curved somewhat downwards, and three-pointed
at the apex, but the median point is slightly chitinised; it is semi-
tubular or nearly tubular; on the inside, a little behind the apex,
there is at each edge an elongated part, beset with dents or spines.
Hypopharynx is as long as labrum and likewise curved downwards,
it is canaliculated, somewhat broad, a little dilated towards the apex
which is almost spoon-shaped and slightly pointed. The maxillæ are
somewhat shorter than labrum; they are weakly chitinised, very thin
blades, beset with some very small hairs, and at the apex cleft into
a number of long, fine, bristle-like processes; the maxillary palpi are
somewhat long, one-jointed. a little compressed, and densely hairy;
they are also weakly chitinised. Labium is as long as labrum, the
labella are a little longer than the basal part, cleft to their base; the
whole labium is very slightly chitinised. Thorax is somewhat long^
rectangular or sometimes narrowed in front; it is not much arched
above; prothorax is small, somewhat neck-shaped, metathorax very
small, The dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs are very small, scarcely
visible. A notopleural and sometimes also a postalar bristle present.
Scutellum has two bristles or only small hairs. Metapleura bare,
Abdomen is slender, consisting of eight segments, the first is short;
in the male the eighth segment is small or hidden. The male genitalia
consist of a larger or smaller ventral lamella, and of upper and lower
lateral lamellæ forming a forceps. In the female the abdomen is
pointed, the eighth segment more or less attenuated and followed by
a shorter or longer segment, terminating with two short, styliform
lamellæ. The legs are long and slender; the front legs are specially
developed in both sexes; the coxæ are long, from somewhat shorter
to almost as long as the femora; the femora are much thickened, and
the tibiæ curved at the base ; the femora have on the ventral side
two rows of short spines, and outwards to them a row of long bristles
on each side; the tibiæ have a row of short spines below and a long
spine at the apex; the front legs are thus raptorial, and they are so
fitted, that the tibiæ can be laid up between the spines on the femora.
For the rest the legs are short-haired, and there are no apical spurs

230 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

on the tlbiæ. There are two claws, two pulvilli and a linear em-
podium with bristles at the margin. The wings have the mediastinal
vein not reaching the margin, (in raptoria the mediastinal vein is
wanting, or at all events so weak, that it is practically wanting); the
cubital vein is forked, and thus there are two cubital cells; the discai
vein likewise forked, thus four posterior cells. — For the rest the
wings fall, with regard to venation, into two categories, answering to
the two groups of species in the genus, which for the rest each ought
to be a separate genus. In the first group [precatoria, stigmatica,
melanocephala) {Hemerodroinia s. str.) the subcostal vein is long, and
the radial and cubital veins issue near the middle of the wing; a
discai cell is present sending two veins to the margin, the upper is
branched, the lower is the upper branch of the postical vein, closing
the discai cell below; an anal cell is present, and the anal vein is
a little recurrent; the first basal cell is a little longer than the second,
the anal cell much shorter; stigma is present. In the second group
{raptoria, oratoria) {Microdromia Big.) the subcostal vein is short,
the radial and cubital veins issue near the base; there is no discai
cell and generally no anal cell, the lower branch of the postical vein
wanting or only indicated, and the anal vein generally wanting; the
second basal cell is much longer than the first; stigma absent. —
The axillary lobe is very small. Alula not developed, the margin
here fringed. Alar squamula is narrow, long fringed at the margin.

The developmental stages of H. precatoria have been described and
figured quite recently by Brocher (Ann. de Biologie lacustre, IV, 1909,
44, fig. 1 — 2). The larva lives in the mud in streamlets. It has a
length of 6 mm. ; the body is spindle-shaped, but most attenuated
towards the head, more obtuse at the posterior end and here pro-
vided with a pencil of six to seven hairs. The abdominal segments
have small, transverse swellings below. The tracheal system is de-
scribed as closed, and the two large lateral tracheal trunks terminate
at each end of the body with „un bouquet de fines trachées", the
larva may thus be termed amphipneustic. The pupa resembles chiefly
other Empid pupæ, but it seems only to have girdles of small spines
but no long bristles above on the abdominal segments. The eight
pairs of spiracles are continued out into long threads, which are sup-
posed to be tracheal gills. Thus both larva and pupa are evidently
adapted to live in water, According to the observation of Brocher
of a larva in the aquarium it seems to attach itself a little above
the water before pupation.

The species of Hemerodromia occur in, or in the neighbourhood
of woods, generally in the vicinity of water, at the border of lakes

Empididae. 231

or streamlets, or in other humid piaces; they are found on bushes
and in low herbage and grass. I have never seen any species with
prey, but they are certainly carnivorous, and they use no doubt the
front legs in capturing the prey. Zetterstedt says: „Victus e minorum
Dipterorum rapina. " The species seera generally to be soniewhat rare,
but this is, I think, to some degree due to their smallness.

The genus comprises about 12 to 15 species (three are doubt-
ful) from the palæarctic region; 5 have hitherto been found in Den-
mark.

Tahle of Species.

1. Discai cell present 2.

— Discai cell not present 4.

2. Wing stigma more or less roundish, the radial vein
curved below it 3.

— Wing stigma elongated, the radial vein not curved be-

lovsr it 3. melanocephala.

3. Thorax grey; male genitalia w^ith the ventral lamella
large, protruding and swollen; female ovipositor evenly
attenuating 1 . precatoria.

— Thorax yellowish or light brownish; male genitalia not
with the ventral lamella large and protruding; female

ovipositor generally somewhat suddenly narrowed ... 2. stigmatica.

4. The base of the discai fork lying a little more api-

cally than the apex of the radial vein 4. raptoria.

— The base of the discai fork lying a little more basally

than the apex of the radial vein 5. oratoria.

1. H. precatoria Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Emp. 10, 12, et 34, 12 {Tachydromia). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 63, 2, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 13. - 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 266, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 83.— 1864. Loew, Wien.
entom. Monatschr. VIII, 238, 1. — 1882. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 41, Tab.
I, Fig. 13—15. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 268. — Hemerodromia
monostigma: 1822. Meig. Syst. Bechr. III, 62, 1, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 6. —
1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 267, 8.

Fig. 98. Antenna of H. precatoria. X 100.

Male. Frons whitish grey, epistoma white; palpi whitish. Occi-
put somewhat dark grey, with short, pale hairs, and a few a little
longer hairs. Antennæ yellow, with the apical part of the third joint

232 Orthorrhapha brachycera,

brownish; arista not quite short, Thorax dark grey, with a broad
median stripe and the sides lighter, almost yellowish grey; it migtit
also be termed yellowish grey with two dark grey stripes. A noto-
pleural and a postalar brist le present, both yellow. Scutellum with
two yellow marginal bristles. Pleura grey. Abdomen greyish black
or dark brown, with short, pale yellowish hairs, especially at the hind
margin of the segments. Venter yellow, short-haired. Genitalia with
the ventral lamella large, protruding and somewhat bladder-like, the
upper lamellæ not excised at the end, blackish, and also the lower
lamellæ dark. Legs yellow, the two last joints on the posterior tarsi
brown, on the front tarsi only very slightly darkened. The legs are
short-haired with yellow hairs, front femora with two rows of very
short, black spines below, and outwards to these about five yellow
bristles on each side; front tibiæ with short, brown bristles below,
and with a strong spine at the apex. Wings hyaline. Veins blackish or

Fig. 99. Wing of H. precatoria.

dark brown. Stigma black or blackish brown, roundish, the radial
vein forming a curve below it; discai and anal cell present, anal vein
long but weak. Halteres whitish yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; the frons very slightly broader.
Ovipositor as thick as abdomen, because the eighth segment is long,
while the foUowing part is rather small.

Length 4,2 — 5 mm.

H. precatoria is rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose (Stæger), Rørvig,
and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg (the author); my dates are ^/e — ^^/s,
It occurs at horders of brooks, especially on somewhat shaded piaces,
under trees; at Hald I took it in company with the two foUowing
species.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. It is also recorded to occur
in North America in Canada.

Empididae. 233

2. H. stigmatica Schin.
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 83. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 269.

Male. Frons greyish white, epistoma white; palpi whitish. Oc-
ciput light grey or whitish grey, with short, pale hairs and a few
longer bristles. Antennæ yellow, with a very short arista; the apical
part of the third joint sometimes very slightly brownish. Thorax
lighter or daricer yellow or light brownish, with a whitish grey prui-
nosity; it has two distant, more or less narrow, somewhat indistinct,
brownish or brownish grey stripes. A notopleural and a postalar
bristle present, both yellow. Sciitellum with two yellow marginal
bristles and generally a small hair outside to them on each side.
Pleura yellow or light brownish, whitish grey pruinose. Abdomen
brownish with paler incisures, and with short, pale yellowish hairs.
Venter pale yellow. Genitalia with the ven tral lamella arched, but
not large and protruding, the upper lamellæ dark brownish, the apex
not excised but pointed, and the point turned a little downwards.
Legs yellow, the two last joints on all tarsi black or blackish brown,
on the front tarsi often only brown. The hairs and spines on the
legs quite as in the preceding species. Wings hyaline. Veins pale
brown. Stigma brown, the radial vein forming a distinct curve below
it ; discai and anal cell present, anal vein long, weak. Halteres white
or whitish yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; the ovipositor thinner than ab-
domen, which is caused by the eighth segment being short, while the
folio wing part is thin and rather long.

Length 3,8 — 4,5 mm.

The species is recognised from precatoria by the lighter colour,
and it has also a shorter antennal arista and a more distinct curve
of the radial vein below the stigma. When doubt arises the genita-
lia give certain characters in both sexes; the ventral lamella in the
male genitalia is much larger, projecting and swollen in precatoria,
while it is much smaller and not projecting in stigmatica ; the ovipo-
sitor (i. e. the eighth segment and the following part) is at the base
as thick (high) as the end of abdomen in precatoria, but thinner
(lower) in stigmatica, but this latter character is not easily used, when
the abdomen is shrivelled by exsiccation; for the rest there is also a
character in the structure of the head; in precatoria the upper, hinder
corner of the eye is more pronounced than in stigmatica in which lat-
ter it is much rounded; the head is in the latter species relatively lon-
ger and more flattened.

234 Orthorrliapha brachycera.

H. stigmatica seems like the preceding to be somewhat rare in
Denmark, and has hitherto only been taken in Jutland; Holstebro
(H. J. Hansen), at Hald near Viborg (the author), at Hobro (Jacob-
sen) and Tinbæk Mølle at Lindenborg Aa (J. P. Kryger); it has been
taken from ^^/e to August. It occurs on quite the same localities as
the preceding and together witli this and the following.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down intoSpain; its northern
limit lies in Denmark (see below).

Remarks: The above two species are certain and distinct, but
the earlier descriptions, which were for the greatest part based on
the colours, are often misleading. Loew, as is well known, took the
two species together with the following as varieties, or more correctly,
as stages of maturity of one species. Schiner's discription of stigma-
tica is also incorrect. I have in the synonymy followed the Kat. pa-
låarkt. Dipt. , but I think it otherwise possible, that Zetterstedt's
monostigma is identical with the present species, which also was the
opinion of Schiner, and Loew (1. c. 241) says the same. If so the
present species goes towards the north to middle Sweden. Whether
Meigen's precatoria and monostigma belong to precatoria or stig-
matica is, I think, not possible to decide after his descriptions;
what he says about the colour points towards stigmatica.

3. H. melanocephala Hal.

1883. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 158. - 1882. Mik, Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 41,
Tab. I. Fig. 16— 18. — 1903. Kat.palaarkt.Dipt.il, 268. — Hemerodromia
flavella: 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 543, 4 et 1842. Dipt. Scand. I, 256, 6. —
1862. Schin, F. A. I, 83.

Male. This species resembles stigmatica very much. Frons brown-
ish yellow. Antennæ yellow, arista short. Thorax yellow, somewhat
greyish pruinose, with two indistinct brownish stripes, and in the
middle a lighter, somewhat yellowish stripe. Abdomen brownish,
venter yellow. The genitalia have the ventral lamella small, not pro-
truding, the upper lamellæ dark brownish, with a round excision at

Fig. 100. Wing-part of H. melanocephala.

the apex, which is thns divided into two processes; the lower la-
mellæ yellow. Legs yellow, the last joint on all tarsi dark brownish
or blackish, the fourth joint slightly brownish. The legs haired and

Empididae. 235

spined as in the other species, the hairs on the ventral side of the
middle tibiæ stronger. Wings hyaline. Veins blackish. Stigma faint,
yellowish, elongated, the radial vein not curved below it; discai
and anal cell present, anal vein long, weak. Halteres whitish
yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; frons slightly broader, Ovipo-
sitor somewhat short.

Length 3,5 mm.

This species it at once recognised by the elongated, not roundish
wing stigma, below which the radial vein forms no curve; in the
male the genitalia are also characteristic. Mik says 1. c. that the
antennæ have „ein kurzes Endgriffelchen" , but there is a short,
but distinct arista; Mik's figure 17 looks as if the arista was bro-
ken off.

H. melanocephala is, as the two preceding species, rare in Den-
mark, only four specimens, a male and three females have been taken,
one in earlier time, without particular locality, and three at Hald near
Viborg on ^Ve and ^^k 1910 (the author). It occurs on quite the
same localities as the two preceding, and at Hald I took it occurring
in Company with them.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to northern Scandinavia.

Remarks: The name melanocephala is generally in use for this
species, and so also in the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt., and 1 have therefore
also used it, but as Haliday considered the species as identical with
Empis melanocephala Fabr. (Chelipoda), it should correctly bear the
next name viz. flavella Zett.

4. H. raptoria Meig.

1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 341, 10. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
264, 4, et 1859. XIII, 4984, 4. — 1864. Loew, Wien. entom. Monatschr.
VIII, 243, 3. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 369.

Male. Frons and vertex grey ; eyes touching below the antennæ,
and with the facets in front enlarged; epistoma white; palpi whitish.
Occiput grey, with short, pale hairs. Antennæ yellow, arista darker.

Fig. 101. Antenna of H. raptoria. X 100.

fully as long as the third joint (when seen with a lens, in which case the
narrowed outer part of the third joint looks as if belonging to the arista.

236 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

the real arista is a little shorter than the third joint). Thorax black-
ish brown, a little greyish pruinose, the humeri and a median, back-
wards broader stripe yellow; the yellow colour of the humeri some-
times continued stripe-like a little backvvards. The short hairs on the
disc pale. There is a yellow notopleural bristle. Scutellum yellow,
postscutellum brownish black; scutellum has only short hairs. Pleura
yellow, meta- and hypopleura .black, somewhat greyish pruinose. Ab-
domen brownish black, with very short. pale hairs; the last segment
and the hind margin of the foregoing yellow, so that there is a yel-
low, transverse band in front of the genitalia. Venter yellow. Geni-
talia black, large and swollen, the upper lamellæ with hooks at the
apex, the ventral lamella long, triangular, pointed. Legs yellow, the
tarsi slightly brownish at the end; front coxæ long, almost as long as
the femora. The legs are short-haired with yellow hairs, the front
femora and tibiæ armed in the usual way. Wings hyaline. Veins yel-

^"iinniiliiiiiilii'Mii

Fig. 10'2. Wing of H. raptoria.

lowish brown; there is no discai and no anal cell, the anal vein wan-
ting, and the lower branch of the postical vein only indicated; the
radial vein is short; the base of the fork of the discai vein lies a little
more apically than the apex of the radial vein. No stigma. Halteres
whitish yellow.

Female. Agreeing with the male; eyes likewise touchlng below the
antennæ and with the facets in front enlarged. Ovipositor black, in front
of it a yellow, transverse band.

Length 2,8 — 3,5 mm.

H. raptoria has only been taken once, but in rather great num-
ber, in Lersøen at Copenhagen on ^Vs 1841; it was found sitting on
reeds.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

5. H. oratoria Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 10, 12. et 34, 12 {Tachydromia). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 63, 3, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 12. — 1842. Zett.

Empididae. 237

Dipt. Scand I, 262, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 83. — 1864. Loew, Wien.
entom. Monatschr. VIII, 244, 4. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 268.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; eyes not touching below the an-
tennæ; epistoma very narrow, white; palpi yellowish white. Occiput
grey, with short, pale hairs. Antennæ whitish, with a short, generally
darker arista. Thorax yellow, sometimes dark yellow to brownish
yellow, somewhat greyish pruinose; a darker median stripe may some-
times be present. There is a yellow notopleural bristle. Scutellum
only with short hairs. Pleura yellow. Abdomen dark brown to black-
ish brown, with very short, pale hairs, the two last segments yellow.
Venter yellow. Genitalia black, less swollen than in raptoria. Legs
yellow, the end of the tarsi very slightly brownish; front coxæ not so
long as in raptoria^ shorter than the femora. The legs haired and
armed quite as in the other species. Wings hyaline, with yellowish to
pale brown veins; no discai and no anal cell, both the anal vein and

Fig. 103. Wing of H. oratoria.

the lower branch of the postical vein wanting; radial vein longer than
in raptoria; the base of the fork of the discai vein lying a little more
basally than the apex of the radial vein. No stigma. Haiteres yellowish
white,

I do not know the female; it is stated to agree with the male,
as Loew 1. c. declares, that the differences in the colour of the thorax,
mentioned in the descriptions of Fallen and Zetterstedt, are not
present.

Length 3 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from raptoria by the differen-
ces in the wing-venation.

H. oratoria is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a
male, has been taken in Greisdalen at Vejle in August (H. J.
Hansen).

Geogrophical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; tovvards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in
Finland.

238 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

16. Dolicliocepliala Macq.

Small, delicate, dark coloured species. Head elongated down-
wards, pointed towards the mouth aperture and somewhat pyriform;
its longest axis forms an angle with the longitudinal axis of the body;
the mouth aperture is found at its point; it has thus quite another
shape than the elongated, somewhat tlattened head in Hemerodromia
with the mouth aperture on the lower side, but it resembles the
head in some species of Clinocera. Occiput slightly arched, with some
bristles above. Eyes somewhat large, elongated downwards, widely
separated in both sexes, and with the facets of equal size; they are
densely short hairy. The incisure in the inner eye-margin distinct.
There are three ocelli lying on an ocellar tubercle somewhat for-
wards, and there is a pair of ocellar bristles. The antennæ are in-

Fig. 104. Antenna of D. irrorata. X 85.

serted near to each other a little above the middle; they are short,
consisting of five joints; the, two basal joints are short, the third a
little longer, somewhat roundish or disciform, and compressed; it has
at the apex, somewhat above, a long, downwards curved, two-jointed
arista, the basal joint of which is very short, ring-like. Epistoma is
somewhat narrow; clypeus is, so far as I could observe, not really
separated from the epistoma, but forms the lower part of this and is
somewhat keel-shaped. The small jowls descend a little below the
eyes, but they are not in connection with the clypeus, as the eyes
stretch far down. Proboscis is short and somewhat thick; the mouth
parts much resemble those in Clinocera; labrum is short, broad and
arched, and it is beset with strong tubercle-shaped teeth; hypopha-
rynx is about as long as the proboscis, of the same shape as in Cli-
nocera, broad at the base and with a long pointed median process,
and two short, rounded, lobe-shaped lateral processes; I could fmd
no maxillæ but there are one-jointed maxillary palpi, which are cur-
ved upwards, resting on the labrum. Labium is short, the labella
somewhat large and broad, fully as long as the basal part, and cleft
to their base, Thorax is elongated rectangular, a little narrowed in
front, somewhat arched above; prothorax is small and likewise meta-
thorax. There are long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles, but no acrosti-
chal bristles; further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural
and a postalar bristle. Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura

Empididae. 239

bare. Abdoraen consists in the usual way of eight segments; the male
genitalia somewhat resemble Ihose in Clinocera; the seventh and
eighth segments are lower than the foregoing and more or less co-
vered by the genitalia; these latter consist of tvvo pairs of lamellæ,
forming a forceps, and below there is a ventral lamella. Penis is
somewhat thick in the basal part, curved at the apex. In the female
the abdomen is pointed, and it terminates with two small, styliform
lamellæ, The legs are slender, the front coxæ only little elongated,
aboLit half as long as the femora. The legs are short-haired, and the
tibiæ have no apical spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a
small, linear, bristle-bearing empodium. The wings are brownish with
hyaline spots; the mediastinal vein reaches the margin; the subcostal
vein is short; the cubital vein is forked, and the upper branch is
connected with the radial vein by a cross-vein, there are thus three
cubital cells; the discai vein is likewise forked, and there are thus
four posterior cells; the discai cell is long and sends three veins to
the margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which
closes the discai cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein goes
straightly down, vertically towards the wing-margin. The anal vein
goes not distinctly beyond the anal cell; the second basal cell is
shorter than the first, the anal cell as long as the second basal
cell. No stigma. Axillary lobe and alula not developed, the wing-
margin fringed. Alar squamula very small and narrow, a little haired
at the margin.

So far as I am aware the developmental stages are not known.

The species of Dolichocephala are small, nice and delicate flies,
easily known by the brown, spotted wings. They occur in the her-
bage and grass in woods and fens, at the border of water, and on
the whole in humid piaces. The structure of the head and the mouth,
and also of the male genitalia seems to show, that the genus is nearly
allied to Clinocera.

Of the genus 4 species are known from the palæarctic region,
two of which have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Tahle of Species.

1. Wings with hyaline spots in the subcostal and first cubital

cell, the radial and cubital veins somewhat undulated 1. irrorata.

— Wings without hyaline spots in the subcostal and first cubi-
tal ceh, the radial and cubital veins not undulated 2. guttata.

1. D. irrorata Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 13, 17 (Tachtjdromia) . — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 66, 9, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 11 (Hemerodromia). — 1842. Zett.

240 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Dipt. Scand. I, 324, 1 (Ardoptera). — 1862 Schin. F. A. I, 85. (Ardoptera).
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 270.

Male. Frons grey with two darker impressions ; vertex grey, the
ocellar triangle brown, and this colour prolonged triangularly back-
wards. Epistoma light grey; palpi black. Occiput grey with black
bristles above, short, whitish hairs below. Antennæ black. Thorax
æneous brown, somewhat shining, with a whitish grey middle line,
which is narrowest in the middle and here sometimes interrupted;
also the lateral margin is somewhat whitish grey. Dorsocentral
bristles long, black. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a noto-
pleural and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with two black
marginal bristles. Pleura grey pruinose. Abdomen black, shining,
slightly æneous, with short, pale hairs. Venter black. Legs reddish
brown, posterior coxæ grey pruinose, the extreme apex of the tibiæ
and the tarsi towards the end dark brown or blackish. The legs
short-haired with brownish hairs. Wings brown with a number

Fig. 105. Wing of D. irrorata.

(about twenty) of hyaline spots, and with the base yellowish; some
of the spots may be indistinct or confluent, and the number is
therefore not quite constant, but there are six along the anterior
margin. Veins black or blackish brown, the radial and cubital
veins somewhat undulated. No stigma. Halteres yellow or reddish
yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male with exception of the differen-
ces in the exterior genitalia.

Length 2 — 3 mm.

D. irrorata is somewhat common in Denmark; Lersøen at Co-
penhagen, Damhussøen, Ruderhegn, Frerslev Hegn; on Langeland at
Lohals, and in Jutland at Hald near Viborg. My dates are "^^/e — ^Vo.
It occurs on shaded, humid piaces in woods, in fens and at the hor-
ders of water.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.
It occurs also in North America.

Empididae. 241

2. D. guttata Hal.

1833. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 161. (Leptosceles) . — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 269.

Male. Frons and vertex black, a narrow, V-shaped, grey line
stretches from the ocellar tubercle down the occiput, with the point
backwards; on each side of the tubercle, at the eye-margins, a whitish
shining spot is seen. Epistoma grey; palpi black. Occiput black,
with black bristles above, short, whitish hairs below. Antennæ black.
Thorax æneous black, shining, with a slight and indistinct whitish
middle line. Acrostichal bristles long, black. Further a humeral
bristle, a posthumeral, a notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black.
Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura blackish, a little
greyish pruinose. Abdomen æneous black, shining, very short-haired
with brownish hairs. Venter black. The genital forceps with two
long, thin, curved hooks. Legs yellowish; posterior coxæ greyish
pruinose, the knees, the apex of the tibiæ and the tarsi towards the
end brownish to blackish. The legs short-haired with brownish hairs.
Wings blackish grey or brown, with some (about eight) white spots,
of which four, one in the third cubital cell, two in the apical part of
the first posterior cell and one in the second posterior cell, are most
distinct, the others weaker and sometimes indistinct; the subcostal
and first cubital cells have no spots, thus there are none at the an-
terior margin; the first cubital cell is slightly Hghtened. Veins blackish,
the radial and cubital veins not undulated. No stigma. Halteres dark
yellowish to blackish.

Female. Quite similar to the male with exception of the sexual
differences.

Length 2 — 2,6 mm.

Remarks: The halteres in this species seem to be able to vary
from yellow to blackish (var. nigrohalterata Strobl).

D. guttata has only been taken quite recently, and only five spe-
cimens, three males and two females, in Geel Skov on ^'^h and ^^h
1909 (the author). It was taken in a small fen in the wood on Calla
palustris.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Spain ; its northern
limit hes in Denmark.

