m »■ .■■ P' '■ i i f .2. ^ r r r- 5. v^rr - 1 ^7 li m I ^ |KJBHEi — i^ \ Cl ^ ^ • f^k.JtfÆtfm ^ i ^ r C c< c ( < » ^/r <# M - 5 r ^ 'S ^ « 4[ 4 mr< r« éL. 3 • r # ^ ^ * %4 £■ ém * t m*^ W , 5< ^\s i.\ 1 <* i m « r c^« iv v?3 ;\ ; - V \ %^B^^^m 1 ( lÆ *• " "5"5 * i Ir^l^S' \\ i VV^ vv i ^i-wi? " i'^'% xÆ^^^B^L r « JL.S <<5 VT - m. 1 4^ Vi - ^^K^B -•'jjeallaw «<' & ^bH ^ VHWf Z«* tf -■mam. «» """ =ki=s^iKJ ■^^^^ ■ 1 1 ■!! f _ WfLm^m^ m\ 5 EtMfl ^tim^ltt ^ A- ia. ;;Maa^ i • <^ '1 W« ■1« ^ u 3 ■HT ^^^ ir^T mm ^ S« « «r r« « '3 c '^^^^'^^^^^ ^^^^^^ * S ^SJ9L ^<> 1. M«. i{ E W^^^ -T S jftfiiiini VK L L 3L.^_.^ATM^«la^ ^V ^ V < i /f't\. *» < r" »• ».y MHK^«^ ^ \ ^!^T^^^^HCi^_ii - C 1 1 ■B«^ '.27^&lHP#i i * • 4 t € / r ■fc"^ ■ ^ sik'-»:3~~ir:iK '^^BT c 9 r* r r ^^V ^x^ ^Wj ' * «K «KjhmjHI^:«l ^B^ t^nyaCiiiMiii,, ^■t**^P*ir '**^' ^l ■raiW^^»^^^BW»= mw- r ^ iW « m- t m 1 8 r ^^^^tfifi gi»>»». -yaw*B c«^ ' ^^ «■ vJ^^ f «^ ir r re c DIPTERA DANICA GENERA AND SPECIES OF FLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK BY WILLIAM LUNDBECK PART VII PLATYPEZIDAE, TACHINIDAE WITH 116 FIGURES PUBLISHED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FUND G. E. C. GAD — COPENHAGEN LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON 1927 DIPTERA DANICA PART VII J)IPTERA DANICA GENERA AND SPECIES OF FLIES HITHERTO FOUND IN DENMARK WILLIAM LUNDBECK PART VII PLATYPEZIDAE, TACHINIDAE WITH 116 FIGURES PUBMSHED AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CARLSBERG FUND G. E. C. GAD — COPENHAGEN LONDON: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON 1927 READY FROM THE PRESS APRIL THE 15th 1927 COPKNHAGEN — PRINTED BY BIANCO LUNO Platypezidae. Head more or less semiglobiilar, as broad as or a little broader than thorax, flat behind or here a little convex below. Eyes in male large and touching for a long distance, in female smaller and broadly separated. The eyes are bare; in the male the facets in the upper half or more are enlarged, and in the inner eye-margin there is an incision at the dividing line between the facets. The face is rather low. The ocellar triangle has a pair of ocellar bristles, but in Platy- peza only some hairs. In the male there are no vertical bristles, but in the female a pair is present except in Platypeza. In the female the frons has one or more fronto-orbital bristles, in Platypeza not, the frons here with minute hairs about all over. The antennæ are inserted near to each other, at or a little to somewhat below the middle of the head; they are (always) six-jointed, the three last joints forming an apical arista; the basal antennal joints are short, the third compressed, shorter or longer, from almost equilateral triangularly oval to three times as long as high at base; the two basal joints of arista are short, but generally distinct. The second antennal joint has small bristly hairs at apex, sometimes more or fewer long hairs above. Epistoma is more or less separated from the clieeks by a furrow, the cheeks generally broad. The jowls not or almost not descending. Jowls and cheeks bare or hairy, in Opetia with bristles. Whether there is a real oral cone with a free clypeus, separated from epistoma and connected with pharynx I have not been able to decide, but it seems to me to be so in Platypeza (and after Peterson: Illinois Biol. Monogr. III, 1916, figs. 32 and 542 a, it would also seem to be the case, as he figures what seems to be my clypeus, his fronto-clypeus, connected with pharynx by the part he terms tormae), and the facts seem here to be as in Lonchoptera, Phorids and also Pipunculids; in Callimyia, on the other hånd, a 1 2 Platypezidae. clypeus does not seem to be separated. If so the Platypezids would, through CaUimyia, in this respect be the group of Aschiza which stands nearest to the Orthorrhapha. Mouth parts small and retracted; labrum and hypopharynx small; no free maxillary lacinia; the maxil- lary palpi one-jointed, thread-like or sometimes clubbed; labium short, with generally not small labella. Thorax rectangular, often rather high, and arched above. Thorax bears bristles of various kinds; there are often uniserial acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles, they are generally short and more or less hair-like, except the two or three last dorsocentrals which are developed as bristles; in Opetia and Platypeza there are no acrostichals, and in Platypeza the dorso- centrals may sometimes be pluriserial ; in Platycnema the acrostichals are biserial. Further there are humeral, posthumeral, a præsutural, more or fewer notopleural, a supraalar (in Platycnema two) and a postalar bristle (or more), and besides there may be more or fewer hairs in the intraalar region; in Platypeza there is no supraalar bristle; all these bristles may vary in development, and sometimes one or another is wanting. The humeral and posthumeral bristles are rather strong in Opetia and Platycnema, in the other genera small to quite small. Thorax is otherwise bare, only in Opetia hairy. Scutellum has a various number of marginal bristles, often four. Pleura bare except for small prothoracic bristles. Abdomen more or less elongated, compressed or cylindrical or sometimes somewhat flattened; it consists in CaUimyia, Agathomyia. and Platypeza in the male distinctly of eight segments anterior to the hypopygium; in the other two genera only six or seven segments are visible, the others may be hidden or reduced; the first segment is more or less short, the following are of equal length until the seventh, which is small or quite small; after it follows a small præhypopygial segment, and then the ninth segment, the hypopygium. The hypopygium is about globular or more elongate, and it is bent in under the venter, except in Platycnema; it shows a dorsal excision with the anal opening, representing the tenth segment; at the end it has a pair of variously shaped end-lamellæ or claws, and below a pair of appendages is some- times seen. In Platycnema it is of another construction. In the female the last abdominal segments are telescopically retractile. The legs are rather normal as regards the anterior pairs, but the hind legs are characteristic for the family in having tibiæ towards tip and the three or four basal joints of tarsi more or less to strongly dilated, especially the- tarsi; only in Opetia they are not dilated. The hind Piatype zid ae. 3 legs are dilated in both sexes, sometimes more in male than in female, but in Platypeza most in the female; the tarsi may otherwise be variously constructed, sometimes, as in Callimyia and Agathomyia, the metatarsus is the longest joint, but in most species of Platypeza the metatarsus is short to very short and then generally shortest in the female, and the third and fourth joint are in this sex of a special shape. In some species of Agathomyia the dilatation is weak or almost not present. In Callimyia and some species of Platypeza also the middle tarsi in female are a little dilated. The legs are upon the whole not much hairy, generally only the femora have more or less long hairs, and as a rule they are short-haired in the female. Of bristles various characteristic ones are often present in male; middle tibiæ have one or two apical spurs. Claws and pulvilli small, generally a little larger in male than in female. Empodium quite small or nearly wanting. Wings with the membrane clear even if yellow, and of a somewhat glassy appearance, except in Opetia and Platycnema. Costa reaching to the discai vein, in Opetia it seems to go all round ; subcostal vein somewhat long, in Callimyia spinulose ; cubital vein unforked; medial cross-vein somewhat near the base, but first basal cell longer than second, except in Platycnema^ discai vein unforked in Platycnema^ Callimyia and Agathomyia^ in Opetia with a long fork, and in Platypeza forked at apex, the upper branch ending in the margin, the lower as a rule more or less abbreviated. In Opetia and Platycnema no posterior cross-vein and thus no closed discai cell, in the other genera a posterior cross-vein present, placed near margin, and thus a long discai cell present. Anal cell shorter or longer, but always longer than second basal cell, though in Opetia only slightly. Anal vein reaching the margin except in Opetia] axillary vein more or less indistinct. A stigma present in Platycnema. Axillary lobe well developed ; alula quite narrow or somewhat well developed. Thoracic squamula small, alar squamula larger, both with long mar- ginal hairs; they have the angulus somewhat protruding, with the hairs fan-like. The wing-venation is somewhat similar to that in Syrphidae, but the upper branch of the discai fork ends always in the margin and thus first posterior cell open, the basal cells are much shorter, and also the anal cell shorter; Opetia and Platycnema are still more different. The developmental stages of Callimyia and Platypeza are known. The larvæ are more or less flattened, rarely cylindrical; they are 1* 4 Platypezidae. characterised by a series of filaments all round the margin, and also on dorsum; in Callimyia the lateral filaments are long and feathered or serrate, and tliey are numerous as there are two at the side of each segment, on the anterior segments and the last still more; the dorsal filaments are here small, spine-like, and six in a transverse row on the segments; in Platypeza the filaments are smaller, not serrate and iess numerous, as there is only one lateral on each, or at all events on most segments; also long dorsal filaments may here be present, two on each segment, forming two longitudinal rows; sometimes all the filaments are here short and spine-like, so that the larva loses its characteristic appearance. In most described larvæ of Platypeza only two dorsal filaments on each segment are mentioned, but there may be, and are perhaps always, four, The filaments are no doubt here, as in other larvæ, of sensorial function. The larva consists of twelve segments, the head included ; there are prothoracic and above on last segment posterior spiracles. Above the mouth opening are small maxillary palpi and longer upwards small antennæ. There are two ventrally dentate mouth hooks, sitting on a pharyngeal skeleton of common shape. Head and prothorax are situated below the front end, and this seems characteristic for these larvæ, and thus only ten segments are seen from above, the mesothoracic being the first. The pupa has no protruding anterior spiracles. By the opening of the puparium an upper piece is detached, comprising meso- and metathorax and first abdominal segment (see under Callimyia)', the piece is often only detached at the sides and remains connected with the puparium behind. — The larvæ live in various fungi. The Platypezidae are a small family, and the species are small or smallish. They occur in woods on leaves of bushes; of some species the males are recorded to hover in the air. They are characteristic in colour and in, that male and female are generally rather different in this respect; the males are as a rule dark, often velvet black, the female lighter, grey with black markings. Some species are more or Iess yellow, especially in female, and with silvery spots and bands. The family seems related to Syrphidae and Pipunculidae, but seems also to show affinities to the Orthorrhapha, through Lonchoptera perhaps especially to Dolichopodidae. It seems really to besomewhat intermediate, the frons of the female having in most of the genera fronto-orbital bristles, and in Callimyia there seems even to be an indication of a frontal stripe, as also mentioned by de Meijere (Tijdschr. V. Entom. 54, 1911, 247), and also an indication of a lunula seems Opetia. 5 to be present, thus herein showing affmities to Schizophora, while the want of an oral cone with a free clypeus (in Callimyia) and the hypopyg point towards Dolichopodidae. Of the family about 35 species are known from the palæarctic region, and a similar number from North America. None seems to be common for both regions (except two species of Microsania). I am acquainted with no case of Hymenoptera parasitic on Platypezidae. Platypezids earlier recorded from Denmark: As far as I see Zetter- stedt is the only author who has mentioned Platypezids from Den- mark. In Dipt. Scand. III, 1844 he mentions 9 species: Callimyia speciosa, amoena, Falleni, antennata and Platypeza boletina, fasciata, vittata = infiimata, modesta and rafa. In the present paper 16 species are enumerated. Table of Genera. 1. Posterior cross-vein wanting, and tlius no closed discai cell; humeral and postliumeral bristles strong 2. — Posterior cross-vein present and thus a closed discai cell; no strong humeral or posthumeral bristle, often only hairs 3. 2. Discai vein forked 1. Opetia. ■ — • Discai vein unforked 2. Platycnema. 3. Discai vein not forked 4. — Discai vein forked 5. Platypeza. 4. Subcostal vein spinulose 3. Callimyia. — Subcostal vein not spinulose 4. Agatliomyia. The genus Microsania with the Danish species stigmaticalis Zett. was treated in Dipt. Dan. III under the Empididae and is therefore not treated here, but in reality it no doubt belongs to the Platypezidae., as shown, besides by other characters, by the ventrally incurved hypo- pygium, the dilated hind tarsi, and also the wing venation is similar. Melander has (Psyche XXIX, 1922, 43) given characters for its junc- tion with the Platypezidae] he thinks it related to Opetia and Platyc- nema., but this latter genus belongs, I think, to the Empididae (see under the genus). Microsania may be related to Opetia., but stands, however, somewhat apart. 1. Opetia Meig. Small, black species. Head broader than thorax, semiglobular, flat behind. Eyes in male large, occupying most of the front part 6 Platypezidae. of the head, touching for a long space, so that only a small frontal triangle is left, in the female smaller and broadly separated. The vertex is rather prominent in male; there is a pair of distinct ocellar bristles, and in female some frontal bristles. Along the hinder eye- margin a row of short postocular hairs. In the male the eye-facets in more than the upper half of the eye are enlarged. The antennæ inserted near to each other, at about middle of the head; the basal joint is small, the second a little longer, the third still longer, some- what elongated oval, bearing an apical arista a little longer than the antenna, with an indistinct basal joint; the second antennal joint Fig. 1. Wing of O. nigra ^ . has some small apical bristles, the third joint a couple of bristles above; the arista is short hairy. The cheeks are downwards passing over into the jowls, which are almost not descending; on cheeks and jowls there is a row of bristles. Epistoma is a little sunken between the cheeks. The mouth parts I have not been able to examine. Thorax quadratic, arched above; it is hairy and of bristles there are a humeral, a posthumeral and a præsutural; further a couple of notopleural, a supraalar and a postalar bristle; behind there are two rows of dorso- central bristles, the hindmost long; besides there is a couple of shorter, but erect and bristly hairs at the sides of the disc. Scutellum with two long marginal bristles and two pairs of small, the one pair apical. Pleura bare. Abdomen elongate, a little compressed; it con- sists in male apparently of six segments, the sixth small, and behind it the downwards bent hypopygium is seen, but I have not been able to examine the segments more closely. Legs of simple shape, only hind tibiæ shghtly dilated towards apex; the legs are short- hairy, only front and especially hind femora with longer hairs; all tibiæ with a small apical spur. Claws and pulvilU small. Wings with alula almost not developed, but with a well developed axillary lobe, both with somewhat long hairs at margin. The venation somewhat Opetia. 7 peculiar; discai vein with a long fork, no posterior cross-vein and tims no closed discai cell; second basal cell and anal cell very small, and shorter than first basal cell; anal vein not reaching the margin; axillary vein indistinct. Squamulæ quite small. Halteres with the knob large. The developmental stages are not known. Of the genus there seems to be only one species, also occurring in Denmark. 1. O. nigra Meig. 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 357, 1, Tab. LXVI, Fig. 17—20. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 922, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 243. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 17, 1, figs. 31—33, 35—36 et 38. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 183. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 230. Male. Vertex, frons and face black; cheeks and jowls somewhat shining. Occiput black with short black hairs, a little longer below. Antennæ blackish or brownish; palpi black. Thorax black, shining, black-haired; pleura brownish black, shining. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with short black hairs. Legs black or brownish black, black-haired; front femora with some longer hairs on postero- ventral side towards apex and hind femora with a row of bristles on dorsal side and some shorter below in apical half. W^ings more or less brownish tinged, especially towards anterior margin; veins brown or blackish brown. Squamulæ quite small, dark brownish. Halteres black or blackish. Female. I have not seen the female; according to the descrip- tions it is quite similar, but the frons broad, black and shining, and with a row of frontal bristles on each side. Length 2,5 to nearly 3 mm. O. nigra is rare in Denmark; Lersø (Stæger), Charlottenlund (Schlick), Ordrup Mose, Ermelund and on Langeland at Lohals (the author); the dates are ^Z, — ^/lo, but there is a gap between ^^Z, and 22/9, and Zetterstedt mentions the same, so probably there are two broods in the year. All my specimens are males; the female seems upon the whole to be rare. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Belgium and Germany; towards the north to northern Sweden, 8 Platypezidae. 2. Platycnema Zett. Small black species. Head a little broader than thorax, flat behind. Eyes large in male, touching for a very long space, so that only small vertical and frontal triangles are left; in female the eyes widely separated. On vertex there is a pair of ocellar bristles, and in female a coiiple of frontal bristles on each side. Along the hinder eye-margin a row of postocular bristles, longest above. In the male the eye-facets in a larger upper part of the eye are much enlarged. Antennæ inserted near to each other, considerably below the middle of the head; the basal joints are small, the third triangularly roundish, Fig. 2. Wing of P. pulicaria ,^ . pointed, with an apical arista more than double as long as the an- tenna; the arista is distinctly pubescent. Face very small; jowls not descending. Proboscis small and retracted. Thorax rectangular, much higher than long and highly arched above. There are somewhat long, biserial acrostichals, and on each side a similar single row of dorsocentrals, the two hindmost of which are very long; besides some smaller hairs outside the rows; further there are a humeral bristle, two posthumeral (or the one præsutural), three notopleural, two supraalar and a postalar bristle. For the rest thorax is bare. Scutellum has four long marginal bristles. Pleura bare, except for a prothoracic bristle. Abdomen elongated, somewhat narrow and tapering; it consists in the male apparently of seven segments; then follows the hypopygium, which is directed backwards, not bent ventrally; it consists of two broad side-lamellæ, forminglike a forceps, and between them at the apex tw^o very thin styliform upper lamellæ, stretching upwards ; it is thus like the hypopygium in many Empidids. Abdomen has bristles at the hind margins to the segments. Legs with hind tibiæ dilated and hind metatarsus slightly; the legs are somewhat fringed on femora and tibiæ, and the femora have a longer Platycnema. 9 præapical bristle below; middle tibiæ with a distinct apical spur. Claws and piilvilli small. Wings somewhat broad at base with alula slightly developed and with a large axillary lobe, both with some- what long hairs; discai vein unforked; no posterior cross-vein, and thus no closed discai cell; medial cross-vein rather near base, basal cells of equal length, not small; anal cell longer than basal cells; anal vein reaching margin ; axillary vein indistinct. A stigma present. Costa cihated and with a long bristle at base. Squamulæ quite small. Halteres with the knob large. The developmental stages are not known. Of the genus there seems to be only one species, also occurring in Denmark. If the doubtful tibiella Zett. is a distinct species there would be two species. 1. P. pulicaria Fall. 1816. Fall. Dipt. Svec. Emp. 33, 44 (Empis). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 534, 3 [Cyrtoma) et 1842. Dipt. Scand. I, 332, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 242. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FL VIII, 20, 1, figs. 39—41. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 183. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 230. Male. Vertex and frons black, Occiput black, with black hairs, longest below. Antennæ black or blackish. Thorax black and shining, rather covered with bristles, but otherwise almost bare. Pleura bare, a little pruinose,not shining. Abdomen black, a little pruinose, dullish; it is clothed, but not densely with black hairs, and has long bristles at the hind margins to the segments, longest towards base. Legs yellowish brown or brown, femora and hind legs the darkest; hind tibiæ considerably dilated towards apex, and hind metatarsus a little thickened; the legs are clothed with black hairs, somewhat erect and forming fringes on dorsal side of tibiæ, and above and below femora, on hind femora specially long; middle tibiæ besides with a couple of anterodorsal bristles. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, stigma dark brown ; veins blackish brown. Squamulæ quite sm.all, brown. Halteres blackish brown. Female. I do not know the female ; according to the descrip- tions it has the eyes widely separated, frons black and shining and with two or three bristles on each side. Length scarcely 2 mm, P. pulicaria is very rare in Denmark, I have taken only one specimen, a male, on Bogø south of Sealand on ^/^ 1917. J^O Platypezidae. Geographical distribution : — England and Scandinavia ; towards the north to middle Sweden. Remarks : I have treated the genus here, but as known it was by Zetterstedt placed to the Empids and later on transferred to the Platypezids. I am, however, strongly inchned to think, that it really belongs to the Empids, as also is the opinion of Strobl (Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. 1893, 14). The wing-venation and especially the posi- tion and construction of the hypopygium points, besides other char- acters, towards the Empids. Mr. Collin has also communicated to me, that he holds the same opinion. For this and the foregoing genus I cannot agree with Verrall's description of the thoracic chætotaxy; I fmd no peculiarly curved bristles (ox-horn bristles Verrall), and in Platycnema I fmd distinct dorsocentral rows \\\i\\ two long bristles behind. 3. Callimyia Meig. (Callomyia.) Small or smallish, elongate, very beautiful flies; males and females of very different appearance. The males are velvet black, without or with more or less distinct silvery side spots on abdomen; the females have silvery spots on thorax, and abdomen more or less yellow or with yellow or silvery bands. Head as broad as or slightly broader than thorax, broader than high, flat behind or a little convex downwards. Eyes in male large, touching for a long space, so that there is only a somewhat small frontal triangle, and the inner eye- margin is incised at the base of the antennæ; in the female the eyes are smafler and broadly separated. In the male the facets in the upper half of the eye are enlarged, the division between large and small facets transverse. On the vertical triangle is a pair of ocellar bristles, stronger in female than in male, and along the hinder eye- margin a row of postocular hairs; in the female there is a pair of vertical bristles and a frontal bristle on each side at the middle of the frons, and below it one or a couple of quite minute bristles; for the rest the frons is bare. The antennæ are inserted near to each other, at or a little below the middle of the head; the basal joints are small, the third triangularly oval, slightly longer than broad, somewhat pointed and bears an apical arista, the two basal joints of which are distinct; the basal antennal joints have small apical Callimyia. 11 bristles, the second a long bristle above, less strong in female; the third joint is pubescent, the arista apparently bare. Frons and face somewhat sunken between the eyes; jowls not descending. Epistoma separated from the cheeks by a furrow, it is triangularly excised at apex; there does not seem to be a free clypeus, but possibly the incised apex answers to it. Cheeks and jowls bare. The mouth parts are small and generally retracted; proboscis short; maxillary palpi one-jointed, thread-like or a little flattened and larger in female than in male. Thorax rectangular; of bristles there are uniserial acrostichals which stop long before scutellum, and likewise uniserial dorsocentrals, the two last of the latter long, the last placed some- what outwards and specially long; in front the dorsocentral rows curve outwards towards the humeri. There are two humeral bristles and some small posthumeral, but these latter are fused with the outwards curving dorsocentrals, so an exact number may not be given; further there are a long præsutural bristle, a number of noto- pleural bristles, a couple of intraalar, a supraalar and a postalar bristle; otherwise thorax is bare. Scutellum has four strong marginal bristles. Pleura bare except for a small prothoracic bristle. Abdomen narrow and elongated, and it is somewhat compressed; the tergites are by far the most developed, the sternites small; abdomen consists in male of eight segments anterior to the hypopygium, at all events on dorsal side; the first segment is short, the second to fifth of equal length, the sixth curves down and forms the end of abdomen seen from above; after the sixth follows downwards a small and rudimen- tary seventh segment, then a somewhat small præhypopygial seg- ment, and fmally the hypopygium; this latter is about globular or more elongate, with a dorsal incision in which the anal opening (tenth segment) Hes; at the apex of hypopygium are two smaller or larger lamellæ or claws, and below it a pair of variously shaped appendages. In the female the last segments are telescopically retrac- tile. The legs are characteristic by the hind tibiæ and tarsi being dilated in both sexes, and in female also the second to fourth joint on the middle tarsus; on hind tarsi metatarsus is the longest joint. The middle femora in male have a minute swelling or a little hook- shaped knob below a little before apex. The femora, especially front and hind femora, are a little fringed above and below; the middle tibiæ have generally a dorsal bristle about the middle, and they have two apical spurs; in the male the front femora have at base on posteroventral side a peculiar strong bristle, bent strongly for- 12 Platypezidae. wards (the iise of this bristle is not known, but Verrall is of opinion that it can be laid on to the small knob a little from the tip below middle femora). Claws and pulvilli small and empodium quite small. Wings with alula small and axillary lobe well developed, both with long hairs; subcostal vein with short and distant, but somewhat strong bristles in the apical two thirds; medial cross-vein retracted towards base, but first basal cell longer than second; anal cell some- what long; discai vein unforked and posterior cross-vein steep and placed near margin; anal vein reaching the margin; axillary vein small and weak. Squamulæ quite small. Fig. 3. Wing of C. amoena (^ . The larva of C. amoena is known; it is mentioned by Schnabl (Pametnic fizyjogr. I, 377) who bred the species from fungi on Alnus. De Meijere found it in July in fungi on a down lying tree-stem (Tijdschr. v. Entom. XLIII, 1901, 224) and describes it thoroughly. I have myself examined a larva found in a Corticium in Hareskov in September (O. Rostrup), but as it was not bred I cannot say whether it belongs to amoena or speciosa. It is, however, quite agreeing with de Meijere's description. The larva is oval, rather flat, especially on dorsal side, which is somewhat chitinised, and it is sharply mar- gined laterally; the colour is yellowish; above nine segments are visible, and all round the margin there is a number of thread-like filaments, tapering outwards and serrated or feathery in the basal half. At anterior apex, but below the margin on the ventral side are prothorax and head ; at the front margin of prothorax are the anterior spiracles as two conical warts, and above the moutli opening two pairs of very small papillæ, the maxillary palpi below and above them the antennæ. In the mouth opening are two hooks which have a. number of teeth apically below (these I have not examined). On the ventral side the segmentation is almost not visible. The number of the lateral filaments is on each side four on the first and second Callimyia. 13 segment, then two on each of the following six segments and fmally again four on the last segment, thus all roimd 48. Besides these conspicuous and characteristic filaments there are on the dorsal side small bristle-shaped papillæ in transverse rows, viz six at front and hind margin of the second segment, the metathorax, and like- wise six at hind margin of each of the five following segments and four on the sixth. Further similar small bristles are present on the ventral side at the margin below the filaments, and here on each side one on the six first abdominal segments, on the metathoracic segment two, and likewise on mesothorax, and on prothorax four in a transverse row. Both the filaments and the bristle-like papillæ seem to be of sensory function. The upper surface is otherwise covered with small, wart-like spinules, On the last segment lie the small, distant posterior spiracles above near the front margin, and below is the anal opening. As mentioned nine segments are seen above, while prothorax and head are hidden below; we would thus get eleven segments; de Meijere thinks, however, that metathorax which is rather long, in reality includes metathorax and first abdominal segment, and this is, I think, correct, and it seems to be confirmed by the facts found in other Platypezid larvæ, and also in the larva of Lonchoptera. According to de Meijere the puparium is darker than the larva, blackish brown, especially above; it is much arched ven- trally and the filaments are directed upwards. By emerging of the imago an anterior piece is detached, the rupture lies above between metathorax (metathorax + first abdominal segment) and the first (or second) abdominal segment, but below between meso- and meta- thorax. Whether the species have two yearly broods I dåre not say, but the long space of occurrence might possibly indicate so; also de Meijere took his larvæ in July while mine were taken in September. I think the larva hibernates. Of the genus perhaps six European species are known; two of the species, elegans Meig. and leptiformis Fall. are, however, doubtful. I have seen specimens of leptiformis in Zetterstedt's collection, and I should be inclined to think it a separate species, but I can say nothing sure. Table of Species. 1. Halteres in both sexes orange; female with the basal half of abdomen orange 1 . amoena. — Halteres in male blackish, in female orange; abdomen in female with four yellow or silvery bands 2. speciosa. 14 Platypezidae. 1. C. amoena Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 12, 2, Tab. XXXIII, Fig. 13. ^ 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 531, 4 (Callomyza) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 913, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 239. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FL VIII, 26, 2, figs. 43—52. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 183. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 231, 2. — Callo- myza leptiformis var. a. Zett. 1819. Vet. Acad. Handl. 79. Male. Vertex and frons black, the latter together with the face greyish. Occiput greyish black, with black, somewhat long hairs below. Antennæ black or blackish. Palpi yellowish to blackish brown. Thorax velvet black, the præalar depression more or less greyish, not velvet. Pleura black, somewhat greyish; the ex- treme hiimeral point yellowish brown. Abdomen velvet black, sometimes all over, but generally with somewhat silvery side spots which may be present on first, base of second and just visible on fifth segment, but, when more developed, distinct at base and on front part of fourth and fifth segment. Abdomen has long, black, bristly and outstanding hairs, on sixth segment they are shorter, but stronger. Præhypopygial segment and hypopygium greyish; the latter almost globular, bare, with hairs only at ventral and apical margin; the end-lamellæ or claws small, cleft into two teeth, the outer triangular, the inner styliform; below the hypopygium is a pair of claw-like, furcated append- ages (not a single middle process as Verrall says). Legs brown or blackish brown, the anterior the palest; hind tibiæ dilated outwards and hind metatarsi and the two following joints somewhat compressed and dilated. The legs are short-haired, front and hind femora with long cilia above and below, otherwise the femora slightly haired; hind tibiæ a little cihated above; middle tibiæ with two apical spurs and a dorsal bristle above middle, and hind metatarsus with a bristle below near base. Wings clear, but more or less yellow, third costal segment more strongly yellow; veins black. Squamulæ brown. H alteres orange. Female. Of a quite dilTerent aspect. Eyes separated; vertical bristles present. Frons silvery, with a bristle on each side. Thorax velvet black, with a large silvery humeral spot and a transverse Silver band behind. Abdomen with the first three segments orange, the second with a narrow black hind margin; at the base there is a Fig 4. C. amoena ^ , hind leg X45. Callimyia. 15 silvery side spot on first and second segment, the three last segments are velvet black, the fifth with a large silvery side spot, occupying nearly the whole segment. Abdomen is shorter-haired than in male, on the ventral side at apex there is a transverse row of strong bristles. Legs yellow, only hind tibiæ and tarsi blackish, as also tip of hind femora and anterior tarsi towards end. The hind tibiæ and tarsi are dilated, but metatarsi a little less than in male, on the contrary second and third joint more dilated, and also the fourth dilated and its anterior apical corner drawn somewhat out; the middle tarsi have second, third and fourth joint a little dilated. The legs are similarly haired as in the male, but cilia on front and hind femora shorter, and there is generally no dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ. Wings less or not yellow. Length 4 — 4,7 mm. C. amoena is not rare in Denmark, and may sometimes be taken in great number; Ermelund, Holte, Geel Skov, Hillerød, Tisvilde, Bogø south of Sealand; on Langeland at Lohals, on Lolland at Lyse- mose, Maglemer and in Aasø Skov; in Jutland at Hejls and Ry, and on Bornholm at Rø; the dates are ^^5 — ^Vo- ^^ occurs on leaves and in low herbage; I have especially taken it on leaves of Acer and on Rubus. Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. 2. C. speciosa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 14, 6. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 530, 2 {Cal- lomyza) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 912, 2. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FL VIII, 24, 1, fig. 42. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 185. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 231, 1. — Callomyza (lives Zett. 1838. 1. c. 531, 5 et 1844 1. c. 915, 5. Male. Very similar to the foregoing. Frons and face not or almost not greyish. Palpi black. Thorax with the præalar depression not greyish and pleura rather blackish. The rows of bristles are more conspicuous as the bristles are a little longer and denser, especially in front. Abdomen quite velvet black, without silvery spots, or sometimes with slight silvery or more greyish side spots at hind margin of second and third segment, or on second and fourth and only indicated on third; it is haired as in amoena. Hypopygium elongated, attenuated towards the end, the lamellæ or claws larger, somewhat pointed rectangular and with a tooth near base on ventral 16 Platypezidae. margin, shining; below there is a pair of simple, rod-like appendages, issuing from a globular part. Legs coloured mainly as in amoena and haired in the same way, and the hind legs similarly shaped; near the base of hind femora there is a longer bristle below (also often present or indicated in amoena) and middle tibiæ have generally two dorsal bristles beside each other. Wings less yellow or not at all. Halteres with the peduncle brown, knob black. Female. As in amoena of qiiite different appearance. Eyes separated, frons silvery; vertical and frontal bristles as in amoena. Palpi yellow. Thorax as in amoena with silvery humeral spots and a silvery hind band. Abdomen with four yellow or silvery bands, the first going over second and hind margin of first segment, the second and third at hind margins of third and fourth segment, and the fourth occupying nearly the whole sixth segment; the two middle bands are narrower than the basal and apical. The two first bands are yellow, more or less silvery, the two last silvery. Legs yellow with tip of hind femora, hind tibiæ and tarsi and ends of anterior tarsi black, The hind legs and middle tarsi dilated as in amoena^ and front and hind femora shorter-haired than in the male; middle tibiæ generally with one dorsal bristle, and a distinct long bristle below hind femora at tip but no bristle at base. Halteres orange. Length 3,5 — 4 mm, it is thus smaller than amoena. C. speciosa is common in Denmark and sometimes present in great numbers; Geel Skov, Holte, Tisvilde, Stensby Skov, on Lange- land at Lohals (the author), on Falster at Resle (H. J. Hansen) and Sortsø (the author), on Lolland at Maribo and in Aasø Skov, on Funen at Langesø (Schlick), and in Jutland at Hejls, Ry and Skørping (the author); the dates are Ve— '/s- It occurs in the same way as amoena and sometimes in company with it. At Tisvilde I took it in July in very great numbers on Kubus. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Belgium and Germany; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. 4. Agathomyia Verr. Small elongated species of shape and colour about as in Callimyia. The genus is upon the whole very nearly related to, and in almost all respects similar to Callimyia. The third antennal joint is in some Agathomyia. 17 species similar to that in Callimyia, in others more elongated, to three times as long as broad. The hind legs are dilated as in Callimyia, sometimes rather strongly, less in female than in male; in some species almost not dilated; middle tarsus in female a little dilated. The little knob near apex below middle femora in male is fully as developed as in Callimyia. In the male there is on front femora the same peculiar spine as in Callimyia, and there is a strong, blunt bristle below hind femora on anterior side near base; further there is as a rule, but not always, a dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ and one or a couple of bristles below middle metatarsus, and fmally in some species a posteroventral bristle on front tibiæ near apex, in others not; middle tibiæ with only one apical spur. Of the bristles only the dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ is generally present also in female, but sometimes wanting. Wings as in Callimyia, but subcostal vein without bristles. The developmental stages are not known. When Verrall created the genus he mentioned the longer third antennal joint as a character, but this loses its value by the present contents of the genus; the only absolute character against Callimyia is the bare subcostal vein. The bristles on the legs in the male are not applicable, as they may be different in the various species; only the blunt bristle on anteroventral side near base of hind femora seems always to be present in Agathomyia, and there is only one apical spur on middle tibiæ. Verrall transferred six species from Callimyia to the genus, but Wahlgren has shown (Entom. Tidsskr. 1910, 31) that still more species belong liere. The genus thus at present comprises about 12 palæarctic species; five have hitherto been found in Denmark, but probably still a couple of species may be found here. Table of Species. 1. Large species with thorax grey to brownish and abdomen in both sexes yellow with brownish spots or bands, but without black colour ; antennæ mainly yellow 1 . FaUeni. — Smaller species with thorax black in both sexes or grey in female, and abdomen in both sexes more or less to quite black; antennæ black or mainly so 2. 2. Males 3. — Females 6. 3. Quite black species 4. — Not quite black species 5. 2 18 Platypezidae. 4. Hind legs scarcely dilated 3. antennata. — Hind legs well dilated 4. viduella. 5. Abdomen yellow on basal half, black on apical balf .... 2. elegantula. ■ — Abdomen black with yellow side spots on three first seg- ments 5. cinerea. 6. Thorax velvet black 7. — Thorax grey 8. 7. Abdomen with basal half yellow, apical half black 2. elegantula. — Abdomen quite black 4. viduella. 8. Abdomen grey and black 3. antennata. — Abdomen with basal half yellow 5. cinerea. 1. A. Falleni Zett. 1819. Zett. Vet. Acad. Handl. 77, 30. {Callomyza) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 919, 10 {Callomyia). — 1823. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Suppl. 3, {Callomyza). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 16, 9 {Calloniyia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 240 (Callomyia). — 1900. Verr. Cat. eur. Platyp. 4. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 186. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 32 et 232, 9. — Callomyia Megerlei Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 16, 10. Male. Vertex black; frons and face grey. Occiput grey with black hairs below. Antennæ yellow, apex of third joint and arista blackish; third joint about twice as long as broad, oval, but with. the apical part attenuated and styliform. Palpi yellow. Thorax greyish brown or brown to dark brown, with the usual rows of black bristles. Pleura bright grey. Abdomen yellow, with more or less dark brown lateral spots on second to fifth segment, small in front, but being large backwards; sixth segment for the greater part grey or blackish, Abdomen with long erect hairs, nearly all yellow on first and second segment, black on the rest. Hypopygium about triangular in profile, the apical claws thin, nearly styliform; below a pair of claw-like appendages with the apex hook-like, bent ven- trally. Bristles at ventral base of hypopygium strong. Legs yellow, tarsi somewhat darkened towards apex; hind femora a little dilated, hind tibiæ rather dilated outwards, hind metatarsus strongly dilated and the two following joints somewhat dilated. The legs have short black hairs, rather dense on hind metatarsus; front femora cihated on posteroventral side and front and middle femora a little ciliated posteriorly above in outer half; hind femora long-fringed above and below and hind tibiæ above; the front femora have the usual peculiar bristle at base and tibiæ a posteroventral bristle above apex; middle tibiæ have two dorsal bristles above middle and an apical spur, and middle metatarsus has a bristle at base below and three Agathomyia. 19 bristles on anteroventral side; hind femora have a short, but strong and blimt bristle below near base. Wings clear but rather yellow, in third costal segment more saturated; veins blackish. Squamulæ pale with brownish margin. H alteres yellow with the outer side of the knob blackish. Female. Somewhat similar. Frons broad, grey. Antennæ witliout the long bristle above on second joint, present in the male. Thorax grey, not brownish. Abdomen much as in the male, yellow with broad brownish bands on the segments, more or less interrupted in the middle and only as small spots on second segment. Abdomen short-haired except at base; at the ventral apex some black bristles. Hind legs, especially metatarsus, much less dilated than in male, and only hind femora distinctly fringed above; middle tarsi with the three last joints slightly dilated; the various bristles present in the male are here wanting, except the apical spur and a dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ. Wings generally less yellow. Length 3,5 to fully 5 mm. A. Falleni is rare in Denmark and only taken in Frederiksberg Have at Copenhagen, in some number (Stæger), in Ermelund and in Geel Skov (the author); the dates are in September; I took it running on leaves of Acer. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Austria; towards the north to southern Sweden; it seems to be an autumn species, Zetterstedt records it from ^^/g — ^7ii- — I have examined Zetterstedt's type specimens in Lund. 2. A. elegantula Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Plat. 7, 2 et 1826. Suppl. 4, 4 (Callomyza). — 1819. Zett. Vet. Acad. Handl. 80, 33 (Callomyza) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 916, 7 (Callomyia). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 13, 3 (Callomyia). — 1900. Verr. Cat. eur. Platyp. 4 {Callimyia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 184 {Calli- myia). — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 32, 33 et 232, 7. — 1910. Wood, Ent. Month. Mag. 2, XXI, 45. Male. Vertex, frons and face black. Occiput black, with black hairs below. Antennæ black, third joint of a shape as in Falleni. Thorax velvet black and pleura blackish. Abdomen velvet black, apical part of first segment, second segment and third segment, except a dorsal median stripe, orange; abdomen is thus orange on basal half, black on apical half with a black prolongation along middle of third segment to its base; apex of sixth segment grey, 20 Platypezidae. and præhypopygial segment and hypopygium likewise grey. Hypo- pygiiim small, with small, yellow end claws. Abdomen with erect, black, not specially long hairs. Anterior legs yellow or a little brownish, tarsi blackish towards end, hind legs brown or blackish; hind tibiæ a little dilated oiitwards, hind metatarsus very dilated and second joint a little dilated. The legs sparingly black-haired and femora only slightly fringed, only hind femora and tibiæ above with a little longer fringe; the special bristles as in Fallent^ but middle tibiæ without distinct dorsal bristle, and middle metatarsi with two bristles beside each other near base below; the posteroventral bristle at apex on front tibiæ yellow. Wings clear but yellow; veins black. Sqiiamulæ blackish brown. Halteres with the pedimcle yellow, the knob velvet black. Female. I have not seen the female; according to the descriptions it has the frons grey. Thorax black, but greyish at front and sides and somewhat brownish behind. Abdomen with the three basal segments yellow with indication of a narrow dusky middle line, the rest black, apex silvery. Hind legs less dilated. Wings not yellow. Length 3 mm. A. elegantula is very rare in Denmark, I have taken only one specimen, a male, in Geel Skov on leaves of Acer, ^^s 1918. Geographical distribution: — Scandinavia and England, towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: I have seen the species in Zetterstedt's collection, it is fully agreeing with my specimens. 3. A. antennata Zett. 1819. Zett. Vet. Acad. Handl. 79, 32 {Callom.yza) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 921, 12 (Calhmyia). — 1824. Meig. Svst. Beschr. IV, 15, 7 {CaUomyia). — 1826. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Suppl. 4, 3 {Callomyza). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 240 {CaUomyia). — 1901. Verr. Brit. FI. VIII, 31, 1, fig. 53. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 185. — 1910. Walilgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 232, 1. Male. Vertex, frons and face black. Occiput black with black hairs below. Antennæ black, third joint elongated and evenly tapering, about three times as long as broad, but rather varying in this respect and sometimes not much more than twice as long as broad. Palpi blackish. Thorax velvet black with the usual bristles. Pleura black, mesopleura velvet above. Abdomen all velvet black, apical margin of sixth segment and genitalia black but not velvet, or a little greyish. Hypopygium small, with small yellowish end claws. Abdomen with Agathomyia. 21 erect black hairs; bristles on sixth segment rather strong. Legs paler or darker brown to blackish; hind tibiæ a little dilated, hind meta- tarsus slightly or almost not dilated. Front femora with cilia above and below in apical part, and hind femora somewhat long-fringed above and below; all tibiæ with short bristles on dorsal side; the special bristles present viz the peculiar at base of front femora, the one at apex of front tibiæ, a dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ, one somewhat strong below near base of middle metatarsus, or there is sometimes a couple at base or one longer outwards, the strong blunt bristle near base below hind femora and further a small bristle below near base of hind metatarsus. Wings clear, uncoloured or slightly yellowish, but third costal segment somewhat yellow; veins blackish. Squamulæ brownish black. Halteres black. Female. Of somewhat difTerent appearance. Frons broad, grey. Antennæ blackish brown or sometimes paler, especially at base. Palpi yellowish. Thorax grey or more brownish. Abdomen velvet black, the four first segments grey above with a velvet dorsal middle line, more or less interrupted into spots, sometimes the grey less developed, only as side spots. Abdomen short-haired, except at base, sixth segment with hindmarginal bristles all round. Legs yellow or brownish yellow, tarsi blackish towards end; hind legs scarcely dilated at all, yet fourth tarsal joint drawn obliquely out at anterior apical corner, and middle tarsi with the three middle joints a little dilated, the fourth joint as on hind tarsi. The legs shorter-haired than in male, hind femora with a longer fringe above; of bristles only the apical spur and dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ, and the bristle below hind metatarsi are present. Halteres yellow. Length 2,7 — 3,5 mm. A. antennata is not rare in Denmark, Frederiksberg Have at Copenhagen, Ordrup (Stæger), Ermelund, Lyngby Mose, Bagsvær, Geel Skov, on Langeland at Lohals (the author), in Jutland in Greis- dal (Schlick) and at Ry and Svejbæk (the author); the dates are ^/e — Vo- It occurs on leaves of bushes and in low herbage. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. I have examined Zetterstedt's types in Lund. Remarks: I possess two specimens, males, whicli are somewhat different; third antennal joint is rather short, wings rather strongly yellow, at the base of middle metarsus there are four or five bristles, and a bristle also on front tarsi below near base; they are large spec- 22 Platypezidae. imens, 4 mm. I shoiild have considered them a new species, were it not that the length of third antennal joint and the bristles are varying in antennata, and the bristles seem just to vary in accordance with the size. I can therefore only consider them as specially strong spec- imens. 4. A. viduella Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 531, 6 {CaUoniyza) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 921, 13 (Callomyia). — 1900 Verr. Cat. eur. Platyp. 5. — 1903. Wood, Ent. Month. Mag. 2, XIV, 271, fig. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 186. -- 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 232, 2. Of this species I know only the female, so that as regards the male I must reproduce from Wood. The species is velvet black. The legs darker than in antennata; hind legs with tibiæ and tarsi well dilated, especially metatarsus. The peculiar bristle at base of front femora present, but somewhat weak; no bristle on front tibiæ at posteroventral side near apex and no bristle below middle meta- tarsi, but a dorsal bristle on middle tibiæ present; the bristle below base of hind femora present. Female. Frons broad, black and highly pohshed. Antennæ black, third joint elongate, but not much more than twice as long as broad. Thorax and abdomen all velvet black, the former seen from in front with a slightly greyish spot behind. Abdomen very sparingly short-haired, but with more and longer hairs at base; sixth segment with hindmarginal bristles both above and below. Legs brownish yellow, hind tibiæ and tarsi darker, anterior tarsi blackish towards end; hind tibiæ and four first joints of tarsi somewhat dilated, middle tarsi with the three middle joints distinctly dilated, especially third and fourth. Of bristles only the spur on middle tibiæ present. Wings very slightly yellowish. Halteres with the peduncle yellow, the knob black. Length fully 2,5 mm. A. viduella is very rare in Denmark, I possess two females, Erme- lund 14/5 1921 (the author) and on Funen at Hvidkilde ^^U 1919 (Mrs. Zimsen). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Styria; towards the north to middle Scandinavia and in Finland. It is everywhere a very rare species. Agathomyia. 23 5. A. cinerea Zett. 1852. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XI, 4310, 12—13 {Callomyia). — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 32, 33 et 232, 6. Of this species I know only the female; the male has not been described, except the characters given by Wahlgren, from which I take the following: Velvet black; abdomen on the three first seg- ments with yellow side spots which meet on the venter, but not dorsally. Female. Frons broad, grey; face and occiput grey. Antennæ black, third joint fully twice as long as broad. Palpi yellow. Thorax grey, above more brownish, in certain directions indicating three broad stripes. Abdomen with the three basal segments yellow, the fourth black, fifth and sixtli greyish, a little silvery, but the fifth black at the sides (or with a dorsally interrupted band). Abdomen sparingly short-haired, the hairs longer and yellow on basal part; sixth segment with hindmarginal bristles both on tergite and sternite. Legs yellow, tarsi darkened towards end; hind legs shghtly dilated, metatarsus almost not but the three following joints somewhat dilated; middle tarsi with the three middle joints a little dilated, the fourth drawn obliquely out at anterior apical corner (as also on hind tarsi). Of bristles only the spur on middle tibiæ present and a small preapical bristle on hind femora. Wings pellucid. Halteres yellow with the knob brownish. Length 2,5 mm. A. cinerea is very rare in Denmark, I have taken only one female in Geel Skov on ^9/^ 1918. Geographical distribution: — Only known from Denmark and Southern Sweden. Remarks: As seen there is a little difference in my description of abdomen from those by Zetterstedt and Wahlgren, but as hitherto only single specimens have been at hånd, I think the difference is only variation or due to another interpretation of the abdominal segments. The species was by Schiner and Verrall considered a syno- nym to antennata, but as shown by Wahlgren it is not so. When I studied the Platypezids in Zetterstedt's collection in Lund I saw the types of Fallent and antennata and the specimens of elegantula Fall., while viduella and cinerea were not present; these latter I have, therefore, determined after Wahlgren's påpers; this 24 Platypezidae. aiithor evidently knew the males of these two species, while this sex was unknown to Zetterstedt. 5. Platypeza Meig. Small species, generally velvet black in male, rarely paler, but as a rille difTerently coloured in female, greyish with black markings. Head broader than thorax and broader than high, flat behind or here somewhat convex below. Eyes in male large, touching for a long space, the inner eye-margin then bending suddenly or more evenly outwards, and accordingly the frons more or less broad, sometimes very broad; in rare cases frons quite small (furcata). The inner eye-margin has a larger or smaller incision at the height of the antennæ. According to the diverging of the inner eye-margins the face is broader or narrower, from rather broad to about quadratic. In the female the eyes are smaller, broadly separated, with about parallel inner margins. In the male the facets in about upper half are enlarged. On the ocellar triangle there is a number of hairs, but no individualised ocellar bristles; along the hinder eye-margin a row of short to rather long postocular hairs. The frons is bare in male or only with few minute hairs at top, in a single case with a tuft of hairs; in the female the frons has more or fewer minute hairs about all over, or it is almost bare. No vertical bristles present. Jowls not or almost not descending. The antennæ inserted near to each other, at or somewhat below the middle of the head; the basal joints are small, the third also rather small, nearly semicircular, with an apical arista with two distinct basal joints; the second antennal joint has small apical hairs, sometimes more or fewer bristly hairs above in male, the third joint is pubescent, the arista apparently bare. Face rather low; epistoma more or less marked ofT from the cheeks by a furrow, and the cheeks broader or narrower, generally broad. Jowls and cheeks more or less hairy, or the cheeks and some- times also jowls bare; sometimes also epistoma has hairs. Mouth parts small and retracted. Below epistoma there is a variously shaped, sometimes somewhat horse-shoe-shaped part which seems to be clypeus and to be somewhat separate from epistoma, (after Becher: Denkschr. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien XLV, 1882, 31, Taf. III, Fig. 25, it would seem as if no separated clypeus is present). Labrum short, conical and somewhat semitubular; hypopharynx still shorter, Platypeza. 25 truncate; labium short with a chitinised transverse basal part and not small, somewhat elongate labella. Maxillary palpi one-jointed, sometimes somewhat clubbed. Thorax rectangular, somewhat arched above; there are no acrostichal hairs, but on each side dorsocentral hairs which are generally uniserial, but sometimes pluriserial; the hairs are more or less to quite short, only the two or three last are long bristles, the last as in Callimyia placed rather outwards; the rows do not curve towards humeri in front, or not distinctly; there are small humeral and a number of posthumeral bristles or hairs, a strong præsutural bristle (wanting in injumata), two or a larger number of notopleural bristles, a postalar bristle (in injumata more), but no supraalar bristle; in the intraalar region there is a number of hairs, sometimes more or less bristly. Thorax otherwise bare. There are generally four, sometimes six scutellar marginal bristles, and adventitious hairs or bristles may occur so that the number is larger. Pleura bare except for one or some small prothoracic bristles (generally). Abdomen somewhat elongate, but moderately narrow, sometimes about cylindrical, sometimes more flattened; it consists in the male distinctly of eight segments anterior to the hypopygium on dorsal side, the first somewhat short, the second to sixth of about equal length ; after the sixth follows a small but quite distinct seventh segment, and then a still smaller præhypopygial segment; the hypo- pygium is not large, more or less globular with small end claws and bent in under the venter; it is as usual incised for the anal opening (tentli segment). The legs are very characteristic by the in both sexes more or less dilated hind tibiæ and well to strongly dilated hind tarsi; these latter may otherwise be of various construction; sometimes only the three first, but generally the four first joints are dilated; sometimes metatarsus is the longest joint, at other times it is shorter and the third joint the longest; as a rule the tarsi are more dilated in female than in male and otherwise constructed, often the two basal joints very short, especially second, and this latter quite short below, while the third is here strongly elongated; further the tarsus is in the female characterised by the formation of a peculiar, sharply bordered sole, occupying the anteroventral side of third and fourth joint (a similar sole-formation is also found in the female of Callimyia and Agathomyia on ventral side of third and fourth joint, but is here much less developed on these small joints); in a couple of species also middle tarsi a little dilated. Of bristles only one or two spurs on middle tibiæ are present. Claws 25 Platypezidae. and pulvilli small, a little larger in male than in female. Empodium quite small. Wings as in Callimi/ia, but broader at base and alula somewhat large, subcostal vein without bristles and discai vein forked at apex, the upper branch long, the lower short or quite short, reaching the margin or often incomplete; anal cell shorter or longer than the rest of the anal vein. Squamulæ small. The developmental stages of some species are known; the larva of a species, determined as boletina^ is mentioned by v. Roser (Wiirt- temb. Correspondenzbl. XI, 1834, 269) and by Westwood (Introd. II, 1840, 554, Fig. 130, 17); it was found in fungi; but as mentioned below under boletina the larva cannot belong to this species as it shows lateral filaments such as are not present in boletina; possibly it has been modesta. Leon Dufour describes and figures (Ann. d. Se. Nat. 2, XIII, 1840, 159, PI. III, fig. 24—26) larva and pupa of holo- sericea = dorsalis from Agaricus campestris, taken on ^^/g, it pupated 22/9 and the imago emerged on ^^/g to middle of October. Frauenfeld describes (Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XIV, 1864, 68) the larva of fasciata from Lepiota polymyces, taken at the beginning of October, the imagos emerged after about six weeks. Bergenstamm describes and figures (Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XX, 1870, 38, Tab. III A) the larva of holosericea — dorsalis from Agaricus campestris, taken at the end of August, developing after a mouth. Perris men- tions (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr., 5, VI, 1876, 231) the larva of subfasciata in Agaricus campestris, the imago emerged ^Vs ^^^ ^^Is-, ^^^ larva of holosericea; both are considered as dorsalis, which is, however, not sure, as the author gives some differences. Finally de Meijere describes and figures (Tijdschr. v. Entom. LVI, 1911, 241, Tab. 17) the pupa of infumata from a Polyporus taken in autumn, the imagos came in April and May. Thus at present the developmental stages of four species seem to be known: dorsalis, fasciata, infumata and sp., perhaps modesta. Further Zetterstedt mentions (Dipt. Scand. III, 1844) pupæ of boletina and fasciata from fungi on Prunus cerasus, and a pupa of consobrina in fungi; this latter pupa he terms "nuda", it has thus not had conspicuous filaments. The larva is more or less elongated oval, somewhat flattened or sometimes cylindrical; it consists of twelve segments, the head included; along the sides and on dorsum there are filaments, generally one at each side on each segment and two on the middle of the dorsal side, thus four longitudinal rows; on the last segment there are two or three on each side; the side filaments thus are similar to what is Platypeza. 27 found in Callimyia, but fewer in number and not f eathery or serrated ; sometimes the filaments are quite short and spine-like, only just to be seen. The head and prothorax are lying on the ventral side; on prothorax are anterior spiracles, somewhat protruding, and on last segment above are the posterior spiracles. With regard to the mouth hooks the records difTer; Leon Dufour figures two long hooks; Bergenstamm says that there are no mouth hooks, but the opening has on each side transverse rows of small teeth, similar to the radula in snails, and Brauer reproduces this description. Thereagainst de Meijere found mouth hooks with three teeth on the ventral side, thus like the facts in Callimyia. There is every reason to think that Bergen- stamm's statement is due to some mistake, and that mouth hooks are always present. Above the mouth opening there are as usual small maxillary palpi and antennæ. By the opening of the puparium an upper piece is detached, comprising meso- and metathorax and the first abdominal segment (thus as in Callimyia when metathorax and first abdominal segment here are considered as fused). — I have myself examined larvæ and pupæ of furcata and a puparium of boletina, both from fungi. The larva of furcata shows much resem- blance to de Meijere's description of infumata. It is cylindrical, not flattened, of yellowish colour; its filaments are short and spine- like, only seen with a strong lens; at the front margin of prothorax are two, somewhat long filaments, on mesothorax six and on meta- thorax and the abdominal segments four on the dorsum in a trans- verse middle row and one at each side; the last segment has four at the hind margin. (When in earlier descriptions are mentioned only two dorsal filaments on the segments in the middle, I think the two outer are smaller and have not been observed.) Head and partly prothorax lie below on ventral side; on the last segment are two upwards directed hooks in the middle of the hind margin. The larva consists very distinctly of twelve segments, the head included. An- tennæ, maxillary palpi and anterior and posterior spiracles are present as usual. There are two tridentate mouth hooks. The pupa is more flattened; the opening takes place as in infumata. — The puparium of boletina is quite similar, likewise with quite small, spine-like fila- ments, the number of which seems to the same. The larvæ have all been found in various fungi, and they seem exclusively to live here. They pupate in the ground, but are also re- corded to pupate above it in the neighbourhood of the food place. Several species are as imago only or especially seen in autumn, others 28 Platypezidae. during a longer period; possibly most or all have two broods in the year, and the second then seems to be the most numerous. The larva of the second brood probably hibernates, thus de Meijere states that the larva of infumata hibernated in this state; if the species found only in autumn should have no more than one brood, they should hibernate and pass all next summer as larva and pupa. — De Meijere mentions that the larva of infumata formed an irregiilar cocoon from material from the fungus ; one of my puparia of boletina shows remnants of what may have been a cocoon; it is not improbable that more species form a cocoon, but on account of its irregularity and composing material it has not been observed. The species of Platypeza are generally seen on leaves of bushes, I have taken most of my species on leaves of Acer and on Riibus; they nearly always run quickly around on the leaves; the males of several species are recorded to hover in the air, even rather high, and Verrall mentions (p. 677) that he has been informed, that the males hover in dull weather, but are on the leaves in sunshine; I have never seen them hovering myself. Of the genus there are some fifteen palæarctic species; 7 have hitherto been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Posterior cross- vein much more than its own length from apex of postical vein; upper branch of fork long, almost straiglit 7. furcata. — Posterior cross- vein near apex of postical vein; upper branch of fork shorter, strongly curved 2. 2. Anal cell shorter than or as long as the rest of anal vein 3. — Anal cell longer than the rest of anal vein 5. 3. Antennæ, legs and generally abdomen more or less red or yellowish; frons in male bare 4. — ■ Antennæ, legs and abdomen black; frons in male with a tuft of hairs 3. atra. 4. Thorax in male black, abdomen mainly blackish; abdomen in female grey; lower branch of fork incomplete 1. modesta. — Thorax in male brownish, abdomen red or mainly red and in female red; lower branch of fork complete or nearly 2. ruja. 5. Middle cross-vein before apex of mediastinal vein 6. - — Middle cross-vein below apex of mediastinal vein 4. fasciata. 6. Antennæ yellow at base; legs yellow or brownish yellow; thorax in female greyish brown 5. holetina. — Antennæ black; legs mainly black; thorax in female with a large black, posteriorly tridentate spot -. . . 6. infumata. Platypeza. 29 1. P. modesta Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 903, 4. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FL VIII, 41, 2, figs. 56, 62—63. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 188. — 1910. Walilgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 234, 2. Male. Vertex black, frons and face greyish pruinose. Frons very broad, with only a few minute hairs just above; face much broader than high; jowls with short black hairs, stretching up on the cheeks, but here being shorter and vanishing before the antennæ. Occiput blackish grey, with black hairs; postocular cilia short. An- tennæ black, basal joints pale. Palpi yellow. Thorax velvet black or brownish black, behind and on scutellum not velvet and more greyish or brownish; sometimes there are P| three narrow paler lines, separating four broad black stripes, and still a black spot on each side, but generally thorax is quite black. Two notopleural bristles. Pleura greyish. Abdomen velvet black, on basal part somewhat translucently brownish and down the sides yellowish brown or yellow; venter yellow\ Abdomen has erect hairs, yellow for the most part, but black towards apex, strong on sixth segment. The præhypopygial segment yellowish; hypopygium grey. Legs yellowish, or yellowish brown, especially on anterior femora and tip half of hind femora, tarsi more or less darkened towards end; hind tibiæ and the four first tarsal joints moderately dilated, meta- Fig 5. tarsus the longest joint, one and a half times as long as S.modestaS , second joint. The legs have short black hairs, front "^ ^f femora long hairs on posterior side and middle femora likewise; the hind femora have long yellow hairs above and a row of bristly hairs below^ in about basal half. Wings more or less yellow, saturated in third costal segment; veins blackish brown; middle cross-vein long before tip of mediastinal vein, the lower branch of the fork not quite complete; anal cell scarcely as long as the rest of the anal vein. Squamulæ brown. H alteres yellowish. Female. Rather different. Frons broad, grey, with scattered minute hairs. Thorax grey or brownish grey with three narrow, brown stripes. Abdomen grey, on second to fifth segment with a black band or broad triangular spot with the apex forwards, and the spots sometimes continuous along the middle line; abdomen short-haired except longer yellow hairs at base. Legs yellow or a little brownish as in male; hind tibiæ and tarsi dilated as in male; the legs short- 30 Platypezidae. haired, only some long pale hairs behind on posterior femora. Wings nearly colourless. Lengtli 4 — 4,5 mm. P. modesta is not uncommon in Denmark, but has only been taken in few localities; in Frederiksberg Have at Copenhagen (Stæ- ger), Ermelimd, Holte, Geel Skov (the aiithor); the dates are Vs — Vio- Fig. 6. Wing of P. modesta $. Geographical distribution: — • Southern Sweden, Denmark and England, but not known farther towards the south. Remarks: As Zetterstedt says "Stæg. in litt." the name is origin- ally due to Stæger. I have seen Zetterstedt's types in Lund and Stæger's specimens in our collection, which are co-types, The species is, as said, known only from Denmark, southern Sweden and Eng- land, but probably it is more widely distributed but has, as Verrall thinks, been confused with boletina (see under this species). 2. P. rufa Meig. 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 358, 10 et 1838. VII, 145. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 908, 9 et 1859. XIII, 6048, 9. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 44, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 188. ~ 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 234, 3. This species is rather similar to modesta. Male. Vertex black, frons and face pale grey; frons very broad with only very minute hairs above; cheeks and jowls haired as in modesta. Occiput grey, postocular ciha short. Antennæ with the two basal joints yellow, third black, sometimes yellow at base. Palpi yellow. Thorax brown, sometimes with two narrow, approximated stripes in front. Scutellum grey. Pleura greyish. Abdomen yellow or reddish yellow, first seg- ment black and the others with a narrow blackish hind margin ; sometimes the three last segments are darker to nearly blackish; sixth segment more or less greyish pruinose. Genitalia red, the claws Platypeza. 31 on hypopygium larger than in nwdesta, with a downwards pointing apex. Abdomen has erect hairs, yellow on basal part, black towards apex. Legs yellow, haired as in modesta, and hind tibiæ and tarsi dilated in the same way, only the fourth tarsal joint relatively a little more dilated. Wings yellow; medial cross-vein well before apex of mediastinal vein; lower branch of fork incomplete but reaching quite near to the margin and sometimes reaching it; anal cell a little shorter than the rest of the anal vein. Squamulæ yellowish brown. H alteres yellow, or the knob a little obscured. Female. Rather different. Frons broad, grey, with scattered minute hairs. Thorax grey or more brownish above, without stripes; the dorsocentral bristles very short. Abdomen red with grey pruinosity on the front part of the segments, widening on the sides nearly to the hind margin, but interrupted in the middle, and with dark hind margins to the segments; it is short-haired, the yellow hairs at base only slightly longer. Legs yellow, hind tibiæ and tarsi fully as dilated as in male. Wings with the lower branch of the fork generally com- plets. Length about 4 mm. P. rufa is not rare in Denmark, but only taken in few localities; in Frederiksberg Have at Copenhagen (Stæger), Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven (Schlick), Geel Skov (the author); the dates are ^/g — ^^lo- We have it bred from fungi on ^/^o (Schlick). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe dowh into Belgium and Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden. 3. P. atra Meig. 1804. Meig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 310, 3 et 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 7, 4. — 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Plat. 6, 3. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 529, 3 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 905, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 242. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FL VIII, 45, 4, figs. 65—66. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 186. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 234, 4. Male. Vertex, frons and face black; frons moderately broad, with a tuft of long hairs at the upper corner. Jowls, cheeks and also epistoma, thus thewhole face, with long black hairs; face broader than high. Occiput black with black hairs, postocular cilia short. Antennæ and palpi black. Thorax and scutellum velvet black; dorsocentral hairs long and bristly and at the sides of the disc numerous bristles; also the humeral bristles rather long; three noto- 32 Platypezidae. pleural bristles. Pleura black. Abdomen rather flattened, velvet black, sometimes with quite narrow paler hind margins to the seg- ments; it has long black hairs at the sides and black bristles at apex of sixth segment. The hairs on thorax and abdomen may show a rusty shine. Genitaha black, a little greyish. Hypopygium small with elongated end claws, and below there is a strong ventral process, cleft in apical half and reaching to the end of the claws. Legs black, hind tibiæ and tarsi somewhat moderately dilated, metatarsus the most dilated, as long as second joint, third joint longer, fourth and fifth joint not dilated. Anterior femora have unusually long black hairs on posterior side, hind femora a short fringe below. Wings colourless or a little yellowish, third costal segment rather yellow, and it is comparatively short, about as long as second segment; veins black; medial cross-vein about below middle of mediastinal vein; lower branch of fork short, incomplete; anal cell shorter than the rest of anal vein. Squamulæ blackish. Halteres black. Female. Rather similar. Frons broad, blackish brown, with a few hairs at the sides and in front ; face and cheeks with fewer hairs than in male. Thorax blackish brown, with indication of two approxi- mated stripes in front; dorsocentral hairs much shorter than in male, and also the bristles on the sides of the disc much shorter. Abdomen velvet black with sparse, short black or brownish shining hairs; below on sixth segment some bristles, but not above. Legs brown or blackish brown; hind tibiæ and tarsi more dilated than in male, second joint much shortened below, thus third joint here long; also fourth joint dilated; the legs rather sparingly and all short-haired. Wings colourless. Length 3 — 3,5 mm. P. atra is not rare in Denmark; Frederiksberg Have at Copen- hagen, Ordrup (Stæger), Egebæks Vang (the author), on Lolland at Maribo (SchHck) and in Jutland at Hejls, Jelling, Hov and Ry (the author); the dates are 2/7 — 2^/7; Verrall records it in England from "/s to 7io- It is generally seen running on leaves. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France and Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. 4. P. fasciata Meig. 1804. Moig. Klass. eur. zweifl. Ins. I, 310, 1, Tab. XV, Fig. 7—11 et 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 6, 2. — 1809. Panz. Fn. Germ. CIII, 20. — 1805. Platypeza. 33 Fabr. Syst. Antl. 271, 22 {Dolichopus). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 529, 1 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 901, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 241. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 49, 6, figs. 69—72. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 187. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 234, 5. — P. brunneipennis Macq. 1835. Suit. å Buff. II, 18, 5. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 145, 12. — P. media 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 905, 6. Male. Vertex, frons and face black; frons not specially broad, bare; face not broader than high; jowls and cheeks very broad, with strong black liairs. Occiput black with black hairs and long postocular cilia. Antennæ black with some long bristles at apex of second joint. Palpi black. Thorax velvet black; the dorsocentrals Fig. 7. Wing of P. fasciata ^ . somewhat long, the rows pluriserial on front part, and there are besides niimerous hairs on the sides of the disc the last one or two of which are strong; a number of notopleural bristles. Pleiira somewhat greyish brown. Abdomen a little flattened, velvet black, sixth seg- ment grey; genitalia small, grey. Abdomen has longish black hairs at the sides and is quite short-haired above; at the hind margin of sixth segment small black bristles. Legs black or brownish black; hind tibiæ slightly, the tarsi well dilated; metatarsus and second joint most dilated and short, third joint a little shorter than the two first together, fourth less dilated. Anterior femora with long black hairs on posterior side, hind femora with only few longish hairs below at base. Wings slightly yellowish, third costal segment a little more so, considerably longer than second segment; veins black; medial cross- vein just below apex of mediastinal vein; lower branch of the fork short, not reaching margin; anal cell longer than the rest of anal vein. Squamulæ blackish brown. H alteres black. Female. Quite different. Frons broad, grey, with short hairs except just along middle. Jowls, face and occiput grey; hairs on cheeks and jowls shorter than in male. Antennæ without long hairs 3 34 Platypezidae. on second joint. Postocular cilia somewhat long and strong. Thorax grev or brownish grev, with a broad brown middle stripe, some- times divided along middle, attenuating behind, and two less distinct, abbreviated stripes, one at each side; dorsocentral rows pluriserial as in male. Abdomen bright grey, first segment black on middle, the three following segments with a black hindmarginal band, triangu- larly produced in the middle and thus more or less continuous along the middle; abdomen with short hairs, sixth and seventh segment with ventral bristles. Legs a little paler than in male; hind tarsi similarly, but more, dilated, second joint shorter and quite short below, and metatarsus with some small bristles below at apex; the legs short-haired. Wings colourless or nearly. Halteres yellow. Length 4 — 4,5 mm. P.fasciata seems somewhat rare in Denmark; Charlottenlund (Schlick) and Geel Skov (the author); the dates are ^/g — -^^/g; two specimens are bred from fungi taken on ^/i2 (Schlick). Zetterstedt records it as early as '^j^. Geographical distribution : — Northern and middle Europe down into France and Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: As seen my description of the female is more agreeing with Verrall's description of hirticeps than of jasciata\ I have, however, no doubt that my males and females belong to the same species, and this has made me doubt whether hirticeps is really a valid species. Possibly fasciata and hirticeps are only one species, varying in the dorsocentral hairs being uniseral or pluriserial, in the more or less distinct stripes on thorax in female and in the hairiness of second antennal joint and face in male. Verrall mentions also some varying as regards the dorsocentral hairs. 5. P. boletina Fall. 1815. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Plat. 4, 1. — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 5, 1. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 900, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 241. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 42, fig. 64. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 186. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 234, 6. Male. Vertex black; frons and face grey; frons not broad, about triangular, bare; face scarcely broader than high. Jowls and cheeks without hairs. Occiput blackish grey, with black hairs and medium long postocular cilia. Antennæ with the two basal joints and base of third joint yellow, the rest blackish brown. Palpi brownish, Platypeza. 35 W:- yellow at apex. Thorax velvet black, dorsocentral hairs short, some- what pluriserial; two notopleural bristles. Pleura blackish brown, palest below. Abdomen flattened, duU brown, with the hind margins of the segments velvet black, the sixth segment grey on apical part and liypopygium grey. Abdomen has short, very sparse brownish hairs, longer at the sides and longest at base; sixth segment with a row of yellow bristles. Legs yellow or brownish yellow, the femora darkest; hind tibiæ somewhat and the four first tarsal joints much dilated; first and second joint of nearly equal length and third joint as long as the two first together. The legs with some long hairs on posterior side of anterior femora, hind femora mainly short-haired ; middle tibiæ with only one apical spur. Wings nearly pellucid; veins brown; medial cross- vein well before apex of mediastinal vein; lower branch of fork not short, but not reaching the margin; posterior cross-vein rather steep, shorter than or scarcely as long as its distance from the fork; anal cell rather long, double the rest of the anal vein. Squamula and balteres brownish. Female. Rather different. Frons broad, grey, almost or quite bare; occiput with pale hairs below. Thorax greyish brown, with an indication of two stripes. Abdomen brown with first segment grey and grey hind margins on second to fifth segment, widening at the sides and here confluent ; as the grey is predomin- ating abdomen may be termed grey with four bands and apex brown. Abdomen with short, very sparse pale hairs. Legs yellow; hind tarsi strongly dilated, more than in male, the two first joints quite short and short- ened below, third joint longer than the two first together and very long below; the golden toment on posterior side conspicuous; middle tarsi somewhat dilated, second joint short, third longer, fourth again short, fifth distinctly dilated. Legs quite short-haired, femora nearly bare. Wings with the lower branch of the fork reaching near to the margin. Squamulæ and balteres yellow. Length 3 to about 4 mm. 3* Fig. 8. P. boletina ^ , hind leg from anterior side X ca. 45. Fig. 9. P. boletina $, hind leg from anterior side X ca. 46. 36 Platypezidae. P. boletina is very rare in Denmark, we have only one specimen, a male, from earlier time, without particular locality; the above description of the female is drawn from a Swedish specimen, sent from Zetterstedt to Stæger. Zetterstedt records it from V? to '^*/g. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europa down into France and northern Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: Our specimen is bred from the pupa, and the same is the case with two specimens from Zetterstedt; the puparium shows no filaments at the sides, and is upon the whole quite similar to the puparium of injiimata figured by de Meijere; one of them even shows remnants of a cocoon, as far as I see. Accordingly it is obvious, tliat the larva mentioned by v. Roser and Westwood as boletina cannot belong to this species, but a mistake in the determin- ation must have taken place; perhaps the species has been tnodesta. 6. P. infumata Hal. 1838. Hal. Annal. Nat. Hist. II, 184. — 1901. Verr. Brit. FL VIII, 53, 8, figs. 75—77. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 188. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 234, 7. — P. ornata Meig. 1838. Syst. Besclir. VII, 145, 11. — P. vittata Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 902, 3. Male. Vertex, frons and face black, the latter slightly greyish; frons not broad, bare. Jowls with black hairs, not reaching up on the cheeks or only just below; face broader than high, cheeks very broad. Occiput greyish black, with black hairs; postocular cilia long. Antennæ and palpi black. Thorax velvet black; dorsocentral hairs pluriserial; numerous humeral, posthumeral, notopleural and postalar bristles and on the sides of the disc bristly hairs, but no strong præsutural bristle. Scutellum with four or more bristles on each side. Pleura greyish black. Abdomen obscurely dark greyish brown or greyish black, first and second segment velvet black, third to fifth with a broad velvet black band at hind margin, sixth segment with the apical half and sides bright grey; abdomen may thus be termed velvet black with four greyish black bands and apex bright grey. Abdomen has long erect black hairs at the sides, sixth segment with a row of yellow bristles at hind margin. Legs black or brownish black, knees and tarsi reddish, the latter blackish towards end; hind tibiæ a little and hind tarsi not strongly dilated; the two first joints of equal length, the third as long as the two first together. Anterior femora with long black hairs on posterior side, middle femora also Platypeza. 37 with longish hairs anteroventrally; hind femora with longish hairs on anterior side; middle tibiæ with only one apical spiir. Wings pellucid, third costal segment yellowish; veins blackish; medial cross-vein well before apex of mediastinal vein; lower branch of discai fork incomplete; posterior cross-vein shorter than its distance from the fork; anal cell long, double as long as the rest of anal vein. Squamulæ brown. H alteres black. Female. Rather different. Frons and face whitish grey; frons broad with few, quite minute hairs. Occiput whitish grey, with some pale hairs below; postocular bristles strong but not long. Jowls with only a few hairs just behind. Thorax and scutellum briglit grey, the thoracic disc with three broad black stripes, confluent in front but separated backwards and thus forming a large, posteriorly tridentate spot not reaching hind margin; the middle stripe pro- duced quite forwards but the lateral not; dorsocentral hairs a little pluriserial, quite short, only the hindmost longer; also all otlier hairs short, only notopleural bristles long, three in number. Abdomen whitish grey, first segment black anteriorly in the middle, second quite black, third with a triangular black spot, united with second segment and more or less extended, so that the segment may be black with only grey lateral spots, fourth and fifth segment with narrow black front bands, sixth black with a greyish hind margin; abdomen may thus be termed black with two broad whitish grey bands and a larger or smaller whitish grey side spot anterior to them. The hairs are few and short, somewhat strong, only long on the sides at base and here white; below apex some yellow bristles. Legs paler than in male, brownish, somewhat greyish pruinose, knees and tarsi yellowish, the latter darkened towards end. Hind tarsi strongly dilated, more than in male, the two first joints short, the second the shortest and quite short below, third about as long as the two first together and very long below, and fourth comparatively much dilated; middle tarsi with the three middle joints a little dilated, the second short. Legs mainly short-haired, the hairs partly pale. The lower branch of the discai fork nearly or quite complete. Length fully 3 to 3,7 mm. P. injumata is somewhat rare in Denmark; Geel Skov, Tisvilde, on Langeland at Lohals, on Lolland at Nysted and in Jutland at Jelling and Ry (the author); the dates are ^j^ — ^g. Verrall records it in England from ^s/^ — 2^^^. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe 38 Platypezidae. down into Germany; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 7. P. furcata Fall. 1823. Fall. Dipt. Suoc. Suppl. 2, 4. — 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 357, 8. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 909, 10 et 1849. VIII, 3199, 10. — 1901. Verr. Brit. Fl. VIII, 58, 10, figs. 81—82. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 187. — 1910. Wahlgr. Entom. Tidsskr. 235, 9. Male. Vertex black, frons and face blackish grey; frons very small, bare. Jowls with black hairs but cheeks bare. Occiput black with black hairs and long postocular cilia. Antennæ black, the basal joints more or less pale, second joint with long hairs above and below; arista somewhat thick. Palpi black, somewhat clubbed, with bristly Fig. 10. Wing of P. furcata ^ . hairs at apex. Thorax black or a little brownish; dorsocentral hairs uniserial; four to five notopleural bristles; on the sides of the disc some hairs. Scutellum with six marginal bristles. Abdomen black or brownish black, a little shining, but second and third segment dull on the disc. Abdomen has short, black hairs, long towards and at the sides; sixth segment with some black bristles at apex. Genitalia somewhat large and protruding below. Legs blackish, tibiæ and especially tarsi paler; hind tibiæ slightly but tarsi well dilated, first and second joint of about equal length, third a little longer than each. The legs with longish, black hairs behind anterior femora, hind femora with shorter hairs on anterior side. Wings somewhat brownish or blackish tinged and not glassy as in the other species, which is caused by the microscopical hairs on the membrane being longer and denser; third costal segment yellowish; veins blackish brown, medial cross-vein before apex of mediastinal vein; discai fork with the upper branch long, slightly and evenly curved, the lower branch incomplete; posterior cross-vein much more than its own length from apex of postical vein ; anal cell about Platypeza. 39 as long as the rest of anal vein. Sqiiamulæ blackish brown, Halteres black. Female. Somewhat similar. Frons broad, dark brownish grey, with small hairs. Palpi yellowish, larger and more cliibbed than in male. Postocular cilia long. Thorax greyish brown pruinose. Abdomen as in the male, but not dull on basal part, the hairs short, only a little longer at the sides, sixth segment with hindmarginal bristles. Legs coloiired as in male, shorter-haired; hind tarsi more dilated than in male, second joint short and quite short below, third about as long as the two basal together and longer below, foiirth well dilated; middle tarsi with just indication of a dilatation and with second joint a little shorter than third. Wings less or not tinged. Halteres brownish black. Length about 3 mm. P. fiircata does not seem to be uncommon in Denmark ; at Alinde- lille and Bognæs (Kryger) and in Jutland at Hejls (the author); the dates are in July. It has been bred from fungi on tree-stubs, taken with larvæ on ^^/g, pupating in August and developing on ^/g, and at another time taken as larva in June and developing in July (Kry- ger). It is curious that the species was not known as Danish until Mr. Kryger bred it in 1913 and 1917, and I took it in 1919. Geographical distribution: — Denmark, Sweden and England; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: As seen from the descriptions the species are rather different in various respects; modesta and ruja are nearly related, they have both a very broad frons in male with a few hairs above; the hind tarsi with metatarsus longest, and about equal in both sexes; two notopleural bristles; atra is isolated by the tufted frons and the all hairy face; holetina and injumata are again nearly related, they have no hairs on the cheeks, pluriserial dorsocentrals, hind tarsi with the two basal joints short in both sexes, and the second in the female very short below; only one apical spur on middle tibiæ and middle tarsi in female somewhat dilated; jasciata has also pluri- serial dorsocentrals, but is diflering by the hairs on second antennal joint, numerous notopleurals, and another position of the medial cross-vein; furcata fmally is rather isolated. I think that a study based on rich material of all species would lead to creation of some natural genera, such as Wahlgren has already created Platypezina for connexa Bohem. 40 Tachinidae. CYCLORRHAPHA SCHIZOMETOPA. Tlie Cydorrhapha schizometopa Br.^ {Thecostomata Frey 1921, Myodaria siiperiora Villeneuve 1924) are divided into the two large families Tachinidae and Anthomyidae, distinguished, besides by other characters, mainly by the important one, that the Tachinidæ possess a row of bristles on hypopleura, the Anthomyidae not (with only one exception). The Tachinidae are the highest developed of the two families. Tachinidae. Head as broad as thorax or a little broader or narrower, gener- ally convex behind, and here often more or less puffed out below, rarely flat or concave behind; the head is generally higher than long, sometimes as high as long, and sometimes nearly triangular in profile. The eyes are as a rule separated in both sexes and the frons also in the male more or less broad, but generally broader in the female; sometimes, however, it is of equal breadth in both sexes; more rarely the eyes are touching in the male; in some Phasiinae on the contrary the frons is narrower in the female. Frons more or less prominent, sometimes strongly, at other times not or almost not, the head then being evenly rounded in front. The frons is well chitin- ised on both sides along the eye-margins; these parts are the orbits, downwards going over in the cheeks; the middle part between the orbits, the frontal stripe, is less chitinised; the relative breadth of orbits and frontal stripe may be rather various. As in all cyclorrhaphous flies a frontal suture is present, running round the lunula and down- wards on each side towards or to the lower end of the eye. Outwards to this suture, between it and the eyes, are the cheeks, which may be from quite narrow to rather broad. Between the arms of the suture lies the epistoma; it is flat or often more or less reflected and pro- minent below; the sides of epistoma are raised to a keel, the vibrissal ridge, running parallel with the arms of the frontal suture; the vi- brissal ridges may be more or less parallel or diverging downwards, 1 Hendel says (Konowia I, 1922, 147) that it indicates "sachliche Unkenntnis" to use still Brauer's names Schizometopa and Holometopa\ I think, however, that these names, so long in use, may well be used, even if it is proved that some Holometops are in reality schizometop. Tachinidae. 41 according to the epistoma being narrower or broader. The ridges are generally a little converging just below, sometimes rather strongly to almost touching in the middle. The lower end of the ridges, from which the margin of the mouth aperture bends off, is termed the vibrissal angle. The middle part of epistoma lies somewhat sunken between the ridges; often it has a more or less high longitudinal middle keel, so that two antennal foveae are formed. The space below the eyes to each side of the oral aperture is the jowl, which may be from rather narrow to as broad (high) as the eye is high. Between the ends of the cheeks, the eye, the jowls and the epistoma there is a more or less triangular space (median R. D.) which I term the intermediate triangle; it is less chitinised than the surrounding parts. On the head we have the following bristles: a pair of ocellar bristles on the ocellar triangle, rarely wanting; they are generally directed forwards and more or less diverging, sometimes they are directed upwards, backwards or outwards; they may vary consider- ably in strength and in some cases they are stronger in female than in male; a pair of inner and outer vertical bristles, the latter often wanting in male, especially when the frons is narrowed; they are rarely quite wanting; on the orbits along the frontal stripe there is on each side a row of bristles, the frontal bristles; these rows stop at the insertion of antennæ, or they stretch more or less down on the cheeks, sometimes quite down, and this is of systematic importance; the frontal bristles along the orbits are curved inwards and crossing; the rows are generally a little diverging above, and one or some (1- — 3) uppermost may be stronger, erect and reclinate, fmally the uppermost may often be directed outwards either only in the female or in both sexes; (this upper, often transverse bristle is generally placed more outwards than the other frontals, it is the "soie pré- verticale" Villeneuve). On the orbits, outside to the frontal bristles there are generally two downwards directed bristles, the orbital bristles; they are very often present only in female, but may also be present in both sexes, especially when the front in the male is of some breadth; rarely there is only one orbital bristle, or more than two. On the vibrissal angle there is nearly always a specially strong bristle, the large vibrissa; above it there is a number of smaller bristles, the vibrissæ. The vibrissæ are of great systematic importance; some- times there are none or only a couple above the large vibrissa, at other times they may be more or less ascending to quite up, and they may be finer or stronger. Below the vibrissæ, along the oral aperture 42 Tachinidae. there is a row of more or less developed oral bristles. On the back of the head there is along the eye-margin a row of postocular bristles; otherwise the back of the head is generally densely covered with more or less long, pale hairs, but sometimes there are one or more rovvs of black hairs behind the postocular bristles; in some cases the hairs are all black. Generally there is above a pair of postocellar (inner postvertical) and occipital (outer postvertical) bristles, they are sometimes indistinct, especially the postocellar may be slightly individualised among the hairs on and behind the ocellar triangle. The orbits are generally fmely haired, the frontal stripe bare. The cheeks may be bare or more or less haired, or they may bear bristles, and these alternatives have systematic value. Finally the jowls are generally haired with more or less strong hairs, rarely more slightly haired or bare^. The eyes may be of rather various size; they are bare or hairy; the facets sometimes a little enlarged towards inner margin or in upper half in male or in both sexes. The antennæ are inserted at the middle of the eye to considerably above or below; they are generally inserted near to each other, rarely a little distant; they consist of six joints the arista being three-jointed; they are of common Muscid type; the first joint small, the second likewise or somewhat longer, the third of various length, from as long as to about six times as long as second, often relatively longer in male than in female, sometimes considerably; in a couple of genera the second joint is elongated and longer than third; the third joint is thus in all of a shape from nearly square to elongated linear; only in one Danish species {Actia fissicornis) the third joint is in the male cleft in the whole length and two-branched, but this shape is found in a number of foreign Tachinids, the so-called fissicorn Tachinids. The arista is inserted dorsally at the base of third joint, it has the basal joint quite short, often not to be seen without preparation, rarely it is somewhat long (Actia)] the second joint is likewise short or a little or more elongated, in some cases it is much elongated to fully as long as third, and the arista then sometimes geniculate. The arista is tapering outwards, the thicker basal part may be quite short, or 1 For the understanding of this latter I must explain the following: the chitinised jowl as a part stretching forwards from occiput has ahvays hairs; when this part is large the jowl is quite haired, but sometimes the above mentioned bare intermediate triangle is much extended and more or less displaces the chitinised part, and thus the jowl, understood as the space below thé eye, gets more or less slightly haired to quite bare. Tachinidae. 43 the thickening stretches longer out to two thirds of the length, rarely the arista is thickened almost to apex. The relative length of the arista varies not little. The second antennal joint has some bristles on the front edge, of which sometimes one is specially strong. The arista is most often bare, sometimes pubescent or short-hairy or fmally shorter or longer plumose in the whole length or in basal part. The mouth parts are of the Muscid type; an oral cone well developed; clypeiis horse-shoe-shaped or more elongate and more or less forceps-shaped; it has generally a less chitinised, sometimes longitudinally divided part above. Palpi thread-like or more or less clavate, sometimes small or quite rudimentary. Proboscis short, of medium length or somewhat long, with a well chitinised semi- tubular basal part and smaller or larger oval labella. Labrum and hypopharynx present, stilet-like. In some genera the proboscis is very long and slender and the labella more or less elongated to very long and geniculate towards the basal part. ■ — Thorax rectangular, sometimes quadratic or nearly; pro- and metathorax small. The postscutellum of mesothorax is by a transverse impression divided into an upper and a lower part; in some groups (Tachininae, Dexiinae, Phasiinae) the upper part is distinctly or strongly convex and pro- truding, the postscutellum thus being biconvex, but in other groups {Rhinophor inae^ Sarcophaginae, Calliphorinae) the upper part is small, not convex and not or slightly protruding. The bristles are: acrostichals, generally three præ- and three postsutural, only quite exceptionally more; the most normal number of three on each side of the suture is often reduced more or less down to only a præscutellar pair or none at all ; especially the præsutural are of systematic interest, and when reduced it is the third pair which disappears first, the middle pair is the most constant. Dorsocentrals, likewise generally three præ- and three postsutural; also these bristles may be more in number, or on the contrary, reduced. The intraalar bristles are three postsutural or fewer, and one or no præsutural. Just at the margin there is a varying number of larger or smaller supraalar bristles behind the suture and one anterior to the suture, the præ- sutural bristle. On the humeri there are more or fewer humeral bristles, and behind the humeri one to three posthumeral bristles, the place of the exterior in relation to the præsutural bristle being of systematic importance. On the postalar callus generally two postalar bristles. In the præsutural depression are two notopleural bristles and sometimes besides one or two smaller {Gonia, Sarco- 44 Tachinidae. phaga). The pleiira are more or less hairy, the propleiira below hiime- ral calliis hairy in Calliphorinae (except in Pollenia and the foreign group Rhynchocalliphorinae Vill.), bare in the other subfamilies (except in species of Echinomyia and in Helicobosca); the postalar dechvity i. e. the vertical space below the postalar cailus is hairy in Calliphorinae and with more or fewer hairs in Sarcophaga and Blaeso- xypha, otherwise bare, as far as I have seen. On the pleura there is a vertical row of bristles just in front of the mesopleural suture. Above on mesopleura, under the wing-root (pteropleura), there is generally a tuft of hairs or smaller or larger bristles, sometimes a single long bristle. On sternopleura there are most often three sterno- pleural bristles placed as 2 — 1, but sometimes there are four; in some cases there are only two sternopleurals or even one but only exceptionally none at all; when three they are sometimes placed as 1 — 1 — 1 {Sarcophaga). On propleura there is one or more prothoracal bristles above front coxæ, and at the lower anterior corner of meso- pleura a stigmatical bristle or a couple. Hypopleura have a vertical row of more or less numerous hypopleural bristles, and this is a very important character (first detected by Osten Sacken), dividing the Tachinids from all other Muscids; only in the Oestrid subfamilies they are replaced by hairs and in Gastrophilus wanting. Hypopleural bristles are otherwise only found in Eginia and in a reduced form in Orygma luctuosa, both for other reasons not belonging here. (In some foreign forms of Antkomyidae there may be a spot of hypo- pleural hairs like those found in some likewise foreign Tachinidae). Scutellum has a number of marginal bristles of very various develop- ment as to size and number; very often the number is four on each side (termed after Girschner: Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XX, 1901, 71 the basal, the lateral, the subapical and the apical), but the number may be larger, and it may be strongly reduced; the apical are often Crossing, but may also be parallel or diverging. On the disc there are sometimes a pair of discai and of preapical bristles. (When the number of the marginal bristles is less than four it is sometimes difficult or impossible to decide which are the wanting bristles, but the lateral bristle is the last appearing). — Abdomen is of very various shape, from almost globular to long and elongated cylindrical, and it may sometimes be more or less flattened. The tergites are always most developed and bend down on the ventral side, the sternites being small (broader in Cynomyia and in Gastrophilus). Otherwise the facts are here different; in some groups the sternites lie imbedded Tachinidae. 45 in a membrane which is present along each side, and the tergites are less bending in; in other groups the tergites bend more inwards, and no membrane is visible, but the sternites are all visible, and especially the second is seen either lying distinctly on the lateral margins of the tergite or lying between these margins; fmally the tergites may be bending quite in, covering the sternites more or less, often meeting in the middle so that all sternites are quite con- cealed. When abdomen of the male is seen from above, generally only four segments are counted anterior to the two last or genital segments; in some Phasiinae there may, however, be seen five, and also f. inst. in Ernestia five may be seen, the apical of them more or less hidden. The real number of segments is, of course, another. On the ventral side there are five distinct sternites; the lirst of them, lying quite at the base, seems to have no tergite; if abdomen is prepared ofT, there are, however, seen two small more or less ven- trally lying piates, each with a spiracle; these are the rudimentary first tergite (the facts are generally about as shown by Parker for Ravinia: Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 35, 1914, PL V, fig. 30); sometimes the piates seem to be really united with the second tergite, but there are then two spiracles on each side, showing that there are two segments. The first distinct tergite is thus the second and then follow the third, fourth and fifth. Behind the fifth there may, as said, sometimes be seen a narrow sixth, more or less hidden, but by preparation the sixth may generally or always be shown. When it is quite hidden it is generally quite rudimentary; it lies in the membrane above as a small arch {Sarcophaga), often divided in the middle, and it bears bristles, and on each side there is a spiracle either lying in the arch or in the membrane near it; from the left side of the arch a narrow chitinous stripe is seen, going downwards and forwards under the fifth sternite and bending up, but then abrupted and not reaching up on the right side. This dorsal and ventral arch thus represent the sixth segment. Then follow the two genital segments the sternites of which cannot be made surely out, though a sternite to the hypopygium seems to be present. At the apex of the hypopygium there is a membrane with the anal opening, often with a pair of small lips, representing the last segment. After the foregoing we would thus come to a number of nine seg- ments in all, the said rudimentary end segment included. Now the hypopygium no doubt represents in reality the ninth segment, and if so, a segment must have disappeared. I think it is the seventh 46 Tachinidae. segment which wants, the above mentioned more or less rudimentary segment being the sixth and the præhypopygial the eighth. (It is also possible that it is the sixth segment which has disappeared, then the rudimentary would be the seventh)^. The præhypopygial segment may be of various shape and likewise the hypopygium, and this may be of very various size. At the end of the hypopygium are articulated the upper and the lower forceps. The upper forceps generally consists of one piece, often more or less cleft in apical part, or longer up, and sometimes divided into two. The arms of the lower forceps, lying to each side of the upper, are of manifold shape and size, more or less developed, sometimes only present as small pieces as in Sarcophaga. The penis (in widest sense) with its appen- dages issues below hypopygium; it is of very various shape and of much complicated structure (se f. inst. Mueller, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 88, 1922, A, 2, 45); at its base generally two pairs of more or less hook-like rods are present, the anterior and posterior claspers. The hypopygium with all its appendages lies at the end of abdomen and is generally bent in ventrally and more or less hidden. The fifth sternite is of a special shape, more or less deeply incised or cleft in the apical margin, often to or near to base, and sometimes its side- lamellæ are drawn out into long processes. In the female the abdomen also generally shows only four visible segments seen from above, the rest being simply drawn in telescopically, but often, however, of special structure, and sometimes, namely in the Phasiinae, they are specially shaped for holding or piercing the host at the oviposition, and here also the otlier abdominal segments may show structures for the same purpose. The second abdominal tergite nearly always has an excavation behind scutellum, which may be smaller or larger, Senior White (Record of Ind. Mus. XXVI, 1924, 209) comes to another result as he supposes a first quite membraneous segment, without spiracles and partially fused with thorax; the other segments he has as above. He gets thus, like I, ten segments, but without any disappeared. (He takes the upper forceps as belonging to the otherwise rudimentary tenth segment). But the difficulty is not surmounted herewith, for if we suppose a first segment, anterior to the rudimentary spiracle-bearing one — and theoretically this is possible — then we should come to eleven segments, the original number of urites in Insects. The author states that his second segment is the bare basal part of his third; this is certainly not correct, all that he figures (PI. XVIII, fig. 1) as second and third segment is no doubt only one segment, except just the part with the first spiracle, this, as stated above, often lying in a separate small plate. Tachinidae. 47 only present at base or stretching quite to the hind margin, and some- times unequal in the two sexes. Abdomen has, except in few cases, bristles in smaller or greater number; they may be both discai and marginal or only marginal, and be present along the whole margin or only on the middle, generally in the middle on the anterior seg- ments, along the whole margin on the posterior; especially on the fifth segment they may cover the whole dorsum or only be present on the hind part or at margin. The number of the bristles and their presence or absence on the various segments is of very great syste- matic importance, but it must be born in mind that the bristles, also on thorax, are rather liable to varying by being abortive or on the contrary by presence of supernumerary bristles. When we speak of the bristles on abdomen it is always those on dorsum; also along the sides bristles are present, but they are of less or no importance and generally not mentioned. — The legs are of common shape, shorter or longer to rather long, and slender or more robust. Not rarely the front tarsi in the female are broad and flat. The claws and pulvilli are smaller or larger and often they are specially elong- ated in the male, sometimes strongly. The empodium is small and bristle-shaped. The legs have in most cases more or less strong bristles, especially present on middle and hind femora in various ways and on posterior tibiæ. On middle tibiæ there is as a rule a single ventral bristle about the middle, this latter may sometimes be wanting, very rarely in both sexes (f. inst. species of Carcelia), more often only in the male. Also the hind coxæ show sometimes a character of systematic importance as they are as a rule bare on posterior side, but sometimes here finely hairy or with a couple of bristles. — The wings show a venation of the common Muscid type; costa reaches to the apex of the discai vein when this vein ends in the margin (in Gastrophilus only to the cubital vein); the mediastinal vein ends in costa; the cubital vein is unbranched, thus only one cubital cell; the discai vein is bent upwards in the apical part, forming the apical cross-vein; this latter either ends in costa behind the end of the oubital vein or it unites with the cubital vein at the margin or more er less before, the first posterior cell is accordingly open, closed or petiolate with a shorter or longer peduncle. The cell may end at the apex of the wing, or more or less to rather far before the apex. The angle formed by the bending up of the apical cross-vein may be rectangular or more or less obtuse or rounded; in rare cases it is very rounded and the apical part bending slightly up, so that none or 48 Tachinidae. almost no apical cross-vein is formed. From the angle may issne a branch or prolongation of the discai vein, either only as a fold, more or less darkened, or as a real shorter or longer veinlet. In a few cases the apical cross-vein may be more or less to quite obliterated, the discai vein then not reaching the margin. The lower branch of the postical vein hes at base beneath the postical cross-vein and goes rectangularly down to the anal vein, so that it is like a cross-vein, and the anal cell is short. The anal vein does not reach the margin except in rare cases {Bucentes and species of Actia^ Hypoderma). Axillary vein more or less distinct. Costa shows two more or less visible interruptions, one a little behind hiimeral cross-vein, the other just at end of mediastinal vein. At the base of the cubital vein there is nearly always a few bristles on both sides of the wing, some- times the bristles on upper side stretch longer out to nearly the whole length, and in some cases also subcostal and postical vein may bear bristles. Alula well developed, generally rather large. — Squamulæ large, the lower by far the largest and often very large; only in Rhinophorinae it is somewhat reduced, the inner margin bending away from scutellum and the squamula being somewhat narrow and elongate, reminding of the shape in Coenosia. At the margin the squamulæ are quite short-haired or with longer hairs only at base on outer side; they are generally bare on upper surface, only in a few cases haired. The development of the Tachinidae is rather well known and has been much studied on account of their importance for the forestry and also on account of the biologicai interest connected with the study of these parasitic flies. The larvæ are in general cylindrical or elongated oval; those of the Sarcophaginae and Calliphorinae are more of the common Muscid shape, elongated conical, tapering anteriorly, cut behind. As all cyclorrhaphous larvæ they have three stages, separated by two moults (in Gastrophilus there seems to be four and in Hypoderma (lineatiim and bovis) five stages, see Boas: Hestebremserne, Tidskr. f. Veterinær. 2, XXI, Laake: Journ. of Agric. Research XXI, 1921 and XXVIII, 1924 and Bishoff, Laake, Brundrett and Wells: U. S. Dep. of Agric, Depart. Bull. 1369, 1926). The larva consists of twelve segments, the head included. Above the mouth opening are two small antennæ-like organs, consisting of the more or less fused antennæ and maxillary palpi. In the first stage they have one, in the later stages two mouth hooks sitting on a pharyngeal skeleton. They are, as other cyclorrhaphous larvæ, amphipneustic, Tachinidae. 49 with prothoracal and posterior spiracles in the two last stages, meta- pneiistic in the first stage {Ocyptera is metapneustic also in the second stage and Ernestia rudis in all three stages). The body is more or less armed with small or minute spinules. The pupa is a barrel-pupa of a more or less cylindrical oval shape; sometimes there are no pro- truding prothoracal spiracular tubes, at other times such are present ; when present they protrude through the first abdominal segment of the puparium. In opening the fore part of the puparium is detached along a circular line lying anteriorly on first abdominal segment, this part is divided in an upper and a lower piece by a horizontal line; sometimes the lower piece is not detached. The Tachinids are for the most part parasitic in other insects; the Sarcophaginae and Calliphorinae mainly saprophagous; some of them are, however, parasitic f. inst. Sarcophaga-sipecies and Onesia coerulea in snails, Pollenia rudis in earthworms. Species of Sarcophaga are also often recorded as bred from Lepidoptera, and though they certainly often attack sick Lepidopterous larvæ, they seem also to be parasitic here. It really seems that many of these, which are rather polyphagous, are developing from saprophagy to parasitism. The Miltogrammini are food-parasites in the nests of Aculeata. The true Tachinids are, as said, parasitic mostly on insects, above all on Lepidopterous larvæ, then on Coleoptera, Hymenoptera {T enthredini- dae), on some few Diptera^ on Rhynchota and Orthoptera (with Forfi- cula). Besides a couple are known from Lithohius and Oniscus. The species are partly oviparous, partly viviparous or ovoviviparous. Pantel has (La Cellule, XXV, 1910) divided the species in ten groups according mainly to the manner of depositing eggs or larvæ and the way in which the parasite gets into the host (and also according to other points connected with the propagation) ; from this I shall detract the following: Group 1. Oviparous, with an oval egg flattened below; the egg is deposited on the skin of the host. Here belong of Danish species some Phasiins parasitic on Rhynchota: Clytiomyia, Gymnosoma, Cysto- gaster, and perhaps Xysta; further some Tachininae parasitic on Lepidopterous larvæ: Meigenia, Nemorilla floralis, Ptychomyia, Parasetigena, Winthemia quadripustulata, Tachina, Tricholyga, and probably Erycia and Phorocera. Group 2. Oviparous with very small, doubly coloured eggs, which are laid on the piants and eaten by the host larva, thus getting into the intestine. Here Monochaeta, Masicera sylvatica, Ceromasia, 4 50 Tacliinidae. Exorista fimbriata and Westermanni, Phryno, Zenillia libatrix and pullata, Gaedia, Paks, Gonia, Baumhaueria, Histochaeta, Rhacodifieura, Hebia, Brachychaeta. Group 3. The larviparous Sarcophaginae. Group 4. Ovoviviparous species depositing the immediately hatching eggs on piaces frequented by the hosts which are lepi- dopterous larvæ; the young larva is covered with chitinous piates which by contracting of the body form a mail, preventing exsicca- tion. Very prolific. Here Lydina, Lypha, Eversmannia, Gymnochaeta, Linnaemyia, Micropalpus, Chrysosoma, Nemoraea, Echinomyia, Pele- teria, Ernestia, Meriania. Group 5. Species behaving in a similar way, but of less fecundity. Here Digonochaeta, Eriothrix, Myiocera carinijrons, Macquartia chalconota and probably Steiniella collida. Group 6. Ovoviviparous species depositing on the skin of the host. Here Exorista affinis, Phryxe vulgaris, Bucentes cristata and geniculata, Voria, Plagia, Pelatachina, Myiobia inanis, Phyllomyia, Thelaira and probably Viviania. Group 7. Ovoviviparous species which after wounding the host, deposite the eggs in it by aid of a special, spine-like apparatus. Here Lydella nigripes. Group 8. W eberia-gvou^ ; as group 7 but wounding the host {Carabids) with the ovipositor itself. Here Weberia, and probably Freraea and Besseria. Group 9. Oviparous, with a more or less complicated apparatus used for holding and piercing the host when depositing the eggs in it. Here Allophora and probably Ocyptera and Leucostoma. The hosts known are Hemiptera. Group 10. Only two Carce/m-species; attach stalked eggs to the liairs of the host larva. Carcelia cheloniae and gnava. As seen, these groups are biological and most of them (except the Sarcophagas and Phasiins) include genera which do not seem to be related systematically; it is so at all events according to the systematic arrangement which I have adopted, but it cannot be denied that one of the groups, viz group 4 includes genera hitherto considered as related, and Thompson in his work on the larvæ of group 2 (Ann. de Parasitol. humaine et comparée, II, 1924, 185) is inclined to ascribe systematic importance to the ethological and larval characters. It must be remembered that a fmal system has not yet been reached. Tachinidae. 51 Also the way in which the parasite gets the air while in the host is difTerent: 1. The larva lives free in the host without connection with the open air. Sarcophaginæ and perhaps Dexia rustica. 2. The inbored larva goes into the host, and not till towards the second stage or later it goes to the dermis or to a trachea and forms here a hole (if with the mouth or with the posterior end is not known) ; in connection with the hole a funnel is formed in which the larva is placed. The funnel is formed by the host. 3. The larva continues to be in connection with the air through the hole formed by the boring in; also here a funnel is formed. The way in which the parasite pupates, in the host larva or pupa, or outside, boring out of the larva or the pupa, the piaces where it pupates and the way in which it hibernates is likewise manifoldly varied; I have recorded the above, in order that by use of my book one may get an idia of the very variated and interesting features in the biology of these creatures, but for the rest I must refer to the special works of Pantel, Thompson and others and especially to the excellent account given by Baer (Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VI, 1920, 185). In the above I have not considered the Oestrid forms, the sub- families Hypoderm.inae^ Oestrinae and Gastrophilinae; these are aberrating, but seem to be connected with the true Tachinids through the foreign T achino-Oestridae YiWen. {Oestridae dubiosae B. B.); they have no bristles at all on body and legs; the two first subfamilies have a row or a bunch of hairs on hypopleura while Gastrophilus has bare hypopleura. They are generally densely pilose. They are all parasitic on mammals (our species on horse and ruminants). The genus Cephenomyia, ranged under Calliphorinae., is of a similar aspect and parasitic on deer. As seen from the description, the members of the family Tachi- nidae will always be known with certainty. They are distinguished from the Anthomijidæ, sole family with which they might be con- fused, by several characters. The most distinctive character is the row of bristles on hypopleura, only wanting in Gastrophilus, and outside the Tachinidae only present in Eginia and Orygma which for other reasons will be known as not belonging here. Next they are characterised by the sternopleural bristles when three being placed in the position 2—1 or 1 — 1 — 1, while in the Anthomyids with three 4* 52 Tachinidae. sternopleurals these are placed as 1 — 2. Also the presence of the apical cross-vein is characteristic; in the rare cases where it is obliterated, the discai vein does not reach the margin; to be sure some Antho- myids have a similar vein, but then they are known by no hypo- pleural bristles; also these Anthomyids have never a prolongation of the vein from the discai angle, which is often the case in the Tachi- nids. The thoracic squamula is always larger, generally much larger than the alar squamula. Finally the Tachinids nearly always have much more bristles, especially on abdomen, than any Anthomyid. The Tachinids form a large family, including at present very numerous genera and divided in several subfamilies. They are flies of from small or smallish to rather large size (about 2,5 to 20 mm). They may be of rather varied aspect, from short, broad and almost globular to rather elongated and narrow, but most of them are of the common Muscid shape. In the free these latter are generally known from other Muscids by a certain robust appearance, as also by the numerous bristles and often long antennæ; the Dexiins are generally known by the elongated shape. The various members of the family are found from early spring to late autumn; they occur on leaves of bushes, in low herbage and on various flowers, especially umbellifers, some few as Bucentes dLho on composites, and they suck juices; some may also be seen sitting on stems of trees. The Calliphorins and Sarcophagins frequent also decaying animal and vegetable matter and excrements. Some are especially present on sandy localities as the Miltogrammins, where they seek the nests of burrowing bees and fossorial wasps for depositing the eggs. The story of the systematic of the Tachinidae is well known and mentioned f. inst. by Stein in his last work. After the period stopping with Rondani and Schiner, Brauer and Bergenstamm published in 1889 — 93 (Denkschr. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien) an elaborate and somewhat revolutionizing work, but, in spite of all it brings, it is difficult to use, and the division into "sections" and genera is carried out to an extreme; many of the genera were also provisional, and the authors reduced themselves the number in the last part of the work. In 1893 and 1896 Girschner (Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVI, 1893, 297 and 111. Wochenschr. f. Entom. I, 1896, 12) sketched a new system and divided the Tachinidae into nine groups, including Eginia (Syllegoptera) as one group, but excluding Gastrophilus as belonging to the Anthomyidae. Girschner's system was only a sketch, but many new and important characters were Tachinidae. 53 used, and his system has been accepted and is used in Kat. d. palåarkt. Dipt. by Bezzi, who has made a very troublesome work in arranging the palæarctic genera and species according to it. I exchide here Eginia, which I think does not belong here, and I include Gastrophilinae, as I think they are, in spite of the wanting hypopleural bristles, related to the other Oestrid forms. In 1924 Villeneuve has pubhshed an important paper about the systematic (Ann. d. Se. Nat. Bot. et Zool. 10, VII, 1924, 5); the author makes use of Girschner's groups, but alters to some degree their conception (the Dexiinae are reduced and about in the sense of Schiner, the Rhinophorinae are extended, comprising more genera, and Ocyptera is placed to Phasiinae etc), and herein I quite follow him. The Tachinidae he divides into two groups, Protachininae and Eutachininae^ the former including the less developed forms, the latter the most developed and highest standing. This latter group he again divides into tliree smaller groups, according to his prevertical bristle (the uppermost, generally some- what outwards placed frontal bristle) being reclinate or transverse and present only in the female or in both sexes. Villeneuve draws in the paper attention to many interesting characters, and perhaps his arrangement is the most natural hitherto. I have therefore also resolved to make use of it here, though I must premise that the study of our comparatively small fauna has not made it possible for me fully to judge about the value of it. The Tachinidae are no doubt the youngest and most developed group of flies, which also their biology indicates (though de Meijere thinks the Holometopa younger than the Schizometopa). They seem to be in rapid develop- ment, and therefore the systematic is so difficult. The characters are so many and so varied, and this is just the cause why so many genera have, one may say necessarily, been erected. When it was begun to divide the old larger genera, it was, so to say, impossible to stop before nearly every species had become a genus, and the reduc- tion again was difficult, a midway is not easily found. It also can not be denied that many genera are very restricted, much more so than genera in other families. The said facts have also given rise to the synonymy being very complicated and confused. In the limitation of the genera and the use of the generic names I mainly follow the catalogue, though I am aware that several names will no doubt have to be altered; also the circumscription of the genera will no doubt in the future necessarily undergo many alterations, but the small fauna, I have worked with, has not made it fortunate to do anything in this direction. 54 Tachinidae. The number of known European Tachinidae cannot at present be given with any certainty. In the catalogue about 1400 palaearctic species are eniimerated, besides a number of doubtful; only relatively few of tliem are not European. The number is probably too large but, on the other hånd, a number has been pubhshed since. Stein in his last work : Die verbreitesten Tachiniden Mitteleuropas, has about 700. The total number of European species may perhaps be in the neighbourhood of 1000 or more. It might be thought that the Tachinids, parasites themselves, were free from parasitic Hymenoptera, but this is not so. A number is known of Ichneumonids, but especially Chalcidids. Tliese parasites are, however, not so many that they are of any econominal importance. But the Tachinids have other, rather peculiar parasites, viz species of Anthrax and Hemipenthes. These flies are parasitic on Lepidopte- rous larvæ, but attack also the parasites of these larvæ, both Ichneu- monids and Tachinids; thus A. velutinus and H. morio have been bred from Masicera silvatica in Dendrolimus pini, and after Baer H. morio has also been bred from Parasetigena in Lymantria monacha and Ernestia rudis in Panolis griseovariegata. The way in which the parasite gets into the host is not kno\vn. With regard to Tachinids earlier mentioned from Denmark Kramer in 1760 (Spec. Insectol. Dan.) has five, and Briinniche in 1761 (Prodr. Insectol. Siælland.) ca. seven and in Pontoppidan, Danske Atl. in 1763 ca. nine as far as can be judged; they are all under Oestrus and Musca, but as regards the identity of the species nothing sure can be said. O. F. Muller 1764 (Faun. Fridrichsd.) enumerates ten species, likewise as Musca and Oestrus. Fabricius in Syst. Entom. 1775 has two species: Musca rustica and Stomoxys siberita, both new. In Spec. Insect. 1781 lie has the same two. In 1787 in Mantis. Ins. he further describes Musca labiata = Metopia leucocephala Rossi. In 1794 in Ent. Syst. IV he describes Musca striata = Sarcophaga haematodes Meig. and M. erinaceus and enume- rates rustica^ labiata and Stomoxys siberita, and fmally in Syst. Antl. 1805 he enumerates the named species, erinaceus now under Tachina, and he describes Stomoxys cristata and minuta, the latter = Bucentes geniculata De G. Fabricius has thus in all seven species from Den- mark, all new, now known as Dexia rustica F., Prosena sybarita F., Metopia leucocephala Rossi, Sarcophaga striata F. (see under this species), Petina erinaceus F., Bucentes cristata F. and B. geniculata De G. Of these Metopia leucocephala should, I think, correctly keep the Tachinidae. 55 name given by Fabricius (see under the species). Zetterstedt enumer- ates in Dipt. Scand. III and IV about 76 species, and in VIII still 18 species and in XII a single one from Denmark, thus in all about 100 species, of which to be sure some few must be struck out as synonyms. Macquart describes in 1854 in Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 3, II, 746 a Zophomyia rufipalpis from Denmark; it seems to be Macquartia tenebricosa Meig. In Nielsen's papers on the biology 1909 — 1918 sixteen species hitherto not recorded are mentioned, two of them new {Panzeria Nielseni Villen. and Digonochaeta enigmatica Villen. and Niels.), and fmally Villeneuve has in 1919 and 1921 published two new species, Actia nigrohalterata and Zenillia Bottcheri as occurring in Denmark. After the above the species at present recorded from Denmark are somewhat above 100. In the present work 273 are enumerated. At this place I must beg to offer my most sincere thanks to Dr. J. Villeneuve in Rambouillet, the eminent speciahst in palæ- arctic Tachinids ; Dr. Villeneuve has kindly yielded me very valuable aid as well by material ana determinations as by giving me numerous important hints and Communications. Table of Subfamilies. 1. A ventral membrane present and more or less visible between sternites and lateral margins of tergites; if not, abdomen very long, narrow and cylindrical and the transverse suture on thorax placed in the middle {Ocyptera), or squamulæ very large and abdomen in female ending with a forceps {Leucostoma) ; the species either pilose, quite without bristles, or not pilose with generally relatively few, often weak bristles 2. — No ventral membrane present; abdomen not very long and cylindrical; squamulæ not extremely large; bristles always more or less well developed 5. 2. Mouth parts wanting or quite rudimentary; hypo- pleura bare or with a bundle or fan of pale hairs; no sternopleural bristles; mostly densely pilose species and quite without bristles 3. • — Mouth parts developed; hypopleural and nearly always sternopleural bristles present; squamulæ generally broad and often very large. Not pilose 56 Tachinidae. species; more or fewer bristles present; female geni- talia often very conspicuous, bent in under venter.. IV. Phasiinae. 3. Hypopleura bare; no apical cross- vein; squamulæ small I. Gastrophilinae. — Hypopleura with hairs; apical cross- vein present; squamulæ large 4. 4. Middle part of epistoma narrow; hypopleura with a fan of strong hairs; not pilose species II. Oestrinae. — Middle part of epistoma broad, about square; hypo- pleura with a bundle of hairs ; densely pilose species. . III. Hypoderminae. 5. Second abdominal sternite lying on the lateral mar- gins of the tergite or between them and thus not covered; if this is less or not marked the squamulæ are narrowed {Rhinophor i nae); upper part of post- scutellum not strongly convex 6. — Second abdominal sternite more or less to quite covered by the lateral margins of the tergite; upper part of postscutellum strongly convex 8. 6. Exterior posthumeral bristle (often wanting in Engyzops) placed lower than the præsutural bristle, or if not thorax with felted metallic coloured hairs; propleura hairy (except in Pollenia); arista generally long-plumose ; eyes in male approximated or touching, in female separated V. Calliphorinae. — Exterior posthumeral bristle placed higher than or in the same height as the præsutural bristle; thorax not with felted metallic coloured hairs; propleura bare; arista bare or pubescent or plumose, generally in basal halt; frons in male narrow or somewhat narrower than in female, or equally broad in both sexes 7. 7. Squamulæ of common shape; arista bare or plumose generally only in basal half VI. Sarcophaginae. — Squamulæ narrow with the inner margin bending away from scutellum (this character wants only in Minella and some species of Macquartia); arista pubescent or short-hairy VII. Rhinophor inae. 8. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye; arista plumose; no præsutural intraalar bristle; abdominal sternites concealed below the meeting tergites VIII. Dexiinae. — Antennæ generally inserted at or above the middle of the eye; arista bare or at most pubescent (in Helicohosca and PhyUomyia short-hairy, only in Thelaira plumose); a præsutural intraalar bristle most often present, if wanting. the abdominal ster- nites often more or less visible, otherwise as a rule con- cealed IX. Tachininae. Tachinidae. 57 I. Gastrophilinae. Tilis subfamily is rather aberrant. No hypopleural bristles. The discai vein runs straight to the margin, and costa reaches only to the end of cubital vein or a little beyond. Ventral membrane present. No sternopleural bristles. Squamulæ small. Middle part of epistoma between the ridges narrow and linear. Densely pilose species without bristles. The species are parasitic on horse. Only one genus 1 . Gastrophilus. II. Oestrinae. Ventral membrane present. Hypopleura with a fan of strong pale hairs. No sternopleural bristles. Middle part of epistoma narrow. Not pilose species; no bristles present. The species are parasitic on mammals. Only one Danish genus 2. Oestrus. III. Hypoderminae. Ventral membrane present. Hypopleura with a bundle of pale hairs. No sternopleural bristles. Middle part of epistoma broad, square. Densely pilose species without bristles. The species are parasitic on ruminants. Only one Danish genus 3. Hypoderma. IV. Phasiinae. The species of this subfamily are of rather varied aspect; they may be rather broad and flat, or globose, or of more common shape, or on the contrary very elongated. Sometimes the wings are specially broad. Generally they are characterised by having only relatively few and weak bristles both on head, body and legs. Frons either more or less narrow in male, broader in female, or nearly equal in both sexes; in Allophora and Xysta narrow and most narrow in female. As a rule the frontal bristles are all crossing, and they stop generally at the insertion of antennæ, and as a rule no orbital bristles are present; rarely an upper outwards directed bristle in female. 58 Tachinidae. Eyes bare. Antennæ inserted at or generally alDOve middle of the eye; arista bare or short-pubescent. None or one posthumeral bristle (in Lophosia two). Intraalar bristles quite wanting or mucli reduced in number, generally to one, rarely two; a præsutural intraalar bristle never present. One or two, sometimes three sternopleural bristles, rarely none. Propleura bare. Scutellum as a rule with two sometimes three marginal bristles on each side, equal and small. Upper part of postscutellum more or less convex. Abdomen with the excavation on second segment only present at base; fifth segment with only marginal bristles. A ventral membrane present or not. Not rarely a sixth abdominal segment visible in male. The female genitalia are often very characteristic, either abdomen ends with a claw-like ovipositor, or the sixth or (in Freraea) already the fifth segment is more or less long and cylindrical, bent in under venter, generally with a special ventral process and ending with a more or less claw-like piece; in Leucostoma the female abdomen ends with a forceps. In some cases the female abdomen ends simply with retractile segments. As a rule no ventral bristle on middle tibiæ in male, but only in female, rarely present in both sexes, or on the contrary wanting in both sexes. First posterior cell petiolate, closed or narrowly open ; none or very minute bristles at base of cubital vein and no costal spine. Thoracic squamula broad, sometimes very large. The species are parasitic on Rhijnchota and Coleoptera. Table of Genera. 1. Abdomen broad and flat or globose or of more common shape 2. — Abdomen long and quite cylindrical; transverse suture on thorax placed in the middle 12. 2. Abdomen without bristles 3. — Abdomen with bristles 7. 3. Abdomen globose, the incisures slightly marked 4. — Abdomen flattened or elongate 5. 4. Antennæ reaching to the end of epistoma 7. Gymnosoma. — Antennæ reaching only half way to the end of epi- stoma 8. Cystogaster. 5. First posterior cell petiolate 6. — First posterior cell open, discai vein almost not bent upwards 12. Freraea. 6. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side; abdomen flat 4. Allophom. — • Scutellum with a number of marginal bristles all round ; abdomen cylindrical 10. Besseria. Tachinidae. 59 7. First posterior cell long petiolate 8. — First posterior cell not petiolate 9. 8. Black species with only marginal bristles on abdomen; abdomen in female ending with a forceps 13. Leucostoma. — More or less grey species; abdomen witb numerous discai and marginal bristles ; abdomen in female ending simply 16. Graphogaster. 9. Abdomen more or less yellow 10. — Abdomen black or grey 11. 10. Third and fourth abdominal segment with a row of marginal bristles 5. Clytiomyia. — Third and fourth abdominal segment with only a pair of marginal bristles 9. Evihrissa. 11. Larger, grey species 6. Xysta. — Small, black species 11 . Weberia. 12. First posterior cell petiolate 14. Ocyptera. — First posterior cell open 15. Lophosia. The genera fall in some natural groups: Phasiae: Allophora, Clytiomyia, Xysta. Gymnosomae: Gymnosoma, Xystogaster. Phaniae caudatae: Evihrissa, Besseria, Weberia, Freraea. Phaniae forcipatae: Leucostoma. Ocypterae: Ocyptera, Lophosia. A n urogyn ae : Graphogaster. V. Calliphorinae. No ventral membrane. Second abdominal sternite lying free on the lateral margins of the tergite; the other sternites also visible, either in both sexes or only in male. Eyes touching or approximate in male, in female frons broad. Antennal arista moderately or long- plumose in basal half or generally in nearly the whole length. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, in male all crossing, stopping before vertex; in female an uppermost outwards directed bristle and two orbitals. Eyes bare. Exterior posthumeral bristle placed lower than the præsutural bristle (if not then the thorax is clothed with felted, metallic coloured hairs: Pollenia). Postsutural intraalar bristles varying in number, often two, and a præsutural intraalar bristle present or wanting. Generally two præsutural acrostichals, sometimes one or no. Two to three sternopleural bristles. Propleura hairy except in Pollenia (and in the foreign group Rhynchocalliphorinae Vill.); postalar declivity more or less hairy. Upper part of postscutel- lum not convex; three to six scutellar marginal bristles on each side, 60 Tachinidae. the apical strong. Abdomen with the excavation on second segment reaching the margin or stopping more or less before, sometimes different in the two sexes and sometimes present only at base. Discai angle without veinlet or fold. Squamiilæ bare or hairy. — The aberrant genus Cephenomyia is Oestrid-like, pilose, without bristles and with a fan of pale hairs on hypopleura. The species are as larvæ mainly saprophagous, some more or less to really parasitic {Phorjnia-species on youngs of birds; Pollenia in earthworms; Onesia in snails; Liicilia hujonivora on Biijo). Cephe- nomyia is parasitic on Cerviis and Rangijer. Tahle of genera. 1. Hypopleura with a row of pale, somewhat bristly hairs; no sternopleural bristles. Densely pilose Oestrid-like species without bristles 17. Cephenomyia. — Hypopleura with black bristles; sternopleural bristles present. Not pilose species 2. 2. Exterior posthumeral bristle placed higher than or as high as præsutural bristle; propleura bare; thorax clothed with felted, metallic coloured hairs, at all events present as tufts on pleura. Vibrissal angle high above lower margin of epistoma 18. Pollenia. ■ — Exterior posthumeral bristle placed lower than præ- sutural bristle (sometimes wanting in Engyzops); pro- pleura hairy; thorax without felted, metallic coloured hairs. Vibrissal angle not or slightly above lower margin of epistoma 3. 3. Common stem of subcostal, radial and cubital vein with a series of cilia on inner side 19. Phormia. — Common stem of subcostal, radial and cubital vein without hairs 4. 4. Cheeks distinctly hairy 5. — Cheeks bare or practically so 7. 5. Arista long-plumose in about basal two thirds ; squamulæ hairy 21 . Calliphora. — Arista somewhat short-plumose in about basal half, or when longer plumose squamulæ bare 6. 6. Abdomen bluish or greenish, without discai bristles; three sternopleural bristles (generally) 22. Onesia. — Abdomen black, fourth segment with a row of discai bristles; two or three sternopleural bristles 24. Engyzops. 7. All bright metallic shining green or golden species; squamulæ bare; a præsutural intraalar bristle present. . 20. Lucilia. — Thorax not metallic shining, abdomen blue; squamulæ hairy; no præsutural intraalar bristle 23. Cynomyia. Tachinidae. 61 VI. Sarcophaginae. No ventral membrane. Second abdominal sternite lying free on the lateral margins of tlie tergite, the other sternites likewise visible, or more or less to quite concealed. Fifth sternite in male often specially developed and deeply cleft. Frons in female generally broader than in male, or of eqiial breadth in both sexes, but eyes never toiiching. Arista long-plumose or shorter plumose in basal half or a little more, or the arista bare. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ or lower, crossing, in female or in both sexes a reclinate and more or less oiitwards directed bristle above, and orbitals present in female or in both sexes; in some cases more reclinate bristles present. Eyes bare. Exterior posthumeral bristle placed higher than or as high as præsutural bristle. Acrostichals more or less reduced, sometimes none or only a præscutellar pair, and generally no præsutural intraalar bristle and two postsutural. Two to four sternopleural bristles. Propleura bare. Postalar declivity with more or fewer hairs in Sarcophaga and Blaesoxypha, otherwise bare. Upper part of postscutellum not convex; scutellum as a rule with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical as strong as the others in both sexes, or the apical small or wanting in male and wanting in female. Abdomen with excavation on second segment not reaching the hind margin or only in male. Discai angle with a fold or veinlet. The genera fall into two natural groups: Sarcophagini and Miltogrammini. The species of Sarcophagini are as larvæ mainly saprophagous, but some also parasitic on Acridiids and, as it seems, on Lepidoptera and other insects, and the species are rather polyphagous, the same species may be saprophagous and parasitic; some species have been bred from spider-eggs and from snails. The species of Miltogrammini live as larvæ in nests of burrowing bees and fossorial wasps and feed upon the food stored here. Table of Genera. 1. Antennal arista plumose (except in Brachycoma); male with frons more or less narrow and without orbitals (except Sarcophila, the male of whicli has a very broad frons) ; more than two sternopleural bristles {Sarcophagini) 2. 62 Tachinidae. — Antennal arista bare; frons equal or about in male and female and both sexes with orbital bristles; two sternopleural bristles {MUtogrammini) 7. 2. Arista generally long-plumose. Hind coxæ hairy behind. Two large and one or two small notopleural bristles; postalar declivity with more or fewer hairs; middle tibiæ with a ventral bristle (except in male of S. striata) ; scutellum in male without or with small, in female without apical bristles; lower forceps small, not elongated; abdomen tessellate with generally shifting spots 3. — Arista more or less short-plumose (in Brachycoma pubescent). Hind coxæ not hairy behind. Only two notopleural bristles; postalar declivity bare; middle tibiæ in male without ventral bristle (except in Sarcophila). Scutellum in both sexes with apical bristles as strong as the others; lower forceps with arms elongated, as long as upper forceps; abdomen with rather fixed spots 4. 3. Præsutural intraalar bristle generally wanting; posterior femora in male generally more or less fringed below. Upper forceps not cleft to base; female without ovipositor 25. Sarcophaga. ■ — Præsutural intraalar bristle generally present; posterior femora in male not fringed. Upper forceps cleft to base; female generally with ovipositor.... 26. Blaesoxypha. 4. Arista plumose 5. — Arista not plumose 30. Brachycoma. 5. Middle tibiæ in male without ventral bristle; frons in male narrow, without orbitals 6. — Middle tibiæ in male with ventral bristle ; frons broad, equally broad and with orbitals in both sexes; four sternopleural bristles in female (generally) 29. Sarcophila. 6. Palpi black; generally three sternopleural bristles; wings without costal spine 27. Agria. — Palpi yellow; generally four sternopleural bristles; wings with a costal spine 28. Angiometopa. 7. No large vibrissa on angle 31. Miltogramma. ■ — A large vibrissa on angle present 8. 8. Frons very jDrotruding; cheeks with a row of strong bristles 32. Metopia. — Cheeks without bristles 9. 9. Cheeks finely hairy; vibrissæ not ascending; abdo- men with distinct bristles 10. — Cheeks bare, at all events below, if more hairy ab- domen without distinct bristles; vibrissæ somewhat or quite ascending 13. 10. Wings with a costal spine 11. Tachinidae. 63 — Wings without or with a quite small costal spine, in the latter case discai vein short 12. 11. Frons raoderately protruding; third antennal joint about twice as long as second ; no distinct acrostichals 33. Hilarella. — Frons strongly protruding; third antennal joint thrice as long as second : acrostichals present .... 34. Paragusia. 12. Discai vein of normal length; first posterior cell ending somewhat near apex of wing 35. Sphecapata. — Discai vein short; first posterior cell ending long before apex of wing 36. Heteropterina. 13. Abdomen without bristles 37. Ptychoneura. — Abdomen with strong marginal bristles 38. Pachyofhthalmus . VII. Rhinophorinae. No ventral membrane. Second abdominal sternite lying free on the lateral margins of the tergite or between these margins, and this and the other sternites generally visible in male, in female more or less to quite concealed. Frons in male narrow, broad in female or about equal in both sexes. Antennæ generally inserted below middle of the eye. Arista generally pubescent or short-hairy. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of antennæ or a little below; they are crossing or some reclinate; an outwards directed bristle present in female or in both sexes, and likewise orbitals in female or in both sexes. Eyes bare or hairy. Thorax with generally only one pair of præsutural acrostichals, sometimes wanting. Exterior posthumeral bristle placed higher than the præsutural or in same height, and nearly always only this one present. No præsutural intraalar bristle and nearly always two postsutural. Propleura bare. Upper part of postscutellum not convex; scutellum with two or three marginal bristles on each side, rather equal. Abdomen with the excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin. First posterior cell often petiolate, sometimes closed or open at apex of wing; generally a costal spine present. Thoracic squamula narrow, its inner margin bending away from scutellum; this is, as stated by Villeneuve (Ann. d. Se. Nat. Zool. 10, VII, 1924, 11) the most significant character, wanting only in a couple of species. The species are generally small, at most medium sized, of black colour, not rarely with blackish marked wings. Those of which the development is known are parasitic on Oniscus and some on beetles. 64 Tachinidae. Table of Genera. 1. First posterior cell not petiolate 2. ■ — First posterior cell petiolate 8. 2. Cheeks hairy in whole length or only above, and some- times slightly ; discai angle distinct even if rounded 3. — Cheeks bare ; discai vein very slightly curved or straight 7. 3. Cheeks quite hairy 4. — Cheeks hairy only above or about bare 5. 4. Eyes hairy; three intraalar bristles (generally) 39. Macquartia. ■ — Eyes bare; two intraalar bristles 47. Frauenfeldia. 5. Cheeks slightly short-haired above or nearly bare 6. - — Cheeks more hairy with longer hairs ; second abdominal segment with bristles; squamulæ not narrowed; black species 41. Minella. 6. Second abdominal segment with bristles; generally three intraalar bristles; squamulæ narrowed or not; more or less pruinose species 39. Macquartia. ■ — Second abdominal segment without bristles; two intraalar bristles; squamulæ somewhat narrow; black species 40. Macroprosopa. 7. Discai vein curved; first posterior cell narrowly open. . 46. Angioneura. — Discai vein straight; first posterior cell broadly open . . 49. Cinochira. 8. Cheeks hairy 9. — Cheeks bare ■ 11. 9. Squamulæ white; costal spine present 10. ■ — Squamulæ dark ; no costal spine 44. Melanophora. 10. Jowls narrow, cheeks with fine hairs 42. Rhinophora. — Jowls relatively broad ; cheeks with bristles below . . 43. Stevenia. 11. Abdomen with well developed bristles and second segment with bristles 45. Plesina. — Abdomen with weak bristles; second segment without bristles 48. Caiharosia. As mentioned some species do not show the important character of the restricted thoracic squamulæ; these are: two species of Mac- quartia: dispar and tenebricosa^ and the genus Minella, and they also deviate in having a convex upper part of postscutellum. The species may be known from the Tachininae by some characters: the males have touching eyes and all the species have three rather equal scutellar marginal bristles; the Macquartia-^^Qcies have arista thickened only just at base, dispar has yellow tibiæ in male and quite yellow legs in female. The Minella-^^ecie^ are smallish and quite black, with pubescent arista. Tachinidae. 65 VIII. Dexiinae. No ventral membrane. Abdominal sternites concealed below the meeting tergites. Frons more or less narrow in male, broad in female. Antennæ inserted below the middle of the eye, not long; arista pliimose and nearly always long-plumose. Cheeks and jowls well developed, broad. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of an- tennæ, all Crossing, without reclinate bristles; in female an upper outwards directed bristle and orbitals present. Eyes bare. No præ- sutural intraalar bristle; one to three postsutural. As a rule one posthumeral bristle, placed higher than the præsutural, rarely two to three. Generally only two præsutural acrostichals, sometimes a weak third, rarely none. Propleura bare. Upper part of postscutellum strongly convex; most often three, rarely four scutellar marginal bristles on each side, the apical long, crossing. Abdomen with ex- cavation on second segment reaching hind margin except in Dinera and Myiocera carinijrons. Fifth segment with one or two marginal rows of bristles, or with more bristles. The species are of elongate shape and with rather long legs. The species for which hosts are known are parasitic in larvæ of Melolontha, Polyphylla and Rhizotrogus. Table of Genera. 1. Proboscis of common shape 2. — Proboscis about as long as body, thin and bristle-like ; labella small and thin 54. Prosena. 2. Vibrissal ridges more or less but always distinctly con- verging below, if less, epistoma with a high middle keel in whole length or first posterior cell petiolate; second abdominal segment without bristles 3. — Vibrissal ridges not converging below 6. 3. Vibrissal ridges meeting below somewhat above margin of mouth aperture ; no præsutural acrostichals 53. Dexiosoma. ■ — Vibrissal ridges not meeting below; præsutural acrosti- chals present 4. 4. Epistoma with a high, sharp median keel in the whole length; three postsutural dorsocentrals 52. Dexia. — Epistoma less keeled and only above; four postsutural dorsocentrals 5. 5. Cheeks with fine hairs 50. Syntomocera. — Cheeks bare 51. Estheria. 5 66 Tachinidae. 6. Second abdominal segment without bristles; third antennal joint scarcely twice as long as second 55. Dinera. — Second abdominal segment with bristles ; third antennal joint thrice as long as second 56. Myiocera. IX. Tachininae. No ventral membrane. Abdominal sternites concealed or some- times more or less visible. Frons more or less narrow in male, broad in female, or equal or about in both sexes. Antennæ most often inserted at or above middle of the eye, generally rather long, some- times shorter; arista bare, at most distinctly pubescent (only in Helicohosca and Phyllomyia short-haired, in Thelaira longer-haired). Frontal bristles as a rule descending more or less down on the cheeks, sometimes only to insertion of antennæ; tliey may all be crossing in male, but one to three upper reclinate in female, or there are reclinate bristles in both sexes; or they may be crossing with or without reclinate bristles, but with an upper outwards directed bristle in female or in both sexes. Eyes bare or hairy. Exterior post- humeral bristle placed higher than præsutural bristle, and generally two or three posthumeral bristles, or sometimes only one. A præ- sutural intraalar bristle most often present, and when wanting often the abdominal sternites visible. Nearly always three postsutural intraalar bristles, rarely two. Most often three præsutural acrostichals, but not rarely only two, or they are still more reduced. Propleura bare except in Helicohosca and Echinomyia (the Danish species). Upper part of postscutellum strongly convex. Scutellum most often with four to five marginal bristles on each side, sometimes three; the apical as a rule the smaller, crossing or sometimes diverging, and sometimes quite small or wanting. Abdomen with excavation on second segment generally reaching hind margin, but in some cases not; fifth segment most often with bristles all over or on apical half, but in some genera with only marginal bristles. The species of the Tachininae may be somewhat varying in aspect, but upon the whole they represent the typical Tachinid type, more or less robust flies, with strong or somewhat strong bristles. The legs are not long, claws and pulvilli in male often elongated, and in some groups the front tarsi in female more or less dilated. The subfamily no doubt represents the youngest and highest developed type of flies, being perhaps still to a high degree in development, and still showing in this respect many various stages. The subfamily Tachinidae. 67 includes by far the greatest number of species. They are parasitic on Insects, especially on lepidopterous larvæ, but also on Coleoptera, Tenthredinidae, Diptera and Orthoptera. Table of Genera. 1. Third antennal joint shorter than the long second ; eyes bare 2. — Third antennal joint as long as or longer than second, when shorter the eyes are hairy 3. 2. Cheeks only hairy; ocellar bristles present; pro- pleura hairy on upper part 100. Echinomyia. — Cheeks with bristles; no ocellar bristles; pro- pleura bare 101. Peleteria. 3. Posterior cross-vein more oblique than apical cross-vein and issuing about below medial cross- vein or a little more apically 4. — Posterior cross-vein less or even as oblique as apical cross-vein 6. 4. Eyes hairy 113. Plagia. — Eyes bare 5. 5. Discai angle with a veinlet or fold; exca vation on second abdominal segment reaching the hind margin; no distinct costal spine or a small one. . 114. Voria. — Discai angle without veinlet; excavation on second abdominal segment not reaching hind margin; a strong costal spine 115. Klugia. 6. Frons and face very broad, somewhat bladdery inflated, wax-coloured, with many bristles; ocellar bristles reclinate; arista with long second joint and more or less geniculate 85. Gonia. — Frons and face less broad and not inflated, nor wax-coloured 7. 7. Thoracic squamula hairy above; vibrissal ridges curved much inwards below and thus here nar- rowing epistoma 99. Nemoraea. — Thoracic squamula not hairy; vibrissal ridges not curved strongly inwards below 8. 8. Hind tibiæ with a dense anterodorsal row of equal bristles; two sternopleural bristles (only in W. amoena three) 9. — Hind tibiæ without such a regular row of bristles, or the bristles less equal; generally more than two sternopleural bristles 10. 9. Cheeks more or less hairy 81. Winthemia. — Cheeks bare 82. Carcelia. 10. First posterior cell ending more or less before 5* 68 Tachinidae. apex of wing, sometimes ratlier near it; cubital cell not widening apically; first posterior cell nearly always open and never long-petiolate, but at most quite short-petiolate 11. — First posterior cell ending at or quite near apex of wing, open, closed or petiolate; cubital cell often more or less widening apically 70. 11. Vibrissæ not ascending, or at most towards tlie middle 12. — Vibrissæ more or less ascending, at least to middle or almost 54. 12. The vibrissal angle with the large vibrissa more or less high above the lower margin of epistoma, and this latter not protruding below 13. — The vibrissal angle with the large vibrissa near lower margin of epistoma, or if higher this margin protruding forwards below 15. 13. Third antennal joint broad, scarcely longer than second; eyes and cheeks hairy; female with dilated front tarsi 117. Meriania. ■ — Third antennal joint linear, considerably longer than second; eyes bare or very slightly hairy; cheeks bare; female with front tarsi not dilated 14. 14. Abdomen with discai bristles 57. Meigenia. — Abdomen without discai bristles 58. Viviania. 15. Eyes bare or slightly pubescent 16. ■ — Eyes hairy 31. 16. Arista densely and short-plumose in basal half; propleura hairy {Sarcophaga-\ike species) 118. Helicohosca. — Arista not plumose, or distantly and long-plu- mose in nearly whole length {Thelaira) ; propleura bare 17. 17. Cheeks with hairs or bristles 18. — Cheeks bare 20. 18. Third antennal joint not much longer than second; cheeks with a row of bristles 19. — Third antennal joint considerably longer than second; cheeks with hairs 123. Pseudopachystylum . 19. Second joint of arista short; second antennal joint pale; cubital vein almost bare ; abdomen ovate.. 73. Gaedia. — Second joint of arista a little elongated; second antennal joint black; cubital vein with bristles in nearly whole length; abdomen elongate .... 133. Petina. 20. Antennal arista geniculate, thickened to apex, second joint long; vibrissæ somewhat ascending. . 103. Germaria. — Antennal arista not geniculate and only thickened at base, second joint short 21. 21. Discai angle with a veinlet or fold 22. Tachinidae. 69 — Discai angle without veinlet or fold 23. 22. Elongate species with two black stripes on thorax, abdomen black, extensively red on the sides, and red f emora ; first posterior cell closed and cubital vein with bristles to near medial cross- vein ... 137. Mintho. — Less elongate species with four stripes on thorax, abdomen not extensively red and legs black; first posterior cell open and cubital vein with bristles only at base 83. Tachina. 23. Abdomen with discai bristles, also present on third segment 24. — Abdomen without discai bristles, at all events on third segment 29. 24. Subcostal and cubital vein with bristles 25. • — Only cubital vein with bristles at base or longer backwards 26. 25. Arista bare, cubital vein with bristles in whole length 129. BitJda. — Arista plumose; cubital vein with bristles only half way to medial cross- vein 136. Thelaira. 26. Exca vation on second abdominal segment reach- ing the hind margin (except in Lydella angelicae) 27. ■ — Excavation on second abdominal segment not reaching hind margin 128. Pseudodemoticus. 27. Second abdominal segment without marginal bristles 127. Demoticus. — Second abdominal segment with marginal bristles 28. 28. Claws and pulvilli elongated in male; third antennal joint thrice as long as second 62. Lydella. — Claws and pulvilli small in both sexes or only slightly elongated in male; third antennal joint about four times as long as second or longer . . 61 . Ceromasia. 29. Proboscis very long and thin 125. Aphria. ■ — Proboscis of normal length 30. 30. Male with one or two, female with two orbital bristles; arista thickened in basal two thirds; first posterior cell closed at margin; species about 12 mm 60. Masicera. — Male without, female with two orbital bristles; arista thickened at most in basal half; first posterior cell open; species at most 8,5 mm ... 63. Erycia. 31. Bright metallic coloured species 32. — Not bright metallic coloured species 33. 32. Cubital vein with bristles to near medial cross- vein; palpi yellow; arista distinctly pubescent. . 96. Chrysosoma. — Cubital vein with bristles only at base; palpi black ; arista bare 93. Gymnochaeta. 33. Palpi rudimentary 34. 70 Tachinidae. — Palpi normal 35. 34. Both sexes with two orbital bristles ; femora black 94. Linnaemyia. — Male without, female with two orbital bristles; femora yellow 95. Micropalpus. 35. Antennal arista quite short, not longer than third joint, thickened about to end; cheeks witb liairs on upper part below frontal bristles 122. Rhafhiochaeta. — Antennal arista longer and not thickened to near end; cheeks generally either bare or quite haired 36. 36. Proboscis somewhat long and slender, with small labella 37. • — Proboscis not elongated 38. 37. Front tibiæ with long anterodorsal bristles; first posterior cell open; abdomen with small red markings or in female without 124. Rhynchista. — Front tibiæ with short anterodorsal bristles; first posterior cell generally closed; abdomen with large red markings in both sexes 126. Eriothrix. 38. Black or æneous or bluish black shining species without or with very slight pruinosity ; squamulæ and base of wing yellow 39. - — Otherwise coloured species; squamulæ and base of wing not specially yellow 41. 39. Orbits black and shining; cubital vein with rather long bristles half way to medial cross- vein or more 90. Lydina. — Orbits not shining black; cubital vein with bristles only at base 40. 40. Second abdominal segment with marginal brist- les; scutellum red at apex 68. Tryphera^. — Second abdominal segment without marginal bristles; scutellum black 131. Zophomyia. 41. Epistoma reflected below with the lower margin strongly protruding; second antennal joint rather long, third at most one and a half times longer, sometimes shorter than second 116. Ernestia. — Epistoma not or not strongly protruding below; third antennal joint nearly always longer, if not, only two sternopleural bristles 42. 42. Wings with cross- veins clouded; apex of ab- domen red 92. Eversmannia. — Wings with cross- veins not clouded; apex of ab- domen not red 43. If a species with not red apex of scutellum, touching eyes in male, arista thickened only just at base and no præsutural intraalar bristle, seeMacquartia tenebricosa under Rhinophor inae. Tachinidae. 71 43. Discai angle with a long veinlet or fold; frontal bristles descending below middle of cheeks .... 84. Tricholyga. ■ — Discai angle without or with a quite short veinlet ; frontal bristles generally less descending 44. 44. Both sexes with. one orbital bristles; claws and pulvilli short; first posterior cell ending rather near apex of wing ; tibiæ partly yellow or reddish . . 59. Monochaeta. — ■ Female with two orbital bristles, male without or sometimes {Thelymyia, Blepharomyia) with two 45. 45. Cheeks hairy or with bristles 46. ■ — Cheeks bare 47. 46. Cheeks hairy 119. Epicampocera^. ■ — Cheeks with a row of bristles 134. Blepharomyia. 