17. Trieliopeza Rond.

Medium sized, dark coloured species of slender shape. The head
somewhat broader than long and a Uttle broader than thorax, only
slightly arched behind, and here with some bristles. Eyes large,

16

242 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

occupying the whole front side of the head, and a little prominent,
so that frons and vertex are a little impressed; they are short-hairy;
above the antennæ they are well separated in both sexes, but below
they are touching for a long distance^ The facets in the front part of
the eye are enlarged in both sexes. The incisure in the inner eye-
margin is distinct. The vertex has three ocelli and a pair of ocellar
bristles. The antennæ are inserted near to each other, considerably

Fig. 106. Antenna of T. longicornis. X 55.

above the middle; they are extraordinarily long, three- jointed ; the
first joint is cylindrical, a little elongated, the second almost globular,
the third is a little compressed and tapers evenly into a long, down-
wards curved arista, which cannot under the microscope be seen to
be articulated at any point. Epistoma is very small on account of
the long connection of the eyes; the jowls are almost not developed.
Clypeus is somewhat horse-shoe-shaped. Proboscis is somewhat thin,
scarcely as long as the head is high; it is stretched downwards. La-
brum is of the length of proboscis, strong, semitubular, three-pointed
at the apex; hypopharynx is as long as labrum, thin, slightly dilated
at the apex and pointed; the maxillæ are somewhat shorter, lancet-
like blades; the maxillary palpi are not short, they are one-jointed,
thin at the base but dilated and somewhat ovate towards the apex,
and with some long hairs. Labium has the labella not large, shorter
than the basal part, and cleft to their base. Thorax is rectangular,
somewhat high and much arched above; pro- and metathorax small.
The disc has long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles but no acrostichal
bristles. Further a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, a larger and a
smaller notopleural, a supraalar and postalar bristle; besides there is
a bristle inwards to the humeri. Scutellum with two marginal bristles.
Metapleura bare. Abdomen is somewhat long and slender, it consists
of eight segments, the flrst is short, the second the longest. In the
male the seventh and eighth segments are lower than the preceding
and covered by the genitalia; these latter have' a construction re-
caliing somewhat that in Hilara; they consist of a compressed
lower part, perhaps representing the ventral lamella, above this part

^ Meigen says, that the eyes of the male are touching above, but this is, as al-
ready noted by Schiner, erroneous, but none of these authors mention, that
they are toiiching below, whereas Stein (1. c.) correctly notes this.

Empididae. 243

terminates with a pair of hooks, and inwards there is a pair of small
lamellæ; in the interior lies also a long, curved, thread-like penis;
for the rest the apparatus is not quite symmetricai. In the female
the abdomen is somewhat thick towards the apex, and the ovipositor
is somewhat cm'ious; only six not transforrned abdominal segments
can be counted; the seventh dorsal segment is large, somewhat roof-
shaped, and excised at the apex, the seventh ventral segment is like-
wise large, triangularly pointed backwards; hidden in the interior lies
a small eighth segment, terminating with small styles. The legs are
long and slender; the front coxæ are only slightly elongated, half as
long as the femora, these latter are very slightly thickened; the front
femora have bristles below, and the posterior tibiæ have long bristles;
there are somewhat small apical spurs on the posterior tibiæ. There are
two elaws, two small pulvilli and a small, linear, bristle-bearing em-
podium. The wings with the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin;

..„.„^,^,-.,^jY'-^^^"--— r_

Fig. 107. Wing of T. longicornis.

the cubital vein forked, thus two cubital cells; the upper branch of
the vein long, parallel with the main branch; the discai vein forked,
thus four posterior cells; the discai cell long, sending three veins to
the margin, the third is the upper branch of the postical vein, which
closes the discai cell below; the lower branch of the postical vein
recurrent, almost parallel with the margin; the second basal cell
shorter than the first, the anal cell slightly shorter than the second
basal cell; anal vein very weak, not reaching the margin. Stigma
present, very faint. Axillary lobe small. Alula not present, the margin
here fringed. Alar squamula narrow, without fringe at the margin.

The developmental stages of the genus are not known.

The species of this genus is easily known by its long antennæ;
it is recorded to occur on meadows near water.

The genus comprises only one species, also occurrlng in Denmark.

1. T. longicornis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 12, 1, Tab. XX, Fig. 6— 7 {Brachystoma).
— 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 363,5, et 1859. XIII, 5004, 5 {Brachystoma).

16*

244 Orthorrliapha brachycera.

— 1862. Schin.F. Å. I, 87. — 1903. Stein, Wien. ent. Zeitg. XXII, 225.

— 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 270.

Male. Frons and vertex velvet black, just above the antennæ a
brownish, triangular point. Palpi yellow. Occiput grey, with black
bristles above and paler hairs below. Antennæ black or brownish
black. Thorax shining, blackish, but somewhat brownish grey pruinose,
and hence a little duUish. Dorsocentral bristles long, black. Further
a humeral bristle, a posthumeral, two notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle, all black; besides there is a bristle inwards to the
humeri. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura brownish
grey pruinose, generally somewhat reddish below the wing-root. Ab-
domen black or slightly brownish, greyish pruinose and therefore
somewhat dull, sparingly clothed with short, brownish hairs. Venter
of the same colour. Legs yellow, the posterior tibiæ brown, some-
times the base lighter, front tibiæ only slightly or not at all browned;
tarsi brown or black; the middle tarsi are very curious, the third
joint is excised below, and has at the apex a tooth, which is directed
inwards, somewhat dilated at the apex and here with two hairs; at
the base the joint has two bristles. Front femora slightly thickened
with bristly hairs below on the basal part, some of which are long;
the posterior femora short-haired, with a single, long bristle near the
apex on the anterior side, sometimes also one or two weaker; the
middle femora with some short, bristly hairs below at the base, and
the hind femora with a little longish hairs above at the base; front
and hind femora with a short, dense, whitish pubescence on the ven-
tral side; the front tibiæ with a row of dense, short, erect hairs
below, and a few bristly hairs above on the basal part; middle tibiæ
short-haired, with a pair of long bristles on the antero- and postero-
ventral side; hind tibiæ with bristly hairs above and below, and with
a couple of long bristles on the anterior and on the ventral side; the
number of the long bristles is not quite constant, generally greatest
in the female. The hairs on the legs are brownish, the bristles blackish
to black. Wings yellowish or slightly brownish tinged. Veins brown.
Stigma very faint. Balteres whitish yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; the middle tarsi simple; the short,
whitish pubescence also present below the middle femora. The ovi-
positor, i. e. the seventh abdominal segment, is densely haired with
slightly longish, reddish brown hairs, which are strongest and densest
at the hind margin of the dorsal segment. The wings more brownish
than in the male.

Length 5—5,7 mm.

Stein (1. c.) says, that all femora in the male have the short,

Empididae. 245

dense pubescence below, but this is erroneous, in the male only the
front and hind femora have this pubescence, but in the female it is
present on all femora; Stein has probably examined a female and
then concluded the facts to be the same in the male.

T. longicornis is rare in Denmark and has only been taken on
two occasions, on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick), and in Jutland at
Frijsenborg near Aarhus (H. J. Hansen); on the latter locality it was
taken in great numbers. The dates are ^^/g to towards the end
of July.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden. Stein took his specimens when it was
cloudy weather, and they were sitting at the points of branches or
on fir-needles.

18. Clielipoda Macq.

Small, yellow coloured species. Head somewhat elongated, and
slightly flattened, as broad as thorax. Occiput somewhat arched, with
a few bristles above. Eyes somewhat large, a little elongated, with
the hinder margin roundly incised. They are separated in both sexes,
but below the antennæ only narrowly separated; the facets are of
equal size. In the living specimens the eyes are metallic green, violet
behind in the male and unicoloured metallic green in the female. The
incisure in the inner eye-margin is small but distinct. Vertex with a
small tubercle with three ocelli and a pair of bristles. The antennæ

Fig. 108. Antenna of Ch. melanocephala. X 100.

are inserted near to each other, somewhat below the middle; they are
five-jointed, the two basal joints are short, the third a little elongated,
pyriform and compressed, terminating with a long, two-jointed arista,
the basal joint of which is very short. Epistoma is very narrow, a
little broadened downwards; jowls not developed. Proboscis is short,
stretched downwards. The mouth parts I have otherwise not been
able to examine, they are very probably similar to those in the fol-
io wing genus Phyllodromia. Thorax is rectangular, a little narrowed
in front, not much arched above; pro- and metathorax small. There
are a few (four, two in each row) long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles,
the anterior is placed inwards to the humeri ; there are no acrostichal

246 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

bristles; further a notopleural and a supraalar bristle present. Scutel-
lum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura with a few bristles. ^
Abdomen consists of eight segments. The exterior male genitalia are
large, they resemble somewhat the genitalia in Hilara; the seventh
and eighth abdominal segments are lower than the preceding and
covered by the genitalia; these latter consist of a large, strongly com-
pressed piece, which above and in front has a pair of lamellæ with
hooks; perhaps the lower piece answers to the ventral lamella. In the
female the abdomen is pointed towards the apex and terminates with
a thin ovipositor formed of two small, slightly downwards curved
styliform lamellæ. Legs thin and slender; the front coxæ elongated,
more than half as long as the femora; the front femora thickened in
both sexes, with two rows of strong bristles below, and besides with
rows of very small, tubercle-shaped spines; the front tibiæ are a httle
curved and can be laid up towards the femora between the rows of
the bristles; the front legs are thus raptorial as in Hemerodromia.
For the rest the legs are short-haired ; tibiæ without apical spurs.
There are two claws, two small pulvilli and a small, linear empodium

Fig. 109. Wing of Ch. melanocephala.

with bristles at the margin. Wings with the subcostal vein short; the
cubital vein unforked, thus one cubital cell; the discai vein forked
and thus four posterior cells; no discai cell; the lower branch of the
postical vein going straightly downwards; the second basal cell a
little shorter than the first, the anal cell as long as the second basal
cell; anal vein not reaching the margin. No stigma. Axillary lobe
not developed. No alula, the wing-margin here only short fringed.
Alar squamula very narrow, with some long hairs at the margin.

The developmental stages are not known.

The small and delicate species occurs especially in woods on
shaded and humid piaces. /

The genus comprises only one species, also occurring in Denmark.

^ Girschner says (111. Zeitschr. fiir Entoin. 1897, 557) that of the Hemerodromiinae
only CUnocera has hairs on the metapleura, but both the present and the fol-
lowing genus have distiiict metapleural bristles.

Empididae. 247

1. Ch. melanocephala Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 407, 21 (Empis), et 1805. Syst. Antl. 144,8
{Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 269, 1 {Phyllodromia). —
1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 271.

Male. Vertex and frons grey, the ocellar triangle blackish; epis-
toma white; palpi yellow. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs. Antennæ
yellow, the third joint and the arista black. Thorax yellow, distinctly
greyish pruinose; the margin of the disc with a narrow, dark or
blackish line, stretching from one wing-root anteriorly round to the
other; sometimes a dark? median, posteriorly narrowed line is present.
There are four long, yellow dorsocentral bristles, two in each row.
Further a notopleural and a supraalar bristle, both yellow. Scutellum
with two, yellow marginal bristles. Pleura yellow. Abdomen blackish
or brownish above, with short, yellow hairs. Venter yellow. The
large genitalia and the two last abdominal segments yellow, the
genitalia somewhat dark above. Legs yellow, a stripe on the posterior
side of the front femora, and the tip of the tarsi blackish or brown.
The legs with short, yellowish hairs, the front femora with two rows
of long, black or dark brown bristles below. Wings hyaline, slightly
yellowish. Veins brownish. No stigma. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the front femora without any
dark stripe. Ovipositor thin.

Length 2,2 — 2,5 mm.

Ch. melanocephala is not rare in Denmark; vicinity of Copenhagen,
Charlottenlund, Ruderhegn, Nordskoven at Jægerspris; on Lolland at
Maribo, and on Langeland at Lohals ; in Jutland at Laven near Silke-
borg, Hald near Viborg and at Sæby, and fmally on Bornholm at
Almindingen, The dates are ^^/e — ^^Is. It occurs in woods on humid
and shaded piaces, on bushes and in low herbage and grass; at Hald
I took it in somewhat large numbers in the wood on Vaccinium
growing below oak-trees.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in
Finland.

19. PKyllodFomia Zett.

Species of small size and yellow or grey colour. Head somewhat
elongated and slightly flattened, a little broader than thorax. Occiput
somewhat arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes somewhat large
and elongated; they are separated in both sexes, below the antennæ
only narrowly separated; the facets are of equal size; the incision in
the inner eye-margin very small. The vertex has a tubercle with

248 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

three ocelli and a pair of bristles. The antennæ are inserted near
to each other, a little below the middle; they resemble those in
Chelipoda and are likewise five-jointed, the two basal joints are short,
the third somewhat elongated, pointed ovate and compressed, it
terminates with a long, two-jointed arista, the basal joint of which
is very small. Epistoma very narrow, a little broadened downwards;
jowls not developed. The clypeus is formed of two chitinous lists.
Proboscis is short, stretched downwards ; labrum is strong, semitubular,
as long as the proboscis; it is high at the insertion, curved a little
downwards at the apex and three-pointed ; hypopharynx is as long
as labrum, with parallel sides, pointed, and not dilated at the apex;
the maxillæ are a little shorter, they are somewhat broad elliptical
blades, bearing some hairs and terminating in some bristle-like pro-
cesses; the maxillary palpi are one-jointed, club-shaped, and with
some bristles. Labium has the labella relatively large, longer than
the basal part and cleft to their base. Thorax is rectangular, not
much arched above; prothorax is small, but distinctly seen as a neck-
shaped part; metathorax small. The thoracic disc has a few uniserial
dorsocentral bristles (two, or only one in each row; perhaps the
anterior bristle, which is placed inwards to the humeri, does not
belong here and in Chelipoda in reality to the dorsocentral bristles);
no acrostichal bristles. A notopleural and a supraalar bristle present.
Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura with a few bristles.
Abdomen consists of eight segments, but in the male the last are
more or less hidden. The exterior genitalia in the male are rather
large; they are mainly constructed as in Chelipoda; the two last ab-
dominal segments are lower than the others, the genitalia have a
large, more or less compressed piece below and above a pair of
lamellæ, terminating with some hooks and curved forwards in over
abdomen; in the interior there is a curved penis, hi the female the

Fi^. 110. Winsr of Ph. vocatoria.

abdomen is pointed, and it terminates with a pair of more or less
distinct, styliform lamellæ. The legs are constructed and armed quite
as in Chelipoda; the front coxæ almost as long as the femora. There

Empididae. 249

are two claws, two small pulvilli and a small, linear empodium with
bristles. The wings also are in venation and shape like those in
Chelipoda, but a discai cell is present. No stigma. Alar squamula
very narrow, with long hairs at the margin.

The developmental stages are not known.

The small species of this genus occur in woods on bushes and
in low herbage on humid piaces.

Of the genus 3 species occur in the palæarctic region, but one of
them {suppUcatoria Meig.) is doubtful ; two are found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax mainly yellow; a pair of distinct bristles on the
middle of the disc ; male genitalia large, reaching in over
abdomen beyond the middle; female ovipositor with short,
indistinct styles 1 . vocatoria.

— Thorax mainly grey; no pair of distinct bristles on the
middle of the disc; male genitalia smaller; female ovipositor
with two distinct styles 2. albiseta.

1. Ph. vocatoria Fah.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 12, 15 (Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 270, 2. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. 11, 271.

Male. Frons and vertex grey, the ocellar tubercle blackish;
epistoma white; palpi yellowish. Occiput grey, darker behind, with
black bristles above and somewhat long, whitish hairs below. Antennæ
yellow, the third joint often darker, arista pale yellowish. Thorax
yellow or reddish yellow, distinctly greyish pruinose, with a dark
middle stripe, which is broadest in front, and often indistinct behind.
Dorsocentral bristles two in each row, long, black. A notopleural
and a supraalar bristle present, both black. Scutellum with two
black marginal bristles. Pleura yellow, somewhat pruinose. Abdomen
is brownish or blackish grey above, with yellowish hairs. Venter
yehow. The exterior genitalia are yellow, very large, reaching for-
wards beyond the middle of abdomen. Legs yellow, the last tarsal
joint brownish or blackish. The legs short-haired with yellowish
hairs, longest on the hind tibiæ; the front femora with two rows of
strong, blackish bristles below. Wings hyaline, slightly yehowish.
Veins brownish. Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male; the ovipositor without distinct
styles.

Length 2 — 2,3 mm.

Fh. vocatoria is not rare in Denmark ; Charlottenlund, Bøllemosen,
Ørholm, Svenstrup between Roskilde and Ringsted, and Tisvilde; on

250 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Lolland at Maribo and Ryde ; on Funen at Odense ; in Jutland at
Horsens and at Hald near Viborg, and finally on Bornholm at Rø.
My dates are ^^le—'^'^h. It occurs in woods on open, somewhat shaded
piaces on bushes and in low herbage.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France ; towards the north to northern Sweden. It is also recorded
to occur in North America.

2. Ph. albiseta Zett.

1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 544, 8 (Hemerodromia) . — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 271,3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 86. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt.

II, 271. — Hemerodromia vocatoria: 1822. Meig. (non Fall), Syst. Beschr.

III, 65, 7, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 15.

Male. Frons and vertex grey, the ocellar tubercle blackish:
epistoma white; palpi yellowish. Occiput dark grey, with black bristles
above, and somewhat long, whitish hairs below. Antennæ yellow,
third joint dark brown or black, arista white, Thorax grey, some-
times a little yellowish towards the sides, There is only a bristle in
front, inwards to the humeri; on the middle there is but a pair of
very small, scarcely observable hairs on each side; further a noto-
pleural and a supraalar bristle; all the bristles black. Scutellum with
two black marginal bristles. Pleura yellow, a little pruinose. Abdomen
dark grey, with short, yellowish hairs. Venter grey. Exterior genitalia
dark yellowish or brownish, smaller than in vocatoria. Legs yellow,
with the last tarsal joint dark; they are haired and armed quite as
in vocatoria. The wings as in vocatoria, but the discai cell narrower.
Halteres whitish yellow.

Female, Quite similar to the male; venter sometimes yellowish;
the ovipositor terminating with two distinct styles,

Length 2 — 2,6 mm.

This species is distinguished from vocatoria in the male by the
smaller and darker genitalia, and in the female by the distinct styles
at the end of abdomen; in both sexes the absence of a middle bristle
on the thoracic disc is a good character, and also the shape of the
discai cell, though this may vary a little in both species; finally the
colour of thorax is grey in alhiseta, yellow in vocatoria.

Ph. albiseta is rare in Denmark, and was for the first time taken
in 1909 in Geel Skov on ^h—^^h (the author). It occurred in a little
fen in the wood, especially on the leaves of Galla palustris. It seems
to be a late occurring species.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia.

Empididae. 251

5. Tachydromiinae.
Eyes generally separated above the antennæ in both sexes; below
the antennæ either likewise separated {Chersodromia, Tachydromia),
or they are here touching in both sexes, and in the latter case either
the facets in the front part of the eye enlarged, likewise in both
sexes {Stilpon, TacJiypeza , Tachista) or all facets of equal size,
{Drapetis (eyes not quite touching), Elaphropeza). Rarely the eyes
are touching above the antennæ in both sexes, and then the facets
in the front part are enlarged {Symhallophthalmus). Sometimes the
eyes are short-haired or microscopically haired {Drapetis, Stilpon,
Chersodromia, Elaphropeza). Antennæ four- to five-jointed, terminating
with a two-jointed or unjointed arista, which is generally apical,
rarely {Stilpon) dorsal (apparently). Proboscis short, sometimes curved
inwards towards the sternum, No maxillæ; maxillary palpi one-jointed.
Metapleura bare, or with very short hairs {Drapetis). Legs shorter or
longer; sometimes the front femora thickened, sometimes both front
and middle femora, especially the latter, and the middle tibiæ with
an apical spine; the pair or pairs of legs in question are then speci-
ally armed and raptorial. Wings with the cubital vein unforked; the
discai vein likewise unforked; three posterior cells and no discai cell.
Basal cells somewhat large, of equal iength, or the second longer
than the first; anal cell present and shorter than the basal cells, or
wanting, and in accordance herewith the anal vein present or wanting;
when present the vein is however weak; the lower branch of the postical
vein present or absent. Axillary lobe small or somewhat developed,
No alula. No stigma.

Table of Genera.

1. Anal cell absent 2,

— Anal cell present, anal vein more or less weak, but
distinct; basal cells of about equal Iength 7.

2. First basal cell shorter than the second 3.

— First basal cell as long as the second 25. Chersodromia.

3. Legs rather short; body short and robust; colour
black or gray; wings without markings 4.

— Legs somewhat slender; body not robust; wings with
dark markings, or at all events some veins seamed,

or when hyaline the thorax is yellow 5.

4. Frons triangular; arista terminal 20. Drapetis.

— Frons with parallel margins; arista dorsal 21. Stilpon.

5. Third antennal joint short, ovate; front femora con-
siderably thickened; wings more or less dark marked;
thorax black 6.

— Third antennal joint a little longer, conical; front

femora not thickened; wings hyaline; thorax yellow 24. Elaphropeza.

252 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

6. Lower branch of the postical vein present .... 22. Tachypeza.

— Lower branch of the postical vehi absent 23. Tackista.

7. Eyes touching in both sexes; upper margin of

the third antennal joint straight 26. Symballophthalnius.

— Eyes separated in both sexes ; third antennal joint

ovate or conical, its upper margin not straight. 27. Tachydromia.

20. I>rapetis Meig.

Very small, dark coloured species of a somevvhat thick-set shape.
Head a little narrower than thorax, somewhat short, higher than
broad. Occiput slightly arched, with a pair of bristles above, and
sometimes with smaller hairs. Eyes high; they are separated above
in both sexes, but reaching near to each other just above the antennæ,
and the frons is thus triangular; below the antennæ the eyes are
touching or almost touching in both sexes; the hind margin is sinuous
or has a round incision. The facets are of equal size, The incision in
the inner eye-margin somewhat large. The eyes are microscopically
hairy. The vertex has a tubercle with three ocelli and two or four
bristles. The antennæ are inserted near to each other, a little above
the middle ; they are five-jointed ; the first joint is short, the second
a little longer, the third is pointed ovate or conical, and compressed,
it bears at the apex a long, straight, two-jointed arista, the first joint
of which is exceedingly short, ring-like; the arista is directed some-
vvhat downwards. The second basal joint of the antennæ has a
shorter or longer bristle below. Epistoma is very narrow, when the
eyes are touching only consisting of a low, triangular part. Jowls are
present, but small, descending slightly below the eyes. Proboscis is
short, directed downwards and backwards and curved a little inw^ards
at the apex. Labrum is as long as labium, very high at its insertion,
semitubular, and curved downwards with the apex; it is three-pointed,
but the median lobe is much shorter than the lateral; on the inside
of the labrum there is at each edge, about in the middle, a pavement
of small tubercles, and the lateral lobes have a spine near the apex
and one a little more backwards; hypopharynx is of the same length
as labrum, likewise semitubular, strongly chitinised and black in the
apical part; the apex is curved downwards with an angular bend. I
could detect no maxillæ, but there are one-jointed, ovate maxiFlary palpi.
Labium has somewhat large labella with strong bristles. Thorax is
short, quadrangular or almost roundish, slightly arched above; pro-
and metathorax small. The disc has a uniform fine pubescence and
various bristles which are present on the whole disc, forming in-
distinct dorsocentral and acrostichal rows, or there are only a few

Empididae. 253

dorsocentral bristles backwards. There are some notopleural and a
postalar bristle, sometimes also a posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with
two long, marginal bristles. Metapleura with very short, scarceiy
observable hairs. Abdomen somewhat robust, consisting of eight seg-
ments; in the male it terminates with a small, knob-like forceps. In
the female the abdomen is pointed, terminating with two small styli-
form lamellæ. Legs somewhat robust, front and hind femora some-
what thickened, the middle femora less or not thickened; in some
species the hind tibiæ are tooth-like prolonged beyond the insertion
of the metatarsus. The legs are short-haired and with more or fewer,
generally only few bristles; the tibiæ may be with or without apical
spurs. The hind tibiæ have at the apex on the postero-ventral side
a small elevation which has a dense, short pubescence, and the same
pubescence is generally found on the posterior side of the metatarsus;
it is this elevation which is in some species prolonged as a tooth
beyond the insertion of the tarsus, as mentioned above. There are
two claws, two pulvilli and a very small empodium, terminating in
a bristle and with bristles on the lower side. The wings with a short
mediastinal vein, not reaching the margin ; the subcostal vein terminates
about in the middle of the costa; the cubital vein unforked and thus
one cubital cell; the discai vein likewise unforked and thus three
posterior cells; no discai cell; the lower branch of the postical vein
wanting, and no anal cell present; anal vein likewise absent or only
indicated; the second basal cell longer than the first. No stigma.
Axillary lobe somewhat well developed. Alula not developed, the
margin here fringed. Alar squamula small and narrow, fringed at the
margin.

The developmental stages of Drapetis are not known.

The species of this genus are rather easily known by their thick-
set shape and short, broad thorax. They occur especially on fieids
and commons in grass and low herbage, but do not seem to belong
to woods. The species, or some of them, seem to hibernate as imago,
thus I possess D. aterrima taken with the sieve on ^0/2 in flood refuse,
and Zetterstedt mentions D. flavipes {Tachydromia nigra) as taken
under stones in October.

Of the genus 13 (14?) species are known from the palæarctic
region; 5 have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Tahle of Species.

1. The apex of the hind tibiæ prolonged tooth-like beyond the

insertion of the metatarsus 1. aterrima.

— The apex of the hind tibiæ not prolonged beyond the in-
sertion of the metatarsus 2.

254

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

2. Halteres pale ; hind tibiæ with strong bristles 2. setigera.

— Halteres dark; hind tibiæ without strong bristles 3.

3. Wings hyaline, cross-veins distant 3. assimilis.

— Wings brownish tinged or hyaline, cross-veins near to each

other 4.

4. Wings more or less brownish tinged ; the cubital vein curved
upwards at the apex and here thin, discai vein almost straight 4. exilis.

— Wings almost hyaline; cubital vein curved downwards to-
wards the apex and terminating w^ith full thickness, discai

vein with a curve behind the postical cross- vein 5. pusilla.