47. Apical scutellar bristles erect or proclinate, crossing; frons broad, of equal breadth in both sexes, with almost parallel or a little diverging margins; male without, female with two orbital bristles; claws and pulvilli small in both sexes. 70. Phryxe. — Apical scutellar bristles directed backwards, sometimes small; if erect, claws and pulvilli in male elongated 48. 48. Vibrissæ ascending to near middle or fully, of somewhat equal length 49. • — Vibrissæ not so ascending and being small up- wards 50. 49. Frontal bristles descending at least to lower third of the eye; jowls broad, one third of the height of the eye or more; claws and pulvilli not elongated, front tarsi in female dilated; first post- erior cell ending rather near apex of wing .... 91. Lypha. — Frontal bristles descending only to middle of the eye; jowls less broad; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple 71. Zenillia. 50. Jowls about half as broad as the height of the eye or more 51. — Jowls considerably less broad to rather narrow 52. 51. Scutellum and legs yellow (in our species) 65. Phryno. — Scutellum and legs dark 67. Bavaria. 52. Third antennal joint as long as or not much longer than second; two sternopleural bristles . 66. Nemorilla. ■ — Third antennal joint at least twice as long as second and generally much longer; three or four sternopleural bristles 53. If a species with touching eyes in male, arista thickened only just at base, more or less yellow legs and no præsutural intraalar bristle, see Macquartia dispar under Rhinophor inae. 72 Tachinidae. 53. Both sexes with two orbital bristles; frons rather protruding, of equal breadth in both sexes, with parallel margins 69. Thelymyia. — Male without, female with two orbital bristles; frons somewhat widening downwards, narrower in male than in female 64. Exorista. 54. Antennal arista geniculate, thickened to apex and rather thick, second joint as long or half as long as third 103. Germaria. — Antennal arista not thickened to apex, second joint shorter 55. 55. Eyes bare 56. — Eyes hairy 63. 56. Antennæ quite short; jowls as broad as the eye is high; vibrissal ridges converging below 97. Trixa. — Antennæ not short; jowls less broad; vibrissal ridges not converging 57. 57. Discai angle with a veinlet or fold, though some- times small {Ptychomyia) 58. — Discai angle without veinlet or fold 59. 58. Cubital vein with bristles only at base 83. Tachina. ■ — Cubital vein with bristles to near medial cross- vein 72. Ptychomyia. 59. First posterior cell terminating somewhat near apex of wing; exca vation on second abdominal segment not reaching hind margin 139. Vibrissina. — ■ First posterior cell terminating longer before apex of wing 60. 60. Cheeks with bristles or hairy 61. — Cheeks bare 62. 61. Cheeks with bristles; arista with second joint short 73. Gaedia. — Cheeks hairy; arista with second joint elongated . . 86. Baumhaueria. 62. Costal spine long ; apical scutellar bristles Crossing 104. Brachychaeta. Costal spine wanting; apical scutellar bristles - — diverging 87. Histochaeta. 63. Ocellar bristles directed outwards 77. Campylochaeta. ■ — Ocellar bristles directed forwards 64. 64. Apical scutellar bristles erect or proclinate, Crossing; frons broad and about equal in both sexes, with about parallel or a little diverging margins; claws and pulvilli short and front tarsi in female simple 70. Phryxe. ■ — Apical scutellar bristles directed more back- wards ; claws and pulvilli often elongated in male 65. 65. Vibrissæ not or scarcely reaching above the middle 66. Tachinidae. 73 — Vibrissæ reaching quite or almost quite up, at least above the middle 67. 66. Frontal bristles reaching at least to lower third of the eye; jowls one third of the height of the eye or more; claws and pulvilli not elongated, front tarsi in f emale dilated 91 . LypJia. ■ — Frontal bristles descending only to middle of the eye; jowls less broad; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. ... 71. Zenillia. 67. Abdomen without discai bristles 76. Parasetigena. ■ — Abdomen with discai bristles 68. 68. Third antennal joint in male five times as long as second; hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of equal bristles 75. Pales. — Third antennal joint at most about four times as long as second ; hind tibiæ without any regular row of bristles 69. 69. Black shining species with numerous discai and marginal bristles on abdomen; occiput nearly quite black-haired 102. Perichaeta. — Greyish pruinose species with less bristles on abdomen; occiput pale-haired 74. Phorocera. 70. First posterior cell petiolate 71. — First posterior cell not petiolate 74. 71. Antennæ short, third joint almost not longer than second 98. Loewia. — Antennæ not short, third joint at least thrice as long as second 72. 72. Cheeks with bristles 135. Wagneria. — Cheeks bare 73. 73. Male without, female with orbital bristles ; second abdominal segment with the excavation reaching hind margin and with small or wanting marginal bristles 78. Erynnia. ■ — Both sexes with orbital bristles; second ab- dominal segment with the excavation not reaching hind margin and with a pair of distinct marginal bristles 80. Anachaetopsis. 74. No apical or posterior cross-vein 108. Phytomyptera. — Posterior cross-vein present 75. 75. No apical cross-vein 88. Rhacodineura. ■ — Apical cross-vein present 76. 76. Proboscis very long, geniculate, with long bristle- shaped labella 111. Bticentes. — Proboscis normal 77. 77. Eyes hairy 78. — Eyes bare or at most sparingly pubescent 79. 74 Tachinidae. 78. Cheeks bare 120. Steiniella^. — Cheeks with a row of bristles 134. Blepharomyia. 79. Cubital vein with bristles to or beyond medial cross- vein, if less bristly apical cross- vein wanting or very weak 80. — Cubital vein with bristles only at base 82. 80. Vibrissæ ascending 88. Rhacodineura. — Vibrissæ not ascending 81. 81. Cheeks with bristles 107. Digonochaeta. — Cheeks bare 110. Actia. 82. Antennal arista bare or apparently so 83. — Antennal arista short-plumose 94. 83. Second joint of arista elongated 84. — Second joint of arista short 87. 84. Cheeks more or less hairy 85. — Cheeks bare 86. 85. Scutellum with apical bristles 105. Admontia. — Scutellum without apical bristles 106. Trichoparia. 86. Abdomen with only marginal bristles 109. Cras'pedothrix. ■ — Abdomen with discai and marginal bristles.... 79. Arrhinomyia. 87. Cheeks finely hairy 106. Trichoparia. — Cheeks bare 88. 88. Small, mainly black species; hind tibiæ with a regular row of anterodorsal bristles 79. Arrhinomyia. — Generally larger, not black species; hind tibiæ without any regular row of anterodorsal bristles 89. 89. Vibrissæ more or less ascending 90. — Vibrissæ not ascending 92. 90. Legs yellow 89. Hebia. ■ — Legs not yellow 9L 91. Exca vation on second abdominal segment not reaching hind margin; frons in male broad 139. Vihrissina. ■ — Excavation on second abdominal segment reach- ing hind margin; frons in male narrow 138. Degeeria. 92. Abdomen with only marginal bristles 112. Helocera. — Abdomen with discai and marginal bristles 93. 93. Grey pruinose species, tibiæ red; four scutellar marginal bristles on each side 121. Pelatachina. ■ — Strongly spotted species; legs black; only two scutellar marginal bristles on each side 140. Trigonospila. 94. Black species with black legs 132. Phyllomyia. — More or less yellow species with yellow legs. . . 130. Myiohia. If a species with one orbital bristle in both sexes, see Monochaeta; if a bluish black species with cheeks hairy above and with two postsutural intraalar bristles, see Minella under Rhinophor inae. Tachinidae. 75 As mentioned above I divide the genera of tliis subfamily, according to Villeneuve, in the following groups: I. Eutachininae. Frontal bristles generally . descending more or less down on the cheeks, one to three uppermost as a rule reclinate, but some- times all crossing in male. An uppermost transverse bristle present in female or in both sexes, or no transverse bristle present. Præ- sutural acrostichals generally three (sometimes not f . inst. Lydella) ; postsutural acrostichals likewise most often three. Two or three posthumeral bristles and a præsutural intraalar bristle nearly always present. Scutellar marginal bristles on each side four or sometimes more, sometimes three, the apical the smaller. Generally fifth ab- dominal segment quite covered with bristles or on apical half. Group 1: One to three reclinate upper frontal bristles in both sexes, or sometimes all crossing in male (or in both sexes: Gonia), but no transverse outwards directed bristle (except Lydella angelicae, Phorocera and Baumhaueria): Meigenia Viviania Monochaeta Masicera Ceromasia Lydella Erycia Exorista Phryno Nemorilla Bavaria Tryphera Thelymyia Phryxe Zenillia Ptychomyia Gaedia Phorocera Pales Parasetigena Campylochaeta Erynnia Arrhinomyia Anachaetopsis Winthemia Carcelia Tachina Tricholyga Gonia Baumhaueria Histochaeta Bhacodineura Hehia Lydina Group 2: Frontal bristles as in Group 1, but in female an upper outwards directed bristle: Lypha Linnaemyia Trixa Eversmannia Micropalpus Loewia Gymnochaeta Chrysosoma Nemoraea Group 3: Frontal bristles crossing or with reclinate bristles above, and in both sexes an upper outwards directed bristle: 76 Tachinidae. Echinomyia Trichoparia Helocera Peleteria Digonochaeta Plagia Perichaeta Phi/tomyptera Voria Germaria Brachychaeta Craspedothrix Actia Klugia Admontia Bucentes II. Protachininae. Frontal bristles as a rule less descending on cheeks than in Eutachininae, sometimes only to insertion of antennæ, generally all Crossing, but often with an upper outwards directed bristle in female or in both sexes. Often less than three præsutural acrostichals. Most often only one posthumeral bristle, and nearly always no præ- sutural intraalar bristle. Sometimes only three scutellar marginal bristles on each side, and often the apical somewhat large: Ernestia Meriania Helicohosca Epicampocera Steiniella Pelatachina Rhaphiochaeta Pseudopachystylum Rhynchista Aphria Eriothrix Demoticus Pseiidodemoticus Bithia Myiohia Zophomyia Phyllomyia Petina Blepharomyia Wagneria Thelaira Mintho Degeeria Vibrissina Trigonospila I. Gastrophilinae. 1. Gastropliilus Leach. Species of medium or somewhat large size, densely pilose, with the pile more or less variegated in colour. Head a little narrower than or as broad as thorax, or a little broader; a little convex behind, considerably higher than long. Frons in male from half as broad as to much broader than the eye, in female always broader, somewhat or only slightly protruding. Frontal stripe broad, orbits more or less narrow. Jowls broad, from about as broad as to broader than the eye is high, broadest in female, No bristles present and occiput without postocular bristles. Cheeks broad, with fine erect hairs. Gastrophilus. 77 Vibrissal ridges bending angularly in below antennal fovea and about meeting in the middle; then bending angularly down and running close to each other to the mouth aperture, the middle part of epistoma thiis forming a narrow keel between the ridges; the whole epistoma broad, below the fovea confluent towards the sides with jowls and intermediate triangle. The antennal fovea is placed above, sharply bordered below, divided by a carina. No vibrissæ. Eyes bare. Mouth parts rudimentary; small globular palpi are seen, and between them a quite minute proboscis. Antennæ inserted at the lower margin of the eye, more or less small, third joint globular or somewhat lenticular; arista bare, thickened just at base. Thorax quadratic, the transverse suture placed behind middle and inter- rupted in the middle. No bristles on thorax and scutellum, no sternopleural bristles either, and hypopleura bare. Abdomen shows the first segment distinctly, it is triangularly produced backwards in the middle; in the male abdomen is elongated oval, curved down- wards towards apex. Genitalia small or larger, placed at the end; arms of lower forceps more or less finger-like, curved towards each other. Abdomen in female more elongate, sixth segment narrowed, more or less elongated, seventh forming a shorter or longer ovi- positor, with a pair of generally triangular lamellæ at end, an upper and a lower; the ovipositor is bent forwards in under abdomen, reaching to its base; in pecorum it is less bent in. Abdomen has no bristles. Legs somewhat slender, without bristles; femora with long hairs below and on posterior side, hind femora sometimes sparingly or with none; tibiæ short-haired. Claws and pulvilli strong, of the same or about the same size in both sexes. Wings with discai vein going straight to the margin, thus no apical cross-vein; costa continued only to cubital vein or a little beyond; posterior cross-vein placed below or a little before medial cross-vein, or considerably behind it, in some species wanting; anal vein reaching the margin; no bristles at base of cubital vein; the wing-membrane corrugated. Squamulæ rather small, the thoracai fringed at margin. The full-grown larva is cylindrical, somewhat flattened, pointed anteriorly but cut behind. It has girdles of strong spines all round on the segments except on the last or two last. On the head there are two strong mouth hooks and between them a pair of small triangular chitinous processes. The species are parasitic on horse, living in the stomach, nasalis in duodenum; one species is recorded from the ass. The eggs (pale in egui and nasalis, dark in pecorum 78 Tachinidae. and haemorrhoidalis, and in the latter stalked) are deposited in summer on the hairs, especially on the fore legs and fore part of the horse, but haemorrhoidalis deposites on and at the lips and nasalis on the underside of the head. The eggs hatch and the small larva gets free ; it is now eitlier licked ofT or it fmds itself its way to the mouth. The opinion is also advanced that it bores in under the dermis and that the horse, because of the tickling, should scratch with its teeth and thus get the larva into its mouth. When in the mouth the larva perhaps also here bores in (see f. inst. Hadwen and Cameron: Bull. of Ent. Research, IX, 1918, 91, with literature). However it now may be the larvæ later on, in autumn or winter, get down into the stomach, where they sit, often in very large numbers (100 — 200, sometimes even up to 1000) with their heads in the mucosa; here they hibernate and quit the host with the excrements in June and July; they then go into the ground and pupate, and the fly emerges after four to six weeks. Young larvæ of Gastrophilus have sometimes been found on man, especially on children, below the dermis, where they then, as they wander forwards, form an undulated red line: "creeping disease"; also from Denmark a case has been recorded, but especially from Russia. The larva does not develop, but the case is in so far interesting, as it points towards the possibility mentioned above that also on the normal host the larva goes through the dermis. Of the genus eight European species are known; four occur in Denmark. The three of our species now occur in North America, but are here originally introduced, and no special American species is known. Table of Species. 1. Wings without posterior cross- vein 1. fecorwn. ■ — Wings with posterior cross-vein 2. 2. Wings with a dark transverse band and a spot at apex; hind trochanters in male with a large triangular pro- longation, in female with a smaller one; hind femora suddenly thin at base 2. equi. — Wings without markings; trochanters and hind femora simple 3. 3. Posterior cross-vein considerahly behind medial cross- vein 3. haemorrhoidalis, — Posterior cross-vein a little before or just below medial cross-vein 4. nasalis. Gastrophilus. 79 The fullgrown larvæ. 1. Only one girdle of spines on the segments 4. nasalis. — Two girdles of spines on the segments 2. 2. The two last segments without spines above and on the next only a couple at each side 1 . pecorum. — Only last segment without spines above, the next with a couple at each side 3. 3. The spines in second row of the girdles smaller than in first 2. equi. — The spines in the two rows less unequal in size .... 3. haemorrhoidalis. 1. G. pecorum Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Entom. Syst. IV, 230, 2 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 228, 2 (Oestrus). — 1818. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 12, 5 (Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 176, 2 {Gastrus). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 623, 2 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 977, 2 {Gastrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 391. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 75, 3 Tab. I, Fig. 4, Tab. VII, Fig. 5, 7. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 597. — Gastrus ferruginatus Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 978, 3. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye, widening down- wards. Orbits and face yellowish brown; frontal stripe darker. Orbits and frons with yellow hairs; cheeks and jowls with deeper yellow, almost golden hairs. Occiput dark yellow with yellow hairs. Antennæ yellow, arista darker. Thorax black, somewhat shining, sometimes with brown stripes and more or less brown in front of scutelliim; it has a dense, erect, yellow or dark yellow pile, behind the suture a narrow transverse band of black pile. Pile on scutellum dark yellow or brownish yellow, quite erect or directed a little forwards. Ab- domen elongated ovate, brown, with yellow, more or less decumbent pile. Genitalia small, lower forceps yellow to dark brown. Legs yellow, femora black at base, this colour produced more or less outwards below, and hind femora often black to near apex. Legs yellow-haired, posterior femora generally more or less black-haired on anterior side, especially at base. Wings more or less brownish yellow tinged \\dth a slightly marked broad dark band behind medial cross-vein down to postical vein and a similar spot at apex of first posterior cell. Veins pale yellowish; no posterior cross-vein. Squa- mulæ yellow, the lower with a long pale fringe, specially long at the angle. Halteres brown. Female. Of a rather difTerent aspect. Frons broader than the eye. Jowls more or less black and black-haired. Thorax often with the black band only indicated. Abdomen long, with the two last 80 Tachinidae. segments elongated and rather tapering; it ends with an ovipositor consisting of a somewhat globular seventh segment with a pair of lameHæ at the end; abdomen is black and black-haired, only second segment and sometimes the sides of third yellow-haired. Femora black except apex, and black-haired. Length. Male 12 — 13 mm, female 15 — 16 mm. G. pecorum is certainly common in Denmark, but, like the other species, the imago is not frequently seen. Boas (Tidsskr. for Veterin. 2, XXI) States that of Gastrophilus-laryæ pecorum is the one most frequently met with, though eqiii and haemorrhoidalis are more common than it as imagines. Geographical distribution: — Europe. 2. G. equi Clark. 1797. Clark, Trans. Linn. Soc. III, 226, Tab. XXIII, Fig. 7— 9, p.p. {Oestrus). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 228, 4 (Oestrus). — 1818. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 13, 18 {Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 175, 1, Tab. XXXVIII, Fig. 21—22 {Gastrus). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 623, 1 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 976, 1 {Gastrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 391. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 68, 1, Tab. I, Fig. 1, Tab. V, Fig. 1, Tab. VII, Fig. 1—3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 593. — Oestrus hovis Linn. 1761. Fn. Suec. II, 1730. — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 746, 1 et 1781. Spec. Ins. 398, 2. — Oestrus intestinalis De G. 1776. Ins. VI, 291, 1, Tab. XV, Fig. 13—19. Male. Frons broad, much broader than the eye. Frons yellow, cheeks somewhat greyish, jowls yellow. Orbits and frons with yellow, behind often darker brown hairs; cheeks and jowls with yellow, not dense hairs, decumbent on jowls. Occiput yellow, below pale greyish, with yellow hairs. Antennæ yellow, third joint somewhat large. Thorax brown or blackish brown, behind black, sometimes with two narrow brown stripes confluent to a brown space before scutellum; humeri, sides and scutellum reddish brown. Thorax with dense, erect yellowish or yellowish brown pile; behind the suture a more or less marked transverse band of blackish or brownish hairs. Abdomen yellowish or more or less dark brown, with some more or less distinct dark spots along hind margins of the segments, and with indications of three darker brown basal spots on each segment, but often irregular or wanting; first segment blackish. Abdomen is yellow-haired. Genitalia relatively large, arms of lower forceps strong and broad, yellow with the apical half black and polished. Legs yellow; hind trochanters prolonged into a triangular Gastrophilus. 81 pointed tooth and hind femora broad and broadened towards base and here abruptly thinned on ventral side. The legs with white and yellow hairs, on tibiæ also black hairs dorsally; hind femora without long hairs. Wings a httle greyish yellow tinged ; behind medial cross- vein a broad, dark band down to the hind margin, and apex of first posterior cell dark seamed; veins pale yellow; posterior cross-vein placed below medial cross-vein or near it. Squamulæ white, the lower with a fringe of long white hairs. Halteres yellow to brownish. Female. Similar; frons still broader; orbits with mostly black hairs. Scutellum black-haired. Abdomen with yellow and black Fig. 11. Wing of G. equi ?. hairs, sometimes almost quite black-haired except at base and sides; sixth and seventh segment black; the ovipositor formed of seventh segment, double as long as broad, cleft at end and above, and with a pair of lamellæ at end. Tooth on hind trochanters quite small and hind femora less broad at base and less abruptly thinned. Length. Male 11 mm, female 16 mm. G. equi is common in Denmark, and the imago not rarely met with where there are horses. Geographical distribution: — Nearly cosmopolitic, all Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Australia. 3. G. haemorrhoidalis Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 590 {Oestrus). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 229, 7 {Oestrus). — 1818. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 13, 7 {Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 177, 4 (Gastrus). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 981, 7 {Gastrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 392. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 83, 6, Tab. I, Fig. 5, Tab. VII, Fig. 4. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 595. Male. Frons as broad as the eye. Orbits and frons yellowish, darker at vertex; face yellowish white. Orbits and frons with yellow to brownish, at vertex darker hairs; cheeks and jowls with whitish 6 82 Tachinidae. hairs, not specially dense, erect on cheeks, decumbent on jowls. Occiput pale yellow, a little greyish, just above dark, with whitish hairs. Antennæ yellow at base, third joint brown or blackish; arista dark. Thorax black, anteriorly more brownish, somewhat shining; humeri and scutelliim yellow or brown; it is clothed with a dense yellow or dark yellow pile, behind the suture a transverse band of black pile. Abdomen black, shining, the hind margins to the segments reddish; first and second segment with long, whitish yellow hairs, the third and a larger or smaller part of fourth segment with short black hairs, and apex with long red hairs. Arms of lower forceps long and strong, brown. Legs yellow, femora more or less black above. The legs are quite or mainly pale-haired. Claws and pulvilli long and strong. Wings a little yellowish; veins pale yellow to brown; posterior cross-vein considerably behind medial cross-vein. Squamulæ yellowish white with a yellow margin and a long white fringe. Hal- teres yellow. Female. Similar; frons only a little broader. Abdomen more black-haired as this colour stretches farther both forwards and back- wards; sixth segment elongate, cylindrical, seventh about as long as broad, with two strong triangular lamellæ at end. Claws and pulvilli slightly smaller than in male. Length 10 — 12 mm. G. haemorrhoidalis is common in Denmark and like equi the imago is not rarely seen. Geographical distribution: — The species is known from all Europe, North America and Australia (New Zealand). 4, G. nasalis Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 590 {Oestrus). — 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 746, 3 {Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 178, 5 {Gastrus). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. 979, 4 {Gastrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 392. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 86, 7, Tab. I Fig. 7, Tab. VII Fig. 6. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 596. — Oestrus veterinus Clark, 1797. Trans. Linn. Soc. III, 328, 4. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 230, 8. — 1818. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 12, 6 — Gastrus salutaris Meig. 1824. 1. c. III, 176, 3. ^ 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 980, 5. — G. m- gritus Zett. 1844. 1. c. 981, 6. Male. Frons narrower than the eye. Orbits, frons and face dark yellow to dark brownish; cheeks greyish or blackish. Antennal fovea and middle part of epistoma grey or dark. Orbits, frons and face with reddish yellow hairs. Occiput black with the hairs yellow Oestrus. 83 above, dark below. Antennæ yellowish brown, arista dark. Thorax brownish before the suture, black and somewhat shining behind; it is clothed with dense, all reddish pile, or with a narrow trans- verse band of black pile behind the suture. Scutellum with black or brown pile. Abdomen somewhat short, black, somewhat shining, with greyish yellow pile on basal segments, black on third and more or less of fourth segment, and reddish at apex; all the pile long. Legs with femora black, paler at apex, tibiæ and tarsi brown or brownish yellow. The hairs on femora black or brownish to yellow, on tibiæ yellow. Claws and pulvilli long. Wings a little greyish tinged ; veins yellow; posterior cross-vein placed a little before or just below medial cross-vein. Squamulæ white, the lower with a long white fringe. Halteres yellow. Female. Frons broader than the eye. Pile on abdomen other- wise coloured than in male, pale greyish yellow at base, black on third segment and whitish on last segments; sixth segment cylindrical, seventh a little longer than broad, with a pair of strong triangular lamellæ at end. Claws and pulvilli as in male. Length 12 — 13 mm. G. nasalis is perhaps a little less common in Denmark than the others; as imago it is only rarely seen; we have some specimens from Farsø and from Gjerlev near Randers, besides larvæ. Geographical distribution: — All Europe and in North America. II. Oestrinae. 2. Oestrus Linn. Medium sized species with a somewhat inflated head and ab- domen of a peculiar black and whitish marbled aspect. Head almost not broader than thorax, semiglobular, concave behind, higher than long. Frons and face somewhat swoln, much raised above the level of the eyes; frons in male a little broader than the eye, widening downwards, in female much broader, with parallel margins; orbits broad. The anterior outline of the head evenly convex. Jowls about as broad as the eye is high, in female broader. No bristles present and occiput without real postocular bristles. Cheeks rather broad, with few fine hairs. Vibrissal ridges surrounding the antennæ, con- verging below them, running parallel for a distance and then diverging towards the lower margin; the median part of epistoma thus narrow 6* 84 Tachinidae. in the middle, broadened towards each end; it is somewhat raised with a furrow on each side. The whole epistoma, between the arms of the frontal suture, is broad, confluent with the intermediate triangles on the sides; above is placed the antennal fovea, divided in the middle by a small rudimentary carina. No vibrissæ. Eyes bare, relatively small. Mouth parts rudimentary, but a pair of small glo- bular palpi present. Antennæ inserted at the lower end of the eye, small, only stretching slightly out of the fovea, third joint somewhat globular; arista bare, thickened at base. Thorax quadratic. No bristles, also no sternopleural bristles. Hypopleura with a row of yellow, a little bristly hairs. Abdomen a little elongate, somewhat ovate, without bristles. Fifth sternite a little roundish excised in hind margin. Legs somewhat slender; hind femora thickened at base, with a swelling above. Legs without bristles; femora with long hairs below and tibiæ on posterior side. Claws and pulvilli equal in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell petiolate; angle on discai vein obtuse; posterior cross-vein placed near the angle, together with apical cross-vein parallel with the margin; anal vein not reaching margin; cubital vein with bristles at base; costa with quite short, not dense spinules. Wing-membrane strongly corrugate. Thoracai squamula large, not fringed. The fullgrown larva is of elongated oval shape, arched above, flat below; the dorsal surface almost bare, the ventral with trans- verse girdles of small spinules in several rows in each girdle. There are two strong mouth hooks. The species is parasitic on sheep and also recorded on goats. The eggs are said to be deposited at the nostrils of the host, but under certain conditions the species is vivi- parous; Portschinsky (see Rev. of Appl. Entom. I, 134) is, however, of opinion that the species is normally viviparous. The larva lives in the nasal and frontal cavities and gives rise to the so-called false gid; when mature the larvæ quit the host through the nostrils and pupate in the ground. The eggs are deposited in July and August, the larvæ hibernate and are fullgrown in early summer next year. The larvæ have sometimes been found on man, in the ears, nose and mouth, but they do not reach to develop here. Of the genus only one European species is known, also occurring in Denmark. Oestrus. 85 1, O. ovis Linn. 1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1734. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 230, 10. — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 165, 1, Tab. XXXVIII, Fig. 16. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 970, 1 {Cephalomyia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 393. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 151, 1, Tab. III, Fig. 1, Tab. VI, Fig. 1, Tab. VII, Fig. 10. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 591. Male. Frons a little broader than the eye, widening downwards. Orbits yellowish brown, densely covered with black impressed dots. Face and jowls yellow, cheeks somewhat greyish, jowls and cheeks with some small, impressed but not black dots. Frontal stripe brown, widening downwards. Orbits and cheeks with not dense, yellow hairs; jowls with few fine, yellow hairs. Occiput yellow, greyish or whitish above and here with black dots; it is sparingly yellow-haired. An- tennæ yellow with third joint black; arista yellow. Thorax yellow or brownish yellow, dull, with four black stripes, the median ab- breviated behind, the lateral broader, interrupted at the suture; the stripes often slightly marked as thorax is densely covered with black tubercles, the larger of which are more or less furrowed; on scutellum they are more scattered but large at hind margin. Thorax is sparingly clothed with yellowish to blackish hairs, placed on the tubercles; scutellum with few hairs. Abdomen whitish, black and brownish marbled, dull, the spots shifting according to view; often the segments have narrow, whitish to brownish hind margins. Ab- domen is sparingly clothed along the middle and at apex with short, somewhat strong, black hairs, the lateral parts are bare, but at the base and at side margins are long yellow or white hairs, also present on the ventral parts of the tergites. Legs yellow, and yellow to brownish-haired, with some black hairs. Wings clear; veins brownish yellow; at base there are three black spots on the veins, placed in a triangle; first posterior cell petiolate. Squamulæ white. Halteres whitish yellow. Female. Similar; frons much broader, more than double as broad as the eye, with parallel margins, and with the impressed dots fewer and much larger than in male. Eyes smaller and posterior eye-margin somewhat swoln. Length 10 — 11 mm. O. ovis is not rare in Denmark and I think present in most piaces where there are sheeps; these are, however, much less infested than the cattle of Hypoderma. The imago is rather rarely seen; we have it from near Copenhagen, from Silkeborg and Skagen, taken 86 Tachinidae. on ^V? — ^'/s- Most of my specimens are taken sitting on walls of sheep-cots (Esben-Petersen); they were rather inactive. Geographical distribution: — All Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America and Australia. III. Hypoderminae. 3. Hypoderma Latr. Large or somewhat large, densely pilose flies, with the pile of more or less variegated coloiir. Head about as broad as or a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind, somewhat higher than long. Frons broad in both sexes, broadest in female, a little protruding; orbits broad. Jowls about three fourths of the height of the eye; they are somewhat compressed so that a lateral edge is formed. No bristles present and occiput yellow-haired without postocular bristles. Frontal suture reaching to the lower end of the eye; cheeks narrow, rim-like, with fine, erect hairs. Vibrissal ridges sharp above, downwards broad and flat, confluent with the intermediate triangles on the jowls; below they bend quite in to the small mouth aperture; inwards they are divided by a furrow from the broad shield-shaped middle part of epistoma. The whole epistoma (the vibrissal ridges included) is very broad; it is arched and somewhat retreating; the antennal foveæ above on it are round deep holes, divided by a high carina. No vibrissæ. Eyes bare. Mouth parts rudimentary. Antennæ inserted below the middle of the eye; each antenna is placed in its fovea and not stretching much out of it; they are quite short, second joint calicular, third globular, more or less hidden in second; arista bare, thickened in about basal third. Thorax quadratic or nearly roundish. Scutellum with a pointed protuberance at each side at base, truncate at apex and liere a little incised in the middle so that two slightly marked tubercles are formed. Thorax and scutellum without bristles and no sternopleural bristles. Hypopleura with a bunch or fan of yellow hairs. Abdomen ovate, somewhat pointed, most in the female, without bristles. Fifth sternite in male triangularly excised about to the middle. Legs somewhat strong; posterior femora thickened at base, especially hind femora here with a dorsal hump; hind tibiæ a little curved and a little thickened about the middle. Legs without bristles; femora with long hairs below and posterior tibiæ on posterior side. Claws and pulvilli strong, of about equal size in both sexes. Hypoderma. 87 Wings with the first posterior cell open, ending before apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse; posterior cross-vein placed just on the angle and tims in continuation of apical cross-vein and both parallel with the wing margin; anal vein reaching to the margin; cubital vein without bristles at base. Wing-membrane corrugate. Thoracai squamula large, not fringed. The fullgrown larva is rather broad, elongated oval, flattened above, arched below; the segments have transversally arranged spinules, most numerous on the ventral side; the larva has no mouth hooks in its last stages. The species are parasitic on cattle and on Cervus elaphus and capreolus (one is doubtfully recorded from the ass and some, only known as larvæ, from Capra^ Mosehus and anti- lopes). Our species live on cattle. The eggs are deposited on the hairs, the young larva then bores in, and it seems to migrate more or less in the body, but towards the stage before the last it goes to the skin, and here are then formed swellings, the so-called warbles, in which the larva lies with the posterior end outwards towards the opening found in the warble. When fullgrown it leaves the warble through the opening, falls to ground, where it pupates. H. bovis deposites the eggs in summer, generally in July; the warbles begin to appear in February, and the larva is fullgrown and leaves the warble in May and June; the pupa rests about a month, so that the imago appears at the end of June and in July. In earlier time it was commonly accepted that the young larva, as said, bores in through the dermis, but as the larvæ were often found in the host, migrating far from the surface, the opinion was advanced that the host got the larva in by licking, and that the larva then later on went to the skin. New investigations, especially by Stub in our country, by Bergman on Oedemagena tarandi (Entom. Tidskr. 38, 1917) and by American investigators (see Hadwen, Depart. of Agric. Canada. Se. Ser. 27, 1919 and Bishopp, Laake, Brundrett and Wells, U. S. Dep. of Agric. Dep. Bull. No. 1369, 1926.) have, however, now brought it beyond doubt that the young larva bores in through the skin. — When H. bovis deposits its eggs, its presence has a very peculiar influence on the cattle and gives rise to the well known behaviour of this, known as the stampede, the cattle then galloping furiously with the tail stretched out or upwards and if possible seeking into water. It is rather surprising that the fly, which in no way directly hurts the cattle, should cause this strong effect, and there was therefore spoken of instinct; after Bergman's investigations 88 Tachinidae. it seems, however, that it is the tickling of the fly which causes the behaviour of the cattle. H. lineatum has much less influence on the cattle (Hadwen) and likewise the species of Cervus do not seem to be so influenced by the egg-depositing of their parasites. Small larvæ of Hypoderma have sometimes been found on man; three cases are known from Denmark, but in Norway they have occurred more numerously; the larvæ generally do not become fully developed. Also on horses they have been found in some instances. Of the genus six species are described from Europe, besides some larvæ; two species occur in Denmark. Tcfble of Species. 1. Thorax yellow-haired in front of the suture, black-haired behind, the two bands sharply separated; femora black, tibiæ blackish brown or brown, mainly black-haired 1. bovis. — Thorax all or mainly yellow-haired; tibiæ yellow to brownish yellow, posterior legs for a great part yellow-haired 2. lineatum. The larvæ seem to be distinguishable by the sixth and seventh abdominal segment (the two before the spiracle-bearing) having no spinules at posterior margin of segments above and the seventh none below in bovis, while these segments have spinules in lineatum. 1. H. bovis Linn. 1761. Linn. Fn. Suec. II, 1730 (larva) (Oesfnis). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 228, 3 (Oestrus). — 1818. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 11, 4 (Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 167 (Oestrus). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 974, 4 (Oestrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 396. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 124, 5, Tab. II, Fig. 2, Tab. V, Fig. 4, Tab. VIII, Fig. 1 a, 7. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 586. Male. Frons broader than the eye. Orbits blackish, yellowish just on anterior part, the face whitish or greyish, towards the sides more brown and jowls brown. Frontal stripe brown or blackish. Orbits with erect hairs, yellow in front, but darker to black on the black parts of orbits; all the face with downwards directed, yellow or pale yellow hairs; the narrow cheeks with erect hairs. Occiput greyish black, palest below, with yellow hairs. Antennæ yellowish to brown, third joint sometimes blackish, nearly globular, more or less hidden in the calicular second joint. Thorax black, dull, with four black, shining stripes, interrupted at the suture, the median Hypoderma. 89 abbreviated behind. Thorax is clothed with a dense pile which is yellow anterior to the suture, black or brownish black behind it, the colours sharply separated; the shining stripes bare. Scutellum with yellow hairs; it is black and shining at apex and the apex is truncate, a little incised in the middle, so that two, generally very slightly marked protuberances are formed. Abdomen black or blackish, densely pilose, the hairs on basal segment pale yellow, on third or on third and a larger or smaller part of fourth black, and on the rest yellow or reddish; venter yellow-haired. Legs with femora black, tibiæ blackish brown or brown, hind tibiæ paler on apical half, tarsi yellow; posterior femora thickened at base, especially hind femora here with a dorsal hump ; hind tibiæ somewhat thickened about middle; hind metatarsus long, thrice or nearly thrice as long as second joint. Legs mainly black-haired; front tibiæ with short,, dense yellow hairs below, hind femora with yellow hairs postero- ventrally and hind tibiæ with the long hairs on posterior side yellow; posterior coxæ and trochanters for a great part black-haired. Wings brownish tinged, most on anterior half; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish with more or less yellow margin. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons a little broader, about double as broad as the eye. Hind metatarsus longer, more than thrice as long as second joint. Length 13 — 14 mm. H. bovis is common in Denmark and found in all piaces where there is cattle, but, as well known, it is only rarely seen as imago, and most of our specimens are bred; they were taken as larvæ on ^^4 — ^^/e ^iid pupated on ^/g — ^^/g, the imagines came on ^^/g — ^V? (Stub). The control in later years with the infested cattle has strongly diminished its number. Geographical distribution: — All Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. 2. H. lineatum Vill. 1789. Vill. Entom. Linn. III, 349, 7, Tab. IX, Fig. 1 {Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 173, 9 {Oestrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 397. — 1863. Brauer, Mon. Oestr. 122, 4, Tab. II, Fig. 3, Tab. V, Fig. 8. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 588. This species is very similar to bovis. Male. Head as in bovis, but relatively broader, and orbits and frons paler, more brownish and the hairs all or almost all yellow. Thorax more roundish than 90 Tachinidae. in hovis^ with the same shining, bare stripes, but behind the suture they are less broad; the pile on disc all yellow only with some black hairs intermingled ; on the sides above the wing-root the hairs are black. Scutellum generally a little more incised in apex so that the protuberances are a little more pronounced. Abdomen as in hovis. Legs with femora black, tibiæ yellow to brownish yellow, hind tibiæ palest; hind metatarsus not thrice as long as second joint. The legs more pale-haired than in hovis^ front femora with yellow hairs behind, brownish below; posterior femora yellow-haired below, and on post- erior tibiæ all the long hairs yellow; posterior coxæ and trochanters mainly yellow-haired. Wings and squamulæ as in bovis, only the wings a little less tinged. H alteres pale brownish or paler. Female. I have not seen the female. Length about 12 mm. H. lineatum seems to be rare in Denmark, we possess only three specimens of the imago, two from earlier time, one of them from Vejle; one specimen has been bred, the larva was taken on ^^s? it pupated on ^^5 and the fly emerged on ^^/g (Stub). But besides we have some larvæ. Stub mentions (Entom. Meddel. 10, 1913, 116) that he has taken several larvæ, and that larvæ have been taken in German slaughter houses on cattle imported from Denmark. Geographical distribution : — All Europe and in North America. Remarks: H.diana Br. is by Henriksen (Insekterne og vore Sygdomme. København 1919, 27) mentioned as occurring in Den- mark, but, as far as I have been informed, this is due to a mistake. IV. Phasiinae. 4. AllopliOFa R. D. Species of small to rather large size, often of broad shape with broad, often spotted wings, of black colour with more or less pruinosity, or with abdomen more or less red. Head broader than thorax, often very broad to twice as broad as high and with a broad face; it is a httle excavated behind. Frons narrow in both sexes and in female still narrower than in male, slightly or at most somewhat protruding; in female the eye-facets in the upper part of the eye generally more distinctly enlarged than in male. Jowls narrow or broad, but in the latter case rather horizontal. Ocellar and vertical bristles either quite wanting, or small ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, the latter AUophora. 91 strengest in female. No orbital bristles. Beliind postocular bristles no black Iiairs or the occipiit quite black-haired. Frontal bristles fine, reaching to lunula or longer down to the insertion of antennæ, all Crossing in both sexes. Orbits densely haired or bare. Cheeks bare. Ptilinal suture and vibrissal ridges short, stopping above lower margin of epistoma; the vibrissal ridges (space between the inner ridge and the ptilinal suture) sometimes rather widening downwards. Vibrissæ somewhat ascending, often about to the middle; a large vibrissa not or more or less distinct, placed above lower margin of epistoma; when not distinct the vibrissal angle slightly pronounced, the upwards curved oral margin passing evenly into the vibrissal ridge. Epistoma not retreating, but the lower part more or less pro- truding and it is arched transversally. The oral side margin curves upwards anteriorly to the vibrissal angle. Oral bristles short and fme hairs, only stronger anteriorly on the upwards curved part of the margin. Oral cone and proboscis shorter or longer; palpi thread- like or slightly dilated at apex. Antennæ inserted about at the middle of the eye or somewhat above; they are somewhat distant at base, short, third joint slightly longer than second; arista nearly bare, second joint short. Thorax from a little broader than long to a little longer than broad ; of bristles only four along hind margin. Scutellum with two small marginal bristles on each side. No or one sternopleural bristle. Abdomen oval, more or less broad, rather flat; excavation on second segment reaching about half way to hind margin; sixth dorsal segment more or less visible above. No bristles. Male genitalia somewhat large, bent in under venter, the præhypopygial segment more or less elongated. The female abdomen ending with a strong claw-like, backwards directed ovipositor, fitting in a sheath of a similar shape. Legs not long, with only few bristles; ventral bristle on middle tibiæ present in both sexes or only in female; claws and pulvilli in male strongly or less to only slightly elongated. Sometimes the front tarsi in male dilated. Wings rather broad, in most species specially broad and dilated in male with anterior margin curved out; first posterior cell short- to long-petiolate, ending at apex of wing; discai angle rounded, the apical cross-vein sloping or steep, and thus the upper apical angle of first posterior cell acute or rect- angular. No or quite minute bristles at base of cubital vein. No costal spine. In most species of the genus the male and female are rather. different in colour, and the female is smaller than the male and has 92 Tachinidae. not variegated or clear wings. As regards tlie shape of the wings the genus is somewhat peculiar; in some species the wings are of normal shape and equal in both sexes; but in most species the male has the wings much broader than the female and at the same time liable to some dimorphism, as in the same species the wings of the male may be broad or be narrower and more like the female wing; at the same time the colour both of body and wings varies and is rather like the colour in the female, so that these males upon the whole are female-hke; in obesa a special male form occurs which is almost quite like the female. In hemiptera there is moreover the curious faet, that the male normally has dilated front tarsi, but the female- like males not. The species occur generally on flowers, especially various um- bellifers and on Achillea. The development is not known, but Hemi- ptera and also Orthoptera are suspected as their hosts, and they belong to Pantel's group 9. Of the genus (s. 1.) 7 European species are recorded, 4 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Orbits densely haired 2. — Orbits bare 3. 2. Subcostal vein ending beyond medial cross-vein; first posterior cell somewhat short-petiolate ; hind femora red on basal part; pleura with dense and long golden red hairs {Allophora s. str.) 1. hemiptera. — Subcostal vein ending about above medial cross-vein; first posterior cell longer petiolate; legs all black; pleura black-liaired {Hyalomyia R. D.) 2. obesa. 3. Large species; head considerably broader than high; wings in male generally broad and variegated {Phorantha Rond.) 3. subcoleoptrata, — Small species; head almost not broader than high; wings not broad, equal in both sexes, not spotted, hyaline or a little yellowish {Paralophora Girsch.) 4. pusilla. 1. A. hemiptera Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 284, 22 {Syrphus) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 218, 2 (Thereva). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 191, 8 {Phasia) et 1838. VII, 289, 1, Tab. LXXIII, Fig. 43. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1246, 2 (Phasia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 403. — 1888. Girsch. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss. LX, 10, 1, Tab. II, Fig. 1—5. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 88, 5. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 577. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 259, 3. — Allophora. 93 Syrphus subcoleoptratus Fabr. (nec Linn.) 1775. Syst. Entom. 764, 9 et 1781. Spec. Ins. II, 423, 11. -- Syrphus affinis Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 284, 24 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 218, 4 (Thereva). — A. ohscuripennis Meig. 1. c. 1838. VII, 289, 3. ^ 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 403. Male. Head very broad, double as broad as high; frons narrow above, but rapidly widening downwards; face very broad, the inner eye-margins S-like curved; the frons somewhat protruding. Ptilinal suture about rectangular, the arms of it short, stopping high above the jowls. Orbits downwards and cheeks very broad; jowls likewise broad, but rather horizontal. Orbits black, greyish pruinose; cheeks Fig. 12. Wing of A. hemiptera ^ yar.vittata. and jowls whitish or a little yellowish; frontal stripe dark red. Only a pair of small indistinct ocellar bristles present. Frontal bristles small and fme, slightly marked against the hairs, reaching to lunula. Vibrissæ ascending about to insertion of arista, outwards from them the vibrissal ridges hairy. Orbits somewhat densely black-haired; jowls with white hairs. Occiput grey, darkest above, with yellowish hairs. Antennæ blackish brown, the basal joints reddish, third joint a little longer than second; arista almost bare, thickened at base. Palpi yellow to blackish. Thorax black, the disc slightly bluish grey pruinose, at the sides more pruinose and grey; there are four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind and also the lateral some- what abbreviated. Scutellum yellow, somewhat whitish pruinose. Thorax densely haired with black hairs, in front of the suture partly or quite reddish. Pleura with dense and long golden reddish hairs. No sternopleural bristles. Abdomen red with a broad dark middle line, or it is black with only reddish sides; the black part with an æneous or violet shine; it is black-haired or with more or fewer yellow hairs at the sides, but the lateral margin is black-haired; 94 Tachinidae. the lateral part of the tergites on ventral side yellow-haired. Legs blackish to brownish, the tarsi generally brown and hind tibiæ often reddish; hind femora red on basal half or two thirds; the tarsi flattened and especially the four last joints on front tarsi strongly dilated. Claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Legs black-haired, below femora more or less yellow-haired, almost without bristles except some dorsal on hind tibiæ; no ventral bristle on middle tibiæ. Wings large and very broad, the anterior margin curved outwards on basal part; they are brownish yellow tinged with brown blotches, generally one elongated on middle at anterior margin, a similar below along discai vein, and one at apex; veins brown to yellow; subcostal vein ending far beyond medial cross-vein; first posterior cell somewhat short-petiolate, ending at apex of wing; discai angle very obtuse and rounded, the apical cross-vein concave; posterior cross-vein somewhat near the angle. Squamulæ blackish brown. Halteres yellow. Female. Frons still narrower than in male; upper eye-facets distinctly larger than lower. Thorax velvet black, unstriped, mainly red-haired or with red and black hairs. Scutelliim black at base. Abdomen black, somewhat velvet, with only reddish side spots or quite black. Ovipositor curved evenly upwards. Claws and pulvilli long, but shorter than in male. Wings less broad and of more normal shape, only slightly tinged, outwards nearly hyaline. Length 8 — 12 mm, the female generally the smaller. While the female does not vary or only slightly, the male varies considerably and in a peculiar way, as stated by Girschner 1. c. The variation comprises the colour of the body, the colour and breadth of the wings and the dilatation of the tarsi. The form described above is the normal (var. vittata Girsch.); then there is a variety {ohscura Girsch.) with thorax black and velvet as in the female, it is black- haired above and the hairs on pleura generally less developed, scu- tellum all or nearly all black, and abdomen velvet black, only slightly reddish on the sides at base, seen from behind grey pruinose. The wings are less broad and not dilated at front margin, and they are rather evenly brown or only a little clouded, and the front tarsi are not dilated; it is smaller than var. vittata. This variety is thus in most respects similar to the female. A third variety {eximia Girsch.) has the wings only quite slightly tinged, almost clear or only in- fuscated at apex, but they are broad as in var. vittata^ and the front tarsi are dilated and it is otherwise similar to vittata. All these varieties are connected by transitions. Allophora. 95 A. hemipterah rather rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen (E. Olsen)^ Dyrehaven (Drewsen, the specimen mentioned by Zetterstedt) ; in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wiistnei), in Greisdal (Schlick) and at Hald (C. Larsen), and on Bornholm in Almindingen (Schlick). The dates are ^/g — ^"/s? on the latter date it was taken in copula. Nearly all our specimens belong to the normal form {vittata), only one (from Greisdalen) belongs to var. obscura and one (from near Copenhagen) to var. eximia. Geographical distribution: — Europe; it does not seem known north of Denmark. 2. A. obesa Fabr. 1798. Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 561, 6 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 219, 6 (Thereva). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 194, 13 (PJiasia) et 1838. VII, 284, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 405. — 1888. Girsch. Zeitsclir. f. Naturw. LX, 28, 4, Tab. II, Fig. 13—14. ^ 1894. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIII, 86, 3. ^ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 580. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescb. 90, 6, 259, 4. — Thereva cinerea Fabr. 1805. 1. c. 221, 13. — 1824. Meig. 1. c. IV, 198,22 [Phasia) et 1838. VII, 284, Tab. LXXIII, Fig. 44. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 405. — Thereva muscaria Fall. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Ehizom. 3, 2. ^ 1824. Meig. 1. c. IV, 196, 18 (Phasia) et 1838. VII, 284, 17. -^ 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 626, 1 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1248, 3 (Phasia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 405. — Phasia atropur- purea Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 193, 9 et 1838. VII, 284, 4. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 406. — Phasia umhrata Zett. 1844. L c. III, 1249, 4. — Phasia grisea Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1250, 5. — Phasia flavipennis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1250, 6. — A. aurulans Schin. (nec Meig.) 1862. F. A. I, 404. Male. Head mainly as in hemiptera but, however, less broad, with the ptilinal suture less rectangular, the lower part of the arms parallel. Orbits, cheeks and jowls grey or the orbits yeliowish; frontal stripe black. Inner vertical bristles just discernible. Frontal bristles a little stronger than in hemiptera, reaching to the insertion of antennæ. Vibrissæ ascending about to the middle, the large vibrissa distinct. Orbits densely black-haired; jowls white-haired. Occiput grey with white hairs, rather sparse above. Antennæ black, somewhat greyish, third joint a little longer than second; arista almost bare, thickened in nearly basal half. Palpi yellow^ to dark, Thorax black, whitish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median often more or less confluent behind the suture to a black rectangular space. Scutel- lum black. Thorax and pleura black-haired; a posterior sternopleural bristle present. Abdomen grey pruinose, dull, or sometimes æneous or violet, not pruinose, shining; it is black-haired. Legs black, black- 96 Tachinidae. haired, below femora more or less pale-haired; a ventral bristle on middle tibiæ; tarsi not dilated; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings generally very broad with the anterior margin ciirved out- wards as in hemiptera; they ara either aboiit all brown fumigated (var. umbripennis Girsch.) or they are clear with brown clouds of various shape and extension: as a seaming of the veins, or as a trans- verse band down over medial and posterior cross-veins (var. jasci- pennis Girsch.), or with especially anterior and apical part brown (var. nebulosa Girsch.); sometimes they are almost all white (var. latipennis Girsch.). Veins yellow and brown; subcostal vein ending about above medial cross-vein; first posterior cell medium long- petiolate, ending at apex of wing; discai vein with the angle rounded, but the bend nearly rectangular so that it joins the cubital vein rectangularly ; posterior cross-vein about in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle. Squamulæ whitish or darker to nearly blackish. Halteres yellow to more brownish. Female. Frons narrower than in male; inner vertical bristles distinct. Head less broad and face much narrower than in male. Abdomen grey, the basal segments more or less dark; it is dull or more or less shining. Ovipositor conical, nearly straight, somewhat truncate at apex. Hind tibiæ with the bristles more numerous than in male. Wings much less broad than in male, almost hyaline, yellow at base. Lengtli 4 — 7 mm. As in hemiptera the female varies only a little, the male there- against to a rather high degree, and this has given rise to the creation of many species. The variation comprises the colour, especially of abdomen, and colour and breadth of the wings. It was seen that abdomen may be all grey pruinose, or quite shining and metallic, the specimens accordingly looking rather different, but varieties with abdomen less pruinose, the hind margins to the segments or a middle stripe shining, also occur. It is, however, especially the colour of the wings which varies, but the variations are less separated than in hemiptera^ also because the colour of abdomen and the markings of the wings are not in relation to each other. Girschner describes the four varieties named above. Also the breadth of the wings varies, and af ter Girschner it is the form with evenly brown wings {umbri- pennis) which has these most narrow and is thus herein female-like. There occur, however, also very female-like males with narrow, hyaline wings ; these males seem to stand rather pecuUar, and according Allophora. 97 to the author even these males may sometimes occur much more numerous than the normal form. A. obesa is rather rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Lundtofte, Hareskov, at Fure Sø, Ruderhegn, Smidstrup, Gilleleje, on Falster and in Jutland at Albøg near Grenaa and at Sæby; the dates are ^^/e — ^/lo- Our specimens belong nearly all to var. jascipennis or var. nehulosa^ only one (from Albøg) is umbripennis; clear-winged female-like males I have not seen. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 3. A. subcoleoptrata Linn. 1767. Linn. Syst. Nat. XII, 2, 1006, 13 (Conops). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 217, 1 {Thereva). — 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Ehizom. 2, 1 (Thereva). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 190, 7, Tab. XXXIX, Fig. 13 {Phasia) et 1838. VII, 284, 2. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1245, 1 (Phasia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 403. — 1888. Girsch. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss. LX, 40, 7, Tab. II, Fig. 16—21. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 584. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 259, 6. Male. Head nearly double as broad as high and mainly shaped as in hemiptera, only less broad. Orbits yellowish, cheeks paler and jowls whitish grey; frontal stripe brownish yellow, widening down- wards, with a narrow black middle line. Frontal bristles fme. Vibrissæ less ascending than in hemiptera. Orbits bare; jowls white-haired. Occiput grey with white hairs. Antennæ black, third joint almost not longer than second; arista short, thickened in nearly basal half, apparently bare. Palpi brownish yellow. Thorax brownish black, brownish yellow, almost golden pruinose, with four about equal blackish stripes, vanishing behind. Scutellum blackish. Thorax black-haired; pleura with the vertical row of bristles black, for the rest with yellow hairs. One sternopleural bristle. Abdomen black with a little bluish or violet shine, at apex a yellow or golden pruinose spot; abdomen is black-haired, on the ventral side yellow-haired. Legs black; claws and pulvilh strongly elongated; the legs black-haired; a ventral bristle on middle tibiæ. Wings very broad, nearly triangular with anterior margin convex; they are extensively brown, this colour present as a longitudinal band on basal half at front margin and another band over discai and most of second posterior cell, bending upwards along apical margin, the wings thus mainly as in var. vittata of hemiptera; subcostal vein ending above medial cross-vein; first 98 Tachinidae. posterior cell medium long-petiolate; discai vein bending rectangularly up, but with the angle rounded, the apical cross-vein united with cubital vein below the tip of radial vein. Squamulæ brownish. Halteres yellowish. Female. I have not seen the female; according to the description it is mainly grey pruinose; thorax striped as in male; abdomen partly shining; sometimes it is more yellow or golden pruinose. The sheat of the ovipositor is curved downwards and perforated. Wings clear, of normal shape. Length 9 mm. Also this species varies in the male. The described form is var. ornata Girsch. ; it may have the wings less or not maculated. The var. muscaeformis Rond. is female-like, it has abdomen grey pruinose with the lateral margins more or less yellow; wings not broadened, yellow at base and in the middle at anterior margin a more or less pronounced spot. Finally the var. ahdominalis Girsch. has abdomen yellowish, sometimes with a black band; wings somewhat broad, with two bands more or less distinct. A. subcoleoptrata is ve ry rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a male, taken on Sealand (Drewsen); it belongs to var. ornata. Geographical distribution: — Europe dow-n into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden. 4. A. pusilla Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 198, 23 (Phasia) et 1838. VII, 284, 20. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1251, 7 (Phasia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 406. — 1888. Girsch. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss. LX, 38, 6, Tab. II, Fig. 22—25. — 1894. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIII, 86, 2. ^ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 583. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 259, 5. — Phasia seminicerea Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 199, 24, Tab. XXXIX, Fig. 14 et 1838, VII, 284, 21 {AUophora). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 406. — Phasia vitripennis Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6167, 6—7. Male. Head almost not broader than high; frons narrow above, almost not protruding; face not specially broad. Ptilinal suture wdth the arms parallel in lower part. Orbits and cheeks rather narrow and also jowis narrow. Orbits and cheeks silvery grey, jowls grey. Frontal stripe black. A pair of small ocellar bristles present and also inner vertical bristles discernible. Frontal bristles reaching to the insertion of antennæ. Vibrissæ somew-hat ascending, a large Allophora. 99 vibrissa somewhat distinct. Orbits outside the frontal bristles bare; jowls with brown or blackish hairs. Occiput dark grey, with black or blackish hairs below, bare above. Antennæ black, third joint a little longer than second, nearly sqiiare; arista short, thickened in basal half, almost bare. Palpi brown to black. Thorax black, dull, black-haired; one sternopleural bristle. Abdomen grey pruinose, with second and base of third segment black, this colour prolonged backwards in the middle, on fourth and fifth segment a small black middle spot forming an interrupted middle stripe. Abdomen black- haired. Legs black and black-haired; no ventral bristle on middle tibiæ; tarsi simple; claws and pulvilli only slightly elongated. Wings Fig. 13. Wing of A. pusilla $. of normal shape, almost hyaline to somewhat brown tinged; veins all brownish black; subcostal vein ending about above medial cross- vein or slightly beyond; first posterior cell long-petiolate, ending at apex of wing; discai vein with the angle completely rounded, but the bend rectangular so that it joins the cubital vein rectangularly; posterior cross-vein about in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle. Squamulæ dirty whitish or more or less brownish. Halteres black. Female. Similar; frons still narrower, upper eye-facets more distinctly larger than lower; inner vertical bristles stronger. Abdomen grey with second and the middle part of third segment black; it is somewhat shining. Lower sheat of ovipositor with apex curved strongly downwards. Hind tibiæ with the anterodorsal bristles rather numerous and forming a row. Length 2,7 — 5 mm. In this species the male does not show such variations as in the other species, and there is no difference in the breadth of the wings in the two sexes; pusilla Meig. is the male, semicinerea Meig. the female. 7* 100 Tachinidae. A. pusilla is more common in Denmark than the other species; Lundtofte, Lyngby, Bagsvær, Holte, Ruderhegn, Birkerød, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Albøg near Grenaa (Kryger, the author) and on Læsø (H. J. Hansen); the dates are 1^/5 — ^jio- Geographical distribution: - — Europe, towards the north to southern Sweden and in Finland. 5. Clytiomyia Rond. Somewhat small species of blackish and yellow colours. Head somewhat broader than thorax, slightly convex behind and flattened in upper part, a little or somewhat higlier than long, Frons narrow in male, or broader and of about the same breadth in both sexes, slightly protruding. Jowls narrow or broader to nearly one half of the height of the eye. In both sexes only ocellar bristles present, but very well developed postocellar and occipital bristles. No orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs {pellucens) or a row" above {rotiindiventris). Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, all crossing in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending, the large vibrissa more or less pronounced, placed a little above lower margin of epistoma. Epistoma not retreating, a little hollowed in the middle and thus the lower part somewhat reflected. Proboscis and oral cone short or somewhat longer. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted above the middle of the eye, short {rotundiventris) or longer with third joint about twice as long as second; arista bare, with second joint short or {pellucens) some- what elongated. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsutural dorso- centrals and only præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side, sometimes also w^ak subapical. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a small bunch of hairs above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching about to middle ; a narrow sixth segment visible anterior to the præhypopygial ; abdomen has smaller or larger marginal bristles, a pair on second segment. Male genitalia bent in under venter, somewhat small. In female the last segments simple, retractile. Legs of medium length; ventral bristle on middle tibiæ wanting in male, present in female; claws and pulvilli in male somewhat elongate. Wings with the first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending at apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse. No costal spine, and bristles at base of cubital vein very small-. Clytiomyia. 101 The species rotundiventris is parasitic on Elasmostethus grisens and belongs to Pantel's group 1. Of the genus (s. lat.) about 14 European species are known; 2 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Antenna and femora yellow {Subclytia Pand.) 1. rotundiventris. — Antennæ and legs black {Heliozeta Rond.) 2. pellucens. 1. C. rotundiventris Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 23, 46 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 356, 204 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 205, 4, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 22—24, (Clytia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1086, 83 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 524 (Clytia). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 96, 1 (Subclytia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 571. — 1921. Baer, Zeitscbr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 395. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 257 (Subclytia). Male. Frons narrow above, very slightly protruding; jowls nearly one half of the height of the eye. Orbits silvery white, cheeks and jowls more yellowish silvery. Frontal stripe black or brownish black. Orbits bare, jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, yellowish just below, wdth white hairs and black hairs just above. Antennæ yellow, third joint a little longer than second; arista thickened in less than basal half, apparently bare. Palpi yellow. Thorax quite grey pruinose, with a very slight indication of three stripes. Scutellum with apex yellow. Thorax is black-haired; no posthumeral but an intraalar bristle. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side and a weak subapical. Abdomen yellow, in certain light whitish pruinose, with a black, triangular middle spot and a transverse side spot at hind margin on each segment. Abdomen is black-haired, with weak marginal bristles, a pair on second segment and a more or less complete row on the others. Legs yellow with blackish brown tibiæ and tarsi, the former paler on basal part; claws and pulvilli somewhat elongated. Wings slightly tinged ; veins brown ; first posterior cell very narrowly open or just closed, ending at apex of wing; angle on discai vein very obtuse and rounded. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Female. I do not know the female. Length 4 — 5 mm. C. rotundiventris is rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male is known from Tisvilde; it is the bred specimen mentioned below. 102 Tachinidae. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Nat. Foren. 67, 1916, 20) treated its development ; the aiithor bred it from Elasmostethus griseus; the host was taken on ^/^ with an egg of the parasite on thorax, on ^"/a ^^e host was dead, the larva had bored out and pupated outside the host, and the imago came on ^^s- Nielsen states, but without further elucidations, that there are two yearly generations. The statement is, however, confirmed by specimens of the Elas- mostethus in his collection with eggs of the parasite, taken in September at Tisvilde, and in his "Tachin-Studier" (ibid. 69, 1918, 260) he says that the species hibernates as larva in second stage. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; towards the north to middle Sweden. 2. G. pellucens Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 22, 45 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 275, 64 {Tachina) et 1838, VII, 205, 1, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 14—19 {Clytia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1084, 81 et 1859. XIII, 6092, 81 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 524 {Clytia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 150 {Eliozeta). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 95, 7 {Phasia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 572. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 257. — Tachina ftmiipennis Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6093, 81^82. Male. Frons a little narrower than the eye, slightly protruding. Orbits broad, frontal stripe quite narrow; jowls rather narrow and horizontal. Orbits and also vertex and upper part of clieeks golden yellow, lower part of cheeks more whitish; jowls grey. The short and narrow frontal stripe black. Frontal bristles fine. Orbits bare, Fig. 14. Wing of C. pellucens (^ . jowls with black hairs. Occiput yellowish grey with all white hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about twice to nearly thrice as long as second; arista thickened to near apex, bare. Palpi black or blackish. Thorax brownish yellow pruinose with four narrow brown stripes, the median abbreviated behind. Thorax black-haired; a posthumeral Clytiomyia. 103 and an intraalar bristle present. Scutellum with two bristles on each side, Abdomen yellow with a narrow base, a middle stripe and the apical part, including fifth and most of fourth segment, black; it is yellowish pruinose except second segment, and thus the hinder part of the middle stripe and the apical part appear yellowish. Abdomen is black-haired with marginal bristles, on second segment a pair, on the others a row. Fifth sternite short, bow-shaped. Legs black; claws and pulvilli a little elongated. Wings brown fumigated; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending at apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse. Squamulæ deep yellow. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader with the frontal stripe broader; orbits less pruinose and strongly haired. Abdomen much darker than in male as there is only a yellow side spot at the base, but the dark part as in the male yellow pruinose. Length 4,7 — 6 mm. C. pellucens is somewhat common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, at Fure Sø, Ryget Skov, Ruderhegn, Ege- bæks Vang, Humlebæk, Grib Skov, Lave Skov at Helsingør, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, Alindelille, and at Vordingborg; on Lolland in Lysemose and Kældskov; in Jutland at Sønderborg; on Bornholm (Stein). The dates are ^5 — ^Vs- It occurs on flowers, especially Achillea and umbellifers, and it is in some years rather frequent. The develop- ment is hitherto unknown. Geographical distribution: — Europe, towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 6. Xysta Meig. Species of medium size, blackish with greyish or brownish prui- nosity. Head broader than thorax, nearly flat behind and slightly puffed out below. Frons quite narrow in both sexes, narrowest in female, with the orbits nearly or quite touching, a little protruding. Jowls broad but rather horizontal. In male none, in female small ocellar and inner vertical bristles. No orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs above. Frontal bristles reaching to the insertion of antennæ, all crossing in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges short, and thus the angle with the large vibrissa high above the lower margin of epistoma; the vibrissæ somewhat ascending. Eyes in female with the facets in upper part distinctly larger than below, 104 Tachinidae. and more so than in male. Epistoma not retreating, but reflected and rather protruding in the lower half. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted above the middle of the eye, short, only reaching to the middle of epistoma; they are a httle distant at base; third joint shghtly longer than second; arista thickened at base, short-pubescent, second joint distinct, but not elongated. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, the anterior small, sometimes wanting, and only præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Two (or three) sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura with a bundle of hairs above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment somewhat large, but not reaching the hind margin; a narrow sixth segment visible anterior to the præhypopygial; only small marginal bristles present, on second segment a pair. Male genitalia bent in under venter; in female only simple retractile seg- ments present at end. Legs medium long, hind tibiæ a little narrow at base and then a little dilated; ventral bristle on middle tibiæ wanting in male, present in female; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated, in female shorter but not small. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed at margin, ending quile near apex of wing; angle on discai vein very obtuse and rounded. No costal spine, and no bristles at base of cubital vein. Of the genus about 5 European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. X. cana Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 201, 30 {Phasia) et 1838. VII, 282, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 407. — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien LVIII, 388. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 133. ^ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 569. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 255, 1. — Phasia Rothi Zett. 1859. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6170, 16. — 1894. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIII, 94, 4. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 380. — Xysta semicana Egg. 1860. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, X, 797. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 407 c^. — 1891. B. B. 1. c. LVIII, 388. ^ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 569. Male. Frons above very narrow with the orbits nearly touching, a little protruding; cheeks not narrow and jowls rather broad, but somewhat horizontal and tlius not much descending. Orbits black just above, below together with the cheeks silvery, shifting to dark; jowls grey. Frontal stripe black or dark brownish. Frontal bristles stopping above before vertex. Orbits bare, jowls with brownish to blackish hairs. Occiput grey with yellowish hairs below, black above. Xysta. 105 Antennæ black, a little pale on second joint, short, third joint slightly longer than second; arista short pubescent. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, grey pruinose, with three somewhat broad black stripes, the median somewhat abbreviated behind. Thorax is densely black- haired and has two or three præ'sutural dorsocentrals; a posthumeral and an intraalar bristle present. Abdomen brownish, all greyish or brownish grey pruinose; second segment dark in certain lights; it is densely black-haired, with small marginal bristles, a pair on second and third segment and a row on fourth and fifth segment; on second segment they may sometimes be very small. Upper forceps large, compressed and beak-shaped, carinate on dorsal side; arms of lower forceps smaller, broad at base, styliform outwards. Legs black, moderately bristled. Wings a little brownish tinged, most towards anterior margin, yellowish at base; veins brown; first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed at margin, ending quite near apex of wing; angle on discai vein rounded. Squamulæ dirty whitish or yellowish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons quite narrow with the orbits touching above. Thorax more extensively grey than in the male, with four black stripes, the median narrow and often a narrow middle stripe between them; also the lateral stripes narrow. Middle tibiæ with ventral bristle. Length 7 — 8 mm. X. cana is rare in Denmark, and has only been taken on Lolland at Maribo (Schlick); it was taken in June. Stein mentions a specimen from Denmark. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. 7. Gymnosoma Meig. Medium sized, broad species of black and yellow colour. Head broader than thorax, somewhat convex behind, much higher than long. Frons in male not as broad as the eye, in female broader than in male, a little protruding. Jowls fully one third of the height of the eye. Only ocellar bristles present; orbits more or less hairy and in female the hairs somewhat strong along the eye-margin, indicating orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles some few black hairs above. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, all crossing in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ 106 Tachinidae. slightly to somewhat ascending, those above tlie angle small and no specially strong vibrissa on the angle. Epistoma not retreating, but hollowed in the middle and thus the lower part somewhat reflected and protriiding. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus excised to beyond middle. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted above the middle of the eye, long, third joint somewhat longer than the elongated second; arista bare, second joint elongated. Thorax qua- dratic; of bristles only four fme along the hind margin. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side, no apical bristles. Sterno- pleura with one (the posterior) bristle and with hairs. Above on pteropleiira a small bundle of hairs. Abdomen short and broadly oval, almost globular, without bristles; excavation on second seg- ment only present at base; a sixth segment visible below anterior to the præhypopygial. Genitalia forming a knob ventrally at apex; apex of abdomen in female simple. Legs not long, robust, especially anterior femora somewhat thickened; the legs without real bristles and thus no ventral bristle on middle tibiæ in both sexes; femora with a row of spinules below in apical half ; claws and pulvilli in male a little elongated. Wings with first posterior cell short-petiolate, or closed at margin, ending a little before apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse, more or less rounded; posterior cross-vein near the angle. No costal spine; bristles at base of cubital vein very minute. The species rotundatum is parasitic on imagines of Pentatomids; it belongs to Pantel's group 1, the eggs being deposited on the host, the larva bores in and later on forms a secondary breathing-hole in a tracheal bladder in thorax. Of the genus two European species are known, one occurring in Denmark (the other belonging to the subgenus Stylogymnomyia B. B.). 1. G. rotundatum Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, L 595 et 1767. XII, 2, 991, 76 {Musca). — 1764. Milll. Faun. Friederichsd. 83, 735 [Musca). -^ 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 311, 12. {Tachina). — ^ 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Ehizom. 9, 1. — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 204, 1, Tab. XXXIX, Fig. 2L — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 628, 1 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1226, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6161, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 410. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXI, 142. — 1894. Pand. Kev. Entom. XIII, 81, 1. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 558. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 393. ^ 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 255, 2. — Musca cristata Panz. 1803. Faun. Germ. LXXXIII, 23. — 1824. Meig. 1. c. IV, 205, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 411. Gymnosoma. 107 Male. Frons above a little narrower than the eye, a little protrud- ing. Orbits and cheeks deep yellow, jowls white or yellowish white. Frontal stripe red or brown. Frontal bristles fine. Orbits with small black liairs in the whole length or only above; jowls white-haired with a few black hairs anteriorly. Occiput whitish grey, along the margin above black and shining; it has whitish hairs and some few black above. Antennæ black, long, third joint somewhat longer than the long second; arista thickened in aboiit basal half, apparently bare. Palpi black. Thorax black, shining, but deep yellow pruinose on front half to a little behind the suture, and with four brownish black stripes, the median narrow, the lateral only forming spots and none of them reaching behind the suture or only a little. Scutellum with a pale yellow spot on utmost apex. Pleura grey pruinose. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen yellow, base of second segment black, the colour in the middle prolonged to the hind margin, and a roundish median apical spot on third, fourth and fifth segment. Abdomen densely and short black-haired, without bristles. Upper forceps Fig. 15. Wing of G. rotundatuin ($ . short, triangular with a beak-like apex. Legs robust, with anterior femora thickened; the legs are black and shining, black-haired, but without distinct bristles. Wings brownish tinged, most towards anterior margin, the base yellow; veins brownish black; first posterior cell short petiolate or closed at margin, ending a little before apex of wing; angle on discai vein more or less rounded. Squamula (thoracic) and balteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons somewhat broader and frontal bristles stronger; orbits black, shining and with stronger hairs along eye- margin; cheeks and jowls white. Thorax only yellow pruinose on humeri and at the sides to the suture. Abdomen with the spots on third and fourth segment broadened along the hind margin to broadly triangular spots and continuous along the middle and with the spot 108 Tachinidae. on second segment, so that a laterally deeply incised middle line is formad. Length 6—7,5 mm. G. rotundatum is somewhat rare in Denmark ; Dyrehaven, Tisvilde, Rørvig; on Funen at Odense and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Hørup- hav, Sandager, Funder near Silkeborg and Rebbild; the dates are 19/g — 28^^_ j^ occurs on various flowers. The species is known as parasitic on Palomena prasina^ Chlorochra juniperina^ Piezodorus literatus and Rhaphigaster nehulosa. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Nat. Foren, 67, 1916, 18) treated its biology; he found the eggs on Chlorochroa^ in September; the eggs are laid in various piaces on the host; the larva hibernates in second stage and bores out in next spring; only one yearly generation. The host survives the boring out of the parasite. Geographical distribution: — Europe and in Turcomania; to- wards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 8. Cystogastep Latr. Smallish species, very similar to G. rotundatum. The genus is also very nearly related to Gymnosoma, and in most characters conform with it. The differences are: Frons above a little narrower and about equal in both sexes. Orbits bare in both sexes. Vibrissal ridges broad and flat, the vibrissæ a little ascending and not smaller upwards, the lower above lower margin of epistoma. Antennæ short, only reaching to the middle of epistoma, third joint slightly longer than second; arista short-pubescent, second joint slightly elongated. Femora without spinules below, otherwise legs as in Gymnosoma without bristles, no ventral bristle either on middle tibiæ in both sexes; claws and pulvilli in male only slightly elongated, nearly equal in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell longer petiolate, ending at apex of wing; posterior cross-vein near middle between medial cross-vein and angle. The species is known as parasite on Aelia acwmma/a-imagines; it belongs to Pantel's group 1. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1 The author states that he did not breed the fly, but that he had taken it earlier in the year in the same locality, and that the larva behaved quite in the manner known for the Gymnosoma. Cystogaster. 109 1. C. globosa Fabr. 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 770, 4 (Musca) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 311, 13 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 206, 3, Tab. XXXIX, Fig. 22 {Gymnosoma) et 1838. VII, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 25— 29. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1228, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 411. — 1889. B. B. Denschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 148. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 82, 3 {Gijmnosoma). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 567. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 393. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 255. — Gymnosoma dispar Fall. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Rhizom. 9, 2. Male. This species is so highly similar to G. rotundatum that I shall give only the differences. Frons above about as broad as the eye, widening downwards. Frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Antennæ short, third joint slightly longer than second; arista short-pubescent. Palpi yellow to brown. The stripes on front part of thorax very slightly pronounced. Sciitelhim not pale at apex. Abdomen yellowish red with base and apex black and a black spot on third segment or a continiious middle line; the black apical part includes fifth segment quite and generally more or less of the sides of fourth except the lateral margin. W^ings less tinged, with first posterior cell longer petiolate, the pedimcle ending at apex of wing. Female. Of a somewhat different aspect on account of the colour. Frons of about the same breadth as in male; orbits black and shining only on upper half. Thorax quite black and shining, only pruinose on humeri and sides. Abdomen quite black both above and below. Length 3,5 — 5 mm. C. globosa is rare in Denmark; Lundtofte, Søllerød, Ruderhegn, Ryget Skov (Kryger); the dates are ^^/^ — -"/g. Its biology is treated by Nielsen (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk. Nat. Foren. 67, 1916, 14); he got it bred from Aelia acuminata^ taken in June and the beginning of July. The eggs are deposited in a number of 1 — 3 on the dorsum of abdomen near the sides. The fullgrown larva bores out and pupates in the ground, and the imago develops after about 14 days; the imago deposites again, and in August fullgrown larvæ may be found once more in the Aelia. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 110 Tachinidae. 9. £vibpissa Rond. Species of medium size, black with more or less reddish abdomen. Head considerably broader than thorax, flat or a little concave behind; it is high, considerably higher than long and also higher than broad. Eyes high with the posterior margin ciirved rather strongly forwards a little above middle, and the vertex somewhat sunken, lying lower than the upper margin of the eyes. Frons some- what narrow in male, broader in female, very slightly protruding. Jowls quite narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female two small, indistinct orbitals high above. No black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, all crossing. Cheeks bare. No vibrissæ above the angular vibrissa. Oral bristles few and very small. Epistoma very slightly retreating, flat. Oral cone and proboscis short. Palpi a little dilated towards apex. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye; third joint about four times as long as second; arista bare, second joint somewhat elongated. Thorax nearly quadratic, the transverse suture a little behind the middle. Three postsutural dorsocentrals, the anterior weak, and only præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. One, the posterior, sternopleural bristle. Pteropleura hairy, with a small bundle above. Abdomen elongated oval; excavation on second segment reaching half way to the margin; only small marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. In female sixth segment bent in under venter, ring-like, higher than long, with a large furcate ventral process; last segment forming two large claws. Legs long, especially femora, with few and small bristles; claws and pulvilli long in male. Wings somewhat long, with first posterior cell open, ending quite near apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse but the corner sharp; anal vein reaching to near the margin. No costal spine. The sole species of the genus occurs also in Denmark. 1. E. obscuripennis Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 219, 1, Tab. XL, Fig. 8 et 1838. VII, 189, 1 (Phania). — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3256, 2—3 (Phania). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 421 {Phania). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 143, Tab. XI, Fig. 290. — 1894. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIII, 65, 1 (Phania). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 566. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Xaturgesch. 90, 6, 244. Evibrissa. 111 Of this species I know only tlie female. Frons nearly as broad as the eye, almost not protriiding. Orbits and cheeks very narrow, and likewise jowls. Head silvery, but the orbits black above; the broad frontal stripe velvet black. High above two small forwards directed orbital bristles. Orbits bare, jowls with few small black hairs. Occiput whitish grey, black above along the eye-margin, with whitish hairs. Antennæ blackish, third joint fuUy thrice as long as second; arista bare. Palpi blackish brown. Thorax black, somewhat greyish or bluish grey pruinose, with four black, rather indistinct stripes, the median abbreviated behind. Thorax with short black hairs; no posthumeral but two intraalar bristles. Abdomen reddish yellow, a narrow base and the apex black, from the base a middle spot is prolonged a little backwards and the third segment has a black middle spot at hind margin; the black apex includes fifth and fourth segment, but the latter has the lateral front corners yellow. Abdomen has short, black hairs and a pair of small marginal bristles on each segment. Sixth segment bent in under venter, with a large, downwards directed, furcate process, and the last segment is cleft into two large claws. Legs black with few and moderate bristles; middle tibiæ with a ventral bristle; tarsi with the three last joints somewhat broad. Wings brown with brown veins; first posterior cell open, ending quite near apex of the wing; angle on discai vein obtuse but corner sharp; posterior cross-vein strongly sinuate. Squamulæ white with yellow margin. Halteres brown. Length 8 mm. E. ohscuripennis is very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a female, taken at Sorø in September 1849 (Jacobsen); this is the specimen mentioned by Zetterstedt. Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. 10. Besseria R. D. Small species of black and red colour. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind and somewhat pufTed out below, slightly higher than long. Frons broad in both sexes, broadest in female, slightly protruding. Jowls somewhat broad, but horizontal and thus slightly descending. In both sexes small ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female no or very indistinct orbitals. Behind postocular bristles some black hairs above. Frontal bristles reaching to the insertion of antennæ, all crossing in both sexes. Cheeks bare or only 112 Tachinidae. a little hairy above. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending. Epistoma almost not retreating, a little reflected below. Oral cone and pro- boscis of some length ; clypeus linear, incised in the apical half , Palpi quite small and thin. Antennæ inserted above the middle of the eye, reaching to the end of epistoma, second joint somewhat elongated, third somewhat longer than second; arista thickened in basal half, hare, second joint somewhat elongated. Thorax a little rectangiilar ; only one hinder dorsocentral bristle present and no acrostichals. Scntellum short, broadly rounded or truncate with five to seven parallel and nearly equal marginal bristles on each side. Two sterno- pleural bristles besides hairs. Above on pteropleiira a single small bristle. Abdomen elongated oval, somewhat cylindrical; excavation on second segment very small ; a narrow sixth segment visible anterior to the præhypopygial. No bristles. Male genitalia forming a knob below apex. Genitalia in female similar to those in Weberia; sixth segment cylindrical, bent in under venter, with a ventral process whicli is furcate at apex, the lateral margins on ventral side with dense spinules; the apical segment cleft into two claws; second segment with the lateral margins on ventral side produced down- wards, united and beset with spinules. Legs with fme hair-like bristles; in both sexes two somewhat small ventral bristles on middle tibiæ; claws and pulvilli a little elongated in male. Wings relatively small; first posterior cell petiolate, the peduncle ending before apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse and more or less rounded. No costal spine; bristles at base of cubital vein very minute. The development is not known, but the structure of the female abdomen seems to show that the species belongs to Pantel's group 8. Only one species is known (when scutellum and its bristles are taken as a generic character), also occurring in Denmark. 1. B. melanura Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 286, 81 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 206, 3 {Gymnosoma). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scaiid. III, 1224, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6159, 1 {Wahlhergia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 420. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 143, Tab. XI, Fig. 288. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 564 p. p. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 243, 4. — Ocyptera latemlis Fall. (nec Fabr.) Dipt. Suec. Rhizom. 6, 3. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 69, 6 (Phania). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 380 {Phania). — Wahlhergia dimidiata Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6159, 2. Male. Frons above as broad as the eye or fully, slightly protrud- ing. Orbits and cheeks greyish; jowls broad, but horizontal, slightly Besseria. 113 descending. Orbits and cheeks greyish silvery, the former in certain light black on upper half ; jowls black, shining. Frontal stripe whitish grey pruinose. Besides the ocellar and inner vertical bristles small outer verticals present. Frontal bristles fme. Orbits with fme black hairs, reaching a little down on the cheeks; jowls black-haired. Occiput black and shining above, grey below, with black hairs above, whitish below. Antennæ black, third joint somewhat longer than second; arista thickened in basal half, apparently bare. The small palpi yellowish. Tliorax black, somewhat shining; it is somewhat yellowish grey pruinose in front of the suture, and here with two narrow median and two broad lateral stripes; the humeri and sides to the suture specially pruinose. Thorax is densely black-haired; no posthumeral but an intraalar bristle present. Abdomen red with lifth segment and a triangular spot with apex forwards on fourth segment black; sometimes there is a more or less complete black middle line. Abdomen is very densely black-haired with fme hairs, and without bristles. Fifth sternite quite short, with a lamella-shaped process at each side. Genitalia forming a black knob, bent inwards. Fig. 16. Wing of B. melanura ,^ . Legs black, shining, somewhat hairy, with the bristles fine and hair-like. Wings slightly tinged, yellowish on basal part; veins brown; first posterior cell somewhat long petiolate with the peduncle ending before apex; discai angle obtuse and more or less rounded. Squa- mulæ whitish or slightly yellowish. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons a little broader; orbits black, shining; frontal stripe brownish. Thorax black, shining, only pruinose on humeri. Abdomen with sixth segment cylindrical, bent in under venter, with a ventral process, furcate at apex; the last segment cleft into two claws; sixth segment red to black, its ventral lateral margins covered with short spinules; the lateral margins of second 114 Tachinidae. segment on ventral side protruding downwards, imited and beset with spinules. Hind trochanters densely spinulose below, Length 3,5 — 5 mm. B. melaniira is rare in Denmark, and it has only been taken at Tis- vilde, but here it was taken in large numbers in July 1913 and 1914 (I. C. Nielsen). Geographical distribution: — Eu- rope and in Transcaspia; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: I have examined specimens of melanura from Zetter- stedt's collection and of his Wahlbergia dimidiata; they are both melanura. The specimens of dimidiata I have seen belong to those described in XIII, 6159. Whether the specimen from Glogau, on which Zetterstedt in III, 1225, obs. originally established the species, really is another species cannot be seen of the description; at present it is considered genotype of Wahlbergia and identical with appendicu- lata Perr., but as Zetterstedt does not mention any important char- acter (f. inst. scutellum with three bristles) I think it possible that it is also melanura. Fig. 17. B. melanura $, abdomen. 11. ^WebeFia R. D. Small or at most medium sized species, black with or without some pruinosity. Head broader than thorax, slightly convex behind and a little pufTed out below, a little higher than long. Frons quite narrow or somewhat broad in male, in female broader, slightly protruding. Jowls quite narrow. Somewhat small ocellar bristles present; male with or without verticals, female with inner and outer verticals and two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to or about to insertion of antennæ, in female a more or less outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Epistoma not retreating, somewhat reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis somewhat long; clypeus linear, excised in about apical half. Palpi more or less thread-like. Antennæ inserted Weberia. 115 above middle of the eye; third joint nearly to fully twice as long as second; arista thickened at base, very short-pubescent, second joint a little or almost not elongated. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. One to three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleiira with a single small bristle above. Abdomen elongated oval; excavation on second segment only present at base ; in male a not small apically placed sixth seg- ment present. Only marginal bristles present, on second segment a pair. Male genitalia forming a knob, bent in under venter. In female sixth segment long, cylindrical, bent in under venter, with an apical ventral process; the apical segment forming two claws. Legs moder- ately long and with moderate bristles, middle tibiæ in both sexes with a not strong ventral bristle; claws and pulvilli in male only a little elongated. Wings with first posterior cell more or less narrowly open or just closed, ending at apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse and rounded. No costal spine, and no bristles at base of cubital vein. The species curvicauda is known to be parasitic on imagines of Carabids, Ophonus and Amara and form the group 8 by Pantel; it is, how^ever, probable that Freraea, Besseria and Phania also belong here. Of the genus 6 European species are recorded, 2 occurring in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Frons in male quite narrow, no vertical bristles; thorax in male black, dull, slightly pruinose, in female shining; one sternopleural bristle ; species 4 — 4,5 mm 1 . curvicauda. — Frons in male somewhat broad, vertical bristles present; thorax distinctly pruinose in both sexes; three sterno- pleural bristles; species about 6 mm 2. thoracica. 1. W. curvicauda Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 17, 33 {Tachina). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1217, 2 et 1859. XIII, 6157, 2 {Phania). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 242, 1. ^ Tachina funesta, 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1175, 178 et 1859. XIII, 6136, 178. — Cercomyia Zetterstedtii Villen. 1908. Feuille des jeun. Nat. 4, 38, 37. Male. Frons quite narrow above, almost not protruding; jowds quite narrow. Orbits black above on the narrow part, downwards 8* 116 Tachinidae. together with cheeks and jowls silvery. Frontal stripe velvet black. No vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, stopping above before vertex. Jowls with black hairs. Occiput blackish with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint at least one and a half times as long as second; arista very short- pubescent. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, dull, humeri whitish prui- nose, for the rest thorax very slightly pruinose and with a slight Fig. 18. Wing of W. cwvicauda o • indication of stripes in front; it has longish, black hairs; no post- humeral but an intraalar bristle. One sternopleural bristle and some bristly hairs. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, especially at apex; it is black-haired with not short hairs; only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair and likewise on third, or here a more or less complete row, and on fourth and fifth a row. Genitalia forming a conspicuous, slightly petiolate knob, bent in under venter. Legs black. Wings almost clear; veins blackish; first posterior cell just closed at the margin, or narrowly open, ending at apex of wing; angle on discai vein quite obtuse, more or less rounded. Thoracic squamula whitish to yellowish, Halteres black. Female. Frons broad, as broad as the eye; orbits black and shin- ing, bare. Antennæ with third joint longer than in male. Thorax and pleura shining. Abdomen with the marginal bristles only on middle of the segments; sixth segment long, cylindrical, slightly curved, bent in under venter and with an apical Fig. 19. W. curvicauda $, abdomen. process on ventral side ; it is almost Weberia. 117 quite bare; the apical segment claw-shaped, cleft in apical part. Hind trochanters with some small spinules below. Wings gener- ally somewhat brownisli tinged. Thoracic squamula more or less blackish. Length 4 — 4,5 mm. W. curvicauda is not just rare in Denmark; Lundtofte, Dyre- haven, Lyngby, Hareskov, Tisvilde (Kryger, the author); the dates are ^"/g — "^Z?. It occurs in low herbage near the ground and also on various flowers of composites and umbelhfers. It is known as bred from Ophonus ruficornis and Amara aulica. — Zetterstedt men- tions a Danish specimen of his Tachina junesta^ but it is not pre- sent in our collection now; he had only the single specimen, a female, and I think it probable that it was the present species. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe into Austria; towards the north to middle Sweden; farther south it is not known with certainty as it is not identical with curvicauda Meig. Schin. Pand. 2. W. thoracica Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 220, 4 {Phania) et 1838. VII, 202, 1 {Uro- myia). ^ 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1217, 1 {Phania). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 422 (Uromyia). — 189L B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 387 {Cerco- myia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 564 (excl. syn. incrassata Pand.). — • 1924. Stein, Arch. f . Naturgesch. 90, 6, 243, 4. Of this species I know only the female. Frons about as broad as the eye, slightly protruding; jowis quite narrow. Orbits grey above, downwards together with cheeks and jowls whitish to greyish silvery. Frontal stripe velvet black, slightly brownish. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, above an outward directed bristle. Jowls almost bare. Occiput grey with black hairs. Antennæ blackish, a little paler at base, third joint more than twice as long as second; arista very short-pubescent. Palpi blackish. Thorax blackish, grey pruinose, with an indication of tliree broad darker stripes; it is black-haired. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen black, shining, black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on second and third and a row on fourth segment. Ovipositor as in curvicauda, but shorter and not curved, the ventral apical process furcate at apex; it is hairy, the hairs short but strong on ventral side. Legs black; hind trochanters with small spinules below. Wings somewhat brownish; first posterior 118 Tachinidae. cell open, ending at apex of wing, apical cross-vein more steep than in curvicauda. Squamiilæ whitish. Halteres brown. Length nearly 6 mm. W. thoracica is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a female, is in our collection, taken at Næstved on '/s 1838. Zetterstedt 1. c. mentions a Danish specimen from near Copenhagen. Geographical distribution: — Europe, towards the north to middle Sweden, Lappland and Finland. Remarks: Stein states that this species has no ventral bristle on middle tibiæ, my sole female shows, however, this bristle. 12. Freraea R. D. {Gymnopeza Zett.) Small black species. Head fully as broad as thorax, almost flat behind, but a little puffed out below, nearly as long as high. Frons in male quite narrow with nearly touching eyes, in female broad, almost not protruding, most in female. Jowls quite narrow. Ocellar bristles indistinct or wanting, small inner and outer verticals present. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles only present in male, fine, reaching to lunula, stopping above con- siderably before vertex. No orbital bristles. Cheeks with a row of hairs, or in female quite hairy. Vibrissæ not ascending and the angular vibrissa small. Oral bristles dense, short and hair-like, in female quite short and specially dense. Epistoma a little hollowed. Oral cone and proboscis short; clypeus a delicate, horse-shoe-shaped bow. Palpi small, thread-like. Antennæ inserted at about the middle of the eye, short; arista thickened just at base, bare, second joint short. Thorax nearly quadratic; of bristles on disc only a posterior dorsocentral one on each side. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side. Sternopleura with one bristle and many bristly hairs. Pteropleura above with a single bristle or a couple. Abdomen elongated oval, without bristles; excavation on second segment only present at base. Male genitalia relatively large, lying below apex of abdomen; fifth sternite broadly cleft to the base. In female fifth abdominal segment long, cylindrical, bent in under venter, followed by some telescopically retractile segments and ending with a slender, curved claw-like process. Legs of medium length, almost without bristles, only in male front femora with dorsal and ventral fine bristles, and some few on posterior femora ventrally on basal Freraea. 119 part; middle tibiæ in both sexes withoiit ventral bristle; claws and pulvilli small in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell open or just closed, ending at apex of wing; discai vein only curved evenly and slightly upwards so that no apical cross-vein is formed. No costal spine and no bristles at base of cubital vein. The species is parasitic on Carabids and belongs probably to Pantel's group 8. Only one species is known with certainty, also occurring in Denmark; probably gagathea R. D. and nigripennis B. B. {Gymno- phania) belong to the same species, if not so there would be three species. 1. F. albipennis Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 629, obs. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1258, 1, c^ (Gymmpeza). — 1916. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 259 {Gymnopeza). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 241 {Gynmofeza). — Gymnopeza denu- tata Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1258, 2, ?. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 422. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 74. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 560. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 394. Male. Frons above quite narrow, eyes nearly touching, the frons almost not protruding, somewhat rounded in profile. Orbits black above, downwards greyish silvery, in some lights blackish; jowls blackish. The narrow frontal stripe velvet black. No vibrissæ above the angular. Orbits with small hairs outside the frontal bristles, and cheeks hairy, downwards the hairs in a row, jowls black-haired. Occiput blackish, black-haired. Antennæ brown, short, third joint about as long as second; arista bare. Palpi black, Thorax black shining, black haired; only one hinder dorsocentral bristle, otherwise no distinct bristles on the disc. Abdomen black, shining, fmely black- haired, without bristles. Legs black, tibiæ, especially hind tibiæ a little narrowed at base; the legs almost without bristles, only front femora with fine dorsal and ventral bristles, and posterior femora with some fine bristles ventrally on basal part. Wings yellowish white, darkest towards anterior margin; veins yellow; first posterior cell narrowly open or nearly closed at apex of the wing; discai vein only curving slightly upwards, so that no apical cross-vein is formed; posterior cross-vein rather near the medial cross-vein. Squamulæ white. Halteres with yellow peduncle and blackish knob. Female. Somewhat difTerent; frons broad, broader than the eye, flat and more protruding than in male; orbits black, broad, 120 Tachinidae. frontal stripe only a narrow furrow; vertical bristles short but strong; orbits with dense, short, somewhat strong hairs, but no frontal bristles; oral hairs quite short, dense, the angular vibrissa very short but strong. Antennæ brownish and palpi yellowish. Abdomen with fifth segment long, cylindrical, bent in under venter and ending with some telescopically retractile segments and a claw-like ovi- Fig. 20. Wing of F. albipennis ?, positor. Wings dark brown, especially on apical two thirds and most towards anterior margin; the colour sometimes seaming the veins. Legs without bristles. Length 4 — 4,5 mm. F. albipennis is rather rare in Denmark; Gentofte, Lundtofte (Kryger), Tisvilde (L C. Nielsen), at Ringsted (A. Petersen), and in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wtistnei); only two specimens are caught, in July and August, the others are bred from Ophonus ruflcornis on 2^/4 — ^^/e (Kryger, A. Petersen). It occurs especially in sandy localities. The species is known as parasitic on the Ophonus and the non Danish Carahus Scheidleri. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Nat. Foren. 67, 1916, 133) treated its biology; he got two males bred from O. ruficornis, the Carab was found dead, there were six pupæ in the host. Later on a female was bred, likewise from O. ruficornis, and fmally from a specimen of the same host, containing four pupæ, a male and a female has been bred, the former being albipennis the latter denudata, thus proving that these are male and female of the same species, as noted by Villeneuve 1. c. Nielsen mentions, that the specimen he caught was running on a sandy road, and was disinclined to flying. Geographical distribution: ■ — Northern and middle Europe down into Austria (and if gagathea R. D. is the same still farther towards south); towards the north to southern Sweden. Leucostoma. 121 13. Leucostoma Meig. Small black species. Head broader than thorax, nearly flat behind and very slightly pufled out below, higher than long. Frons in male somewhat narrow above, in female broader, not protruding. Jowls narrow. Outwards directed ocellar and in male weak inner vertical bristles, in female the latter strong and also outer vertical and two orbital bristles present. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to or just below insertion of antennæ,. in female the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending, the large vibrissa a little above the lower margin of epistoma. Epistoma not retreating, nearly flat. Proboscis of medium length. Palpi somewhat small. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, short, third joint almost not longer than second; arista thickened in basal third or nearly half, pubescent, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, one pair of præsutural and one of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a bristle and some hairs. Abdomen elongate,. somewhat cylindrical, a little narrowed in front and behind; excava- tion on second segment only present at base. Abdomen has only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. Genitalia in male small. In female abdomen ending with a forceps. Legs a little slender; ventral bristle on middle tibiæ present in both sexes; last tarsal joint in male somewhat long, and claws and pulvilli a little elongated. Wings with the first posterior cell long-petiolate, the peduncle ending before apex of wing; angle on discai vein a little obtuse; anal vein short. No costal spine; a single small bristle at the base of cubital vein. The species probably belong to Pantel's group 9. Of the genus up towards ten European species are recorded; one occurs in Denmark. 1. L. simplex Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 8, 10 {Ocyptera). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 289, 89 (Tachina) et 1838. VIII, 212, 4. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1235, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 543. — 1889. B. B. Denksehr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 143, Tab. XI, Fig. 292 (Psalida). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 80, 7 {ClairvilUa). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 328. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 245, 2. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye, not protruding. Orbits and face silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. Frontal bristles. 122 Tachinidae. not reaching end of second antennal joint. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput blackish, silvery along the eye-margin, with nearly all black hairs, only some pale below. Antennæ short, black, basal joints sometimes brownish, third joint almost not longer than second; arista short, thickened in about basal third or more, slightly pubescent. Palpi brownish yellow. Thorax black or bluish black, shining, hiimeri greyish pruinose and in certain views also the disc; it is black-haired; a posthumeral and two intraalar bristles. Sterno- pleura with hairs besides the two bristles. Abdomen black or bluish black, shining, with black hairs and marginal bristles, a pair on second and a pair or more on third segment besides the lateral, and a row on fourth and fifth segment. Genitalia small. Legs black; front femora rather hairy; tarsi with the last joint somewhat long. Wings nearly clear; veins brown or pale brown; first posterior cell long-petiolate, ending just before apex of wing. Squamulæ white. Halteres black. Female. Similar; frons broader, about as broad as the eye. Abdomen ending with a small median process and a forceps, the arms of whicli are elongated triangular, curved inwards and spined below. Length 4 — 4,5 mm. L. simplex is rare in Denmark, we have only four specimens, a male and three females; Lundtofte and at Egholm on Lolland; the dates are ^^e — ^"/s- Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Fig. 21. L. simplex $, abdomen. 14. Ocyptera Latr. Elongated species of large to medium size; colour black, but nearly always abdomen red except base, or except base and apex, or only at the sides. Head broader than thorax, convex behind and much pufTed out below. Frons somewhat broad, broadest in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls not broad, about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes small, more or less individualised ocellar bristles, and inner but no outer vertical bristles; in female two orbitals. Ocyptera. 123 Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs or only a few above. Frontal bristles only reaching to the insertion of antennæ, in male all crossing, in female the upper- most directed forwards or more or less outwards. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Epistoma almost not retreating, with a low keel in the middle above, reflected and somewliat prominent below. Pro- boscis and oral cone rather long, of about eqiial length, the proboscis slender with small labella. Clypeus linear, only a little incised at apex. Palpi quite small and rudimentary. Antennæ inserted at about the middle of the eye, somewhat short, third joint from about as long to twice as long as second; arista bare with second joint a little or almost not elongated. Thorax rectangular; the transverse suture at or behind the middle. Three postsutural dorsocentrals, no acrostichals; a posthumeral and two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with one, two or three marginal bristles on each side as either the basal or both basal and apical may be wanting. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura covered with short hairs, but without any bristle or bundle of longer hairs. Abdomen long, cylindrical or somewhat narrowing towards base; excavation at base small; either discai and marginal or only marginal bristles present; second segment with bristles. Male genitalia forming a rounded knob at apex; fifth sternite small. Female abdomen ending with a thick or more slender ovipositor, curved in under venter, the last segment ending with two points or two larger claws. In some species there is in the female at the apical corners of second segment on ventral side a patch of strong short spinules and a similar, but of less strong spinules, on third segment. Legs long, with rather long bristles on ventral side of femora and on tibiæ, but in female the femora nearly bare below, only hind femora with a bristle in the middle; the ventral bristle on middle tibiæ present in both sexes. Claws and pulvilli strongly elongate in male. In female the three last joints on front tarsi dilated. Wings with first posterior cell closed and petiolate, the peduncle curved upwards, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, without or with a short veinlet. No costal spine. The species are parasitic on imagines of Rhynchota^ but the biology is known only for two species, the Danish brassicaria on Doly- coris baccarum^ and the non Danish bicolor on Rhaphigaster nebulosa, likewise non Danish. The species belong probably to Pantel's group 9. Of the genus about 20 European species are known; 3 occur in Denmark. 124 Tachinidae. Table of Species. 1 . Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side .... 1 . hrassicaria. — Scutellum with one or two marginal bristles on each side 2. 2. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side, the apical and subapical 2. auriæps. — Scutellum with only one, the subapical bristle on each side, the apical wanting 3. interrwpta. 1. O. brassicaria Fabr. 1775. Fabr. Syst. Entom. 877, 25 {Musca) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 312, 1. — 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Khizom. 5, 1. ^ 1821. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 211, 2, Tab. XXXIX, Fig. 29. — 1811. Loew, Stet. Ent. Zeitg. V, 234, 1 et 1845. VI. 180, 1. — 1814. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1220, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6158, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 416. — 1894. Pand. Kev. Entom. XIII, 61, 5. — 1903. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXII, 39, V, 40, 7. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 430. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 377. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 174, 3. Male. Frons above somewhat narrower than the eye, somewhat protriiding. Head silvery white or yellowish; orbits dark just at vertex when seen from above; frontal stripe velvet black. Ocellar bristles somewhat small, more or less individualised among the hairs; strong inner, but no outer verticals. Orbits bare; jowls with white hairs only below. Occiput bluish grey pruinose with white hairs, but bare above; only one row of postocular bristles. Antennæ black, second joint sometimes a little reddish towards apex; third joint about twice as long as second; arista thickened in nearly basal half. Thorax black, bluish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated before the suture, narrow, the lateral broad. Thorax black-haired. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat small, crossing. Abdomen black with second segment, except extreme base and third segment red; from the base a black triangle stretches backwards towards or to the end of second segment, and from the black apical part a prolongation may stretch more or less forwards, sometimes the prolongations meeting to a black middle line; abdomen has a slight and narrow silvery pruinose front band on third, a broader on fourth segment. Abdomen is black-haired with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row on fourth and fifth segment; eighth segment with two bristles; the pair on second segment is placed more or less forwards as if the bristles were discai; third segment with some long bristles at the apical corners on ventral side. Fifth sternite small, incised and Ocyptera. 125 forming two small lamellæ with a comb of spines at apex. Legs black, front femora grey pruinose on posterior side; femora with antero- and postero-ventral bristles. Wings brownish tinged, more yellowish at base and anterior margin; veins brown; subcostal vein ending beyond medial cross-vein; first posterior cell petiolate, the peduncle curved upwards, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle Fig. 22. Wing of O. brassicaria S ■ about rectangular, generally with a more or less short veinlet ; apical and posterior cross-vein sinuate. Squamulæ white. Halteres brown. Female. Similar; frons somewhat broader. Of the two last abdominal segments the first cylindrical, the apical not long, ending with two claws. Femora almost without ventral bristles, only on hind femora a posteroventral bristle. Length 8 — 13 mm. O. brassicaria is common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Hareskov, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Nyrup Hegn, Humlebæk, Lave Skov at Helsingør, Rørvig, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, and in Jutland at Sønderborg and Funder near Silkeborg; the dates are ^Ve — ^"/s- It occurs on various flowers, especially umbellifers, but generally only singly. The species is parasitic on Dolycoris baccarum. Nielsen has (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 76) treated its biology. Only the imagines of the host are infested, and there is always only one parasite in each host. The parasite larva hibernates in second stage in the hibernating host; when fullgrown it bores out in the beginning of June and pupates in the ground, and it develops in June and July. The development is irregular as to time, and possibly there may be two generations in the year, one summer generation, the other with the larva hibernating. The fly is probably oviparous belonging to Pantel's group 9. The host is not killed by the presence of the parasite and survives the boring out of the latter. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 126 Tachinidae. Remarks: I have seen two specimens of O. cylindrica from Zetterstedt's collection, one was the present species, the other auri- ceps. 2. O. auriceps Meig. 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 213, 3. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 132. — 1903. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXII, 40, 5. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 429. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 174, 1. — O. æarctata Loew, 1844. Stett. Ent. Zeitg. V, 239, 8. ~ 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 417. — O. interrupta 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 414, p. p. — O. Mussinii Rond. 1861. Arch. Zool. Modena I, 273, 1 et 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 125, 1. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 63, 7. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 380. — O. Picciolii Rond. 1861. 1. c. I, 275, 6 et 1861. 1. c. IV, 128, 6. Male. Very similar to the preceding. Head of same shape and colour and with the same bristles. Jowls partly with black hairs. Antennæ smaller with second joint a little reddish; third joint only a little longer than second. Thorax as in brassicaria. Scutellum with only two marginal bristles on each side, the basal wanting. Abdomen black, second segment except base and third segment except hind margin red, but with a continuous black middle stripe. Abdomen has discai and marginal bristles, second and third segment with a pair, or sometimes more, of discai and marginal, fourth and fifth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; the discai bristles may be irregnlar, and they may sometimes be wanting on some or all segments (Picciolii Rond.); eighth segment without bristles. Tibiæ somewhat fringed with fme hairs, especially posterior tibiæ on ventral side. Subcostal vein ending above medial cross-vein. Female. Quite similar and with the same differences as in brassicaria. The apical corners of second abdominai segment on ventral side with a patch of short, strong spinules, and also, but less strong, on third segment; of the two apical segments the first somewhat pear-shaped, the apical claw-shaped, two-pointed at apex. Length 7 — 10 mm. O. auriceps is somewhat common in Denmark; Nyrup Hegn, Humlebæk, Lave Skov at Helsingør, Rørvig, Tisvilde; on Funen at Odense and Middelfart and in Jutland at Sønderborg; the dates are Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden (see remarks). Remarks: As noted under brassicaria a specimen of cylindrica from Zetterstedt's collection proved to be auriceps. Ocyptera. 127 3. O. interrupta Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 213, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 414, p. p. — 1903. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXII, 39, 2. ~ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 431. -- 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 176, 7. — O. setulosa Loew, Stett. Ent. Zeitg. V, 237, 7. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 63, 8. — 1903. Villen. 1. c. XXII, 38. Again this species is similar to the two preceding. Male. Head as in the others and with similar bristles, but frontal stripe widening at vertex; jowls black-haired. Occiput with some black hairs above. Antennæ black, third joint aboiit one and a lialf times as long as second. Thorax with median and lateral stripe confluent, so that there are two broad black stripes, narrowly separated in the middle and stopping just before the suture; behind the suture thorax black, Scutellum with only one, the subapical, marginal bristle on each side; rarely a weak basal bristle. Abdomen coloured as in auriceps, with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a various number of paired discai and a pair of marginal bristles, on third generally a pair of discai and of marginal, on fourth and fifth various numbers of discai and a row of marginal bristles; eighth segment with a pair of bristles; fourth sternite with a long, curved bristle at each apical corner; fifth sternite small, slightly excised. Legs black; tibiæ somewhat fringed, but less than in auriceps. Wings with subcostal vein ending above medial cross-vein. Female. Similar, with the same differences from male as in the other species. The apical corners on ventral side of second segment and the ventral part of third with strong, short spinules; the twO' last segments about as in auriceps. Length 6 — 7 mm. O. interrupta' i& not rare in Denmark; Lundtofte, Dyrehaven, Hillerød, Egebæks Vang, Nyrup Hegn, Grib Skov, Humlebæk, Tisvilde, Rørvig, Slagelse, AllindeHlle and Kværkeby; it has thus only been found on Sealand; the dates are ^^/g — -^^/s- Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. 15. Lopliosia Meig. Elongated species of somewhat large size, black with slight pruinosity. Head somewhat broader than thorax, somewhat convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad, in male 128 Tachinidae. fully as broad as in female, only a little protruding. Jowls one third of the height of the eye or fully. In both sexes small and indistinct ocellar, large inner but no outer vertical bristles and one orbital bristle. Very small postocellar bristles. No black liairs behind post- ocular bristles. Frontal bristles only reaching to the insertion of antennæ, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes. Cheeks and jowls bare. Vibrissæ small, a little ascending, large vibrissa strong, Epistoma high, carinate, very slightly retreating, a little reflected below. Proboscis somewhat short with rather large labella. Palpi thread-like, quite slightly dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted high above the middle of the eye, third joint about four times as long as second, in male dilated and triangular and somewhat porrect, in female only a little dilated; arista bare, with second joint elongated. Thorax rectangular. Three postsutural dorsocentrals and about three præsutural and likewise three postsutural, somewhat irregular acrostichals; two posthumeral and two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the lateral small, the apical Crossing. Only one small sternopleural bristle. Pteropleura with only small hairs above. Abdomen elongate, narrow in basal part, widening apically; excavation at base (on first segment) small; there are only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair; the bristles small. Male genitalia forming a knob at apex; fifth sternite forming a large, open arch or furca with bristles at its base; in the opening at the tase a second smaller furca (sixth sternite ?). In female the two last segments curved in under venter, the last ending w^th two styli- form claws. Legs long, and especially anterior tarsi long; bristles not numerous nor strong; the ventral bristle on middle tibiæ present in both sexes; claws and pulvilli in male slightly longer than in female. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending slightly before -apex of wing; discai angle rounded. No costal spine. To the genus only one species belongs, also occurring in Denmark. 1. L. fasciata Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV. 216, 1, Tab. XL, Fig. 1—4. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1215, 1 et 1855. XII, 4704, nota. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 419. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 139, Tab. X, Fig. 275. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 74. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 428. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 173. Male. Frons broad, broader than the eye, slightly protruding. Head silvery, orbits blackish above; frontal stripe velvet black Graphogaster. 129 or blackish brown. Quite small ocellar and crossing inner vertical bristles, but no outer verticals; one orbital bristle. Frontal bristles few in number. Orbits and jowls bare. Occiput blackish above, silvery below, with white hairs, almost bare above. Antennæ brown, black at base, third joint about foiir times as long as second, strongly dilated outwards and of triangular shape; arista brown, thickened in about basal half. Palpi yellowish brown. Thorax black, a little bluish grey pruinose on humeri, at the sides and on a middle stripe in front; pleura silvery grey pruinose. Thorax has only very few black hairs. The lateral marginal bristle on scutellum small. Only one distinct, but small sternopleural bristle. Abdomen black, shining, the front margin of third and fourth segment with a silvery grey pruinose band. Abdomen has black hairs and marginal bristles, one pair on second and third segment and a row on fourth. Fifth sternite formed as an arch, with bristles at base. Legs blackish brown, all or only posterior tibiæ yellowish in apical half; tarsi black, long, especially anterior tarsi, and somewhat robust. Wings a little brownish ; veins brown; from apical part of radial vein a brown transverse band down over posterior cross-vein; first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rounded; apical cross-vein sloping. Squamulæ white and clear, glassy. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little narrower, with the same bristles; third antennal joint much less dilated. Length 8 — 10 mm. L. fasciata is rare in Denmark; we have in all five specimens, four males and a female; Dyrehaven (Drewsen, the specimen men- tioned by Zetterstedt, a male), Ruderhegn (Kryger) and Jægerspris (Schlick); the dates are in August. The species is recorded parasitic on Tortrix viridona. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. 16. Grapliogaster Rond. Greyish pruinose species of small size. Head fully as broad as thorax, very slightly convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons in female fully as broad as the eye, not protruding. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles present in female. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles 9 130 Tachinidae. black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, the iippermost directed outwards. Gheeks bare. Vibrissæ quite slightly ascending. Epistoma not retreating, slightly reflected below. Antennæ inserted a little above the middle of the eye, third joint short, square, slightly longer than second; arista slightly pubescent, second joint short. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Above on ptero- pleura a couple of bristles. Abdomen short ovate; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin. Abdomen with long discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles. Legs of common shape. Wings with first posterior cell long-petiolate, the peduncle ending about at apex of wing; discai angle rounded. No costal spine and no bristles at base of cubital vein. There seems to be about 5 European species of the genus, one occurring in Denmark. 1. G. brunnescens Villen. 1908. Villen. Feuille des jeun. Nat. 4, 38, 118. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 249, 1. Of this species I know only the female. Frons as broad as or fully as broad as the eye, not protruding. Orbits double as broad as the frontal stripe. Orbits and face whitish grey; frontal stripe black, seen from in front grey pruinose. Orbits nearly bare, jowls black-haired. Occiput grey with all black hairs. Antennæ black, basal joints slightly brownish; third joint almost square, slightly longer than second ; arista thickened at base, very slightly pubescent. Palpi black. Thorax grey or a little brownish grey, without stripes; it is sparingly black-haired; the præscutellar pair of acrostichal bristles long; a posthumeral and two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with the apical bristles long, crossing. Abdomen grey or brownish grey, second segment brownish, third with a more or less distinct brownish hind margin, broadly interrupted in the middle. Abdomen is black-haired, but the two last segments almost without hairs; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and a row of marginal, but some of the latter small, fourth with a row of discai and of marginal and fifth quite covered with bristles. Legs black; middle tibiæ with ventral bristle. Wings somewhat brownish ; veins brown ; first posterior cell long-petiolate, the peduncle ending quite near apex of wing; Cephenomyia. 131 discai angle rounded. Squamulæ dirty yellowish white. Halteres yellow. Length 8,7 mm. According to Villeneuve the male has thorax black, a little brownish behind, somewhat shining; abdomen has second segment black, on third segment a middle longitudinal band besides the lateral spots, foiirth segment with a small middle spot at anterior margin and transverse lateral spots; wings more brown and squamulæ darker. G. brunnescens is very rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both females, are known, one from Tisvilde ^"/g 1916, the other without particular locality; this latter it bred from a pupa found under bark on ^5 ^rid developing on ^/g 1898. Geographical distribution: — Besides in Denmark occurring in Germany and France. V. Calliphorinæ. 17. Ceplienomyia Latr. Oestrid-like species of medium or somewhat large size, densely pilose with the pile more or less variegated in colour. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind, considerably higher than long; it is low, much broader than high (in our species). Frons in male broad and still broader in female, somewhat protruding. Cheeks rather broad; jowls broad but horizontal, slightly descending. No bristles present. Occiput yellow-haired, but with a row of weak, black postocular bristles. Cheeks with erect hairs. Vibrissal ridges sharp above, downwards widening out to a broad part the inner margin of which is converging below the antennal fovea and then bending down to the mouth edge, so that the middle part of epi- stoma is narrow, but the whole epistoma between the arms of the frontal suture broad, below more or less confluent with the inter- mediate triangles and jowls. Above on epistoma lies the circular, deep antennal fovea, divided by a slight middle carina. No vibrissæ though the hairs on the ridges a little strong. Mouth parts rudimentary, but a small proboscis and club-like palpi present. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, short, third joint lenticular; arista bare. Thorax quadratic or somewhat roundish; no bristles also no sterno- pleurals. Hypopleura with a row of shghtly bristly hairs. Abdomen ovate, without bristles; fifth sternite in male slightly incurved in 132 Tachinidae. apical margin. Genitalia placed a little inwards below apex. Legs somewhat strong with tibiæ robust and tarsi somewhat flattened. Femora with long hairs except above, and tibiæ with a little stronger long hairs. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending well before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with a veinlet; ciibital vein with bristles at base. Wing-membrane corrugate. The species is viviparous. The larva is cylindrical, somewhat spindle-shaped, covered with spinules which are largest on dorsal side. There are two mouth hooks and the antennal papillæ lie close to each other, each with two small chitinous rings on apical end. The species live as larvæ parasitic on species of Cervus and on Rangifer and Alces. The female injects the larvæ in the nostrils of the host and the larvæ live here and in the gullet. When fullgrown they quit the host through mouth or nostrils and pupate in the ground, and the fly emerges after a month or thereabout. The female deposits in summer, and the larvæ hibernate in the host. Of the genus four European species are known, one occurs in Denmark. 1. C. stimulator Clark. 1815. Clark, Essay on the Bots, 69, Tab. V, Fig. 28, 29 {Oestrus). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 170, 4 (Oestrus). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 395. — 1863. Brauer,' Mon. Oestr. 206, 4, Tab. III, Fig. 10, Tab. IX, Fig. 8. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 556. Male. Frons fuUy as broad as the eye. Orbits broad, blackish, at the front end silvery pruinose, cheeks blackish, silvery above and at eye-margin; jowls grey. Orbits and cheeks with erect yellow hairs, along the eye-margin black hairs; face and jowls with pale yellow or yellow hairs. Occiput grey with yellow hairs and black hairs along the eye-margin. Antennæ brown, third joint generally black; arista thickened at base. Thorax black, shining, a little brownish before the suture; it is clothed with dense erect yellow pile, behind the suture a transverse band with black hairs, behind which again some yellow hairs; behind the suture five narrow, more shining, bare stripes are seen, but they are generally slightly marked, and not seen in front of the suture. Scutellum with yellow hairs. Abdomen black, shining, with dense yellow or more reddish erect pile; a narrow, bare middle line is seen; on each side at the base there is a spot of red or reddish hairs going over second, third and partly fourth seg- ment, and the spot has black hairs in the middle; sometimes the Pollenia. 133 red-haired spaces are confluent above, so that all the fore part is reddish-haired. Legs all black or tarsi slightly brownish; the hairs on posterior side of front femora mainly yellow, for the rest black and on tibiæ black; claws and pulvilli strong and robust. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, especially along the veins; veins brown; first posterior cell open, ending well before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular with a veinlet. Squamulæ whitish hyaline with a brownish margin. Halteres brown with yellow peduncle. Female. I have not seen the female. C. stimulator must be rare in Denmark, we possess no imago, but some larvæ have been taken on Cervus capreolus on Møen (Rosen- krantz). The above description is drawn from German specimens. The species is parasitic on C. capreolus and pygargus. Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe; not known nortli of Denmark. Remarks: Nielsen mentions (Landbrugets Ordbog I, 1909) that we have a species of Cephenomyia in Denmark, parasitic on C. dama^ but he does not say its name ; this is certainly due to a mistake, and he has no doubt only known the above mentioned larvæ. 18. Pollenia R. D. Species of medium size, black, more or less shining or with abdomen pruinose and tessellated; they are characteristic by having thorax clothed with metallic-coloured, felted hairs, as mentioned below. Head not broader than thorax, flat behind, higher than long. Frons in male narrow with touching orbits, in female broad, a little or somewhat protruding. Cheeks rather broad and jowls half as broad as the height of the eye or more. In male fme, parallel ocellar bristles present, but no verticals, in female stronger, diverging ocellar bristles, outer and inner verticals and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles present. Occiput with black hairs behind the post- ocular hristles. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, being smaller upwards and stopping somewhat before ocellar tringle, in female stronger, reaching quite up, and the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks densely hairy. Vibrissal ridges converging below, the angle with the large vibrissa placed somewhat high above the lower margin of epistoma, above it the vibrissæ a little or somewhat ascending. Eyes with the facets in upper front part a little enlarged in male. Epistoma slightly retreating, a little reflected below; it has 134 Tachinidae. a keel above between the antennæ. Proboscis and oral cone of medium length; clypeus forceps-shaped. Antennæ inserted at about the middle of the eye or a httle below, third joint from a httle longer to more than twice as long as second; arista long-plumose. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; exterior posthumeral bristle placed higher than or as high as the præsutural ; a præsutural intraalar bristle present. Scutellum with three to six marginal bristles on each side; a pair of discai bristles or more. Two sternopleural bristles. Thorax is characteristic by being clothed with dénse, felted metallic coloured hairs, both on dorsum and pleura; these hairs are, however, very liable to be lost, but are yet always visible, at all events on pleura, and here they form long tufts at the anterior spiracle, along the upper margin, down along the mesopleural suture behind the row of bristles, and on pteropleura; the latter besides with a bundle of black bristles above. Propleura bare, Abdomen ovate, somewhat flat; excavation on second segment only present at base; bristles present as marginal on fourth segment and on most part of fifth segment. Fifth sternite in male cleft to base. Genitalia small, bent in under venter; upper forceps narrow, cleft at apex or to middle; lower forceps with arms as long as upper. Legs with not strong bristles. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, some- times short-petiolate, ending somewhat near apex of wing; discai angle more or less rectangular; cubital vein with fine hairs stretching more or less towards half way to medial cross-vein or farther; in atramentaria (non Danish) the common stem of subcostal, radial and cubital vein ciliate as in Phormia. No costal spine. Squamulæ not hairy. The larva of P. rudis is known as parasitic in the earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica (Keilin, Compt. rend. de se. de la Soc. de Biol. LXVII, 1909, 201 et Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, XIII, 1911, 182). Of the genus about a dozen European species are recorded, but only four or five are well known; 3 occur in Denmark, Table of Species. 1. Scutellum with three to four marginal bristles on each side; abdomen pruinose, more or less tessellate 2. — Scutellum with five to six marginal bristles on each side; abdomen black, shining 3. vespillo. PoUenia. 135 2. Thorax with four slight stripes; abdomen olive, whitish grey pruinose with strong tessellations ; upper forceps with a middle carina, elongate triangular, only cleft at apex 1. rudis. — Thorax with three stripes; abdomen bluish, whitish pruinose, less tessellate; upper forceps without carina, narrowed in middle and cleft to the middle 2. vagabunda. 1. P. rudis Fabr. 1786. Fabr. Entom. Syst. IV, 314, 9 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 287, 16 (Musca). — 1822. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 48, 24 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 66, 28 (Musca). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 659, 22 et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1339, 11 (Musca). ~ 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 586. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 151, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 526. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 24, 40. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 260, 2. — P. hisulca Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 152, 4. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 393. Male. Frons with the orbits touching above, a little protruding, Orbits, cheeks and jowls brownish, intermediate triangle somewhat reddish; frontal triangle black, somewhat greyish. Orbits and cheeks somewhat densely hairy; jowls with black hairs anteriorly, yellow behind. Occiput grey with yellow hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black or brown, the basal joints reddish, third joint about twice as long as second, but varying to more or less. Palpi black, sometimes brown to yellowish. Thorax black, dull, slightly bluish grey pruinose, more at the sides, and there are four or indications of four black stripes. Thorax has dense, fine erect black hairs, but colour and hairiness is hidden under dense, felted, golden, rarely paler hairs, which are, however, on the disc often more or less completely lost; on pleura the hairs form conspicuous tufts. Scutellum with three or four marginal bristles on each side, according to the lateral bristle being well developed or smaller to disappearing. Abdomen olive, greyish or greyish white pruinose, the colours forming shifting irregular tessellations; a black middle line visible. Abdomen black-haired, hairs longest towards apex; on third segment the marginal hairs long, on fourth a row of bristles and fifth with bristles on apical part. Upper forceps with a high middle carina, seen from behind elongated triangular with straight, slightly converging margins, and thus evenly tapering to apex and here short Fig. 23. P. rudis, forceps from behind. 136 Tachinidae. cleft into two small points. Arms of lower forceps rod-shaped, slightly ciirved, truncate and rounded at apex and a little converging. Legs black, mainly black-haired, but sometimes with some paler hairs below femora. Wings more or less yellowish or brownish yellow tinged, most towards base; veins yellow to brown; first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, sometimes just closed, ending before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular. Squamulæ yellow or yellowish. Balteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broad, as broad as or broader than the eye, frontal stripe black or brown to reddish. Length 4,5 — 9 mm. P, rudis is very common in Denmark; it occurs during the whole season, but is, I think, most common in late summer. It may be seen very early by fme weather, so that it can no doubt hibernate as imago; it then often is seen sitting on walls, palings and trunks in the sunshine, and it occurs in woods and on fields, not rarely near horders of water. Geographical distribution: — All Europe and in Asia down into Cashmere ; towards the nortli to northern Scandinavia ; also occurring in North America. 2. P. vagabunda Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 72, 36 (Musca). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 528. — P. caerulescens Strobl, 1894. Mittheil. Ver. Steirm. XXX, 72. Male. This species is similar to the preceding. Jowls quite or almost quite black-haired. Antennæ with third joint short, not much longer than second. Palpi black. Thorax a little bluish grey pruinose with three broad black stripes. The felted hairs always paler than in rudis, pale brass-coloured. Bristles as in rudis, but scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, sometimes, however, further a small lateral present. Abdomen bluish, whitish pruinose, the colours somewhat shifting according to view, but less than in rudis and abdomen not so tessellate; in the main each seg- ment divided into an anterior and a posterior part, the former being white pruinose the latter bluish, or vice versa, according to view; a nar- row black middle stripe distinct. Lower forceps as in rudis, but upper forceps not carinate; seen from behind it is narrowed in the middle, then widening and cleft to middle into two slightly diverging, sharply pointed branches. Legs black, black-haired; bristles stronger than Pollenia. 137 in rudis; tarsi more robust, fourth joint, especially on front tarsi, as broad or aboiit as broad as long. Wings not yellow, almost uncoloured or a little brownish; veins blackish. Squamiilæ more or less brown, with the margin whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; a black spot on orbits and cheeks to each side of the base of antennæ much more pronounced than in rudis. Squamulæ paler to whitish. Length 7 to about 11 mm, tlius in general lar- ger than rudis. P. vagabunda is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Hillerød, Grib Skov (the author) and in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wiistnei); the dates are ^^4 — ^Ve- ^^ seems especially to occur early and then again in late summer and autumn. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known with certainty north of Denmark, Fig. 24. P. vagabunda, forceps from behind. 3. P. vespillo Fabr. 1786. Fabr. Entom. Syst. IV, 318, 26 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 292, 39 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 65, 27 (Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 586. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 151, 2. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 528. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 41, Tab. III, Fig. 4. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 260, 4. — Musca nitens Zett. 1845. Dipt. Scand. VI, 1340, 12. Male. Frons with the orbits touching above, less protruding than in the other species. Orbits, cheeks and jowls brown or greyish brown; frontal triangle black, more or less brownish pruinose. Jowls nearly all reddish-haired, only a little black-haired in front. Occiput grey, with mostly black hairs above, reddish below. Antennæ black or brown, second joint red; third joint about twice as long as second. Palpi black or blackish. Thorax black, dull, unstriped; it has dense, erect brownish hairs, and is covered by felted golden hairs, which as in the other species may be more or less completely lost. Bristles 138 Tachinidae. as in the other species. Scutellum with five or six marginal bristles on each side, all strong. Abdomen black, shining, sometimes some- what bluish or greenish; it is not pruinose, or, seen quite from behind, very indistinctly. Abdomen has short, dense black hairs, and a row of marginal bristles on fourth segment and some on apical part of fifth. Genitalia sliaped as in rudis^ upper forceps iikewise carinate along middle, elongated triangular and cleft only at apex; arms of lower forceps rounded at end. Legs black and black-haired; tarsi shorter than tibiæ, front tarsi robust, third and fourth joint as broad as long. Wings more or less yellow, especially at base; veins yellowish to brownish. Squamulæ yellow or yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broad, broader than the eye. Length 5,5 to nearly 10 mm. P. vespillo is not rare in Denmark but, however, much less common than rudis; Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Egebæks Vang, Vedbæk, Ruderhegn, Donse, Hillerød, Frerslev Hegn, Nøddebo, Grib Skov; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Skeide, Sandager, Hørup Hav, Kliplev, Frijsenborg, Marselisborg and Horsens; the dates are ^'^/^ — ^^s- It occurs in the same localities as rudis and together with it. Geographical distribution: — Europe, towards the north to middle Scandinavia; it is also recorded from North America. P. atramentaria Meig. with black and shining thorax and ab- domen, and with the interesting character that the common stem of subcostal, radial and cubital vein is ciliate as in Phormia, has hitherto not been found in Denmark. 19. Pbormia R. D. {Protophormia Towns. 1908.) Medium sized species of blue or greenish colour, with shght or quite without pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, some- what flat behind, higher than long. Frons in male narrow, in female broad, almost not protruding. Jowls about -half the height of the eye. In male ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, in female also outer vertical and two fme orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles small. Occiput all black-haired (in the Danish species). Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, in female the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges con- verging below; vibrissæ short, but numerous, ascending to a little Phormia. 139 above the middle. Eyes with the facets a little enlarged on upper front part in male. Epistoma not retreating, somewhat reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus forceps- shaped. Palpi a little dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted a little below the middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista long plumose. Thorax a little longer than broad; four post- sutural dorsocentrals, but only the hindmost strong, the others fme and sometimes one or two abortive or there are more than four; only præscutellar acrostichals. A præsutural intraalar bristle present. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side. Two, sometimes three, sternopleural bristles. (In non Danish species the thoracic bristles may be present in other ways.) Pteropleura with a bunch of hairs above. Propleura hairy. Abdomen ovate or elongated ovate, somewhat flat; excavation on second segment reaching near to hind margin in male, less in female. There are only fme decumbent marginal bristles on fourth segment and on apical half of fifth. Genitalia small, bent in under venter. Legs with only slight bristles, almost none on femora but only hairs; claws and pulvilli a little elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse; cubital vein with short bristles half way to medial cross-vein; the common stem of sub- costal, radial and cubital vein with a series of fme cilia on inner side. No costal spine. Alar squamula with hairs above on outer part, thoracai squamula not hairy. In rest the wings lie flat and parallel over abdomen. The larva of some species as azuren Fall. {Protocalliphora Hough) is known to attack youngs of birds, as sparrows, swallows and others, in the nest, and generally destroy them; other species no doubt live in carrion and the like. Of the genus 4 or 5 European species are known, one occurs in Denmark. 1. Ph. terrae novae R. D. 1830. K. D. Myod. 467, 6. — Musca groenlandica Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 657, 16 et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1330, 3. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 215, 12 {Phormia). — 1911. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXX, 84. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 28, 280. — 1920. Engel, Zeitschr. f. wiss. In- sektenbiol. XV, 256, Fig. 7. — Phormia caerulea 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 261, 1. Male. Frons narrow, about one fifth of the eye, almost not protruding; orbits narrow, not half as broad as the frontal stripe. 140 Tachinidae. Orbits black above, greyish pruinose downwards and on cheeks^ shifting to black; frontal stripe black; jowls black and shining. Orbits with fine hairs, cheeks bare, jowls black-haired. Occiput blue, shining, with all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint aboiit twice as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax blue, shining, densely black-haired. Abdomen blue, sometimes greenish, shining; it is black-haired, with weak bristles at margin of fourth and apically on fifth segment. Legs black; claws and pulvilli strong. Wings hyaline or nearly; veins black; first posterior cell open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular or a little obtuse. Squamulæ blackish or blackish brown. Halteres brownish. Female. Quite similar; frons broad, broader than the eye. Length 7,5 — 11 mm. Ph. terrae-novae is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Frede- riksberg Have, Amager, Ordrup Mose, Egebæks Vang, Holte, Geel Skov, Grib Skov; in Jutland at Hattenæs near Silkeborg and Skør- ping, and on Bornholm at Rønne; my dates are ^^/^ — ^/g; it is thus present during the whole season, and it is often seen very early as the date ^^/i shows; on this date it was taken on snow by a tempera- ture of 2,5 C. I have taken it in copula on ^Z,. Geographical distribution: — Widely distributed; all Europe,^ towards the north on Iceland and in Greenland to at least 70° L. N. Also occurring in North America, and originally described from New Foundland. Remarks: Engel says 1. c. that both sexes have two pairs of vertical bristles, but this is not correct, the male has only the inner verticals. 20. Lucilia R. D. Species of medium size, bright metallic green or blue or more golden to coppery, quite without or with very slight pruinosity. Head only slightly broader than thorax, flat behind, considerably higher than long. Frons in male more or less narrow, from quite narrow with touching orbits to half as broad as the eye, in female from three fourths of to broader than the eye, not protruding. Jowls from one third to about half as broad as the eye is high. In male parallel ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female the ocellars diverging and also outer verticals and two orbitals present. Postocellar and occipital bristles more or less distinct. Occiput with black or Lucilia. 141 hlackish brown hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, in male being small iipwards and stopping before vertex, in female stronger with the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks bare. Vi- brissal ridges only a little converging, with fine vibrissæ up to the middle. Eyes with the facets a little enlarged on upper front part in male, and towards the inner angle in female. Epistoma not re- treating and only slightly reflected downwards. Oral cone and pro- boscis of medium length; clypeus somewhat horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi a little dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, third joint three to about four times as long as second; arista long-plumose. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and two or three postsutural acrostichals. A præsutural intraalar bristle present. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, and sometimes a weaker fifth ; two discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles in position 2 — 1; above on pteropleura a dense bundle of more or less bristly hairs. Propleura hairy. At the base of the postalar declivity, between it and the thoracic squamula there is a narrow, chitinised part with long bristles, and this is char- acteristic of the genus (Shannon: Insec. Insc. Menstruus, XII, 1924). Abdomen short ovate; excavation on second segment reaching margin or nearly. Only marginal bristles, on third segment none or a pair or more, on fourth segment a row. Fifth sternite in male excised to near base. Genitalia rather small, bent in under venter; upper forceps cleft to middle or only at apex; arms of lower forceps as long as upper forceps. Legs with not strong bristles, hind tibiæ with a regular anterodorsal row of short bristles and some a little longer. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle nearly rectangular; cubital vein with bristles half way to medial cross-vein or a little longer. No costal spine; the subcostal sclerite, i. e. the tongue-shaped sclerite on underside at base of wing below costa is either bare or with bristles (Shannon I. c). Squamulæ not hairy. The species are oviparous. The larvæ generally live in decaying animal matter, carrion and the like; some, as sericata and caesar have been a serious plague to the sheep-flocks, especially in Scot- land and Holland but also in Austraha (Froggatt: Dep. of Agric. New South Wales, Farmer's Bull. 95, 1915). The eggs are deposited on the dirty whool, but the irritating of the larvæ causes the sheep to scratch, and then the larvæ (sheep-maggots) live in the wounds and go deeper in, and in this condition the sheep are still more 142 Tachinidae. attracting to the flies. L. bufonivora attacks Bufo vulgaris; it deposits the eggs on the host, and then the larva generally penetrates into eyes and nostrils and from here proceeds farther in and often quite destroys the host, and it would seem as if this is at all events its main way of feeding. Sometimes Lucilia deposits on sleeping persons in ears or nostrils (see below under sericata) and gives rise to more or less serious accidents; the larvæ have also sometimes, like other Calliphorine larvæ, been present in the intestine, and are then quitted with excrements or by vomiting. Of the genus 8 European species are rather well known, and besides two more are recorded; 6 have hitherto been found in Denmark. As remarked above the species are all similar and of metallic colour. The males have as a rule second abdominal segment dark, blackish or dark blue, but this is less pronounced in the females. Here, as in other metallic coloured flies, as Dolichopodids, the colour varies somewhat during the life of the specimen; the newly emerged specimens are cyan blue, then the colour passes into green and further into a golden or even coppery colour. As Pandellé correctly remarks the copper-coloured specimens have generally the wings more or less worn. Tahle of Species. 