1. D. aterrima Curt.

1834. Curt. Brit. Entom. 397,3. — 1851. Walk. Ins. Brit. I, 136,1. —
1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur. Kennt. d. Dipt. VI, 40, nota. — 1903. Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. II, 273. — Tachydromia niyritella : 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
298, 32. — Drapeiis nigritella: 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 274. —
Drapetis nervosa: 1859. Loew, 1. c. 37, 3.

Male. Frons and vertex black; ocellar tubercle with two bristles;
epistoma black above, grey below; palpi grey with black hairs.

Fig. 111. Antenna of D. aterrima. x 85.

Occiput blackish above, grey downwards along the posterior eye-
margin; it has a pair of long, black bristles above. Antennæ black,
the second joint with a long bristle, the third joint
somewhat short ovate. Thorax black, shining, with a
greyish, somewhat adpressed pubescence; towards be-
hind there is a couple of somewhat longer, black dorso-
central bristles. There are two notopleural and a
postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with two black
marginal bristles and some smaller hairs. Pleura black,
shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with short,
dark or brownish hairs. Venter of the same colour.
Legs black, trochanters, knees and the apex of the
tibiæ reddish ; tarsi reddish or brownish ; the front tibiæ
may be almost quite pale. The posterior tibiæ are on
the postero-ventral side prolonged beyond the insertion
of the tarsus in a tooth-shaped way, the tooth is reddish.
The front femora are somewhat thickened, and have a
few long hairs below, the hind femora have some

Fig. 112.
D. aterrima,

hind leg. x45. bristles below on the apical part; at the apex of the

Empididae. 255

front femora there is a bristle on the anterior and posterior side, on
the middle femora a specially strong bristle on the anterior side ; the
hind tibiæ have fine, slightly longish hairs above and below, and all
tibiæ have apical spurs. The hairs are paler or darker brownish, the
bristles blackish. Wings hyaline, Veins blackish brown; the cross-
veins near to each other; the discai vein thin from somewhat after

Fig. 113. Wing of D.aterrima, the mediastinal vein not seen.

the base to a little beyond the postical cross-vein, the last part of
the vein is slightly undulated. Balteres brownish yellow to brownish.

Female. Quite similar to the male, only the abdomen pointed.

Length 1,6 — 2 mm.

I have determined this species by comparison with specimens of
aterrima sent to me from Mr. Verrall, but in reading Loew's descrip-
tion of his nervosa, which according to the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. is
identical with nigritella Zett., I find no distinguishing character, e. g.
the absence of the bristles on the anterior part of the thoracic disc,
the bristles on the legs and the venation of the wings are quite in
accordance; I have therefore no doubt, that aterrima Curt. and nigri-
tella Zett. = nervosa Loew are identical.

D. aterrima is somewhat rare in Denmark, but has however been
taken on several localities; at Copenhagen (Schlick), Rørvig (the
author); on Møen at Maglevandsfaldet (J. C. Nielsen); on Langeland
at Lohals (the author) and in Jutland at Nymindegab (Th. Mortensen).
The dates are 2V2— ^^/t; on the former date it was taken with the
sieve in flood refuse at Copenhagen, it was present in rather great
numbers, and it would thus seem as if it hibernates as imago.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden.

2. D. setigera Loew.

1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 39, 6. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 96. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt Dipt. Il, 274.

Male. Frons, vertex and epistoma black; ocellar tubercle with
two bristles. Palpi grey. Occiput black, grey downwards along the

256 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

eye-margin, with two long, black bristles above. Antennæ black, the
second joint with a somewhat long bristle below; the third joint
somewhat elongated. Thorax black, shining, with a somewhat ad-
pressed, greyish pubescence and beset with somewhat long, black

Fig. 114. Antenna of D.setigera. x 100.

bristles, representing both dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Further
a posthumeral bristle, some notopleural and a postalar bristle, all
black, but they are fused with other bristles on the sides of the disc.
Scutellum with two long, black marginal bristles and smaller hairs.
Pleura black, shining. Abdomen likewise black, shining, with a short,
pale pubescence. Venter similarly coloured and haired, the hairs to-
wards the apex darker. Legs black, trochanters and knees reddish,
generally the tibiæ, especially the hind tibiæ, and the tarsi brownish
to reddish. The anterior femora with bristles at the apex on the
anterior and posterior side, the one on the anterior side strengest,
especially on the middle femora; the hind femora with a few bristles
below towards the apex; the anterior tibiæ with apical spurs, the
hind tibiæ with a row of strong bristles on the antero-dorsal side.
The hairs are yellowish or brownish, the bristles black. Wings hyaline.
Veins paler or darker brown; the cross-veins near to each other; the
discai vein thin from the medial cross-vein to somewhat beyond the
postical cross-vein; a thin anal vein indicated. Halteres whitish yellow
to yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male with exception of the pointed
abdomen.

Length 1,8 — 2,3 mm.

D. setigera is somewhat rare in Denmark, but has been taken on
several localities; at Copenhagen; on Falster at Resle; on Funen at
Hoffmansgave; on Fænø, and in Jutland at Horsens and at Gjerlev
near Randers Fjord; the dates are ^^/^—'^^h.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Germany; its northern limit lies in Demark.

3. D. assimilis Fall.
1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 8,5 et 34,5 {Tachydromia). — 1859.
Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d, Dipt. VI, 41,8 {affinis, lapsus). — 1862.

Empididae. 257

Schin. F. A. I, 95. — 1903. Kat.palaarkt.Dipt.il, 272. — Drapetis nigra:
1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 344, 2. — Drapetis \minima: 1838. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. VII, 100, 4.

Male. Frons, vertex and epistoma black; ocellar tubercle with
about four small bristles. Palpi greyish brown. Occiput black, shining,
with a pair of bristles and some small hairs above. Antennæ black
or blackish, the second joint with a short bristle below, the third
short ovate. Thorax black, shining, with a very short, brownish grey
pubescence, and only with a pair of longer bristles behind. There
are some blackish notoplem*al bristles and a postalar bristle. Scutel-
lum with two black marginal bristles and a pair of weaker bristles
outwards. Pleura black, shining. Abdomen black, somewhat shining,
with a short, pale brownish pubescence; venter similarly coloured and
haired. Legs black or brownish, trochanters and knees reddish, front
coxæ pale; the legs may vary in colour to quite yellowish, especially
in the female. The hind femora with a few blackish bristles below
at the apex, anterior femora with fine hairs below; bristles at the

Flg. 115. Wing of D.assimilis.

apex of the anterior femora scarcely observable; for the rest the legs
short-haired, and the tibiæ without apical spurs. Wings hyaline. Veins
brown; the cross-veins distant; the discai vein thin from the base to
the postical cross-vein ; a thin anal vein] is indicated. Halteres blackish
or brown.

Female. Quite similar to the male, the abdomen is pointed.

Length 1,5—1,7 mm.

D. assimilis seems to be very rare in Denmark, only three speci-
mens are known, taken many years ago, one from Westermann's
collection, labelled Copenhagen, and two from Stæger, probably taken
at Ordrup.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to southern Sweden. — It is also
recorded to occur in North America, but this seems to be erroneous,
at all events the species enumerated by Melander (Trans. Amer.

17

258

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, 208, PI. V, figs. 12, 17, 24) as nigra Meig.
is not assimilis as is shown with certainty by the figure of the wing,
which has the cross-veins nmch nearer to each other than assimilis.
About Walker's statement (List of the Spec. of Dipt. Ins. in the Goll.
of the Brit. Mus. III, 1849, 511) I can say nothing.

4. D. exilis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 91, 1, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 25—28, et VI,
344. — 1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 42, 10. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 95. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 273.

Male. Frons and vertex black; ocellar triangle with four short
bristles; epistoma black; palpi greyish. Occiput black, above with a
pair of short bristles and some smaller hairs. Antennæ black, the
second joint with a very short bristle below. Thorax black, shining,
with short, somewhat adpressed, yellowish grey pubescence; the disc
has a couple of longer, black bristles behind. There are some black
notopleural and a postalar bristle, perhaps also a supraalar bristle.
Scutellum with two black marginal bristles and some very small hairs.
Plem^a black, shining. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with short,
yellowish grey, towards the sides darker hairs. Venter similarly co-
loured and haired. Legs black, front coxæ and all trochanters yellow-
ish, front tibiæ yellowish to brownish; sometimes also the front fe-
mora, the middle tibiæ and the apex of the hind tibiæ yellowish to
brownish and all tarsi brownish. The legs are short-haired, front fe-
mora with very small bristles at the apex on both sides, middle
femora with a longer bristle on the anterior side, hind femora with
a pair of bristles below at the apex; all femora with fine hairs below;
hind tibiæ with fine hairs on the dorsal side among which a few
stronger hairs. Tibiæ without apical spurs. The hairs pale, the

Fig. 116. Wing of D. exilis.

bristles blackish. Wings brownish tinged, especially on the anterior
part. Veins blackish brown to black, the subcostal vein somewhat

Empididae. 259

near to the margin; the apex of the cubital vein curved a little up-
wards, thin and nearly evanescent before reaching the margin; the
discai vein thin from the base to considerably behind the postical
cross-vein; the cross-veins near to each other; a thin anal vein indi-
cated. Halteres black or brownish black.

Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen more pointed.

Length 1,5 — 2 mm.

D. exilis seems to be the most common of our species; Amager,
Ørholm, at Skelskør; on Langeland at Lohals, and on Bornholm
at Rønne; at Lohals I caught the species in rather great numbers
with the net on a clover-field. My dates are only ^^/r — -'h.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; its northern limit is hitherto in Denmark.

5. D. pusilla Loew.

1859. Loew, Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 42, 9. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 96. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 274. — Drapetis
exilis (non Meig.) : 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 328, 2.

Male. Frons and vertex black; ocellar triangle with four short
bristles; palpi greyish. Occiput blackish, with a pair of bristles and
short hairs above. Antennæ black, second joint with a very short
bristle below. Thorax black, shining, with a short, somewhat ad-
pressed, brownish pubescence, behind there is a pair of longer, black
bristles. Small notopleural and a postalar bristle present. Scutellum
with two black marginal bristles and some small hairs. Pleura black,
shining. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with short, dark brown
hairs. Venter black. Legs black, anterior femora more or less brown
at the apex, front tibiæ yellowish brown, middle tibiæ more or less
brown and hind tibiæ brown towards the apex; tarsi brown. Legs
short-haired with brownish hairs; front femora with a small bristle

Fig. 117. Wing of B. pusilla.

at the apex on the posterior side, and middle femora with a similar
bristle on the anterior side. Tibiæ without apical spurs. Wings hya-

17*

260 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

line or almost hyaline. Veins blackish; the cubital vein curved dis-
tinctly downwards towards the apex; the discai vein thin from the
base to somewhat behind the discai cross-vein, outwards to this cross-
vein it has a distinct curve with the convex side downwards; the
cross-veins are near to each other; the apical part of the postical
vein somewhat suddenly thin ; a very thin anal vein indicated. Bal-
teres blackish.

Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 1,5 — 1,7 mm.

This little species resembles exilis, but is distinguished by the
almost hyaline wings, the cubital vein which is curved downwards
and not thin at the apex, and the distinct curve of the discai vein;
also the front coxæ are not yellow, at most a little paler at the
apex.

D. pusilla is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a
male and a female, are known, one from Westermann's coUection,
labelled Copenhagen, and one taken on Langeland at Lohals on '"^h 1909
(the author).

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the
north to southern Sweden.

21. Stilpon Loew.

Very small species of partly dark, partly yellow colour. Head
about as broad as thorax, short but high, much higher than broad.
Occiput a little arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes large and
high; above they are well separated in both sexes, and they do not
go nearer to each other downwards, so that the frons has the same
breadth above and below and the margins are parallel; below the
antennæ the eyes are touching in both sexes, and the facets are
here a little enlarged likewise in both sexes. The hind margin of
the eyes are curved slightly forwards; the incision in the anterior
margin is distinct. The eyes are densely short-haired. On the vertex

Vig. 118. Antenna of S. graminum. x 100,

there are three ocelli and a couple (four) of ocellar bristles. The an-
tennæ are inserted near to each other a little below the middle; I

Empididae. • 261

could only see four joints; the basal joints are short, the third joint
also short, somewhat compressed, it tapers on the dorsal side near
the apex into a short process which bears a long, straight, unjointed
arista ^ Epistoma is very small ; the jowls do not descend below the eyes.
Proboscis is short, stretched downwards and a little inwards, and
the apex is curved a little inwards; there are one-jointed, compressed
maxillary palpi, with strong bristles at the apex, but for the rest I
have not been able to examine the mouth parts more particularly;
probably they resemble those in Drapetis. Thorax is rectangular, but
only slightly elongated and not much arched above; pro- and meta-
thorax small. There are no bristles on the disc, but a posthumeral
and a pair of notopleural bristles. Scutellum has two marginal bristles.
Metapleura pruinose, but without hairs. Abdomen short and robust;
I think it consists of eight segments, but in the male they are not to
be counted. The male genitalia form a small forceps. In the female
eight abdominal segments are visible, and abdomen is pointed. The
legs are short; the front femora strongly thickened; the middle tibiæ
are relatively short, considerably shorter than the femora. The legs
are short-haired and with a few bristles ; the tibiæ without apical spurs.
There are two claws, two pulvilli and a very small empodium. The
wings narrow, the subcostal vein very short, the radial vein termina-

Fig. 119. Wing of S. graminum.

ting before the middle of the wing; the cubital vein unforked, thus
one cubital cell; the discai vein likewise unforked, thus three posterior
cells; no discai cell; the lower branch of the postical vein wanting
and no anal vein present; first basal cell short and narrow, second
longer and much broader. No stigma. Axillary lobe somewhat devel-
oped. No alula. Alar squamula very small, a little fringed at the
margin.

The developmental stages are not known.

^ It will thus be seen, as also shown by tig. IIS, that the arista is not in reality
dorsal, but seen with a lens it looks so, because the process from the third
joint is then taken to be the basal part of the arista, and also because the
hairs on the lower side of the third joint seem to form part of the joint; in
reality there is only a slight difference between the facts here and in D. ater-
rima, while in setigera the arista is more distinctly terminal.

262 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

The very small species of this genus occur on fields and meadows,
generally near water.

The genus comprises 3 palæarctic species; one is hitherto found
in Denmark.

1. S. graminum Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 15, 21. (Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 72, 10. {Tachydromia), et 1838. VII, 95, 11. (Tachypeza).

— 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 320, 10. (Tachypeza). — 1859. Loew, Neue
Beitr. zurKenntn. d. Dipt. VI, 43, 11. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 95. (DrapetisJ.

— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 274.

Male. Vertex and frons grey; palpi pale, yellow. Occiput grey
with some black bristles above. Antennæ yellow, the third joint and
the arista dark brown. Thorax black, but the colour more or less
hidden by a dense grey i)ruinosity, and further there is a short, pale
pubescence. A posthumeral and a pair of notopleural bristles present,
all black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura black,
shining, but grey pruinose above. Abdomen dirty yellowish, with
scarcely perceptible, pale hairs. Venter of the same colour. The ex-
terior genitalia black. Legs yellow, tarsi a little brownish towards
the ends. The legs short-haired with yellowish hairs; the front and
hind femora with somewhat fine, longish hairs below; the middle fe-
mora with about three a little stronger bristles, and with a black
bristle at the apex on the anterior side; the middle tibiæ distinctly
haired above and below. Wings somewhat narrow, a little brownish
tinged. Veins brown; the discai vein thin from the base to the postical
cross-vein. Halteres yellow.

Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen generally a little
paler; ovipositor black.

Length 1,3 mm.

S. graminum is not rare in Denmark, but it has, however, not
been taken many times, probably on account of its smallness; at Ler-
søen by Copenhagen and at Sorø Sø; my dates are ^^U to June. At
Sorø Sø I took it with the sieve from flood refuse on ^^U, so thai it
might be thought to have hibernated.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

22. Tacliypeza Meig.

Species of a somewhat small size and a slender shape, and of
dark colours. Head about as broad as thorax, somewhat elongated,

Empididae. 263

higher than broad. Occiput somewhat conical, with a few bristles
above. Eyes high; they are in both sexes separated above the an-
tennæ, leaving a narrow frons between them; below tiie antennæ tiiey
are touching, and the facets are here in both sexes a httle enlarged;
the hind margin is a little incurved, the Iower posterior corner drawn
a little out backwards. The incision in the middle of the inner eye-
margin distinct. In the living specimens the eyes are brown and a little
metallic. There are three ocelli, placed somewhat forwards, so that
the upper posterior corner of the eye lies somewhat behind the ocelli.
No ocellar bristles. The antennæ are inserted somewhat near to each

Fig. 120. Antennæ of T. nuUla. x 100.

other, aboiit in the middle; they are four-jointed, the basal joint is
very short, almost ring-like, the second somewhat longer, the third ovate,
compressed and terminating with a long, unjointed arista, forming the
fourth joint. Epistoma is very small on account of the touching eyes.
Jowls not developed. Proboscis short, stretched downwards and more
or less inwards (backwards). Glypeus consists of two small lists. La-
brum is as long as labium, semitubular or almost tubular, strong, high
at the base and three-pointed at the apex, the lateral lobes are some-
what hook-shaped, the median broad and rounded, beset with spines
below; hypopharynx is a lancet-shaped blade, as long as the labrum,
pointed and with a pair of spines below at the apex. There are no
maxillæ, but ovate, compressed, one-jointed maxillary palpi, with strong
bristles at the apex. Labium has somewhat large labella with some
bristles, they are not cleft quite to their base, and between them
there is a relatively large, median lobe. Thorax is elongated, rect-
angular, a little narrowed in front, and not much arched above; the
humeri are distinctly marked off by an impressed furrow. Pro- and
metathorax are small, the latter however visible as a narrow rim be-
hind the postscutellum. There are uniserial dorsocentral and biserial
acrostichal bristles on the disc, but they are very small, almost puncti-
form and scarcely observable; there are two notopleural bristles.
Scutellum with two marginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen
somewhat slender; it consists of eight segments, but the last is small
and hidden; the first dorsal segment is very short, and there is no
chitinised first ventral segment. The male genitalia are somewhat
large; they consist {nubila) of a large ventral piece, and above it lies
a pair of complicated, not symmetricai lamellæ, and perhaps still a

264 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

pair of lamellæ inwards; the genitalia are somewhat different in the
various species. In the female tlie abdomen is pointed, and the eighth
segment terminates with two thin styles. The legs are long and slen-
der, the hind legs longest, the front legs the shortest; the front coxæ
a little elongated; the front femora are thickened in both sexes, also
the middle femora are a httle thickened; sometimes also the front
tibiæ are somewhat thickened, and then most in the male; the tarsi
are long. Front and middle femora have two rows of very short
spines below, between which the tibiæ can be laid up. For the rest
the legs are short-haired and with very few bristles. Tibiæ without, or
the anterior tibiæ with very small apical spurs. There are two claws,
two pulvilli and a small, linear empodium with bristles below. Wings

Fig. 121. Wing of T. nubila.

with the mediastinal vein short and weak, not reaching the margin;
the cubital vein unforked and thus one cubital cell; the discai vein
likewise miforked and thus three posterior cells; no discai cell; the
lower branch of the postical vein present and somewhat recurrent,
but no anal vein or anal cell is present; the basal cells long, the se-
cond a little longer than the first. No stigma. The axillary lobe
somewhat developed, the axillary angle very shallow. No alula, the
margin here a little fringed. Alar squamula very small, fringed at the
margin.

The developmental stages are not known. Boie mentions (Stett.
Ent. Zeitg. VIII, 1847, 331), that he has bred a Tachydromia from
flowers of Bidens cernuus; the species might belong to the pre-
sent or the following genus, but there is no doubt some mistake
here.

The species of this genus are rather characteristic by their
elongated shape, and also by their behaviour; they occur especially
on the stems of trees and on boards, and they are here seen run-
ning swiftly about with the wings parallel over abdomen, but they
fly rarely. I have never taken them with prey, but they are known
to be raptorial, as is also indicated by the shape of the anterior legs.
Poulton records in the work cited above T. nuhila with Cecidomyia sp.
as prey.

Empididae. 265

Of the genus 6 to 9 species are known from the palæarctic region
(tiiree are doubtful); two have hitiierto been found in Denmark.

Tahle of Species.

1. Thorax somewhat shining; wings brown with base and

apex hyaline ; front tibiæ not thickened 1 . fnscipennis.

— Thorax pruinose, dull; wings with the cubital and the ba-
sal part of the postical vein brownish searaed ; front tibiæ
somewhat thickened 2. nubila.

1. T. fuscipennis Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 14, 19 {TacMjdromia). — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 71, 5 {Tachydromia), et 1838. VII, 95, 6. — 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 315, 4. — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau. XIV,
14, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 93. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 275.

Male. Frons and vertex greyish black; palpi whitish, with black
bristles. Occiput grey, with a few black bristles above, and densely
beset with whitish hairs below, the hairs forming a longitudinal stripe
on each side. Antennæ yellow. Thorax black, somewhat shining,
with a slight and very short pubescence. There are two black, noto-
pleural bristles. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura
black, shining, a little pruinose downwards and towards behind. Ab-
domen blackish brown or brownish, with a very sparse and short,
pale pubescence. Venter similarly coloured, the last ventral segment
with long hairs. The exterior genitalia black. Legs yellow, on the
hind legs the femora, the tibiæ except the base and the tarsi, except
the base of the metatarsus, brownish; also the anterior tibiæ may be
a little brownish. Front tibiæ not thickened, slightly curved, and also
the middle tibiæ very slightly curved. The legs are short-haired with
pale hairs, the middle coxæ and the base of the middle femora have
a few blackish bristles; the front femora with a short, dense pube-
scence below. Wings more or less brown with the base and the
apex clear, thus they may also be described as having a broad, brown
middle band; the colour is darkest towards the anterior margin. Veins
paler or darker brownish. Halteres whitish yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; the ovipositor black; the bristles be-
low the base of the middle femora stronger.

Length 2,8 to fuUy 3,5 mm.

T. fuscipennis is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens,
a male and three females; vicinity of Copenhagen, Ordrup and on
Lolland at Maribo; the dates are ^h—^'^li. It occurs generally on the
stems of trees.

266 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to north-
ern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. T. nubila Meig.

1804. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 239, 9. {Tachydromia). — 1860.
Loew, Zeitschr. fur Entom. Breslau, XIV. 12, 2. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 275. — Tachydromia nervosa: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 72,
8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 94. — Tachypeza nervosa: 1838. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. VII, 59, 9. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 317, 6. — Tachydromia
truncorum, (non Fall.) : 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 71, 6. — Tachypeza
truncorum (non Fall.): 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 95, 7.

Male. Vertex and frons grey; palpi yellowish, with black bristles
at the apex. Occiput grey, with a few black bristles above, and
dense white hairs below. Antennæ yellow, apex and the arista
generally dark. Thorax brownish grey pruinose, duU; there are
two black notopleural bristles. Scutellum with two black marginal
bristles. Pleura brownish grey pruinose. Abdomen black, somewhat
shining, sometimes brownish black; it has very short, pale hairs. Ven-
ter similarly coloured and haired, but the hairs towards the apex
darker; the last ventral segment with longer, dark hairs. Legs paler
or darker yellow, front femora with a dark patch above or on the
posterior side and with a black stripe below, middle and hind femora
more or less brownish on the apical part; front tibiæ black except
the base, and the base of the front metatarsi black, hind tibiæ with
the apex black and with a more or less distinct, brownish ring near
the base. The front tibiæ are straight, considerably thickened, the
middle tibiæ straight. The legs are short-haired with yellowish hairs;
the middle coxæ and the base of the middle femora with a few
black bristles, the front coxæ with a spine at the apex on the posterior
side. Wings slightly brownish; the cubital and the basal part of the
postical vein with a broad seam. Veins brown or blackish. Halteres whit-
ish yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but the front femora with no black
stripe below, the front tibiæ less thickened and the metatarsi not
black at the base.

Length 2,8—3,5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from fnscipennis besides by the
colour of the wings also by the very different shape of the front
tibiæ.

T. nubila is very common in Denmark, running on the stems of
trees; vicinity of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven,
Bøllemosen, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde and at Sorø; on Langeland

Empididae. 267

at Lohals; in Jutland in Vejle Nørreskov, at Hald near Viborg and
at Frederikshavn, and finally on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are

12/6_25/.,_

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy: towards
the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland.

23. Taehista Loew.

Small species of black colour, and with blackish banded or varie-
gated wings. — The whole structure of the body in this genus quite
agrees with that in Tachypeza. The generic distinction lies in the
wings, the lower branch of the postical vein being totally absent.
For the rest I find only the following differences (at all events so far
as concerns the Danish species): Small ocellar bristles present, or
(annulimana) wanting; more or less distinct dorsocentral and acro-
stichal bristles present, the former sometimes long and strong behind,
the latter scarcely observable, practically absent; humeral bristles
sometimes, and postalar bristles always present. Scutellum with two
or four marginal bristles.

The developmental stages are not known (see above under
l^achypeza).

The species of this genus are very characteristic and easily known
by their banded wings. They are generally seen running on stems
and boards like the species of Tachypeza, and they show the same
behaviour; they have the wings lying flat over the abdomen and
are not unlike small Hemipters. Some species are found running on
the ground or in the sand at the horders of water and at the sea-
shore.

Of the genus 18 species (one doubtful) are found in the palæ-
arctic region; 4 have hitherto been found in Denmark.

Table of Species.

1. A greyish white spot above the front coxæ 2.

— No greyish white spot above the front coxæ 2. annulimana.

2. Wings only brownish at the apex 4. terricola.

— Wings more blackish marked 3.