1. Third abdominal segment with a pair (or more) of marginal bristles 2. ■ — • Third segment without bristles 3. 2. Three postsutural acrostichals 1. silvarum. — Only two postsutural acrostichals (generally) 2. bufonivora. 3. Three postsutural acrostichals; squamular piece at base of costa yellow; subcostal sclerite without bristles 3. sericata. — Only two postsutural acrostichals; squamular piece at base of costa black; subcostal sclerite with bristles 4. 4. Frontal stripe in male distinct in whole length; upper forceps curved ventrally, arms of lower forceps with the end angularly bent; frons in female as broad as or broader than the eye and cheeks broader than orbits 4. simulatrix. - — Orbits in male quite or nearly touching; upper forceps nearly straight, arms of lower forceps not angularly bent at end ; frons in female (caesar) not as broad as the eye, and cheeks not or slightly broader than orbits 5. 5. Hypopygium large with partly bristly hairs; upper forceps with the dorsal margin curved inwards on middle; arms of lower forceps claw-shaped, somewhat pointed 5. caesar. Lucilia. 14a — Hypopygium small, mainly densely fine-haired; upper for- ceps with the dorsal margin not curved inwards; arms of lower forceps blade-shaped, not pointed 6. flavipennis. 1. L. silvarum Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 53, 4 (Musca). — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1318, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 591. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 219, 17 {CalUphora). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 541. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 42, Tab. III, Fig. 7. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 263, 6. Male. Frons narrow above but orbits not touching, a narrow frontal stripe present. Orbits blackish above, downwards together with cheeks and jowls silvery; frontal stripe black. Orbits with few, fme black hairs, jowls black-haired. Occipiit black, downwards along the eye margin whitish grey, with all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about three times as long as second. Palpi black, some- times paler to yellowish with dark apex. Thorax black-haired; three postsutural acrostichals. Abdomen black-haired; third segment with a pair or more of marginal bristles. Upper forceps straight, cleft to above the middle, the arms thin; the arms of lower forceps of a similar shape, tapering into a long apex, likewise straight and of the same length as upper for- ceps; both pairs obtuse at end, the upper with a little knob. Legs black. Wings hyaline or slightly tinged, more at base; squamular piece at base of costa black; subcostal sclerite without bristles. Squamulse whitish, the lower more or less brownish fumigated. Halters blackish or brownish. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye. Squamulæ- whitish. Length 5,5 to fully 8 mm. L. silvarum is not specially common in Denmark; Lersø, Ordrup, Geel Skov, Birkerød, Hillerød, at Sorø; on Lolland at Nysted and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Made Skov, Skeide, Høruphav and Graa- sten; the dates are ^^/^ — 22^^ Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland ; it is also recorded from North America. Fig. 25. L. silvarum, forceps in profile. 144 Tachinidae. Remarks: As known, illustris Meig. and splendida Meig. are (besides others) considered as synonyms, but it is impossible to say whether they belong to this or the following species; splendida is mentioned by Zetterstedt as sent from Stæger, and the specimens under this name in our collection (Stæger's) are silvarum, so that ■at all events splendida Zett. may be considered as a synonym. 2. L. bufonivora Mon. 1876. Moniez, Bull. Dep. Nord. Lille, VIII, 25 et 1878. IX. — 1914. Villen. Feuille des jeun. Nat. 5, 44, 2, Fig. 1. Male. This species is quite similar to silvarum. Head of the same shape and colour. Thorax with only two postsutural acrostichals, very rarely with three. Abdomen as in silvarum with a pair or more of marginal bristles on third segment. Forceps not so long as in silvarum; the upper forceps of about the same shape, the branches truncate at apex; arms of lower forceps much broader, blade-shaped, broadest on the middle, somewhat attenuating towards the rounded end. Legs and wings as in silvarum. Squamulæ less or not fumigated. Halteres black. Female. Quite similar; frons about as broad as the eye. Length 4,5 — 9 mm. L. bufonivora does not seem to be common in Denmark, I have never caught it, all my specimens have been bred; the localities are Donse, Nøddebo and Præstø. It is known to be parasitic on Bufo vulgaris, and my specimens are also bred from this (Stamm, Kryger). Its development has been treated in a number of papers, and also several times in our literature: Meinert: Entom. Medd. II, 1890, 89, only the larva, but no doubt of the present species; it was from Dyre- haven; Mortensen: Naturen og Mennesket, 1891 and Zool. Anz. 1892, 193 (as silvarum); the Bufo was found in Johnstrup Vang; Kryger: Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Nat. Foren. 72, 1921, 99 (as silvarum). In these papers, especially in the last, a good account of the behavior of the larva is given. The larva goes in the ground to pupate and hibernates as pupa, developing in April and May. The species seems also to attack Rana temporaria (Portschinsky). As the species has so often been bred in the same way it would seem Fig. 26. L. bufo- nivora, forceps in profile. Lucilia. 145 as if its development is bound to Biijo and, as it seems, also to Rana, and perhaps other toads. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; hitherto not known north of Denmark. Remarks : L. bujonivora has generally been considered as identical with silvarum, and so also in Kat. palåarkt. Dipt., but in 1914 Ville- neuve 1. c. pointed out that the two species are different. Besides by the characters in the genitalia Villeneuve also says that hufonivora further differs by only two postsutural acrostichals; this latter char- acter is also generally but, however, not always quite valid, as a couple of my specimens show three postsutural acrostichals, and one specimen has three on one side, two on the other. The genus Bujolucilia Towns. 1919 for hufonivora and silvariim I fmd quite unjustifiable. 3. L. sericata Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 53, 3 (Musca). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 655, 10 (Musca) et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1314, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 590. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 219, 16 (Calliphora). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 539. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 42, Tab. III, Fig. 8. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 263, 5. — Musca nobilis Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 56, 12. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 590. — L. fulgida Zett. 1845. 1. c. IV, 1315, 4. — L. latifrons Schin. 1862. F. A. I, 590. Male. Frons above of some breadth, about one fifth of the breadth of the eye; the frontal stripe broader than the orbits. Orbits blackish above, the face for the rest whitish, silvery; frontal stripe black or brownish black. Orbits with distinct hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput greenish black, silvery along the eye-margin, with all black hairs. Antennæ as in silvarum. Palpi yellow to brownish. Thorax slightly whitish pruinose just in front; three post- sutural acrostichals. Abdomen with third segment without marginal bristles. For- ceps somewhat short, upper forceps elong- ated triangular, attenuating outwards, only cleft in apical part; arms of lower forceps broad, almost ovate, generally with a somewhat straight dorsal and a pjg ^l. L. sericata, forceps convex ventral margin; the arms curved in profile. 10 146 Tachinidae. towards each other at apex. Squamular piece at base of costa yellowish. Siibcostal sclerite withoiit bristles. Squamulæ whitish to slightly yellowish. Halteres yellowish. Female. Similar; frons as broad as or broader than the eye. Thorax rather distinctly white pruinose in front with the beginning of two median lines, and abdomen distinctly bluish white pruinose, especially when seen from behind, and hence less shining. Length 6 to nearly 10 mm. L. sericata is common in Denmark; Copenhagen, Amager, Dam- hussø, Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven; in Jutland at Nymindegab, Horsens, Skanderborg, Aalborg, Blaavand, Bovbjerg and Skagen; the dates are ^/g — ^^/g. One of our specimens is bred from larvæ living in a human ear, where they caused a bad inflammation; this case is mentioned by Meinert (Entom. Medd. I, 1888, 119, as nobilis). Two other specimens are bred from pupæ found in sand on the shore at Blaavand in August. The species is often present at shores. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. It is also recorded from Japan, Africa and North America, and it has been introduced into Australia very early. 4. L. simulatrix Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 218, 15 {Calliphora). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 398. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 542. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 42, Tab. III, Fig. 6. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 263, 7. Male. Frons narrow above but orbits not touching, the frontal stripe distinct in the whole length. Orbits blackish above, down- w^ards together with cheeks and jowls greyish white silvery. Frontal stripe black. Orbits with fine sparse hairs, jowls with blackish or brownish hairs. Occiput greenish black, whitish along the eye- margin, all black-haired. Antennæ black, third joint about four times as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax with two postsutural acrostichals. Abdomen with the marginal hairs on third segment generally somewhat strong, but without bristles. Forceps some- what long; upper forceps carinate at base, cleft to the middle, the branches thin, curved ventrally, pointed; the arms of lower for- ceps a little broad at base, attenuated and styliform outwards, curved ventrally and with the not pointed apex bent about rectangu- larly. Wings a little or more brownish tinged, most at base; squa- mular piece at base of costa black; subcostal sclerite with bristles. Lucilia. 147 Squamulæ brownish fumigated. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye or broader; cheeks broader than orbits. Squamulæ white. Length 6 — 10 mm. L. simulatrix is common in Denmark; Copenhagen, Amager, Ordrup, Charlotten- lund, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Ørholm, Præstevang, Grib Skov, Jyderup; on Funen, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Horsens, Søndervig and Aalborg; on Born- holm at Allinge; the dates are 2*^/5 — Vs- I have taken it in copula on "/g. Geographical distribution: — At present known in Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). Fig. 28. L. simulatrix, forceps in profile. 5. L. caesar L. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, I, 595, 50 {Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 289, 26 {Musca). — 1821. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 46, 20 {Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 51, 1 {Musca). — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1312, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, .590. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 218, 14 {Galli- phora). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 532. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 42 Tab. III, Fig. 5. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 263, 1. — Musca ruficeps Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 55, 8. — 1845. Zett. 1. c. IV, 1314, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 590. Male. Frons above quite narrow, orbits touching or practically touching. Orbits a little dark above, downwards together with cheeks and jowls whitish silvery; frontal stripe black. Orbits with very few hairs; jowls black- or brownish-haired. Occiput greenish black, silvery along the eye-margin, with black, or downwards more brownish hairs. Antennæ black, third joint thrice to four times as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax with two postsutural acrosti- chals. Abdomen without marginal bristles on third segment. Geni- talia somewhat large, hypopygium with long, partly bristly hairs. Forceps relatively robust; upper forceps broad at base and here cari- nate, cleft to the middle into two close-lying, thin, nearly straight branches, the dorsal margin curved inwards in the middle; arms of lower forceps broad at base, evenly attenuating, the apex curved 10* 148 Tachinidae. ventrally and somewhat marked off or a little bifid. Wings a little yellowish tinged, most at anterior margin and towards base; squamular pieca at base of costa black; subcostal sclerite with bristles. Lower squamula yellow or yellowish brown. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons narrower than in simulatrii\ three foiirths of the eye or a little broader, but not as broad as the eye; cheeks not or slightly broader than orbits. Length 6,5 — 11 mm. L. caesar seems to be'less common in Denmark than simulatrix; Copenhagen, Hellerup, Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven, Sor- genfri, Ørholm, at Sorø; on Falster; on Funen, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Kliplev, Horsens, Skander- borg and Hattenæs near Silkeborg; the dates are ^"/g — ^9- I have bred it from a pupa found in the ground, the imago emerging on ^e- Geographical distribution : — Widely distributed species, Europe and down into Africa, and also known from Japan; towards the north to northern Scandinavia; it is further recorded from North America and Brazil, and from New Zealand and Australia, but it must be rembered that the records, both for this and other species, cannot be considered as fully sure. Remarks: The female is difficult to distinguish from simulatrix^ but I think it may generally be know^n by the less broad frons and the cheeks being not or only slightly broader than the orbits. Fig. 29. L. caesar, forceps in profile. 6. L. flavipennis Kram. 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 28, 27, 284, Fig. 2. — L. am- pullacea Villen. 1922. Bull. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 515, 4. Male. Frons above quite narrow, with touching or almost touching orbits as in caesar. Orbits and cheeks whitish silvery ; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. Jowls black-haired. Occiput greenisli black, with black hairs above, for the rest with yellow hairs. An- tennæ black, third joint about thrice as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax with two postsutural acrostichals. Abdomen without marginal bristles on third segment. Genitalia somewhat small, much smaller Calliphora. 149 than in caesar; hypopygium densely fme-haired with black hairs, tuft- like and brown below, only a few stronger hairs above. Upper forceps aboiit as in caesar but less broad at base and with the dorsal margin not curved inwards ; arms of lower forceps somewhat broad, blade- shaped and somewhat swoln at base; they are straight, rounded at end, not much chitinised, brownish and densely hairy. Wings hyahne or sHghtly tinged (aecording to Kramer brownish yellow, but not in my specimens) ; squamular piece at base of costa black; subcostal sclerite with bristles. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. I do not know the female and it has not been de- scribed; at present it will, I think, not be distinguishable from caesar. Length 7 — 8,5 mm. L. flavipennis seems to be rare in Denmark, I know only three specimens, Copenhagen, Ermelund and Jyderup, taken in May and June (the author). — As Kramer remarks the male may be known from caesar already by the much smaller hypopygium. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; not known north of Denmark. Lucilia longilohata Pand. with somewhat broad frons, three postsutural acrostichals, bristles on third abdominal segment and a long, thin forceps, and pilosiventris Kram. with broad frons, three postsutural acrostichals and long, dense, tufted hairs on venter have hitherto not been found in Denmark, but will probably be found to occur here as they have been found in Sweden. Fig. 30. L. flavipennis, forceps in profile. 21. CallipliOFa R. D. Species- of medium or somewhat large size and of bluish colour, with rather slight pruinosity. Head about as broad as thorax, flat behind, considerably higher than long. Frons in male narrow with orbits touching or slightly separated, in female broad, almost not 150 Tachinidae. protruding. Jowls one half of the height of the eye. In male parallel ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, in female the ocellars divergent and further outer vertical and two orbital bristles present. Postocellar and occipital bristles relatively large. Occiput pale- haired with black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, in male being small upwards and stopping long before vertex, in female stronger with the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks hairy in iipper half. Vibrissal ridges some- what converging just below; short vibrissæ ascending above the middle. Eyes with the facets slightly enlarged on inner front part in male. Epistoma not retreating, somewhat reflected in lower part, with a not strong middle carina. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus elongated horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi slightly dilated at apex. Antennæ inserted slightly below the middle of the eye, third joint about four times as long as second; arista long-plumose to near end. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. A præsutural intra- alar bristle. Scutellum with four or five marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles in position 2 — 1. Pteropleura hairy with a dense bunch above. Propleura hairy. Abdomen ovate; excava- tion on second segment reaching the margin. Fourth segment with a row of marginal bristles, fifth with finer bristles. Fifth sternite excised about to base. Genitaha rather small; upper forceps cleft to middle, arms of lower forceps as long as upper. Legs with not strong bristles ; claws and pulvilH strong in both sexes, a little elong- ated in male. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular but a little rounded; apical cross-vein strongly concave; cubital vein with bristles only at base. No costal spine. Lower squamula with long hairs on upper surface. The species are oviparous. The larvæ live in carrion and upon the whole in all kinds of decaying animal matter. Of the genus 2 European species are well known, also occurring in Denmark; further a couple of other European species are recorded of which one, uralensis Villen. 1922, is recorded to occur in Norway. Perhaps sdso germanonnn Villen. 1904 {Onesia) is correctly placed here, as done by Stein. Table of Species. 1 . Jowls red with black hairs 1 . erythrocephala. — Jowls black with partly red hairs 2. vomitoria. Calliphora. 151 1. C. erythrocephala Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 62, 22 (Musca). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 656, 15 et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1329, 2 (Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 584. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 213, 9. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 546. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 28, 290, Fig. 4. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 265, 2. Male. Frons narrow above but the orbits somewhat broad and not toiiching. Orbits grey above, downwards whitish silvery, cheeks more yellowish white pruinose with dark reflexes, especially a brownish spot at the root of antennæ; jowls and intermediate triangle red, the former greyish pruinose. Frontal stripe black to brown. Orbits and upper half of cheeks with fme hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput greyish pruinose, with pale hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, junction of second and third joint more or less reddish; third joint about four times as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax bluish with a fme whitish pruinosity, dull; there are four slightly marked dark stripes, the median abbreviated at the suture, the lateral widely interrupted at the suture into spots. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen blue, somewhat shining, with a fme bluish white pruinosity, shifting according to view; on third and fourth segment there are often more or less distinctly two median spots and at hind margin a transverse lateral spot on each side, these spots shifting from white to blue according to view; a median stripe more or less visible. Abdomen black-haired; third segment with a marginal row of bristles or bristly hairs, fourth with a row of bristles. Legs black. Wings about hyaline or a little tinged, darker at base, with black veins. Squamulæ brownish black, the lower with a white margin, hairy. Halteres dark brownish. Female. Similar; frons broad, broader than the eye; orbits greyish; frontal stripe black to brown. Length 7 — 12 mm. C. erythrocephala is common everywhere from early spring to late autumn; it very often comes into houses. Geographical distribution: — Cosmopolitan or nearly, towards the north found in Greenland at least to 70° L. N. It has been intro- duced in Australia. 2. G. vomitoria Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 1, 595, 5 (Musca). — 1821. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 47, 22 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 60, 21 (Musca). — 1838. 152 Tachinidae. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 656, 14 et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1328, 1 {Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 584. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 213, 8. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 548. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 28, 291, Fig. 3. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 265, 3. — Musca carnivora Fabr. 1784. Entom. Syst. IV, 313, 4 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 285, 5. Male. This species is similar to the preceding. Frons quite narrow, the orbits touching or nearly; they are black above, down- wards together with the cheeks yellowish grey; jowls black, grey pruinose. Frontal stripe black or brown. Jowls black-haired but with red hairs behind and below. Occiput with pale hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles, below the hairs are red. Thorax as in the foregoing, black- or brownish black-haired. Abdomen like- wise as in erythrocephala, but the whitish pruinosity thinner and less shifting, mainly leaving the hind margins uncovered. The marginal hairs on third segment not bristly and also the marginal bristles on fourth segment smaller than in erythrocephala and more numerous. Legs and wings as in erythrocephala. Female. Similar; frons as broad as or a little broader than the eye. Length 9—12 mm. C. vomitoria is less common than erythrocephala; Copenhagen, Amager, Damhussø, Charlottenlund, Bidstrup Hegn, Grib Skov, Jyderup and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Kliplev and Skanderborg; the dates are ^^/g — ^^/g. It occurs together with the foregoing, but is generally not seen in houses. Geographical distribution: — All Europe, towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Lapland; further in Japan and North America. 22. Onesia R. D. Species of medium size or small, of bluish, sometimes greenish colour, with only shght pruinosity. Head about as broad as thorax, somewhat flat behind, higher than long. Frons in male narrow, sometimes the orbits nearly or quite touching, in female the frons broad, it is more or less to slightiy protruding, and cheeks broad or narrow. Jowls broad, from less than half to two thirds of the height of the eye. In male almost parallel ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female the ocellars stronger and diverging and also outer vertical and two orbital bristles present. Postocellar and occipital Onesia. 153 bristles small. Occipiit all black-haired or {sepulchraUs) pale-haired with black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, in male being small upwards and stopping before vertex, in female strong and the iippermost directed outwards. Cheeks hairy, either in almost the whole length or only in upper half. Vi- brissal ridges a little converging just below, vibrissæ ascending to middle or a little above. Eyes with the facets equal or in some species a little enlarged in male towards inner margin above {caerulea, gentilis). Epistoma not retreating, somewhat reflected and prominent below or only slightly so. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length or a little above; clypeus forceps-shaped. Palpi thread-like. Antennse inserted at or a little below middle of the eye; third joint from about one and a half times to nearly thrice as long as second; arista medium long-plumose in about basal half or long-plumose, but less densely,, in about basal two thirds. Thorax slightly longer than broad; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals; two or three postsutural and no or one præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three or four marginal bristles on each side^ the basal being small or wanting; one or two pairs of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles in position 2 — 1, but the lower not rarely wanting. Pteropleura hairy with a tuft above. Propleura hairy. Abdomen conical or a little ovate; excavation on second segment reaching the margin or stopping a little before. Only marginal bristles present; third segment with stronger marginal hairs, sometimes with bristles, fourth segment with a row of bristles and fifth segment quite or almost quite covered with bristles. Fifth sternite in male triangularly excised to the middle. Genitalia larger or smaller; upper forceps cleft to middle or only at apex; arms of lower forceps of various shape, as long or about as long as upper forceps. Legs with the bristles not specially strong; middle tibiæ with a ventral bristle except in male of sepulchraUs. Claws and pulvilli in male strongly or moderately elongated, and in the latter case not much stronger than in female. Wings with first posterior cell open, sometimes narrowly or just closed or even short petiolate, ending near apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or a little obtuse; apical cross-vein concave or more straight; cubital vein with bristles only at base. No or a small costal spine. Lower squamula bare {Melinda) or hairy on upper surface {Onesia s. str.). The species of Onesia s. str. are recorded to be viviparous, but those of Melinda oviparous; the larvæ generally seem to live in 154 Tachinidae. decaying animal matter. After Keilin (Parasitology XI, 1919, 432) one of the species of Onesia s. str. seems to be parasitic on earthworms. 0. {Melinda) caerulea (cognata) is parasitic on snails {H elicelia virgata, Patula rotundata) and so probably also gentilis (Keilin 1. c. and Schmitz: Biol. Zentralbl. 37, 1917, 24). Of the genus about 14 European species are known, 6 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1 . Lower squamula with hairs on upper surface ; cheeks broad ; three sternopleural bristles; claws and pulvilli in male ratlier elongated (Onesia s. str.) 2. — Lower squamula bare or almost so; cbeeks somewhat narrow; lower sternopleural bristle weak or wanting; claws and pulvilli in male only a little elongated {Melinda R.D.) 4. 2. Three postsutural intraalar bristles but no præsutural; occiput with reddish hairs below 1 . sepulchralis. — Only two postsutural intraalar bristles, and a præsutural; occiput all black-haired 3. 3. Arms of lower forcej^s thin and straight; front tibiæ with one posterior bristle 2. aculeata. — Arms of lower forceps broad and curved with a dilatation ventrally at base and furrowed on outer side; front tibiæ with one or two posterior bristles 3. hiseta. 4. Three postsutural intraalar bristles 5. — Only two postsutural intraalar bristles and a præsutural. . 6. polita. 5. A præsutural intraalar bristle present; palpi yellowish to blackish 4. gentilis. - — No præsutural intraalar bristle; palpi black 5. caerulea. 1. O. sepulchralis Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 71, 34 et 1830. VI, 374 (Miisca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 376. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 552, p. p. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 28, 295. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 266, 6. — Musca vespillo 1816. Fall. (nec Fabr.) Vet. Akad. Handl. 247, 23 et 1822. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 45, 25. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 658, 20 et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1307, 28 {Sarcophaga) . — O. suhapennina Rond. 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 182, 3. — 1911. Kram. 1. c. 27, 44, Tab. III, Fig. 16. — Calli- phora rectrocurva Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 211, 5. — 1902. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXI, 26, Fig. 1 (Onesia) et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 397. Male. Frons narrow above but the orbits not touching; it is rather protruding and cheeks broad. Orbits and cheeks silvery or a little yellowish, jowls more grey. Frontal stripe black. Orbits and Onesia. 155 cheeks with fine hairs, jowls black-haired. Occiput greyish pruinose with yellow, downwards reddish hairs, and black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Antennæ black, often more or less reddish at base, third joint towards thrice as long as second. Arista densely, moderately long-plumose in about basal half. Palpi yellow, Thorax black, some- what bluish pruinose, with tliree not very distinct stripes, the median broad, abbreviated behind, sometimes more or less divided into three. Thorax is black- or brownish black-haired; three postsutural but no præsutural intraalar bristle. Abdomen blue, sometimes greenish, shining, with a slight whitish somewhat shifting pruinosity; a dark middle stripe visible. Abdomen is black-haired, third segment with mar- ginal hairs which are more or less bristly, especially in the middle; fourth segment with a row of marginal bristles and some of the hairs on the disc rather strong. Genitalia somewhat large, upper forceps strong, cleft to the middle, curved slightly ventrally; hypopygium on each side prolonged downwards into a roundish lobe; inwards to these lobes the arms of lower forceps issue, they form strong hooks, curved upwards with apex touching the apex of upper forceps. Legs black; middle tibiæ with- out ventral bristle; claws and pulvilli strongly elongate. Wings a little or somewhat brownish tinged; veins black; first posterior cell open, ending near apex of wing; apical cross-vein concave; discai angle rectangular, sometimes with a quite short veinlet; anal vein reaching near to margin. Squamulæ whitish, the lower with black hairs above. Halteres yellowish to brown. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye; middle tibiæ with ventral bristle. Length 7 — 11 mm. O. sepulchralis is very common in Denmark and occurring over the whole country in and at woods; the dates are ^*l^ — ^Viol I have taken it in copula on ^/^ and ^^7. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to northernmost Scandinavia. Fig. 31. O. sepulchralis, forceps in profile. 156 Tachinidae. 2. O. aculeata Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 210, 4 {CalUpJwra). — 1902. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXI, 26, Fig. 3 et 5, et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 397. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 549. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 44, Tab. III, Fig. 17. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 265, 1. Male. Frons narrow above but orbits not touching; it is some- what protruding and cheeks broad. Orbits and cheeks silvery shifting to dark, jowls grey. Frontal stripe black. Orbits and cheeks with fine hairs, jowls black-haired. Occiput grey pruinose with all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint at most one and a half times as long as second; arista moderately long-plumose. Palpi yellow or brownish. Thorax bluish black, somewhat dull, slightly whitish pruinose in front, stripes only indicated. Thorax black-haired; two postsiitiiral and one præsutural intraalar bristle. Abdomen bliie or greenish, shining, slightly whitish pruinose; it is black-haired, third and fourth seg- ment with marginal bristles, finest on third, and some hairs on the middle of the disc may be bristly; fifth segment covered with somewhat fine bristles. Genitalia somewhat large; upper forceps straight, cleft to middle into two thin close-lying branches; arms of lower forceps of a similar shape, a little thicker, generally diverging. Legs black; claws and pulvilli elongate. Wings brown tinged, most along veins and at anterior margin and base; veins black; first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, sometimes nearly closed; discai angle rectangular or somewhat obtuse; apical cross-vein straight or nearly. Squamulæ brownish, the lower hairy on basal part. Hal- teres brownish. Female. Similar; frons broad, broader than the eye. Stripes on thorax a little more distinct. Squamulæ yellowish. Length 5,5 — 8,5 mm. O. aculeata is not just common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Char- lottenlund, Ermelund, Geel Skov; on Langeland at Lohals and in Jut- land at Sønderborg; the dates are ^/^ — ^^/g. I have bred a specimen from a pupa found under the bark of an elm on ^^/^g, it emerged on ^^Vs- Geographical distribution: — Europe, at all events down into France; hitherto not known north of Denmark. Fig. 32. O. acu- leata, forceps in profile. Onesia. 157 3. O. biseta Villen. in litt. Kram. 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz 28, 292. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 266, 2. — CallipJiora scpulchralis 1896. Pand. (nec Meig.) Eev. Entom. XV, 209, 2. ^ 1902. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXI, 26, Fig. 2 et 4. ^ 1911. Kram. 1. c. 27, 43, Tab. III, Fig. 13. Male. Tilis species is in all respects similar to aculeata, differing only in the genitalia. Palpi yellow to black. Upper forceps cleft to middle, the branches close-lying, curved a little ventrally; the arms of lower forceps are broad and with a little dilatation at base, they are curved and somewhat obliquely cut at apex; on the inner side they have a depression at base and on the outer side a furrow; they are somewhat converging at apex. Front tibiæ with two posterior bristles or often with only one. Female. The female I cannot distin- guish from aculeata, unless specimens with two bristles on front tibiæ. Length 5,5 — 9 mm. O. biseta seems to be more common in Denmark than aculeata; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Birkerød, Grib Skov, Tisvilde; on Lol- land at Nysted; on Funen at Veflinge and in Jutland at Kliplev, Skanderborg and Skagen and on Læsø; the dates are ^^/g — ^^s- I have bred it from a pupa taken in the ground on ^/g, the imago appearing next day. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; hitherto not known north of Denmark. Remarks: Villeneuve gives as character two posterior bristles on front tibiæ; Stein says that there is often only one, and thinks it possible that these specimens may be a distinct species as the arms of lower forceps seem to him more slender and longer. All my male specimens have only one bristle on front tibiæ except five spec- imens, all from Veflinge, but whether they are specific distinct from biseta I dåre not say, but I do not think it probable; one of the spec- imens was also determined by Villeneuve as biseta (perhaps agilis Meig. might be hidden among them). Of my females a couple shows two bristles. Fig. 33. O. biseta, forceps in profile. 158 Tachinidae. 4. O. gentilis (R. D. ?) Meig. 1838. Meig. Syst. Besclir. VII, 302, 9 {Musca). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 266, 4. — O. germanorum 1911. Kram. (nec Villen.) Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 44, Tab. III, Fig. 15. — O. Villeneuvi Kram. 1917. 1. c. 28, 28, 294. Male. Frons narrow above, orbits touching or nearly; the frons very slightly protruding and cheeks somewhat narrow. Orbits and cheeks silvery, shifting to dark, jowls grey; frontal stripe black. Orbits and cheeks with fine liairs, the latter only on upper half; jowls black-haired. Occiput bluish, greyish pruinose with all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about twice as long as second; arista not densely but long-plumose in basal two thirds or more. Palpi yellowish to blackish. Thorax blue, somewhat shining, slightly bluish grey pruinose, with three broad slightly marked stripes; it is black-haired; three post- sutural and one præsutural intraalar bristle. Abdomen bluish, shining, slightly whitish pruinose on front part of third and fourth segment; a dark middle line indicated. Abdomen is black-haired; third segment with bristly hairs at hind mar- gin, generally a stronger pair on the middle, fourth segment with a marginal row of bristles and fifth with fine bristles all over. Genitalia small; upper forceps broad seen from behind, somewhat abruptly tapering to a small apex and only cleft at the apex which is ventrally curved; arms of lower forceps somewhat broad, blade-shaped, somewhat triangularly attenuated and a little obtuse at apex. Legs black; claws and pulvilli only a little elongated. Wings hyaline or a little brownish towards base and anterior margin; apical cross-vein straight or nearly. Squa- mulæ whitish or yellowish, not hairy. Halteres brownish or brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons about of the breadth of the eye. Length 5 to nearly 7 mm. O. gentilis is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Fure Sø, Birkerød and in Jutland at Madeskov; the dates are ^^4 — ^U- ^ have taken specimens on 2^/4 by digging in sandy slopes where they were hidden under the sand, but no puparia were seen. Fig. 34. O. gentilis, forceps in profile. Onesia. 159 Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Austria; at present not known north of Denmark. 5. O. caerulea Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 63, 23 (Musca). — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1310, 30 (Sarcophaga). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 208, 1 {Calliphora), — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 266, 5. — Musca cognata Meig. 1830. 1. c. VI, 374. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 577 (Onesia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 550. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 44, Tab. III, Fig. 14. Male. Frons above narrow but orbits not touching; it is slightly protruding, the cheeks somewhat narrow. Orbits and cheeks silvery, shifting to dark; jowls black. Frontal stripe black. Orbits and cheeks witli fine hairs, on the latter only on upper half; jowls black-haired. Occiput bluish, greyish pruinose, all black-haired. Antennæ black, third joint about twice as long as second; arista not densely but long- plumose in about basal two thirds. Palpi black. Thorax blue, somewhat shining, slightly bluish grey pruinose, with three broad shghtly marked stripes; it is black-haired ; three postsutural intraalar bristles but no præsutural. Abdomen blue, third and fourth segment rather distinctly white pruinose with a dark middle line. Abdomen black-haired; third and fourth segment with marginal bristles and most part of fifth with bristles. Genitalia small; upper forceps elongated triangular seen from behind, cleft to middle into two close-lying straight branches, only bent ventrally just at apex; arms of lower forceps broad and oval. Legs black; claw^s and pulvilli only a little elongated. Wings a little brownish tinged; apical cross-vein nearly straight. Squamulæ yellowish, not hairy. Halteres yellowish to brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye. Abdomen often less white pruinose than in male. Length 5 to fully 7 mm. O. caerulea is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Dyrehaven; on Lolland at Nysted and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sottrup and Kliplev; the dates are ^V4 — ^Vio- Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. Fig. 35. O. caerulea, forceps in profile. 160 Tachinidae. 6. O. polita Mik. 1883. Mik, Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXIII, 255, 3. — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 367. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 551. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 266, 5. Of this species I have seen only the female. Frons as broad as the eye, slightly protruding. Orbits, cheeks, and jowls grey. Frontal stripe black. Orbits and cheeks with fine and very sparse hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, black-haired. Antennæ black, third joint aboiit one and a half times as long as second; arista long- plumose in basal two thirds. Palpi yellow. Thorax bluish, greyish pruinose, especially on front part, and here with two narrow median and two broad lateral stripes; between the median a narrow middle stripe more or less distinct; three postsutural and a præsutural intraalar bristle. Sciitellum with three marginal bristles. Abdomen metallic green, shining, without pruinosity; third and fourth segment with marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; apical cross-vein straight and first posterior cell very narrowly open. Squamiilæ white, not hairy. H alteres yellowish to brownish. Length about 5 mm. O. polita is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens, all females; Egebæks Vang, Ruderhegn, Birkerød (the author), and on Læsø (H. J. Hansen); the dates are in June and July; one of the specimens is bred from a pupa found in flood refuse. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Austria; not kno\^^l north of Denmark. 23. Cynomyia R. D. Species of rather large size and blue or greenish colour without pruinosity on abdomen. Head a little broader than thorax, slightly convex behind, higher than long. Frons in male about half as broad as the eye, in female broader, somewhat protruding. Jowls broad, about four fifths of the height of the eye. In male ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, in female also somewhat small outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles strong. Occiput with black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Frontal bristles quite few, reaching to lunula, in male stopping before vertex but above a small outwards directed bristle, in female this bristle strong. Cheeks with very small sparse hairs on upper half. Vibrissal Cynomyia. 161 ridges a little converging just below; short and fine vibrissæ ascending to middle. Eyes with the facets in male slightly enlarged towards inner margin above. Epistoma not retreating, a little reflected in lower part. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus elongated horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye; third joint about four times as long as second; arista long-plumose in about basal two thirds. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præsutural and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side and besides a more or less weak basal and a pair of discai bristles. Three sterno- pleural bristles in position 2 — 1. Pteropleura with a dense tuft of hairs above. Propleura hairy. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching the margin. Only marginal bristles present as rows on fourth and fifth segment; in female the whole fifth segment covered with strong bristles. Sternites unusually broad; fifth sternite in male deeply cleft to near base. Genitalia large, pro- truding, bent in under venter; upper forceps elongate triangular, rather short; arms of lower forceps long and strong, much longer than upper forceps. Legs in male with femora long-haired below but without bristles, in female with strong bristles; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; anal vein reaching near to margin; cubital vein with bristles only at base. No costal spine. Lower squamula hairy on upper surface. The larvæ live in decaying animal matter, especially in carrion. The species is oviparous. Only one European species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. C. mortuorum Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 1, 594 (Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 290, 32 {Musca). — 1821. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 45, 18 {Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 16, 1 {Sarcophaga). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 650, 6 {Musca) et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1303, 25 {Sarcophaga). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 575. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 212, 7 {Calliphora). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 554. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 267. — Musca vomitoria Fabr. (nec Linn.) 1781. Spec. Ins. II, 439, 17 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 290, 34. Male. Frons above about half as broad as the eye, somewhat protruding. Orbits blackish to greyish just above, for the rest together 11 162 Tachinidae. with the whole face yellow and jowls yellow or more reddish. Frontal stripe brown, seen from in front pale pruinose. Orbits sparingly with fine hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput bluish, greyish pruinose, with yellow hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ yellow, third joint brown dorsally towards apex; the joint is about four times as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax bluish and bluish grey pruinose, with three broad dark stripes; it is black-haired. Abdomen deep blue, sometimes more or less greenish or golden green, shining; it is black-haired with a row of more or less numerous marginal bristles on fourth and a single or sometimes double dense row on fifth segment. Genitalia large and protruding, black, densely hairy, the forceps bent in under venter. Legs black. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins black; discai angle rectangular and apical cross-vein curved strongly outwards a little above the angle. Squa- mulæ dirty whitish, the lower hairy on upper surface. Halteres brown or blackish. Female. Similar; frons fully as broad as the eye; marginal bristles on fourth segment strong and fifth quite covered with strong bristles. Length 8 — 14 mm. C. mortuorum is common in Denmark, though generally not present numerously; Copenhagen, Amager, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Egebæks Vang, Bidstrup Hegn, Donse, Grib Skov, Jyderup; on Lolland at Nysted; on Falster; in Jutland at Horsens, Hattenæs near Silkeborg and Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm; the dates are ^"/s — 79- I have taken it in copula on ^^/j. Geographical distribution: — All Europe and towards the north in Greenland to at least 70'' L. N. Also recorded from North America at Behring. 24. Cngyzops Rond. {Eggisops.) Small black very slightly pruinose species. Head as broad as thorax, slightly convex behind, liigher than long. Frons in male narrow, in female broad, not protruding; cheeks narrow; jowls not half as broad as the eye is high. In female there are inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles relatively strong. Occiput all black-haired. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, in female the uppermost directed Engyzops. 163 outwards. Cheeks hairy. Vibrissal ridges almost not converging below; vibrissæ a little ascending, not reaching the middle. Epistoma not retreating, not reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis somewhat short. Palpi quite small, Antennæ inserted slightly below middle of the eye, third joint short, not much longer than second; arista short-plumose in about basal two thirds. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and one præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals, or some of the latter wanting. A præsutural intraalar bristle present; the anterior supraalar (præalar) bristle directed outwards. Exterior posthumeral bristle not rarely wanting. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the intermediate smallest. Two or three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a few strong hairs above. Propleura hairy. Abdomen with the excavation on second segment only present at base; third segment with a row of marginal, fourth with a row of discai and marginal bristles. Legs with not strong bristles; claws and pulvilli slightly elongate in male. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending near apex of wing, discai angle obtuse; cubital vein with bristles only at base. A small or moderate costal spine present. Squamulæ not hairy. The species is viviparous (Thomson: Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1921, 27). Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. E. Pecchiolii Rond. 1862. Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 178, 1. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 502. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 211. — Engyops macronyx B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 168, Tab. VIII, Fig. 192 et 1891. LVIII, 433. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 259, 74 {tnicronyx). Of this species I know only the female. Frons nearly as broad as the eye, not protruding. Orbits blackish, cheeks and jowls somewhat greyish. Orbits and cheeks with fine hairs, jowls with few, black bristly hairs. Occiput black, greyish pruinose, with all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint not much longer than second. Palpi small, brownish. Thorax black, somewhat shining, a little greyish pruinose in front, especially on humeri and with indication of three broad black stripes. Thorax sparingly with short black hairs. Ab- domen black, shining, black-haired; on third segment a row of mar- ginal bristles and on fourth a row of discai and marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings more or less brown tinged; veins black. Squamulæ yellowish, Halteres brownish yellow. 11* 164 Tachinidae. Length 5 — 6 mm. E. Pecchiolii is rare in Denmark, I have taken only two spec- imens, both females, on Lolland at Nysted on ''/y and ^^t? ^^^ we have a third old female specimen, likewise from Lolland. Geographical distribution: — Eiirope; not known north of Denmark. V. Sarcophaginae. 25. Sarcophaga Meig. Large to rather small species (the single species varying much in size), of greyish colour with dark tessellated abdomen, the colours shifting according to view. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, about as high as long or somewhat higher. Frons in male about from one to two thirds of the breadth of the eye or still more, in female broader up to as broad as or a little broader than the eye, somewhat, sometimes rather strongly protruding. Cheeks rather broad; jowls generally about half as broad as the height of the eye. In male fme ocellar, inner and no or small to larger outer vertical bristles present; in female the ocellars stronger and further outer verticals always and two orbital bristles present. Postocellar and occipital bristles present. Occiput white-haired, black-haired above with the hairs more or less arranged in rows behind the postocular bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to the insertion of antennæ, the rows bending more or less outwards below, except in striata ; the uppermost reclinate and directed more or less outwards in both sexes. Cheeks with sparse fme hairs, below longer and stronger to rather strong and liere more or less arranged in one row near the eye-margin. Vibrissæ not or somewhat, rarely more ascending, but small. Epistoma not or slightly retreating, somewhat reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus forceps-shaped. Palpi thread-like or a little clubbed. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, third joint from nearly of the same length as second up to twice as long or a little more, reaching shorter or longer down towards the end of epistoma; arista generally long-plumose in basal half. Thorax rectangular; three to four or five postsutural dorsocentrals ; when more than three the two anterior generally somewhat weak; no or one to some pairs of præsutural and no or a pair of small or larger præscutellar acrostichals; generally Sarcophaga. 165 two postsutural intraalar bristles and only in few cases a præsutural ; two large and one or two small notopleural bristles. Scutellum in male witli two large marginal bristles on each side (sometimes three) and a pair of smaller apical bristles or these latter wanting; in female scutellum truncate at apex and without apical bristles; a pair of discai or præapical bristles present. Three sternopleural bristles, more or less distinctly placed as 1 — 1 — 1; above on pteropleura a bundle of hairs with some bristles. Postalar declivity with more or fewer hairs. Abdomen elongated, cylindrical and more or less conical; excavation on second segment reaching to or near to the hind margin in male, but not in female. Only marginal bristles present, none on second segment, third segment with or without a middle pair, fourth segment with a middle pair and fifth with a row. The sternites with long, erect or with shorter, decumbent hairs, especially the fourth sternite showing characters as regards its hairiness. Fifth sternite in male deeply excised, often quite to base and forming two long, narrow or broader lamellæ of somewhat various shape and hairiness. Upper forceps not cleft to base; arms of lower forceps small, not elongated, forming more or less triangular pieces. Legs with the hind coxæ hairy behind; in male posterior femora, especially middle femora on basal part, generally more or less fringed below with long soft hairs, and often hind tibiæ likewise on antero- and postero- ventral sides or only on posteroventral, and sometimes also middle tibiæ; in species with thus fringed tibiæ it is to be remarked, that this ciliation may vary considerably, especially according to the size of the specimen, as small specimens may have it less developed to quite disappearing; it then first disappears on middle tibiæ; middle femora in male with or without a comb of generally short and dense spinules apically on posteroventral side (besides anteroventral and anterior bristles); hind femora with an anterodorsal and an antero- ventral row of bristles, and between them an anterior row; the antero- ventral row may be variously developed or wanting; middle tibiæ with a ventral bristle in both sexes, except in male of striata Fabr. Claws and pulvilli strongly elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell open; discai angle rectangular with a fold as veinlet; cubital vein with bristles towards medial cross-vein; subcostal vein either bare or sometimes with more or fewer bristles. A costal spine present or wanting. The larvæ of Sarcophaga (and upon the whole of the Sarco- phaginae) are more elongated cylindrical and conically tapering 166 Tachinidae. anteriorly than most other Tachinid larvæ. The posterior cavity with the spiracular piates is well developed and surrounded by a wall with twelve pointed warts; anus lies ventrally as a longitudinal opening with a spiny papilla on each side. These larval characters are also visible on the puparium. The species are viviparous. The larvæ are mainly saprophagous, living in dung and human excre- ments, and in decaying vegetable and animal matter, carrion, dead insects and snails and the like, and are thus rather polyphagous. Some species, however, may often occur in great numbers by strong attacks of injurious Lepidoptera^ especially Lymantria monacha and Dendrolimus pin i, and they eat here no doubt sick larvæ and pupæ, but they have also been bred numerously from pupæ of the said Lepidoptera; it would thus be quite doubtless that they are para- sites, were it not that experiments with infesting sound larvæ with Sarcophagas have always been negative. The question is not yet solved. Probably the Sarcophagas have not yet been true parasites but are beginning to develop in this direction. Some species seem parasitic in other ways, thus dathrata has been bred from eggs of Epeira and haemorrhoa from snails. Species are further recorded parasitic on Acridiids, Oryctes^ and Melolontha, but probably are here not true parasites. Larvæ have sometimes been present in the intestine of man, but this is accidentally. Of the genus a very large number of species is known; Bottcher in 1913 records ca. 75 European species, and several have been described since then; the number may be near a hundred; 24 have hitherto been found in Denmark. The discrimination of the species of this large genus was until later years very unsatisfactory, viz until first Pandellé and later on Kramer, Villeneuve and especially Bottcher undertook a study of the male genitalia, and showed that in this way a sure distinction of the males was possible. The genus is so difficult because the nume- rous species are all almost quite alike in colour and whole outer appearance, and also because the single species may vary extremely in size. In the following descriptions the colour and other common characters will only be shortly mentioned, and I shall therefore give an account of these characters. The colour is grey, varying to bluish or yellowish grey or yellowish. Thorax has three black stripes, pro- duced on scutellum, and besides a shorter stripe is present at the lateral margins. To each side of the median stripe, anterior to the suture, a narrow, less distinct stripe is seen. Abdomen shows the Sarcophaga. 167 well known tessellation of pale and black, shifting according to view, though in some species a little more constant; a black middle line is somewhat pronounced. The characters otherwise used are the breadth of the frons, the presence or absence of outer vertical bristles in male, the development of the bristles on cheeks and the length of the third antennal joint. On thorax the number of postsutural dorsocentrals, the presence or absence of præsutural and præscutellar acrostichals, and in the male the presence or absence of apical bristles on scutellum. On abdomen the presence or absence of a pair of mar- ginal bristles on third segment, and the hairs being short and decum- bent or longer and erect on fourth sternite. It must be remembered that all the characters from the bristles may sometimes be liable to individual variation. On the legs the presence or absence in male of a posteroventral comb apically on middle tibiæ, and presence or absence of an anteroventral row of bristles on hind femora; the fringes on posterior tibiæ were mentioned above. On the wings the subcostal vein bare or bristly (though also this character may vary individually, but rarely, at all events in Danish species), and the rela- tive length of third and fifth costal segment. — As said the most important characters lie in the male genitalia; the shape of the fifth sternite and the hairiness of its lamellæ; the marginal hairs on the lamellæ; present along the inner margin and at end, may be short or long and more or less dense, and be developed into strong bristles; often a part of the ventral side of the lamellæ is covered with short, strong bristles, and this is termed a brush. The præhypopygial seg- ment is large, it is generally black and shining, very rarely more or less reddish basally or red; sometimes it is covered with greyish or brownish pruinosity, either all over or as a spot at hind margin. It is generally densely long-haired, either uniformly or there are stronger hindmarginal hairs or bristles. The hypopygium is more or less short or more elongated; it is black and shining or sometimes red; the colour is often a good character, but in some species variable. At the end of the hypopygium the upper and lower forceps are articulated; the shape of the upper forceps gives good characters; the small lower forceps is of less importance. The penis issues below the hypopygium; it consists of a basal portion or shaft and an end part the end of which is generally bent roundly or angularly forwards. At the ventral base of penis issue two pairs of rod-like appendages, the anterior and posterior claspers; often the anterior claspers have shorter or longer hairs behind, and the posterior claspers generally 168 Tachinidae. one to three hairs on anterior side at apex. On the ventral side of penis, just below the shaft, issue generally two pairs of very variously formed appendages, the upper and lower lobes. Sometimes some apical, more or less rod-Hke, paired appendages are further present, which I shall term apophyses, and according to their position, proxi- mal and distal apophyses. The appended diagrammatic figure of the genitalia of S. carnaria (after Bottcher) will show the various parts and their terms. The genitalia can only be examined when prepared or strongly extracted. The penis (in it widest sense) of Sarcophaga has been studied by several writers (Bottcher, Parker, Senior-White) but its very intricate construction has not hitherto been so cleared up, that the homologies of the parts are estab- lished. To do so would require years of study. So f. inst. Bottcher uses himself in the descriptions partly other terms than those established in his introduction. The terms, I use, there- fore are in no way meant as designating homologous appendages, but I think they will always be easily understood. The following figures of the male genitalia are mainly after Bottcher. While now the males of the species are well determinable it stands still badly as regards the females; some of them are determinable, but others can at present only be referred to certain groups, and only be sure when taken in copula. Fig. 36. S. carnaria, genitalia; a. upper forceps, b. lower for- ceps, c. anterior, d. posterior clasper, e. shaft of penis, /. end- part, g. upper, h. lower lobe. After Villeneuve's and Bottcher's study of Meigen's types the species of this author are now well founded, but all earlier species are doubtful; to these earlier species I therefore, following Bottcher, at present append Meigen as author, except as regards striata Fabr, Sarcophaga. 169 Table of Species. (Males.) 1. Rows of frontal bristles in male only bending slightly outwards below and in female not; hypo- pygium red ; middle tibiæ in male without ventral bristle 1. striata. ■ — Rows of frontal bristles always bending outwards below; middle tibiæ in male with ventral bristle 2. 2. Middle femora in both sexes with au elliptical spot of depressed, golden hairs on anterior side in apical tliird 2. sinuata. — Middle femora without such spot 3. 3. Three postsutural dorsocentrals 4. — Four to five postsutural dorsocentrals, the anterior pairs sometimes weak to very weak 20. 4. Hypopygium black 5. ■ — Hypopygium red 16. 5. Subcostal vein bare 6. — Subcostal vein with more or fewer bristles 15. 6. Third abdominal segment without (rarely with quite small) marginal bristles 7. — Third abdominal segment with marginal bristles 10. 7. Scutellum without apical bristles; hind femora without antero ventral bristles 21. pumila. ■ — Scutellum with apical bristles and hind femora with anteroventral bristles 8. 8. Præhypopygial segment without marginal brist- les; penis richly with appendages 11. incisilobata. — Præhypopygial segment with strong marginal bristles; penis not so richly with appendages 9. 9. Frons about as broad as the eye; præhypopygial segment shining black 3. melanura. ■ — Frons half as broad as the eye; præhypopygial segment grey pruinose 4. laciniata. 10. One or some pairs of jDræsutural acrostichals more or less developed ; f ourth sternite with erect hairs 11. ■ — No præsutural acrostichals; f ourth sternite with decumbent hairs 6. crassimargo. 11. Scutellum with apical bristles 12. — Scutellum without apical bristles; penis with the end pointed, not bent forwards 9. Villeneuvei. 12. Præscutellar acrostichals present 13. — No præscutellar acrostichals 14. 13. Generally no præsutural intraalar bristle; claspers of equal length; forceps scarcely emarginate before apex 5. agnata. — Nearly always a præsutural intraalar bristle; 170 Tachinidae. anterior claspers longer than posterior; forceps witli a deep ventral excision before apex 7. clathrata. 14. Hind tibiæ fringed; penis with the end bent for- wards 8. smor. — Hind tibiæ bare or practically so ; penis with the end not bent forwards 10. nigriventris. 15. Scutellum with apical bristles; præbypopygial segment without marginal bristles; orbits not specially narrow; forceps with parallel margins. . 7. clathrata. — Scutellum without apical bristles; præhypopygial segment with marginal bristles; orbits quite narrow; forceps with a dorsal hump 23. offuscata. 16. Subcostal vein bare 17. — Subcostal vein with more or fewer bristles 18. 17. Third abdominal segment generally without marginal bristles; scutellum without apical brist- les; hind femora with no anteroventral bristles. . 21. pumila. - — Third abdominal segment with marginal bristles; scutellum with apical bristles; hind femora with anteroventral bristles 24. frenata. 18. Scutellum without apical bristles 23. offuscata. — Scutellum with apical bristles 19. 19. Hind femora without distinct anteroventral bristles; middle femora without comb; forceps with a distinct dorsal hump and a suddenly thin long apical part 22. haemorrhoa. — Hind femora with anteroventral bristles; middle femora with a slight comb; forceps with a small dorsal hump but no thin apical part 24. frenatavar.cruentata. 20. Hypopygium black 21. — Hypopygium red 27. 21. Third abdominal segment without marginal bristles 22. — Third abdominal segment with marginal bristles 26. 22. Præhypopygial segment without marginal brist- les; fourth sternite with decumbent hairs (in teretirostris a little erect but short) 23. - — Præhypopygial segment with marginal bristles; fourth sternite with erect hairs; the bifid apical apophyses on penis curved towards each other, forming a ring 16. scoparia. 23. Fifth sternite with basal part keel-shaped, its apex protruding between bases of lamellæ, bifid 12. aratrix. ■ — Fifth sternite not so shaped 24. 24. Præsutural acrostichals present; forceps with a long and deep furrow on each side at dorsal mar- gin; penis with the end bent forwards 13. uliginosa. Sarcophaga. 171 - — No præsutural asrostichals ; forceps without furrows; penis with the end pointed, not bent forwards 25. 25. Penis not specially short-pointed ; distal apophyses not furcated; anterior claspers longer tlian post- erior; hind tibiæ fringed only on posteroventral side 14. ter etir ostris. - — Penis with the end short-pointed; distal apo- physes furcated at end; claspers of equal length; hind tibiæ fringed antero- and posteroventrally . . 15. tuherosa. 26. Anterior claspers longer than posterior; bent end part of penis somewhat long, lower lobe small, free 17. carnaria. — Claspers of about equal length ; end of penis short, lower lobe large, fused with the penis 18. vicina. 27. No or quite weak præscutellar acrostichals ; præ- hypopygial segment with marginal bristles; occi- put with only one row of black hairs behind postocular bristles 28. — Distinct præscutellar acrostichals present; præ- hypopygial segment without marginal bristles; occiput with more than one row of black hairs behind postocular bristles 15. tuberosa. 28. Forceps black, slender, somewhat S-like curved. . 19. haemorrhoidalis. — Forceps brown, its dorsal margin with a deep excision 20. falculata. 1. S. striata Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 315, 13 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 288, 20 (Musca). — S. haematodes Meig. 1826. Syst. Beschr. V, 29, 25. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 650, 5 et 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1299, 20. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 572. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 176, 1. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 21 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 395. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 481. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 33, Tab. II, Fig. 10. — 1912. Botch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 707, Fig. 1. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 197. — S. vagans Schin. 1862. F. A. I, 569, ?. Male. Frons about two thirds of the diameter of the eye. Orbits narrow, together with face yellowish, jowls more grey; frontal stripe black or brownish. No outer vertical bristles. The rows of frontal bristles almost not bending outwards below. Bristles on cheeks small, not in one row or only just below; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with all black hairs above, yellowish below. Antennæ black, second joint with just upper apical corner yellow; third joint scarcely twice as long as second. Palpi black. Thorax grey or slightly yellowish grey pruinose, the black stripes about as broad as the interstices. 172 Tacliinidae. Three postsutural dorsocentrals, two præsutural and a pair of præ- scutellar acrostichals. Sciitellum withoiit apical bristles but with the subapical more or less crossing. Abdomen grey or yellowish pruinose with shifting dark tessellations, but with a rather constant middle stripe. Third segment without bristles; all sternites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite with broad lamellæ and a brush. Præ- hypopygial segment grey, with a row of marginal bristles, but for the rest almost bare. Hypopygium yellowish red, likewise nearly bare, only with some bristles. Upper forceps seen from behind broad and broadly cleft, red on basal part, the branches elongated triangular, curved inwards and downwards towards apex; anterior claspers curved, compressed, posterior claspers straight, serrate on anterior side, hooked at apex. Penis chitinised, shining. Legs black, the posterior without long hairs; middle femora with a comb of short strong spinules, and long bristles basally; middle tibiæ without ventral bristle; hind femora with an anteroventral row of bristles. Wings very slightly tinged; subcostal vein bare; costal segment 3 and 5 equal. No distinct costal spine. Squamulæ yellowish white. Hal- teres yellow. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye; rows of frontal bristles not bending outwards below. Middle tibiæ with a ventral bristle. Ab- domen broad, sixth segment not cleft above, reddish at margin with strong bristles; seventh segment red, with a broad ventral fissure so that two lateral lips are formed, and with a couple of bristles on each side below. Length 5 to about 8 mm. S.striata is common in Denmark; Amager, Hellerup, Char- lottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Høruphav, Horsens, Nymindegab, Frederikshavn and Skagen; the dates are ^^/s — ^^/g. I have taken it in copula on ^'^j^. It occurs especially in sandy piaces and is often seen on human excrements. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia; further in North Africa, on the Canaries, and in India. Remarks: This species, the Type of Ravinia R. D., stands Fig. 37. S. striata. Sarcophaga. 173 somewhat apart, among others by the want of the ventral bristle on middle tibiæ in male. I have examined the type of Fabricius, a female, and it proved to be identical with Jiaematodes Meig. et auct., so that it was necessary to alter the name. 2. S. sinuata Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 22, 9. — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1289, 7 et 1849. VIII, 3267, 7. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 188, 25. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 490. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 25, Tab. I, Fig. 1. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 708, Fig. 2, et 1913. 366. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 195. — S. arvormn Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 24, 13. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 13. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye. Orbits more than half as broad as the frontal stripe, together with face white or slightly yellowish. Frontal stripe black or dark brown. Outer vertical bristles present. Bristles on cheeks somewhat long, in one row. Jowls black- haired. Occipiit grey, black-haired, with yellow hairs centrally and below. Antennæ with third joint slightly longer than second. Palpi black, brownish on basal part, somewhat dilated apically. Thorax grey pruinose, the black stripes broad, the inter- stices narrow. Three postsutural dorsocentrals and only a pair of small præscutellar acrosti- chals. Scutellum with erect, crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey pruinose, black tessellated; third segment with a pair of marginal bristles. Sternites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite with a brush. Præhypo- pygial segment black and shining, densely haired, with a marginal row of bristly hairs. ^.^ gg ^ ^.„^^,^ Hypopygium black; upper forceps with parallel margins but elongately pointed towards apex, with some small spinules at apex on dorsal side; anterior claspers curved, posterior shorter, more straight only curved at apex. Penis chitinised, the lobes well developed. Middle femora with an elliptical spot of de- pressed golden hairs on anterior side in apical third and without comb, hind femora with some anteroventral bristles in apical half or two thirds; both pairs with long hairs ventrally, and hind tibiæ fringed, but not densely, on posteroventral side, very sparingly or almost not in small individuals. Wings shghtly tinged; subcostal 174 Tachinidae. vein bare; costal segment 3 slightly shorter than 5; a costal spine present. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye. Abdomen with sixth segment showing an elliptical vertical split, bending down on venter and with strong marginal bristles. Middle femora with the hair spot as in male. Length 4,5^ — -1 mm. S. siniiata is not just common in Denmark; Lersø, Dyrehaven, Donse; in Jutland at Sottrup, Skeide and Hov near Odder, and on Bornholm (Becker); the dates are in July. I have bred a specimen from a pupa found in the ground. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Scandinavia, and in Finland. Also occurring in North America. According to Aldrich (Sarcophaga and its Allies, 1916) it has been bred from Melanoplus differentialis. Remarks: Zetterstedt records sinuata and arvorum from Den- mark; in Stæger's collection both are sinuata. 3. S. melanura Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 23, 11. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 194, 35. — 1905. Kram. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 14, Fig. 3 et 1911. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 30, Tab. I, Fig. 14. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 486. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 712, Fig. 6. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 196. — S. striata Schin. (nec Meig.) 1862. F. A. I, 570. Male. Frons broad, about as broad as the eye; orbits fully half as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits and face whitish yellow, jowls more grey; frontal stripe black. Outer vertical bristles present. Bristles on cheeks fine but somewhat long, in one row. Jowls black- haired. Occiput grey with black hairs and whitish hairs centrally and below, Antennæ with third joint scarcely twice as long as second, reaching to the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, the black stripes about as broad as the interstices; three postsutural dorsocentrals, the anterior somewhat distant from the suture; a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey pruinose, dark olive tessellated; third segment without marginal bristles. Fourtli sternite with somewhat decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite with a brush at base of lamellæ, and the lamellæ here with very crowded strong bristles at inner margin, the thin apical part only hairy. Præhypopygial segment Sarcophaga. 175 black, densely haired, with a row of strong marginal bristles, inter- rupted in the middle. Hypopygium black, with dense hairs, specially long below. Upper forceps cleft to middle, the branches simply attenuated towards apex and curved ventrally; claspers of about equal length, curved ven- trally, pointed. Penis somewhat chitinised, the forwards curved end short; a pointed lobe is seen. Posterior femora long-fringed ven- trally, hind tibiæ with a long fringe on antero- and still more developed on posteroventral side; middle femora with a comb of rather long bristles; hind femora with an anteroventral row of strong bristles. Wings a little tinged; costal segment 3 a little longer than 5; sub- costal vein bare; a costal spine present. Female. Frons broader than the eye. Sixth ^.^ 39 ^^ ^elanura. abdominal segment cleft into two lateral halves by a large vertical elliptical split, bending down on venter and here narrowed; the vertical part has strong marginal bristles while the lower part has only fine hairs; about at the middle on each half the spiracle is seen. Length 7 — 12 mm. S. melanura is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Geel Skov, Helle- bæk, Hillerød, Tisvilde, Skelskør and in Jutland at Sønderborg and Frederikshavn; the dates are ^j-, — ^^s- Geographical distribution: — All Europe and most of Asia to India and Formosa. Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions striata from Denmark, but striata in Stæger's collection is melanura so that probably striata in Zetterstedt is synonym to melanura; if so the record of its being bred from Oryctes nasicornis would belong to the present species. 4. S. laciniata Pand. 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 195, 39. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 716, Fig. 10. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 196. — S. suhulata Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 194. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 492. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye and orbits nearly half as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits and face yellowish white; 176 Tachinidae. jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No distinct outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks small. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey with black hairs and yellowisli hairs centrally and below. Third antennal joint somewhat broad, twice as long as second, reaching the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, tlie lateral stripes hroader than the middle stripe; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen whitish grey, dark tessellated; third segment Avithout marginal bristles; all sternites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite Fig. 41. Penis with posterior Fig. 40. S. laciniata. claspers from behind. with a brush and marginal bristles. Præhypopygial segment grey pruinose, with strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium black, densely hairy ; upper f orceps cleft to above middle, evenly curved and atten- uated, and sharply pointed; lower forceps reddish; anterior claspers ■considerably longer than posterior, curved ventrally, thinner in apical half, obtuse, posterior claspers curved ventrally, hooked and pointed. Penis with the end part broad and somewhat swoln, of brownish colour, the end not bent forwards; seen from behind it is triangularly rounded; on the ventral side there are complicated appendages and the upper lobes are long, somewhat spatula-like and curved backwards, chitinised. Posterior femora long-fringed ven- trally, hind tibiæ likewise on postero- and anteroventral sides, but not just densely; middle femora with a comb of not short, somewhat distant bristles; hind femora with not strong anteroventral bristles in apical half or more. Wings a little tinged; costal segment 3 a little longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; a not strong costal spine. Female. I have not seen the female; according to Bottcher it has the frons about three fifths as broad as the eye. The genital split with marginal bristles. Sarcophaga. 177 Length 11 mm (after Bottcher 8 — 13 mm). S. laciniata is rare in Denmark, I knovv only one specimen, a male, taken at Svenstrup (H. J. Hansen). Geographical distribution: — Middle Europe down into Italy; not known north of Denmark. It is upon the whole a rare species. 5. S. agnata Rond. 1860. Eond. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. III, 385, 1 et 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 102, 1. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 194, 37. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 470. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 31, Tab. I, Fig. 15. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 717, Fig. 11. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 195. Male. Frons narrow, about one third of the breadth of the eye. Orbits and face whitish seen from above, but mostly black seen from in front; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Fig. 42. S. agnata; to the right forceps from behind. Fig. 43. Penis with posterior claspers from behind. Bristles on cheeks of medium size, in more than one row. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and whitish hairs cen- trally and below. Antennæ with third joint short, at most one and a half times as long as second, but reaching to lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey with the lateral stripes broader than the median; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præscutellar and some not strongly marked præsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with Crossing apical bristles. Abdomen as usual grey and blackish tessel- lated; third segment with a pair of marginal bristles; all sternites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite with a brush. Genitalia not large; præhypopygial segment greyish pruinose with somewhat slightly marked marginal bristles. Hypopygium black; upper forceps cleft 12 178 Tachinidae. about to middle, the arms curved evenly ventrally and pointed; each arm witli a slight furrow along the inner margin; claspers of about equal length, curved, the anterior dilated in apical part, the posterior pointed. Penis strongly chitinised, without pronounced lobes; the end bent forwards; seen from behind two small lateral, pointed processes are seen near the end. Posterior femora somewhat thinly fringed below and hind tibiæ very sparingly fringed on antero- and posteroventral sides; middle femora with a somewhat dense comb, and with long bristles more basally; hind femora with strong, distant anteroventral bristles. Wings a little tinged; costal segment 3 a little longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; a small (or no) costal spine. Female. I do not know the female; according to Bottcher it has the frons distinctly narrower than the eye, the præsutural acrosti- chals distinct and the margins of the genital split with partly crossing bristles. Length 10 mm (af ter Bottcher 8 — 11 mm). S. agnata is rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a male, taken on Funen at Veflinge (H. J. Hansen). Geographicai distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). 6. S. crassimargo Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 195, 38. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 478. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 31, Tab. II, Fig. 1. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 718, Fig. 12. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 195, 196. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye or a little more. Orbits and face yellowish, seen from in front blackish; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. Outer vertical bristles somewhat individualised. Bristles on cheeks rather small, in more than one row. Jowls black- haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and pale-haired centrally and below. Antennæ with third joint about one and a half times as long as second, reaching the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey to brownish grey pruinose, the black stripes rather broad and about equal; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præscutellar acrostichals present or not, but no præsutural. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with the usual tessellation; excavation on second segment stopping before hind margin; third segment with smaller or larger marginal Sarcophaga. 179 l/V Fig. 44. S. crassimargo; to the right forceps from behind. bristles; fourth sternite with the hairs somewhat decumbent. Fifth sternite with brush and marginal bristles. Præhypopygial segment grey pruinose, with distinct marginal bristles. Hypopygium black, with long hairs; iipper forceps somewhat slender, straight, in profile with aboiit parallel margins, obliquely cut dorsally at apex; it is cleft only in apical fifth; claspers shaped as in agnata. Penis about as in agnata and well chitinised, but the end not bent forwards and the lateral processes longer, horn-like. Post- erior femora moderately fringed below; hind tibiæ sparingly fringed on antero- and posteroventral sides; middle femora with a posteroventral row of long somewhat fine bristles, but without comb ; hind femora with an anteroventral row of bristles. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, especially at base; costal segment 3 and 5 about equal; subcostal vein bare; a costal spine present. Female. I do not know the female; according to Bottcher the frons is as broad as the eye. Genital split not seen from above, partly vertical partly ventral, with weak marginal bristles. Length 4,5 — 9 mm. S. crassimargo is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Gilleleje; on Lolland at Nysted; on Funen and in Jutland at Kliplev and Sæby; the dates are ^'/e — ^Vs- Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl) and in Finland. Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions S. vagans from Denmark; in Stæger's collection are two males determined as vagans, one is the present species, the other incisilohata Pand. = striata Meig. (nec Fabr.). 7. S. clathrata Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 25, 14 (nec Rond.). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 477. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 32, Tab. II, Fig. 5. -^ 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 719, Fig. 13. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 194, 195. — S. clavulus Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 196, 40. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — S. nigrans Pand. 1. c. XV, 202, 53. 12* 180 Tachinidae. Male. Frons less than half as broad as the eye. Orbits and face whitish or greyish silvery, dark reflecting; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No or slightly individualised outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks somewhat long but fine. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, nearly all black-haired, only a little pale-haired below in the middle. Antennæ with third joint not twice as long as second, reaching the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax bluish grey pruinose, the black stripes rather broad and eqiially broad; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præscutellar and some præsutiiral acrosti- chals. A præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen bluish grey pruinose, the black tessellations to some degree forming three longitudinal stripes; third segment with marginal bristles. Hairs on thorax and ab- domen somewhat long and fme. All ster- nites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite without brush, with only marginal hairs. Genitalia small; præhypopygial segment black, some- what greyish pruinose, wdthout marginal bristles, only the marginal hairs slightly longer. Hypopygium black, with somewhat strong hairs; upper forceps cleft only at apex, straight or nearly, in profile with about parallel margins and not attenuated; Fig. 45. S. clathrata. on ventral side it is incised just before apex, so that a pointed apical tooth is formed ; anterior claspers longer than posterior, not much curved, the posterior pointed and hook-like curved at apex. Penis with the end part oval and somewhat knob-like, bent ventrally a little above the end; a small ventral lobe is seen, distinctly separated from the end part. Posterior femora sparingly fringed below; hind tibiæ rather or very sparingly fringed on antero- and posteroventral sides, most on the latter side; large specimens may have the tibiæ a little more fringed, and also middle tibiæ may be a little fringed distally; middle femora with comb and some longer bristles inwards; hind femora with an anteroventral row of distant and fine bristles. Wings somewhat tinged, most towards base; costal segment 3 and 5 about equal; subcostal vein bare or with some bristles; no or a small costal spine. Female. Frons not quite as broad as the eye. Genital split not visible from above, with long, crossing bristles. Length 6 — 8 mm (after Bottcher to 11 mm). Sarcophaga. 181 S. clathrata is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Grib Skov, Sven- strup, Korsør; on Langeland at Lolials; on Funen at Veflinge and in Jutland at Skanderborg and Frijsenborg; the dates are in June and July. The species is known as parasitic in egg-cocoons of Epeira corniita, and I also possess specimens bred in tliis way, the imagines emerging on ^"/g — 2^/7 (Kryger, Hoffmeyer); further I have spec- imens bred from pupæ found on the leaf of a Carduus, probably coming from Epeira-eggs^ the imagines came on 7? (Gudmann). The species is somewhat characteristic by its bluish pruinosity. Our specimens have partly the subcostal vein bare, partly with bristles [nigraris Pand.), but generally only one or a couple. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France, and on the Canaries ; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl), and in Finland. 8. S. soror Rond. 1860. Rond. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. III, 386, 6 et 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 106, 6. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 203, 57. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 397. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 491. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitsclir. 722, Fig. 16. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 195. — S. vagans p. p. S, Schin. 1862. F. A. I, 569. Male. Frons about two thirds as broad as the eye. Orbits broad, nearly as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits and cheeks greyish white; frontal stripe black. Outer vertical bristles present. Bristles on cheeks long and unusually strong, in one row, Jowls black-haired or more or less pale-haired behind. Occiput grey, with black hairs and yellowish hairs below. An- tennæ with third joint about one and a half times as long as second, reaching fully to the end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, with broad black stripes and narrow interstices; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præsutural but no præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey or whitish grey prui- nose, black tessellated; third segment with marginal bristles. Sternites with erect hairs. pj„ 43 ^ soror. Fifth sternite without brush. Præhypopygial segment black with only very slightly stronger marginal hairs. Hypo- pygium black ; upper f orceps with the arms pointed abruptly, excised 182 Tachinidae. ventrally at apex so that a little hook is formed; claspers curved, the posterior shorter than the anterior, pointed. Penis with the ven- trally bent end slender and two-pointed, and with a large lofce. Post- erior femora sparingly fringed, middle femora with long ventral bristles but no comb; hind femora with an anteroventral row of long bristles; hind tibiæ more or less fringed antero- and postero- ventrally. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; costal segment 3 a little shorter than 5; siibcostal vein bare; a costal spine present. Squamulæ whitish with yellowish margin, Halteres brownish yellow. Female. I do not know the female and it has not been described. Length 5 — 7 mm. S. soror is rare in Denmark, I possess only two specimens, both males, Lyngby Mose and Stevns (the author); the dates are ^/g — ^^l^j. Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. 9. S. Villeneuvei Bottch. 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 347 et 723, Fig. 17. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 28, 21, 233. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 195. — S. nigriventris Kram. 1911. 1. c. 27, 32, Tab. II, Fig. 6. Male. Frons broad, more than half as broad as the eye; orbits nearly as broad as the frontal stripe. Orbits and face grey, and like- wise jowls; frontal stripe black, seen from in front greyish. Outer vertical bristles strong. Bristles on cheeks long and strong. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and yellowish hairs only below. Antennæ with third joint some- what broad, about one and a half times as long as second, reaching fully to the lower end of the eye. Palpi black, a little dilated apically. Thorax greyish with the black stripes somewhat broad; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præsutural, but no distinct or small præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum without apical bristles. Abdomen grey or a little bluish grey, with usual tessellations; third segment with strong T?:^ AH c T/-77 marginal bristles. Sternites with erect hairs. tig. 47. iS. Villeneuvei. =• Fifth sternite without brush. Genitalia small ; præhypopygial segment black, without marginal bristles, Hypopygium small, black; upper forceps cleft in apical fourth, curved a little Sarcophaga. 183 ventrally, in profile with nearly parallel margins, but a little attenuated apically; it is incised in ventral margin above apex so that an apical hook is formed. Anterior claspers longer than posterior, a little curved, not pointed; posterior claspers curved and pointed. Penis with the end part roundly swoln basally and of complicate construc- tion, the end not bent forwards, going out in a straight, longitudinally fissured spine; from the ventral side of the swoln part issues at each side a curved thorn-like apophysis. Legs with posterior femora slightly fringed ventrally; hind tibiæ not fringed, at most with some few hairs on posteroventral side at base; middle femora with a postero- ventral row of bristles, but without comb ; hind femora with an antero- ventral row of long bristles. Wings somewhat tinged; costal segment 3 and 5 about equal; subcostal vein bare; a costal spine present. Female. The female is not known with certainty. Length 4 — 6 mm (after Bottcher 3,5 — 8 mm). S. Villeneuvei is rare in Denmark, I know only three specimens, all males, one from Ordrup (Stæger), the other without particular locality. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). 10. S. nigriventris Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 27, 21. — 1862. Scliin. F. A. I, 572. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 203, 56. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 397. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 488. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 32 p. p. et 1917. 1. c. 28, 21, 234. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 723, Fig. 19 et 1913, 367. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 195. — S. Immilis Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 27, 20. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 16. Male. This species is very similar to Villeneuvei] frons still broader, the orbits narrower. Outer vertical bristles strong and like- wise bristles on cheeks. Third antennal joint about one and a half times as long as second, at most just reaching lower end of the eye. Palpi somewhat slender, a little dilated apically. Three postsutural dorsocentrals; præsutural but no præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with Crossing apical bristles. Third abdominal segment with strong marginal bristles. Sternites with erect hairs; fifth sternite without brush. Genitalia small; præhypopygiai segment black, without marginal bristles. Hypopygium roundish, black. Upper forceps about as in Villeneuvei^ but the ventral excision before apex deeper. Glaspers 184 Tachinidae. of about equal length. Penis rather swoln apically, with a large lobe, the end not bent forwards, going out in a short spine and strongly roundly dilated above it, especially on post- erior side; no ventral apophyses. Posterior legs not fringed; middle femora without comb; hind femora with long anteroventral bristles. Wings with costal segment 3 and 5 equal; subcostal vein bare; a costal spine present. Female. I do not know the female and at present it can scarcely be distinguished from the allied species. Length 5 — 8 mm. S. nigriventris seems to be rare in Den- Fig. 48. S. nigriventris. mark, I know it only from Sønderborg, taken in July and August (Wiistnei). Geographical distribution: — Europe, but not known north of Denmark. It has been bred in France from Helix cantianiformis. 11. S. incisilobata Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 197, 44. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — S. striata Meig. (nec Fabr.) 1826. Syst. Beschr. V, 21, 7. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 491. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 31, Tab. II, Fig. 2. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 724, Fig. 20. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 196. — S. atropos 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 596, p. p. — 1905. Kram. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 14, Fig. 4. — S. privigna Pand. (nec Rond.) 1896. 1. c. XV, 197, 43. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 396. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye; orbits about half as broad as the frontal stripe, together with the face white, some- what silvery with dark reflections. Frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles; bristles on cheeks long and somewhat strong, in one row. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and whitish hairs centrally and below. Antennæ with third joint not double as long as second, reaching a little below lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, the black stripes as broad as the interstices; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a pair of præ- scutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with apical bristles. Abdomen grey or whitish grey pruinose, dark tessellated; third segment without (rarely with small) marginal bristles. Fourth sternite with short decumbent hairs, but long hairs at apical margin. Fifth sternite w^ith the excision roundish, the lamellæ broad at end, with a brush. Sarcophaga. 185 Præhypopygial segment grey pruinose, withoiit strong marginal hairs. Hypopygium black; upper forceps carinate along middle, short cleft; in profile with parallel margins, dorsally with a little pro- tuberance at end and on ventral side ending with a ventrally curved hook. Anterior claspers long, curved, thick- ened towards end and the end truncate with a slight excision; posterior claspers shorter, pointed. Penis well chitinised, with many ap- pendages, the forwards bent end-part form- ing a pointed style, it has on each side at base a long bristle-shaped process; the lobes are represented above of a pair of processes with serrulated ends, and between them two points; below them a long, thorn-like, bifid and downwards curved process and again below still two pairs of spine-like processes. ^.^ ~ ^ mcisilobata. Middle femora long-fringed below, hind femora shorter fringed; hind tibiæ long-fringed antero- and postero- ventrally; middle femora with a short comb produced basally with some longer bristles; hind femora with an anteroventral row of bristles. Wings very slightly tinged; costal segment 3 and 5 equal; subcostal vein bare; a small or no costal spine. Squamulæ whitish. H alteres yellowish brown. Female. Frons about as broad as the eye. Sixth abdominal segment with a somewhat broad vertical split, with short, distant^ not Crossing marginal bristles. Length 5 — ^12 mm. S. incisilohata is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Egebæks Vang, Bidstrup Hegn, Jyderup and in Jutland at Høruphav, Skanderborg, Frijsenborg, Skørping and Frederikshavn; the dates are ^^j^ — ^^/g. It has been recorded as bred from Oryct.es nasicornis, but this probably refers to another species {melanura). Geographical distribution: — All Europe. Remarks: As striata Fabr. is another species = haematodes Meig., the present species must bear the name incisilohata Pand. Though Meigen states that he had seen the type of Fabricius, he must never- theless have failed in the recognition. — Zetterstedt records vagans from Denmark; in Stæger's collection are two males so named, one is the present species, the other crassimargo. 186 Tachinidae. 12. S. aratrix Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 191, 30. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 471. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 28, Tab. I, Fig. 7. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 730, Fig. 25. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 199. — S. Kuntzei Kram. 1905. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 13, Fig. II et 1906. 1. c. VI, 216. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye or scarcely. Orbits and face yellowish or yellowish white; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks weak. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and white or yellowish hairs in the middle and below. Antennæ with third joint about twice as long as second, reaching fully to the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax greyish pruinose, the black stripes slightly broader than the interstices; four postsutural dorso- centrals, the two anterior a little weak, a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen greyish pruinose, tessellated as usual; third segment without bristles. Fourth sternite with de- cumbent hairs. Fifth sternite with the basal part black and polished, raised ventrally to a middle keel, the apex protruding between Fig- 50 5 aratrix ^^^^ lamellæ and bifid ; the lamellæ without brush, with dense marginal bristles. Præ- hypopygial segment greyish pruinose, without marginal bristles. Hypopygium black, densely haired; upper forceps long, cleft in more than apical third, in profile with nearly parallel margins, the dorsal margin obliquely cut towards end, so that a long apex is formed; the upper part of forceps has long hairs, below the hairs are quite short, stopping suddenly at the apex which is bare and shining; lower forceps a little elongated. Claspers robust with apex curved and pointed, of nearly equal length. Penis with the end bent for- wards, somewhat pointed; an elongated upper and a pointed lower lobe may be seen. Posterior femora densely fringed below; hind tibiæ long-fringed on antero- and posteroventral sides; also middle tibiæ a little fringed distally on posteroventral side; middle femora with a comb of rather small bristles and with downwards directed posterior bristles at end; hind femora with anteroventral bristles Sarcophaga. 187 in apical half, placed rather ventrally. Wings quite slightly tinged; costal segment 3 longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; no costal spine. Female. Frons nearly as broad as the eye. Sixth abdominal segment with a long split which is apical and ventral, the margin with somewhat strong and dense bristles, smaller on ventral side. Length 8 — 12 mm. Remarks : Bottcher says that there is no comb on middle femora, I find a distinct comb of small, sliort bristles; further he says that hind femora have "langen, kraftigen, dichtstehenden Unterrand- makroch."; I find the bristles not dense and present only in apical half. S. aratrix seems to be rare in Denmark, I know only five spec- imens, a male taken at Horsens (H. J. Hansen), and two at Skander- borg (the author), and a male and a female from Hareskov; these latter were bred from a dead Prionus coriarius found in October, the imagines came on ^s (Kryger). The other specimens are taken in July. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl), and in Finland. Kramer suggests it to be parasitic on Lymantria monacha as it became numerous in districts attacked by this species. 13. S. uliginosa Kram. 1908. Kram. Ent. Wochenbl. XXV, 152 et 1911. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 25, Tab. I, Fig. 2. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 732, Fig. 27. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 199. Male. Frons narrow, not or scarcely half as broad as the eye. Orbits and face whitish silvery or a little yellowish, especially the orbits; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks not strong, in one row. Vibrissæ ascending to two thirds of the height. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and pale hairs on middle part and below. Antennæ somewhat long, third joint fully twice as long as second, reaching below the lower eye-margin. Palpi thin, black. Thorax grey, the black stripes as broad as the interstices and of equal breadth; four postsutural dorsocentrals; præscutellar and generally some præsutural acrosti- chals of which a pair just before the suture as a rule is distinct; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with apical bristles. Abdomen grey, black or brownish black tessellated; third segment without bristles. Fourth sternite with decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite without 188 Tachinidae. brush, with moderately strong marginal bristles. Præhypopygial segment greyish pruinose, withoiit marginal bristles. Hypopygium black, densely haired; upper forceps long, cleft to near middle; in profile with nearly parallel margins, a little ventrally ciirved; the dorsal margin a little emarginate somewhat above apex; each arm has along the dorsal margin a broad and deep furrow; the forceps has long hairs above, the arms short, dense hairs on the part between the furrow and the ventral margin; lower forceps a little elong- ated. Anterior claspers longer than posterior, curved, with a triangular dilatation at base, flattened and obtuse at end; the posterior claspers more pointed. Penis somewhat chiti- nised, the end bent forwards, deeply and roimdly cleft into two somewhat spatula- shaped branches, betw^een which a pale worm-like appendage; on the ventral side pale roimdish lobes and below them a black downwards directed appendage with the pointed apex bent for- wards. Posterior femora fringed below; hind tibiæ fringed on antero- and posteroventral sides, and middle tibiæ a little fringed distally on posteroventral side; middle femora with a strong comb; hind femora with strong anteroventral bristles in the apical two thirds. Wings slightly tinged, a little more at base; costal segment 3 longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; no costal spine. Female. I do not know the female and it does not seem to be described. Length 13—15 mm. S. uliginosa seems to be rare in Denmark, I only possess two males, taken at Tisvilde in July (the author). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy, but upon the whole rare; it is not known north of Denmark; also recorded from North-America. Kramer records it as bred from Lymantria monacha and Dendrolimus pini. Fig. 51. 6". ulisinosa. 14. S. teretirostris Pand. 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 190, 28. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 492. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 29, Tab. I, Fig. 11. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 734, Fig. 29. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 199. 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Sarcophaga. 189 Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye; frontal stripe con- siderably broader than orbits. Orbits and face yellowish grey, dark reflecting; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks medium strong, in one row along the eye-margin. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, black-haired, with pale liairs on middle part and below; two rather distinct rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ with third joint only a little longer than second, at most one and a half times as long, but reaching below lower margin of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey, with the lateral black stripes broader than the middle, this latter as broad as the interstices. Four postsutural dorsocentrals, the two anterior somewhat weak ; præscutellar but no præ- sutural acrostichals. Scutellum with some- what strong apical bristles. Abdomen greyish white, black tessellated. Third segment without bristles. Fourth sternite with short, but somewhat erect hairs. Fifth sternite without brush, with strong, crowded marginal bristles. Præhypopygial segment black, greyish pruinose on apical half, without marginal bristles. Hypopy- gium black, densely haired. Upper forceps cleft to middle, in profile with about parallel margins, the dorsal bending evenly forwards to the pointed apex, the ventral very slightly excised before apex; forceps with long hairs on upper part, apical part bare. Anterior claspers longer than posterior, with the end bent and obtuse, the posterior claw-shaped and pointed. Penis with the end part slightly chitinised, pale, not bent forwards, it is forked and thus divided into two pointed branches; ventrally there are large lobes with the ventral part slightly chitinised, and below them two pairs of rod-like apophyses Crossing each other, the distal roundish dilated at apex, the proximal a little serrated on ventral side. Posterior femora fringed below; hind tibiæ fringed on posteroventral side, but only short-haired antero ventrally; middle tibiæ not fringed; middle femora with a row of strong bristles distally on posteroventral side, not forming, however, a typical comb; hind femora with strong anteroventral bristles. Wings with costal segment 3 longer than 5; subcostal vein bare. No costal spine. Fig. 52. S. teretirostris. 190 Tachinidae. Female. I have not seen the female; after Bottcher it has the frons not qiiite as broad as the eye. The somewhat narrow, mainly medio-ventral genital spht has in posterior part long but not dense bristles. Length 13 mm (after Bottcher 7 — 14 mm). S. teretirostris is rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male, has been taken at Skanderborg on '"j^ 1926 (the author). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy and in North Africa; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). It is recorded to prefer mountains. 15. S. tuberosa Pand. 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 192, 32. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 492. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 28, Tab. I, Fig. 9. — 1912. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 735, Fig. 29. -^ 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 199. — S. ambigua Kram. 1905. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 331, 3, Fig. III et 1906. 1. c. VI, 216. — Var. exuherans Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 186, 22. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 395. — 1912. Bottch. 1. c. 735. — Var. harpax Pand. 1896. 1. c. 189, 27. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 396. — 1912. Bottch. 1. c. 735. Male. Frons two thirds as broad as the eye or more ; orbits more than half as broad as the frontal stripe. Orbits and face silvery whitish or slightly yellowish, a little brownish reflecting; jowls grey; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks medium strong. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with two distinct rows of black bristles behind the postocular bristles, and with white hairs on middle part and below. Antennæ with third joint about twice as long as second, reaching just below the lower margin of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, the middle stripe a little narrower than the lateral; four post- sutural dorsocentrals, the two anterior weak ; a pair of præscutellar acrostichals ; a præ- sutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey with '^'^ ^\/ usual black tessellations ; third segment with- Fig. 53. S. tuberosa. out bristles. Fourth sternite with short, de- cumbent hairs. Fifth sternite without brush, with long marginal bristles. Præhypopygial segment greyish pruinose, without marginal bristles. Hypopygium black, densely haired; upper Sarcophaga. 191 forceps long, somewhat slender, attenuating and curved a little ventrally; it is cleft in about apical half, the arms a little incised in ventral margin before the sharp, hookformed apex, also sometimes with a shallow emargination dorsally. Claspers of equal length, with curved, hook-shaped apex. Penis long, the end short-pointed and pointing downwards, above it a pair of long at the apex bifid distal apophyses, curved towards each other, and inwards to them a pair of rod-like proximal apophyses; above the apophyses small upper and larger lower, paler lobes are seen. Posterior femora densely fringed below; hind tibiæ with long antero- and posteroventral fringes; middle femora with a comb, but no posteroventral bristles basally; hind femora with an anteroventral row of strong bristles. Wings shghtly tinged; costal segment 3 longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; no costal spine. Female. Frons broader than the eye; bristles on cheeks stronger than in male and rather strong. The triangularly oval split in sixtli segment nearly quite ventral, with strong marginal bristles; th& segment grey or reddish. Length 8 — 14 mm. The species is recorded to vary somewhat, the hypopygium may be red: var, exuherans Pand., or the forceps may be broader and broad to the end with a small abrupt apex: var. harpax Pand.; also length and shape of apex of the distal apophyses may vary, but such varieties have not occurred with us. S. tuberosa seems to be rare in Denmark, I know only two copu- lated pairs, taken at Tisvilde in July (the author). Geographical distribution: — All Europe, on Formosa, in India and Japan; towards the north known from Finland. Kramer records it as bred from Lymantria monacha and Dendrolimus pini. From North America the main form is not known, but the varr. harpax and exuhe- rans and a third variety, sarracenioides Aldr. are recorded, harpax also from Hawaii and Fiji islands. The var. sarracenioides is interesting by having been frequently bred both as scavenger and parasite,. from carrion and from various gråshoppers, beetles and Lepidoptera. 16. S. scoparia Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 189, 26. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 490. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 26, Taf. I, Fig. 3. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 3, Fig. 32. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 198. — 192 Tachinidae. jS. matertera Eond. p. p. 1860. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. III, 387, 9 et 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 108, 9. — S. neglecta Kram. 1905. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 14, Fig. V et 1906. VI, 216. Male. Frons fully half as broad as the eye. Orbits and face yellowish pruinose, somewhat blackish brown reflecting; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks weak, in one row. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and yellowish hairs on middle and below. Antennæ with third joint Fig. 55. Penis from Fig. 64. i*). scoparia. the end. about twice as long as second, reaching fully to the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax bluish grey pruinose, the lateral stripes a little broader than the median; four postsutural dorsocentrals, the two anterior somewhat weaker than the posterior; a pair of præ- scutellar acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle present or want- ing. Scutellum with crossing apical and generally three marginal bristles on eacli side. Abdomen greyish pruinose, brownish black tessel- lated; third segment without bristles. All sternites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite without brush, the lamellæ with crowded strong marginal bristles on basal half, hairy on apical half. Præhypopygial segment greyish pruinose with distinctly stronger marginal bristles. Hypo- pygium black, densely haired; upper forceps cleft in nearly apical half, carinate along the middle above; the arms in profile attenuated, ventrally curved and pointed; lower forceps a little elongated. An- terior claspers longer than posterior, flattened and excised at end; posterior claspers hook-like curved at apex and pointed. Penis with the end bent rectangularly forwards as a pair of distal apophyses, they are furcate at apex and divided in a larger apical and a smaller Sarcophaga. 193 ventral horn; the two apophyses are curved towards each other, to- gether forming a ring; above them a lobe is seen with a triangiilar, pointed and upwards directed tooth on each side. Posterior femora densely fringed below; hind tibiæ with long and dense antero- and posteroventral fringes, and also middle tibiæ more or less fringed on both sides; middle femora with a comb but without posteroventral bristles basally; hind femora with an anteroventral row of more or less distant bristles in apical half or more. Wings nearly hyaline; costal segment 3 rather longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; no costal spine. Female. I have not seen the female; according to Bottcher it has the frons about as broad as the eye and will be easily known by the shape of sixth abdominal segment which is triangular and pro- truding, divided into two halves by a split which is narrow on dorsal side, broader ventrally; the margins of the split have hairs both above and below but only apically, whereas they are nearly bare forwards. Length 11 — 16 mm (after Bottcher 8 — 20 mm). S.scoparia seems common in Denmark; Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Jyderup and in Jutland at Skanderborg and Hattenæs near Silkeborg; the dates are ^^/j — ^^/g. Geographical distribution: — All Europe and in Turkestan; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). Kramer thinks it occasionally parasitic on Ly mantria monacha. A variety is recorded from North America. 17. S. carnaria (L.) Meig. (1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. X, 596, Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 18, 6. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 190, 29. — 1899. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 27, fig. 1 et 1900. 363, 6. — 1905. Kram. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 13, Fig. 1 et 1911. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 27, Tab. I, Fig. 5. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 5, Fig. 34. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 198. — S.atropos Meig. 1826. Le. V, 23, 10, Tab. XLIII, Fig. 7. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 363, 10. Male. Frons fully half as broad as the eye, orbits fully half as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits and cheeks generally yellowish, but also often white, silvery, dark reflecting. Jowls likewise yellowish to grey; frontal stripe black. No or small outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks somewhat long, not distinctly in one row. Fine vibrissæ produced to or near to the middle. Jowls black-haired. 13 194 Tachinidae. Occiput grey, black-haired, witli yellowish hairs centrally and below. Antennæ with third joint about twice as long as second, reaching well below the end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax grey, or yellowish or bluish grey pruinose, the black stripes as broad as the interstices; four postsiitural dorsocentrals, the anterior, especially the second weak (sometimes three or five); a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with apical bristles. Abdomen grey and blackish tessel- lated, somewhat regularly; third segment with a pair of marginal bristles (rarely wanting). Fourth sternite with short decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite cleft to base into long narrow lamellæ, without briish but with long hairs at the margins, Præhypopygial segment black, with bristles at the margin, interrupted in the middle and here Crossing. Hypopygiiim black; upper forceps carinate along middle, cleft in about apical sixth, in profile with about parallel margins, slightly curved ventrally; the dorsal margin bending forwards apic- ally, the ventral with a little incision before apex. Anterior claspers long, curved, com- pressed and dilated apically, with the end truncate, a little excised; posterior claspers much shorter. Penis with the end bent rectangularly forwards, somewhat long, the upper lobe large and broad, chitinised, the lower small, free at end. Middle femora long-fringed, hind femora shorter fringed; middle tibiæ often more or less fringed on posteroventral side, hind tibiæ generally densely and long-fringed antero- and postero- ventrally or on the whole ventral side; middle femora with a comb but no postero- ventral bristles inwards; hind femora with an anteroventral row of long bristles. Wings a little tinged; costal segment 3 longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; a quite small or no costal spine. Squamulæ white. H alteres brown. Female. Frons broader than the eye. Sixth abdominal segment with a broad vertical split, bending in on venter and not visible from above, with somewhat dense marginal bristles; the segment often more or less reddish at margin. Length 6 — 17 mm. S. carnaria is the most common species in Denmark as elsewhere, and present all over the country; the dates are ^^j^ — ^/q. It is often Fig. 56. S. carnaria. Sarcophaga. 195 taken in copula. It may not rarely be seen on human excrements; it is, however, also recorded as bred from Lymantria monacha (Kramer). Geographical distribution: — Distributed at least over all Europe, but its records from North America have been shown erroneous. Remarks: Zetterstedt records albiceps from Denmark, but albi- ceps in Stægers collection is carnaria. 18. S. vicina Villen. 1899. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 27, fig. 2. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 492. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 27, Tab. I, Fig. 6. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 7, Fig. 35. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli. 90, 6, 198. Male. Tilis species is highly similar to carnaria and almost only distinguished on the genitalia. Frons scarcely half as broad as the eye (but a little varying). Fourth sternite with a little longer hairs than in carnaria^ and the hairs erect. Upper forceps quite or nearly quite straight, with the ventral apical ineision a little deeper and narrower than in carnaria; anterior claspers not or almost not longer than posterior, and less dilated apically, the posterior not pointed. Penis with upper lobe small and narrow, lower lobe large, united with the end piece of penis; the transverse end shorter and less angularly bent than in carnaria. Female (in copula). Quite similar to the female of carnaria and at present scarcely to be known from it; frons perhaps a little narrower, as broad as the eye. Length 10 — 15 mm. Remarks: Resides by the genital characters the male may be known by the hairiness of fourth sternite, a char- acter which Rottcher has not observed. S. vicina does not seem to be common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden, Hellerup, Geel Skov, Ridstrup Hegn, Jyderup, on Lol- land at Nysted and in Jutland at Kliplev and Skanderborg (the author); the dates are ^7 5 — ^U'i I took it in copula on ^/g and ^/g. Geographical distribution: — The species seems to be distributed over all Europe; towards the north it is known from Finland. 13* Fig. 57. S. vicina. 196 Tachinidae. 19. S. haemorrhoidalis (Fall.) Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 28, 22. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 571, p. p. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 483, p. p. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 34, Tab. II, Fig. 15. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 10, Fig. 37. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 199. — S. cruentata Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 28, 23. ^ 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 19 et 403, 18. — S. nurus Rond. p. p. 1860. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. III, 392, 30 et 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 124, 31. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Eentom. XV, 185, 19. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 395. Male. Frons half as broad as the eye or still more. Orbits and face a little brownish white, jowls more greyish; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks not strong, but some- what long. The large vibrissa a little above the lower margin of epistoma, the vibrissæ ascending to two thirds of the height, but very small. Jowls black-haired, but with pale hairs behind. Occiput brownish grev, whitish-haired with almost only one row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ with third joint twice as long as second, reaching below the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax greyish or a little yellowish grey pruinose, the median stripe a little narrower than the lateral and narrower than the interstices; four, sometimes five postsutural dorsocentrals, only the two hinder strong, the others weak or very weak; no acrostichals. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey or brownish grey pruinose, with black or blackish brown tessellations; third segment without brist- les. Fourth sternite with decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite without brush, with short marginal bristles, especially dense and crowded at the apex of the lamellæ. Præhypopygial segment black with the anterior part brownish red, for the rest greyish brown pruinose, with strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium red with moder- ately dense hairs; upper forceps broadly cleft to near base, the arms slender and somewhat S-like curved ; at the base each arm has a longi- tudinal depression, separating ofT an inner or dorsal sharp margin and this margin has a triangular incision in the middle so that two teeth are formed ; lower forceps a quite small, rounded, red protuberance. Anterior claspers a little longer than posterior, both with curved, hook-like apex. Penis with the forwards curved end not long, above it long, hook-like apophyses; no distinct Fig. 58. S. haemorrhoidalis. Sarcophaga. 197 lobes. Middle femora long-fringed, hind femora with a shorter fringe below; hind tibiæ with long f ringes on antero- and posteroventral sides; middle tibiæ with short fringes distally on posteroventral side; middle femora with a comb but no posteroventral bristles inwards; hind femora with an anteroventral row of strong but distant bristles. Wings a little tinged; costal segment 3 longer than 5; sub- costal vein bare; no costal spine. Female. I have not seen the female; after Bottcher it has the frons about as broad as the eye. The sixth abdominal segment bright red, with a dorsal split so that two dorsally converging lips are formed, which in the middle have long, dense bristles ; this character together with the wanting præscutellar acrostichals should make it easily recognized. Length 11 — 12 mm (after Bottcher 8 — 15 mm). S. haemorrhoidalis seems to be rare in Denmark, I know only two males, taken at Copenhagen in a garden on ^^/g and ^/g (the author). Geographical distribution: — Widely distributed; all Europe, most of Asia and Africa and also in North America; it seems to be more common in southern districts. It is recorded as parasite on Pachytylus migratorius^ but has also been bred from human excre- ments, and Aldrich {Sarcophaga and its Allies in N. America, 1916, 191) records several cases of its being bred from larvæ passed from human alimentary canal. 20. S. falculata Pand. 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 18.5, 20. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 395. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 480. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 34, Tab. II, Fig. 16. — 1913. Bottcli. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 13, Fig. 39. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 199. — S. nurus Rond. p. p. 1860. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. III, 392, 30 et Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 124, 31. Male. Frons half as broad as the eye or a little broader, orbits more than half as broad as the frontal stripe. Orbits and face whitish silvery; jowls greyish white; frontal stripe black. No outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks somewhat weak, numerous, in one row. Jowls for the most part white-haired, only black-haired just in front. Occiput grey, with white hairs and only one row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ with third joint about one and a half times as long as second, reaching to the lower end of the eye. Thorax 198 Tachinidae. grey pruinose, the median stripe narrower than the lateral and narrower than the interstices ; four or five postsutural dorsocentrals, only the two hinder somewhat strong, the others weak to almost disappearing; a weak pair of præsciitellar acrostichals. Scutellum with Crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey pruinose, black tessel- lated ; third segment without bristles. Fourth sternite with decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite deeply incised at the base of the lamellæ, these latter then dilated and roundish, without brush, but with strong, dense marginal bristles, especially on basal part. Præhypopygial segment black, grey pruinose, with medium strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium red, densely hairy; upper forceps not long, cleft to near middle; its basal part is arched dorsally, then follows a deep excision at the base of each branch and then the dorsal margin bends forwards so that a triangular apex is formed; the forceps is densely haired on basal part, the arms bare, of brown colour; the lower forceps small, somewhat roundish. Anterior claspers longer than posterior, straight in apical part, not pointed; posterior claspers with hook-like apex. Penis not long, with the end bluntly pointed, not bent forwards; near the end some ventral apophyses and above them Fig. 69. S. falculata. blad-like lobes. Posterior femora densely fringed below; hind tibiæ with long fringes on antero- and posteroventral sides, longest on the latter side; middle tibiæ somewhat fringed distally on posteroventral side; middle femora with comb, but without posteroventral bristles inwards; hind femora with an anteroventral row of bristles in apical two thirds. Wings hyaline; costal segment 3 mucli longer than 5; subcostal vein bare; no costal spine. Female. Frons fully as broad as the eye. Præscutellar acrosti- chals developed. Sixth abdominal segment red, a little greyish at hind margin, with a dorsal longitudinal carina and thus roof-shaped; the opening oval, for the most part ventral, with fine marginal bristles above and some stronger intermingled below. This female will be known by the mainly white-haired jowls and white- haired occiput with only one row^ of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Length 10 — 12 mm (after Bottcher 7 — 16 mm). Sarcophaga. 199 S. falculata is rare in Denmark, I possess three specimens, a male and two females, bred from pupæ in rotten snails (the author). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into North Africa, and in North India; also known from North America and Hawaii. In America it has been bred from a Lachnosterna and from rotten meat {Aldrich). 21. S. pumila Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 24, 12. -~ 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1291, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 569. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 198, 46. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 12 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 396. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 489. -^ 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 116, Fig. 43. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 196, 198. — S. proxima Pand. (nec Rond.) 1896. 1. c. XV, 183, 17. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 395. — S. latigena Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 199, 47. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 396. — S. vagans S, p. p. Schin. F. A. I, 569. Male. Frons narrow, not half as broad as the eye; orbits scarcely half as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits grey above, downwards together with cheeks silvery ; frontal stripe black. Outer vertical bristles present. Bristles on cheeks somewhat long and not weak, in one row; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs above, pale hairs in middle below. Antennæ with third joint a little longer than second, reaching to the lower end of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax brownish pruinose with broad black stripes and narrow interstices; three postsutural dorsocentrals and no or small præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum without apical bristles. Abdomen greyish yellow or brownish pruinose, blackish tessel- lated; third segment without, sometimes with a pair of small marginal bristles. Fourth ster- nite with short, somewhat decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite with brush. Præhypopygial seg- ment long, black, with a small brown pruinose spot behind, and with long but not strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium black (some- ^. ^^ c- -i ^ ji rj& V Fig. 60. S. pumila. times brownish to red), somewhat elongated; upper forceps cleft in about apical third, on the dorsal side with two longitudinal impressions; in profile the margins nearly parallel until the apical third, from here the dorsal margin declining apically so that an elongated triangular apical part is formed; lower forceps 200 Tachinidae. elongated triangular. Anterior claspers thin, posterior more robust, shorter, straight with a ventrally curved apical hook. Penis much longer than forceps, with the curved end short and truncate; lobes indistinct but at apex two pairs of styUform apophyses, issuing near each other, the proximal curved towards the end of penis, the distal generally forwards so that they are crossing. Legs with posterior femora fringed below; middle tibiæ more or less fringed on postero- ventral side in apical part ; hind tibiæ fringed ventrally on both sides ; middle femora without comb; hind femora with no anteroventral row of bristles. Wings somewhat tinged, especially towards base; costal segment 3 shorter than 5; subcostal vein bare; a relatively long costal spine present. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres brownish. Female. Frons not quite as broad as the eye, about two thirds of it. Sixth abdominal segment with a vertical triangular split, with strong marginal bristles. Length 5 — 6 mm. S. pumila seems somewhat rare in Denmark, I have taken it only at Lyngby, in Geel Skov, and in Jutland at Skanderborg; the dates are from in June to ^j^; it was flying low over the ground and resting on leaves of Tussilago. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. Remarks: Bottcher says that third (his second) abdominal segment is bare, but it may have a pair of small or even a little larger marginal bristles. 22. S. haemorrhoa Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 29, 24. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 571, p. p. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 188, 11. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 20 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 395. -- 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 482. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 33, Tab. II, Fig. 11. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 240, Fig. 57. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 197. — S. vulnerata Schin. p. p. 1862. F. A. I, 570. Male. Frons narrow, about one third of the breadth of the eye; orbits fully half as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits grey above, down- wards together with cheeks greyish white, silvery; frontal stripe black. No distinct outer vertical bristles. Bristles on cheeks some- what long and not weak, in one row. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and pale hairs centrally and below. Antennæ with third joint not much longer than second, reaching to the lower Sarcophaga. 201 end of the eye. Palpi thin, black. Thorax grey priiinose, the black stripes broad, the interstices narrow; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with apical bristles. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey pruinose, black tessellated; in most views the black markings forming three longitudinal stripes; third segment with a pair of marginal bristles. Fourth sternite with short but not quite decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite with a brush. Præhypopygial segm.ent black (rarely reddish anteriorly), with a greyish brown pruinose spot behind, and strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium reddish or reddish yellow; upper forceps cleft in apical third, very slightly ventrally curved, the arms on the dorsal side at the base of the cleavage with a round protuberance, and from here going out into a somewhat styliform apical part; lower forceps elongated triangular. Anterior claspers straight, longer than post- erior, these latter with a curved, pointed apex. Penis with a slender evenly curved apical part, at the ventral base a small protuberance; there is a chitinised lobe and below small lateral whitish apophyses or lower lobes, and between them a pair of small styliform apophyses. Legs with posterior femora sparingly fringed; middle tibiæ bare, hind tibiæ likewise or pj^ gj s . haemon-hoa. sparingly fringed on ventral sides; middle femora without comb; hind femora without anteroventral bristles but with some long, strong hairs. Wings more or less brownish tinged, especially along the veins; costal segment 3 and 5 equal; subcostal vein with more or fewer bristles (very rarely bare); no or a short costal spine. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Frons not quite as broad as the eye. Sixth abdominal segment with the margin red and with a vertical triangular opening, narrowing downwards and bending in on venter, with strong marginal bristles; its upper margin is quite straight. Length 6 — 10 mm. S.haemorrhoa is common in Denmark; Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Jyderup; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Nysted; on Funen at Veflinge and in Jutland at Horsens and Skanderborg; the dates are Vs — ^Vt- i have taken it in copula on ^"/g. It is recorded as bred from Helix. 202 Tachinidae. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north into Sweden, and in Finland. 23. S. offuscata (Meig. ?) Schin. ?1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 26, 16. — 1862. Schin. p. p. F. A. I, 572. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 201, 52. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Er. LXXVI, 397. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 244, Fig. 59. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natiirgesch. 90, 6, 197. Male. Frons not lialf as broad as the eye; orbits ratlier narrow. Orbits and face dark grey; jowls grey; frontal stripe brownish black. Outer vertical bristles somewhat developed. Bristles on cheeks not small. Jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, almost quite black-haired, only pale-haired in the middle below. Antennæ with third joint short, not much longer than second, just reaching the lower margin of the eye. Palpi black, thin. Thorax dark grey, the lateral black stripes nearly double as broad as the median, the interstices some- what narrow; three postsutural dorsocentrals; a præscutellar pair and some præsutural acrostichals. Scutellum without apical bristles. Abdomen dark grey or brownish grey pruinose, black tessellated, three black stripes somewhat distinct; third segment with strong bristles, and all abdominal bristles strong. Fourth sternite with somewhat erect hairs. Fifth sternite with brush. Præhypopygial segment black, with a brownish pruinose spot at hind margin, and with strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium black (rarely red), densely hairy; upper forceps cleft in about apical third, at the base of the arms a dorsal hump, the elongated triangular apical part bent slightly ventrally. Anterior claspers longer than posterior, straight, with apex bent forwards; posterior likewise straight, with hook-shaped apex. Penis with the end not bent forwards, short triangularly pointed; no distinct lobes seen, but at the end a pair of pale, broad lateral Fig 62 S offuscata apophyses and between them a pair of bristle-like median apophyses arranged about as in haemorrhoa. Posterior femora sparingly fringed below; hind tibiæ sparingly fringed on posteroventral side with distant hairs; middle femora without comb; hind femora with a row of distant or more numerous, long anteroventral bristles. Wings more or less, Sarcophaga. 203 generally somewhat strongly brownish tinged; costal segment 3 shorter than 5; subcostal vein with bristles; a long costal spine. Female. Frons nearly as broad as the eye. The split in sixth abdominal segment apical and ventral, oval above but triangularly pointed below and thus nearly triangular; it has strong marginal bristles at the sides, interrupted above and being smaller on the ventral side. The female will be known especially by the dark wings. Length 5 — 6 mm (after Bottcher 5 — 10 mm). S. offuscata seems to be rare in Denmark, I possess only 7 spec- imens, three males and four females; Ermelimd, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose (the author); the dates are ^Vs — V?- Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). Remarks: The species has sometimes a red hypopygium and forceps and penis a little differing: var. haemorrhoides Bottch., but this has not occurred with us. 24. S. frenata Pand. 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 182, 13. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 395. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 481. — 1913. Bottch. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 352, Fig. 67. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 28, 21, 238. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 197. — S. cruen- iata Schin. p. p. (nec Meig.) 1862. F. A. I, 571. — 1896. Pand. 1. c. XV, 181, 12. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 395. — S. nepos Eond. p. p. 1860. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. III, 290, 27 et 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 121, 28. — S. vulnerata Kram. {nec Schin.) 1911. 1. c. 27, 33, Tab. II, Fig. 12. Male. Frons not half as broad as the eye. Orbits and face yellowish or light brownish pruinose, somewhat dark reflecting; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, Outer vertical bristles slightly individualised. Bristles on cheeks a little strong downwards, in one row. Jowls black-haired, Occiput grey, mainly black-haired, with pale hairs only just centrally and below. Antennæ with third joint only a little longer than second, reaching the lower margin of the eye. Palpi black, thin. Thorax greyish or dark greyish pruinose, with three broad and equal stripes, much broader than the narrow interstices; bristles on thorax rather long; three postsutural dorso- centrals; a pair of præscutellar acrostichals and some very weak præsutural. Scutellum with crossing apical bristles. Abdomen grey or a little yellowish grey pruinose, with black tessellations; third segment with strong bristles. Fourth sternite with short, somewhat 204 Tachinidae. decumbent hairs. Fifth sternite \vith a brush and strong but not long, dense marginal bristles. Genitalia large; præhypopygial seg- ment black with a slight, greyish brown pruinose middle spot, and with strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium red, somewhat densely hairy; upper forceps cleft to near middle, the arms ciirved a little ventrally, with a small dorsal hump at base and from here slightly hollowed in upwards and with a narrow furrow along dorsal margin ; there is a very slight excision at apex; the forceps only moderately hairy, the arms bare; on the dorsal hump there is a little brush of short hairs. Anterior claspers longer than posterior, straight, with the blunt end rectangularly bent; posterior claspers likewise straight, with the end hook-shaped and pointed. Penis with Fiff 63 S frenata ^ small short and pointed end, bent slightly forwards; a large, roundish brown lobe is seen and at the end two pairs of quite small apophyses, the median bent upwards and bristle-like. Middle femora somewhat densely, hind femora more sparingly fringed below; hind tibiæ long-fringed on posteroventral side but sparingly, with the hairs distant, and not or almost not fringed on anteroventral side (the hairiness very varying according to the size); middle femora with a not strong comb; hind femora with an anteroventral row of long bristles. Wings somewhat tinged; costal segment 3 slightly longer than 5; subcostal vein with bristles (or bare); a somewhat small costal spine. Female. Frons about as broad as the eye. Sixth abdominal segment more or less red; the split elliptical, not triangular, narrowed both above and below, and above produced somewhat forwards, with strong marginal bristles; the split has, as seen, another shape than in haemorrhoa. Length 8 — 9 mm (after Bottcher 7 — 12 mm). The described form belongs, as it has bristles on subcostal vein, to var. cruentata Pand.; the frenata with bare subcostal vein I have not seen. S. frenata seems rare in Denmark, I know only 8 specimens, a copulated pair taken in Ermelund (the author), a male from Veflinge on Funen (H. J. Hansen), two males and a copulated pair from Jutland at Skanderborg (the author) and a male from earlier time Blaesoxypha. 205 withoiit particular locality; the dates are ^^/g — ^Z,, the copulated pairs taken on ^^/g and ^"/e- Geographical distribution: — Europe, in both varieties; not known north of Denmark. According to Bottcher the var. with bare subcostal vein is more common in moimtain districts. 26. Blaesoxyplia Loew. Medium sized or smallish species of greyish colour with dark markings on abdomen, which are somewhat fixed, but, however, shifting according to view to some degree. Head a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind and a little puffed out below; higher than long. Frons in male narrow, about one fifth to one third of the eye, in female broader, very slightly protruding. Cheeks some- what narrow; jowls about one third of the height of the eye, some- what horizontal. In male fme ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, in female the ocellar stronger and outer vertical and two orbitals also present. Occiput with black hairs above, white below. Frontal bristles reaching about to the middle of second antennal joint, the rows diverging below; in male the two upper are reclinate, the hindmost directed more or less outwards, in female the upper- most directed somewhat outwards. Cheeks with fme hairs, longer and in one row below. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Epistoma not or slightly retreating, slightly reflected downwards. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, third joint not twice as long as second; arista long plumose in basal half. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals; three præsutural and a præscutellar pair or still more postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle generally present; two large and two small notopleural bristles. Scutellum in male with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, in female no apical. Three sternopleural bristles in one row. Postalar declivity with more or fewer hairs. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin in male, small and only basal in female. Only marginal bristles present, none on second segment, third with or without, fourth and fifth with a row. All sternites with erect hairs. Fifth sternite excised to base. Genitalia small; upper forceps slender, cleft to base; lower forceps small, not elongated; abdomen in female in most species ending with a pointed ovipositor, wanting in lineata and some others. Legs 206 Tachinidae. with the hind coxæ hairy behind; posterior femora and tibiæ not fringed; hind femora with or without anterior row of bristles; middle femora in male with a distal posteroventral comb; middle tibiæ with a ventral spine in both sexes. Claws and pulvilli in male some- what elongated. Wings as in Sarcophaga. The larvæ live parasitical in Locustids and Acridiids; the female deposits with the ovipositor the larva between the anal processes of the host. Of the genus (and subgenera) 14 European species are described, most of them southern forms; 4 have been found in Denmark. Also North American species belong here (Aldrich, Sarcophaga and its Allies, 1916, but the author does not accept the genus). The genus is, as seen, quite nearly related to Sarcophaga^ mainly distinguished by the male genitalia and the ovipositor generally present in female. The genus is still unsatisfactorily known; the species seem generally to be rare, except in southern countries. Table of Species. (The table, which is based on a slight material, does not pretend to be of great value.) 1. Genital segments red in both sexes, and ovipositor in female red and curved forwards in under venter 1. erythrura. — Genitalia not red, and female ovipositor not curved for- wards 2. 2. Palpi reddish yellow in apical part; third abdominal segment without bristles 4. berolinensis. — Palpi black ; third abdominal segment with bristles 3. 3. Penis somewhat thickened at apex; forceps with apex not hook-like curved; female with ovipositor generally more or less protruding backwards 2. grylloctona. — • Penis slender and less thickened apically; forceps with apex curved hook-like inwards; female ovipositor less or not protruding 3. gladiatrix. 1, B. erythrura Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 30, 26 (Sarcophaga). — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1300, 21 (Sarcophaga). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 572 (Sarcophaga). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 177, 4 (Sarcophaga). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 395 (Sarcophaga). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. 480 (Sarcophaga). — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 33, Tab. II, Fig. 9 (Sarcophaga). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 202, 1. — S. lusatica Kram. 1905. Zeitschr. Hymn. Dipt. V, 332, 5, Fig. IV et 1906. VI 63 et 217. Blaesoxypha. 207 Of this species I know only the female. The male will, however^ be known at once as it has both præhypopygial segment and hypo- pygiiim red. Female. Frons about as broad as the eye; orbits as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits and face bluish grey. Bristles on cheeks few, not strong. Antennæ with third joint not much longer than second, not reaching lower margin of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax bluish grey pruinose, the middle black stripe narrower than the lateral; three præsutural and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with black tessellations, a middle stripe and oblique lateral spots somewhat constant; third segment with a pair of quite weak marginal bristles. The apical segment and the ovipositor bright red, the latter strong, claw-Iike^ curved forwards in under venter and deeply hollowed on dorsal side. Length 5,5 mm, but recorded to 10,5 mm. The species will be easily known by the red genitalia in both sexes and the forwards curved ovipositor in the female. B. erythrura seems to be very rare in Denmark, we have only one female specimen without particular locality. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to middle Sweden. 2. B. grylloctona Loew. 1861. Loew, Wien. ent. Monatschr. V, 386. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 493. — 1911. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Geseli. Gorlitz, 27, 34, Tab. II, Fig. 8. — 1924. Stein. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 202, 3. — S. gladiatrix Pand. p. p. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 397. Male. Frons narrow, about one fiftli of the eye. Orbits and face yellowish or brownish grey. Bristles on cheeks of moderate size, in one row. Antennæ with third joint a little longer than second, not reaching lower margin of the eye. Palpi black. Thorax greyish or brownish grey pruinose, the middle black stripe a little narrower than the lateral; some pairs of præ- and postsutural acrostichals. Abdomen brownish grey pruinose, with three black, rather constant lines; third segment with a pair of marginal bristles. Præhypopygial segment grey, with not strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium black; upper forceps slender, reddish, curved slightly ventrally, pointed. Claspers of about equal length. Penis with a short forwards bent end and a lobe above it. Legs with long bristles; hind femora with antero- dorsal, anterior and anteroventral bristles. Wings a little tinged^ veins black. 208 Tachinidae. Female. Somewhat different in colour. Frons as broad as the eye. Thorax and abdomen yellowish grey or greyish yellow; stripes on thorax narrow, and the longitudinal stripes on abdomen narrow and weak to almost disappearing. Ovipositor strong, compressed and knife-like, curved a little downwards, of brownish black colour; it protrudes backwards or is more or less hidden in sixth segment. Wings somewhat yellowish at base, with the veins more or less yellow. Length 5 to fully 8 mm. B. gnjlloctona is more common in Denmark than the other species; Hillerød, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde, at Skelskør and in Jutland at Skeide, Sønderborg, Frijsenborg, Horsens and Skørping; the dates are ^^e — ^Vs- It occurs especially on umbellifers. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden (according to specimens sent from Ringdahl). The species has been bred from Podisma alpina. 3. B. gladiatrix Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 205, 60, p. p. (Sarcophaga). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 397 (Sarcophaga). — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 202, 2. Male. Quite similar to grylloctona. Antennæ a little longer, nearly reaching lower margin of the eye. Upper forceps with the apex curved more inwards, and more hook-like. Penis long and slender with the apical part less thickened. Wings a little brownish towards base. Female. Differing in colour from the male like the female of grylloctona and thus more yellowish in colour with much weaker black markings. Ovipositor of a similar shape, but less curved and less protruding. Length 4,5 — 6,5 mm. B. gladiatrix is rare in Denmark, I possess only one male and one female. Dyrehaven and Ruderhegn (the author); they were taken in August. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; towards the north to southern Sweden according to a specimen sent from Mr. Ringdahl, and, as far as I can see, belonging to this species. Agria. 209 4. B. berolinensis Villen. 1912. Villen. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. X, 612,4. — ?/S. pygmaea Zett. 1845. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1302, 24 et 1859. XIII, 6181, 24. Male. Again tliis species is similar to the foregoing, but the frons is broader, about one third of the eye or more, and the palpi are red in apical part. Third abdominal segment has no bristles. Hind femora witli only anterodorsal and anteroventral bristles but no anterior. Claws on anterior tarsi shorter than in gladiatrix. The genitalia I have not been able to examine, according to the descrip- tion the forceps is a little shorter than in the foregoing, broad at base, granulated, with the end a little hook-formed. Female. Like the two foregoing females of more yellowish colour with weak markings. Palpi more yellow than in male. Sixth abdominal segment quite hidden. Ovipositor small with the apex protruding backwards and downwards. Length 4 — 5,5 mm. Villeneuve has suggested tliat the species is identical with pijg- maea Zett., and Ringdahl, who has seen Zetterstedt's type, has com- municated to me, that he can confirm this opinion. B. berolinensis is rare in Denmark, I possess only one specimen, a male, taken in Dyrehaven on -^/g (the author). The above descrip- tion of the female is drawn from a Swedish specimen. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden. 27. Agpia R. D. Medium sized or smallish species of greyish colour with striped thorax and black spots on abdomen, which are rather fixed. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind and a little pufTed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons narrow in male, much broader in female, only slightly protruding. Jowls about one fourth or third of the height of the eye; cheeks not very broad. In male fine ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles, and the ocellar bristles stronger. Postocellar and occipital bristles present. Occiput all black-haired. Frontal bristles reaching to the insertion of antennæ, the rows not diverging below; in male about two uppermost reclinate, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks with fine hairs. Vibrissæ 14 210 Tachinidae. not ascending. Epistoma somewhat broadened downwards, not retreating and almost not or only slightly reflected. Oral cone and proboscis rather short. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista somewhat short- plumose in basal half. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorso- centrals and two præsutural and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Two notopleural bristles. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical the strongest in both sexes; a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles in position 2 — 1. Pteropleura with hairs and a bundle of small bristles above. Abdomen conical; excava- tion on second segment reaching the margin in male, but only basal in female. There are only marginal bristles and none on second and third segment. Fifth sternite not excised. Præhypopygial segment short above, bending rectangularly down, with a series of bristles at the bend. Hypopygium small; iipper forceps short, only short cleft at apex; lower forceps well developed, with the arms curved, as long as upper forceps. Legs with hind coxæ not hairy behind; middle femora in male with a posteroventral distal comb and middle tibiæ in this sex without ventral bristle; hind femora with antero- dorsal and anteroventral bristles but no intermediate row. Claws and pulvilli elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending somewhat near apex of wing; discai angle rectangular with a fold from the angle; cubital vein with bristles to near medial cross- vein; no distinct costal spine. The species are parasitic on, or attack and eat, lepidopterous larvæ and pupæ, and ajfinis is also recorded from Empria and Pachijtylus. Of the genus three species are known, two occurring in Denmark. Tahle of Species. 1. Genitalia without protuberances 1. affinis. — Genitalia with four squarely placed round protuberances at end 2. mamillata. 1. A. affinis Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 230 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 39, 4 {Mmca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 30, 27, tab. XLIII, Fig. 10 (Sarcophaga). — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1293, 13 {Sarcophaga). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 574 (Sarcophaga). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 469, p. p. (Sarcophaga). — 1908. Kram. Entom. Wochenbl. XXV, 200, Fig. 1 (Pseudosarcophaga) et Agria. 211 1911. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 35, Tab. III, Fig. 1. — 1921, Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 391. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 204, 1, p. p. Male. Frons narrow, about one fifth of the breadth of the eye, slightly protruding. Orbits and cheeks greyish silvery, the former dark above; frontal stripe black, widening downwards. Orbits and cheeks with fine hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint scarcely twice as long as second. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, with three black stripes, to each side of the median a narrow black stripe anterior to the suture. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen grey or brownish grey prui- nose, second segment mainly black, the others with a longitudinal median spot and a roundish black spot to each side, the median spots united to a black middle stripe; the spots are rather fixed though somewhat shifting according to view. Abdomen black-haired, with only marginal bristles as rows on fourth and fifth segment. Upper forceps cleft only at apex, straight, lower forceps of the same length, red, the arms curved backwards towards apex. Legs black; middle femora with a short posteroventral, apical comb of short, strong spinules. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins blackish. Squamulæ brownish. Halteres yellowish. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye. Length 6,5 — 7,5 mm. A. affinis does not seem to be common in Denmark, I possess only a small material; Damhusmosen, Tisvilde and on Bornholm; the dates are in July. One of my specimens is bred from Stilpnotia salicis and belongs to the breeding mentioned by Nielsen (Mindeskr. f. Japetus Steenstrup, København 1913, 8); others are bred from Larentia nigrojasciaria., emerging on 1^4, and two specimens are bred from pupæ found in flood refuse. It is otherwise known as parasite on Lymantria monacha, dispar, Dendrolimus pini, Aporia crataegi and also recorded from Empria abdominalis and Pachytylus migra- torius. The records of it from Hyponomeuta species refer more probably to the following species. The species seems to have two yearly generations; the pupæ from July and August may develop same year, but most of them hibernate. — Zetterstedt 1. c. XIII, 6179 mentions the larva in a dead Mololontha vulgaris, but Fallen and Zetterstedt have probably had both this and the following species. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland; it occurs also in North America. 14* 212 Tachinidae. 2. A. mamillata Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 172, 4 (Sarcophila). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 394. — 1908. Kram. Entom. Wochenbl. XXV, 200 (Pseudosarcophaga) et 1911. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 27, 36. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 392. — • Sarcophila hiclunis Pand. 1896 1. c. XV, 173, 5. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 394. — A. affinis 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 204, 1 p. p. Male. Tilis species is quite similar to affinis, also in the shape of upper and lower forceps, which are only a little more robust. The specific difference lies in the shape of the præhypopygial segment and the hypopygium; the præhypopygial segment has at the hind margin on each side a round protiiberance, and the hypopygium has a similar protuberance on each side, so that there are four pro- tuberances placed squarely; the protuberances are rather densely haired, especially the upper. Female. Quite similar to the female of affinis and scarcely to distinguish with certainty. Length 7 — 8 mm. A. mamillata has hitherto been taken only at Valby near Copen- hagen and at Tisvilde; my specimens are bred from a Hyponomeuta; it is no doubt common where Hyponomeuta is found. The species is known as parasitic on H. cognatella and probably also padella and other species of the genus. Nielsen mentions 1. c. that the larvæ occur in webs of Hyponomeuta and eat the pupæ, boring in at one end and out of the other, and thus destroying many pupæ. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). 28. Angiometopa B. B. Medium sized grey species with striped thorax and black spots on abdomen which are fixed, not shifting according to view. The genus is nearly related to Agria. Head as in this genus; frons in male half as broad as the eye, in female broader, somewhat protruding. Jowls about half as broad as the height of the eye. Bristles as in Agria. Occiput with all black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of antennæ, the rows not diverging below; in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks with fme hairs. Vibrissæ slightly ascending, the vibrissal ridges broad, much diverging and somewhat converging below. Epistoma somewhat broad, not Angiometopa. 213 retreating, slightly reflected in lower part. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length. Palpi a little clubbed. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista short-pliimose in basal half. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals; three præsiitural and one or two pairs of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical as strong as the others in both sexes; a pair of discai bristles. Four sternopleural bristles, the median iipper small. Pteropleura with hairs and a coiiple of bristles above. Abdomen conical, some- what robust; excavation on second segment reaching the margin in male but not in female; only marginal bristles present and none on second and third segment. Præhypopygial segment as in Agria short above, bending sharply vertically down, with a series of bristles at the bend.Legs with posterior coxæ not hairy behind; middle femora in male with a comb apically, middle tibiæ in this sex without ventral bristle, and hind femora with an anterodorsal and anteroventral row^ of bristles, but no row between them. Claws and pulvilli strongly elongated in male. Wings as in Agria., but with a costal spine. Of the genus two species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. A. ruralis Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 233 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 39, 3 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 17, 2, Tab. XLIII, Fig. 9, S (Sarcophaga) . — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1301, 22 et 1859. XIII, 6180, 22 {Sarcophaga). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 172, 2 {Sarcophila). — 1900. Villen. BuU. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 363, 2 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 394. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 495 — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 205, 3 (Agria). Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye, somew^hat protruding. Orbits silvery, somewhat yellowish; cheeks silvery with dark reflec- tions, especially a spot at base of antennæ. Frontal stripe black. Orbits and cheeks with black hairs, longest on cheeks; jowls black- haired. Occiput grey, with all black hairs. Antennæ black, second joint obscurely reddish but wdth upper apical corner bright yellow; arista yellow on middle. Palpi yellow. Thorax brownish grey pruinose with three blackish stripes, the median not produced on scutellum; to each side of the median stripe anterior to the suture a narrow, less distinct stripe. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen grey pruinose, second segment black on middle, the three next segments with a black middle spot and a somewhat triangular spot on each side, the middle spots linear, confluent to a middle stripe, on fifth segment 214 Tachinidae. the spots less distinct. Abdomen black-haired, third segment with longer hairs at margin, fourth and fifth with a dense marginal row of bristles. Legs black; middle femora with a posteroventral apical comb of short, strong spiniiles. Wings a httle tinged, somewhat brownish at base; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell open, ending before apex of wing; apical cross-vein bending outwards above the angle. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; colour more bright grey and thoracic stripes narrower. Frons as broad as the eye. Sixth abdominal segment with a transverse opening wdth dense marginal bristles. Length. About 9 mm. A. ruralis seems to be rare in Denmark, I possess only one pair which I took in copula at Hald in Jutland on ^^/^ 1910. Geographical distribution: — Eiirope, at all events dow-n into France; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 29. Sarcopliila Rond. Medium sized or small species of greyish colour, with black spots on abdomen which are fixed, not shifting. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind, slightly puffed out below, not much higher than long, Frons broad in both sexes, considerably broader than the eye, a little protruding. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ooellar, outer and inner vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Occiput all black-haired. Frontal bristles reaching a little below insertion of antennæ, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes; the rows not diverging below. Cheeks with fine hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending. Epistoma not retreating, slightly reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, third joint scarcely one and a half times as long as second; arista short-plumose in basal half. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and two præsutural and one pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Two notopleural bristles. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical the strengest. Four sternopleural bristles, the upper median small, often wanting in male. Pteropleura with hairs and a couple of bristles above. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin in male, but not in female; only marginal bristles present, none on second and Sarcophila. 215 third segment. Præhypopygial segment short above, bent rectangularly down, with a row of bristles at the bend and a row at the hind margin. Legs with hind coxæ not hairy behind; middle femora in male with a dense row of strong bristles below middle; middle tibiæ with a ventral bristle in botli sexes; hind femora in male with an antero- dorsal and anteroventral row of bristles but no intermediate row. Claws and pulvilli small and equal in both sexes. Wings relatively short; first posterior cell open, ending before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or nearly, with a fold from the angle; cubital vein with bristles to medial cross-vein. A costal spine present. The larva of latifrons is recorded to live on carrion and on dead insects, possibly also attacking living insects (Sajo: 111. Zeitschr. f. Entom. III, 1898, 149); it has the apical cavity very deep. Of the genus some five species are recorded, but only latifrons is well known, and also occurring in Denmark. 1. S. latifrons Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 238 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 40, 7 {Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 31, 28 et 1830. VI, 374 (Sarcophaga). — 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1295, 15 et 1859. XIII, 6179, 15 (Sarcophaga). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 567. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 172, 3. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 364, 22 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 394. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 495. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 207. Male. Frons broad, considerably broader than the eye, only a little protruding. Orbits and cheeks grey or greyish white; frontal stripe blackish seen from above, from in front greyish. Orbits and cheeks with fme black hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey with all black hairs. Antennæ black, second joint a little reddish. Palpi black. Thorax grey or brownish grey pruinose, with three indistinct darker stripes; it is black-haired. Abdomen grey or brownish grey pruinose, third and fourth segment with three black spots at hind margin, the middle spots elongate, more or less confluent to a middle stripe. Abdomen black-haired with a not dense row of marginal bristles on fourth and fifth segment. Legs black; middle femora without apical comb, but with a row of strong ventral bristles about middle, and hind femora with a row of posteroventral bristles. Wings a little yellowish tinged, especially at base; veins brown. Squamulæ yellowish white. Halteres yellow^ Female. Quite similar. Frons of the same breadth. Middle femora without dense ventral bristles but with long, distant bristles. 216 Tachinidae. Length 4,5 to aboiit 8 mm. S. latijrons seems to be rare in Denmark, it has been taken on one occasion at Charlottenlund on a sandy field in Jiily (Stæger), and here in somenumbers; further we have it from southern Jutland at Skeide, Sandager, Bevtoft and Kliplev on ^2/^ — 3^^ (Wiistnei, the author). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 30. Bracliycoina Rond. Medium sized species of black colour with greyish pruinosity. Head as broad as thorax, somewhat convex behind and somewhat pufTed out below, higher than long. Frons in male about two thirds of the breadth of the eye, in female broader, somewhat protruding. Jowls half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and weak outer vertical bristles, in female also two orbitals. Some postocellar and a pair of distinct occipital bristles. Occiput with black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to the middle of second antennal joint, above an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Cheeks hairy, the hairs downwards in a single row. Vibrissæ ascending towards the middle. Epistoma not retreating but hollowed in the middle and distinctly reflected and protruding below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus forceps-shaped. Antennæ inserted above the middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista slightly pubescent, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side and a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura hairy behind with a couple of bristles above. Abdomen somewhat elongated, excavation on second segment small, basal; there are only marginal bristles, none on second segment. Præhypopygial segment short above, bending abruptly downwards, with a series of bristles at the bend and at hind margin. Legs a little robust; middle femora in male with a comb of short bristles apically on posteroventral side; middle tibiæ in male without ventral bristle. Claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular with a fold from the angle; sub- costal vein with small bristles on apical part, or bare; cubital vein with bristles to near medial cross-vein. Costal spine quite small. Brachycoma. 217 The species live as larvæ in nests of Bomhus and Vespa where they feed upon the food for the bee-larvæ and perhaps also attack and eat the larvæ. Of the genus two or three European species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. B. devia Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 6, 8 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 301, 108. (Tachina) — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 634, 4 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1023, 12 et 1855, XII, 4688, 12 et 1859. XIII, 6076, 12 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 477 (Tachina). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 121, Tab. VII, Fig. 173. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 502. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 206. — Meigenia hombivora v. d. Wulp, 1869. Ent. Tijdschr. 2, IV, 142, 187, Tab. IV, Fig. 3—5. — 1891. B. B. 1. c. LVIII, 424. — Oppia ciligera E. D. 1863. Posth. II, 406, 1. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 303, 2 (Metopia). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 402 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 382 (Metopia). Male. Frons above about two thirds of the breadth of the eye^ somewhat protruding. Orbits and cheeks greyish white, black in some views; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, seen from in front whitish. Orbits and cheeks with black hairs, downwards on the cheeks forming a single row; jowls with longish black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black, somewhat broad; arista thickened in fully the basal third, slightly pubescent. Palpi black or blackish. Thorax bluish grey pruinose, with three broad black stripes, and just outwards to the median a pair of thin stripes, ab- breviated just behind the suture. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, the three last segments whitish grey pruinose on front part^ shifting to dark according to view, leaving a middle line and hind margins black, the latter are undulate as they are semicircularly widened on each side, but narrowed in the middle and at the margins. Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, none on second seg- ment, a pair on third and a row on fourth; the præhypopygial seg- ment with two rows of bristles. Legs black. Wings somewhat greyish brown tinged; veins black; apical cross-vein bending outwards above the angle; subcostal vein with small bristles on apical part or bare. Squamulæ white. Halteres blackish brown. Female. Similar; frons as broad or fully as broad as the eye. Length 6 — 8,5 mm. B. devia seems to be somewhat rare in Denmark; Ordrup, Dyrehaven, Søllerød, Hillerød, Jægerspris, Rørvig, Jyderup and in 218 Tachinidae. Jiitland at Horsens, Skanderborg and Skørping; the dates are "/s — 2^/7. I have it bred from a Bomhus nest taken ^'^Z,, and which con- tained pupæ, and from a nest of B. agrorum taken in August; the nest contained larvæ which pupated in September and developed on ^'/e — ^"/s? except two specimens which first came on ^^j^ next year. It is earher known bred from B. ogrorum, pratorum, silvarum and terrestris and Vespa silvestris. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Lappland and Finland. 31. Miltogpamma Meig. Medium sized species of blackish or brownish colour with brownish, greyish or whitish pruinosity; sometimes with constant spots on abdomen, and sometimes the sides of abdomen more or less reddish. Head fully as broad as thorax, flat or a httle concave behind, a httle puffed out downwards, higher than long. Frons broad, of the same breadth in both sexes, of a little bladdery appearance, especially at vertex, somewhat protruding; it is narrowing downwards and the face again widening so that the inner eye-margin is angular. Jowls not quite narrow but horizontal and thus almost not descending. In both sexes small and slightly individualised, outwards directed ocellar bristles, inner and outer vertical and about four orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Postocular bristles small and fme, behind them all black or all pale hairs. Frontal bristles numerous, descending just to or scarcely to insertion of antennæ; above a reclinate bristle in both sexes. Cheeks fmely hairy. Vibrissal ridges bending strongly inwards below; vibrissæ ascending a little or somewhat, in more than one row; no large vibrissa present. Eyes with the facets enlarged on front side towards the median angle. Epistoma not retreating. Proboscis of medium length. Palpi thin, slightly dilated apically. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, small, third joint about twice as long as second; arista short, apparently bare, second joint not elongated. Thorax rectangular; three to four postsutural dorsocentrals; one or two pairs of præ- scutellar acrostichals, the others fme or two præsutural developed; a smaller or larger præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three or more marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles, besides hairs. Pteropleura with a bunch of hairs above. Abdomen Miltogramma. 219 elongated conical; excavation on second segment only present at base; there are only marginal bristles, more or less fme and decumbent, on second segment none or a pair of small bristles. Genitalia relatively small. Legs somewhat short, hind tibiæ with antero- and postero- dorsal rows of not large bristles, and some ventral bristles about the middle; in some species fourtli joint on front tarsi in male has special hairs. Claws and pulvilli not elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending before apex of wing; discai angle rectangii- lar or about, with a slight veinlet or fold; no costal spine. The species live as larvæ in the nests of burrowing bees and fossorial wasps, feeding on the stored food. The female penetrates into the nests of the bees for depositing, but when the host is a fossorial wasp the female deposites the egg on the prey when the wasp is carry- ing it in. The species occur, in accordance with their hosts, on sandy piaces, often near shores, and are here seen flying rapidly and running on the sand in watching their hosts. Of the genus some twenty European species are recorded, 3 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Abdomen brown pruinose with only slight, shifting spots; fourth joint of front tarsi in male with two strong nearly rectangularly curved bristles 1. oestraceum. — Abdomen with constant or with shifting spots, strongly contrasted towards the white pruinosity; front tarsi in male either simple or with long, curved and short, curled hairs on fourth joint 2. 2. Antennæ nearly all black; abdomen reddish at the sides, whitish pruinose with three black, shining hindmarginal spots on third to fifth segment; fourth joint on front tarsi in male with long, curved and short, somewhat curled hairs 2. punctata. — Antennæ with the basal joints red; abdomen whitish pruinose with shifting brown spots ; tarsi in male simple . . 3. Germari. 1. M. oestraceum Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 10, 17 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Svst. Beschr. IV, 229, 4. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1202, 1 et 1849, VIII, 3254, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6146, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 506. — 1895. Pand. Kev. Entom. XIV, 292, 6. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 381, 11. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 506. — 1917. Kram. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 28, 255, Fig. 1. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 215, 7. — M. tessel- 220 Tachinidae. latum Meig. 1824 1. c. IV, 230, 6. — 1859. Zett. 1. c. XIII, 6147, 2—3. — 1900. Villen. 1. c. 381, 10. — M. hacillans Pand. 1895. 1. c. XIV, 293, 4. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 381. Male. Frons above as broad or broader than the largest dia- meter of the eye, narrowing downwards, somewhat protruding. Orbits yellowish with a little brownisli pruinosity, cheeks and face whitish yellow ; frontal stripe yellow, seen from in front a little whitish pruinose. Frontal bristles reaching just to insertion of antennæ. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Orbits with few black hairs, denser above and liere somewhat long. Cheeks wåth fme, jowls with short and dense yellow hairs. Occipiit brown- ish pruinose, yellow behind vertex; it is black-haired. Antennæ blackish with the basal joints reddish yellow; arista thickened in nearly basal two thirds. Palpi yellow. Thorax greyish brown pruinose wåth four dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired; three or some- times four postsutural dorsocentrals; acrostichals more or less fme except one or two præscutellar. Scutellum with at least four marginal bristles on each side, but often they are more numerous and irregular. Abdomen yellowish brown pruinose with irregular brown spots, shifting according to view; it is black-haired with some- what small marginal bristles, a pair of rather small on second segment and a row on third and fourth, but on third only the median pair stronger. Legs black, somewhat brownish grey pruinose; front tarsi with fourth joint a little prolonged on posterior side below and here with two (or three) long and strong bristles, passing between the claws and curved almost rectangularly upwards, they are so close-lying that they apparently form one bristle; on anterior side of the joint there is an erect, outstanding bristle. Wings nearly clear; veins blackish brown. Squamulæ yellowish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of about the same breadth. Front tarsi simple. Length 7 — 8 mm. M. oestraceum is somew^hat rare in Denmark; Nyraad near Vor- dingborg and in Jutland at Sønderborg and at Sæby; the dates are in June and July. The species is known bred from Dasypoda hirtipes and Podalirius retusus. Fig. 64. M. oestra- ceum (J , left front tarsus from posterior side. Miltogramma. 221 Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 2. M. punctatum Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 228, 3. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1204, 3 et 1859. XIII, 6147,3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 507. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 295, 14. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 507. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 215, 8. Male. Head as in oestraceum^ but the frons narrower, scarcely as broad as the diameter of the eye. Orbits yellow, cheeks and face white. Frontal bristles not reaching to the insertion of antennæ. Occiput with whitish hairs. Antennæ black, basal joint only slightly brownish; arista thickened in about basal half, Palpi yellow. Thorax as in oestraceum but a dark middle line rather distinct and the acrostichals stronger. Scutellum brown with three or four bristles on each side. Abdomen more or less translucently reddish at the sides ; it is whitish yellow pruinose, shifting in colour according to view; the hind parts of the segments are more or less brown- ish black, and here there is on second segment a middle spot on the other segments three spots which are black and shining. Abdomen black-haired and with bristles as in oestraceum^ second segment has no bristles, on third they are depressed, but on fourth segment they are strong. Legs as in oestraceum and with similar bristles; front tarsi with a number of long, curved bristles on posterior side of fourth joint, the bristles sometimes coalesced so that they apparently only form two; on anterior side of the joint a number of dense, somewhat curled hairs. Wings as in oestra- ceum. Squamulæ yellowish. H alteres yellow. Female. Quite similar; frons of the same breadth. Front tarsi simple. Length 6,5 — 9,5 mm. M. punctatum is not rare in Denmark; Rørvig, Tisvilde and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Søndervig, Silkeborg, Svejbæk and Møllebæk near Silkeborg and on Læsø; the dates are ^^s — ^Vs- The species is recorded as bred from Ammophila hirsuta and Colletes fodiens. Fig. 65. M. punctatum (^ , right front tarsus from above. 222 Tachinidae. Geographical distribution: — Europa; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 3. M. Germari Meig. 1824. Meig. Svst. Beschr. IV, 229, 5. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1203, 2 et 1859. XIII, 6146, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 507. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 292, 7. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 505. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 215, 4. Male. Head as in the other species; frons fully as broad as the diameter of the eye. Orbits brownish yellow, cheeks and face whitish yellow. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ with the basal joints yellowish, third joint brownish black; arista thickened in fully basal two thirds. Palpi thin, yellow. Thorax brownish pruinose, greyish at the sides, with five dark stripes as a median is rather distinct; the three median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Three postsutural dorsocentrals and two distinct præsutural and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals. Scutellum brown, with three marginal bristles on each side. Abdomen olive brown with w^hitish pruinosity, the colours strongly contrasted, but shifting according to view, and a blackish middle line visible in certain views; abdomen with an indication of reddish at the sides. Second and third segment with a pair of small marginal bristles, fourth segment with a row. Legs black, greyish pruinose, with the usual bristles as in the others, the rows on hind tibiæ, however, less pronounced; front tarsi simple. Wings as in the others. Squamulæ whitish with a slightiy yellowish margin. Halteres yellow with the peduncle darker. Female. Similar; frons as broad as in the male. Length 5,7 — 8 mm. M. Germari is not common in Denmark, I know only six spec- imens; Rørvig, in Jutland at Horsens and Søndervig and on Born- holm at Rønne; the dates are in July and August. The species is no doubt parasitic in nests of Podalirius bimaciilatus (Kramer). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 32. Metopia Meig. Medium sized species of black colour with greyish or brownish pruinosity, leaving black sinuous hind margins or rows of triangular Metopia. 225 spots on abdomen. Head broader than thorax, flat behind. Frons strongly conically protruding, so that the head is triangular in profile; it is almost as long as high or a little higher. Frons broad and of the same or about the same breadth in both sexes. Jowls narrow. In both sexes smaller or larger ocellar bristles, inner and outer verticaL and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles stretching below the insertion of antennæ or a little longer down; oiitwards to the iipper frontals two or three reclinate bristles in both sexes. Cheeks with a row of bristles along the inner margin. Vibrissal ridges not bending inwards; a large vibrissa present and above it a few smaller vibrissæ. Epistoma strongly retreating. Oral cone and proboscis short; clypeus horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi slightly dilated apically. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, basal joints short, third long, linear, six times as long as second; arista bare, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals; acrostichals varying from well developed to quite wanting; a small præsutural intraalar bristle often present. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Two sterno- pleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bunch of bristly hairs above. Abdomen elongated conical, excavation on second segment only present at base; abdomen has marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. Genitalia small. Legs somewhat short; middle tibiæ with or without ventral bristle in both sexes; hind tibiæ with a not dense row of unequal anterodorsal and a less complete row of posterodorsal bristles, and with only one ventral bristle. Claws and pulvilli small. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending well before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or about, with a veinlet or fold; cubital vein with bristles to or near to medial cross-vein; no costal spine. The species live as larvæ in the same way as Miltogramma in nests of burrowing bees and fossorial wasps, and the species occur in similar piaces, but also on less sandy localities. They seem to be viviparous as larvæ sometimes have passed from needdled females. Of the genus about a dozen European species are recorded, twa occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Frons in male normal, frontal stripe in both sexes about double as broad as orbits; fourth abdominal segment in female with a row of marginal bristles; middle tibiæ with ventral bristle 1. campestris. ■ — Frons in male with a glistening silvery plate, formed of 224 Tachinidae. the anterior halves of tlie orbits and with only a very narrow furrow in middle; in female frontal stripe about as broad as orbits; fourth abdominal segment in female with only two marginal bristles; middle tibiæ without ventral bristle in both sexes 2. leucocephala. 1. M. campestris Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 8, 12 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 373, 231 (Tachina) et 1830. VII, 249, 5. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 635, 7 €t 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1028 [Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 499. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 306, 7. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 510. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 221, 1. — Tachina amabilis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 374, 232, et 1838. VII, 248, 4. — 1838. Zett. 1. c. 636, 10 et 1844. 1. c. III, 1029, 19. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 131. Male. Frons above broader than the eye, somewhat strongly protruding, fully half as long as the eye is high; it is a little narrowing downwards, the face again widening, so that the inner eye-margin is a little produced in the middle, and the facets are here enlarged. Frontal stripe double or more than double as broad as the orbit. Orbits and face whitish grey, the former a little blackish upwards. Frontal stripe black. Ocellar bristles not small. Frontal bristles descending to near the end of second antennal joint, outwards to the small upper frontals two reclinate bristles. Some few vibrissæ above the large one. Orbits with longish black hairs some of which may be somewhat strong. Cheeks with a row of bristles along the inner margin; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint six times as long as second ; arista thickened in a little more than basal third. Palpi black. Thorax black, bluish grey, at the sides whitish or yellowish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture; behind the suture there is one middle stripe. Thorax black-haired; two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Abdomen black, the three last segments greyish or brownish pruinose, shifting with dark according to view and with a black hind margin, produced forwards in the middle and at each side, in the middle so that a middle line is formed; sometimes the bands divided into three spots. Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, two on second, gener- ally four on third and a row on fourth segment. Legs black, some- what greyish pruinose; the four lirst joints on front tarsi with a €ouple of longish hairs apically on posterior side, one of them longer, €urved at apex. Middle tibiæ with ventral bristle. Wings slightly Metopia. 225 brownish tinged; veins blackisli. Squamulæ yellowish, with a deep yellow margin. Halteres dark yellow, with brownish pedimcle. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth, but the eye-margins more parallel and the facets not distinctly enlarged. Generally only two marginal bristles on third abdominal segment. Front tarsi simple. Length 5 — 8 mm. M. campestris is common in Denmark; Ordrup, Egebæks Vang, Geel Skov, Ruderhegn, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Boserup; on Lolland at Nysted; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sandager, in Greisdal, at Skanderborg, Hou near Odder, Laven, Frijsenborg and Rebbild; the dates are ^/g — ^^/g. One of my specimens is bred from the nest of a Pompilus. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, in Lapland and Finland. 2. M. leucocephala Rossi. 1790. Rossi, Faun. Etr. II, 306, 1504 {Musca). — 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 {Musca) et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 8, 11 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 371, 229 {Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 635, 5 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1026, 16 et 1849. VIII, 3228, 16 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 449. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 114, Tab. VI, Fig. 137. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 307, 8. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 511. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 221, 2. — Tachina argyrocephala Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 372. 230 et 1838. VII, 248, 3, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 26—30. — 1838. Zett. 1. c. 635, 6 et 1844. 1. c. III, 1028, 17. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 500. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 132. — Musca lahiata Fabr. 1787. Mantis. Ins. II, 346, 51 et 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 329, 74 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 304, 100. Male. Frons above broader than the eye, very strongly conically protruding, as long or fully as long as the eye is high; the eye-margins are about parallel and the eye-facets not enlarged inwards. The frons is of a peculiar formation; the orbits are broad and strongly dilated forwards, their anterior halves meeting in the middle, the frontal stripe thus triangular in the hinder half, but in the anterior half only present as a narrow furrow. The orbits are greyish black behind, but the dilated front halves are glistening silvery and form together a rectangular plate. Cheeks silvery; jowls grey. P>ontal stripe black. Ocellar bristles rather small. Frontal bristles interrupted as they are not present on the silvery part or only a couple quite anteriorly, then they are again present in front, stretching below the end of 15 226 Tachinidae. second antennal joint and bending horizontally oiitwards; outwards to the upper frontals there are about three reclinate bristles. Orbits with black hairs only on upper half; cheeks distinctly hairy above besides the row of bristles. Antennæ as in campestris but third joint still longer. Palpi black. Thorax coloured and haired as in campestris but no distinct acrostichals present. Abdomen likewise coloured as in campestris but the side spots larger so that three longitudinal lines are formed connected at the black hind margins; third segment with only two bristles and fourth with the row more or less incomplete. Legs black; middle tibiæ with- out ventral bristle; front tarsi at apex of first joint and the three next on posterior side with a little longish, somewhat curled hairs, but this formation also often wanting, so that here a peculiar dimorphism is present. Wings as in campestris. Squamulæ dirty whitish with a yellow margin. H alteres dark yellow or brownish yellow. Female. Similar but the frons not specially distin- guished; orbits greyish, downwards more silvery, the frontal bristles normally developed. Orbits broad, the frontal stripe about as broad as the orbits. Fourth abdominal segment with only two marginal bristles. Middle tibiæ as in male without ventral bristle. Length 5 — 7,5 mm. M. leucocephala is very common in Denmark all over the country on suitable localities, such as sandy piaces in woods as well as outside, often near shores; the males, w^hen swarming, form a pretty sight with their glistening silvery fore-head. The dates are ^"/g to the first days of August. I have taken it in copula on ^Jq and ^^Z,. The species is recorded from nests of Bembex rostrata, Halictus sexcinctus and Philantus triangulum. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, in Lapland and Finland. It also occurs in North America, where it is recorded from Halictus pruinosus. Remarks: The species is no doubt identical with Musca labiata Fabr. and should bear this name. The description leaves scarcely any doubt, and in the collection of Tonder Lund and Sehested there is a male specimen, and as this collection is determined by Fabricius, the specimen may be considered a co-type; as the specimen is not Fig. 66. M. leuco- cephala ^ , right front tarsus from above ; from a specimen with ornamented front tarsi. Hilarella. 227 labelled with locality nor witli the name of the collector Dr. Pflug, whom Fabricius mentions, and as lie does not refer to the said collec- tion, the specimen is not the type, which probably is in Kiel. Under these circumstances I have not altered the name. 33. Hilarella Rond. SmalUsh, greyish or more or less yellowish pruinose species, with small or minute spots on abdomen. Head only slightly broader than tliorax, flat behind, a little higher than long. Frons broad shghtly broader in female than in male, rather much protruding. Jowls about one fourtli of the height of the eye. In both sexes small ocellar, outer and inner vertical and two orbital bristles present. Postocular bristles fme, behind them downwards black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, three uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks with fme hairs. Vibrissal ridges a little con- verging below; a large vibrissa present, above it a couple of small. Epistoma somewhat retreating and distinctly reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis not long; clypeus somewhat forceps-shaped. Palpi nearly thread-like. Antennæ inserted at about the middle of the eye, short, third joint not twice as long as second; arista distinctly pubescent, especially near the thickened base, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals; acrostichals only hairs, the præscutellar the longest. Scutellum with three mar- ginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a couple of small bristles. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are only marginal bristles, none on second segment. Genitalia quite small. Legs not long; hind tibiæ with a row of quite unequal antero- dorsal bristles and a couple of small ventral. Claws and pulvilli small. Wings with first posterior cell closed or quite short pedicellate, ending long before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, apical cross-vein bent strongly outwards; angle with a long veinlet; posterior cross- vein nearer to the angle than to the medial cross-vein; cubital vein with only a few bristles at base; a costal spine present. The species occur especially in sandy piaces, one (stictica) is known to live as larva in the nest of Ammophila sabulosa. Four European species are recorded, but there seem in reality to be only two (or one, according to the way in which the genera are accepted); one occurs in Denmark. 16* 228 Tachinidae. 1. H. stictica Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. VI, 367, 17 {Miltogramma). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 503 {Heteropterina). — 1900. Villen. Biill. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 381, 4 {MiUocjramma). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 514. — Megaera dira R. D. 1830. Myod. 95, 1. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 312, 1 (Heteropterina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 513. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 223, 1. — Miltogramma siphonina 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1213, 15. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 504. Male. Frons fully as broad as the eye. Orbits and cheeks yellowish or more yellowish grey, the latter more silvery white downwards, and jowls white. Frontal stripe yellowish, narrower than the orbits. Orbits bare, cheeks fmely hairy and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs below but nearly bare above. Antennæ greyish black, basal joint and just base of third joint yellowish; third not twice as long as second; arista thickened at base, pubescent. Palpi yellow. Thorax grey or greyish yellow, without or with at most a slight indication of stripes; it is sparingly black-haired. Abdomen greyish or greyish yellow, translucently yellowish at the sides on basal part; second segment with a small brown spot to each side, the three next segments with similar spots and besides with the marginal bristles placed each on a minute spot ; along the sides each of these segments has an elongated spot, forming together a lateral stripe, not seen from above. (According to the descriptions the spots may be almost quite wanting, or on the contrary more conspicuous.) Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, none on second, a pair on third and fourth segment. Legs with femora black, grey pruinose; trochanters and apex of femora yellowish; tibiæ yellowish red, tarsi black. Wings a little yellowish tinged; veins brown. Squa- mulæ dirty yellowish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader and frontal stripe rela- tively broader, especially backwards. Femora paler to nearly all yellow. Length 3,6 — 5,5 mm. H. stictica is not just common in Denmark, and only taken on few occasions, Charlottenlund (Stæger), Dyrehaven (the authoc), and in Jutland at Villebølie near Ribe ; the dates are from the last part of June. It occurs on sandy piaces, and is known from nests of Ammophila sabulosa. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden, and also occurring in North America. Paragusia. 229 Remarks: I have followed a commiinication from Dr. Villeneuve and put dira as synonym to stictica; this latter seems to be the varieties with relatively dark to quite black legs; probably also hila- rella Zett, is identical with the present species. 34. Paragusia Schin. Small whitish pruinose species ^vith black spots. The genus is very nearly related to Hilarella, and conform with it in most char- acters. Head a little concave behind; frons broad, equal or about in both sexes, slightly declining, but more protruding than in Hila- rella^ and the head as long as high. Jowls narrow. Occiput with a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, nearly all reclinate. Epistoma much retreating, the head rather triangular in profile. Antennæ with third joint about thrice as long as second. Thorax with a pair of or some irregular præsutural acrostichals and a pair of præscutellar. Wings as in Hilarella, but posterior cross-vein in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle or about. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. P. elegantula Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1024, 13 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 509 {Afodacm). — 1887. Sinten. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. VI, 259. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. LVI, 113, Tab. VI, Fig. 132. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 289 {Miltogramma). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 514. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 224. — P. Frivalclzkii Schin. 1862. F. A. I., 500. — 1895. Pand. 1. c. XIV, 310. Male. Frons fully as broad as the eye, with parallel margins, strongly protruding; orbits broad, broadest anteriorly, and thus the frontal stripe here narrow, broadening backwards. Frons and face quite silver-grey, also the frontal stripe, and this latter therefore slightly marked ; cheeks dark in certain views. Frontal bristles few in number. Orbits bare, cheeks fmely and somewhat sparingly hairy; jowls with black hairs, Occiput grey, only hairy along the margin, but here with black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in less than basal half. Palpi yellowish or brownish. Thorax bluish white 230 Tachinidae. pruinose, wiih three more or less distinct dark stripes, confluent behind; scutellum dark. Thorax with longish black hairs, among the hairs generally a pair of præsutural and præscutellar acrosticlials, or the præsutural irregular, in one row. On sternopleura long hairs besides the bristles. Abdomen black, the segments with white or bluish white front bands which are broader or narrower, and widening towards the sides, so that the black colour forms smaller or larger somewhat triangular spots; the spots on the three last segments sometimes more or less divided into three, the last segment black on apical half or more. Venter black. Abdomen black-haired, with mar- Fig. 67. Wing of P. elegantula. ginal bristles, on second segment none, on third and fourth a pair. Legs black, with the bristles rather fme. Wings hyaline ; veins brown ; posterior cross-vein placed at the middle betw^een medial cross-vein and angle or about. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Female. Somewhat similar with frons of the same or about the same breadth; frontal stripe yellowish; third antennal joint relatively a little shorter. Thorax nearly all whitish pruinose, the stripes slightly marked. Abdomen with the black spots always divided into three on each segment and besides with lateral spots, not seen from above; venter whitish. Legs paler than in male, brownish or brownish yellow with tarsi black. Length 4,5 — 5, 5 mm. P. elegantula is somewhat rare in Denmark, I know it only from Skagen, taken in July (H. J. Hansen), and besides, two specimens from earlier time without particular locality. The species is recorded to occur in sandy piaces and near the nests of Formica fusca cinerea, and Kramer (Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 1917, 28, 265) thinks it develops in them. — I have examined Zetterstedt's type specimens which are in our collection ; they are two males, not f emales as Sintenis thought. Sphecapata. 231 Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known from Sweden, but occurring to northern Finland. 35. Spliecapata Rond. {Sphixapata.) Small whitish or brownish grey pruinose species with black spots. Head slightly broader than thorax, flat behind and a little puffed out below, almost as long as high. Frons not as broad as the eye, equal in both sexes, somewhat strongly protruding; cheeks broad and jowls nearly one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, outwards above a reclinate bristle in both sexes. Cheeks with fine and very sparse hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending; vibrissal ridges rather converging below; a large vibrissa present. Eyes with the facets a little enlarged towards inner margin. Epistoma not retreating and the head thus somewhat square in profile; the epistoma reflected and somewhat protruding below. Proboscis and oral cone of medium length. Palpi thread-like. An- tennæ inserted at about middle of the eye, third joint not much longer than second; arista bare, with second joint distinct, but not elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a pair of præsutural and præscutellar acrostichals. Scutellum with three marg- inal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a small bristle above. Abdomen conical or somewhat ovate; excava- tion on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment none. Legs with claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular with a weak veinlet; no costal spine. The species occur especially in sandy piaces; one is known from nests of fossorial wasps. Of the genus about a score of European species are recorded, one occurs in Denmark. 1. S. conica Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 19, U {Tachma). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 232, 13 (Miltogramma). — 232 Tachinidae. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1206, 7 et 1848. VIII, 3254, 7 et 1855. XI, 4317, 7 {Miltogramma). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 505 {Miltogramma). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 115, Tab. VII, Fig. 138. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 299, 20 {Miltogramma). -^ 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 381, 15 {Miltogramma). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 515. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli. 90, 6, 225, 2. — Tachina imherhis Zett. Ins. Lapp. 636, 9 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1205, 5 et 1859. XIII, 6149, 5 {Miltogramma). Male. Frons not as broad as the eye, rather protruding. Orbits and f ace silver-white ; frontal stripe grey seen from above, white seen from in front. Orbits bare; cheeks with fine and very sparse hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs, very sparse above. Antennæ black, short, third joint not much longer than second; arista short, thickened in basal part. Palpi brownish to blackish. Thorax greyish or brownish grey priiinose, with three brown stripes, more or less distinct, especially the lateral often evanescent; the median sometimes divided into three. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen blackish brown, whitish grey or brownish grey priiinose, the segments with a blackish, somewhat shining lateral spot on each side and in certain views less distinct middle spots. Abdomen is black-haired, on the ventral side the hairs longish and dense ; only marginal bristles, on second segment none, on third a pair and on fourth a row. Legs black, a little greyish pruinose. Wings slightly tinged; veins blackish; apical cross-vein bending outwards above the angle. Squamulæ white. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; frontal stripe often pale yellow. Length 4,5 — 5,5 mm. S. conica is not rare in Denmark; Nordskoven at Jægerspris; on Langeland at Lohals and in Jutland at Søndervig, Skørping, Sæby and Skagen; the dates are ^^e — '^U- ^^ occurs in sandy piaces, and it is known from nests of Oxyhelus uniglumis., Philantus apivoriis, Tachytes unicolor and Kramer (Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 28, 1917, 266) records it as depositing on Thyreopus peltarius. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 36. Hetepoptepina Macq. Small, greyish or yellowish grey species with black spots on abdomen. Head a little broader than thorax, flat behind, higher Heteropterina. 233 than long. Frons in male not fnlly as broad as the eye, in female a little broader, slightly protruding. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, about tliree upper reclinate. Clieeks with a series of qiiite fine hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending, the ridges a little converging below; a large vibrissa present. Epistoma slightly retreating, somewhat reflected and prominent below. Proboscis somewhat short. Palpi small, thread- like. Antennæ inserted slightly above middle of the eye, third joint somewhat longer than second; arista almost bare. Tliorax about qiiadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three unpaired præ- sutural acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a small bristle. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment none. Legs not strong and not strongly bristled. Claws and pulvilli in male somewhat elongated, the claws thin. Wings with the anterior veins somewhat short and apical and posterior cross-vein very obhque; first posterior cell closed at the margin, ending long before apex of wing; discai vein to the angle rather short, angle obtuse, with a long veinlet; a moderate or small costal spine present. Of the genus four European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. H. heteroneura Meig. 1830. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VI, 367, 18 {Miltogramma). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1214, 16 {Miltogramma). — 1862. Schiii. F. A. I, 503, ?. — 1895. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIV, 313, 5. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 381, 17 {Miltogramma). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 517. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 224, 1. — H. multipunctata 1862. Schin. (nec Rond.) F. A. I, 503, c?. Male. Frons not as broad as the eye, slightly protruding. Orbits and face whitish pruinose; frontal stripe brownish. Orbits bare; cheeks with a row of fme, short hairs; jowls with black hairs. Occiput greyish, with some partly brownish hairs below, almost bare above, but with black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Antennæ short, black, second joint yellowish, third somewhat longer than second; arista thickened in basal part. Palpi yellowish or brownish. Thorax greyish or yellowish grey pruinose, with three more or less distinct 234 Tachinidae. dark stripes; three præsutural acrostichals which are not paired but forming one row. Abdomen greyish or yellowish grey pruinose, hind margins very narrowly whitish; the segments each with three black spots at hind margin, the lateral small; fifth segment sometimes black on apical part; besides each segment has a black lateral spot, not seen from above. Abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, none on second, a pair on third and fourth segment. Genitaha black. Fig. 68. Wing of H. heteroneura. shining. Legs black, with knees more or less reddish, sometimes also tibiæ reddish. Wings a little tinged ; veins blackish. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. I do not know the female; it is recorded to have the legs paler. Length 3,5 mm. H. heteroneura is rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both males, Dyrehaven (the author) and Tisvilde (Kryger); the dates are from June. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden, and in Finland. 37. Ptydioneura B. B. Species of small size, whitish to yellowish pruinose, with black bands or spots on abdomen. Head broader than thorax, flat behind, higher than long. Frons as broad as or broader than the eye, about equal in both sexes or broader in female, a little or more strongly protruding. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar, inner and smaller outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, the uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Gheeks fmely hairy above, or longer down- wards, but for the rest bare. Vibrissæ ascending to near upper end. Ptychoneura. 235 somewhat strong or qiiite fine and short. Epistoma rather retreating; the vibrissal ridges somewhat converging below; a large vibrissa present. Proboscis short; palpi thread-Hke. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint three to five times as long as second; arista short, thickened to near end, sHghtly pubescent, nearly bare. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals; no achrostichals or a præscutellar pair or also a præsutural pair. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Two to four sternopleural bristles, but only two strong. Pteropleura with a bunch of small bristles above. Abdomen conical or elongated conical, with excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin ; it is without or with only indistinct bristles at hind margins. Legs short, somewhat robust with femora a httle thickened; claws and pulvilli equal in both sexes. Wings with first posterigr cell open, ending near apex of wing; discai angle rect- angular or about, with an indication of a veinlet; no costal spine. Of the genus four European species are recorded, the two occur- ring in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Legs with the tarsi reddish; vibrissæ somewhat strong. . . L rufitarsis. — Legs quite black; vibrissæ short and fine 2. cylindrica. 1. P. rufitarsis Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 410, 296 {Tachina). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 104, Tab. V, Fig. 96 et 1893. LX, 224. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 378. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 126, 3. — Tachina ruhritarsis Zett. 1859. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6078, 19—21. — T. flavi- tarsella Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6079, 19—22. Of'this species I have seen only the female. Frons about as broad as the eye, a little protruding. Orbits yellowish grey, cheeks and jowls silvery; frontal stripe greyish brown to black, seen from in front yellowish grey pruinose. Frontal bristles few in number. Vibrissæ ascending to near the upper end, somewhat strong. Orbits with some few black hairs, also present on just the upper part of the cheeks; jowls with hairs only behind. Occiput blackish, grey along the eye-margin, with black hairs. Antennæ black, long, third joint five times as long as second; arista thickened to near apex, quite shghtly pubescent. Palpi blackish brown, yellow at apex. Thorax greyish white pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbre- viated behind, the lateral broad, divided at the suture into spots; 236 Tachinidae. [ sometimes the median confluent to a broad stripe and sometimes nearly all confluent. Thorax black-haired; no acrostichals or at most a præscutellar pair. Four sternopleural bristles, but only the two upper strong. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with white pruinose front bands, shifting in colour according to view, leaving a median stripe and broad hind margins black. Abdomen is densely haired with decumbent black hairs, but there are no distinct bristles except at end of fifth segment. Legs black, tibiæ, especially the anterior, more or less obscurely brownish; tarsi reddish. Wings a little yellowish tinged; veins blackish; apical cross-vein concave. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Length 3 — 5 mm. P. rufitarsis seems to be rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens, all females; Bagsvær, Nyrup Hegn, on Langeland at Lohals and in Jutland at Hov near Odder (the author); the dates are ^^/e— 'V?- Kramer (Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz, 28, 1917, 272) rekords it bred from nests of Coelocrahro cinxius. Geographical distribution: • — Europe, known down into Germany; towards the north to southern Sweden. 2. P. cylindrica Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 279 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 8, 13 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 375, 234 {TacUna) et 1838. VII, 233, 24 {Miltogramma). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 635, 8 {Tachina) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1207, 8 et 1849. VIII, 3254, 8 {Miltogramma). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entoni. XIV, 305, 5 {Metopla). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachriclit. XXVI, 134. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 377. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 126, 1. Male. Frons fully as broad as the eye, somewhat strongly pro- truding and cheeks rather broad. Jowls a little broader than in rufitarsis. Orbits yellowish grey, cheeks and jowls silvery ; frontal stripe black or blackish. Vibrissæ ascending high up, but very short and fme. Orbits and most part of cheeks with fine hairs; jowls with black hairs behind. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about five times as long as second, but sometimes shorter; arista thickened to quite near apex, apparently bare. Palpi black. Thorax grey or a little yellowish grey pruinose, with four dark grey stripes; it is black-haired; a pair of præsutural and præscutellar acrostichals. Two sternopleural bristles and some strong hairs. Abdomen black, greyish white or yellowish grey pruinose; the segments with three Pachyophthalmus. I 237 black triangular spots, the middle spots continued to a middle line; second segment quite or almost qiiite black and fifth segment some- times witlioiit distinct spots. Abdomen densely black-haired, without bristles or only some indistinct and decumbent marginal ones, but the marginal hairs on the three last segments longer than the others. Legs quite black, front femora a little greyish pruinose. Wings nearly hyaline; veins brownish. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; third antennal joint shorter. Lateral spots on abdomen a little smaller. Length 4,5 — 5,5 mm. P. cylindrica is rare in Denmark; Hellebæk, Helsingør (Borries), on Funen at Faaborg (C. S. Larsen) and in Jutland at Horsens (O.G.Jensen) and at Hattenæs near Silkeborg (the author); the dates are in July. The specimens from Helsingør are labelled as bred from nests of Coelocrabro sp. Kramer 1. c. records it, like the preceding, as bred from nests of C. cinxius in stalks of raspberry. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden and Lapland. 38. Pacliyoplitlialinus B. B. Medium sized species of greyish or brownish grey colour with dark spots on abdomen. Head broader than thorax, flat behind, somewhat puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons in both sexes somewhat narrow, about half as broad as the eye, a little pro- truding; it has parallel margins, but the face is widening downwards and thus inner eye-margin a little angular. Jowls narrow, somewhat horizontal. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles present. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, above some reclinate; outwards to the frontal bristles a row of hairs, some upper of them strong, forming, as it were, orbital bristles. Cheeks with some fme, sparse hairs above, for the rest bare. Vibrissæ ascending to near middle, the vibrissal ridges converging below; a strong vi- brissa present. Eyes with the facets towards inner margin in middle a little enlarged. Epistoma a little retreating and only shghtly reflected in lower part. Proboscis of medium length. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, short, third joint slightly longer than second; arista very slightly pubescent, almost bare, second 238 Tachinidae. joint quite slightly elongated. Thorax nearly quadratic; three post- sutural dorsocentrals ; one or two more or less distinct præsutural and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals. Scutelium with three marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Above on ptero- pleura a small bimdle of hairs. Abdomen somewhat ovate; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are marginal bristles, on second segment four. Legs with claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with a veinlet; no costal spine. Of the genus two European species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. P. signatus Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 303, 111 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 233, 22 {Miltogramma). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 502 (Macronychia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 117, Tab. VII, Fig. 145. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 298, 19 {Miltogramma). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 149. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 381, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 518. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 227, 2. — Tachina anomala Zett. 1859. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6074, 11—12. Male. Frons narrow, about half as broad as the eye, a little protruding. Orbits broader than frontal stripe, yellow, black above; cheeks yellow, jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. A number (3 — 4) of upper frontal bristles reclinate, placed somewhat outwards; outwards to the frontal bristles a row of hairs, a number of the upper strong and bristly, indicating orbital bristles; orbits besides with fme hairs, and above on the cheeks some fme sparse hairs. Jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint almost not longer than second; arista thickened at base. Palpi black. Thorax black, greyish or bluish grey pruinose, most at the sides, with three black stripes in the whole length, the lateral broadest. Thorax has longish black hairs. Abdomen grey or brownish grey pruinose, the segments each with three large, somewhat triangular, a little shining spots, on second segment nearly confluent. Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, on second and third segment four (or more), on fourth a row and likewise on fifth. Legs black, with rather numerous but not strong bristles. Wings very slightly tinged; veins black; apical cross-vein bending strongly outwards above the angle. Squamulæ yellowish \Nith darker margin. H alteres yellow. Macquartia,. 239 Female. Quite similar with the frons of same breadth, only the claws and pulvilli small. Length 6 to about 7 mm. P. signatus is rare in Denmark, I possess only four specimens, two males and two females, the latter taken at Hulerød and in Præstevang in July (Godskesen); the males I bred from the nest of Hoplomerus reniformis? taken in Ermelund on 2^/4, the imagines came on ^/g and ^^/g. The species is otherwise known from nests of Trypoxylon albitarse, Cemonus sp. and Lionotus delphinalis (Enslin, Konowia I, 1923, 249). Geographical distribution: Europe down into France; towards the north to Lapland. It is also recorded from North America and here bred from Pelopaeus cementarius and Trypoxylon sp. VII. Rhinophorinae. 39. MacquaPtia R. D. Species of medium or smallish size, black, more or less greyish pruinose, sometimes very slightly. Head as broad as thorax, convex behind and here strongly pufTed out below. Frons in male very narrow with the eyes nearly touching, in female broader to as broad as the eye; it is distinctly protruding, the head somewhat triangular in profile. Cheeks somewhat broad, jowls about one third to half as broad as the eye is high, generally broadest in female. In male only fine parallel ocellar bristles present, in female stronger ocellar, and also inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Small postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles occiput all black- haired. Frontal bristles not reaching to the end of second antennal joint, in male stopping above somewhat before vertex, crossing, in female the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks quite hairy or only on upper part or just above. Vibrissæ not or quite slightly ascending. Eyes hairy, densely in male, less in female. Epistoma slightly retreat- ing, somewhat low. Proboscis somewhat short; palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted more or less below middle of the eye, short, not reaching lower margin of epistoma, third joint only a little longer than second; arista thickened just at base, short-pubescent. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals (in Danish species); acrostichals varying in number from one to three præ- and postsutural; one posthumeral bristle, sometimes a weak second; 240 Tachinidae. generally three intraalar bristles. Sciitellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing, sometimes a weak hair-like bristle between the apical and the next. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and one bristle above. Abdomen more or less elongated; excavation on second segment not by far reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, or (in non Danish species) without bristles. Legs long with somewhat long bristles; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated ; front tarsi in female simple or with the three last joints slightly flattened. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or nearly closed, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle nearly rectangular or more obtuse ; a small costal spine present. The species are mainly parasitic on larvæ of Chrysomelids; chalconota (non Danish) has also been bred from Sylepta ruralis \ this species is known to belong to Pantel's group 5. Of the genus some thirty European species are recorded, but a number of them are still doubtful. The genus Macquartia, the species of whicli seem rather well related to each other, shows nevertheless some peculiar features. Thus grisea (of Danish species) has the thoracic squamula of the shape characteristic of the Rhinophor inae^ somewhat narrowed with inner margin bending away from scutellum, while the two other Danish species have the squamulæ as in Tachininæ; also as regards the chæto- taxy the species show peculiar differences as seen in the descriptions (see Villeneuve: Ann. des Se. Nat. 10, VII, 1924. 12 et 30). Table of Species. 1. Palpi yellow; cheeks quite haired with long hairs; in male tibiæ, in female also femora yellow 1. dispar. — Palpi black or brown, at all events apex dark; cheeks almost not hairy or only above, the hairs short; legs black 2. 2. Abdomen quite greyish pruinose; only one or two præ- and one or two postsutural acrostichals ; fourth abdominal seg- ment with a row of discai bristles 2. grisea. — Abdomen almost not pruinose; three præ- and three post- sutural acrostichals; fourth abdominal segment with only a pair of discai bristles 3. tenebi'icosa. 1. M. dispar Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 31, 64 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 359, 209 {TacMna). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1138, 136 et 1859. XIII, 6122, 136 [Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 529. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Macquartia. 241 Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 129, Tab. VIII, Fig. 221, b. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 324, 8. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 405. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 156, 3. — Tachina rufipes Fall. 1820. 1. c. 33, 68. — 1824. Meig. 1. c. IV, 269, 51 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 229, 1. — Tachina flavipes Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 280, 71 et 1838. VII, 229, 25. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 530. — M. ochropus Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 230, 15. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 145. Male. Frons very narrow so the eyes touching or almost; cheeks broad and jowls half as broad as tlie eye is high. The whole head grey, with frontal stripe black. Frontal bristles stopping before the upper third of frons. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Eyes densely brownish-haired. Orbits, cheeks and likewise jowls with long, fine black hairs. Occiput behind postooular bristles covered all over with black hairs. Antennæ black, short, third joint slightly longer than second; arista long, thickened at base. Palpi bright yellow. Thorax black, slightly greyish pruinose in front and here with the beginning of four stripes, the median narrow. Thorax black-haired; three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with three or four marginal bristles on eaoh side, the apical strong, crossing; when four bristles the subapical fine. Abdomen blackish olive, some- what shining, the three last segments brownish grey pruinose, some- what shifting in colour according to view. Abdomen black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and marginal, fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Hypopygium and upper forceps with long hairs, directed to each side. Legs black, tibiæ yellow or reddish yellow, front tibiæ sometimes black; these latter with an antero- dorsal row of short bristles. Wings more or less brownish tinged, especially on anterior part, the base brownish yellow; veins brown; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse. Squamulæ yellow or brownish yellow. Halteres yellow. Female. Of somewhat differing aspect. Frons nearly as broad as the eye; head paler grey; cheeks more sparingly haired. Antennæ red with only third joint more or less to quite dark. Thorax quite grey with four darker grey stripes. Abdomen likewise quite grey pruinose. Legs all yellow with only tarsi black, front tarsi with the three last joints a little dilated. Length 7 — 8,5 mm. M. dispar is not rare in Denmark; Amager, Ordrup Mose, Erme- lund, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Hillerød, Jægerspris; in Jutland at 16 242 Tachinidae. Sønderborg, Madeskov, in Nørholm Skov near Varde, at Buderup- holm and Skørping and on Bornholm (Stein) ; the dates are '^/g — ^^Uq. The biology of the species does not seem to be known, but two of my specimens are bred from larvæ of Chrysomela sanguinolenta on 30/7 (J. G. Nielsen). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 2. M. grisea Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 269, 15 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 20, 41 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 279, 10 (TacMna). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1184, 187 et 1849. VIII, 3251, 187, (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 531. — 1895. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIV, 326, 10. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 406. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 156, 4. — Tachina egens Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 275, 63 et 1838. VII, 229, 2. Male. Frons quite narrow above, eyes nearly touching; cheeks medium broad; jowls not much more than one third of the height of the eye. Orbits blackish, cheeks and jowls grey; frontal stripe brownish black. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes densely brown-hairy. Orbits with fine black hairs continued on the cheeks to about middle; jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, all black-haired. An- tennæ black, a little reddish at apex of second joint; third joint a little longer than second; arista thickened just at base, distinctly pubescent. Palpi black. Thorax black, a little shining, it is somewhat greyish pruinose on front part and whitish on humeri and just in front on middle; it has four black stripes, the median narrow; behind the suture the stripes very indistinct. Thorax black-haired ; one præ- and one postsutural acrostichal bristle, or sometimes two of both. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical strong, crossing. The lower sternopleural bristle weak. Abdomen rather elongate and somewhat narrow, all greyish pruinose, a little shifting to brownish grey according to view; it is black-haired, with long discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third a pair of discai and a more or less complete row of marginal and on fourth a row of discai and of marginal bristles. Legs specially long, black. Wings brown tinged, the colour somewhat seaming the veins broadly; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell narrowly open or almost closed, ending at about apex of wing; discai angle rounded; posterior cross-vein strongly sinuous. Squamulæ and balteres yellow. Macquartia. 243 Female. Somewhat similar, but paler and more pruinose. Frons broader than the eye; jowls broader than in male; orbits grey, cheeks more whitish; frontal stripe reddish. Antennæ inserted liigher than in male, at about middle of the eye, Thorax quite grey pruinose, with four darker grey stripes, the median abbreviated behind. Front tarsi simple. Length 6 — 8 mm. M. grisea is not common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Grib Skov; on Lolland in Kældskov, at Maribo and Nysted, and in Jutland at Sønderborg and Kjelstrup; the dates are "/g into August. No host seems hitherto known, but in Nielsen's collection there is a specimen bred from the larva of Chrysomela sanguinolenta and another from fastuosa; one was bred on ^g? the other on ^g. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 3. M. tenebricosa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 270, 54 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 229, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 531. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 149. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 408. — Tachina tristis Meig. 1824 I. c. IV, 271, 55 et 1838. VII, 229, 6. — 1900. Stein, 1. c. XXVI, 150. — Tachina nitida Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 646, 52 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1180, 183 et 1859. XIII, 6139, 183. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 156, 6. — Zophomyia rufipalpis Macq. 1854. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 3, II, 746, 2, Tab. XVI, fig. 9. Male. Frons quite narrow, eyes nearly touching above, it is somewhat strongly protruding; cheeks broad, and jowls likewise broad, but scarcely half as broad as the eye is high. Head grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Vibrissæ very slightly ascending. Eyes brown-hairy. Orbits with black hairs, continued only just on the upper part of the cheeks; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, all black-haired. Antennæ black, short, third joint a little longer than second; arista thickened just at base, short-pubescent. Palpi black, brown or yellow, in the latter case generally dark at apex, Thorax black and shining, a little æneous or sometimes bluish ; it is not prui- nose or only slightly in front, and then with the beginning of four stripes. Thorax black-haired; three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical strong, crossing; sometimes a weak bristle developed between the apical and the next. Abdomen æneous or bluish black, shining, only very slightly greyish pruinose; it is black-haired, with 16* 244 Tachinidae. discai and marginal bristles; second segment with a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and of marginal, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; sometimes there are some supplementary discai bristles; fifth segment quite covered with bristles. Legs black. Wings brownish tinged, most towards the anterior margin, more yellow at base; veins brown; first posterior cell very narrowly open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse. Squamulæ brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye; orbits grey. Eyes less haired, with pale hairs. Thorax a little more pruinose. Three last joints on front tarsi quite slightly flattened. Length 7 — 9 mm. M. tenehricosa is someM^hat common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Ruderhegn, Donse, Grib Skov, Allindelille, and in Jut- land at Hejls and Kolding (J. C. Nielsen, the author), and at Frijsen- borg and Hald (H. J. Hansen); the dates are ^^e — ^Vs- No sure host seems hitherto known (but the species has been generally confused with chalconata); two of my specimens are bred from the larva of Ch. fastuosa in May (Kryger). Geographical distribution : — The species seems distributed over all Europe, towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Fin- land. Remarks: As the specimens in Stæger's collection have been determined by Zetterstedt they are thus co-types, and the above synonymy sure. The determination of the species as tenebricosa + tristis is due to Dr. Villeneuve. I think that rufipalpis Macq. belongs liere as the author had got his specimen from Stæger, and tenebricosa is, I think, the sole species with which his description agrees. Which of the other synonyms may belong to the present species or to chalconota is at present impossible to say. 40. Macpopposopa B. B. Species of medium size and shining black colour. The genus is very nearly related to the foregoing and in most characters conform with it. Head fully as broad as thorax, slightly convex behind and somewhat puffed out below; otherwise as in Macquartia and with the same bristles, but frons only slightly protruding. Frontal bristles less descending, only to insertion of antennæ. Gheeks hairy on upper Macroprosopa. 245 part. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes hairy, in female less than in male. Epistoma not retreating. Antennæ inserted at about middle of the eye, short but nearly reaching lower margin of epistoma; third joint a little longer than second; arista long, distinctly short-pubescent. Thorax with three postsntiiral dorsocentrals and one pair of præ- sutural and postsutural acrostichals; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with small hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen with discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles. Legs long; claws and pulvilli in male elong- ated; front tarsi in female robust. Wings with first posterior cell closed, ending quite shghtly before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; no or a very small costal spine. Thoracic squamula somewhat nar- ro wed. Only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. M. atrata Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 268 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 34, 71 {Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 646, 53 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1181, 184 et 1859. XIII, 6141, 184 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 531 (Macquartia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 109, Tab. VI, Fig. 114. — 1895. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIV, 321, 4 (Macquartia). — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 257, 60. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 408. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natiirgesch. 90, 6, 158. — Tachina corusca Meig. p. p. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 273, 61 et 1838. VII, 191, 46. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 134. Male. Frons narrow above with the eyes nearly touching, only shghtly protruding. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye, but as they are bending much inwards their real breadth is larger. Orbits silvery, black at inner margin; cheeks dark silvery grey, dark reflecting; jowls black, shining; frontal stripe black. Orbits and upper part of cheeks with some fine hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput black, a little greyish pruinose, with all black hairs. Eyes brownish-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint a little longer than second; arista thickened at base. Palpi black or brownish black. Thorax black and shining, not pruinose, black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, with black hairs and discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles, third with or without discai and with a pair or a row of marginal bristles, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black, with long bristles. Wings yellowish brown tinged, darkest at anterior margin and especially 246 Tachinidae. on apical part of subcostal cell, the base strongly yellow; veins brown. Squamulæ strongly yellow. H alteres dark yellow to brownish yellow, Female. Similar; frons fully as broad as the eye; orbits greyish; jowls a little greyish pruinose. Front tarsi robust. Length 6,5 mm. M. atrata is rare in Denmark, we have only five specimens, one male and four females; North Sealand (Schlick) on Funen at Hoif- mannsgave (H. J. Hansen), and in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wtistnei) and Horsens (O. G. Jensen); the dates are in June. Geographical distribution: — Europe, towards the north to middle Sweden. 41. Minella R. D. Species of small or at most medium size and black and shining. The genus is rather related to the foregoing. Head fully as broad as thorax, a little convex behind and a little pufTed out below. Frons in male very narrow, the eyes touching or almost, in female broad; it is only a little protruding. In male the inner eye -margin somewhat S-like curved. Cheeks broad and jowls about one third of the height of the eye. In male no ocellar nor vertical bristles, in female small ocellar, strong inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles, and the uppermost frontal bristle strong and directed outwards. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ. Orbits slightly swoln down- wards, outside the frontal bristles with numerous strong, bristly hairs, less numerous in female; the hairs reaching a little down on the cheeks, these latter otherwise bare. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending. Eyes distinctly hairy in male, less or only pubescent in female. Epistoma a little retreating and a little reflected below, reaching a little below the large vibrissa. Proboscis somewhat long and slender. Palpi thread-like, a little dilated at apex. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, short, third joint at most one and a half times longer than second, this latter with a single long bristle, the other hairs quite short; arista distinctly short-haired. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals; one præ- and one postsutural pair of acrostichals; two intraalar bristies. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with only small hairs above. Abdomen ovate or elongated ovate; excavation on second segment not by far reaching hind margin; tliere are numerous discai and Minella. 247 marginal bristles, second segment with a row or a pair of marginal. Legs not specially long, with long bristles; claws and pulvilli in male elongate. Wings with first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, or closed or quite short-petiolate, ending at about apex of wing; discai angle rounded ; cubital vein with bristles only at base or stretch- ing farther, to beyond half way to medial cross-vein; no or a quite small costal spine. Thoracic squamula not narrowed, of shape as in Tachininae. Of the genus about half a dozen European species are recorded ; two occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Larger species; orbits in male a little separated; second abdominal segment with a row of bristles, at all events in male; cubital vein with bristles stretching half way to medial cross-vein or farther 1. chalybeata. — Smaller species ; orbits in male touching or quite approximate ; second abdominal segment with only a pair of bristles; cubital vein with bristles only at base or at all events not half way to medial cross-vein 2. nigrita. 1. M. chalybeata Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 271, 56 {Tachiyia) et 1838. VII, 229, 7 {Macquartia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1182, 185 et 1849. VIII, 3251, 185 et 1859. XIII, 6141, 185 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 532 {Macquar- tia). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 133. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 409. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 158, 1 (Ptilops). Male. Frons above very narrow, but the orbits not touching, the frontal stripe distinct to vertex. Orbits and upper parts of cheeks greyish black, cheeks for the rest silvery grey; jowls black, shining, slightly greyish. Frontal stripe black or brownish black. Orbits outside the frontal bristles with numerous strong, bristly hairs, reaching down on the upper part of the cheeks; jowls black-haired. Occiput black, with all black hairs. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black; arista thickened in nearly the basal half. Palpi black. Thorax bluish black and shining, not pruinose, black-haired. Abdomen bluish black, shining, black-haired, with numerous discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a row of marginal, on third a pair of discai and a row of marginal, and on fourth a row of discai and of marginal bristles; fifth segment quite covered with bristles; often the bristles more numerous and irregular. Legs moderately long, with 248 Tachinidae. long bristles; hind tibiæ thin at base, then suddenly thickened ventrally. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, most at base; veins brown; first posterior cell open, ending at about apex of wing; cubital vein with not small bristles, stretching half way to medial cross-vein or longer. Squamulæ yellowish white, with the margin yellow. Bal- teres with the knob blackish. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye; cheeks less densely hairy. Eyes short-pubescent. Second abdominal segment with the row of bristles less complete or only a pair. Length. About 5 — 6,5 mm. M. chalybeata is not rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Utterslev Mose, Ordrup Mose, Lundtofte, Dyrehaven, Nyrup Hegn, Humle- bæk, Svenstrup, Allindelille; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Bremersvold, in Kældskov, at Strandly; on Fænø; on Funen at Odense, and in Jutland at Sønderborg and Madeskov; fmally on Bornholm (Stein); the dates are ^/^ — ^^j^. The species is known as bred from Cassida deflorata. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden and in Finland. 2. M. nigrita Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 269 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 35, 72 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 274, 62 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 230, 16 {Macquartia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1183, 186 et 1855. XII, 4702, 186 et 1859. XIII, 6141, 186 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 532 (Macquartia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 130, Tab. IX, Fig. 224 (Ptilops). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 322, 5 (Mac- quartia). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 144. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 383 et 1907. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 257, 61 (Pti- lops). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 409. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 158, 2 (Ptilops). — Macquartia corinna Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 230, 17. — Tachina nitidiuscula Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6129. Male. This species is highly similar to chalybeata-, the frons is still narrower, the orbits touching or quite nearly so. The head a little lower; the bordering line between the large and small eye- facets distinct. Antennal arista thickened only at base. Otherwise head, thorax and abdomen as in chalybeata, but second abdominal segment with only a pair of bristles. Wings with first posterior cell more narrowly open or just closed; cubital vein with only few and small bristles at base, at all events not reaching half way to medial cross-vein. Rhinophora. 249 Female. Likewise quite similar to the female of chalyheata; the bristles on second abdominal segment sometimes wanting. Length 4,5 to about 5 mm. M. nigrita is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Lundtofte, Hareskov, Ryget Skov, Nærum, Frerslev Hegn, Grib Skov, Humle- bæk, Skelskør, Boserup, Svenstrup, at Sorø; on Lolland in Kæld- skov; on Funen at Veflinge; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Augustenborg and Skeide, and on Bornholm at Hasle; the dates are -^e irito August. It is recorded to have been bred from a lepidopterous pupa. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. Remarks: Whether the above two species are really distinct or only varieties of one, as Pandellé thinks, I dåre not decide. It is well possible that chalybeata represents larger and stronger specimens with the frons a little broader and cubital vein more bristly. On the other hånd the difference regarding the eye-facets seems to speak for their distinctness. — Dr. Bengtsson has communicated to me that T. nitidiuscula Zett. is not present in Zetterstedt's collection, but probably it is found in Boheman's collection. 42. Rhinopliopa R. D. Small, shining, æneous black species with a little pruinosity on abdomen. Head broader than thorax, slightly convex behind, especially below, about as long as high. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broader in female, very slightly protruding, and a little flattened or only slightly arched from lunula to vertex. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, and in female two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, about three upper somewhat reclinate, and in female the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks with fme hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma not retreating, but reflected and rather protruding below. Oral cone and proboscis of some length, slender; clypeus incised in apical half. Palpi small, thread-like, slightly dilated apically. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, third joint slightly longer than second; arista pubescent. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and an intermediate præsutural and a præscutellar pair of acrosti- chals; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with two marginal bristles 250 Tachinidae. on each side, a small basal and subapical also sometimes present. Two distinct sternopleural bristles. A single bristle above on ptero- pleura. Abdomen conical, in female somewhat flat; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles present, on second segment a pair. Legs not long; claws and pulvilli small, equal in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell petiolate, peduncle ending a little before apex of wing; angle on discai vein obtuse; a moderate or stronger costal spine. As host for a doiibtful Rhinophora is Chrysomela graminis re- corded, otherwise nothing seems to be known about the development. A number of European species are recorded, but several of them doubtful or belonging to other genera; one occurs in Denmark. 1. R. lepida Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 289, 8 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 212, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 40—45 {Leucostoma). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 548 {Phyto). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 142 {Clista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 465. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 191. — Leucostoma aenescens Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1234, 3 et 1849. VIII, 3258, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 548 (Phyto). — Clista ignota B. B. 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 136 et 169, Tab. X, Fig. 262. — Phyto tessellata Pand. 1896. Eev. Entom. XV, 137, 12. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 402, 16 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 393. Male. Frons rather narrow, about half as broad as the eye or still narrower, slightly protruding. Orbits and cheeks greyish silvery shifting to black; jowls blackish; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits nearly bare, cheeks with some fine hairs, jowls with a row of hairs below. Occiput greyish black, with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint quite slightly longer than second; arista thickened at base. Palpi blackish. Thorax æneous black, somewhat shining, greyish pruinose at humeri, black-haired. Sternopleura with some more or less bristly hairs besides the two bristles. Abdomen æneous black, shining, third and fourth segment with a greyish silvery pruinose front band, interrupted in the middle. Abdomen black-haired, with somewhat long marginal bristles, a pair on second and third segment and a row on fourth and fifth. Fifth sternite excised beyond middle. Upper forceps thin, style-shaped, cleft in nearly the whole length; arms of lower forceps a little broader, triangularly attenuated. Legs black. Wings more or less blackish or brownish tinged, most towards anterior margin, sometimes slightly; veins blackish, first posterior Stevenia. 251 cell long petiolate, the pedimcle ending near apex of wing; posterior cross- vein nearer the angle than the medial cross- vein. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Fig. 69. Wing of R. lepida. Female. Similar; frons somewhat broader; orbits blackish and shming above; jowls a httle broader than in male. Abdomen quite black. Length. About 4 — 5,5 mm. R. lepida is common in Denmark; Copenhagen in gardens, Hellerup, Boserup; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Nysted; on Falster at Nykøbing; on Funen at HofTmansgave, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Skeide, Madeskov, Sandager, Hejls, Kolding, Skander- borg and Hov near Odder; the dates are ^/f — ^^'/o- I have taken it in copula on ^/^ Geographical distribution: — Europa down into France; to- wards the north to southern Sweden. 43. Stevenia R. D. Smallish species of black colour with slight pruinosity. Head about of the breadth of thorax, somewhat convex behind and puffed out below, nearly as long as high. Frons broad in both sexes, somewhat protruding and not rounded in profile. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye or more. In both sexes small ocellar bristles, inner vertical and in female two orbital bristles, in male one or none. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, the uppermost reclinate, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks hairy, and with some bristles below. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length. Palpi thin, thread-like. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, third joint as long as second; arista short-pubescent. 252 Tachinidae. second joint clistinct, slightly elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals; an indistinct pair of præsutural and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals ; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side, small basal and subapical may also be present. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a small bundle of hairs above. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment quite small; only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. Legs somewhat short and robust, with femora, especially front femora a little thickened; claws and pulvilli in male not much elongated. Wings with first posterior cell petiolate, ending near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; a costal spine present. The species umbratica and atramentaria are known as parasitic on Oniscus asellus, umbratica has also been taken in such a way that it is probable that it may be parasitic on Callidium violaceum. About 25 European species are recorded, most southern forms; one occurs in Denmark. 1. S. umbratica Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Eliizom. 7, 6 {Ocyptera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1230, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6162, 1 (Rhinophora). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 457. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 191, 15. — Rhino- phora luguhris Zett. 1855 1. c. XII, 4706, 1 — 8. — Rhinophora simplicissima Loew, 1847. Stett. Ent. Zeitg. VIII, 270, 10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 546. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 131, 4 {Phyto). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 393. — Phyto Rondanii Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 131, 5. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 393. Male. Frons broad, broader than the eye. Orbits black above, downwards together with the cheeks silvery grey; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Ocellar bristles very small; one orbital bristle (in my sole specimen). Orbits and cheeks with fine black hairs, below on the cheeks some bristles; jowls with black hairs only below. Occiput blackish grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black or brownish black, third joint as long as second; arista thickened at base. Palpi yellowish. Thorax black, shining, with two greyish pruinose stripes just in front so that here the beginning of three black stripes is present. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, third and fourth segment with a slight silvery pruinose front band, interrupted in the middle. Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row on fourth and fifth segment, the latter row dense. Legs black, femora, especially front femora somewhat Melanophora. 253 thickened; bristles strong; middle femora with a comb of short bristles on posteroventral side at apex. Wings brown with brown veins which are brown seamed; first posterior cell long-petiolate; anal vein reaching near to margin. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brown. Female. I have not seen the female. Length 6,5 mm. S. umbratica is very rare in Denmark, we have only one specimen, a male, without particular locality. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 44. Bf elanopliora Meig. Small black species with blackish wings. Head a little broader than thorax, nearly flat behind and slightly puffed out below, some- what liigher than long. Frons broad and of about equal breadth in both sexes, only little protruding and somewhat rounded. Jowls more than half as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes small ocellar, larger inner and outer vertical, and a number of orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching fully to insertion of antennæ, above a reclinate and an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Cheeks with fme hairs along the inner margin. Vibrissæ somewhat ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating and somewhat reflected in the lower part. Proboscis short; clypeus small, horse-shoe- shaped. Palpi somewhat small, thread-like. Antennæ inserted near lower margin of the eye, short, third joint as long as second, this latter with anterior apical angle somewhat produced; arista plumose, in female short-haired. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorso- centrals, but no distinct acrostichals, only hairs; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side. Two distinct sternopleural bristles and some hairs. Pteropleura with only a single small bristle above. Abdomen elongated and somewhat cylindrical; excavation on second segment small; only marginal bristles, a pair on second segment. Legs moderately bristly; front tarsi with the basal joint slightly compressed, most in female; claws and pulvilli small in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell long- petiolate, the peduncle ending a little before apex ; discai angle obtuse ; no costal spine. The species roralis is known as parasitic on Oniscus asellus, 254 Tachinidae. and in America it has been bred from other terrestrial Isopods; it is also recorded from Asopia farinalis, and below I mention it from Epeira-eggs. The species helicivora is recorded from Helix conspurcata. Of the genus about 4 European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark, and only this well known. 1. M. roralis Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 597 et 1767. XII, 2, 993, 85, S {Musca). — 1762. O. F. Mull. Faun. Fridr. 83, 739 [Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 304, 102 [Musca). — 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Rhizom. 7, 7 [Ocyptera). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 284, 79 [Tachina) et 1838. VII, 213, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 46—52. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1237, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 553. — 1889. B. B. Denkscbr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 111, Tab. VI, Fig. 121. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 140, 1. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 460. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 181. — Musca grossificationis Linn. 1758. Ent. Syst. X, 599 et 1767. XII, 2, 996, 109, ?. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl 324, 42 [Tephritis). — M. atra R. D. 1830. Myod. 272, 3. — 1838. Meig. 1. c. VII, 213, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 553. Male. Frons broad, broader than the eye. Orbits and cheeks black, shining; jowls more or less reddish with the intermediate triangle impressed. Frontal stripe brown or blackish brown. Orbits with few hairs, generally strong and bristly below; cheeks along inner margin with very fine and short hairs, Occiput black, with black hairs. Antennæ black or brownish, short, third joint about as long as second; arista thickened at base. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, shining, sparingly black-haired, the hairs mainly present in the acrostichal, dorsocentral and intraalar regions with bare intermediate spaces. Apical scutellar bristles somewhat small, crossing. Abdomen black, shining, black-haired, with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row on fourth and fifth segment. Fifth sternite roundly incised in apical half. Legs black, rather slightly bristled. Wings blackish or brown, with brown veins; discai angle more or less obtuse, rarely with a veinlet; posterior cross-vein rather near medial cross-vein. Squamulæ blackish brown. Halteres with the knob black, the peduncle yellow. Female. Similar, with frons of about the same breadth. Front tarsi more robust than in male. Wings wth the apex below cubital vein milky white, forming a conspicuous spot. Length 5 — 5,5 mm. M. roralis is common in Denmark ; at Copenhagen, Egebæks Vang, Sletten, Frederiksværk, Korsør, at Sorø; on Lolland at Maribo; Plesina. 255 on Fiinen at Odense; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Hejls, Jelling and Aalborg and on Bornholm at Rønne and Allinge; the dates are 5/ g — 30^^ It occurs in and at woods on flowers and leaves of biishes; Fig. 70. Wing of M. roralis ?. it vibrates its wings when walking. Mr. E. Hoffmeyer bred it from egg-masses of Epeira cornuta, and lie commimicated to me that the larva was not imcommon in this way; the imago appeared on i/,. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Also occurring in North America. 45. Plesina Meig. Smallish or medium sized, black species, with a little pruinosity, and with dark marked wings. Head slightly broader than thorax, a little convex behind, especially below, and here somewhat puffed out. Frons about as broad as or a little narrower than the eye, equal in both sexes, not protruding but rounded in profile. Jowls nearly half as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar bristles none or small, but distinct occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, above an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Clieeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma not retreating. Oral cone and proboscis short, labella relatively large; clypeus short, horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi small and thin, thread-like, slightly dilated at apex. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, short, third joint somewhat longer than second; arista slightly pubescent. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals ; one or no præsutural and a præscutellar pair of acrosti- chals ; one or two posthumeral bristles ; three intraalar bristles or the middle one sometimes wanting. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing; a weak basal bristle also sometimes 256 Tachinidae. present. Two sternopleural bristles, Above on pteropleura a small bundle of liairs. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment only present at base; only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. Legs somewhat short and robust, with somewhat thickened femora, especially front femora. Claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with a dark cloud; first posterior cell long-petiolate, ending near apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular; a costal spine present. Of the genus 8 European species are recorded, nearly all of Southern occurrence; one occurs in Denmark. 1. P. maculata Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Ehizom. 6, 5 (Ocyptera). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 286, 82 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 210, 4 {Rhinophora). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1232, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6163, 1 {Leucostoma). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 545. — 1889. B. B. Denksclir. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 111, Tab. VI, Fig. 123 {Stevenia). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 137, 11 (Phyto). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 393. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 454. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 182, 3. — Tachina umbratica Meig. (nec Fall) 1824. I. c. IV, 287, 83 et 1838. VII, 212, 10 {Leucostoma). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 150 {Leucostmna). — Leucostoma hrevi- cornis Zett. 1. c. III, 1233, 2. Male. Frons a little narrower than the eye, not protruding. Orbits greyish, downwards together with the cheeks silvery white; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput dark grey, with black hairs. Antennæ yellowish red to blackish with base of third joint paler; they are short, third joint somewhat longer than second; arista thickened just at base. Palpi yellowish. Thorax black, shining, bluish grey pruinose at humeri and sides, for the rest very slightly pruinose, with three darker, more shining stripes on the middle of the disc; it is black-haired, the hairs mainly present in acrostichal and dorsocentral regions. Abdomen black, shining, third and fourth segment with a narrow, silvery pruinose front band, interrupted in the middle. Abdomen black-haired, with only marginal bristles, a pair on second and a row on third and fourth segment. Fifth sternite not excised. Upper forceps quite thin, needle-shaped, but cleft in apical half; arms of lower forceps a little broader, flat styliform, as long as upper forceps, diverging. Legs black or brownish black, robust, femora, especially front femora, thickened. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, yellowish on basal half and with a brown or blackish cloud above the first Angioneura. 257 posterior cell and down in it, and with the apical part of discai vein and posterior cross-vein broadly dark seamed; veins yellowish to brown; posterior cross-vein placed before the middle between medial cross-vein and angle. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres brown. Female. Quite similar, with the frons of same breadth. Length 5,5 — 7,5 mm. P. maculata is not rare in Denmark; Copenhagen, Dyrehaven, at Fure Sø; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Hørup- hav, Hald, Silkeborg and Laven, and on Bornholm at Rønne; the dates are ^V?— ^Vs- Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 46. Angioneupa B. B. Smallish species of black colour, a little greyish pruinose. Head broader tlian thorax, slightly convex behind and a little puffed out below. Frons in male about half as broad as the eye, a little pro- truding. Jowls about one fourth of the height of the eye. In male ocellar, inner vertical and one orbital bristle. Frontal bristles just reaching insertion of antennæ, above an outwards directed bristle. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating and a little reflected below. Palpi quite small. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, third joint not twice as long as second; arista pubescent. Thorax a little rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals ; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a very small bundle of hairs. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment only present at base; abdomen with marginal bristles, also present on second segment; smaller discai bristles may be present, especially in female. Legs a little robust, last tarsal joint somewhat long, claws as long as the joint. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending at apex of wing; discai vein bending up with only a slight curve; anal vein reaching the margin; a small costal spine. Two European species are known, one hitherto found in Den- mark. 1. A. cyrtoneurina Zett. 1859. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6135, 177—78 {Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 350 {Tachina). — 1924. Villen. Ann. des Se. Nat. 10, VII, 17 258 Tachinidae. 31 {Angioneurilla). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 208, 2. — A. enig- matica Villen. 1919. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 307, 3. Male. Frons narrow, scarcely half as broad as the eye, a little protruding. Orbits and cheeks silvery, jowls more grey; frontal stripe velvet black or a little brownish. Orbits bare; jowls with a few black hairs behind. Occiput dark grey, with strong, black hairs. Antennæ black, second joint not twice as long as third; arista distinctly thick- ened at base. Palpi small, blackish. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, especially on humeri and backwards to the suture, without stripes; it has very sparse black hairs, only present in acrostichal and dorso- central regions. Apical scutellar bristles somewhat small. Besides the sternopleural bristles some hairs. Abdomen black, the three last Fig. 71. Wing of A. cyrtoneurina. segments greyish pruinose on front part, the hind part black, pro- duced forwards in the middle so that black triangular spots are formed. Abdomen has longish black hairs, and a row of marginal bristles on all segments, the bristles smallest on second segment. Legs black, last tarsal joint somewhat long. Wings brown tinged; veins brown; at apex of subcostal vein a bristle. Squamulæ whitish. H alteres yellow. Female. I have not seen the female; according to Villeneuve it has abdomen quite black and some discai bristles on the last two segments. Lengtli. About 4,5 mm. A. cyrtoneurina is very rare in Denmark, we have only two spec- imens, both males, taken in Lyngby Mose ^Vs 1905 and at Jyderup Ve 1925 (the author). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden. Frauenfeldia. 259 47. Frauenfeldia Egg. Small species of blackish colour with greyish pruinosity, in habitus reminding somewhat of Sarcophagids. Head slightly broader than thorax, convex behind and a little puffed out below, about square in profde. Frons broad in both sexes and only slightly broader in female than in male, slightly protruding. Jowls not broad, about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and one or two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occi- pital bristles well developed. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching a little below insertion of antennæ, above an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Cheeks hairy and with a row of bristles below. Vibrissal ridges curved somewhat inwards just below, vibrissæ slightly ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma slightly retreating, reflected and protruding below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus forceps-shaped. Palpi thread-like, a little dilated apically. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, third joint a little longer than second; arista short-hairy, second joint distinct. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, one or two pairs of præsutural and a pair of præscutellar acrostichals ; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a few more or less bristly hairs above. Abdomen conical, a little compressed just at apex, in female more flattened; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment none. Genitalia somewhat large. Legs not long, a little robust, front femora a little thickened; claws and pulvilli in male slightly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell closed at margin, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; a costal spine present. F. ruhricosa is known as parasitic on Oniscus asellus. Two European species are described, the one occurring in Den- mark. 1. F. rubricosa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 305, 113 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 210, 10 {Rhinophora). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 548 (Phyto). — 1865. Egg. Verhandl. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XV, 297. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 121, Tab. VII, Fig. 172 et 1893. LX, 223. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 459. — Tachina harhata Meig. 1830 1. c. VI, 371, 322 et 1838. VII, 210, 12 [RhinopJiora). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 132. — Tachina trilineata Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 281, 72 et 1838. VII, 207, 8 (Cistogaster). — 1900. Stein, i. c. XXVI, 150 et 1924. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 184. — Tachina hirti- 17* 260 Tachinidae. cornis Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1172, 175 et 1849. VIII, 3250, 175 et 1859. XIII, 6134, 175. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 171, 1 (SarcopJiila). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 403, 17 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 394. — Tachina nigritarsis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1169, 172 et 1849. VIII, 3249, 172. — Dexia tachiniformis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1280, 17. Male. Frons as broad as the eye, a little protruding. Head dark grey; frontal stripe blackish, or reddisli anteriorly. Two orbital bristles, but the upper often small. Orbits and cheeks hairy, the latter with some bristles below; jowls with black hairs below. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint a little longer than second; arista thickened at base. Palpi yellowish. Thorax greyish or brownish black, grey pruinose, with three blackish stripes, the median reaching to scutellum, the lateral abbreviated behind; sciitellum yellow at apex. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen blackish, a little translucently reddish at the sides, the three last segments with a greyish or whitish pruinose front band, especially broad at the sides, somewhat shifting in colour according to view; the bands interrupted in the middle so that a black middle-line is formed. Abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, on second segment none, on third a pair and on fourth and fifth a row. Genitalia rather large, protruding downwards, more or less covered by the fifth sternite which is large, arched downwards and cleft to the base, the large, rounded side lamellæ of yellowish colour. Legs somewhat robust, femora black with apical part reddish, especially below; tibiæ reddish, the base generally blackish, and tarsi black. Wings only slightly tinged; veins blackish brown; posterior cross-vein in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle; anal vein some- what short. Squamulæ a little yellowish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons slightly broader; antennæ with basal joints pale. Legs paler, posterior femora generally quite yellowish, and likewise tibiæ. Length. About 5 — 5,5 mm. F. rubricosa is not rare in Denmark; Humlebæk, Sletten, Tisvilde, Rørvig, Boserup; on Lolland at Nysted; in Jutland at Skørping, and on Læsø; the dates are 2/7 — ^7?- I* occurs especially m sandy localities. I have taken it in copula on i*/,. Geographical distribution: — Europe and down into Algeria; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. — The species has, as seen, been described under several names, to the above syno- nymy Stein still adds geniharbis Meig. Catharosia. 261 48. CatHaposia Rond. Small, black species. Head broader tlian thorax, nearly flat behind, much liigher than long. Frons in male quite narrow, in female broad, not protruding, rounded in profile. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also two orbital bristles placed rather downwards. Frontal bristles reaching fully to insertion of antennæ, in female a strong reclinate bristle above. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma almost not retreating, low, a little hollowed. Proboscis and oral cone sliort; clypeus horse- shoe-shaped. Palpi thread-like, a little dilated at apex. Antennæ inserted at about middle of the eye, short, third joint about as long as second; arista bare. Thorax a little rectangular; three fme post- sutural dorsocentrals in male, but in female only the posterior present; no acrostichals ; two intraalar bristles. Scutelliim with two marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing, but in female very small or wanting. Two sternopleural bristles besides hairs. On pteropleura above a single small bristle. Abdomen elongated oval; excavation on second segment only present at base. There are marginal bristles in male, none on second segment, and in female no bristles at all. Male genitalia relatively large, lying ventrally below apex; in female the last segments form a somewhat claw-like ovipositor lying in a ventral groove in sixth and fifth segment, the groove bordered in front by the (as far as I can see) fourth sternite which is cleft in the middle and covered with short spinules. Legs medium long, with moderate bristles, small in female; hind tibiæ a little thickened on middle part; tarsi short; claws and pulvilli small and about equal in both sexes. Wings somewhat narrow; first posterior cell long- petiolate, ending at apex of wing; discai angle rectangular but the angle itself rounded; no costal spine. Squamulæ small, The development is not known; the formation of the female ovipositor induces the supposition that the species belongs to Pantel's group 8 or 9, Of the genus 4 palæarctic species are known, one occurs in Den- mark. 1. C. pygmaea Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Rhizom. 4, 5 {Thereva). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 200, 27 (Phasia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1253, 10 (Phasia). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 358 et 1893. LX, 193, 80. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 83, 1 {Lithophasia). — 1907. Villeu. Ann. 262 Tachinidae. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 380. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 560. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 254. — Tachina limbata Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 288, 87 et 1838. VII, 212, 6 {Leucostoma). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachriclit. XXVI, 142. — Leucostoma nigrisquama Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6165, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 544 {Plesina). — Leucostoma flavicornis Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6166, 7. Male. Frons quite narrow above, not at all protruding but quite rounded. Orbits black above, downwards together with cheeks silvery, shifting to black; jowls black; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits and cheeks bare;" jowls black-haired. Occiput black, with black hairs. Antennæ short, brownish, third joint about as long as second; arista thickened at base. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, shining, black-haired, with three more or less distinct postsutural dorsocentral bristles, but no acrostichals. Abdomen black and shining, black-haired, with small marginal bristles, on second segment none, on third a pair and on fourth and fifth a row. Genitalia relatively large, forming a knob ventrally at apex. Upper forceps small, triangu- lar, ending with a short beak. Legs black, hind tibiæ somewhat thick- ened on middle part. Wings brown towards anterior margin and here with a brown blotch in the apical half, vanishing downwards; the apex milky white, forming a conspicuous spot; veins brown. Squa- mulæ blackish. Halteres black. Female. Similar; frons broad and orbits black and shining; the lower part of the head and the antennæ yeliowish or brown. Ab- domen has no bristles, it is compressed ventrally in apical half and the last segments form a peculiar claw-like ovipositor, hidden in a deep groove. Length 3 to fully 4 mm. C. pygmaea is somewhat rare in Denmark; Lundtofte, Grib Skov, Tisvilde; the dates are '/s — ^^^7- I* occurs especially in sandy fields. According to Nielsen (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 67, 1916, 134, nota) it is rather disinclined to flying. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 49. Cinochipa Zett. Small, black species. Head broader than thorax, convex behind, slightly puffed out below. Frons broad in both sexes, not protruding. Frontal stripe broad, more than double as broad as the narrow orbits; cheeks very narrow, and also jowls narrow. In both sexes Cinochira. 263 ocellar, inner vertical and one orbital bristle. Occiput nearly bare above behind the postocular bristles. Frontal bristles just reaching the insertion of antennæ, above an outwards directed bristle. Cheeks bare. No vibrissæ above the large one. Eyes bare. Epistoma almost not retreating, very slightly reflected below. Palpi of normal size. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista pubescent. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals ; no acrostichals ; two intraalar bristles. Scu- tellum with four marginal bristles on eacli side. Two sternopleural bristles, a posterior upper and a lower. Pteropleura with only a single bristle above. Abdomen elongated ovate; excavation on second segment only present at base; there are only marginal bristles, also present on second segment. Legs somewhat robust, especially front legs; claws and pulvilli small in male. Wings with first posterior cell broadly open below apex of wing; cubital vein curved downwards, discai vein almost straight, thus no apical cross-vein; no costal spine. The female has, according to Brauer, "das Hypopygium an der Bauch- seite zangenartig, wie die Phaniae furcatae, aber an die Unterseite gebogen", and Stein mentions tliat it is quite similar to the male, except for the genital difference. The genus contains only one species, also occurring in Denmark. 1. C. atra Zett. 1845. Zett. Dipt. Scand. IV, 1359, 1 et 1846. V, 1792, obs. et 1849. VIII, 3276, 1 et 1859. XIII, 6190, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 672. — 1891. Sinten. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. X, 143. — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 189, 47. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 503. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesck. 90, 6, 245. — Antliomyza pinguicula Zett. 1846. 1. c. V, 1759, 142 et 1849. VIII, 3327, 142. Male. Frons above broad, considerably broader than the eye, a little narrowing downwards, not protruding. Orbits and jowls brownish or yellowish brown; frontal stripe very broad, black, reddish in front. Frontal bristles few in number, stopping above before vertex. Orbits and cheeks bare; jowls with a couple of hairs. Occiput greyish, bare above, with few black hairs below. Antennæ brownish black, the two first joints and just base of third yellow; third joint about twice as long as second; arista thickened at base and here yellow. Palpi yellowish. Thorax black, a little greyish pruinose, without stripes; it has only very few hairs. The subapical and apical scutellar bristles somewhat small, the latter parallel or about. Abdomen somewhat 264 Tachinidae. cylindrical or elongated ovate, black and shining, with very narrow pale incisures; it has black hairs and somewhat small, fine and de- cumbent marginal bristles as rows on all segments. Genitalia forming a knob below apex of abdomen; upper forceps apparently forming two hooks, each with a long, backwards directed hair. Legs black or Fig. 72. Wing of C. atra. blackish, somewhat robust, especially front legs which are also some- what long. Wings and veins brown. Squamulæ yellowish brown. H alteres yellow. Female. I have not seen the female, and it was also unknown to Zetterstedt and Sintenis ; according to Stein, it is quite similar to the male, except for the genitalia. Length 2,5 — 2,7 mm. C. atra is rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both males; Sortsø Skov in South Sealand and in Jutland at Hov near Odder (the author); the dates are in July. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden. VIII. Dexiinae. 50. Syntomocera Schin. Somewhat large species, black, greyish pruinose. Head not broader than thorax, slightly convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higlier than long. Frons in male narrow above, in female very broad, somewhat protruding. Jowls broad, more than half as broad as the eye is high, broadest in female. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer vertical and some orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles somewhat large. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, in female an outwards Syntomocera. 265 directed bristle above. Cheeks liairy. Vibrissal ridge not sharp, con- verging below; vibrissæ bristly, pluriserial, somewhat ascending; a large vibrissa present on the angle, placed somewhat above the lower margin of epistoma. Epistoma not retreating, not reflected below, witli a low, not sharp carina above. Oral aperture not small. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi thread-like, very slightly dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, short, third joint slightly longer than second; arista short-plumose. Thorax rectangular; four postsutural dorso- centrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with about four marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles; fifth covered with bristles. Legs long with long tarsi with elongated joints; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell closed at margin or short-petiolate, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle almost rectangular, with a short veinlet; no or a small costal spine. The species petiolata has been bred from the pupa of Rhizotrogus solstitialis . Of the genus 4 European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. S. petiolata Bonsd. 1866. Bonsd. Fini. Ins. II, 131, 13 {Dexia). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 223. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 443. — 1921, Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 380. — 1924, Stein. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 236, 2 (DexiomorpJia). ■ — Dexia cristata Walk. (nec Meig.) 1853. Ins. Brit. II, 95, 2. — 1889. B. B. 1. c. LVI, 118. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 153, 1. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 393. Male. Frons narrow above, widening downwards, somewhat protruding; cheeks broad. Head silvery grey pruinose, jowls partly red in some views; frontal stripe velvet brownish black. Orbits and cheeks with fine hairs; jowls black-haired behind. Occiput grey, with black hairs and yellow hairs inwards. Antennæ yellowish red, third joint slightly longer than second. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral broader; scutellum more or less brownish at apex, or almost quite black. Thorax black-haired; three posthumeral and 266 Tachinidae. three intraalar bristles. The apical scutellar bristles converging. Ab- domen blackish, grey pruinose, shifting with irregular dark brownish spots according to view; indistinct narrow hind margins black. Ab- domen black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles, third with some discai and a pair of marginal, fourth likewise but with a row of marginal. Fifth sternite cleft to base. Legs black, knees a little reddish. Wings slightly tinged; veins brownish. Squamulæ whitish, with yellow margin. H alteres brownish, Female. Similar; frons broad, much broader than the eye. Length 10 — 11 mm. S. petiolata is very rare in Denmark, only four specimens, a male and three females, are known, taken in Jutland in Nørholm Skov at Varde (Kryger), on Seis Hede (Esben-Petersen) and at Hald (H. J. Hansen); the dates are ^^7 — ^U- Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known from Scandi- navia, but occurring in eastern Europe and Finland. 51. Csthepia R. D. Species of medium size and greyish colour. Head as broad as thorax, slightly convex behind, somewhat puffed out below, liigher than long. Frons narrow in male, broad in female, somewhat pro- truding. Jowls half as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female further outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles small. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles not reaching the insertion of antennæ, stopping above before vertex, all crossing in male, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges not sharp, converging below; vibrissæ a little ascend- ing; a large vibrissa present, placed a little above lower margin of epistoma. Epistoma almost not retreating and not reflected below, somewhat carinate. Proboscis and oral cone of medium length. Palpi a little dilated apically. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, short, third joint at most twice as long as second; arista plumose. Thorax a little rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præ- and likewise postsutural acrostichals (in the Danish species). Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment Estheria. 267 reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles, fifth with bristles all over. Legs long, especially tarsi long with long joints; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell petiolate, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, and it may have a short veinlet; costal spine small. Of the genus 4 European species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. E. Bohemanni Rond. 1861. Rond. Atti. Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. IV, 144, 4 et 1862. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. V, 81, 1 {Zeuxia). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 424. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 443. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 234, 2. — Dexia cristata Zett. (nec Meig.) 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1279, 16. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 165, 2 (Zeuxia). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 394. Male. Frons narrow above, widening downwards, a little pro- truding; cheeks broad. Head silvery pruinose; frontal stripe brown. Orbits with fme hairs; jowls blaek-haired, Occiput grey, with black and somewhat sparse yellowish hairs. Antennæ black or blackish, second joint obscurely reddish; third joint about twice as long as second. Palpi yellow, Thorax greyish black, grey or yellowish grey pruinose with four dark stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax with fme black hairs; one posthumeral and three intraalar bristles. Apical scutellar bristles crossing. Abdomen all grey or whitish or yellowish grey pruinose, black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles, third with pairs of discai and a pair of marginal and fourth with pairs of discai and a row of marginal brist- les. Fifth sternite cleft to about base. Legs black with tibiæ brownish or reddish. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins brown. Squamulæ yellowish white with yellow margin. H alteres brownish yellow. Female. Quite similar but with frons broad, fully as broad as the eye. Length 7,5 — 9 mm. E. Bohemanni is rare in Denmark ; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven (Stæger), at Fure Sø (the author) and in Jutland at Horsens (O. G. Jensen). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Sweden. 268 Tachinidae. 52. Dexia Meig. Species of medium to somewhat large size, colour greyish yellow or yellowish, with abdomen in male largely yellow, in female grey or black with pale pruinose bands. Head as broad as thorax, nearly flat behind and somewhat puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons narrow in male, broad in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls broad, from half as broad to nearly as broad as the eye is high, broadest in female. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also somewhat small outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black liairs. Frontal bristles reaching to the insertion of antennæ or scarcely, crossing in male, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges not sharp, more or less parallel, but somewhat converging just below; vibrissæ a little ascending; a large vibrissa present, placed only slightly above lower margin of epistoma. Epistoma almost not retreating,. with a strong middle carina reaching to near the end. Proboscis and oral cone not long; clypeus horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi about thread-like. Antennæ inserted much below middle of the eye, third joint twice to nearly thrice as long as second; arista long-plumose. Thorax quadratic or a little rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and one or two præ- and likewise one or two postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Two or three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of bristly hairs above. Abdomen more or less elongated conical; excava- tion on second segment reaching the hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, sometimes only marginal in female; second segment without bristles, fifth with discai bristles. Legs, especially tarsi long, with the joints much elongated; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongate. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with or without a short veinlet; a costal spine present. The species are parasitic on larvæ of Melolontha and Rhizotrogus ; the eggs are laid in the ground and the immediately hatching larvæ seek the host. Of the genus about a dozen European species are recorded, but some of them are still doubtful; two species occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Male with the middle stripe on abdomen not incised or inter- rupted, fourth segment without black hind margin; female with Dexia. 269 abdomen unicolorous grey; three sternopleural bristles and three intraalar bristles (generally) 1. rustica. Male with middle stripe on abdomen narrower, incised or inter- rupted at the incisures ; f ourth segment with. black hind margin ; f emale with abdomen black with silver-grey front bands ; gener- ally two sternopleural bristles, and only two intraalar bristles. . 2. vacua. 1. D. rustica Fabr. 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 440, 26 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 296, 64 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 46, 22. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1264, 2 et 1849. VIII, 3263, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 560. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 120. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 160, 10. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 445. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 380. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 238, 1. Male. Frons narrow; head yellow pruinose, jowls partly red in some views; frontal stripe brown. Orbits bare; jowls only with hairs behind. Occiput yellow pruinose, with black hairs and yellow hairs below, Antennæ yellow, third joint about twice to nearly thrice as long as second. Palpi yellow. Thorax yellowish or greyish yellow pruinose, with four dark brown stripes, the median narrow, abbre- viated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture into an anterior smali and a posterior elongated spot. Scutellum more or less yellow on apical part. Thorax black-haired; two anterior præ- and two posterior postsutural acrostichals ; two to three posthumeral and three intraalar bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen yellow with a grey middle stripe in the whole length, whitish or yellow pruinose all over; it is black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles, third with one, sometimes two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal, and fourth likewise, but with a row of marginal. Fifth sternite cleft to base. Genitalia somewhat small; upper forceps claw-like, narrow, curved upwards; arms of lower forceps similar but broader, of the same length. Legs yellow, tarsi brownish to black. Wings yellowish brown tinged; veins brown; apical cross-vein rather concave outwards. Squamulæ brownish yellow. H alteres yellow. Female. Frons broad; jowls broader than in male, almost as broad as the eye is high. Abdomen all grey and thus the female of a darker aspect than the male; the discai bristles less developed or quite wanting. Wings sometimes darker than in male. Length 7 — 12 mm. D. rustica is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, 270 Tachinidae. Hareskov, Bagsvær, Ryget Skov, Ruderhegn, Donse, Humlebæk; on Lolland at Saxkøbing and in Høvænge Skov near Nysted; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; on Taasinge; in Jutland at Sønder- borg, Madeskov, Kollund, Sandager, in Greisdal, at Nebsager near Horsens, at Horsens, Ry and Hattenæs near Silkeborg, Frijsenborg, Gerlev near Randers Fjord and Skørping, and finally on Bornholm at Rønne and in Almindingen; the dates are ^^/g — ^^/g. It occurs on bushes and in low herbage at the outskirts of woods and in fields. The species is parasitio on larvæ of M. vulgaris and R. solstitialis ; Boas has (Entom. Medd. V, 1893, 130) treated its biology; he found the larvæ in larvæ of M. vulgaris which were two and three years old ; the parasite was present in a number of one to three in the host, and they lay free in the fat body, not sitting in any funnel; the larva hibernates in the host, it bores out and pupates in the ground, and the imago develops in June and July. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 2. D. vacua Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 240, 10 et 1822. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 42, 10 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 46, 23 et 1830. VI, 374. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1265, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 560. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 160, 9. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 446. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 380. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 238, 2. Male. This species is much like the preceding. Head of same shape and colour and with the same bristles. Antennæ with third^ joint longer, thrice as long as second or about. Thorax coloured as in rustica, but with generally only the middle pair of præsutural and the præscutellar pair of postsutural acrostichals, and generally only two sternopleural bristles; one posthumeral and two intraalar bristles. Abdomen more slender, less pruinose and more clear yellow, with a brown middle stripe which is incised or interrupted at the incisures, and the hind margin of fourth segment black; bristles as in rustica. Legs and wings as in rustica. Female. Of a somewhat different aspect. Frons broad. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, the three last segments with a broad greyish or yellowish white silvery front band; discai bristles present as in male. Wings often rather dark. Dexiosoma. 271 Length 7,5 — 10,5 mm. D. vacua is less common in Denmark than rustica; Ordrup Mose, Lyngby Mose, Ørholm, Ruderhegn, Nøddebo, Humlebæk, at Sorø, and in Jutland at Gram and at Skørping; the dates are ''/^ — ^9^^^ The species is known to be parasitic on Melolontha-ldLrvæ. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 53. Dexiosoma Rond. Somewhat large species of bright yellowish to greyish colour. The genus is nearly related to Dexia. Head not broader than thorax, slightly convex behind and a little puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons narrow in male, broad in female, somewhat pro- truding. Jowls half as broad as the lieight of the eye or fully. In both sexes no ocellar and only inner vertical bristles, in female further two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs above. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks with fine hairs. Vibrissal ridges strongly converging just below, almost meeting in the middle, the epistoma thus here much narrowed; a large vibrissa on the angle, somewhat above lower margin of epistoma, no vibrissæ above it. Epistoma almost not retreating, deeply excavated, without carina, the lower narrow part protruding. The lower margin of the jowls curving upwards anteriorly. Oral aperture not large; oral bristles strong, few in number, sometimes only two. Oral cone and pp^JWTScis short; clypeus small, horse-shoe-shaped; labium slightly chitinised, yellow, labella large. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted a little below middle of the eye, reaching to about the end of the excavated part of epistoma, third joint at least thrice as long as second, second with very small bristles or hairs; arista long-plumose. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and only a præscutellar pair of acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and a long bristle above. Abdomen long, elongated conical; excava- tion on second segment reaching the hind margin; only marginal bristles, none on second segment; fifth with a double row of bristles. Legs long, with long tarsi which have elongated joints; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongate. Wings with first posterior cell 272 Tachinidae. open, ending near apex of wing; discai angle rectangular with a long veinlet; anal vein reaching the margin; a costal spine present. Of the genus two European species are known. one occurring in Denmark. 1. D. caninum Fabr. 1781. Fabr. Spec. Ins. II, 440, 24 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 296, 60 {Musca). ^ 1822. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 41, 9 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 47, 24, Tab. XLIII, Fig. 17 (Dexia). - 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 653, 2 (Musca) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1263, 1 (Dexia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 560 (Dexia). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 164, 2 (Microphthalma). — 1907. Kat. palå- arkt. Dipt. III, 446. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom. VII, 380. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 237. Male. Frons narrow above. Head yellow pruinose, darkest on orbits, pale downwards on the jowls, these latter reddish in some views; frontal stripe brownish red. Orbits and cheeks with fine, sparse, pale hairs; jowls bare. Occiput yellow, with yellowish hairs and some black hairs above. Antennæ yellow, third joint thrice as long as second or more. Palpi yellow. Thorax bright yellowish, sometimes more greyish yellow pruinose, with four brownish black stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into a smaller anterior and a more elongated triangular posterior spot. Thorax with short, black hairs; one posthumeral bristle, some- times a small second, and three intraalar bristles. Abdomen brownish black, yellowish or greyish pruinose, somewhat shifting with brown according to view; third and fourth segment with a somewhat broad dark hind margin, on third segment produced forwards in the middle Fig. 73. Wing of D. caninum. to a brown triangle. Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, on second segment none, on third a pair (sometimes two pairs) and on fourth a row; fifth segment with two rows of bristles. Legs yellow, tarsi more or less darkened. Wings brown tinged, sometimes rather Prosena. 273 dark; veins brown, apical cross-vein curved strongly outwards above the angle. Squamulæ brownish yellow. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broad; pruinosity on abdomen generally grey. Length 8 — 12 mm. D. caninum is common in Denmark all over the country on suitable localities; the dates are ^7 — ^g. It occurs on leaves of bushes and in low herbage at and in woods, especially in shaded damp piaces. It is known to be parasitic on larvæ of Melolontha. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, Lapland and Finland. 54. Pposena St. Farg. et Serv. Species of medium size, greyish or yellowish grey pruinose, with large yellow side spots on abdomen in male. Head a little broader tlian thorax, flat beliind and slightly puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broader in female, some- what protruding. Jowls about half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, and in female two orbital bristles. Postocellar bristles irregular, but occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching just to insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, in female an out- wards directed bristle above. Gheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges almost not converging below; vibrissæ not ascending. Epistoma almost not retreating, slightly reflected below, with a strong but not sharp middle carina with a slight middle furrow. Oral cone not long; clypeus linear, yellow; proboscis long and thin, about as long as the body, labella small, linear. Palpi small, somewhat rudimentary. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, third joint fully thrice as long as second; second with a very long bristle; arista long-plumose. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a middle præsuturai and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with yellow hairs and a couple of black bristly hairs above. Abdomen elongated conical, in female broader and oval; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles present, on second segment a pair; also on fifth segment only a marginal row. Legs long, especially tarsi long with elongated 18 274 Tachinidae. joints; claws and pulvilli small and equal in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or about, without or with a very short veinlet; no costal spine (in the Danish species). Three or four European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. P. sybarita Fabr. 1775. Fabr. Syst. Ent. 798, 2 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 280, 4 (Stomoxys). — 1818. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 5, 1 (Stomoxys). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 160, 2, Tab. XXXVIII, Fig. 1—4 {Stomoxys) et 1838. VII, 277, 1, Tab. LXIII, Fig. 35—40. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 984, 1 et 1855. XII, 4684, 1. — 1862. Scbin. F. A. I, 558. — 1889. B. B. Denkscbr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 125, Tab. VIII, Fig. 196. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entora. XV, 161, 11 (Dexia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 448. — 1924. Stein, Arcb. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 238. — Stomoxys grisea Fabr. 1794. Ent. Syst. IV, 394, 2 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 279, 2. Male. Frons somewhat narrow, about half as broad as the eye; cheeks broad. Head silvery white; frontal stripe yellow. Orbits with fine pale hairs; jowls bare. Occiput grey, with yellow hairs. Antennæ yellow, tliird joint fully thrice as long as second; arista thickened at base. Palpi small, yellow. Thorax grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with four dark stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into an anterior spot and a posterior stripe. Scutellum yellow on apical part. Thorax partly black- partly pale-haired, the latter especially at the sides and the suture, some- times all pale-haired except in front; pleura pale-haired; one post- humeral bristle, sometimes a small second ; only one intraalar bristle, rarely a small second. Abdomen blackish, with the sides largely yellow; it is greyish white pruinose, somewhat shifting according to view; fourth segment with a dark hind margin, third with only hindmarginal spots on the sides. Abdomen black-haired, but the ventral basal part pale-haired; only marginal bristles, on second and third segment a pair, on fourth and fifth a row. Fifth sternite only excised at apex. Legs yellow with tarsi black. Wings slightly brownish tinged; veins dark brown. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Of darker aspect as abdomen is quite grey. Frons broader, about as broad as the eye. Thoracic disc with shorter, all black hairs. Dinera. 275 Length 8 to about 10 mm. P.sybarita is somewhat common in Denmark; Lundtofte, Hillerød, Donse, Vedbæk, Tisvilde, Gilleleje, at Sorø; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland at Bevtoft, Toftlund, Sønderborg, Varde, in Nørholm Skov, at Frijsenborg, Ry, Vestbirk near Skanderborg and Rebbild, and on Bornholm; the dates are 4/, — i2^g. It is especially seen on tree-stems, but also on flowers f. inst. on Knautia. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 55. Dinepa Rond. Medium sized species of grey colour. Head slightly broader than thorax, a little convex behind and a little puffed out below, not much higher than long. Frons narrow in male, broad in female, rather protruding. Cheeks very broad, and jowls fully half as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female further outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, all crossing in male, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks with some few hairs, sometimes nearly wanting. Vibrissal ridges not converging below; vibrissæ not ascending. Epistoma not retreating, somewhat reflected below; it has a middle carina which is high above between the an- tennæ, vanishing below. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length, the latter slender, with small labella; clypeus linear, excised below. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted below middle of the "eye, short, third joint at most twice as long as second; arista plumose, somewhat short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a middle præsutural pair and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals, Scu- tellum with three marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen elong- ated conical; excavation on second segment only present at base; only marginal bristles, none on second segment, fifth with only a row. Legs somewhat long, but less than in the foregoing genera, and likewise tarsi not specially long; the legs moderately bristly; claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell closed at margin or short-petiolate, ending a little before apex of 18* 276 Tachinidae. wing; discai angle obtuse, with an indication of a veinlet; a costal spine present. Of the genus three palæarctic species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. D. grisescens Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 243 et 1822. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 44, 16 (Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 45, 21 et 1830. VI, 374 (Dexia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1278, 15 et 1859. XIII, 6176, 15 (Dexia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 557. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 126, Tab. VIII, Fig. 203. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entoni. XV, 162, 12 (Dexia). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 139. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 449. - 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 380. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 239. — D. cristata Schin. (nec Meig.) 1862. F. A. I, 557. Male. Frons narrow above, scarcely half as broad as the eye, widening downwards. Head silvery greyish pruinose, jowls partly reddish in certain views; frontal stripe brownish red. Occiput grey, with black hairs and pale hairs inwards below. Orbits bare; cheeks with some few black hairs, and jowls black-haired below. Antennæ black with basal joints reddish, third joint at most twice as long as second; arista thickened at base. Palpi yellowish. Thorax greyish pruinose, palest at humeri, with four dark stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated just behind the suture, the lateral broadly interrupted at the suture. Thorax with black hairs; one posthumeral and two intraalar bristles. Apical scutellar bristles somewhat small, crossing. Abdomen all grey pruinose, with black hairs, and with only marginal bristles, none on second segment, a pair on third and a row on fourth and fifth. Fifth sternite cleft to base. Legs with femora obscurely reddish, grey pruinose, or blackish, tibiæ brownish or yellowish red, tarsi black or blackish. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broad, about twice as broad as the eye. Length 6 — 8 mm. D. grisescens is not rare in Denmark; Hellerup, Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Lundtofte, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby, Nyrup Hegn and in Jutland at Hov near Odder; the dates are ^^|^ — 'Vs- It occurs on various flowers, especially umbellifers. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Myiocera. 277 56. MyioceFa R. D. Species of medium or ratlier large size, black, greyish pruinose. Head slightly broader than thorax, somewhat convex behind and puffed out below, slightly or considerabiy higher than long. Frons narrow above in male, broad in female, more or less protruding. Jowls broad, half or two thirds as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, the latter somewhat fine in male, strong in female, and in this sex also outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to lunula, all crossing in male, in female and out- wards directed bristle above. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges not con- verging below; vibrissæ not ascending. Epistoma not retreating, with a high carina above between the antennæ, reflected and somewhat protruding below. Oral cone and proboscis of some length; clypeus linear, deeply excised at the end. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted well below middle of the eye, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista long-plumose. Thorax rectangular; three or four postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præsutural and generally two post- sutural acrostichals ; two or three posthumeral and likewise intraalar bristles. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, some- times a weak fourth, the lateral. Three sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura with a bundle of hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin {ferina) or not {carinifrons). Abdomen has long marginal bristles, on second segment a pair; fifth with bristles all over. Legs long, with specially long tarsi with elongated joints; they are moderately bristly, the bristles on femora long, but not strong; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; no costal spine. About the development not much is known; ferina has been bred from larvæ in wood, possibly of Dorcus parallelepipedus; the larva of carinifrons has in first stage rows of chitinous dents and be- longs to Pantel's group 5, Of the genus four European species are recorded besides some doubtful; two occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Three postsutural dorsocentral bristles; excavation on second abdominal segment not reaching hind margin; 7,5 to about 10 mm 1. carinifrons. 278 Tachinidae. — Four postsutural dorsocentral bristles; exca vation on second abdominal segment reaching hind margin; 11^ — 13,5 mm 2. ferina. 1. M. carinifrons Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 243, 15 et 1822. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 44, 15 {Musca). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 653, 4 {Musca) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1270, 7 et 1855. XII, 4708, 7 (Dexia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 559 {Dexia). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 159, 8 (Dexia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 450. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 381. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli., 90, 6, 240, 1. Male. Frons above about one third of the eye, widening down- wards, well protruding; head about as long as high; cheeks very broad and jowls about two thirds of the height of the eye. Head silvery grey pruinose, shifting to dark above; jowls red in some views; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits with some very fine hairs; jowls black-haired below. Occiput grey, with yellow hairs, and black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Antennæ black, obscurely reddish at base; third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened at base. Palpi yellowish or brownish, blackish at apex. Thorax blackish, grey pruinose, with three dark stripes, the median broad, continued about to scutellum, somewhat divided into three, especially before the suture; the lateral narrower than the median, interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired; three postsutural dorsocentrals and generally two anterior præ- and two posterior postsutural acrostichals ; two intraalar bristles. Scutellum some- times with a small lateral bristle besides the other three; the apical crossing. Abdomen all greyish yellow pruinose, shifting with various smaller or larger dark brown spots according to view; especially a pair of triangular brown spots are visible on third and fourth segment in certain views; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin. Abdomen is black-haired with marginal bristles, on second segment a pair, on third generally four and on fourth and fifth a row. Fifth sternite cleft to near base. Legs black. Wings more or less brownish tinged; veins blackish brown. Squamulæ whitish or whitish yellow with darker margin. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar, frons broad, much broader than the eye. Length 7,5 to about 10 mm. M. carinifrons is somewhat common in Denmark; Lersøen, Ordrup, Dyrehaven, Hillerød, Ringsted, Allindelille, Bromme Plan- Myiocera. 279 tage at Sorø; on Funen at Odense; on Fænø; in Jutland at Sønder- borg, Sottrup, Kolding, Horsens, Frijsenborg, Hoed south of Grenaa, Støvring and Thisted, and on Bornholm in Almindingen; the dates are ^^/e — ^^/e- It occurs in and at woods on leaves of bushes and on flowers of composites and umbellifers, not rarely at horders of streamlets. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 2. M. ferina Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 242, 14 et 1822. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 43, 14 {Musca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 42, 16 (Dexia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1286, 5 et 1855. XII, 4708, 5 (Dexia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 560 (Dexia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 126, Tab. VIII, Fig. 205. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 158, 7 (Dexia). — 1907. Kat. palå- arkt. Dipt. III, 451. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 381. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 240, 2. — Dexia carinifrons Meig. (nec Fall.) 1826. 1. c. V, 45, 20. Male. Frons narrow above, about one fifth of the eye, somewhat protruding; head higher than long; cheeks broad and jowls about half as broad as the eye is high. Head silvery pruinose, jowls reddish in certain views; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits with very few, small hairs; jowls black-haired behind. Occiput grey, with black hairs and yellow hairs inwards. Antennæ black or brownish black. Palpi blackish or brown, palest at apex. Thorax black, whitish grey pruinose, with similar stripes as in carinifrons, the median likewise, and more distinctly, divided into three. Thorax black-haired; four postsutural dorsocentrals and generally three præsutural, but only two postsutural acrostichals ; three intraalar bristles (generally). Abdomen black, grey or whitish grey pruinose shifting with irregular brown or blackish tessellations according to view; excavation on second abdominal segment reaching hind margin. Abdomen black- haired, with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third segment and a row on fourth and fifth; sometimes there are four on third segment. Legs black. Wings somewhat brownish tinged. Squamulæ yellowish white. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broad, about as broad as the eye. Length 11 — 13,5 mm. M. ferina is more rare in Denmark than carinifrons and has been taken only on Lolland at Maribo and in Jutland at Graasten 280 Tachinidae. (Wtistnei), Hattenæs near Silkeborg (the author) and Rebbild (Kry- ger); the dates are in July to ^^/g. Geographical distribution : — Europe ; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. IX. Tachininae. I. Eutachininae. Group 1. 57. Meigenia R. D. Species of medium or small size, blackish, grey pruinose, generally a little reddish translucent at the sides of abdomen in male, some- times all greyish pruinose. Head of about the breadth of thorax, somewhat flat behind but pufTed somewhat out below. Frons in male from one third of to about as broad as the eye, in female considerably broader; it is somewhat protruding. Jowls broad, about half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles; outer verticals may be present in male {incana). More or less fme but long postocellar bristles, and generally also distinct occipital bristles. Behind post- ocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frcuital bristles descending to about insertion of arista, in male two to four, in female two uppermost reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ only slightly ascending. Eyes not or very sparingly haired, practically bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating and a little reflected downwards; it is produced somewhat down- wards below the large vibrissa, so that the vibrissal angle is placed distinctly higher than the oral margin. Antennæ inserted slightly or somewhat more above middle of the eye; third joint about two to four times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scu- tellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, erect and parallel or a little diverging, in incana somewhat crossing. Four sternopleural bristles (one of them may be small or quite abortive). Abdomen elongated ovate, somewhat flat or more cylindri- cal; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; tliere are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Genitalia small, curved in under venter. Legs somewhat slender; Meigenia. 281 anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and piilvilli in male somewhat elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or nearly closed, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, apical cross-vein straight; a costal spine absent, or {incana) distinct. The species are parasitic almost exclusively on larvæ of Chryso- melids, but have further been bred from a Stenobothrus and from Tenthredinids and are also recorded from Lepidoptera. The species have more than one yearly generation and the development takes relatively short time. In the Chrysomelid larvæ only one parasite develops in the host; the pupation as a rule takes place in the host, rarely in the groimd. They belong to Pantel's group 1, and the larva forms a secondary breathing hole. Of the genus three or four European species are known (majus- cula, belonging to the subgenus Mystacella Wulp., with hairy eyes, included). Two occur in Denmark. Tahle of Species. 1. Third antennal joint less than thrice as long as second, not reacliing the large vibrissa ; tliorax in male with three stripes ; abdomen with dark markings ; no costal spine 1 . mutabiUs. — Third antennal joint more than thrice as long as second, reaching to about the large vibrissa ; thorax with four stripes ; abdomen grey, without markings; a distinct costal spine . . 2. incana. 1. M. mutabilis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 282 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 16, 31 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 403, 285 {Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 638, 19 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1059, 53 {Tachina). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 49, 2 {Tachina). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 113, 3. — T. floralis Fall. 1810. 1. c. 282 et 1820. 1. c. 36, 74. — 1824. Meig. 1. c. IV, 304, 112. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 472. — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 311. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 323. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 353. — T. bisignata Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 322, 143. — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1147, 147. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 472. — 1889. B. B. 1. c. LVI, 86, Tab. I, Fig. 1 b et 1891. LVIII, 310. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 321. — 1921. Baer, 1. c. VII, 354. — T. discolor Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1061, 54 et 1849. VIII, 3234, 54. — Microphona minuta B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 355. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 249, 3. Male. Frons above one third to half as broad as the eye, some- what protruding; cheeks rather broad. Orbits dark greyish, cheeks 282 Tachinidae. greyish silvery, jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput dark grey, with yellowish hairs, some- what sparse above, and with rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles, Antennæ black, tliird joint twice to nearly thrice as long as second, not reaching to the large vibrissa; arista thickened in basal third. Palpi black. Thorax black, with a bluish or brownish grey pruinosity, leaving three broad black stripes, so that it may also be termed black with two narrow grey stripes; the median stripe may be more or less grey on the middle, and thus divided into two narrow black stripes; scutellum black, grey pruinose along the margin, Thorax sparingly black-haired, Apical scutellar bristles parallel or slightly diverging and somewhat erect, Abdomen black, often reddish translucent at the sides, the three last segments brownish or greyish pruinose, on third and fourth segment or only on third there is a roundish or triangular blackish brown spot on each side, produced from the margin forwards, and in the middle there is a narrow or sometimes broader black line, broadest on third segment, Abdomen with black hairs, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third and fourth with discai and marginal bristles which may be one pair of each, except the marginal row on fourth segment, but often the discai bristles may be more numerous, and on fourth segment they may form transverse rows. Hypopygium small; upper forceps divided into two close lying styles; arms of lower forceps more elongated triangular, of the same lengtli as upper forceps. Legs black. Wings brownish tinged, rather strongly towards the base; first post- erior cell narrowly open quite near apex of wing. Squamulæ more or less yellowish to yellowish brown. Halteres yellow. Female. Differing somewhat in colour. Frons about as broad as the eye or somewhat broader, Thorax light grey pruinose, with four narrow black stripes. Abdomen grey, with the markings present only at the hind margins of the segments, where they form an incised or undulated band, sometimes quite wanting. Length. Very variable in size, the length from 4 to 7,5 mm (recorded from 3 to 8,5 mm). M. mutabilis is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Lersø, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Frederiksdal, Ørholm, Holte, Donse, Egebæks Vang, Humlebæk, Tisvilde, Gilleleje, Lave Skov at Helsingør, Ringsted; on Bogø south of Sealand; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Kliplev, Kolding, Horsens, Laven and Silkeborg, and on Bornholm at Hammeren; Meigenia. 283 the dates are ^/y — ^jg. It is especially seen at outskirts of woods on umbellifers and in low herbage. The species is known as parasitic on larvæ of Melasoma populi and tremulae, Agelastica alni, Phyto- decta rufipes and var. sexpunctatus, Phaedon cochleariae, Chrysomela varians and some other large forms, Crioceris asparagi and quatuorde- cimpunctata and Gastrophysa viridula; f urther on Stenobothrus paral- lelus and on Athalia colibri and Lophyrus pini and is also recorded from Ly mantria dispar and Salebria semirubella. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1911, 23) treated its biology {floralis) ; he bred it from Gastrophysa viridula on Rumex; only one parasite developed in each host. It is curious that the parasite often was destroyed by moulting of the host before the larva had bored in. In Stenobothrus a number of parasites develop in one host. The whole development from Q^^g to imago takes generally short time, about twenty days. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. It has been introduced to North America. Remarks: As seen the species varies in size, breadth of the frons and markings on abdomen; the varieties have been considered as two species: bisignata Meig., the larger form with broader frons and generally spots only on third segment, and floralis Fall., the smaller form with frons narrower and spots also on fourth segment. As, however, all intermediates are found, they are no doubt only one species. — I have examined the Danish specimens of bisignata mentioned by Zetterstedt, and I have also examined specimens of discolor sent from Zetterstedt to Stæger. 2. M. incana Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 282 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 20, 40 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 385, 253 et 1838. VII, 191, 64 {Twhina). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1062, 55 {Tachina). — 1901. Hendel, Verh. zool. hot. Gesell. Wien, LI, 209, 4. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 325. — 1924. Stein. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 112, 1. — Masicera egens Egg. 1861. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XI, 213. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 484. — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 310 {Meigenia). — Peteina dispacta Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 106, 11. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 391. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye or a little narrower, rather protruding downwards. Orbits grey or yellowish grey; cheeks 284 Tachinidae. greyish or yellowish silvery, dark in some views; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey with whitish yellow hairs, sparse above, and with black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint long, more than thrice as long as second, reaching below the eyes, to about the large vibrissa; arista thickened in fully basal third. Palpi black. Thorax quite grey pruinose, with four narrow greyish black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two elongate spots; scutellum grey. Thorax with short black hairs ; apical scutellar bristles a little converging. Abdomen quite grey or yellowish grey pruinose, without markings; it is black- haired, with discai and marginal bristles as in mutabilis. Legs black. Wings a little tinged, yellowish at base; veins brown; first posterior celi narrowly open or just closed, ending a little before apex of wing; a distinct costal spine present. Squamulæ with a yellow margin. H alteres yellow with the knob a little brownish. Female. I have not seen the female; according to the descrip- tions it is quite similar to the male. Length 7 to about 8 mm. M. incana is rare in Denmark, I only know three specimens, all males, from Grib Skov (Kryger) and Rørvig (J.C.Nielsen); the dates are in July and to ^^/g. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the nortli to southern Sweden, and in Finland and Lapland. 58. Viviania Rond. Species of medium size, all greyish or yellowish grey pruinose. The genus is nearly related to Meigenia and in most respects con- form with it. Head as broad as thorax, rather flat behind. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broader in female, moderately protruding. Jowls nearly half as broad as the eye is high. Frontal bristles at most descending to the end of second antennal joint. Cheeks bare, just above with some fine hairs. Epistoma as in Meigenia produced down- wards, below the large vibrissa. Antennæ inserted well above the middle of the eye, third joint fully twice as long as second. Thorax rectangular, with three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three, sometimes four postsutural acrostichals, but with no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three or four marginal Viviania. 285 bristles on each side, the apical of them strong; a pair of minute apical hairs present or wanting. Three sternopleural bristles. Ab- domen with the excavation on second segment not reaching quite to hind margin; it has only marginal bristles, generally present also on second segment, but sometimes wanting here. Legs with antero- dorsal bristles on hind tibiæ small, unequal; claws and pulvilli some- what elongated in male. Wings as in Meigenia; a distinct, though not large costal spine present. The species is parasitic on imagines of Carabids; up to ten para- sites may develop in each host. The larvæ are found in abdomen, and the larva hibernates in the second larval stage and pupates next year in the now dead Carab; to get out the imago breaks with the frontal bladder a hole in the last abdominal sternites of the host. The way in which they get into the host is not known, but most probably they are viviparous and belong to Pantel's group 6. Only one European species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. V. cinerea Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 283 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 20, 39 (Tachma). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 417, 309, {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 241, 9 {Masicera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1043, 35 {Tachina). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 105, 9 {Peteina). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 391. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 326. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 354. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 113. — Tachina pacta Meig. 1824. 1. c. 324, 146 et 1838. VII, 250, 1, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 36—40 {Fahricia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 497 {Frontina). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 86, Tab. I, Fig. 2 et 1891. LVIII, 312. — Tachina incompta Meig. 1824. 1. c. 324, 147 et 1838. VII, 191, 53. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 132. — Tachina austera Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 383, 249 et 1838. VII, 248, 2 {Frontina). — 1893. B. B. 1. c. LX, 220. — Tachina usta Zett. (nec Wied.) 1844. 1. c. III, 1044, 36 et 1859. XIII, 6082, 36. Male. Frons above a little more than half as broad as the eye. Orbits and jowls grey or whitish grey; cheeks whitish or greyish silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Orbits with fme, jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs, sparse above, and with rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista thickened in about basal third. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired ; scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side (sometimes three 286 Tachinidae. or five) ; a pair of quite minute, parallel apical hairs present or wanting; a pair of discai bristles. Abdomen all grey or yellowish grey pruinose, sometimes \sdth indication of a middle stripe on basal part; it is black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on second and third segment and a row on fourth; on second segment the bristles may be wanting. Legs black. Wings very slightly tinged or nearly clear; veins brown; first posterior cell very narrowly open or just closed quite near apex of wing. Squamulæ a little yellowish. Halteres brownisli yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader, as broad as the eye. Scutellum as a rule with three marginal bristles on each side. Length 5,5 to nearly 9 mm. I have examined Zetterstedt's type to T. usta. V. cinerea is common in Denmark; Lersø, Charlottenlund (Stæ- ger), Dyrehaven, Lyngby, Ryget Skov (Kryger), at Skelskør (H. J. Hansen); on Lolland at Nysted (the author), and in Jutland at Hov (the author) and Harboøre (Engelhart); the dates are ^^/g — ^V?- It occurs on umbellifers and in low herbage. It is known as parasitic on Procrustes coriaceus, Carahus violaceus, hortensis, glabratus, cla- thratus and cancellatus, Zabrus tenehrioides and the non Danish C. gemmatus. Nielsen has (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 72) treated its biology; he bred it from P. coriaceus and C. violaceus and hortensis; the imagines developed at the middle of June; in his collection are further specimens bred from Calathus fulvipes. In 1918 (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren. 69, 253) Nielsen further enumerates as hosts Amara aulica, Broscus cephalotes, Calathus erratus and fuscipes, Ophonus ruficornis and rubripes and Pterostichus niger. In the large hosts a number of up to ten parasites may develop, but in the small only one. Geographical distribution: — Europe and in Transcaspia; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finiand. 59. Monocliaeta B. B. Somewhat small, greyish to brownish pruinose species. Frons broad and equal in both sexes, somewhat strongly protruding, epi- stoma retreating. Cheeks and jowls broad, the latter about half the height of the eye. Ocellar and in male only inner, in female both pairs of vertical bristles present; in both sexes one orbital bristle. [Monochaeta. 287 Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to the end of second antennal joint, two uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. The vibrissal ridges strongly raised as in Bavaria; vibrissæ sliglitly ascending, at most to one third of the height. Eyes hairy. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint large and long, five to six times as long as second. Thorax with three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and postsutural acrosti- chals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the middle pair strong; no crossing apical bristles; a pair of erect discai bristles before the apex. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Legs with the anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ not forming any pronounced row; claws and pulvilli in male very slightly or almost not elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending rather near apex of wing; a small costai spine. The species belongs to Pantel's group 2 (Thompson 1924, but no host is here recorded; see below). Only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. M. albicans Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 37, 74 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 415, 306 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 256, 37 (Exorista). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1134, 132 et 1859. XIII, 6120, 132 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F, A. I, 467 {Exorista). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 219. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 356. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 360. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 116. — Tachina leucophaea Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 414, 304 et 1838. VII, 256, 35 {Exorista). ^ 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1191, Obs. {Tachina). — 1889. B. B. 1. c. LVI, 131, Tab. IX, Fig. 225. — Tachina fer- turbans Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1135, 133. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 468 {Exorista). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom., XV, 11, 12 {Exorista). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 385. — Tachina schistacea Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 414, 305. Male. Frons above broad, much broader than the eye. Orbits varying from yellowish brown to dark greyish, cheeks and jowls from yellowish to whitish grey ; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Frontal bristles not numerous. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey or yellowish grey, with pale hairs almost only below, above with rows of black hairs. Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ black, second joint short, third large and long; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax varying from brown to grey pruinose. 288 Tachinidae. dull, with four narrow black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture, or forming two spots. Scutellum brownish or blackish, sometimes slightly reddish just at apex. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen conical and somewhat oylindrical; it is grey or brownish yellow pruinose, shifting with darker tessellations accord- ing to view; second segment, hind margin of third and fourth and a narrow middle line black or dark brown. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; the bristles long but fme. Fifth sternite cleft to base. Geni- talia small; upper forceps triangularly dilated at base and incised, the apical part spine-shaped; arms of lower forceps elongated triangu- lar, obtuse at apex, of the same length as the upper. Legs black, tibiæ more or less reddish, especially hind tibiæ on the middle part. Wings brownish tinged, most at base and anterior margin; veins blackish. Squamulæ yellow. H alteres dark yellow. Female. Similar; frons of same breadth; antennæ with third joint relatively shorter. Tibiæ and also apical part of femora generally paler. Length 4 to fully 6 mm. As seen, the species varies from yellowish brown to grey, and scutellum may be quite dark, or a little pale at apex or quite red; the latter variety I have not seen from Denmark; also the colour of tibiæ varies not little. Specimens with two orbital bristles may occur. ■ — I have examined the specimens of perturbans mentioned by Zetter- stedt from Denmark. M. albicans is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Geel Skov, Ryget Skov, Boserup, Brøde Skov near Lillerød, Tokkekøb Hegn, at Sjæl Sø, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, at Sorø; on Langeland at Lohals; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sottrup, Madeskov, Stenege north of Aarhus, and on Bornholm at Sandvig; the dates are 2^/4 — ^/g. I have seen spec- imens bred from Tryphosa dubitata and Cheimatobia brumata, one emerging on ^"/g (Weis); formerly no host seems known. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden. 60. Masicera Macq. Species of ratlier large size, black with greyish white pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind and slightly Masicera. 289 puffed out below, mucli higiier than long. Frons broad and about equal in both sexes, only slightly protriiding. Jowls one fourth of the breadth of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, and in male one or two, in female two orbital bristles. Somewhat strong postocellar and smaller occipital bristles. Beliind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending well to insertion of arista, three uppermost reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to about one tliird of tlie height, Eyes bare. Epistoma very slightly retreating and almost not reflected below. Proboscis short. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, tliird joint four times as long as second. Thorax nearly quadratic; four postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and postsutural acrosticlials ; a præ- sutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on eacli side, the apical crossing. In male three or four, in female four sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a bristle in a bunch of hairs. Abdomen with excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. Legs robust, with strong bristles; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ quite unequal; claws and pulvilli elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell closed at margin, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse; costal spine small. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera; silvatica belongs, according to Pantel, to his group 2. The pupa may be found hibernating in the host larva, or outside it in the ground. Of the genus a couple of European species are recorded, but the catalogue besides enumerates a large number of uninterpreted species, especially from Macquart. One species occurs in Denmark. 1. M. silvatica Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 274 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 12, 30 {Tachma). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 380, 243 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 241, 17, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 6— 11. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1033, 23 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 483. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 87, Tab. I, Fig. 4 et 1891. LVIII, 316. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 62, 20 (Tachina). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 149. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 281. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 153. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 92, 2. Of this species I know only the female. The male shows, according to Stein, two orbital bristles. Female. Frons broader than the eye. Orbits and face white pruinose, the former blackish above; frontal 19 290 Tachinidae. stripe blackish brown. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista long, thickened in about basal two thirds and evenly tapering. Palpi black at base, yellow at apex. Thorax black, whitish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral a little interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired. Scutellum yellow on apical part. Ab- domen black, whitish grey pruinose, shifting with dark irregular spots according to view; it is black-haired, with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row on fourth segment. Legs black, with rather strong bristles; on front tibiæ an antero- and postero- dorsal row. Wings a little tinged; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brown. Length 12 mm. M. silvatica is rare in Denmark, we have only one specimen, a female from earlier time without particular locality. The species is recorded as bred from Pieris brassicae, Sphinx ligustri, Deilephila euphorbiæ and galii, Dilina tiliae, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Gastro- pacha quercifolia, Lasiocampa guercus, Dendrolimus pini, Saturnia pavonia, Nonagria typhae, Cucullia verbasci and the non Danish Deilephila vespertilio, Saturnia pyri and spini and Apopestes Spec- trum^ and perhaps from still more; it is also recorded from Saperda populnea. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 61. Ceromasia Rond. . Species of medium size, the colour black with whitish pruinosity, or more brown with yellowish pruinosity. Head fully as broad as thorax, nearly flat behind and only slightly puffed out below, higher than long. Frons in male broader or narrower, and either broader in female or of about the same breadth, more or less protruding. Jowls not broad, about one fourth or third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, in female two orbitals. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, or a little below, two or three uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to near middle or about, but not reaching the middle. Eyes bare (in reahty very short Ceromasia. 291 and sparingly hairy), Epistoma retreating, slightly reflected just below. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint foiir to five times as long as second; arista with second joint short or a little elongated. Thorax about quadratic; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three or four sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal; fifth with bristles all over. In some species third and fourtli segment in male with a patch of short dense hairs ventrally on each side. Legs with strong bristles; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ quite unequal ; claws and pulvilli in male not or a little elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior ceH more or less narrowly open, sometimes nearly closed, ending a little before apex of wing or in some distance from it; a small costal spine. The biology of the species is not well known; those which have been bred are parasitic on Lymantria monacha (ferruginea), on species oi Lophyrus {inclusa non Danish), and rutila (non Danish) is recorded as parasitic on Forficula and to belong to Pantel's group 2. The female of inclusa has on the ventral side fourth abdominal segment with the lateral margins raised and compressed and beset with short spine-like bristles as in Lydella nigripes, and may therefore be thought to belong to Pantel's group 7. The genus comprises perhaps 6 European species, three have been found in Denmark. It is divided into some subgenera of which only two Ceromasia s. str. {ferruginea, florum) and Paraphorocera B. B. {senilis) are represented in Denmark. The above generic description only refers to these. The two other subgenera, Lophyromyia B. B. (inclusa) with three postsutural dorsocentrals, and Thelyconychia B. B. have the eyes sparingly haired. Table of Species. 1. Three sternopleural bristles (in florum may be a weak foiirth); all yellow or grey pruinose species 2. — Four sternopleural bristles (generally); species black with whitish pruinosity, on abdomen as bands shifting with dark according to view 3. senilis. 2. Brownish yellow pruinose; frontal bristles descending to 19* 292 Tachinidae. insertioii of arista ; wings strongly yellow at base and squa- mulæ yellow 1 . ferruqinea. — Greyish pruinose; frontal bristles descending below inser- tion of arista; wings only sligbtly yellowish at base and squamulæ white 2. florum. 1. C. ferruginea Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 382, 247 [Tachina) et 1838. VII, 240, 3 {Masicera). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 161 et 1906. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 247 {Masicera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 295 {Erycia). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 155. — Exorista rutilla Rond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 132, 13. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 238 (Carcelia). — C. rutila 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescb. 90, 6, 96, 7. Male. Frons above not as broad as the eye, somewhat pro- truding. Orbits yellow, cheeks silvery, jowls grey; frontal stripe yelvet black or slightly brownisb. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, two uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ ascending to near middle, diminishing miicli in length upwards. Orbits and jowls witb black liairs. Occiput yellowish, with pale hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, basal joints slightly reddish, third joint five times as long as the short second; arista thickened in a little less than basal half, second joint short. Palpi thin, yellow. Thorax brownish black, brownish yellow pruinose, with four narrow dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two elongated spots; scutellum nearly all yellow, yellowish brown pruinose. Thorax with dense black hairs; three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen all brownish yellow pruinose, black-haired ; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third \\dth two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal and fourth with two pairs of discai and a row of marginal. Fifth sternite cleft to base. Genitalia forming a knob at end of abdomen, black, a little pruinose. Legs black with tibiæ dirty yellow; claws and pul- villi somewhat elongated. Wings a little tinged, bright yellow at base; first posterior cell rather narrowly open, ending a little before apex of wing; apical cross-vein slightly concave. Squamulæ deep yellow. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broad, considerably broader than the eye. Length 7,5 — 8,5 mm. C. ferruginea is rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both males, have been taken, one at Hornbæk, the other in Jutland at I Ceromasia. 293 Salten Langsø on ^/^o 1911 (Esben-Petersen). The species is known bred from Lymantria monacha. Geographical distribution: — Europa; not known north of Denmark. 2. C. florum Rond. (1850. Macq. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, VIII, 460, 5, Tab. XIV, Fig. 3 {Masicera)). — 1861. Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 30, 17. — 1889. B. B. Denk- schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 89, Tab. II, Fig. 22 et 1891. LVIII, 330. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 1-55. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 97, 8. — Masicera rutila Schin. (nec Meig.) 1862. F. A. I, 484. — - 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 54, 8 [Tachina). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388 {Tachina). Of this species I know only the female. It is very similar to jerruginea., but it is not brownish yellow but grey pruinose. Head as in ferruginea, but frons still broader and more protruding, and orbits grey. Frontal stripe brown. Frontal bristles descending below insertion of arista, the two reclinate placed somewhat outwards, beside the orbitals; below on orbits a couple of bristles outwards to the frontals, Antennæ with basal joints red. Thorax and abdomen as in jerruginea, only grey, not brownish yellow, and third and fourth abdominal segment with only one pair of discai bristles. Legs as in ferruginea with tibiæ obscurely reddish. Wings only slightly tinged, and not or almost not yellow at base; apical cross-vein straight. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Length 8,5 mm. C. florum is very rare in Denmark, we have only one female specimen from earlier time, without particular locality. Geographical distribution: — Europe; not kno^vn north of Denmark. 3. G. senilis Meig. 1838. Meig. Syst. Besclir. VII, 241, 8 (Masicera)^ — 1861. Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 25, 10 {Masicera). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 330 {Paraphorocera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 287. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 154. • — • Tachina agrestis Pand. p. p. Rev. Entom. XV, 52, 5. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388. — Leptotachina gratiosa B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 330. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 256, 46 et 1913 ibid. XXXII, 119, 2. — C. lepida 1924. Stein (nec Meig.) Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 95, 5. Male. Frons above broad, considerably broader than the eye, rather protruding. Orbits plumbeous coloured; oheeks silvery, the 294 Tachinidae. intermediate triangle red; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or a little brownish. Frontal bristles descending to about insertion of arista, two uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ ascending to near middle, except the large one on angle nearly all small. Orbits with a row of black bristly hairs outwards to the frontal bristles, along the eye- margin; jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with pale hairs, sparse above, and with black bristles behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; third joint about four times as long as second; arista short, as long as third joint, thickened in nearly basal two thirds, second joint a little elongated. Palpi somewhat dilated outwards, black, brownish at apex. Thorax black, a little shining, greyish pruinose, with four black, not narrow stripes, the median abbreviated behind. Scutellum black, greyish pruinose. Thorax black-haired; scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side (as a rule), the apical crossing, a little erect. Four sternopleural bristles. Abdomen black, shining, with a white pruinose band on the front half of the three last seg- ments, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; a black middle line more or less visible. Abdomen is black-haired; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; on the ventral side there is a patch of short dense hairs on third and fourth segment. Genitalia small and hidden; upper forceps cleft to base, about as long as the lower. Legs black; claws and pul- villi not elongated. Wings a little tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell open, ending in some distance from apex of wing; apical cross- vein somewhat concave, angle about rectangular. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres dark brown. Female. Similar; frons of about the same breadth or still broader; outwards to the frontals no or small bristles. Palpi more dilated outwards. Length 8 — 9 mm. C. senilis is rare in Denmark ; at Copenhagen, Amager (the author), Dyrehaven, Ruderhegn (Kryger); in Jutland at Skeide (Wtistnei), and on Bornholm at Rønne and Hasle (H. J. Hansen, Weis); the dates are ^^/g — ^^/g; it was taken in copula on ^/g. Three spec- imens from Bornholm are bred from Tapinostola elymi (Weis). The species is otherwise recorded from Pyrausta nubilalis (Thompson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 25, 1923, .33). Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. It occurs perhaps in North America {myioidea R. D.). Lydella. 295 62. Lydella R. D. Medium sized species of black colour, more or less greyish prui- nose, the male sometimes with reddish abdominal side spots. The genus stands near Ceromasia. Head as broad or fully as broad as thorax, more or less convex behind and puffed out below. Frons in male narrower or broader, in female broader than in male; it is distinctly protruding. Jowls narrow to half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female further outer vertical and two orbitals; in male generally also weak outer vertical bristles. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs, in one row or mainly so. Frontal bristles descending at most to insertion of arista, two uppermost reclinate in both sexes; (in angelicae female the upper frontal bristle is transverse). Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly or a little more ascending, but not reaching middle. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating, slightly or almost not reflected below. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, or {angelicae) at the middle; third joint from one and a half to three times as long as second; arista with second joint short to slightly elongated. Palpi thin or more or less dilated out- wards. Thorax rectangular; three or four postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præ- sutural intraalar bristle present, sometimes wanting {angelicae). Scutellum with three or four marginal bristles on each side, the apical pair wanting or only small hairs, or they are longer, crossing and somewhat erect. Three or four sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin, except in angelicae; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. In some species the male has on ventral side of fourtli segment a patch of short dense hairs on each side; in one species {nigripes) the female has the ventral lateral margins of the segments raised and pressed together, and this keel is on third and fourth segment beset with short, strong spines so that a saw is formed along the middle of venter. Legs strongly bristled; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with the bristles at base of cubital vein in one species {angelicae) produced towards medial cross-vein; no or a small costal spine, in angelicae strong. The genus mainly differs from Ceromasia by the elongated claws and pulvilli in male, and by the in this sex wanting or weak outer vertical bristles. 296 Tachinidae. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera, nigripes also on Tenthredinids. The species, the biology of which is hest known, is nigripes, it is very polyphagous and belongs to Pantel's group 7, the ventral saw being used for wounding by the depositing of the eggs in the host larvæ. About a dozen European species are known; 4 have been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Costal spine large; cubital vein witli bristles more than half way to medial cross- vein 1. angelicae. — Costal spine small; cubital vein with bristles only at base 2. 2. Palpi yellow; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three sternopleural bristles 2. alhisquama. — ■ Palpi black or brownisli 3. 3. Three postsutural dorsocentrals; abdomen in male with long and strong liairs on ventral side; female with a serra- tion along the middle of ventral side 3. nigripes. — Four postsutural dorsocentrals; abdomen in male with mainly short hairs on ventral side, and with a patch of short dense hairs on fourth segment on each side; female without ventral serration 4. stabulans. 1. L. angelicae Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 309, 120 et 1838. VII, 191, 67 {TacUna). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 475 {Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 289. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 156. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 95, 2 {Ceromasia). ~ Tachina viduata Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 313, 127 et 1838. VII, 190, 11. — Tachina futilis Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1036, 26 et 1849. VIII, 3229, 26 et 1859. XIII, 6080, 26. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 351. — Masicera spinuligera Kond. 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 27, 13. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, Tab. VIII, Fig. 213 et 1891. LVIII, 316 (Dexodes). ^ 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 88, 2 (Plagia). Male. Frons above not much more than half as broad as the eye; cheeks broad, and jowls half as broad as the eye is high. Orbits and upper part of cheeks dark grey, the rest of the cheeks and the jowls greyish white, silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. Frontal bristles descending to about insertion of arista. Vibrissæ somewhat ascending but not reaching middle, somewhat strong. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput rather convex, especially below and the eye-margin here broad, it is dark grey, with whitish hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, short, not by far reaching lower margin of epistoma; third joint at most one Lydella. 297 and a half times as long as second; arista short, thickened in basal half, second joint distinct but not elongated. Palpi thin, yellow. Thorax bluish black, shining, thinly greyish pruinose, more distinctly in front and at the sides; it has four black stripes, evanescent behind; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired ; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, and a pair of very small crossing apical hairs. Three (or four) sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a whitish pruinose band on front half, shifting with brown tessellations according to view; the bands are interrupted in the middle so that a broad black middle stripe occurs; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a some- what irregular row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, especially along the veins, the latter blackish brown; discai angle about rectangular, apical cross-vein a little incurved just above it, for the rest straight, rather sloping; first posterior cell open ending in some distance from apex of wing; costal spine large; cubital vein with bristles at base and with a few single stretching to or beyond half way to medial cross-vein. Squamulæ white. Halteres brown. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye; upper frontal bristle transverse. Length. About 9 mm. L. angelicae is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens, two males and two females, taken in Merrits Skov on Lolland (Schlick), on Funen at Veflinge (H. J. Hansen), and in Jutland at Sønder- borg (Wiistnei); the dates are in July. The species is recorded bred from Tortrix viridana. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north in Lapland. Remarks : In our general collection there is a specimen of T. fu- tilis Zett., sent from Zetterstedt to Stæger; an examination proved it to be the present species, and the description is also in accordance herewith. 2. L. albisquama Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1037, 27 et 1859. XIII, 6081, 27 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 480 {Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 288. -- 298 Tachinidae. 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 157. ^ 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 94, 1 (Ceromasia). — Dexodes spectabilis B. B. (nec Meig.) 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 87, Tab. I, Fig. 5 et 1891. LVIII, 316. — Peteina cavigena Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 105, 10. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 391. — Peteina disturbata Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 102, 6. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 391. Of this species I know only the female. Frons above about as broad as the eye, somewhat protruding. Cheeks broad, a little narrow- ing downwards; jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Orbits and upper part of cheeks grey or yellowish, cheeks for the rest, and jowls silvery whitish grey; frontal stripe velvet black or blackish brown. Frontal bristles descending fully to insertion of arista. Vi- brissæ not ascending above one third of the height, the angular vibrissa strong. Orbits and jowls with black hairs, but very sparingly. Occiput somewhat convex and pufTed out below and the eye-margin broadened downwards; occiput grey with whitish hairs, and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint about thrice as iong as second; arista long, thickened in about basal third, second joint distinct but not elongated. Palpi yellow, a little dark at base, dilated outwards. Thorax greyish black, grey pruinose with four dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two elongated spots ; scutellum dark, grey pruinose. Thorax black-haired ; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two or three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with three strong marginal bristles on each side, apical bristles wanting. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen blackish, the three last segments greyish pruinose, shifting with irregular brownish tessellations according to view; a somewhat indistinct middle line and narrow hind margins blackish; excavation on second segment not quite reaching hind margin; abdomen with somewhat strong black hairs, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with one or two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal and fourth likewise with one or two pairs of discai and with a row of marginal bristles ; all bristles strong. Legs black with strong bristles. Wings brownish tinged; veins brown; discai angle obtuse; apical cross-vein sloping and slightly concave; first posterior celi open, ending rather near apex of wing. Squamulæ white. Haiteres yellow. Length. About 9 mm. I have examined Zetterstedt's type, it is a female as also seen of the description. Lydella. 299 L. albisquama is rare in Denmark, only three specimens, all females, have been taken, one on Lolland in Merrits Skov (Schlick), one at Strandby (L. Jørgensen) and one in Jutland at Bevtoft (Wiistnei); the dates are 1^/7 — ^/g. The species is known as parasite on Metopsilus parcellus, Notodonta trepida and Ammoconia caeci- macula. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; towards the north to middle Sweden. 3. L. nigripes Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 13, 24 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 357, 205 et 1838. VII, 191, 55 (Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 636, 12 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1058, 52 et 1849. VIII, 3233, 52 et 1859. XIII, 6085, 52 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 480 (Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 290. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 156. — ■ 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 96, 6 (Ceromasia). — • Dexodes ma- chaeropsis B. B. 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 87 et 1891. LVIII, 316. — Tachina ignota (Perris) Pand. 1896. Eev. Entom. XV, 51, 3. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 402, 8 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388. Male. Frons above about one half to two thirds as broad as the eye, only somewhat protruding. Gheeks almost not narrowing down- wards; jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Orbits greyish or yellowish grey, black just above, cheeks and jowls silvery whitish grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending to or to about insertion of arista. Vibrissæ ascending but not reaching middle. Orbits with short, jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput somewhat puffed out below and the eye- margin a little broadened downwards; it is grey with pale yellow hairs and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, second joint twice as long as third; arista thickened in basal third, second joint distinct but not elongated. Palpi thin, black. Thorax black and somewhat shining, thinly bluish grey pruinose, whitish grey in front and at the sides; there are four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scutellum bluish black. Thorax black-haired, hairs on scutellum strong; three postsutural dorso- centrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical wanting or present as very small hairs. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated conical, black and shining, generally with reddish side spots on third, 300 Tachinidae. or third and fourth segment; there is a whitish pruinose band on front half of the three last segments, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; the bands more or less interrupted in middle^ leaving a dark middle stripe. Abdomen is black-haired, second seg- ment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with one or two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal and fourth with one or two pairs of discai and a row of marginal bristles; the bristles somewhat varying in number and position; ventral side with long, strong hairs. Legs black. Wings somewhat brownish, especially at base and anterior margin; veins blackish; apical cross-vein straight; first posterior cell open or just closed, ending somewhat before apex of wing. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellowish. Female. Similar; frons broader, as broad as the eye. Abdomen with the lateral margins of third and fourth segment on ventral side raised and pressed together, and on the posterior half of each beset with short, strong spines, so that a serrated median ventral keel is formed, and abdomen ending with a curved spine-like ovipositor, laid up under venter. Length 5,5 — 9,5 mm. L. nigripes is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Damhussø, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, at Fure Sø, Hillerød, Nøddebo, Tisvilde, Rørvig, Jægerspris, Ruds Vedby; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Maribo, Bremersvold and Strandby; on Funen at Odense; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Høruphav, Sottrup, Skeide, Horsens and on Læsø, and Bornholm at Sandvig; the dates are ^/e — ^/iQ. The species is very polyphagous and known as parasitic on a large number of Lepidoptera^ both Rhopalocera and Heterocera, and also on some Tenthredinids. With us it has been bred from Calymnia trapezina, Cucullia artemisiae and scrophulariae^ Brephos parthenias, Bupalus piniarius^ Dryohota protea and Tephroclystis innotata, all except Bupalus not hitherto recorded as hosts for it, and further we have it from an undetermined Geometrid; the spec- imens bred from C. artemisiae came on ^^/g, those from Calymnia and Dryohota in June and July and from Brephos on '/7. It belongs to Pantel's group 7. When parasitic in Dendrolimus pini it is known to hibernate as larva in the host pupa and to go out in spring and pupate in the ground ; it has more than one yearly generation. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Lapland. It has been intro- duced to North America. Lydella. 301 4. L. stabulans Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 306, 15 et 1838. VII, 191, 49 {Tacliina). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 317 (Dexodes). — 1907. Villen. Wien Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 256, 47 (Dexodes). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 293. ^ 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 157. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli. 90, 6, 97, 10 {Ceromasia). — Tacliina lepida ? Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 191, 14. — 1910. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXIX, 305, 7. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, somewhat pro- triiding. Cheeks distinctly narrowing downwards; jowls narrow, about one fifth of the height of the eye. Orbits blackish grey, cheeks greyish silvery, jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint. Vibrissæ very slightly ascending. Orbits with black hairs some of which are bristly; jowls black-haired. Occiput nearly flat, only slightly piiffed out below, grey, with yellowish hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint two to two and a half times as long as second; arista somewhat short, thickened in about basal half, second joint slightly elongated. Palpi black, a little dilated outwards. Thorax bluish black, thinly bluish grey pruinose, more pronounced in front and at the sides; there are four dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral rather broad; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired; four (sometimes three) postsutural dorsocentrals, and generally three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the lateral somewhat small, the apical pair small, crossing, directed upwards. Four (or only three) sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated conical, black and shining, the three last segments with a white pruinose front band, not half as broad as the segment, shifting in colour according to view; the bands are interrupted in the middle, leaving a somewhat broad middle stripe black. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; ventral side with short hairs except at the margins, and on fourth segment on each side a patch of short, dense hairs. Legs black. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins blackish; first posterior cell open or closed, ending somewhat before apex of wing. Squamulæ yellowish. H alteres dark browTi. Female. Similar; frons somewhat broader to about one and a half times as broad as the eye. 302 Tachinidae. Length 6 — 9 mm. L. stabulans is common in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Egebæks Vang, Grib Skov, Lave Skov near Helsingør; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Maribo, in Kældskov, at Bremersvold; on Falster at Nykøbing, and in Jutland at Sønderborg and Kliplev; the dates are «/g — ^^1^. It has not been bred with us, but is known from Mamestra serena, Dianthoecia cucuballi, Gortyna ochracea and Ahraxas grossu- lariata. Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. Remarks : The female of this species is very similar to the female of Ceromasia senilis and only distinguished from it with difficulty; I think it may be distinguished by the frons being very broad in senilis, almost double the eye, while in stabulans it is narrower, not reaching one and a half times as broad as the eye; generally also stabulans has a longer arista, thickened at most in basal half. 63. £pycia R. D. Species of small to medium size, black with grey or yellow pruinosity. Head fully as broad as thorax, flat behind and not puffed out below. Frons broad and a little broader in female than in male, not much protruding. Jowls narrow. Ocellar bristles present or want- ing; inner and outer vertical bristles present, the outer weak in male; in female two orbitals. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, two to three uppermost reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending. Eyes bare or slightly pubescent. Epistoma retreating, not reflected below. Antennæ inserted more or less high above middle of the eye; third joint shorter or longer, from fully two to six times as long as second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Palpi somewhat dilated. Thorax quadratic; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical pair smaller or larger, crossing. Three or four sternopleural bristles. Ab- domen ovate or elongated ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are only marginal bristles, or sometimes a pair of discai on fourth segment (aurulenta) ; in one species {vicina) the male has ventrally a patch of short, dense hairs on each side on Erycia. 303 fourth and fifth segment. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli elongated in male, or small and equal in both sexes; front tarsi simple, at most slightly flattened. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending rather near to or in some distance from apex of wing; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera, and some also on Lophyrus; aurulenta belongs to Pantel's group 1 and the larva takes the air through a primary hole, and the same may be the case with the other species. About 5 European species are known; 3 occur in Denmark. The genus is divided into some subgenera, viz with regard to our species Erycia s. str. {fatua, vicina) and Bactromyia B. B. {aurulenta). Table of Species. 1. Larger species, with four sternopleural bristles; first post- erior cell ending in some distance from apex of wing; posterior cross-vein near the angle 2. — Smaller species, with three sternopleural bristles; first posterior cell ending near apex of wing ; posterior cross-vein nearly midway between medial cross-vein and angle .... 3. aurulenta. 2. Ocellar bristles present; palpi yellow; greyish brown pruinose species with red scutellum 1 . fatua. — Ocellar bristles absent; palpi dark or black; grey pruinose species with dark scutellum 2. vicina. 1. E. fatua Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 385, 252 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 240, 7 {Masicera). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 161 (Masicera). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 157. — Tachina festinans Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 384, 251 et 1838. VII, 241, 19 (Masicera). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 61, 19 (Tachina). — 1900. Villen. 1. c. 161 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 389. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 98. — Tachina furi- hunda Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1040, 31. — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 221. (Hetnifnasicera). — Exorista properans Rond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 127, 6. — Hemimasicera ferruginea 1889. B. B. (nec Meig.) Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 87, Tab. I, Fig. 11 et 1891. LVIII, 327. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye. Orbits grey, cheeks and jowls more silvery; frontal stripe brownish red. Ocellar bristles present. Two uppermost frontal bristles reclinate. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey with whitish hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint about three times as long as second; 304 Tachinidae. arista thickened in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, greyish or a little brownish grey pruinose, most at sides and humeri, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, tlie lateral broadly interrupted at the suture; scutellum reddish. Thorax black-haired; apical scutellar bristles not small, crossing; two discai bristles. Four sternopleural bristles. Abdomen greyish brown pruinose, the sides of third and fourth segment obscurely reddish; the three last segments have quite narrow and not much pronounced black hind margins, and third and fourth segment a narrow middle stripe. Abdomen is black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on second segment, four on third and a row on fourth segment. Legs black; claws and pulvilh elongated. Wings a little tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell open ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle nearly rectangular. Squamulæ yellowish white. Halteres yellow. Female. I have not seen this sex. Length 8,5 mm. I have examined Zetterstedt's type of T. furibunda. E. fatua is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male, is known, taken in earlier time and without particular locality. The species is recorded as bred from Vanessa io, Melitaea athalia and aurinia, Porthesia similis, Euproctis chrysorrhoea and the non Danish Zygaena jausta. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden. 2. E. vicina Zett. 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3234, 52—53 [Tachina). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 98 {Hemimasicera). — • Masicera gyrovaga Rond. 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 20, 1 et 162, et 1861. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. IV, 45, 4 et 1872. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. IV, 212. — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 328 {Hemimasicera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 297. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 158. — Masicera fatua Schin. (nec Meig.) F. A. I, 484. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 256, 48. — Argyrophylax galii B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 344. — Parexorista latifrom B. B. p.p. 1891. l.c. LVIII, 324. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. XXVI, 252, 26. Of this species I know only the female. The male is, as known, distinguished by having a patch of short hairs ventrally on each side of fourth and fifth segment. Female. Frons above broad, broader than the eye; cheeks broad, narrowing downwards, Orbits grey, cheeks and jowls silvery whitish; frontal stripe velvet brownish black. Ocellar triangle with dense hairs, but no ocellar bristles. Ex- Erycia. 305 terior to the uppermost frontal bristle there is a reclinate bristle. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Orbits and jowls with black hairs, some on the orbits bristly. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint fully twice as long as second; arista thickened in less tlian basal half. Palpi black, brownish at apex, a little dilated outwards. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, densest at the sides, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scutellum reddish at margin. Thorax black-haired ; scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing; also the lateral rather small. Four sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen black, shining, three last segments greyish pruinose for the most part, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; a narrow middle stripe and somewhat narrow hind margins black. Abdomen black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on second and third segment and a row on fourth. Legs black; antero- dorsal row on hind tibiæ consisting of somewhat large, unequal bristles; last three joints on front tarsi slightly flattened. Wings a little tinged, yellowish at base; veins brown; discai angle nearly rectangular, with a very short beginning of a veinlet; first posterior cell ending in considerable distance from apex of wing; only one bristle at base of cubitai vein. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brown. Length 8 mm. E. vicina is rare in Denmark, I know only three specimens, all females, one from earlier time without particular locality, one from Hareskov (the author) and one from Høbjerg near Æbeltoft (Kryger); the dates are in June and July. The species is known as parasitic on Deilephila galii and on the non Danish D. vespertilio and Pterogon proserpina, and is also recorded from Lophyrus pini and sertijer. Remarks : The unique type specimen to T. vicina Zett. is in our collection, and it is identical with the present species, as also com- municated to me by Stein, who had seen the specimen. Geographical distribution: — Europe and down into North Africa; not known north of Denmark. 3. E. aurulenta Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 411, 298 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 241, 16 (Masicera). — 1894. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXI, 620 (Tritochaeta). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 297. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 158. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 99 {Bactromyia). — Tachina scutelligera Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1064, 57 et 1859. XIII, 6087, 57. — 20 306 Tachinidae. 1898. Brauer, Sitzuugsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 521 {Bactromyia). — Meigeniofsis dubiosa B. B. 1893. 1. c. LX, 115. • — Discochaeta incana B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 355. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 249, 2. — Tachina decUvicornis (Macq.) Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 56, 10. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 389. Male. Frons above not as broad as the eye, almost not protruding; cheeks narrow and jowls very narrow, about one sixth of the height of the eye. Orbits yellow, cheeks greyish silvery, and jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. two uppermost frontal bristles reclinate, Vibrissæ not ascending. Occiput grey with the eye-margin yellowish; it has pale hairs, very sparse above, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes a little pubescent. Antennæ black, third joint long, six times as long as the short second; arista thickened in less than basal half. Palpi brownish, somewhat dilated. Thorax brownish black, yellow pruinose, with four narrow, black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two elongated spots; a middle stripe sometimes visible; scutellum dark on basal, pale on apical part. Thorax black-haired; scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical quite small, Crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, the three last segments with a broad, yellow pruinose front band; a black middle stripe visible in certain views. Abdomen black- Fig. 74. Wing of E. aurulenta. haired; second and third segment with a pair, fourth with a row of marginal bristles, those on second segment weak; sometimes a pair of discai bristles on fourth segment. Legs black; claws and pulvilli not elongated. Wings a little yellowish tinged; veins brown; discai angle obtuse and somewhat rounded; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending near apex of wing; posterior cross-vein placed near middle between medial cross-vein and angle. Squamulæ a little yellow- ish. Halteres yellow. Exorista. 307 Female. Similar; frons a little broader, as broad as the eye. Lengtli 5 — 5,5 mm. E. auriilenta is rare in Denmark, I know only three specimens from Tisvilde, bred from Hyponomeuta euonymella (I. G. Nielsen), one from Maribo, bred from an undetermined lepidopterous larva (Sønderup), and one specimen without locality. It is otherwise known from Drepana jalcataria and cultraria, Mamestra pisi, Ahraxas silvata^ Hylophila prasinana, Collix sparsata, Tephroclystia actaeata and especially from Hyponomeuta cognatella and padella, further from the non Danish Pygaera anachoreta, and fmally also from Lo- phynis-cocoons. Nielsen has (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 46) treated its biology; he bred it from H. euonymella; the larva bores out of the host larva, which at that time is reduced to an empty skin, and it pupates in the cocoon; only one parasite developed in each host. Nielsen found host larvæ in which, besides the larva of the present species also one or two larvæ of Ptychomyia selecta were present. The species has more than one generation in the year. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden. 64. E^xOPista Meig. Species of medium or sometimes larger size, colour blackish with greyish pruinosity and often slightly reddish translucent at the sides of abdomen, but generally only in male. Head as broad as thorax, slightly convex or nearly flat behind and a little puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons in male narrow or broader, but always broader in female than in male, more or less protruding. 1 Jowls not broad, at most about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar (except lota) and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles; sometimes weaker ■ outer vertical bristles present in male. Behind postocular bristles black ' hairs in one row or more, except in ajfinis. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, or longer down to middle of cheeks, \ one to three uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ i only slightly ascending, at most to about one third of the height. I Eyes hairy. Epistoma somewhat retreating, a little reflected below. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint from about i two to six times as long as second; arista with second joint short to ! somewhat elongated. Thorax a little rectangular; three or four post- 20* 308 Tachinidae. sutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four or some- times only three marginal bristles on each side, the apical smaller or larger, crossing. Three or four sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a couple of bristles. Abdomen ovate or more elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin. Ster- nites concealed. There are only marginal bristles or third and fourth segment also with discai bristles in various number; second segment with marginal bristles, and fifth with bristles all over. Genitalia small, more or less hidden; upper forceps more or less cleft in apical part (at all events generally), a little longer than arms of lower forceps. Legs with the bristles in the anterodorsal row on hind tibiæ more or less unequal; claws and pulvilli in male more or less elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, sometimes very narrowly, ending somewhat before to rather near apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or more obtuse, apical cross-vein somewhat steep or more sloping, a little concave or nearly straight; a quite small or no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera and also on larvæ of Cimbicids and Tenthredinids ; affinis is known to belong to Pantel's group 6; fimbriata and Westermanni to group 2 (Thompson 1923). The species of the genus Exorista belong to the most difficult to discriminate safely; tliey are very nearly related to each other in most cases, and many of them are very variable, also in such characters as are generally used, as the relative length of the antennal joints and the presence or absence of bristles on abdomen. This has naturally caused a highly confused synonymy, and only in later years a number of synonymicai questions has been settled, but still much is to be done here. What has already been done shows that too many species have been created. As seen in Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. a great number of species have been described which cannot at all be interpreted or with certainty referred to this genus. It is not possible to give the number of European species, the said catalogue enumerates some sixty, and even if not few of them are synonyms the number is no doubt great. In Denmark 11 species have been found hitherto. I have kept the name Exorista for the genus, but strictly Exorista Meig. 1903 with type larvarum should replace Tachina of authors, and the present genus should have another name. Exorista. 309 Tahle of Species. 1. Four sternopleural bristles 2. — Three sternopleural bristles 4. 2. No ocellar bristles 1. lota. — Ocellar bristles present 3. 3. Palpi black; frontal bristles not descending to middle of cheeks; discai bristles on abdomen more or less distinct. . 2. cincinna. — Palpi yellow; frontal bristles descending to middle of cheeks; no discai bristles on abdomen 3. confinis. 4. Palpi yellow, at all events at apex 5. — Palpi black 7. 5. Three postsutural dorsocentrals; only one row of post- ocular bristles 4. affinis. — Four postsutural dorsocentrals; black bristles present behind postocular bristles 6. 6. Third antennal joint about four times as long as second; only one upper reclinate frontal bristle; palpi yellow only at apex or on apical half 5. hortulana. -- Third antennal joint shorter; two upper frontal bristles reclinate; palpi more yellow 6. glauca and 7. quadriseta. 7. Four scutellar bristles on each side 8. ■ — Only three scutellar bristles on each side 11. hirtipilis. 8. Third antennal joint about five times as long as second; apical cross- vein not very sloping 8. Westermmini. — Third antennal joint shorter, or if not the hairs on or bits produced downwards on the cheeks below the frontal bristles 9. 9. Hairs on orbits continued on the cheeks below the frontal bristles; apical cross- vein rather sloping, third antennal joint about thrice as long as second 9. mitis. — Hairs on orbits not continued below frontal bristles; apical cross- vein more steep; third antennal joint shorter 10. fimbriata. 1. E. lota Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 326, 150 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 255, 9, hind tibiæ with antero- dorsal bristles 5. E. hortulana Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 330, 157 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 255, 13. — 1900. Villen. BuU. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 158, 2. — Tachina lota Meig. p. p. ?, 1824. 1. c. IV, 326, 150 et 1838. VII, 255, 9. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 27, 43. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387 et 1907. Wien Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 248, 7. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 146. — Par- exorista hlepharipoda B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 322. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. III, 240. — E. higens Stein (nec B. B.) 1924. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 76, 12. Exorista. 315 Male. Froiis above somewhat more than half as broad as the eye, a little protruding; orbits at most as broad as frontal stripe; cheeks rather narrowing downwards. Orbits grey, blackish above; cheeks silvery; jowls narrow, whitish grey; frontal stripe velvet brown to blackish. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint or a little below; only the uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ scarcely ascending. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, silvery along the eye-margin, with whitish hairs and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with short pale hairs. An- tennæ black, third joint about four times as long as second, but somewhat varying in this respect; arista long, thickened in about basal half, second joint distinct, but not elongated. Palpi yellow, darkened on basal part. Thorax bluish black, thinly bluish grey pruinose, but distinctly grey at the sides, with four black, not very distinct stripes, two narrow median, diverging and abbreviated behind, and two lateral, interrupted at the suture; scutellum with apical half brownish red. Thorax black-haired; four post- sutural dorsocentrals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen conically ovate, black and shining, generally with a small red side spot on third segment; third, fourth and fifth segment whitish prui- nose, shifting with dark tessellations according to view, the hind margins and a middle stripe black, Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row on fourth segment; a pair of weak and indistinct discai bristles may be present on third and fourth segment. Fifth sternite cleft about to base; upper forceps robust, cleft into two arms in apical half, obtuse at end; the basal half hairy, the rest bare; arms of lower forceps much more slender and pointed, of about the same length as upper forceps. Legs black; hind tibiæ with a somewhat dense anterodorsal row of rather equal bristles, with a strong bristle in the middle; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings nearly clear; veins blackish; first posterior cell ending somewhat near apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse; apical cross- vein almost straight; posterior cross-vein slightly doubly curved or nearly straight. Squamulæ white. H alteres brown. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye. Fig. 76. E. hortu- lana ^ , hind tibiæ with antero- dorsal bristles. 316 Tachinidae. Lengtli 6,5 — 10 mm. E. hortulana seems to be rare in Denmark ; at Copenhagen and at Valby and Søborg near Copenhagen, all bred from Acronycta tridens and psi, except one which was observed attacking the larva of tridens; of the bred specimens one came in April, another on i^/,; further a specimen has been taken in Jutland at Hattenæs near Silkeborg on ^^Z, (the author). Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1911, 8) treated its biology {E. blepharipoda) ; he bred it from larvæ of A. tridens and psi, taken in September; there were from 2 — 7 parasites in each host; he states that the larva bores out and pupates in the ground, where it hibernates, the imago develop- ing in June; I have, however, had an A. tridens larva in which the parasites had pupated, and after hibernating the imagines came from here, I have also seen a specimen bred from Acronycta leporina^ not earlier known as host for it. The species is otherwise knowTi from Pieris brassicae, Hyloicus pinastri, Malacosoma neustria and Taenio- campa stabilis. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. Remarks: There is scarcely any doubt that ingens apud Stein is the present species; at all events this is certain as regards the two specimens from me mentioned by Stein; these specimens belong to my above mentioned material. 6. E. glauca Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 325, 149 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 255, 2. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 466. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 243. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 146. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 75, 11 p. p. — Tachina stulta Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1109, 106. — E. fugax Eond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 127, 5. — Parexorista grossa B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 323. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 262, 35. — E. humiliceps Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 23, 32. — E. hrevifusa Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 28, 44. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. Male. Frons above about two thirds of the breadth of the eye, somewhat protruding; orbits scarcely as broad as the frontal stripe; cheeks less narrowed downwards than in affinis. Orbits yellowish, sometimes greyish silvery; cheeks silvery; jowls narrow, grey; frontal stripe velvet brownish black. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, the two upper reclinate. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with whitish Exorista. 317 yellow hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in less than basal half, second joint distinct, not ■elongated. Palpi yellow. Thorax bliiish black, somewhat shining, grey or bluish grey pruinose, more grey at the sides, with four black stripes, the median narrow, diverging and abbreviated behind, the lateral broader, interrupted at the suture; scutellum with the apical part reddish. Thorax black-haired; four postsutural dorso- centrals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical Crossing. Tliree sternopleural bristles. Abdomen somewhat elongated conical, black, somewhat shining, a little reddish trans- lucent at the sides; third, fourth and fifth segment grey pruinose, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; a middle stripe and somewhat narrow hind margins to the segments black. Ab- domen black-haired, with only marginal bristles, a pair on second, four on third and a row on fourth segment; some of the hairs on the disc may be more or less bristly developed. Legs black; hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of unequal bristles with some longer bristles in the upper half, the one about the middle strongest; claws and pulvilli somewhat elongated. Wings a little tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse and not sharp; apical cross-vein concave; posterior cross-vein doubly curved. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye or fully; orbits fully as broad as frontal stripe. Length. About 8 to 11 mm. E. glauca is common in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Rørvig and in Jutland at Frijsenborg, Ry, Laven and Buderupholm; the dates are in July and August. The species is parasitic on Dasychira pudi- bunda, Parasemia plantaginis, Acronycta psi and tridens, Abraxas grossulariata and on the Tenthredinid Abia sericea. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. Remarks : E. glauca belongs to a group of very nearly related and difficult species; the above synonymy therefore must be taken with precaution, as also the enumerated hosts. See Villeneuve, Wien. Ent. Zeitg, XXXII, 1913, 121 under Parexorista clavellariae. — I have examined Zetterstedt's types to T. stulta and Hke Stein I fmd it identical with the present species. 318 Tachinidae. 7. E. quadriseta Villen. 1910. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXIX, 305. — ? Exorista Cotei Grilat, 1919. Ann. Soc. Linn. de Lyon, 62, 99 (teste Villen. in litt.). This species I cannot discriminate from E. glauca. My material has been determined by Villeneuve. The frons in the male is broader^ nearly as broad as the eye; second antennal joint relatively a little longer, and thus the frontal bristles scarcely reaching its end. The black hind margins on abdominal segments a little narrower, and the middle stripe less distinct, or wanting on fourth and fifth seg- ment. According to Villeneuve the male genitalia are different, but this I have not been able to examine. The species is not rare in Denmark; Ruderhegn (Kryger), Tis- vilde and in Jutland at Kolding; the dates are ^"/s— Vs- Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. 8. E. Wester manni Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1120, 117 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 468. — 1901. Hend. Verli. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, LI, 206. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 147. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli. 90, 6, 82, 24. — Tachina spernenda Zett. 1844. I. c. III, 1122, 119. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 254. — Parexorista magnicornis B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 320 et 326. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 251, 24. — E. temera Pand. (nec Meig.) 1896. Eev. Entom. XV, 27, 42. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 386. Male. Frons above a little narrower than the eye, somewhat protruding; orbits about as broad as frontal stripe; cheeks moderately narrowing downwards. Orbits greyish; cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Generally weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending to end of second an- tennal joint, only the uppermost strong and reclinate. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale- hairy. Antennæ black, second joint short, third about five times as long and reaching to near end of epistoma (but varying in length); arista distinctly thickened in less Fig. 77. E. Westermanni (^ , antenna. Exorista. 319 than basal half, second joint short. Palpi black. Thorax black, nearly dull, greyish pruinose, especially in front and at the sides, with five black stripes as there is a middle stripe between the usual inner stripes; the three middle stripes abbreviated behind, the lateral broader, interrupted at the suture; scutellum blackish. Thorax black-haired ; four postsutural dorsocentrals. Scutellum with four about equal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles, Abdomen elongated conical, somewhat flattened, black, on third, fourth and fiftli segment a white pruinose front band, shifting with blackish tessellations according to view, the hind margins black, shining, and a narrow middle stripe black, Abdomen Fig. 78. Wing of E. Westennanni. black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, the latter a pair on second and third and a row on fourth segment ; the discai generally two pairs on third and fourth segment. Legs black ; hind tibiæ with a not dense row of unequal anterodorsal bristles, in which one long bristle; claws and pulvilli somewhat elongated. Wings a little brownish tinged, especially along the veins; first posterior cell ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; apical cross-vein concave, generally most curved near the angle; posterior cross-vein doubly curved, Squamulæ white. Halteres dark yellowish. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye; third antennal joint shorter than in male, not thrice as long as second, Length, Somewhat varying, 5 — 9 mm. E. Westermanni is rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen (Schlick), and in Frederiksberg Have at Copenhagen (Stæger), Ruderhegn, Donse (the author); the dates are 2^/5 — ^/g. The species is known as parasitic on Cucullia prenanthis and Calymnia affinis; two of our specimens are labelled as bred from a Tortricid in July. I have examined Zetterstedt's type which is in our collection; also the female mentioned by Zetterstedt is in our collection, and 320 Tachinidae. it no doiibt belongs to this species, it is fully conform to a female specimen determined by Dr. Villeneuve. Furtlier the type to sper- nenda Zett. is in our collection, and it fully agrees with Westermanni; Stein has seen the type and came to the same result. Geographical distribution: Europe down into France; it is not known north of Denmark. 9. E. mitis Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 335, 165 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 256, 16. — 1862. Schin. F. A.'l, 467. — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 319 et 325 (Parexorista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 158, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 244, p. p. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 147. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 78, 17. — Tachina lineari- cornis Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1118, 115 et 1849. VIII, 3244, 115. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 244. Male. Frons above about two thirds of the breadth of the eye, somewhat protruding; orbits about as broad as frontal stripe; jowls quite narrow. Orbits grey or brownish grey; cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Frontal bristles descending to about end of second antennal joint, the uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Orbits and jowls black- haired, the hairs on orbits reaching a little down on the cheeks below the frontal bristles. Occiput grey, with whitish yellow hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black; third joint about thrice as long as second or fully; arista thickened in about basal third, second joint short. Palpi black. Thorax blackish, shining, bluish grey pruinose, more grey at the sides, with five black stripes as in Westermanni^ but the middle stripe less distinct; the three median stripes abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture; scutellum blackish. Thorax black-haired; four postsutural dorso- centrals (one of my specimens has only three, the second anterior not developed). Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated conical, black and shining; third, fourth and fifth segment with a Fig. 79. E. mitis ^J , antenna. Exorista. 321 not broad, bliiish white priiinose band, a little shifting according to view; about tbe hinder half of the segments and a middle line black and shining. Abdomen black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, of the latter a pair on second and third segment and a row on fourth ; of discai bristles one or more pairs on third and fourth segment. Legs black; hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of unequal bristles with a long bristle in the middle; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings brownish yellow at base and anterior margin, outwards almost clear; veins brown; first posterior cell ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse and a little rounded; apical cross- vein rather sloping and straight or slightly and evenly curved; posterior cross-vein a little doubly curved. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellowish brown. Female. Similar; frons above fully as broad as the eye; antennæ with third joint relatively shorter. Length. Rather varying, 5,5 to about 10 mm. E. mitis is rare in Denmark, only four specimens are known, two males and two females; Ordrup Mose (Stæger); on Lolland in Døde- mose near Nysted, and in Jutland at Silkeborg and Funder (Esben- Petersen); the dates are ^"/g — ^Z,. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden. Remarks: Two of our specimens are from Stæger and were determined linearicornis Zett., one was the present species, the other Westermanni, and even if Zetterstedt had not seen these specimens I think it beyond doubt that his linearicornis is identical with mitis. 10. E. fitnbriata Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 337, 168 et 1830. VI, 368 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 255, 8. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1119, 116 et 1849. VIII, 3244, 116 et 1855. XII, 4698, 116 et 1859. XIII, 6111, 116 {Tachina). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 320 et 327 {Parexorisla). — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 242. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 75, 10. — Ta^Mna arvensis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 337, 169 et 1838. VII, 256, 27. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 461. — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 27, 41. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 386. — Tachina nemestrina Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 336, 167 et 1838. VII, 255, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 460. — Tachina brevipennis Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 193, 26. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 479. — Ta- china hyalipennis Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 645, 48 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1145, 144 et 1859. XIII, 4127, 144. — E. temera Kond. (nec Meig.) 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 149, 41. — 1891. B. B. 1. c. LVIII, 320 et 326 {Parexorista). — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 252, 32. 21 322 Tachinidae. Male. Frons above somewhat narrower than the eye, not much protruding; orbits fully as broad as frontal stripe; cheeks much narrowing downwards; jowls quite narrow. Orbits grey; cheeks somewhat silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, the two uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with sparse whitish hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes somewhat sparingly pale-hairy. Antennæ black, second joint not quite short, third double as long as second or a little more; arista short, distinctly thickened in a little less than basal half, second joint distinct, but not or only slightly elongated. Palpi black. Thorax black, slightly shining, more or less greyish pruinose, with four black stripes, two median, abbreviated behind, and two broader lateral, interrupted at the suture; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired; four postsutural dorsocentrals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen elongated conical, black and shining, whitish pruinose on the front half of third, fourth and fifth segment, shifting with dark according to view; the hinder half of the seg- ments and a middle line black. Abdomen black-haired, the hairs Fig. 80. E. fimbriata ^ , antenna. Fig. 81. Wing of E. fimbriata. somewhat strong and erect; there are discai and marginal bristles, the latter as a rule a pair on second and third and a row on fourth segment, the discai a pair on third and one or two pairs on fourth segment. Legs black; hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of unequal Exorista. 323 bristles in which one or more longer bristles; claws and pulvilli only slightly elongated. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell very narrowly open or almost closed, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse; apical cross- vein nearly straight. Squamulæ white. Halteres brown witli the peduncle paler. Female. Similar; frons much broader than the eye. Length. About 5 to fully 7 mm. E. fimbriata is not just common in Denmark; Ordrup, Char- lottenlund (Stæger), Dyrehaven (the author), Ørholm, Ruderhegn, Jægerpris (Kryger); on Lolland in Kældskov (L. Jørgensen); on Funen at HofTmansgave (H. J. Hansen), and in Jutland at Sønder- borg, Madeskov, Høruphav (Wiistnei), Varde (Kryger) and Silke- borg (Esben-Petersen); the dates are ^^/j — ^^/g. It is known as bred from Thamnonoma wauaria and the Tenthredinid Pteronidea oli- gospila and from the non Danish Thalpochares rosea and the Tentredi- nid Pseudoclavellaria amerinae. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. 11. E. hirtipilis Pand. 1896. Pand. Rev. Entoni. XV, 12, 13. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. HI, 244. — E. nemestrina Rond. (iiec Meig.) 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. HI, 146, 36. -- 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 79, 18. Of this species I know only the female; the species is similar to fimbriata. Frons scarcely as broad as the eye; orbits not as broad as frontal stripe; jowls very narrow and almost not descending. Orbits grey above, downwards together with cheeks silvery. Frontal bristles descending at most to end of second antennal joint, the two upper reclinate. Antennæ with third joint not twice as long as second, Palpi black. Thorax as in fimbriata; scutellum with the hairs rather long and strong and with only three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated conical, coloured as in fimbriata, but the white bands narrower and fifth segment quite black; hairs on abdomen depressed. There are discai and marginal bristles, of the latter no distinct on second seg- ment, a pair on third arid a row on fourth; the discai bristles a pair on third and fourth segment, but not strong and somewhat irregular. Legs as in fimbriata. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending quite near apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular. 21* 324 Tachinidae. Length 6 mm. E. hirtipilis seems to be very rare in Denmark, only one spec- imen, a female, has been taken, in Grib Skov on ^^/g 1915 (Kryger). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; not known north of Denmarlc. The above synonymy has been communicated to me from Dr. Villeneuve. — Stein considers the species as identical with neme- strina Meig., but this latter is no doubt identical with fimbriata Meig. 65. Pliryno R. D. Of medium size; dark, paler pruinose species. In the main respects agreeing with Exorista, only differing on some points. Frons broad, broadest in female. Jowls broad, about half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and only inner vertical bristles {vetiila); in female further two orbitals, A row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost reclinate in male, two in female. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Antennæ with third joint many times longer than second. Thorax with four postsutural dorso- centrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with a pair of small, crossing apical hairs (vetula). Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen ovate, with discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Legs with an anterodorsal row of bristles on hind tibiæ, but the bristles not numerous, relatively large, and unequal; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings as in Exorista. No host seems to be known, but the species belongs to Pantel's group 2 (Thompson 1924). Some few( about 5) palæarctic species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. P. vetula Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 399, 279 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 256, 49 {Exorista). — 1862^! Schin. F. A. I, 461 {Exorista) ^ 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 318 {Exorista). - - 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 29, 47 {Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palaarkt. Dipt. III, 256. - 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 83. — Tachina pallipes Fall. p. p. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 22, 44. — 1824. Meig. 1. c. IV, 411, 299. — Exorista hasalis Meig. 1838 1. c. VII, 259, 47. Nemorilla. 325 Male. Frons above broad, broader than the eye, somewhat protruding; cheeks broad and jowls more than half as broad as the eye is high. Orbits and cheeks yellowish grey, the former darkened above; jowls likewise yellowish grey; frontal stripe brownish. Orbits and jowls black-hairy. Occiput yellowish grey, with yellowish hairs; behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Eyes with yellow hairs. Antennæ brownish black, basal joints yellow; second joint short, third about six times as long; arista long, thickened in less than basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax blackish, greyish yellow prui- nose, palest at the sides, with four black stripes, two narrow median, diverging and abbreviated behind, and two lateral, interrupted at the suture; sciitellum reddish yellow. Thorax black-haired. Scu- tellum with three marginal bristles on each side, and a pair of very small Crossing apical hairs. Abdomen all yellowish pruinose, shifting a little with brownish according to view; it has somewhat long black hairs, and discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and one or two pairs of marginal and foiirth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Fifth sternite cleft to the base. Genitalia forming a small knob. Legs yellow. Wings slightly tinged, yellowish at base; veins yellowish brown; discai angle a little obtuse; apical cross-vein slightly concave; pos- terior cross-vein doubly curved. Squamulæ and balteres yellowish. Female. Similar; frons much broader than the eye; antennæ paler. Abdomen more greyish. Length. About 8 mm. P. vetula is rare in Denmark, only two specimens are known, a male and a female, taken many years ago at Sorø. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; if pallipes Fall. really belongs here it goes to southern Sweden. 66. Nemorilla Rond. Somewhat small to medium sized species, of black colour with greyish or yellowish pruinosity, in most respects similar to Exorista. Frons slightly protruding. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, the latter somewhat small in male; in female two orbitals, No black hairs. behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, all crossing in male, three upper reclinate in female. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly ascend- ing. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint as long 326 Tachinidae. as or not much longer than second. Thorax with four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing. Two sternopleural bristles (as a rule). Abdomen ovate, with marginal bristles on second seg- ment, and discai and marginal in various numbers on third and fourth ; fifth segment with bristles all over. Genitalia small, hidden under venter. Legs with the bristles not strong; hind tibiæ with an antero- dorsal row of not dense, somewhat unequal bristles; claws and pul- villi a little elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell very narrowly open or just closed, ending somewhat before apex of wing; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera^ especially smaller forms as Tortricids and Pyralids; floralis is known to belong to Pantel's group 1. Of the genus about 10 palæarctic species are known, mostly somewhat southern forms. They are divided into some subgenera, but only Nemorilla s. str. is represented in Denmark with one species; the above characters only apply to this subgenus. (Of the other subgenera Pelmatomyia B. B. has dilated front tarsi in female, and Alsomyia B. B. only marginal abdominal bristles,) 1. N. floralis Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 36, 74, p. p. (Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 646, 50 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1148, 148 (Tachina). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 17, 20 [Exorista). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 386. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 83. — T. maculosa Meig. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 265, 44 et 1838. VII, 222, 28 {Nemomea). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 454 (Nemoraea). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 88, Tab. I, Fig. 12 et 1891. LVIII, 328. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 258. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 148. — T. notabilis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 226, 45 et 1838. VII. 222, 29 {Nemoraea). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 454 {Nemoraea). ^ 1891. B. B. 1. c. LVIII, 328. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 258. — 1921. Baer, 1. c. VII, 149. — T . angustipemiis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 333, 162 et 1838. VII, 255, 16 (Exorista). — 1862. Schin., F. A. I, 466, (Exorista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 158, 6. — T. pahulina Mieg. 1824. 1. c. IV, 358, 207 et 1838. VII, 256, 28 (Exorista). — 1900. Villen. 1. c. 158, 5. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye or narrower; orbits much narrower than frontal stripe; jowls narrow but, however, a little descending. Orbits greyish, black above; cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or a little brownish. Frontal bristles Nemorilla. 327 numerous. Orbits with fine, jowls with stronger black hairs. Occiput black, downwards grey along the eye-margin, with yellowish hairs. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, second and third joint of about equal length, or third slightly longer; arista thickened in about basal half, second joint short. Palpi black. Thorax black, somewhat shining, greyish pruinose, with three broad black stripes, the median much broader than the lateral, so that thorax appears black with two stripes and the sides greyish; scutellum black, greyish pruinose, Thorax black-haired. Two sternopleural bristles (rarely three). Abdomen black, with or without small red side markings; the three last seg- ments grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with black spots in such a way that abdomen is pruinose with second segment black, third with a median and to each side of it a lateral spot, fourth and fifth with a black middle line; sometimes also lateral spots visible on fourth segment. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with discai and marginal bristles in various numbers, and fourth with numerous discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings nearly clear, a little dark at base; veins black; discai angle rectangular; apical cross-vein about straight; posterior cross-vein doubly curved. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader than the eye; jowls nan- rower than in male; antennæ somewhat reddish. Length, Rather varying, 4,5 to about 8 mm. N. floralis is not common in Denmark; Ordrup, Charlottenlund (Stæger), Dyrehaven (the author), Tisvilde (Worm Hansen, Kryger), and in Jutland at Lemvig; the dates are ^^e — ^^/lo- ^s hosts are known Euproctis chrysorrhoea^ Mamestra persicariae, Plusia gamma and festucae, Eurrhypara urticata, Sylepta ruralis, Acrobasis consociella, Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, Acalla ferrugana, Tortrix viridana, Notocelia uddmaniana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Hyponomeuta malinella, Tachyp- tilia pomonella and Psecadia bipunctella, further the non Danish Rhodophaea svavella, Cacoesia murinana and Oenophthira pilleriana. Two of our specimens are labelled as bred from Tortrix viburniana and Emydia grammica, formerly not known as hosts for the species; the larva of T. viburniana was taken on ^^ti the fly coming on ^^/g. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. It occurs also in North America. Remarks: N. maculosa Meig. and notabilis Meig. are now, and no doubt correctly, considered as one species floralis Fall. 328 Tachinidae. 67. Bavapia B. B. Species of medium or smallish size, somewhat similar to the species of Nemorilla, but differing on some points. Head a little broader than thorax. Frons broad, broadest in female, rather strongly protruding, and hence the epistoma retreating. Cheeks and jowls broad, the latter fuUy half as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, in female two orbitals. Behind postocular bristles black liairs. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, two upper reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges strongly raised; vibrissæ ascending to about middle. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint long, about six times the short second, less in female, reaching end of epistoma; arista with second joint very slightly elongated. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the median pair strong; no crossing apicals; a pair of erect discai bristles before apex. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen somewhat conical, with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Genitalia small. Legs as in Nemorilla; the anterodorsal row of bristles on hind tibiæ with the bristles not dense and very unequal; claws and pulvilli in male a little elongated. Wings as in Nemorilla, but with a visible costal spine. Only one species is known, also accurring in Denmark. It has been bred from Stilpnotia salicis. — In Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. the genus is given as a subgenus of Nemorilla, but it seems to me suffi- ciently characteristic to range as a genus. 1. B. jucunda Meig. 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 259, 50 {Exorista). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 466 {Exorista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 160, 24 et 1907. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 247, 1 {Exorista). - 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 237 {Carcelia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 85. — B. mirabilis B. B. 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI^ 164, Tab. II, Fig. 19. -— 1907. Kat. ]3alåarkt. Dipt. III, 259 {Nemorilla). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 149 {Nemorilla). — Exorista extorris Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 11, 11. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 385. Male. Frons above as broad as the eye. Orbits and cheeks silvery, the former darker upwards; jowls grey; frontal stripe brownish red, seen from in front silvery. The large vibrissa strong. Orbits and Bavaria. 329 jowls black-hairy. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with longish, pale hairs. Antennæ black, second joint short, third at least six times as long; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, brownish grey pruinose, not shining, with foiir narrow, velvet black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with a whitish pruinose front band on third, fourth and lifth segment, shifting in colour according to view, more or less interrupted in the middle, and thus leaving a black middle line. Abdomen black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third a pair of discai and of marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings brownish tinged ; veins blackish ; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending rather near apex of wing; discai angle somewhat rounded; apical cross- vein concave. Squamulæ whitish. Hal- teres brownish. Female. Similar, but the pruino- sity more yellowish, and orbits and face yellowish grey; frons broader. Length 6,5 to fully 7 mm. B. jucunda is rare in Denmark, only three specimens, two males and a female, are known, from Grib Skov, Sjæl Sø (Kryger) and Alhndelille near Ringsted; the dates are ^^/^ — ^s- The species has, as said, been bred from Stilpnotia salicis; only one parasite developed in each host larva, and it pupated in the host whicli generally reached to make its cocoon and then burst, so that the parasite pupa became free. Geographical distribution: — Europe at alle events down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). Fig. 82. Head of B. jucunda $. 68. Tpypliera Meig. Medium-sized, black, shining species, with slight pruinosity. Head very slightly broader than thorax, slightly convex behind, 330 Tachinidae. nearly flat, and only a little puffed out below; it is much higher than long. Frons broad in both sexes and of nearly the same breadth, only little protruding; jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles; in female also two orbitals. Behind post- ocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, about three uppermost reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ somewhat ascending, to about one third of the height. Eyes hairy. Epistoma somewhat retreating, a little reflected below. Proboscis not long. Palpi thread-like, a little dilated outwards. Antennæ in- serted at middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal; fifth segment with bristles all over. Genitalia quite hidden. Legs a little robust; hind coxæ behind with a bristle above; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal, and a long bristle on the middle and at apex; claws and pulvilli in male of moderate length. Wings with first posterior cell closed at the margin, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; a moderate costal spine present. T. luguhris is recorded as bred from Coscinia cribrum and Sco- diona conspersaria (non Danish). Four European species are recorded, one occurs in Denmark. 1. T. lugubris Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 370, 227 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 264, 4. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 88, Tab. I, Fig. 17. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 255, 45. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 260. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 85. — Bonannia monticola Rond. 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 119. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 315, 1. — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr., 402 et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 383. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 427. Male. Frons about as broad as the eye. Cheeks narrow. Head greyish silvery, jowls reddish above; frontal stripe velvet blackish brown. Eyes brownish-hairy. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput blackish grey, with whitish hairs and no black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista thickened in nearly basal half. Palpi brownish black. Thorax bluish black, shining, slightly greyish pruinose, Thelymyia. 331 with the iisual stripes indistinct; scutellum red at apex, lower part of postsciitellum polished. Thorax black-haired; apical scutellar bristles converging or crossing. Abdomen black and shining, third and foiirth segment with a bluish grey front band, divided in the middle into two spots. Abdomen has robust black hairs, and discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs not long, a little robust. Wings a little yellowish tinged, most at base; veins brown; apical cross-vein issuing rectangu- larly and then curving outwards. Squamulæ yellow. Halteres brownish. Female. I do not know the female. Length 6,5 mm. B. lugubris is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male, is known, probably taken in North Sealand (Schlick). Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. 69. Thelymyia B. B. Medium sized species of black colour with whitish pruinosity. Head slightly broader than thorax, slightly convex behind and not puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and of the same breadth in both sexes, somewhat strongly protruding; eye-margins parallel. Jowls narrow, about one sixth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, two uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ a little ascending, to about one third of the height, but very small and indistinct. Eyes hairy. Epistoma somewhat retreating, almost not reflected below. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint thrice as long as second; arista with second joint not or slightly elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Pteropleura with a couple of bristles above. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching to near margin; abdomen has discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal ; fifth segment with several rows. Hind tibiæ with unequal anterodorsal bristles; claws and pulvilli not elongated 332 Tachinidae. in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; no costal spine. Only one species is known, also occiirring in Denmark ; it is known as parasitic on Catocala sponsa. 1. T. saltuum Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 329, 155 (Tackina) et 1838. VII, 255, 12 {Exorista). — 1859. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6117, 130—131 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 465 {Exorista). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 20, 27 {Exorista). -^ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 246 {Exorista). - 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 386 {Exorista). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 88. — Tachina demens Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1108, 105. - 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 219. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 261. — T. argentigera Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1133, 130. — T. argentifera Zett. (nec Meig.) 1855. 1. c. XII, 4699, 130 et 1859. XIII, 6117, 130. — The- lymyia Loeivii B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 331 et 1893. LX, 115. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 251, 20. Male. Frons above much broader than the eye; cheeks broad. Orbits greyish, downwards together with cheeks silvery; jowls whitish grey; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with sparse whitish hairs, and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black; arista shorter than antennæ, distinctly thickened in fully the basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax bluish black, shining, a little greyish pruinose, especially in front and at the sides; there are four black stripes, the median narrow, diverging and abbreviated behind the suture, the lateral interrupted at the suture and forming two spots; scutellum reddish brown, dark just at base. Thorax with short black hairs. Abdomen black, whitish pruinose on third, fourth and fifth segment, shifting with dark according to view; there are narrow black hind margins to the segments and an indistinct darker middle stripe. Abdomen is black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of not numerous marginal. Genitalia small, hidden under the venter; upper forceps cleft to near base into two parallel arms which are slightly recurved. Legs black. Wings brownish tinged at base, outwards nearly clear; veins brown. Squamulæ white. H alteres brownisli yellow. Female. Quite similar, frons of the same breadth. Length 9 mm. Phryxe. 333 T. saltuum is rare in Denmark, only two specimens, a male and a female, are known; Nordskoven at Jægerspris (Schlick) and Nør- holm Skov at Varde (Kryger); the dates are ^7? — ^Vs- Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to soiithern Sweden. 70. Phpyxe R. D. Species of medium size and of black colour, with pale pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind and slightly puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and of about the same breadth in both sexes, only somewhat protruding. Jowls narrow, about one fourth or fifth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, and in female two orbitals. Relatively strong postocellar and distinct occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to the insertion of arista or farther down, to middle of cheeks or below, two uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending, or ascending to near middle. Eyes hairy. Epistoma somewhat retreating, quite slightly reflected below. Proboscis and oral cone of medium length. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, tliird joint about four times as long as second or more; arista with second joint a little elongated. Thorax rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutel- lum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical more or less smaller than the others, directed upwards and crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Pteropleura with a couple of small bristles above. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal; fifth with bristles all over. Legs strongly bristled; hind tibiæ with somewhat dense, but unequal bristles in the anterodorsal row; claws and pulvilli not elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera and one species also on a Lophyrus. Ph. vulgaris is known to belong to Pantel's group 6 and to form a secondary breathing hole. The pupation takes generally place in the ground, but also in the host; the hibewiation either as pupa, or as larva in the host. 334 Tachinidae. The genus contains about 10 European species; it is divided into four subgenera; two species are found in Denmark, representing the subgenus Phryxe s. str. (vulgaris) and Blepharidopsis B, B. (nemea); (the two other subgenera have four sternopleural bristles). Table of Species. 1. Vibrissæ ascending, generally to or to near middle; frontal bristles descending to or below the middle of the cheeks. . 1. vulgans. — Vibrissæ not ascending; frontal bristles descending only to insertion of arista 2. nemea. 1. Ph. vulgaris Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXL 275 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 30, 62 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 264 {Tackina) et 1838. VII, 255, 15 (Exorista). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 644, 41 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1139, 137 et 1859. XIII, 6123, 137 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 458 (Exorista). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 88, Tab. II, Fig. 18 et 1891. LVIII, 338 (BlepJiaridea). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 336, 5 (Zenillia) et 1896. XV, 21, 30 (Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 269. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 150. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 91, 3. — Pseudophorocera setigera B. B. 1889. 1. c. LVI, 165, Tab. II, Fig. 38 et 1893. LX, 118. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 254, 40. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 262. Male. Frons above broader than the eye. Orbits grey, blackish above, cheeks more silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet reddish brown, seen from in front grey pruinose. Frontal bristles descending to middle of cheeks or below. Vibrissæ ascending to near or to the middle of the height. Orbits and jowls with long black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs, partly black below, and with a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with longish pale hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about four times as long as second; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi black or blackish. Thorax bluish black, somewhat shining, greyish pruinose, with four black stripes, the median ab- breviated behind the suture; scutellum more or less reddish brown. Thorax black-haired ; apical scutellar bristles generally small, directed upwards, crossing. Abdomen black and shining, sometimes slightly reddish at the sides, the three last segments with a whitish pruinose front band, shifting with dark according to view, hind margins and a more or less distinct middle line black. Abdomen with somewhat strong black hairs; on second segment a pair of marginal bristles, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings a little tinged; Phryxe. 335 veins blackish; first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, ending in shorter or longer distance from apex of wing; apical cross-vein somewhat steep or more sloping, generally nearly straight, sometimes concave; posterior cross-vein straight or more or less doubly curved. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons very slightly broader, the eye-margins parallel. Length 6 to fully 9 mm. The species is of a very common appearance and somewhat varying in certain details; as known, Robineaii Desvoidy has described it under no less tlian 248 names. Ph. vulgaris is common in Denmark all over the country; it occurs on leaves of bushes and especially on umbellifers; the dates are ^^/j — ^Vio- The species is parasitic on a very large number of Lepidoptera, both Rhopalocera and the various groups of Heterocera, and is also bred from Lophyrus pini. It has been recorded from Pro- crustes coriaceiis, but this is no doubt an error. With us it has been bred from Hyloiciis pinastri., Orgyia antiqua^ Hadena ochroleuca, Dryobota protea^ Brotolomia meticulosa, Hihernia defoliaria, Cheima- tobia brumata and Tephroclystia innotata (Nielsen); I have also seen it from Biston zonarius, not earlier known as its host. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Nat. Foren. 64, 1913, 216) treated its biology. It has two generations in the year, parasiting in different hosts. In small host larvæ only one parasite develops, in larger up to 18. The larva bores out and pupates in the ground with rare excep- tions; the pupa of the second generation hibernates, sometimes also the larva, in the host. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. It occurs also in North America. Remarks: In our old collection are found some specimens deter- mined praetervisa Zett. ; they belong to the present species, except two, which are nemea Meig. ; they have not been examined by Zetter- stedt, so that nothing cån be said about praetervisa on this base, but as seen below under nemea it is doubtless that praetervisa is identical with nemea, as also suggested by Mik and Wachtl (Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XIV, 1895, 246, Anm.). — I have seen one of Zetterstedt's types to T. trizonata, it was rather moulded, but as far as I was able to judge, it is the present species. — In our old collection is further found a peculiar specimen, a female; it has only one orbital bristle. Dr. Vilie- neuve has examined it, and he communicates, that he has seen a 336 Tachinidae. specimen of this variety in the coll. B. B., labelled monochaeta; the specimen was a male, but had, like the female, one orbital bristle; Dr. Villeneuve further possesses a second male from France of this very peculiar variety. 2. Ph. nemea Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 340, 173 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 256, 40 (Exorista). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 467 [Exorista). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 329 (Blepharidopsis). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt.III, 276. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 152. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 90, 2. — Tachina praetervisa Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1123, 121 et 1859. XIII, 6114, 121. — Tachina straminifrons Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1143, 142. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 254 {Exorista). — Parexorista brevifrons B. B. p. p. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 321 et 327. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 251, 25. — Catachaeta depressariae B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 329. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. XXVI, 250, 13. This species is very similar to the preceding, but seems certainly to be distinct by some few characters. The orbits are more yellowish than grey. Frontal bristles less descending, to about insertion of arista. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending. Wings with apical cross- vein concave and rather sloping, and first posterior cell ending near apex of wing. Length 5 — 8 mm. Ph. nemea is somewhat rare in Denmark ; at Copenhagen, Amager, Gentofte, Dyrehaven, Hareskov, at Fure Sø, Lillerød, Grib Skov; on Langeland at Lohals, and on Funen at Veflinge and Hoffmans- gave; the dates are "/, — ^"/g. The species is known as parasitic on Calymnia affinis, Thyatira hatis, Ahraxas grossulariata and perhaps Taeniocampa incerta, and on the non Danish Phlogophora scita and Depressaria Heydenii. Some of my specimens are bred from Mamestra oleracea, Calymnia trapezina, Thyatira batis, Ahraxas grossulariata and Eurrhypara urticata, the Mamestra., Calymnia and Eurrhypara not formerly known as hosts for it ; the imagines came from ^^/^ to ^V?- Geographical distribution: — Middle Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks : I have examined a type specimen, a female, of T. prae- tervisa Zett. and fmd it identical with the present species. In Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. praetervisa is, perhaps by an error, cited under Hartigii Mik et Wachtl, while the authors suggested it as identical with nemea. Probably Hartigii is likewise nemea., as stated by Stein 1. c. Of T. straminifrons Zetterstedt mentions a Danish specimen ; in our Zenillia. 337 old collection are two specimens, one is vulgaris, the other nemea; this latter specimen has been examined by Stein, wlio came to the same result. It is interesting that Zetterstedt noted the yellowish frons, wliicli in reality seems to be a good character for the species against vulgaris, at all events generally, and it proves that the Danish specimen, which Zetterstedt had seen, no doiibt was nemea. 71. Zenillia R. D. Species of small to medium size, and of black colour, more or less greyish, sometimes yellowish pruinose. Head about as broad as thorax, nearly flat behind and not pufl^ed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and only slightly broader in female than in male, more or less protruding, but generally not much. Jowls narrow, from quite narrow towards one third of the height of the eye. Inboth sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and in female two orbital bristles; the inner vertical bristles may be small or almost wanting in male. Generally relatively strong postocellar and also distinct occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending at most to insertion of arista, two or three uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle or above. Eyes hairy. Epistoma retreating, not reflected below. Antennæ inserted more or less above middle of the eye; third joint about three to six times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax quadratic or a little rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on eacli side, the apical smaller, crossing, sometimes somewhat erect. Three or four sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with one or a couple of bristles above. Abdomen ovate or more elongated; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, the former sometimes irregular and less distinct; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, rarely weak or nearly wanting; fifth segment covered with bristles. (In non Danish species there may be only marginal bristles). Legs with somewhat strong bristles; middle tibiæ with one anterodorsal bristle (roseanae) or mth more than one ; hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of unequal bristles ; claws and pulvilli in male somewhat elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, 22 338 Tachinidae. generally ending rather near apex of wing, sometimes at a longer distance from it; a small or no costal spine. The species are parasitic on many various Heterocera, one is also known from a Tenthredinid ; libatrix, porcula and pullata are known to belong to Pantel's group 2. At most about 10 European species seem to be known; 5 have been found in Denmark. . Table of Species. 1. Species all brownisli yellow pruinose 1. libatrix. — Not yellow pruinose species 2. 2. Only one anterodorsal bristle on middle tibiæ; generally four sternopleural bristles 4. roseanae. — More tlian one anterodorsal bristle on middle tibiæ 3. 3. Three sternopleural bristles 4. — Four sternopleural bristles 5. Bottcheri. 4. Scutellum unicolorous ' 2. porcula. ■ — Scutellum yellow on apical part 3. pullata. 1. Z. libatrix Panz. 1798. Panz. Faun. Germ. LIV, 12 (Musca). — 1824. Meig. Svst. Beschr. IV, 400, 281 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 256, 46 (Exorista). — 1844. "Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1163, 164 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 464 {Exorista). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 333, [Myxexorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 278. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 254, 42. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 153. — 1924. Stein, Året. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 77, 14 {Exorista). — Tachina fauna Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 393, 268 et 1830. VI, 368 et 1838. VII, 256, 34 {Exorista). ^ 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 464 {Exorista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 159, 11, 12 et 1907. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 248, 5. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 278. All brownish yellow pruinose species. Male. Frons above a little narrower than the eye, somewhat protruding. Orbits much broader than frontal stripe, yellow or almost golden; cheeks yellow above, silvery whitish below; jowls grey, nearly one third of the height of the eye; frontal stripe narrow, widening downwards, velvet black or brownish black. Weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending fully to the end of second antennai joint, two uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ ascending fully to the middle, the upper ones small. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput yellowish grey, with yellowish hairs, and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint about four times as long as second; arista as long or fully as long as antennæ, thickened ZeniUia. 339 in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax yellow pruinose, with four narrow black stripes, tlie median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture into two elongated spots; scutellum briglit yellow. Thorax black-haired. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen quite yellowish or brownish yellow pruinose, basal segment a little darker; it is black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on second segment, a pair of discai and marginal on third and a pair of discai and a row of marginal on fourth segment. Legs black, a little greyish pruinose. Wings yellow at base and anterior margin, outwards slightly tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; apical cross-vein about straight. Squa- mulæ yellow or deep yellow. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader, as broad as the eye. Length 6,5 — 8 mm. Z. libatrix is not common in Denmark; Geel Skov (Schlick) and on Funen at Faaborg (C. S. Larsen); the latter specimens were bred from a pupa of Acronycta auricoma, taken on ^^/g, the fly coming on ^/g. The species is otherwise known from Pygaera pigra, Dasychira pudibunda, Lymantria dispaj\ Porthesia similis, Euproctis chry- sorrhoea, Malacosoma neustria, Brephos nothum, Bupalus piniarius, Larentia autumnalis, Phlyctaenodes verticalis, Sylepta ruralis, Hypo- nomeuta euonymella, pedella and cognatella and the non Danish Thau- matopoea processionea, Pygaera anachoreta, Abrostola asclepiadis and Hyponomeuta rorella. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: The species is known to vary in colour, being some- times greyish, but our specimens are all brownish yellow. On account of its varying it has been described under several names; to the above synonymy still can be added: Tachina dolosa Meig., Exorista ancilla Meig., Myxexorista macrops B. B,, M. grisella B. B. ZeniUia per- plexa Pand., Z. discerpta Pand., Z. fulva Pand.; of these fauna Meig. dolosa Meig., ancilla Meig. and grisella B. B. belong to the greyish variety. 2. Z. porcula (Zett. ?) Pand. (1859. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6103, 106—7, {Tachina)'^.) 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 19, 26 (Exorista). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 386 (Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 245 (Exorista). — Myxexorista pexops B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 332. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 250, 12. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. 22* 340 Tachinidae. angew. Ent. VII, 153. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 79, 19 (Exorista). — Parexorista acrochaeta B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 319 et 325. - 1907. Villen. 1. c. XXVI, 252, 31. — Par. irregularis B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 323. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. XXVI, 251, 23. — Megalochaeta hrachystonia B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 317. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. XXVI, 253, 36. — Z. oculosa Pand. 1895. Rev. Entoni. XIV, 334, 2. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 383. ^ Z. trizonata Pand. (nec Zett.) p. p. 1895. 1. c. XIV, 337, 6. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 384. — Ex. stulta Pand. (nec Zett.) 1896. 1. c. XV, 24, 35. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 386. Of this species I know only the female. Frons above fully as broad as the eye, somewhat protruding; jowls about one fifth of the lieight of the eye. Orbits grey, downwards together with cheeks whitish; jowls whitish grey; frontal stripe velvet black, widening downwards. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, the two uppermost reclinate (but the anterior of them rather converging). Vibrissæ ascending to middle, the upper four or five rather small. Orbits and jowls both with rather sparse, black hairs. Occiput grey, with sparse pale hairs, and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint not thrice as long as second; arista as long as antennæ, thickened in about basal half. Palpi blackish. Thorax blackish, grey pruinose, with four narrow black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two elongated spots; scutellum yellowish, grey pruinose. Thorax black-haired. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen elongated ovate, black, the three last segments almost quite grey pruinose, only slightly shifting with dark according to view; second segment, narrow hind margins and an indistinct middle stripe black or olive black. Abdomen black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, some irregular discai on third and fourth segment, and on third a pair, on fourth a row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings somewhat tinged, brownish at base; veins brown; first posterior cell ending near apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; apical cross-vein strongly concave. Squamulæ whitish, the alar a little yellowish. Halteres brownish. Length 7,5 mm. Z. porcula is rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, taken at Tisvilde in July. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; if the species is porcula Zett. it goes towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks : I have kept the name porcula, but whether the species is porcula Zett. cannot be decided, for according to a communication Zenillia. 341 from Dr. Bengtsson porcula is not found now in Zetterstedt's col- lection. — After a communication from Dr. Villeneuve is stolida Stein 1. c. a variety of the present species. 3. Z. puUata Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Bcschr. IV, 351, 211 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 261, 3 {Phorocera). - 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 280. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII. 153. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 108 {Tri- tochaeta). Phorocera polleniella Rond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 163, 2. 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 338 [Tritochaeta). — Tri- tochaeta prosopoides B. B. 1889. 1. c. LVI, 165, Tab. II, Fig. 35. — Zenillia lihatrix Pand. (nec Panz.) 1895. Rev. Entom. XIV, 339, 12. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 384. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, a little protruding; orbits much broader than frontal stripe; jowls one third of the height of the eye. Orbits greyish or brownish grey; cheeks silvery; jowls grey ; frontal stripe velvet brown. Very weak, almost not individualised outer vertical bristles. Frontal bristles descending about to insertion of arista, two uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ ascending above the middle, strong and distant. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with yeilowish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, second joint short, fourth about four times as long; arista somewhat short, shorter than antennæ, thickened in basal half. Palpi dark yeilowish, blackish on basal part. Thorax black, shining, greyish pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture, divided into two spots; scutellum yellow on apical part. Thorax black-haired; apical scutellar bristles small, crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments brownish grey pruinose, shifting to dark according to view; narrow hind margins and a more or less distinct middle stripe black. Abdomen black-haired, with a pair of discai and marginal bristles on third and a pair of discai and a row of marginal on fourth segment; second segment without or with a pair of very weak marginal bristles. Legs black; claws and pulvilh a little elongated. Wings a little tinged; veins yellow to brown; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; a small costal spine present. Squamulæ yeilowish with a deeper yellow margin. Halteres dark yellow. Female. I have not seen this sex. 342 Tachinidae. Length 5,5 mm. Z. pullata is rare in Denmark, we have only two specimens, both males, taken in Dyrehaven (Stæger). The species is known as bred from Phlyctaenodes sticticalis. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain and Italy; not known north of Denmark. 4. Z. roseanae B. B. 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 332 (Myxexorista). — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 249, 10. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 280. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 153. — Phorocera picipes Rond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 163, 1. ~ Z. trizonata Pand. (nec Zett.) p. p. 1895. Rev. Entom. XIV, 337, 6. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 384. — Pseudoperichaeta ma/jor B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 338. — 1909. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVIII, 45. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 89. Male. Frons above nearly as broad as the eye or a little narrower, slightly protruding. Orbits dark grey; cheeks greyish silvery, dark reflecting; jowls dark grey, narrow and slightly descending; frontal stripe as broad as orbits, velvet black or brownish black. Ocellar bristles small; small outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, two uppermost recHnate. Vibrissæ ascending to middle. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs in the middle, for the rest black-haired. Antennæ black, third joint about six times as long as second; arista long, thickened in a little more than basal third. Palpi black, a little dilated at apex. Thorax bluish black, somewhat shining, greyish pruinose, especially in front and at the sides; there are five black stripes, the three median abbreviated behind, the lateral a little broader, inter- rupted at the suture; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired; apical scutellar bristles small, crossing, somewhat erect. Four sternopleural bristles (generally, sometimes only three). Abdomen black, some- what shining, the three last segments with greyish pruinose front j band, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; somewhatj broad hind margins and a middle line black. Abdomen black-haired ;J on second segment a pair of weak marginal bristles, on third a paii of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row ofj marginal bristles. Legs black; middle tibiæ with only one antero- dorsal bristle; hind tibiæ with a rather dense anterodorsal row oi somewhat equal bristles. Wings clear, a little darkened at base; Zenillia. 343 veins blackish brown; first posterior cell ending near apex of wing, open; discai angle a little obtuse; apical cross-vein slightly concave. Squamiilæ a little brownish. Halteres dark brown, Female. Similar; frons of about the same breadth; third antennal joint a little shorter. Length 5 — 7 mm. Z. roseanae is rare in Denmark, I know only five specimens, two males and three females; at Copenhagen (Schlick, E, Nielsen) and in Dyrehaven (E.Olsen); the two males are bred from Eurrhypara urticata (E. Nielsen), and one of the females from Cacoesia rosana (E. Olsen), this latter emerging on ^^Z,. Besides the species was earlier known from Tortrix viridana and the non Danish Conchylis roseana and Sarrothripus undulana. Geographical distribution: — Middle Europe down into Italy. 5. Z. Bottcheri Villen. 1919. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 305, 1. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, not much pro- truding. Orbits rapidly widening downwards and thus the frontal stripe here narrowing and the orbits broad; cheeks rather narrowing downwards; jowls about one fifth of the height of the eye. Orbits and upper part of cheeks blackish, cheeks for the rest greyish silvery; jowls dark grey; frontal stripe velvet black or blackish brown. Outer vertical pristles present. Frontal bristles descending to the insertion of arista, three uppermost reclinate. Vibrissæ ascending above the middle, somewhat strong. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with yellowish hairs, sparse above, and with rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint towards four times as long as second, broadened towards the end; arista scarcely as long as antennæ, thickened in fuUy basal half. Palpi black. Thorax black, quite slightly bluish grey pruinose, at the sides whitish grey; it has four slightly marked black stripes, the median abbreviated behind ; scutellum with apical part yellowish red. Thorax black-haired; (bristles as usual, but my male specimen shows only three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præsutural acrostichals). Four sternopleural bristles. Abdomen ovate, black, very obscurely reddish at the sides of third segment; the three last segments with a whitish pruinose front band, shifting with dark tessellations according to view, hind margins and a less distinct 344 Tachinidae. middle stripe black. Abdomen black-haired, the hairs somewhat strong; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of small discai and a pair of marginal, fourth with the discai bristles stronger, but irregular, and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged, a little brownish at base; veins blackish brown, medial cross-vein a little infuscated ; first posterior cell ending in some distance from apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular; apical cross-vein a little incurved above the angle. Squamulæ w^hitish. Halteres brown. Female. Similar; frons a little broader, eye-margins parallel; orbits and cheeks paler; frontal stripe not narrowing downwards. Palpi generally paler, reddish on apical part. Discai bristles on ab- domen more distinct. Length 7 to fully 8 mm. Z. Bottcheri is rare in Denmark, I have seen ten specimens; one male and one female are bred from Acronycta auricoma, taken in September 1913 in Frerslev Hegn, the imagines developed on ^^/g and ^"/e 1914 (Rye), one female is bred from Crocallis elinguaria, taken in the same locality on ^^/g 1920, pupating ^^/g and developing in June (Kryger), one female is taken in the same place on ^^/g 1916 (Kryger), further five specimens are from Grib Skov, bred from Acronycta rumicis (Weis), and one specimen is without particular locality. — The pupa is dark red, elongated ovate, rounded at both ends, 7 mm long and quite polished, so that segmentation is very slightly visible; it has no protruding anterior spiracles. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. 72. Ptychioinyia B. B. Species of somewhat small size, of black colour with pale prui- nosity. Head broader than thorax, nearly flat behind and almost not puffed out below. Frons broad, a little broader in female than in male, a little protruding. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, the latter weak in male; in female two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles small and indistinct. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles descending below insertion of arista, two uppermost reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle or beyond, distant and somewhat strong. Eyes practically bare. Epistoma a little retreating, slightly Ptychomyia. 345 reflected below. Antennæ inserted high above, near upper margin of the eye, third joint about six times as long as second; arista with second joint elongated. Thorax a little rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical wanting. Three sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura slightly hairy, with a single bristle above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; there are discai and marginal bristles, or generally only marginal; second segment with a pair. Legs not long; hind tibiæ with unequal anterodorsal bristles; claws and pulvilli in male only slightly elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open a little before apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular with an indica- tion of a veinlet; posterior cross-vein near middle between medial cross-vein and angle; bristles at base of cubital vein reaching more or less towards medial cross-vein; no costal spine. The species is parasitic on various Heterocera and especially on a number of Tenthredinids ; it belongs to Pantel's group 1, and the larva forms a primary breathing hole. Only one certain European species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. P. selecta Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 377, 237 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 249, 13 {Degeeria). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 535 (Degeeria). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 89, Tab. II, Fig. 23. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 300. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 159. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 102. — Tachina parallela Meig. 1824. I. c. IV, 377, 238 et 1838. VII, 249, 1 {Degeeria). — 1900. Stein, Entom. Nachricht. XXVI, 145. — Tachina tincta Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 378, 239 et 1838. VII, 249, 7 {Metopia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1030, 20 et 1849. VIII, 3228, 20 et 1859. XIII, 6080, 20 {Tachina). — Roeselia convexijrons Pand. (nec. Zett.) 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 44, 3. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye. Orbits yellowish, blackish above; cheeks greyish silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or a little brownish. Vibrissæ not numerous, but some- what strong. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput dark grey, with whitish hairs, and with some black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista distinctly thickened in basal third or a little more. Palpi black. Thorax black, somewhat shining, yellowish grey pruinose, especially in front and at the sides, with 346 Tachinidae. Fig. 83. Head of P. selecta ^ four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral some- what broad; scutellum dark (sometimes brown). Thorax with short black hairs; the lateral scutellar bristle small. Abdomen black, somewhat shin- ing, the three last segments with a narrow or somewhat broader, greyish white or greyish yellow pruinose front band, somewhat shifting according to view; the bands interrupted in the middle, so that a black middle stripe occurs. Abdomen black-haired, either with discai and marginal bristles and then second segment with a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles, but most often with only the marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged; veins blackish. Squamulæ yellow or yellowish. H alteres blackish brown. Female. Similar ; f rons of about the same breadth or a Uttle broader. Length 4,5 — 6,5 mm. P. selecta is not rare in Denmark ; at Copenhagen, Søndermarken, Ordrup, Charlottenlund, Lyngby Mose, Hareskov, Hillerød, Tis- vilde; on Lolland at Dødemose near Nysted, on Funen at Faaborg, in Jutland at Laven, and on Bornholm; the dates are ^/g — Ve- I* is known as parasite on Acalla cristana, Hyponomeuta cognatella and malinella, and also on Bupalus piniarius, but this is doubtful, and on the non Danish Ocneria detrita ; further on a number of Tenthredinids of the genera Monardis, Platycampus, Monophadnus, Trichiocampus, Priophorus, Pteronidea, Pristiophorus and Lophyrus. With us it has been bred from Hyponomeuta cognatella and malinella and from Psecadia decemguttella (C. S. Larsen), the latter not earlier known as host for it, the fly emerged on ^^/g. Nielsen has (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 29) treated its biology; the author bred it from H. euony- mella\ the host makes its cocoon before it dies, but does not reach to pupate; in each host only one parasite develops; it bores out of the empty skin of the host larva and pupates in the cocoon; it has more than one yearly generation. Geographical distribution: — Most Europe; towards the north to southern Scandinavia. Gaedia. 347 Remarks: As seen in the above description our species most often has no discai abdominal bristles; this would lead io Proso podes fugax Rond., and probably this is only a synonym, as already sug- gested by Girschner (Entom. Nachr. XXV, 1899, 177) and later on by Schwangart; also Stein is of the same opinion. 73. Gaedia Meig. Species of medium size and of blackish colour, with greyish pruinosity; on sides of abdomen reddish spots. Head as broad as thorax, somewhat convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons broad and a little broader in female than in male, only slightly protruding, somewhat rounded in profile; cheeks rather broad, narrowing downwards; jowls broad, fully half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Relatively large postocellar and distinct occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost one reclinate. Cheeks with a row of bristly hairs. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle. Epistoma retreating, somewhat reflected below. Eyes bare. Antennæ inserted slightly above middle of the eye, second joint somewhat elongated, third nearly twice as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular, the sides converging behind so that it is narrower behind than in front; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, diverging; a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bristle above. Abdomen with excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; it has discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell closed and quite short petiolate, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle sharp, nearly rectangular; a somewhat large costal spine. Of the genus two European species are known, (or only one, if distincta Egg. is the same as connexa, as Stein declares); one occurs in Denmark. The development is not known, but the species is recorded to belong to Pantel's group 2. 348 Tachinidae. 1. G. connexa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 366, 219 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 216, 1. Tab. LXX, Fig. 1—5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 487. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. AVien, LVI, 91, Tab. IL Fig. 32. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 121, 4 [Erynnia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 306. -- 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 106. Of this species I know only the female. The male has, according to Villeneuve (Ann. des Se. Nat. ZooL 10, VII, 1924, 38, note), a patch of short dense hairs on ventral side of abdomen, somewhat as in Lydella stabulans. Female. Frons broader than the eye; orbits broad. The orbits grey above, downwards together with cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe narrower than the orbits, velvet blackish brown. Vibrissæ not short, but fme. Orbits with longish black hairs; at the outer margin of the cheeks below the frontal bristles a row of bristly hairs, almost looking as a continuation of the frontal bristles; jowls with black, partly strong hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs, and only some black hairs below. Antennæ with the two basal joints yellowish, third black, not twice as long as second; arista thickened in about basal half. Palpi blackish brown. Thorax black, greyish white pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral a little broader than the median; scutellum yellowish, dark at base. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen blackish, on each side a red spot, reaching over second, third and fourth segment, and fifth segment red on lateral and hind margin; abdomen greyish white pruinose all over, shifting with varying dark tessellations according to view, and in a certain light showing a dark spot on each side of the middle on third and fourth segment; third and fourth segment with narrow black and shining hind margins. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black, tibiæ obscurely reddish. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins blackish brown. Squamulæ white. Balteres yellowish brown. Length 7,5 mm. G. connexa seems very rare in Denmark, I know only one spec- imen, a female, taken in Nørholm Skov at Varde on ^^t ^^^^ (Kryger). Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. Phorocera. 349 74. Phopocepa R. D. Medium sized species of blackish colour with pale pruinosity, and generally a little reddish at sides of abdomen in male. Head just a little broader than thorax, somewhat convex behind and puffed out below, not much higher than long, Frons above somewhat narrower than or about as broad as the eye, broader in female, rather protruding. Jowls about half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles; weak outer verticals may be present in male. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs {Phorocera) or none (Salia). Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista or below, two uppermost reclinate, or, in female, the posterior of them directed outwards. Cheeks bare (Salia), or a little hairy above (Phorocera). Vibrissæ ascending to insertion of arista. Eyes densely hairy. Epistoma somewhat retreating, slightly or somewhat reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis some- what short, or longer with proboscis more slender. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint from a little more than twice to four times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle (Salia) or none (Phorocera). Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, but the apical may be small or very small (Phorocera). Three sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a couple of bristles among which one strong. Abdomen cylindrical or elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin or stopping well before it; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Genitalia smaller or larger, forming a knob at end of abdomen. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell ending at some distance from apex of wing, open or just closed; no or a not large costal spine. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera, one also recorded from Lophyrus; caesijrons, for which the biology is best known, belongs to Pantel's group 1, and forms a primary breathing hole; one larva develops in each host; generally the parasite pupates outside the host; the pupa hibernates, and the species has only one yearly brood. About 10 European species are known, but besides a number 350 Tachinidae. are recorded, which cannot be interpreted or with certainty placed here. The genus is divided into some subgenera, for our species Phoro- cera s. str. {assimilis and caesifrons) and Salia R. D. {echinura); they are distinguished mainly by the cheeks being bare or hairy above and apical scutellar bristles being small or larger. Table of Species. 1. Cheeks a little hairy above; no præsutnral intraalar bristle; apical scutellar bristles small or very small 2. — Cheeks bare; a præsutural intraalar bristle present; apical scutellar bristles somewhat strong 3. echinura. 2. Second abdominal segment with the exca vation reaching hind margin ; scutellum more or less reddish ; large species . . 1 . assimilis. — Second abdominal segment with the exca vation not reaching hind margin; scutellum quite dark, rarely a little reddish at apex ; smaller species 2. caesifrons. 1. Ph. assimilis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 282 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 28, 58 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 388, 258 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 261, 7. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1124, 122 et 1859. XIII, 6114, 122 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 491. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 94, Tab. III, Fig. 46 et 1893. LX, 119 [Setigena). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 330, 1. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 315. - 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 352. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 110 {Chaetogena). — Tachina obscura Fall. 1810. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 281 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 29, 59. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1125, 123. — Tachina bellatrix Zett. 1849. 1. o. VIII, 3241, 94—95. — 1893. B. B. 1. c. LX, 220. — Tachina gramma Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 390, 261 et 1838. VII, 261, 5. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 138. Male. Frons above not as broad as the eye, very protruding; cheeks broad. Orbits grey above, downwards together- with cheeks whitish or yellowish white, silvery, in some views dark; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits with black hairs, which descend a little on the cheeks; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with white hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes densely pale-hairy. Antennæ black; third joint three times as long as second or fully; arista thickened in basal third. Palpi yellow or brownish. Thorax blackish or bluish black, a little shining, greyish or a little bluish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scutellum more or less reddish or brownish on apical part. Phorocera. 351 Thorax densely fine-haired; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Apical scutellar bristles small or very small, somewhat erect and crossing, also the lateral bristle small. Abdomen rather elongated cylindrical, but somewhat tapering behind, second segment with the excavation reaching hind margin; abdomen is blackish or brownish black, very obscurely reddish at the sides near base, greyish pruinose, shifting according to view with irregular dark tessellations. Abdomen black- haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Fourth sternite drawn out triangularly in the middle of hind margin; fifth cleft to the base with the hind margin obliquely cut. Genitalia ratlier large; hypopygium somewhat elong- ated; upper forceps forming a large, rectangular, somewhat arched plate, somewhat narrowed towards base, and with a short ventrally curved, claw-like rostrum at the end; it is densely haired with longish hairs, except on apical part; the arms of lower forceps forming scale- like pieces at each side below the end of hypopygium, each with the anterior corner drawn out into a long, palpe-like style, only seen after preparation. Legs black, hind tarsi with dense yellow hairs on posterior side of the three first joints. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins dark brown; first posterior cell open; discai angle a little obtuse; no costal spine. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons a little broader; claws and pulvilly relatively large. Length 10—12 mm. Ph. assimilis is not common in Denmark, and has only been taken at Valby, Tisvilde and in Nordskoven at Jægerspris; the dates are ^^/j — ^e? so that it seems here to be a spring species; one of our specimens is bred from Agrotis c-nigrum^ not hitherto known as host for it. It is otherwise known from Aporia crataegi, Araschnia levana and prorsa., Dasychira pudibunda, Saturnia pavonia, Cossus cossus, Cucullia verbasci and Mamestra hrassicae, and from the non Danish Thaumatopoea processionea, Malacosonia franconica and Arctia hebe; it has also been recorded from Lophyrus and Ortalis stabilis? Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Scandinavia and Finland. 2. Ph. caesifrons Macq. 1850. Macq. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, VIII, 424. 6, Tab. XII, fig. 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 490. — 1891 . B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 339 352 Tachihidae. (Setigena). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 316 (var. caesifrons). — 1921. Baer, Zeitsohr. i angew. Ent. VII, 352. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 110, 2 (Chaetogena). This species is very like the preceding, but is much smaller. Head in shape and colour as in assimilis. Thorax and abdomen with the pruinosity darker, and as a rule more bluish grey. Scutellum quite dark, rarely a little reddish at apex; the apical bristles generally very small to quite minute. Excavation on second abdominal seg- ment not reaching hind margin, but leaving a relatively broad un- excavated part. Fourth ventral sternite not drawn out in middle of hind margin. Genitalia as in assimilis, but hypopygium not elongated, about as long as broad, and upper forceps more narrowed towards base. Length 5,5 to nearly 10 mm, specimens of the larger size less common. Ph. caesifrons is common in Denmark as elsewhere; at Copen- hagen, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Boserup; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Resle; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sottrup, Høruphav, Madeskov and Arnkiel ; the dates are ^^4 — V?- I have taken it in copula between ^/g and 2^/5. It is a spring species especially common in May when it is often present very numerously, and occurring in the low herbage near the ground. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren. 67, 1916, 9) treated its biology; he bred it from various larvæ of Geometrids occurring in spring on oak, birch and hawthorn, among others Hibernia defoliaria; in each host only one parasite developed; the host larva sometimes pupated with the parasite within, but most commonly the parasite pupates outside; the pupa hibernates and there is thus only one yearly brood. The species is also known from the non Danish Arctia hehe. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Scandinavia, as it is no doubt mixed with assimilis by Fallen and Zetterstedt, as proved with regard to the latter author, who under assimilis mentions Danish specimens, and these are caesi- frons. Remarks: The two species assimilis and caesifrons are, as seen, rather similar; besides the differences in size and colour of scutel- lum, one character, however, distinguishes them \\dth certainty viz the excavation on second abdominal segment which reaches hind margin in assimilis, but stops before it in caesifrons; Pandellé has already remarked this, though he considered them as varieties, Phorocera. 353 and Villeneuve declares it a sure character (Ann. des Se. Nat. Zool. 10, VII, 1924, 22, note). As seen also the hypopygium shows a little difference. 3. Ph. echinura R. D. 1830. E. D. Myod. 109, 3 et 1863. Posth. I, 555, 4. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 318. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 353. — Spongosia occlusa Rond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 183, 1. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 94, Tab. III, Fig. 48 et 1893. LX, 119. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entoni. XIV, 343. 19 {ZenilUa). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 384. Male. Frons above of about the breadth of the eye, somewhat protruding; cheeks broad. Orbits greyish or yellowish grey, downwards together with cheeks and jowls silvery; frontal stripe velvet blackish brown, seen from in front yellowish. Weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles descending a little below insertion of arista. Vibrissæ strong. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with dense yellowish hairs and no black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with dense yellowish hairs. Antennæ black; third joint more than twice as long as second; arista distinctly thickened in basal half. Palpi yellowish at apex, dark on basal part. Thorax blackish, greyish pruinose, with four somewhat broad black stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scutellum brownish with the base dark. Thorax black-haired; a præsiitural intraalar bristle; apical scutellar bristles only a little smaller than the others, crossing; some distinct discai bristles. Abdomen conical, blackish, obscurely reddish on the sides of second, third and fourth segment; the three last seg- ments greyish white pruinose, shifting with dark tessellations according to view, the hind margins and a broader hind part of fifth segment black; a narrow grey middle line visible. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; fifth segment is densely covered all over with a little smaller bristles. Fourth sternit triangularly pointed, fifth cleft to the base. Hypopygium not large; upper forceps cleft above at base, the corners drawn out into two long lamellæ, densely beset with long, backwards directed hairs; the lower part of the forceps elongated cordate, carinate and with the apical part pointed and bent ventrally. Legs black. Wings a little tinged, especially at base; veins blackish; first posterior cell just closed, ending considerably before 23 354 Tachinidae. apex of wing; discai angle rectangular with an appending fold; apical cross-vein concave; a distinct costal spine. Squamulæ whitish. Hal- teres brown. Female. Similar; frons considerably broader. Length. About 9 to 10 mm. Ph. echinura is rare in Denmark, I know eight specimens, six males and two females; one specimen is from Amager, bred from Lasiocampa trifolii on ^/g (Kryger), another from Hillerød bred on '/g but the host not known; further it is taken in Ruderhegn and Grib Skov; the other specimens are without particular locality, but bred from L. trifolii. The species is hitherto known from Lasiocampa guercus and trifolii and the non Danish Saturnia pyri. Geographical distribution: — Europe and into Asia minor; it is not known north of Denmark. Remarks: One of my specimens has been determined by Stein as obliquata Fall., and in his work from 1924 he declares ohliquata and echinura as synonyms; this is no doubt not correct, obliquata being distinguished among others by the quite small, parallel apical scutellar bristles. 75. Pales R. D. {Neopales Coquillet 1910.) Species of medium size and bluish black colour, slightly pruinose, generally with small red side spots on abdomen. Head fully as broad as thorax, nearly flat behind, with the eye-margin a little broadened downwards; it is higher than long. Frons broad, in female a little broader than in male, a little protruding. Jowls narrow, one fourth or fifth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, in female two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, the uppermost one strong and reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to insertion of arista, rather strong. Epistoma somewhat retreating, a little reflected below. Eyes densely hairy. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint about five times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat small, crossing; two distinct Pales. 355 discai bristles, Three sternopleiiral bristles, Pteropleura with a biindle of hairs and a bristle above, Abdomen ovate, excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, Genitalia small, bent in under venter. Legs with an anterodorsal row on hind tibiæ of smallish, rather equal bristles, with one or two longer bristles; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera, pavida also on Allantus cingillum^ and it belongs to Pantel's group 2. Of the genus 4 palæarctic (2 European) species are recorded; one occurs in Denmark. 1. P. pavida Meig, 1824. Meig. Syst, Beschr. IV, 398, 279 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 261, 12 (Phorocera). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 492 (Phorocera). — 1900. Villen, Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 161, 1 (Phorocera). — 1907. Kat, palåarkt. Dipt. III, 312. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 349. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 108, 1. — Phorocera aestuans Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 261, 10. — 1900. Villen. 1. c. 161, 6. — Phorocera cilipeda Eond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 167, 7. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 492. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 93, Tab. II, Fig. 40 et 1891. LVIII, 338. — Zenillia pumicata (Macq. nec Meig.) Pand. 1895. Kev. Entom. XIV, 337, 7. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 384. Male. Frons above a little narrower than the eye, widening downwards, Orbits greyish; cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet blackish brown, Orbits and jowls with black hairs, Occiput grey, with somewhat sparse pale hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles, Eyes densely pale-haired, Antennæ black, second joint short, third about five times as long; arista a little thickened in nearly basal half, Palpi blackish, a little dilated outwards, Thorax bluish black, shining, quite thinly greyish pruinose; with four black, only slightly visible stripes, the two median narrow, distant, ab- breviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two elongated spots; scutellum with the margin reddish, Thorax with short, dense black hairs, Abdomen bluish black, shining, with a small, more or less distinct, reddish side spot on third segment; it is thinly bluish grey pruinose on the three last segments, with very narrow black hind margins visible, Abdomen has dense short hairs, and discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third a 23* 356 Tachinidae. pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal; the discai bristles may be irregular and more numerous. Genitalia small, bent in under venter; iipper forceps divided in the apical part into two close-lying styles; arms of lower forceps forming thin, somewhat triangular, attenuated and pointed styles, a little longer than upper forceps; both a little reflected outwards. Legs black; tibiæ obsciirely reddish or yellowish. Wings slightly tinged; veins brown; apical cross- vein with a bend above the angle, then straight. Squamulæ a little yellowish. Halteres yellowish brown. Female, Similar; frons a little broader; third antennal joint shorter, aboiit three times as long as second. Length 8 — 10 mm. P. pavida is rare in Denmark, I know seven specimens, six males and a female; two specimens are without particular locality, the others from Jutland at Sønderborg and Sottrupskov (Wiistnei), and from Bornholm at Sandvig (Weis) and at Hammeren (the author); the dates are ^Z, — ^^/g. One of our specimens is bred from an undeter- mined lepidopterous larva, another from Dryohota protea (Weis), not earlier known as host for it. It is otherwise known from a great number of Heterocera and also from Allantus cingillum. Geographical distribution: — Europe; it is not known north of Denmark, whereas the nearly related pumicata Meig. occurs in Sweden. 76. Parasetigena 6. B. Species of somewhat large size and rather robust, of dark colour with pale pruinosity, and slightly marked with red at the sides of abdomen. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad, in male with somewhat converging eye-margins, in female broader, with parallel eye-margins; it is rather protruding. Gheeks broad, and jowls about half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles not small. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, being smaller upwards, but the two uppermost strong, reclinate in both sexes. Gheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending above the middle. Epistoma re- treating, somewhat reflected just below. Eyes densely long-hairy. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint about Parasetigena. 357 four times as long as second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Thorax quadratic; foiir j30stsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle, sometimes weak or wanting. Sciitellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat small, erect and crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura hairy, with a bristle above. Ab- domen elongated conical; second segment with the excavation reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ uneqiial; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending in some distance from apex of wing; discai angle nearly rectangular; no costal spine. The biology is known for one species, the well known media Rond. {segregata by Baer), which has as parasite on Lymantria monacha been very important with regard to the destruction of this species, and has been introduced to North America to attack L. dispar', it is further recorded from some other Lepidoptera, but this is doubtful. The records are upon the whole not sure, as the species has been confused with P. segregata Rond. It belongs to Pantel's group 1 and forms a primary breathing hole. One, rarely two parasites develop in each host; they bore out of the host larva or pupa and pupates in the ground, where they hibernate. Two or three European species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. P. media Rond. 1859. Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 181, 6 (Chaetogena). — 1895. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIV, 342, 17 {Zenillia). — 1906. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 43 {Phorocera). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 384. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 355 (Stomatomyia). — Phorocera segregata Schin. (nec Rond.) F. A. I, 491. — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 189, 51. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 256, 49. — Phorocera agilis 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 109. Male. Frons not fully as broad as the eye; cheeks very broad. Orbits yellowish; cheeks yellowish white, silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black, Vibrissæ somewhat strong. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with dense yellowish hairg and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes densely pale-hairy. Antennæ black; arista thickened in less than basal half. Palpi yellow, darkened towards base. Thorax blackish, greyish pruinose, with four black stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind; scutellum 358 Tachinidae. more or less reddish at apical margin. Thorax with longish, dense, biack liairs. Abdomen blackish, on the sides of third segment a red spot, the three last segments greyish or brownish grey pruinose, shifting with irregular dark markings according to view; narrow hind margins and a more or less distinct narrow middle stripe black. Abdomen with dense, longish black hairs, and only marginal bristles, second and third segment with a pair, fourth with a row, and fifth with a double row. Legs black; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ somewhat strong, imequal. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins dark brown; apical cross-vein a little concave. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellowish, the knob brown. Female. I do not know the female. Length 10 mm. P. media is rare in Denmark, only some few specimens have been taken at Tisvilde in May and June. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; not known north of Denmark. 77. Campylocliaeta Rond. Species of somewhat small size, of blackish or brownish colour with pale pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind and here somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad, of the same or about the same breadth in both sexes, some- what to rather strongly protruding. Cheeks narrow or broader; jowls about half the height of the eye or broader. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles present, the ocellar bristles erect, directed outwards and a little backwards; in female two orbitals, and none or small outer verticals. Relatively long postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles few in number, descending only to insertion of antennæ, all crossing. Cheeks bare, or, in one species with the hairs descending from the orbit down to the lower part of the cheek. Among the hairs on the jowls generally one or two bristles, placed at the upper margin of the jowl. Vibrissæ ascending quite up, rather strong, more or less numerous. Eyes long-haired. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint five to six times as long as second ; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præ- and two postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle present or wanting. Scutellum with Campylochaeta. 359 three marginal bristles on each side, the apical strong, crossing; a small subapical may be present. Three sternopleural bristles, but the lower weak, sometimes abortive. Pteropleura with only a bundle of hairs. Abdomen ovate or elongated ovate; excavation on second segment reaching the margin or stopping a little before; there are discai and marginal bristles; second segment without , bristles ; fifth with a row of discai and of marginal bristles. Genitalia not small, bent in under venter; eighth segment large, occupying apex of ab- domen; hypopygium elongated; upper forceps elongated triangular, with apex curved a little inwards; arms of lower forceps a little shorter. Legs not long, more or less robust, especially the tarsi; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ quite unequal; claws and pulvilli in male somewhat elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell just closed or narrowly open, ending quite near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse and apical cross- vein sloping; posterior cross-vein near the middle between medial cross-vein and angle or a little behind; bristles at base of cubital vein or one of them rather strong; a small costal spine. The species are parasitic on various Heterocera, especially Geo- metrids. The larva bores out of the host larva and pupates in the ground, and it hibernates as pupa. The breathing of the larva takes place through a primary hole. Of the genus three European species are known, two occur in Denmark. — - The two subgenera, Frivaldzkia Schin. with inepta, and Campylochaeta s. str. with præcox have been divided mainly by the direction of the ocellar bristles, and the presence of a bristle on jowls in inepta which should be absent in praecox] as seen from the descriptions, the characters are, however, of no value, as they are the same or nearly the same in both species; a better character would be the bare or hairy cheeks. Table of Species. 1. Cheeks somewhat narrow, bare; legs black 1. inepta. — Cheeks very broad, with hairs; legs with tibiæ reddish 2. præcox. 1. C. inepta Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 361, 212 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 261, 15 {Phorocera). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Pr. 161, 8. — 1907. Kat. palå- arkt. Dipt. III, 278 [Zenillia). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 160. — Tachina distincta Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 413, 302 et 1830. VI, 368 et 1838. VII. 263, 2 {Doria). — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 248, 6 {Doria). — 1907. 360 Tachinidae. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 305. — 1924. Stein. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 104 (Frivaldzkia). — Frivaldzkia longicornis 1862. Schin. (nec. Fall.) F. A. I, 527. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 93, Tab. II, Fig. 39 {Hypo- chaeta). — 1907. Villen. 1. c. XXVI, 249, 8. — Zenillia alnicola Pand. 1894. Rev. Entom. XIV, 346, 23. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 384. Male. Frons above as broad as the eye, somewhat protruding, eye-margins nearly parallel or slightly diverging downwards; orbits and cheeks narrow; jowls broad, nearly half as broad as the height of the eye. Orbits greyish, cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe greyish or yellowish priiinose. Ocellar bristles erect and directed outwards and a little backwards. Vibrissæ strong and distant, only a few upper smaller. Orbits with a row of black hairs; jowls white- haired, with one or sometimes two black bristles exterior to the oral bristles at the upper margin of the jowl. Occiput grey, with white hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with long pale hairs. Antennæ black, third joint five or six times as long as second; arista thickened in a little more than basal third. Palpi thin, yellow. Thorax greyish brown or blackish, grey pruinose, with four darker stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral broader; scutellum a little elongated, longer than or as long as broad, dark. Thorax black-haired; generally three præ- and two postsutural acrostichals; a præsiitiiral intraalar bristle. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a narrow greyish pruinose front band, more or less excised in the middle. Abdomen black- haired; second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal, and fifth with a row of discai and of marginal bristles. Genitalia bent in under venter; upper forceps triangularly spine-shaped, pointed, with apex curved inwards, it is hairy except apex with longish, back- wards directed hairs; arms of lower forceps triangular, more obtuse and a little shorter. Legs black; tarsi with the basal joints a little compressed. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins blackish brown; apical cross- vein straight; posterior cross- vein nearer the medial cross- vein than the angle; the two or three bristles at base of cubital vein rather strong. Squamulæ dirty whitish or yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; jowls partly black- haired; no outer vertical bristles. The pruinose bands on abdomen generally broader. Length 5 — 6 mm. Campylochaeta. 361 C. inepta is not rare in Denmark; Tisvilde; on Lolland at Maribo and in Kældskov; in Jutland at Hørupliav, Laven, Hadsten, Skør- ping, Sæby, and on Læsø; the dates are from April to August. It is known parasitic on Hyloicus pinastri^ Pygaera ciirtula, Drepana falcataria, Deilinia pusaria and exanthemata, Ematurga atomaria, Larentia corylata and galiata, Tephroclystia indigata and the non Danish Lithosia unita. I have seen specimens from Hyloicus, Drepana, Deilinia pusaria and exanthemata, Tephroclystia, and Eurymene dola- braria, the latter hitherto not known as host for it; the specimen from Hyloicus came on ^/g. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. -Foren. 68, 1917, 28) treated its biology {Frivaldzkia distincta). He got it bred from most of the above hosts, from H. pinastri always from qiiite young larvæ; in the host only one larva develops; it bores out of the host and pupates in the ground, where it hibernates. The imagines came from the end of March to ^'/g. Geographical distribution: - — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. Remarks: 1 have seen specimens of T. longicornis Fall. from Zetterstedt's collection; it is, as well known, another species for which Stein has created the new genus Latigena. 2. C. praecox Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 390, 262 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 261, 3 (Phorocera). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 492 (Phorocera). — 1900. Stein, Entom. Nachricht. XXVI, 146 et 1924. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 105 (Goedartia) . — Tachina pantherina Zett. 1844. Dipt. Seand. III, 1158, 159. — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 223. — C. schistacea Rond. (nec Meig.) 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 170, 1. — 1889. B. B. 1. c. LVI, 94, Tab. II, Fig. 44. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 332, 3 (Phorocera). — C. ohscura 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 305 p. p. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 161. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, very protruding, eye-margins rather diverging downwards; cheeks very broad; jowls more than half as broad as the eye is high. Orbits not narrow, blackish grey; cheeks dark, in certain views greyish silvery, especially below; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or dark brown. Ocellar bristles directed upwards and outwards. Frontal bristles few in number, almost not descending on the cheeks. Vibrissæ numerous and some- what strong, smaller upwards. Orbits with black hairs, descending down to the lower part of the cheeks; jowls black-haired and often with one or a couple of bristly hairs above at the upper margin. Occiput grey, with white hairs, very sparse above, and with 362 Tachinidae. black hairs behind postociilar bristles. Eyes with long pale hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about five times as long as second; arista distinctly thickened in more than basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax blackish, grey priiinose, with four black stripes, the median abbre- viated behind; scutellum less long than in inepta, broader than long, dark. Thorax black-haired ; generally two præ- and two postsutural acrostichals; no præsntural intraalar bristle. Abdomen brownish black or a little æneous; the three last segments with a broad, greyish white front band, shifting with dark tessellations according to view. Abdomen black-haired, with bristles as in inepta. Genitalia mainly as in inepta. Legs black, tibiæ reddish. Wings nearly clear; veins black; discai angle obtuse and roimded, apical cross-vein very sloping; posterior cross-vein a little nearer the angle than the medial cross- vein. Sqiiamulæ whitish. Halteres brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons of about the same breadth; small outer vertical bristles present. Thorax more brownish and more densely pruinose. Length 5,5 to fiilly 6 mm. C. praecox is rare in Denmark; Frederiksberg Have, Riiderhegn, Grib Skov and Tisvilde; the dates are ^'^^ — ^"/s (Nielsen, the author). Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 1917, 30) treated its biology (obscura); it is parasitic on Crocallis elinguaria; in one host 3 to 4 parasites develop; the larva bores out, pupates in the ground and hibernates as pupa; the imagines came in April. — I have examined the Danish specimen of pantherina mentioned by Zetterstedt 1. c. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden. 78. Bpynnia R. D. Black species of small size. Head fully as broad as thorax, flat behind and slightly puffed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons broad, about equal in both sexes, somewhat protruding. Jowls about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, and in female two orbitals. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to inser- tion of arista, two upper reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to about two thirds of the height. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat strongly retreating. Proboscis short. Palpi a little dilated outwards. Erynnia. 363 Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint five to six times as long as second; arista slightly pubescent, second joint not distinctly elongated. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorso- centrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præ- sutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the median diverging. Three sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura with a bristle above. Abdomen with excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; it has discai and marginal bristles, on second gegment a pair of very small or no marginal. Legs rather short; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli in male not elongated. Wings with first posterior cell petiolate, the peduncle somewhat short, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse. A small costal spine present. Of the genus 5 European species are recorded, one occiirs in Denmark. 1. E. nitida R. D. , 1830. R. D. Myod. 126, 1 et 1863. Posth. I, 927, 1. — 1889. B. B. Denk- schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 106, Tab. V, Fig. 103. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 119. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 305. — 1912. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXXI, 94. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 160. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 103. Male. Frons above broader than the eye. Orbits greyish, cheeks and jowls more silvery; frontal stripe dark brown. Vibrissæ not reaching the frontal bristles. Orbits with black hairs, among which a couple of bristly; jowls with hairs only behind. Occiput blackish grey, with yellowish hairs below and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista thickened in about basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, shining, slightly bkiish grey pruinose on front part, and here with four indistinct black stripes; it is black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of very small marginal, third with a pair of discai and marginal, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; fifth segment with bristles nearly all over. Genitalia small. Legs black; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ somewhat dense, but unequal. Wings slightly tinged; veins dark brown; posterior cross-vein about at middle between medial cross- vein and angle. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres dark brown. Female. I have not seen the female. Length 4 mm. 364 Tachinidae. E. nitida is very rare in Denmark, I know only one malespecimen from Læsø (H. J. Hansen), The species is recorded as bred from Galerucella luteola, and also from Oenophthira pilleriana (non Danish). Geographical distribution: — Eiirope; not known north of Denmark. 79. APFliinomyia B. B. Small or smallish species of black coloiir, with or withoiit white bands on abdomen. The genus is similar to the foregoing. Head fully as broad as thorax, flat or almost a little concave behind, considerably higher than long. Frons broad, somewhat broader in female than in male, a little protruding. Cheeks narrow; jowls not broad, about one fourth of the eye or less. In both sexes ocellar, inner and small outer vertical bristles and two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs, or occiput more black-haired. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, two uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending above the middle. Eyes practically bare. Epi- stoma flat, rather retreating. Palpi thread-shaped. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, third joint three to six times as long as second, slightly broadened in male; arista slightly pubescent, second joint short or a little elongated. Thorax nearly quadratic; three or four postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutel- lum with three marginal bristles on each side; no or very small apical bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bristle and some small hairs above. Abdomen conical, in female more ovate; male genitalia small; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of weak marginal. Legs somewhat short, front tarsi shorter than tibiæ; hind tibiæ with a somewhat dense anterodorsal row of equal bristles with one or two longer bristles; claws and pulvilli small. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending just before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse; costal spine very small. The species are known as parasitic on Tortricids and Tineids, and innoxia (non Danish) on imagines of Haltica ampelophaga. Of the genus about 10 palæarctic species are known; two have hitherto been found in Denmark. Arrhinomyia. 365 Table of Species. 1. Abdomen with silvery white bands 1. cloacellae. — Abdomen quite black, without bands 2. tragica. 1. A. cloacellae Kram. 1910. Kram. Bericht d. Tåtigk. Ges. Iris in Buntzen in 1906—09, 31, 32 et 1911. Abhandl. Nat. Gesell. Gorlitz XXVII, 133 et 1917. ibid. XXVIII, 273, 155. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VIL 373. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 144, 1. Male. Frons above fully as broad as the eye, widening downwards. Orbits blackish grey; cheeks and jowls bluish grey. Frontal stripe black. Vibrissæ ascending at least to two thirds of the height. Orbits with a few black hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with sparse pale hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles, An- tennæ black, third joint about five to six times as long as second,,. a little broad; arista thickened in basal third, second joint short. Palpi black. Thorax black, shining, thinly bluish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median narrow, not approximate, abbre- viated behind. Thorax sparingly black-haired; fonr postsutural dorsocentrals, Scutellum with some small discai, but no apical bristles. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a narrow silvery front band, interrupted in the middle. Abdomen is somewhat strongly black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of small bristles, third with a pair of discai and mar- ginal, fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal and fifth almost quite covered with bristles. Genitalia small. Legs black; hind tibiæ with somewhat dense equal anterodorsal bristles with one or two longer. Wings a little dark tinged; veins black; posterior cross-vein steep. Upper squamulæ whitish, lower yelloNvish or light brownish yellow. Halteres dark. Female. Similar; frons somewhat broader, and abdominal bands a little broader. Length 6 — 6,5 mm, according to Kramer it may reach 8 mm. A. cloacellae does not seem to be just rare in Denmark; Erme- lund (the author), Dyrehaven (Schlick), Grib Skov (Kryger); on Funen at Nakkebølle and Faaborg (C. S. Larsen); the dates are in August. The species is known as bred from Tinea cloacella in Tra- metes gibberosa on beach and from Scardia boleti in Daedalea quercina on oak; some of my specimens are likewise bred from Se. boleti in Fungi on birch and poplar, the imagines came on ^^/g — ^/v, and one of my specimens is labelled as bred from Hyponomeuta padella. 366 Tachinidae. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe, not known north of Denmark. 2. A. tragica Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 408, 293 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 249, 5 {Degeeria). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 535 (Degeeria). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 396. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 249, 4. — 1921. Baer, Zeit- schr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 373. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 144, 2. — Pentatmjia parva B. B. 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 164, Tab. II, Fig. 25. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. 249, 6. — Roeselia atricula Pand. 1896. Kev. Entom. XV, 44, 2. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 338. Of this species I know only the female. Similar to the foregoing species. Frons nearly double as broad as the eye, slightly protruding. Orbits black, somewhat shining; cheeks bluish black; jowls grey. Frontal strips black, rather narrow. Vibrissæ smaller than in cloacellae. Occiput blackish, with nearly all black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in basal half, second joint slightly elongated. Palpi black. Thorax black, shining, only humeri grey pruinose; three postsutural dorsocentrals; scutel- lum with a pair of quite small diverging apical bristles. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, without bands; it is black-haired, with bristles as in cloacellae, but both hairs and bristles are smaller. Legs black ; hind tibiæ with bristles as in cloacellae. Wings a little brownish yellow tinged and brownish yellow at base; veins pale brownish. Squamulæ yellow. Halteres dark. Length 5 mm. A. tragica is rare in Denmark, we have only two specimens, both females, from Boserup (H. J. Hansen) and from Brahe Trolleborg on Funen; the latter specimen is bred from an undetermined lepi- dopterous larva on birch, taken on ^/g, the fly came on ^o/^ (C s. Larsen). It is otherwise known as bred from Carpocapsa pomonella. Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe; not known north of Denmark. 80. Anacliaetopsis B. B. Small species of black colour. Head slightly broader than thorax,. a little convex behind, almost not pufTed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons broad and about equal in both sexes, almost not protruding. Jowls about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Anachaetopsis. • 367 Behind postociilar bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, two iippermost reclinate. Gheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending, reaching to the frontal bristles. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating. Proboscis short. Palpi dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint aboiit foiir times as long as second; arista slightly pubescent, second joint very slightly elong- ated. Thorax qiiadratic; three postsiitiiral dorsocentrals, and about three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals, the anterior in both divisions small; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, and quite small apical hairs. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a small bristle above. Abdomen conical in male, shorter and ovate in female; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin. There are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ imequal; claws and piilvilli not elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell medium long petiolate, the peduncle ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtiise; a small costal spine. Of the species ocypterina is parasitic on Pterophorus. Two European species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. A. ocypterina Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 639, 25 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1077, 74 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 539 {Scofolia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 106, Tab. V, Fig. 102. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 119, 2 (Erynnia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 373. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 366. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 123. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, practically not protruding. Orbits greyish, black upwards; cheeks and jowls whitish; frontal stripe velvet black, The uppermost of the two reclinate frontal bristles small. Orbits and jowls sparingly with black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs below and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, shining, a little whitish pruinose in front, especially on humeri, and there is quite in front a beginning of four stripes, the median narrow. Thorax thinly black-haired; scutellar subapical bristles strong and diverging. Abdomen black, shining, with black hairs; on second segment a pair of marginal bristles, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a row of discai and marginal. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged; veins blackish. Squamulæ yellowish. H alteres yellow. 368 Tachinidae. Female. Similar; thorax a little more pruinose. Fourth abdominal segment in my specimen with only a pair of discai bristles. Length 4,5 mm. A. ocypterina is very rare in Denmark, I know only one female, labelled Brænderup, August 1880. The above description of the male is drawn from a French specimen, kindly sent me from Dr. Villeneuve. The species is known as bred from Pterophorus microdactylus, tephro- dactylus and the non Danish lithodactylus. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; to- wards the north to middle Scandinavia, and in Finland. Remarks: My specimen has yellowish squamulæ and is thus a variety, while the squamulæ are generally white. 81. ^Vinthemia R. D. Species of medium size or somewhat large, of blackish colour with more or less pale pruinosity, and generally with larger or smaller reddish markings on abdomen, at all events in male, rarely still paler. Head as broad as or a little broader than thorax, somewhat short, rather flat behind and only slightly puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons narrow in male, broader in female, a little protruding. Jowls small and narrow, very slightly descending below the eyes. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles and in female two orbitals; the outer verticals weak in male and sometimes wanting. Small postocellar and occipital bristles generally present. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles, descending below insertion of antennæ, sometimes to the end of second antennal joint, in male all crossing, or {amoena) one upper reclinate, in female one to three upper reclinate. Cheeks hairy. Vibrissæ a little ascending, to one fourth or fifth of the height. Oral bristles not strong. Eyes hairy. Epistoma a little retreating, straight, very slightly reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis short, clypeus horse-shoe-shaped; labium with basal part shorter than oral cone, labella large; labrum strong, as long as basal part of labium, hypo- pharynx quite short; palpi rod-like, curved. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint more or less longer than second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular or shorter and square; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing and a Winthemia. 369 little smaller, also the lateral a little smaller. Two sternopleural bristles, or in amoena (subgenus Chaetolyga) three. Above on ptero- pleura a bristle, Abdomen short ovate, rather flat; second segment with the excavation reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, generally a pair on second segment, sometimes more, on the other hånd sometimes wanting. Fifth segment with two rows. Genitalia small and partly hidden; upper forceps and arms of lower forceps elongated triangular, the upper a little longer than lower. Legs not strong; hind tibiæ with a characteristic anterodorsal f ringe of medium long, dense bristles, with or without a longer bristle; claws and pulvilli in male somewhat or strongly elongated ; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ånding before apex of wing; discai vein bent angularly, without veinlet, apical cross- vein not much curved or nearly straight; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera; they belong to Pantel's group 1 and the larva gets air through a primary hole. One to a very large number of parasites may be present in one host larva. The larva bores out of the host larva, or rarely of the pupa, and pupates and hibernates in the ground. About 15 European species are recorded; 4 have been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Three sternopleural bristles; male with a strong, reclinate upper frontal bristle; apex of abdomen black {Chaetolyga Rond.) 1. amoena. — Two sternopleural bristles; male with no reclinate upper frontal bristle; apex of abdomen more or less red ( Winthemia s. str.) 2. 2. Abdomen almost quite yellow; hairs on cheeks scarcely reaching to the vibrissæ 2. speciosa. — Abdomen darker, and when red, at least with a broad black middle line; hairs on cheeks reaching to the vibrissæ 3. 3. Thorax with four black stripes ; abdomen black, in male with distinct, in female with small or no red side markings 3. quadripustulata. — Thorax with five black stripes; abdomen in both sexes red with a broad black middle stripe i. xanthogastra. 1. W. amoena Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 264, 43 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 221, 14 {Nemoraea). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 453 {Nemoraea). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 184. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 14, 16, p. p. 24 370 Tachinidae. (Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 229. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 140. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli. 90, 6, 59, 1. — Nenioraea glahrata Schin. (nec Meig.) 1862. F. A. I, 448. Male. Frons above one third or fourth of the breadth of the eye; cheeks narrower and jowls narrow, but less than in the following species, because the eyes do not reach as low as the end of epistoma. Orbits greyish, downwards together with cheeks silvery, dark in certain views; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black; epistoma grey. No outer vertical bristles. Frontal bristles reaching well below in- sertion of antennæ, the uppermost strong, reclinate. Orbits and cheeks black-haired, jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput grey, with pale yellow hairs. Eyes pale-haired. Antennæ black, third joint broader than second, and somewhat longer; arista thickened in a little more than basal half. Palpi dark yellowish. Thorax black or bluish black, a little shining, thinly greyish pruinose with five dark stripes, more or less abbreviated behind; sciitellum reddish brown. Thorax black- haired. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen blackish, somewhat shining, on each side a red spot on second, third and part of fourth segment; apex black; abdomen is white pruinose, shifting according to view and with some dark, likewise shifting spots in the pruinosity, further a narrow, median longitudinal line is seen, a little widening on third segment. Abdomen has somewhat long, not dense black hairs, second and third segment with a pair of marginal bristles, fourth with a row; the bristles strong. Fifth sternite cleft to near base, which is shining. Genitalia black. Legs black; anterodorsal row of bristles on hind tibiæ not specially dense, and with a long bristle below middle. Wings brownish at base, clear outwards; veins dark brown; first posterior cell narrowly open. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. I do not know the female ; according to the descriptions it has a broader frons, and abdomen almost quite without red markings. Length. About 10 mm. W. amoena seems to be very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a male, taken at Tisvilde on ^'/g 1913. The species is known parasitic on Panolis griseovariegata. Geographical distribution: — Europe down in to Italy; not known north of Denmark. 2. W. speciosa Egg. 1861. Egg. Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XI, 209 (Nemoraea). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 453. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 97, Winthemia. 371 Tab. III, Fig. 59 (Chaetolyga). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 233. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 142. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 60, 5. Male. Frons above aboiit half as broad as the eye; cheeks less than half the frons. Orbits and cheeks pale yellow, the former dark upwards and black above; jowls greyish yellow; frontal stripe velvet black. Ocellar and inner and outer verticals all somewhat small. Frontal bristles reaching to the end of second antennal joint, small upwards, all crossing. Vibrissæ scarcely ascending, Orbits and cheeks with black hairs, the hairs on cheeks stopping a little before lower end; jowls with dense black hairs. Occipiit yellowish grey, yellow along eye-margin downwards, with bright yellow hairs. Eyes yellow- hairy. Antennæ black, a little reddish at base of third joint, the latter about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in nearly basal half. Palpi yellow, darkened at base. Thorax black, somewhat shining, yellow pruinose only on humeri and at the sides; two very narrow, diill, black stripes are seen on the front part, outwards to the acrostichals; sciitellum brownish, darkest at base. Thorax with dense, black hairs. Two sternopleural bristles. Abdomen pale yellow, and whitish yellow, almost silvery, or pale yellow pruinose; second segment except a side spot, a narrow middle line, and most of fifth segment above black; the middle line is broadest on third, very narrow on fourth segment, the pruinosity on both sides of it grey; hind margin of fourth segment black. Venter yellow, black along the middle. Abdomen black-haired, with bristles only as a marginal row on fourth segment and on apical half of fifth; at most besides a pair of weak marginal on third segment. Fifth sternite cleft beyond middle; upper forceps black, elongated triangular, incised at base, with a strong, median longitudinal keel, stretching to near apex, which is curved strongly inwards; arms of lower forceps red, triangu- larly rod-like, not as long as upper forceps. Legs black; hind tibiæ with a rather dense, anterodorsal row of equal bristles; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, especi- ally at base and anterior margin ; veins blackish brown ; first posterior cell distinctly open, ending rather near apex of wing. Squamulæ yellow. H alteres brownish yellow. Female. Somewhat differing; frons broader, but scarcely as broad as the eye; two upper reclinate frontal bristles. Thorax yellow pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind the suture, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Abdomen with 24* 372 Tachinidae. more golden priiinosity, the black stripe only distinct on third seg- ment, evanescent on fourth, and fifth all yellow; a pair of marginal bristles on second and third segment. Femora grey pruinose. Length 9 to nearly 12 mm. This fme species is rare in Denmark, we have only 5 specimens; Ruderhegn, Danstrup Hegn (Kryger) and in Jutland at Silkeborg (Drewsen); the dates are ^/g — ^^/g- Kryger netted his specimens rather high from leaves of trees. It is known bred from Lymantria dispar. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into northern Italy; not with certainty known north of Denmark. Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions Dipt. Scand. VIII his Bohe- manni from Denmark, taken at Silkeborg by Drewsen, teste Stæger, and the mentioned specimens are in our collection and are the present species. Whether they are Bohemanni I am nOt able to say; the spec- imen from Wahlberg described 1. c. III is not in Zetterstedt's collec- tion, but the male specimen mentioned by Zetterstedt Le. VIII, 3243, obs. I have studied ; it is a Carcelia and after my determination C. rutilla B. B. 3. W. quadripustulata Fabr. 1894. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 324, 50 {Musca) et 1805. Syst. Aiitl. 309, 4 (Tac/ima). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 255, 28 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 221, 24 (Nemoraea). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 643, 40 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1103, 101 et 1849. VIII, 3243, 101 et 1859. XIII, 6099, 101 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 454 (Nemoraea). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 230. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 140. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gescli. 90, 6, 60, 5. — Tachina aestuans Fall. 1810. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 279 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 30, &\. — \ Nemoraea erythrura Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 223, 22. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 454. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 230. Male. Frons above about half as broad as the eye, but some- what varying; cheeks about half as broad as frons. Orbits whitish grey, downwards together with cheeks more silvery, dark in certain views; jowls dark grey; frontal stripe velvet black to reddish black. Outer vertical bristles present, but often somewhat weak. Frontal bristles reaching to the end of second antennal joint, all crossing. Vibrissæ ascending to near one third of the height. Orbits and cheeks with black hairs; jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput grey, along the eye-margin silvery downwards, with pale yellowish hairs. Eyes pale-hairy. Antennæ black, or slightly reddish at base of third joint; this latter not large, slightly longer than second; arista thickened Winthemia. 373 in basal third. Palpi yellow, more or less darkened at base, rather densely hairy at apex. Thorax black, slightly shining, distinctly bluish grey pruinose, palest at the sides; there are foiir about equally broad, distinct, black stripes, the middle abbreviated behind; further a narrow median stripe generally more or less visible; scutelliim brownish. Thorax black-haired. Two sternopleural bristles. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with a red spot on each side over second, third and fourth segment, and apex red; from the third segment abdomen is whitish or a little yellowish pruinose, especially towards the front margins, shifting with dark spots according to view; along the middle there is a distinct, narrow, black stripe, widening on third segment. Andomen black-haired; second segment with- out or with a pair of generally weak bristles, third with one or two pairs of marginal bristles and fourth with a row of marginal. Fifth sternite small and mostly hidden, cleft to base, with a small triangular tooth in the middle of inner margin. Genitalia small and hidden; upper forceps strong, deeply cleft at base and the corners drawn long out and hairy; the apical part elongated triangular, curved a little inwards and with a median fissure apically; arms of lower forceps likewise «ome- what triangular, but with a dilatation in the middle of anterior margin; they are not quite as long as upper forceps. Legs black; anterodorsal row of bristles on hind tibiæ dense, with or without a longer bristle. Wings clear or nearly, more or less blackish at base; veins black or blackish; first posterior cell narrowly open. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish or yellow. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye; one or two upper frontal bristles reclinate. Antennæ with third joint broader. Abdomen without or with only small, red side markings. Length. Rather varying in size, the length from 5 to 10 mm. W. quadripustulata ig common in Denmark on all suitable loca- lities; it occurs in and at woods, in low herbage and on flowers and leaves, but the female is rare ly met with; the dates are ^^/s — ^/g; I have taken it in copula on ^^/g. It is, I think, our most common Tachinid, and occurring during the whole season. It is parasitic on a great number of Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 1917, 27) treated its biology, Fig. 84. W. quadri- pustulata, rj , hind tibia with anterodorsal bristles. 374 Tachinidae. and mentions it in our country as bred from Vanessa io and urticae, Brotolomia meticulosa and Cucullia lychnitis. There is generally only one but up to four parasites in each host; more than one yearly brood. Besides from the named hosts I have seen it from Smerinthus ocellatus^ Cucullia scrophulariae, Plusia moneta (Weis) and Cucullia umbratica, the Smerinthus and Plusia not earlier known as hosts for it. Geographical distribution: — A widely distributed and every- where common species; all Europe; towards the north to northern Sweden and Lapland. Likewise widely distributed in North America. Remarks: I think that erythrura Meig. is only a variety which has less red on abdomen, generally the abdominal bristles well deve- loped, and perhaps the bristles of the hind tibial row slightly longer; such specimens Stein has had from me and determined them as erythrura ? 4. W. xanthogastra Rond. 1859. Eond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 107, 2 (Chaetolyga). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 452 (iVemoraea). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 233. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 141. — Nemoraea analis 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 453. Male. This species is similar to the preceding. Shape and colour of head the same. Antennæ with third joint relatively longer, nearly twice as long as second. Thorax broader than in quadripustulata, less pale pruinose, but with five distinct stripes, the three middle of equal breadth and equally distinct. Abdomen likewise rather broad, red or brownish red, with the base and a broad middle stripe black, the stripe is a little dilated towards the sides at the hind mar- gins; it doesnot reach the apex, so that fifth segment is red all round the margin; abdomen is somewhat whitish or pale yellowish pruinose, especially towards the front margins and most broadly at the sides, but shifting according to view; a narrow, black middle line present, widened on third segment. The black hairs on abdomen are fmer but denser than in quadripustulata; there is generally a pair of mar- ginal bristles on second and third segment, but they are not strong. Legs black; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ rather dense, without longer bristles. Female. Quite similar to the male as abdomen has the same colour. Frons broader than the eye ; two or three upper frontal bristles reclinate. Antennæ with third joint broader than in male. Bristles on abdomen stronger. Carcelia. 375 Length 8 — Hmm; the species thiis does not exceed quadri- pustulata much as to length, but it gives the impression of being larger, on accoiint of its greater breadth. W. xanthogastra does not seem to be imcommon in Denmark, though most of our specimens are from earUer times; of locahties I only know Ordrup, Lolland at Maribo and in Jutland at Sønderborg; the dates are in May. As hosts are known Acherontia atropos, Sphinx ligustri, Chaerocampa elpenor^ Smerinthus ocellata and popiili, Dendro- limus pirii, Acronycta tridens, Brachyonycha sphinx and Catocala sponsa] with us it has been bred from Sphinx ligustri and Chaero- campa elpenor. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk natnrh. Foren. 65, 1913, 301) treated its biology, which is similar to that of qiiadri- pustulata; the species choses mainly large larvæ as hosts, especially Sphinx ligustri; the author found 74 larvæ in one Sphinx pupa. The larvæ bores out of the host larva, or rarely this reaches to pupate before; no doubt more than one yearly brood. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). Remarks: As Stein ascribes his xanthogastra three sternopleural bristles it cannot be the present species; thereagainst his ligustri n. sp. seems to be the true xanthogastra^ an opinion expressed to me by Dr. Villeneuve. 82. Capcelia R. D. Species of medium size and of dark colour with greyish pruinosity, in most species the male with reddish side spots on abdomen. The genus is in most respects similar to Winthemia. Head a little broader than thorax, somewhat short and quite flat behind or almost a little concave, and not puffed out below, much higher than long. Frons almost not protruding. Eyes high, occupying nearly the w^hole side parts of the head, so that the jowls are small and not descending. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer verticals and two orbitals. Small postocellar and occipital bristles. Postocular bristles fme, no black hairs behind them. Frontal bristles descending to about the end of second antennal joint, or farther down to insertion of arista; in both sexes two upper strong and reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ only slightly ascending, rarely about to middle. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint two to three times as long as second. Thorax nearly square; bristles as in Win- 376 Tachinidae. themia, but sometimes (in non Danish species) only three postsutural dorsocentrals; two sternopleiiral bristles. Abdomen rather flat, short ovate, or sometimes a little narrower and elongated ; all segments with marginal bristles, third with two or foiir; sometimes also irregular discai bristles present. Genitalia small and hidden. Hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal fringe of medium long bristles. In some species hind coxæ with small bristly hairs behind at apex and middle tibiæ with ventral bristle, in other species both coxal hairs and ventral bristle on middle tibiæ absent in both sexes. Claws and pulvilli elongated in male. Wings as in Winthemia. The species are parasitic on many various Heterocera, one species {cheloniae) also bred from Tenthredinids; guava and cheloniae belong to Pantel's group 10, characterised by pedunculated eggs, and the same no doubt holds good also for the other species. The eggs are as a rule glued to the hairs of the host, but also sometimes fastened on the skin. The larva in first stage lives free in the host, and later a secondary breathing hole is formed. One to several parasites develop in each host; they bore out just when the host larva is pupating and pupate in the ground {gnava sometimes pupating in the host pupa), or they pupate in the host pupa (cheloniae); the pupa hiber- nates. Of the genus there are, after Villeneuve's revision in 1912, known 12 European species, but probably still more species, not yet recog- nised, exist. The species form a natural group, but are very closely related and difficult to discriminate ; there will thus be seen to be great difference between the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. and Villeneuve. I have here naturally quite followed Villeneuve, and of all my species I possess specimens determined by this author. Of the genus four species have been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Hind coxæ witli small bristly hairs behind at apex; naiddle tibiæ with a ventral bristle 2. — Hind coxæ without bristly hairs behind; middle tibiæ with no ventral bristle 4. rutilla. 2. Abdomen without discai bristles 1. gnava. — Abdomen with discai bristles 3. 3. Frons somewhat narrow ; vibrissæ not ascending 2. cheloniae. — Frons broad, in male about as broad as the eye; vibrissæ ascending to near middle 3. laxifrons. Carcelia. 377 1. C. gnava Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 330, 156 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 255, 1 (Exorista) p. p. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 462 {Exorista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1900. 158, 9. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 236. — 1912. Villen. La Feuille des jeun. Nat. V, 42, 90. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 143. — Tachina Incorum Meig. p. p. 1824. 1. c. IV, 328, 154 et 1838. VII, 256, 17 (Exorista). — Exorista proxima Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 257, 14. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 468. — 1900. Villen. 1. c. 159, 15. — Tachina excavata Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. 1131, 128. — C. processioneae Stein, 1824. Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 66, 8. Male. Frons above about half as broad as the eye; cheeks some- what broad above, narrowing downwards. Orbits whitish grey, cheeks more silvery, jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black, as broad as orbits. Frontal bristles descending at most to end of second antennal joint. Vibrissæ quite slightly ascending. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, silvery along the eye-margin, with whitish yellow hairs. Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ black, somewhat greyish, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi yellow, Thorax blackish, slightly shining, bluish grey pruinose, palest at the sides, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral broader, interrupted at the suture; also a median black stripe visible; scutellum yellowish brown. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen blackish, a little shining, with red side spots over second and third segment, and sometimes just visible at front margin of fourth; abdomen is greyish pruinose, with irregular dark tessellations, shifting according to view, and with a dark middle stripe and narrow hind margins. Abdomen black-haired; second segment with a pair, third with four marginal bristles (sometimes more). Fifth sternite small, nearly hidden; it is cleft to base, the cleavage narrow at bottom, then widening broadly. Hypopygium small; upper forceps elongated triangular, incised at base and with long hairs; it is cleft in most of its length, the fissure widening in the middle, but narrow at base and apex; arms of lower forceps forming straight styles, obtuse at end, a little shorter than upper forceps. Legs black with tibiæ and partly front tarsi yellowish, tibiæ generally a little darkened at end; hind coxæ with small bristly hairs behind at apex; front tibiæ with two posteroventral bristles and middle tibiæ with generally two anterodorsal bristles or more, and with a ventral bristle; hind tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of bristles in which one long bristle. VV^ings nearly clear; veins brown, 378 Tachinidae. paler at base; discai angle often somewhat rounded and obtuse. Sqiiamulæ white. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons not as broad as the eye; frontal stripe about as broad as the orbits. Abdomen withoiit red markings. Length 7 — 9 mm. C.gnava is somewhat common in Denmark; Kongelund on Amager, Lundtofte, Holte, Donse, Tisvilde, Rørvig; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Nakskov and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Laven and Silkeborg; the dates are ^^/g into August. It is known as parasite on Dasychira pudibunda, Orgyia antiqua, Lymantria dispar, Stilpnotia salicis, Malacosoma neustria and Arctia caja. With us it has been bred from Malacosoma and Stilpnotia (Nielsen: Vidensk, Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 63, 1911, 1 and Mindeskr. f. Japetus Steenstrup XV, 1913). It has two broods in the year; Nielsen men- tions that some larvæ pupated on ^j^ — ^^Z,, and the imagines came on ^Z, — ^Zs- The Carcelia larva bores out of the host larva just at the pupation, or sometimes of the pupa, and pupates in the ground, and it hibernates as pupa; in rare cases it pupates in the skin of the host larva. One to four parasites may be found in one host. I possess some specimens from an undetermined lepidopterous larva, they emerged on ^^Zs — ^^U- Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden (see below). Remarks: Under Tachina excavata Zett. the author says: "in Dania, D.Westermann"; this species is considered synonym to excisa Fall. In Westermann's collection I do not fmd excavata, but a specimen labelled excisa and this is gnava. C. excisa is thus not found in Denmark, and that excavata Zett. is identical with gnava, an opinion also expressed to me by Dr. Villeneuve, is fiirther proved by my examination of Zetterstedt's types; I have seen a male and a female; the male is gnava, the female thereagainst is laxifrons, but the description evidently refers to the male. — It seems to me that also processioneae apud Stein is the present species, and also this view is communicated to me by Dr. Villeneuve, who also declares gnava apud Stein = lucorum B. B. + hombylans R. D. 2. C. cheloniae Rond. 1859. Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 138, 23 {Exorista). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 320 {Parexorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 234. — 1912. Villen. La Feuille des jeun. Nat. V, 42, 90. — 1921. Garcelia. 379 Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. 144. — ■ Tachina lucorum Meig. p. p. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 328, 154 et 1838. VII, 256, 17 (Exorista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 158, 8. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 64, 5. — Tachina fjnava Meig. p. p. 1824. 1. c. IV, 330, 156 et 1838. VII, 255, 1 {Exorista). — Exorista comata Kond. 1859. l.c. III, 137, 22. — Exorista hiserialis 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 461. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 254, 37 (Parexorista) . — Parexorista dubia B. B. 1891. l.c. LVIII, 322. Male. Similar to gnava. Frons above not half as broad as the eye. Head coloured as in gnava. Frontal bristles descending fully to the end of second antennal joint, those on the cheeks nearer to epistoma than to the eye. Antennæ with third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in about basal third. Thorax as in gnava, and abdomen coloured in the same way; the red markings sometimes nearly absent. Second segment with a pair or more, third with four and fourth with a row of marginal bristles ; third and fourth with somewhat numerous, more or less strong discai bristles. Genitalia mainly as in gnava, upper forceps distinctly divided into two arms. Legs black with tibiæ yellow, with base and apex blackish on ventral side; hind coxæ with small bristly hairs behind at apex; front tibiæ with two posteroventral bristles and middle tibiæ with ventral bristle. Wings almost clear; veins blackish; discai angle rectangular. Female. Similar; frons not as broad as the eye. Abdomen with the discai bristles stronger than in male. Length 8 — 8,5 mm. C. cheloniae has been taken only at Tisvilde and one specimen in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wtistnei); the specimens from Tisvilde were bred from Malacosoma castrensis; it is otherwise known from a great number of Heterocera and also from Tenthredinids. Nielsen has treated its biology (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 56, under the name of gnava, see correction in Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 1911, 1, where he declares, that the eggs described do not belong to this species); 2 — 5 parasites developed in each host. The pupation takes place in the host pupa and the pupa hibernates. Nielsen bred imagines on ^^j-j', the species has only one yearly brood. Remarks: It is curious that no material from Nielsen exists, and as the species is only known as Danish from his breadings, be- sides the mentioned specimen from Sønderborg, we possess at present only this latter specimen; as the species was determined by Dr. Ville- neuve, there can, however, be no doubt as to its identity. The above description is drawn from French specimens, kindly sent me from Dr. Villeneuve. — I have cited lucorum Stein under the present 380 Tachinidae. species as this is at all events incliided in his lucorum (but I have got specimens of gnava Meig. determined by Stein as lucorum Meig.). Geographical distribution: — Europe; it is not known north of Denmark. It has been introduced to North America (if it is really this species). 3. G. laxifrons Villen. 1912. Villen. La Feuille des jeun. Nat. V, 42, 90. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 146. — Parexorista lucorum B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 322 et 1893. LX, 222. Of this species I possess only a rather bad male. The species is similar to the others, but frons above about as broad as the eye. Frontal bristles somewhat numerous, descending to insertion of arista, those on the cheeks in the same distance from epistoma and eye-margin. Antennal arista thickened in basal half . Vibrissæ ascending about to the middle. Abdomen with small red side-spots, and with some smaller or larger, irregular discai bristles besides the marginal on third and fourth segment. Legs with tibiæ yellow or yellowish; hind coxæ with small, bristly hairs behind, front tibiæ with two posteroventral bristles and middle tibiæ with ventral bristle. Wings somewhat browned at bage and anterior margin. Squamulæ a little yellowish. Length 9 mm. This species is characterised by the broad frons and the relatively high ascending vibrissæ. C. laxifrons seems to be very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a male, from Hald in Jutland; it is labelled as bred from Dasychira fascelina, the host larva taken in June 1899 and the imago developing on ^^/g 1900 (C. S. Larsen); otherwise no host is known. Geographical distribution: — Middle Europe, and also found in Sweden (see remarks). Remarks: As noticed under gnava I have examined two of Zetterstedt's types to excavata, and found one of them, a female, to be laxifrons. 4. C. rutilla B. B. (nec Rond.). 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 320 (Parexorista). — 1912. Villen. La Feuille des jeun. Nat. V, 42, 89. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 145. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturg. 90, 6, 67, 9. — Tachina fulva Meig. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 399, 180 et 1838, VII, 256, 45 {Exorista). Carcelia. 381 — 1907. Villen. Wien, Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 247, 3. — Exorista flavicans Macq. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, VII, 391, 52, Tab. XI, fig. 24. Male. Frons above scarcely half as broad as the eye; cheeks rather narrow. Orbits yellowish, cheeks and jowls silvery; frontal stripe velvet black, narrower than orbits. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occipiit yellowish, with white hairs. Eyes with pale yellow hairs. Antennæ black, third joint thrice as long as second; arista long, thickened in less than basal half and evenly tapering. Palpi yellow. Thorax yellowish pruinose with four dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture and divided into two elongate spots. Scutellum somewhat yellowish. Thorax black-haired. Ab- domen a little elongated conical, the three last segments yellowish pruinose, leaving narrow hind margins and a middle stripe black. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair, third with four and fourth with a row of marginal bristles. No real digcal bristles, at most some stronger hairs. Legs black, tibiæ brownish, dark on basal part; hind coxæ without bristles behind; front tibiæ with two postero- ventral bristles; middle tibiæ with one anterodorsal bristle and no ventral bristle; hind tibiæ with a row of dense anterodorsal bristles, with one long bristle. Wings nearly clear or somewhat yellowish brown at base and anterior margin. Squamulæ yellowish. Balteres dirty yellow. Female. Similar; colour generally more greyish; frons broader, but not as broad as the eye; frontal stripe at most half as broad as the orbit. Length 7 — 8 mm. C. rutilla is rare in Denmark, I know 7 specimens in all, three males and four females, from Hornbæk and Tisvilde; the dates are in September. The specimens from Hornbæk are bred from Bupaliis piniarius in November (Weis). The species was besides earlier known from Dendrolimiis pin i. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden (se Remarks under Winthemia speciosa). This species is, besides by the characters given in the table, known among the Danish species by the rather yellowish colour, and the male abdomen without red side spots. Remarks: I possess a specimen, female, from Sønderborg (Wust- nei) which has only one bristle on front tibiæ ; it would thus be excisa FalL, but otherwise it is more like rutilla, so that perhaps it is an 382 Tachinidae. abnormal specimen of this species with the second bristle on front tibiæ not developed. Villeneuve also determined it as rutilla, but at the same time declared that it might well be leucophaea Rond., but abnormal by the presence of numerous, robnst disoal bristles. 83. Tacliina Meig. Species of medium or rather large size, and of black colour with pale pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind and a little puffed out below, higher than long. Frons in male a little narrower than or about as broad as the eye, in female broader^ somewhat protruding. Cheeks rather broad; jowls one third of the height of the eye or less. In both sexes ocellar and strong inner ver- tical bristles, in female also outer verticals and two orbitals; small, more or less individualised outer verticals may also be present in male. Relatively large postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to the middle of the cheeks or below, the lower placed in the middle between epistoma and eye-margin; the two uppermost strong and reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ more or less ascending, from about one third of the height to above the middle. Eyes bare, or quite slightly pubescent. Epistoma somewhat retreating and a little reflected below; it is produced a little below the large vibrissa. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length; clypeus forceps-shaped. Palpi thin, thread-like. Antennæ inserted somewhat or high above middle of the eye, third joint somewhat longer than to fully twice as long as second; arista with second joint short or slightly elongated. Thorax rectangular or almost quadratic; three or four postsutural dorso- centrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præ- sutural intraalar bristle present, in riistica often wanting. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, erect and crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a couple of bristles above. Abdomen cylindrical or elongated conical; excava- tion on second segment reaching hind margin ; there are only marginal, or both marginal and discai bristles; second segment with a pair of marginal; fifth segment with bristles on most part. Genitalia small; upper forceps not cleft; arms of lower forceps more or less scale-like. Legs somewhat robust, especially femora, with strong bristles; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pul- villi in male strongly elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings Tachina. 383 with first posterior cell narrowly open in considerable distance from apex of wing, discai angle rectangiilar, the vein prolonged beyond it as a veinlet or fiirrow aboiit half way to margin ; apical cross- vein curved above the angle, then straight and sloping; a not large costal spine. The species are parasitic on varioiis Lepidoptera and on some Tenthredinids, some of them, especially larvarum very polyphagoiis. They belong to Pantel's group 1, and the larva gets the air through a primary hole. Of the genus 27 species are recorded in Kat. palåarkt. Dipt., but many of them uncertain. Further there is a large number which cannot be interpreted or even with certainty placed in the genus. Three (or only two) occur in Denmark. I have kept the name Tachina., so long in use, for the present genus, but strictly Exorista Meig. 1803, with the type larvarum should replace it, while Tachina should replace Echinomyia. Table of Species. 1. Four postsutural dorsocentral bristles; abdomen with only marginal bristles; scutellum more or less red {Tachina s. str.) 2. — Three postsutural dorsocentral bristles; abdomen as a rule with also discai bristles; scutellum not red {Chaetotachina B. B.) 3. rustica. 2. Vibrissæ not ascending to frontal bristles; eyes practically bare; pruinose bands on abdomen broad 1. larvarum. — Vibrissæ ascending to or above lowermost frontal bristle, and more numerous; eyes a little pubescent; pruinose bands on abdomen less broad 2. fasciata. 1. T. larvarum L. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, .596 et 1767. XII, 2, 992 (Musca). — ?1764. 0. F. MuU. Fn. Fridrichsd. 736 (Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 300, 81 (Musca). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 295, 100 et 1838. VII, 190, 19. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 98, Tab. IV, Fig. 64 (Eutachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 335. -~ 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 355. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 114, 2. — T. vidua Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 315, 131 et 1838. VII, 190, 28. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 474. — T. flavesceyis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 294, 98 et 1838. VII, 190, 2. —1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1014, 2. Male. Frons above a little narrower than the eye or about as broad. Orbits yellowish, darkest above; cheeks paler yellowish or white and silvery; jowls greyish. Frontal stripe narrower than orbits, 384 Tachinidae. velvet black or brownish black. Frontal bristles descending fully to middle of the cheeks with about four or five bristles. Vibrissæ ascending more or less upwards, but not reaching the frontal bristles. Orbits with fine, sparse hairs, denser and longer above; jowls with longish black hairs. Occipiit yellowish grey, with dense yellow hairs. Antennæ black, second joint may be a little pale at apex, third joint twice as long as second or a little more; arista thickened in about basal half. Palpi yellowish, darker at base. Thorax black, slightly shining, greyish or yellowish grey pruinose, with four some- what broad black stripes, the median not abbreviated until quite behind; scutellum more or less to quite reddish brown. Thorax black-haired; four postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen black, some- what shining, sometimes a little reddish at the sides; the three last segments with broad greyish or greyish yellow pruinose bands, a little shifting according to view, the hind margins and a generally narrow middle line black. Abdomen black-haired with only marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row on fourth segment. Genitalia small; upper forceps forming an elongated, blade-shaped lancet with a little claw at apex; it is curved ventrally; the upper surface is hollowed and strongly carinate along the middle, and it is covered with longish, backwards directed hairs; arms of lower forceps shining, scale-like pieces at base of upper forceps, their inner anterior corner drawn out in a medium-long style. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged, a little yellowish at base; veins brown; a distinct costal spine. Squa- mulæ yellowish with the margin yellow. Halteres brown to blackish. Female. Similar; frons somewhat broader. Length. The size may vary very much, the length from 6 to 14 mm. T. larvarum is somewhat common; it is known from Sealand, Langeland, Lolland and Jutland; the dates are ^o/^ — ^[^. Nielsen has (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 60, and correction ibid. 1913, 372; Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 64, 1913, 222 and as vidua 235) treated its biology; he mentions it from Spilosoma lubricipeda, Malacosoma castrensis, Zygaena lonicerae and Macrothylacia rubi, and further it is found in his collection from Cosmotriche potatoria, Orgyia antiqua and Acrom/cta auricoma, the latter not hitherto known as host for it. In the Zygaena larva from one to four parasites developed. The parasite pupated almost always in the host, only rarely the pupa was found in the cocoon. The species has two yearly broods, in the Zygaena the first brood developed, the imagines came in June and July; in Spilosoma it was the second brood which developed, the Tachina. 385 pupæ here hibernated and gave imagines in May next year, some, however, came in the same year, but probably they perished. The species is otherwise very polyphagoiis and known from a large number of various Rhopalocera and Heterocera and also from Tenthredinids. In larger hosts up to ten parasites may develop. The host is destroyed sometimes before pupation, sometimes after; the larva likewise sometimes bores out and goes into the ground, sometimes it pupates in the host or cocoon. Geographical distribution: — All Europe at least, and often very common; towards the north to middle Sweden. It has been introduced to North America, and here infested American Lepidoptera, and some interesting experiences were made about it (Howard and Fiske: U.S. Dep. of Agric. Bur. of Entom. No. 91, 1911.). 2. T. fasciata Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 5, 4. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1013, 1. — T. macrocera R. D. 1830. Myod. 188, 6 et 1863. Posth. I, 959, 1. — 1912. Villen. Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Insektenbiol. VIII, 296. — T. impotens Rond. 1865. Atti Soc. Ital. Se. Nat. VIII, 214. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 335. — 1921. Baer, Zeitsehr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 358. — T. larvarum 1862. Sehin. F. A. I, 474. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 64, 23. — T. nitidiventris Zett. 1859. l.e. XIII, 6071, 2—3. — 1914. Villen. La Feuille des jeun. Nat. V, 44, 94. — 'i Baumhaueria grandis Egg. 1861. Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XI, 213. This species is very similar to larvarum. The frons is perhaps a little broader, as broad as the eye. The orbits are less yellow. Vibrissæ more ascending, up to above the lowermost frontal bristle. The eyes are more visibly pubescent than in larvarum. The pruinose bands on abdomen are narrower, generally covering just the front half of the segments. The size generally as in larvarum, but it is, how- ever, sometimes larger. T. fasciata is, as it seems, less common in Denmark than lar- varum; Valby, Rørvig, Tisvilde, Køge and on Lolland; the dates are in July and August. Some of the specimens are bred from Macro- thylacia ruhi and Cosmotriche potatoria (Nielsen, Weis). Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 64, 1913, 228, impotens, and 232, macrocera) treated its biology; he bred it from Malacosoma castrensis and Orgijia antiqua, and in Greenland it was bred from Dasychira groenlandica; the host generally pupated before it was destroyed, but the Greenlandic specimens were bred from the Dasy- chira larva. The parasite larva bored out and pupated in the cocoon. 26 386 Tachinidae. The larvæ of Malacosoma were taken in June, and the imago came in August ; the Orgyia larvæ were taken in August and the fly devel- oped in October. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north in southern Sweden, but going far towards north, occurring in Green- land to 77° L. N. Remarks : Whether T. fasciata is really a separate species I dåre not say with certainty, but I much doubt it. It seems to me that the distinguishing characters, the height to which the vibrissæ ascend, the pubescence of the eyes, the colour of orbits and the breadth of the frons etc, are ve ry vague and in no way free from variation. As seen, Nielsen has in his biological papers, besides larva- rum, still impotens, macrocera and vidua, thus in all four species; of the last two no imagines are found in his collection (of macrocera no imagines from Denmark). He gives some larval characters in the shape of the pharyngeal skeleton and the posterior spiracles, but I think that these small characters will not in a sufficiently large ma- terial prove constant. When Villeneuve (1. c. 1912) stated the species {macrocera) to be different from larvarum, he, by a mistake, thought it to be larviparous, while it is in reality oviparous as the other species of Tachina. The larviparous species which Nielsen had mentioned was Ernestia radicum (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1913, 372). 3. T. rustica Fall. Fall. 1810. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 282 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 5, 5. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Besclir. VII, 193, 21. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 474. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 98, Tab. IV, Fig. 65. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 65, 24. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 341. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 359. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 114, 3. — T. larmrum 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1015, 3. Male. Frons as broad or about as broad as the eye, or somewhat narrower. Orbits yellowish or deeper yellow, cheeks of the same colour or paler to whitish, palest below; rarely orbits greyish white and cheeks white; jowls grey. Frontal stripe much narrower than orbits, velvet black. Frontal bristles descending to the middle of cheeks, or more or less below. Vibrissæ only a little ascending, about to one third of the height. Orbits with very fine and sparse hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with pale yellow hairs. Antennæ black, third joint relatively short, at most one and a half times the second; arista thickened in less than basal half, second joint a little Tachina. 387 elongated. Palpi yellow, dark at base. Thorax black, somewhat shining, grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with foiir black stripes, the median abbreviated somewhat behind the suture, the lateral more or less interrupted at the suture; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired ; three postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, pruinose as in larvarum, with both disoal and marginal bristles; on second segment a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and as a rule four marginal, and fourtli with a pair of discai and a row of marginal ; sometimes the discai on third segment small or wanting {eruca- rum Rond.). Hypopygium as in larvarum, but upper forceps shorter, oval, with a longer claw-like apex; the hairs on its upper surface directed partly outwards partly towards the middle line, the latter very dense and yellow or golden; the arms of lower forceps with the corner drawn Fig. 85. T. rustica (J, antenna. Fig. 86. Wing of T. rustica. less out; both upper and lower forceps red or black. Legs and wings as in larvarum. Squamulæ white or yellowish, with a narrow yellow margin. Halteres brownish or dark brownish. Female. Similar, with the usual differences. Length 5,5 — 10 mm. T. rustica is more common in Denmark than larvarum; Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Ørholm, Ruderhegn, Donse, Humlebæk, Gilleleje, Tisvilde, Rørvig; on Bogø south of Sealand; on Langeland at Lohals; on Funen at Odense and Veflinge; on Lolland at Bremersvold, in Kældskov, at Strandby and in Egholm Skov near Nysted; in Jutland at Sønderborg, in Sottrup- skov, at Skeide, Madeskov, Høruphav, Hardeshøj, in Nørholm Skov 25* 388 Tachinidae. at Varde, Greisdal, Hov, Laven, Albøge on Djursland, and Sæby, and finally on Bornholm at Hasle; the dates are "/g — ^/m- I have taken it in copula on ^J^. It occurs in and at woods, often on Umbelli- fers. As hosts are known Vanessa polychloros^ Stilpnotia salicis, Lymantria dispar, Malacosoma neustria, Lasiocampa guercus and of Tenthredinids Tenthredella flavicornis, Tenthredopsis coqueherti (non Danish) and campestris, Rhagogaster viridis and Tenthredo arcuata. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 1917, 30) treated its biology; he bred it from an undetermined Tenthredinid larva, taken on clover in September; the parasite hibernated in the first larval stage in the half pupa of the host, and the imagines came in June next year. It is interesting that the larva, though it does not go out of the egg and then bore in as the other Tachina larvæ, but goes out of the bottom of the egg direct in the host, yet uses the hole as a primary breathing opening. One of our specimens is bred from Orgyia ericae, not hitherto known as host for it. Geographical distribution: — Europe, towards the north to northern Sweden; also known from Japan. 84. Tpicliolyga Rond. Medium sized or somewhat large species of black colour with pale pruinosity. The genus is nearly related to, and in most respects similar to Tachina. Frontal bristles strong, descending down on the cheeks with five or six bristles to below the middle or to the lower third. Vibrissæ not much ascending, to about one third of the height. Eyes densely hairy. Epistoma a little retreating, a little reflected below, almost not prolonged below the large vibrissa. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint somewhat more than twice as long as second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Palpi a little flattened. Thorax quadratic; four postsutural dorso- centrals and three præ- and tliree (sometimes four) postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle, placed rather inwards, not on a line with the postsutural. Three sternopleural bristles. Ab- domen with only marginal bristles. Genitalia small, mainly as in Tachina. Hind tibiæ with a distinct, somewhat dense anterodorsal row of medium sized and somewhat equal bristles, with one or a couple of longer bristles; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings as in Tachina, but without costal spine. The best known species, sorbillans, is parasitic on a number of \ Trichoiyga. 389 Lepidoptera; it belongs to Pantel's group 1 and forms a primary breathing hole; besides, only one other species {corsica B. B.) is recorded from a Lophyrus. Of the genus some seven European species are recorded, one occurs in Denmark. 1. T. sorbillans Wied. 1830. Wied. Aussereur. Zweifl. Ins. II, 311, 54 {Tachina). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. LVIII, 350 {Podotachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 334 {Podotachina). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 359. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 115, 4. — Tachina grandis Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1088, 85. — 1909. Villen. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 677, 5. _ T. major Eond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 185, 1 (nec B. B.). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 6, 5 (Exorista). — T. bomhjcum. Beck. 1889. Ind. Mus. Notes I, 77, Tab. V, Fig. 1 et 1893. II, 164. — T. bomhycis Wulp, 1893. Entom. Tijdschr. LXI. — ^.Tachina pavoniae Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1091, 88 et 1859. XIII, 6095, 88. Male. Frons above nearly as broad as the eye or a little less, somewhat protruding; cheeks broad. Orbits and cheeks yellowish, the former blackish above; epistoma grey or silver-white ; jowls grey. Frontal stripe aboiit as broad as orbits, velvet black. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Eyes densely yellow-hairy. Occipiit grey, yellowish along the eye-margin, with dense white hairs. Antennæ black; arista thickened in fully basal half. Palpi yellowish, dark on basal half. Thorax black, greyish prninose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated somewhat before scutellum; scutellum more or less brownish red. Thorax black-haired; apical scutellar bristles somewhat small and somewhat erect and crossing. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, a little reddish at the sides; the three last seg- ments with a broad grey prninose front band, shifting with dark tessellations according to view, leaving hind margins and a middle line black. Abdomen black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on second and third and a row on foiirth segment; the bristles strong. Upper forceps oval, hollowed on upper surface, with dense yellowish red hairs, those from each side meeting in the middle and forming a conspicuous red briish. Legs black. Wings very slightly greyish tinged; veins blackish; first posterior cell open, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, the vein prolonged in a veinlet or furrow, reaching two thirds to margin; apical cross- vein curved above the angle, for the rest straight and sloping. Squa- mulæ whitish with yellowish margin. Halteres blackish. 390 Tachinidae, Female. Similar; frons a little broader. Length 10 — 14 mm. T. sorhillans is rare in Denmark, I know only seven specimens, six males and a female; on Langeland at Hjortholm; on Lolland at Maribo, and in Jutland at Villebølle near Ribe and at Silkeborg; tbe latter specimen taken on ^/4 the otliers bred from Saturnia pa- vonia on ^°/4 — ^^"/g (Sønderup). It is otherwise known from Vanessa io, Sphinx ligustri, Arctia caja, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Lymantria dispar, Mamestra oleracea and pisi and Cossiis cossus; and further from the non Danish Saturnia pyri and spini, Arctia hebe and Thaumatopoea pityocampa; it is especially a Saturnia parasite. In India it attacks other species and likewise in America. The pupa hibernates either in the ground, or generally in the host larva or pupa; it is recorded to have two yearly broods in middle Europe, but according to Nielsen (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 69, 1918, 254) it has only one in our country. Geographical distribution: — A very widely distributed species; all Europe, the Canaries, India and Japan; towards the north to Southern Sweden. It has been introduced to North America. Remarks: I have examined Zetterstedt's types of T. grandis, two males, and found them to be the present species; I have also examined the type of T. pavoniae, a specimen from Wahlberg; it is a female and rather small, but I take it to be the present species. 85. Gonia Meig. Species of medium to rather large size and of black or blackish brown colour, with abdomen black or more or less reddish at the sides, often to such an extent that it is mainly red. The genus is characteristic by the shape of the head; this is a little broader than thorax, almost flat behind. Frons very broad and about equal in both sexes, very protruding, and together with cheeks somewhat swoln; vertex trans- lucent, and the whole head of a somewhat bladdery appearance and wax-like colour. Cheeks very broad and jowls about half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes erect, outwards and backwards directed ocellar bristles, inner and outer vertical and two or three orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. No black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles slightly descending, to about end of second antennal joint, all crossing in both sexes, the last three or four placed horizontally outwards on I Gonia. 391 the cheeks. On the orbits, outwards to the frontal bristles, some more or less irregularly placed bristles. Cheeks hairy, at the inner margin with a shorter or longer row of bristles in about the lower half. Vibrissæ not ascending; the vibrissal ridges somewhat con- verging just below. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating, somewhat strongly reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis long, of about equal length; clypeus long and narrow, forceps-like excised; pro- boscis slender, labella relatively small; palpi long, slightly dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye or only slightly above; in the male second joint short, third long, four to five times as long as second; in female second joint longer and third shorter, so that they are about equal, or third only twice as long as second; arista short, thickened in the whole length, second joint elongated, as long or about as long as third, and the two geniculate towards each other. Thorax quadratic or a little rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Besides the two notopleural bristles still a smaller third. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical (or preapical) diverging and somewhat erect; besides some smaller bristles may be present; further there are some bristles on the disc. Four sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and a strong bristle above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair or none, on third a pair and on fourth a row (in non Danish species there may be more numerous bristles on second and third segment). Genitalia small, hidden. Legs with the anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ more or less unequal, sometimes rather dense and equal; claws and pulvilli small; in female the three last joints on front tarsi dilated. Wings with first posterior cell nar- rowly open or just closed, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or obtuse; bristles on base of cubital vein generally somewhat numerous; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera, especially on larvæ of Mamestra and Agrotis; they belong, so far known, to Pantel's group 2. They are mainly spring species. Up to a score of palæarctic species are known, but a number being southern forms; 3 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Abdomen black or mainly black and also venter black. ... 3. fasciata. — Abdomen mainly red and also venter red 2. 392 Tachinidae. 2. Middle stripe on abdomen narrow 1. capitata. — Middle stripe on abdomen broader, towards one tkird or fourth of the breadth of abdomen 2, ornata. 1. G. capitata De Geer. 1776. De Geer, Mem. Ins. VI, 23, 2, Tab. I, Fig. 3 [Musca). — 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 11, 18, p. p. {Tachina). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Bescbr. V, 3, 1. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 632, 1 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1192, 1. — 1888. Kow. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. VII, 10, 11. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 363. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 362. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescb. 90, 6, 119, 2. — G. trifaria Zell. 1842. Isis, 841, 1. — 1862. Scbin. F. A. I, 443. — G. vacua Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 4, 5. — 1862. Scbin. F. A. I, 444. Male. Frons double as broad as the eye. Orbits yellow, above a little greyish and shining; cheeks and jowls yellow, somewhat golden pruinose; frontal stripe bright yellow, seen from in front somewhat white pruinose. Orbits outside the frontals beset with irregular bristles, besides only sparingly haired, most above; cheeks and jowls with fine and short black hairs, rather scattered; on inner margin of cheeks in the lower half a row of bristles, Occiput grey, but yellow and translucent above on a triangular space from vertex downwards; it has whitish yellow hairs, except on the yellow part. Antennæ black, with the basal joints reddish yellow; third joint four to five times a^ long as second; arista with second and third joint of about equal length. Palpi yellow. Thorax blackish, somewhat shining, humeral cailus and lateral margin reddish, and it is also somewhat reddish in front of scutellum; it is greyish pruinose with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral inter- rupted at the suture. Scutellum yellowish translucent. Thorax with short, black hairs. Abdomen yellowish red, with a narrow black middle line and apex of fifth segment black; also at hind margin of fourth segment the line forms a triangular smaller or larger spot; abdomen is very narrowly whitish pruinose just at the front margin of third and fourth segment, on fifth segment the pruinosity is more golden and covering all the yellow part. Abdomen is black-haired; on second and third segment a pair of marginal bristles, on fourth a row. Legs black, tibiæ may be a little obscurely brownish; antero- dorsal bristles on hind tibiæ more or less unequal. Wings a little brown- ish; veins yellow, outwards blackish; discai angle rectangular, apical cross-vein a little incurved above the angle. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brown. Gonia. 393 Female. Similar; second antennal joint longer and third shorter, the two joints nearly equal. Length 11,5 — 13 mm. G. capitata is not rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Ørholm, Hillerød, Humlebæk, Sletten, Lave Skov near Helsingør, Tisvilde; on Lolland at Strandby and Øster Ulslev; on Funen at Ringe near Faaborg; the dates are ^/g — ^/s- It often occurs in sandy regions, and I have taken it on Thymus and Achillea. The species is parasitic on Agrotis segetum, and also recorded from A. praecox, but this record is uncertain, as the fly possibly was ornata or the Agrotis was segetum. One of my specimens is likewise bred from A. segetum, the imago coming on ^Z,. Geographical distribution: — All Europe and down into North Africa, and on the Canaries; towards the north to southern Sweden. Also occurring in North America. 2. G. ornata Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Besclir. V, 3, 2. — 1888. Kow. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. VII, 11, 12. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 365. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 363. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f . Naturgesch. 90, 6, 120, 10. — Reaumuria capitata 1830. R. D. Myod. 80, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 443 (Gonia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 100, Tab. IV, Fig. 75 (Gonia). — G. lateralis Zell. 1842. Isis, 843, 2. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1194, 2. — Reaumuria melanura R. D. 1830. Myod. 81, 4. — 1838. Meig. I. c. VII, 245, 11 (Gonia). — 1888. Kow. 1. c. VII, 14, 7 (Gonia). Male. This species is much like the preceding. Head of same shape and colour; the bristles on orbits outside the frontals somewhat arranged in a row. The hairs on cheeks rather strong, especially downwards. Thorax quadratic, more brownish black and brownish pruinose than in capitata, and more obscurely reddish at the sides. Abdomen red, not yellowish red, the median stripe broader and fifth segment sometimes all black; the pruinose bands more distinct, broader, and whitish also on fifth segment. Legs and wings as in capitata, but the apical cross-vein more straight and the angle less rectangular. Female. Likewise similar to the female of capitata, but the hinder half or more of fourth and all the fifth segment black, so that abdomen has the apical part largely black. Thorax more greyish pruinose than in male. Length. The species is distinctly smaller than capitata, the length 8,5 — 11,5 mm. 394 Tachinidae. G. ornata is much more common in Denmark than capitata; Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Holte, Hareskov, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Roskilde; on Lolland at Strandby; in Jutland at Nyminde- gab, Hadsten, Funder and Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm at Arnager; the dates are ^1^ — ^^Z,, it is thus an early species. It occurs frequently in sandy localities. It is parasitic on Agrotis vestigialis and perhaps on A. praecox; also once bred from Pachytelia villosella. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden, and in Finland. 3. G. fasciata Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 6, 10, Tab. XLII, Fig. 10. — 1842. Zell. Isis, 844, 3. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1195, 3 et 1849. VIII, 3252, 3. — 1862. Scbin. F. A. I, 442. — 1888. Kow. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. VII, 7, 6. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 82, 5. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 364. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 363. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natnrgescli. 90, 6, 120, 7. — Tachina capitata p. p. Fall. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 11, 18. Male. Again this species is similar to the others, but distinguished by the black abdomen. Head shaped and coloured as in the others, but cheeks more whitish pruinose; the hairs on jowls may be pale or black. Thorax blackish brown or olive, brownish or greyish pruinose, the median stripes sometimes confluent. Abdomen black, shining, sometimes obscurely reddish at the sides of third and fourth seg- ment; the three last segments with somewhat narrow, greyish white pruinose front bands, broader on fifth segment; the marginal bristles on second segment weak or wanting. Hind tibiæ with the bristles in the anterodorsal row dense and equal, with one long bristle. Wings as in the other species; medial cross-vein somewhat infuscated; apical cross-vein slightly concave or almost straight; first posterior cell narrowly open, sometimes just closed. Female. Quite similar; third antennal joint nearly twice as long as second. Length 9 — 11,5 m. G. fasciata is not common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Char- lottenlund, Ruderhegn, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, and on Lolland in Kæld- skov; the dates are ^U — ^/e? it is thus like ornata early occurring. As host for the species is Bombus terrestris recorded, and Zetterstedt mentions Anthophora acervorum {retusa), but these records are pos- sibly erroneous; it is possible that it has been bred from Panolis griseovariegata (see Baer 1. c). Baumhaueria. 395 Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 86. Baumliauepia Meig. Medium sized species of black colour with a little pale pruinosity. The genus is somewhat similar to the preceding. Head a little broader than thorax, of a similar shape as in Gonia, but convex behind. Frons very broad and equal in both sexes. Ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles in both sexes, the ocellar directed forwards. Behind postocular bristles only a few black hairs. Frontal bristles descending about to insertion of arista, above an outwards directed bristle and behind it still a couple of bristles. Clieeks hairy. Vibrissæ strong, ascending to near insertion of arista, somewhat biserial below. Eyes bare. Epistoma strongly retreating, a little re- flected below, not produced below the large vibrissa. Oral cone not long and proboscis short, not slender. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye; second joint short, third long, about eight times as long as second; arista with second joint elongated; in female third antennal joint shorter. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical wanting or very small; a pair of præapical and a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura with a bundle of hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen with excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; it has discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, fifth with bristles on most part. Genitalia forming a small knob at end of abdomen below. Legs with long bristles, anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell closed at the margin, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle very obtuse, apical cross-vein very sloping; posterior cross- vein near the angle; no costal spine, or no distinct. One species is known parasitic on Heterocera, and it belongs to Pantel's group 2. Of the genus two species are known, one occurring in Den- mark. 396 Tachinidae. 1. B. goniaeformis Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 416, 307 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 251, 1, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 41—45. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1051 et 1858. XII, 4692, 43-^4 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 495. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 107, Tab. V, Fig. 105. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 122, 5 (Erynnia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 358. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 361. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 116. Male. Frons above double as broad as tlie eye, slightly declining, but much protruding; cheeks ve ry broad, somewhat swoln; jowls fully half as broad as the height of the eye. Orbits and cheeks white, silvery, the former a little greyish; jowls greyish white, intermediate triangle red in some views. Frontal stripe velvet brown, seen from in front silvery. Orbits and cheeks with longish fine black hairs; jowls with stronger hairs, Occiput grey, with whitish yellow hairs, and some few black hairs behind the postocular bristles. Antennæ black, second joint a little reddish; arista thickened in nearly whole length. Palpi brownish yellow. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with four somewhat broad black stripes, the median more or less confluent to one broad stripe; scutellum with apical part red. Thorax with short and fine black hairs. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, the segments with somewhat narrow, not very pronounced greyish white front bands, shifting with dark according to view, broadest on second segment. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings brownish tinged, especially towards base; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brownish. Female. I do not know the female; according to the description.s it is similar to the male, but third antennal joint considerably shorter. Length. About 11 mm. B. goniaeformis is very rare in Denmark, I know only one spec- imen, a male, taken at Nykøbing in North Sealand on ^/g 1869 (Schlick). The species is known as bred from Eriogaster lanestris, Cucullia scrophulariae and the non Danish Satiirnia pyri. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden. Histochaeta. 397 87. Histocliaeta Rond. {Istocheta.) Species of medium size, blackish, with conspicuous greyish prui- nosity. The genus is nearly related to the preceding. Head broader than thorax, shaped about as in Baumhaueria, but higher. Frons very broad, a little broader in female than in male, less protruding than in Baumhaueria. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles not much descending, but, however, reaching to insertion of arista, as second antennal joint is very short, about two upper reclinate; outside to the frontals a row of about four bristles. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ strong, ascending to near insertion of arista. Eyes practically bare, but, however, with discernible, short, sparse hairs. Proboscis short, not slender. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, second joint very short, third about eight times as long in male, a little shorter in female; second joint with curved bristle on front side; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side; no apical bristles, but a pair of præapical quite near the margin, and in front of them a pair of discai. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen subcylindrical or elongated conical; excavation on second segment small, not by far reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second seg- ment a pair of marginal. Genitalia small, upper forceps cleft apically. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ somewhat unequal, and with some longer bristles in the row; claws and pulvilli small in both sexes; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; a small costal spine. The species marmorata is parasi tic on Heterocera and also on a Chrysomelid; it belongs to Pantel's group 2 (Thompson 1924). Two species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. H. marmorata Fabr. 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 300, 84 (Musca). — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 112, 7 (LatreilUa). — 1207. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 359. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 361. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 398 Tachinidae. 116. — Tachina vertiginosa Fall. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 12, 21. — 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 379, 242. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1050, 43 et 1859. XIII, 6083, 43. — 1862. ScMn. F. A. I, 495 {Baumhaueria). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 107, Tab. V, Fig. 106 et 1893. LX, 193, 77 (Thelymorfha). Male. Frons above about double as broad as the eye, siightly declining, rather protriiding; cheeks very broad; jovvls a little more than half the height of the eye. Orbits and cheeks silvery, the former somewhat greyish; jowls whitish grey; frontal stripe brownish red, seen from in front silvery pruinose. Ocellar bristles not large. Orbits with fine, jowls with stronger black hairs. Occiput bright grey, with somewhat dense white hairs. Antennæ black, second joint reddish, third long, linear, reaching lower margin of epistoma; arista about as long as third joint, thickened to near apex. Palpi thin, yellow. Thorax black, pale grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median diverging and abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture; scutellum yellowish red except base. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen all grey pruinose, shifting according to view with dark irregular tessellations on the hind part of the segments; abdomen has rather strong, erect black hairs; on second segment a pair of marginal bristles, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a paii" of discai and a row of marginal bristles; fifth segment almost quite covered with bristles; some of the hairs on the middle of the segments may be rather bristly. Legs black. Wings quite siightly greyish tinged; veins blackish brown; discai angle nearly rectangular, apical cross-vein concave. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. Quite similar, only the head a little broader, eye- margins parallel and antennæ a little shorter, not reaching lower margin of epistoma. Length 8 — 9 mm. H. marmorata is not common in Denmark; on Sealand; on Langeland at Lohals (the author); on Lolland at Bremersvold, and in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wtistenei), in Nørholm Skov at Varde (Kryger) and at Horsens (O. G. Jensen); the dates are Ve — ^U- It is known as parasitic on Ly mantria dispar, Malacosoma neustria, Arctia caja, Cucullia verbasci and the non Danish Arctia villica and quenselii, and f urther on the Chrysomelid Phytodecta rufipes; some of our spec- imens are bred from M. neustria. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. Rhacodineura. 399 88. Rliacodlneupa Rond. Species of medium size, all greyish yellow pruinose. Head a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and equal in both sexes, slightly protruding; jowls to half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Post- ocellar and occipital bristles relatively strong. Occiput with nearly all black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, about two upper reclinate in both sexes; the rows bending outwards to the eye-margin below. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle. Eyes bare. Epistoma retreating, rather deeply impressed and thus strongly concave, but not reflected below. Proboscis and oral cone short. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, second joint short, third about five to six times as long in male, in female shorter; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, about parallel; a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with few hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen ovate, excavation on second segment small, but reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal; fifth segment in male as long as fourth, cut behind, in female shorter, pointed. Genitalia small, hidden. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli small in both sexes; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with the apical cross-vein generally wanting or rudimentary (antiqua), when present the angle obtuse and first posterior cell nearly closed, ending quite near apex of wing; bristles at base of cubital vein somewhat strong; a medium long costal spine. The species is parasitic on various Heterocera, antiqua also on species of Forficula', they belong (antiqua) to Pantel's group 2. Of the genus three European species are recorded, one occurs in Denmark. 1. R. antiqua Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 412, 300 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 253, 1, Tab. LXXII, Fig. 6—10 {Roeselia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1056, 50 et 1855. XII, 4694, 50 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 516 {Roeselia). — 400 Tachinidae. 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 104, Tab. V, Fig. 94 et 1891. LVIII, 355 {Roeselia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 378. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 367. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 126. — Tachina fallipes Fall. p. p. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 22, 44, var. /?. — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1055, 49 et 1855. XII, 4693, 49. — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 43 {Roeselia). Male. Frons above much broader than the eye; cheeks narrowing downwards. Orbits, cheeks and jowls grey or slightly yellowish grey; frontal stripe red or reddish brown. Vibrissæ diminishing upwards. Orbits sparingly with black hairs, jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, thinly with pale hairs only on middle and with rows of black hairs 1 Fig. 87. Wing of R. antiqua. behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, with the basal joints red; third joint long and also rather broad; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax yellowish grey pruinose, with four rather narrow dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two spots; scutellum yellow, grey at base. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen all yellowish pruinose, black-haired; on second segment a pair of marginal bristles, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourtli a row of discai and marginal, and likewise on fifth segment. Legs yellowish red, coxæ grey pruinose on anterior side, tarsi black; the femora may be somewhat darkened at base. Wings yellow, most at base; veins yellowish brown; discai vein abbreviated and thus no apical cross-vein, but sometimes rudi- ments of it present, especially the apical part, and in rare cases it is completely present; cubital vein ending quite near apex of wing. Squamulæ yellowish with a deeper yellow margin. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth. Third antennal joint much smaller, about thrice as long as second and rather narrow. Fifth abdominal segment shorter than fourth and pointed; abdomen sometimes grey. Length 6 — 7 mm. Hebia. 401 R. antiqua is common in Denmark; Copenhagen and Frederiks- berg Have, Damhussø, Hellerup, Ordrup, Gentofte, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Geel Skov, Egebæks Vang, Sletten, Humlebæk, Lave Skov near Helsingør; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Nysted, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Hov, and Frederikshavn; the dates are ^^/g — "/g. The species is parasitic on Forficula tomis (non Danish) and auricularia, further on Taeniocampa miniosa and Lymantria dispar, but it seems especially to attack the Forficulids. Nielsen has (Meddel, fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 66, 1915, 211) treated its biology; he bred it from F. auricularia, both from larvæ and imagines. In each host one parasite developed. It is curious, that the larva was found free in the host, not iying with the posterior end in a funnel. The Forficula was taken in the beginning of August ; the larvæ bored out of the host between head and thorax or thorax and abdomen, and the imagines came on ^"/g — ^Is- It is rather probable that the species has two broods in the year, the spring brood perhaps living in a lepidopterous larva. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 89. Hebia R. D. Species of medium or smallish size, colour dark, grey pruinose. The genus is nearly related to Rhacodineura, and in most respects similar to it. Head as in this genus, but more flat behind and jowls more than half the height of the eye. Occiput without black hairs behind postocular bristles. Vibrissæ ascending to two thirds of the height, distant and somewhat strong. Eyes bare, Epistoma deeply concave, however less than in Rhacodineura. Antennæ as in Rhaco- dineura. Thorax with four postsutural dorsocentrals. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side as the apical are minute or wanting. Abdomen with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Wings as in Rhacodineura, but apical cross- vein normally developed; costal spine small. The development does not seem to be known, one of my specimens is, however, bred from a Cidaria; the species is recorded as belonging to Pantel's group 2 (Thompson 1924). Of the genus only one sure species is recorded, also occurring in Denmark. 26 402 Tachinidae. 1. H. flavipes R. D. 1830. E. D. Myod. 98, 1 et 1848. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, VI, 442, 1 et 1863. Posth. I, 578, 2. — 1906. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 286. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 421 (Myiobia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 127. — Paraneaera pauciseta B. B. 1894. Denksclir. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXI, 618. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 380 {Erythrocera). — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 249, 7. Of this species I know only tlie female. Frons above broad, about double as broad as the eye, somewhat protruding; cheeks rather broad. Orbits grey, cheeks and jowls silvery; frontal stripe yellowish brown. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, one upper reclinate. Orbits with some black hairs and jowls black- haired. Occiput grey, sparingly white-haired. Antennæ black, basal joints red (in one of my specimens also third joint red); second joint short, third about six times as long; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi whitish yellow, slightly dilated outwards. Thorax grey pruinose, with four narrow, black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two spots; scutellum grey. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen all grey pruinose, with narrow, blackish hind margins to the segments, interrupted in the middle; it is black-haired; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs yellow, tarsi dark brownish to blackish. Wings slightly yellowish; veins brown; first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending just before apex of wing; discai angle rounded. Squamulæ whitish yellow. Halteres yellow. Length. About 5 mm. H. flavipes is rare in Denmark, I know only three specimens, all females; one is bred from a larva of Cidaria sp., taken in the vicinity of Copenhagen (Worm Hansen), the two others are from Sønderborg on 2^/4 — 1^/5 (Wiistnei). Geographical distribution: ■ — Middle Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. 90. Lydina R. D. Smallish species of æneous black colour. Head fully as broad as thorax, a little convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad in both sexes, broadest in female, slightly pro- truding. Orbits broad, especially downwards; jowls about half as Lydina. 403 broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes erect, diverging ocellar bristles, strong inner and weaker outer vertical, and in female two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles present. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to the middle of cheeks, two iippermost reclinate in both sexes. Orbits and upper part of cheeks with partly bristly hairs, cheeks for the rest bare; jowls with black hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending, only a few hairs above the large vibrissa; oral bristles well developed. Eyes hairy. Oral cone and proboscis somewhat short; palpi rod-like. Antennæ insertcd above middle of the eye, third joint fully twice as long as second; arista with second joint somewhat elongafced. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum somewhat triangular, a little pointed, with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical quite small, crossing. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Pteropleura with a long bristle above. Abdomen ovate, excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles; fifth with two rows. Genitalia somewhat small, upper and lower forceps of the same length. Legs a little strong; claws and pulvilli not elongated in male; in female the front tarsi long and diiated, but the diiated joints not short. Wings with first posterior cell closed or very narrowly open quite near apex of wing; discai angle rounded, with- out veinlet; cubital vein with some distinct bristles at base, stretching towards medial cross- vein; a small costal spine. The species belongs to Pantel's group 4 (Thompson 1923). Only one sure species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. L. aenea Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 273, 60, ? {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 260, 3, Tab. LXII, Fig. 22 (Harrisia). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 647, 55 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1154, 153 et 1849. VIII, 3246, 153 et 1859. XIII, 6130, 153 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 526 (Polidea). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 421 (Somoleia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 222. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 55. — Tachina crassitarsis Zett. 1838. 1. c. 647, 56 et 1844. 1. c. III, 1155, 154. — Tachina simplicitarsis Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 647, 57 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1155, 155 et 1849. VIII, 3247, 155 et 1859. XIII, 6131, 155. Male. Frons about one and a half times as broad as the eye, with the orbits broad; cheeks not half as broad as the eye. Orbits and upper part of cheeks bluish, shining, lower part of cheeks greyish; 26* 404 Tachinidae. jowls bluish black. Frontal stripe dark reddish. Ocellar bristles erect and diverging. Orbits and upper part of cheeks with hairs, some of which are more or less developed as bristles; jowls liairy. Occiput bluish black, with pale yellowish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes brownish-haired. Antennæ black; arista short, thickened to near apex. Palpi black, Thorax bluish æneous, shining, with short, black hairs. Abdomen black or æneous, shining, black-haired; third and fourth segment with one, sometimes two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal bristles. Fifth sternite small, cleft about to base. Genitalia small; hypopygium with bristles behind; upper forceps lancet-like, a little broadened at base, rounded at apex, curved a little inwards; arms of lower forceps elongated trian- gular, slightly curved, rounded at apex, about as long as upper forceps. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged or nearly clear, but yellow at base and a little outwards; veins yellow at base, darker outwards. Squamulæ yellow. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons still broader, nearly thrice the breadth of the eye, and frontal stripe more widening above; front tarsi long and dilated, especially the three middle joints. Length. About 5 to fully 6 mm. L. aenea is not rare in Denmark, though it cannot be termed common; Amager, Ordrup, Charlottenlund, Tisvilde, Sorø, Skelskør and on Lolland in Kældskov; it has several times been taken near the shore; the dates are ^/g — ^^/g. No host seems to be known. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia and Lapland. Group 2. 91. Lypha R. D. Rather small species of dark, slightly æneous colour, with some pale pruinosity. Head fully as broad as thorax, convex behind and a little puffed out below, a little higher than long. Frons rather narrow in male, broad in female, in male somewhat protruding. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye. In male weak ocellar and strong inner vertical bristles, in female also outer verticals and two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles more or less individualised. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to middle of cheeks or below, sometimes a little irregular, crossing Lypha. 405 in male, in female the iippermost transverse. Gheeks haired above. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle. Oral bristles well developed. Eyes hairy. Epistoma straight, retreating. Oral cone and proboscis rather short; clypeus forceps-shaped; palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye; tliird joint fully twice as long as second; arista with second joint slightly elongated. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural doisocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals; no præsutiiral intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing. Three sternopleiiral hristles. Pteropleiira with a long bristle above. Abdomen oval; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; there are discai and marginal bristles; second segment withoiit bristles; fifth with bristles all over. Genitalia not large; upper and lower forceps of same length. Legs with numerous bristles; claws and pulvilli small; front tarsi in female with the three last joints a little dilated. Wings with first posterior cell closed at the margin, ending rather near apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, without or with a quite short veinlet; no or a very small costal spine. The species is parasitic on Chrysomelids and Rhopalocera, and belongs to Pantel's group 4 (Thompson 1923). Only two palæarctic species, one occurring in Denmark. 1. L. dubia Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 275 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 29, 60 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 360, 210 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 256, 22 (Exorista). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1111, 108 et 1859. XIII, 6105, 108 {Tachina). — 1862. Scliin. F. A. I, 460, 463 (Exorista). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 93, Tab. II, Fig. 43 {Aporo- myia). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 331, 2 {Phorocera) et 334, 1 {Zenillia). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 160, 21 (Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 221. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 136. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 55. — Exorista herberidis Meig. 1838. I. c. VII, 257, 23. — 1900. Villen. 1. c. 160, 22. — Tachina umbrinervis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1146, 146. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 526 (Tryphera). Male. Frons above scarcely half as broad as the eye; cheeks above nearly as broad as frons, narrowing downwards. Orbits and cheeks silvery, but dark in certain views; jowls grey; frontal stripe black or brownish. Frontal bristles numerous. Orbits and upper half of cheeks black-haired; jowls with long black hairs. Occiput grey,, with whitish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with long pale hairs. Antennæ black, grey pruinose, third 406 Tachinidae. joint with front margin concave; arista thickened in about basal half. Palpi greyish black, more or less yellow on outer half, or quite black. Tliorax dark olive brown, not or slightly shining, greyish priiinose just in front, and here with the beginning of four dark stripes, two narrow median and two broader lateral. Thorax black- haired. Abdomen olive or a little æneous, somewhat shining, with greyish shifting tessellations; it is black-haired, the hairs rather long; second segment withoiit bristles, third and fourth with discai and marginal bristles, the discai on third segment more than one pair, also on fourth sometimes two pairs; the marginal a pair on third and a row on fourth segment; fifth segment quite covered with bristles; the bristles long. Fifth sternite cleft about to middle, the inner corners of the lamellæ drawn out into a point. Genitalia not large; præhypo- pygial segment shining, with bristles behind; hypopygium with long, bristly, upwards curved hairs; upper forceps lancet-shaped, bare and shining, only haired just at base, with parallel margins, rounded at apex; it is flat above, but below excised in the middle and thus with a thickening before apex; arms of lower forceps not broad, attenuating outwards, obtuse at end, with a polished knob at base, and curved a little inwards. Legs black, somewhat densely bristled and haired. Wings more or less brownish tinged, especially anteriorly; veins strong, blackish brown, medial cross-vein often clouded, also the other veins with an indication of a seaming; discai angle rectangu- lar, apical cross-vein bent outwards a little above the angle; posterior cross-vein straight. Squamulæ whitish. H alteres brownish yellow. Female. Similar, but more grey or brownish pruinose on thorax, and thus the dark lines stretching more backwards. Frons as broad as the eye, only sHghtly protruding; orbits broad, frontal stripe narrow. Length 5 to about 7 mm. L. duhia is somewhat common in Denmark; at Copenhagen in a garden, Ordrup Mose, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Ruder- hegn, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Tokkekøb, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Lolland at Christianssæde, Knuthenborg and Maribo, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Augustenborg, and Madeskov; the dates are ^'^U—^ly, it is thus especially a spring species. It is known as parasite on Melasoma populi and on the larva of Cyaniris argiolus, but has not been bred with us. Geographical distribution: — Europe down to southern France; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. Eversmannia. 407 92. CveFsmannia R. D. Species of medium size and dark, pale priiinose colour. Head fully as broad as thorax, convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons narrow in male, broad in female, strongly conically protruding, the head almost triangular in profile. Jowls not broad, about one third of the height of the eye. Male without, female with two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to the middle of the cheeks, the upper- most transverse in female. Cheeks with a few hairs above, for the rest bare. Vibrissæ not ascending, only a couple above the large vibrissa. Eyes hairy. Epistoma straight, strongly retreating, slightly reflected below and oral aperture short. Oral bristles well developed, but few on account of the short aperture. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista with second joint somewhat elongated. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals; præsutural intraalar bristle small or wanting. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a long bristle above. Ab- domen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles. Legs with claws and pulvilli small, about equal in both sexes; in female front tarsi with the four last joints dilated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending somewhat near apex of wing, discai angle rectangular, without veinlet; cubital vein with four to six distinct bristles on basal part; no costal spine. The species is known as parasite on Geometridae and belongs to Pantel's group 4 (Thompson 1923). Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. E. ruficauda Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 643, 38 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1110, 107 {Ta- china). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 464 {Exorista). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 382 (Micronychia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 220. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 135. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 55. — Tachina maculipennis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1092, 89. Male. Frons narrow, protruding; cheeks above half as broad as the eye, narrowing downwards. Orbits greyish, face more whitish pruinose, jowls grey; frontal stripe black. Orbits with fine sparse 408 Tachinidae. hairs, prodiiced on the upjDer part of cheeks; jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with white hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes yellow-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint greyish, a little dilated oiitwards; arista thickened to near apex. Palpi yellow. Thorax bright whitish grey pruinose, dull, with four distinct black stripes, the median narrow, diverging, abbreviated behind, the lateral broad, interrnpted at the suture. Scutellum reddish at apex. Thorax sparingly black-haired. Abdomen blackish or brownish black, dull, greyish pruinose with shifting tessellations, apex red. Abdomen black-haired, second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black, with rather strong bristles. Wings a little tinged; veins brown; medial cross- vein distinctly clouded and posterior cross- vein to a slighter degree ; apical cross-vein strongly concave. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres dark yellow. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye; ocellar, outer and inner vertical and two orbital bristles. Length 7 mm. E. ruficauda is rare in Denmark, we have only one specimen, a female, bred from a pupa, found on 1^/4 in a decaying tree at Donse (Schlick), it developed on 1=^/5. I have seen only this specimen, my description of the male is partly after Schiner. The species is known bred from Notodonta phoebe and Larentia autiimnalis. Geographical distribution: — All Europe and in Asia minor; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. 93. Gymnocliaeta R. D. All metallic coloured species of medium size. Head about as broad as thorax, convex behind and puffed out below, almost as long as high. Frons above narrow in male, broad in female, rather protruding, the head nearly triangular in profile; cheeks broad and jowls about half as broad as the eye is high. In male ocellar and fine inner and outer vertical bristles, the latter sometimes indistinct, in female also two orbitals, and the verticals stronger. Behind post- ocular bristles two rows of black, bristly hairs. Frontal bristles descend- ing just below insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, in female the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma somewhat short, highly retreating, but not much reflected below. Oral cono and proboscis somewhat short, of Gymnochaeta. 409 about equal length; clypeus not long, horse-shoe-shaped; labium rather short, labella roundish, relatively large; labriim almost as long as labium, hypopharynx shorter, thin; palpi a little dilated. Antennæ inserted just below middle of the eye, third joint not much longer than second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Thorax rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals (generally); no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical as strong as the others, diverging; a pair of discai bristles. Three sterno- pleural bristles. Pteropleura with a couple of bristles above. Abdomen with excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; the sternites not concealed ; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles. Fifth sternite large, reaching the end of abdomen, cleft to near base. Hypopygium small; upper forceps triangular, pointed, s-like curved with the apex inwards; arms of lower forceps rod-like, a little curved and slightly dilated at end, together forming a forceps as long as upper. Legs with clawg and pulvilli elongated in male; front tarsi in female with the three last joints slightly dilated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with a veinlet; a small, sometimes indistinct costal spine. The species has been bred from Heterocera and belongs to Pan- tel's group 4 (Thompson 1923). Only one European species belongs to the genus, also occurring in Denmark. 1. G. viridis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 253 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 25, 51 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 258, 32 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 217, 2, Tab. LXX, Fig. 6—11 [Chrysosoma). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1190, 193 et 1859. XIII, 6143, 193 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 431. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 87, Tab. I, Fig. 7 et 1891. LVIII, 318. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 32 {Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 210. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 131. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 67. Male. Metallic green species. Frons above about half as broad as the eye, rapidly widening downwards. Orbits a little greenish, silvery along the eye-margin or almost quite silvery; cheeks and epistoma silvery seen from above, from in front more or less dark; jowls metallic green, greyish pruinose; frontal stripe blackish or slightly brown. Orbits with a few, fme black hairs; jowls with black. 410 Tachinidae. bristly hairs. Occiput metallic green, witli dense yellow hairs; post- ocular bristles long and fine and behind them two rows of black hairs. Eyes longish yellowish-hairy. Antennæ black; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi black, with black bristles below. Thorax metallic green, black-haired, and pleiira likewise. Abdomen metallic green, black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles, third with three or four pairs of discai and a pair of marginal, fourth with two or three pairs of discai and a row of marginal bristles, fifth with bristles all over. The lamellæ of fifth sternite large and long, they have a shallow incision in the lower margin, the end is ronnded and turned a little downwards; they are short-haired. Hypopygium small, slightly hairy; iipper forceps trian- giilar, broad at base, and here incised with the corners drawn out; it is ciirved backwards towards apex, but the apex itself curved ven- trally and pointed; the basal part a little canaliculated, and densely haired with long, backwards directed hairs; arms of lower forceps rod-like, curved and a little converging towards apex, which is a little dilated. Legs black, femora a little metallic. Wings more or less brownish tinged; veins brownish black. Squamulæ white. Hal- teres blackish brown. Female. Similar; frons broader and the orbits bright metallic. Length. Rather varying in size, 7 — 12 mm. G. viridis is common in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Tokke- køb Hegn, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Boserup, Jyderup, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Lolland in Dødemose near Nysted; on Funen at Faaborg, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sottrup and Madeskov; the dates are ^/4 — 'Ve- H occurs in spring, and is most often seen sitting on tree-stems, especially the males, while the females are found in low herbage. It is parasitic on Ortholitha limitata and Peti- lampa arcuosa, and is thought also to attack Lymantria monacha, as it has occurred numerously by attacks of this species; it has not been bred with us. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 94. Linnaemyia R. D. Species of medium size, black and red in colour. Head fully as broad as thorax, slightly convex behind but rather pufled out below, higher than long. Frons broad, a little broader in female than in Linnaemyia. 411 male, rather protruding conically. Clieeks broad and jowls nearly as broad as the heiglit of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles, Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to aboiit end of second antennal joint, the upper- most reclinate and in female an outwards directed bristle behind it. Cheeks with short, fine hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes hairy, Epistoma a little retreating, reflected and prominent below. Oral cone and proboscis of aboiit eqiial length; clypeus deeply cleft, for- ceps-shaped; palpi quite small and rudimentary; labium thin, of some length, labella oval. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, nearly reaching end of epistoma, third joint about twice as long as second; arista with second joint elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle, but not large. Sciitellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, cross- ing; a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a single long bristle. Abdomen elongated oval, excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment none; fifth segment with bristles on most part. Fifth sternite in male cleft about to base. Male genitalia knob- like; hypopygium conical behind. Upper forceps attenuated into a beak, arms of lower forceps small, triangular. Legs somewhat slender; claws and pulvilli in male a little elongated; in female three last joints of front tarsi dilated. Wings with firsb posterior cell open, ending well before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with a distinct veinlet; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera and belong to Pantel's group 4. Of the genus 3 palæarctic species are known, one occurs in Denmark. 1. L. comta Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 284 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 24, 48 (Tachina). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1094, 91 et 1859. XIII, 6096, 91 {Tachina). — 1895. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIV, 348, 2. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 203. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 131. — Tachina compta 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 262, 39 et 1838. VII, 218, 7 (Micropalpus). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 133 {Micropalpus). — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 48. — Tachina diadema Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 332, 160 et 1838. VII, 255, 6 (Exorista). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 466 {Exorista). 412 Tachinidae. — 1891. B. B. 1. c. LVIII, 427 {Micropalpus). — Tackina fulgens Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 259, 34, Tab. XLI, Fig. 32 et 1838. VII, 217, 1, Tab. LXX, Fig. 12—17 (Micropalpus). — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1096, 93 (Tachina). — 1862. Scbin. F. A. I, 428 (Micropalpus). Male. Frons above fully as broad as the eye. Orbits greyish, darkest above, cheeks, epistoma and jowls silverwhite priiinose ; frontal stripe yellowish red, with very fme pale hairs at the sides. Orbits with fme, pale and black hairs, cheeks with short, white hairs, and jowls with white hairs. Occipiit grey above, yellow below, with whitish hairs. Eyes with long whitish hairs. Antennæ black, some- what greyish pruinose; arista shorter than antennæ, thickened to near end. Palpi brownish, quite small, with a long bristle at apex. Thorax black, whitish pruinose, especially in front and at the sides; it has four darker stripes, the median narrow, diverging, the lateral a little broader; the stripes are most distinct on front part; humeral callus, sides and scutellum more or less reddish. Thorax haired with white hairs, intermingled with black; at the front margin and on scutellum they are black. Pleura, besides the bristles, white-haired. Abdomen red, with a broad middle stripe and apex black, so that the red colour forms two more or less large lateral spots; below ab- domen likewise red with the middle black; it is silvery white pruinose, shifting according to view. Abdomen is black-haired; second segment without bristles (generally), third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Fifth sternite cleft about to base, the lamellæ close-lying, with the hind margin roundly incised. Genital knob slightly or not protruding, reddish; præhypopygial segment with a transverse row of bristly hairs. Hypopygium somewhat conical behind, with backwards directed bristly hairs. Upper forceps prolonged into a thin beak; arms of lower forceps of a triangular shape. Legs black, the very apex of femora and the tibiæ yellowish brown. Legs with long bristles, especially on posterior tibiæ. Wings clear; veins yellow, outwards brownish; apical cross- vein very oblique; posterior cross- vein near the angle. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar, but abdomen with the reddish markings in- distinct or quite wanting. Frons still broader than in male. Third antennal joint relatively a little shorter. Length 9 — 10 mm. L. comta is rare in Denmark, we possess only three specimens, two males and a female; the males taken in Jutland at Silkeborg Micropalpus. 413 many years ago, the female on Lolland at Bremersvold in June. The species is known to be parasitic on Agrotis ypsilon and Saturnia pavonia. I shall note tJiat one of my specimens shows a marginal bristle on one side of second abdominal segment. Geograpliical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. It occurs also in North America down into Mexico, and here it is bred from A. ypsilon as in Europe, and from the North American Carneades messoria. 95. Micpopalpus Macq. This genus is very nearly related to and in most respects similar to Linnaemyia. Head shaped as in this genus, but the male with the frons narrower and without orbital bristles, and in this sex the outer vertical bristles not individualised. Cheeks bare. Epistoma a little less retreating, and cheeks narrower. Third antennal joint not twice as long as second. Thorax and abdomen as in Linnaemyia^ and like- wise male genitalia with an elongated triangular upper forceps, drawn out in a spine-like apex, and triangular lower forceps. Legs and wings as in Linnaemyia. The species are parasitic on Heterocera and belong to Pantel's group 4. Of the genus at most towards 10 palæarctic species are known, but some are doubtful; one occurs in Denmark, 1. M. vulpinus Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 283 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 23, 47 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 260, 35 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 217, 2, Tab. XXX, Fig. 18—23. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1087, 84 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 428. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 347, 1 {Linnaemyia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 209. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 131. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 48 {Linnaemyia). Male. Frons above not as broad as the eye, somewhat protruding. Cheeks less than half as broad as the eye. Orbits grey or whitish grey, face for the rest white, a little silvery; frontal stripe red, with very fine, pale hairs at the sides. Orbits sparingly with distinct, longish black hairs; jowls likewise sparingly with black hairs and some yeilow hairs behind. Occiput grey, below a little yellowish, with pale hairs. Eyes with longish pale hairs. Antennæ black; third joint 414 Tachinidae. rather broad, a little dilated outwards, scarcely double as iong as broad. Palpi brownish, quite small, with a Iong bristle at apex. Thorax grey pruinose; humeral callus, sides and scutellum reddish; tbere are four dark stripes of about equal breadth, the median abbreviated behind the suture. Thorax black-haircd, at the sides and behind with yellow hairs. Pleura with Iong, yellow hairs. Abdomen red with a black middle stripe, not reaching the end; below likewise red with black middle; it is whitish silvery pruinose, shifting according to view; abdomen is black-haired, with bristles as in L. comta. Fifth sternite cleft to base, the lamellæ roundly incised in hind margin. Genital knob red; præhypopygial segment with a transverse row of bristly hairs. Hypopygium conical behind, with backwards directed bristles; upper forceps black, elongated triangular and drawn out into a spine-like apex; its upper margin a little incised; it has longish hairs, the apex bare; arms of lower forceps triangular, red, with longish hairs outwards. Legs yellowish red, tibiæ often a little ob- scured, tarsi black. The legs has Iong bristles. Wings nearly clear; veins brown. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader; third antennal joint a little smaller, not much longer than second. The black middle line on ab- domen more abbreviated behind and often narrower. Length 9 — 11 mm. M.vulpinus is not rare in Denmark; Skodsborg, Tisvilde, Rør- vig, Solrød; on Funen at Hoffmansgave; in Jutland in Nørholm Skov at Varde, at Silkeborg, Laven and Holstebro; the dates are ^V? — ^"/s- It is especially seen on umbellifers and on heather, It is known as parasitic on Hyloicus pinastri, Hadena porphyrea and Agrotis strigula. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 96. dipysosoma Macq. {Chrysocosmius Bezzi 1907.) Species of medium size and all metallic colour, and thus resembling Gymnochaeta. Head as broad as thorax, convex behind, and somewhat puffed out below, slightly higher than Iong. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broader in female, rather conically protruding. Cheeks not broad, decreasing in breadth downwards; jowls not half as broad as the eye is high. In male ocellar and inner vertical, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital Ghrysosoma. 4il5 bristles quite small. Postocular bristles long and fine, with no black hairs behind. Frontal bristles descending just below insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma retreating, hollowed in the middle, reflected and prominent below. Oral bristles well developed. Oral cone and proboscis about equally long; labella relatively not small; palpi tbread-like, in female a little dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted at about middle of the eye, not reaching the end of epistoma, third joint about double second, dilated in male, less in female; arista with second joint a little elongated, visibly pubescent. Thorax rect- angular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with five marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a couple of bristles^. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; sternites concealed; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles, fifth with bristles about all over. Fifth sternite cleft to base, the lamellæ excised in the hinder angle. Genital knob not much protruding; upper forceps short; arms of lower forceps broad at base, ending in an obtuse apex, longer than upper. Legs with claws and pulvilli elongated in male ; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, without veinlet; cubital vein with bristles to near medial cross- vein; no costal spine. The species is parasitic on Heterocera and belong to Pantel's group 4. Of the genus two species are recorded, but only auratum is well known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. C. auratum Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 25, 52 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 257, 31 {TacUna) et 1838. VII, 217, 1. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1191, 194 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 431 {Gymnochaeta). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 134, Tab. X, Fig. 251. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 2, 1 [Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 209. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 132. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 164 [Chrysocosmius). ^ In a key (Insec. Insc. Menstr. XIV, 1926, 62) Aldrich says about the genus {=^ Chrysosomopsis Towns.) that the pteropleural is larger than sternopleurals ; this is not the case in my specimen. 416 Tachinidae. Male. Metallic coloured species. Frons above narrower than the eye; cheeks about one foiirth of the diameter of the eye. Orbits metallic green, somewhat whitish pruinose; cheeks and epistoma white; jowls metallic green; frontal stripe brownish red, seen from in front somewhat whitish pruinose. Orbits black-haired; jowls with black bristly hairs. Occiput metallic green, white pruinose along the lower eye-margin, with dense yellow hairs. Eyes with long, pale hairs. Antennæ brownish black, a little pale at junction of second and third joint; third joint rather broad and dilated outwards, rounded at end; arista as long as antennæ, thickened in fully basal half, but evenly tapering. Palpi yellow, with black bristles. Thorax metallic green, black-haired; scutellum with a pair of discai bristles. Pleura green, a little greyish, black-haired. Abdomen metallic bluish, densely black-haired; second segment without bristles, third with one (or two) pairs of discai and one pair of marginal bristles and fourth with one (or two) pairs of discai and a row of marginal. Fifth sternite with dense, short hairs. Genitalia not large; hypopygium with back- wards directed bristly hairs; upper forceps somewhat lancet-like, short, rounded at apex; arms of lower forceps straight, broad at base, then narrowed and ending in an obtuse apex. Legs black; femora somewhat metallic. Wings a little tinged; veins brown. Squamulæ white. H alteres brown. Female. I have not seen the female; according to the descrip- tions it is similar, but frons broader; third antennal joint less dilated; palpi a little dilated towards apex. Length. About 8 mm. C. auratum is very rare in Denmark, we possess only one male, Tisvilde ^^l-, 1914. As host for the species is known Phibalapteryx tersata. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden, but rare. 97. Trixa Meig. Somewhat large species of black colour, with abdomen in male more or less reddish, and with greyish or silvery pruinosity. Head not broader than thorax, convex behind and pufTed out below, higher than long. Frons in male narrow above, widening dovvnwards, in female broad and slightly widening, somewhat protruding. Eyes short and jowls very broad, as broad as the eye is high. In both Trixa. 417 sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female a number of orbitals. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching just below insertion of antennæ, an upper oiitwards directed bristle in female. Cheeks bare. Vibrissal ridges not sharp, converging below and thus epistoma of oval sliape; vibrissæ fine, pluriserial, ascending to the end of antennæ; no large vibrissa on the angle. Eyes bare. Epistoma slightly retreating, st'rongly carinate; oral aperture rather small. Proboscis quite short and clypeus small, horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi clavate in male, in female shorter and bulbous. Antennæ in- serted much below middle of the eye, short, not reaching half way to end of epistoma, third joint about as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax a lit tie rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals and only the posterior pair of præ- and postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle and only two postsutural. Scutellum with four or five marginal bristles on each side, the apical diverging. Three sternopleural bristles discernible among somewhat strong hairs. Pteropleura with a bundle of somewhat long hairs above. Abdomen somewhat short, ovate; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, also on second segment; fifth segment with bristles all over. Legs long, especially tarsi long, with long joints; claws and pulvilli some- what strong in both sexes, most in male. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, with a short veinlet; no costal spine. The biology is not known, but some species f. inst. alpina are recorded to be larviparous and depositing on dung, and they are supposed to be parasitic on coprophagous Scarabæid larvæ; Brauer found oestroidea depositing larvæ under grass. Meade records the latter as bred from Cheimatobia boreata, but the statement seems doubtful. Of the genus 5 European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. T. alpina Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 223, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 446. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 108, Tab. VI, Fig. 109. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 94, 1. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 438. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 179. — T. coerulescens Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 224, 2, Tab. XL, Fig. 16. — T. fermginea Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 224, 4. — T.lapponica Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 629, 1. — T.limhata Zett. 1838. 1. c. 630, 3 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1200, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 447, nota. 27 418 Tachinidae. Male. Frons above qiiite narrow, widening downwards. Orbits and cheeks grej or yellowish grey; jowls more reddish; epistoma yellow, whitish pruinose. Frontal stripe red to blackish brown. Orbits nearly bare, jowls with few black hairs behind. Occiput grey, with black hairs, and inwards and below yellow hairs. Antennæ yellow; arista dark, evenly tapering. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, grey prui- nose, wdth four black stripes before the suture, the median approxi- mated or nearly confluent, the lateral forming a spot on each side. Humeri often a little reddish, and scutellum more or less reddish at apex. Thorax black-haired; scutellum with some discai bristles. Åb- domen black, more or less to extensively reddish at the sides and round apex, the black middle part incised at the incisures; the three last segments whitish grey pruinose, shifting with dark according to view, and at the front margin silvery bands, interrupted in the middle. Venter red. Abdomen with fme black or brownish black hairs, and with discai and marginal bristles which are somewhat numerous and irregular, and also present on second segment, the marginal forming rows on third and fourth segment. Legs yellow, rather bristly; the femora may be more or less dark above, especially front femora. Wings yellowish tinged, especially along the veins; these latter yellow, outwards more brown. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar, but abdomen not reddish m.arked. Frons above much broader than the eye. Legs all yellow. Length. About 10 mm. T. alpina is very rare in Denmark, we possess only one specimen, a female, taken at Sinding near Silkeborg on ^^/g 1913 (Esben-Peter- sen). The above description of the male is drawn from Swedish spec- imens. — I have examined specimens of T. limbata sent from Zetter- stedt to Stæger. Geographical distribution : — Europe ; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland; it occurs especially in mountainous districts. 98. Loeivia Egg. Species of medium or small size and of black, somewhat bluish colour. Head fully as broad as thorax, short and rather low, much broader than high; behind it is somewhat flat above, more convex and somewhat puffed out below. Frons very narrow in male, broader in female, not protruding, the head in profile rounded in front. Jowls Loewia. 419 from one third (male) to aboiit half as broad as the eye is high (female). In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical, in female also outer vertical and two to three orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles present. Behind postocular bristles occiput mainly witli black hairs. Frontal bristles descending about to end of second antennal joint, in male all crossing, in female an outwards directed bristle above. Cheeks with few and small or with numerous strong hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes in male short-hairy, in female sparingly hairy or only pubescent. Epistoma almost not retreating, low, broad down- wards, but the vibrissal ridges converging below and here narrowing epistoma. Oral bristles well developed, anteriorly, near the large vibrissa, numerons and in more than one row. Proboscis short. Palpi small. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, in female m.uch below middle; they are short, third joint not or only slightly longer than second. Thorax about quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; one posthumeral bristle; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching quite near the hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with- out bristles; fifth with bristles on whole apical part. Legs short and robust ; claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell shorter or longer petiolate, ending a little before apex of wing, discai angle obtuse or nearly rectangular; a moderate costal spine. L. foeda has been bred from a Lithobiiis (Thompson: Compt. rend. des séanc. Soc. de Biol. LXXVIII, 1915, 413; this author thinks it probably idential with Discochaeta lithohii Giard,). Of the genus about 7 European species are recorded; two occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1 . Species not below 6 mm ; first posterior cell with a short peduncle; cheeks with few and small hairs 1. foeda. — Species about 4,5 mm ; first posterior cell with a longer pe- duncle; cheeks with numerous strong and bristly hairs. ... 2. petiolata. 1. L. foeda Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 282, 74 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 208, 3 {Clista). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 137 {Clista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 382, 6 et 1906. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV 248 et 1907. ibid. 27* 420 Tachinidae. XXVI,248, 13 et 261, 13 {Clista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 436 (Fortisia). — 1919. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 356 (Fortisia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 160, 2. — L. intermedia B. B. 1898. Stzungsber. Akad. AViss. Wien, CVII, 256. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 404. Male. Frons very narrow above. Orbits blackish; cheeks grey, and jowls dark grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Eyes with short, brownish hairs. Orbits with black hairs, and cheeks with some, gener- ally few hairs, especially below; jowls with strong bristly hairs. Occiput greyish black, behind postocular bristles with all black and some few pale hairs. Antennæ black, short; arista short, abruptly thickened only at base. Palpi black or blackish brown. Thorax bluish black, shining, without pruinosity, black-haired. Abdomen bluish black, shining, with strong, black hairs; tliere are discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles, third and fourth with some pairs of discai and a pair of marginal bristles; fifth nearly quite covered with bristles. Legs black, short and robust, posterior side of hind tibiæ arched; the legs have well developed bristles. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, especially at base; veins brown; first posterior cell short-petiolate ; discai angle obtuse, but somewhat sharp; postical vein rather curved and diverging from discai vein. Squamulæ yellow. Halteres brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons fully as broad as the eye; head lower than in male and thus eyes lower and jowls relatively broader. Orbits black, shining. Eyes very sparingly haired. Antennæ with second joint red. Wings strongly brown, only less towards hind margin, the browning either evenly present on the wing, or especially seaming the veins broadly; rarely the wings less brown. Length 6 — 7,5 mm. L. foeda is rare in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Gentofte, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde; on Langeland at Lohals, and in Jutland in Nørholm Skov at Varde (L C. Nielsen, Kryger, the author) and in Greisdal (H, J. Hansen); the dates are ^Z, — ^^/g. One of the specimens is bred from a Lithobius. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; it is not known north of Denmark. 2. L. petiolata Pand. (nec R. D.). 1895. Pand. Eev. Entom. XIV, 318, 2 {Silbermamria). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 383 {Silbermannia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 404 p. p. — 1919. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 356 (Fortisia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 160, 3. Nemoraea. 421 This species is very similar to the preceding but considerably smaller. Male. In colour and common appearance like foeda; frons still narrower, the eyes almost touching. Cheeks much more haired, and the hairs strong and bristly. Palpi brownish. Thorax and ab- domen with bristles as in foeda. Legs scarcely so robust as in foeda and hind tibiæ not arched on posteror side; claws and pulvilli rela- tively less elongate. Wings narrower than in foeda, coloured in the same way; first posterior cell with the peduncle a little longer and hence discai angle more rectangular; postical vein less curved or almost straight and less diverging from discai vein. Female. Likewise similar to foeda and also with second antennal joint red; frons not broader than the eye. Length. About 4,5 mm. L. petiolata is like foeda rare in Denmark; Humlebæk, Lave Skov near Helsingør (I. C. Nielsen), Tisvilde (the author), on Funen at Odense (H. J. Hansen) and in Jutland at Kliplev (the author); the dates are ^/^ — '/g. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Spain; not known north of Denmark. Remarks: Stein mentions L. phaeoptera Meig. from Denmark, but this is an error; the specimens from me which Stein had seen were a petiolata male and a foeda female. 99. Nemopaea R. D. Species of rather large size, of blackish colour, in male with abdomen extensively red. Head a little narrower than thorax, some- what short, convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons narrow in male, broader in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls broad, but not as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical, in female also outer vertical and three (generally) orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles indistinct. No black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending below insertion of antennæ or to near end of second antennal joint, all Crossing in male, in female the upper directed outwards. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to a little below the middle, or only to one third of the height. Eyes hairy. Epistoma a little retreating, slightly hol- lowed, nearly straight; the vibrissal ridges curving strongly inwards below, so that epistoma is here considerably narrowed; the ridges are flattened below. Oral bristles well developed. Oral cone and pro- 422 Tachinidae. boscis short ; clypeus elongated horse-shoe-shaped ; labium not double as long as broad, labella large, oval; labriim strong aboiit as long as labium; hypopharynx short, lialf as long as labrum; palpi a little dilated, spindle-shaped and flattened. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye; third joint somewhat longer than second. Thorax rectan- gular; four postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three post- sutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with about five marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, Crossing. Two sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bunch ot bristles and hairs above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; sternites not concealed ; only marginal bristles, second segment with none ; fifth with two rows. Fifth sternite cleft to near base. Genitalia not large, bent in below venter. Legs not strong; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending somewhat near apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular, without or with a short veinlet or fold; no or a small costal spine. Thoracic squamulæ haired above. This genus is known alone by the hairy thoracic squamulæ, which is unique among the Tachininæ. The species are parasitic on Heterocera and belong to Pantel's group 4 (Thompson 1923). Of the genus about half a score of palæarctic species are recorded, but several of them are doubtful; one or two species occur in Den- mark. Table of Species. 1. Large species; wings yellow at base; black abdominal stripe narrow L pellncida. — Smaller species ; wings only slightly yellow at base, but otlier- wise more tinged; black abdominal stripe broader 2. rubrica. 1. N. pellucida Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besckr. IV, 254, 26 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 221, 1. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1099, 96 et 1849. VIII, 3242, 96 et 1855. XII, 4695, 96 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 449. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 5, 4 (Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 223. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 136. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 54. — N. conjuncta Macq. 1848. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, VI, 120, 15, Tab. VI, fig. 5. _ 1889. B. B. Denksckr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 116. Male. Frons above not one fourth of the eye; cheeks about as broad as frons. Orbits yellowish seen from above, but from in front greyish; cheeks dirty yellowish pruinose, darker in certain views; Nemoraea. 423 epistoma more grey; jowls grej; frontal stripe dark or blackish brown. Orbits with black liairs, and jowls black-haired, with a row of bristles at the inner margin. Occiput yellowish or yellowish grey, with yellowish hairs. Eyes with brownish yellow hairs. Antennæ red or with the third joint more or less to quite black, it is narrow, a little dilated outwards, rounded at apex; arista longer than antennæ, thickened only in a somewhat short basal part, and tapering evenly and very fmely. Palpi somewhat dilated, yellow, with dense black hairs and bristles. Thorax blackish, not or slightly shining, fmely bluish grey pruinose, palest on humeri and at the sides; there are four somewhat narrow, dark stripes, the median diverging, abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture; scutellum brownish red all over or on apical part. Thorax has short black hairs. Abdomen somewhat shining yellowish or brownish red, with base and a middle line black; fifth segment may be more or less to quite black; abdomen is more or less whitish or whitish yellow pruinose on a broader or nar- rower front part of the segments; it is black-haired; second segment without bristles, third with a pair and fourth with a row of marginal bristles; fiftli segment with two rows. Genitalia not large, rather hidden on ventral side; præhypopygial segment not shining, somewhat long, with bristles; hypopygium small, also with some bristles. Upper forceps deeply incised at base and drawn out in two long, thin, up- wards curved lobes with long hairs at end; the lobes form a right angle with the anterior part, which latter is triangular and pointed, with small spines on ventral side margins and at apex a small hook; arms of lower forceps somewhat broad at base and directed forwards, then curved rectangularly downwards as a thin, rod-like arm. Legs black, femora with long bristles below. Wmgs yellow on nearly basal half, outwards clear; veins yellow, brownish outwards. Squamulæ yellow, thoracai squamulæ haired above. Halteres yellow. Female. Rather different in aspect as abdomen is quite black, and it is easily taken for another species. Frons about as broad as the eye; generally three orbital bristles. Face more whitish than in male. Length 11 — 15 mm. N. pellucida is not rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, Faxe Ladeplads, Køge; on Lange- land at Lohals; on Lolland at Bremersvold and Strandby and in Jut- land at Sottrup, Høruphav, Mj eismark and Laven and Tollund near Silkeborg; the dates are ^^/s — ^/g. The species occurs on leaves of 424 Tachinidae. bushes and trees, sometimes rather high, Some of our specimens are bred from Demos coryli (Weis). It is otherwise known from Euplexia liicipara, Trachea atriplicis, Amphidasis betularia and Spilosoma lubricipeda; other recorded hosts seem doubtful. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). 2. N. rubrica Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 255, 27 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 222, 25. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 449. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI. 178, Tab. VII, Fig. 143. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 223. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 136. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 54. — Tachina vulnerata Zett. 1849. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3204, 88—89 et 1859. XIII, 6095, 88—89. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 216 (Ernestia). This species is highly similar to pellucida in almost all respects. It is smaller; abdomen has the red markings smaller, so that the middle stripe is broader and fifth segment is black, sometimes also the extreme margin of foiirth. The wings are more tinged, but less yellow at base. The female differs from the male as in pellucida. Length 7 — 9 mm. N. rubrica is rare in Denmark ; Dyrehaven, Faxe Ladeplads, on Funen at Faaborg, and in Jutland without particular locality; the dates are in July. The species is recorded as bred from Sphinx ligustri, Demas coryli and the non Danish Mamestra aliena and Leineri; one of my specimens is labelled as bred from D. coryli, and another (which I take as this species) from the pupa of Zenosema linearia? taken on -^"/ii' t^i6 fly developing on ^s/^ ((]. s. Larsen). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: Stein has seen one of my specimens and determined it as rubrica; my material includes the type specimen of vulnerata Zett. I have at present kept the species, but I very much doubt its specific distinctness, and think it to represent only small specimens of pellucida. Group 3. 100. Cchinomyia Dumér. Species of rather or very large size and of black or black and red colour. Head about as broad as thorax, convex behind and here some- Echinomyia. 425 what puffed out below, a little higher than long. Frons in male more or less narrow, in female broader, somewhat protruding. Cheeks and jowls broad, the latter to three fourths of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical, and in female also two orbital bristles. Postocellar, and in jera also occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles no black hairs. Frontal bristles descending a little or well below insertion of antennæ, being smaller upwards, the upper- most stronger, reclinate and directed more or less outwards in both sexes. Cheeks hairy. Vibrissæ not ascending, only a couple present above the large vibrissa. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating, reflected and somewhat prominent below. Oral cone and proboscis somewhat long, of about equal length. Clypeus long, band-shaped, somewhat dilated above, incised in lower end. Labrum a little shorter than basal part of labium, hypopharynx still shorter. Palpi long, thread-like. Antennæ inserted at or slightly above middle of the eye, second joint elongated, considerably longer than third and this latter not longer than broad; arista with second joint somewhat elongated. Thorax about quadratic; four or more postsutural dorsocentrals and three to four præ- and postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four or a larger number of marginal bristles on each side, the apical less strong, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles (normally). Pteropleara with a tuft of hairs and a couple or more long bristles above. Propleura hairy on upper part (in the Danish species). Abdomen robust, more or less short ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; fif th segment slightly excavated in hind margin. Sternites not concealed; there are only marginal bristles, more or less numerous, also present on second segment; fifth segment with several rows on apical part. Fifth sternite cleft to or beyond middle. Præhypopygial segment suddenly smaller than fifth, with a long connecting membrane; genitalia thus not large, but knob-like protruding. Upper forceps forming an elongated trian- gular or still narrower piece ending with a spine-shaped apex; arms of lower forceps more or less elongated triangular piates, outwardly connected with hypopygium and thus, as it were, forming part of it; curved inwards below and with a more or less developed tooth at apex. Legs not specially long, with strong bristles; hind coxæ with more or fewer hairs behind; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated in male; in female the three middle joints of front tarsi dilated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular; no costal spine. 426 Tachinidae. The species are parasitic on larvæ of larger Neterocera; they belong to Pantel's group 4. E. fera is known to pupate within the skin of the host larva, and its larva to get the air through a primary hole. The species occur especially on sandy locaUties. Of the genus about 20 pelæarctic species are recorded, 2 occur in Denmark. Remarks: I have kept the name Echinomyia though strictly it should be replaced by Tachina Meig. 1903 with the type grossa. Table of Species. 1. Very large, quite black species 1. grossa. — Smaller, partly red species 2. fera. 1. E. grossa Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 991, 75 (Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 310, 7 {Tachina). — 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 3, 1 {Ta- china). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Bescbr. IV, 329, 1 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 182, 2, Tab. LXVIII, Fig. 14—30. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 992, 1. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 425. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 74, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 194. — 1921. Baer, Zeitscbr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 129. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 43, 2. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye. Orbits and the whole head bright yellow; frontal stripe reddish brown seen from above, but from in front greyish or pale yellow pruinose. Frontal bristles descending well below insertion of an- tennæ. Orbits with black hairs, cheeks and jowls with golden hairs. Occiput yellow, with dense yellow hairs. Antennæ with second joint about twice as long as third, this latter nearly quadratic, but dilated inwardly tovvards apex; the antennæ are red, third joint black, only narrowly red at base or all brownish; arista thickened in more than basal half, black, or reddish at base, the two basal joints somewhat elongated. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, shining, black- haired; four or five, sometimes six, often somewhat irregularly placed postsutural dorsocentrals, and gener- ally three præsutural and four postsutural acrostichals, the anterior Fig. 88. E. grossa ,^ , antenna. Echinomyia. 427 of the latter small or wanting. Scutellum with a varying number of up to eight, strong marginal and submarginal bristles on each side, and with bristly hairs and some bristles on the disc. Abdomen black, shining, rarely obsciirely brownish at the sides of anterior segments; it is densely black-haired; second segment with two to four marginal bristles on each side, third with three to seven and fourth with a dense row. Sternites with strong bristles. Upper forceps elongated triangular, prolonged into a long beak ending in a spine-like apex; it has dense, recurved hairs, the apex bare; arms of lower forceps somewhat triangular, outwards connected with the segment, the inner margin is curved inwards and has a dilatation towards apex; the apex itself is prolonged into a strong, rectangularly inwards curved spine-like tooth; they are haired on the hinder surface. Legs black, tibiæ more or less reddish; front tibiæ brown-haired on anterior side; the legs are strongly bristled. Wings yellowish at base; veins yellow, outwards brownish. Squamulæ dark brownish. Halteres yellowish. Female. Similar; frons a little broader; third antennal joint about quadratic, not dilated inwards. Length 15 — 20 mm. This large and characteristic species is the largest European Tachinid; it is also distinguished by its numerous strong bristles, which are, however, on account of their large number rather varying in this respect. The species is not rare in Denmark, but generally only present singly or in small number. It occurs especially on umbelli- fers and composites, I have taken it on Eupatorium and also on Thymus. Tisvilde, Rørvig, Jægerspris; in Jutland at Kliplev, Hald, Funder, Ullitz, Rebbild and Buderupholm, and on Bornholm at Sandvig and Blykobbe Aa; the dates are ^/^ — ^^/g. In our old collec- tion (Stæger) it is numerously present but without particular locality. We have it bred from Lasiocampa quercus and Macrothylacia riibi (Weis); horn Lasiocampa it emerged on ^/7. Besides, it is known from Hyloicus pinastri, Lasiocampa trifolii and Lemonia dumi. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 2. E. fera Linn. 1758. Linn. Syst. Nat. X, 592 et 1767. XII, 2, 991, 74 {Musca). — 1764. MuU. Faun. Fridrichsd. 83, 734 {Musca). — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 308, 1 {Tachina). — 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 3, 2 p. p. (Tackina). — 1824. Meig. 428 Tachinidae. Syst. Beschr. IV, 240, 3 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 182, 3. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 994, 3. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 425. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 75, 4. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 193. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 129. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 43, 1.— E. fulviceps Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 138, 10. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 426. —Æ^. ruficor- nis Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 183, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 426. — Tachina virgo Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 243, 6 et 1838. VII, 182, 6. — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 995, 4. — E. tetramera Zett. 1849. 1. c. VIII, 3216, 5—6. — E. magnicornis 1862. Schin. (nee Zett.) 1. c. I, 426. Male. Frons above narrower than tlie eye, not miich protruding. Head yellow priiinose, orbits more greyish and somewhat darkened iipwards; frontal stripe brownish red. Frontal bristles descending a little below insertion of antennæ, the rows curving strongly outwards below, the uppermost bristle erect and directed a little outwards. Orbits with black hairs; cheeks and jowls ^-~, / with fine black and yellow hairs. Occiput A y grey, with dense yellow hairs. Antennæ /'IV with second joint considerably longer J/',u"^ ^ than third, but not twice as long; third .x^^v,'' ; ' joint nearly circular; the antennæ are red, ^^ ^\^ with third joint blackish or slightly red- ^^^..g;^:^:^^^^^^ j dish at base, sometimes all reddish brown; V y arista short, basal joint short, second Fig. 89. E.fera S, antenna. somewhat elongated. Palpi yellow. Tho- rax black, somewhat æneous, shining, in certain view a little whitish pruinose, especially on front part, with indication of four black lines; humeri, postalar calli and scutel- lum reddish brown. Thorax is black-haired; four postsutural dorso- centrals and three to four præ- and postsutural acrostichals. Scutel- lum with four marginal bristles on each side, the basal weak, and a pair of discai and præapical bristles. Abdomen pale red or yellowish red, with black triangular spots, forming a middle stripe, incised at the incisures; the stripe is narrower or broader, narrowed behind, and it does not reach the end; the segments are whitish pruinose on the front part, especially the last. Abdomen is black-haired; second segment with one or two marginal bristles on each side in the middle, third with one to three, and fourth with a row of more or less numerous bristles, interrupted in the middle. The sternites with only more or less bristly hairs. The lamellæ of fifth sternite triangular, with long hairs. Hypopygium knob-like, red; upper forceps black, long and narrow, slightly dilated above, of a spine-like shape; it is densely Peleteria. 429 beset witli long, recurved hairs, the apex pointed and bare; arms of lower forceps of an equilateral triangular shape, and looking as forming part of the side of hypopygium, the posterior margin is folded inwards and ends in a spine-like apex; the outer surface has long hairs. Legs red, femora black with apex red to a smaller or larger ex- tent ; the legs are less bristly tlian in grossa. Wings yellowish at base, and veins here yellow, brown ontwards. Squamulæ whitish with pale yellow margin. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader; third antennal joint generally more square. Abdominal sternites with strong bristles. Femora quite red or only black at base, rarely more black. Length 9 — 14 mm. Remarks: This species is known to vary to some degree as regards coloiir, and it has therefore been described under several names, but with us it seems to vary only a little. Most of our spec- imens have only one median bristle on each side of second and third abdominal segment. — E. tetramera Zett., the type of which, a female, is in our collection, is nothing but a peculiar aberrant individual of, I think, the present species (or possibly of magnicornis Zett.), with only foLir joints on all tarsi. It is, however, a rather puzzling specimen, but manifests its abnormity by not only the front but also the middle tarsi having the intermediate joints dilated, and the second joint on the right hind tarsus is incised in the middle on posterior side and nearly divided. E. jera is less common in Denmark than grossa; Tisvilde, Rørvig (I. C. Nielsen, the author), and in Jutland at Silkeborg and Funder (Esben-Petersen); the dates are ^"/e—^'/e- O- F- Mijller enumerates it in Faun. Fridrichsd., but the citation is rather doubtful and may well belong to a Peleteria. It is known parasitic on Ly mantria dispar and monacha, Mamestra pisi, Agrotis glareosa, Leucania obsoleta, Panolis griseovariegata, Arctia aiilica and Oeonistis qiiadra. Geographical distribution: — Europe and down into North Africa; towards the north to middle Sweden. 101. Peleteria R. D. Species of medium or rather large size, with red and black ab- domen. The genus is in most respects conform with Echitiomyia, but shows several distinguishing characters. Head mainly as in Echino- 430 Tachinidae. myia., frons in male rather broad and still broader in female, rather protruding; cheeks broad to very broad, sometimes narrower; jowls from half as broad to nearly as broad as the eye is high. No ocellar bristles but inner and outer vertical and in male two to three, in female three orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Frontal bristles descending a little below insertion of antennæ, about three upper stronger, reclinate, and the iippermost directed out- wards in both sexes. Cheeks sparingly hairy, with a coiiple of bristles below near the eye-margin. Proboscis long and thin, longer than oral cone, labella oval; palpi long and thin, thread-like. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye, second joint longer than third, the latter longer than broad; arista short, thickened towards end but evenly tapering, the basal joints elongated, of about equal length or the first shorter. Thorax quadratic; three or four postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four to five marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing, and with some bristles on the disc. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen shorter or longer ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; sternites quite or almost quite concealed; there are only marginal or both discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles. Fifth sternite long and arched, shining, more or less deeply cleft, bue only at apex; the lamellæ shorter or longer and armed with a tooth at apex or drawn out in a strong upwards curved spine. Male genitalia as in Echinomyia suddenly smaller than fifth segment; upper forceps reduced to a small, triangular piece, almost hidden; arms of lower forceps small, placed at end of hypopygium, of semicircular or more triangular outline, inwards going out in a spine or more or less spine- shaped process, the two processes meeting in the middle. Legs as in Echinomyia^ hind coxæ likewise with hairs behind, claws and pulvilli elongated in male, and the three middle joints on front tarsi dilated in female. Wings as in Echinomyia. As seen, the genus differs from Echinomyia especially by the want of ocellar bristles, the presence of orbital bristles in both sexes, the bristles on cheeks and the want of bristles on second abdominal segment. Also is the hypopygium of another shape, and the abdominal tergites quite or almost meeting below. The species are parasitic on Papilio and various Heterocera, and they belong to PanteFs group 4. Like the species of Echinomyia they are most frequent in sandy piaces. Peleteria. 431 Of the genus about 18 palæarctic species are recorded; 3 have becn found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Abdomen without discai bristles {Peleteria s. str.) 2. — Abdomen with discai bristles (Chaetopeleteria Mik) 3. Popelii. 2. Antennæ black; cheeks very broad, as broad as the eye. . 1. mgricornis. — Antennæ with the two first joints red; cheeks much nar- rower 2. ferina. 1. P. nigricornis Meig. 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 182, 8 {EcUnomyia). — 1910. Villen. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 1910, 311. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 130. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 46, 2. — Tachina fera 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 4, p. p. var. g. — E. tessellata 1844. Zett. (nec. Fabr.) Dipt. Scand. III, 967, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 424. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 77, 8, p. p. — P. proinpta p. p. 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 200. Male. Frons above broader than the eye; cheeks as broad as the eye, and jowls almost as broad as the eye is high. Orbits greyish, below together with face and jowls silvery white, the intermediate triangle yellowish ; frontal stripe reddish, seen from in front somewhat whitish pruinose. Orbits and outer part of cheeks with fine black hairs; below on cheeks, at the eye-margin, a couple (2 — 4) of bristles. Jowls with black bristly hairs. Occiput grey, with dense yellow hairs. Antennæ black, second joint some- what longer than third, the latter longer than broad; arista with the two basal joints elongated. Palpi very thin, yellow, with small black bristles, especially at apex. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with four stripes, the median narrow, diverging, disappearing behind the suture, the lateral broader; scutellum reddish at apex, or quite reddish. Thorax black-haired; four postsutural dorso- centrals, and two or three præ- and three (or four) postsutural acrosti- chals. Abdomen red, with a rather narrow, sometimes interrupted, black middle stripe, somewhat incised at the incisures, on fifth seg- ment occupying the whole hind margin; seen from behind the seg- ments are more or less whitish pruinose on front part, sometimes Fig. 90. P. nigricornis ^ , antenna. 432 Tachinidae. very slightly. Abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, second segment without, third with a pair and fourth with a row. Fifth sternite long, arched and semicylindrical; it is black and shining, only slightly incised with short lamellæ ; these latter have an excision at upper posterior angle, so that a little ciirved tooth is formed; they are densely beset with short bristles, the tooth bare and »hining. Hypopygium black; upper forceps a very small triangular piece, hidden between the arms of lower forceps; these latter likewise rather small, almost semicircular, inwards going out in a strong, curved hook, the two hooks meeting in the middle; the outer part of the arms densely haired with long, curved hairs. Legs black or blackish, tibiæ often obscurely brownish, hind tibiæ more or less reddish; the legs have strong bristleg. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins yellow on basal part, brown outwards, medial cross-vein a little clouded; posterior cross-vein sinuate. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres dark yellowish to brown. Female. Quite similar; frons broader. Abdominal sternites with strong bristles. Length 10 — 13 mm. P. nigricornis is common in Denmark; Tisvilde, Rørvig, Faxe Ladeplads; on Falster at Gedser; on Langeland at Lindelse; on Funen at Middelfart ; on Endelave ; in Jutland at Ry, Tvilum near Silkeborg, Marselisborg, Hald, Ullitz, Frederikshavn, Hulsig and Lønstrup, and on Bornholm at Hasle and Balka; the dates are from end of May to ^"/g. It occurs especially in sandy locahties, on umbeUifers and com- posites and also often on heather, and I have also taken it on Knautia. It is known as parasitic on Papilio machaon and Agrotis segetum and vestigialis; I have seen it from Agrotis cursoria, not earUer known as host for it; the imago came on ^/g (Weis). Geographical distribution: — Europe and down into North Africa; towards the north to middle Sweden. Also occurring in North America. Remarks: Tachina tessellata Fabr, is in Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. given with a query as synonym to Eudoromyia magnicornis Zett. I shall remark, that in the collection of Tønder Lund and Sehested, which is determined by Fabricius, there is a specimen, determined as tes- sellata^ and it is the present species; the specimen is, however, not the type, which certainly is in Fabricius's collection in Kiel. Peleteria. 433 2. P. ferina Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 998, 7 et 1849. VIII, 3217, 7 (Echinomyia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 424 {Echinomyia). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 78, 9 {Echinomyia). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 389. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 199. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 130. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 46, 1. — Echinomyia ahdomi- nalis R. D. 1830. Myod. 41, 4. — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 186, 20. Male. TJiis species is similar to the foregoing. Head coloured in che same way, but frons less widening downwards, the inner eye- margins less oblique, and thus the cheeks much narrower, scarcely half as broad as the eye, and sparingly haired in the wliole breadth; jowls also narrower, about half the height of the eye, and with small hairs, only bristly hairs quite below. Antennæ with the two basal joints red, second joint very slightly longer than third and with stronger bristles on the front side. Thorax less pruinose and thus more shining, with the stripes only slightly visible. Scutellum darker to black. Abdomen similarly coloured and bristled as in nigricornis, but less whitish pruinose. Fifth sternite much more deeply excised, and thus the lamellæ longer, they are also of another shape, the lower posterior angle drawn out into an upwards curved spine-Iike process. Genitalia as in nigricornis., arms of lower forceps a little longer ver- tically, likewise inwardly going out in a curved hook. Legs and wings as in nigricornis, but tibiæ generally black. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar, with the same differences as in nigricornis. Length 11 — 13 mm. P. ferina occurs in the same way as the foregoing, but is much less common in Denmark and has only been taken at Tisvilde and in Høbjerg Skov at Aarhus (Weis, Kryger, the author); the dates are in July. One specimen is bred from Arctia aulica (Weis). The species is besides known from Lasiocampa trifolii and Parasemia plan- taginis. — I have examined a specimen sent from Zetterstedt to Stæger. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 3. P. Popelii Portsch. 1882. Portsch. Hor. Soc. entom. Ross. XVII, 7 {Echinomyia). — 1888. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XIV, 17 {Echinomyia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 201. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 130. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 47, 3. 28 434 Tachinidae. Male. Shape and colour of head as in the other species; frons broader and the cheeks broader than in ferina, but not as broad as in nigricornis, about half as broad as the eye; jowls about half the height of the eye, with bristly hairs. Antennæ with the two basal joints reddish, second a little longer than third. Palpi thin and thread- like, with black bristles on outer half. Thorax black, somewhat shining, but distinctly greyish pruinose with four distinct stripes as in nigri- cornis; scutellum obscurely reddish. Thorax black-haired; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals. Abdomen more elongated than in the other species; it is bright red with a black middle stripe, only slightly incised at the incisures, the last segment with the hind part black; abdomen is rather shining, only narrowly white pruinose at front margins of the segments; it is black-haired, second segment without bristles, third with three or four pairs in a longitudinal row, fourth with one or two pairs of discai and a row of marginal bristles, fifth with bristles on hinder half. Fifth sternite long and arched, lamellæ not short, somewhat triangular, the apex drawn out into an upwards curved spine; they are somewhat longish hairy. Genitalia forming a more or less pro- truding blackish knob; hypopygium armed on the lateral parts with strong, outstanding bristles. Arms of lower forceps somewhat trian- gular with the point downwards, inwardly going out into a com- pressed piece, meeting the opposite and looking as connected with it; the arms covered with longish, diverging hairs. Legs black, hind tibiæ may be obscurely reddish. Wings a little tinged, yellow at base; veins brown, paler towards base; posterior cross- vein sinuate. Squamulæ white. Balteres yellowish or brown. Female. Quite similar, frons slightly broader. Length 10 — 12 mm. P. Popelii is not common in Denmark, and has only been taken at Tisvilde in sandy localities (I. C. Nielsen, the author); the dates are ^Z, into August; one specimen is labelled as bred from Eumydia striata; otherwise no hosts seem to be known, but, according to the localities it frequents, it may be thought to be species of Agrotis. Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe and into middle Asia; it does not seem to occur north of Denmark. It is recorded to frequent sandy districts. Perichaeta. 435 102. Pericliaeta Rond. Smallish species, black, almost without pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind, almost not puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and equal in both sexes, slightly pro- truding. Cheeks narrow; jowls about one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles, the latter directed somewhat outwards. Postocellar and small occipital bristles present. Occiput nearly all black-haired. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, a reclin- ate bristle above, and behind it an outwards directed bristle. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma only a little retreating, but somewhat strongly reflected and protruding just below. Oral cone and proboscis rather long and slender; labella small, oval, Palpi thin. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint thrice as long as second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scatellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, diverging, and also the lateral rather small. Four sterno- pleural bristles. Abdomen with excavation on second segment not by far reaching hind margin, the segments with numerous discai and marginal bristles. Genitalia small. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli not elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending some- what before apex of wing; discai angle rounded; costal spine quite small. To the genus only one species belongs, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. P. unicolor Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 35, 73 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 398, 277 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 261, 19 (Phorocera). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 647, 54 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1166, 169 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 493 (Phorocera). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 99, Tab. IV, Fig. 70 et 1891. LVIII, 352. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 333, 5 (Phorocera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 356. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 360. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 115. — Tachina funebris Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 647, 58. Male. Frons above broader than the eye. Orbits and cheeks bluish white pruinose, the former somewhat darkened; jowls bluish 28* 436 Tachinidae. grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Vibrissæ ascending to the frontal bristles, strong. Orbits and jowls black-haired. Occiput bluish grey, wdth black liairs, and brown hairs only below in the middle. Eyes with pale yellow hairs. Antennæ black, third joint somewhat broad; arista somewhat short, thickened in more than basal half. Palpi black. Thorax black, bluish grey pruinose, especially on front part, and here with four stripes, the median narrow, the lateral broad. Thorax somewhat sparingly black-haired. Abdomen conical, black and shining, strongly black-haired and with numerous strong bristles, second, third and fourth segment with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles, and fifth quite covered with bristles; besides some discai hairs are strong and bristle-like. Genitaha small; iipper forceps cleft to near middle in two pointed branches. Legs black. Wings very slightly tinged; veins black. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. I do not know the female. Length 7 mm. P. unicolor is very rare in Denmark, I have taken only one specimen, a male, at Jyderup on ^/^ 1925. It is known as bred from Croesus septentrionalis. Geographical distribution: — Europe and down into North Africa; towards the north to middle Sweden. 103. GepmaPia R. D. Species of somewhat large to smallish size and of black colour with some whitish pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, more or less convex behind and somewhat puffed out especially below; epistoma somewhat or strongly retreating, the head more or less triangular in profile, higher than long. Frons very broad, and equal in both sexes, only a little declining, but rather or much protruding. Cheeks broad or very broad and jowls from half as broad to even as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles; two orbitals likewise in both sexes or only in female; the ocellar bristles directed outwards. Postocellar and occipital bristles relatively strong. No black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint or to insertion of arista, one or a couple of the uppermost directed out- wards in both sexes; orbits besides with some more or less bristly hairs. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending about to or a little above the middle, they are short or longer. Eyes bare. Epistoma slightly reflected Germaria. 437 below. Oral cone and proboscis short, the latter somewhat thick. An- tennæ inserted well or high above middle of the eye, third joint about thrice as long as second in male, shorter in f emale ; arista thickened to end, geniculate between second and third joint, second joint consider- ably elongated. Thorax rectangular; three, sometimes four postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and two or three postsutural acro- stichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three or four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing; a præapical pair near apex present, and a pair or some irregular discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with hairs and a long bristle above. Abdomen longer or shorter, with excavation on second seg- ment reaching hind margin; a sixth segment anterior to the præ- hypopygial more or less visible; there are only marginal bristles, none on »econd segment. Genitalia not specially small, lying at the end of abdomen below. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal and rather large ; claws and pulvilli in male slightly elongated ; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or closed just at margin, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with a small or quite small veinlet; subcostal vein with bristles on basal part, cubital vein with bristles towards or to medial cross-vein; anal vein long, reaching near to or almost quite to the margin; costal spine small. Of the genus two or three palæarctic species are known, two occurring in Denmark. Tahle of Species. 1. Antennæ black; second and third joint of arista about equal; humeral callus generally reddish; fifth abdominal segment quite black ; smallish species 1 . ancjustaia. — Second antennal joint red; third joint of arista longer than second ; humeral callus black ; fifth abdominal segment with pruinosity ; large species 2. ruficeps. 1. G. angustata Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1198, 7 et 1858. XII, 4703, 7 {Go7iia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 360. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 117 {AtractocJiaeta) . — Tachina luguhrina Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1081, 78 et 1849. VIII, 3239, 78. — G. sahulosa Wulp, 1869. Entom. Tijdschr. 2, IV, 146, Tab. IV, Fig. 6—9. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 361. — 1909. Villen. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 677, 2. — AtractocJiaeta graeca B. B. 1889. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 100, Tab. IV, Fig. 73, et 1893. LX, 125 et 240. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 360. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVL 256, 51. 438 Tachinidae. Male. Frons above aboiit double as broad as the eye, rather protruding; cheeks somewhat broad, and jowls half as broad as the eye is high. Orbits dark grey, cheeks somewhat reddish, with a whitish or dirty white pruinosity; jowls likewise reddish, grey pruinose; frontal stripe somewhat broad, velvet reddish or brownish red. No orbitals. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista; outside to the frontals a row of more or less bristly hairs. Vibrissæ ascending to middle or a little higher, short and fme. Orbits besides the bristles with some fine hairs; jowls with only few black hairs. Occipiit grey, with whitish hairs, Antennæ black; third joint a little broad; arista about as long as third joint, thickened to end and short-pointed, second joint a little longer than third or of same length; third joint a little fiatten ed. Palpi pale yellow, a little darkened at tip. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated just behind the suture, the lateral somewhat indistinct; humeral cailus as a rule more or less red; scutellum black. Thorax with short, black hairs; three postsutural dorsocentrals, or a small second present Fig. 91. G. angustata, ^ , antenna. Fig. 92. Wing of G. angustata. and then four. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat small, crossing. Abdomen black, shining and polished, second and third segment with a bluish grey band on front half, more or less interrupted in the middle so that a black middle stripe may appear; abdomen has short, black hairs and a pair of marginal bristles on third and a row on fourtli segment. Genitalia often reddish ; upper forceps forming a thin straight style in its apical part; arms of lower forceps broader, more lamelliform, as long as upper forceps. Legs black, tibiæ may be a little obscurely brownish; Germaria. 439 anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ few and large. Wings a little yel- lowish; veins yellow to brown; cubital vein doubly ourved; discai angle with a very short veinlet; apical cross- vein concave; first posterior cell closed just at margin; cubital vein with bristles towards or to medial cross- vein; radial vein sometimes with one or a couple of bristles. Squamulæ white. Halteres brown. Female. Quite similar, third antennal joint a little shorter. Length 6 to about 9 mm. G. angustata is not common in Denmark; Tisvilde in some numbers (I.C.Nielsen); in Jutland at Silkeborg (Drewsen), on Læsø and on Bornholm at Hasle (H. J. Hansen); the dates are ^/g — '^j^. The species frequents especially sandy shores and downs, but no host is known. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into Greece ; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: I have examined Zetterstedt's types to Gonia angu- stata and T. lugubrina; angustata is rather large specimens while lugubrina is somewhat small; the latter has the third antennal joint in the male rather broadened towards apex, but it looks somewhat abnormally dilated; otherwise the species are quite conform, and I have no doubt that they are identical. The Danish specimen of T. lugubrina mentioned by Zetterstedt 1. c. VIII is in our collection, and it is likewise the present species. Zetterstedt says that the Danish species differs from his lugubrina by: "abdominis cingulis glauco- albis 2, nec 5", but this is an error as he in the description of lugu- brina only speaks of 3 bands on abdomen; the other characters he mentions are of no value. Stein, who has seen our specimen, came to the same result. 2. G. ruficeps Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 4, 3 {Tachina). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 5, 8, et 1830. VI, 373 (Gonia) et 1838. VII, 247, 1, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 16—20 {Illigera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1197, 6 (Gonia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 441. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 99, Tab. IV, Fig. 71. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 360. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 361. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 117. Male. Frons above more than double as broad as the eye, strongly protruding and epistoma strongly retreating; cheeks very broad, and jowls nearly as broad as the height of the eye. Orbits reddish, grey just above, downwards somewhat yellowish pruinose; cheeks 440 Tachinidae. and jowls yellowåsh, silvery, in certain views red; frontal stripe reddish, seen from in front greyish pruinose. Two orbitals present. Frontal bristles descending to the end of second antennal joint, a couple of the uppermost reelinate or directed outwards; some of the hairs on orbits bristly, especially a row on each side of frontal stripe. Vibrissæ ascending about to the middle, fine but not short, placed in more than one row. Orbits with fine hairs besides the bristly; jowls with few, black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs. Antennæ black, basal joint red; arista thick to apex, short-pointed, third joint longer than second. Palpi yellow, a little dilated outwards. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with two narrow median stripes, abbreviated behind, and two lateral, less distin et stripes; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired; three or sometimes four postsutural dorsocentrals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Abdomen somewhat short and broad, black, shining; the three last segments with a greyish white pruinose band on the front half, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; abdomen is black-haired, with a pair of marginal bristles on third and a row on fourth segment; fifth segment with only a row of mar- ginal bristles, for the rest with bristly hairs. Legs black, somewhat robust and with long bristles. Wings brownish tinged, especially at base and anterior margin; veins brown; discai angle with a quite short veinlet; first posterior cell narrowly open, Squamulæ whitish. H alteres brownish. Female. I do not know the female, it is described to have the third antennal joint shorter. Length 12,5 mm. G. riificeps is rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both males, one from Sealand, the other from Lolland at Kværkeby, taken on i^/, 1908 (L. Jørgensen). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 104. Bracliychaeta Rond. Smallish species of black colour, with some white pruinosity. Head fully as broad as thorax, gomewhat convex behind and a little puffed out below; epistoma somewhat strongly retreating and thus the head somewhat triangular in profile, higher than long. Frons very broad in both sexes, only slightly declining, but strongly pro- Brachychaeta. 441 truding. Cheeks broad, and jowls half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Post- ocellar and occipital bristles relatively strong. Some black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista, an upper of them directed outwards in both sexes, and behind it still a small bristle. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ strong, ascending to two thirds of the height. Eyes bare. Epistoma slightly reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis relatively long and the latter slender; clypeiis narrow. Palpi a little dilated outwards, most in female. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint in male long, about six times as long as second, in female shorter, about thrice the second; arista with second joint slightly elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scu- tellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical erect and Crossing; a pair of erect, diverging præapical bristles. Three (or four) sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a few hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen with the excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin, with discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Genitalia small, hidden in fifth segment. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli in male not elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings somewhat short; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending in considerable distance from apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, some times with in- dication of a quite minute veinlet; posterior cross- vein near the middle between medial cross-vein and angle; a long costal spine. The species has been bred from Notodonta dromedarius (see below), and it belongs to Pantel's group 2 (Thompson 1924). Only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. B. strigata Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 375, 235 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 249, 6 (Degeeria). — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XX,VI, 248, 15 {Degeeria). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 361. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 116. — Tachina hystrix Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1053, 46. — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 112, 6 [Latreillia). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 391 {Latreillia). — B.spinigera Rond. 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 38, 4. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 107, Tab. V, Fig. 107. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 357. Male. Frons double as broad as the eye, eye-margins parallel; cheeks very broad, a little narrowing downwards. Orbits brownish 442 Tachinidae. grey, blackish above; cheeks greyish white, silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet reddish black seen from above, from in front it is greyish silvery, Vibrissæ strong, but not dense. Orbits with sparse black hairs, jowls with longer hairs. Occiput grey, rather sparingly with white hairs, wanting above, and with some black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, second joint short, third large and long; arista miich shorter than third joint, thickened to near end. Palpi yellowish, darker towards base. Thorax blackish or brownish black, greyish pruinose, with four somewhat broad, but Fig. 93 Wing of B. strigata. not very distinct dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scu- tellum dark. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a narrow, white pruinose, somewhat silvery front band; abdomen has somewhat long, but not erect black hairs; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs with long bristles. Wings a little tinged ; veins blackish ; squa- mulæ white with a sKghtly yellow margin. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar, but third antennal joint much shorter, not above thrice as long as second, and this latter reddish. Length 6 mm. B. strigata is rare in Denmark as elsewhere, I know only five specimens; Grib Skov (Kryger); Lolland (L. Jørgensen), in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wiistenei), on Bornholm (Weis), and one specimen from earher time without particular locality; the sole dates of capture are ^^U — ^'^U; it is an exclusive spring-species. The specimen from Bornholm is labelled as bred from Notodonta dromedarius\ hitherto no host was recorded. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Admontia. 443 105. Admontia B. B. Species of smallish to medium size; colour black, with pale prui- nosity on thorax and as bands on abdomen. Head fully as broad as thorax, a little convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons rather broad and equal in both sexes, some- what protruding; cheeks somewhat broad; jowls broader than half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner vertical and two orbital bri&tles, but no or quite small outer verticals. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost reclinate in both sexes, with an outwards directed brigtle behind. Cheeks with hairs, more or less bristly. Vibrissæ ascending above the middle, Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating, flat, not or almost not reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis rather short. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, long and narrow, third joint six times as long as second; arista with second joint elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat small and diverging, Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a little bunch of hairs and a small bristle above. Abdomen in male conical, with genitalia small, in female more oval and flattened; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin. There are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli in male not elongated; front tarsi in female with second to fourth joint flat and dilated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending just before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse and rounded; posterior cross- vein behind middle between medial cross- vein and angle; a not large costal spine. About the biology is only known that amica has been bred from an undetermined Ti/jw/a-larva. Two or three European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1. A. amica Meig. 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr.. VII, 250, 12 (Degeeria). — 1894. Strobl, Mittheil. Ver. Steirm. XXX, 43. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 393. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 372. — A. podomyia B. B. 1889. Denkschr. Akad. 444 Tachinidae. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 166, Tab, V, Fig. 92. — 1910. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg., XXIX, 254. — 1924. Stein, Årch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 145. Male. Frons considerably broader than the eye. Orbits blackish above, downwards together with cheeks whitish or pale yellowish, silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black. Vibrissæ somewhat streng. Orbits finely haired; cheeks with somewhat bristly hairs, only bare along eye-margin and just below; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs behind postocular bristles and with pale hairs on lower half. Antennæ black; arista thickened in nearly basal two thirds. Palpi black. Thorax black, grey pruinose, with foiir black stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, the three last segments with a narrow, white pruinose front band, more or less interrupted in the middle, and shifting to brown according to view, Abdomen is black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal, but the hairs to each side of the discai strong, so that there is nearly a row of discai bristles. Legs black; middle tibiæ with two long anterodorsal bristles, but sometimes one of them smaller. Wings brownish tinged; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell very narrowly open or just closed. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; hairs on cheeks finer and less numerous. Length 5,5 to nearly 8 mm. A. amica is rare in Denmark, I know only five specimens, two males and three females; Nøddebo (I.C.Nielsen), Tisvilde, and in Jutland at Skørping (the author); the dates are in July. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; not known north of Denmark. Remarks: I have followed the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. and used the name amica Meig. for the species, as I think that the male and female figured by Brauer belong to one species, only the male figured has had the head somewhat contracted by exsiccating. 106. TricliopaFia B. B. This genus is very nearly related to Admontia and in most respects quite conform with it. Head of the same shape. Jowls about half as broad as the height of the eye. Cheeks with fmer hairs, some- Trichoparia. 445 times arranged in a single row, Vibrissæ ascending more or less above the middle to quite up. Eyes bare. Palpi small. Antennæ as in Ad- montia; arista with second joint short or somewhat elongate. Scu- tellum with three marginal bristles on each side, apical hairs wanting or very small. Claws and pulvilli in male not elongated, or very small; front tarsi in female with the foiir last joints only very slightly dilated, or more dilated, as in Admontia. Wings with discai angle obtuse; costal spine wanting or very small. Two of the species have been bred from Tipulids. The genus contains 4 species; 3 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Thorax with two broad black stripes 1. hlanda. — Thorax with four black stripes, two narrow median and two broader lateral 2. 2. Arista with second joint somewhat elongated; base of wing and squamulæ rather yellow; middle tibiæ with two long anterodorsal bristles; claws and pulvilli as long as fifth tarsal joint; front tarsi in female dilated 2. seria. — Arista with second joint short; base of wing and squamulæ not specially yellow; middle tibiæ with one anterodorsal bristle; claws and pulvilli quite small; front tarsi in female very slightly dilated 3. decorata. I have followed Stein in placing hlanda in this genus and not in Admontia because of the wanting apical bristles on scutellum; both genera might, as also Stein remarks, well be united, the dividing characters, I think, scarcely being satisfactory. 1. T. blanda Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 15, 29 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 404, 287 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 249, 16 (Degeeria). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1073, 69 et 1849. VIII, 3237, 69 et 1859. XIII, 6089, 69 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 534 (Degeeria). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 394. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 146, 1. Male. Frons considerably broader than the eye, somewhat pro- truding. Orbits grey above, downwards together with cheeks silvery white; jowls partly yellowish; frontal stripe velvet black or blackish brown. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle or just above it, somewhat strong. Orbits sparingly haired; cheeks with fme hairs along the inner margin; jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs behind postocular bristles and pale hairs on lower half. Antennæ 446 Tachinidae. black, second joint short, third long and linear, six times as long as second; arista thickened in basal half, second joint somewhat elong- ated. Palpi black or blackish. Thorax black, shining, whitish grey pruinose, with two very broad black stripes, confluent behind the suture, but thorax again pruinose in front of scutellum; thorax is thus black with the sides grey, and a narrow median grey stripe, stopping at the suture, and a space in front of scutellum grey; scu- tellum black. Thorax very sparingly with short black hairs; two or three præ- and three to four postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with no or quite small apical hairs. Abdomen black, shining; the three last segments with a narrow white pruinose front band, shifting to brown, according to view. Abdomen is black-haired ; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs black; middle tibiæ with one long anterodorsal bristle (generally). Wings from very slightly to somewhat strongly brown tinged ; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell just closed; discai angle rounded. Squamulæ whitish or a little yellowish. H alteres yellowish brown or brown, Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; orbits more silvery; antennæ as in male. Front tarsi with second to fourth joint dilated, fifth narrower. Length. Rather varying in size, the length from 4 to 7 mm. T. blanda is rare in Denmark, I know in all eight specimens, a male and seven females; Ermelund, Lave Skov near Helsingør," Tisvilde, and in Jutland at Ry, Funder and Hoed south of Grenaa; the dates are ^'/g — ^^/lo- Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 2. T. seria Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 408, 294 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 249, 4 (Degeeria). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 535 (Degeeria). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 103, Tab. V, Fig. 91. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 114, 9 {Latreillia). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 391 {Latreillia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 394. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 372. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 147, 4. — Ta- china maculisquama Zett. 1859, Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6088, 67 — 68. Male. Frons above considerably broader than the eye, somewhat protruding; jowls about half the height of the eye. Orbits grey above, downwards together with cheeks silvery white; jowls grey; frontal Trichoparia. 447 stripe velvet brown or brownish black. Frontal bristleg descending to end of second antennal joint. Vibrissæ ascending nearly quite up, somewhat strong. Orbits with sparse black hairs; cheeks with fine hairs on inner half; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs behind postocular bristles and with pale hairs below. Antennæ black, long and linear; arista thickened in fully the basal half, second joint somewhat elongated. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, grey prui- nose, with four black stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated quite behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture; scutellum dark. Thorax with quite short black hairs; three præ- and three postsutural acrosti- chals. Abdomen blackish, the three last segments greyish yellow to brownish pruinose with shifting dark spots, according to view, and scarcely leaving narrow hind margins, but a more or less distinct middle line black. Abdomen is black-haired, with bristles as in blanda. Legs black; middle tibiæ with two anterodorsal bristles; claws as long as fifth tarsal joint. Wings slightly tinged but rather yellow at base; veins yellow to brown; first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed; discai angle obtuse; posterior cross- vein nearer the angle than the medial cross-vein. Squamulæ dark yellow. Halteres yellow to red. Female. Similar; frons a little broader. Front tarsi with the four last joints dilated. Length 7 — 8 mm. 7". seria is very rare in Denmark, only one specimen, a male, is known, taken in Jutland at Sønderborg on ^"/e (Wtistenei). The species is known as bred from Ctenophora pectinicornis and Xiphura atrata and var. ruficornis. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden. 3. T. decorata Zett. 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3237, 69—70 et 1859. XIII, 6089, 69—70 (Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 400 (Degeeria). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 147, 3. Male, This species is very similar to seria. Frons broader than the eye, only a little protruding. Cheeks narrower than in seria^ especially below; jowls not one half of the height of the eye. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of arista. Vibrissæ less ascending than in seria. Cheeks with fme hairs along inner margin, mainly in one row. Occiput black-haired, with only few pale hairs below in the 448 Tachinidae. middle. Antennal arista with second joint short. Thorax and abdomen with the pruinosity whitish, and on abdomen forming distinct front bands; fourth abdominal segment with only six marginal bristles. Middle tibiæ with only one anterodorsal bristle; claws and pulvilli quite small. Wings very slightly or somewhat more brownish tinged, but not yellow at base; posterior cross-vein about in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle. Squamulæ whitish or a little yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader; front tarsi with the four last joints quite slightly or scarcely dilated. Length 5 — 7 mm. T. decorata is rare in Denmark, only four specimens, two males and two females, are known; one male bred from a pupa found in a hollow tree in Charlottenlund (Schlick), the other specimens from Ordrup (Stæger). As the species is known as bred from Tipula irrorata (Stein), the above mentioned pupa has possibly come from a Tipulid in the hollow tree, Geographical distribution: — The species is known from Den- mark and Southern Sweden, Holland, Germany, and, according to a communication from Dr. Villeneuve, also from the Pyrenees. Remarks: I have examined Zetterstedt's type, a female, which is in our collection. 107. Digonocliaeta Rond. {Bigonicheta.) Species of medium or smallish size and blackish colour, more or less to quite grey pruinose. Head a little broader than thorax, some- what convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons very broad and equal in both sexes, somewhat protruding, Jowls from half as broad to nearly as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Post- ocellar and occipital bristles relatively strong. Occiput with black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending at most about to the end of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes. Cheeks with a single row of hairs or with hairs more numerous. Vibrissæ not ascending. Oral bristles few in number. Eyes bare, at most with very imperceptible and sparse hair<5. Epistoma somewhat retreating, slightly or almost not reflected below. Antennæ in&erted well or high above middle of the eye, third Digonochaeta. 449 joint twice as long as second or more; arista with second joint elong- ated {enigmatica) or with both first and second elongated (setipennis); the joints are geniculate towards each other. Thorax rectangular or nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and two or three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, and a pair of small apical, parallel or diverging hairs; a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura hairy, with a bristle above. Abdomen ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin (setipennis) or not {enigmatica); there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles. Legs somewhat short and robust, anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli in male not elongated and front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open or just closed, ending at or just before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; posterior cross-vein m middle between medial cross-vein and angle or anterior to it; cubital vein with bristles beyond medial cross-vein; subcostal and postical vein bare {enig- matica) or the former spinulose in the whole length, the latter on basal part {setipennis); a somewhat small or quite minute costal spine. The biology of setipennis is known, it is especially parasitic on Forficulids, but also on a number of Heterocera (perhaps intermediate hosts). According to Pantel it belongs to his group 5, and it forms a primary breathing hole. For enigmatica only a lepidopterous host is known, but its biology is otherwise unknown. After Nielsen's observ- ations (se under the species) it does not seem to belong to Pantel's group 5. Of the genus four or five species are known, two occur in Den- mark. Table of Species. 1. Cheeks with numerous hairs; arista with first joint short, second elongated; abdomen with excavation on second segment small, not reaching hind margin ; only cubital vein with bristles [Goniocera B. B.) 1. enigmatica. — Cheeks with a single row of hairs; arista with both first and second joint elongated; abdomen with excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; subcostal, cubital and postical vein with bristles {Digonochaeta s. str.) 2. setipennis. 1. D. enigmatica Villen. et Niels. 1917. Villen. et Niels. Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 32 (Goniocera). — ? Goniocera schistacea B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 354. 29 450 Tachinidae. Only the female known. Frons very broad, fully double as broad as the eye; cheeks broad and jowis nearly as broad as the eye is high. Orbits, cheeks and jowls grey or yellowish grey ; frontal stripe yellowish red. Frontal bristles descending to end of second antennal joint. Orbits with some few hairs; cheeks somewhat densely and longish haired; jowls with black hairs. Eyes distinctly but qiiite sparingly haired. Occiput grey, with some yellowish hairs on lower half and with black hairs behind postociilar bristles. Antennæ reddish, third joint more or less brownish; they are short, not reaching end of epistoma, third joint aboiit twice as long as second; arista thickened in basal two thirds, second joint elongated, a little geniculate to- wards third. Palpi yellow, somewhat dilated outwards. Thorax greyish, on the middle more brownish pruinose, with only an indica- tion of a pair of narrow, darker grey middle stripes anteriorly; scu- tellum concolorous with thorax. Thorax very sparingly black-haired; two præsutural acrogtichals. Abdomen with the excavation on second segment very small, nearly wanting; it is grey or brov.nish grey pruinose all over ; on the three anterior segments more or less distinct brown middle spots, forming an interrupted middle line. Abdomen with rather strong, somewhat depressed black hairs; second seg- ment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, and fourth with a pair, sometimes a row of discai and a row of marginal bristles; the bristles not strong, on fifth segment rather fme. Legs yellow, tarsi darkened to blackish; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ somewhat strong. Wings a little yellowish tinged; veins dark brown; first posterior cell closed at margin, ending just before apex of wing; discai angle rounded; posterior cross- vein about midway between medial cross- vein and angle; cubital vein with not small, distant bristles beyond medial cross-vein. Squamulæ whitish with yellowish margin. Halteres yellow with darker knob. Length 5,5 — 6 mm. D. enigmatica is rare in Denmark, only a number of females have been taken at Tisvilde on ^'/é — ^"/s in 1916 to 1918 (Kryger). They were taken in a peculiar way viz in the colonies of young larvæ of Malacosoma castrensis; as a pair of colonies were put into a bottle together with the flies, these latter attacked the larvæ and the next day small parasite-larvæ were found in the Malacosoma-laryæ (Niel- sen 1. c). Geographical distribution: — Only known from Denmark; if identical with schistacea B. B. also in Middle Europe. Digonochaeta. 451 2. D. setipennis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 19, 37 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 349, 191 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 242, 1, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 12—15 {Thryptocera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1082, 79 et 1849. VIII, 3239, 79 et 1852. XI, 4314, 79 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 518 (Thryptocera). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 103, Tab. V, Fig. 87. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 71, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 385. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 369. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 128, 2. Male. Frons broad, considerably broader than the eyo; jowls about half the height of the eye or a little more. Orbits, cheeks and jowls grey; frontal stripe obscurely brownish seen from above, from in front whitish grey pruinose. Frontal bristles descending to about end of second antennal joint. Orbits with very few hairs; cheeks hairy above and with a row of hairs stretching quite down, being longer downwards and ending below with a long bristle; jowls with black hairs. Eyes not haired. Occiput grey, with a few brownish hairs below and for the rest all over with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint may be a little pale at base; it is fully thrice as long as second, somewhat broad; arista with first and second joint elongated and of the same length, third a little longer, all three geniculate towards each others. Palpi yellowish to black. Thorax blackish, grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two spots; scutellum grey pruinose. Thorax black-haired ; two or three præsutural acrostichals; small apical hairs on scutellum parallel. Abdomen blackish, the three last segments with a broad grey pruinose front band, shifting to dark according to view. Abdomen black-haired; second segment wdthout bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; fifth segment with two rows. Legs black. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell narrowly open, ending at apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, apical cross- vein concave; posterior cross-vein nearer medial cross-vein than the angle; subcostal vein with bristles in whole length, cubital vein with bristles well beyond medial cross- vein or to near end, and postical vein with bristles on basal part; a small costal spine. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellowish with dark knob, or brownish. Female. Quite similar and with frons of the same breadth. Length 4 — 6 mm. 29* 452 Tachinidae. D. spinipennis Meig., which is distinguished only by its yellow palpi, is now generally considered identical with the present species, and this is no doubt correct; as seen the palpi in my material varies from yellow to black. D. setipennis is not rare in Denmark; Frederiksberg Have, Gentofte, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Sletten, Boserup, Jyderup, Næstved, Bogenæs; on Bogø south of Sealand; on Funen at Odense and Middel- fart; in Jutland at Skanderborg and Skørping, and on Bornholm (Stein); Nielsen also found its puparia at Hald in Jutland; the dates are ^/g — ^1^. It is known as parasite especially on Forficula auriciilaria, but also on Pheosia tremula^ Lasiocampa guercus, Euprociis chry- sorrhoea, Notodonta trepida, Panolis griseovariegata, Dioryctria abie- tella, Grapholitha strohilella and Carpocapsa pomonella\ pupæ have also been found in nests of Crabro cinxius, in a gall of Saperda populnea in which a Crabro piibescens has nested, m clover-stalks together with pupæ of Agromyza lappae, and under bark with Eccoptogaster intricatus, but in all these cases it is not impossible that the host had been a Forficula. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra naturh. Foren. 64, 1913, 237; see also correction, ibid. 66, 1915, 213, note 3) treated its biology; he bred it from imagines of F. auricularia; the young larva bores in through an intersegmental membrane, almost always on thorax; the larva bores out, generally at apex of abdomen, and then pupates on the place where it left the host, under bark, on the ground or similar piaces, and here they, generally, hibernate. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the nortli to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 108. Pliytomyptera Rond. Small, black species, without or almost without pruinosity. Head about as broad as thorax, somewhat flat behind, higher than long. Frons broad, almost not protruding. Cheeks very narrow down- wards, jowls about one half of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and oli ter vertical and two orbital bristles. Occiput with only black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to about insertion of antennæ, the uppermost reclinate, with an outwards directed bristle behind. Cheeks with bristly hairs down to the middle, for the rest bare. Vibrispæ ascending to near middle, distant. Eyes bare. Epistoma slightly retreating, but deeply impressed and thus strongly concave. Oral cone and proboscis somewhat short, palpi a little dilated Phytomyptera. 453 oiitwards. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye, third joint about thrice as long as second, rather broad; arista with second joint elongated, a little geniculate towards third. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals, and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scu- tellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, Crossing; between the basal and subapical some bristly hairs. Four sternopleural bristles. A pteropleural bristle above. Abdomen short ovate; excavation on second segment small, not by far reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment none. Genitalia relatively large. Legs not long; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli small; front tarsi in female simple. Wings without apical and posterior cross- veins; cubital vein with only one bristle at base; costal spine minute. The species are parasitic on small Heterocera. Of the genus three palæarctic species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark. 1, Ph. nitidiventris Rond. 1845. Rond. N. Ann. Se. Nat. Bologn. 2, III, 25 et 1859. Prodr. Dipt. Ital. III, 20, 1 et 1871. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. IV, 108, 1. — 1889. B. B. Denk- schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 103, Tab. V, Fig. 89 et 1893. LX, 186, 37. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 90. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 378. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 367. — Ph. nigrina 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 141. Male. Frons above nearly double as broad as the eye. Orbits, cheeks and jowls greyish; frontal stripe reddish brown, narrower Fig. 94. Wing of Ph. nitidiventris. than the orbits. Vibrissæ distant and few in number. Orbits with only a few hairs; below the orbitals a row of bristly hairs down to- wards the middle of cheelcs; jowls with a few bristly hairs. Occiput 454 Tachinidae. dark grey, with only rows of black hairs. Antennæ black, short, third joint large and broad; arista short, evenly tapering and visibly pubescent. Palpi black to pale brownish. Thorax black, a little shining, greyish priiinose only at humeri and sides; scutellum black. Thorax black-haired ; the præscutellar acrostichals strong. Abdomen black, shining, with depressed black hairs, second segment without, third with a pair, and fourth with a row of marginal bristles; fifth segment with a double row; the bristles not large. Legs black. Wings some- what greyish or yellowish tinged; veins yellow to brown; discai vein reaching near to the margin and here abrupted without forming an api- cal cross-vein; posterior cross-vein vvanting. Squamulæ yellowish. Hal- teres brownish. Female. I have not seen this sex. Length 2,7 to about 4 mm. Ph. nitidiventris is rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both males, taken at Thureby south of Køge on ^"/g (Schhck). It is known as bred from Epihlema iminundana, Gypsonoma neglectana and the non Danish Conchylis cebrana and Polychrosis botrana. Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe; not known north of Denmark. 109. Craspedotlirix B. B. Small species of black colour, greyish on thorax and generally with narrow white bands on abdomen, Head as broad as thorax, slightly convex behind, much higher than long. Frons broad and about equal in both sexes, very slightly protruding. Cheeks narrow; jowls not broad, at most one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Post- ocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Occiput all black-haired. Frontal bristles not or scarcely reaching end of second antennal joint, above a reclinate and an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly or a little ascending. Eyes bare or slightly hairy. Epistoma almost not retreating, somewhat hollowed. Palpi quite small in male, larger and club-shaped in female. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint about thrice as long as second or less, broad and dilated in male, smaller in female; arista with second joint elongated. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and about two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four Craspedothrix. 455 marginal bristles on each side, the apical more or less small. Four sternopleural bristles, but only two of them large. Pteropleiira with a somewhat large bristle above. Abdomen ovate; genitalia smaller or larger; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, none on second segment. Legs not long and not strongly bristled ; claws and pulvilli small. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending at apex of wing; discai angle more or less obtuse ; only one bristle at base of cubital vein ; no distinct costal spine. Nothing seems known about the biology of the genus, but my species has been bred from a fungus with Tineid larvæ. Of the genus five or six European species are known, only one is hitherto found in Denmark. 1. G. zonella Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1068, 63 et 1849. VIII, 3235, 63 {TacUna). — 1907. Kat. palæarkt. Dipt. III, 392 [Actia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 140, 3. Male. Frons broader than the eye, with parallel margins. Orbits, cheeks and jowls grey; frontal stripe black or brownish, narrower than orbits. Frontal bristles not or scarcely reaching the end of second antennal joint. Vibrissæ quite slightly ascending. Orbits with a few black hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint very broad, more than twice as long as second, reaching end of epistoma; arista short, thickened in more than basal half. Palpi small, yellowish. Thorax grey, with mdication of two narrow darker stripes in front, black-haired; the præscutellar acrostichals large. Of the four sternopleural bristles the lower and the middle upper small, besides generally some smaller hairs. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a narrow, silvery pruinose front band, interrupted in the middle; abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, none on second, a pair on third and a row on fourth segment. Hypopygium not large. Legs black, not much bristled. Wings hyaline or a little yellowish; veins brown to black; apical cross-vein concave; medial cross- vein about at middle of discai cell or slightly behind; last part of postical vein at most one and a half time as long as postical cross-vein. Squamulæ dirty yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons slightly broader; antennæ smaller as third joint is less broad; palpi much larger, club-shaped and darker to black. 456 Tachinidae. Length 3,5 — 4,5 mm, the male the smaller. Remarks: I have examined Zetterstedt's type and I find it identical with my species; as seen in Stein's work he came to the same result, and he thinks that minutissima Zett. is the same species, which is, however, perhaps doubtful. C. zonella is rare, I know foiir specimens, a male and three females; at Copenhagen (Giidmann), Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven (Schlick) and Tisvilde (Kryger); the dates are from June to ^'/g. One of the specimeng is labelled from Fungus on Alnus, and another was bred from a Fungus with Tineid larvæ on Ulmus, taken in February, the fly coming on ^^j^. Further Dr. Villeneuve has communicated to me that he possesses a male specimen from Denmark, so that in all five Danish specimens are known. Geographical distribution: — Hitherto known from Denmark and Germany. 110. Actia R. D. Species of smallish to medium size; colour greyish, or in many species abdomen black with narrow white bands; sometimes ab- domen more or less to almost quite yellow. Head as broad as thorax, somewhat flat behind, rarely a little more convex, higher than long. Frons broad or very broad, and of the same or about the same breadth in both sexes, slightly or at most a little protruding. Jowls from one fourtli of to half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Occiput behind postocular bristles more or less covered with black hairs. Frontal bristles descending about to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost more or less reclinate and behind it an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Cheeks bare, or at most with short hairs on upper part. Vibrissæ not ascending, or only very slightly. Eyes bare or practically bare. Oral bristles few in number. Epistoma only a little retreating, somewhat hollowed, a little reflected below. Oral cone of medium length; pro- boscis of about same length, or shorter, slender or a little thickened; clypeus horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi thin, somewhat dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, second joint short, third three to six times as long as second, often large and dilated, in female generally shorter and smaller. In one species (fissicornis) third joint is in male divided into two branches; arista with second Actia. 457 joint more or less elongated, (in oiir species), in nigrohalterata both first and second joint elongated; arista more or less geniculate. Thorax rectangular or nearly quadratic; three or four postsutural dorso- centrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle, sometimes weak. Scutellum with three marginal bristle^ on each side, and a pair of small apical hairs, crossing or more or less diverging; generally also a pair of præapical bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura wåth a somewhat small bristle above. Abdomen short ovate, generally somewhat flattened; excava- tion on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles and on second segment none, or (subgenus Thryptocera) both discai and marginal, and second segment with a pair of marginal; fifth segment with only marginal or sometimes with more numerous bristles. Genitalia small, more or less hidden. Legs somewhat short and sometimes somewhat robust; middle tibiæ with only one antero- dorsal bristle (Actia) or with rows of long antero- and posterodorsal bristles (Thryptocera); anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pulvilli small and equal in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending at apex of wing or very slightly before; discai angle rounded; posterior cross-vein at the middle between medial cross-vein and angle, or nearer to medial cross-vein; anal vein either abbreviated or reaching the margin. Either subcostal, cubital and postical vein with bristles, or only subcostal and cubital vein, or fmally only the latter; the bristles on this stretching at least to medial cross-vein; sometimes bristles also on underside of subcostal vein; a small costal spine. The species are parasitic on various Heterocera, but especially on Microlepidoptera. The species are rather numerous, about some sixty European species are recorded; 10 have been found in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Abdomen with discai bristles (Thryptocera (Macq.) B. B.) 10. versicolor. — Abdomen without discai bristles, at all events on third segment {Actia s. str.) 2. 2. More than cubital vein with bristles 3. — Only cubital vein with bristles 7. 3. Subcostal, cubital and postical vein with bristles 4. — Only subcostal and cubital vein with bristles 5. nigroscutellata. 4. Antennæ mainly yeliow; subcostal vein with bristles only on outer half and the bristles short and dense. . 1. nudibasis. 458 Tachinidae. — Antennæ black or with tiiird joint black; subcostal vein with bristles in the whole length and the bristles longer and not dense 5. 5. Apical cross-vein normal; palpi yellow 6. ■ — Apical cross-vein wanting or rudimentary; palpi black or dark, at all events on apical part 4. frontalis. 6. Subcostal vein bare on underside 2. pilipennis. — Subcostal vein with bristles on underside 3. crassicornis. 7. Antennæ in male two-branched ; posterior cross-vein rather near medial cross-vein 6. frssicornis. — Antennæ in male normal; posterior cross-vein at the middle between medial cross-vein and angle or beyond 8. 8. Arista with first joint elongated 7. nigrohalterata. — Arista with first joint short 9. 9. Antennæ and abdomen yellow; anal vein not reaching margin; bristles on cubital vein beyond medial cross- vein 8. bicolor. — Antennæ dark; abdomen not quite yellow; anal vein reaching margin; bristles on cubital vein not beyond medial cross-vein 9. anomala. 1. A. nudibasis Stein. 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 135, 11. — A. pilipennis 1920. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belg. LX, 66. Male. Frons above much broader than the eye; jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Orbits greyish brown, cheeks and jowls more greyish yellow; frontal stripe yellow to blackish. Vi- brissæ not ascending, only some few hairs above the large vibrissa. Orbits sparingly with black hairs, just produced on iipper part of cheeks; jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs behind postocular bristles and without pale hairs. Antennæ yellowish red, third joint may be a little brownish on apical part; second joint small and short, third long and broad, broadest at base, a little nar- rower outwards, aboiit six times as long as second; arista brown, distinctly thickened in fully basal half, second joint elongated. Palpi yellow. Thorax brownish grey pruinose, with foiir slightly marked dark stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral only represented by a spot in front of and behind the suture ; scutel- lum grey pruinose, reddish at apex. Thorax black-haired ; four post- sutural dorsocentrals, but sometimes the second abortive; the apical hairs on scutellum crossing. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a narrow, silver-white front band, interrupted in the Actia. 459 middle; abdomen is black-haired ; second segment withoiit bristles, third with a pair and fourth with a row of marginal bristles; on second and third segment the hairs along the margin long and thus similar to bristles, but less erect. Legs black to brownish. Wings Fig. 95. Anterior part of wing of A. nudibasis. nearly clear, a little yellowish at base; veins brown; first posterior cell open, ending at apex of wing; posterior cross-vein in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle; anal vein not reaching margin; gubcostal vein with bristles on outer half, cubital vein to somewhat from the end and postical vein to near posterior cross-vein ; the bristles on subcostal vein short and dense; on the underside of subcostal vein there may be no or more or fewer small bristles. Squamulæ yellowish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar, with frons of the same breadth or very slightly broader; third antennal joint relatively shorter and of the same breadth in the whole length. Length 4,5 — 5,5 mm. A. nudibasis is not common in Denmark, and only known from Tisvilde and Husby plantation. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra naturli. Foren. 1911, 17) treated its biology, but wrongly determined it as pilipennis; he bred it from Evetria resinella and huoliana\ only one parasite develops in each host; the parasite larva bores out of the host larva or pupa and pupates in the gall of the host ; the species has at least two yearly broods, the first was bred from resinella in May and June, the second from huoliana in July. Also Stein mentions it bred from E. resinella. Geographical distribution : — Denmark, Germany and according to a communication from Dr. Villeneuve al^o in France; probably generally confused with pilipennis. 2. A. pilipennis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXX, 275 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 18, 35 p. p. {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 352, 196 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 243, 8 {Thryptocera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1045, 37 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 519 (Thryptocera). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 460 Tachinidae. 110, 4 {Thryptocera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 390. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 371. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 136, 12. — A. crassicornis var. rediocta Villen. 1920. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belg. LX, 66. Male. Very like the ioregoing species. Head of same shape and colour. Antennæ black or the basal joints more or less pale; third joint shorter than in nudibasis, at most four times as long as second, broad and broadest near base; arista blackish, slightly pale at base. Palpi yellow. Thorax as in nudibasis, the stripes rather indistinct; scutellum quite dark or only pale just at apex. Abdomen qiiite as in nudibasis, with similar bristles. Legs black or blackish. Wings a Fig. 96. Wing of A. pilipennis. little yellowish, most at base; veins brown; anal vein not reaching margin; subcostal vein with not small bristles in the whole length, the bristles not dense; cubital and pogtical vein likewise bristly in nearly whole length; underside of subcostal vein bare. Squamulæ yellow. H alteres dark yellow. Female. Similar, but antennæ reddish at base and on basal part of third joint, and this latter not dilated. Length 4,5 to fully 5 mm. A. pilipennis is rare in Denmark, I know only se ven specimens, four males and three females; Tisvilde, Lolland at Maribo and in Jutland in Nørholm Skov at Varde and at Hov (Kryger, Sønderup, the author); the dates are ^^Z, — ^^/g. It is recorded bred especially from Evetria resinella and buoliana and further from a number of other Microlepidoptera, but it has no doubt generally been fused with nudibasis, so that the records are not sure. Two of my spec- imens are bred, one from Tortrix viridana on ^^g (Sønderup), the other from an undetermined Tortricid larva on Salix repens on ^^/lo (Gudmann). Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north Actia. 461 to middle Sweden, and in Finland; also recorded from North America, but, as said, probably often confused with nudibasis. 3. A. crassicornis Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 351, 195 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 243, 6 (Thryptocera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1046, 38 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 518 (Thryptocem). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 103, Tab. V, Fig. 88 et 1891. LVIII, 355 {Gymnoparia). — 1894. Pand. Kev. Entom. XIII, 110, 3 {Thryptocera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 387. — 1920. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belg. LX, 66. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 372. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 132, 5. Male. Similar to pilipennis. Antennæ black, third joint large and dilated, about five times as long as second; arista thickened in basal half, second joint elongated. Palpi yellow, darkened at apex. Thorax grey, with at most an indication of two narrow darker stripes in front. Scutellum pale just at apex. Three or four postsutural dorso- centrals. Abdomen as in nudibasis, with similar bristles. Legs black. Wings as in pilipennis, subcostal vein likewige with long, not dense bristles in whole length, but the underside not bare, but with bristles in apical half; anal vein not reaching margin. Squamulæ whitish or slightly yellow. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; antennæ reddish at base, third joint shorter and not dilated. Abdomen much more grey, as the bands are broad, leaving the hind margins and a middle stripe black. Front tarsi a little dilated towards apex, fifth joint considerably longer than fourth. Length 4 — 4,5 mm. A. crassicornis is rare in Denmark, only six specimens, one male and five females, are known; Lersø (Stæger) and in Jutland at Silke- borg (Esben-Petersen), Laven (H. J. Hansen), Hov and Thisted (the author); the dates are ^Z, — ^"/g. The species is known bred from Evetria resinella and buoliana, Tortrix viridanå, Depressaria applana and the non Danish Heijdenii. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden, and in Finland. I 4. A. frontalis Macq. 1845. Macq. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2, III, 289, 7, Tab. VI, Fig. 3 {Thrypto- cera). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 518 (Thryptocem). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 388. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 372. — Roeselia lamia Meig. 1838. Syst. Beschr. VII, 254, 4. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1083, 80 {Tachina). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 110, 5 (Thryptocera). — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 135, 10. 462 Tachinidae. Male. Similar to the other species. Frons about double as broad as the eye; jowls nearly half the height of the eye. Head greyish brown; frontal stripe red. Antennæ black, third joint large and rather broad, six times as long a^ second; arista with second joint elongated. Palpi black or brownish, at all events on apical part. Thorax greyish priiinose, AAith two narrow, darker median stripes, abbreviated behind, and with lateral stripes represented by a small spot in front of and behind the suture; scutellum grey. Three post- sutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen coloured as in the other species, and with the same bristles; the white front bands produced a little backwards on each side of the median interruption. Legs all black. Wings with posterior cross- vein rather near medial cross- vein; apical cross-vein wanting or more or less rudimentary; anal vein not reaching margin; subcostal vein with bristles in the whole length, cubital vein to near apex and postical vein to or near to posterior cross-vein; underside of subcostal vein bare. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow to brownish. Female. Similar; antennæ smaller, third joint scarcely thrice as long as second. Length 4 — 4,5 mm. A. frontalis seems to be rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Grib Skov, Boserup, Ringsted, Nykøbing on Sealand, and in Jutland at Laven; the dates are ^^/g — '/g- The species is known as bred from Epiblema pflugiana. I have examined the Danish specimen of lamia mentioned by Zetterstedt. Geographical distribution : — Europe ; not known in Scandinavia north of Denmark, but recorded from Finland. 5. A. nigroscutellata n. sp. Villen. in litt. A. infantula Stein (nec Zett.) 1924. Arch. f. Naturg. 90, 6, 134, 9. Male. In shape and colour as the other species. Head almost as high as broad, and frons only somewhat broader than the eye. Frontal stripe dark brown, scarcely as broad as orbits. Proboscis somewhat thin. Antennæ black, a little reddish at base, third joint somewhat broad, about four or five times as long as second; arista black, thick- ened in basal two thirds, with second joint elongated. Palpi yellow. Thorax grey pruinose, with not very pronounced stripes, two narrow median, abbreviated behind, and two lateral divided at the suture into two oblong spots. Four postsutural dorsocentrals. Scutellum Actia. 463 greyish black. Abdomen coloured and with bristleg as in the othcr species; the white front bands very narrow. Legs black. Wings with the posterior cross-vein in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle; anal vein not reaching margin; subcostal vein with short and dense bristles in outer half ; cubital vein with bristles well beyond medial cross-vein; underside of subcostal vein bare or with more or fewer small hairs; postical vein bare. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader; antennæ pale at base, third joint more or less brownish, less broad than in male. Length 4,5 mm. A. nigroscutellata is rare in Denmark, I know only four spec- imens, two males and two females, from Tisvilde; they are all bred, the two males from Cijdia ustomaculana on ^/g — ^Ve? one female from Olethreiites roseomaculana or dalecarliana on ^^/g and one from an undetermined Microlepidopteron on ^^/g (Kryger). Geographical distribution: — Hitherto known from Denmark and Germany. Remarks: Villeneuve has communicated to me that he thinks it pogsible that the species is identical with injantula Zett., and this might also seem probable. I have, however, examined Zetterstedt's types and found these to be another species. It is very similar to the present, but it is smaller; abdomen has, besides the narrow bands, some white pruinosity, leaving a black middle stripe. The antero- dorsal bristles on hind tibiæ are rather equal, while they are unequal in nigroscutellata^ and finally the second joint of arista is short. On the other hånd injantula apud Stein is no doubt identical with the present species, as Stein gives the second joint of arista as elongated. 6. A. fissicornis Strobl. 1910. Strobl, Mitth. Naturwiss. Verein. f. Steirm. 46, 139 {Thryptocem). — 1923. Bezzi, Proced. Linn. Soc. New. S. Wales, XLVIH, 656 {Schizotachina). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 133, 7. — Thryptocera exoleta Strobl (nec Meig.) 1. c. 1894, 30, 42. — 1895. Mik, Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XIV, 102. Male. Again similar to the preceding. Frons considerably broader than the eye, almost not protruding. Jowls at most one fourth of the height of the eye. Head greyish brown; jowls yellowish; frontal stripe brownish yellow. The hairs on orbits produced just on upper part of cheeks. Occiput besides the black hairs with a few pale hairf^: below. Antennæ black or blackish brown, basal joints reddish; third 464 Tachinidae. joint about six times as long as second; it is of a peculiar shape, as it is cleft longitiidinally to the base, and tbus divided into two parallel branches the anterior of which is a little narrower than the posterior; arista thickened to near end, second joint rather elongated, not much shorter than third. Palpi yellow. Thorax grey pruinose, without stripes, scutellum of the same colour, pale just at apex. Four postsutural dorgocentrals. Abdomen as in the other species black and shining; the silver-white front bands on the three last segments a little broader, inter- rupted in the middle ; the usiial bristles present. Fie 97 A fis ^i oms Legs somewhat robust, black, tibiæ a little c^, antenna. obscurely brownish. Wings with posterior cross- vein rather near medial cross- vein; anal vein reaching margin; only cubital vein with bristles, stretching beyond medial cross-vein half way to the end. Squamulæ whitish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of about the same breadth; antennæ of normal shape, reddish at base and on basal part of third joint. Length 3,7 — 4 mm. A. fissicornis is rare in Denmark, I know only five specimens, three males and two females; one male is from Hornbæk the other specimens from Lolland at Maribo and in Sløsse Mose; the latter specimen was taken on '/g (L. Jørgensen), the others are all bred from undetermined lepidopterous larvæ on ^'/g, ^j^ and ^l^ (Sønderup). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Styria; not known north of Denmark. Remarks: The male of this species was, when it was first de- tected by Strobl, described as a female and considered as a monstro- sity, both by him and by Mik; now, as many fissicorn Tachinids (foreign) are known, it is quite sure that it is a normal species. 7. A. nigrohalterata Villen. 1921. Villen. Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belg. LXI, 45, 2. — A. articulata Stein, 1924. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 131, 3. Male. Frons above broader than the eye; checks very narrow, almost disappearing; jowls scarcely one third of the height of the eye. Orbits and jowls yellowish brown; frontal stripe yellowish red. Bristles as usual. Occiput grey, with black hairs and some few pale Actia. 465 hairs below. Antennæ with the basal joints red, the third dark brown; the third joint is large, five to six times as long as second, broad and dilated with lower anterior corner rounded; arista rather long, with both first and second joint elongated, of equal or about equal length, the third about twice as long with basal half thickened. Palpi yellow. Thorax grey, without stripes; scutellum of the same colour. Four postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen grey or yellowish grey, the prui- nosity densest and palest on front half of third and fourth and on all the fifth segment. Bristles as usual. Legs brownish yellow, femora more or less darkened on posterior side of front femora and anterior gide of posterior femora. Wings very slightly tinged; veitis blackish brown; posterior cross-vein placed a little nearer to the angle than to the medial cross-vein; anal vein not reaching margin; only cubital vein with bristles, stretching to medial crogs-vein. Squamiilæ white. Halteres with the peduncle yellow, the knob blackish. Female. The female is not known with certainty. Stein men- tions a specimen with first joint of arista less elongated which he thinks belongs here. Length 4,5 mm. A. nigrohalterata is rare, I possess only two specimens, both males, one I took in Ordrup Mose on '/g 1907, the other is from Jut- land at Sønderborg, also taken in May (Wiistnei) ; further Villeneuve described it from a Danish specimen, also a male, from Hoed south of Grenaa, taken on ^^/g 1912. The type to articulata Stein is the above mentioned specimen from Ordrup Mose. Geographical distribution: — Besides in Denmark the species also occurs in Germany and Belgium, according to a communication from Dr. Villeneuve. 8. A. bicolor Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 354, 199 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 243, 10 {Thryftocera). — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3231, 41—42 {Tachina). — 1862. ScMn. F. A. I, 519 (Thryptocera). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 112, 7 (Thryptocera). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 133. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 387. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 372. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 132, 4. Male. Frons much broader than the eye, slightly protruding; jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Orbits and face brownish • yellow; frontal stripe reddish brown. Orbits sparingly with black hairs, produced a little below the frontal bristles; jowls with black 30 466 Tachinidae. hairs. Occiput greyish, with black hairs and pale hairs below. Antennæ yellow, third joint broad and dilated, scarcely thrice as long as second; arista yellow, thickened in basal two thirds, second joint a little elongated. Palpi yellow. Thorax grey, without stripes; scutellum yellowish, a little greyisb pruinose. Four postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen yellow, sometimes with a narrow, dark middle stripe; the three last segments with a quite narrow, whitish pruinose front band, and abdomen in certain views a little whitish pruinose, except the middle line. Abdomen black-haired, with the usual bristles. Legs yellow, tarsi black or blackish. Wings very slightly tinged; veins brown; first posterior cell very narrowly open or just closed; posterior crosg-vein about midway between medial cross-vein and angle; anal vein not reaching margin; only cubital vein with bristles, stretching long beyond medial cross-vein. Squamulæ yellowish. Hal- teres yellow. Female. Similar; antennæ with third joint as long as in the male, but less broad; front tarsi a little dilated outwards, with fifth joint considerably longer than fourth. Length 5 to nearly 6 mm. A. bicolor is rare in Denmark, I know 9 specimens, all bred from Eriogaster lanestris, taken at Køge (Weis). The species is besides known from Lasiocampa quercus, Tephroclystia denotata and Scardia boleti. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north re- corded from Finland. Remarks: I think that bicolor Meig. and bicolor Zett. are the same species; I have seen Zetterstedt's specimen from Sahlberg, it is a male, not as Zetterstedt means a female; it shows a dark middle stripe on abdomen, but the same is the case with some of our spec- imens, while others have a quite yellow abdomen, and they are all bred from the same Lepidoptere. 9. A. anomala Zett. 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3213, 2 et 3231 obs. 2 {Siphona). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 112, 9 (Thryptocera). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 386. — 1924. Stein, Året. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 130, 1. Male. Frons broad, towards twice as broad as the eye; jowls not one third of the height of the eye. Orbits yellowish, cheeks and jowls more whitish; frontal stripe reddish yellow; the usual bristles present. Occiput grey, yellow below, above with black hairs behind Actia. 467 postocular bristles, and below witb. some pale bairs. Antennæ black or brownish black, basal joints red; tbird joint short, about tbrice as long ag second, broad and dilated, more tban balf as broad as long; arista witb second joint elongated, tbird about twice as long, with the basal balf tbickened. Palpi quite thin, yellow. Thorax grey prui- nose, witbout stripes; scutellum grey, with the margin more or less broadly pale. Thorax black-haired, with three postsutural dorso- centrals. Abdomen short ovate, somewhat thick at apex, with the genitalia more obvious than in the other species; it is black with a large reddish yellow basal spot on each side, extending over second, tbird and front part of fourth segment; abdomen may thus also be termed yellow, with a backwards broadening median stripe and apical part black; the front margin of the three last segments white pruinose; abdomen is black-haired, with bristles as in the other specieg. Legs a little robust, somewhat obscurely yellow; tarsi black. Wings a little yellowish brown tinged; veins brown; posterior cross- vein in the middle between medial cross- vein and angle; anal vein reaching margin ; ciibital vein with somewhat strong bristles stretching to medial cross-vein. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons in no way broader; antennæ with third joint of same length but less dilated. Abdomen mainly coloured as in the male, but much more greyish white pruinose, almost all over; the long bairs at bind margin of the segments rather bristly. Length 4 — 4,7 mm. A. anomala is rare in Denmark; in Stæger's collection there is a number of specimens from Skodsborg, and further I have seen one specimen from North Sealand; according to Zetterstedt Stæger took it numerously on flowers of Pastinaca in August. The specimens in Stæger's collection are at all events co-types, and I have besides seen the types in Zetterstedt's collection, sent from Stæger. It is to be noted that the specimens in Stæger's collection are labelled rufina, while anomala is not present ; Stæger seems to have altered the name later on to rufina, perhaps after having seen this species; according to Zetterstedts desoription, the species are also very similar, but rufina is described to have a quite yellow scutellum and abdomen. After a communication from Dr. Bengtsson rufina is not present in Zetterstedt's collection, but perhaps it is in the collection to Ins. Lapp. — The species has been bred from Lobophora viretata (Stein). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not known north of Denmark. 30* 468 Tachinidae. 10. A. versicolor Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 19, 36 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 354, 198 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 243, 13 (Thryptocera). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1047, 40 et 1849. VIII, 3230, 40 et 1858. XII, 4692, 40 {Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 392. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 137, 17. — Tachina latifrons Meig. 1. c. IV, 365, 217 et 1838. VII, 243, 5 {Thryptocera) ? — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 519 {Thryptocera). — 1889. B. B. Denk- schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 102, Tab. V, Fig. 84 {Thryptocera). — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 103. 7 {Peteina). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 391. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 392. Male. Frons considerably broader than the eye, a little pro- truding; jowls at most half the height of the eye. Orbits, cheeks and jowls greyish or yellowish grey; frontal stripe reddish, broader than orbits. Frontal bristles few in number. Vibrissæ qiiite slightly ascend- ing. The hairs on orbits continued down just on iipper part of cheeks. Occiput yellowish grey, with black hairs behind postocular bristles and pale hairs downwards. Antennæ black, basal joints reddish; third joint about three times as long as second; arista with first joint distinct, second elongated and third thickened in basal third. Palpi yellow. Thorax greyish, with two very narrow median lines in front, and a very broad brown stripe on each side; scutellum grey. Thorax black-haired ; three postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen grey with the hind margins of the segments brown, indistinctly bordered to- wards the grey, and more or less divided into three spots; fifth seg- ment quite grey. Abdomen has somewhat long, black hairs and discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs rather robust, yellowish, tarsi somewhat obscured; front femora greyish pruinose on posterior side, posterior femora pale pruinose on anterior side; tibiæ with numerous rather long and strong antero- and posterodorsal bristles. Wings a little tinged; veins blackish; first posterior cell just or about closed, ending just before apex of wing; posterior cross-vein about at middle between medial cross-vein and angle; anal vein reaching near to the margin; cubital vein with strong bristles stretching to medial cross-vein or a little beyond. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres reddish brown. Female. Similar; frons of same breadth; antennæ quite pale, as large as in male. Thorax with the stripes more distinct, the median distant. Abdomen more brown, the segments mainly only yellowish grey pruinose at front margins, produced irregularly backwards Bucentes. 469 especially on each side of the middle; more than one pair of discai bristles on fourth segment, Length. Aboiit 6 mm. A. versicolor is rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens, two males and two females; one female from Nakskov, bred on ^/g from an undetermined lepidopterous larva (Sønderup), the other from Tørrig near Nakskov taken on ^"/g (L. Jørgensen); the males are from Jutland at Sønderborg, taken on ^/g (Wiistnei). Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: Whether the present species is latifrons Meig. is doubtful. That it is versicolor Fall. I think sure as I have examined specimens from Zetterstedt's collection which proved to be the present species. 111. Bucentes Latr. Species of rather small size and greyish, greyish brown or greyish and yellow colour. Head not broader than thorax, somewhat convex behind and liere a little puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and equal in both sexes, only shghtly protruding; in the male the eye-margins very slightly converging downwards, in the female they are parallel. Cheeks narrow and jowls likewise. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles relatively large. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to or fully to end of second antennal joint, two uppermost reclinate, the hinder of them directed outwards. Cheeks a little hairy above or down to the middle with short, fme hairs. Jowls with few hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending, above the large vibrissa at most a couple of small hairs. Oral bristles few in number. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating, the head in pro- file nearly rectangular. Oral cone and proboscis long, the latter longer than the former and quite thin, labella long, thin and styliform, a little longer than basal part of proboscis; as they are in rest bent back towards the proboscis the whole organ is doubly geniculate; when oral cone and proboscis with labella are stretched out they are as long as the body. Palpi thin, thread-like. Antennæ inserted high above the middle of the eye or near its upper end, third joint from about three to five times as long as second, longer in male than in female; arista with second joint elongated, geniculate towards third. 470 Tachinidae. Thorax rectangular, transverse suture wanting or almost wanting ; three orfour postsutural dorsocentrals, two or three small præ- and three post- sutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, and a pair of small apical, crossing hairs. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a couple of hairs, one of which generally bristly. Abdomen conical; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, second segment without or with a pair; fifth segment mth only a marginal row. Genitalia small, hidden. In female abdomen more flat, and fifth segment pointed. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ few and unequal; claws and pulvilli small; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending at or just before apex of wing; discai angle rounded; posterior cross-vein about in the middle between medial cross-vein and angle; cubital vein with bristles to medial cross-vein; anal vein reaching the margin; a more or less distinct costal spine. The species have been bred from several Heterocera, but they seem to be mainly Tipulid parasites. They belong (so far known) to Pantel's group 6, and they form a secondary breathing hole, in the Tipulid larva in one of the large tracheæ. The genus is characterised by the long geniculated proboscis, and the anal vein reaching the margin, a nearly unique case in the Tachinidae. The species frequents flowers, and, in contrast to most other Tachinids, often flowers of composites. Of the genus about 15 European species are recorded; 4 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. The lower margin of the eye not reaching to the large vi- brissa; thorax more or less distinctly striped; abdomen in male grey, more or less yellow on the sides, in female gener- ally quite grey, in both sexes with a pair of brown spots on middle of the segments; second segment without bristles.. 2. maculata. — The lower margin of the eye reaching to or below the large vibrissa ; thorax not striped ; abdomen without or with much smaller spots; second segment with or without a pair of marginal bristles 2. 2. The lower margin of the eye reaching just to the large vibrissa; antennæ in male relatively small, third joint about thrice as long as second; abdomen in male generally yellow on the sides, in female quite grey; second segment with a pair of well developed marginal bristles 3. geniculata. — The lower margin of the eye reaching a little below the large vibrissa; antennæ in male with third joint larger, or Bucentes. 471 if not it is narrowed towards apex ; abdomen in male mainly yellow, and more or less yellow in female; second segment without or with a pair of more or less developed marginal bristles 3. Palpi elongated, especially in female; antennæ in male moderately large, scarcely reacbing end of epistoma, tbird joint not broad, attenuated towards apex; abdomen in male mainly yellow, witb apex and a narrow middle stripe dark, in female witb basal part more or less yellow 1 . cristata. Palpi (generally) not elongated; antennæ in male large, tbird joint broad, fully reacbing end of epistoma; abdomen in male quite or almost quite yellow, and more or less to quite yellow in female 4. flavifrons. 1. B. cristata Fabr. 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 281, 9 {Stomoxys). — 1849. Stæger apud Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3212, 5 (Siphona). — 1858. Zett. 1. c. XII, 4685, 1—2 (Siphona). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 521 (Siphona). — 1889. B B Denkscbr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 102, Tab. V, Fig. 83 {Siphona). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 108, 3 (Siphona). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 381. — 1921. Baer, Zeitscbr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 368. — - Stomoxys geniculata Fall. (nec. De G.) 1818. Dipt. Suec. Haemat. 5, 2. — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 155, 1 (Siphona). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 620, 1 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 989, 1, p. p. (Siphona). — 1824. Stein. Arcb. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 127, 2, p. p. — S. palpina Zett. 1859. 1. c. XIII, 6064, 1—3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 383. Male. Frons above con^iderably broader than the eye; jowls narrow, the eye reaching slightly below the large vibrissa. Orbits yellow, cheeks and jowls white, somewhat silvery; frontal stripe yellow. Orbits below and just upper part of cheeks with few, fine and short black hairs, or the orbits quite bare; jowls with few black hairs. Occiput grey, yellowish above, white below; it is sparingly baired with whitish hairs below and has above some few black hairs behind the postocular brist- les. Antennæ black with basal joints red, third joint at least three or nearly Jour times as long as second, more or less attenuated or pointed towards apex, the posterior margin convex; it reaches scarcely or just pig. 98. Head of B. cristata S 472 Tachinidae. to the end of epistoma; arista brownish, second joint elongated. Palpi yellow, a little elongated. Thorax greyish to yellowish brown prui- nose, palest at the sides; sciitellum of same colour, more or less yellow on apical part. Thorax densely black-haired; four postsutural dorsocentrals, but sometimes the second anterior abortive and thus only three. Sciitellum with a pair of discai bristles more or less devel- oped. Abdomen quite yellow with only a narrow dark greyish middle line, widening behind, or the two last segments are quite or mainly grey. Abdomen is densely black-haired, second segment generally without bristles, but sometimes with one or a pair of marginal bristles, third segment with a pair and fourth with a row of marginal bristles, six in number; also fifth segment with only a marginal row, Genitalia small; upper forceps triangularly beak-shaped, arms of lower forceps of a similar shape and of the same length. Legs yellow, tarsi black. Wings yellowish tinged; veins brown; apical cross-vein concave. Squamulæ whitigh or yellowish white. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; third antennal joint a little shorter. Palpi more elongated and a little dilated to- wards apex. Abdomen with the middle stripe rather widening behind and the two last segments grey, or the three last are quite grey, and in rare cases even the second only shghtly yellow. Length 4,5 — 5,5 mm. B. cristata is not very common in Denmark; Copenhagen in a garden. Sletten, Roskilde; on Funen at Odense, and in Jutland at Frijsenborg and Aalborg; the dates are ^»/g — 7/g; in Stæger's collec- tion a number of specimens is present, probably from near Copen- hagen; the author remarks that it only occurs in July "tune vere non raro". In my experience it is rather rare. As hosts are recorded Tipula maxima, Pegomyia nigritarsis? and a number of Heterocera, but on account of confusion with maculata the records are scarcely sure. On the Tipula-larvæ, which live in water, the egg is no doubt depo- sited in the moment when the posterior spiracular tube is raised to the surface; the larva bores out when the full grown Tipula larva goes into the ground to pupate ; in the Tipula larva only one parasite was found, while in an Agrotis larva there were several present. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden. Bucentes. 473 2. B. maculata Stæg. 1849. Stæg. apud Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3212, 4 (Siphona). — B. cristatus 1824, Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 127, 1. — '^ Siphona analis Meig. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 157, 5, Tab. XXXVII, Fig. 24. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 381. Male. Somewhat similar to the preceding species, but tlie head shorter and higher; jowls broader, the eyes not reaching the large vibrissa. Antennæ larger, with third joint longer, five times as long as second and somewhat broad, reaching fully to end of epistoma. Thorax grey, with three broad, indistinct brownish stripes, or it may be termed brownish grey with two narrow grey stripes; generally three, but sometimes four postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen yellowish with a broad grey dorsal line and generally the two last segments grey; on each segment the median marginal bristles are placed each on a distinct brown spot, and a similar pair of spots is present on second segment, go that in all four pairs of spots are present; the spots may be more or less pronounced, but are always distinct, only on fifth segment generally less distinct, and on second often confluent. Bristles as in cristata, but always no bristles on second segment. Female. Similar; antennæ considerably smaller, third joint only twice as long as second or a little more. Abdomen generally quite or almost quite grey, with the same brown spots as in male. Length 3,7 — 4,5 mm. B. maculata is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Charlotten- lund, Ordrup Krat, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Lyngby Mose, Holte, Hillerød, Nøddebo, Tisvilde, Vallerød, Sletten, Lave Skov at Hel- singør; on Lolland at Nysted; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Madeskov, Hejls, Nymindegab, Sæby and Frederikshavn, and on Bornholm in Almindingen and at Sandvig; the dates are ^''U — ^Vg- I have taken it in copala on ^^/g. It occurs in woods and fields in low herbage and on flowers, often on composites and often numerously. A number of my specimens is bred from an undetermined lepidopterous larva. Fig. 99. Head of B. maculata ^. 474 Tachinidae. and emerged in February (in a warm room); otherwige no host seems to be known (see under cristata). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe; not known north of Denmark. 3. B. geniculata De G. 1776. De G. Mém. Ins. VI, 20, 15, Tab. II, Fig. 19—23 {Musca). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 989, 1, p. p. et 1859. XIII, 6064, 1 (Siphona). — 1849. Stæg. apud. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3210, 1 {Siphona). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 521 {Siphona). — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 108, 2 {Siphona). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 381. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 369. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 127, 2, p. p. — Stomoxys minuta Fabr. 1805. Syst. Antl. 282, 17. — 1849. Stæg. apud Zett. ]. c. VIII, 3211, 3 {Siphona). — 1894. Pand. 1. c. XIII, 108, 5 {Siphona). — S. nigrovittata Meig. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 157, 4. Male. Similar to the other species, but the head longer and less high, the eyes reaching just to the large vibrissa; jowls a little broader than in cristata. Orbits greyish; cheeks generally hairy to the middle or below. Antennæ not large, third joint scarcely thrice as long as second. Thorax greyish pruinose, and there seems always to be four postsutural dorsocen- trals. Abdomen greyish or brown- ish grey, as a rule yellowish at the sides of second and third segment, but sometimes very slightly yel- lowish or quite grey; there is a pair of marginal bristles on second segment. Legs yellow, sometimes somewhat darkened towards black- ish, especially femora; tarsi black. Female. Similar; antennæ mth Fig. 100. Head of B. geniculata (J , third joint smaller. Abdomen quite grey. Length 4 — 5,5 mm. Remarks : The species varies, as seen, somewhat in colour and in size, the smallest and darkest specimens forming the species minuta by Stæger. B. geniculata is common in Denmark; Utterslev Mose, Amager, Gentofte, Charlottenlund, Ordrup Mose, Dyrehaven, Fure Sø, Geel Bucentes. 475 Skov, Ruderhegn, Ryget Skov, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde, Jægerspris; on Rogø south of Sealand; on Møen; on Langeland at Lohals; on Fig. 101. Wing of B. geniculata. Lolland at Nysted; on Funen at Hoffmansgave ; in Jutland at Sønder- borg, Sottrup, Skeide, Madeskov, Høruphav, Kliplev, Grejsdal, Nebsager near Horsens, Frijsenborg, Holstebro, Dronninglund and Thisted, and finally on Rornholm at Hammeren; the dates are ^/s — ^/lo- It occurs in the same way as maciilata, not rarely near water and often in large number. I have taken it in copula on ^^Z,. The species is known as parasitic on Agrotis plecta and Mamestra brassicae, but seems mainly parasitic on Tipulid larvæ. Two of my specimens are labelled as bred from Mamestra contigua on ^/g (Weis), and one from Tipula paludosa on ^/g (M. Thomsen). Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. Also occurring in North America. 4. B. flavifrons Stæg. 1849. Stæg. apud Zett. Dipt. Scand. VHI, 3211, 2 (Siphona). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 522. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 381. — B. geniculatus p. p. 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 127, 2. Male. Also this species is similar to the preceding. Head as in cristata; the eyes reaching slightly below the large vibrissa. Orbits yellow, Antennæ large, third joint about four times as long as second, rather broad, reaching below the end of epistoma. Thorax as in geni- culata and with four (generally) postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen quite yellow, or as in cristata, yellow with a greyish brown middle line and fifth and most of fourth segment greyish brown; second segment without or with a pair of more or less developed marginal bristles. Legs yellowish with tarsi black. Wings as in the other species. Female. Similar; antennæ smaller, but third joint more than twice the second and reaching end of epistoma. Abdomen rather 476 Tachinidae. yellow as it is more or less yellow at base and for the rest generally slightly brownish yellow pruinose, so that it gets a quite or almost quite yellow aspect. Length 4,5 — 6 mm. B. flavifrons is not common in Denmark; at Copenhagen (the author), Ordrup Mose (Stæger, the author), Dyrehaven (Kryger), Donse (the author), Boserup (H. J. Hansen), Sorø (Stæger), Tisvilde; on Langeland at Lohals (the author); in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wtistenei), Kliplev (the author), Hald (H. J. Hansen) and Skørping (the author), and on Bornholm in Almindingen (H. J, Hansen); the dates are ^i/, — ^j^-, Stæger records it 1. c. to ^^/g. It occurs on flowers, especially composites, and on ^^/g I thus took it in some numbers in Ordrup Mose, and likewise on ^^Z, — ^^/^ at Skørping. A couple of my specimens are bred from Tephroclystia succenturiata, the imagines developing in June; earlier no host was recorded. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe; according to Stæger 1. c. occurring in Sweden. Remarks: I have studied Stæger's type specimens of the five by him in Zett. VIII enumerated species, as well as the types of cristata Fabr. and minuta Fabr., and I have come to the certain conclusion, that the four here enumerated species are well founded, while minuta is based on small and dark specimens of geniculata. 112. Helocera R. D. {Eloceria.) Small species of black colour, but with abdomen in male marked with yellow. Head as broad as thorax, a little convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons somewhat broad and equal or about in both sexes, slightly protruding. Cheeks narrow; jowls half the height of the eye. Ocellar bristles quite small; in both sexes outer and inner vertical, and in female two orbital bristles. No postocellar or occipital bristles. Occiput with black hairs. Frontal bristles not reaching to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating and a little hollowed. Palpi not developed. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint broad, about thrice as long as second in male, much smaller in female; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and a couple of præsutural and three or Helocera. 477 four postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristlc. Scu- tellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the lateral small, the apical crossing. Two long sternopleural bristleB and one or a couple of smaller. Pteropleura with a small bunch of hairs above. Abdomen conical in male, ovate and flattened in female; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are only weak marginal bristles, none on second segment. Legs not long and slightly bristled; tarsi somewhat robust, especially front tarsi, and these most robust in female; claws and pulvilli small. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending at apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, apical cross- vein a little concave; posterior cross-vein rather near medial cross-vein; no costal spine. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. H. delecta Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 349, 190 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 243, 14 (Thryptocera). — 1883. Mik, Verh. zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, XXXIII, 187 et 1892. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XI, 55. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 102, Tab. V, Fig. 85 et 1893. LX, 202, 95. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. 393. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 139. — Tachina maculiventris Zett. 1849. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3236, 63—64. — E. macrocera R. D. Posth. I, 703, 1(?. — Cerophora funesta R. D. 1863. 1. c. I, 701, 1, ?. — 1906. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 286. — Stauferia diaphana B. B. 1889. 1. c. LVI, 105, 166, Tab. V, Fig. 99. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 256, 52. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, somewhat widening downwards. Orbits, cheeks and jowls grey; frontal stripe reddish yellow. Vibrissæ small. Orbits with a row of hairs outside the frontal bristles; jowls with st ronger, bristly hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs, only pale below in the middle. Antennæ black, reaching to end of epistoma; arista short, thickened in basal half, yellowish at base. Thorax black, shining, grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated at the suture; thorax has black hairs; scu- tellum with a pair of discai bristles. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with large yellow side spots, occupying second, third and sometimes part of fourth segment, and almost all the venter; abdomen may thus be termed yellow with apical part and a median stripe black; at the front margin of the segments are narrow, white pruinose bands; abdomen is black-haired, with only a pair of indistinct mar- ginal bristles on third and a row on fourth segment; on the latter segment some discai hairs may be stronger than the others. Legs black or brownish black, femora more or less pale on basal part. 478 Tachinidae. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins brown; apical cross-vein rather sloping. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Of somewhat different aspect. Antennæ smaller and a little pale at base. Thorax with the median stripes confluent to one broad stripe. Abdomen without yellow markings. Wings more brown than in male. Length 4,5 — 5 mm. I have examined Zetterstedt's type to T. maculiventris ; it is a male. H. delecta is rare in Denmark, we have only six specimens, three males and three females; Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund (the author), Dyrehaven, Humlebæk, Grib Skov and Frederikssund (Kryger); the dates are '/, — ^Is- Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Italy; towards the north to southern Sweden. 113. Plagia Meig. Medium sized species of black colour, somewhat pale pruinose. Head a little broader than thorax, slightly convex behind and not puffed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons somewhat broad, in female slightly broader than in male, only quite slightly protruding. Cheeks not specially broad, and jowls about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes upwards directed ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. No black hairs behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles descending at mogt to end of second antennal joint; two upper recli- nate and behind them an uppermost directed outwards in both sexes; outwards to the frontal bristles in both sexes a row of bristles, stretching from above down the cheeks to quite below, on the orbits two of them are specially strong, thus developed as orbitals; cheeks besides with some fine hairs. Jowls bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes short-hairy. Epistoma slightly retreating and slightly reflected below. Oral cone and proboscis short; clypeus horse-shoe-shaped. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, third joint only a little longer than second; arista short, second joint somewhat elongated, geniculate towards third. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical as strong as the others; Plagia. 479 a pair of erect diverging præapical bristles near the margin. Three sternopleiiral bristles. Pteropleiiral bristle represented by some long hairs. Abdomen elongated conical, atteniiated behind, fifth segment conical in shape; excavation on second segment reaching hind mar- gin; there are only marginal, or (in non Danish species) discai and marginal bristles; on second segment none or a pair of weak marginal bristles. Legs with anterodorgal bristleg on hind tibiæ imequal; claws and pulvilli elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending long before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, with a fold as veinlet; posterior cross- vein very oblique, issuing below medial cross- vein; bristles on cubital vein stretching towards medial cross- vein; a very small or no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera; they belong, so far known, to Pantel's group 6, and they form a secondary breathing hole. Of the genus 4 European species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. P. ruricola Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 299, 104 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 201, 5. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1093, 90 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 437. — 1889. B. B. Denksclir. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 101, Tab. V, Fig. 81 et 1891. LVIII, 354 {Cyrtofhlebia). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 8, 8 {Exorista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 369. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 364. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 121, 2. — Cyrtophlebia nigripalpis Rond. 1859. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. III, 189, 2. — C. huccata B. B. 1894. 1. c. LXI, 618. — 1909. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVIII, 333. Male. Frons above a little broader than the eye; cheeks narrowing downwards. Orbits, cheeks and jowls whitish grey; frontal stripe igrey or blackish grey, seen from in front whitish. Outwards to the frontal bristles a row of bristles continuing down the cheeks to the lower corner of the eye, two of them on the orbits specially strong. Orbits and cheeks besides the bristles with some few hairs. Jowls besides the oral bristles only with some hindmarginal bristles, for the rest bare. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs. Eyes with short, pale hairs. Antennæ black, basal joints grey; arista short, thickened to near apex. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with four equally distant black stripes, the median abbreviated behind ; scutellum dark. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, third, fourth and basal part of fifth segment bluish grey pruinose; abdomen black-haired, on second segment a pair of weak marginal bristles, on third a pair 480 Tachinidae. of strong and on fourth a row of few strong bristles, the middle pair placed rather forwards; fifth segment with strong bristles on apical half. Genitalia small, especially forceps; upper forceps divided into two apically diverging styles; arms of lower forceps forming triangular lamellæ. Legs black; anterior, especially front coxæ with a row of unusually long bristles. Wings slightly brownish; veins dark brown; apical cross-vein gtraight. Squamulæ white. Halteres brown. Female. I have not seen this sex. Length 6 — 8 mm. P. ruricola seems to be rare in Denmark, I know only three specimens, all males; Lave Skov near Helsingør (I. C. Nielsen) and in Jutland at Funder and Svejbæk (Esben-Petersen); the dates are ^/g — ^1^. It is recorded as bred from Mamestra serena, Euclidia glyphica and mi, Caradrina taraxaci and the non Danish Apopestes Spectrum. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. Remarks: Zetterstedt mentions 1. c, a Danish specimen from Stæger, but this is not now in our collection. 114. Vopia R. D. Species of medium size and dark colour with more or less pale pruinosity. The genus is nearly related to and in most respects con- form with Plagia. Head as in this genus, but jowls broader. The bristles outside the frontals not forming a continuous row but divided into two or three orbitals above, and then on the cheeks one {riiralis) or two to more {trepida), or the cheeks without bristles (hilaris). Cheeks besides with some fme hairs, in hilaris only above. Jowls bare or a little hairy below. Vibrissæ not or a little ascending. Eyes bare. Antennæ inserted a little above or nearly at the middle of the eye, third joint from slightly longer to double as long as second; arista short, second joint a little or more elongated. Thorax and its bristles as in Plagia; pteropleura with a little bunch of hairs above {ruralis), or with a strong bristle {trepida and hilaris). Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are only marginal bristles {ruralis, hilaris) or also discai (trepida); second segment without bristles. Legs with antero- dorsal bristles on hind tibiæ strong and unequal; claws and pulvilH in male strongly or more moderately elongated. Wings mainly as in Plagia; first posterior cell ending less far from apex of wing; posterior I Voria. 481 cross-vein more or less strongly oblique; siibcostal and cubital vein {ruralis) or only cubital vein {trepida, hilaris) with bristles; no or a small costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera and also on Lophyrus\ they belong, so far known, to Pantel's group 6. Of the genus there seems to be about 7 European species; 3 occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Abdomen with only marginal bristles 2. - - Abdomen with discai and marginal bristles {Paraplagia B. B.) . . 3. trepida. 2. Subcostal and cubital vein with bristles; first posterior cell open; cheeks with a bristle {Voria s. str.) 1. ruralis. — Only cubital vein with bristles; first posterior cell petiolate; cheeks without bristles {Hypovoria Villen.) 2. hilaris. 1. V, ruralis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 265, 6 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 5, 6 {Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 634, 3 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1016, 4 et 1859. XIII, 6073, 4 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 438 {Plagia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, Tab. IV, Fig. 80 a et 1891. LVIII, 354 {Plagia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 370. — 1909. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVIII, 334 {Plagia). — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 365. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 122, 3. — Tachina amhigua Fall. 1810. 1. c. 275, 26 et 1820. 1. c. 7, 10. — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1017, 5. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 438 {Plagia). — 1889. B. B. 1. c. LVI, 101, Tab. IV, Fig. 80 et 1891. LVIII, 354 {Plagia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 369. — 1921. Baer, 1. c. VII, 365. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye; jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Orbits and cheeks greyish, the latter dov^nwards and the jowls whitish; frontal stripe greyish black, seen from in front grey. Three orbital bristles. Frontal bristles few in number, not reaching end of second antennal joint, two upper strong, reclinate and behind them a small or very small outwards directed bristle. On the middle of the cheeks, below the frontals, a strong, down- wards directed bristle, sometimes with a smaller above. Vibrissæ a little ascending, fme. Orbits and cheeks with fine black hairs. Jowls only with some few black hairs below and one hindmarginal bristle. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs. Antennæ black, second and third joint of about equal length; arista thickened in fully basal half, second joint only slightly elongated. Palpi blackish, the apical part more or less broadly yellow. Thorax black, a little bluish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scutellum bluish black. Thorax 31 482 Tachinidae. black-haired. Scutellum with a pair of erect præapical and somo smaller discai bristles. Pteropleura with a bunch of longish hairs above. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a broad, whitish pruinose front band, shifting with dark according to view; abdomen with depressed black hairs and only marginal bristles; on second segment none, on third a pair and on fourth a row of only six bristles, the median pair placed somewhat forwards; fifth seg- ment with two rows. Upper forceps claw-like curved inwards, with a deep median furrow; arms of lower forceps somewhat triangular lamellæ, with a straight front and a convex hind margin, of same Fig. 102. Wing of V. ruralis. length as upper forceps. Legs black, with strong bristles, also on front coxæ; claws and piilvilh considerably elongated. Wings some- what brownish; veins brown; first posterior cell open; discai angle nearly rectangular, with a veinlet or fold; apical cross- vein a little incurved above the angle, for the rest straight; posterior cross- vein rather oblique, ending above beyond middle between medial cross- vein and angle; subcostal vein with bristles in whole length, cubital vein to near medial cross-vein or a little beyond it. Squamulæ white. H alteres brown. Female. Similar; frons a little broader. Length 6,5 to about 10 mm. V. ruralis is not rare in Denmark; Ordrup, Ermelund, Dyre- haven, Ruderhegn, Hørsholm, Hornbæk, Gilleleje, Lave Skov near Helsingør, Stensby Skov, Ringsted; on Langeland at Lohals; on Lolland at Maribo; on Funen at Hoffmansgave, in Jutland at Søn- derborg, Madeskov, Høraphav, Hardeshøj, Kolding and Frederiks- havn, and on Bornholm at Hammeren; the dates are ^'/e — ^^/lo- I^ occurs on leaves and in low herbage in and at woods. It is known as parasitic on Plusia gamma, chrysitis and iota, Anarta myrtilli, Py rameis atalanta, Mamestra brassicae, and the non Danish Arctia hehe, and also recorded from Lophyrus pini; the var. ambigua, \\dth I I Voria. 483 all yellow palpi also from Epineuronia popularis. I have seen spec- imens from P. chrysitis and P. sp., the specimens from chrysitis emerged on ^^/g. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 70, 1918, 1) treated its biology; he bred it from P. iota and gamma; one to six parasites may develop in each host; the host larva perishes and the pupation takes place in the skin of the host; the puparia lie, at all events when there are more than one, more or less transversely in the skin; the pupa has the anterior and posterior larval spiracles very protruding. More than. one brood in the year. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 2. V. hilaris Villen. 1912. Villen. Bull. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 510 (Hypovoria). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 122 {Hypovoria). Male. Frons much broader than the eye; cheeks rather broad; jowls more than half as broad as the height of the eye. Orbits and face whitish pruinose ; frontal stripe brown, seen from in front whitish pruinose. Three orbital bri^tles. Frontal bristles few, stretching to insertion of arista, the iippermost directed oiitwards. Vibrissæ very slightly ascending. Orbits with black hairs, cheeks and jowls bare, the former only with a few hairs above, but without bristle. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs below, bare above. Antennæ black, basal joints red; third' joint more than twice as long as second; arista short, thickened in basal two thirds, second joint elongated. Proboscis rather slender. Palpi yellow, a little dark just at apex. Thorax black, bluish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median abbreviated bellind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired ; scutellum with a pair of præapical and some discai bristles. Ptero- pleura with a strong bristle above. Abdomen black, a Httle shining, the three last segments greyish pruinose except behind, shifting with dark according to view; abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, none on second segment, on third a pair and on fourth a row; fifth with two rows. Legs black, bristles somewhat strong; claws and pulvilli somewhat elongated. Wings a little brownish tinged, especially at anterior margin; veins blackish brown; first posterior cell medium long petiolate, ending considerably before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse, with a long and strong veinlet; subcostal vein bare; cubital vein with bristles beyond medial cross- vein. Squamulæ yellowish. H alteres blackish. 31* 484 Tachinidae. Female. Similar; frons still broader than in male, nearly double as broad as the eye. Length 7 — 8 mm. V. hilaris is very rare, I know only two specimens, a male and a female, from near Horsens in Jutland (I. Th. Skovgaard). Both specimens are bred from Cucullia chamomillae. Geographical distribution: — The occurrence of this species in Denmark is rather surprising, for it is otherwise only known from Tunisia (a male and a female). 3. V. trepida Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Besclir. IV, 300, 106 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 201, 3 {Plagia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1025, 14 et 1859. XIII, 6077, 14 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 438 (Plagia). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 354 {Paraplagia). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entoni. XV, 42, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 371. — 1909. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVIII, 333. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 366. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 122, 4. — Tachina amhigua Meig. (nec Fall.) 1824. 1. c. IV, 298, 103, Tab. XL, Fig. 31 et 1838. VII, 201, 1 {Plagia). — T. curvi- nervis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1018, 6 et 1859. XIII, 6074, 6. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 438 (Plagia). — T. ruficornis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1019, 7. — 1893. B. B. 1. c. LX, 224 (Paraplagia). — T. suhcincta Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1026, 15. — T. cunei- cornis Zett. 1844. 1. c. III, 1080, 77. — 1893. B. B. 1. c. LX, 220 (Plagia). — Plagia impressa v. d. Wulp, 1869. Entom. Tijdschr. 2, IV, 139, 2, Tab. IV, Fig. 2. Male. Frons above broader than the eye, very slightly protruding. Orbits yellowish, cheeks and jowls silvery white; frontal stripe reddish or yellowish brown seen from above, but from in front it is yellowish like the orbits. Two or three orbital bristles. Frontal bristles reaching about to end of second antennal joint, two uppermost reclinate, the hinder directed somewhat outwards. On the cheeks, below the frontals two to several downwards directed bristles, one of them specially strong, and when there are two or three bristles, the strong bristle is the lowermost, but when there are more there is one or a couple smaller below it. Vibrissæ not ascending. Orbits and upper part of cheeks sparingly with black hairs; jowls bare, with only one hindmarginal bristle. Occiput grey, with somewhat sparge whitish hairs. Antennæ black, second joint more or less to quite red {rufi- cornis), third joint about double as long as second, somewhat broad; arista thickened to near end, second joint elongated. Palpi yellow to black. Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with four black stripes. I Voria. 485 the median narrow, abbreviated behind; scutellum greyish pruinose; pteropleura with a long and strong bristle above. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a broad, whitish grey pruinose front band, leaving the hind margins black; sometimes thorax and abdomen less pruinose and thus darker (subcincta). Abdomen black- haired; second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal, iourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; on third and fourth gegment there may further be a pair of small discai bristles anterior to the others; fifth segment with two rows of bristles. Legs black; claws and pulvilli elongated, but less than in ruralis. Wings a little tinged; veins blackish; first posterior cell narrowly open ; discai angle nearly rectangular, with a fold as veinlet ; posterior cross-vein very oblique, issuing about below medial cross-vein and joining discai vein at the middle between medial cross-vein and angle or beyond; cubital vein with bristles more or less beyond medial cross-vein. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellowish brown. Female. Similar, with frons of about same breadth. Length 5,5 — 8 mm. V. trepida is not rare in Denmark; Lersø, Ordrup, Dyrehaven, Frerslev Hegn, Tisvilde, Alindelille near Sorø; on Langeland at Lohals, in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sottrup, Madeskov, Nørholm Skov at Varde, Hald, and Albøge in Djursland; the dates are ^/g — ^'Z,. A number of our specimens are bred from undetermined lepidopterous larvæ. The species is known as parasitic on Epineuronia popularis^ Plusia gamma., AnaHa myrtilli and the non Danish Apopestes Spec- trum., and from Lophyrus pini:, further (curvinervis) from Taenio- campa incerta and stabilis and Epiblema sordidana., and (ruficornis) from Cucullia lucifuga and the non Danish Rhyparia purpurata. According to Nielsen (Viden sk. Meddel, fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 1917, 26) the species which he has treated (ibid. 66, 1915, 215) a^ Ernestia connivens is probably, as regards the larva and the biology, the present species; it was bred from Mamestra persicariae; one to seven from each larva; the larva bored out and pupated in the ground. One of our specimens is bred on ^Z,. — I have examined a specimen of T. subcincta sent from Zetterstedt to Stæger. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks : The examination of my material seems fully to prove, that the opinions expressed by Villeneuve 1. c. with regard to the identity of trepida with ruficornis, curvinervis and subcincta are correct. 486 Tachinidae. 115. Klugia R. D. Species of medium size and of black coloiir, a little pale pruinose. Again this genus is nearly related to and mamly conform with the two preceding. Head as in the other two, frons a little more protruding; jowls at least half the height of the eye. The bristles outwards to the frontals forming a continuous row from above down to near the lower corner of the eye, two upper of them strong orbitals, and behind them one directed outwards. Cheeks besides the bristles with some few fine hairs. Jowls bare with only hindmarginal bristles. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating. Antennæ inserted at the middle of the eye, somewhat short, third joint only a little longer than second; arista with second joint not elongated. Thorax as in the other genera; two præsutural acrostichals; scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the subapical the smaller. Pteropleura with a bunch of hairs above. Abdomen elongated, cylin- drical, not much attenuated behind; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ few in niimber, strong and unequal; claws and pulviUi in male not elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle without or practically without veinlet; posterior cross- vein moderately oblique; only cubital vein with bristles, stretching beyond medial cross-vein; a strong costal s pine. Only one European 'species, also occurring in Denmark. 1. K. marginata Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 301, 107, Tab. XLI, Fig. 31 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 201, 4 {Plagia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1079, 76 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 438 {Plagia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 101, Tab. V, Fig. 82 et 1891. LVIII, 354 {Ptiloparia). — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 88, 1 {Plagia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 372. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 122, 2 {Voria). — T. oæulta Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 198, 60. Male. Frons above much broader than the eye. Orbits dark grey; cheeks and jowls greyish silvery; frontal stripe blackish brown. Frontal bristles reaching to end of second antennal joint, the upper- most directed backwards and outwards. Orbits and cheeks besides the bristles with sparse and fine hairs. Jowls bare, but besides the oral bristles with a row of hindmarginal bristles. Occiput grey, with Ernestia. 487 somewhat sparse, whitish hairs. Antennæ black, second joint a little reddish at apex, third rather broad; arista thickened in basal half, but evenly tapering. Palpi brownish or blackish. Thorax bluish black, somewhat bluish grej pruinose, with four black stripes, the median narrow and abbreviated behind ; scutellum black. Thorax black-haired ; scutellum with a pair of erect præapical and a pair ot discai bristles. Abdomen bluish black, shining, the three last segments Fig. 103. Wing of K. marginata. With a somewhat narrow, bluish white pruinose front band, leaving about the hinder two thirds black; also a middle stripe more or less visible. Abdomen with black hairs; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; sometimes supplementary discai bristles present; fifth segment with two row of bristles and a distant pair of discals. Legs black. Wings brownish or yellowish brown tinged; veins brown; discai angle obtuse, without or with only a minute veinlet; apical cross- vein concave. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres blackish brown. Female. I do not know the female. Length 7,5 — 9,5 mm. K. marginata is very rare in Denmark, I know only one spec- imen, a male, from the vicinity of Copenhagen; it is bred but the host unknown, it developed in May (C. Larsen). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Scandinavia and Finland. II. Protachininae. 116. Bpnestia R. D. Species of medium to somewhat large size, of blackish colours, generally with more or less distinct, otten disappearing red patches on the sides of abdomen in the male. Head as broad as or a little 488 Tachinidae. narrower than thorax, convex behind and here piiffed out below; it is higher than long or almost as long as high. Frons in male narrow or broader, in female broader than in male, more or less to strongly protruding. Jowls about half as broad as the height of the eye or broader. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles or (in Pan- zeria) no bristles at all but only hairs; in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles ; (in male of nemorum also weak outer vertical bristles). Small postocellar and occipital bristles, except in male of Panzeria. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to or more or lesg below insertion of antennæ; all Crossing in male, in female an upper outwards directed bristle. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending, only a few hairs above the large vibrissa. Eyes hairy. Epistoma hollowed and more or less, but always distinctly, reflected and prominent below. Oral bristles well developed. Oral cone and proboscis medium long, of about equal length; clypeus forceps-like. Labium with a well chitinized basal part, labella oval. Labrum as long as basal part of labium, hypopharynx a little shorter. Palpi rod-like. Antennæ inserted at or more or less above middle of the eye; third joint more or less longer than second, or, in subgenus Eurijthia, second joint as long as or longer than third; arista with second joint short, rarely longer. Thorax rectangular; three or four postsutural dorsocentrals and one to two præsutural and two to three or four postsutural acrostichals (sometimes only one, nemorum)] no præsutural intraalar bristle except in truncata (and sometimes in rudis). Scatellum with four to live marginal bristles on each side, the apical pair small and crossing, except in nemorum and minor\ a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Above on ptero- pleura a tuft of hairs, and one or two long bristles. Abdomen more or less ovate; second segment with the excavation reaching hind margin; af ter fifth segment a narrow sixth is visible, it is more or less fused with the præhypopygial segment above, but distinct at the sides, and shows a row of bristles. Sternites not concealed. Ab- domen with discai and marginal bristles, second segment (generally) without bristles; fifth segment with one or more rows of bristles, and generally with a pair of discai. Fifth sternite more or less deeply cleft, the lamellæ triangular or rounded. Genitalia somewhat large; upper forceps elongated lancet-like or shorter and more triangular, sometimes wing-like dilated to the sides at base and with a back- wards pointing triangular tooth; it may be straight or more or less S-like curved; arms of lower forceps of various shape, straight or Ernestia. 489 curved forwards, narrow or broader and rounded or bifid at end; in most species the arm issnes inwardly from a scale-like piece covering its base. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ quite unequal; claws and pulvilli more or less elongated in male ; front tarsi in female with the three or four last joints dilated, except in truncata. Wings with first posterior cell more or less narrowly open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle generally rectangular, without or with a small veinlet; apical cross- vein more or less concave. Only in truncata a costal spine. The species, for which hosts are known, are parasitic on Rho- palocera and varioiis Heterocera] they belong to Pantel's group 4 and form a primary breathing hole. The larva bores out of the host larva and pupates in the ground, where it hibernates. Of the genus about 35 palæarctic species are recorded, but many are doubtful; 9 occur in Denmark. The genus falls in some divisions or subgenera, for our species the following: 1. Male without ocellar and vertical bristles . . Panzena'B.B.{rudis,Niélseni). — Ocellar and vertical bristles present in both sexes 2. 2. Second antennal joint as long as or longer than third 3. — Third antennal joint longer than second 4. 3. No Crossing apical scutellar bristles; acrosti- chal bristles reduced; discai angle with a real veinlet Fausta R. D. [nemorum). — Crossing apical scutellar bristles present ; usual acrostichals present; no veinlet Eurythia R. D. [caesia). 4. A præsutural intraalar bristle; costal spine present; female with front tarsi not dilated. . Afpendicia Stein, {truncata). — No præsutural intraalar bristle; no costal spine; female with front tarsi dilated Ernestia s. str. {vivida, con- nivens, conjugata, radicum). Table of Species. 1. Ocellar and inner vertical bristles present in both sexes; an- tennæ black, or if pale second joint as long as third 2. — No distinct ocellar or vertical bristles in male; antennæ in male black or more or less pale, in female always more or less pale, third joint longer than second; palpi pale 8. 2. Second antennal joint shorter than third 3. ■ — ■ Second antennal joint longer than, or at all events as long as third 7. 3. Thorax with a præsutural intraalar bristle; wings with a 490 Tachinidae. distinct costal spine and discai angle with a stort veinlet; front tarsi in female simple 1. truncata. — Thorax witliout præsutural intraalar bristle; wings without costal spine and discai angle witliout or with a minute vein- let ; front tarsi in female dilated 4. 4. Palpi blackish, sometimes paler but not yellow 5. — Palpi yellow 2. vivida. 5. Frons in male narrow, about one fourtii as broau as the eye, in female not as broad as the eye 3. connivens. — Frons in male half as broad as the eye or more, in female as broad as or broader than the eye 6. 6. Frons in male about as broad as the eye, in female consider- ably broader than the eye, strongly protruding, silvery; head almost not higher than long 4. conjugata. — Frons in male half as broad as the eye, in female about as broad as the eye, moderately protruding, more or less yellowish; head higher than long 5. radicuni. 7. Palpi black; apical scutellar bristles somewhat small, crossing 6. caesia. — Palpi yellow; apical scutellar bristles strong, not crossing. . 7. nemorum. 8. Large species; frons in male narrow (Ys — Ye of ^^^ breadth of the eye), in female as broad as the eye; antennæ more or less pale in both sexes; scutellum with small apical bristles. . 8. rudis. ■ — Rather small species; frons in male broader, nearly one third of the eye, in female broader than the eye; antennæ in male black, in female more or less pale ; scutellum without small crossing apical bristles 9. Nielseni. 1. E. truncata Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 642, 34 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1089, 86 et 1859. XIII, 6095, 86 (Tachina). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 33, 4 {Erigone). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 537 (Erigone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 215. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 132. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 54 {Appendicia). Male. Frons above not quite as broad as the eye, rather pro- truding; cheeks about half as broad as the eye, and jowls about half the height of the eye. Orbits and cheeks silvery; jowls grey; intermediate triangle reddish; frontal stripe dark reddish seen from above, but from in front silvery. Epistoma yellowish. Frontal bristles reaching below insertion of antennæ. Orbits with black hairs; jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput grey, with yellowish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles, Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ black, second joint somewhat shorter than third, the latter rectangular, somewhat dilated outwards; arista thickened in about basal two thirds, second joint elongated. Palpi blackish, outwards somewhat I Ernestia. 491 brownish, Thorax black, greyish pruinose, with three broad black stripes, the median sometimes more or less divided into three; scu- tellum more or less reddish at apex. Thorax black-haired; four post- sutiiral dorsocentrals and two præ- and two postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with five marginal bristles on eacli side, the apical small, crossing. Abdomen black, shining, sometimes slightly obscurely reddish at the sides on the front part of the segments; third to fifth segment with a silvery pruinose front band, shifting according to view; abdomen is black-haired, third segment with a pair of discai and marginal bristles, fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; fifth segment with bristles on hinder half. Fifth sternite cleft to base. Genitalia medium sized; præhypopygial segment and hypopygium with bristly hairs behind; upper> forceps triangular, outwards spine-shaped, incised in the upper margin; arms of lower forceps somewhat triangular, considerably shorter than upper. Legs black. Wings a little brownish tinged; veins brown; discai angle with a short real veinlet; a somewhat large costal spine. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish yellow. Female. Similar; head often less silvery, more yellowish; frons broader than the eye. Palpi more brown, Antennæ with third joint a little smaller. Front tarsi simple. Length 7 to about 10 mm. E. truncata is not common in Denmark; Ordrup, Lundtofte, Ruderhegn, Frerslev Hegn, Grib Skov, Sorø (Kryger, the author); the dates are ^^/g — ^^Iq. The specimen from Ruderhegn is bred, it developed in April, but no further elucidations are given. No host seems to be known. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europa; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. 2. E. vivida Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 642, 36 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1102, 99 et 1849. VIII, 3243, 99 [Tachina). — 1862. Scliin. F. A. I, 451 (Nemoraea). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad, Wiss. Wien, CVII, 535, 7 {Erigone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 215. — Tachina consobrina Zett. (nec Meig.) 1844. 1. c. III, 1103, 100 et 1859. XIII, 6099, 100. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 451 {Nerm- raea). — Nemoraea tessellans Egg. (nec R. D.) 1856. Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, VI, 389. ■ — 1857. Schin. ibid. VII, 4. ■ — Platychira consobrina p. p. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 52, 3. Male. Frons above not half as broad as the eye, rather protruding; cheeks likewise not half as broad as the eye, and jowls not reaching 492 Tachinidae. Fig. 104. Head of E. vivida. S • half the height of the eye. Orbits, cheeks and epistoma pale yellowish, but the orbits dark reflecting; jowls grey; frontal stripe blackish. Frontal bristles reaching below insertion of antennæ. Orbits black-haired; jowh with longer black hairs. Occiput dark grey, yellowish below along the eye- margin, with pale yellow hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes pale-haired. Antennæ black, second joint not as long as third, the latter somewhajt dilated outwards, rounded at end; arista thickened in about basal half, second joint short. Palpi yellow, a little darkened at base. Thorax bluish black, somewhat shining, whitish grey pruinose anteriorly and here with the beginning of four black stripes, the middle approximate; sciitellum more or less reddish or quite dark. Thorax black-haired; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scu- tellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical pair the smaller, Crossing. Abdomen bluish black, some- what shining, sometimes a little reddish at the sides; at front margin of third, fourth and fifth segment it is very slightly whitish pruinose; it is black- haired, with a pair of discai and mar- ginal bristles on third and fourth seg- ment; fifth segment with two rows. Fifth sternite roundly incised to near middle, with the corners drawn a little out. Genitalia not small; præhypopygial segment with dense, somewhat long hairs; hypopygium with some bristly hairs, rather shining. Upper forceps forming a backwards curved, pointed style, at the base it is broad and wing-like dilated to each side, and here armed in the Fig. 105. E. vivida, lower forceps with the scale-like piece, and the tooth at base of upper forceps; apical part of upper forceps hidden. Ernestia. 493 middle with a backwards directed triangular tooth with a deep middle fiirrow and thus almost dividod into two close-lying teeth; the dilatation bears long, upwards directed hairs at upper margin; the arms of lower forceps have at base a large, scale-like, shining plat«, inwards from which a long claw-like prolongation issnes with an inwards curved, hook-shaped apex; it has a bundle of hairs on posterior margin near base; the arms are longer than upper forceps. Legs black. Wings shghtly tinged; veins brown or blackish; discai angle without veinlet; apical cross- vein more or less concave. Squa- mulæ white. H alteres brownish yellow. Female. Similar; frons about as broad as the eye; third antennal joint not dilated; fourth abdominal segment with a row of marginal bristles; front tarsi with the three last joints dilated. Length 9 to fully 10 mm. E. vivida seems to be rare in Denmark, we have 9 specimens, six from earlier time, of which one from Sorø, the others from near Copenhagen, and one of these latter mentioned as consobrina in Zett. 1. c. III; f urther one from Lundtofte and two from Rebbild in Jutland (Kryger); the dates are in July. — I have examined specimens sent from Zetterstedt to Stæger. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north into Lapland. Remarks: Stein considers the species as identical with conso- brina Méig., but, according to a communication from Dr. Villeneuve, this latter species differs not only by four postsutural dorsocentrals but also by the shape of the male genitalia. 3. E. connivens Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1116, 112 et 1859. XIII, 6107, 112 {Tachina). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 536, 8 (Erigone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 211. — ^ 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 133. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 53, 4 (Platychira). — Erigone insciens Pand. p. p. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 36, 9. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. Male. Frons about one fourth of the breadth of the eye, some- what protruding; cheeks of a similar breadth, and jowls about one third of the height of the eye. Orbits and face yellowish, the orbits in some views dark; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, dark reddish anteriorly. Frontal bristles reaching just below insertion of antennæ. Orbits with a few black hairs; jowls with longish black hairs. Occiput 494 Tachinidae. grey, with yellow hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ inserted a littlo above middle of the eye, black; third joint nearly one and a half times longer than second, a little dilated outwards; arista thickened in less than basal half, second joint short. Palpi black. Thorax black, somewhat shining, greyish pruinose on front part, and here with foiir stripes, the middle diverging; scutellum black or more or less reddish. Thorax black- haired; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three post- sutural acrostichals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, crossing; the thoracic bristles strong. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, sometimes reddish at the sides; third, fourth and fifth seg- ment with a broad, whitish pruinose front band, both above and below, occupying nearly the whole segment. Abdomen black-haired; third and fourth segment with a pair of discai and marginal bristles, fifth with bristles on most part, among which a pair of distinct discai bristles ; all bristles strong. Fifth sternite with a pointed excision in apical third, the lamellæ triangular, the point drawn out inwardly; the lamellæ have long hairs. Genitalia not small, rather like those in vivida. Præhypopygial segment shining, with bristly hairs. Hypopygium with bristly hairs behind and on the sides; upper and lower forceps shorter than in vivida and of about equal length; the upper somewhat S-like curved, without middle furrow and thus the triangular tooth at base single; the arms of lower forceps less claw-like, obtuse at end and here a httle bifid. Legs black, with strong bristles. Wings brownish tinged; veins brownish black, a little seamed with brown; discai angle without veinlet; bristles at base of cubital vein not small. Squa- mulæ white. Halteres yellowish to brownish. Female. Similar; frons broader, but not as broad as the eye; fourth abdominal segment with a row of marginal bristles; front tarsi with three last joints dilated. Length 9,5 — 11 mm. E. connivens is more common in Denmark than the preceding; Ordrup, Dyrehaven, Hellebæk, Jægerspris and at Stensby; on Lange- land at Lohals; on Lolland at Bremersvold and Christianssæde ; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Høruphav and Sandager and on Bornholm Fig. 106. E. conni- vens, lower forceps with scale-like piece, and basal tooth of upper forceps. Ernestia. 495 in Almindingen; the dates are ^1-, — ^"/g. One of the specimens is labelled as bred horn Euplexia lucipara on ^"/s (Weis); otherwise no host is recorded (see below under remarks). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: Nielsen mentions (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 66, 1915, 215) that hc has bred the species from Mamestra persicariae and gives description of larva and pupa and the biology; but later on (1, c. 68, 1917, 26) he mentions that the host larva was infested by two parasites, besides by the mentioned species also by another, probably Voria trepida, and that the described larva and the biology refer to this latter species, the pupa on the other hånd to E. connivens, and only this species was bred. Now there are in Nielsens collection only two specimens, a male and a female, belonging to the mentioned bred material, and it proves that these specimens were wrongly determined; both are E. radicum, to which species the described pupa belongs. In the first cited place Nielsen declares, that the determination of connivens is due to Dr. Villeneuve ; there is also a specimen determined by this author, it is correctly determined, but does not belong to the bred material on which Nielsens studies were based. The host of E. connivens seems thus still unknown, and Mamestra persicariae is added to the many hosts known for E. radicum. 4. E. conjugata Zett. 1855. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XII, 4697, 112—113 et 1859. XIII, 6107, 112— 113 {Tachina). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 537, 10 (Erigone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 211. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 52, 1 {Platydiira). Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, strongly pro- truding, and thus the cheeks very broad; jowls likewise broad, two thirds of the height of the eye or more. Orbits and cheeks silvery, the former dark in certain views; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, seen from in front whitish pruinose. Frontal bristles reaching just below insertion of antennæ. Orbits with black hairs; jowls with longish black hairs. Occiput grey, with yellowish hairs and black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, black; third joint longer than second, somewhat dilated outwards; arista thickened in more than basal half, second joint slightly elongated. Palpi black. Thorax black, slightly bluish and somewhat shining; it is a little greyish pruinose 496 Tachinidae. in front and here with four stripes; the pruinose stripe between the middle stripes indistinct, so that the stripe^ are rather confluent; scutellum black or dark reddish at apex. Thorax black-haired; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutiiral acro- stichals. Scutellum with four (sometimes five) marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing. Abdomen black or a little bluish black, shining, not reddish at the sides; it has broad, whitish or bluish white pruinose front bandg on third to fifth segment, generally less pronounced on the latter segment ; the segments rather shining below. Abdomen black-haired, with a pair of discai and marginal bristles on third and fourth segment, and also a distinct pair of discai on fifth. Fifth sternite large, cleft to the middle or a little beyond, the incision pointed or more roundish at bottom; the lamellæ triangular, somewhat pointed, with hairs and some bristles at hind margin. Genitalia somewhat large; præhypopygial segment shining, with long hairg. Hypopygium with bristles behind; upper and lower forceps somewhat like those in vivida and connivens; upper forceps broad at base and dilated wing-like to the sides, with a compressed triangular tooth in the middle, the anterior part forming an S-like curved, pointed spine; arms of lower forceps With a scale-like piece at base, inwards from wliich the arms issue; these are broad in basal part, almost rectangularly curved forwards in the middle, and bifid or with a little hook at apex; they are longer than upper forceps; upper and lower forceps haired as in vivida. Legs black. Wings somewhat brownish tinged, darker at base; veins dark or blackish brown, medial cross- vein a little clouded; first posterior cell quite narrowly open; discai angle with a minute veinlet. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brown. Female. Similar; frons considerably broader than the eye; fourth abdominal segment with a row of marginal bristles; front tarsi with three last joints dilated. Length 7 to about 11 mm, E. conjugata is not just common in Denmark; Lundtofte, Ordrup, Charlottenlund, Lyngby Mose, Tisvilde and on Fænø; the dates are ■'/5 — ^^/g. No host is recorded. Fig. 107. E. conjugata, lower forceps with scale- like piece, and basal tooth of upper forceps, also apex of upper forceps is seen. Ernestia. 