3. Wings with two blackish bands 1. arrogans.

— Wings blackish, with the base white and a hyafine spot

in the second posterior cell 3. sabulosa.

1. T. arrogans L.

1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1857 (Musca). — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III,
68, 1 {Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 312, 1 {Tachypeza).

— 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fur Entom. Breslan, XIV, 20, 4. — 1862. Schin.

268 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

F. A. I, 93 {Tachydromia). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 276. — Musca
cimicoides: 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 447,61. — Tachydromia cimicoides :
1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 144, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 93.

Male. Frons and vertex black, shining: palpi whitish haired, with
a black bristle at the apex. Occiput black, shining, with a few black
bristles above. Antennæ yellow, the third joint and the arista blackish
or brown. Thorax black, shining, a little æneous, with very short,
black hairs. A notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both black.
Scutellum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura black shining;
the propleural part whitish grey pruinose, so that there is a triangular,
whitish grey spot above the front coxæ. Abdomen black, shining,
with short, brownish hairs. Venter similarly coloured, the hairs longer
and darker. Legs yellow; the front coxæ whitish pruinose anteriorly,
the posterior coxæ black or brown ; the anterior feniora more or less
blackish or brownish above and at the apex, the tibiæ, except the
base, blackish; hind legs except the base of the tibiæ, and sometimes
also of the femora, black or blackish; the last tarsal joints blackish.
The front femora somewhat, the middle femora slightly thickened.
The legs are short-haired with pale hairs, on the postero-ventral side
of the hind femora a few longer hairs; the anterior femora with the

Fig. 122. Wing of T. arrogans.

ordinary rows of short spines below. Wings hyaline, with two broad,
blackish bands. Veins dark brown; the radial vein distant from the
margin, curved almost rectangularly upwards at the apex. Halteres
white.

Female. With exception of the pointed abdomen quite similar
to the male.

Length 2,2 — 2,7 mm.

T. arrogans is a very common species in Denmark, generally
occurring on stems and on boards and walls, but also in herbage,
generally on humid ground ; vicinity of Copenhagen, Amager, Ørholm,
Nordskoven at Jægerspris, Rørvig and at Skelskør; on Langeland at
Lohals; on Funen at Hoffmansgave and Strib; in Jutland at Sminge
near Silkeborg, Gjerlev near Randers Fjord, Hald near Viborg and at
Bangsbo near Frederikshavn. My dates are ^^Ig—^^Is.

Empididae. 269

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Italy ; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2, T. annulimana Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 69, 2 (Tachydromia) , et 1838. VII, 95,3
{Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, XIV, 28, 10. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 93 (Tachydromia). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II,
276. — Tachypeza alhitarsis: 1842. Zett. Scand. I, 313, 2.

Male. Vertex and frons black, shining, the latter duU above the
antennæ. Palpi large, with long, whitish yellow hairs and a black
bristle at the apex. Occiput grey priiinose with a few black bristles
above, and with white hairs below. Antennæ black or brown, the
basal joints reddish. Thorax black, shining, with short, black hairs,
the two last hairs in each dorsocentral row are strong bristles, so
that there are four strong bristles posteriorly on the disc. A noto-
pleural and a postalar bristle present, both black and strong. Scutel-
lum with four black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining, the
propleural parts not grey, so that there is no grey spot above the
front coxæ. Abdoinen black, shining, with short, brownish hairs.
Venter of the same colour, the hairs towards the apex a little longer
and darker. Legs black and yellowish; the front coxæ yellow, the
posterior coxæ black, front femora black, with the base and apex
yellowish, sometimes also yellowish in the middle, so that there are
two blackish rings; middle femora yellowish, a little brownish above;
anterior tibiæ blackish, with the base narrowly yellowish; the hind
legs blackish, except the base of the tibiæ; all tarsi with the two first
joints yellow or whitish yellow with dark apex, the three last joints
blackish. Front femora strongly thickened, middle femora moderately
thickened; front tibiæ somewhat thickened, middle tibiæ with a broad,
inwards curved tooth at the apex on the ventral side. Anterior
femora with rows of long, yellow hairs below, but without spines;
middle femora with a black bristle at the apex on the antero-dorsal,
and a shorter and weaker on the postero-dorsal side; for the rest
the legs short-haired, only on the postero-ventral side of the hind
femora a few longer hairs on the basal half. Wings hyaline, with two
blackish brown bands as in arrogans, but the hyaline band between
them broader. Veins dark brown, the radial vein curved in the middle
and lying much nearer to the costa than in arrogans. Balteres white.

Female. Similar to the male; the front femora a little less
thickened, and broadly yellow at the base, and the hairs below the
anterior femora shorter; the middle tibiæ simple, and the bristles at
the apex of the middle femora small.

270 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Length 2,5 — 3 mm.

This species greatly resembles arrogmis at first sight, but it is
easily recognised by the absence of the grey spot above the front
coxæ, by the bristles on thorax and the radial vein lying nearer to
the costa, further by the want of the short spines below the anterior
femora but instead with longer hairs, and in the male by the tooth
at the apex of the middle tibiæ.

T.annulimana is rarer in Denmark than arrogans; at Lersøen,
Sorø, Tisvilde, Frederikssund and in Nordskoven at Jægerspris; in
Jutland at Sminge near Silkeborg and at Bangsbo near Frederikshavn,
and fmally on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are ^^k — ^^h. It occurs
in the same way as arrogans.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Italy ; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

3. T. sabulosa Meig.

1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 342, 56 (Tachydromia) , et 1838. VII,
95, 12 {Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fur Entom. Breslau, XIV,
17, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 93 {Tachydromia). — Tachypeza fene-
strata: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 318, 7.

Male. Vertex and frons black, shining; palpi with whitish yellow
hairs and a black bristle at the apex. Occiput grej'ish pruinose above,
black, shining downwards ; it has black bristles above, whitish bristles
downwards. Antennæ brownish with the base yellow. Thorax greyish
pruinose, it has distinct, but short, black dorsocentral bristles. There
are about three humeral bristles, a stronger and a pair of weaker
notopleural and a postalar bristle, all black. Scutellum with four
black marginal bristles. Pleura black, shining; the propleural parts
whitish grey pruinose, thus there is a whitish grey, triangular spot
above the front coxæ; also the hypopleura grey pruinose. Abdomen
greyish pruinose, with short hairs. Venter blackish, with a little
longer, dark hairs. Legs blackish ; front coxæ yellowish, greyish pruinose
on the anterior side; the anterior femora yellowish at the base and
more broadly at the apex; the anterior tibiæ yellowish on the basal
part; hind femora a little yellowish at the apex, and the tibiæ at the
base. Sometimes the anterior femora are more broadly yellowish at
base and apex, the black colour then forming a broad ring in the
middle. The black parts of the legs are slightly pruinose. Front
femora much thickened in such a way, that there is a large swelling
in the middle on the postero-ventral side; the middle femora some-
what thickened; the middle tibiæ curved a little inwards at the apex.
The legs are short-haired, the anterior femora have the ordinary

Empididae. 271

rows of short spines below, the middle femora a few longer hairs
below at the base, and the hind femora are distinctly haired below.
Wings blackish brown with about the basal third part hyaline, some-
what white, and with a hyaline spot in the second posterior cell,
stretching also a little above the discai vein, or also the first posterior
cell almost quite hyaline. Veins brown. Halteres white.

Female. Similar to the male, but the anterior femora less thickened,
and the middle tibiæ not curved at the apex.

Length about 2,5 mm.

This species is at once recognised by the colour of the wings,
and in the male by the strongly swoUen front femora. As Zetterstedt
says: „Stæg. in litt." the name f enestrata was due to Stæger.

T. sahulosa is rare in Denmark and has hitherto only been taken
in Jutland at Silkeborg (as mentioned by Zetterstedt) and at Frederiks-
havn (Th. Mortensen), six specimens in all ; it has been taken in July.
It occurs running in the sand at the horders of streams and at the
sea-shore.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into Germany; its northern limit lies in Denmark.

4. T.terricola Zett.

1819. Zett. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1819, 81, 34 {Tachydromia). —
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 72, 9 {Tachydromia). — 1823. Fall. Dipt.
Suec. Suppl. I, 6, 20—21 {Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
320, 9, et 1849. VIII, 3011, 9 {Tachypeza). — 1860. Loew, Zeitschr. fur
Entom. Breslau, XIV, 17, 1. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 277.

Male. Frons and vertex black, shining, the former narrow; palpi
somewhat short, yellow haired, with a black bristle at the apex.
Occiput black, shining, with a few black bristles above. Antennæ
yellow, the arista slightly darker. Thorax black, shining, with very
short, black hairs. A notopleural and a postalar bristle present, both
black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles. Pleura black,
shining; the propleural parts whitish pruinose, so that there is a
large, whitish spot above the front coxæ. Abdomen black, shining,
with short, brownish hairs. Venter black. Exterior genitalia and the
last ventral segment with somewhat long, dark hairs. Legs yellow;
sometimes the tibiæ and the hind femora at the apex a little brownish;
the front tarsi with the apex of the metatarsus and the whole fourth
and fifth joint brown; on the posterior tarsi the apex of the three
first joints and the two last joints quite or almost quite brown. The
anterior femora only slightly thickened; the middle femora at ;the
base with a little excision, beset with blackish bristles. For the rest

272 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

the legs short-haired with yellowish hairs; the middle tibiæ a little
bent at the apex and with a small, tooth-like process on the ventral
side. Wings hyaline; the apex above the cubital vein from a little
before the end of the radial vein more or less dark brownish fumigated.
Veins brown or blackish brown, the cubital vein indistinctly brownish
seamed. Balteres whitish yellow,

The female I do not know, according to the descriptions it mainly
resembles the male.

Length fully 2 mm.

T. terricola is very rare in Denmark, there has only been taken
ene specimen, viz. the one mentioned by Zetterstedt 1. c. VIII, and
sent to him from Stæger under the name Tachypeza apicata n. sp.
It was a female, and it was taken on ^^/g 1848. The species is at
present not represented in our collection. According to Zetterstedt
the species occurs on shores and at horders of lakes and streams, run-
ning in the sand and on the ground, and here very Kable to escape
observation. Loew mentions 1. c, that he has only taken it below
green turfs.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden.

24. Claphpopeza Macq.

Small yellow and blackish species. Head about globular, nar-
rower than thorax; occiput arched, with a few bristles above. Eyes
large, in both sexes separated above the antennæ, leaving a narrow
frons between them; below the antennæ they are touching in both
sexes. The facets are of equal size. The incision in the inner eye-
margin distinct; the hind margin with a shallow incision. The eyes
are microscopically haired. In the living specimens the eyes are
brown, slightly metallic. Three ocelli and ocellar bristles are present.

Fig. 123. Antenna of E. ephippiata. x 90.

The antennæ are inserted near to each other, in the middle; they
are five-jointed, the basal joint very short, the second a little longer,
the third is conical and bears a long, two-jointed arista, which is
directed somewhat downwards, and with the basal joint very short.
Epistoma is very short on account of the touching eyes; jowls not
developed. Proboscis is short, directed downwards; the maxillary
palpi one-jointed, compressed. The mouth parts I have otherwise

Empididae. 273

not been able to examine. Thorax is slightly elongated, almost qua-
dratic; pro- and metathorax small. The thoracic disc is only clothed
with short hairs, which are, however, divided into dorsocentral and
acrostichal hairs by two narrow, bare stripes. A notopleural bristle,
a supraalar and a postalar bristle present. Scutellum with two mar-
ginal bristles. Metapleura bare. Abdomen consists of eight segments,
but the last are in the male hidden; the exterior genitalia in the
male are somewhat large, and resemble those in Tachtjpeza. In the
female the abdomen is pointed, and it terminates with two small,
styhform lamellæ. The legs are somewhat slender, the front coxæ
almost not elongated; they are short-haired, with few bristles. The
front tibiæ have small apieal spurs. There are two claws, two pulvilli,
and a small, somewhat claw-shaped empodium. Wings with the

Fig. 124. Wing of E. ephijypiata.

mediastinal vein short, not reaching the margin; the subcostal and the
radial vein likewise short, the first terminating before the middle of
the wing; the cubital vein unforked, one cubital cell; the discai vein
likewise unforked and three posterior cells; no discai cell; the lower
branch of the postical vein and the anal vein wanting, thus no anal
cell. No stigma. First basal cell short, the second much longer.
Axillary lobe small, the axillary angle very shallow. No alula, the
margin here fringed. Alar squamula very small and narrow, with a
few long hairs.

The developm ental stages are not known.

The small species occurs mainly in woods in low herbage.

To the genus only one palæarctic species belongs, also occurring
in Denmark.

1. E. ephippiata Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 11, 14 (Taehydromia) . — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 65,8, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 10 {Hemer odromia). — 1842. Zett.
Dipt. Scand. I, 326,1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 95. — 1903. Kat. paliiarkt.
Dipt. II, 278.

Male. Vertex and frons brownlsh black: palpi yellow. Occiput
dark brown or blackish, with pale brownish bristles and hairs. Antennæ

18

274 Orthorrhapha brachycera. ,

yellow, the third joint and the arista brownish. Thorax yellow or
reddish yellow, shining, with two black or brownish black stripes
behind, one on each side, in front of the scutellum. The disc is
uniformly clothed with yellow hairs, but two narrow, bare stripes
indicate a division into dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs; the inner-
most row of the former (the real dorsocentral hairs) are longer behind.
A notopleural bristle, a supraalar and a postalar bristle present, all
yellow, Scutellum black, with two yellow or brown marginal bristles.
Pleura yellow, hypopleura black above the hind coxæ. Abdomen
black or blackish, pale at the base, and also sometimes at the apex
in front of the genitalia. Venter similarly coloured or almost quite
pale. Abdomen is clothed with yellow hairs, which are long at the
hind margin of the last visible segment; at the sides of the middle
segments (fourth and fifth) there are curious, broad, scaly, dark hairs.
Venter with short, pale hairs. Legs yellow, the last tarsal joint
brownish. The hind tibiæ slightly thickened just at the apex. The
femora with fine, longish hairs below, the front femora with a small
bristle at the apex on the anterior and one on the posterior side,
the middle femora with a stronger bristle on the anterior side; the
tibiæ with line hairs above and below, longest on the hind tibiæ;
these latter with a pair of bristles on the dorsal side. All hairs pale
yellow. Wings hyaline. Veins brown, the basal part of the discai
vein colourless. Halteres white or whitish yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but abdomen pointed.

Length 2^2,3 mm.

E.ephippiata is not rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, at Svenstrup
between Roskilde and Ringsted; on Lolland at Maribo; in Jutland in
Greisdalen at Vejle and at Horsens, and finally on Bornholm. The
dates are in July and August. It occurs in woods and thickets on
bushes and in low herbage.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden.

25. CliepsodFOinia Walk.
Species of small to very small size (1 — 4 mm.), but of a some-
what robust shape, and of grey or blackish colours. Head a little
narrower than thorax, and a little higher than broad; occiput some-
what arched, with four or only two long bristles (vertical bristles)
above, and besides with smaller hairs. Eyes higher than broad; they
are equally separated above the antennæ in both sexes, and the facets
are of equal size; below the antennæ they are likewise separated.
The eyes are short but densely hairy, in the smaller species this is

Empididae. 275

difficult to see withoiit the microscope; their hind margin is slightly
incurved, and the Iower posterior corner is pointed. The incision in
the inner eye-niargin is distinct and not small. The vertex has three
ocelli, and some (four) bristles, or these latter are wanting. The
antennæ are inserted near to each other, about in the middle ; they

Fig. 155. Antenna of Ch. hirta. X 90.

are short, five-jointed ; the first joint is short, the second a little
longer and with bristles, which are longest below; the third joint is
ovate, dilated dovvnwards and compressed, it bears at the apex a
longer or shorter, two-jointed arista, the basal joint of which is very
short; the arista is directed somewhat downAvards. Epistoma is some-
what broad and broadened downwards, its Iower part is a little
arched; it is confluent with the jowls, which descend more or less
below the eyes. Glypeus is a small, nearly quadratic piece, excised
in the Iower margin ; it is not quite separated from the epistoma.
Proboscis is about half as long as the head is high, it is strong and
well chitinised, curved a little downwards and directed backwards,
towards the sternum. Labrum is as long as labium, strongly chitinised,
very high at the base and curved downwards towards the apex, it is here
divided into three long, claw-like points, the lateral are strong and have
a spine below in the middle, the median is less chitinized and beset
with bristles on the Iower side; hypopharynx is as long as labrum,
very strongly chitinised, black, and curved downwards with the pointed
apex; there are no maxillæ but one-jointed, ovate and compressed
maxillary palpi with long bristles. Labium has the basal part and
the labella of about equal length, the latter are cleft about to their
base, and they bear strong bristles; there is a somewhat large median
lobe between the labella. Thorax is slightly elongated, almost qua-
dratic, a little arched above. Pro- and metathorax small. Short bi-
serial acrostichal bristles are present, and generally longer uniserial
dorsocentral bristles, but these latter are fused with short hairs,
clothing the sides of the disc, and the dorsocentral bristles are some-
times not longer than the lateral hairs, and in this case they are not
distinct. A humeral bristle, a posthumeral, some notopleural, a supraalar
and a postalar bristle are present; sometimes the posthumeral bristle
is absent, and in one case (incana) there is only a notopleural bristle

18*

276 Oithorrhapha brachycera.

present in all. Scutellum with two to foiir marginal bristles, or (in-
cana) without bristles. Metapleura without hairs. Abdomen some-
wbat flattened, consisting of eight distinctly visible segments. Tbe
male genitalia are large or somewhat large, they consist of a large,
arched plate belovv, and some complicated, more or less hook-shaped
pieces above, forming a forceps. In tbe female tbe abdomen is
pointed and terminates witb two styliform lamellæ. In all species
tbe abdomen bas a fme pruinosity, which is arranged in siich a way,
tbat wben abdomen is viewed in a certain direction one balf of it
looks grey tbe other blackisb or at all events a difference in tbe
colom* is seen, tbe dividing Hne lying along tbe middle; wben ab-
domen is tben viewed in anotber direction tbe difference in tbe bue
cbanges to tbe reverse. Tbe legs are somewbat robust, not long;
front coxæ only very sligbtly elongated; front femora more or less,
but generally not mucb tbickened. Tbe legs are mainly short-baired
or a little longisb baired, and more or less beset witb bristles; tbe
tibiæ generally witb subapical or apical bristles or spurs. Tbere are
two claws, two ratber large pulvilli and a small, linear empodium
with bristles below. Wings witb tbe mediastinal vein not reacbing
tbe margin; tbe cubital vein unforked and tbus one cubital cell; tbe
discai vein likewise unforked, tbus tbree posterior cells; no discai
cell; tbe low^er brancb of tbe postical vein and tbe anal vein absent,
tbus no anal cell; tbe two basal cells of equal lengtb. No stigma.
In one species (arenaria) tbe wings are small, but witb a normal
venation. Tbe axillary lobe somewbat developed, tbe axillary angle
sballow, Alula not developed, tbe margin bere fringed. Alar squamula
very small, with long hairs at tbe margin.

Tbe developmental stages of Chersodromia are not known.

Tbese small flies are very characteristic among the Empids; w^ben
running on tbe sand they are at first sight often not recognised as
Empids, as their exterior may to some degree recall tbat of small
Muscids or Borborids. They occur on sandy sea-sbores, some species
(e. g. cursitans) may also occur at streams and lakes. Tbe Danish
species have bitberto been taken only in a few localities, but they are
probably mucb more widely distributed at our shores. In one locality
I took cursitans, difficilis, arenaria and incana together, but it was
interesting to see, tbat tbere seemed to be some difference with regard
to the exact piaces, on which they occurred; cursitans and difficilis
were especially running on tbe wet sand and quite down to the
water; the bright grey incana on the other band w^as seen a little
longer inwards, where the sand was dry and hence of white colour;
arenaria was especially running betw^een stones and in the sea-weed

Empididae. 277

on the shore, slipping along very swiftly in it. These differences
were, to be sure, not absolute, but however very marked. Most species
seem to be widely distributed, down into iSorth Africa. The species
are certainly strong robbers, which is indicated by their very power-
ful mouth parts.

Of the genus 8 species are known from the palæarctic region ; 5
are found in Denmark, but of these one species is here described as
new, the total number of species thus increasing to 9.

Tahle of Species.

1. Colour light gvey; wings miik-white 5. incana.

— Colour dark grey or blackish; wings not milk-white 2.

2. Wings small, not longer than abdomen 4. arenaria.

— Wings of ordinary size, longer than abdomen 3.

3. Halteres more or less pale; hind femora with bristles; largest

species (3 — 4 mm.) 1 . hirta.

— Halteres dark ; hind femora without bristles (except the apical

one); smaller species (1,8 — 2,4 mm.) 4.

4. Legs somewhat greyish pruinose, middle tibiæ without bristles;
radial vein terminating mucli nearer to the apex of the

subcostal than to the apex of the cubital vein 2. cursitans.

— Legs somewhat shining, middle tibiæ with some bristles;
radial vein terminating in the middle between the apex of

the subcostal and cubital vein 3. difficilis.

1. Ch. hirta Waik.

1836. Walk. Entom. Mag. III, 180 {Tachypeza). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt.
Dipt. II, 278.

Male. Frons and vertex greyish black; seen from in front the
frons is grey; epistoma blackish grey; palpi black with black bristles.
Occiput black, a little greyish, with four long bristles above, and
otherwise with short, black bristles. Antennæ black. Thorax black,
slightly greyish pruinose and slightly shining. There are short, biserial
acrostichal bristles, separated by a bare interstice from the somewhat
long, uniserial dorsocentral bristles; outwards to these latter the disc
is clothed with short hairs, and the dorsocentral bristles can only be
discerned from these by their length. A humeral bristle, a post-
humeral, some notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle present;
all hairs and bristles black. Scutellum with two black marginal bristles.
Pleura black, somewhat greyish pruinose, above the middle coxæ a
slrongly shining, polished black spot. Abdomen black, a little greyish
pruinose and slightly shining; it has short, black hairs, which are a
little longer at the hind margin of the eighth segment. Venter coloured
and haired in the same way. Exterior genitalia large, the ventral

278 Orthorrliapha brachycera.

plate black-haired. Legs black, the front femora somewhat thickened.
The front femora with a row of strong hairs above and two rows
below ; middle femora with shorter hairs below, and with bristles on
the antero-dorsal side in the apical half; hind femora with bristles
on the antero-dorsal and on the ventral side; all femora with a
strong bristle on the anterior side near the apex; front tibiæ with a
few bristles on the dorsal side, and two long, subapical bristles on
the ventral side; middle tibiæ short-haired, with a few short bristles
above and a long, subapical bristle below; hind tibiæ with long bristles
on the dorsal, anterior and ventral side in the apical two thirds, and
the hind metatarsi with a bristle in the middle on the posterior side;
for the rest the legs densely short-haired, especially the anterior tibiæ
densely ciliated below. All hairs and bristles black. Wings greyish.

Fig. 126. Wing of Ch. hirta.

a little brownish towards the anterior margin. The velns thick, brown,
the postical cross-vein quite perpendicular. Halteres yellow or reddish
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen very short-haired, and
pointed.

Length 3 — 4 mm.

In not fuUy mature specimens the legs may be somewhat brownish.

Ch. hirta has hitherto been taken only on the sea-shore at Tisvilde ;
it was present in rather great numbers, and it occurs probably also in
other piaces in Denmark at sea-shores. It was for the first time
taken in 1909 on the ^^'/7 and ^^h (the author). It was also taken
in copula.

Geographical distribution: — Europe and down into North Africa;
it is not known north of Denmark, but it occurs in England.

± Ch. cursitans Zett.
1819. Zett. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1819, 82, 36 (Empis). — 182R.
Fall. Dipt. Suec. Suppl. I, 7, 20 — 21 {Tachydromia) . — 1842. Zett. Dipt.
Scand. I, 322, 12 (Tachypeza). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 278.

Male. Frons and vertex dark grey; epistoma and palpi light grey.
Occiput greyish, with four long, black bristles above, and with short

Empididae. 279

hairs downwards, Antennæ black, the arista paler towards the apex.
Thorax black, but distinctly greyish pruinose, with irregularly biserial.
short acrostichal bristles and longer, uniserial dorsocentral bristles;
besides the sides of the disc are clothed with short hairs. Further a
humeral bristle, a posthumeral, some notopleural, a supraalar and a
postalar bristle. All hairs and bristles black. Scutellum with two
long, black marginal bristles, and a short outer bristle on each side.
Pleura grey pruinose, above the middle coxæ a strongly shining, black,
polished spot. Abdomen black, somewhat greyish pruinose, with short,
dark hairs. Venter similarly coloured and haired. Exterior genitalia
large, as broad as the last abdominal segment, slightly shining, and
terminating with some hooks. Legs black or reddish brown, some-
what greyish pruinose; the front femora only slightly thickened. The
anterior femora with fine, longish hairs below ; all femora with a
long bristle on the anterior side near the apex; the front tibiæ short-
haired with a pair of long, subapical bristles on the ventral side;
middle tibiæ densely short-ciliated below, with one ventral subapical
bristle, but otherwise without bristles; hind tibiæ with bristles on the
dorsal, anterior, and antero-ventral side; hind metatarsi considerably
longer than the second joint, with a small bristle on the posterior
side. The hairs and bristles mainly black. Wings a little brownish^,

Fig. 1'27. Wing of Ch. cursitans.

especially towards the anterior margin. The veins dark brown, the
discai vein pale from the base to a liltle beyond the postical cross-
vein; this latter a little oblique; the radial vein terminating much
nearer to the apex of the subcostal vein than to the apex of the
cubital vein. Halteres blackish, the peduncle reddish.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 1,8 — 2,4 mm,

Ch. cursitans is probably not rare in Denmark at the shores, but
it has hitherto only been taken at Vemmetofte in June 1884 (H. J.
Hansen), on Langeland at Lohals, where it was taken in great numbers
on 2/7 1909 (the author) and in Jutland at Hald Sø on the sandy
border on ^^'c 1910 (the author). It runs on the humid sand almost
quite down to the water; when chased it flies for a short distance.

280 Orthorihapha brachycera.

It was several times taken in copula. This species occurs both on
the sea-shore and on horders of fresii water,

Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto known from
Scandinavia, England and Denmark; it goes towards the north to
middle Sweden. Zetterstedt also records the species both from sea-
shores and from the horders of streams and lakes, e. g. at Wettern.

3, Ch. difficilis n. sp.

This species resembles cursitans to so high a degree that I shall
only give the differences:

Male. Occiput with only two bristles above, The acrostichal
bristles are more regularly biserial. A humeral bristle, some noto-
pleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle are present, but I could
detect no posthumeral bristle. The exterior genitalia are smaller,
narrower than the last abdominal segment, and greyish pruinose;
they terminate with an upwards curved, black, shining process, which
is dilated and spoon-shaped at the apex. The legs black or reddish
brown, sometimes still paler, somewhat shining, not pruinose; the
middle tibiæ vi^ith a pair of bristles on the dorsal side and one on the
anterior side. The hind metatarsi not much longer than the second

Fig. 128. Wing of Ch. difficilis.

joint. Wings a little greyish or brownish, a space, bordered behind
by an oblique line stretching from the base of the cubital vein to the
end of the subcostal vein and belovv by the cubital vein, is distinctly
brown; the radial vein terminates in the middle between the ends of
the subcostal and the cubital vein, at the same distance from each.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 1,8 — 2,4 mm.

This species resembles cursitans very much, but is distinguished
with certainty by the shining legs, the bristles on the middle tibiæ
and especially by the direction of the radial vein; in the male also
the genitalia are characteristically different. I was in doubt which of
the two species, the present or the foregoing, was in reality cursitans
Zett., but as Zetterstedt mentions expressly the grev legs, I think

Empididae. 281

there can be no doubt, that the preceding species is cursitans; nor
does Zetterstedt mention the distinct brownish colour on the wings.

Ch.difficUis seems to be as common in Denmark as cursitans; it
has hitherto only been taken on the sea-shore at Vemmetofte in June
1884 (H. J. Hansen), at Tisvilde and on Langeland at Lohals in 1909
on ^/t — ^^/t (the author). At Lohals it was as frequent as cursitans
and found running in company with this in quite the same way, and
it was also taken in copula.

Geographical distribution : — Besides in Denmark the species also
occurs in England according to specimens sent to me from Mr.
Verrall.

4. Ch. arenaria Hal.

1833. Hal. Entom. Mag. I, 161 (Tachijpeza) . — 1835. Walk. Entom.
Mag. III, 180 {Tachypeza). — 1903. Kai. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 278. — Tachy-
peza bt-evipennis : 1838, Zett. Ins. Lapp. 548, 8, et 1842. Dipt. Scand. I,
323, 13, et 1859. XIII, 4996, 13.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma and palpi of the same
colour. Occiput likewise grey, with four long, black bristles above
and with shorter hairs downwards. Antennæ blackish brown or brown.
Thorax grey, with short, biserial acrostichal bristles, and longer,
uniserial dorsocentral bristles; the sides of the disc with short hairs.
Further a humeral bristle, some notopleural, a small supraalar and a
postalar bristle. All the hairs and bristles black. Scutellum with
two black marginal bristles. Pleura grey pruinose, above the middle
coxæ a small, black, shining, polished spot. Abdomen black, slightly
greyish pruinose, with short, dark hairs. Venter of the same colour,
with a little longer hairs. Exterior genitalia not large. Legs more
or less dark to almost blackish ferruginous, somewhat shining; the
front femora somewhat thickened. The femora with short, fine hairs
below, and the hind femora with a few bristles at the apex below;
all femora with a bristle at the apex on the anterior side; the anterior
tibiæ short-haired, the front tibiæ with a pair, the middle tibiæ with
one ventral subapical bristle; the hind tibiæ with bristles on the
dorsal, anterior and aiitero-ventral side in the apical half. The hairs
dark brownish or blackish, the bristles black. The wings small and
short, not longer than abdomen, somewhat brownish, especially to-
wards the anterior margin, the base of the subcostal cell clearer (as
in difficilis). The veins brown, the discai vein pale from the base to
considerably beyond the postical cross-vein. Halteres brown or blackish
brown, the peduncle paler. '

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen longer and pointed.

282 Orthorrhapha brachyceia.

Length 1,3—2 mm.

Ch. arenaria is probably common at our sea-shores, it has hitlierto
been taken at Tisvilde and on Lanc^eland at Lohals on ^ii — ^'^ii 1909

Fig. 129. Wing of Ch. arenaria.

(the author); it was present in great numbers together with the tiiree
preceding species. It is especially found running in the sea-weed on
the shore among which it slips swiftly, and it seems never to fly, for
which, I think, the wings are not sufficiently developed.

Geographical distribution: — Scandinavia, Denmark and England;
it goes towards the north to northern Sweden but it is not known
south of Denmark and England.

5. Ch. incana Walk.
1851. Walk. Ins. Brit. I, 138, 3. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 278.

Male. Frons and vertex grey ; epistoma and palpi whitish grey.
Occiput grey, only with short hairs, but without bristles. Antennæ
blackish or brownish, arista short. Thorax light grey, the disc clothed
with short, white hairs, which are divided by two bare stripes into
biserial acrostichal hairs and dorsocentral hairs, which latter are fused
with the hairs on the sides. There is one white notopleural bristle,
but I could detect no other bristles. Scutellum without bristles.
Pleura light grey, above the middle coxæ a more or less distinct,
very small, black, polished spot. Abdomen light grey, venter of the
same colour; some small white hairs are seen only at the sides. Legs
blackish, a little greyish pruinose; the knees more or less reddish;
generally the hind tibiæ and especially the metatarsi pale. The front
femora a little thickened. The legs are short-haired ; the anterior
femora with fme, short hairs below; the front tibiæ with a pair of
ventral subapical bristles, the middle tibiæ with a pair of bristles
near the apex; the hind tibiæ with a few bristles at the apex on the
dorsal and anterior side. The wings somewhat milk-white. Veins
pale brown. Halteres whitish.

Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 1,2 — 1,6 mm.

Empididae. 283

Ch. incana will certainly be found to be common in many piaces
at our sea-shores; it has hitherto only been taken in 1909 at Tisvilde,
on Langeland at Lohals (the aiithor) and on Funen at Strib (Th.
Mortensen); my dates are Vt — ^7^- 1^ was present in great numbers
running together with the other species of CJiersodromia, and it was
taken several times in copula. This beautiful species was seen
especially at a little longer distance from the water than the other
species, where the sand was dry; in this place its light grey colour
coincided well with the colour of the sand, so that it w^as not easily
seen.

Geographical distribution:— Europe and down into northern Africa;
it is not known north of Denmark and England.

Remarks: Becker suggests (Zeitschr. fur syst. Hymenopt. und Dipt.
VII, 1907, 1 19) that the present species may be identical with spectilifera
Walk. ; 1 have determined my species by comparison with specimens
of incana sent to me from Mr. Verrall ; they agree in all respects, and
all have a black, polished spot on the pleura, but it is small and not
very distinct.

26. Symballophtlialinus Beck.

This genus is in most respects quite similar to the following genus
Tachydromia, I shall therefore only give the differences. The head is
globular, not higher than broad. The eyes are in both sexes touching
above the antennæ for a long distance; the facets in the front part of
the eye areenlarged; below the antennæ the eyes are separated. In the
living specimens the eyes are bluish violet. The antennæ are inserted
distinctly below the middle; the third joint has another shape than in

Fig. 130. Antenna of S. dissimilis. X 130.

Tachydromia^ its upper margin is straight so that it is dilated only
downwards. The maxillary palpi are not squamiform but band-shaped.
Epistoma is not narrow, and it is somewhat short. Thorax and ab-
domen as in Tachydromia. the former with somewhat indistinct
uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal bristles. One notopleural
bristle present. Scutellum with six bristles. The legs somewhat
slender; the femora not thickened, and the middle tibiæ without

284 Orthorrhapha biachycera.

apical spine. The legs are mainly short-haired, and there is no siich
arinature on the niiddle legs as in Tachijdromia. Wings alniost with-
out axillary lobe, and the axillary angle very shallow.

The developrnental stages are not known.

Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den-
mark.

1. S. dissimilis Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 9, 9 {Tachydromia). — 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 85, 41 {Tachydromia). — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1,
308, 44 {Tachydromia). — Macroptera pictipes: 1889. Beck. Wien. Ent.
Zeitg. VIII, 80, Tab. I, Fig. 3 — 5. — Symhallophthalmiis pictipes: 1889.
Beck. 1. c. 285. — Symballophthahnus cyanophthalmus: 1893. Strobl, Mittheil.
Ver. Steierm. 1892, 123.

Male. Vertex black; epistoma blackish, dull above, shining below,
Palpi yellow. Occiput greyish black, with white hairs which are some-
what long above. Antennæ yellowish or brownish. Thorax black or
brownish black, shining, with short, pale hairs which form indistinct
dorsocentral and acrostichal rows. One long, yellow notopleural bristle
present. Scutellum with six fine, yellow marginal bristles. Pleura
black or brownish black, somewhat shining. Abdomen black, the
basal part yellowish; it is clothed with longish, pale yellowish hairs.
Venter similarly coloured and halred. Legs yellow, the apex of the
hind femora, the hind tibiæ and all tarsi brownish, sometimes the
base of the metatarsi paler. The legs are short-haired with yellowish
hairs, the femora with a little longer hairs below; the front metatarsi
with long, somewhat bristle-like hairs on the posterior side. Wings
hyaline, the subcostal cell somewhat yellowish. The veins pale brown.
Halteres pale yellowish.

Female. Similar to the male; the front metatarsi without long
hairs; abdomen pointed.

Length 2 — 2,5 mm.

Remarks: The statements by the various authors with regard to
the colour of the antennæ and legs are somewhat different, the species
may evidently vary somewhat in this respect, the colour of the
brownish parts being lighter or darker to blackish.

S. dissimilis is rare in Denmark, only five specimens have been
taken many years ago in Charlottenlund in June by Stæger.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria and Switzerland ; towards the north to middle Sweden,

Einpididae. 285

27. Tachydromia Meig.

{Platypalpiis Macq.)

Species of small to very small size; the colours are generally
black, more or less covered by a light pruinosity on thorax, or quite
black; sometimes they are yellow. Head somevvhat globular, generally
a little higher than broad, and a little narrower than, or as broad
as thorax; occiput somewhat arched, generally with a pair of bristles
and some shorter hairs above, and longish hairs below, Eyes higher
than broad; they are separated above the antennæ in both sexes,
the frons more or less narrow; below the antennæ they are likewise
but narrowly separated, and sometimes almost touching. The facets
are of equal size. The hind margin of the eyes is slightly incurved.
The incision in the inner eye-margin is distinct. In the living specimens
the eyes are brown, a little metallic. The vertex has a tubercle with
three ocelli and (generally) a pair of ocellar bristles. The antennæ
are inserted near to each other, about in the middle or slightly above.
They are shorter or longer, five-jointed ; the basal joint is very small,
the second globular, the third joint is more or less elongated, some-
times rather long, attenuated towards the apex and compressed; it
bears a terminal, two-jointed, shorter or longer arista, the basal
joint of which is very short; the second joint of the antennæ bears
bristles. Epistoma is narrow, sometimes very narrow. The jowls are
present as a small rim. Clypeus is incised in the lower margin. The
proboscis is short, not as long as the head is high, directed down-
wards. Labrum is as long as labium, strong, high at the base; it is
three-pointed at the apex, the two lateral lobes are slrong, curved
down as hooks, and with a spine a little behind the apex. Hypo-
pharynx is as long as labrum, likewise strong, lancet-like pointed with
the outer apex curved a little downwards; behind the apex it is ser-
i-ated in the margin in about the outer half part. There are no
maxillæ but one-jointed, smaller or larger, sometimes very large
maxillary palpi; they are compressed, almost squamiform, hairy and
with a few bristles at the apex. Labium has the labella as long as
the basal part, they are beset with some bristles and cleft about to
their base; there is a pointed median lobe. Thorax is rectangular, a
little arched above; pro- and metathorax small, the latter is visible
above as a narrow rim, but there seems to be no chitinised meta-
sternum. There are generally short, uniserial dorsocentral and biserial
acrostichal hairs; the dorsocentral hairs may be more or less fused
with hairs on the sides of the disc; generally, but not ahvays, one or
two of the hindmost dorsocentral hairs are longer bristles. Sometimes

286 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

the disc is uniformly clothed with short hairs which may be more or
less distinctly divided by two bare or \veai<:er haired stripes into
dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs. One to three notopleural bristles
and a poslalar bristle present, generally also a humeral, and some-
times a posthumeral bristle. Sciitellum has two or fom- marginal
bristles, in the first case the lateral bristles are represented by a
small hair on each side. Metapleura without hairs. Abdomen con-
sists of eight segments, but in the male the eighth dorsal segment
is hidden; the first segment is short, and weakly chitinised on the
ventral side. The male genitalia are more or less knob-like; they
consist of a large arched plale lying ventrally ; on the left side there
is a lamella-shaped piece, and above there is a pair of more com-
plicated pieces, which are more or less hidden by the two other
pieces; the lamella on the left side has a row of long, downwards
hanging hairs at its lower margin. In the female the abdomen is
pointed, the two last (seventh and eighth) segments are narrower
than the others and form an ovipositor, terminating with two small
styles; these two segments are generally of a duU grey colour in
contrast to the other, black, shining segments. The legs are rather
characteristic; they are strong, the front coxæ are very slightly longer
than the posterior coxæ ; the front femora are more or less thickened,
and the middle femora still more; the middle
tibiæ are shorter than the femora, and terminate
on the ventral side with a strong, downwards
curved apical spine; the front femora have two
rows of fine bristles below; the middle femora
have two rows of black, short, almost tubercle-
shaped spines below, and outwards to them on
the postero-ventral side a row of fine bristles;
the middle tibiæ have a row of black spines
Fig 131. T.flavipes, below, similar to those on the femora, but a
^' '■ little longer and with a fine apex; the middle
tibiæ are adapted to be laid up between the rows of spines on the
femora, and also the front legs aet in a similar way; on the anterior
side of the middle femora towards the apex there are a few bristles.
For the rest the legs are short-haired, at most with a few small
bristles on the dorsal side of the front and hind tibiæ, and stronger
hairs below the hind femora. Tibiæ without apical spurs. — Such is
the ordinary shape and armature of the legs, but there may be some
variations. In some cases the anterior femora are almost not thickened,
the front femora sometimes not at all; the apical spine on the middle
tibiæ may be small or quite wanting; sometimes there are no long

Empididae. 287

bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora, but instead
the spines in the row here are longer and more bristle-like. In rare
cases the last joints on the front tarsi are dilated. — There are tvvo
claws, two pulvilli, and a small, linear empodium with strong bristles
below. Wings with the mediastinal vein not reaching the margin;
the cubital vein unforked, thus one cubital cell; the discai vein like-
wise unforked, thus three posterior cells; no discai cell; the lower
branch of the postical vein more or less recurrent; the anal vein
more or less weak especially at the base, but present and thus an
anal cell present; the basal cells long and of about equal length, the
anal cell short, not half as long as the basal cells. No stigma. The
axillary lobe somewhat developed, the angle obtuse. Alula not de-
veloped, the margin here fringed. Alar squamula small, fringed at
the margin.

The larval stage of T.{Platy palpus) major is described by Beling
(Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XXXVIII, 1888, 2). The larva is cylindrical,
spindle-shaped, 6 mm. long, 1,5 mm. in diameter; it consists of twelve
segments; the colour is yellowish white. The abdominal segments
have small, transverse swellings (Kriechschwielen) on the ventral side.
There are terminal spiracles on the last segment, and below them a
short, truncate, tooth-like process. Beling does not mention the pro-
thoracic spiracles. The larva was found on the ground under moss
in a wood. According to Brauer (Denkschr. der kais. Akad. der
Wissenshr. math. nat. Cl. XLVII, 1883, 64) Boie has also mentioned
the development of a species of the genus, {Platypalpus) (Scholtz,
Zeitschr. flir Entom. Breslau, 1849).

The species of this genus are very characteristic in their whole
appearance and especially in the development of the legs. They are
found on tields, commons and meadows in the grass and low her-
bage, and in or at woods on bushes; they run swiftly on the leaves
of bushes and lower piants, but they also fly rather well. With regard
to their occurrence there is a somewhat marked difference between
the species; the pruinose species are especially found outside woods
on sunny fieids and meadows, while the black shining, and the yellow
species are most often found in woods on open, somewhat shaded
and generally more or less humid piaces. The species are strong rob-
bers ; I have taken T. fulvipes with Aphidius sp., Chironomus sp. and
a small Ghloropid, and T. pallidiventris with Vrophora solstitialis L.
as prey, and I have seen a Tachydromia with Microchrysa polita L.
as prey; in the two last cases the prey was thus much larger than
the Tachydromia; further I have in my collection several species
which still have remnants of insects between the closed middle

Orth orrhapha brachycera.

femora and tibiæ. Poulton records from England, in the work cited
several times above, T. pallipes \v\ih Liposcia discolor Marsh., T.cursi-
tans with Sciara sp. and Tachydromia sp., and T. minuta with
Alloxijsta sp. and fmally an undetermined Tachydromia with an
undeterminable fragmentary insect as prey. — Of several of the
species of Tachydromia the females are much more commonly met
with than the males.

Of the genus about 137 species are known from the palæarctic
region; 33 have hitherto been found in Denmark, but of these two
are here described as new, the total number of palæarctic species
thus increasing to about 139.

Table of Species.

1. Thorax black, but covered by a more or less dense,
grey, brownish or yellowish pruinosity and not or
slightly shining; when so slightly pruinose that it is
black and shining {exigua), the antennæ are short
and the femora more or less black; (in the second
group with a shining thorax the antennæ are either

long or, when short, the femora are yellow) 2.

— Thorax yellow or black, shining, not pruinose 22.

2. Thoracic and scutellar bristles yellow, thorax densely
pruinose 3.

— Thoracic and scutellar bristles black, thorax less
densely pruinose; when the bristles are brown or
dark yellow {exigua) thorax is very slightly pruinose,
shining 20.

3. Antennæ quite black 4.

— Antennæ quite yellow or with the basal joints yellow. . . 9.

4. All coxæ yellow 5.

— Coxæ not quite yellow, more or less black; legs
obviously haired 6. fulvipes.

5. Third antennal joint short, much shorter than the
arista; abdomen quite black or with grey bands only

on the first segments 6.

— Third antennal joint longer, twice or thrice as long

as broad at the base and about as long as the arista. . . 7.

6. Middle femora much thickened, tarsi black annulated;

size 2,5—3,5 mm 1. fiavipes.

— Middle femora less thickened, tarsi generally not di-

stinctly annulated; size 1,8—2,3 mm 4. cothurnata.

7. Third antennal joint long and narrow, thrice as long

as broad at the base; tarsi not annulated 8.

— Third antennal joint shorter, twice as long as broad
at the base; abdomen quite black; tarsi black an-
nulated 3. strigifrons.

8. Abdomen with grey bands on all segments; middle

tibiæ with a large spine; size 2,5 — 3 mm 2. maculip)es.

Empididae. 289

— Abdomen wilhout bands; middle tibiæ almost witli-

out spine; size 2 mm 5. interjecta.

9. Antennæ dark witli the two basal joints yellow 10.

— Antennæ quite yellow 18,

10. Front coxæ and femora except the apical part black 7. annulipes.

— All legs yellow 11.

1 1 . Abdomen yellow 12. varia.

— Abdomen black 12.

12. Pleura wilh a black, polished spot above the middle

coxæ 13.

— Pleura without any black, polished spot 17.

13. Apical spine on the middle tibiæ small 10. articidata.

— Apical spine on the middle tibiæ not small 14.

14. Palpi large; cubital and discai vein curved equally

towards each other; size 3,5 — 4,3 mm 13. cursitans.

— Palpi small; size not beyond 3,5 mm 15,

15. Abdomen quite black; tarsi not annulated; anterior

femora only slightly thickened; size 1,5 mm 9. calceatu.

— Abdomen with grey bands on the first segments;
anterior femora more thickened; tarsi more or less
annulated; size at least 2,5 mm 16,

16. Third antennal joint short, distinctly shorter than the
arista; anterior femora not much thickened; tarsi in-

distinctly annulated; cubital vein almost straight . . . . 8. bicolor.

— Third antennal joint longer, slightly shorter than the
arista ; anterior femora more thickened ; tarsi an-
nulated; cubital vein curved downwards 11. palUdiventris.

17. Frons narrow; discai vein strongly curved and bending
upwards in a long curve ; bands on abdomen not

broad 14. candicans.

— Frons broader; discai vein with a smaller, somewhat
sudden curve before the apex; abdomen with broad

bands 15. fasciata.

18. Cubital and discai vein distinctly converging; middle
femora considerably thicker than front femora; size

4—5 mm 16. major.

— Cubital and discai vein slightly converging or almost
' parallel ; anterior femora of about equal thickness ;

size 2 — 2,8 mm 1 •••

19. Antennæ and legs yellow; tarsi distinctly black an-
nulated 17. favicornis.

— Antennæ white; legs whitish or pale yellowish; tarsi

not, or indistinctly brownish annulated 18, alUcornis.

20. Two long dorsocentral bristles behind in each row;
scutellum with four distinct, black bristles 21. agilis.

— One long dorsocentral bristle behind in each row;
scutellum with only two distinct bristles 21.

21. Middle tibiæ with the basal part black; legs longish

haired; thorax pruinose with a shining iniddle line 19. minuta.

10

290

Orthorrhapha brachycera.

22.
23.
24.

25.

26.

27.

28.
29.

30.
31.

32.

Middle tibiæ not black on the basal part; legs short-

haired; thorax very slightly pruinose, shining 20. exigua.

Thorax yellow 23.

Thorax black 25.

Thorax quite yellow 24.

Thorax with a black middle line 24. pedoralis,

Epistoma yellow; the thoracic disc uniformly clothed
with short hairs; the three last joints on the front

tarsi dilated 22. liitea.

Epistoma black; the thoracic disc with uniserial dorso-

central and biserial acrostichal hairs ; front tarsi simple 23. exilis.

Third antennal joint short or slightly elongated, an-

tennæ, excluding arista, shorter than the head 26.

Third antennal joint much elongated, antennæ, ex-
cluding arista, as long as or longer than the head 30.

The thoracic disc uniformly clothed with hairs 27.

The thoracic disc with uniserial dorsocentral and

biserial acrostichal bristles 28.

Third antennal joint very short, slightly longer than

broad ; notopleural and scutellar bristles yellow .... 25. macida.

Third antennal joint a little elongated, considerably

longer than broad ; notopleural and scutellar bristles

black 29. pallipes.

Antennæ yellow 28. thoracica.

Antennæ dark 29.

Middle femora somewhat thickened, the apical spine

rather large; middle tibiæ without a special pubescence 26. fuscicornis.

Middle femora almost not thickened, the apical spine

almost wanting; middle tibiæ with a special, dense

pubescence on the apical half 27. ciliaris.

Arista dark, shorter than the third joint 31.

Arista white, longer than the third joint 32.

Posterior coxæ, apical part of the hind femora, and

front tibiæ black 30. nigritarsis.

Legs yellow 31. longicornis.

Arista long, longer than the rest of the antennæ;

legs chiefly yellow 32. alhiseta.

Arista shorter, about as long as the third joint, legs

chiefly black 33. alhocapillata.

1. T. flavipes Fabr.

1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 406,19 {Emjm). - 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl.

142, 1. - 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. 111, 81,32. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand.

I, 273,1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I. 87 {Platgpalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 283.

Male. Vertex and frons grev, the latter narrow with parallel
margins; epistoma white; palpi somewhat small, yellow, with white
hairs. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below.

Empididae. 291

Antennæ black, the third joint short, somewhat longer than broad at
the base, ^ much shorter than the arista. Thorax brownish yellow
pruinose; all bristles yellow; two distinct long dorsocentral bristles

Fig. 132. Antenna of T. flavipes. X 100.

behind. Scutellum with two marginal bristles and a smaller hair on
each side, all yellow. Pleura grey pruinose, anteriorly a little yel-
lowish; above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen
black, shining, either quite black or the anterior segments with greyish
front margins at the sides. Il is clothed with short, yellowish hairs.
Venter black. Legs together with the coxæ dark yellow or reddish
yellow; the apex of the tarsal joints black, and the tarsi thus black
annulated; sometirnes the femora may be more or less brownish
above. Front femora somewhat, middle femora much thickened. The
legs are yellowish haired, the front tibiæ have some small, -darker or
paler bristles on the dorsal side; the hairs below the hind femora a
little strong. Wings a little yellowish, Veins yellow at the base, pale
brownish to blackish brown outwards. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male except the pointed abdomen.

Length 2,5 — 3,5 mm.

T. flavipes is a common species in Denmark; Utterslev Mose,
Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Ørholm, Tisvilde, Frederikssund;
on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle, at Gjerlev
near Randers Fjord, Hald near Viborg, Thisted, Sæby, Lønstrup and
Frederikshavn, and on Læsø; fmally on Bornholm at Allinge; my
dates are ^^/g — ^^/s. It occurs on bushes and in low herbage both in
woods and outside, on fields and meadows.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

2. T. maculipes Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 79, 27. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1,
274, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 87 [Platy palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II. 285.