497 Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into Styria; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: My specimens are determined in accordance with specimens named by Dr. Villeneuve ; I am in doiibt with regard to Brauer's statements 1. c. as they seem to me not well answering to the present species, f. inst. as regards the breadth of the frons and fifth sternite in the male; there is no doubt that the species described here is distinct from radiciim. 5. E. radicum Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 326, 60 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 300, 82 (Musca). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. I.V, 249, 18 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 221, 7 {Nemo- raea). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 642, 35 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1113, 109 et 1859. XIII, 6105, 109 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 452, (Nemoraea). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 534, 5 {Erigone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 213. — 1921. Baer, Zeitsckr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 133. — 1924. Stein, Arck. f. Naturgesck. 90, 6, 53, 4 {Platychira). — T. bifasciata Meig. 1803. Ulig. Mag. II, 280 et 1824. Syst. Besckr. IV, 250. — T. lurida Fall. (nec Fabr.) 1810. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 26, 54. — T. rudis 1824. Meig. (nec Fall.) 1. c. IV, 246, 13 et 1838. VII, 221, 3 {Nemoraea). — Erigone suspecta Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 36, 10. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. Male. Frons above as broad or fully as broad as the eye, rather protruding; cheeks about half as broad as the eye, and jowls half as broad as the eye is high or a little more. Orbits and face yellowish white, the orbits dark in some views; jowls concolorous with the face or more greyish; frontal stripe black. Frontal bristles reaching well below insertion of antennæ. Orbits with black hairs; jowls with longish black hairs. Occiput grey with yellowish hairs and only one row of black hairs behind post- ocular bristles. Eyes with longish pale hairs. Antennæ black, third joint longer than second, somewhat dilated outwards; arista thickened in about basal half, but evenly tapering, second joint short, slightly longer than broad. Palpi black or sometimes brownish to pale brown, especially outwards. Thorax black, somewhat shining, greyish prui- nose on anterior part, and here with four stripes, the median distant, 32 Fig. 108. E. radicum (^, antenna. 498 Tachinidae. rather narrow and diverging; scutellum brownish at apex or nearly all over. Thorax black-haired ; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing; a number of discai bristles. Abdomen black, shining, generally a little reddish at the sides on third and fourth segment; third and fourth segment with a more or less conspicuous white pruinose front band, which generally almost or quite wants on fifth segment. Abdomen black- haired; third and fourth segment with a pair of discai and marginal bristles, also on fifth segment a pair of distinct discai bristles; on third segment sometimes two pairs of discals. The bristles scarcely as strong as in connivens. Fifth sternite large, cleft to or a little beyond middle, the bottom of the excision looking rectangular, not rounded or pointed; the lamellæ triangular, with long hairs, the inner margins about meeting at base, but depressed so that it gives the excision an apparently rectangular shape. Geni- talia not small; præhypopygial segment shining, with bristles and hairs; hypopygium likewise with bristles and hairs. Upper forceps shorter than lower, elongated Fig. 109. triangular, straight; it is somewhat broadened at base, E. radicum, ^^^ ^^^ wing-like dilated, and it is carinate in the lower forceos i^iddle, but without tooth at base; arms of lower with scale- forceps resemble those in connivens and are haired in like piece. the same way, and they have likewise a scale-like, but not large piece at base, inwards from which a some- what hook-like but rather straight arm projects, slightly bifid at end. Legs black. Wings more or less yellowish at base; veins brown or dark brown, generally more or less brownish seamed; discai angle without veinlet. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellowish to brown. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye. Abdomen generally with two pairs of discai bristles on third segment and sometimes also on fourth, the latter with a row of marginal bristles; front tarsi with three last joints dilated, and also second slightly dilated. Length 6,5 to about 12 mm. This species is similar to connivens, but besides by the breadth of the frons it is in the male known alone by the shape of fifth sternite ; a helping character in the female is the frequent occurrence of two pairs of discai bristles on third abdominal segment. E. radicum is common in Denmark; at Copenhagen, Valby, Ernestia. 499 Amager, Lyngby Mose, Hillerød, Gilleleje, Rørvig; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Sottrup, Skeide, Kliplev, in Nørholm Skov at Varde, Greisdal and Laven; the dates are ^^Z, — ^1^. It occurs frequently on umbellifers, especially on Pastinaca. It is known bred from Vanessa io, Chaerocampa elpenor, Deilephila galii, Lophopteryx camelina, Spilo- soma menthastri and lubricipeda, Panolis griseovariegata, and from Mamestra persicariae (see remarks under connivens)-, in North America it is bred from a Hyphantia. With us Nielsen has bred it from S. lubri- cipeda (Entom. Meddel. 2, IV, 1909, 60, as Tachina larvarum, and ibid. 2, IV, 1913, 372) and further from M. persicariae (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 66, 1915, 215, as E. connivens, see remarks under this species), and in the first cited place larva and pupa are described. Nielsen gives also here the biology, and partly on base of it Baer 1. c. likewise gives a record of the biology. It is thus recorded that the species has two yearly broods, one in M. ca- strensis, and this pupates in the host, while the other parasited S. lubricipeda, and bores out of the empty skin of the host and pupates in the ground. Now while Nielsen in 1909 mentioned his species (as T. larvarum) as parasitic on both the named caterpillars, he speaks in the correction in 1913 only of the Spilosoma, which he declares was infested both by T. larvarum and E. radicum, and I therefore think that he had not got the Ernestia from Malacosoma, and that thus only the facts recorded with regard to the parasite in Spilosoma belong to the present species. I think this also for the reason that Nielsen mentions that the eggs are deposited on the larva of M. ca- strensis, and this probably refers to T. larvarum. I also find in Nielsen' s collection the present species bred only from S. lubricipeda. As regards the biology it can be said, that there are two to seven parasites in eacli host-larva; the parasite bores out of the empty skin of the host-larva and pupates in the ground; they generally hibernate thus and develop in May and June, but some may develop already in autumn. The species has then, at all events in our country, only one yearly brood, as also recorded by Nielsen (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 69, 1918, 255). Geographical distribution: — ■ All Europe; towards the north to middle Scandinavia and Finland. It occurs also in North America. 6. E. caesia Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 27, 55 {Musca). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 247, 14 [Tachina) et 1838. 32* 500 Tachinidae. VII. 221, 4 {Nemoraea). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 643, 37 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1115, 111 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 452 {Nemoraea). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 35, 7 p. p. (Erigone). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 530, 1 {Eurythia). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 216. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 134. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 53 (Eurythia). — Erigone indigens Pand. 1. c. 37, 11. — 1907. Villen. 1. c. LXXVI, 387. Male Frons above about half as broad as the eye, very protruding; cheeks a little narrower, and jowls about half the height of the eye. Orbits and cheeks yellowish white, with darker reflections, epistoma more grey; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, seen from above. Frontal bristles descending below middle of or to near end of second antennal joint. Orbits with some black hairs; jowls with longish black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs, and rows of black hairs behind post- ocular bristles. Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ black, second joint about one third longer than third, this latter short rectangular, slightly dilated outwards; arista thickened in basal half, second joint short, at most slightly longer than broad. Palpi black, well bristled below in apical half. Thorax bluish black, somewhat shining, greyish pruinose, especially in front; it has four stripes, the median nearly as broad as the lateral, abbreviated some- what behind the suture; scutellum Fig. 110. E. caesia S , antenna. black or more or less reddish at apex. Thorax black-haired; generally four postsutural dorsocentrals; two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with generally five marginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat weaker, crossing. Abdomen bluish black, not or imper- ceptibly reddish at the sides; third to fifth segment with a broad whitish pruinose front band, shifting according to view. Abdomen black-haired; third segment with a pair of discai and marginal bristles, fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Fifth sternite cleft to middle or a little beyond, the excision rectangular. Genitalia somewhat large; præhypopygial segment shining, with long hairs. Hypopygium with hairs and some bristles. Upper and lower forceps much like those in radicum; upper forceps broad at base, but not wing-hke dilated, a little carinate in the middle but without tooth, the apical part spine-shaped, straight; arms of lower forceps rather robust, with a scale-Uke piece at base; the inwardly issuing arm Ernestia. 501 broad at base, almost rectangularly curved in the middle of outer margin, attenuating towards apex and here bifid; they are longer than upper forceps; the anterior part of the scale-hke piece and the outer surface of the arms have long and strong hairs. Legs black, bristles strong. Wings slightly tinged or nearly hyaline; veins black, medial cross-vein sometimes a little infuscated; discai angle without veinlet. Squamulæ white. Halteres dark. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye. Third and fourth abdominal segment generally with two pairs of discai bristles. Front tarsi with the three last joints dilated, and also second joint slightly broadened. Length 10 — 11 mm. E. caesia is not common in Denmark; Lundtofte; on Funen at Strib; in Jutland at Kjeldstrup (Wiistnei), in Nørholm Skov at Varde (Kryger) and at Stenege south of Aarhus; on Bornholm at Balka (Weis); the dates are in June and July. The species was hitherto known as parasitic on Dianthoecia caesia; my specimens from Stenege are labelled as bred from D. capsincola, other specimens from D. car- pophaga and sp. and one from Tryphaena pronuba. Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France ; towards the north to northern Sweden and Lapland. 7. E. nemorum Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 251, 20 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 221, 21 (Nemoraea). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1091, 87 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 454 (Nemoraea). — 1896. Pand. Eev. Entom. XV, 37, 12 (Eri- gone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 213. — 1907. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXXVI, 263 (Platychira) et 1907. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388 (Erigone). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 53 (Fausta). — T. ignohilis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 264, 42 et 1838. VII, 221, 19 (Nemoraea). — Echinosoma pecti- nata Girsch. 1881. Entom. Nachricht. VII, 277, 1, Fig. 1 et 1898. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XVII, 151, 1. — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 223. — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 531, 2 (Eurythia). Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye, rather protruding; cheeks of about the same breadth, and jowls almost as broad as the eye is high. Orbits greyish to black; cheeks yellowish white, dark in certain views, epistoma somewhat yellowish; frontal stripe velvet brownish black. Weak outer vertical bristles present. Frontal bristles reaching below insertion of antennæ. Orbits black-haired; jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput grey, with yellowish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with pale brownish 502 Tachinidae. hairs. Antennæ black, second joint often more or less pale, especially at apex; second joint as long as third, the latter rectangular, rounded at apex; arista with second joint a little elongated, third distinctly thickened at base. Palpi yellow, with bristles below apical half. Thorax bluish black, shining, groyish pruinose with three stripes, the median the broadest; scutelliim dark. Thorax black-haired ; three postsutural dorsocentrals and generally only præscutellar acrostichals or also a weak pair of præsutiiral. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the median pair long, diverging, no apical bristles. Abdomen bluish black, shining, often slightly and indistinctly reddish at the sides; third to fifth segment whitish pruinose except hind margin, shifting with dark irregular tessellations according to view. Abdomen black-haired, third segment with generally two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal bristles, fourth with two pairs of discai or still more and a row of marginal bristles. Fifth sternite shining, cleft beyond middle. Genitalia somewhat large; præhypo- pygial segment black, shining, with long, strong hairs. Hypopygium with bristly hairs. Upper forceps not broad above, canaliculated on basal half with the margins raised, thinner in apical half and obtuse at end; arms of lower forceps broad at base, with a small indistinct scale-like piece, slightly triangularly attenuating outwards, obtuse at end and here slightly bifid; they are hairy on outer surface and a little longer than upper forceps. Legs black, with strong bristles; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings brownish tinged, espe- cially at base and anterior margin; veins blackish brown, medial cross- vein a little infuscated; discai angle with a short real veinlet. Squamulæ white. H alteres yellowish brown. Female. Similar; frons broader than the eye; antennæ always with the two basal joints red, and also often third more or less reddish; arista thickened longer outwards; front tarsi wdth the three last joints a little dilated. Length 9,5 to fully 11 mm. E. nemorum is rare in Denmark; we possess only two specimens, both females, taken at Ordrup many years ago (Stæger); the above description of the male is drawn from specimens kindly sent me from Dr. Villeneuve. One of my specimens is that mentioned by Zetter- stedt 1. c. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; not Jknown north of Denmark. Ernestia. 503 8. E. rudis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 27, 56 {Tachina). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1100, 97 {Tachina). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 34, 5 {Erigone). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 532, 3 {Panzeria). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 217. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 134. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 51, 2. — Nemoraea laevigata Meig. 1838. Syst. Beschr. VII, 222, 9. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 454. — T. strenua Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 249, 17 et 1838. VII, 221, 12 {Nemoraea). — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1101, 98 et 1855. XII, 4696, 98 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 450 {Nemoraea). — T. vagans Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 248, 16 et 1838. VII, 221, 13 {Nemoraea). — Nemoraea varia Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 223, 26. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 455. Male. Head a little small; frons narrow above (Vs — ^/e of the breadth of the eye), somewhat protruding; cheeks about one third as broad as the eye, and jowls about half the height of the eye. Orbits and face whitish pruinose, the former in some views dark inwardly; owls grey; frontal stripe black, widening downwards. No distinctly individiialised ocellar or vertical bristles. Frontal bristles reaching just below insertion of antennæ. Orbits with a few black hairs; jowls with long black hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs, and rather dense rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with longish yellowish hairs. Antennæ more or less pale, sometimes all reddish, or only second joint and base of third more or less reddish; third joint somewhat longer than second; arista thickened in fully basal half, second joint short. Palpi yellow. Thorax dark bluish black, slightly shining, greyish white pruinose on anterior part and here with four stripes, the median narrow, diverging behind; the pruinose middle stripe is often divided by a narrow median stripe, so that five dark stripes are seen; scutellum more or less reddish brown. Thorax black-haired ; four postsutural dorsocentrals and generally two præ- and three or four postsutural acrostichals; all bristles somewhat weak; generally no præsutural intraalar bristle, but some- times one present. Scutellum with generally five marginal bristles on each side, the apical more or less small, crossing. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, with a red spot on each side, stretching over second to fourth or fifth segment; third to fifth segment with a broad bluish white pruinose front band. Abdomen black-haired; third and fourth segment with generally two pairs of discai bri&tles, third with a pair, fourth with a row of marginal; often a pair of bristles on second seg- ment; the bristles not strong. After the fifth segment a narrow sixth 504 Tachinidae. is seen. Fifth sternite noi, large, cleft about to middle, the lamellæ short, rounded. Genitalia of medium gize; præhypopygial segment shining, this and hypopygium with backwards directed long hairs. Upper forceps lancet-shaped, straight, only slightly broad above, and incised in basal margin; it is triangularly attenuating towards apex whicli is not gharp pointed; on the posterior surface it is hairy, the hairs long on basal half, short towards the apex; arms of lower forceps robust, straight in profile, rather broad, and rounded at the end; they are hairy on outer surface; at the base they are covered by the posterior lateral part of the hypopygium, which is marked off Fig. 111. E. rudis, upper and lower forceps from behind. Fig. 112. E. rudis upper and lower forceps in profile. from the upper part by an excision behind, but is not quite separated as the scale-Hke piece in other species; upper and lower forceps of same length. Legs black; posterior femora wdthout strong bristles; anterior tarsi with the three last joints short, broad and cordiforme; claws and pulvilli very elongated. Wings slightly tinged, but yellow or brownish at base; veins brownish black, medial cross- vein more or less clouded; first posterior cell ending near apex of wing; discai angle without or with a minute veinlet. Squamulæ whitish. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons as broad as the eye; ocellar and outer and inner vertical bristles present. Abdomen without reddish markings ; front tarsi with the four last joints rather much dilated. Length 10 to about 13 mm. E. rudis is common in Denmark; Frederiksberg Have, Ordrup, Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Ørholm, Hillerød, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, Jyderup, Sorø; in Jutland at Sønderborg, Madeskov, Skanderborg and Hald, and on Bornholm at Sandvig; the dates are ^^/s — ^^7. It Ernestia. 505 is known especially as parasite on Panolis griseovariegata, and fiirther on Dendrolimiis pini, and Nielsen (Entom. Meddel. 2, IV, 1909, 48) bred it from Taeniocampa stabilis; he states that only one parasite develops in each host. The larva bores out of the host larva and pupates in the groiind, where it hibernates, the imago developing in May. Nielsen states the curious faet that the larva in the second stage has no anterior spiracles, and Prell (Zeitgchr. f. angew. Ent. 2, 1915, 141) came to the same result. — I have seen a specimen labelled as bred from Cymatophora flavicornis on ^/4 (Weis) and one from Gnophria rubricollis (Wiistnei). Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden. 9. E. Nielseni Villen. 1921. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 118 {Panzeria). — Panzeria minor Villen. et Niels. 1917. Vidensk. Meddel, fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 23. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 135. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 51, 1, as sp. n. {Ernestia). Male. This species is very similar to rudis, so that I shall give only the differences, It is considerably smaller. Frons broader than in rudis, nearly one third of the eye, cheeks on the contrary narrower; these latter a little hairy just below^ frontal bristles. Antennæ black, third joint distinctly longer than second. Generally two, sometimes three pairs of postsutural acrostichals. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the middle pair long, parallel or diverging; no Crossing apical bristles. Bristles on abdomen rather weak, the discals on third and fourth segment often rather numerous and somewhat irregular. The hypopygium (as far as I have seen) mainly as in rudis, but upper forceps distinctly carinate along middle. The three last joints on front tarsi less cordiforme than in rudis \ claws and pulvilli not very elongated. Female, Frons broader than the eye. Antennæ with second joint red. Four last joints on front tarsi distinctly dilated, but les.«^ than in rudis. Length 8 — 10 mm. E. Nielseni is not rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Geel Skov, Grib Skov, Jægerspris, Bognæs; in Jutland at Sønderborg and Au- gustenborg; the datas are ^/g — •*/,. The species was bred by Nielsen (1. c.) from larvæ of Taeniocampa pulverulenta and Calymnia trape- zina. As a rule only one parasite develops in each host; the larva 506 Tachinidae. bores out of the host larva at the end of June, pupates in the ground, where it hibernates and develops in May next year, Although the species isvery similar to rudis it is no doubt distinct,which is confirmed by the faet that the posterior larval spiracles are of quite another shape. Geographical distribution: — Hitherto known from northern and middle Europe down into France and Belgium; towards the north into Sweden (Stein). The species is probably commonly con- fused with rudis, thus Brauer mentions under this species that crossing apical scutellar bristles are often wanting, and he gives the length down to 8 mm ; I therefore think that minor is included in the descrip- tion. 117. Meriania R. D. Species of robust, somewhat broad shape and medium size; colour blackish brown, with red spots on sides of abdomen in male. The genus is in the main respects similar to Ernestia. Head fully as broad as thorax, convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons in male narrow, in female broad, rather protruding. In male no bristles, in female ocellar, inner vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles downwards some black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching below insertion of antennæ, all crossing, in female an outwards directed above. Cheeks with fme hairs. Vi- brissæ not ascending, only some bristles above the large vibrissa; vibrissal angle somewhat above lower margin of epistoma. Eyes with longish hairs. Epistoma somewhat retreating, hollowed but not prominent below. Oral cone and proboscis not long, labella some- what large, oval. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint a little longer than second; arista with second joint short. Thorax nearly quadratic; four postsutural dorsocentrals and generally one præ- and one or two postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with five marginal bristles on each side, the apical small or very small, crossing. Two sternopleural bristles (rarely three). Abdomen broadly oval; sternites not concealed; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of mar- ginal. Genitalia somewhat large, constructed as in Ernestia, arms of lower forceps with a scale-like piece at base. Legs with claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated; in female front tarsi with the four last joints well dilated. Wings with discai angle a little acute v^ithout or with a short veinlet; no costal spine. Meriania. 507 The species are parasitic on Heterocera and belong to Pantel's group 4. Of the genus two palæarctic species are known, one occurring in Denmark. 1. M. puparum Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 326, 58 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 299, 80 (Musca). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 251, 21. Tab. XLI, Fig. 22 [Tachina) et 1838. VII, 221, 6, Tab. LXX, Fig. 29—30 {Nemoraea). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1098, 95 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 449 (Nemoraea). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 313 (Platychira). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 31, 1, p. p. (Erigone). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 219. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 135. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescli. 90, 6, 54. — T. tricincta Fall. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 26, 53. Male. Frons narrow (1/4 — 1/5 of the breadth of the eye), very protruding; cheeks not half as broad as the eye, and jowls more than half the height of the eye. Orbits and cheeks yellowish white pruinose, dark reflecting; epistoma more greyish; jowls grey; frontal stripe black, a little reddish. Orbits and cheeks with fine yellow hairs, below on orbits some black hairs; jowls with blackish, downwards brownish yellow hairs. Occiput grey, with yellow hairs, and downwards black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with longish brown hairs. Antennæ with basal joints reddish, third black, rounded at end; arista thickened in fully basal half. Palpi brownish yellow, often dark at apex. Thorax brownish black, not shining, with greyish pruinosity at the sides and just in front, so that here three dark stripes are seen, the median broadest and with a narrow dark stripe at each side; sometimes the stripes can be traced also posteriorly; postalar calli and scutellum reddish brown. Thorax black-haired, or the hairs more blackish brown; pleura with long black, posteriorly yellowish hairs. Abdomen brownish black, not shining, with a large reddish spot on each side; third to fifth segment with a greyish white pruinose band on the front half, more or less divided in the middle, broadly so on third segment. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of weak marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and mar- ginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; fifth segment with bristles all over; the discai bristles, especially on third segment, often weak and slightly individualised. Fifth sternite cleft about to the middle, the lamellæ short, triangularly rounded. Præ- hypopygial segment shining, with dense hairs. Hypopygium with 508 Tachinidae. dense bristly hairs. Upper forceps red, a little broad at base, atte- nuated into a long, spine-shaped part; arms of lower forceps covered basally by a scale-like piece, partly separated off from the side of the hypopygium, the arms broad, attenuating, with a curved posterior and a straight anterior margin, a little pointed at apex; upper forceps with upwards directed hairs on base, lower with strong hairs on outer surface; upper and lower forceps of same length. Legs black. Wings clear or nearly; veins dark brown, medial cross- vein somewhat clouded, and sometimes also apical cross- vein a little seamed; posterior cross-vein sinuate. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellowish brown. Female. Similar; frons considerably broader than the eye. Abdomen without red spots. Length 9 — 12 mm. M. puparum is not common in Denmark; it has been taken in great numbers in Charlottenlund many years ago but besides I know only one specimen from Strandby on Lolland, taken in May. It gener- ally sits on tree-stems. The species is recorded as bred from Panolis griseovariegata, but it seems to be doubtful. Geographical distribution: — Europe and also known from Japan; towards the north to southern Sweden. 118. Helicobosca Bezzi. Medium sized, greyish pruinose species, rather like a Sarco- phaga. Head not or almost not broader than thorax, convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broad in female (distinguenda), or broad and about equal in both sexes {muscaria}, somewhat protruding. Jowls nearly one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner, but no outer vertical bristles, and in muscaria also two orbital bristles, while in distinguenda only the female has orbital bristles, the male none. Large postocellar and occipital bristles. Postocular bristles long above, with black hairs behind. Frontal bristles reaching about to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes. Cheeks with a row of small hairs and below with strong bristles. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma retreating, but with the lower part reflected and protruding. Proboscis of medium length; palpi long, a little dilated outwards, especially in female. Antennæ inserted well above middle of the eye; third joint about twice as long as second; arista short-hairy in basal half, second joint Helicobosca. . 509 short. Thorax a little rectangular; four postsutural dorsocentrals, two or three præ- and postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural in- traalar bristle. Scutellum as a rule with five marginal bristles on each side the apical strong, crossing. Four sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a small bristle in a bunch of hairs. Pro- pleura hairy. Abdomen conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin ; there are only marginal bristles, none on second segment. Legs with rather long bristles; claws and pulvilH in male elongated (distinguenda) or about equal in both sexes (muscaria) ; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with indication of a veinlet; posterior cross- vein rather near the angle; no costal spine. The species have a pecuhar development; my specimens of distinguenda are bred from Helix hortensis, so that the way of develop- ment of this species is sure; muscaria is recorded as bred from H. ar- bustorum, pisana and pomatia, but as the synonymy is at present uncertain it is doubtful to which of the two species the recorded observations belong; probably both live in the same way. They are not parasitic but feed on dead snails (see Schmitz: Biol. Zentralbl. 37, 1917, 27). The female is viviparous and deposits a larva of a size of 5 mm on a dead snail; the larva goes generally in the gro und to pupate, but may also be found in the snailshell, and it generally hibernates as pupa. Of the genus two European species are known, one has hitherto been found in Denmark. 1. H. distinguenda Villen. 1924. Villen. Ann. des Se. Nat. 10, VII, 35. Male. Frons about half as broad as the eye; cheeks narrow. Orbits greyish white, darker upwards, cheeks silvery; jowls grey, intermediate triangle red in certain views; frontal stripe brownish, seen from in front white pruinose. Orbits black-haired; cheeks with a row of small hairs and below with three strong bristles; jowls with long, black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs. Antennæ black, third joint somewhat dilated; arista long, thickened in basal half but evenly tapering, short-hairy in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, grey pruinose, with three broad black stripes, the median abbreviated behind and with a narrow stripe on each side. Thorax 510 Tachinidae. black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, with greyish white pruinose front bands on the three last segments, shifting with irregular dark spots according to view, and leaving the hind margins and a middle line black; abdominal sternites black and shining. Abdomen black- haired; second segment without bristles, third with a pair and fourth and fifth with a row of numerous marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings a little greyish tinged; veins black. Squamulæ white. Halteres dark brown. Female. Similar; frons broader than the eye. Palpi rather broad. Length 9 to nearly 10 mm. H. distinguenda is rare in Denmark, I possess six specimens, three males and three females; Roskilde as pupa in H. hortensis ^2/4, developing soon after (Rosenberg) and Boserup as pupæ in H. sp. on ^/g, developing on '/s — ^^j^ (Kryger). Nielsen mentions (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 68, 1917, XIX) a spec- imen of muscaria from Grib Skov, probably also distinguenda] it deposited a larva 7 mm long. Further Stein gives Bornholm as locality, but which of the two species he had taken I do not know. Geographical distribution: — Hitherto only known with cer- tainty from Denmark and France. Remarks: Villeneuve has shown that there are two nearly related species of Heliobosca, one with frons in male narrow, without orbitals and with elongated claws {distinguenda Villen.), the other with frons in male as broad as in female with two orbitals and claws not elongated {muscaria B. B.); it is therefore at present impossible to interpret muscaria Meig. et auct., only muscaria B. B. is no doubt the species dilTerent from the here described. Pandellé seems to have had both species (c? interoculaire réduit aux '^/g de l'oeil, sans macro- chétes externes: parfois tout a fait pareil a celui de la ?), and as Schiner says the frons is "bei dem Månnchen schmåler", he seems to have had the present species. 119. Bpicampocepa Macq. Species of medium size and dark colour wdth pale pruinosity, and often slightly reddish at the sides of abdomen. Head as broad as thorax, convex behind and a little puffed out below, a little higher than long. Frons medium broad, broadest in female, rather protruding; cheeks broad, and jowls about one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer Epicampocera. 511 vertical and two orbital bristles. Frontal bristles not reaching to the end of second antennal joint, two upper reclinate, in female distinct, in male less distinct or all crossing. Fine but long postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Cheeks hairy. Vibrissæ a little ascending, about to one third of the height. Eyes bairy. Epistoma retreating, slightly reflected below. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Thorax quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scu- tellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a tuft of small bristles above. Abdomen conically ovate; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin. Sternites not concealed; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Genitalia small, hidden under the venter. Legs with tarsi somewhat long; hind tibiæ with anterodorsal bristles unequal; claws and pul- villi in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, apical cross- vein straight, sloping; no costal spine. The species are parasitic on Rhopalocera and Heterocera. About five European species are known; they are divided into several subgenera after the shape of the antennæ, the presence or want of discai bristles, and the hairiness on cheeks being fme or robust. In Denmark only one species, conspersa, is known, belonging to the subgenus Megalochaeta B. B.; the above description only refers to this subgenus. 1. E. conspersa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 263, 41 {TacUna) et 1838. VII, 221, 20 (Nemoraea). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 260. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. i. angew. Ent. VII, 149. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 86 (Megalo- chaeta). — T.amhulans Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 340, 174 et 1838. VII, 256, 38 [Exorista). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1161, 162 {TacUna). — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 317 {Megalochaeta). — Erigone harbi- cultrix Pand. 1896. Eev. Entom. XV, 31, 2. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 387. Male. Frons above scarcely half as broad as the eye. Orbits and cheeks silvery whitish, the orbits greyish upwards; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or blackish, seen from in front greyish 512 Tachinidae. pruinose. Orbits and most part of cheeks black-haired ; jowls with longer black hairs. Occiput grey, with yellowish white hairs, and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Eyes with rather long yellow hairs. Antennæ black, basal joint red; third joint fully twice as long as second; arista thickened in more than basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, very slightly shining and slightly greyish prui- nose; it has five rather indistinct black stripes, the middle one more or less visible; scutellum brownish, dark at base. Thorax with long black hairs. Abdomen brownish black, generally a little reddish at the sides of third segment; it is quite covered with a greyish prui- nosity, shifting according to view with irregular dark tessellations which also form a more or less distinct middle line on third and iourth segment. Abdomen has long black hairs; on second segment a pair of marginal bristles, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on foiirth a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Genitalia small; upper forceps and arms of lower forceps elongated triangular. Legs black, tibiæ, especially hind tibiæ, sometimes obscurely reddish. Wings more or less brownish tinged, especially at base and anterior margin. Squamulæ white to yellow. H alteres brown. Female. Similar; frons as broad as or broader than the eye. Thorax with the stripes more distinct than in male. Length 7 — 9 mm. E. conspersa is not rare in Denmark; Ermelund, Lundtofte, Geel Skov, Donse, Frerslev Hegn, Grib Skov, Tisvilde, Jægerspris, Nyraad at Vordingborg; on Lolland at Maribo; in Jutland at Sønder- borg, and on Bornholm at Sandvig; the dates are ^U—^U- The spec- imen from Sandvig is bred from Larentia nebulata, not earlier known as host for it. It is otherwise known from pupæ of Taeniocampa stahilis and pulverulenta and Larentia dilutata and the non Danish L. minuta. Remarks: Zetterstedt only knew the species from Denmark {T. ambulans), and the specimen mentioned by him is in our collec- tion; it is thus certain that his ambulans is the present species. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into France; towards the north to southern Sweden (Ringdahl). 120. Steiniella Berg. Medium sized species of greyish colour. Head scarcely as broad as thorax, as long or longer than high, somewhat triangular in profile, Steiniella. 513 in female shorter; it is strongly convex behind, but not specially puffed out below. Frons in male somewhat narrow and strongly protruding, in female broader and less protruding. Cheeks somewhat broad, and jowls more than half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical, in female also two orbital bristles. Frontal bristles descending to insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, in female an outwards directed above. Long postocellar but no occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles all black hairs. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Eyes hairy, less in female than in male. Epistoma strongly retreating, somewhat reflected below. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, in female a little higher; third joint slightly longer than second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the middle pair long, about parallel; no apical bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs and a long bristle above. Abdomen elongated ovate; excavation on second seg- ment small, not reaching hind margin; sternites not concealed; abdomen has discai and marginal bristles, and also second segment with both kinds; fifth segment with bristles all over. Genitalia not small, somewhat knob-like protruding below. Legs of medium length; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending quite near apex of wing; discai angle rounded; a costal spine present. The sole species of which the biology is known is parasitic on larvæ of Melasoma. Of the genus only the species callida, also occurring in Denmark, is well known; besides two species from Zetterstedt are recorded as belonging to the genus. 1. S. callida Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 268, 49 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 229, 18 (Macquartia). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 327, 11 [Macquartia). — 1900. ,Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 133. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 411. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 375. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 163. — T . protuherans Zett. 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1116, 113 et 1859. XIII, 6107, 113. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 455 {Nemomea). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 186, 33 (Steinia). Male. Frons above a little more than half as broad as the eye. Orbits and cheeks silvery; jowls grey; frontal stripe brownish, seen 33 514 Tachinidae. from in front whitish pruinose. Orbits with very few fine hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with black hairs and some brownish hairs below. Eyes brownish-hairy. Antennæ black, third joint rather dilated; arista short, thickened in about basal half. Palpi black. Thorax grey pruinose, with four darker grey stripes, the median narrow, diverging and abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired; scutellum with a pair of discai bristles. Abdomen all greyish, somewhat shifting to brownish grey according to view; it is black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles; on second segment a pair of discai and marginal, on third a pair of discai and a row of marginal and on fourth a row of both discai and marginal; fifth segment quite covered with bristles. Legs black, with long bristles; front tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of long bristles. Wings a little tinged, yellow at base; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish or slightly yellowish, the margin darker. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; colour more yellowish grey and head whitish yellow; frons broader than the eye, less protruding than in male; third antennal joint not dilated. Length 6 — 7 mm. S. callida does not seem just rare in Denmark; near Copenhagen, Tisvilde, Vemmetofte and in Jutland at Hald; the dates are in June. The imago, however, is rarely seen, but the species has been bred. It is parasitic on the larvæ of Melasoma populi and tremulae. Nielsen has (Entom. Medd. 2, IV, 1909, 52) treated its biology; he bred it from M. populi; the larvæ of this were taken in June; the parasite larva was found only in fullgrown host larvæ and in pupæ ; the parasite bored out of the host pupa and hibernated as pupa in the ground, and the imagines came next year on ^/^ — ^/g. Sometimes the parasite pupated in the host pupa. The species seems to belong to Pantel's group 5. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 121. Pelatacliina Meade. Species of medium size, black with grey pruinosity. Head as broad as thorax, strongly convex behind and puffed out below, as long as high. Frons in male somewhat narrow, in female broader, rather protruding; cheeks broad; jowls not half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes fme, Outwards directed ocellar and inner and Pelatachina. 515 outer vertical bristles, the verticals stronger in female than in male, and in female two orbitals. Postocellar and occipital bristles. Occiput all black-haired behind postocular bristles. Frontal bristles reaching just below insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, in female an outwards directed bristle outwards to tlie iippermost frontal bristle. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ only a little ascending, but generally fme hairs present, continuing upwards above middle. Eyes bare. Epi- stoma ratlier low, slightly retreating. Antennæ inserted just below middle of the eye, third joint not one and a half times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and one præsutural and one or two postsutural acrosti- chals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the middle pair strong, diverging; no apical but a pair of discai bristles. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a bundle of hairs above, among which one bristle. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal, fifth with bristles all over. Legs with somewhat strong bristles; claws and pulvilli elongated in male; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending very near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse, more or less rounded; cubital vein with only one bristle at base; subcostal vein generally with more or fewer bristles on apical part; a small costal spine. The sole species is parasitic on Rhopalocera^ especially Vanessa, and Heterocera, and is also recorded from Saperda; it belongs to PantePs group 6 and forms a secondary breathing hole; it hibernates as pupa in the ground. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. P. tibialis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Akad. Handl. XXXI, 276 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 13, 23 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 278, 67 et 1838. VII, 191, 47 (Tachina). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 637, 14 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1057, 51 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 477 {Tachina). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 138, Tab. VIII, Fig. 214 et 1893. LX, 192, {Hyria). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 95 {Trixa). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 401. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 374. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 162. — T. aestiva Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 278, 68. — T. aesti- valis Macq. 1835. Suit. å Buff. II, 145, 24. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 130 {Hyria). — Peteina inconipleta Pand. 1896. 1. c. XV, 102, 5. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 390. 33* 516 Tachinidae. Male. Frons above not miich more than half as broad as the eye. Orbits and cheeks silvery, the former darkened above, jowls more grey; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Orbits with some few hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, all black-haired, only below with few pale hairs. Antennæ black, second joint a little reddish at apex; arista thickened in nearly basal half. Palpi black. Thorax black, grey pruinose, with three black stripes, the median broadest; in certain views the median stripe is grey with two narrow dark stripes. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, sometimes more or less reddish at the sides of third and fourth segment; it is grey pruinose, shifting with dark brown irregular tessellations according to view; a shifting middle line and narrow hind margins dark. Abdomen black-haired; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, the other segments with two to three or more pairs of discai, and on third a pair, on fourth a row of marginal bristles. Fifth sternite cleft to base, and the incision more or less squarely widened at base. Legs black, tibiæ reddish; legs with strong bristles, front tibiæ with a number of posterior bristles; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings yellowish or brownish tinged, yellow at base; veins brown or dark brown. Squamulæ yellow, with the margin deep yellow, Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader than the eye. Length 8 — 9 mm. P. tibialis is common in Denmark; Gentofte, Ordrup, Ermelund, Dyrehaven, Ryget Skov, Ruderhegn, Grib Skov, Sorø, Alindelille, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Funder and Gam.melstrup near Viborg; the dates are ^^/j — ^"/e, it is thus an early occurring species. It is known as parasite especially on Vanessa and has been bred from urticae, io, polychloros and antiopa^ further from Agrotis strigula^ Mamestra oleracea, Sesia tipuliformis and the non Danish Thauma- topoea pityocampa and Phlogophora scita; it is also recorded from Saperda popiilnea. Nielsen has (Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. 67, 1916, 12) treated its biology; he bred it from V. io and urticae; larvæ of io were taken in June, the parasite larva was then nearly fullgrown; only one, rarely two larvæ were present in each host; the fullgrown larva bored out and pupated in the ground where they hibernated and developed next year in June (af ter Nielsen, but the specimens in his collection came from '/g — ^o^^^ There is only one yearly brood. Nielsen declares that the eggs are not deposited on the host larva, but Baer 1. c. communicates that he has had I Rhaphiochaeta. 517 a Vanessa-laiTYe with an egg, which had been seen deposited by the species. Geographical distribution: — Eiirope down into France; towards the north to northern Sweden, and in Finland. 122. Rhapliiocliaeta B. B. Medium sized, greyish or yellowish pruinose species. Head almost not broader than thorax, convex behind and puffed out below, about as long as high. Frons rather broad, in male broader than the eye and still broader in female, strongly protruding. Cheeks broad and jowls about half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, and in female two orbital bristles. Well developed postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending below inser- tion of antennæ, the uppermost directed outwards. Cheeks hairy on upper half. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma retreating, somewhat reflected below. Proboscis short. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, third joint not twice as long as second; arista short, short-pubescent; second joint short. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, Crossing; also the lateral small. Three sternopleural bristles. Ab- domen with excavation on second segment reaching hind margin, and with discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal; fifth segment with bristles all over. Legs with long bristles; claws and pulvilli elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; no costal spine. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. R. breviseta Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 645, 49 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1137, 135 {Ta- china). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 450 {Nemoraea). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 116. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 518. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 226. Of this species I have seen only the female. Frons about double as broad as the eye. Orbits greyish, cheeks greyish silvery, inter- 518 Tachinidae. mediate triangle red in some views; frontal stripe velvet black. Éyes pale-hairy. Orbits with black hairs, produced on the upper part of cheeks; Jowls with black hairs. Occipiit grey, with whitish hairs and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black with the basal joints obsciirely reddish; arista quite short, thickened to near end, short-pubescent. Palpi yellowish. Thorax black, grey pruinose, with three dark stripes, the median abbreviated behind; scu- tellum red on apical part. Thorax black-haired; scutellum with a pair of discai bristles. Ab- domen greyish yellow pruinose, somewhat shift- ing to dark according to view; it is black- haired; on second segment a pair of sometimes antenna small margmal bristles, on third a pair ol discai and marginal, and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles; fifth segment with bristles on the greater part. Legs black, knees reddish; bristles relatively long. Wings a little tinged and yellowish at base; veins brown; apical cross- vein straight. Sqiia- mulæ yellowish white or yellowish. Halteres brownish. Length 6 mm. R. breviseta is rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both females, taken on Lolland (Schlick). Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Austria; towards the north to northern Sweden and Lapland. 123. Pseudopacliystyluin Mik. Species of medium size and black colour with slight pale prui- nosity. Head not broader than thorax, somewhat long, with a slightly retreating epistoma and thus nearly square in profile; it is rather convex behind and puiTed out in the whole circumference; it is slightly higher than long. Frons broad, broadest in female, rather protruding and only slightly declining. Cheeks very broad and jowls about two thirds of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner but no outer vertical bristles, and in female one orbital bristle. Rela- tively large postocellar and occipital bristles. Occiput with all black hairs; postocular bristles rather strong. Frontal bristles only slightly descending, not reaching end of second antennal joint, the upper- most directed outwards (in female). Cheeks strongly haired. Vibrissæ J Pseudopachystylum. 519 slightly ascending. Eyes bare. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint about four times as long as second; second joint with a long bristle on front side; arista with second joint elong- ated, it is pubescent, a little geniculate between second and third joint. Thorax rectangular; three postsutiiral dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutiiral acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical Crossing. Three (or four) sternopleural bristles. Pteropieura with a bundle of few long hairs and a bristle above. Abdomen rather elongate; excavation on second segment not by far reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, also second segment wdth both kinds. Legs long and slender, especially tarsi which on all pairs are longer than tibiæ, specially long on front legs; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ quite unequal; claws and pulvilli in male elongated; front tarsi in female simple. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending quite near apex of wing; discai angle rounded; no costal spine. The sole species is recorded as bred from a Tenthredinid, Pam- philius vajer. Only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. P. goniaeoides Zett. 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 639, 22 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1066, 60 (Tachifia). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 221. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 357. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 360. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 116. — T. illustris Meig. 1824. Syst. Beschr. IV, 293, 97 et 1838. VII, 190, 27, Tab. LXVIII, Fig. 31— 36. — PacJiystylum Bremii Schin. (nec Macq.) 1862. F. A. I, 440. — 1893. B. B. 1. c. LX, 126. — Pachystylum angulatum B. B. 1889. 1. c. LVI, 101, Tab. IV, Fig. 79. — Pseudo- pachystylum Wachtlii Mik, 1891. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. X, 208. ■ — Peteina stric- ticeps Pand. 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 99, 1. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 390. Of this species I know only the female. Frons above much broader than the eye, nearly twice as broad. Orbits blackish grey; cheeks bluish grey, somewhat silvery; intermediate triangle red, and like- wise most part of the jowls; frontal stripe velvet brownish black. Orbits with black hairs, continued down on the cheeks in the whole length, and here being long and somewhat bristly, especially along inner eye-margin, and reaching as a single row quite to the lower corner of the eye; jowls besides the oral bristles with only few black hairs. Occiput grey, quite black-haired. Antennæ black; arista 520 Tachinidae. thickened in more than basal half, piibescent. Palpi black, Thorax black or bluish black, somewhat shining; it is slightly pruinose on front part, with four indistinct black stripes, the median approximate,. abbreviated behind; scutelliim dark. Thorax black-haired; the acro- stichal rows of bristles approximate. Abdomen bluish black, shining^ the three last segments with a greyish white, not broad pruinose front band, somewhat shifting according to view and leaving the hinder halves and an indistinct middle line black. Abdomen is black- haired, second and third segment with a pair of discai and marginal bristles, fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; third segment may show more marginal bristles. Legs black. Wings yellowish tinged and with base yellow; veins yellowish brown; apical cross- vein concave. Squamulæ yellowish with yellow margin. Halteres yellow. Length 10 mm. P. goniaeoides is very rare in Denmark, I know only one spec- imen, a female, taken at Tisvilde on '/? 1^86 (Schlick). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe down into France; towards the north to middle Sweden and Lapland. 124. RHynchista Rond. Species of medium size, colour biackish, grey pruinose, in male red side spots on abdomen. Head as broad as thorax, convex behind and puffed out below, as long as high. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broader in female, protruding. Jowls fully one third of the height of the eye. Small ocellar and strong inner and outer vertical bristles in both sexes, the inner crossing; in female two orbital bristles. Small postocellar and occipital bristles. Postocular bristles strong, behind them two rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching about to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards and in female the two next reclinate. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma low, very slightly retreating, re- flected and well protruding below. Proboscis rather long and slender, longer than oral cone, with small labella. Palpi thin and thread-like, rather long. Antennæ inserted just below middle of the eye, not reaching lower margin of epistoma, third joint not twice as long as second; arista distinctly short-hairy, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and one or two præ- sutural and a præscutellar pair of acrostichals; one posthumeral bristle; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three mar- Rhynchista. 521 ginal bristles on each side, the apical somewhat small, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a biindle of small hairs and a bristle. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; there are discai and mar- ginal bristles, second segment without bristles; fifth qiiite covered with bristles. Genitalia not large; fifth sternite cleft to near base. Legs long, with long bristles and front tibiæ with an anterodorsal row of rather long bristles. Claws and pulvilli in male strongly elong- ated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; one of the bristles at base of cubital vein somewhat strong; a strong costal spine present. The sole species of the genus is known as parasite on Pyrausta porphijralis. Only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. R. prolixa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 363, 214 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 229, 13 {Macquartia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1185, 188 et 1859. XIII, 6143, 188 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 532 {Macquartia). — 1889. B. B. Denk- schr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 135, Tab. X, Fig. 258 et 1891. LVIII, 384. — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 39 {Erigone). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 424. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 376. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 170, 4 {Eriothrix). — T. spinosa Zett. 1838. Ins. Lapp. 648, 62. — Erigone monticola Pand. (nec Egg.) 1896. Rev. Entom. XV, 39, 15. — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 388. Male. Frons above about half as broad as the eye; cheeks broad. Head silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. Eyes brown-hairy. Orbits with some single fine hairs; jowls black-haired. Occiput grey, with pale yellow hairs, and two rows of black hairs behind the strong postocular bristles. Antennæ black; arista thickened at base, distinctly short-haired, Palpi brownish or black. Thorax blackish, greyish pruinose, with four stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen blackish, with not large red side spots; the three last segments grey pruinose, shifting with dark spots according to view; the hind margins and most of fifth segment dark, but along the middle the grey colour forms an uninterupted stripe. Abdomen is black-haired, with strong discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles, third with one or two pairs of discai and a pair of marginal, fourth with one or two pairs of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black or tibiæ somewhat brownish, bristles long. Wings somewhat brownish 522 Tachinidae. tinged, especially towards anterior margin; veins brown. Squamulæ whitisli. H alteres yellow. Female. Similar; i'rons as broad as the eye. Abdomen without red spots. Length 6,5 — 7,5 mm. R. prolixa seems very rare in Denmark, we have only four spec- imens, a male and three females; Ordrup and Tisvilde; the dates are in June. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. It seems most common in the northern regions. 125. Aphria R. D. Medium sized species of black colour, with greyish pruinosity and red side spots on abdomen. Head a little broader than thorax, a little convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, a little higher than long. Frons broad in both sexes, broadest in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner but no outer vertical, and in female two orbital bristles. Large postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles a row of black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching fully to end of second antennal joint, two or three uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not or slightly ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating and somewhat reflected and protruding below. Oral cone and proboscis long, the latter considerably longer than the former, slender; labella small; palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint not one and a half times as long as second, somewhat dilated; arista apparently bare, with second joint elongated. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsutural dorso- centrals and two præ- and only præscutellar postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical the smaller, Crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with small hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin; only marginal bristles, on second segment none; fifth segment with bristles on whole apical half. Genitalia small; upper forceps spine-like, arms of lower forceps broad at base, as long as upper forceps. Fifth sternite cleft to near base. Legs long and slender; claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Eriothrix. 523 Wings With first posterior cell narrowly open, ending considerably hefore apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; cubital vein with bristles stretching more or less near to medial cross- vein; a costal spine present. Of the genus 4 palæarctic species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark; the other three are more southern. 1. A. longirostris Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 315, 132 (TacJima) et 1838. VII, 266, 1, Tab. LXIII, Fig. 1—6 {Olivieria). — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3228, 25—26 et 1859. XIII, 6080, 25—26 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 432. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 134, Tab. X, Fig. 250. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 68, 3. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 417. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 165. Male. Frons about as broad as the eye. Head silvery; frontal stripe brown. Orbits with fme black hairs; jowls only haired below and behind. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs and a row of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, second joint generally a little pale; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, bluish grey pruinose, with four black stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black and somewhat shining, with large, yellowish red side spots going over second, third and base of fourth segment; the three last segments with a greyish or yellowish grey pruinose front band, a little triangularly dilated in the middle. Abdomen black-haired, with marginal bristles; second segment without bristles, third with a pair and fourth with a row. Legs black. Wings slightly tinged; veins blackish brown; discai angle more or less rounded. Squamulæ dirty whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Quite similar; frons a little broader. Length 6,5 — 7,5 mm. A. longirostris is rare in Denmark; Tisvilde, Høbjerg near Ros- kilde (Kryger), in Jutland at Blans, and on Bornholm at Rønne (Schlick); the dates are ^^U—^^l-,. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden, but rare. 126. EriotllPlx Meig. Elongated species of black colour with slight pruinosity, and with red spots on sides of abdomen. Head fully as broad as thorax, 524 Tachinidae. convex behind and considerably puffed out below, slightly higher than long. Frons rather narrow in male, broader in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls one third of the height of the eye or more. In both sexes ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles, the inner crossing, and in female two orbital bristles. Small postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles descending about to middle of second antennal joint, in male an uppermost strong, outwards directed bristle present or wanting, in female always present and with a reclinate in front. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma slightly retreating, reflected below and considerably protruding. Oral cone and proboscis long, of about equal length, proboscis slender with small labella. Palpi thin, thread-like. Antennæ inserted a little below middle of the eye, not reaching the end of epistoma, third joint slightly or almost not longer than second; arista short-hairy, second joint quite slightly elongated. Thorax longish rectangular; three postsutural dorsocen- trals and two præ- and only præscutellar postsutural acrostichals or these latter wanting; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one post- humeral bristles, Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical a little small, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura above with small hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen elongated conical, excavation on second segment reaching hind margin or nearly, the hind margin of the segment roundly excised in the middle; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles; fifth segment with two apical rows. Genitalia not large. Fifth sternite cleft beyond middle. Legs somewhat long; claws and pulvilli in male more or less elongated; front tarsi in female with the three last joints somewhat flattened and a little dilated. Wings with first posterior cell closed and short petiolate, or only closed, or narrowly open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle a little obtuse, sometimes with a quite short veinlet ; a somewhat strong costal spine. The development is not known, at all events not with certainty, but riifomaculatus is thought to have been bred from Arctia hebe. This species is known to belong to Pantel's group 5. Hartig (Jahresber. tiber die Fortschr. d. Forstwiss. im Jahre 1836 und 37, 1837, 281, 6) says about it: "Nach Bouché aus Eulen und Spinnerraupen". Of the genus 6 European species are recorded, two occur in Den- mark. I Eriothrix. 525 Table of Species. 1. Male with or without upper outwards directed frontal bristle; claws moderately elongated, especially on hind legs; subcostal vein ending above or a little beyond medial cross-vein ; first posterior cell short-petiolate ; palpi black or brown 1 . rufomaculatus. ■ — Male without upper outwards directed frontal bristle; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated and only slightly shorter on hind legs; subcostal vein ending considerably beyond medial cross-vein; first posterior cell not petiolate; palpi yellow 2. afenninus. 1. E. rufomaculatus De G. 1776. De G. Ins. VI, 28, 7, Tab. I, Fig. 9 {Musca). — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 314. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 425. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 376. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 170, 5. — Musca alhifrons L. Halid. 1851. Stett. Ent. Zeitg. XII, 143. — Musca lateralis Fabr. 1781. Spec. Ins. II, 443, 37 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 314, 8 (Ocyptera). — 1810. Fall. Vet. Akad. Handl. XXXI, 285, 44 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 36, nota {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 283 [Tachina) et 1838. VII, 232, 1, Tab. LXX, Fig. 45—50 {Panzeria). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1188, 192 et 1859. XIII, 6143, 192 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 435 {Olivieria). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 136, Tab. X, Fig. 226 et 1891. LVIII, 385 [Olivieria). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungsbericht. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 528, 2 {Olivieria). — Ocyptera tachinaria Fall. 1820. Dipt. Suec. Rhizom. 6, 4. Male. Frons above rather narrow, one third or a little more or less of the breadth of the eye. Gheeks broad. Head silvery; jowls with a red triangle; frontal stripe velvet black. The uppermost frontal bristle strong, directed outwards or more forwards, but often wanting. Eyes pale-hairy. Orbits with some hairs; jowls black- haired. Occiput grey, with white hairs and black hairs behind post- €cular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint a little longer than second; arista thickened in about basal third or half, short-hairy. Palpi brownish to black. Thorax black, bluish grey pruinose, with four stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated, the lateral broad. Thorax fmely black-haired. Abdomen black, with large red side spots; it is a little whitish grey pruinose on front margin or front part of the three last segments. Abdomen black-haired; second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs black, with long bristles; claws and pulvilli elongate but not strongly, not or slightly longer than fifth joint, and especially not long on hind legs. Wings more or 526 Tachinidae. less brownish tinged, most towards anterior margin; veins brown; subcostal vein ending above or generally a little beyond medial cross-vein; first posterior cell short-petiolate; discai angle slightly obtuse, nearly rectangular, sometimes with a quite short veinlet. Squamulæ white. Halteres brownish. Female. Similar; frons as broad as or broader than the eye. Front tarsi with the three last joints flattened and slightly dilated. Wings considerably darker than in male. Length. About 7 — 9 mm. E. rufomaculatus is one of our most common Tachinids and has been taken in most parts of our country; it occurs on many various localities, often on sandy piaces and near the shore, in low herbage and on umbellifers and often on Thymus; my dates are ^/g — ^/g. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia. 2. E. apenninus Rond. 1862. Rond. Dipt. Ital.'Prodr. V, 164, 2 (Rhynchista) . — 1891. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 385 {OUvieria). — 1898. Brauer, Sitzungs- bericU. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CVII, 529 {OUvieria). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt III, 425. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 169, 1. Male. This species is quite similar to the preceding. No outwards directed upper frontal bristle; outer vertical bristles rather small. Antennæ with third joint somewhat dilated. Palpi yellow or yellowish. Legs with claws and pulvilli rather strongly elongated, also on hind legs, and longer than fifth joint. Wings only a little tinged; sub- costal vein ending considerably beyond medial cross-vein; first posterior cell very narrowly open or just closed at the margin. Female. I do not know this sex. E. apenninus is very rare in Denmark, I know only two spec- imens, both males, taken in Jutland at Søndervig on ^/g together with rufomaculatus. Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe; not known north of Denmark. 127. Demoticus Macq. Species of medium size and greyish colour. Head fully as broad as thorax, a little convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, slightly higher than long. Frons broad and about equal in both Demoticus. 527 sexes, rather protruding; cheeks broad, and jowls nearly half the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to end of second antennal joint, outwards to the uppermost a reclinate bristle in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ quite slightly ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating, slightly reflected below. Pro- boscis of medium length, somewhat slender. Palpi thread-like, in female somewhat dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint four times as long as second, in male dilated outwards, in female shorter; arista apparently bare, second joint elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and two postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side and small, crossing apical hairs. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with small hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen elongated, cylindrical, somewhat tapering; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin. There are discai and marginal bristles, second segment wdthout bristles; fifth with bristles all over. Genitalia small, hidden. Legs somewhat long; claws and pulvilli not elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; a costal spine present. Of the genus five European species are recorded, one occurring in Denmark, the other more southern. 1. D. plebejus Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 273 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 13, 22 {Tachina). — 1824:. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV,343, 180 et 1838. VII, 191, 71 {Tachina). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1034, 24 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 433. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 134, Tab. X, Fig. 249. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 67, 2 {Aphria). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 414. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 164. — T. spectabilis Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 311, 124 et 1838. VII, 190, 9. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 149. Male. Frons much broader than the eye. Head silvery pruinose, orbits more grey above; frontal stripe red. Orbits slightly hairy, and jowls with quite small black hairs. Occiput pale-haired, with black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint large and dilated apically; arista thickened to somewhat near end. Palpi yellow. Thorax bluish grey pruinose, with four not very con- spicuous darker grey stripes, the median very narrow, abbreviated 528 Tachinidae. at the suture, the lateral here interrupted and divided into two narrow, elongated spots. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, more or less reddish at the sides; it is whitish or bluish grey pruinose, shifting with more or less defmite blackish spots according to view; the hind margins are black, on fifth segment the hinder half or more. Abdomen black-haired; second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs black with tibiæ yellowish or reddish. Wings nearly clear; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish with a yellow margin. Halteres yellow. Female. Quite similar, only basal joints of antennæ more or less red, and third joint shorter and not or less dilated. Length 8—10 mm. Z). plebejus is not just common in Denm.ark, but taken in several localities; Rørvig; on Funen at Middelfart and Odense, and in Jut- land in Nørholm Skov at Varde, Horsens, Hov, Tvilum near Silke- borg, Bjørnsholm on Djursland, Rebbild and Buderupholm (I. C. Nielsen, Kryger, the author); the dates are ^^/g — ^V?- It is generally seen on umbellifers. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 128. Pseudodemoticus B. B. Species of medium size and greyish colour, with red side spots on abdomen. The genus is nearly related to Demoticus. Head as in this genus; epistoma somewhat retreating, distinctly reflected and protruding below. Proboscis somewhat long and slender. Palpi thread-like, not or slightly dilated apically. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint four times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax nearly quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals (to judge after my sole rather detrital specimen). Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side and no apical. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a bundle of hairs and a bristle. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment small, not by far reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Legs somewhat long; claws and pulvilli not elongated. Wings as in Demoticus. Only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. Bithia. 529 1. P. geniculatus Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1039, 30 et 1859. XIII, 6081, 30 {Tachina). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 139. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 415. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 165. Of this species I know only the female. Frons much broader than the eye, very protriiding. Head greyish silvery; frontal stripe brown. Ocellar bristles parallel. Orbits with fine black hairs; jowls hairy only below, Occipiit grey, with black hairs, and pale hairs below, Antennæ black, third joint somewhat broad; arista thickened in fully basal half. Palpi yellow. Thorax greyish or yellowish grey, with four darker grey stripes as in Demoticus; sciitellum reddish just at apex. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen all yellowish grey pruinose, with large yellowish red side spots; it is black-haired; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles. Legs black, apical part of femora, and tibiæ reddish. Wings slightly yellowish tinged; veins yellow; discai angle rounded. Squamulæ whitish with a yellow margin. Halteres yellow. Length 8 mm. P. geniculatus is very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a female, taken at Vedbæk many years ago (Stæger). Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe dow^n into Germany; towards the north to southern Sw^eden, and in Finland. 129. BitKia R. D. Species of medium size, greyish or yellowish pruinose, with red spots on sides of abdomen. The genus is nearly related to Demoticus^ and in many characters conform with it. Head a little broader than thorax, convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, slightly higher than long. Frons rather broad, broadest in female, rather protruding. Jowls one third of the height of the eye or more. In both sexes outwards directed ocellar and inner and outer vertical, in female further two orbital bristles, the upper directed outwards. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles not reaching end of second antennal joint, all Crossing in both sexes. Cheeks bare, Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma slightly retreating, somewhat reflected and protruding below. Proboscis rather long and slender; palpi thread-like, in female 34 530 Tachinidae. a little dilated apically. Antennæ inserted about at middle of the eye, third joint about twice as long as second; arista qiiite short- pubescent, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and only præscutellar postsutural acrosti- chals; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one posthumeral bristle, Scu- tellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the lateral small, and with or without small apical hairs. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with small hairs and a bristle. Abdomen elongated, cylindrical, somewhat tapering, excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment without bristles; fifth segment with a row of discai and marginal bristles. Genitalia not protruding; fifth sternite cleft to base. Legs long and rather slender; claws and pulvilli in male elong- ated, but not much. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; subcostal, cubital and postical vein with bristles; a somewhat long costal spine and anterior to it costa strongly haired, almost spinulose. Of the genus there is, besides the well known spreta, also occurring in Denmark, recorded still a species, piidica R. D. from France. 1. B. spreta Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 343, 179 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 236, 3 (Myiobia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 434 (Demoticus). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nach- richt. XXVI, 149. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 416. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 165. — T. jrontata Bohem. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1852, 200. — 1855. Zett. Dipt. Scand. XII, 4690, 24—25. — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 434 {Demoticus). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 135, Tab. X, Fig. 257 {Hystrichoneura). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 101, 3 {Peteina). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 390. Male. Frons as broad as the eye or fully; cheeks broad. Head silvery; frontal stripe brownish black, seen from in front whitish pruinose. Orbits and jowls with fme black hairs. Occiput grey, with black hairs above, white in the middle and below. Antennæ black, second joint sometimes somewhat reddish; arista thickened in about basal third, very short-pubescent. Palpi yellowish to brownish. Thorax grey or yellowish grey pruinose, with four darker grey stripes as in Demoticus\ it is black-haired. Abdomen blackish, with smaller or larger, generally rather large reddish yellow side spots, going over second and third segment; it is greyish white pruinose, shifting with dark tessellations according to view; hind margins not pruinose and Myiobia. 531 fifth segment almost quite black. Abdomen is black-haired; second segment withoiit bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs black, tibiæ more or less brownish or reddish. Wings a little yellowish tinged and yellowish at base ; veins yellowish brown ; subcostal vein with bristles on outer half, cubital vein in most of the length, and postical vein about half way to posterior cross-vein. Squamulæ white. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; coloiir often more yellowish; frons still broader; sometimes an outwards directed bristle outwards to the uppermost frontal. Antennæ with basal joints red. Length 6,5 to fully 8 mm. B. spreta is rare in Denmark, and only taken at Gilleleje (I. C. Nielsen), on Lolland at Maribo (Sønderup), and in Jutland at Sønder- borg (Wiistnei); the dates are in July to ^^J^. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden. 130. Myiobia R. D. Elongated species of medium size, and of greyish colour, more or less yellow on sides of abdomen, especially in male. Head only slightly broader than thorax, slightly convex or nearly flat behind, somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons either narrow in male broad in female, or broad and of about the same breadth in both sexes, a little or somewhat protruding. Jowls not broad, from one sixth to one third of the heighu of the eye. Ocellar bristles more or less weak; when the frons is narrow in male, there are only inner but no outer vertical bristles and no orbitals, when broad there are also outer vertical and two or three orbital bristles (Micromyiobia B. B.); in female both pairs of vertical and two or three orbital bristles. Distinct but somewhat small postocellar and occipital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles descending to or about to end of second antennal joint, in the male with broad frons and in female the uppermost directed outwards, in the male with narrow frons all crossing. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare or very sparingly pubescent. Epistoma somewhat low, a little retreating, reflected and somewhat protruding below. Proboscis of medium length, slender, labellæ not small; palpi thread-like or in female a little dilated at apex. Antennæ inserted about at middle of 34^ 532 Tachinidae. the eye or a little below, short, not reaching end of epistoma; third joint scarcely twice as long as second; arista distinctly short-haired, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsiitural dorso- centrals and one præsutural and a præscutellar pair of postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side and no or small apical hairs. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with small hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen elongated, cylindrical, a little tapering; second segment elongated, with the excavation small, only present at base; there are only marginal bristles, on second segment a pair; fifth segment with only a marginal row. Genitalia small; fifth sternite cleft to the middle. Legs long and slender, with rather moderate and fme bristles; anterior tarsi long; claws and pulvilli in male small and fme {Micromyiobia), or elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or nearly closed, ending near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse but not rounded; no distinct costal spine. The species which have been bred are parasitic on Neterocera, and one species on Crioceris asparagi. M. inanis is known to belong to Pantel's group 6. Of the genus about a dozen European species are recorded, but several seem to be synonyms; two occur in Denmark. Table of Species. 1. Frons in male narrow and without orbital bristles; jowls one sixth of the height of the eye; claws and pulvilli in male elongated 1. inanis. — Frons broad in both sexes and with orbital bristles; jowls one third of the height of the eye; claws and pulvilli small in both sexes 2. tihialis. 1. M. inanis Fall. 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 21, 43 {Tachina). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1168, 171 {Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 515. — 1894. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIII, 105, 9. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 421. — 1910. Villen. Feuille des jeun. Nat. 5, 41, 22. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 376. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 168, 2. Male. Frons narrow, at most one fourth of the breadth of the eye, a little protruding; cheeks and jowls likewise narrow, the latter about one sixth of the height of the eye. Head silvery; frontal stripe blackish Myiobia. 533 brown. Somewhat small ocellar bristles and inner vertical bristles. Frontal bristles not reaching quite to end of second antennal joint, all Crossing. Orbits bare and jowls with only a few small hairs. Occipiit grey, with black hairs and pale hairs below, Antennæ yellow with third joint black except base; arista thickened in basal part, short- hairy. Palpi yellow or dark just at apex. Thorax greyish yellow pruinose, with four very narrow blackish stripes, the median abbre- viated behind, the lateral divided at the suture into two narrow, elongated spots; scutellum with apex yellow. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen yellow with fifth and most of fourth segment grey, pro- longed into a triangularly narrowing stripe going to the base; the grey parts yellowish pruinose. Abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, a pair on second and third and a row of about six bristles on fourth segment; fifth likewise with only a marginal row. Legs yellow with tarsi dark to black; claws and pulvilli elongated. Wings slightly yellowish; veins brown; apical cross-vein sloping. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres yellow. Female. I have not seen the female; according to the descriptions it has a broad frons with two orbital bristles, and abdomen less yellow. Length 7 mm. M. inanis is very rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both males, taken many years ago at Boserup (Stæger). The species is known to have been bred from the larva of a Taeniocampa. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden. 2. M. tibialis v. Ros. 1840. V. Ros. Wiirttemb. Corrbl. I, 58. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 424. — 1824. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 168 (Solieria). — Pyrrhosia diaphana Rond. 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 66, 3. — 1894. Strobl, Mittheil. Ver. Steierm. XXX, 36 {Microynyiohia). ^ 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 420. — 1910 Villen. Feuille des jeun. Nat. 5, 41, 22. — 1921. Baer, Zeitscbr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 376. ■ — Micromyiohia montana B. B. 1891. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVIII, 385. Male. Frons broad, broader than the eye, somewhat protruding; cheeks somewhat broad and jowls one third of the height of the eye. Head greyish silvery; frontal stripe narrow, brown. Inner and outer vertical and two or three orbital bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to or about to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards. Orbits nearly bare, and jowls with a few small hairs below. 534 Tachinidae. Occiput grey, with black hairs and pale hairs below. Antennæ blackish with basal joints yellow. Palpi yellow, dark at apex. Thorax and its bristles as in inanis only the colour more grey; scutellum quite grey. Abdomen likewise as in inanis but more grey, and the pale side spots smaller. Legs yellow or yellowish brown, tarsi black; claws and pulvilli not elongated. Wings as in inanis. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons of about same breadtli and the bristles the same. Abdomen quite grey. Length 6,5 — 7 mm. M. tibialis is like the preceding very rare in Denmark, only three specimens, two males and a female are known; Maribo and Lysemose at Maribo (Schlick) and in Jutland at Sønderborg (Wiistnei); the dates are ^"/g — ^V?- It, is known as bred from larvæ of the non Danish Olethreutes lucivagana. Geographical distribution: — Europe; not known north of Denmark. 131. Zophomyia Macq. Medium sized bluish black species without pruinosity. Head as broad as thorax, convex behind and strongly pufTed out below, about as long as high. Frons broad in both sexes, rather strongly protruding; jowls half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes erect and outwards directed ocellar, inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles, the anterior directed downwards, the other directed outwards. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Postocular bristles strong, with all black hairs behind. Frontal bristles not reaching end of second antennal joint, outwards to the uppermost an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. Cheeks bare, only the hairs on orbits stretching a little down. Oral bristles strong. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma somewhat retreating, reflected below. Pro- boscis of medium length, somewhat slender. Palpi thread-like. An- tennæ inserted below middle of the eye, third joint about one and a half times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, no præsutural and only præscutellar postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with four marginal bristles on each side, the apical small, crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Above on pteropleura a bundle of small hairs with a very Zophomyia. 535 long bristle. Abdomen elongated ovate, second segment with the excavation quite small and with the hind margin a little excised; a sixth segment visible anterior to the præhypopygial; there are discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles; fifth with bristles all over. Genitalia forming a protruding knob at the end below; fifth sternite cleft to near base. Legs of medium length, with strong bristles; claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle nearly rectangular; a somewhat large costal spine. The genus contains only one species, also occurring in Denmark. 1, Z. temula Scop. 1763. Scop. Entom. carn. 330, 885 (Musca). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 436. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 121, Tab. VII, Fig. 170. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 319, 1 (Macqiiartia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 411. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 163. — Musca tremula Linn. 1767. Syst. Nat. XII, 2, 991, 77. — 1805. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 310, 9 {Ta- china). — 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 270 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 34, 70 [Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 272, 58 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 227, 1 {Erebia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1152, 152 et 1855. XII, 4701, 152 et 1859. XIII, 6129, 152 {Tachina). Male, Frons broader than the eye; cheeks somewhat broad. Orbits and cheeks silvery, the former black above; jowls black to dark reddish brown, without hairs; frontal stripe velvet black, or reddish in front. Eyes pale-hairy. Orbits with black hairs going down on upper part of cheeks. Occiput black, with all black hairs. Antennæ black; arista thickened at base. Palpi brownish. Thorax bluish black, shining, very slightly pruinose, black-haired. Abdomen elongated oval, bluish black, shining; it is black-haired, second segment without bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; the bristles strong; also sixth and eighth segment and hypopygium with bristles. Upper forceps with long backwards directed, fine hairs. Legs black, with very long bristles; claws and pulvilli strongly elongated. Wings yellowish tinged, especially strongly yellow at base; veins yellowish brown; discai angle a little rounded. Squamulæ deep yellow. Halteres brown. Female. Quite similar; frons a little broader, bristles the same. Length 8 — 10 mm. This species is very easily known by its bluish black colour and the strongly yellow wing-base. Z. temula is very common in various localities, and has been 536 Tachinidae. taken in most parts of our country, often present in great numbers; the dates are ^/g — ^^Z,. It occurs in low herbage and especially on Euphorbia and umbellifers. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 132. Phyllomyia R. D. Elongated species of black colour, with some silvery pruinosity. Head only slightly broader than thorax, convex behind and a little puffed out below, about as long as high. Frons broad and equal in both sexes, rather protruding. Jowls about half as broad as the eye is high. In both sexes small ocellar, strong inner and outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Small postocellar and occipital bristles. Frontal bristles reaching to insertion of antennæ, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes. Cheeks hairy. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma retreating, slightly reflected below. Proboscis short with somewhat large labella. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted a little below middle of the eye, third joint four to five times as long as second; arista short-plumose, second joint not or almost not elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and only one præsutural acrostichal; no præsutural and only two postsutural intraalar bristles; one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the basal small, the lateral long and the apical crossing. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura hairy, without bristle. Abdomen cylindrical, a little narrowed towards base and apex; excavation on second segment only present at base. There are discai and marginal bristles, also on second and fifth segment both kinds. Genitalia not large; fifth sternite narrowly cleft about to base. Legs long; claws and pulvilli in male a little elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending quite near apex of wing; discai angle rounded; anal vein somewhat short; no costal spine. The species is recorded to belong to Pantel's group 6. Only one species seems to be known, also occurring in Denmark 1. Ph. volvulus Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 328, 67 (Musca) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 314, 7 (Ocyptera). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 35, 2, Tab. XLIII, Fig. 19 {Dexia) et 1838. VII, 275, 1, Tab. LXXII, Fig. 23— 28 {Melania). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Petina. 537 Lapp. 653, 3 (Musca) et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1271, 8 (Dexia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 555 {Melania). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,, LVI, 129, Tab. VIII, Fig. 219 (Melanota). — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 145, 8 {M elanophor a). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 434. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 154. — Musca cylindrica Fall. 1816. Vet. Acad. Handl. 242, 23 et 1821. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 43, 13. — Dexia bifasciata Meig. 1826. 1. c. V, 35, 1 et 1838. VII, 275, 4 {Melania). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 555 (Melania). — T. procera Meig. 1824. 1. c. 410, 297 et 1838. VII, 239, 1, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 1—5 (Hyfostena). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 147. Male. Frons about as broad as the eye. Head silvery, orbits more greyish above. Frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits and cheeks with fine black hairs; jowls bare for the most part. Occiput blackish grey, with yellow hairs below, black above. Antennæ black; arista thickened in basal part, short-plumose. Palpi black. Thorax black^ shining, whitish pruinose at humeri and sides stretching inwards at the suture; it is sparingly black-haired. Abdomen black, shining^ third and fourth segment with a silvery pruinose front band, inter- rupted in the middle. Abdomen black-haired, with a pair of discai and a row of marginal bristles on all segments, the bristles long. Legs black. Wings brownish, most at anterior margin; veins brown. Squa- mulæ and balteres yellow. Female. Quite similar, with frons of the same breadth. Length 6,5 to fully 8 mm. P. volvulus is not just common in Denmark; Egebæks Vang^ Jyderup, Sorø; on Lolland at Nysted and Saxkøbing; on Falster at Nykøbing, and in Jutland at Toftlund, Gram and Hald; the dates are ^/g — ^^/g. The species occurs in low herbagé and on umbellifers. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. 133. Petina Meig. (Peteina.) Species of medium size, somewhat slender, all black, without or with slight pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, somewhat long, nearly as long as high, convex behind and here considerably pufTed out, especially below. Epistoma very retreating, so that the head is somewhat triangular in profile. Frons broad and about equal in both sexes, very protruding. Cheeks somewhat broad, and jowls about one third of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar, inner vertical 538 Tachinidae. and two orbital bristles. Distinct postocellar and occipital bristles. Occiput all over with rows of black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching only to insertion of antennæ, above an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. On cheeks a row of downwards directed bristles to near lower end of the eye, and cheeks besides hairy. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint somewhat longer than the somewhat elongated second; arista with second joint a little elongated. Oral cone and proboscis of medium length, proboscis somewhat slender. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals, no acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle and two postsutural; one posthumeral bristle. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a little bunch of hairs above. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing, the lateral very long. Abdomen rather elongated, cylindrical and slen- der, almost not attenuated behind; second segment fully as long as third, excavation small, only present at base; there are only mar- ginal bristles, a row on second segment. Legs strongly bristled; anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal, and mainly strong; middle tibiæ with more than one ventral bristle; claws and pulvilli in male slightly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed, ending somewhat before apex of wing; discai angle about rectangular; subcostal vein with few bristles; cubital vein with bristles beyond medial cross-vein; a long costal spine. The species are parasitic on Heterocera, erinaceus is also bred from a Trypetid. Two palæarctic species are known, one of them only known from Greenland. 1. P. erinaceus Fabr. 1796. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 328, 68 {Musca) et 1805. Syst. Antl. 311, 10 (Tachina). — 1810. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. XXXI, 275 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 15, 28 {Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 345, 183 [Tachina) et 1838. VII, 214, 1, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 56—60. — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1078, 75 [Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 439. — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 138, Tab. X, Fig. 270 et 1891. LVIII, 387. — 1896, Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 100, 2. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 376. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 367. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 148. Male. Frons above considerably broader than the eye; cheeks somewhat narrowing downwards. Orbits, jowls and cheeks bluish grey, in certain views somewhat silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. Petina. 539 Orbits with only f ew fine hairs, cheeks a little more distinctly hairy and with a row of bristles from the frontals to near lower end of the eye ; jowls with a few bristly hairs behind. Occiput grey, with only few pale hairs below, for the rest with rows of black hairs. Antennæ black; arista short, thickened to some- what near apex, but evenly tapering. Palpi black. Thorax black, bluish grey pruinose almost withoiit stripes, only in front with indication of two quite fme stripes; scii- tellum coloured as thorax. Thorax has rather scattered black hairs. Abdomen black, shining, slightly white prui- nose on front part of third and fourth segment, leaving broad hind margins and a middle stripe black; abdomen is black-haired, with marginal bristles, forming a row on second, third and fourth segment, and a double row on fifth; the middle pair in each row is placed somewhat inwards but are not real discals; the bristles strong. Legs black, bristles strong. Wings with anterior part more or less strongly brown; veins yellow to brown. Squamulæ whitish. Balteres dark yellow. Female. Quite similar; frons of about same breadth. Pruinosity on abdomen almost or quite wanting. Length 7—8,5 mm. P. erinaceus is not rare in Denmark; Dyrehaven, Lyngby, Hillerød, Grib Skov, Rørvig; on Lolland in Dødemose near Nysted, and in Jutland at Sønderborg, Hardeshøj and Albøge on Djursland; the dates are ^^/e — ^^/g- It is parasitic on Cucullia asteris, Plusia gamma and on a Trypetid, Zonosema alternata in hips. — I have examined Fabricius's type, which is in our collection. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; tow^ards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Fig. 114. Head of P. erinaceus ^. 540 Tachinidae. 135 Blepharoniyia B. B Species of medium size, black with grey pruinosity. Head fully as broad as thorax, a little convex behind and somewhat puffed out below, higher than long. Frons somewhat narrow and a little narrower in male than in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls about half as broad as the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, and further some orbitals, fmer in male than in female (in our species, in pagana male no orbitals). Postocellar and occipital bristles relatively large. Behind postocular bristles occiput covered with black hairs. Frontal bristles slightly descending, not to end of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes. Cheeks with a row of relatively strong bristles along inner margin and besides with fme hairs. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes hairy. Epistoma retreating and a little reflected below. Antennæ inserted a little above middle of the eye, third joint about four times as long as second (in our species), broad and strongly dilated, smaller in female, but, however, broad; arista with second joint a little elongated, slightly in female. Thorax a little rectangular; three postsatural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sternopleural bristles, the lower generally fme. Pteropleura with a bristle above. Abdomen with excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ unequal; claws and pul- villi in male somewhat elongated; tarsi in female with the joints a little thickened towards end. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending just before apex of wing; discai angle obtuse; a moderate costal spine. The genus seems to contain two species, one occurring in Denmark. 1. B. amplicornis Zett. 1844. Zett. DIpt. Scand. III, 1152, 151 et 1859. XIII, 6129, 151 {Tachina). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 105, Tab. V, Fig. 98. — 1895. Pand. Rev. Entom. XIV, 328, 13 {Macquartia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 162, 1. — Phorocera incerta Meade 1897. Ent. Month. Mag. 2, VIII, 223. Male. Frons about two thirds as broad as the eye, orbits fully half as broad as frontal stripe. Orbits and cheeks whitish or silvery, jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet brownish black, seen from in front Wagneria. 541 whitish pruinose. Orbits besides the row of orbitals with some few hairs, some of which are more or less bristly. Cheeks with a row of somewhat strong bristles along inner margin; jowls with strong black hairs. Occiput grey, with only few pale hairs below, for the rest with black hairs all over. Eyes with pale hairs. Antennæ black, third joint very broad and dilated; arista thickened in basal half. Palpi brownish black. Thorax blackish, greyish pruinose, most in front and at the sides, with four stripes, the median narrow, abbreviated behind, the lateral broad, interriipted at the suture; scutellum dark. Thorax sparingly black-haired. Abdomen black, all segments greyish pruinose, 8hifting with dark according to view, the hind margins narrowly black. Abdomen is black-haired; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; some of the hairs may be rather bristly, especially at margin of third segment. Legs black, somewhat robust. Wings a little or somewhat tinged, a little yellowish at base; veins brownish black; cubital vein with bristles about half way to medial cross-vein. Squamulæ yellow. Halteres dark yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader but not as broad as the eye, with parallel margins; orbital bristles stronger and some of the hairs on orbits strong. Antennæ shorter, third joint much less dilated. Tarsi robust, the joints thickened towards apex so that the tarsi below get a little serrated appearance. Squamulæ white. Length. About 6 mm. B. amplicornis is rare in Denmark, I know only 5 specimens, 4 males and a female; Jægerspris (I. C. Nielsen), in Jutland at Sønder- borg (Wiistnei) and on Læsø (H. J. Hansen), and on Bornholm at Rø (Weis); the dates are Vs into July; the specimen from Rø is bred from Bapta temerata on ^^/g (Weis); no host was earlier recorded. Geographical distribution: — Europe down into Germany; towards the north to northern Sweden. Remarks : Stein has 1. c. shown that the present species is different from pagana Meig., which latter has in male no orbitals, and in both sexes a row of marginal bristles on second segment, and besides there are other characters. 135. IVagnepia R. D. Species of medium to rather small size, the colour black, more or less æneous, without or with slight pruinosity. Head slightly 542 Tachinidae. broader than thorax, a little convex behind and a little puffed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons broad and equal or about in both sexes, only slightly protruding. Jowls broad, from fully half to two thirds of the height of the eye or more. In both sexes ocellar, inner and outer, or in lentis only inner vertical bristles and two or three orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles distinct. Behind postocular bristles either rows of black hairs or only some few. Frontal bristles few in number, only reaching to or just below insertion of antennæ; above an outwards directed bristle in both sexes. The bristles are produced down the cheeks to or about to the lower end of the eye as a row of downwards directed genal bristles. Cheeks for the rest bare or hairy. Jowls bare, with only hindmarginal bristles, or {lentis) with some bristles. Vibrissæ not ascending, only a single hair above the large vibrissa. Eyes bare. Epistoma a little retreating, almost not reflected below. Proboscis short. Antennæ inserted above middle of the eye, third joint twice to about thrice as long as second; arista with second joint distinct, but not elongated. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and two or three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle present or wanting. Scutellum with two or three marginal bristles on each side, the apical strong, crossing; besides a pair or more of discai or præapical. Two or three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a little bunch of hairs above. Abdomen elongated ovate, attenuated behind; excavation on second segment reaching hind margin, except in costata; there are only marginal or both discai and marginal bristles; second segment without bristles. Legs with anterodorsal bristles on hind tibiæ somewhat strong and unequal; claws and pulvilli in male not elongated; three or four last joints on front tarsi in female a little or somewhat dilated. Wings often somewhat dark on anterior part; first posterior cell closed and with a shorter or longer peduncle, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular or more obtuse; apical cross-vein strongly concave or about straight; cubital vein with bristles to medial cross- vein or beyond; in some not Danish species also subcostal vein with bristles; a well developed costal spine (in the Danish species). The species are known as parasites on Heterocera. They are espe- cially found in sandy localities, the males are here seen to run about on the ground and with the wings in a curious upturned position. Of the genus some twenty palæarctic species are recorded; three have hitherto been found in Denmark. Wagneria. 543 Tahle of Species. 1. Abdomen without discai bristles (or these quite small); two scutellar marginal bristles on each side 1. nigrans. — Abdomen with well developed discai bristles; three scutellar marginal bristles on each side 2. 2. Species without pruinosity; wings dark on anterior outer part; apical cross-vein straight or nearly 2. costata. — Abdomen with white pruinose bands; wings not darkened; apical cross-vein strongly concave 3. lentis. 1. W. nigrans Meig. 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 40, 11 (Dexia) et 1838. VII, 210, 5 {Rhino- phora). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 144. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 125, 7 (migrans). Male. Frons above considerably broader than the eye; jowls two thirds of the height of the eye or more. Orbits, cheeks and jowls bluish grey, the orbits darkest; frontal stripe velvet black. Three orbital bristles, and inner and outer verticals. Frontal bristles reaching only to insertion of antennæ, the uppermost reclinate and outwards to it an outwards directed bristle; on cheeks a row of strong, down- wards directed bristles, reaching near to lower end of the eye. Orbits and cheeks with some few fine hairs; jowls bare. Occiput grey, with sparse whitish hairs, and some black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black or brownish black, second joint a little reddish at apex; third about thrice as long as second, shorter or longer; arista thickened in less than basal half. Palpi yellowish. Thorax æneous black, some- what shining, a little greyish pruinose, the pruinosity leaving three broad black stripes; scutellum æneous black. Thorax somewhat sparingly with black hairs; two præ- and generally two postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellam with only two marginal bristles on each side, the basal wanting, and with a pair of discai bristles near base. Two sternopleural bristles. Abdomen æneous black, shining, black-haired, with only marginal bristles, on second segment none, on third a pair and on fourth also only a pair besides the lateral; on third and fourth segment sometimes a pair of small discals. Legs black. Wings with anterior half blackish or blackish brown, bordered by the postical vein and the apical and posterior cross-veins; veins blackish; first posterior cell somewhat long petiolate; discai angle rectangular with a minute veinlet; apical cross-vein concave; cubital vein with bristles to or somewhat beyond medial cross-vein; costal spine large. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brownish. M4 Tachinidae. Female. Similar; frons of the same breadth; fifth abdominal segment not longer than fourth, while it is so in male; front tarsi Fig. 115. Wing of W. nigrans. with the foiir last joints a little dilated, the three last nearly quadratic and the joints on margins and above with short stiff hairs. Length 3,5 — 5,5 mm. W. nigrans is not rare -in Denmark; Charlottenlund, Gilleleje, Tisvilde, Rørvig, and in Jutland at Skagen ; it occurs in sandy locali- ties; the dates are ^^/g — ^^/g. Geographical distribution: — Europe and probably towards the north to middle Sweden and Finland. Remarks: The species is generally considered identioal with carbonaria Meig. ; this may be possible, but all my specimens have the subcostal vein bare. 2. W. costata Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 8, 8 (Ocyptera). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. TV, 419, 314 (TacMna) et 1838. VII, 252, 1, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 46—50 (Scopolia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1240, 2 {Scopolia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 540 {Scopolia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 374. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 367. — T. lugens Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 417, 313 et 1838. VII, 252, 3, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 51 {Scopolia). — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1243, 6 {Scopolia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 540 {Scopolia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. "Wien, LVI, 106, Tab. V, Fig. 101 {Phorichaeta). — lS96. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 125, 3 {Scopolia). — 1900. Stein. Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 142 {Scopolia). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 392. — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 125, 6. Of this species I know only the female; it is similar to the pre- ceding species but larger. Orbits above black and shining, below together with cheeks silvery; jowls somewhat reddish, greyish prui- nose; frontal stripe velvet brownish black. Bristles mainly as in nigrans, but my specimens have only two orbital bristles. Orbits slightly hairy, cheeks, besides the bristles, and jowls bare. Occiput Wagneria. 545 black and shining, along the margin below whitish; it is sparingly whitish-haired, especially above, and has only few black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, second joint a little pale, third joint scarcely twice as long as second; arista thickened only at base. Palpi yellow. Thorax bluish black, shining; bristles as in nigrans, but three postsutural acrostichals and a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutelliim with three marginal bristles on each side, and a pair of præapical and some discai bristles. Two sternopleural bristles. Ab- domen with excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; it is bluish black, shining, with black hairs and discai and marginal bristles; on second segment no bristles, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal. Legs black ; front tarsi a little dilated, but less than in nigrans and without special hairiness. Wings with the costal part brown and discai and cubital vein and the cross-veins brownish seamed; vein sbrown; first posterior cell somewhat long petiolate; discai angle a little obtuse, apical cross-vein almost straight; bristles on cubital vein stretching to medial cross-vein; costal spine distinct. Squamulæ whitish or yellowish white. Halteres brown. Length 7 mm. W. costata is rare in Denmark, I know only two specimens, both females ; North Sealand (Schlick) and in Jutland at Skeide (Wtistnei) ; the dates are in June. As hosts for the species are known only the none Danish Caradrina superstes and Plusia deaurata. Geographical distribution: — All Europe; towards the north to middle Scandinavia and Finland. Remarks: Stein (1. c. 1924) thinks that lugens Meig. (= costata Meig.) is not identical with costata Fall. as Zetterstedt says (under ciinctans) that there are no discai bristles on third segment. I think, however, that the species are identical; one of my two specimens has no discai bristles on third segment but is in all respects similar to the other. — Whether lugens in Stein is really this species is perhaps doubtful. 3. W. lentis Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 317, 134 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 208, 6 {Clista). - 1900. Stein, Ent. Nacliricht. XXVI, 142 (Clista). — 1900. Villen. Bull. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 381, 1 et 1906. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 248 (Clista). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 375. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 35 546 Tachinidae. 124, 5. — Phorichaeta tricincta Rond. 1861. Dipt. Ital. Prodr. IV, 103, 8. — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 225. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 124, 1 {ScopoUa). — 1907. Villen. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. LXXVI, 392 {Scopolia). Of this species I know only the female. Frons broader than the eye; jowls only a little more than half the height of the eye. Orbits. cheeks and jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. No outer vertical bristles; three orbitals. Frontal and genal bristles as in the other species, but no reclinate upper frontal. Orbits and cheeks distinctly hairy, and jowls with some bristly hairs. Occiput grey, with whitish hairs and rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. Antennæ black, third joint nearly thrice as long as second; arista thickened in less than basal half. Palpi blackish. Thorax black, shining, bluish grey pruinose, especially in front, leaving three broad black stripes, confluent behind; scutellum black. Thorax with short and sparse black hairs; two præ- and postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, and with some discals. Three sternopleural bristles. Abdomen black, shining, the three last segments with a narrow, whitish silvery front band, shifting with dark according to view, and somewhat interrupted in the middle, so that a middle stripe is visible. Abdomen black-haired, with discai and marginal bristles as in costata; fifth segment with two rows of bristles besides the apical. Legs black; anterodorsal bristles on front tibiæ unusually long; front tarsi with the three last joints a little dilated. Wings slightly greyish, nearly clear; veins black; first posterior cell with a short peduncle; apical cross-vein strongly concave above the angle, the latter very acute with a minute veinlet; cubital vein with bristles to medial cross-vein; costal spine strong. Squamulæ white. Halteres dark brown. Length 6,5 — 7 mm. W. lentis is rare in Denmark, only two specimens, both females are known, taken at Tisvilde on ^/g 1923 (Kryger) and in Jutland at Skørping on ^^/y 1924 (the author). Geographical distribution: — Middle and southern Europe; not known north of Denmark. 136. Tlielaipa R. D. Rather large species of black colour, with reddish sides of abdomen in male and with whitish pruinosity. Head broader than thorax, aimost Thelaira. 547 flat behind and almost not puffed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons in male somewhat narrow, in female broader, widening downwards, almost not protruding. Jowls narrow. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles and in female two orbitals, the uppermost placed high above. Postocular bristles fme, with no black hairs behind. Fine postocellar and occipital bristles. Frontal bristles not reaching to end of second antennal joint, all crossing in male, in female a very small outwards directed bristle may be present above. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ slightly ascending. Oral bristles strong, directed forwards. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating. Oral cone and proboscis short, labella rather large; clypeus short, horse-shoe-shaped. Palpi somewhat long. Antennæ inserted below middle of the eye, second joint short, dilated apically with the anterior corner protruding, third linear, twice to thrice as long as second; arista plumose, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and postsutural acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Two sternopleural bristles. Ptero- pleura above with a bundle of hairs but no bristle. Abdomen elongated conical; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal; fifth segment with discai and marginal bristles. Legs long, especially tarsi long with long joints; claws and pulvilli in male strongly elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle almost rectangular, but the angle itself may be rounded; subcostal and cubital vein with bristles, on the latter stretching towards medial cross-vein; no costal spine. The species is parasitic on Heterocera and belongs to Pantel's group 6. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Denmark. 1. T. nigripes Fabr. 1794. Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV, 319, 30 et 1805. Syst. Antl. 293, 47 [Mitsca). — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 38, 8 et 1838. VII, 270, 3 {Dexia). — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 148. — 1899. Brauer, Sitzungsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, C VIII, 506, 35. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 435. — 1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 378. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 153. — Musca leuæzona Panz. 1809. Faun. germ. CIV, 19. — 1826. Meig. 1. c. V, 37, 7 et 1838. VII, 270, 1 {Dexia). — 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1266, 4 et 1849. VIII, 3263, 4 et 1859. XIII, 6173, 4 {Dexia). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 555. — 35* 548 Tachinidae. Musca lateralis Fall. 1816. Vet. Acad. Handl. 243 et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 42, 11. — Musca nigrina Fall. 1816. 1. c. 243 et 1821. 1. c. 42, 12. Male. Frons above about half as broad as the eye or a little broader, widening downwards. Head silvery; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Orbits with small hairs along the bristles; jowls with hairs only below. Occiput grey, with yellowish hairs. Antennæ black; arista plumose; second antennal joint almost trian- gular. Palpi yellow. Thorax blackish, greyish pruinose, most denscly at the sides, with four black stripes, the median narrow, distant, abbreviated behind, the lateral interrupted at the suture. Scutellum black, or more or less reddish on apical part. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black, more or less translucently reddish at the sides, sometimes almost not; the three last segments with a broad, greyish or yellowish grey pruinose front band, interrupted in the middle and shifting to dark according to view. Abdomen is black-haired, with long discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of mar- ginal, on third a pair of discai and marginal and on fourth a pair of discai and a row^ of marginal; fifth segment with a row of discai and marginal bristles; not rarely more bristles develop so that there may be a more or less complete row^ of marginal on third and of discai on fourth segment. Upper forceps narrow, curved forwards, cleft at the end; arms of lower forceps elongated triangular, obtuse at apex, as long as upper forceps. Fifth sternite narrowly cleft to nearbase. Legs black, with long bristles. Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins brown ; subcostal vein with bristles on basal half or in whole length, and sometimes also with bristles on underside. Squamulæ yellowish. Halteres yellowish brown. Female. Similar; frons broader. Abdomen without reddish sides; the last segment often seen as a downwards protruding, elongated triangular pointed process. Length 8 — 11 mm. T. nigripes is common in Denmark in suitable localities all over the country; it occurs in low herbage and on bushes at and in woods, often in luxuriant vegetation near water; the dates are ^^/s — ^/g. I have taken it in copula on ^V?- One of my specimens is bred from a pupa found in flood refuse on ^^/g, it developed on '/g, other specimens are bred from Dianthoecia capsincola on ^/g, from D. carpophaga and Lasiocampa trifolii, the latter hitherto not known as host for it. The species is otherwise known from a number of Sphingidae and various other Heterocera. Mintho. 549 Geographical distribution: — Eiirope; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. 137. Mintho R. D. Somewhat large, elongate species, black with red side spots on abdomen and silvery pruinosity. Head a little broader than thorax, somewhat convex behind and puffed out below, considerably higher than long. Frons broad and about equal in both sexes, only slightly protruding. Jowls about one third of the height of the eye. No ocellar bristles, but in both sexes inner and outer vertical and in female two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles small. Behind postocular bristles only some few black hairs above. Frontal bristles reaching to middle of second antennal joint, the uppermost directed outwards in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ a little ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma somewhat retreating, slightly reflected below. Proboscis short. Palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye or a little below, third joint fully twice as long as second; arista short-hairy, second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three post- sutural dorsocentrals and only one præsutural pair of acrostichals ; no præsutural intraalar bristle and only two postsutural; one post- humeral bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the apical crossing. Three sternopleural bristles (in the Danish species). Pteropleura above with a bundle of hairs and a couple of small bristles. Abdomen elongated, tapering behind and somewhat compressed, so that it is higher than broad; excavation on second segment not reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Legs long with specially long tarsi; front tarsi robust and a little compressed, except the two apical joints; claws and pulvilli very small in both sexes. Wings with first posterior cell closed and generally short-petiolate, ending a little before apex of wing; discai angle rectangular, with a veinlet; cubital vem with bristles to near medial cross-vein; a costal spine (in the Danish species). Only for one species, the non Danish praeceps, Polia polymita is recorded as host. Of the genus about 5 palæarctic species are recorded, all, except the one occurring in Denmark, of southern occurrence; a couple of them are probably synonyms. 550 Tachinidae. 1. M. rufiventris Fall. 1816. Fall. Vet. Acad. Handl. 244, 16 (Musca) et 1820. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 41, 8 {Tachina). — 1849. Zett. Dipt. Scand. VIII, 3264, 14—15 [Dexia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 433. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 150, 2. — Musca compressa Schell. (nec Fabr.) 1803. Genr. Mouch. Dipt. 62. — 1826. Meig. Syst. Beschr. V, 41, 13 {Dexia) et 1838. VII, 253, 1, Tab. LXXII, Fig. 1— 5 {Wiedemminia). — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 652, 1 {M^isca) et 1844.. Dipt. Scand. III, 1277, 14 (Dexia). — 1889. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 137, Tab. X, Fig. 268. — M. praeceps Scliin. (nec Scop.) F. A. I, 556. — 1896. Pand. Rev. Entom. XV, 147, 1. Of this species I have only seen the female. Frons above nearly as broad as the eye. Head bluish silvery, orbits in some views black, shming; jowls partly red; frontal stripe velvet black or brownish black. Orbits with very few, small hairs; jowls black-haired behind. Occipiit black above, grey below, with white hairs and above only some few black hairs. Antennæ with the basal joints red, third joint brownish black; arista thickened at base, short-hairy. Palpi ycllow. Thorax black, blnish grey pruinose, with two broad black stripes, continued on sciitellum ; it is sparingly black-haired. Abdomen black, shining, with large red side spots over second, third and foiirth seg- ment; there are silvery pruinose front bands on third and fourth segment, especially visible on the sides down to the ventral middle line, and here forming spots; the middle dorsum of the two segments somewhat bluish grey pruinose. Abdomen black-haired; second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third, fourth and fifth with a pair of discai and a row of m.arginal. Legs long, with long tarsi; coxæ grey pruinose, fem.ora yellow, tibiæ reddish black to black and tarsi black. Wings yellowish brown or brown tmged; veins brown. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres brownish yellow. Length. About 9 mm. This beautiful species seems very rare in Denmark, I know only four specimens, all females; Copenhagen (the author), Gentofte, Grib Skov (Kryger) and at Vemmetofte (Stamm); the dates are in the first part of August. It is recorded often to occur on windows and one of my specimens is also taken indoors. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to middle Sweden, and in Finland. Remarks: In Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. compressa in Pandellé is given as synonym to the present species, but according to the description it must be his praeceps which belongs here. Degeeria. 551 138. Degeeria Meig. Small or medium sized species of black colour with whitish pruinosity. Head fully as broad as thorax, behind somewhat flat above, more convex and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons somewhat narrow in male, broader in female, somewhat protruding. Jowls not broad, at most one fourth of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar bristles, fine in the male, and inner vertical bristles, in female sometimes also outer verticals; in male one or two fine and not very distinct orbital bristles, in female two normal orbitals. A pair of long and fine postocellar bristles, shorter in female. Behind postocular bristles more or fewer black hairs. Frontal bristles descend- ing to end of second antennal joint or about, a number of the upper reclinate. Gheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to the middle or a little above. Eyes bare. Epistoma only a little retreating and not reflected below. Proboscis medium long; palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted at middle of the eye, third joint three to four times as long as second; arista with second joint not or slightly elongated. Thorax about quadratic; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals; a præsutural intraalar bristle present {col- laris) or indistinct or wanting (luctuosa); one posthumeral bristle. Scutellum with three marginal bristles on each side, the median diverging; no apical bristles. Two or three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura with a little bundle of small hairs above. Abdomen elongated, oylindrical, in female more ovate; excavation on second segment nearly or quite reaching hind margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal; fifth seg- ment with bristles on apical half. Male genitalia small; abdomen in female apparently ending with a spatula-like plate. Legs in male somewhat long and slender, more robust in female; claws and pulvilli elongated in male. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open, ending very near apex of wing; discai angle rounded; no costal spine. D. luctuosa has been bred from Microlepidoptera, collaris from Galerucella. Of the genus four European species are recorded in the Kat. palåarkt. Dipt., but besides there is a number of not interpreted species perhaps belonging here; of the four species one, muscaria Fall. probably is identical with Vibrissina sordidisquama Zett., see under this species. 552 Tachinidae. Tahle of Species. 1. Third antermal joint long and narrow, four times as long as second; pruinose bands on abdomen more or less broad; hypopygium witbout bristles; front tibiæ with one posterior bristle ; balteres yellow ; f emale witb only inner vertical bristles 1 . collaris. — Third antennal joint sborter; pruinose bands on abdomen narrow; bypopygium witb two bundles of bristles at end; front tibiæ with two posterior bristles; balteres black; f emale witb both inner and outer vertical bristles 2. luctuosa. 1. D. collaris Fall. 1820. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Muse. 15, 27 (Tachina). — 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 403, 286 (Tachina) et 1838. VII, 249, 7, Tab. LXXI, Fig. 31—35. — 1838. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 637, 16 et 1844. Dipt. Scand. III, 1072, 68 (Tachina). — 1862. Scbin. F. A. I, 534. — 1889. B. B. Denkscbr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, 95, 127, Tab. VIII, Fig. 208. — 1896. Pand. Kev. Entom. XV, 108, 1 (Latreillia). — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nacbricht. XXVI, 133. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 398. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgescb. 90, 6, 148, 1. — D. ornata Meig. 1838. 1. c. VII, 249, 8. — 1844. Zett. 1. c. III, 1071, 67 (Tachina). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 534. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nacbricht. XXVI, 145. Male. Frons above not half as broad as the eye; cheeks and jowls narrow. Orbits, cheeks and jowls silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. One fine orbital bristle, placed very near the frontal row on the narrow orbits, and sometimes wanting. Orbits with very few small hairs; jowls with black hairs. Occipiit grey with a downwards broader silvery eye-margin; it is densely pale-haired with few black hairs above. Antennæ black, third joint linear, about four times as long as second; arista long, thickened in about basal third. Palpi black or brown. Thorax black, slightly shining, whitish pruinose anterior to the suture, especially on the sides and along the suture; the pruinosity is best seen quite from behind; on the front part there are two darker and duller median stripes, continued a little behind the suture, and on each side a similar spot, not traceable backwards. Thorax has very sparse, fme black hairs; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Two sternopleural bristles. Abdomen black, more or less red- dish translucent on the sides; the three last segments with a silvery front band, interrupted in the middle, broadening towards the sides. Abdomen is black-haired, with long discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third and fourth one or two pairs of discai and on third a pair, on fourth a row of marginal bristles. Legs black; front tibiæ with one posterior bristle (generally). Wings somewhat brownish tinged; veins brownish black; anal Degeeria. 553 vein reaching near to the margin. Squamulæ whitish. Halteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader, aboiit as broad as the eye; ocellar bristles small, but inner verticals strong, no outer verticals. Abdomen not translucent at the sides, ending with a broad, spatiila- shaped black and shining plate; third and fourth segment with only ene pair of discai bristles. Length. Rather varying in seize, the length from 5 to aboiit 9 mm. D. collaris is not just common in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Dyre- haven, Hareskov, Hellebæk; in Jutland at Sønderborg and Frijsen- borg and on Bornholm at Rø; the dates are ^/g — ^/to- It is recorded as bred from Galerucella luteola. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to northern Scandinavia, and in Finland. 2. D. luctuosa Meig. 1824. Meig. Syst. Beschr. IV, 347, 186 {Tachina) et 1838. VII, 203, 5, Tab. LXIX, Fig. 7—12 (Medoria). — 1862. Schin. F. A. I, 549 (Medoria). — 1893. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX, 222. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 398. —1921. Baer, Zeitschr. f. angew. Ent. VII, 374. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 149, 2. — T. ambulatoria Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 407, 291 et 1838. VII, 249, 9. — 1900. Stein, Ent. Nachricht. XXVI, 131. — T. funebris Meig. 1830. I. c. VI, 371, 321. — 1900. Stein. 1. c. 138. — 1906. Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXV, 247 {Morinia). — T. pulchella Meig. 1824. 1. c. IV, 406, 289 et 1838. VII, 249, 15. — 1900. Stein, 1. c. 147. — T. halterata Zett. 1859. Dipt. Scand. XIII, 6089, 72—73. — Hypostena medorina Schin. F. A. I, 538. — 1889. B. B. 1. c. LVI, 106, Tab. V, Fig. 104 (Amedoria) et 1893. Verh. zool. bot. Geseli. Wien, XLIII, 460. Male. Frons narrow, about one third of the breadth of the eye; jowls narrow. Orbits and cheeks silvery, the former dark above; jowls grey; frontal stripe velvet black, Inner and fme and small outer vertical bristles. Two rather distinct orbital bristles. Vibrissæ not small, ascending to middle. Head otherwise as in collaris, but occiput more black-haired above. Antennæ black, third joint about thrice as long as second; arista thickened in about basal half, second joint quite slightly elongated. Palpi black. Thorax mainly as in collaris but more shining, and the stripes indistinct or wanting; it is nearly bare; bristles as in collaris but there are three sternopleural bristles; the other hairs on sternopleura are, however, rather strong, so that the number of real sternopleurals may be difficult to decide. 554 Tachinidae. An indistinct or no præsutural intraalar bristle. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, the three last segments with a slightly marked, qnite narrow, white pruinose front band, interrupted in the middle. Abdomen with bristles as in collaris. Genitalia small; below at the end of hypopygium two bimdles of bristles. Legs black, front tibiæ with two posterior bristles. Wings somewhat brownish or blackish tinged, with dark brown or black veins; anal vein reaching less near to the margin than in collaris. Squamulæ dark brownish. H alteres black. Female. Similar; frons broader but not as broad as the eye. Inner and oiiter verticals strong, and likewise orbitals. Abdomen ends with a similar plate as in collaris; the foiirth dorsal segment has on the ventral lateral margins a number of short, strong spines. Hind coxæ with some strong, curved spines and trochanters with some short spines below. Squamulæ dirty whitish. Length 4 — 5,5 mm. D. luctiiosa is rare in Denmark, I know only six speoimens, four males and two females; Skanderborg (the author) and at Silkeborg (Esben-Petersen); the dates are in July. The species is known as parasitic on Acalla maccana and Epiblema sordidana. Geographical distribution: — Europe; towards the north to Southern Sweden. 139. VibPissina Rond. Species of medium size and black colour with greyish pruinosity. Head as broad as thorax, convex behind and puffed out below, higher than long. Frons broad and about equal in both sexes, a little pro- truding. Jowls about one half of the height of the eye. In both sexes ocellar and inner vertical bristles, in female also outer vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and occipital bristles small and fine. Behind postocular bristles black hairs. Frontal bristles reaching to end of second antennal joint, two uppermost reclinate in both sexes. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ ascending to near middle or higher, Eyes very slightly hairy, practically bare. Epistoma retreating, a little reflected below. Proboscis somewhat short; palpi thread-like. Antennæ inserted high above middle of the eye, third joint about four times as long as second; arista with second joint short. Thorax rectangular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and two præ- and three postsutural acrostichals ; a præsutural intraalar bristle. Scutellum with three Vibrissina. 556 marginal bristles on each side, the apical wanting or represented by very small hairs. Three sternopleural bristles (sordidisquama). Ptero- pleura above with small hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen relatively narrow and elongated, excavation on second segment not by far reaching hind margin {sordidisquama); there are discai and marginal bristles, second segment with a pair of marginal. Legs with the antero- dorsal bristles on hind tibiæ quite imequal; claws and pulvilli in male a little elongated. Wings with first posterior cell narrowly open or just closed and ending rather near apex of wing; discai angle obtuse and rounded; a small costal spine. Our Danish species, sordidisquama is in the catalogue placed in Ceromasia but seems to be more related to Vibrissina, where also. Kramer piaces it. With this species included four Eiu'opean species are recorded. 1. V. sordidisquama Zett. 1844. Zett. Dipt. Scand. III, 1038, 28 et 1855. XII, 4691, 28 {Tachina). — 1894. B. B. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXI, 622 (Ceromasia). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 287 (Ceromasia). — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Natur- gesch. 90, 6, 97, 9 (Ceromasia). — C. Wulpii B. B. 1891. 1. c. LVIII, 330. Male. Frons above about as broad as the eye. Orbits greyish; cheeks silvery, dark in some views; jowls whitish grey; frontal stripe velvet black, seen from in front grey except along the middle. Orbits and jowls with black hairs. Occiput grey with pale hairs, very sparse above, and with rows of black hairs behind postocular bristles. An- tennæ black, third joint somewhat broad; arista long, thickened in less than basal half. Palpi thin, yellow, darker towards base. Thorax black, somewhat shining, thinly greyish priiinose, most at the humeri ; it has four black stripes, the median abbreviated behind, the lateral broad; scutellum black. Thorax black-haired. Abdomen black and somewhat shining, the three last segments whitish pruinose, shifting with dark tessellations according to view, the hind margins and a slightly pronounced middle stripe black. Abdomen black-haired, second segment with a pair of marginal bristles, third with a pair of discai and marginal and fourth with a pair of discai and a row of marginal; fifth segment has a row of marginal and some discai bristles. Legs black. Wings yellow tinged; veins yellowish brown; posterior cross-vein not near angle. Squamulæ and balteres yellow. Female. Similar; frons a little broader, broader than the eye. Length 6 to fully 7 mm. 556 Tachinidae. V . sordidisqiiama is not just rare in Denmark; Ordrup Mose, Charlottenlund, Dyrehaven, Grib Skov, Jægerspris, Bognæs; on Lolland at Roden; in Jutland at Sønderborg; the dates are ^^5 — ^Vs- Geographical distribution: — Northern and middle Europe; towards the north to southern Sweden. Remarks: The species is in Stæger's coUection labelled as muscaria Fall. and Zetterstedt had seen specimens of it; thus Zetterstedt's Fig. 116. Wing of V. sordidisquama. muscaria is = sordidisquama, and probably the same holds good with regard to muscaria Fall. If so the present species should have the name muscaria Fall. and Meigen's species should have another name. (See also Villen. Wien. Ent. Zeitg. XXVI, 1907. 261). 140. Tpigonospila Pok. Medium sized species of blackish colour, with very conspicuous white pruinose designs. Head fully as broad as thorax, somewhat short and high; behind it is flat above, somewhat convex below and here puffed out. Frons rather narrow in male, broader in female, a little protruding. Jowls narrow. In male fme ocellar, but no vertical bristles, in female inner vertical and two orbital bristles. Postocellar and small occipital bristles. Postocular bristles short and fme, and occiput behind them with black hairs above. Frontal bristles not reaching below insertion of antennæ, all crossing in male, the upper- most directed outwards in female. Cheeks bare. Vibrissæ not ascending. Eyes bare. Epistoma som.ewhat retreating. Proboscis relatively short; palpi thread-like in male, in female dilated outwards. Antennæ inserted about at middle of the eye or very slightly below; third joint linear, scarcely thrice as long as second in male and not reaching the end of epistoma, in female longer and reaching end of epistoma; arista distinctly pubescent, second joint short. Thorax a little rectan- gular; three postsutural dorsocentrals and three præ- and three Trigonospila. 557 postsutural acrostichals; no præsutural intraalar bristle; one post- humeral bristle. Scutellum with two marginal bristles on each side and generally a small hair-like bristle between them; the apical bristles diverging. Three sternopleural bristles. Pteropleura above with a few hairs and a small bristle. Abdomen elongated, cylindrical, the foiir last segments of about equal length; excavation on second segment small, only reaching half way to the margin; there are discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal. Legs long and slender, with moderate bristles; front tibiæ with one or two posterior bristles; middle tibiæ without ventral bristle in both sexes; claws and pulvilli in male elongated. Wings with first posterior cell open, ending about at apex of wing; discai angle rounded; posterior cross-vein at the beginning of last third between medial cross-vein and angle; no costal spine. Of the genus only one species is known, also occurring in Den- mark. 1. T. ludio Zett. 1848. Zett. Dipt. Seand. VIII, 3233, 51—52 {Tachina). — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 352 {Tachina). — 1924. Stein, Arcli. f. Naturgesch. 90, 6, 150 {ludis). — Tr. picta Pok. 1886. Wien Ent. Zeitg. V, 191, 1. — 1889. B. B. Denksclir. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LVI, Tab. VIII, Fig. 209. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 401. Male. Frons above narrow, and likewise cheeks and jowls narrow. Head silvery; frontal stripe velvet black. Orbits and cheeks bare and also jowls without hairs. Occiput grey, blackish above, silvery along the eyes; it is pale-haired below, black-haired above. Antennæ blackish or brown, a little greyish; arista long, thickened in about basal third, distinctly pubescent. Palpi thin, blackish or brownish, palest at base. Thorax whitish or almost silvery pruinose, behind the suture a black transverse spot or band; it has two velvet black narrow median stripes, diverging and abbreviated behind, and on each side a cuneiforme stripe abbreviated in front and behind and here pointed, interrupted at the suture. Scutellum black with apex grey. Thorax is very sparingly haired, nearly bare; scutellum with a pair of discai bristles. Abdomen brownish black, the three last segments with a broad, greyish white pruinose front band, more or less incised in the middle behind, the band is narrowest on third segment, broader on fourth and here occupying about the front half or more, and still broader on fifth segment, which has only apex 558 . Tachinidae. dark; the hind margin of second to fourth segment narrowly greyish white, tilis coloiir protriided triangularly or linear forwards on fourth. Abdomen is sparingly haired with rather strong black hairs, especially along the hind margins, and it has discai and marginal bristles, on second segment a pair of marginal, on third a pair of discai and marginal, and on fourth a pair of discai and a row of marginal; the bristles long. Legs black. Wings brown tinged; veins brown. Squamulæ white or rather glassy with a yellowish margin. Halteres pale yellow. Female. Similar; frons broader but not as broad as the eye; inner vertical bristles present; antennæ longer than in male, third joint more than thrice or about four times as long as second, reaching the lower margin of epistoma; palpi rather dilated. Length. About 6 to 9 mm. T. ludio is rare in Denmark, in Stæger's collection there is a number of specimens, but without particular locality, and since then this beautiful species has not been taken, Geographical distribution: — Seems only known from Denmark, Styria and Tyrol. Remarks: As it was one of Stæger's specimens Zetterstedt described, our specimens are co-types. Pokorny's description of this distinct species is quite agreeing, so I feel sure of the identity; Prof. Stein has seen the species and came to the same result. Addenda et Corrigenda. Part VI. Page 80 Line 9 for "Alexander and Brues" read "Melander and Brues". Part. VII. Page 26 Line 22 for "mouth" read "month". — 40 — 24 for "cyclorrhaphous flies" read "schizophorous cyclorrhaphous flies". — 60 — 14 for "collida" read "callida". ■ — 105 — 5 for "præsutural" read "postsutural". — 109 — 11 for "about as broad" read "about half as broad". — 112 — 40 dele "Orbits and cheeks greyish;". — 133 — 33 for "tringle" read "triangle". — 146 ad L. simulatrix: Collin (Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, 74, 1926, 259) declares, after a study of Meigen's type, that it apparently is neces- sary to sink simulatrix Pand. as a synonym of illustris Meig. — 244 after M. tenebricosa add : 4. M. buccalis R. D. 1830. R. D. Myod. 210, 1 {Alhinia). — 1838. Meig. Syst. Beschr. VII, 231, 22. — 1907. Kat. palåarkt. Dipt. III, 404. — 1924. Stein, Arch. f. Na- turgesch. 90, 6, 155, 1. This species is quite similar to tenebricosa., but is a little more distinctly greyish pruinose, especially the female, and the thoracic squamula is restricted and narrow as in M. grisea. Otherwise the dividing characters are: Eyes in male not touching, the frons above about as broad as the antennæ; frontal stripe velvet black. Wings with a somewhat large costal spine. Squamulæ white. The female is, besides by the more distinct pruinosity, distin- guished from tenebricosa by the upper orbital bristle being directed outwards, not downwards. Length. About 6 mm. M. buccalis seems to be very rare in Denmark, I know only one specimen, a male, from Grib Skov, taken on ^/g (Kryger). I have besides seen a female, kindly sent me from Dr. Villeneuve. 560 Addenda et Corrigenda. Geographical distribution : — Europe down into France ; towards the north in Sweden and Finland. The number of Danish Tachinids, on page 55 given as 273, is thus now 274. - Page 248 Line 14 for "Strandly" read "Strandby". — 266 — 28 for "236, 2" read "235, 1". — 377 — 8 for "1824" read "1924". — 398 — 34 for -'Wustenei" read "Wtistnei". — 419 — 28 for "idential" read "identical". — 442 — 23 for "Wustenei" read "Wtistnei". — 447 — 26 for "Wilstenei" read "Wtistnei". — 471 — 23 for "1824" read "1924". — 473 — 3 for "1824" read "1924". — 476 • — 9 for "Wiistenei" read "Wtistnei". _ 533 — 28 for "1824" read "1924". INDEX Synonyms are given in italics. References to Genera and Species which are not Danish have the page in itaUcs. Page Addenda et Corrigenda 559 Admontia B. B 443 amica Meig 443 podoniyia B. B 443 Aetia R. D 466 anomala Zett 466 articulata Stein 464 bicolor Meig 465 crassicornis Meig . 461 crassicornis var. reducta Villen. 460 exoleta Strobl 468 fissicornis Strobl 463 frontalis Macq 461 injantula Stein (nec Zett.) . . . 462 lamia Meig 461 latijrons Meig 468 nigrohalterata Villen 66. 464 nigroscutellata n. sp 462 nudibasis Stein 468 pilipennis Fall 469 versicolor Fall 468 Agathomjia 16 antennata Zett 20 cinerea Zett 23 elegantula Fall 19 Falleni Zett 18 Megerlei Meig 18 viduella Zett 22 Agria R. D 209 affinis Fall 210 biclunis Pand 212 mamillata Pand 212 Allophora R. D 90 affinis Fabr 93 Page atropurpurea Meig 96 aurulans Schin. (nec Meig.) . . 96 cinerea Fabr 95 flavipennis Zett 95 grisea Zett 95 hemiptera Fabr 92 muscaria Fall 95 obesa Fabr 95 obscuripennis Meig 93 pusilla Meig 98 semicinerea Meig 98 subcoleoptrata L 97 subcoleoptrata Fabr. (nec L.).. 93 umbrata Zett 95 tntripennis Zett 98 Alsomyia B. B 326 Anachaetopsis B. B 366 ocypterina Zett 367 Angiometopa B. B 212 ruralis Fall 213 Angioneura B. B 267 cyrtoneurina Zett 267 enigmatica Villen 258 Aphria R. D 522 longirostris Meig 623 Appendicia Stein 489 Arrhinomyia B. B 364 atricula Pand 366 cloacellae Kram 365 parva B. B 366 tragica Meig 366 Bactroniyia B. B 303 Baumhaueria Meig 396 36 Page goniaeformis Meig 396 Bavaria B. B." 328 extorris Pand 328 jucunda Meig 328 mirabilis B. B 328 Besseria R. D 111 dimidiata Zett 112 lateralis Fall. (nec Fabr.) .... 112 melanura Meig 112 Bitiiia R. D 529 frontata Bohem 630 spreta Meig 530 Blaesoxypha Loew 205 berolinensis Villen 209 erythrura Meig 206 gladiatrix Pand 208 grylloctona Loew 207 lusatica Kram 206 pygmaea Zett. ? 209 Blepharidopsis B. B 334 Blepharomyia B. B 540 amplicornis Zett 540 incerta Meade 540 pagana Meig 541 Brachychaeta Rond 440 hystrix Zett 441 spinigera Rond 441 strigata Meig 441 Brachycoma Rond 216 bombivora Wulp 217 ciligera R. D 217 devia Fall 217 Bucentes Latr 469 analis Meig. ? 473 cristata Fabr 54. 471 cristata Stein (nec Fabr.).... 473 flavifrons Stæg 475 geniculata De G 474 geniculata Fall. (nec De G.).. 471 maculata Stæg 473 minuta Fabr 54. 474 nigrovittata Meig 474 palpina Zett 471 Bufolucilia Towns 145 Callimyia Meig 10 amoena Meig 14 dives Zett 15 Page elegans Meig 13 leptiformis Fall 13. 14 speciosa Meig 15 Calliphora R. D 149 carnivora Fabr 152 erythrocephala Meig 151 germanorum Villen 150 uralensis Villen 150 vomitoria L 151 Galliphorinae 59. 131 Campylochaeta Rond 358 alnicola Pand 360 distincta Meig 359 inepta Meig 359 longicornis Schin. (nec Fall.). 360 obscura Kat. p. Dipt. (nec Fall.) 361 pantherina Zett 361 praecox Meig 361 schistacea Rond. (nec Meig.) . 361 Carcelia R. D 375 biseriaJis Schin 379 cheloniae Rond 378 comata Rond 379 dubia B. B 379 excavata Zett 377 excisa Fall 378 flavicans Macq 381 fulva Meig 380 gnava Meig 377. 379 laxifrons Villen 380 leucophaea Rond 382 lucoruin Meig. p. p 377. 379 lucorutn B. B 380 processioneae Stein (nec Rtbg.) 377 proxima Meig 377 rutilla B. B 380 Catharosia Rond 261 flavicornis Zett 262 limbata Meig 262 nigrisquama Zett 262 pygmaea Fall 261 Cephenomyia Latr 131 stimulator Clark 132 Ceromasia Rond 290 agrestis Pand 293 ferruginea Meig 292 florum Rond 293 gratiosa B. B 293 Page inclusa Hart 291 lepida Stein (nec Meig.) 293 rutila Meig 291 rutila Schin. (nec Meig.) 293 rutilla Rond 292 senilis Meig 293 Chaetolyga Rond 369 Chaetopeleteria Mik 431 Chaetotachina B. B 383 Chrysocosmius Bezzi 414 Ghrysosoma Macq 414 auratum Fall 415 Ginochira Zett 262 atra Zett 263 pinguicula Zett 263 Clytiomyia Rond 100 jumipennis Zett 102 pellucens Fall 102 rotundiventris Fall 101 Graspedothrix B. B 454 minutissima Zett i56 zonella Zett 455 Gyclorrhapha schizometopa 40 Cynomyia R. D 160 mortuorum L 161 vomitoria Fabr. (nec L.) 161 Gystogaster Latr 108 dispar Fabr 109 globosa Fabr 109 Degeeria Meig 551 ambulatoria Meig 553 collaris Fall 652 funebris Meig 553 halterata Zett 553 luctuosa Meig 553 medorina Schin 553 ornata Meig 552 pulchella Meig 553 Demoticus Macq 626 plebejus Fall 527 spectabilis Meig 527 Dexia Meig 268 rustica Fabr 54. 269 vacua Fall 270 Dexiinae 65. 264 Dexiosoma Rond 271 caninum Fabr 272 Digonochaeta Rond 448 Page enigmatica Villen. et Niels. 55. 449 schistacea B. B.? 449 setipennis Fall 461 spinipennis Meig 452 Dinera Rond 275 cristata Schin. (nec Meig.).... 276 grisescens Fall 276 Echinomyia Dumér 424 fera L 427 fulviceps Meig 428 grossa L 426 magnicornis Schin. (nec Zett.) 428 ruficornis Meig 428 tetramera Zett 428 virgo Meig 428 Engyzops Rond 162 macronyx B. B 163 Pecchiolii Rond 163 Epicampocera Macq 610 ambulans Meig 611 barbicultrix Pand 511 conspersa Meig 611 Eriothrix Meig 623 albifrons L 625 apenninus Rond 626 lateralis Fall 525 rufomaculatus De G 526 tachinaria Fall 526 Ernestia R. D 487 bifasciata Meig 497 caesia Fall 499 conjugata Zett 495 connivens Zett 493 consohrina Zett. (nec Meig.) . . 491 ignobilis Meig 601 indigens Pand 500 insciens Pand 493 laevigata Meig 503 lurida Fall. (nec Fabr.) 497 minor Villen. et Niels 506 nemorum Meig 601 Nielseni Villen 55. 506 pectinata Girsch 601 radicum Fabr 497 rudis Fall 503 rudis Meig. (nec Fall.) 497 strenua Meig 503 suspecta Pand 497 36* Page tesseUans Egg. (nec R. D.) ... 491 truncata Zett 490 vagans Meig 603 varia Meig 603 vivida Zett 491 Erycia R. D 302 aurulenta Meig 305 dedivicornis (Macq.) Pand. . . . 306 dubiosa B. B 306 fatua Meig 303 iatua Schin. (nec Meig.) 304 ferruginea B. B. (nec Meig.) . . 303 festinans Meig 303 jurihunda Zett 303 galii B. B 304 gyrovaga Rond 304 incana B. B 306 lalifrons B. B 304 properans Rond 303 scutelligera Zett 305 vicina Zett 304 Erynnia R. D 362 nitida R. D 363 Estheria R. D 266 Bohemani Rond 267 cristata Zett. (nec Meig.) 267 Eurythia R. D 489 Eutachininae 57. 280 Eversmannia R. D 407 maculipennis Zett 407 ruficauda Zett 407 Evibrissa Rond 110 obscuripennis Meig 110 Exorista Meig 307 affinis Fall 313 arvensis Meig 321 bicingulata Zett 312 blepharipoda B. B 314 brevifusa Pand 316 brevipennis Meig 321 cincinna Rond 310 confmis Fall 311 Cotei Grillat? 318 fimbriata Meig 321 flavipalpis B. B 313 fugax Rond 316 glauca Meig 316 grossa B. B 316 Page hirtipilis Pand 323 hortulana Meig 314 humiliceps Pand 316 hyalipennis Zett 321 immunita Pand 309 ingens Stein (nec B. B.) 314 intermedia B. B 311 latifrons B. B. p. p 310. 313 linearicornis Zett 320 lota Meig 309 lota Meig. 9 314 niagnicornis B. B 318 mitis Meig 320 neniestrina Meig 321 nemestrina Rond. (nec Meig.). 323 polychaeta Macq 313 qiiadriseta Villen 318 rapida Meig 309 spernenda Zett 318 stulta Zett 316 temera Pand. (nec Meig.) .... 318 temera Rond. (nec Meig.) .... 321 Westermanni Zett 318 Fausta R. D 489 Frauenfeldia Egg 259 barbata Meig 259 hirticornis Zett 260 nigritarsis Zett 260 rubricosa Meig 259 tachiniformis Zett 260 trilineata Meig 259 Freraea R. D 118 albipennis Zett 119 denudata Zett 119 gagathea R. D 119 nigripennis B. B 119 Frivaldzkia Schin 369 Gaedia Meig 347 connexa Meig 348 distincta Egg 347 Gastrophilinae 57. 76 Gastrophilus Leach 76 bovis L 80 equi Clark 80 ferruginatus Zett 79 haemorrhoidalis L 81 intestinalis De G 80 nasalis L 82 nigritus Zett 82 pecorum Fabr 79 salutaris Meig 82 veterinus Clark 82 Germaria R. D 436 angustata Zett 437 graeca B. B 437 lugubrina Zett 437 ruficeps Fall 439 sabulosa Wulp 437 Gonia Meig 390 capitata De G 392 capitata Fall. p. p 394 capitata R. D. (nec De G.).. 393 fasciata Meig 394 lateralis Zell 393 melanura R. D 393 ornata Meig 393 trifaria Zell 392 vacua Meig 392 Goniocera B. B 449 Graphogaster Rond 129 brunnescens Villen 130 Gymnochaeta R. D 408 viridis Fall 409 Gymnopeza Zett 118 Gymnosoma Meig 105 cristatum Panz 106 rotundatum L 106 Hebia R. D 401 flavipes R. D 402 pauciseta B. B 402 Helicobosca Bezzi 508 distinguenda Villen 509 muscaria B. B. 510 Heliozeta Rond 101 Helocera R. D 476 delecta Meig 477 diaphana B. B 477 funesta R. D 477 macrocera R. D 477 maculiventris Zett 477 Heteropterina Macq 232 heteroneura Meig 233 inultipunctata Schin. (nec Rond.) 233 Page Hilarella Rond 227 dira R. D 228 hilarella Zett 229 siphonina Zett 228 stictica Meig 228 Histochaeta Rond 397 marmorata Fabr 397 vertiginosa Fall 398 Hyalomyia R. D 92 Hypoderma Latr 86 bovis L 88 lineatum Vill 89 Hypoderminae 57. 86 Hypovoria Villen 481 Klugia R. D 486 marginata Meig 486 occulta Meig 486 Latigena Stein 361 longicornis Fall 361 Leucostoma Meig 121 simplex Fall 121 Linnaemyia R. D 410 comta Fall 411 compta Meig 411 diadema Meig 411 fulgens Meig 412 Loewia Egg 418 foeda Meig 419 intennedia B. B 420 petiolata Pand. (nec R. D.) . . 420 phaeoptera Meig 421 Lophoromyia B. B 291 Lophosia Meig 127 fasciata Meig •. 128 Lucilia R. D 140 ampuUacea Villen 148 bufonivora Mon 144 caesar L 147 flavipennis Kram 148 fulgida Zett 145 illustris Meig 144 latifrons Schin 145 longilobata Pand 149 nobilis Meig 145 pilosiventris Kram 149 ruficeps Meig 147 Page sericata Meig 146 silvarum Meig 143 simulatrix Pand 146. 559 splendida Meig 144 Lydella R. D 295 albisquama Zett 297 angelicae Meig 296 cavigena Pand 298 disturbata Pand 298 futilis Zett 296 ignota (Perris) Pand 299 lepida Meig. $ 301 machaeropsis B. B 299 nigripes Fall 299 spectabilis B. B. (nec Meig.).. 298 spinuligera Rond 296 stabulans Meig 301 viduata Meig 296 Lydina R. D 402 aenea Meig 403 cross itars is Zett 403 simplicitarsis Zett 403 Lypha R. D 404 berberidis Meig 405 dubia Fall 405 umbrinervis Zett 405 Macquartia R. D 239 buccalis R. D 559 dispar Fall 240 egens Meig 242 flavipes Meig 241 grisea Fall 242 nitida Zett 243 ochropus Meig 241 rufipalpis Macq 55. 243 rufipes Fall. . 241 tenebricosa Meig 243 tristis Meig 243 Macroprosopa B. B 244 atrata Fall 245 corusca Meig 245 Masicera Macq 288 silvatica Fall 289 Megalochaeta B. B 511 Meigenia R. D 280 bisignata Meig 281 discolor Zett 281 Page dispacta Pand 283 egens Egg 283 floralis Fall 281 incana Fall 283 majuscula Rond 281 minuta B. B 281 mutabilis Fall 281 Melanophora Meig 253 atra R. D 254 grossificationis L 254 roralis L 254 Melinda R. D 154 Meriania R. D 506 puparum Fabr 507 tricincta Fall 507 Metopia Meig 222 amabilis Meig 224 argyrocephala Meig 225 campestris Fall 224 labiata Fabr 54. 226 leucocephala Rossi 226 Micromyiobia B. B 531. 532 Micropalpus Macq 413 vulpinus Fall 413 Miltogramma Meig 218 bacillans Pand 220 Germari Meig 222 oestraceum Fall 219 punctatum Meig 221 tessellatum Meig 219 Minella R. D 246 chalybeata Meig 247 Mintho R. D 649 compressa Schell. (nec Fabr.). 550 praeceps Schin. (nec Scop.) . . 560 rufiventris Fall 550 Monochaeta B. B 286 albicans Fall 287 leucophaea Meig 287 perturbans Zett 287 schistacea Meig 287 Myiobia R. D 531 diaphana Rond 533 inanis Fall 532 montana B. B 533 tibialis v. Ros 533 Myiocera R. D 277 carinifrons Fall 278 Page carinijrons Meig. (nec Fall.) . . 279 ferina Fall 279 Mystacella Wulp 281 Nemoraea R. D 421 conjuncta Macq 422 pellucida Meig 422 rubrica Meig 424 vulnerata Zett 424 Nemorilla Rond 325 angustipennis Meig 326 floralis Fall 326 maculosa Meig 326 notabilis Meig 326 pabulina Meig 326 Neopales Coqu 354 Ocyptera Latr 122 auriceps Meig 126 brassicaria Fabr 124 coarctata Loew 126 cylindrica Zett 126 interrupta Meig 127 interrupta Schin. p. p 126 Mussinii Rond 126 Picciolii Rond 126 Oestrinae 67. 83 Oestrus Latr 83 ovis L 85 Onesia R. D 152 aculeata Pand 156 agilis Meig 157 biseta Villen 167 coerulea Meig 169 cognata Meig 169 gentilis (R. D.?) Meig 168 germanorum Kram. (nec Villen.) 168 polita Mik 160 retrocurva Pand 164 sepulchralis Meig 154 sepulchralis Pand. (nec Meig.) 167 subapennina Rond 164 vespillo Fall. (nec Fabr.) .... 164 Villenetivei Kram 168 Opetia Meig 5 nigra Meig . 5 Page Pachyophthalmus B. B 237 anomala Zett 238 signatus Meig 238 Pales R. D 354 aestuans Meig 366 cilipeda Rond 356 pavida Meig 355 pumicata Rond 366 Panzeria R. D 489 Paragusia Schin 229 elegantula Zett 229 Frivaldzkii Schin 229 Parallophora Girsch 92 Paraphorocera B. B 291 Paraplagia B. B 481 Parasetigena B. B 356 agilis Stein 357 media Rond 357 segregata Schin. (nec Rond.) . 367 Pelatachina Meade 614 aestiva Meig 516 aestivalis Macq 615 incompleta Pand 615 tibialis Fall 515 Peleteria R. D 429 abdominalis R. D 433 fera Fall. var. g 431 ferina Zett 433 nigricornis Meig 431 Popelii Portsch 433 pr-ompta Kat. p. Dipt. p. p. . . 431 tessellata Zett. (nec Fabr.)... 431 Pelrnatomyia B. B 326 Perichaeta Rond 436 funebris Zett 435 unicolor Fall 435 Petina Meig 537 erinaceus Fabr 65. 538 Phasiinae 67. 90 Phoranta Rond 92 Phormia R. D 138 azurea Fall 139 coerulea Stein (nec R. D.) .... 139 groenlandica Zett 139 terrae novae R. D 139 Phorocera R. D 349 assimilis Fall 360 bellatrix Zett 360 Page caesifrons Macq 361 echinura R. D 353 gramma Meig 360 ohscura Fall 350 Phryno R. D 324 basalis Meig 324 pallipes Fall. p. p 324 vetula Meig 324 Phryxe R. D 333 brevifrons B. B. p. p 336 depressariae B. B 336 Hartigii Mik et Wachtl 336 nemea Meig 336 prætervisa Zett 335. 336 setigera B. B 334 stramineifrons Zett 336 trizonata Zett 335 vulgaris Fall 334 Phyllomyia R. D 536 bifasciata Meig 537 cylindrica Fall 537 procera Meig 537 volvulus Meig 536 Phytomyptera Rond 452 nigrina Stein (nec Meig.) .... 453 nitidiventris Rorid 453 Plagia Meig 478 buccata B. B 479 nigripalpis Rond 479 ruricola Meig 479 Platycnema Zett 8 pulicaria Fall 9 Platypeza Meig 24 atra Meig 31 boletina Fall 34 brunnei pennis Macq 33 fasciata Meig 32 furcata Fall 38 infumata Hal 36 media Zett 33 modesta Zett 29 ornata Meig 36 rufa Meig 30 Platypezidae 1 Platypezina Wahlgr 39 connexa Bohem 39 Plesina Meig 255 brevicornis Zett 256 Page maculata Fall 256 umbratica Meig. (nec Fall.) . . 266 PoUenia R. D 133 atramentaria Meig 138 bisulca Pand 136 caerulescens Strobl 136 nitens Zett 137 rudis Fabr 136 vagabunda Meig 136 vespillo Fabr 137 Prosena St. Farg. et Serv 273 grisea Fabr 274 sybarita Fabr 64. 274 Protachininae 76. 487 Protophormia Towns 138 Pseudodemoticus B. B 528 geniculatus Zett 529 Pseudopachystylum Mik 518 angulatum B. B 519 Bremii Schin. (nec Macq.) . . . 519 goniaeoides Zett 519 illustris Meig 519 stricticeps Rond 619 Wachtlii Mik 519 Ptychomyia B. B 344 convexifrons Pand 345 parallela Meig 345 selecta Meig 345 tincta Meig 346 Ptychoneura B. B 234 flavitarsella Zett 236 vubritarsis Zett 235 rufitarsis Meig 235 Rhacodineura Rond 399 antiqua Meig 399 pallipes Fall. var. fi 400 Rhaphiochaeta B. B 617 breviseta Zett 517 Rhinophora R. D 249 aenescens Zett 260 ignota B. B 250 lepida Meig 250 tessellata Pand 250 Rhinophorinae .' . . . .jt. . '\ \ IP^ — ^m^sm f^ ' .Jl SV bl Tv IF 3 9 f 1 ^" ^™ 3» ^*" ,-, 2 S • "1 1 fl— & 't :fj V/' i'' ^^•sr =*-« ^ff^';' ^ 9Sjs i iésgf l£i^ 'j^ ^B5S^^ ^ ;.^^^i A ji / Æ^ i * ' ^^ .• ? '>7 .£