^ I have given the comparisons of the length and breadth of the third antennal
joint in this and the following species, such as they are generally seen with a
lens; exact measurements under the microscope will show the joint relatively
longer, but with a lens the outer, thin pari of the joint wili show itself as the
basal part of the arista.

19*

292 Orthorihapha biachycera.

Male. Vertex and frons grey. The head is smaller, especially
lower than in flavipes, and hence the frons is lower, and it is a little
broadened upwards. Epistoma white, likewise shorter than in favipes,
and very narrow below the antennæ; palpi pale yellow, somewhat
small. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below.
Antennæ black, rather long, the third joint elongated, somewhat nar-
row, thrice as long as broad at the base and aboiit as long as the

Fig. 133. Antenna of T. mactdipes. d". X 100.

arista. Thorax brownish yellow pruinose; all bristles yellow, the
short bristles in front less distinet than in flavipes; only one distinct,
long dorsocentral bristle behind. Scutellum with two yellow bristles
and a smaller hair on each side. Pleura light grey pruinose; above
the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining;
the front margin of the segments with a narrow, grey band, inter-
rupted in the middle. Abdomen is clothed with short, pale yellow
hairs. Venter black. Legs together with the coxæ dark or reddish
yellow, the tarsi, except metatarsus, brown; sometimes the posterior
femora somewhat brownish above. Front femora somewhat, middle
femora considerably thickened, but both pairs are, I think, a little less
thickened than in flavipes. The legs are yellowish haired, no bristles
on the front tibiæ, or these only very slightly stronger than the other
hairs ; the hairs below the hind femora a little finer than in flavip)es.
Wings hyaline or very slightly yellowish. Veins brown, paler at the
base. Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male ; the third antennal joint a little
shorter than the arista; abdomen pointed.

Length 2,5—3 mm.

This species is distinguished from flavipes especially by the longer
and more narrow third joint of the antennæ; also the smaller head
is somewhat characteristic, and likewise the colour of the tarsi; also
it seems that there are two notopleural bristles against three (generally)
in flavipes. All specimens I have seen had grey bands on abdomen,
and this is thus also characteristic for the species; finally it seems,
in contrast to flavipes., to have only one long dorsocentral bristle
behind.

T. niacuHpes is much rarer in Denmark than flavipes-, Charlotten-
lund, Tyvekrog; the dates are ^^Ig — ^9.

Empididae. 293

Geographical distribution: — Europe dowii into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland ; it seems to be rarer
towards the nortli than flavipes.

3. T. strigifrons Zett.

1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3005, 4 — 5. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 28S.

Male. Vertex and frons grey; epistoma white; palpi small and
short, white haired. Occiput grev, with yellow bristles above, white
hairs below. Antennæ black, the third joint elongated, twice or more

Fig. 134. Antenna of T. strigifrons. X 100.

than twice as long as broad at the base, and slightly shorter than
the arista; it is distinctly pubescent. Thorax brownish grey pruinose;
all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles and
on each side a small hair. Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle
coxæ a black, pohshed spot. Abdonien black, shining, without bands
it is clothed with slightly longish, pale yellowish hairs. Venter black.
Legs yellow, tarsi black annulated. Front femora somewhat, middle
femora somewhat more thickened. The legs are yellow haired; front
tibiæ with some small bristles, which are only slightly stronger than
the other hairs. Wings hyaline or very slightly yellowish. Veins pale
brown. Halteres yellowish.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 2,-5 to about 3 nnn.

This species is distinguished from flavipes by the longer third
antennal joint, and from maculipes by the absence of bands on ab-
domen, the annulated tarsi, as also the third antennal joint is a little
shorter. Zetterstedt says „Stæg. in litt.", so that the name is originally
due to Stægef.

T. strigifrons seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark, besides
the specimens mentioned by Zetterstedt we have still some specimens
from Stæger, probably taken at Ordrup; further it has been taken at
Ørholm, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Lønstrup and Frederikshavn; it
will probably prove to be more common when better recognised, but
it has hitherto often been confused with maculipes and flavipes, also
by Stæger. My dates are ^^Ir^—'^'^is.

294 Oithorrhapha l)i'achycera.

Geographical distribution : — The species is hitherto only known
from Denmark, but this is probably because it has not been recog-
nised, or perhaps not considered as a separate species.

Remarks: The species is very nearly related to flavipes and
fulvipes, and I am not quite sure, that it is a distinct species; it
might then perhaps be a form of fulvipes with quite yellow legs and
coxæ. I have examined Zetterstedt's type-specimens, the thoracic
disc is in these somewhat rubbed, as also suggested by Zetterstedt.
Frey (Zeitschr. fiir syst. Uymenopt. and Dipt. 1907, 410) piaces the
species in the group with black thoracic bristles, but this is erroneous,
as all the bristles are yellow; probably then Frey has had another
species.

4. T. cothurnata Macq.

1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 100, 17 {Platypalpus) . — 1838.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 98, 54. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 283, 13. —
1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 {PlaUjpalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 282.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small,
white haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs
below. Antennæ black, third joint short, shorter than the arista.
Thorax greyish yellow, or sometimes more light grey, and not very
densely pruinose; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow
marginal bristles and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey or light
grey pruinose; above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Ab-
domen black, shining; indistinct grey bands may be present at the
sides on the first segments; it is clothed with short, pale yellowish
hairs, which are longer at the sides. Venter black. Legs paler or
darker yellow, also the coxæ; generally the tarsi have the last two
or three joints blackish, but sometimes the whole tarsus is blackish
or brownish annulated. The front femora slightly, the middle femora
a little more thickened, but both pairs not much thickened. The legs
are yellow haired, front and hind tibiæ with a few small bristles on
the dorsal side. Wings a little yellowish. Veins brownish, paler at
the base. Halteres yellowish white.

Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 1,8—2,3 mm.

This species I can distinguish from flavipes only by the smaller
size and the less thickened legs; generally also the tarsi are not
distinctly annulated.

T. cothurnata is not common in Denmark; Amager, Charlotten-
lund; on Langeland at Lohals, and on Bornholm at Rø; my dates
are only ^^/c— ^'/7.

Empididae. 295

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, but rare;
and in Finland.

5. T. interjecta n, sp.

Of this species I have only the female, Frons and vertex dark
grey; epistoma grey; palpi small, whitish. Occiput grey, with black
hairs above, whitish hairs below. Antennæ black, the third joint
much elongated, longer than the arista. Thorax dark grey, somewhat
slightly pruinose; the bristles dark yellow; a humeral bristle and two,
somewhat strong notopleural bristles present. Scutellum has two
long, dark yellow marginal bristles and a weaker hair on each side.
Pleura greyish pruinose; above the middle coxæ a black, polished
spot. Abdomen black, shining, without bands; it is clothed with
short, pale hairs, a little longer at the sides. Venter black. Legs,
including the coxæ, somewhat dark yellow; tarsi with the last four
joints and the tip of nietatarsus blackish brown. The anterior
femora slightly thickened; the spine at the apex of the middle tibiæ
exceedingly small, almost wanting. The legs yellowish haired; the
bristles on the anterior side of the middle femora present in the
whole length. Wings hyaline. Veins dark brown to black. Balteres
pale yellow.

Length 2 mm.

This species resembles T. cothurnata very much, but it is at once
distinguished by the long third joint of the antennæ, and the minute
spine on the middle tibiæ. In the latter character it resembles T.
cryptospina Frey (Acta Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 31, No. 9, 8),
and I should not have hesitated in determining it as this species,
were it not for the third antennal joint, which in cryptospina is de-
scribed as short „fast riindlich" ; besides cryptospina has weak, yel-
lowish white thoracic bristles and black annulated tarsi.

T. interjecta must be rare in Denmark, I have taken only one
specimen, a female, at Tisvilde on Vt 1910, It was taken with the
net on low herbage in the outskirt of a wood.

Geographical distribution: — The species is only known from
Denmark.

6. T. fulvipes Meig.

1822. Meig. Sysl. Beschr. III, 78, 25. et 1830. VI, 342. - 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 89 {Platjrpalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 284. —
Tachydromia fascipes: 1893. Strobl, Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892; 120.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small,
whitish yellow haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above.

;296 Oithorihapha brachycera.

white hairs below. Antennæ black, the third joint elongated, about
-as long as the arista, but relatively shorter than in maciilipes, and
l)roader at the base. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose, but not densely,
and somewhat shining, all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow
marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose;
above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen black,
shining, with short, but distinct greyish white hairs. Venter black.
Legs yellow, the base of the coxæ blackish, and sometimes the
posterior coxæ quite black; the front coxæ may be quite or almost
quite yellow; the middle femora with a blackish or brownish ring,
most distinct above, hind femora with a more or less distinct ring
near the apex; sometimes also the front femora more or less blackish
or brownish; not rarely the blackish markings are slight to nearly
disappearing; tarsi black annulated. Front and middle femora some-
what thickened, the latter not much more than the former, and I
think scarcely as much as in flavipes and maculipes. The legs are
distinctly yellowish or whitish grey haired, and the hairs are a little
longish; the front tibiæ have a few small bristles. Wings hyahne.
Veins brown or blackish, pale towards the base. Balteres whitish
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; the black markings on the legs
generally more distinct; abdomen pointed.

Length 2,7—3,5 mm,

This species may be somewhat difficult to distinguisli ; it resembles
both flavipes, maculipes and strigifrons; it is generally distinguished
by the more or less blackened coxæ, but this may sometimes be
slightly marked; the third joint of the antennæ is longer than in
flavipes, but shorter than in maculipes. The distinct hairiness of the
legs is generally mentioned in the descriptions, and may also be
somewhat characteristic, though I do not think the legs are much longer
haired than in the preceding species, but the hairs are more obvious,
I think partly on account of the darker colour of the legs. All my
specimens have the abdomen without bands. The species certainly
must be fulvipes. as it has yellow thoracic bristles, while fascipes
according to Strobl (1. c. 122, notata) and Frey (Zeitschr. fiir syst.
Hymenopt. und Dipt. 1907, 411) has black bristles. Otherwise the
descriptions are somewhat different; Strobl speaks of bands on ab-
domen, whJle Frey says it is black, unicoloured, and Strobl ascribes
the species a long third antennal joint, Frey a short. My specimens
have small palpi, while Strobl speaks of large palpi. I doubt whether
the forms of flavipes and maculipes with dark patches on the legs,
mentioned by several authors, may not in reality be specimens of

Empididae. 297

fulvipes. Frey (Acta Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 1909, 31, No. 9, 9)
suggests, that fulvipes is perhaps identical with flavipes, but I am
not inclined to think so, as the former has a longer third antennal
joint. On the other hånd the species is perhaps not to be distinguished
with certainty from strigifrons, as mentioned under this species.

T. fulvipes is somewhat common in Denmark: Flellerup, Ordrup
Mose, Bøllemosen, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Frederikssund; on Langeland
at Lohals; on Funen at Strib; in Jutland at Hald near Viborg,.
Struer, Holstebro, Søndervig, Jerup near Frederikshavn, Frederikshavn
and Skagen; my dates are '/•; — Vo; it was taken in copula on '"Is. It
occurs both in woods and outside, but it seems to be most common
on fields.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; from
Scandinavia it is not known with certainty, unless notata in Zetter-
stedt is identical with it, in which case it goes to southern Sweden.
It occurs also in Finland.

Remarks: I think it probable, that Zetterstedt's notata is identical
with fulvipes, as he mentions the species as sent from Stæger ; Stæger's
specimens in our coUection' labelled notata proved to be fulvipes^
while notata Meig. -= fascipes Meig. has not been found in Denmark.

7. T. annulipes Meig.

1822. Meig. Sysl. Beschr. III, 77, 21. - 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 89
( Plat 1/ pal pus). — 1903. Kat.palaarkt.Dipt.il, 280. — Tachydromia coxata:
Zett.'Dipt. Scand. I, 281, 11 et 1849. VIII, 3006, 11.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; paipi small,
whitish yellow haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above,
white hairs below. Antennæ black, the two basal joints yellow, the
third joint a little elongated, shorter than the arista. Thorax brownish
yellow pruinose, almost brassy, and the pruinosity not dense. There
is only one long acrostichal bristle behind, and the short hairs in
front are very short and inconspicuous. All bristles yellow. Scutellum
with two yellow marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side.
Pleura grey pruinose; above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot.
Abdomen black, shining, with short, yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs
yellow; the front coxæ and the front femora except the apical part
black; the tarsi black annulated, on the front tarsi the dark rings
are deep black and very conspicuous, on the posterior tarsi they are
more brownish and smaller. The anterior femora are somewhat
thickened, the middle femora most strongly and the front femora
especially at the base. The legs are yellow haired. Wings considerably

298 Orthorrhapha bracliycera.

yellowish tinged. Veins yellow or pale brownish. Halteres whitish
yellow.

Female. See below.

Length 2,6 — 2,9 mm.

This species is easily known by the colom' of the legs.

T. atimdipes is rare in Denmark; Ermelund (the author); on
Bornholm at Rø (H. J. Hansen) and one specimen from Stæger, pro-
bably taken in Ordrup; in all three specimens, all males; the dates
are ^^/g to July.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to southern Sweden.

Remarks: According to the descriptions I think, that annulipes
Meig, and coxata Zett. are identical, as also suggested in the Kat.
palåarkt. Dipt. Meigen mentions both sexes of annulipes and gives no
difference between them, nor does Schiner do so. Zett. describes in
Dipt. Scand. I, only the male of coxata, bu! in VIII he mentions the
female and says, that it has all legs quite yellow. He further says,
that the female was taken in copula with the male by Stæger. In our
collection is, besides the male, also a female, labelled coxata, and it
has yellow legs (there is no remark about the specimens having been
taken in copula); I cannot with certainty decide, whether this female
belongs in reality to the species or is perhaps only a specimen of
bicolor; as Meigen notes no difference in colour from the male I
should think the latter most probable, and then Stæger must have
committed some error; but the question with regard to the female
cannot be considered as settled.

8. T. bicolor Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 237,2. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl.
143, 2. - 1842. Zelt. Dipt. Scand. I, 276,5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 1, 88
{Flatijpalpns) . — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 281. — Tachijdromia dichroa :
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. 111, 83, 36.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, with
white hairs. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs
below. Antennæ black, the two basal joints yellow, the third joint
short, shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish pruinose, slightly yel-
lowish ; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal
bristles and a small hair on each side. Pleura light grey pruinose;
above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen black,
shining, the first segments with grey bands at the sides; it is clothed
with short, pale yellowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow; the
tarsi generally slightly brownish annulated, the last or two last joints

Empididae.

299

quite or nearly quite brown or black. Front femora slightly, middle
femora somewhat tliickened. The legs are yellowish halred. Wings
pale yellowish; the veins likewise pale yellow, the cubital and discai

Fig. 135. Wing of T. hicolor.

vein almost parallel or often somewhat convergent. Halteres yellowish
white.

Female. Quite similar to the male except the pointed abdomen.

Length 2,5 to about 3 mm.

This species is generally characterised by the parallel cubital and
discai vein, but these veins are often somewhat convergent, as also
Strobl States. The species is not easily distinguished from pallidiventris
(see below under this species).

T. hicolor is common in Denmark; Ermelund, Ørholm, Tisvilde,
Nordskoven at Jægerspris ; in Jutland at Aalborg; ray dates are ^^^/r. — ^Vt.
It occurs on bushes at the outskirts of woods and in low herbage
on fields, I think most commonly on the latter piaces.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and also
down into North Africa; towards the north to middle Sweden, and
in Finland.

9. T. calceata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 87, 45. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
282,12. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 {Platypalpus) . — 1003. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 281.

Of this species I only know the female. Vertex and frons light
grey; epistoma white; palpi not large, white haired. Occiput light
grey with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antennæ black
or brown, the basal joints yellow, the third joint short, considerably
shorter than the arista and not much longer than broad. Thorax
not densely light grey pruinose, a little shining; all bristles pale or
whitish yellow. Scutellum with two pale marginal bristles, and a

300 Oi'thorrhapha brachycera.

very small hair on each side. Pleura light grey pruinose; above the
middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdoinen black, shining, clothed
with short, whitish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow or pale yellow,
the last tarsal joints brownish; anterior femora not much thickened,
and the middle femora only slightly thicker than the front femora.
The legs are clothed with yellowish hairs. Wings hyaline or slightly
yellowish, with pale veins. Halteres whitish yellow.

Length about 1,5 mm.

T. calceata is very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen,
taken many years ago by Stæger, probably in Ordrup.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to noi'thern Sweden, and in Finland.

10. T. articulata Macq.

1827. Macq. Soc. Se. Lille, 1827, 98, 10 {PlaUj palpus). — 1838.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 98,53. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1. 284,15. —
1862. Schin. F. A. 1,91 {Platy palpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 280.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma wiiite; palpi small, yel-
lowish. Occiput grey, with whitish bristles above, white hairs below,
Antennæ black, the basal joints yellow, the third joint short, con-
siderably shorter than the arista. Thorax greyish or brownish grey
pruinose; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal
bristles and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose; above
the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining,
with very short, pale hairs. Venter black. Legs dark yellow, tarsi
black annulated, the last joints may be quite black. The anterior
femora only slightly thickened, and the middle femora not much thicker
than the front femora ; the apical spine on the middle tibiæ small
and not pointed. The legs are yellowish haired. Wings hyaline; the
veins blackish or brown, a little paler at the base. Halteres whitish
yellow.

Female. Similar to the male.

Length about 2 mm.

This species is distinguished from calceata by the distinctly black
annulated tarsi and the darker wing-veins; also the small spine on
the middle tibiæ is characteristic.

T. articulata is not common in Denmark; Ermelund ; on Lange-
land at Lohals, and on Funen at Odense; my dates are "/t — 7*^-

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland.

Enipididae. 301

11. T. pallidiventris Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. 111, 82, 35. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
277, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88 {Flatij palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. 11, 287. — Tachijdromia longiseta: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 278,7.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoina white; palpi not large,
yellow. Oeciput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below.
Antennæ black or brown, the basal joints yellow, the third joint
somewhat elongated, about as long as the arista or a little shorter.
Thorax yellowish pruinose; all bristles yellow; the short hairs in front
distinct and obvious. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles,
and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose, a little yellowish
upwards; above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen
black, shining, the two flrst segments with grey bands at the sides;
it is clothed with short, yellowish hairs. Venter blackish or paler to
yellow, especially towards the base. The exterior genitalia somewhat
large. Legs yellow, the tarsi blackish or brownish annulated, the last
joint generally deep black for the largest part. The front femora
somewhat, the middle femora considerably thickened. The legs are
yellow haired, front and hind tibiæ with some small bristles on the
dorsal side, these bristles may be darker.
Wings hyaline or a little yellowish. The
veins yellow, a little darker towards the
apex, the cubital and discai vein some-
what convergent. Balteres whitish yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; the
venter sometimes more distinctly pale.

Length 2,5 to about 3,-5 mm. ^'^'l^''- ,^^;!^=-Pf^.^ "^'

The species is very similar to bicolor;
I find it distinguished by the distinctly longer third antennal joint,
the thicker anterior femora, and the distinctly annulated tarsi ; the
cubital and discai vein are as a rule more convergent, especially the
cubital vein is generally curved downwards, while it is about straight
in bicolor, the curvature of the discai vein may, on the contrary,
often be similar in the two species. Also the pale venter is a helping
character, but not always present, and also other species may show
the venter somewhat pale. Further I think the bristles, and also the
short hairs, on thorax are longer, and there are three distinct noto-
pleural bristles, but only two in bicolor.

T. pallidiventris is a common species in Denmark, and more
common than bicolor; Copenhagen in gardens. Amager, Hellerup,
Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Nøddebo, Tyvekrogen, Tisvilde, Frederiks-

302 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

sund, Rørvig, Sorø, and Nyraad near Vordingborg; on Langeland at
Lohals; on Funen at Veflinge and Hoffmansgave; in Jutland in Højen-
bæk Dal at Vejle, Nebsager near Horsens, at Sminge and Laven near
Silkeborg, Hald near Viborg, Søndervig, Holstebro, Struer, Gjerlev
near Randers Fjord, Aalborg, Thisted and Frederikshavn. My dates
are ^^lo — V9. It occurs especially in low herbage on fields, but also
on bushes in the outskirts of woods.

Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Italy, and also
down into North Africa; towards the north to northern Sweden, but
here rare; and in Finland.

l± T. varia Walk.

185L Walk. Ins. Brit. I, 126,14 {Platy palpus). — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 88 {Platypalpns). — 1887. Becker, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. XXXI, 134, 102.
— 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 288.

Of this species I know only the female. Frons and vertex grev,
slightly yellowish; epistoma whitish; palpi of medium size, yellow.
Occiput grey, slightly yellowish, with yellow bristles above, white
hairs below. Antennæ black, the basal joints yellow, the third joint
considerably shorter than the arista. Thorax yellowish pruinose; all
bristles yellow; there are three distinct notopleural bristles. Scutellum
with two yellow marginal bristles, and a smaller hair on each side.
Pleura grey pruinose; the black, polished spot above the middle coxæ
small. Abdomen yellow, somewhat shining, the middle part of the
dorsum somewhat brownish; abdomen is clothed with short, yellow
hairs. Venter yellow. Ovipositor black. Legs yellow; tarsi distinctly
but narrowly blackish annulated. Front femora not much, middle
femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired, the front
and hind tibiæ have some distinct, brownish bristles on the dorsal
side. Wings yellowish tinged. Veins yellow, cubital and discai vein
somewhat convergent. Halteres whitish yellow.

Length about 3,5 mm.

Remarks: The species is generally described with two rows of
brown spots on abdomen, but the spots often more or less confluent.

T. varia is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a female,
has been taken at Charlottenlund on -^Vt 1905 (the author).

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Switzerland; it has its northern limit in Denmark and England;
it is generally a rare species, but Becker 1. c. records it as common
at St. Moritz on bushes of Salix and Alnus, but onlv females.

Empididae. 303

13. T. cursitans Fabr.

1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 447, 60 {Mtisca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl.
143, 3. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 280, 10. - 1862. Schin. F. A. 1,
88 {Plati/palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 282.

Male. Vertex and frons grey; epistoma somewhat broad, white
haired; palpi yellow, somewhat large, fully half as long as the pro-
boscis, Occiput grey, with whitish bristles above, white hairs below.
Antennæ black or brown, the basal joints and generally also the base
of the third joint yellow, the third joint somewhat elongated, but not
as long as the arista. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose, with two
approximated darker grey stripes in the middle, abbreviated behind;
there are three distinct notopleural bristles; all bristles yellow. Scutel-
lum has generally six yellow marginal bristles, of which the inner
and outer pair are short, the intermediate pair long. Pleura light
grey pruinose; above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Ab-
domen black, shining; at the sides with grey bands, which are some-
what large on the first two segments, small on the others; it is
clothed with short, yellowish white hairs. Venter black. The exterior
genitalia somewhat small. Legs yellow, tarsi brownish to blackish
annulated, sometimes indistinctly, and the tarsi almost quite yellow.
Front femora only slightly, middle
femora somewhat -more thickened.
The legs are short-haired with yellow
hairs. Wings somewhat yellowish
tinged. Veins brownish, yellow to-
wards the base; the cubital and
discai vein somewhat convergent,
both being curved towards each other. Fig. 137. Wing-part of T. cursitans.
Halteres white or yellowish white,

Female. Quite similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 3,5 — 4,3 mm.

T. cursitans is not precisely common in Denmark; Ermelund,
Ordrup, Nyraad at Vordingborg, on Egholm at Skelskør, and on
Langeland at Lohals; my dates are ^^lo—^h. It occurs on bushes at
the outskirts of woods.

Geographical distribution :— Europe dow^n into Spain {var.hispanica
Strobl) and Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden, and here
rare; and in Finland.

14. T. candicans Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 10, 11. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
III, 85, 42. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 285, 17, (var. a et b). — 1862.

304 Orthonhapha biachycera.

Schin. F. A. 1, 89 {Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 281. —
Tachydromia ventralis : 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 85, 40. — Platy-
palpus ventralis: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88.

Male. Head somewhat high. Vertex and frons grey, the latter

very narrow; epistoma white; palpi pale yellow, large, half as long

as proboscis. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs

below. Antennæ black or blackish, the two basal joints yellow, the

third joint a little elongated, shorter than the arista. Thorax grey or

light grey pruinose, with two indistinct, darker grey stripes in the

middle, abbreviated behind, and generally only observable in front;

there are (generally) only two notopleural bristles; all bristles whitish

or whitish yellow. Scutellum with four pale yellow^ marginal bristles,

the lateral shortest. Pleura light grey pruinose ; no black spot above

the middle coxæ. Abdomen black, shining, with distinct grey bands

at the sides; it is clothed with short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black,

often more or less yellow. Legs yellow, generally pale yellow, the

last tarsal joints brownish or blackish; sometimes the tarsi indistinctly

brownish annulated. Front femora

almost not, middle femora a little

thickened. The legs are yellowish

haired. Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish

tinged. Veins darker or paler yellow;

cubital and discai vein nmch converging

,,. ,„„ „,. T'r.^ 7- in siich a way, that the cubital vein

Fig. 138. Wing-part 01 j.ca«fMca»s. \ ^

is slightly curved, almost straight, the
discai vein bending upw^ards with a long curve. Halteres whitish.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length. This species varies much in size, the length is 2,5— 4 mm.

This species is easily known by the absence of the black spot
on the pleura, and the strongly curved discai vein; also its narrow
frons and slightly thickened anterior femora are characteristic.

T. candicans is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden,
Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Tyvekrog; on Langeland at Lohals; on
Funen at Odense and Hoffmansgave; in Jutland at Nebsager near
Horsens, and fmally on Bornholm at Almindingen; my dates are ^^/C
to August. It occurs on bushes near and in woods, not rarely on
somewhat shaded and humid piaces.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to noi'thern Sweden, and in Finland.

Empididae. 305

15. T. fasciata Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 86, 43, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 22. — 1862.
Schin. F. A. I, 89 {Platijpalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 283. —
Tachydromia candicans var. c: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 285, 17.

Male. Vertex and frons grey, the latter broader than in candicans;
epistoma white ; palpi yellow, large, half as long as proboscis. Occiput
grey, with whitish yellow bristles above, while hairs below. Antennæ
blackish or brownish, the two basal joints yellow, the third joint
short and shorter than the arista. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose,
with two more or less distinct, grey stripes in the middle, abbreviated
behind; all bristles yellow. Scutellura with four yellow marginal
bristles, the two lateral small. Pleura grey pruinose; no black spot
above the middle coxæ. Abdomen black, shining; all segments with
grey, triangular spots at the sides, meeting or almost meeting in the
middle; on the sides the spots occupy the whole length of the seg-
ment, while they are narrow and pointed towards the middle. Ab-
domen is clothed with short, yellowish hairs. Venter black, but not
rarely more or less pale. Legs yellow or pale yellow, tarsi with the
last joints -blackish or brownish, and generally more or less distinctly
but narrowly brownish or blackish
annulated. Front femora somewhat,
middle femora considerably thickened.
The legs are yellow haired. Wings
hyaline, slightly yellowish tinged.
Veins brownish, yellow towards the
base; cubital and discai vein con-
verging, the discai vein with a some-
what sudden curve before the apex. Fig. 139. Wing-part of T. fasciata.
Balteres whitish yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length. This species varies in size like candicans, generally it
is 3,5 — 4,5 mm., but sometimes specimens may be found down to
2,5 mm.

This species can, on account of the absence of the black spot
on the pleura, only be confused with candicans, but it is distinguished
by the larger bands on abdomen, a different curvature of the discai
vein, and also by the broader frons and the more thickened anterior
femora.

T. fasciata is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund, Dyrehaven, Ørholm, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog; on Langeland at
Lohals; my dates are ^^,'r> — Vt. It occurs in the same piaces as
candicans.

20

306 ' Orthorrhapha brachyceia.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and further
down into North Africa; towards the nortii to northern Sweden.

16. T. major Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 287, 18. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88.
{Platy palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 285. — Tachydromia
cursitans (non Fabr.) : 1804. Meig. Klass. der eur. Zweifl. Ins. I, 237, 1. et
1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 83, 38, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 23.

Male. Vertex and frons grey; epistoma white; palpi wiiitish
yellow, large, more than half as long as the proboscis. Antennæ
yellow, arista brown; the third joint short, considerably shorter than
the arista. Thorax greyish yellow pruinose, with two indistinct, grey
rniddle stripes, disappearing backwards; there are two distinct noto-
pleiiral bristles; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with four yellow
marginal bristles, the lateral small. Pleura grey pruinose; above the
rniddle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, the
first segments with grey bands at the sides, and generally also the
following segments with narrow bands; abdomen is clothed with
short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow or pale yellow,

Fig. 140. Wing-part of T. major.

tarsi a little brownish towards the end. Front femora somewhat^
rniddle femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired.
Wings somewhat yellowish. Veins brown or dark brown, yellow to-
wards the base, cubital and discai vein converging, the cubital vein
very slightly curved, the discai vein evenly and somewhat strongly
curved, but not as much as in candicans. Balteres yellowish white.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 4 — 5 mm.

This species is most like cursitans., and has like this a black
spot on the pleura, but it is distinguished, besides by the quite yel-
low antennæ, by a somewhat different course of the cubital vein
which is more straight than in cursitans, while on the contrary the

Empididae. 307

discai vein is more curved in the present species than in cursitans;
finally the tarsi are quite yellow.

T. major is soniewiiat common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyre-
haven, Ørhohii, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Funen at Odense and
Veflinge; in Jutland in Greisdalen at Vejle, at Silkeborg and at
Frederikshavn; my dates are '/(; to August. It occurs especially on
bushes in the outskirts of woods.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.
Besides it goes down into Spain, if the form ^innor Strobl is in reality
the present species.

17. T. flavicornis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 83, 37. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
278,8. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 88. (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 283.

Male. Frons and vertex yellow or greyish yellow; epistoma
white ; palpi large, whitish. Occiput yellow or greyish yellow, with
yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antennæ yellow, arista
blackish brown, the third joint short, much shorter than the arista.
Thorax yellowish or bright yellow pruinose; there are two distinct
notopleural bristles; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow
marginal bristles, and a small hair on each side. Pleura grey pruinose,
upwards a httle yellowish; above the middle coxæ a black, polished
spot. Abdomen black, somewhat (not much) shining; each segment
with a large, triangular, grey spot at the sides, almost meeting in the
middle; at the sides the spots occupy the whole length of the seg-
ment. Abdomen is clothed with short, yellow hairs. Venter black,
sometimes more or less pale. The exterior genitalia not large, directed
somewhat upwards. Legs yellow, the tarsi distinctly black annulated.
The anterior femora distinctly thickened, the two pairs equally thick.
The legs are yellow haired. Wings hyaline, very slightly yellowish.
Veins yellow, the cubital and discai vein a httle converging. Balteres
yellowish white.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 2,3 — 2,8 mm.

This beautiful little species is easily distinguished by the light
yellow colour which is also extended to the head, and by the large
bands on abdomen ; also the equally thick anterior femora are charac-
teristic.

T. flavicornis is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden,

.20*

308 Orthorrhapha brachycera.

Amager, Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Tyvekrog; on Funen at Strib; my
dates are ^Ir, — ^^is. It occurs on fields and commons in low herbage.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Fin-
land; besides the species goes still farther towards the south, down
into North Africa.

Remarks: Zetterstedt says: „Individua (J* $), quæ e Dania sub
hoc nomine a D. Stæger obtinui, majore jure ad speciem sequentem
lalbicor7iis'] referenda mihi videntur". How this may be I cannot say,
the specimens in our collection, labelled fiavicornis and originating
from Stæger, are certainly the present species.

18. T. albicornis Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 279, •.). — 1903. Kat.palaarkt.Dipt.il, 279.

Male. Frons and vertex white or greyish white; epistoma yel-
lowish white; palpi large, white and white haired. Occiput greyish
white, with white bristles above, white hairs below, the latter are
specially long, longer than usual. Antennæ white, the arista more
or less darkened towards the apex; the third joint very short, not
much longer than the basal joints, and only half as long as the arista.
Thorax light grey pruinose; there are two distinct notopleural bristles;
all bristles white. Scutellum with two white marginal bristlcs and
on each side a small hair. Pleura white or greyish white pruinose,
with a very small, black, polished spot above the middle coxæ. Ab-
domen black, shining, with grey bands at the sides, the bands gener-
ally somewhat large, sometimes smaller and only distinct in front:
abdomen is clothed with short, whitish hairs. Venter black, or often
more or less pale, especially at the base. Legs pale yellow to whitish,
tarsi dark at the apex, and sometimes more or less brownish annul-
ated, especially the anterior tarsi. The anterior femora a little thick-
ened and of equal thickness. The legs are pale yellow or whitish
haired. Wings hyaline. Veins pale yellow, the cubital and discai
vein about parallel. Halteres white.

Female. Quite similar to the male, except the pointed abdomen.

Length 2 — 2,5 mm.

This little species is nearly related to fiavicornis, but it is
distinguished by the colour which both on head, thorax and legs is
much wliiter, the tarsi are only indistinctly annulated, and the cubital
and discai vein more parallel ; besides the species is smaller.

T. albicornis is rare in Denmark ; V^ esterfælled (Stæger) and on
Funen at Odense (H. J. Hansen); the dates are in June and July. It
seems to occur on fields.

Empididae. 309

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; towards
the north to southern Sweden.

19. T. minuta Meig.

1804, Meig. Klass. der eur. zweifl. Ins. 1, 238, 38, et 1822. Syst. Beschr.
III, 76, 20. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 303, 38. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 89 {Platy palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 286. — Tachydromia
annulata: 1815. Fall. p. p. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 7,2. — 1822. Meig. Syst.
Beschr. III, 77, 22.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma white; palpi small, white
haired. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above, white hairs dovvn-
wards. Antennæ black, the third joint short or slightly clongated,
shorter than the arista. Thorax black, finely brownish grey pruinose,
the pruinosity always leaving an indistinctly bordered middle stripe
bare; there is only one long dorsocentral bristJe behind, and one
notopleural bristle; all bristles black (rarely dark brown). Scutellum
with two black marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair which
is yellow. Pleura dark greyish pruinose; above the middle coxæ a
black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining, with short, pale grey
hairs. Venter black. Legs black, the anterior trochanters and extreme
apex of the coxæ, and the base and apex of all femora yellow; the
base of the hind femora often broadly yellow, and the apex of the
posterior femora often indistinctly reddish ; the front tibiæ brown,
paler at the base, the middle tibiæ brown or yellow, black on the
basal part, hind tibiæ brownish or yellow, black at the base and
apex or only at the apex; tarsi yellow or brown, broadly black
annulated, the last joints black. The front femora a little thickened,
the middle femora slightly more thickened. The legs are distinctly
and somewhat longish haired with yellowish grey hairs; front tibiæ
with some small bristles on the dorsal side. Wings hyaline. Veins
black or dark brown, Halteres whitish.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen not much attenuated
towards the apex and rather suddenly pointed.

Length 2,3—2,7 mm.

This species is, besides other characters, characteristic from the
shining middle stripe on thorax ; it seems somewhat curious, that this
faet has not hitherto been mentioned in the descriptions.

T. minuta is very common in Denmark ; Copenhagen in gardens,
Amager, Utterslev Mose, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Ørholm, Geel
Skov, Birkerød, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, Frederikssund, Boserup near Ros-
kilde, Nyraad al Vordingborg: on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at
Odense; in Jutland in Vejle Nørreskov, at Nebsager near Horsens,

310 Orthorrhapha l)iachycera.

Hald near Viborg, at Søndervig, Thisted and Frederiicshavn; finaliy
on Bornholm at Allinge; my dates are "'/o— ^'9. It occurs especially
on fields and commons in grass and low herbage, often in very great
numbers.

Geographical distribution: — Europo down into Spain and Italy:
towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. It is
everywhere a common species.

Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions, besides minuta, also T. annulata
from Denmark, but I think this is erroneous, and the species is not
found in our collection. I have seen four specimens from Zetterstedt's
collection, labelled annidata, tvvo of them were mmuta, they had the
basal part of the middle tibiæ distinctiy darkened; the other two
were fulvipes.

20. T. exigua Meig.

1822. Syst. Beschr. III, 81, 31. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 89 (Plati/-
palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 283. — Tachydromia fernoralis :
1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 299, 34. — Platypalpus fernoralis: 1862. Schin.
F. A. I, 90.

Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; epistoma narrow, white;
palpi somewhat small, white. Occiput greyish, with brownish bristles
above, white hairs below. Antennæ black, the third joint short,
about half as long as the arista. Thorax black, shining, very slightly
pruinose; one long dorsocentral bristle and one notopleural bristle
present; the bristles are blackish brown to dark yellowish. Scutellum
with two similarly coloured marginal bristles, and on each side a
small hair. Pleura black, shining, only grey pruinose below. Abdomen
black, shining, with short, yellow or brownish hairs. Venter black.
Legs with the front coxæ yellow, the posterior coxæ more or less
black at the base; the femora yellow, the front femora with a black
patch or stripe above, middle femora black in about the apical two
thirds, hind femora in the apical half; the tibiæ yellow or more or
less brownish ; the tarsi brown, darkest towards the apex. The front
femora a 'little, the middle femora slightly more thickened. The legs
are short-haired with yellowish hairs. Wings hyaline. Veins brown,
the upper branch of the postical vein thinner towards the apex, the
lower branch distinct in its whole length. Balteres whitish.

Female. Similar to the male, except the pointed abdomen.

Length 1,7 — 2 mm,

This species is very similar to minuta, but distinguished by the
smaller size, the less pruinose thoracic disc and pleura, the shorter

Empididae. 311

third antennal joint, and by the legs being much shoiier haired; also
the colour of the legs is different.

T. exigua is not common in Denmark; vicinity of Copenhagen
and at Boserup near Roskilde; I know no time for its capture.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Styria; tovvards the north to southern Sweden, and
in Finland.

21. T. agilis Meig.

18^22. Meig. Syst. Besclir. III, 80, 29. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I,
275, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. 91 {Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 279.

Male. Frons and vertex dark grey; epistoma very narrow, white;
palpi dark, small, greyish haired. Occiput dark grey, with black
bristies and hairs above, white hairs below. Antennæ black, the
third joint a little elongated and a little shorter than the arista.
Thorax greyish brown pruinose, but not densely and a little shining;
there are two long dorsocentral bristles behind, and two noto-
pleural bristles; all the bristles and hairs black. Scutellum with
four black marginal bristles, the median the longest. Pleura dark
greyish pruinose; above the middle coxæ a black, polished spot.
Abdomen black shining, the first segments with narrow, grey bands
at the sides; it is clothed with short, pale yellow hairs. Venter black.
The exterior genitalia somewhat thick. Legs yellow or reddish yellow,
the posterior coxæ black; the tarsi black annulated, the last three or
four joints so broadly that they are almost or quite black; sometimes
the anterior femora somewhat blackish above and the hind femora
with a broad black ring. The front femora somewhat, the middle
femora considerably thickened. The legs are yellow haired, the front
and hind tibiæ with a few small, blackish bristles on the dorsal side,
and also the bristles at the apex on the anterior side of the middle
femora are black; the hind femora with a row of short, blackish or
brown bristles below ; the hairs below the front femora are not long,
and the ordinary long hairs on the postero-ventral side of the middle
femora not much developed. Wings about hyaline. Veins blackish
or dark brown; the postical vein generally disappearing just before
the margin; the anal vein very weak, and the lower part of the
lower postical branch likewise very weak. Balteres dirty whitish.

Female. Similar to the male, but the legs generally blacker,
often the anterior femora more or less black, and the hind femora
quite or almost quite black, and also often the hind tibiæ black; tho
hairs below the hind femora not bristlv.

312 Oithorrhapha brachycera.

Length 2,7 to about 3,5 mm.

T. agilis is as common in Denmark as minuta ; Amager, Vester-
fælled, Charlottenlund, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Tyvekrog, Nøddebo
and at Boserup near Roskilde; in Jutland at Nymindegab; my dates
are ^^h, — ^-^/t. It occurs in the same piaces as minuta, but it seems
to be an earlier occurring species.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into Austria and Styria; tovvards the north to southern Sweden, and
here rare; and in Finland.

22. T. lutea Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. der eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 238,7. — 1815. Fall. Dipt.
Suec. Empid. 10, 10. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 89, 51. — 1842.
Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 294, 26. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 91 [Plattj palpus).
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 285. — Tachydromia pallida: 1822. Meig.
Syst. Beschr. III, 90, 53. — Tachydromia glabra: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand.
I, 295, 27.

Male. Vertex and frons yellow, the latter sometimes greyish or
grey ; epistoma whitish yellow ; palpi small, yellow, and the proboscis
of the same colour. Occiput yellow, sometimes somewhat greyish,
with yellow bristles above, whitish hairs below. Antennæ yellow, the
third joint or the apical part of it brown ; it is short, not nmch longer
than broad and scarcely half as long as the arista. Thorax yellow,
shining; the disc is uniformly clothed with short, yellow hairs; a pair
of bare stripes indicate a division into dorsocentral and acrostichal
hairs; one long dorsocentral bristle and two notopleural bristles pre-
sent; all bristles yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles,
and on each side a small hair. Pleura yellow, slightly greyish prulnose;
above the middle coxæ a shining space. Abdomen yellow, with
longish, pale yellow hairs. Venter yellow. The exterior genitalia
somewhat small. Legs quite yellow, the last tarsal joints generally a
little brownish; the three last joints on the front tarsi somewhat
dilated. The front femora very slightly, the middle femora somewhat
thickened; the middle tibiæ short, not much more than half as long
as the femora, the apical spine small. The legs are yellow haired.
Wings yellowish tinged. Veins brownish, yellow towards the base.
Halteres yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed and shorter
haired.

Length 2,5—3,5 mm.

T. lutea is not properly common in Denmark; Charlottenlund,
Ordrup Mose, Bøllemosen, Paiderhegn, Tisvilde; in Jutland at Rye

Empididae. 313

near Silkeborg; my dates are '^^Ig — ^/s. It occurs in the outskirts of
woods, and on shaded piaces in woods on bushes.

Geographichal distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

Remarks: Zetterstedt has a curious note under this species, as
he says: "$ vivipara", but without further statements.

23. T. exilis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 90, 54. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 91
(Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 283.

Male. Frons and vertex grey or dark grey; epistoma black,
shining, very narrow; palpi somewhat large, white, more than half
as long as the proboscis; the latter black at the apex. Occiput grey,
with yellow bristles above, white hairs below. Antennæ brown, the
basal joints yellow, the third joint a little elongated, but shorter than
the arista. Thorax yellow, a little pruinose but somewhat shining.
The dorsocentral and acrostichal hairs as usual uniserial and biserial
respectively ; only one long dorsocentral bristle behind ; two distinct
notopleural bristles present; all bristles and hairs yellow. Scutellum
with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each side a small hair.
Pleura yellow, slightly pruinose; above the middle coxæ a shining
spot. Abdomen yellow, the middle segments generally black; it is
clothed with short, yellow hairs. Venter yellow. Legs yellow, the
last tarsal joint distinctly black; the front tarsi simple. The front
femora slightly, the middle femora a little more thickened; the middle
tibiæ short, the apical spine small. The legs are yellow haired, there
are no long bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora,
but the spines in the row here are long and more bristle-like. Wings
yellow, with likewise yellow veins; the postical cross-vein a little
nearer to the base than the middle cross-vein.^ Halteres pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male ; abdomen always quite yellow, and
pointed.

Length 2—2,5 mm.

1 This character, ah-eady noted hy Meigen, needs some explanation. In all
species of Tachydromia the two cross-veins are placed quite near to each other,
but the exact piacement may vary a little in the same species, the postical
cross-vein, however, is always just below, or behind the middle cross-vein; in
the former case the two cross-veins form an angle with the tip towards the
base of the wing; exilis is the sole species, in which the postical cross-vein is
placed a little more basally than the middle cross-vein ; but also in this species
the place is not always the same, and sometimes it may lie just below the
middle cross-vein.

314 Orthorrhapha biachyceia.

This species is easily known from lutea by tlie smaller size, the
black epistoma, the simple front tarsi and the ordinary rows of hairs
on the thoracic disc. Meigen describes the frons as black, and like-
wise Frey (Aet. Soc. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. 31, 1909, No. 9, 8); all
my specimens have a grey frons such as mentioned by Scholtz
(Zeitschr. fiir Entom. Breslau, V, 1851, 58). The third antennal joint
seems to be able to vary from yellovv to brown.

T. exilis is not uncommon in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Erme-
lund. Dyrehaven, Tisvilde; in Jutland at Frederikshavn; my dates are
18/6 — 13/7; it was taken in copula on ^^V?. It occurs in woods on
similar piaces as lidea.

Geographical distribution: — The species is hitherto only kiiovvn
from Denmark, Germany and Finland.

24. T. pectoralis Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 9, 8. — 1822. Meig. Sysl. Beschr. 111,
87, 46. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 295, 28. — 1862. Scliin. F. A. I,
91 (Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. Il, 287. — Tachijdroyniu
Mraminipes: 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 296, 29.

Male. Frons and vertex dark grey; epistoma whitish grey, very
narrow; palpi white, more than half as long as the black proboscis,
but not very broad. Occiput dark grey, with whitish hairs above
and below. Antennæ black, the third joint considerably shorter than
tho arista. Thorax reddish or reddish yellow, shining, with a broad,
black median stripe, abbreviated a little behind the middle; some-
times the stripe is narrowed behind, and it may be continued as a
narrow stripe to the scutellum. The disc is uniformly clothed with
short, yellow hairs; there is one longer dorsocentral bristle behind,
and one distinct notopleural bristle, both yellow; no humeral bristle.
Scutellum with two dark yellow marginal bristles, and on each side
a small bristle. Pleura yellow, slightly greyish pruinose, sternopleura
shining, generally, but not always, more or less blackish. Abdomen
black, shining, with short, yellow hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow,
the last tarsal joint blackish, on the anterior tarsi generally only
blackish on the apical part; femora sonietimes a little brownish. The
front femora slightly, the middle femora somewhat thickened; the
apical spine on the middle tibiæ small. The legs are yellow haired;
there are no long bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle
femora, but the spines in the row here long and more bristle-like.
Wings yellow. Veins brown ; the united part of the costal and sub-
costal vein black, or (var. stramineipes) palc. Balteres pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Enipididae. 315

Length 2—2,5 mm.

This beautiful species is at once recognised by the colour; it
seems on account of Ihe uniform clothing of the thioracic disc to be
nearest allied to lutea.

T. pectoralis is not rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Ermelund,
Dyrehaven, Tisvilde; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; in Jutland
in Vejle Nørreskov, at Nebsager near Horsens, Hald near Viborg and
at Frijsenborg; fmally on Bornholm at Rønne; my dates are ^"^/c— -'/n.
It occurs in woods on shaded, somewhat humid piaces on bushes and
in low herbage, and it is a somewhate late occurring species.

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

25. T. macula Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 289, 20. — 1887. Becker, Berl. Entom.
Zeitschr. XXXI, 134, 99. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. II, 285.

Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; epistoma narrow, black;
palpi somewhat large, yellow; proboscis black. Occiput black, some-
what greyish pruinose, with yellow bristles above, white hairs below.
Antennæ black or brownish, the third joint very short, triangular,
slightly longer than broad and not half as long as the long arista;
the antennæ are distinctly pubescent. Thorax black, shining; the disc
densely and uniformly clothed with not quite short, greyish pubescence;
one long dorsocentral bristle behind and two notopleural bristles pre-
sent, all yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal bristles, and
on each side a small hair. Pleura greyish pruinose, or more correctly,
with short pubescence, sternopleura shining. Abdomen black, shining,
with somewhat longish, yellow hairs. Venter black. The exterior
genitalia large, a little swoUen. Legs yellow, the four last tarsal joints
brown, and on the anterior tarsi also the metatarsus more or less
brown; the posterior femora have an oblong, well detined, brown
spot above at the apex. The front femora not, the middle femora
much thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibiæ somewhat
small. The legs are yellow haired; the front femora short haired
below. Wings yellowish. Veins brown. Halteres yellowish white.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed; the posterior
femora with the spot indistinct or wanting.

Length 3,2 to about 4 mm.

T. macula is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a male
and a female, are known, probably from the vicinity of Copenhagen.

Geographical distribution:— Northern and middle Europe down
into Switzerland; towards the north to northern Sweden.

!16 Oithorrliapha brachycera.

26. T. fuscicornis Zett.

1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 291, 23. — 1862. Schin. F. Å. 1, DO
{Platy palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 284. — Tachydromia pal-
lipes (non Fall.) : 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 74, 14.

Male. Frons and vertex black, shining; epistoma exceedingly
narrow, greyish white; palpi whitish yellow, not large, about half as
long as the black proboscis. Occiput grey, with yellow bristles above,
white hairs below. Antennæ blackish or brown, the third joint short,
about half as long as the arista. Thorax black, shining, somewhat
greyish pruinose at the margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial
acrostichal hairs present in the ordinary way, distinct and somewhat
long; there are two somewhat long dorsocentral bristles behind and
two notopleural bristles; all the hairs and bristles yellow. Scutellum
yellowish pruinose, with two yellow marginal bristles, and on each
side a small hair. Pleura somewhat greyish pruinose, sternopleura
black, shining. Abdomen black, not much shining, with somewhat
longish, yellow hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia somewhat
large, the row of hairs on the left side dense, and the hairs long and
of deep yellow colour. Legs yellow, the last tarsal joint generally
more or less brownish. The front femora slightly, the middle femora
somewhat thickened ; the middle tibiæ more than two thirds of the
femora in length, the apical spine rather large, black at the apex.
The legs are yellow haired. Wings yellow. Veins brownish, yellow
at the base. Balteres yellowish white.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed and a little
shorter haired.

Length 2,3 to about 3 mm.

T. fuscicornis is not rare in Denmark, but it has hitherto only
been taken in the vicinity of Copenhagen; Lersøen, Erraelund, Dyre-
haven; my dates are only ^^k — '^^/c It occurs in low herbage in
woods on open, somewhat shaded and humid piaces.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; towards
the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

27. T. ciliaris Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 33, 1-2. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
III, 86, 44. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 289, 21. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 90 {Platy palpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. 11, 281.

Male. Frons and vertex greyish; epistoma exceedingly narrow,
whitish; palpi somewhat large, whitish. Occiput greyish, with yellow
hairs above, white hairs below. Antennæ black or brownish black,
distinctly pubescent, the third joint short, about half as long as the

Empididae. 317

arista. Thorax black, shining; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial
acrostichal hairs somewhat distinct; there are about two a little longer
dorsocentral brislles behind, and two notopleural bristles; all the
hairs and bristles are yellow. Scutellum with two yellow marginal
bristles, and on each side a somewhat long hair. Pleura somewhat
greyish pruinose, sternopleura black, shining. Abdomen black, shining,
with a little longish, yellow hairs. Venter black, sometimes a little
pale at the base. The exterior genitalia large and much swoUen,
forming a large knob on account of the ventral plate being large and
arched, it is short-haired with blackish hairs. Legs yellow or reddish
yellow, the posterior feniora often a little brownish; the last tarsal
joint black. The front feraora not and the middle femora almost not
thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibiæ so short and stubby,
that it is almost wanting. The legs are yellow haired; there are no
long bristles on the postero-ventral side of the middle femora, but
the spines in the row here are long and bristle-like in the basal part;
the apical half of the middle tibiæ is generally a little darkened, and
it is clothed with a very short and dense, greyish yellow pubescence.
Wings hyaline, slightly greyish or yellowish. Veins blackish. Balteres
pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed, ovipositor (eighth
segment) very long.

Length 2,5—3,5 mm. (the latter size taken from the female, the
ovipositor included).

This species is at once recognised by the large male genitalia,
the long female ovipositor, and in both sexes by the curious pubescence
on the apical half of the middle tibiæ.

T. ciliaris is not uncommon in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Erme-
lund. Bøllemosen; on B'unen at Veflinge and in Jutland at Hald near
Viborg and at Sæby; my dates are ^''/e— ^^'/s. It occurs like the pre-
ceding in woods on bushes and in low herbage on humid and some-
what shaded piaces, and it is a somewhat late occurring species.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Styria; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

28. T. thoracica n. sp.
Of this species I have only the female. Frons and vertex grey;
epistoma white; palpi yellow, large, slightly shorter than the black
proboscis. Occiput grey, upwards yellowish pruinose, with yellow
hairs above, white hairs below. Antennæ yellow, arista brown; the
third joint short, about half as long as the arista. Thorax black,
.shining, the margin yellow pruinose, the pruinosity continued in-

318 Orthonhapha biachycera.

wards on the humeri. The iiniserial dorsocentral and biserial acro-
stichal hairs short and few in number, greyish yellow; there are no
long dorsocentral bristles ; one distinct, yellow notopleural bristle (and
one vveaker). Scutellum with two brown marginal bristles, and on
each side a small hair; postscutellum yellow pruinose. Pleura black,
shining, only pruinose in front, above the front coxæ and above the
hypopleura. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with very short,
yellowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow, tarsi narrowly and in-
distinctly brownish annulated, the last joint blackish; the middle
knees distinctly black. The front femora a little, the middle femora
more thickened; the apical spine on the middle tibiæ rather large,
black at the apex. The legs are yellowish haired. Wings hyaline.
Veins yellow or pale brownish. Balteres yellow.

Length 2,7 mm.

This species is characterised by the yellow antennæ, the few
hairs on the thoracic disc, and the want of longer dorsocentral bristles
behind.

T. thoracica seems to be very rare in Denmark, only one specimen,
a female, has been taken on Langeland at Lohals on -V; 1909 (the
author).

Geographical distribution : — Besides in Denmark the species also
occurs in Germany, as Mr. Becker, who has seen my specimen, has
kindly communicated to me, that he also has the species in his
collection.

29. T. pallipes Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. 8, 6 p. p. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 305,
40, et 1849. VIII, 3009, nota. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90 {Plattj palpus).
— 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 287. — Tachydromia flavipalpis : 1822.
Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 74, 15. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. I, 288, 19. —
Platypalpus flavipalpis: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90.

Male. Frons and vertex black, slightly greyish ; epistoma narrow,
black; palpi yellow, large, as long or almost as long as the black
proboscis. Occiput greyish, with pale bristles above and whitish hairs
below. Antennæ black or brownish black, the third joint elongated
triangular, considerably shorter than the arista. Thorax black, shining,
the margin slightly greyish pruinose ; the disc is uniformly and densely
clothed with short, greyish yellow hairs; a pair of indistinct, scarcely
observable, weaker haired stripes indicate a division into dorsocentral
and acrostichal hairs ; there is one longer, yellow dorsocentral hair
behind, and two black notopleural bristles; no humeral bristle. Scu-
tellum with two black marginal bristles, Pleura greyish pruinose;

Empididae. 319

above tlie middle coxæ a large, black, polished spot, Abdomen black,
shinlng, with a little longish, yellow hairs. Venter black, soinetimes
paler towards the base. Legs yellow, the last four tarsal joints
generally brownish or blackish brown, The front femora very slightly,
the middle femora considerably thickened; the middle tibiæ about
two thirds of the femora in length, the apical spine small and truncate.
The legs are yellowish haired. Wings hyaline or very slightly yel-
lowish, Veins brown or blackish. Balteres yellowish white or white.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 2,5 — 3,3 mm.

This species cannot be confused with any of the three preceding
species, as it is distinguished by the uniform pubescence on the
thoracic disc; in this respect, and also otherwise, it resembles macula^
but this species has a much shorter third antennal joint, and yellow
thoracic and scutellar bristles.

T.pallipes is somewhat rare in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens
(the author). Lersøen (Stæger); my dates are from July to ^Ys-

Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down
into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

30, T. nigritarsis Fall,

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid, 34,1—2. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr.
III, 74, 13. — 1842. Zett. Dipt, Scand. I, 307, 43. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 91 [Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 286.

Male. Frons and vertex broad, black, the former a little greyish
pruinose, the latter shining; epistoma narrow, black; palpi small,
whitish. Occiput greyish black, with two distinct, black bristles above
and white hairs below, Antennæ black, long, about as long as the
head, the third joint elongated, considerably longer than the short
arista. Thorax black, shining, with a well defmed, greyish pruinose
margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs short,
black; there is one longer dorsocentral bristle behind, and there are
two notopleural bristles, all black. Scutellum greyish pruinose, with
two black marginal bristles. Pleura dark greyish pruinose, sterno-
pleura shining. Abdomen black, shining, with a little longish, yel-
lowish hairs. Venter black. Legs yellow; the posterior coxæ black,
the front coxæ a little blackish at the base; the apical part of the
hind femora black, the middle femora generally blackish or brownish
above in the apical part; the front tibiæ almost quite black, the hind
tibiæ generally blackish at the base; the four last tarsal joints, and
generally also the apex of the metatarsus black. The front femora
somewhat, the middle femora more thickened; the apical spine on

320 Orthorthapha l)iachycera.

the middle tiblæ almost wanting. The legs are yellowish or pale
brownish haired. Wings hyaline. Veins blaek. Balteres pale yellow.

Female. Similar to the male ; abdonien pointed and shorter
haired.

Length 2,3 — 2,5 mm.

T. nigritarsis is not common in Denmark, but has, however,
been taken at several piaces; Lersøen, Tyvekrog, Tisvilde, at Vemme-
tofte; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Hoffmansgave; in Jutland
at Hald near Viborg, Struer, Hobro and Frederikshavn; my dates
are ^'^k to August. It occurs in woods on bushes and on low her-
bage on somewhat humid and shaded piaces.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland.

3L T. longicornis Meig.

1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III, 73, 12, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 17. — 1903.
Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 284. — Tachydromia pubicornis : 1838. Zett. Ins.
Lapp. 553, 15, et 1842. Dipt. Scand. I, 304, 39.

Male. Frons and vertex grey; epistoma narrow, whitish grey;
palpi small, vi^hitish; proboscis black. Occiput grey, with two long
and some short, black bristles above and with white hairs below.

Fig. 141. Antenna of T. longicornis. X 100.

Antennæ black, sometimes a little pale at the base, long, distinctly
pubescent; the third joint is much elongated, narrow, more than
twice as long as the short arista. Thorax black, shining, brownish
pruinose at the margin; the uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acro-
stichal hairs yellow ; there is one long dorsocentral bristle behind and
there are two notopleural bristles, all dark brown or black. Scutellum
brownish pruinose, with two dark brown or black marginal bristles,
and on each side a smaller hair. Pleura dark greyish pruinose; above
the middle coxæ a black, polished spot. Abdomen black, shining,
with short, yellowish hairs; venter black. Legs yellow or reddish
yellow, the four last tarsal joints brown or blackish. The front
femora somewhat, the middle femora slightly more thickened; the
apical spine on the middle tibiæ almost wanting. The legs are yellow
haired; the bristles towards the apex on the anterior side of the

Empididae. 321

middle femora blackish. Wings hyaline. Veins brownish or pale
brown. Halteres yellow or yellowish white.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

Length 2 lo about 3 mm.

T. longkornis is somewhat rare in Denmark; GPiarlotlenlund,
Ermelund, Geel Skov, at Sorø and at Nyraad near Vordingborg; in
Jutland at Hald near Viborg; my dates are Vv,—^-'l?i. It occurs like
the preceding in woods on bushes and in low herbage on shaded
piaces; it is a somewhat late occurring species; I have taken it in
copula on -Vo.

Geographical distribution: — Europe dov^n into Spain and Italy;
towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia, and in Finland.

32. T. albiseta Panz.

1806. Panz. Faun. germ. CIII, 17. -- 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III,
73, 11. — 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 310, 46. — 1903. Kat. palåarkt.
Dipt. II, 279. — Tachydromia castanipes: 1822. Meig. Syst. Beschr. III,
79, 26. — Platypalptts castanipes: 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 90.

Male. Vertex and frons grey, the latter narrow; epistoma ex-
ceedingly narrow, the eyes here almost touching; palpi small, whitish.
Occiput greyish black, with two black bristles above, and short, yel-
lov^ish hairs below. Antennæ black, long, the third joint elongated;
the arista white, longer than the rest of the antennæ. Thorax black,
shining, with a narrow, well defined, grey pruinose margin; the
uniserial dorsocentral and biserial acrostichal hairs black, very short
and scarcely observable ; there is no long dorsocentral bristle behind,
but there is one black notopleural bristle. Scutellum with two black
marginal bristles, Pleura black, shining, the propleura, a stripe along
the lower margin of the mesopleura and the pteropleura and hypo-
pleura whitish grey pruinose. Abdomen black, shining, with short,
yellowish hairs. Venter black. The exterior genitalia small, some-
what greyish pruinose, with some slender hooks at the apex. Legs
slender, yellow, the front femora above and all tibiæ more or less
brownish; the tarsi darker brown. The anterior femora almost not,
the middle femora a little thickened; no spine at the apex of the
middle tibiæ. The legs are pale brownish haired, the bristles on the
postero-ventral side of the middle femora long, black; the hind femora
with longlsh hairs below. Wings more or less greyish or brownish
tinged. Veins brown or blackish, the cubital and discai vein con-
verging, the lower branch of the postical vein much recurrent, parallel
with the wing-margin. Halteres pale yellowish.

Female. Similar to the male; abdomen pointed.

-21

322 Orthorrhapha hiachycera.

Length 2,2 to about 3 mm.

T. alhiseta is very rare in Denmark, only five specimens have
been taken; Dyrehaven (H. J. Hansen); on Langeland at Lohals (the
author), and on Funen at Odense and Veflinge (H. J. Hansen); my
dates are only ^"/o — ^/t. The species occurs on bushes and in low
herbage on shaded piaces in woods.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, and further
into North Africa; towards the north to Lapland, and in Finland.

33. T. albocapillata Fall.

1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Empid. !», 7 p.p. — 1822. Meig. Syst. Besclir.
III, 79, 28. - 1842. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 1, 309, 45. — 1862. Schin. F. A.
I, 90 [Platypalpus). — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. Il, 280.

This species resembles alhiseta so much, that I shall only give
the differences. The third antennal joint is longer, the antennæ, with-
out the arista, fully as long as the head, the arista is shorter, about
as long as the third joint. The legs together with the coxæ black,
the apex of the femora, and the base of the anterior tibiæ generally
paler; sometimes the legs are only dark brownish. The wings have
the cubital vein a little more curved.

Length 2,2 to about 2,5 mm.

This species is distinguished from alhiseta by the longer antennæ
with a shorter arista, which is a quite constant character, and by
the black or dark legs. The characters in the fumigation of the
wings, mentioned by Strobl (Mitth. Ver. Steierm. 1892, 109), I fmd
not confirmed, and when he speaks of a slightly pruinose thoracic
disc in albocapillata, this is no doubt erroneous.

T. alhocapillata is rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose; on
Funen at Hoffmansgave ; in Jutland at Frederikshavn; and on Læsø;
my dates are in July.

Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards
the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland.

Addenda et Corrigenda.

Part. II.

Page 33 Line 3 for "base" read "apex"

— 105 — 16 fof "Dichronia'" read " Dichovia'''

— 131 — 23 for "P/i. pulicard" read "P/i. piilicaria".

Part. III.

Page 6 Line 22 for "tesselata'' read "tessellata"

— 7 — 27 The number of Danish Enipids is here given as 164, but since

this was printed 6 species have been added, the total number
thus being 170.

— 38 — 10 "Rhaniphomya marginataC should be removed to the foregoing

line before "1859".

— 49 After Rh. sulcata add : —

6 a. Rh. cinerascens Meig.

1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. 230, 28 {Empis) et 1822. Syst.
Beschr. III, 48. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 98. — 1903. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt.
II, 223.

This species resembles in nearly all respects sulcata so very much
that it is not necessary to give any description ; the distinguishing
character, and, so far as I see, the only real difference lies in the
colour of the wings; these have at the posterior margin, about from
the axillary angle to the apex of the postical vein or somewhat
beyond this, a distinct, blackish border, which vanishes evenly in-
wards. Though this is a small difference, the border is, hovvever,
rather characteristic, and I think the species is qiiite certain. Schiner
says, that the hind legs are not sulcated, but this is not correct, the
hind legs may be sulcated or not, quite as in sulcata.

Length 6—7 mm.

Rh. cinerascens is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both
females, have been taken in 1909 and 1910, one at Allerup near
Esbjerg and one at Silkeborg (Esben Petersen); the dates are •''/■.— ^/n,
the species is thus a spring species.

Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down
into Germany; it is not known north of Denmark.

21*

324 Orthoirhapha brachycera.

Page 57 Line 15 for "on" read "or"

— 83 — 38 "Æ. poplitea Loew or a closely allied species". The species is

described as new in 1902 by Melander as E. aerobatica (Melander
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, 323).

— 91 — 19 for "is/i," read '"»I7"

— 131 To the geographical distribution of E. tessellata add that the

species also goes down into North Africa.

— 154 To the geographical distribution of H. quadrifaria add that the

species also goes down into North Africa.

— 190 — 14 for "in consists" read "it consists"

— 215 Footnote for "notopleural" read "metapleural"

— 217 — 34 for "Chinocera'' read "CUnocera''

— 284 - 10 add "Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. II, 278. — "

INDEX.

Synonyms are given in italics. References to Genera and Species which are
not Danish have the page in itahes.

Page

Anacrostichus Bezzi 96

nitida Meig 97

Anthalia Zett 209

Ardoptera Macq 240

Bergenstammia Mik 216

nudipes Loew 216

Bicellaria Macq 20

aira Meig 24

intermedia n. sp 25

rnelaena Hal 22

nigra Meig 26

pilosa n. sp 27

simplicipes Zett 22

spuria Fall 24

sulcata Zett 24

Braehysfoma Meig 219. 220. 222. 243

Ghamaedipsia Mik 214

pusilla Loew 216

Ghehpoda Macq 243

melanocephala Fabr 6. 247

Ghersodromia Walk 274

arenaria Hal 281

hrevipennis Zett 281

cursitans Zett 278

difficilis n. sp 280

hirta Walk 277

incana Walk 282

speculifera Walk 283

Ghnocera Meig 213

bistignia Gurt 223

horealis Zett 223

jtivenilis Zett 223

nigra Meig 217

nudipes Loew 216

pusilla Loew 216

rhynchops Now 224

Roberti Macq 217

stagnalis Hal 219

styhfera Mik 215

unicolor Gurt 217

Wesmaelii Macq 220

Westermanni Zett 219

Zetterstedti Fall 222

Glinocera s. str 217

nigra Meig 217

Roberti Macq 217

unicolor Gurt 217

Goptophlebia Bezzi 102

albinervis Meig 105

albipennis Zett. (non Meig.) .... 105

hyalipennis Fall 103

vitripennis Meig 106

Cyrtoma Meig 22. 24. 25. 26

Dolichocephala Macq 238

guttata Hal 241

irrorata Fall 239

Drapetis Meig 252

assimilis Fall 256

aterrima Gurt 254

exiUs Meig 258

flavipes Macq 253

minima Meig 257

nervosa Loew 254

nigritella Zett 254

pusilla Loew 259

setigera Loew 255

Elaphropeza Macq 272

ephippiata Fall 273

Empididae 1

Empidinae . •• ^^^

Page

Empis L 79

aerobatica Mel 324

aestiva Loew 125

albinervis Meig 105

albipennis Zett. (non Meig.) .... 105

bilineata Loew 86

borealis L 137

brevicornis Loew 131

caudatula Loew 124

chioptera Fall 118

ciliata Meig. (non Fabr.) 109

cinerea Zett 127

cuneipennis Bezzi 101

decora Meig 112

digramma Meig 86

femorata Fabr 83

ftava Miill 6

genualis Strobl 82. 114

grisea Fall 99

hyalipennis Fall 103

ignota Meig 88

lamellicornis Beck 116

lineata Fabr 6. 133

livida L 133

livida Fabr. (non L.) . . 129

lutea Meig 95

maculipes Zett 101

meridionalis Meig 81

niinuta Fabr 6. 189

niorosa Schin. (non Meig.) 124

nigricans Meig 135

nigritarsis Meig 101

nitida Meig 97

obscura Macq 123

obscura Zett 122

obscuripennis Strobl 122

opaca Meig 139

pennaria Fall 118

pennaria Fall p. p 114

pennipés L 109

prodrornus Loew 120

punctata Meig 88

punctata Fabr. (non Meig.) 86

rufivenlris Meig 111

rustica Fall 135

serotina Loew 122

stercorea L 91

testacea Zett. (non Fabr.) 8G

tessellata Fabr 129

Page

trigramma Meig 93

univittata Loew 90

ventralis Zett 111

vernalis Meig 114

vitripennis Meig 106

volucris Zett. (non Meig.) . . . 125. 127

Empis s. str. (Bezzi). . . 128

borealis L 137

brevicornis Loew 131

lineata Fabr 6. 133

livida L 133

livida Fabr. (non. L.) 129

meridionalis Meig 81

nigricans Meig 135

opaca Meig 139

rustica Fall 135

tessellata Fabr 129

Eucelidia Mik 221

Zetterstedti Fall 222

Euthyneura Macq 209

consobrina Zett 211

furcata Zett 210

Gyllenhali Zett 211

myricae Hal 211

myrtilli Macq 310

pallida Zett 309

rostrata Zett 211

Heleodromia Hal 218

stagnalis Hal 219

Wesmaelii Macq 220

Westervianni Zett 219

Heliodromia Curt 217. 223

Hemerodromia Meig 228

flavella Zett 234

melanocephala Hal 234

monostigma Meig 231

oratoria Fall 236

precatoria Fall 231

raptoria Meig 235

stigmatica Schin 233

Hemerodromiinae 212

Hilara Meig 140

aeronetha Mik 162

angustifrons Strobl 162

Beckeri Strobl 167

bistriata Zett 170

bivittata Strobl 157

carinthiaca Strobl 168

Page

chorica Fall 154

cingulata Dahlb 180

clypeata Meig 150

coracula n. sp 149

cornicula Loew 148

discoidalis n. sp 151

flavipes Meig 181

fuscipes Fabr 6.183

gallica Meig 176

globulipes Meig 159

gracilipes Boh 140. 182

interstincta Fall 160

lasiopyga n. sp 178

litorea Fall 174

lurida Fall 177

inatrona Hal 143

maura Fabr 159

minuta Zett 182

modesta Meig 160

nigrina Fall 156

niveipennis Zett 173

pilipes Zett 171

pilosa Zett 143

pinetoruni Zett 151

pruinosa Meig 145

pseudochorica Strobl 155

pubipes Loew 164

({uadrifaria Strobl 153

quadrivittata Meig 165

quadrivittata Zett. (non Meig.) . 168

sartor Beck 145

tanychira Kow 173

univittata Meig 174

Hybos Meig 8

claripennis Strobl 18

clavipes Fabr 6. 12

culiciformis Fabr 15

femoratus Miill 13

flavipes Meig 13

fumipennis Meig 13

funebris Meig 12

grossipes L 12

infuscatus Zett 15

pilipes Meig 12

rufitarsis Zett 15

vitripennis Meig 15

Hybotinae 8

Lemtopeza Macq 204

Leptopeza Macq 204

Page

flavipes Meig 206

ruficoUis Meig 206

sphenoptera Loew 208

Leptosceles Hal 241

Lissempis Bezzi 101

cuneipennis Bezzi 101

nigritarsis Meig 101

Macroptera Beck 284

Microdromia Big 230

Microphor Mactj 189

Microphorus Macq 189

anomalus Meig 192

crassipes Macq 192

fuscipes Zett 191

holosericea Zett 191

pusillus Macq 192

tarsellus Zett 192

velutinus Macq 191

Microsania Zett 18

stigmaticalis Zett 19

Ocydromia Meig 200

dorsalis Meig 202

glabricula Fall 202

melanopleura Loew 203

nigripennis Meig. (non Fabr.) . . 203

nificollis Macq 202

rufipes Meig 202

scutellata Meig 202

Ocydromiinae 183

Oedalea Meig • 193

flavipes Zett 197

Holmgreni Zett 199

hybotina Fall 196

minuta Fall.f p. p 197

ohioensis Mel 199

stigmatelia Zett 198

Orthogenya 1

Pachymeria Steph 98

grisea Fall 99

maculipes Zett 101

Paramesia Macq 217. 220

Philolutra Mik 214

Phyllodromia Zett 247

albiseta Zett 250

supplicatoria Meig 249

vocatoria Fall 249

Platypalpus Macq 285

Page

Platypeza Meig 192

Polyblepharis Bezzi låO

Pterempis Bezzi 108

aestiva Loew 125

caudatula Loew 124

chioptera Fall 118

ciliata Meig. (non Fabr.) 109

cinerea Zett 127

decora Meig 112

genualis Strobl 82. 114

lamellicornis Beck 116

niorosa Schin. (non Meig.) 124

obscura Macq 123

obscura Zett 122

obscuripennis Strobl 122

pennaria Fall IIS

pennaria Fall. p. p 114

pennipcs L 109

prodromus Loew 120

rufiventris Meig 111

serotina Loew 122

ventralis Zett 111

vernalis Meig 114

volucris Zett. (non Meig.). . . 125. 127

Rhagas Walk 182. 183

Rhamphomyia Meig 30

atripennis Zett 51

cana Zett 78

cinerascens Meig 323

conformis Kow 51

coracina Zett 78

culicina Fall 67

dentipes Zett 64

dissimilis Zett 43

Falleni Meig 49

flava Fall 65

fieniculata Zett 59

gibba Fall ;. .. 77

gracilipes Loew 61

hybrida Zett 69

laevipes Fall 57

marginata Fabr 38

nigripennis Fabr 6. 71

nigripes Fabr 6. 39

nitidula Zett 33

nodipes Fall 41

obscuripennis Meig 71

obscura Zett 55

Page

pennata Macq 62

platyptera Panz 38

plumipes Fall 59

pseudotrilineata Strobl 51

sciarina Fall 69

simplex Zett 56

spinipes Fall 45

spissirostris Fall 41

sulcata Meig 47

tarsata Meig 53

tenuirostris Fall 76

tibiella Zett 57

umbripennis Meig 73

variabilis Fall 75

vesiculosa Fall 49

Roederia Mik 214

Stilpon Loew 260

graminum Fall 262

Symballophthalmus Beck 283

cyanophfhalmus Strobl 285

dissimilis Fall 284

pictipes Beck 284

Synamphotera Loew 226

pallida Loew 227

Tachista Loew 267

albitarsis Zett 269

annulimana Meig 269

arrogans L 267

cimicoides Fabr 267

fenestrata Zett 270

sabulosa Meig 270

terricola Zett 271

Tachydromia Meig 285

agilis Meig 311

albicornis Zett 308

albiseta Panz 321

albocapillata Fall 322

annulata Fall 310

annulipes Meig 297

articulata Macq 300

bicolor Meig 298

calceata Macq 299

candicans Fall 303

castanipes Meig 321

ciliaris Fall 316

cothurnata Macq 294

coxafa Zett 297

Page

cryptospina Frey 295

cursitans Fabr 303

cursitans Meig. (non Fabr.) .... 306

dichroa Meig 298

exigua Meig 310

exilis Meig 313

fasciata Meig 305

fascipes Strobl (non Meig.) 295

femoralis Zett 310

flavicornis Meig 307

fiavipalpis Meig 318

flavipes Fabr 6. 290

fulvipes Meig 295

fuscicornis Zett 316

glabra Zett. (non Meig.) 312

interjecta n. sp 295

longicornis Meig 320

longisefa Zett 301

lutea Meig 312

macula Zett 315

maculipes Meig 291

major Zett 306

minuta Meig 309

nigritarsis Fall 319

notata (Meig.) Zett 297

pallida Meig 312

pallidiventris Meig 301

pallipes Fall 318

pallipes Meig. (non Fall.) 316

pectoralis Fall 314

pubicornis Zett 320

straminipes Zett 314

strigifrons Zett 293

Page

thoracica n. sp 317

varia Walk 302

ventralis Meig 304.

Tachydromiinae 251

Tachypeza Meig 262

fuscipennis Fall 265

nervosa Meig 266

nubila Meig 266

truncorum Meig. (non Fall.).... 266

Trichina Meig 184

clavipes Meig 187

flavipes Meig 186

minuta Fall 187

Trichopeza Rond 241

longicornis Meig 243

Wiedemannia Zett 223

bistigma Gmt 223

borealis Zett 223

juvenilis Zett 223

rhynchops Novi^ 224

Xanthempis Bezzi 85

bilineata Loew 86

digramma Meig 86

flava Miill 6

ignota Meig 88

lutea Meig 95

punctata Meig 88

punctata Fabr. (non Meig.) .... 86

stercorea L 91

testacea Zett. (non Fabr.) 86

trigramma Meig 93

univittata Loew 90

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